feENEAL.C<3Y COLUTCTION
ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY
3 1833 02398 9608
Gc 977, 1 Oh2999zz v, 1 1
Ohio arch ological and
historical quarterly
OHIO
Archaeological and Historical
PUBLICATIONS.
Volume XL
Including Index for Vols. I— XI inclusive.
COLUMBUS;
Published for the Society
BY
Fred. J. Heer.
1903
TABLE OF CONTENTS TO VOLUME XI.
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. By Edward Livingston
Taylor
St. Clair's Defeat. By Frazer Ellis Wilson, Greenville, 30
Ohio's Birth Struggle. By Wm. T. McClintock, Chillicothe, O. . 44
Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Archaeological and
71
Historical Society v
First Battle of the American Revolution. By W. H. Hunter,
Chillicothe, 93
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. By J. P. Maclean, Ph D. 108
Archaeological History of Ohio. (Review.) 134
Criticism on Fowke's Book —
By Stephen D. Peet 139
By J. P. Maclean, Franklin, 143
The Mound Builders of Ohio. By S. S. Knabenshue, Toledo, O.. 148
Ohio Researches into Archaeology. By Frank S. Sanborn 151
Note — Historical. By R. W. McFarland, Oxford, 153
Girty's Island. By N. B. C. Love, Deshler, 155
The Northwest. By N. B. C. Love 15 °
Memorial to Thomas Wilson. By W. C. Mills 157
Editorialana. By E. O. Randall —
Archaeological Agitation 160
Ft. St. Clair 161
Henry Bishop Perkins 164
Salt Licks of Jackson County 165
Ft. Washington 166
Pocket Book of Appleseed Johnny 256
History of Perry County 257
History of Madison Township 259
Story of a Country Church 261
History of Lebanon 261
Eclectic Medical Institute 262
Of*.'}
Springfield Centennial £,Q -
New York State Historical Association 2 63
The Dunmore War. By E. O. Randall 16'
The Lebanon Centennial. Oration by William H. Venable 198
Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians. By J. P. MacLean, A. B.,
Ph. D. , Franklin O 215
The Chillicothes. By R. W. McFarand , LL. D 2 30
Ulysses S. Grant. By John Beatty 23 2
Painted Skeletons. By Wm C. Mills 246
Indian Land Cessions in Ohio. By S. S. Knabenshue 249
Index to Vols. I to XI inclusive 267-486
v
ILLUSTRATIONS TO VOLUME XI.
Monument to Miantonomoh "
Monument to Uncas
Chief Sealth ™
Monument to Seattle
Chief Simon Pokagon
Gen. Arthur St. Clair fj
Little Turtle v _
Military Posts and Road :
St. Clair's Battle Ground • **
Ft. Recovery
Graves and Wooden Markers at Ft. St. Clair lod
Bishop Henry Perkins Jjj*
Lewis' Camp — Map .
Old Chillicothe (Westfall) — Map iy «
Painted Skeletons —
t?. i 246
F ' gme l 247
Figures (A) •• ^
Figure 3 (B)
The Greenville Treaty Line ■ Z4y
Cessions and Reservations in Northwestern Ohio 251
vii
OHIO
Archaeological and Historical
PUBLICATIONS.
MONUMENTS TO HISTORICAL INDIAN CHIEFS.
BY EDWARD LIVINGSTON TAYLOR.
[This is the second contribution of Mr. Taylor upon the subject. The
first will be found on page 1, Volume IX, O. A. and H. Society Pub-
lication.— E. O. R.]
In the July number of the Archaeological and Historical
Quarterly for the year 1900 I gave some account of the history
of the monuments that have been erected by white men to com-
memorate the memories of noted men of the Indian or Red
Race. At that time I had knowledge of but four of such mon-
uments. First, in order of time, was that erected to Chief Keokuk,
at Keokuk, Iowa. The next was that of Leatherlips, near Co-
lumbus, Ohio. The third, was that of Red Jacket, at Buffalo,
New York ; and the fourth, was that of Chief Cornstalk, at Point
Pleasant, West Virginia.
Soon after that article was published, I learned of three
monuments which had been omitted and more recently of one
that is proposed and almost surely will be erected. The omitted
ones were that of Chiefs Uncas and Miantonomoh at and near
the town of Norwich, State of Connecticut, and that of Chief
Sealth (Seattle) at Fort Madison on Puget Sound, near the
town of Seattle, in the State of Washington.
The proposed monument is that for Leopold and Simon Po-
Kagon, father and son, who were the last and best known chiefs
of the Pottawattamie tribe. Simon died at Allegan, in the state.
2 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
of Michigan, January 28th, 1899, an d was buried with great
honor in Graceland cemetery, Chicago, Illinois. These were all
among the remarkable men of their race and have been given a
prominent place in our history, as well as monuments erected by
white men to mark their last resting places, as we shall more
particularly describe.
CHIEFS UNCAS AND MIANTONOMOH.
Uncas was the most noted chief of the Mohegan tribe and
Miantonomoh of the Narragansetts, of which the early English
settlers in the region of Connecticut and Rhode Island had know-
ledge. The Narragansetts occupied the region of what is now
Rhode Island, and the Mohegans were to the westward of them,
in what is now the state of Connecticut. The Mohegans were a
branch of the Pequot tribe. To the west of the Mohegans
were the Niantics. All of these tribes were of the Algonquin
linguistic family, and spoke substantially the same language.
Still further to the westward of these Algonquins in the state
of New York were the Five Nations of the Iroquois, who were
of an entirely different linguistic family. Although the Mohe-
gans, the Narragansetts and the Niantics were of the same lin-
guistic family, they were often at war with each other and their
wars were of the most cruel and relentless character. They
were really wars of extermination and no quarter was usually
given to fallen foes or expected by them.
When the white settlers came to that region they found
among the Indian tribes a most disturbed condition. The most
bitter hatred and relentless wars obtained between them and this
caused the ablest and best warriors to be selected as their re-
spective chiefs. The traditions which the white people gathered
when they first ventured into that region indicated that wars
and strifes had long obtained between the neighboring tribes and
the hatreds and animosities which such wars necessarily engen-
dered among savage tribes were in bitter and relentless force.
Early in the fifteenth century Lord Say and Lord Brook,
with their associates, became patentees of much of the territory
which is now embraced in the State of Connecticut. They pur-
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 3
chased such rights as an English patent of those days could
confer from Robert, Earl of Warwick, in 1632. Their rights,
whatever they were, covered the land westward from "the Nar-
ragansett river one hundred and twenty miles in latitude and
breadth to the South Sea." The Earl of Warwick was presi-
dent of the Council of Plymouth incorporated by King James
I, for the settlement of New England "and authorized to dis-
pense grants and patents to others." In so far as the English
government could confer title or patent to Lord Say and Lord
Brook and their associates, their patent was valid. In pur-
suance of this grant, John Winthrop, the younger, acting for
the patentees, in 1635 built a fort at the mouth of the Connecticut
River and called it Fort Saybrook. The name is a combination
of the names of these two principal patentees — Say-Brook. The
place holds its name to this day.
Soon thereafter what is called in history the "Pequot War"
broke out and the infant settlement of Saybrook was in danger
of being destroyed. In 1636 and 1637 the For t was virtually
besieged by the Pequot Indians, but was bravely and successfully
defended by Lieutenant Lion Gardner, a trusted and faithful
agent of Winthrop. This settlement gradually grew stronger by
accession from the mother country and by the natural increase
of births until it became a center of power and a new element
of strength, which forced recognition by the native tribes in the
surrounding region. The English about or little before that
time had obtained a foothold to the east of Saybrook in the
region of Narragansett Bay in the territory of Rhode Island,
which region was the home of the powerful Narragansett tribe.
Both Uncas and Miantonomoh soon came to recognize this
new element of power and influence and to appreciate the fact
that friendly relations with the new comers might be to their
advantage and both with some success established such rela-
tions with their white neighbors. The English honestly desired
and endeavored to promote peace and harmony among the war-
ring and hostile tribes and did so far succeed that in 1638 a
treaty was made at Hartford by which it was stipulated "that
the hostile Sachems should not make war on each other without
first making an appeal to the English."
4 . Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
This treaty agreement was not however long observed by
the Narragansetts and in 1643, a fierce war broke out between
that tribe and the Mohegans. The Narragansetts disregarding
the agreement advanced against the Mohegans with superior
numbers with the purpose and prospect of overwhelming Uncas
and his tribe. Uncas 'was not prepared for this unexpected in-
vasion, but hurriedly gathered his warriors and prepared as
best he could to resist the invasion. Miantonomoh, the inveterate
enemy of Uncas, was in command as chief of the Narragan-
setts. He had under his command near a thousand warriors
while Uncas could assemble not more than about four hun-
dred warriors to oppose them, and appreciating the disadvan-
tage under which he and his warriors labored, he sought a parley
with the chief of the Narragansetts and proposed that Mianto-
nomoh and himself should engage in single combat to decide
the fortunes of battle between the tribes. The proposition was de-
clined and at a signal from Uncas, which had been pre-arranged,
his warriors being prepared rushed upon the Narragansetts, who
were taken by surprise and routed, and many of them were
slain and their chief was taken prisoner. Miantonomoh was
kindly treated by Uncas, who subsequently surrendered him
to the English, by whose decision he consented to be
governed as to what disposition should be made of him.
The matter was referred to the Commissioners of the United
Colonies, at Boston, who in doubt as to what should be done
in the premises, referred the case to the "Ecclesiastical Counsel-
lors," at Hartford. The five Ecclesiastical Counsellors consulted,
gave their voice in favor of his execution, and it was ordered
that Uncas should carry out the sentence, and a delegation
of white men was appointed to see that the sentence was carried
out. So Miantonomoh was taken back to the spot where he
had been captured and was there executed. The fatal blow
which ended his life was struck with a hatchet in the hands of
a brother of Uncas. He was buried on the spot of his capture
and execution, which is about a mile east from the City of Nor-
wich, to which place members of his tribe made visits for many
years, and at each visit added to a pile of stone over his grave,
until a very considerable monument was in this way raised to
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 5
him by his own tribe. These stones, however, so mournfully
and reverently gathered and placed over the remains of their
beloved chief, were subsequently irreverently removed by a white
land holder and converted to the baser use of making a foun-
dation for a barn. The taking off of Miantonomoh in this
barbarous manner must always, as stated by the historian Caul-
kins, "stand as one of the most flagrant acts of injustice and
ingratitude recorded against the English settlers."
The reason given by the Ecclesiastical Counsellors for vot-
ing for the death of Miantonomoh, was that he had made war
upon the Mohegans and invaded their country without first ap-
pealing to the English, according to the agreement and they
feared* if he was spared he might be the cause of trouble in
the future. But this act of cruelty only tended to greatly inflame
the old hatred of the Narragansetts and they determined to
avenge the murder of their beloved chief. Conflicts of every
kind soon followed until in the spring of 1645, when the Narra-
gansetts again invaded the Mohegan's country in strong force
under the leadership of Pessacus, the'brother of the murdered
chief. After creating havoc and devastation they forced Uncas
to take refuge in a fort on the bank of the Pequot (now the
Thames) River, which the English had helped to construct. This
fort was about eight or ten miles up from the mouth of that
stream. Uncas and his people were besieged there until on
the very verge of starvation, but in this extremity he managed
to get word to the English at Fort Saybrook, which was at the
mouth of the Connecticut River, some twenty-five or more miles
to the westward.
6 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Upon learning of the desperate situation of Uncas and
his people and knowing that surrender meant death to all within
the fort, it was determined at all hazards to attempt to relieve
them ; so a canoe was loaded with provisions and three brave
and hardy young men (Thomas Leffingwell, Thomas Tracy and
Thomas Minor) volunteered to hazard the undertaking of reach-
ing the fort with these provisions. They followed along the
north shore of Long Island Sound some twenty or more miles
eastward, until they reached the mouth of the Pequot River
into whose waters they turned their canoe and under cover of a
dark night they succeeded in reaching the fort and Uncas and
his people were saved from the annihilation which awaited them
at the hands of their inveterate and exasperated foes.
Uncas and his tribe ever afterwards remembered with grati-
tude this timely deliverance from the dreadful fate which other-
wise would have befallen them. They remained friendly to the
white settlers and in 1659 sold and deeded to the "Town and
Inhabitants of Norwich" nine miles square of land, near the
center of which tract the City of Norwich now stands. That
was the beginning of the occupancy and civilization of that im-
mediate part of Connecticut, which in the two hundred and fifty-
years which have since elapsed, has developed great and bene-
ficial results. It is within this tract of land that Uncas and Mian-
tonomoh lie buried and at no great distance from each other.
The date of the execution of Miantonomoh is stated, by Gov-
ernor Winthrop, as September 28th, 1643, and this may be
assumed to be correct and is the date carved on his monument.
The Colonial Commissioners met in Boston September 17th
of that year when they affirmed the vote of the Ecclesiastical
Counsellors, which sealed the fate of Miantonomoh. Their pro-
ceedings were kept secret until the members of Hartford and
New Haven returned home. This precaution was necessary,
as they would have to pass through or near the territory of
the Narragansetts, who certainly would have killed them if they
had fallen into their hands. A knowledge of their action was
soon known to the Narragansetts and on October 12th Pessacus
sent a message to the commissioners at Boston of his' intention
to avenge the death of his brother, and in the spring of 1645
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 7
at the head of the Narragansetts, he invaded the country of the
Mohegans, as we have before seen.
In the intervening time they had often in various ways and
by various strategies sought the life of Uncas, but his caution
and craftiness was such that he was able to defeat all their
efforts to that end. Miantonomoh was greatly beloved by his
tribe and also by the white people in his territory with whom
he came in contact, and it is recorded of him that "he had shown
many acts of kindness towards the whites; in all his inter-
course with them he evinced a noble and magnanimous spirit;
he had been the uniform friend and assistant of the first white
settlers in Rhode Island; and only seven years before his death
had received into the bosom of his country Major Mason and
his little band of soldiers from Hartford and greatly assisted
them in their conquest of the Pequots."
In view of these qualities and his services to the white race,
it is difficult to understand why these Ecclesiastical Counsellors
voted for his death ; but they must be judged by the hard and
cruel times in which they lived, and the stern religion by which
their acts were guided.
We have before related that the pile of loose stone which
had been accumulated over the grave of Miantonomoh by the
people of his tribe, was removed by a white land owner, who
converted them to his own use. Just when this was done is
not now definitely known, but it was long after the execution
and burial.
However, it is gratifying to know that on July 4th, 1841, this
sacrilege was atoned for by more enlightened and less selfish
white people residing in Norwich and vicinity, who placed over
his grave a solid block of granite about eight feet long and five
feet in height and the same in thickness with the single word
cut in large and deep letters and figures thereon :
MIANTONOMOH.
1643. '
On that occasion a Mr. Gillman of Norwich delivered an
address and the formal laying of the stone was performed
by Thomas Sterry Hunt, a young man, who afterwards became
8 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
one of the most eminent of American chemists. This was, so
far as we have knowledge, the first monument actually erected
by white men over the grave of a noted representative of the
Red Race; and nothing could better illustrate our advance in
civilization than this act of rescuing the grave of this noted
chief from neglect and oblivion, who two hundred years before
had been condemned and executed by the decree of representatives
of the early English settlers for no crime or hostile act against
themselves and who was in fact their friend.
UNCAS.
Although the Miantonomoh monument was the first actually
erected, it was not the first to be projected. The people of Nor-
wich had long contemplated a monument to Uncas, but the pro-
ject did not take active form until the summer of 1833, when
General Jackson, then President of the United States, visited
Norwich and other New England cities and his visit to Norwich
was made the occasion of awakening an active interest in the
project of erecting a monument for their "Old Friend," as they
expressed it — the Mohegan Sachem, Uncas.
The President was accompanied on that visit by Vice Presi-
dent Van Buren, Governor Edwards of Connecticut, Major
Donelson, General Lewis Cass, Secretary of War; Mr. Wood-
bury, Secretary of the Navy; and Mr. Poinsett, Secretary of
State. This was a very notable party and their visit naturally
aroused such interest with the citizens of Norwich and the sur-
rounding country, that there was gathered a great assembly
of men, women and children, bands and military and other or-
ganizations. A few Indians were present. Altogether the visit-
ing party received a great ovation.
Hon. N. L. Shipman delivered an address narrating the
history of the Uncas family and the then existing condition of
the Mohegans. President Jackson then formally "moved the
foundation stone to its place." It has been described by the his-
torian, Frances Manwaring Caulkins, as "an interesting, sug-
gestive ceremony; a token of respect from the modern warrior
to the ancient — from the emigrant race to the aborigines."
Monuments to Historical' Indian Chiefs. 9
General Cass then delivered an address in which he observed
that "the earth afforded but few more striking spectacles than
that of one hero doing homage at the tomb of another." At the
close of this address the children sang a hymn and the day's
exercises were closed.
But the worthy project languished most singularly and it
was seven years before the work so auspiciously begun received
another impetus. The delay was caused, by want of funds, which
with all their enthusiasm they forgot to provide for; nor did
they at that time. have any plan or design prepared. It was not
until October 15, 1840, that the next considerable effort was
made to procure means with which to carry out the undertaking.
On that date there was to be held at Norwich a great political
meeting in honor of General Harrison and John Tyler, then can-
didates respectively for President and Vice President of the
United States ; and for the purpose of raising funds with which
to complete the monument, the ladies of Norwich arranged for
a refreshment fair. They made most ample provision for re-
freshments and themselves served the customers at the tables
and thus raised the money with which to complete the monument.
On the 4th day of July, 1842, just one year after the Mian-
tonomoh monument had been placed over his grave, the Uncas
monument was erected. It was made a great occasion. The
Hon. William L. Stone, of New York, delivered an historic ad-
dress on the life and times of Uncas, and the monument was
then placed in position. It consisted of a granite obelisk or shaft
about twenty feet in height supported by a large granite block,
on which is cut in large letters, the simple name :
UNCAS.
All about the grave of Uncas repose the ashes of many
•chiefs and members of his tribe. The place had before been ,
used and has since been used by the Indians as a burying place,
but little or no evidence now remains to distinguish their re-
spective graves. The death of Uncas is fixed as having occurred
in the fall of 1683. His death was the result of advanced age.
Some harsh reflections have been left by some of the early
Puritan ministers upon the character of Uncas. They may all
10
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
be summed up in the notes of Rev. Mr. Fitch, of the date of
1678. He then said of him that he was "the greate opponent of
any means of soul's good and concernment to his people and
abounding more and more in dancings and all manner of heath-
enish impieties since the warrs and vilifying what hath been done
by the English and attributing the victory to their Indean helpes.""
It will be observed that dancing and claiming for the Mo-
hegans a part of the honors for the victories over the Pequots-
are the only specific charges. As for dancing, it was an ancient
custom among the Indians and still obtains among them and is
not now considered even by the most advanced society of our
modern civilization as a very "impious" or "heathenish" sin;
and as for the claim of Uncas that his tribe was entitled to a
part of the honors for the "victories" over the Pequots, it was
certainly well founded, as Major John Mason, who commanded
the English soldiers against the Pequots while Uncas led the
Mohegans, has recorded of him that "he was a great friend and
did great service."
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 11
It is easy now to understand what the Rev. Mr. Fitch failed
to appreciate, that his stern and rigid religion and manner of
life was not suited to the Indian mind and habit of life and
thought. Mr. Fitch was certainly as much at fault in not un-
derstanding the Indian mind and character as Uncas was in not
understanding Mr. Fitch's harsh and arbitrary religion.
It may be accepted as a just estimate of both Uncas and
Miantonomoh that they were neither all good nor all bad; that
they were superior men of their race; that they were brave and
had many virtues and good qualities of character; and that they
performed the duties of life which devolved upon them as best
they could according to their understandings and the conditions
under which they lived. Both rendered valuable aid and assist-
ance to the white settlers and the monuments which the white
race has placed over their graves are most fitting tributes to their
memories.
CHIEF SEATTLE (SEALTH).
The next monument we have to mention is that of Chief
Seattle, as named by the whites, or Sealth, as called by the In-
dians. This monument is at Fort Madison on the Puget Sound
in the State of Washington, about fifteen miles north from the
city of Seattle, which important city bears the name of this
noted chief.
The waters of Puget Sound were visited by the Spaniards
in 1774. A few years later they were visited by Captain Cook,
the celebrated English navigator, and he was followed during the
next few years by several other navigators under English direc-
tions, and these were soon followed by the American ship "Co-
lumbia," in command of Captain Kendrick, of Boston ; and he
was followed by other American navigators. The Columbia
River received its name from the ship "Columbia," but it was
given to it by Captain Gray, who was in command of that vessel
on its second voyage to those waters.
The expedition of Lewis and Clark, under commission from
Thomas Jefferson, then President of the United States, which
started from St. Louis in March, 1803, reached the mouth of
the Columbia River on November 15, 1804. This was the first
overland expedition which ever crossed the continent. It was
12
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
followed in 1810 by the Astor expedition, which sailed from New
York in the ship "Tonquin," which reached the mouth of the
Columbia River in March, 181 1. The overland expedition of
Mr. Astor, which started from the city of Montreal in August,
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 13
1810, reached the mouth of the Columbia River February 15,
1812, the history of both of which has been graphically told by
Washington Irving in his narrative "Astoria." Many other ex-
peditions followed, but it was not until 1845 tnat an y American
citizen made settlement north of the Columbia River. In August
of that year Colonel M. T. Simmons, George Wauch and seven
others made the first settlement at or near Budd's Inlet on Puget
Sound.
In 1849 the lumber trade was first opened on the shores of
Puget Sound by a single vessel from San Francisco (the brig
"Orbit"), which obtained a load of piles at Budd's Inlet. From
that time on the settlements along the shores and inlet of Puget
Sound rapidly and steadily increased. The lumber and fur trades
had much to do with inducing these early settlements.
The early settlers came in contact with Chief Seattle, who
is described by Samuel F. Coombs, who knew him intimately,
as "the greatest Indian character of the country." He was, as
Mr. Coombs says, "a statesman and a warrior." It was as a
statesman that he ruled his people for the long period of more
than half a century and always exerted over them a potent in-
fluence for good.
Mr. Coombs first saw this chief in i860 at a council of
chiefs at the then village of Seattle. He was then about seventy
years of age, and was, as Mr. Coombs describes, "of calm and
dignified manners." The council over which he was presiding
was composed of all the principal chiefs of the various tribes
over which he had long ruled, and he received the greatest rev-
erence and respect from all of them.
In the early part of the century and perhaps much farther
back wars and conflicts of every kind obtained between the Moun-
tain Indians from regions about the headwaters of the Green
and White Rivers, and the Salt Water tribes, living along the
shores of Puget Sound. The Mountain tribes were always the
aggressors, and being superior in numbers and ferocity, the Salt
Water tribes were usually vanquished and many of them killed
and others captured and carried away to the mountain regions
and made slaves by their captors.
14 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
In the early years of the last century the Salt Water tribes
learned of another war expedition coming against them from the
mountain country and a council was called for the purpose of
devising means and plans for resistance. The plan of Seattle was
adopted, although he had not much more than arrived at man-
hood. He was put at the head of the warriors of the Salt Water
tribes and entrusted with the execution of his plans for resistance.
He conducted his warriors up the White River, by which they
had learned their enemies were descending in canoes, to a point
where there is a sharp bend in the stream and where the water
was very swift. He obstructed the river below the bend so that
the descending canoes could not observe these obstructions until
they were near upon them and the strong current at that point
would prevent them from speedily turning back. He then am-
bushed his warriors on each side of the stream, armed with bows
and arrows and other instruments of Indian warfare and awaited
the coming of the enemy. The advance guard of the entire force
consisted of five canoes, carrying about one hundred picked war-
riors. The three canoes most advanced were caught and swamped
as they swept around the bend on the swift water, and their
occupants were either killed or drowned. Two canoes in the
rear got the alarm and retreated up the river and escaped. The
resistance was so unexpected and determined and the disaster so
great that the Mountain warriors abandoned the expedition and
retreated to their own country.
There was great rejoicing among the Salt Water tribes on
the marked victory over their old enemies and a great council of
the tribes was called and Seattle was made chief of them all.
The old chiefs became sub-chiefs under him. Three of the Lake
tribes, which were numbered with those of the Salt Water tribes,
at first refused to join in the consolidation and Seattle made a
visit to each of them well prepared to subdue them if necessary;
but he managed to win them by persuasion and without force
and united them firmly with the other tribes and from that time
until his death (in 1866) he was the acknowledged head and chief
Sachem of all the tribes living on or near Puget Sound and they
were never afterwards seriously troubled by their old enemies
of the mountains.
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 16
Seattle welcomed the white settlers to the Puget Sound and
was always friendly to them and in turn commanded their respect
and confidence. He was a great peacemaker among his people
and discouraged in every way vice and immorality among them.
Seattle died at what has long been known as the "Old-Man-
House" near Fort Madison, June 7, 1866. He was about eighty
years of age at the time of his death. Mr. Samuel F. Coombs,
who was a friend of Seattle, gives the following account of his
death and funeral:
"After a long illness, during which the old chief was fre-
quently visited by natives and early white settlers from all over
the sound, he died at the Old-Man-House. His funeral was at-
tended by several hundred white people and by more of his own
people. A. G. Meigs, proprietor of the Fort Madison Mill, shut
down his mill and on his steamer took all the employes and others
over to the funeral. A great many also went over from Seattle.
As the old Chief was a Catholic he was buried with the ceremonies
■of that church, mingled with which were customs peculiar to
the Indians. The ceremonies were imposing and impressive and
the chanting of the litanies by the Indian singers was very beau-
tiful."
Subsequently in 1890 his friends among the white pioneers
erected a monument to perpetuate his memory. It is of Italian
marble, seven feet high and consists of a substantial base and
pedestal surmounted by a cross, bearing the letters "I. H. S,"
below which appears :
(SEATTLE)
Chief of the
Squamish and Allied
Tribes.
Died June 7, 1866.
On the base in large letters is engraved the Indian name :
SEALTH.
16 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
On one side of the monument is the following inscription
SEATTLE,
Chief of the Squamish and Allied Tribes,
Died June 7th, 1866,
The firm Friend of the Whites, and for Him the
City of Seattle was named by its Founders.
On another side are the words :
Baptismal name Moah Sealth, age probably 80 years.
This monument of marble may in time disintegrate and dis-
appear and the exact spot of the grave of Seattle become un-
marked and unknown, but there has within the last half century
arisen on the shores of Puget Sound, and in the center of the
region in which he was born and where he so long lived and
wisely and justly ruled over his people, the splendid city of
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 17
Seattle, which bears his name and will perpetuate and keep alive
the story of his deeds and virtues during many future generations.
CHIEF LEOPOLD AND SIMON POKAGON.
We have now in this and a former article noticed all the
monuments of which we have knowledge, which have to this
time been erected by white men to commemorate the memories
of celebrated men of the Indian race. That there may be others
is quite possible, but if so they have escaped our research. We
have, however, yet to mention two of the most remarkable men
that the red race has produced, namely : Leopold Pokagon and
Simon Pokagon, his son, to whose memory a monument is soon
to be erected in Jackson Park, Chicago. Jackson Park embraces
the ground upon which the great Columbian Exposition was
held in 1893, and has now been restored to its original park con-
ditions of marvelous beauty.
These were successive chiefs and Sachems of the once pow-
erful Pottawattamie tribe, which long occupied the region around
the southern and eastern shores of Lake Michigan in the center
of which now stands the great city of Chicago.
Leopold Pokagon is described as a man of excellent char-
acter and habits, a, good warrior and hunter, and as being pos-
sessed of considerable business capacity. He was well known to
the early white settlers in the region about Lake Michigan, and
his people were noted as being the most advanced in civilization
of any of the neighboring tribes. He ruled over his people for
a period of forty-three years. In 1833, he sold for his tribe
to the United States one million acres of land at three cents per
acre, and on the land so conveyed has since been built the city
of Chicago. The purchase also included what is now Jackson
Park, where the wonderful 'White City" stood in 1893, and where
a splendid monument will soon be. erected to the memory of him-
self and his son, Simon, and other Pottawattamie chiefs.
On the great "Chicago Day" at the Columbian Fair in Oc-
tober, 1893, where 750,000 people were assembled, Simon Pa-
kagon, the son and successor of Leopold, stood at the west plaza
of the Administration building in the presence of the greatest
Vol. XI— 2.
18 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
audience ever collected in one spot in the histor) A the world,
holding in his hand the parchment duplicate of the deed which
his father, sixty years before, had signed, transferring the land
on which they then stood to the United States. With due cere-
mony the chief presented to Mayor Harrison, then Mayor of
Chicago, the well-worn parchment, the duplicate of which had
been delivered by his father to the United States Commissioners
at the time the sale and transfer of the land was made. On
receiving the parchment, Mayor Harrison spoke as follows:
'"This deed comes from the original possessors, — the only
people on earth entitled to it. The Indians had for long ages
come to this place, the portage or carrying-place between the
great rivers of the west and the great inland lakes. They pitched
their tents upon these shores of blue Michigan, and after their
barter was done returned to the Des Plaines River and on to the
Mississippi and its twelve thousand miles of tributaries. Chicago
has thrived as no city ever before. Twenty-two years ago this
city was devastated by a deluge of flame. The story of its suffer-
ing went to all quarters of the globe, and the world supposed
that, like Niobe, it was in tears, and would continue in tears.
But Chicago had Indian blood in its veins. I say this as a de-
scendant of the Indians ; for I stand here and tell you that Indian
blood courses through my veins. I go back to Pocahontas, and
Indian blood has wonderfully recuperative powers."
To the disgrace of the United States, the purchase price
of three cents an acre for more than a million acres of land was
not paid according to agreement. The original purchase price
amounted to more than three hundred thousand dollars, and it
was not until 1866, during General Grant's administration, that
Pokagon succeeded in getting by way of partial payment $39,000;
and after further long and disappointing and disheartening efforts
he finally secured in 1896 from the government through the Court
of Claims $150,000 more, which was about one-half of the origi-
nal purchase price, without interest, when with interest a vastly
greater sum was due.
Leopold Pokagon died in 1840 in Cass county, Michigan.
He was a man of noble character and of pure and upright lifej
and always labored to elevate and improve his people. He was
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 19
devoted to the teachings of the Jesuit Fathers and invited and
encouraged their missionaries (the Black-Gowns) to come among
them and teach his people to lead temperate and upright lives.
In his appeal to M. Gabriel Richard, then Vicar-General of a
Catholic church at Detroit, he plead as follows : "'Father, father,
I come to beg you to send as a black-gown to teach us the Word
of God. We are ready to give up whisky and all our barbarous
customs. If thou hast no pity on us take pity on our poor chil-
dren, who will live as we have lived, in ignorance and vice."
While the old chief lived he would not allow traders or
orhers to bring intoxicating liquors among his people and was
always an advocate of temperance and religion, and exemplified
his principles by his own life and conduct. He was present at
Fort Dearborn (Chicago) at the time of the terrible massacre in
1812. This massacre was an incident of the war of 1812, in
which the Indians under Tecumseh were united with the English
under General Proctor, whose united armies were overthrown
and destroyed at the Battle of the Thames, October 5, 1813.
In 1838 an order was issued by Governor David Wallace
(father of "General Lew Wallace, author of "Ben Hur"), then
Governor of Indiana, directing that the Pottawattamies remain-
ing in Indiana should be removed by force to lands beyond the
Mississippi, according to treaty conditions before that time made,
but which had not been fulfilled on the part of the United States.
This order, however, was most remorsely carried out by General
Tipton, who, with a military force, surprised and entrapped the
Indians at their villages in a most heartless and dishonorable way.
Spies were sent among the unsuspecting Indians, who informed
them that their Christian priest wished all the tribes to meet
him at their wigwam church, and when such as could do so were
assembled in the church, they were suddenly surrounded by sol-
diers, of whose nearness or approach they had no knowledge
or suspicion. It is related by an eye witness that the soldiers
then tied the Indians so entrapped "together with big strings
like ponies" and detained them as prisoners and the next day
marched them off to the to them unknown region beyond the
Mississippi. In the meantime the military force gathered in many
more men, women and children, which, with their captives at
'10 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
the church, made up a company of about one thousand, whom,
with "broken hearts and tearful eyes" were forced from their
ancient homes and such of their friends and kindred as had
not been captured. Few of them ever again returned. Many
women and children, and in some instances men, escaped into
the woods and swamps and thus avoided capture. Many families
were thus broken up never again to be united. On the hard
journey to the West more than a hundred of them died and a
feu escaped into the wilderness, so that there were more than
one hundred and fifty missing when they arrived in the new
territory.
A large part of those so cruelly forced from their homes
and in many instances from their families were of the Menominee
band, whose chief, old Menominee, had steadfastly refused to
sign any treaty, or to sell the lands owned and occupied by his
band, and so had never parted with any rights, titles or interests
which they had therein. This crime against these peaceful and
well-disposed people was, as usual in such cases, the result of
the insidious and nefarious schemes of white land grabbers and
speculators by whom, it is probable, Governor Wallace was de-
ceived and misled.
By a special agreement and contract before that time made,
Leopold Pokagon and his band were to remain in the State of
Michigan, within the region of St. Joseph River, but in the in-
discriminate rounding up of the Indians by the military many of
his band were captured and forced away with others, regardless
of all rights and agreements, and of all the dictates of conscience
and humanity. By this merciless crime Pokagon 's band was
much reduced and broken and his spirit wounded unto death.
Two years later he died, after ruling wisely and justly over his
people for tin- long period of forty-three years, and his son,
Simon, then ten years of age, became the rightful hereditary
chief of the Pottawattamie tribe.
SIMON POKAGON.
In Simon Pokagon we have one of the most remarkable
and worthy characters which the red race has produced. He
was a full-blooded Indian of the Pottawattamie tribe, which tribe
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 21
was of the great Algonquin family, which when the white ex-
E/Lu.
^^L^tCf-Z^
>CL&ert£—
plorers first came to America occupied the present territory of
the New England States and the region of the St. Lawrence
22 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
and the Ottawa Rivers, and the vast territory as far west as
the eastern shores of Lake Huron. As before stated, he was
but ten years of age when his father, Leopold Pokagon, died.
His mother survived for many years thereafter and until he
had grown to manhood and had become the active chief of the
remnant of his broken band. His fame is not that of a warrior,
as he never had occasion to lead his people to battle or go upon
the warpath.
The long and bloody wars and conflicts between the white
and red race east of the Mississippi ceased with the Battle of
the Thames, October 5, 1813. That decisive battle closed the
dreadful drama which for half a century had been enacted upon
the territory of the great Northwest. The raid of Black Hawk
into northwestern Illinois in 1832 cannot be considered as an
exception, as he and his warriors came from the Fox and Sac
Nations beyond the Mississippi and was opposed by the old
Pottawattamie chief, Shabbona, who assisted the whites against
Black Hawk, and aided greatly in his defeat and capture.
But it is as a scholar and philosopher and wise ruler over
his people that Pokagon's fame consists. Until he was fourteen
years of age he knew not a word of any language but his mother
tongue. At that age he was sent to a Notre Dame School, near
South Bend, Indiana, where he remained for three years. Here
he began to learn the English, Latin and Greek languages, in
which he ultimately became singularly proficient. He had a
marvelous aptitude for acquiring languages. He was especially
zealous in the acquirement of a thorough knowledge of the Eng-
lish language. After three years he returned to visit his mother,
who appreciated his high purposes and added her efforts to his
own to enable him to realize his ambitious desires. He then
spent one year at Oberlin College, Ohio, and then went to Twins-
burg, Summit county, in the same state, where he remained two
years longer. This gave him six years in English teaching and
speaking schools, and laid the foundation of his marvelous Eng-
lish education. No full-blooded Indian ever acquired a more
thorough knowledge of the English language or wrote or spoke
it with more fluency or accuracy. He, however, never neglected
his native tongue, and succeeded in after years in reducing his
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 23
native language to considerable perfection. His writings indi-
cate not only that he had great respect for his own language, but
in some respects thought it superior to others.
His life was not eventful in the ordinary sense of Indian
chieftains, and his fame rests upon the wonderful example
.vhich he offered of the possibilities of advancement of the Red
race in the lines of civilization. Born at a time when all the
Indian habits of mind and thought and life were still in full
force and vigor, he was able to emerge from these environ-
ments and to turn his face and influence towards a different
form of life and destiny. He was enabled at an early age to
see the great advantage and necessity of laying aside the imple-
ments of war and the chase to turn to the cultivation of the
soil and to the procurement of permanent homes ; and it was in
this line that he always directed the minds of his people. Other-
wise he plainly saw the speedy ending of his race.
In the August number of "The Forum," 1897, appeared
an article written by Pokagon, entitled, "The Future of the Red
Man," which for lofty expressions and profound reflections and
sentiments can scarcely be surpassed. The first few sentences
will give an idea of his deep reflections and his lofty plane of
thought. He says :
"Often in the stillness of the night, when all nature seems
asleep about me, there comes a gentle rapping at the door of my
heart. I open it ; and a voice inquires, 'Pokagon, what of your
people? What will be their future?' My answer is, 'Mortal
man has not the power to draw aside the veil of unborn time
to tell the future of his race. That gift belongs to the Divine
alone. But it is given to him to closely judge the future by
the present and the past.' "
The article is full of wise and philosophical thoughts and
reflections on the future of his race and concludes as follows :
"The index-finger of the past and present is pointing to
the future, showing most conclusively that by the middle of the
next century all Indian reservations and tribal relations will
have passed away. Then our people will begin to scatter ; and
the result will be a general mixing up of the races. Through
intermarriage the blood of our people, like the waters that flow
24 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
into the great ocean, will be forever lost in the dominant race;
and generations yet unborn will read in history of the red men
of the forest, and inquire, 'Where are they ?' "
During the later years of his life, he wrote for many maga-
zines, among them "The Forum," "The Arena," "Harper's,"
"The Chautauquan" and "The American Review of Reviews."
He also made many speeches and addresses, a most notable one
of which was on January 7th, 1898, at the Gem Opera House,
at Liberty, Indiana, under the auspices of the Orinoco Tribe of
the Independent Order of Red Men. A few extracts from that
address will show his elevation of mind and nobility of soul.
He said:
"My heart is always made glad when I read of the Daughters
of Pocahontas kindling their council fires. * * * The names
of Pocahontas and Pokagon (my own name) were derived from
the same Algonquin word — Po-ka — meaning a "shield" or "pro-
tector." And again we are highly complimented by the Order
of Red Men in dating their official business from the time of
the discovery of America. I suppose the reason for fixing that
date was because our forefathers had held for untold ages
before that time the American continent a profound secret from
the white man. Again, the Red Men's Order highly compli-
ments our race by dividing time into suns and moons, as our
forefathers did, all of which goes to show that they under-
stood the fact that we lived close to the Great Heart of Nature,
and that we believed in one Great Spirit who created all things,
and governs all."
"Hence that noble motto, born with our race, — Freedom,
Friendship and Charity, — was wisely chosen for their guiding
star. Yes, Freedom, Friendship, Charity! Those heaven-born
principles shall never, never die! It was by those principles
our fathers cared for the orphan and the unfortunate, without
books, without laws, without judges ; for the Great Spirit had
written his law in their hearts, which they obeyed." * * *
"But our camp-fires have all gone out. Our council fires
blaze no more. Our wigwams and they who built them, with
their children, have forever disappeared from this beautiful land,
and I alone of all the chiefs am permitted to behold it again.
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 25
"But what a change! Where cabins and wigwams once
stood, now stand churches, schoolhouses, cottages and castles.
And where we walked or rode in single file along our winding
trails, now locomotives scream like some beast of prey, rushing
along their iron tracks, drawing after them long rows of palaces
with travelers therein, outstripping the flight of eagles in their
course.
"As I behold this mighty change all over the face of this
broad land, I feel about my heart as I did in childhood when I
saw for the first time the rainbow spanning the cloud of the
departed storm. * * *
"In conclusion, permit me to say, I rejoice with the joy of
childhood that you have granted 'a son of the forest' a right
to speak to you; and the prayer of my heart, as long as I live,
shall ever be that the Great Spirit will bless you and your
children, and that the generations yet unborn may learn to know
that we are all brothers, and that there is but one fold, under
one Shepherd, and the great God is the Father of all."
At the opening of the great World's Fair at Chicago, May
ist, 1893, tne °ld chief was present with other educated repre-
sentatives of his tribe and race, but the occurrences of the
day deeply wounded and humiliated him. There had been great
preparations made for this event. The ceremonies were held
under the dome of the great Administration Building. Presi-
dent Cleveland was to respond to the address of welcome, and
there were present the representatives of many nations. The
Duke of Veragua was there with his suite, especially invited
as the lineal representative of Columbus, usually accredited as
the first discoverer of America. All of these numerous foreign
representatives were provided with seats upon the great plat-
form, where they could observe the ceremonies, while Pokagon
and his Indian associates, who alone represented the original
Americans, were forgotten and compelled to look silently on
from the background, while the representatives of foreign na-
tions took their provided places to participate in the glittering
pageant. This occurrence, on the very ground which his tribe
only a few years before had owned and occupied for centuries,
and where in his youth he had encamped and hunted with his
26 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
father, and where he had roamed and played with other children
of the forest, wounded his very soul and made a deep and un-
fortunate impression upon his mind. However, this unintentional
neglect was productive of great good, and subsequently most
amply and notably atoned for. It inspired him to write "The
Red Man's Greeting." It was published in booklet form made
from the bark of the white birch tree and was widely circu-
lated and read, and created a marked impression on the public
mind. It was fitly termed by Prof. Swing, "The Red Man's
Book of Lamentations."
The managers of the fair and the people of Chicago soon
took steps to atone for this unintentional but seeming neglect and
arranged so that the old chief should be the central figure of
attraction on the great "Chicago Day," which was appointed
for October 9th, 1893. This was carried out in form and spirit
and no King or Potentate was ever the center of attraction of
so vast an assemblage of people. The pertinent features of this
occasion, as relates to Pokagon, have already been mentioned
and need not here be repeated.
Subsequent to that time he engaged much in literary labors
more or less of a historical character, but in the meantime wrote
the charming story, "Queen of the Woods," founded upon his
own life's experiences. He had finished the work but died sud-
denly before its publication. It is a simple, natural, pure and
pleasing narrative, and has a charm something akin to that
which is experienced in reading "The Vicar of Wakefield." There
is in its pages nothing less pure than the song of birds, the
blooming of wild flowers and the divinely fresh fragrance of the
forest.
Pokagon died on the 28th day of January, 1899, at his old
home in Allegan County, Michigan, at the age of seventy years,
and thus passed away the last and most noted chief of the
once powerful Pottawattamie tribe. As a separately organized
tribe they no longer exist. At the time of his death all the
leading papers of Chicago published notices of the event with
sketches of his life and character and these were widely copied
throughout the press of the country. At once steps were taken
to have his remains buried in Graceland Cemetery, Chicago.
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 27
That organization donated a lot for that purpose, located near
the grave of John Kinzie, the first white resident, of Chicago,
and his remains were there laid to rest.
As to the proposed monument the Chicago Inter-Ocean,
under date of March 16th, 1899, says:
THE POKAGON MONUMENT.
"The last hereditary chief of the Pottawattamies having
died a few weeks ago, an organization has been formed in
Chicago to erect a monument to his memory and to that of
his father, Pokagon I, who was the great chief of the Potta-
wattamies during the days of the second Fort Dearborn and
early Chicago.
The only memory left for coming generations of this race
is the beautiful monument erected by the late Mr. George Pull-
man on the site of the massacre of the first fort's days.
The new Indian monument will be erected in Jackson Park,
where throngs of visitors may become as familiar with its story
as they are with that of the Massacre Monument.
The new monument will be erected in memory of the late
Simon Pokagon, and will have inscribed upon it his own beau-
tiful words to the children of Chicago, that "the red man and
white man are brothers, and God is the Father of all."
Surmounting the pedestal will be a superb statue of the
regal figure of Pokagon I in full chieftain's attire. The four
bas-reliefs on the pedestal will represent events in the history
of Chicago's Indian days, which will be decided upon by a com-
mittee of pioneers. The names, also, of noted Pottawattamie
chiefs who were at the head of bands under Pokagon will be
inscribed upon the base of the monument."
It is not known, and probably never can be definitely known,
what period has elapsed between the passing of the Mound
Builders and the coming of the white man ; but it must have
covered several centuries of time. During that period the oc-
cupants of the land left no substantial or material monuments
or marks to indicate their burial places or to evidence an in-
tention to perpetuate the fact of their occupancy of the country.
The continent has now been explored from ocean to ocean
.and from the gulf to the Arctic seas, and practically all that
28 O/iio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
we accurately know of the Indian race is what has been learned
of them from contact with them by the white race.
It is true that they have many traditions concerning their
origin and history, but they are too vague and uncertain to be
accepted as in any way reliable, or as shedding any certain light
upon their past history. Through what ages human beings have
lived and roamed and energized over this continent can never
be accurately determined, but enough is known to make it cer-
tain that human life has existed here where we are now for
many thousands of years. All that preceded the period of the
Mound Builders is wrapped in oblivion and can now be only
a matter of speculation or conjecture. But with the Mound
Builders came a race, who marked the surface of the earth
with countless evidences of their once energetic existence, which
are now being industriously examined by scientists to discover
what secrets they may reveal.
Following the Mound Builders came what we know as the
Indian race, who, like the ancient occupants of the country, failed
to leave any records or testimonials concerning themselves from
which we might determine something of their history. They
have now practically passed away as a separate and distinct race,
and within a few years, as suggested by Simon Pokagon, the
remnant which is left will be absorbed and swallowed up in the
blood of the dominant race. That the tincture of their blood
will flow on in that of the white race and possibly for its bet-
terment is reasonably certain ; but as a distinct race their end is
comparatively near at hand.
These considerations make it all important that in so far
as possible the history of the Red race should be preserved for
the benefit and study of future generations. The interest in their
history is gradually growing and will ever be increasing. The
number of white men now living, who came in personal contact
with and have had personal knowledge of the Indians of various
tribes east of the Mississippi, is now very small and soon will
have passed away. With them will have passed those who
can testify from personal knowledge as to the nobility and
worth of individual representatives of the Red Race, with whom
they have had contact and companionship. When they are gone,
we will be remitted to the doubtful narratives and incidental
Monuments to Historical Indian Chiefs. 29
references to be found in our histories to form and estimate
of the Red Race and its leading characters. At least most of
our narratives concerning the Indian race and tribes as also of
their individual chiefs, were written at or near the times when
wars and conflicts and race hatreds prevailed and so are strongly
tinctured by prejudices and often narrated without regard to
substantial facts or truths. A new and better -era has dawned
upon us, when we can hope to feel the force of the lofty senti-
ments expressed by Simon Pokagon in his address before quoted,
"That we are all brothers and that there is but one fold, under
one Shepherd, and the great God is the Father of all."
The few monuments that have been erected by white men
to commemorate and perpetuate the names and virtues of worthy
representatives of the Red race do not at all satisfy the obli-
gations which rest upon us in that behalf. There are in so far
as we know, but seven such monuments which have been erected
up to the present time, but one of which is on the soil of Ohio
— that of Leatherlips — while the wise and good Chief Crane
of the Wyandots; the great war chief Pontiac of the Ottawas;
Logan of the Mingos; Tecumseh, Black Hoof and Blue Jacket
of the Shawnees; Little Turtle of the Miamies ; all of whom
at times lived and energized on the soil of Ohio, remain monu-
mentless and the exact places of their burials unknown.
It would seem not only fitting but just that these chiefs
and tribes, who were the original occupants and possessors of
the soil, should have suitable and enduring monuments to com-
memorate their names placed in public parks, or on grounds
owned and cared for by the State of Ohio, so that our children
and our children's children may have kept before them a recol-
lection of a race of men who contended with us for more than
two centuries for the possession of the country, but who have
been vanquished and almost exterminated by our superior force.
That our government is now using its best endeavors to care for,
educate and elevate the remnant of the Red race is all to our
credit, but this does not lesson the obligation to care for and
keep alive the memories of their great men of the past. It will
be a discredit to our own civilization to neglect this obvious duty.
ST. CLAIR'S DEFEAT.
FRAZER ELLS WILSON, GREENVILLE, OHIO.
[Author of the valuable little volume, entitled "The Treaty of Greenville,"
published 1894.— E. O. R.]
Probably the* most disastrous defeat ever suffered by the
Americans at the hands of the Red Men was that of the army
of Gen. Arthur St. Clair on the east branch of the Wabash near
the present western boundary of Ohio, November 4th, 1791. Both
Gen. Arthur St. Clair.
for the number of men killed and the blighting effect on the
frontier settlements was this disaster noted and the first report
of it cast a pall over the new nation. The tide of white immi-
gration which had begun to flow over the crest of the Alleghenies
just at the opening of the Revolution, was greatly augmented
after its close when the survivors o x that great struggle who had
sacrificed their all for liberty turned their faces from the older
communities of the East to the promising lands of the West.
Considerable settlements were being made in southwestern Penn-
sylvania, in western Virginia around Wheeling, and the mouth
of the Kanawha, and in Kentucky below the Licking river. The
settlers built stockades and blockhouses, cleared small tracts of
(30)
St. Clair's Defeat. 31
the dense wilderness for the plow and lived the rude life of
the frontiers in constant menace by the hostile Indian tribes, who
viewed this steady invasion of their ancient hunting grounds with
jealousy and alarm. In 1787 the famous "Ordinance" providing
for the organization and government of the "Territory North-
west of the river Ohio" was passed by Congress, and the tide
of immigration soon turned in this direction. In 1788 Marietta
was founded by a company of New Englanders and became
the capital of the territory. In a few years Gallipolis, Man-
chester, Columbia and Fort Washington (Cincinnati), dotted
the northern shore of the Ohio.
Early in 1790 Arthur St. Clair, who had served with dis-
tinction in the French and Indian War and the Revolution, was
appointed governor of the newly organized territory. Scarcely
had he set the wheels of government in motion when reports of
Indian attacks along the frontier kept coming in. The tribes
along the Wabash and the Maumee (Miami of the Lakes) were
especially hostile and were probably assisted and goaded on
by the British agents at Detroit and Ft. Miami, who wished to
retain their favor and discourage the extension of the American
settlements. In order, to deal the savages an effective blow,
Gen. Harmar of the U. S. Infantry, was instructed to lead an
army of about 1206 frontier militia and mounted riflemen against
the Maumee villages while Major Hamtramck, the commander
at Vincennes, was sent against the Wabash towns with a much
smaller force. The latter officer soon succeeded in destroying
some of the villages and a quantity of corn without any serious
engagement and returned to Vincennes. Harmar's force left Ft.
Washington September 30th via Miami Valley and arrived at
the Maumee towns, near the present site of Ft. Wayne, Indiana,
on the 17th of October, marching about 10 miles per day. By
the 2 1st the chief town, several other villages and probably
20,000 bushels of corn had been destroyed. Two or three at-
tacks were made by detachments sent out at different times,
but ended in failure and the army soon returned to Ft. Wash-
ington, having lost about 180 men and incited the savages to
further resistance. News of the late disaster was soon spread
among the Northwestern tribes who now united to make open
32
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
war. Little Turtle, chief of the Miamis, a warrior of great
intelligence and prowess, who led the attack against Harmar
and who had great influence among the western tribes, together
with Blue Jacket, the great chief of the Shawnees and Buckon-
gehelas, Chief of the Delawares, formed a confederacy of the
northwestern savages to drive the white settlers beyond the Ohio.
These chiefs, with the assistance of Girty, McKee and Elliott,
the renegades, headed a band of warriors whose discipline has
probably never been equalled in Indian warfare. Nothing but
a decisive blow by a large and well disciplined force could quell
Little Turtle.
the uprising being stirred up by these leaders. Accordingly
Governor St. Clair was appointed a Major General in the U. S.
army, March 4th, 1791, and placed in chief command of the
forces to be employed against the Indians. The object of the
main expedition planned by the goverment was to establish a post
at the Maumee village for the purpose of awing and curbing
the Indians in that region, and preventing future hostilities. The
troops were to consist of two small regiments of regular in-
fantry, two regiments of levies and 300 or 400 Kentucky militia.
"The mounted men were to receive two-thirds of a dollar per
day and to be under command of their own officers, while
footmen were to receive three dollars per month and be subject to
military law. It proved a difficult task to preserve harmony
St. Clair's Defeat. 33
among the regulars and volunteers, as the latter would scarcely
submit either to the discipline of the army, or to the slow
movements which one having a road to cut every step he ad-
vanced, and forts to build was necessarily subjected to— neither
would they labor." While St. Clair was getting ready or the
main campaign, the Kentuckians were permitted to send t./o ex-
peditions of volunteers against the Wabash tribes, with the view
of discouraging them from joining the Miami tribes. The first
raid was made by Gen. Chas. Scott and was soon followed up
by Col. Wilkinson. Both succeeded in destroying corn and prop-
erty and cowing the Indians, but did little else. An effort was
also being made in the meantime to induce the Indians to peace
through the intervention of the friendly Senecas. Col. Proctor
was sent out from Philadelphia on the nth of March with in-
structions to proceed to the Miami villages on the above mis-
sion. Proctor was to return to Ft. Washington (Cincinnati, O.)
where St. Clair would receive him and be prepared to conciliate
the Indians if possible. Negotiations were delayed and the enter-
prise, it seems, ended in failure.
Preparations for the main expedition were now pushed
vigorously but at great disadvantage. Maj. Gen. Richard Butler
had been placed second in command with orders to remain in
Pennsylvania to recruit and forward troops. Two thousand
levies were to be raised, marched to Ft. Pitt (Pittsburgh) in
companies as soon as collected, and there receive orders from
St. Clair. They could be safely sent in small companies but
were held back by Butler to protect the frontiers according to
orders from the War Department but much to the annoyance
of St. Clair, who kept urging that they be sent to Ft. Wash-
ington. A Mr. Samuel Hogdon had been appointed Quarter-
master General of the army and, although zealous, seems to
have been totally unfit for the responsibilities of the position.
The delay in forwarding troops was also partly due to his failure
in furnishing horses, supplies, provisions, and the necessary boats
for transportation. St. ClaL' arrived at Ft. Washington on the
15th of May after passing through Lexington to arrange for the
forwarding of the Kentucky militia. He found a garrison of
Vol. XI— 3
34 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
but eighty-five men fit for duty here. The arms and accoutre-
ments left from Harmar's expedition were in a bad condition
and the supplies forwarded later by the Quartermaster from time
to time were deficient Loth in quantity and quality. New gun
carriages had to be made ; the deficiencies of the camp equipage
supplied; nearly all of the ammunition had to be made up and
a laboratory equipped for this purpose. Musket shells, artillery
cartridges, and shells for the Howitzers had to be filled — a
tedious and laborious business. Not only ammunition for the
campaign but also for the garrison of 1200 or more for the
projected post at the Maumee and intermediate posts must be
prepared. Workshops and an armory had to be built and tools
constructed. In his report the General said — "A great number
of axes, camp-kettles, knapsacks, kegs for the musket cartridges,
and spare cannon ball, and boxes of ammunition, had to be made ;
and cordage of various kinds, and the cartridge boxes to be re-
paired. Splints for the wounded were to be made of half-
jacked leather prepared on the spot. In short, almost every art
was going forward, and Ft. Washington had as much the ap-
pearance of a large manufactory on the inside, as it had of a
military post on the outside." To perform all this labor smiths,
carpenters, harness-makers, colliers, wheel-wrights, etc., had to
be drafted from all that could be found among the troops as they
slowly arrived. Considerable cattle and horses for the use of
the army had to be cared for and on August 7th, the country
near the fort being eaten off, all the troops that had arrived,
except the artificers and a small garrison, advanced about six
miles northward to Ludlow's station. On the 1st of September
the Secretary of War wrote to St. Clair: "The President enjoins
you by every principle that is sacred to stimulate your operations
in the highest degree, and to move as rapidly as the lateness
of the season and the nature of the case will possibly admit."
The balance of the troops, however, had not yet arrived at the
above date but soon came on and joining those at Ludlow's
station, moved on about twenty miles to the Great Miami river
where a fort was built to command the river crossing, to serve
as a place for depositing provisions, and to form the first link in
the chain of forts projected between Ft. Washington and the
St. Clair's Defeat. 35
Indian villages on the Maumee. St. Clair described this post
in the following very interesting manner: "A stockade fifty
yards square, with four good bastions, and platforms for cannon
in two of them, with barracks for about two hundred men,
with some good store houses, etc." * * * "That circuit of
that fort is about one thousand feet, through the whole extent
of which a trench about three feet deep was dug to set the
picquets in, of which it required about two thousand to enclose
it ; and it is not trees, taken promiscuously, that will answer
for picquets, they must be tall and straight and from nine to
twelve inches diameter (for those of a larger size are too un-
manageable) of course few trees that are proper are to be
found without going over a considerable space of woodland.
When found they are felled, cleared of their branches, and cut
into lengths of about twenty feet. They were then carried to the
ground and butted, that they might be placed firm and upright
in the trench, with the axe or cross-cut saw ; some hewing
upon them was also necessary, for there are few trees so straight
that the sides of them will come in contact when set upright.
A thin piece of timber, called a ribband, is run round the whole
near the top of the picquets, to which every one of them is
pinned with a strong pin, without which they would decline
from the perpendicular with every blast of the wind, some
hanging outwards and some inwards, which would render them
in a great measure useless. The earth thrown out of the trench
is then returned and strongly rammed to keep the picquets firmly
in their places, and a shallower trench is dug outside about three
feet distant, to carry off the water and prevent their being
moved by the rains ; about two thousand picquets are set up
inside, one between every two of the others ; the work is then
inclosed. But previously, the ground for the scite of the fort
had to be cleared and two or three hundred yards round it,
which was very thickly wooded and was a work of time and
labour. (The ground where this fort stands, is on the east
side of the Miami river, on the first bank ; but there is a second
bank considerably elevated, within point blank shot, which ren-
dered it necessary to make the picquets, particularly along the
land side, of a height sufficient to prevent an enemy seeing
36 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
into the area, and taking the river in reverse, and a high plat-
form was raised in one of the bastions on the land side to
scour the second bank with artillery. Another made with the
trunks of trees, and covered with plank, as that was, was raised
in one of the bastions towards the river, in order to command the
ford, and the river for some distance up and down. Plank
was sawed for the platform and the gate, and barracks for one
Hundred men ; a guardroom, two store houses for provisions, and
barracks for the officers were constructed within it and, all this
was done in about fourteen days, almost entirely by the labour of
the men; though some use was made of oxen in drawing the
timber, the woods were so thick and encumbered with under-
wood, it was found to be the most expeditious method to carry
it.") This post was named Ft. Hamilton.
The main part of the army, consisting of two small regi-
ments of regular infantry, and the levies, about two thousand in
all, left this place October 4, and were followed on the 5th by
about 300 Kentucky militia. St. Clair, in describing the march-
ing order of the troops, observes : "When the army was in
march, it was preceded by a small party of riflemen, with the sur-
veyor, to mark the course of the road; for we had no guides,
not a single person being found in the country who had ever been
through it, and both the geography and the topography were
utterly unknown ; the march was, therefore, made up on a com-
pass course, conjectural indeed, but which proved to be suffi-
ciently correct, as it brought us into a large path leading to the
Miami towns about twenty miles from them ; from that party
scouts were sent out to scour the country every way ; then fol-
lowed the road cutters with a party to cover them; then the
advanced guard, and after them the army in two columns, with
one piece of artillery in front, one in the center, and one in the
rear of each. In the space between the two columns marched
the remaining artillery, destined for the fort at the Miami towns;
then the horses with the tents and provisions, and then the
cattle with their proper guard, who were to remove them in case
of the enemy appearing. Without the columns, at a distance of
about one hundred yards, march the cavalry in file, and without
them, at the same distance, a party of riflemen, and scouts with-
St. Clair's Defeat.
37
out them ; then followed the rear guard at a proper distance."
Roads for the artillery had to be cut through the thick timber
nearly all the way and some considerable bridges built. Pro-
gress was necessarily slow and by the 13th, the army had ad-
vanced but 44 miles from Ft. Hamilton. Finding a suitable place,
a halt was made and the work of erecting another post entered
into. This- fort was about 100 feet square, with four good bas-
tions and was built of logs laid horizontally, the walls forming
the outer sides of the soldiers' barracks. It was garrisoned by
a small detachment, two pieces of artillery left in it and given
the name Fort Jefferson. The plan of encampment here is shown
in the illustration below, the artillery and cavalry being in two
lines divided upon the flanks and the riflemen at right angles
on the sides :
KILITARY POSTS AND ROAD.
While the work was going on at this place, Gen. Butler, who
was second in command, proposed to St. Clair that he be allowed
to take 1,000 picked men and go to the Maumee villages, and
38 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
there establish the projected post, leaving the Commander-in~
Chief to finish the fort and follow at his leisure. The season was
late, and as St. Clair was advanced in years and very much in-
disposed at times by attacks of the gout, this was proposed,
ostensibly to relieve him and hasten the consummation of the
campaign. The General, however, was very disagreeably sur-
prised by the proposition and refused the proffer. Butler seems
to have taken offense at the rebuff and grown more reserved
in his relations with St. Clair, although the latter thought that
his own action was a proper and due exercise of his power as
head of the army.
On the 24th of October the troops marched about six miles,
still following the same Indian trail, and camped on the present
site of Greenville, Ohio, a creek being in front and a large prairie
on the left which afforded excellent forage for the jaded horses.
Here the army halted a week awaiting provisions and sending
out spies to ascertain the whereabouts of the Indians. On the
30th the march was continued seven miles, the direction changing
to 25 degrees west of north. On the 31st sixty of the Kentucky
militia deserted, threatening to plunder the second convoy of
provisions which was then thought to be within twenty miles
on the trail. In order to save the supplies which were necessary
for the sustenance of the army, and to prevent further desertions,
the whole of the first regiment of regulars was detached, and sent
back. The quartermaster had failed to start the convoy at the
appointed time, however, and this regiment was separated from
the main body by a greater distance than anticipated, thus re-
ducing the effective fighting force to about 1,400 men. On No-
vember 1 the army halted to allow the road-cutters to get some
distance ahead. A few Indians had been observed hanging about
the flanks of the army and on the 3d a larger number than usual
were noticed. After a hard march through the cold on short
rations the army arrived about sunset on that day at a small
stream flowing southward, which was supposed to be the St.
Mary's, a branch of the Maumee, but was in fact a branch of
the east fork of the Wabash. Here an encampment was made
in two lines on a slightly elevated piece of ground with the
creek in front and on the right and a ravine on the left. The
St. Clair's Defeat. 39
first line was composed of Butler, Clarke and Paterson's bat-
talion of levies, and commanded by Gen. Butler. The second
consisted of Bedinger and Gaither's battalions and the second
regiment of regulars commanded by Lieut. Col. Darke and was
about 200 feet to the rear of and parallel with the first. The
right flank was protected by the creek ; the left by a steep bank,
Faulkner's corps and some of the infantry. The militia advanced
about a fourth of a mile across the creek bottom and camped
on high ground. It had been a hard day's march and was near
8 o'clock before the scanty mess was cooked. The soldiers, tired
and worn, wert soon sleeping heavily. Capt. Slough of the 1st
battalion of levies was sent out with a small number of picked
men with instructions to advance one, two or three miles along
the trail in search for Indians. About midnight they returned,
with the report that they had fired on a party of six or seven
savages, killing one, and had been passed by a much larger party
later going towards the camp. The report, according to Capt.
Slough's testimony, was made to Maj. Gen. Butler, who then
dismissed him for the night without instructions to inform St
Clair. Col. Oldham of the militia also predicted an attack in
the morning. Gen. St. Clair had observed on the afternoon pre-
vious that he did not expect an attack yet and in the evening
concerted plans with Major Ferguson of the artillery for throw-
ing up a small earthwork, wherein to have deposited the knap-
sacks and heavy luggage. He then intended to make a forced
march to the Maumee village, which he thought to be about
15 miles, but which was in fact very much farther, as soon as
the first regiment came up. He was permitted to do neither,
for on the 4th before sunrise just after the regular morning pa-
rade an attack was made on the pickets of the militia across
the creek. A few shots were exchanged, but fear seized the
Kentuckians, and they rushed pell mell into camp, pursued by
a large party of Indians, whooping and yelling fiercely. A volley
from the artillery in the front rank drove them back to cover but
they soon renewed their fire and gradually encircled the en-
campment, concealing themselves behind trees, brush and fallen
logs and pouring in a galling fire. The soldiers were cramped
for room and exposed because of the nature of the ground on
40 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
which they were encamped and made an easy target for the
savages who were expert marksmen. The main fire was di-
rected against the men at the guns in the center of the encamp-
ment and they were driven away again and again with great
slaughter. This was kept up perhaps an hour and a half until
nearly every officer of the artillery had been killed or wounded
and all the guns silenced. The roar of the artillery and rattle
of the muskets of the regulars may have tended to awe the sav-
ages, but much ammunition was wasted by the random shooting
of the untrained troops. Men were falling in great numbers
in all parts of the camp, confusion was spreading, and the In-
dians, becoming emboldened, swarmed forward to seize the guns.
Previously they had flitted from cover to cover under the pall
of smoke but now they became more exposed at close quarters.
A spirited charge was made against them under Col. Darke and
they were driven back across the creek at the point of the bayonet.
For want of a sufficient number of riflemen to follow up this
charge, they were forced to return and were gradually followed
by the Indians, who pressed forward from tree to tree and soon
came into camp on the left flank. Here they were met by a
spirited charge from the second regiment, Butler's and Clarke's
battalions, and pushed back. Again and again was this repeated
but with great loss, especially of the officers who had to expose
themselves to rally the raw and undisciplined troops. In these
charges Major Butler was dangerously wounded and all the offi-
cers of the second regiment fell except three. Both St. Clair
and Butler exhibited great bravery throughout, the former hav-
ing had two or three of his horses killed and several bullet holes
shot through his clothes ; the latter having been mortally wounded,
continued to give orders while propped up in the center of the
camp. The fire was continued' nearly three hours until the ma-
jority of the officers and half of the army were either killed or
wounded. The soldiers crowded to the center of the camp, be-
ing pressed gradually closer from all sides by the exulting sav-
ages. The remnant of the army became stupefied and bewil-
dered and it became necessary to order a retreat. Accordingly
Col. Darke was ordered to make a charge and with a number of
the best men made a feint driving the Indians beyond the road
and making an opening through which the balance of the troops
St. Clair's Defeat.
41
hurried pell mell with the militia in front. The Indians had been
thrown into confusion by the charge, but, discovering its object,
soon pursued the struggling army along the trail and harassed
the rear for three or four miles. Attracted by the rich booty,
however, they soon returned to plunder the camp and kill or
torture those of the wounded who had been left on the field.
Here a sickening sight presented itself. Huddled in a compara-
tively small space were piles of the slain on the frozen ground,
ST. Gt-.AIR.V5" BATTUE GROUNT-).
the silent cannon, the deserted tents and valuable camp equip-
ments all abandoned in the flight for life. While the Indians
were securing their plunder and gloating over their victims, the
routed army continued its retreat and kept throwing away arms
and equipments in the panic of fear. Nearly all the horses had
been taken or killed and St. Clair, mounted on a slow pack-horse,
was unable to reach the front himself and the other officers found
it impossible to establish order and check the flight. The rout
continued along the road to Fort Jefferson, a distance of about
30 miles, where the men arrived just after sunset. Here the
first regiment, which had been sent back to intercept the desert-
ers, was met, but in view of the broken condition of the troops,
42 ' Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
the lack of provisions in the fort and the strength of the enemy,
it was decided to continue the march toward Fort Washington
on the next morning with the prospect of meeting a convoy on
the way.
The number of Indians in this engagement has been variously
estimated at from 700 to 2,500 or 3,000, but 1,000 or 1,500 is con-
sidered a conservative figure, and the amount of government
property either lost or destroyed is put at more than $34,000.
Little Turtle, chief or the Miamis, was their leader and their loss
was estimated at about 150 killed and several wounded, but be-
cause of their custom of carrying away or concealing the slain
it is difficult to ascertain the number of their slain. The Ameri-
cans had thirty-nine officers killed, and twenty-two wounded, and
their entire loss was estimated at 677 killed, including 30 women,
and 271 wounded. Among the prominent officers killed were Gen.
Richard Butler, Maj. Ferguson of the artillery, Col. Oldham of
the militia, Maj. Clarke and Maj. Heart ; and among the wounded
were Col. Sargent (the Adj. Gen.), Lieut. Col. Gibson, Major
Thos. Butler, and the Viscount Malartie, aide de camp to St.
Clair.
The new government was experimenting in Indian warfare
and had much to learn. Washington had been present at Brad-
dock's defeat and had warned St. Clair before departing. The
latter sent his aide, Major Denny, with the news of his defeat to
the President at Philadelphia. On account of the ice in the Ohio
River and the bad condition of roads it took twenty days to
reach Wheeling and ten more to reach the capital. President
Washington received the dispatch while eating dinner, but con-
tinued his meal and acted as usual until all the company had gone
and his wife had left the room, leaving no one but himself and
Secretary, Col. Lear. He now commenced to walk back and
forth in silence and after some moments sat down on a sofa. His
manner now showed emotion and he exclaimed suddenly: "St.
Clair's defeated— routed ; the officers nearly all killed, the men
by wholesale, the rout complete ! too shocking to think of— a sur-
prise in the bargain." Pausing again, rising from the sofa, and
walking back and forth, he stopped short and again broke out
with great vehemence : "Yes ! here on this very spot I took leave
of him; I wished him success and honor. 'You have your in-
St. Clair's Defeat.
43
structions,' I said, 'from the Secretary of War; I had a strict
eye to them, and will add but one word, beware of a surprise!
you know how the Indians fight us ! He went off with that as
my last solemn warning thrown into his ears. And yet, to
suffer that army to be cut to pieces — hacked by a surprise, the
very thing I guarded against ! . . ." The President again sat
down on the sofa and his anger subsided. At length he said:
"This must not go beyond this room." After a while he again
spoke in a lower tone: "General St. Clair shall have justice.
I looked hastily through the dispatches — saw the whole disaster,
but not all the particulars. I will hear him without prejudice,
he shall have full justice." A committee of the House of Repre-
sentatives investigated the cause of St. Clair's defeat and ac-
quitted him with honor. He afterwards served as the first Gov-
ernor of Ohio and died at Greensburg, Pa., in 1818, at an ad-
vanced age and in comparative poverty, having seen the final
overthrow of the hostile tribes and the permanent founding of
civilization in this matchless region of the old Northwest.
FT. RECOVERY
OHIO'S BIRTH STRUGGLE.
BY WM. T. M'CLINTOCK, CHILLICOTHE, O.
[The story of the controversy between General Arthur St. Clair, the
Governor of the Territory of the United States Northwest of the
River Ohio, and the young Jeffersonian Republicans of that Territory,
in 1799-1803, which resulted in the birth of a new state to the Federal
Union.]
There is no part of the history of the U. S. Territory north-
west of the Ohio River more interesting than the story of the
controversy between its Governor, General Arthur St. Clair
and his friends, and that group of able, ambitious, enthusiastic and
untiring young men who crossed the Ohio River as emigrants in
the last five years of the eighteenth century, and who found, or
fancied they found, their interests opposed and thwarted by the
Governor and his supporters. The story has all the excitement
of a drama. The plot moves on step by step ; the scenes shift ;
the actors' parts are distinct and picturesque and the interest of
the spectator constantly increases until he beholds the creation of
a new State and the addition of the seventeenth star to the flag of
the Union.
The part of the Governor has been repeatedly told, and in
such manner as to excite public sympathy and induce a ready
assent to the account of the supposed wrongs and injustices which
he suffered at the hands of his opponents, and which culmin-
ated in his downfall and removal from office in the winter of
1802-1803.
The biographers of St. Clair have set forth these wrongs
and the public has given their statement of them a ready accept-
ance. As late as the year 1897, a writer in "The Nation," one
of the ablest and best known newspapers of our country, has
assumed and boldly stated that his opponents were prompted
principally by motives of self-interest and personal ambition, while
the Governor was actuated only by the motives of the most patri-
otic character.
(44)
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 45
On the other hand, the parts of his opponents in that to him,
disastrous struggle, have only been partly and imperfectly set
forth. The sources of knowledge respecting them are limited,
and it is now difficult to find the material for a fair representation
of what actually occurred.
The result has been that a cloud of reproach more or less
thick and gloomy, has been allowed to cast its shadow upon the
character of those who ventured to oppose the man they regarded
as having outlived his usefulness and to whom they did not hesi-
tate to apply the name of "tyrant."
The friends of St. Clair, including the late writer in "The
Nation," to whom reference has been made, claim that the gov-
ernment of the Territory under the Ordinance of 787, bore
heavily on no interests except on those of speculators in lands,
and that there was no tyranny or oppression of which any one had
just cause for complaint.
It cannot be denied, however, on a full and impartial review
of the events of that time, that both parties had personal interests
to subserve ; the one, in the preservation of the rights and emolu-
ments incident to official position, and the other in the profit to be
derived from the survey and location of lands for themselves, or
others, within the .territorial limits, as provided with the compact
with the State of Virginia and the laws of the United States. In
many instances, notably in the case of Worthington and Tiffin,
and other emigrants from Virginia and Kentucky, the motive of
pecuniary advantage was supplemented by a large hearted desire
to give freedom to their slaves, which could be done only by
bringing them into a territory where slavery was forbidden by
law.
So far is it from being true that the Territorial Government
bore heavily on no interests except those of speculators in lands,
it may be said, on the contrary, that the seeds of dissension and
controversy were implanted in that very "Ordinance of 1787"
to which we justly give so much credit as a remarkable embodi-
ment of wisdom and foresight, under which Ohio and the other
states afterward created within the bounds of the old Northwest
Territory, have made such rapid and wonderful growth.
46 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
This feature may indeed be considered as adding force to the
eulogy that this Ordinance approached as nearly to perfection as
anything in the history of legislation the world over.
It is certain that the form of government, like "the swaddling
bands of infancy" was not "friendly to liberty." It was arbitrary
and Colonial in the extreme. The native tribes of Indians were
not only to be governed without their consent, but were to be
whipped into subjection. The people of the states emigrating to
the Territory had no voice or concern in its business. All power,
legislative, judicial and executive, was vested in a Governor, a
Secretary, and three Judges, all of Federal appointment, and
responsible only to a distant Federal head.
The Governor had the sole power to appoint magistrates
and other civil officers throughout the Territory, and to lay out
counties and townships, a matter of much interest to the people,
and emphatically legislative in character. He claimed also from
this, by implication, the power to fix the location of county seats
and to change them at pleasure, without any right of interference
on the part of the local Judges or magistrates, or of the people.
He, and the Judges of Federal appointment, determined what
laws should be adopted, how they should be construed and how
executed, and from their decision there was no appeal to the
people.
Provision was made for the compensation of these officers by
the Federal Government, but the general expenses of the Territo-
rial government were met by assessments upon the several coun-
ties, or by fees, exacted from the people and payable to every
officer concerned in the administration of justice, from the Judges
of the General Court down to the humblest Justice of the Peace.
It is seen that such a government was paternal in the last
degree, and was at all times, even in the hands of the best of men,
liable to abuse, because of the limitations upon human intelligence
and the imperfections of human reason.
Upon the authority of Mr. Nathan Dane who was a member
of the special committee in the Congress of the Confederation
which framed the Ordinance, it was thus "made unfriendly to
liberty" in order to induce the early formation of states to become
2. part of the Federal Union.
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 47
The Government worked well from the time o; its organi-
zation in 1788 down to and after Wayne's Treaty with the Indians
a± Greenville, in 1795. Up to that time there were only a few
settlements of whites, at Marietta, Cincinnati, Vincennes and
Detroit, and the chief business of the Government was to protect
these from hostile attacks of the Indians, and reduce the latter to
a state of subjugation; but after the making of that treaty, the
flood of emigration rapidly increased and many new settlements
were made, so that by 1798, eight counties had been organized,
and by a census then taken, it was ascertained that there were
5,000 free male inhabitants of full age, within the Territory.
It was provfded by the "Ordinance" that on proof of this fact
to the Governor, these 5,000 free male inhabitants were to receive
authority, with time and place named, to elect representatives
from their counties or townships to represent them in a General
Assembly.
These representatives were elected during the fall of 1798
and the Governor designated Cincinnati, February 4th, 1799, as
the place and time for their meeting.
Their only duty at this first meeting was to nominate ten
freeholders, from whom the President of the United States was to
select five, as a Legislative Council, with a five years term of
service. (The term of the Assembly men being two years only.)
This first duty performed, the Assembly adjourned to meet again
at the same place on September 16, 1799.
From the freeholders so nominated, the President of the
United States, the elder Adams, by and with the advice and con-
sent of the Senate, appointed five, as the Legislative Council, and
these two bodies, the Legislative Council, and the General As-
sembly, with the Governor, constituted the Legislature, with au-
thority to make laws not inconsistent with the Ordinance of 1787,
or the Federal Constitution.
This opened the second stage in the progress of the Territory
provided by the original Ordinance. It is probable that the im-
portance of the change was not fully appreciated by the Governor,
or the people. The latter gained the right of placing men of
their own choice in the new Assembly, and through them to elect
a representative in Congress, and the Judges of the Territory
48 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
were limited to the exercise of judicial functions. On the other
hand, the Governor retained his general executive authority and
his full appointing power to minor offices, and gained the new
right to convene and prorogue or dissolve the General Assembly
at pleasure, with an absolute veto upon any and all legislative acts.
None were of any force without his formal assent. His power
was more absolute than before, being altogether independent of
the people and subject to no control except that of public opinion,
which operates indirectly and is often unseen, or unheeded.
It has been thought singular that the free male inhabitants
of the Territory, of voting age, should desire such a change in
their form of government, especially as the influx of population
was largely from Virginia and Kentucky, the two states in which
Democratic Republican ideas had taken deepest root. It was,
however, one of the steps which the ordinance had provided for,
and we are forced to the conclusion that the framers of that in-
strument purposely tightened the chains of the Territorial Gov-
ernment in order to induce the speedy introduction of new states
into the Federal Union.
Up to this time the Northwest Territory was strongly favor-
able to the National Administration, both under Washington and
the elder Adams. St. Clair's appointment to office in 1788, was
for three years only. He was reappointed in 1 791 -1794 and 1798
without a breath of opposition.
Winthrop Sargent had been appointed Secretary of the Ter-
ritory contemporaneously with the Governor in 1788. In 1789
Congress gave the Secretary power to exercise the functions of
Governor, in the absence of the latter. This led to occasional
fault-finding, but St. Clair and Sargent had managed to main-
tain a strong personal friendship and in the main had been faith-
ful to each other.
In the summer (July or August) of 1798, Sargent resigned
the office of Secretary, in order to become Governor of the Mis-
sissippi Territory, to which he had been appointed by President
Adams. He was succeeded by Captain William Henry Harri-
son, a young man, only twenty-five years of age, who had already
acquired distinction as an officer in the U. S. Army, on the staff
of General Wayne in the Indian campaign of 1794-5. His sub-
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 49
"&<b
sequent career, including his election as President of the United
States in 1840, was only the fulfillment of the prophecy of hiss
youth.
St. Clair's biographer and eulogist, William Henry Smith,
says, "There were no ties of sympathy between the Governor and
the new Secretary. They belonged to opposite schools. The one
was growing gray and was accustomed to deference from others.
* * * The other, young and ambitious, was ready to sympa-
thize with any movement that had for its object the changing of
the old for a new order of things. Hence it soon came to pass
that the Secretary formed plans about which he did not consult
the Governor."
In the meantime, local causes, arising out of the rapid set-
tlement of the Territory, began to operate against the Governor
in the exercise of his claim to absolute authority. The owners
of land, the founders of towns, and the people in the several coun-
ties, desired to fix or change the county seats to suit their own
views and convenience. The Governor claimed this power as be-
longing only to himself, and in the summer of 1798 he asserted
this claim in the case of Adams county, in opposition to the
wishes and interests of Col. Massie and of the people in that
county.
The Assembly having adjourned at its first meeting in Feb-
ruary, 1799, to meet again on September 16th of that year, in
order to allow, in the meantime, of the selection and appoint-
ment of the Legislative Council, again met in Cincinnati, but it
was not until September 24th that a quorum was obtained, and
the two houses, the Council and Assemblymen, were organized
and ready for business.
These two houses did not, however, constitute the Legisla-
ture, for the Ordinance provided that it should "consist of the
Governor, legislative council and house of representatives." Tht
Governor was a sort of Third House, a veritable autocrat, with
power to convene, prorogue and dissolve the other branches of
the Legislature at pleasure, and to veto absolutely any bills which
they might adopt.
Vol. XT -4
50 Ohio Arch. 'and His. Society Publications.
On the second day of the meeting of the Council and As-
semblymen, the Governor addressed them, expressing, among
other things, his conviction that the system of government which
had just been superceded was "full of wisdom and benignity,"
yet congratulating the people and their representatives on their
being withdrawn from under a law making power in which they
' had no voice, and that now the laws to direct their conduct and
protect their property were to be made by their own representa-
tives.
The hidden sarcasm of this congratulation was not developed
until later in the session.
In the main, the recommendations of the address rose to the
importance of the occasion. It was cordially responded to, and
the business of the Session proceeded in apparent harmony and
without regard to any political divisions.
In that valuable contribution to the history of the Territory
Northwest of the River Ohio, known as "Burnet's Notes," the
author says of this first Territorial Legislature, that "the people
in almost every instance selected their strongest and best men."
Of the twenty-one members in the House, the greater part
were Federalists and friends and supporters of St. Clair, as were
also all the members of the Council. He names McMillan, Sib-
ley, Meigs and Fearing as lawyers of distinction and ability, and
gives especial credit to Darlington, Massie, Worthington, Tiffin,
Samuel Findley, Langham, Benham, Edgar, and Smith.
We Have not been able to ascertain with certainty, the names
of all those who were Democratic Republicans, but it may be
stated that Goforth and Smith, of Hamilton County, Darlington
and Massie, of Adams, Worthington, Tiffin, Findley and Lang-
ham of Ross, and Pritchard of Jefferson, were followers of Mr.
Jefferson.
At that time, however, there was little attention paid within
the Territory to National politics. The states were greatly agi-
tated by party strife, but the people of the Territory, having no
voice in electing the officers of the general government, and there
being but little patronage to distribute among them, were not so-
much interested in National affairs.
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 51
Governor St. Clair up to this time had retained the respect
and confidence of the people, but his popularity began to wane
during the first session of the Legislature in 1799. During this
session and in anticipation of it, in 1798, he manifested, accord-
ing to the admissions of his own friends, a strong desire to en-
large his own powers, and to restrict those of the Assembly. His
forced construction of some of the provisions of the Territorial
Ordinance have already been alluded to, by which he claimed the
exclusive right to create new counties and townships by the di-
vision and alteration of existing counties, although his power in
that respect was limited to the district in which the Indian title
had been extinguished, as to which he had exhausted his authority
prior to the meeting of the Legislature, and although the power
to make such alterations was expressly committed to the Legis-
lature by the provisions of the Ordinance itself.
The Legislative Council and the House of Representatives in
the course of the Session passed thirty odd bills. Of these he
returned nineteen, from time to time, with his approval, but he
held the remainder without expressing approval or disapproval,
and when the two houses requested him to return such bills as
he could not approve, before the close of the session, with his ob-
jections, so that they might make an effort to remove the objec-
tions by amendments, he refused to do so, but retained them in
his hands until the end of the Session, when he sent a communi-
cation to the Assembly remonstrating in offensive language
against their proceedings as an usurpation of power, and intimat-
ing in strong terms a want of confidence in the judgment and dis-
cretion of the Assembly. Some of these bills, in the judgment
of his own friends, were supposed to be of much importance and
all of them calculated to' advance the public interest. Some he
rejected because they related to the establishment of new coun-
ties ; others, because he thought them unnecessary or inexpedient.
The result was that a third of the fruit of the entire session was
lost by the exercise of the arbitrary power of a single man.
In order to make this power more sensibly felt, he proceeded
immediately to create and organize new counties, out of old ones,
on a plan different from that adopted by the Assembly, and to es-
tablish them by proclamations, without consulting the Legislature.
52 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
At the close of the Session, a complimentary address to
President John Adams was adopted, having so little of party spirit
in it that only five members voted against it. Mr. William Henry
Smith, in his "St. Clair Papers" alludes to this vote as "the leaven
that changed the politics of the Territory and in due season sent
the Governor back to the hills of Pennsylvania."
In view of all the facts, it would seem to be the better opinion
that this dissenting vote was given because of personal bias, and
had little political significance. The true leaven was the arbi-
trary use of the Governor's veto, the assertion of exclusive power
in himself for the erection of new counties and the location of
county seats, and in the offensive language used by him in his
public message to the Assembly.
The action of the Governor provoked the adoption of a re-
monstrance, addressed to Congress, against the unqualified veto
given to the Governor, and against the exclusive right claimed by
him of dividing and subdividing counties, not only in their first
creation as provided by the Ordinance, but continuously afterward.
An important duty of the Session was to elect a delegate to
represent the Territory in Congress. This seems to have been the
only function of the Legislature which did not require the assent
of the Governor, for it was provided that the Council and House,
assembled in one room, should exercise this authority.
The history of the period shows that if Jacob Burnet, a young
but distinguished lawyer residing in Cincinnati, and a member of
the Legislative Council, would have accepted the office, he would
have been elected without opposition, although a strong Federal-
ist in his politics. On his refusal to be a candidate, public opinion,
had settled upon two candidates, one of them being the new Sec-
retary, Captain Harrison, the other, Arthur St. Clair, Jr., the son
of the Governor, and by the latter's appointment, the Attorney
General of the Territory. Harrison, on October 3, 1799, was
elected by a majority of one vote, and at once resigned his office
as Secretary, proceeded to Philadelphia, where Congress was then
in session and took his seat in that body. He retained that office
but a single session, but in that time secured much legislation of
great advantage to his constituents. His position as delegate en-
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 53
abled him to discover the trend of events toward the overthrow
of the Federal party and the triumph of Mr. Jefferson and his
fellow Republicans.
The Session of the Territorial Legislature was prorogued by
the Governor on December 19th, 1799, to meet again on the first
Monday of November, 1800.
The struggle for supremacy between the Federalists in the
Territory and their Republican opponents now became very much
in earnest. Foremost, on the Federal side, stood their leader,
Governor St. Clair, described by his biographer as a man of ripe
experience and thorough education. Prior to the War of the
Revolution, he had been an officer in the British army, under Gen-
eral Wolf ; then a trusted agent of the Proprietors of the Prov-
ince of Pennsylvania, and a magistrate over an extensive district,
after it became a State. During the Revolutionary War he was a
Major General, a friend and associate of Lafayette, and honored
also by the friendship of Washington. He served as the Presi-
dent of the Continental Congress. In private life he was a favor-
ite in the drawing room, brilliant in conversation, handsome in
form and dignified in bearing, a leader by nature, calculated to
win the hearts of all. This was, however, when he was in his
prime. But at the time of which we are now speaking, his long
journeys from one' part of the old Northwest Territory to another,
during which he often slept on the ground or in open boats, and
lived on coarse, irregular and uncertain fare, made up a series ot
hardships which had severely wrenched his constitution and
brought on attacks of gout, which constantly became more fre-
quent and aggravated. W'hat wonder that his campaign against
the Indians in 1791 resulted in disaster? After this, in the winter
of 1794-5, a malignant fever brought him almost to the very door
of death. The exigencies of his office required perpetual personal
attention. The burden was too great for his years. What won-
der that such a man, of a stiff and uncompromising disposition,
. brought up in the habit of military command, accustomed to have
his own way and to be implicitly obeyed, now finding himself beset
and puzzled by the activities, ambition and energy of a group of
voung men, mere boys to him, should become impatient, it may be
54 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
arrogant, and should seek by all means at his command to thwart
their efforts and to retain for himself and his friends the places of
power so long held without dispute or opposition.
It must be remembered, however, that the Governor's mental
strength had not diminished in proportion to his physical disable-
ment. He was but sixty-five years of age, and had lost none of
his strength of will and obstinacy of purpose. His supporters
were chiefly men of mature years, such as Cutler and Putnam, of
Marietta; McMillan of Cincinnati, Sibley of Detroit, and others
of like calibre and experience in public affairs. Some young
men were also of his party, notably Jacob Burnet of Cincinnati,
and Charles Hammond of Wheeling, Va., recently admitted to
the practice of law within the Territory, subsequently reaching
great elevation in his profession and in politics, and identified with
much of the history of Ohio and its legislation.
On the side of the young Republicans, the acknowledged
chiefs were Nathaniel Massie, Thomas Worthington and Edward
Tiffin. Judge Burnet speaks of them "as qualified to exert an
influence in any deliberative assembly."
Massie, a native of Virginia, was among the earliest and
most enterprising adventurers into the Territory, and shared
largely in the dangers and privations attending its first settle-
ment. He occupied a high place in the estimation of the people.
He was a surveyor and locator of Virginia Military Land War-
rants in the District between the Scioto and Little Miami Rivers,
reserved in the deed of session from Virginia for the compensa-
tion of her officers and soldiers on the continental establishment,
during the Revolutionary War. In this business he made ac-
quaintances and friends both within and without the Territory,
which his talents and acquirements, and his polished and agree-
able manners, enabled him to retain to the end of his life. He
was now about 36 years of age.
Worthington, like Massie, was the descendant of an old Vir-
ginia family, tracing its lineage to an ancient and honorable family
of England, established at their manor in Lancashire from the
days of Henry the Second, some of whose descendants at a later
period found a home in Virginia. His father was an ardent
supporter of the war of the rebellion of the Colonies against the
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 55
Mother Country and died in that service. Thomas was his
youngest child, born July 16, 1773. At the age of fourteen, Major
General William Darke, a distinguished soldier of the Revolution
and a prominent politician, became his guardian. General
Darke, as an officer of the Revolution, had a large holding of Vir-
ginia Military Land Warrants. He was now an old man. His
only son had been killed at St. Clair's defeat by the Indians in
1 79 1. He now asked his former ward to join a party of young
Virginians, chiefly sons of Revolutionary officers, who were about
to locate warrants for their fathers beyond the Ohio River, and
to do a like service for him.
This party, in the spring of 1796, reached the then hamlet
of Chillicothe, which had been laid out in April of that year by
Massie, and was as yet only a collection of log huts.
Worthington having located the warrants of General Darke,
returned to Virginia, and was married in December, 1796, to Miss
Eleanor Sweringen. These two young people, occupying a high
social position and both possessing considerable wealth, a large
portion of which consisted of negro slaves, determined to free
these slaves. This was after the passage of the law of Virginia
which made it obligatory to remove emancipated slaves from the
state. They therefore determined to give them a home in the
settlement of the new Territory. Mr. Worthington had purchased
from General Darke the lands which he had located near Chilli-
cothe, and in company with his friend and brother-in-law, Dr.
Edward Tiffin, left Virginia on May 1, 1797, reaching Chillicothe
on the 17th of that month. During this visit, he and Dr. Tiffin,
although they had come only to seek homes for their emancipated
slaves, became so enamored of Chillicothe and the lands in its
vicinity that they determined to remove their families from Vir-
ginia, and make the Territory their own abiding home.
Accordingly, in the latter days of March, 1798, the party set
forth 'from Shepherdstown, Va. It consisted of Thomas Worth-
ington, his wife and infant daughter; his brother, Robert, and
his family, Mrs. Worthington's young brothers, Thomas and
Samuel Van Sweringen; Dr. Tiffin, his wife, his parents, two
sisters, two brothers, a few skilled mechanics, and a small army
of emancipated slaves. They reached Chillicothe April 17, 1798.
56 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
The next year both Thomas Worthington and Edward Tiffin were
elected to the Territorial Legislature, which met in Cincinnati.
Edward Tiffin was born in Carlisle, England, June 19, 1766,
and came with his parents to America in 1784. In 1789 he mar-
ried the sister of Thomas Worthington. Both he and his wife
were devoutly religious, bfeing members of the Methodist Epis-
copal Church, and he, one of the licensed preachers of that body.
It is said the determination of Mr. and Mrs. Worthington to free
their slaves was largely influenced by the opinions of Dr. and
Mrs. Tiffin, who felt, in conscience, bound to free those they
themselves owned and to give them a home in the free territory of
the Northwest. Dr. Tiffin, after reaching Chillicothe, as a physi-
cian, and as a preacher in the Methodist Church, soon rose to a
high position in the esteem of all who knew him. His talents and
acquirements readily indicated his fitness for the speakership of
the assembly, to which he was elected on the organization of that
body in September, 1799.
These three, Massie, Worthington and Tiffin, were the ac-
knowledged leaders of the Republican or Virginia party. Others
were scarcely less distinguished and able.
It has been already noted that the office of Secretary of the
Territory became vacant on the election of Captain William H.
Harrison as delegate in Congress, on October 3d, 1799. The va-
cancy was not filled until December 30th of that year, when
Charles Willing Byrd, credited to Virginia, but in reality a resi-
dent of Kentucky, since 1794, was appointed to that office. He
took the oath of office before Governor St. Clair on February 26th,
1800, at Cincinnati, to which place he had removed at about that
time from the State of Kentucky. He was not yet thirty years
of age. On completing his education, and before reaching his
majority, he studied law and was admitted to the bar, and a few
years afterward emigrated to Kentucky, as the agent of Mr. Rob-
ert Morris (who owned a large body of land in that State), where
he acquired celebrity as a lawyer and ranked high for ability and
probity. The distinction of his Virginia ancestry, the influence
of his wealthy relatives and friends in Philadelphia, which was
then the seat of the Federal Government, united to his own merit
and reputation, secured his appointment to succeed Captain Har-
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 57
rison. His identification with the Republican party was manifest
from the first. He was a brother-in-law of Col. Nathaniel Massie.
His personal interests and associations, as well as his political
opinions, naturally inclined him to a decided opposition to the
Governor's opinions and policy. It will be remembered that in
the absence of the Governor from the State, which often hap-
pened, the Secretary became the acting Governor. Mr. B'yrd did
not hesitate to use this ad interim authority, to further the inter-
ests of his friends and party. This fact and his recognized vigor
of intellect and legal learning gave him prominence as one of the
leaders of the opposition to the Governor, and made him another
actor in that exciting territorial drama.
About this time (1799) Col. Massie received a letter from a
friend in Philadelphia, introducing a young man from the State
of Connecticut who had it in contemplation to establish himself
in the Territory N. W. of the Ohio, should he meet with due en-
couragement. This was Michael Baldwin. He had finished a
liberal course of education and obtained a license to practice law
in Connecticut, and was recommended to the notice and friendly
attention of Col. Massie, as a young man of "talents, good morals
and good disposition." His four or five brothers occupied dis-
tinguished positions as Representatives or Senators in Congress,
Judges of the higher courts, or as men of wealth and prominence
in as many different states. He at once joined the young Vir-
ginians and soon compelled recognition by his energy, learning
and sparkling intellectual gifts. It is said he soon distanced all
his competitors at the bar, and for several years had a large prac-
tice. In the early part of the State's history he filled several re-
sponsible offices, and had it not been for his too intimate friend-
ship with old John Barleycorn, he might have vied with his dis-
tinguished brothers in the attainment of fortune, fame and high
office, instead of finding an early and now unknown grave in the
little old cemetery once existing near the intersection of Riverside
and Bridge streets, in Chillicothe, all vestige of which has long
since been effaced.
The one person, in Chillicothe, who kept up with Baldwin in
the legal profession, was William Creighton, Jr., also a college
graduate, who had studied law and removed from Berkley County,
58 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Va., to Chillicothe, Ohio, in 1797, or early in 1798, before he had
completed his twentieth year. He too belonged to the young
Democracy, and afterward became the first Secretary of State
for the new state of Ohio, and later a distinguished member of
Congress, and a Judge of the U. S. District Court.
Another of the group was Jeremiah Morrow. He was born
near Getty sburgh, Pa., in October, 1771, and emigrated from that
State to what is now Warren County, Ohio, in 1796. He taught
school for a while, was a competent surveyor, and soon acquired
the respect of his fellow pioneers. He was a member of the Ter-
ritorial Legislature, also of the Constitutional Convention of 1802,
and of Ohio's first General Assembly. He was the first, and for
ten years the sole representative of the State in the lower house
of Congress ; six years a member of the U. S. Senate, served two
terms as Governor of Ohio, and in his old age, at the earnest
solicitation of his friends, served them again in Congress and the
Legislature. He was a steady and unflinching supporter of the
party in opposition to St. Clair.
Add to these the name of Return J. Meigs, Jr., of Washing-
ton County, and we have about completed the list of that extraor-
dinary group of young men who had come west to establish homes
and fortunes, and to carve out careers which should reflect honor
upon themselves and their posterity.
These, and others like them, were the chief actors in that
grand conflict, to whom were added a multitude of humbler peo-
ple unknown to fame, but gifted with voices and votes, and whose
separate thoughts in the aggregate, made up that great force
called "public opinion." Many of them, both among leaders and
people, were devoutly religious. Tiffin and Worthington were
Methodists, Morrow and others were Scotch Presbyterians.
As soon as the Governor threw down "the gage oi battle"
it was promptly taken up, and the struggle began.
The Governor forsaw the plans of his opponents, and in-
fluenced in part by personal hostility to some of the more promi-
nent members of the opposition, particularly Col. Massie, Sec-
retary Byrd, Judge Symmes and his son-in-law, Harrison, also
by the natural desire to defend himself against attacks which he
regarded as persecution, but chiefly because of his zeal to uphold
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 69
and continue in power the political party in National politics to
which he belonged, determined at once on measures to defeat
them.
The fifth "article of compact" in the ordinance of 1787,
had provided for the formation of not less than three nor more
than five states within the Territory, and fixed the boundaries
for three of such prospective states, the most easterly of which
had for its boundary a direct line due north from the mouth of
the Great Miami River to the northern boundary of the Terri-
tory. When either of these divisions should have a population
of 60,000 free inhabitants, it was entitled to admission into the
Federal Union, on an equality with the original states, and at
liberty to form a permanent constitution and state government,
republican in form and in accord with the principles of the Ordi-
nance. There was, however, a further provision that such ad-
mission might be allowed, although there might be less than
60,000 free inhabitants within the limits of the proposed state,
but this, only "so far as it might be consistent with the general
interest of the Confederacy."
Here was a chance for the creation of a new state, and the
leaders of the two great National parties, Federalist and Re-
publican, soon appreciated the importance of this fact. If it could
be made of Federalist material, it would strengthen that party,
but the contrary if of Republican timber.
As parties in the States then stood, it was not likely that a
new state northwest of the Ohio River could be formed so as to
add strength to the Federal party. It was therefore obviously
the policy of the Governor and his Federal friends to postpone
the creation of a new state as long as possible. Accordingly, he
at first in a letter to the Secretary of State at Washington, Mr.
Pickering, advised a division, with the Scioto River as the line
of separation. This he thought would make the upper or east-
ern division surely Federal, and that the opposing local inter-
ests of those whom he regarded as unfriendly to the General
Government, in the western division, would so balance each other
that they would not be able to unite in any scheme adverse to
Federal strength. But on reflection, he thought the eastern divis-
ion so proposed too thinly inhabited and that the design he had
60 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
in view would be too evident. He therefore immediately on the
adjournment of the Legislature in December, 1799, wrote to
his Federal friend, Mr. Ross, of the.U. S. Senate, suggesting
a division by a line due north from the mouth of Eagle Creek,
a point on the Ohio River in which is now Brown county, a
short distance above where Ripley, Ohio, now stands. Such a
division he thought would keep what he called the "multitude of
indigent and ignorant people" of the Territory, who were "with-
out fixed political principles," in "a colonial state for a good
many years to come." He represented the leaders of the oppo-
sition as holding sentiments opposed to the general government
and likely to favor a state government "democratic in form, but
oligarchic in execution, and more troublesome and more opposed
to the measures of the United States than even Kentucky." He
wrote that he was persuaded Col. Worthington's business in
Philadelphia at that time, Congress being then and there in
session, was to press the passage of a bill for a division on a
line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami, which
would please the people of Ross county by giving consequence
to Chillicothe, but that their leaders had other views, looking to
the formation of a new state, the expected power of which would
come into their hands as Democrats, and enable them to mould the
state as they pleased, which in his judgment would be as un-
friendly to the United States as possible. In the same letter he
speaks of Worthington as wanting in candor and as a very de-
signing man ; shows his hostility to Judge Symmes and delegate
Harrison,' in unmistakable terms, and recommends his trusted
supporter, McMillan, for a Judgeship.
He follows this with a letter in February, 1800, to delegate
Harrison; and as his (Harrison's) interests and those of Judge
Symmes were identified with Cincinnati, he endeavors to con-
vince him that any division of the Territory into only tzvo parts,
would ruin that city. He therefore recommends a tripartite di-
vision, opposing the Great Miami line, as making the eastern
division too large and recommending the Scioto as the west bound-
ary of that division ; a line due north from the mouth of the
Kentucky River, as the west boundary of the middle division,
and all the country west of that, to the Mississippi, to constitute
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 61
the third, with Marietta, Cincinnati and Vincennes as the re-
spective seats of government.
In the meantime, the Governor's opponents were not idle.
In that same month of December, 1799, their dissatisfaction with
the Governor's reasons for vetoing eleven out of the thirty odd
bills which had been passed by the Council and House of Rep-
resentatives, knew no bounds. They conceived the plan of pro-
curing a division of the Territory into two districts at the then
session of Congress in Philadelphia, with the expectation that
the next meeting of the Legislature for the Eastern Division
would be in Chillicothe. They sent Col. Worthington to Phila-
delphia, and to carry out this plan was, as the Governor had
suspected, the real object of his visit there. Massie had gone
off on his wedding trip, but was expected to write to his friends
in Congress, and to co-operate with Worthington and other citi-
zens of Ross county. The movement was -successful.
On May 7, 1800, Congress passed an act dividing the North-
west Territory into two parts, separated by a line beginning on
the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the Kentucky River, where
Carrollton, Ky., is now located, some twenty-five or thirty miles
west of the present west boundary of Ohio, thence by a line
a little east of north, to Fort Recovery, which is on that west
boundary, and thence due north until it intersected the boundary
line' between the United States and Canada. The eastern di-
vision was to remain under the then existing territorial govern-
ment, and the seat of government was to be at Chillicothe until
it should be otherwise ordered by the Territorial Legislature
(1 Chase Stat. 70).
To Mr. Harrison, the delegate in Congress, aided by Mr.
Worthington, the passage of the act was mainly due. It was
in the teeth and eyes of St. Clair's project for a division into
three parts. Harrison was made Governor of the West or In-
diana Division, but with a declaration on his part that if his
friends on the Ohio River, and at Chillicothe, should express a
wish for him to resign that office, he would do so. He wrote
that he would be in Chillicothe at the meeting of the Legislature.
Now the parties, Federalist and Republican, after a short
pause to take breath, renewed the struggle. The then term of
62 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
service of Governor St. Clair was to expire iA December, 1800.
As early as July or August of that year, his friends circulated
petitions in Cincinnati and elsewhere, asking for his continu-
ance in office and for censure upon the inhabitants of Ross county
for their alleged misrepresentation of his conduct. In September,
it was reported that a scheme was on foot to secure the ruin
of Chillicothe by having the members of the Legislature from
Hamilton county in the west unite with those from Washington
county in the east, to elect one of the delegates of the latter to
a seat in Congress to succeed Mr. Harrison, in return for which
favor, the Washington county members were to unite with those
from Hamilton county in the passage of an act to remove the
seat of government from Chillicothe^ to Cincinnati, and afterward,
through the influence of their delegate in Congress, and the
Governor's friends, to continue the Governor in office, and effect
another and different division of the territory so as to procrasti-
nate the formation of a new state as long as possible. What
happened afterward proved this report to be a pretty distinct
"shadow of a coming event."
Congress at the same session at which it passed its original
act for the division of the Territory into two parts, also passed
an act directing the census of the eastern part to be taken under
the direction of the Territorial Secretary.
In the meantime the opponents of the Governor and of his
policy had organized a committee, of which Dr. Edward Tiffin
was the head. This committee issued an address to the inhabi-
tants of the Northwest Territory who resided east of a line drawn
due north from the mouth of the Great Miami River, calling their
attention to the act for taking the census, and expressing the
belief that it would appear that the number of inhabitants re-
quired by the Ordinance of 1787 in order to entitle them to a
state government, would be reached, or nearly so. They there-
fore recommended their fellowcitizens to take into consideration
the propriety of forming a state government, and to instruct their
representatives at the next meeting of the General Assembly to
govern themselves accordingly ; but to keep in view the additional
expense a state government would 'involve, as well as the supe-
rior advantages to be derived therefrom.
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 63
Secretary Byrd was busy taking the required census.
The Legislature met on November 5, 1800. It was a short
session. Mr. Chase, referring to it, in his sketch of the History
of Ohio, says that at this session "the increasing unpopularity
of Governor St. Clair was evidenced by the debates and votes
upon the answer to his speech. An argumentative remonstrance
relative to the erection of new counties and his mode of exer-
cising the veto power, was presented to him on behalf of both
houses, to which he returned a long and labored reply, but con-
ceded nothing." Some of the best friends of the Governor, in-
cluding Mr. Burnet, regarded 'the reasons set forth in the reply
"as more plausible than solid," and as reflecting unnecessarily
upon the judgment or intelligence of the Assembly. At this
point the Legislature retired from the controversy, and many of
its members now began to anticipate statehood as the only way
to escape from what they regarded as a harsh, oppressive and
arbitrary rule.
The scheme of the St. Clair party to unite the Washing-
ton and Hamilton county members, took form by the election of
Mr. McMillan, a warm St. Clair partisan from Hamilton county,
as delegate to fill the vacancy occasioned by the appointment of
Harrison as Governor of Indiana, until the 4th of March, then
next, a period o^ about three months, while Major Paul Fearing,
of Marietta, another Federalist, was elected for the full term of
two years. * **
At this period, "the old man," as his opponents invariably
called the Governor, introduced a little strategy, borrowed from
the art of war, with which he was familiar in his earlier life.
He knew that his term of office would expire on December 9,
1800, a fact which was not generally known, and he determined
to make use of this knowledge^ in such a way as to defeat any
plan for the sitting of the Assembly after his term should expire,
with Secretary Byrd as Acting Governor. St. Clair held the
opinion that the case of a vacancy in the office by reason of the
expiration of the term thereof, was not one provided for by the
Act of Congress, during which the Secretary should act in the
Governor's place. He knew that the Assembly and the Secretary
were of a contrary opinion, but he knew also that he had the
64 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
power to prorogue and dissolve the Assembly at pleasure. He
determined to exericse this latter power at a time when it would
be too late to confer with the Secretary (whose home was in
Cincinnati,) and too late to arrange for completing the public
business that might be then pending. He concealed this deter-
mination in his own bosom. In the latter part of November a
rumor that the Governor's term would expire on December 9,
having reached the Secretary's ears, he considered it a trick to
prevent the forwarding of petitions to .the President by him and
his friends, against St. Clair's reappointment, inasmuch as in the
event of the expiration of the term at that date, such reappoint-
ment would likely be made, before the petitions, etc., could reach
Washington City. Secretary Byrd, however, wrote to Col. Massie
to know when in his opinion the session would be closed, intend-
ing to go to Chillicothe with the view to act in the Governor's
place, and continue the sitting of the Assembly. But before any
word could reach him, the Governor developed his scheme. On
December 2 he sent a message to the Assembly declaring that on
the 9th its session must end, as on that day his term would expire,
and also declaring that a vacancy so occurring was not a case pro-
vided for by law, in which the Secretary could become acting
Governor.
Mr. Burnet says it was the prevailing opinion that the Gov-
ernor should have given notice of his view of the powers of
the Secretary and of his intention to prorogue the Legislature,
in his address at the opening of the session, and that his best
friends were apprehensive that he did not do so for the express
purpose of preventing the interference of the Secretary until it
would be too late for such interference to be of any service.
The development of this piece of strategy acted like the
Hudibrastic gun which ''kicked back and knocked its owner over."
It wakened the good opinion of the Governor's friends as to his
candor and fairness, as well as to his wisdom and judgment,
while it aroused the indignation and wrath of his opponents.
St. Clair was speedily reappointed by President Adams.
The contest was continued with renewed activity and much bit-
terness. The development of events, led to the adoption of plans,
not seriously thought of at the beginning. The opponents of
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 65
the Governor at first sought from Congress a bare modification
of the veto power ; next came charges against the Governor and
the effort to remove him from office, and finally the creation of
a new state with a Governor of their own choice.
It was not until February, 1801, that Mr. Jefferson's elec-
tion as successor to President Adams was assured. That event
inspired new hopes in the minds of the democratic Republicans
of the Territory, and was a warning to the Governor's party to
proceed with caution, but the warning was unheeded.
The citizens of Marietta early in 1801, at a public meeting
appointed a committee of five to report an address to the citizens
of their own and other counties. That address was reported to
an adjourned public meeting, and carried, after debate, by a large
majority. It charged the opponents of Governor St. Clair, as
being designing characters, aiming at self-aggrandisement and
willing to sacrifice the right and property of the citizens of the
Territory at the shrine of private ambition, and deprecated the
domestic tempest thus created, as only equaled by the dangers
of a foreign war. It disclaimed and opposed the idea of forming
a state government as involving an expense beyond the power
of the people to support.
All through the summer of 1801 the struggle went on. The
spirit of National politics entered largely into the controversy.
The election held in October, 1801, for members of the
second General Assembly, now confined to the counties of the
newly created Eastern Division resulted in a majority favorably
inclined to the Governor. They convened in Chillicothe on No-
vember 23, 1 80 1.
The project for changing the boundaries prescribed in the
Ordinence of 1787 for the states within the Territory, which
had been a part of the scheme formed by the Governor and
his friends at the Session of 1800, but postponed at that time, was
now resumed, and a Bill declaring the assent of the Territory to
an alteration of the Ordinance of 1787, by Congress, so as to
change the boundaries as desired, was the first act of legislation
at that session. It was approved by the Governor on December
21st, 1801.
Vol. XI— 5
»if"» Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
•
The whole course of the majority indicated strongly the
carrying out of an agreed plan to unite the upper and lower por-
tions (on the Ohio River) of the Eastern Division of the Terri-
tory, against the middle portion.
St. Clair, himself, wrote to delegate Fearing, at Washing-
ton, "you cannot imagine the agitation this legislation has created
among the people here.''
The minority, embracing the leading republicans. Tiffin,
Worthington and Langham, of Ross; Massie and Darlington,
of Adams, and Dunlevy and Morrow of Hamilton, united in a
strong protest against it. A public meeting was held at Chilli-
cothe and a Committee appointed to draft and forward a petition
to Congress asking it to refuse its assent to the proposed measure
for division. This was put in circulation for subscription by the
people and agents were sent out to procure aid in all parts of
the Territory. Messrs. Worthington and Baldwin were appointed
to go to Washington in person, to advocate the cause of the peti-
tioners against the proposed division, which was styled "a con-
spiracy of the representatives of the upper and lower parts of the
Territory to ruin the middle part."
\s an evidence of the local agitation to which the Governor
referred, caused by the passage of this Boundary Act, and by the
threat of certain members of the Governor's party to remove
the Capitol back to Cincinnati (among whom was Mr. Scheifflein.
of Wayne county, now Michigan, who had spoken very freely on
the subject of the removal from Cincinnati, and the agency of
the people of Chillicothe in bring it about }, we cite a disgraceful
event. For two evenings, Christmas eve and the evening before,
unruly and unlawful assemblages of certain men of the baser
. led by that young man of "talents, good moral- and ^ood
disposition," according to his letter of introduction to Col. Massie,
Michael Baldwin, broke into the boarding house, where the Gov-
ernor and many of the members of the Assembly lodged, with
great and riotous uproar. Mr. Worthington on that occasion
seized Baldwin and threatened him with death if he did not
ist. Scheifflein met the mob with a brace of loaded pistols
and drove them back into the street. The Governor in recounting
the affair, says one of the members was actually collared, but being
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 67
armed with a dirk instantly drew it, but fortunately was pre-
vented from putting his assailant to death. The sight of this
weapon made the mob quit the room. Under the expostulations
of the Governor, and with the aid of Mr. Worthington and
a deputy sheriff, the rioters were quieted and the riot ended
without serious injury to any one on either side, but as a result,
it hastened the very thing the rioters desired to prevent, for the
legislature on the first day of the new year, passed the act for the
removal of the capitol to Cincinnati, as expressive of their feelings
on this occasion.
Before this was done, Worthington and Baldwin had left on
their mission to Washington City. Worthington, on the 31st of
December, was in Zanesville, waiting for Baldwin, inveighing
against him as the worst traveller he had ever met with, having
broken down his horse by bad treatment, and threatening to
cane him on sight; but after their arrival in Washington, he
reports Mr. Baldwin as acting with "great prudence and sobriety."
Messengers were also sent to Washington in behalf of the
Governor's party, and the contest there was carried on with
wonderful energy and perseverance on both sides, aided by
constant correspondence with parties in the Territory. St. Clair
seems from his letters to have been the most active and per-
sistent of any one on his side. His old friends of the Federal
party and of the old army, proved friends indeed. Senator
James Ross, of Pennsylvania, for whom Ross County, Ohio, had
been named by Governor St. Clair, stood by him to the last.
The mission of Worthington and Baldwin was simply to
defeat the change in the boundaries of the Territory, as was
then proposed by the Legislature, and to secure the removal of
St. Clair. It was not long, however, before they and other
Democratic Republicans in the Territory and at Washington
City, developed a plan to procure the passage of an act to
authorize a convention of delegates elected by the people of the
Territory, to declare whether they wished to form a state gov-
ernment, and if so, to adopt a constitution for that purpose.
This act was passed by Congress on April 30th, 1802, by a large
majority, and this practically settled the controversy.
68 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
The effort to remove Governor St. Clair was not lost sight
of. Charges were filed against him by Secretary Byrd, and
counter charges against the Secretary, by the Governor, in the
office of the Secretary of State at Washington, where they are
still on file. Col. Worthington also informally filed charges of
his own, promising to follow them by formal charges to be pre-
pared and forwarded by Col. Massie and the Committee at Chil-
licothe. and to be sustained by proofs of the Governor's mis-
conduct, his abuse of power, his unfitness for the office, and
his lack of devotion to the cause of equal rights. All these
remain on file at Washington City, in the office of the Secretary
of State, and recent publications have brought many of them
to light. The effort to remove him failed on the charges filed,
but later, an ill advised speech which he was permitted to make,
not as Governor, but as a citizen to whom some courtesy was
due. before the Constitutional Convention, which met in Chilli-
cothe on November I, 1802, was considered by President Jef-
ferson sufficiently reprehensible to warrant his removal from
eifike. This was done November 22, 1802, and thereafter the
functions of his office devolved on Charles Willing Byrd, the
Secretary of the Territory, who continued to discharge them
until Dr. Tiffin's inauguration as Governor of the new State,
on March 3, 1803, when he, by virtue of an appointment by Pres-
ident Jefferson, became United States District Judge for the
District of Ohio.
In reviewing the controversy, it is apparent that no one
man among the opponents of Governor St. Clair is entitled to
the appellation of leader in the movement which led to the
Governor's downfall and the formation of the new State. In
reading an account of the part taken by any one of them, we are
apt to say, "this was the leader, and the rest were followers."
Voting Harrison, with Judge Symmes at his back, as the
first Territorial delegate to Congress ;
Secretary Byrd, who from his official position was able to
exert a powerful influence in direct antagonism to the Governor.
John Smith, of Hamilton County, whose native talents and
mental energy, and whose ambition to excel, urged him to con-
Ohio's Birth Struggle. 69
stant application and soon raised him to a standing among the
influential leaders of his day ;
Dr. Edward Tiffin, that admirable presiding officer over po-
litical bodies, great in ability and in steady adherence to his
convictions of right and duty ;
Col. ]\ lassie, as the earliest and most influential of the pio-
neers, with large interests at stake, and with singular ability to
maintain them ; not ambitious of political preferment, but giv-
ing most valuable aid and counsel in advancing the cause he
espoused ;
Col. Worthington, as second to none in mental vigor, alert-
ness, and shrewdness ; untiring and persevering to the last
degree, giving up the comforts of home during prolonged ab-
sences at Philadelphia and Washington, watching every turn in
the prolonged controversy, spurring up the tardy, incessant in
action until the result is reached and then announcing that result
in a brief letter to Col. Massie from Washington on April 30th,.
1802, in these words: "I do myself the pleasure to enclose you
a copy of the act for the admission of the Territory into the
Union as a state. I leave this place in an hour."
When we take these, with Morrow and others, that might
be named, all into one view, we perceive that while each was
entitled to a conspicuous position, all were one in spirit, purpose
and high ambition. We must write on their joint escutcheon, the
motto; "E Pluribus Unum."
But who can refrain from dropping a tear of pity over the
sad misfortunes of St. Clair. His services to his country in
the days which tried men's souls, his high qualities of head and
heart, command our admiration. Ah ! we say, if he had only
seen the trend of events, their inevitable progress toward equality
of rights, and the abolition of the distinctions 'which separate
the few from the many ! If he had only realized on that fatal
day of dissent from the will of the people, that "he who spits
against the wind, spits in his own face!" If he had only yielded,
as far as he might without violating conscience, by giving up
or modifying the exercise of his absolute negative on the will of
the people as expressed by their representatives, and been con-
tent to guide the ship of State amid the sea of new opinions
70 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
upon which it had been launched, he might have ranked for all
time, as he did at first, along with the heroes of his age.
The actors of that eventful period are all in their graves,
and as Judge Burnet, one of their latest survivors, said of them,
"a retrospect of their actions will show that at times, unreason-
able warmth and jealousy of motive, existed on both sides." Let
us join with him in the wish that "Whatever of abuse, or re-
proach, may have been cast then, by either party on the other,
may now be covered by the mantle of oblivion."
SEVENTEENTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE OHIO
STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
(June 6, 1902.)
The seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Archaeo-
logical and Historical Society was held in the parlors of the Y.
M. C. A. building, Columbus, Ohio, at 2 130 P. M. June 6, 1902.
The following members were present:
Judge J. H. Anderson, Columbus; Mr. E. H. Archer, Co-
lumbus; Mr. G. F. Bareis, Canal Winchester; Gen. R. Brinker-
hoff, Mansfield; Mr. Gerard Fowke, Chillicothe; Prof. Frank
S. Fox, Columbus; Hon. R. E. Hills, Delaware; Mr. W. H.
Hunter, Chillicothe; Mr. J. J. Janney, Columbus; Col. James
Kilbourne, Columbus; Rev. I. F. King, Columbus; Rev. N. B
C. Love, Deshler; Hon. A. R. Mclntire, Mt Vernon; Prof. J
P. MacLean, Franklin; Prof. C. L. Martzolff, New Lexington
Prof. W. C. Mills, Columbus; Prof. B. F. Prince, Springfield
Hon. E. O. Randall, Columbus; Hon. D. J. Ryan, Columbus
Hon. S. S. Rickly, Columbus; Col. W. A. Taylor, Columbus
Rev. H. A. Thompson, Dayton; Gen. J. L. Vance, Gallipolis
Hon. E. E. White, Columbus; Mr. E. F. Wood, Columbus
Gen. George B. Wright, Columbus ; Prof. G. Frederick Wright,
Oberlin.
The meeting was called to order by the President, Gen. R.
Brinkerhoff. E. O. Randall, Secretary, was called upon for the
minutes of the previous annual meeting (held April 26, 1901,
Y. M. C. A. building, Columbus, Ohio).
The Secretary read the condensed report of that meeting
as published in Volume X (page 72) of the annual publication
of the Society. That report was received and approved.
In regard to the past year's work the Secretary made the fol-
lowing report :
Heretofore I have prepared this report at the beginning
of the year, and had it published in the Quarterly and also in
pamphlet form, the latter for the benefit of the Governor of
(71)
72 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Ohio, and for the members of the legislature, but after a con-
ference with Governor Nash, it was concluded that such was an
unnecessary expense and that my report made at the annual
meeting, and which will be published in our annuals, would
be sufficient for all purposes. It must be remembered that the
minute book which I keep has full stenographic reports of the
annual meeting and the meetings of the Trustees and the Execu-
tive Committee. I now make for the first time my report for
the past year, beginning with the last annual meeting (April 26,
1901).
PERMANENT BUILDING PROJECT.
As to the permanent building project, which was the main
topic of discussion at our previous annual meeting, there is
much to report, though little of result. At that meeting, as a
reference to the minutes will show, a committee of five consist-
ing of Dr. W. H. Scott, Hon. C. P. Galbreath, Gen. J. W. Keifer,
Prof. G. Frederick Wright and E. O. Randall were appointed
a standing committee on permanent building. This committee
was to meet at the call of the Secretary. At the meeting of the
Executive Committee, held July 12, it was suggested to the Sec-
retary that he confer with some of the wealthy people of Co-
lumbus with the view of obtaining personal subscriptions towards
the erection of a building. Our very efficient and long serving
treasurer, Mr. Rickly, stated that he would give $1,000 toward
the project of purchasing the First Presbyterian church property
on the corner of State and Third streets ; the building could then
be had for $25,000. Several leading citizens were interviewed,
but the result was so discouraging that the scheme of secur-
ing voluntary individual aid was abandoned. The sentiment was
almost universal that the Society was a state institution, and
should be provided for by the state. The idea of uniting the
project with that of the Art School Building was canvassed,
but to no avail. It was finally concluded that we could only
look to the legislature for the consumation of our hopes in this
direction.
On July 15, 1901, there was a called meeting at the Hol-
lenden Hotel, Cleveland ; there were present Messrs. Orr, Niles
and McGrew of the State Library Commission ; C. B. Galbreath,
Seventeenth Annual Meeting. 73
State Librarian, Mr. W. H. Brett and other officers of the State
Library Association, two or three members of the legislature,
several newspaper correspondents and E. O. Randall, representing
our Society. The meeting held lengthy sessions both in the
afternoon and in the evening, the purpose being, if possible, to
formulate some united plan which could be presented to the
forthcoming legislature. It was recognized that the State Li-
brary needed new quarters, as well as the State Archaeological
and Historical Society. It was believed that those two could
be domiciled in one building, and that support in that scheme
could be obtained from the State Library Association. It was
known that the State University needed a library building, and
would perhaps ask for one from the 75th General Assembly.
It was certain that three library buildings could not be secured,
probably not even two. As Secretary Randall was not em-
powered to commit the Society to any plan the meeting resulted
merely in the ventilation of the views of the various parties
represented. The Secretary reported the Cleveland meeting to
the Executive Committee at its meeting on September 13.
On November 15, the Permanent Building Committee met
in the office of Secretary Randall with all members present,
every phase of the building project was considered, and it was
practically unanimous that a plan of union with the State Library
was not only feasible, but perhaps under the circumstances, the
only one obtainable. The Secretary, however, expressed great
doubt whether the legislature would provide funds for the grounds
and for a building so soon after the erection of the new state
house annex. The result of this conference, which it was agreed
was merely suggestive, was to be reported by the Secretary to
the Trustees of the Society at their next meeting.
On January 10, 1902, the Secretary, representing the Society;
and the members of the Library Commission, held a conference
in the State Library office. The commissioners at that time
announced that after carefully looking the field over and con-
ferring with the Governor and leading members of the legislature,
they had concluded not to ask the general assembly for any
appropriation for a building. They would leave the Historical
Society to take the initiative in that matter if the Societv so
74 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
desired. They would heartily support us. The building might
practically be ours and be called the historical building. The
State Library to have quarters therein. Following this conference
the Secretary held interviews with the Governor, speaker of
the House and chairman of the House Finance Committee. All
were decidedly of the opinion that it would be unadvisable for
our Society to ask for a new building, especially in the city
where an additional expense would be incurred for the purchase
of a site. The only project at all likely to be approved would
be an appropriation for the erection of a building on the Uni-
versity grounds.
On January 20, at a called meeting of the Trustees, at
which twelve were present, the Secretary made a full report of
the course of the building project to that date, and the condi-
tion it was then in. He urged that the trustees ask the legis-
lature for funds to erect a building on the University campus,
believing that to be the only request which the legislature would
grant. President W. O. Thompson, O. S. U., was present and
made a plea for the building on the campus. He stated the
building would be entirely under our control, and management,
but that it could receive light and heat from the University
without expense to ourselves, that he believed it was the proper
place for us, that the Wisconsin State Society and the Pennsyl-
vania State Society had their quarters on the University grounds
of their respective states. Concerning this idea a lengthy dis-
cussion ensued. It developed, however, that with the exception
of the Secretary the opinion was unanimous that the Society
should nut go upon the college campus but should wait until
it could secure quarters near or in the center of the city.
As it would have been a vain thing, and indeed militated
against the interest of the Society, under the circumstances, to
ask for this, the building project for the present was abandoned.
The building committee, however, by vote was continued with
the idea of having the matter brought before the next (76th)
General Assembly.
SERPENT MOUND.
January 9, 1902, the Secretary visited Serpent Park and
was present at the erection of the tablet on the mound, near
Seventeenth Annual Meeting. 75
the "tail of the serpent," which act was in accordance with the
provisions of the deed of the property to the Society from Har-
vard University. A detailed account of the placing of this mon-
ument will be found in the Quarterly of the Society for April,
1902. This tablet is made of beautiful Vermont gray granite
and cost the Society $200.00.
May 30, the Secretary paid another visit to Serpent Mound
for the purposes of inspection. He found that it had been
most excellently cared for by the custodian, Mr. Daniel Wal-
lace, who lives in a log hut just back of the mound park. The
serpent has been thoroughly restored to serpentine perfection,
and was never, speaking after the manner of snakes, in so
"charming" a condition, thanks to the faithfulness and efficiency
of his keeper, Mr. Wallace. The great need of the park is a
suitable building for the residence of the custodian. This has
been anticipated, as will be noted under the report concerning
the appropriations.
APPROPRIATIONS.
Secretary reported that while the general assembly had not
granted all that the Society asked for in its budget, it had
made reasonable appropriations for the various departments of our
work. The Secretary had been most courteously treated by the
members of the Finance Committees and the members of the
legislature in general. It was certainly a great tribute to the
work and standing of our Society, that its requirements were
recognized and cheerfully acquiesced in. For the year 1902 we
were granted in the appropriation bill $2,500 for the Publica-
tion Fund. For Field work, care of Ft. Ancient and Serpent
Mound, $3,750.00 — (this to include $750 for the erection of a
building on Serpent Mound.) Current expenses $3,000. For
the year 1903 Publication Fund $2,000. For Field work, care
of Ft. Ancient and Serpent Mound, $2,000. Current expenses
$2,500.
The new members of the General Assembly were desirous
of obtaining copies of our publications, and at the request of
various members of the Legislature, and not at the request of
■our Society, the finance committee placed in the general appro-
priation bill the item of $6,500 for "the reprinting of volumes
76 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
one to ten of our annual publications, each member of the 75th
general assembly to receive ten complete sets." In the general
appropriation bill for 1903 the item of $2,500 was inserted for
the purpose of permitting the Society to make an exhibit at the
Louisiana Purchase Exposition, to be held in St. Louis in the
year 1904. It being understood that this exhibit would be in
quarters properly constructed in the Ohio building.
MIAMISBURG MOUND.
Hon. John C. Myers, representative from Montgomery
county, made the request to the Society that it purchase the
Miamisburg Mound at Miamisburg. This mound is the second
most important one of its character perhaps in the United States,
It is of perfect conical shape, some seventy feet high with the
circular base of three hundred feet in diameter. It is located
just outside the city on one of the highways.- Prof. Mills, the
Curator, and Secretary Randall visited it and conferred with one
of the proprietors, only to learn that the price asked for the same
was $6,000, which included only some five acres of very cheap
land. The Secretary refused to make any such proposition to
the Finance Committee of the House; $1,000 would be regarded
as a high price. Mr. Myers drew up and introduced a bill
appropriating that amount ($1,000) for the purchase of the
mound. This bill was referred to the finance committee, but
it was thought best not to push its approval at the present ses-
sion, as the committee had already done handsomely by the
Society. The bill never left the pocket of the committee.
OHIO STATE CENTENNIAL.
Hon. D. M. Massie, Chillicothe, brought to the attention
of Secretary Randall the forthcoming centennial anniversary of
the admission of Ohio into the Union. After some correspon-
dence a resolution was prepared by Mr. Massie and introduced
by Hon. James C. Foster, of Ross county. It unanimously
passed the House and also the Senate, where it was championed by
Hon. Thomas M. Watts, Senator from Highland county. That
resolution is as follows :
Seventeenth Annual Meeting. 77
Whereas, On the 29th day of November, 1802, the first
constitution of Ohio was ratified by the convention which framed
it ; and,
Whereas, On February 17, 1803, congress passed an act
admitting Ohio into the Union under that constitution ; and,
Whereas, On March 1, 1803, the first General Assembly
of Ohio assembled and organized and Ohio thereupon became a
state ; and,
Whereas, The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical
Society proposes to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the
above named great and important events in the history of Ohio
in a suitable manner; and,
Whereas, The General Assembly of the state of Ohio rec-
ognizes the importance and significance of these events and
believes that they should be duly celebrated ; therefore be it
Resolved, That the Ohio Archaeological and Historical So-
ciety be requested to take charge of said celebration and con-
duct it, and that the governor of this state be requested and
empowered to appoint seven honorary commissioners to represent
the state in the preparation for and carrying, on of this centen-
ial celebration.
PUBLICATIONS.
As to the publications of the past year the Society's Quarterly
has regularly appeared, viz: July and October, 1901, and Jan-
uary and April, 1902. These quarterlies have since appeared
in book form as volume X of the annual publications. The book
speaks for itself. It is perhaps the most valuable in the series of
those issued by the Society. In May, 1902, appeared the long
promised "Archaeological History of Ohio," the material for
which was prepared by Mr. Gerard Fowke. It makes a large
quarto volume of 775 pages with some 350 illustrations. The total
cost of this book, including plates and the compensation for the
services of Mr. Fowke, was $3,200. This comprises the first
edition of one thousand copies. It will be sold to those not
entitled to a copy at the price of $5. The Society is certainly
to be congratulated that it has finally succeeded in presenting to
the public a complete, attractive work on the Archaeological re-
78 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. '
mains in Ohio. No state in the Union could produce a book
equal to it.
ITINERARY OF THE SECRETARY.
July 18, 1901, was celebrated by the Pan-American Exposi-
tion as Ohio Day. The Secretary was present at the exercises
held in the auditorium, which were witnessed 'by thousands of
Buckeyes. A full account of the proceedings of that day was
prepared and published by the Secretary in the October Quarterly
of the Society. (Page 243, Volume X.)
In September the Secretary made a trip to the Maumee
Valley for the purpose of visiting the localities of Forts Miami
and .Meigs and Battle Field of Fallen Timbers. A hasty trip was
also made to Thamesville, Ontario, Canada, to obtain correct data
concerning the battle field of the Thames, on which Tecumseh
was killed. During the year visits were made to Fort Ancient
and Serpent Mound pertinent to the care of those places.
APPOINTMENT OF TRUSTEES.
On September 9, 1901, Hon. Israel Williams, of Hamilton,
Ohio, a Life Member and Trustee of the Society, died in Denver,
Colorado. An obituary notice of Mr. Williams appears in Vol-
ume X, page 249 of the annual. On November 22 Governor
Nash appointed Hon. R. E. Hills of Delaware to fill the vacancy
caused by the death of Mr. Williams. Mr. Hills' term will
extend to February 1904. On April 3, 1902, Governor Nash
appointed Prof. B. F. Prince, Springfield and E. O. Randall
Columbus, to succeed themselves as Trustees, the term of ap-
pointment continuing until February 1905.
LECTURE OF REV. HENRY M. BAUM.
On the evening of April 11, 1902, Rev. Dr. Henry M. Baum,
D. C. L., delivered a lecture under the auspices of our Society
in the auditorium of the Ohio State University. An immense
audience of the literary and cultured people of the city and
University completely filled the large hall, and for two hours
the lecturer held the undivided attention of his hearers. His
Seventeenth Annual Meeting. 79
subject was "Archaelogical Discoveries in the Old World." The
lecture was copiously illustrated by colored stereoptican views.
Mr. Baum is the editor of the Archaeological Monthly known
as "Records of the Past," published at Washington, D. C.
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.
Secretary reported that the interest in, and attention to, the
affairs of the Society the past year by the members of the Exe-
cutive Committee, had been unabating. Meetings were held at
Columbus on May 21, July 12, September 13 and November 20,
1 90 1 and January 20, May 9, 1902. There had also been several
meetings by special committees, publication, finance, Ft. An-
cient, etc.
CONCLUSION OF SECRETARY'S REPORT.
In conclusion the Secretary congratulated the President,
Trustees and members of the Society upon the work accomplished
the past year. There has never been a more fruitful year in the
history of the Society. It had become more widely known, its
influence had been increased, its value more largely recognized
and its work more permanent. Its great need now was a build-
ing, and room 'for the proper care and display of the property it
was acquiring and for the library which was rapidly increasing
in size and importance. The report of the Curator concerning
the Library, Museum and Field Work would be given by Mr.
Mills. The Secretary particularly complimented the work and
valuable co-operation of the Curator.
The report of the Secretary was received, approved and
ordered placed on file.
Mr. W. H. Hunter offered a resolution that a vote of thanks
be given Secretary Randall for his faithful and excellent work
in behalf of the Society before the Legislature. The resolu-
tion was endorsed by several and adopted by a unanimous vote.
Prof. Wright and Mr. Fowke spoke of the value of the Mi-
amisburg Mound, and expressed a desire that it become the prop-
erty of the Societv. The Executive Committee was authorized
to use every effort to get possession of the Mound.
80 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
The Curator's report was here called for and is given in full
at the close of the report of this meeting.
The thanks of the Society were extended to Prof. Mills for
the zeal and enterprise displayed in his work and the past year and
for his excellent report concerning the explorations of the Adena
Mound.
Mr. E. F. Wood, assistant treasurer, in behalf of Treasurer
S. S. Rickley, made the following report:
TREASURER'S REPORT.
For Year Ending February 1, 1902.
receipts.
Balance on hand February 1, 1901 $776 26
Active membership dues 84 00
Life membership dues 292 50
Interest on permanent fund 72 99
Refunded from expenses of 1900 25 00
Books sold and subscriptions 240 90
From State Treasurer, appropriation for —
Reprinting publications 3,600 00
Repair and care of Serpent Mound 588 15
Care of Fort Ancient 988 90
Current expenses 2 , 794 04
Field work and explorations 1 , 000 00
Publications 1,354 71
Total $11,817 41
DISBURSEMENTS.
Publications ' $1,357 66
Museum and library 277 42
Job printing 50 00
Office expenses 100 00
Salaries 1 ,405 00
Field work 1,275 13
Fort Ancient 1 , 128 90
Serpent Mound 603 15
Exhibit at Pan-American Exposition 219 50
Committee and trustees expenses 154 56
Reprinting publications (balance) 3,600 00
Expenses of annual meeting , 1901 83 95
Sundry incidental expenses 78 08
Express and freight 78 51
Seventeenth Annual Meeting. 81
Postage 136 84
Fire insurance 52 00
Transferred to permanent fund 365 49
Sundry supplies 27 C9
Balance on hand February 1, 1902 824 17
Total $11,817 45
S. S. Rickly, Treasurer.
The Permanent Fund on February i, 1902 amounted to
$2,683.47-
The report of the Treasurer was approved and ordered placed
on file.
ELECTION OF TRUSTEES.
The Secretary announced that the Trustees whose terms ex-
pired at this meeting were the following: Hon. Samuel F.
Hunt, Cincinnati ; Prof. J. P. MacLean, Franklin ; Prof. G.
Frederick Wright, Oberlin ; Col. James Kilbourne, Columbus ;
Judge James H. Anderson, Columbus. Upon motion the chair
appointed a committee of five upon nomination, viz : Rev. H. A.
Thompson, Hon. D. J. Ryan, Mr. George F. Bareis, Hon. A. R.
Mclntire and Gen. George B. Wright. The committee after a
conference reported in favor of the reelection of Prof. G. F.
Wright, Col. J. Kilbourne, Judge J. H. Anderson, Prof. J. P.
MacLean; and Prof. C. L. Martzolfr", New Lexington (place of
Samuel F. Hunt). These to serve until February, 1905. Upon
motion the Secretary was authorized to cast the ballot of the
Society for the nominees named by the committee. The board
of trustees therefore now stands :
TERM EXPIRES IN 1903.
Hon. Elroy M. Avery Cleveland.
Bishop B. W. Arnett Wilberforce.
Hon. S. S. Rickly Columbus.
Hon. A. R. McIntire Mt. Vernon.
Mr. G. F. Bareis Canal Winchester.
TERM EXPIRES IN 1904.
Gen. R. Brinkerhoff Mansfield.
Hon. M. D. Follett Marietta.
Hon. D. J. Ryan ... Columbus.
Rev. H. A. Thompson Dayton.
Mr. W. H. Hunter. ...... - . . Chillicothe.
Vol. XI— 6
82 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
TERM EXPIRES IN 1905.
Col. James Kilbourne " Columbus.
Prof. J. P. MacLean Franklin.
Prof. G. Frederick Wright Oberlin.
Judge James H. Anderson Columbus.
Prof. C. L. Martzolff New Lexington.
APPOINTED BY THE GOVERNOR.
(Terms expire as indicated.)
Hon. Chas. P. Griffin, Toledo 1903
Rev. N. B. C. Love, Deshler 1903
Gen. Geo. B. Wright, Columbus 1904
Hon. R. E. Hills, Delaware 1904
Prof. B. F. Prince, Springfield 1905
Hon. E. O. Randall, Columbus 1905
FRANK B. SANBORN. ■
At this period of the meeting President Brinkerhoff intro-
duced Mr. Frank B. Sanborn of Concord, Mass., formerly editor
of the Springfield Republican, friend, patron and biographer of
John Brown, author of the Lives of Emerson, Thoreau, Channing
and other distinguished men of letters whom he intimately knew.
Mr. Sanborn responded to an enthusiastic reception in the fol-
lowing address :
"It gives me great pleasure to be here and talk with you
gentlemen about the American Indian. Twenty-four years ago
I had a chance of observing a tribe of Indians in the northern
part of Massachussets, and I discovered this fact about these
Indians which may be interesting to you, that out of this tribe
of five hundred, only one of them (and that a woman) was a
pure Indian. The others were all of mixed blood. This
woman was a fine type of a middle aged, pure blooded
Indian, her husband was a mixture of Indian and negro
but was a very bright, intelligent fellow and was really the
head of the tribe. I suppose our Massachusetts Indians represent
as well as any, the fact that civilization leaves its traces. The
pure Indian type is becoming more and more rare and probably
the only pure types are found in the far west. When I came
here I was informed that you were going to visit one of these
wonderful earthworks and T hope that I may have the pleasure
Seventeenth Annual Meeting. . 83.
of being one of your party. I have heard mucli regarding Ft.
Ancient and want to he^r the latest theories regarding its age
and structure."
CENTENNIAL AT CHILLICOTHE.
Mr. W. H. Hunter spoke earnestly and enthusiastically in
favor of the Society holding its celebration of the Ohio Cen-
tennial in Chillicothe, the first capital of the state, and where the
constitution was adopted, on November 29, 1802. Mr. Hunter
submitted resolutions, requesting the Centennial be held at
Chillicothe, by the City Council of Chillicothe, signed by its
President. Fred C. Mader, and Robert D. Alexander, City
Clerk ; by the Ministerial Association of Chillicothe signed by
Austin M. Caurtenay, President, and Chauncey M. Hamben, Sec-
retary ; from the Merchants' Protective Association of Chillicothe,
signed by its President, Charles Hoyt and Secretary H. K. Gal-
braith ; from the Landlords' Protective Association signed by W.
D. Mills, President, H. K. Galbraith, Secretary ; and from the
Grocers' Protective Association. These were all received and
ordered placed upon file.
Col. W. A. Taylor made a very interesting and detailed
statement concerning the admission of Ohio into' the Union, the
importance of the event and the fitness of its recognition by the
Historical and Archaeological Society. He favored the cele-
bration being held in Chillicothe.
Prof. C. L. Martzolff stated that it would be a very fitting
thing for the Society to prepare a little publication concerning
the centennial, its significance, the literature pertinent thereto,
and a program to be followed by the public schools in celebrating
the event on the day in question. This suggestion met with
hearty approval but no action was taken thereon.
After considerable discussion concerning the date ana place,
to be agreed upon, for the Centennial celebration of the admission
of Ohio, it was moved and agreed by unanimous consent, that
the rule of section 1, article 5, of the constitution, be suspended
as to the holding of the annual meeting at Columbus for the
year 1903, and that the time and place of the next annual meet-
ing be referred to the executive committee for their action.
84 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
This was done in order that if desired the annual meeting of the
Society might be held at Chillicothe at the time of the centennial
celebration.
FT. ANCIENT.
Mr. Bareis, chairman of the Ft. Ancient Committee, being
called upon for a report of the work done during the past year,
said: "I hope that every one will try to arrange to go to Ft.
Ancient tomorrow with the Trustees, and see what excellent work
has been done in the way of permanent improvements. The
house and out buildings have all been newly roofed, the walks and
roads are in splendid condition. We have also set out an orchard
and built a new fence of ioo rods. I also wish to say that thou-
sands of people from all over the state have visited the fort
during the past year."
Dr. H. A. Thompson moved that a vote of thanks be ex-
tended the executive committee for their excellent work during the
past year. The motion was unanimously carried.
A fitting obituary notice of the death of Thomas Wilson of
the Smithsonian Institution was read by Prof. W. C. Mills. (It
will be found in another part of this Quarterly.)
There being no further business of importance before the
meeting it was adjourned.
ANNUAL MEETING OF THE TRUSTEES.
The annual meeting of the Board of Trustees was held im-
mediately upon the adjournment of the annual meeting of the
Society. The following trustees were present : James H. An-
derson, G. F. Bareis, R. Brinkerhoff, R. E. Hills, W. H. Hunter.
James Kilbourne, N. B. C. Love, A. R. Mclntire, J. P. MacLean,
C. L. Martzolff, B. F. Prince, E. O. Randall, S. S. Rickly, H. A.
Thompson, G. B. Wright, G. Frederick Wright.
Letters regretting absence were received by the Secretary
from- Samuel F. Hunt, M. D. Follett and B. W. Arnett.
Gen. Wright acted as temporary chairman and E. O. Ran-
dall, temporary secretary. The election of the various officers
of the Society was then held.
Seventeenth Annual Meeting. 85
The following list of officers was elected : Gen. R. Brinker-
hoff, President; Gen. George B. Wright, ist Vice President;
George F. Bareis, 2d Vice President; E. O. Randall, Secretary
and Editor; S. S. Rickly, Treasurer; E. F. Wood, Assistant
Treasurer; W. C. Mills, Curator and Librarian.
The following were selected as members of the Executive
Committee: G. Frederick Wright, Hon. A. R. Mclntire, Prof.
B. F. Prince, Hon. D. J. Ryan and W. H. Hunter — with the
officers above as ex-officio members.
Upon motion it was decided that the Society accept the
invitation from Chillicothe to celebrate at that place the Ohio
Centennial Anniversary — the day to be later determined by the
Executive Committee.
The Board of Trustees adjourned with the understanding
that the Executive Committee would meet at the call of the Sec-
retary.
FORT ANCIENT EXCURSION.
On Saturday, June 7, a party consisting of the officers and
accompanying members of the Society made a visit to Fort
Ancient, the members of this party were as follows : Gen. R.
Brinkerhoff, Col. and Mrs. James Kilbourne, Gen. John Beatty,
Judge J. H. Anderson, Gen. G. B. Wright, Prof. J. P. MacLean,
Hon. A. R. Mclntire, Prof. B. F. Prince, Prof. C. L. MartzolfT,
Dr. H. A. Thompson, Hon. Frank B. Sanborn (Concord, Mass.),
Mr. R. S. Neil, Prof. W. C. Mills, M. H. M. Sessions, Mr.
G. F. Bareis and E. O. Randall.
The party were met at the station by Mr. Warren Cowen,
the custodian of the Fort. Carriages were provided for an
inspection of the wonderful and interesting pre-historic walls
and fortification. After a lunch at the house of the custodian
within the old Fort, addresses were made concerning the various
theories and investigations respecting the. Fort by Messrs. Mills,
MacLean, Sanborn and others. Never has the Fort been in such
admirable condition, and Mr. Warren Cowen was highly com-
plimented on all sides for his faithful and efficient service in
looking after the property in his charge.
56 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
ADDITIONAL LIFE MEMBERS.
Since the last annual meeting the following have become
life members of the Society: Hon. David S. Gray, Columbus;
Major W. F. Goodspeed, Columbus; Harry P. Wolfe, Columbus;
S. S. Knabenshue, Toledo; Emil Schulp, Lovell; Col. E. L.
Taylor, Columbus ; Rev. N. B. C. Love, Deshler. Mr. Love
was elected at the annual meeting in 1901, but his name was
inadvertently omitted in the published list.
CHILLICOTHE COMMISSION.
On Thursday. June 19. 1902, Governor Nash, in accordance
with the authority granted him by the House Joint Resolution No.
53 (75 tn General Assembly), introduced by Mr. Foster — this
resolution is found in the minutes of the annual meeting supra —
appointed the following commissioners to co-operate with the
Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society in the prepara-
tion for and carrying on of the Ohio Centennial Celebration :
Gen. J. Warren Keifer, Springfield ; Hon. Rush R. Sloane, San-
dusky ; Gen. B. R. Cowen, Cincinnati ; Gen. James Barnett, Cleve-
land ; Hon. D. S. Gray, Columbus ; Gen. Charles M. Anderson,
Greenville; Robert W. Manly, Chillicothe.
REPORT OF THE CURATOR AND LIBRARIAN.
BY W. C. MILLS.
(Submitted at the Annual Meeting, June 6, 1902.)
Tt gives me great pleasure as Curator and Librarian of your
Society to make my report upon the conditions and progress of
the Museum and Library during the past year ending January
31. 190-2-
The work in the Museum has been unusually active during
the past year; many changes have been made, especially in the
way of new cases for the display of new specimens that have
come into our possession. Through the kindness and generosity
of the Trustees of the Ohio State University we were able to
Seventeenth Annual Meeting. 87
procure a number of wall cases that were greatly needed in the
Museum.
A number of collections have been added to the Museum
during the past year, the most notable. being the Adams collec-
tion of Portsmouth. This is one of the finest private collections
in the State and includes at a rough estimate between three and
four thousand specimens, the greater part of which have not
yet been catalogued. The collection includes more than ioo
pieces of pottery, 60 pipes, more than 100 fine slate and bone
pieces such as gorgets, banner stones, bone and shell implements
and ornaments, several hundred axes, celts, etc., and one of the
finest collection of hematite specimens in the country.
The field work during the past summer has been notably
successful. On the 21st of June I entered into a contract with
Mr. Froelich. of Chillicothe, to remove the large mound known
as Adena, and situated upon his farm, just outside and in sight
of the corporate limits of Chillicothe. The finds were very val-
uable and of especial importance. For a full account of this
exploration see Xo. 1, Vol. X of the Society's publications.
About the middle of February of last year I was directed by
the Executive Committee of the Society to prepare and place on
exhibition, at the Pan American Exposition, Buffalo, Xew York,
a series of objects- representing the archaeology of Ohio. This
gave me about forty days in which to select the specimens from
the Museum, pack and ship them to Buffalo and then unpack
and place them on exhibition. This we successfully' accomplished
in the time allotted for the work, and it was the first complete
installation on exhibition in the Ethnology Building. When we
take into consideration the large number of specimens removed
from the Museum we can but feel, after looking the ground over
a little later, that ft was a very great undertaking and a very
successful one. The number of specimens removed from the
Museum was upwards of 10.000, yet only about 8,000 were placed
on exhibition ; 2.000 were returned for lack of proper space, cases,
etc.. for their exhibition. The plea set forth by the commissioner
at the time, was that he could not spare the room; but the real
truth was, we might have been granted twice the amount
of space, as the building had finally to be filled with a mis-
88 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
cellaneous collection, such as natural history objects, exhibi-
tions of agricultural products, etc., so that the curators in charge
were kept busy trying to give the meaning of "Ethnology" and
"Archaeology," as a great many of the visitors thought perhaps
the big word meant some improvement in agriculture or some
new natural history specimen. A number of very fine collec-
tions were placed in the balcony of the building. This section was
very inaccessible, and not more than one person in fifty that
entered the building on the ground floor, visited the balcony.
The space occupied by the Ohio State Archaeological and Histor-
ical Society was on the ground floor and occupied almost one
quadrant, with a space of 12 feet square given us in the center
of the building. In this center piece we reproduced the twelve-
foot section of the Baum prehistoric village site, which was seen
for the first time by a great many of our trustees and members.
This collection was one of the most attractive features at the Ex-
position and drew the attention of more people than any single
exhibit in the building. It was especially interesting to scientists
and to those interested in archaeology, and more than one hundred
visitors left their cards with a word of encouragement, saying
that . it was by far the most interesting and valuable collec-
tion in the Exposition. The exhibit beside the section of the
Baum village site was the material obtained from this village,
which may be described as a gentleman expressed himself to me
after looking over the collection :
"I have been interested in astronomy all my life, but after
looking at this collection I see now why so many people are in-
terested in archaeology. I see now why explorations are of so
great an importance. By this exhibit I can almost see into this
village site, lure as is shown I can see what they lived upon, the
animals they had for food, the grains they cultivated to make
their bread of. implements which they fashion out of bone, stone
and shell, the fish hooks with which they caught their fish, the
whetstones with which they made their awls and needles and
the scraper with which they scraped the tanned skins. Here
the representative of the little homes, here the burying ground,
and here the refuse pits, all this I imagine I can see at once and
Seventeenth Annual Meeting. 89
this is what intrests me. I will hereafter take a deep interest
in archaeology."
I had many kind expressions from learned men from all
over the country as to results at the Baum village site.
The remainder of the exhibit was merely a collection of the
best specimens of mound-builders' implements and ornaments.
We had a good representation of the Flint Ridge material, we
also had a good representation of the various valleys of the State ;
for instance, Scioto valley was represented by the excellent col-
lction of Mr. Adams, of Portsmouth. Mr. Bareis, of Canal
Winchester, furnished a number of fine specimens from his col-
lection. Our own work in the field from year to year was highly
appreciated by everybody.
One case ten feet in length was filled with copper pieces.
But the collection of copper that attracted the most attention
of those interested in prehistoric man was the Fort Ancient col-
lection, which was procured by Mr. Bareis.
We also had a representation of a burial at Fort Ancient,
and a large drawing of Fort Ancient was placed in a frame and
hung upon the wall. We had a number of charts and drawings
of various forts throughout the state, also a chart showing the
territory excavated at the Baum village site. Upon the wall we
also had a large map of Ohio showing the location of mounds
and earthworks.
The labeling and arrangement of our collection was not sat-
isfactory. In the first place we were compelled to install the ex-
hibit when the weather was so disagreeable that it was unfit for
one to do work in the building. The agreement with the com-
missioner was that we be furnished a labeler upon our arrival
there, but we were unfortunate in not getting this labeler until
two days before we were ready to return home. However,
in spite of the difficulties which the collection encountered,
namely, the arrangement and labeling, we carried off the
gold medal against all competitors in the United States.
The following were the jurors who passed upon this collec-
tion: Prof. Edward S. Morse, Chairman; E. H. Garibay,
Prof. W. H. Holmes, Jose I. Torralbas. and Prof. Otis T. Mason.
Silver medals were granted to the Field Columbian Museum and
90 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
to Prof. Frederick Starr, of Chicago University and the Univer-
sity of Pennsylvania. At the close of the Exposition the collec-
tion was carefully packed and every specimen was returned and
is now on exhibition in the Museum at Orton Hall.
During the Exposition our collection wa= carefully looked
after in May by Mr. A. B. Coover, of Roxabell, Ohio, and dur-
ing the months of June, July and August by Miss Pearl Coutel-
lier, assistant in the Museum and Library.
In the past winter the material obtained from the ash pits of
the Baum village site was carefully worked over and the bones
of the various animals all assorted and selected. This required a
great deal of attention and care, especially when it is borne in
mind that only part of a barrel of these specimens could be ex-
amined at once, and they had to be carted from the main building
of the University to Orton Hall, which took a great deal of time
and extra work. The question may come- to you, "of what value
is the collecting of these animal bones from the pits, and what
good is to be obtained from a study of them." In the material
from Baum village site several important things have been brought
to light; in the first place 35% of all the bones found in this vil-
lage site belong to the Virginia deer. 'We have in our collection
fifty skulls of this animal, of the fifty only two or 4% are female
and the remainder or 96% are males. Of this 96%, 74% were
killed during fall and winter while the remainder or 22% were
killed during the summer. In the first place the finding of so
few female skulls would show that they made a selection of the
animals they killed, secondly that during the winter and fall
they required more animal food because the grain and nut supply
was practically exhausted. The following is the list of animals
so far found : Virginia deer, elk, raccoon, black bear, box turtle,
Indian dog. ground hog, wild cat, gray fox, gray wolf, mink,
opossum, beaver, rabbit, muskrat, otter, mountain lion, skunk,
wild turkey, wild goose, bald eagle, trumpeter swan, great horned
owl, and barred owl. Perhaps the most interesting of the re-
mains is that of the Indian dog. We know that dogs were do-
mesticated by man long before the earliest record of history, their
remains being associated with the rude implements of the ancient
cave and lake dwellers of Central Europe. The remains of the
Seventeenth Annual Meeting. 91
dog found in this village site is described by Prof. F. A. Lucas
as being "a short-faced one, much the size and proportion of the
bull terrier though probably not short haired." Prof. Lucas says
he has obtained specimens apparently of this same breed from
the old village sites in Texas and from the old Pueblos.
I have also during the winter been working upon material
from the different flint quarries of the state. Not only have I
been studying the hand specimens obtained from Flint Ridge, but
I have been devoting much time to a study of the microscopical
section made from flint obtained from the flint quarries at Flint
Ridge. For a long time it had been considered that we have no
true flint in the United States, and that the only true flint comes
from Europe, yet in making sections I have been unable to tell
one from the other, only perhaps in color. But when a clear
piece of chalcedonic flint is procured which constitutes the greater
part' of the flint at Flint Ridge, it is quite impossible to tell it
from flint that is obtained from many places in Europe. Under
the microscope it shows the same structure, the same distribu-
tion of crypto crystaline ground mass, which is chalcedonic in
character. In Prof. Wilson's report he states that the only dif-
ference that he can notice in the Ohio flint and European is that
Ohio flint is devoid of foraminifera, and in this I have found
Prof. Wilson's statements perfectly true. Yet while Prof. Wilson
has used only a few slides, I have used almost seventy, and in
these seventy slides I have been able to find as high as twelve
different forms of foraminifera in one slide, while in others fewer
were found. However, my examination so far proves that we
have just as true flint in Ohio as is found in any other country.
I need only to repeat what has so often been presented to
our Society, our great need of room for exhibition purposes.
With suitable quarters we can within the course of eight or ten
years build up one of the finest and best Archaeological Museums
in the country. You have heard what Prof. Wright has said
concerning the Museum in that far away Siberian country, and
what great importance it was to men who would travel long dis-
tances to see what could be gathered together for scientific study,
in one country. We have the same opportunity in Ohio, perhaps
a greater field to work upon, as our President once said in a
92 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
speech before this Society, "we are the spoils of all nations," and
you can go to any large foreign collection and there find Ohio
fully represented. It has often been said by writers on archaeo-
logical subjects that if you wanted to study types of Ohio speci-
mens you would be compelled to go to Mr. Douglass' collection
in New York city and there you would find the greatest variety
of Ohio forms of any place in the country. Why is this? It is
simply because men with means and influence have come into
the state and carried out of it a vast store house of material. Yet
with all that we should not feel discouraged. We have just as
good material in Ohio today as perhaps has ever been carried
away from it. Although many of the great mounds have been
destroyed, yet all I ask is opportunity to follow up the footsteps of
some of these explorers and work over the mounds that have
been but partly examined and we will have enough to make one
of the greatest Museums in the United States.
Room number 7 which the University granted us for a dis-
play of historical relics, had to be abandoned as a display room,
and used altogether for the storage of duplicate specimens and
specimens that come in and lack room in which to display them,
and also duplicate books, which come to us from all sections of
the country.
The growth of the library of the Society has made wonderful
progress. At present every available space is taken up with books
and pamphlets. We have at present several hundred volumes rep-
resenting the various historical and scientific Societies of the
world, that should be bound and placed upon shelves. We have
suitable place to store the pamphlets but no place to put the books.
At the present time our accession book shows 1,643 bound vol-
umes. This does not include volumes that are ready for the
bindery or those that will be completed perhaps with the next
issue of the various publications that we are receiving in exchange.
The accessions to the library are without expense to the Society.
\\ i' buy no books, all come to us as gifts or exchange. It is sin-
cerely hoped the trustees and members of this Society will take
a deeper interest in helping to further the increase of the Li-
brary.
FIRST BATTLE OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
BY VV. H. HUNTER, CHILLICOTHE.
[This article was prepared for and read by author at the Banquet of the
Ohio Society of the Sons of the American Revolution, held at the
Neil House, Columbus, April 19, 1902. It is herewith published at
the request of the editor of the Quarterly. — E. O. R.]
At the time the dreadful battle of Point Pleasant was fought
at the mouth of the Kanawha river, on October 10, 1774, the
American colonies were in the travail of revolution. For years
the people had been oppressed by the iron heel of inexorable
tyranny to a point beyond further acquiescent endurance. The
word had gone forth from settlement to settlement that the hour
had come to invoke the arbitrament of the sword to cut the
shackles forged upon America by Britain. The aspect of the po-
litical horizon was being watched from the tower of thought, and
as the days passed the hope of harmony grew dimmer and dim-
mer. The lightning of revolt rent the skies and the thunder of
discontent reverberated from the Green Mountains to the Ala-
mance ; from the Delaware to the Ohio. Profound discussions
were waged at the firesides in the wilderness where the solitude
of the night was interrupted only by the howl of the wolf, the
melancholy moan of the ill-boding owl or the shriek of the fright-
ful panther ; here was considered the status of the colonies as
well as in the drawing room of the tidewater mansion. That an
awful storm was brewing was made manifest on every hand.
After the French and Indian wars, whose horrors are un-
paralleled in historic record ; after the terrors of Pontiac's hideous
conspiracy ; after the treaty of 1765, peace with the savage seemed
assured, and the awful nightmare and its terrible realization in
Indian atrocities and frightful barbarities had passed away and
the indomitable pioneer had crossed the mountains in large num-
bers to seek home in the ever expanding west. Peace then seemed
as sure as the spring blooming of the anemone and the annual put-
ting forth of the golden petals of the wild sunflower. The whole
aspect was tranquil save the loud mutterings of discontent that
(93)
94 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
filled the air with alarming forebodings, and the British heart with
fear of insurrection of the outraged colonies. The long period
of friendly relationship with the Indians gave the people time to
think of their political troubles, and they thought long and in-
tently. They made haste to be bold in denunciation of cruel rule,
and whenever the people gathered the menace of tyranny was the
absorbing topic. The stamp act had been passed. The clergy-
man's case had been through court with all its inexorable bitter-
ness. Patrick Henry had delivered the speech heard across the
mighty ocean. The tea had been thrown overboard. The Bos-
ton massacre had filled the country with horror, for it impressed
the alert mind of the American patriot with the possibilities of
tyrant rule. American citizens had been shot down on the banks
of the Alamance by the cruel soldiers of the crown for expression
of opinion. Henry, Jefferson and Carr had organized themselves
into that great revolutionary machine, the Committee of Corre-
spondence for the dissemination of intelligence between the colo-
nies. All the colonies were taking note of the conditions obtain-
ing. Jefferson had written his famous document on the rights of
Americans which was the Declaration of Independence in the
concrete. Massachusetts had made a courageous stand against
parliament and her soil had received the baptism of blood. The
most determined revolutionists had been summoned to meet in all
the colonies. Those were stirring times. The burgesses of Vir-
ginia had passed a resolution calling upon the people to set apart
a day as one of fasting and prayer for the purpose of invoking
Divine direction in the impending political strife, and declaring
that it would oppose by all proper and just measures every injury
to American rights. Other colony legislative bodies did likewise.
Lord Dunmore had dissolved the burgesses and the patriots had
retired to the Raleigh tavern where it was resolved to propose an
immediate assemblage of a general congress of the colonies to
meet annually to deliberate on the common welfare. Hanover
Presbytery in Pennsylvania had passed a declaration which had
an ominous sound. Revolution was rife. A collision between
Britain and her American colonies was in the highest degree prob-
able, and there was only one possible way to avert a conflict that
meant the loss to England of the very apple of her eye.
First Battle of the American Revolution. 95
It was evident to the loyalists that an Indian war would
serve to unite the colonies on another matter of far more import
than politics, of taxation, of freedom, of independence of the
crown ; for life and home are the most potential factors of har-
mony. Lord Dunmore, the Governor of Virginia, knew the hor-
rors of Indian warfare ; he knew that the young men had grown
up in a season of peace and were not inured to war, and he felt
that a conflict with the savage native would call out all the Vir-
ginians and that there would follow carnage that would steep
the soil in blood and so satiate the colonists with its bitterness
that they would want no more of it. They were to be forced to
drink the bitter cup to the dregs.
At the opening of the spring of 1774 the colonists were at
peace with the Indians. The savages were permitting peaceable
settlements in Western Virginia and Kentucky and Ohio. The
pioneers no longer feared the stealthy enemy who had been wont
to sneak upon his cabin and violate his fireside. During this
tranquil period the Zanes settled at Wheeling and were being sur-
rounded by many families of energy and brawn from over tht
mountains. Michael Cresap was taking up land; in order to hold
them for the inevitable rise in the price, for the settlers were grow-
ing numerous. At the same time Dr. John Conolly, by authority of
Lord Dunmore, was commandant of Fort Dunmore, and he had
appointed Cresap captain of the militia of the section in which he
resided. Cresap was located below the Zane settlement, and he
had a number of young men employed in improving the lands.
Dr. Conolly was in constant communication with Lord Dunmore,
who kept himself posted on the revolutionary movement, and
when he refused protection to friendly Indians who were trading
with the settlers, he did so to excite the savage against the whites.
He not only did this ; he heaped abuse upon the men who were
outspoken as to issue of the impending troubles between the colo
nies and Britain ; he threatened them with arrest and in some
cases attempted to coerce with violent hands.
Dr. Conolly, commandant of Fort Dunmore, knew Michael
Cresap as a Whig; he had taken sides with the colonists although
holding a military commission signed by Governor Dunmore and
Commandant Conolly, for this reason there was enmity between
96 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
them ; but he also knew Cresap as a desperate man who hated tht
Indians so intensely that he loved the provocation that would give
him opportunity and excuse to kill the savages. Cresap was the
man he needed for a purpose. So early in the spring of 1774,
when all the colonies were preparing for revolt, Conolly notified
Cresap that a war with the Indians was inevitable ; but the settlers
saw no evidence of it. He wrote to Cresap that he was investi-
gating ; then he sent another letter to the effect that the war was
on in all its fury, and advised Cresap to call out the troops under
his command as captain and take up arms against the savage foe.
Conolly knew well the temper of Cresap. He knew that the kill-
ing of a few Indians would inaugurate a war for revenge that
would make the colonists forget their other troubles; and he
knew that Cresap only needed an intimation to start him on an
unrelentless war path and he being a Whig the blame could be
laid to the insurgents and not to the crown.
As I have said the Indians at this time were engaged in
friendly trade and were employed in carrying stores from Ft.
Dunmore to traders along the Ohio, the Muskingum, the Scioto
and the Kanawha, and they were unmolested. This is the
evidence of contemporaries whose testimony was taken under
oath afterward. The Indians and whites treated each other as
neighbors and there seemed to be nothing to disturb the good
fellowship then obtaining. Much progress was being made in
settlements on the Ohio and other Virginia rivers.
Conolly was kept constantly informed of the mutterings
against the crown in Virginia ; and again sent Cresap word that
his investigations revealed that the Indians were on the warpath
and urged him to prepare for the conflict. The information in
the letter spread like wildfire and the settlers became alarmed
and rushed to the fortifications. Col. Crawford and George
Rogers Clark could not stay the apprehension.
A canoe containing two Indians was reported on its way
down the river from Ft. Dunmore. Cresap proposed to take a
party up the river to kill the Indians in the canoe, but this was
strenuously opposed by Col. Zane, he declaring that to slay the
savages would be cold-blooded murder and that it would be fol-
lowed by retaliation, but his counsel was not heeded and the
First Battle of the American Revolution. 97
party went up the river, the Indians were met and killed. Michael
Myers and Cresap were in the party and both afterward soldiers
of the Revolution, the first being with Col. Crawford in his
disastrous expedition to Sandusky. He lived to be 106 years
of age and his bones lie buried in an old country church yard
in Jefferson county. Near the same time, according to Withers
and Butterfield, several canoes of Indians were discovered on
the Ohio by Cresap and his men who drove them to the mouth
of Pipe creek where the savages landed and a battle ensued,
in which three of the Indians were killed, scalp d and their stores
were taken. A few days after Michael Myers shot an Indian near
Hollow Rock spring in Jefferson county, near where Myers after-
ward settled on land won as a Revolutionary soldier. This
Indian was from Logan's camp which was a few miles east on
a rise in the ground near the mouth of Yellow creek, the exact
spot having been marked by the writer several years ago.
After the Pipe creek incident, according to George Rogers
Clark, Cresap and his men formed a resolution to attack Logan's
camp, but Clark remonstrated against such a movement as did
also Col. Zane. Clark says that after the expedition stopped for
refreshment it was proposed to take a vote and every person
present including Cresap, opposed the projected massacre, all
declaring that they were satisfied beyond doubt that Logan was
in camp only as a hunting expedition without the least sem-
blance of war. Clark further says that it was two days after
this incident that Logan's people were killed at Baker's cabin,
in Virginia, immediately opposite the mouth of Yellow Creek,
but Clark and Cresap had moved on toward Redstone.
That horrible murder was viewed by the whole country
as most atrocious. While he has been blamed even to this day
Cresap had nothing to do with that crime ; he was far away
from the scene when it was committed. No doubt the letter
he got from Conolly incited the murder, and that it was a
part of the conspiracy of Conolly to blame Cresap in order to
more assuredly incite the Indians against the Whigs. Logan
did not know that Cresap was in the party, but Cresap's name
was in Logan's speech after that speech was delivered to Gov.
Vol. XI— 7
98 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Dunmore, although we have the testimony of Col. Gibson that
he erased this name before the speech reached Dunmore. All
that Cresap had to do with the crime against Logan and humanity
was to circulate the letter from Conolly which incited the whites
against the Indians, and it is possible that Daniel Greathouse
and his party of settlers who inveigled Logan's people across the
river to Baker's cabin, were influenced by that letter. Of Logan's
own family his mother, a sister and a brother were killed, to-
gether with several of his tribe. It was a shameless and atrocious
murder, as heartless in its manifest barbarity as any crime com-
mitted by the Indians in all their wars. It was the inciting cause
of the awful carnival of carnage that followed.
Cresap always claimed that whatever blame that might attach
to him for the killing of the two Indians on the then Jefferson
county river front, belonged to his superior officer, Dr. Conolly,
whose circular letter directed or authorized his conduct, and
he was bound to obey or suffer the penalty for mutiny. Conolly
was denounced for his actions by an indignation meeting held at
Pittsburg, June 25, 1774, when it was set forth that he was the
*cause of "our present calamity and dread of an Indian war,"
Conolly's conduct was described as tyrannical and unprecedented.
There was such certainty of retaliation by the Indians and
that a merciless war would soon be waged, that according to
Valentine Crawford's statement, the settlers, who had located
with full hope of abiding peace, immediately and spontaneously
abandoned their new homes. The trails were swarmed with
settlers returning to the East to the protection of the fortifica-
tions. Col. Crawford wrote to Washington on the 6th of May:
"I am sorry to inform you that the disturbance between the white
people and the Indians has prevented my going down the river.
* It has ruined about all the settlers. There were more
than one thousand people crossed the Monongahela in one day."
The wrath of Logan was too deep to assuage ; the iron had
pierced his soul, and his thirst was for blood. He wanted to be
the friend of the white man and so he was, but the white man
would not have it so continue. He was now for revenge : he
would engage in the saturnalia of atrocity until his diabolical
yearnings were satiated. He had no other joy, no other hope
First Battle of the American Revolution.
99
than to retaliate, to murder and to torture, as his own people
had been murdered and tortured. And a Christian nation con-
spired to set red devils on fire and turn them upon its own
people • incited savages to deeds of crime, urging them on to
actions so appalling, so awful, so cruel, that history does not
record its parallel in the degree of barbarity.
The successive events which led up to the murder of Indians
for no other purpose than to incite them to revenge, demon-
strated that the British had crushed the influence of Christian
civilization in their hearts in order that its place might be filled
with a wicked spirit to coerce recalcitrant colonists to continue
to wear the galling yoke of tyranny.
Lord Dunmore organized the flower of Virginia and of
Pennsylvania to engage in battle with the savages. These men
were brave ; they were sympathetic and could not see their kin-
dred murdered without making effort to defend them. It was
known to Dunmore that they would enter the conflict and he fur-
ther believed that before they were done they would have enough
war to teach them its most excruciating terrors.
Gen Andrew Lewis with 1,100 men marched through the
Lower country to Point Pleasant. Col. Crawford and Major
Angus McDonald early in July arrived at Wheeling, where Fort
Fincastle was erected. This fort, too, became an important fac-
tor in the Revolutionary War, having withstood two awful sieges,
neither of which have been made a part of the history written
in the East, and yet the work done in those two conflicts aided
greatly the American patriots, for the fury of the Indians was
held at bay and permitted the frontiersmen to join Daniel Mor-
gan's regiment of sharpshooters.
According to contemporary statements the information re-
ceived by Dunmore from England while at Fort Fincastle en-
couraged the belief that insurrection of the American colonies
was apparent and led him to waive the original plan of forming
a junction with Lewis at Point Pleasant and it was this devia-
tion that placed the brave Lewis and his intrepid army in jeopardy
out of which only divine power could have carried him Ihe
conduct of Dunmore at the treaty on the Congo in Pickaway
-county showed an understanding between Dunmore and the In-
100 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
dians. He had ordered Lewis to join him at the place of the
treaty. While Lewis and his men were eager to wipe out the
savage foe by continuing the onslaught commenced at Point Pleas-
ant, Dunmore sent him back before the treaty was completed,
which he would have been afraid to do without a well fixed pur-
pose, for the Indian warriors were about him in sufficient num-
bers to have utterly destroyed his army. Before the battle Lewis
sent scouts to ascertain the reason for Dunmore's delay in send-
ing reinforcements, and although Dunmore was informed of
Lewis' peril he refused to respond to the cry for help. Capt.
Stewart notes in his narrative that he believed a spy, a friend
of Dunmore's,. was in Lewis' camp before the battle and that
he carried information to the Indians.
Capt. Stewart informs us that Lewis had no contemptible
enemy with which to deal ; the Indian army was composed chiefly
of the Shawanese that cut off the British army under Gen. Brad-
dock in 1756; they were the Indians who defeated Major Grant
and his Scotch Highlanders at Fort Duquesne in 1758 when the
whole of his troops were either killed or taken prisoners. And
after the battle of Point Pleasant they defeated the very flower of
Virginia at the battle of Blue Licks in Kentucky. Afterward
they defeated the United States army commanded by Harmer, and
lastly defeated Gen. St. Clair's great army after prodigious
slaughter.
It seems evident to me that it was for the great purpose after-
ward realized, that an All-wise Providence permitted and di-
rected the issue of the battle of Point Pleasant to be victory for
the American patriots. I believe that the issue of American in-
dependence was in that battle, for had Lewis and his intrepid
soldiers been cut down because Lord Dunmore failed or refused
to furnish reinforcements, the die would have been cast : A terrible
Indian war would have followed, whose awful carnage would
have been so appalling that the Americans would have halted in
their demands upon England ; they would have been so glad of
crown help in the emergency that they would have forgotten the
question of taxation without representation in the terrible con-
flict with the red savaeres.
First Battle of the American Revolution. 101
The battle of Point Pleasant was more to the American cause
than the mere victory of the day over the Indians ; it trained men
who were not inured to bloody conflict for the struggle that was
inevitable. It tried the nerve and found it not lacking for Mor-
gan's sharpshooters ; it trained men for King's Mountain and for
the Cowpens ; it fitted soldiers for Morgan's march to Quebec ;
and the men who followed George Rogers Clark through the
swamps on his conquest of the Illinois were from the same he-
roic mould, of the same blood, of the same training as the men
at Point Pleasant ; the conquest gave to America the empire which
comprises five great states, the very heart of the Republic. The
battle of Point Pleasant was not only the first decisive conflict of
the Revolutionary War; had the issue been otherwise — had it
turned as Dunmore expected and hoped it would turn, the peo-
ple would have submitted, they would have acquiesced in the
tyranny of the English crown.
From the battle of Point Pleasant came Gen. Andrew Lewis
and Gen. Daniel Morgan. I may say that from that battle also
came George Rogers Clark ; he took no part in the battle, but was
a scout with the Dunmore division of the army. These were
three colossal figures in the Revolutionary War ; Morgan's sharp-
shooters were organized almost immediately after the battle was
fought, for on the way home Morgan learned of the Conti-
nental Congress at Philadelphia and he at once organized his
men into a society sworn to do battle for freedom and independ-
ence, and after the surrender at Yorktown, Cornwallis said to
Morgan that he commanded the most magnificent regiment in
the world. Andrew Lewis won fame in the war, and when
Washington was made Commander-in-Chief he insisted that An-
drew Lewis was more capable for the trying position and urged
that he be selected. And what of Clark ? He fought all through
the Revolution and his achievements were everything to the West.
Had he failed in his conquest of the Illinois ; had he failed in
his efforts to dislodge the British hold on the Northwest Ohio
today would be under the British flag. Had it not been for the
steadfastness, the patriotism, the prowess of these three men
■developed at the battle of Point Pleasant, the results of the first
102 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
war for independence would have been greatly at variance witk
the desires of the American people.
[Authorities for the above article are: John J. Jacob's Biography of
Michael Cresap ; Olden Time— Monthly historical paper printed by Nevin
B. Craig at Pittsburg, 1847; Statement of George Rogers Clark; Wash-
ington-Crawford Correspondence — Butterfield; Doddridge's Notes; Nar-
rative of Capt. John Stewart; Pennsylvania Archives; McKiernan's Bor-
der History.— W. H. H.]
OHIO'S PART IN THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
BY E. O. RANDALL.
[This article was the substance of a speech made by the author at the
banquet of the Ohio Sons and Daughters of the American Revolu-
tion, at the Hollenden Hotel, Cleveland, February 22, 1902. —
Editor.]
It has been said that Belgium is the battleground of Europe.
Ohio may then be called the Belgium of America. It is the
great battlefield of the United States. For the Ohio Valley,
of which Ohio may be regarded as the center, was the arena in
the contest of centuries between the Latin and the Saxon races
for the American stakes. The French, through their discoveries
up the St. Lawrence, along the great lakes to the sources of
the Mississippi, and thence down that great river course to
the Gulf of Mexico, claimed the tributaries of those waterways,,
including the territory east of the Mississippi and south of the
chain of lakes, except that strip settled by the English colonies
along the Atlantic coast, and reaching back to the Allegheny
mountains. The English, by their right of discovery and settle-
ment and through their royal charters and patents, claimed the
extension of their rights west from the Atlantic to the Mississippi
and even on beyond to the "unknown" sea.
It was at Logstown, some twenty miles below the site of
Pittsburg, 1753, when the first great conference was held between
the three rival races. The Indian, the native savage, represented
by Half King, chief of the Iroquois; St. Pierre, representing
the French, and he whose name we celebrate tonight, George
Ohio's Part in the American Revolution. 103
Washington, representing the English. The French claimed the
territory, as we have seen, by the right of discovery and partial
settlement ; the English by right of extension of their undisputed
colonies; the Indian by the original title of primeval occupa-
tion. There was no alternative but war, and Braddock's defeat
a few years later was the opening event of that series of his-
toric campaigns known as the French and Indian war, lasting
seven years, until 1763. That war was decided in that dramatic
encounter on the heights of Abraham at Quebec, in which the in-
vincible Wolf led the British and the intrepid Montcalm the
French. Both leaders died upon the field of battle, but its gauge
was to the Saxon; and by the treaty of Paris which followed,
France yielded to England all the territory she protested had
been her possessions in the Ohio and Mississippi valleys east
and south. The territory west of the Mississippi was ceded to
Spain, thereafter known as the Louisiana territory, and given
to Spain in lieu of her Florida and Mexican Gulf domain, which
Spain in turn ceded to England. And now the English nag
waved over Ohio soil, where before for a century and a half
the French flag had floated. The colonies had fought the French
war with the understanding that they were to be, in case of
victory, its beneficiaries and be permitted to occupy the Ohio
Valley as a rich and valuable extension to their Atlantic coast
lodgments. Our' forefathers, even our revolutionary sires, were
expansionists. But the war over, and Britain triumphant, she
seized the territory west of the Alleghenies in the Ohio and
Mississippi valleys as the exclusive dominion of the crown. She
made it an Indian reservation, forbade the colonists to settle
thereon, even forbidding pioneers of the east and south to make
settlements except under licenses and restrictions so great and
excessive as to amount almost to a prohibition.
This was the situation until the year 1774. when the pro-
mulgation of the Quebec act, practically renewing and enforcing
the exclusive policy of the crown, aroused the indignation of
the colonists to such a degree that they began to protest, and it
was one of the chief causes of the declaration of independence.
The Earl of Dunmore was royal governor of Virginia. Virginia
claimed her strip of this reservation to the Mississippi, includ-
104 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
ing what would now be the southern half of Ohio. He resolved
to take up arms against the domination of the crown.* It was
the first overt defiance of the Quebec promulgation. True,
Ohio was then occupied mostly by Indians who were the
subsidized allies of the English and who were fighting equally
with England for the exclusion of the colonies from this
territory that they (the Indians) might preserve their hunt-
ing grounds and homes. Governor Dunmore raised an army
of 3,000 and separated it- into two divisions of 1,500 each,
one of which divisions he took with him to Pittsburg, and
there on flatboats floated down the Ohio to the mouth of
the Hockhocking river, where he built a stockade called
Fort Gower. He then proceeded to the interior of the state
and encamped below the present site of Chillicothe. The other
division of these Virginia frontiersmen was under the com-
mand of General Andrew Lewis. He marched to the mouth
of the Kanawha river intending to cross the Ohio, but before
doing so was met at Point Pleasant by the famous Indian chief,
Cornstalk, accompanied by other famous chiefs, including Te-
cumseh's father, with some 2,000 braves. A most desperate and
determined battle was fought in which the Indians were signally
defeated.
That battle was an unique event in border warfare. It was
solely an American victory. The whites under Lewis were not
British soldiers, not even were they organized colonial militia.
They were "minute men" from the river banks and hillsides
of Virginia's interior. They were backwoodsmen in buckskin
and homespun, settlers cradled and reared in the privations and
hardships of pioneer life. The enemy was the cruel red man
uncommanded and unattended by British or French allies. There
[*It is not suggested, much less claimed, that Dunmore took up
rebellious arms against his government in favor of the independence of
the Virginia colony or the other colonies. His expedition, however, was
in violation of the British provincial dictation and in behalf of the exten-
sion of Virginian dominion into excluded territory. That his purpose was
a double-faced one, namely to arouse the red men against the colonists
and thus intimidate the latter is not here referred to. For that view of
Dunmore's War see the excellent article by Mr. Hunter in another part
of this publication. — E. O. R.l
Ohio's Part in the American Revolution. 105
were in that opposing force only chosen Indian braves officered
by skilled and crafty chiefs
That was the first battle of the revolution, fought on October
10, 1774, six months before the shot was fired at Lexington that
"echoed around the world." It was the first blow for American
freedom, struck on the banks of the Ohio, by Virginia frontiers-
men. Lewis and his troops proceeded to join Dunmore when
a treaty with the Indians was secured and the entire army began
their march home by way of Hockhocking. On arriving at
Fort Gower this Virginia army for the first time received the
news of the assembling of the First Continental Congress at
Philadelphia and the officers of the army held a meeting and
passed a resolution to the effect, after complimenting the suc-
cess of their general, that they professed allegiance to the king
and crown, but added that "their devotion would only last while
the king deigned to reign over a free people, for their love of
liberty for America outweighed all other considerations, and they
would exert every power for its defense when called forth by the
voice of their countrymen." This was the' first declaration of in-
dependence, declared by Virginia volunteers at the mouth of
the Hcckhocking on that soil that was subsequently to be con-
secrated as the great state of Ohio.
The war of the revolution was now on. It waged gloriously
and courageously along the New England coast, but no less po-
tently and mercilessly in the Ohio Valley and along the streams
and hillsides of (to be) Ohio commonwealth.
The scattered settlers of the Ohio Valley had more at stake
than the New England colonists, for the colonists in New Eng-
land were assured of an English government, but the destiny of
the Ohio valley might fall — probably would — into the hands of a
foreign nation, either France or Spain, the latter of which held
untold territory immediately west of the Mississippi. It was
the British policy to fight the colonists at the front through hired
Hessians. Tt was also the British policy to attack and harass
the colonists in the rear of the rebelling states by employing the
tomahawk and the scalping knife of the Indian. Ohio, immedi-
ately adjacent to the frontier lines of Pennsylvania and Virginia,
became the scene of constant Indian and English warfare to the
106 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
year 1783. There were many brilliant campaigns worthy the pert
of the most graphic and imaginative historian. The expeditions,
for instance, three in number, of George Rogers Clark, who at the
instigation of Patrick Henry and Thomas Jefferson, with Ken-
tucky and Virginia troops, proceeded down the Ohio and then
marched northeast through what was subsequently Illinois, In-
diana and Ohio, taking the settlements of Kaskaskia, Vincennes
and Cahokia and destroying the Indian villages in the interior
of our present state. The years 1780 and 1782 were memorable
for the most bloody campaigns. The second daring expedition
of Clark was almost simultaneous with the historic expeditions
of Crawford from the east toward Detroit. The last expedition
in 1782 of George Rogers Clark* was one from Kentucky north
into the interior, attacking the Indians at Piqua, Xenia, Chilli-
cothe and elsewhere with a regiment of a thousand valiant
frontiersmen. They were a veritable band of Rough Riders,
and the annals of history present no deeds more daring, more
brave, more patriotic, more adventurous than the incidents of that
campaign ; it was to the revolution what Sherman's march to the
sea was to the rebellion. Clark's last expedition broke the back-
bone of the revolution. It saved the Northwest to the colonies.
The revolution was over for New England colonies in 1783,
but not so for the inhabitants of Ohio Valley. The English
refused to yield possession of many British posts along the lake
shores and particularly at Erie, Sandusky, the mouth of the Mau-
mee, at Detroit and other places. It was the policy of England
to retain those posts and from them send out incursions with
Indian allies to continue a guerrilla warfare against the colonial
settlements. The British, especially their agents in America,
hoped, and indeed expected, the attempted independence of the
colonies would prove a failure and dependence come again. The
famous ordinance of 1787 established and opened up the North-
west Territory and our revolutionary sires left their New England
homes and sought new abodes in the West. The Ohio Company
came down the "beautiful river," as the French called it, in that
second Mayflower in 1788. You easily recall the warfare that was
then renewed by the British and the Indians to repel the colonial
settlements in the southern, central and subsequently in the
Ohio's Part in the American Revolution. 107
northern portions of our state. There were the expeditions of
Harmar (1789), his defeat; of St. Clair (1791), his defeat on the
site of Fort Recovery, in which battle his loss was 600 killed, and
250 wounded, and some two or three hundred lost or missing, a
total loss equal to the greatest loss suffered by the colonists in the
Revolution, the loss of Washington at the defeat of German-
town. Then followed that brilliant campaign of Anthony
Wayne in 1794; his marching with 5,000 intrepid soldiers from
Fort Washington north to the Maumee, and his famous victory
on that August day at Fallen Timbers, when he signally routed
the Canadian troops with their Indian allies under Little Turtle
and Tecumseh.
That was the real close of the Revolution, and it ended in
Ohio, on whose soil it had begun twenty years before at the battle
of Point Pleasant between Cornstalk and Lewis.
The truth of history is that there was more of the revolu-
tion on Ohio soil than there was on the soil of many of the New
England states. It lasted here a score of years, three times as long
as was suffered by the more pretentious settlements in the At-
lantic states. For instance, Connecticut saw no such warfare.
There was no campaign, not even a battle of note upon 'the
soil of Connecticut, yet from the standard histories you would
scarcely imagine- that there were any "doings" of importance in
those famous years west of the Allegheny mountains. The
history of the United States has not yet been written. When
it is written, it will be written by a Western man with the Ohio
valley as his point of view.
Ohio, therefore, it is seen, it a great factor in the revolution.
She always rises to the emergency. She cannot even be lost nor
ignored in the days of our revolutionary sires.
MOBBING THE SHAKERS OF UNION VILLAGE.
J. P. MACLEAN, PH. D.
It may be affirmed that of all the Christian sects of America,
not one is less aggressive or lives more within itself than that
known as The Shakers, or more properly speaking The Millen-
nial Church. It is true that in its early history it possessed a
little missionary zeal, but this was not of the offensive kind.
In common with all the sects it placed its own doctrines to the
front, proclaiming them to be the true representative ideas of
Jesus Christ. It cannot be denied that the Shakers indulged in
extravagant expressions of religious emotions, and were ex-
cessively strict in their discipline ; but this was all within them-
selves, for they did not encroach upon their neighbors. Towards
the strangers and co-religionists they were harmless, kind and
considerate.
It is worthy of remark in this age of endowments or special
benefactions, the Shakers have never received any donations or
gifts save those which have come from within their own com-
munion. In proportion to the number and wealth, no sect
has been so generous. In all probability no sect has lived so
closely to the Christ ideal as that under consideration.
When it is considered that a sect free from trespass, given
to good works, benevolent and- devout, refraining from the tur-
moils of political strife and the carnage and inhumanity of war,
should be subject to the passions of a mob. it behooves one,
having optimistic views, to inquire into the source or controlling
motive that led to the public violence. It is the history of every
Shaker community to experience rough treatment even at the
hands of those who should have been respecters of law and order.
ORIGIN OF THE MOB OF l8lO.
Religious hate and rancor have been the source of untold
misery. Even in the light ana discoveries of this age, only a
small portion of the enlightened have been brought to the realiz-
ing sense that every man must be supreme within himself re-
(108)
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 109
specting his tenets. It does not require wide observation to
note the fact that even those claiming to be most liberal, and
really having broad views, are too often the most illiberal.
Numerous instances can be produced to prove that many liberals
are even more illiberal than the dogmatist and the bigot. Such
may be shown to be the case in the persecution of the Shakers of
Union Village, Ohio.
The origin of the various communities of Shakers of Ohio
and Kentucky may be directly traced to the "Great Kentucky
Revival" of 1800, 1801. This was the greatest religious upheaval
ever known in America ; and the conditions were such as to
make it impossible to have the same ever repeated. The causes
that led to the commotion and insured its success were mani-
fold. The cry for a broader basis, or more toleration, was
not among the least. While the exictement lasted there was a
display of emotions, an extravagance of expression or manners,
that beggars all description. Among the leaders there were really
able men ; who during the revel were unfortunately overcome
by the pressure and gave countenance to transactions that, in
their cooler moments, would meet with their condemnation. The
outbreak began in Logan and Christian counties, Kentucky, on
the waters of the Gasper and Red Rivers. The first meeting
was held at Cabin Creek, May 22, 1800, and continued four days
and three nights.' "The scene was awful beyond description ;
the falling, crying out, praying, exhorting, singing, shouting,
etc., exhibited such new, and striking evidences of a super-
natural power, that few, if any, could escape without being
affected. Such as tried to run from it were frequently struck
on the way, or impelled, by some alarming signal to return."
Among the prime movers were such men as Malcolm Worley,
John Dunlavy, Richard McNemar, Robert Marshall. John Thomp-
son, David Purviance, Barton W. Stone, etc. Before the year
1805 the Schismatics had regular societies, in Ohio at Turtle
Creek, Eagle Creek, Springfield, Orangedale, Salem. Beaver
Creek, Clear Creek, etc. In Kentucky at Cabin Creek, Flem-
ingsburgh, Concord, Caneridge, Indian Creek, Bethel. Paint
Creek, Shawny Run, etc., besides an innumerable multitude scat-
110 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
tered throughout Tennessee, North Carolina, Virginia, and the
western parts of Pennsylvania. These Schismatics were known
then, and are still called by the name of New Lights, but among
themselves they take the name of Christians. Their recognized
leader was Barton W. Stone.
The news of the Revival spread all over the country and
in due time aroused the interest of the Shaker Ministry at New
Lebanon, New York, who dispatched John Meacham, Issachar
Bates and Benjamin Seth Youngs to the scene of the commo-
tion. These missionaries set out on foot on January ist, 1805,
and arrived at Turtle Creek Church (Union Village) on March
22nd, as a propaganda. The first convert from the Turtle Creek
Church was Malcolm Worley, on March 27, a wealthy and in-
fluential man, but somewhat eccentric. The next was Anna
Middleton (colored), March 29, and on the 31-st, Cornelius
Campbell. Richard McNemar and his wife Jenny joined on
April 24. In the year 1805, or soon after, the families or heads
of families that joined the Shakers, besides those already
mentioned, were Francis Bedle, Samuel Sering, Samuel Hollo-
way, Elijah Davis, Jonathan Davis, Stephen Spining, David
Spining, John Dennis, Abner Bonnell, Stephen Williams, Ben-
jamin Howard, Amos Valentine, John Miller, Joseph Stout,
James Bedell, David Hill, Calvin Morrell, Joseph Patterson, John
Wallace, John Able, Samuel Rollins, Thomas Hunt, Charles West,
Allen Woodruff, Moses Easton, David Corey, Daniel Boyd,
Lorenzo Belcher, John Gee, David Johnson, John Sharp, Mat-
thew Houston, Andrew Brown, John Naylor, John Carson,
Belteshazzar Draggoo, John Houston, Robert Baxter, James
Dickson, Joseph Irwin, Nathan Pegg, John Woods, James
Smith, Garner McNemar, William Davis, Sr., Abigail Kitchell,
Malinda Watts, Jenny Byrne, Rachel Seward, Betsy Anderson,
Reuben Morris, Jacob Holloway, Caleb Pegg, John Slater, Jon-
athan Gaudy, Joseph Lockwood, Thomas N. Naylor, William
Runyon, and some others. To these there must be added about
thirty unmarried.
It is safe to assume that the greater percentage of these,
as well as those who soon after followed (numbering in all
prior to 18 12, 370 souls) was converted from the New Lights.
Mobbing the Shakers of Union I 'Mage. Ill
Add to this the fact that Shaker missionaries were sent among
the New Light Churches, and, in the vicinity of some, Shaker
communities were being established, it may easily be seen that
all the venom of religious hate would be stirred up among the
New Lights, however much they may have called for more
freedom. The heart of Barton Stone was stirred within him,
and he with some of his coadjutors set about to piu down Shak-
erism.
It is not intended here to have it inferred that Barton Stone
desired violent means against the Shakers. His intentions may
have been of the more peaceful order. However that may be he
certainly paved the way that the thoughtless and violent might
pass over.
The leaders of the Schismatics must be judged in the light
in which they taught. Revolting against dogmatism they be-
came dogmatists ; proclaiming' religious liberty they became per-
secutors, and decrying a written creed they became advocates
of "a system of theology." The first words against the Shakers
did not come from any of the members of the Turtle Creek"
Church, but from Springfield, and under date of April 5, 1805 :
"It matters not to me who they are, who ar,e devil's tools,
whether men or angels, good men or bad. In the strength of
God I mean not to spare. I used lenity once to the devil, be-
cause he came in a good man (viz.) Worley. But my God
respects no man's person. I would they were even cut off who
trouble you. I mean in the name and strength of God to lift his
rod of Almighty truth against the viper," etc. Thompson fol-
lowed the Shakers to a campmeeting held at Turtle Creek, and
in a loud voice proclaimed, "They are liars ! They are liars !
They are liars ! According to the fable, 'A liar is not to be be-
lieved, even when he speaks the truth.' " Another Christian
followed Issachar Bates, crying out, "Go to hell," and another
pursued John Meacham from place to place, spitting in his face,
and crying aloud to make a great fire, and burn these false
prophets, while others laughed and encouraged him. Stone
having invited McNemar to attend a general meeting at Concord
in August, 1805, forbade him to speak or even come in the
house. At the same time silence was imposed on John Dun-
112 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
lavy, Benjamin Youngs and Malcolm Worley, while John Thomp-
son, Robert Marshall, Barton W. Stone, David Purviance, J.
Stockwell and A. Brannon, alternately delivered addresses against
the Shakers, in which some of them were named out, pronounced
liars, defamed by many slanderous reports, which they could
have proven false if opportunity had been given. The only
reply given was, "I am sorry to see you abusing your own
light." In the introduction to his "Letters on Atonement" Stone
observes that the arguments used by his opponents are "Bold,
inscriptural assertions — hard names — delusion — error —
doctrines of devils — Arminianism — Socinianism — Deism,
etc. Such arguments have no effect on a candid mind, but they
powerfully influence dupes and bigots. The candid look for
truth and plain, unequivocal arguments." In the postscript of
his reply to Campbell's strictures, he says : "You have heard no
doubt before this time, of the lamentable -departure of two of our
preachers, and a few of their hearers from the true gospel, into
wild enthusiasm, or Shakerism. They have made shipwreck of
faith, and turned aside to an old woman's fables, who broached
them in New England, about twenty-five years ago. These wolves
in sheep's clothing, have smelt us from afar, and have come to
tear, rend and devour," etc. It was currently reported among
the New Lights "that the Shakers castrated all their males, and
consequently exposed their necks to the gallows ; or divested of
all modesty, stripped and danced naked in their night meet-
ings, blew out the candles, and went into a promiscuous de-
bauch. And what was still more shocking — the fruits of their
unlawful embraces they concealed by the horrid crime of mur-
der." It was charged that "these men say that each one of
them is a Christ, and we must throw our Bibles away and
follow them; they forbid to marry, and attach criminality to
that for which we have the express command of God; they
encourage men to beat and abuse their wives, and turn them
away ; they are a set of worldly-minded, cunning deceivers, whose
religion is earthly, sensual, and devilish (see Stone's Letter, July
1806) ; these men have testified they would never die." Even
the grave was robbed of its sanctity, and the word went forth
that Prudence Farrington had recanted Shakerism on her death
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 113
bed. She arrived at Union Village May 31, 1806, and died
April 11, 1807, in the 31st year of her age, a loving sister, a
blessed virgin, a holy woman. Among her last words she uttered :
"Strengthen the brethren."
"Her holy examples of infinite price:
Brought up in the gospel, a stranger to vice;
Her cross from the first she did faithfully bear,
And finish'd her course in her thirty-first year:
Her heaven-born spirit, to angels akin,
(Not stain' d with the flesh nor polluted with sin)
Has now got releas'd from the sorrows of earth,
And shares the full joys of her heavenly birth."
There is another factor too important to overlook. Every
community has a few restless spirits ever ready to take up with
the latest fad or doctrine. Such an upheavel as the Kentucky
Revival would throw all sorts of humanity to the surface, many
of whom would be left stranded on the shoals of uncertainty.
Many of these would be taken with Shakerism, but only to leave
and then vilify those who had trusted them. They would circu-
late reports having no foundation, but tending to excite the law-
less or vicious. Taking all things into consideration, it is not
surprising that a mob might be incited.
NARRATIVE OF THE MOB OF l8lO.
The first mob that assembled at Union Village was on Mon-
day, August 27, 1 810. The mob consisted of a body of five
hundred armed men, led by officers in military array, pre-
ceded and followed by a large concourse of spectators of all de-
scriptions of people, estimated at nearly two thousand in num-
ber, whose object was to witness a conflict between the military
and a few harmless and defenceless Shakers. Among this great
concourse were many who were friendly to the Society, and
whose only wish was to prevent mischief and preserve peace;
but the far greater number was either entire strangers or de-
cided enemies, who came to support the military in case of ne-
cessity. Many of these were armed in mob array, some with
Vol. XI— 8
114 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
guns and swords, some with bayonets fixed on poles or sticks of
various lengths, and other with staves, hatchets, knives and clubs.
These formed a motley multitude of every description, from
ragged boys to hoary-headed men, exhibiting altogether a hideous
and grotesque appearance. This ruthless assemblage, gathered
for the purpose of infringing on the rights of conscience, and
in the public press of the day was called "An expedition against
the Shakers."
This extraordinary proceeding first began to be agitated prin-
cipally through the instrumentality of one John Davis, John and
Robert Wilson and John Bedle, apostates, who had become bold
in wickedness and false accusations against their former co-
religionists, whereby those who had long waited for false wit-
nesses to accuse the Shakers of something criminal seized the
opportunity to accomplish their purpose.
Accordingly, about the first of June, Col. James Smith in-
serted in the public press a declaration that he had been informed
by the aforesaid apostates that the education of children among
the Shakers was chiefly a pretense ; that they whip their under-
lings severely, and also their children ; that they count it no
sin to have carnal knowledge of their own women ; that all sur-
plus money and property are given up to Elder David Darrow ;
that he keeps the whole treasury of the Society in his own hands ;
that he, like the pope, exercises unlimited authority over all under
his control ; and that he, with his council, live sumptuously on
the labors of others ; with many other things of a like nature, all
of which were made to exasperate the public mind with indig-
nation against the Believers.
What seemed intended to be the weightiest charges in the
publication were certain things therein alleged against James
Smith, Jr., who was a Believer, and for which there was a plaus-
ible pretense. James' wife, Polly, having deserted him on ac-
count of his faith, and he refusing to give up his children to
her, furnished the old man with many charges of oppression.
The advertisement of Col. Smith did not go unchallenged,
but was answered publicly in a spirited manner by Richard Mc-
Nemar, who not only exposed its falsity, but also cited its author
to prove what he had alleged, or else bear the character of a
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 115
slanderer. The answer was little regarded, and it appears that
Smith and his associates had no intention of prosecuting the mat-
ter in a lawful manner.
During the month of July the Shakers were secretly informed
that a subscription was being circulated for the purpose of rais-
ing a mob and that John Davis and the two Wilsons were active
agents. Having been publicly accused of the matter they denied
that there was any such thing in agitation. On August 23, an
intimation was given that Col. Smith, with a number of men
from Kentucky, were over and engaged in collecting others to
assist in carrying off his grandchildren. On the next day, Fri-
day, it was learned from credible authority that five hundred men
were to assemble on the following Monday at Capt. Kilbreath's,
distant about three miles, and intended to come as a mob and
take off the Smith children and enact other outrages. The next
day the news became more definite, and in the afternoon Wade
Loofbourrow, a young man living near Hamilton, informed them
that he had seen the written instrument which the designing party
had signed, but did not read it; that it was in the hands of Major
J. Potter at Hamilton Court the day before ; that the mob was
a subject of common conversation on that occasion ; that he heard
Major Potter say that five hundred were subscribed; also, that
Rev. Matthew G. Wallace was forward and active in the busi-
ness ; that Major Potter would be second in command ; that the
Springfield Light-Horse would be on the ground and many more
of the baser sort from Springfield, the Big Hill, from around
Hamilton and from the vicinity northwest of the village; that
the party would appear on Monday ; and that he came purposely
to inform them and desired to tarry that he might witness the
result. The same evening information came in from every quar-
ter of their preparations and threats of abuse ; that they meant
to tar and feather Richard McNemar and drive the old Shakers
out of the country and restore the rest to their former faith and
method of living.
The following Sunday (August 26) some of the party at-
tended the religious services, especially Captain Robinson, who
avowed that they would be on the ground the next day for the
purpose of violence.
116 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
The State's Attorney, J. Collet, and the Sheriff of the county,
T. McCray, both of Lebanon, went to the place of rendezvous
and warned the party of the unlawfulness of their intentions.
Attending the Sunday services were Dr. Budd and Dr. Bladgley,
of New Jersey ; Colonel Stanley, from Cincinnati, and D. Corneal,
a- noted young man from Kentucky. They determined to re-
turn the next day and witness the event.
Early Monday morning, August 27, all the Shakers of Union
Village might have been seen at their usual avocations, just as
though no note of warning had been received. About 8 o'clock
strangers began to come in from different quarters. Early on
the ground was Francis Dunlavy, first Circuit Judge of the State,
intending that the peace and dignity of the law should be up-
held. Dr. Bladgley, with some company who had rode out to
meet the mob, returned at noon with the information that the
troops would arrive in less than an hour. About 1 o'clock the
troops appeared, entering by the Dayton road from the north,
marching in order and finally halted in front of the Meeting
House. A number of the officers were in uniform and the troops
armed and generally equipped in regimental order.
The peace-loving men were active with the troops and the
undisciplined multitude. It is more than probable that through
their intercession the expedient was reached of choosing a com-
mittee to state to the Shakers their proposals and to receive and
return answers. A committee came forward and faced the
dwelling house of the old Believers. They requested three of
the original men (meaning John Meacham, Benjamin S. Youngs
and Issachar Bates) to come forward in order to confer with
them on the occasion of the people's assembling, observing that
a committee was chosen for that purpose, consisting of twelve
men then present, among whom was one chief speaker. As only
Benjamin S. Youngs of the three called was present, assent was
given that two others might be called. Standing in the yard
at that time were Judge Dunlavy, General William Schenck and
J. Corwin. As the mob's committee contained twelve persons
the Shakers desired that these three gentlemen might be per-
mitted to act with them, but this request was denied. Judge
Dunlavy then asked, "Have you any objections to by-standers ?"
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 117
They answered, "Yes." It was insisted that the three Shakers
should go alone with them to the woods. Unreasonable as the
demands were the Shakers consented. Benjamin S. Youngs,
Peter Pease and Matthew Houston withdrew with the committee
to a woodland lying about sixty rods south of the dwelling house
and half a mile south of the Meeting House.
The leading characters of the committee were Matthew G.
Wallace, a noted Presbyterian preacher, chief speaker; Doctor
Squire Little, a Newlight ; Captain John Clark, and John Fisher.
The names of the others have not been preserved. Wallace be-
gan in the name of the people to state their grievances, observ-
ing that the Shaker principles and practices had caused great
disturbances in the minds of the people and led to the extinction
of civil and religious society, which they are determined to up-
hold ; that their system was a pecuniary one and led mankind into
bondage and oppression ; and that the people were determined
to bear it no longer. The committee insinuated that they were
in a capacity to prevent evil being done and perhaps prevent much
blood being shed, because as the people were fully resolved on a
redress, provided the terms were complied with, that were pro-
posed. After speaking in extenso, in this matter for some time,
the following conditions were the only ones that would be ac-
cepted, and which would prevent forcing a compliance by violent
measures :
i. The children of the late James Watts should be given
up to their grandfather ; it being alleged that the said James
Watts, at his decease, gave his children to his father. It was
hoped that the propriety of this would readily be seen.
To this the Shakers answered : "We had not seen the pro-
priety hitherto, as we supposed the mother, under whose care
the children now were, had the greatest right to them ; and
asked them if it was recorded, that the said James gave his chil-
dren to their grandfather? They answered that it was not. We
told them that we could not give up that which was not in our
possession. The children were with their mother, and under
her care, and we exercised no authority over them. We were
sure that the mother and children might be seen by any two or
three civil men, and if the parent was willing, and the children
118 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
wished to go, it was not our wish to have them retained ; nor if
any demanded them, and chose to force them away, would any
violence be used to prevent them."
2. That old William Bedle be permitted to see his grand-
child, a son of Elijah Davis, alleging that the said child came
away (from his father) and was forcibly brought back contrary
to his inclination.
To this it was replied: "That the child was under the care
of his own parents ; that we had not any control over him ; that
we did not usurp the parents' rights over their children, but we
doubted not that the child might be seen," etc., etc.
3. That the children of James Smith should be given up.
To this the observation was offered that the Shakers were doubt-
less well acquainted with the circumstances relative to these chil-
dren.
To this the information was offered : "That the children were
under the care of their father; that they were now in the hands
of the authority, and that a suit in court had commenced respect-
ing them."
4. In presenting the next demand the speaker observed that
it probably might seem hard, and then declared that the weightiest
proposition was, that the Shakers must cease publicly to inculcate
their principles, and their practices must cease; that no dancing
on the Sabbath or any other day should be permitted; or else
all should depart from the country by the first Monday in De-
cember next.
This demand was tantamount to a renunciation of faith and
practice, mode of worship, preaching and manner of living.
These terms were a declaration that if acceded to all would
be well ; and if not they should be enforced by violence. It was
requested that these propositions should be reduced to writing,
but Wallace stated that what had been proposed was short and
could easily be remembered without writing. The reply was
made that as the proposals were short they could readily be com-
mitted to writing, but the point was abruptly refused.
It is worthy of mention that although the committee had
solemnly agreed not to admit or suffer any of the party near
them while they conferred together, yet during the conference
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 119
there was present a number of false witnesses and accusers stand-
ing by, particularly the apostate John Davis, who brought false
accusations. Again and again the Shakers asked the committee
if their replies were understood, and every time the answer came
in the affirmative ; but still the Shakers were urged to comply,
for it was impossible for them to resist a thousand men.
At 2 o'clock the conference adjourned for one hour, that
the Shakers might in that time give a positive answer. All the
elder brethren and sisters there present were assembled together
in an upper room of the residence near the Meeting House.
Judge Dunlavy, General Schenck and Squire Corwin were invited
to take part in the consultation. In their presence the committee
of Shakers stated the proposals and demands and the answers
agreed upon, with the observation that the requirements were
unreasonable and unjust, particularly because no person was al-
lowed to be present at the conference who might serve as a wit-
ness against the unlawfulness or injustice of their demands; and
also of the unreasonableness of grandfathers demanding to be
given up to them their grandchildren who were under the care
of their own parents. The three invited guests took no part in
the meeting, but appeared to be much affected and feelingly in-
terested in the cause of justice. When the meeting ended Judge
Dunlavy and General Schenck went out and found Dr. Little,
one of the committee, in the yard before the house, and talked
to him in an affecting manner on the illegality and consequences
of the concourse of people.
The hour having expired Benjamin S. Youngs informed Dr.
Little that they were ready to meet them, and accordingly both
committees retired to the same place in the woods, and there
delivered the following answer :
"i. Respecting the children demanded to be given up, we
observed, that we had already stated what we had to say on
that subject; adding, that all adults among us were free, and that
it was contrary to our principles and our practice to oppress any,
or hold them in bondage.
2. Respecting our faith which we held in the gospel, we
esteemed it dearer than our lives, and therefore meant to main-
tain it, whatever we might suffer as the consequence. And as
120 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
to our leaving tne country, we were on our own possessions which
we had purchased with money obtained by our own honest in-
dustry. It was our endeavor not to owe any man anything ; we
had not a cent of any man's money; we enjoyed our own peace-
able possessions in a free country, and were entitled to those lib-
erties (including the liberty of our consciences) which the laws
of our country granted us."
In the course of the first sitting of the committee the Sha-
kers observed that things were misrepresented and wrongly re-
ported concerning them; that there was no evidence of the ex-
istence of those things of which they were accused, and that
the reports came from prejudiced persons ; that there was no need
of all this concourse of people; if wrong had been done in any
matter the laws of the country made ample provision for a
redress of grievances. To all this Wallace replied that the means
required too lengthy a process, and that the people would not wait
the issue of such measures. It was necessary to rehearse some
of these facts during the sitting of the second conference.
While these proceedings were transpiring, about the Meeting
House, the school house, the children's family, and the first family
of young Believers, there was a vast and promiscuous concourse
of armed men and spectators, some disputing, some inquiring,
others railing out against and endeavoring to scatter falsehood,
and urging the propriety of banishing the Shakers out of the coun-
try by violence. Women of the baser sort, who were in fellow-
ship with the riot, had placed themselves within sight of the
buildings, on the edge of the woods, waiting to see the Shakers
destroyed ; others, of the same cast, were taking an active part
in urging on parties of the mob to take away, by force, children
of their connections, and other such like acts of violence. In the
meantime there were men of talents and good principles who
engaged in contesting those violent measures agitated by the mob
party, urging the Shakers' right of citizenship from their peace-
able deportment, and the unconstitutionality of infringing upon
their right, which had never been forfeited by any misconduct.
About three o'clock, a public speaker of the party, standing
in the street before the door of the Meeting House, proclaimed
liberty, that all who had any charges against the Shakers might
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 121
come forward and enter them. A number of charges were pro-
duced ; but none however that was regularly entered and taken
up, except a charge of murder against Amos Valentine, upon
the assertion of John and Robert Wilson, two of the before
mentioned apostates, who deposed, that when they lived among
the Shakers, the said Amos had a boy afflicted with fits ; that
he whipped said boy unmercifully ; also, that the said boy was
whipped by Daniel Moseley, and that the said Amos and Daniel
both wished that he was dead; that the boy for some time past
had been missing, and the said witnesses believed that the said
boy was murdered, and put out of the way. A habeas corpus
was immediately served on Amos and he was put under arrest
until the the said boy should be produced. The boy was im-
mediately sent for, being at Moses Easton's, about two miles
off. About this period of the transaction, the committee was hold-
ing its second session, with the three Shakers before mentioned.
Judge Dunlavy, who understood the proceedings of the com-
mittee before, followed them to the edge of the woods, and
there sat down upon a log, about five rods distant from where
the committee was sitting, and there waited to see the issue.
Immediately after the Shakers withdrew from the committee,
he mounted his horse, in the midst of the assembly, and, with
a loud voice, delivered a solemn injunction, that no one violate the
laws of Ohio, and required all civil officers present to take cog-
nizance of the conduct of any who should violate them. Soon
after this, the aforesaid boy arrived, very corpulent and hearty.
This was about four o'clock. Judge Dunlavy, understanding
the case, gave public information of the boy's arrival, and the
satisfaction which was given of the innocence of the party ac-
cused, ordered the prisoner to be released, and the people to
disperse, as nothing remained for investigation. Nevertheless
Capt. Kilbreath refused to comply with the judge's order to
release the prisoner, alledging that he was just as high an officer
as Dunlavy. Upon this Judge Dunlavy ordered him to be ap-
prehended, and put in prison ; but Kilbreath being armed with
a sword and pistol, and refusing to be taken, the matter there
rested. The prisoner, however, was released ; but some of the
mob treated the judge with great contempt, and uttered the
122 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
most bitter invectives against him for his interference. At this
stage of the proceedings, the committee having returned and
mingled among the multitude ; Judge Dunlavy having given his
orders, the mob was thus irritated and thrown into confusion.
But the word of command being given, and the party mounted,
they moved down the street in a violent career, amid clouds
of dust, and halted in a vast crowd facing the dwelling house
of the Elders; and after a little pause, Major Robinson, with a
loud voice, demanded of those in the house whether they would
comply with the proposals of the committee, Yea, or Nay. This
was repeated a number of times, crying aloud, "Give us an answer,
Yea, or Nay!" but no one answered a word. Then all the
people in the house, men and women, young and old, were
commanded to come out of the house, and place themselves in a
circle on the green before them. But none offered to move.
Then Major Robinson continued his harangue to the fol-
lowing effect : that the Shakers must comply immediately with
the proposals of the committee, and accede to remove out of
the country by the first of December next, to suffer the conse-
quences ; and then cried, "Is not this the voice of the people?"
which was immediately answered by the mob with uplifted hands,
and a general loud and hideous yell, in the most exasperated
manner. But as none appeared or answered, they ordered the
gates to be thrown open, which, after considerable hesitation,
some of the concourse ventured to perform. The doors of the
house were now instantly shut and fastened, as hitherto they
had been left open. After the gates were thrown open, the
house was immediately surrounded by a promiscuous multitude
of armed men and spectators, but the main body of the corps
remained on their horses in the street. After some consulta-
tion among the mob, they proposed a committee from among
them, whom they wished to enter and search every apartment
of the house, to see whether there were not some held in bon-
dage, and such other like instances of cruelty and injustice as
were reported. This committee consisted of Major William Rob-
inson, Captain John Robinson, Captain John Clark, Captain Cor-
nelius Thomas, and one or two others. They entered upon con-
ditions of behaving civily, and began their search and exam-
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 123
ination with the young sisters, and asked them, one by one, if
they desired to leave the Shakers.
To the question of the mob committee Betsey Seward re-
plied, that she was satisfied with the people, and her present
place of abode; that she liked it better than among her natural
relations; because they treated her more kindly than ever her
own relations had done, and that she did not wish to see any
of them again, while they remained so wicked. The committee
then said, "Let her stay." Prudence Morrell being interrogated,
replied, that all the world would be no inducement to her to
leave; that she preferred to place her head on the floor and
be decapitated than to be taken away from the Believers. Caty
Rubart also made a firm reply, in substance as above; and so
did Jenny McNemar, and all the rest, — all declaring that they
were free to go away, if they chose, at any time, and that
nothing bound them but their faith and love. All others, whether
brethren or sisters, made the similar replies.
After searching every apartment of the house the com-
mittee expressed their satisfaction. Captain Thomas, more up-
right than the others, said he saw a "decent house with decent
people in it." Then they drank copiously of cold coffee, went
out, and reported themselves as "well satisfied." After this,
they returned to their former ground at the Meeting House,
and the same committee proceeded to examine the family of
the young Believers. All who were interrogated, made firm
replies, that they were free, and might go away whenever they
chose, but would not ; some said they would rather die, than
abandon their faith, or forsake the people of God. By this
time the committee was under great mortification, and their zeal
began to abate, having been disappointed in all their researches,
and some persuasion had to be used in order to get them into
the school house. Matthew Houston being present at their exam-
inations, desired them to go, especially, as they had it reported
that the Shakers would not suffer their children and youth to
read the Bible. When they went into the school they found
Testaments in abundance. Elder Houston observed they might
see at least one lie had been told them. They looked at the chil-
dren's penmanship, which they acknowledged surpassed their
12-4 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
expectations. Houston next requested them to ask the chil-
dren questions, whether they had enough to eat, etc., observ-
ing, that he had children among them, and had long been
absent, and knew not at present how it might be with them.
When they asked, First: "Have you enough to eat?" they
answered, "Yea! yea! yea! as much as we want," which ran all
through the school. Second : "Are you punished more than
you deserve?" They answered, "Nay! nay! nay," and some
replied, "We are never whipped." Third : "Do you want to
leave these people? If you do, fear not, we will protect you."
"Nay ! nay ! nay ! sounded through the school. Next the com-
mittee was invited to hear the children read, but this was de-
clined, declaring they were fully satisfied. Next they were re-
quested to go to John Wood's, in order to find that enslaved
woman, of whom they had spoken, and about whom there was
so much agitation (for it was reported that a certain woman
was enslaved by the Shakers ; those in search had not yet found
her, for another select party had searched the Meeting House
for her a little while before, and the Children's Order at John
Wood's had also been searched and examined.) But the com-
mittee refused to investigate farther, declaring that all of them
were fully satisfied.
No ground of accusation being found or reported to the
party, and the generality being wearied and perplexed with
the same, and under a mortifying disappointment, were dis-
missed ; the last of them disappeared as the darkness of night
began to creep over the horizon, without leaving behind them any
visible marks of cruelty.
Through this whole transaction no visible disturbance or
confusion appeared among the Shakers. The greater number
kept busy at their usual employments ; took dinner in the usual
manner, and entertained such as they could with convenience.
They answered those mildly who spoke to them, whether peace-
ably or in a taunt. Such as wished to enter the rooms from
the noise and clamor, did so, and spent their time in conversation.
That no evil or cruelty was transacted after such formid-
able preparations of design, can only be accounted for by the
stand taken by Judge Dunlavy, assisted by the persuasive powers-
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 125
of those who came with good intentions, and their love of justice
and right.
The foregoing account of the transactions of the mob is
taken from the narrative of Benjamin Seth Youngs, written
August 31, 1810. When I visited Union Village May 10, 1901,
Miss Susan Liddell was sent for. She is among the oldest Shakers,
in point of service, in the village, and the best acquainted with its
history. She gave me the additional information which she re-
ceived from Shakers who were living at the time of the mob ;
Judge Dunlavy was a cousin of Richard McNemar ; George Har-
lan had a sister who was then a Believer and came to assist
and protect the Shakers ; Richard McNemar found it neces-
sary to go among the younger members and insist on non-
resistance, for there was an indication among them to act in self-
defence, and some of the Shakers were struck with whips and
knocked down. This was particularly true in the instance of
Calvin Morrell, a physician, who had become a convert.
Book A, of the Records, for Dec. 29, 18 10, notes that again
the Shakers were threatened by mob violence, which would in-
dicate that nothing was done with the ringleaders of the mob of
August 27.
mobs of 1813.
The records of the mobs of 181 3 are exceedingly brief. They
must have been of small moment or else an interested chronicler
would have preserved the details. The first was on May 12, and
the following is the sole entry: "Mob at the West Section;
trying to take a woman away against her will."
For December 16th we have the following minute : "A vio-
lent mob came to the Center House today, in the employ of
James Bedle, who had previously left the Society and bound his
children to Peter Pease. His present aim is to take the children
away by force. The house doors being closed and barred, they
took a battering ram and broke a door in two ; they then rushed
in and committed considerable violence and abuse; but failed in
getting the children. After a shameful day's riot, they dispersed
for the night."
126 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
For December 29th the subject is continued. "Another mob
appears to be collecting at Bedell's ; meanwhile they are trying to-
prove before referees that the children have been abused by the
Society; in this Bedle failed. The referees then recommended
to Peter Pease to give up the Indentures, for the sake of peace,
which was accordingly agreed upon ; and the mob dispersed."
The next day James Bedle came in the "morning and dragged
off his 2 youngest children, much against their wills. They went
off screaming and hollowing. The mother and the 2 oldest chil-
dren have fled to some other quarter to avoid violence and enjoy
their own faith."
mob of 1817.
The year 1817 was fruitful in disturbances at Union Village.
The Church Record is very brief on this subject, although nam-
ing some of the parties participating in the riots. The Hamp-
ton MS. is more complete, and in the main, will here be followed.
The riotous proceedings commenced as early as January 12,
when Patty Rude, an apostate woman, came to church, with a
party of ruffians, to take her daughter Sarah (a young woman)
away, by force.
On July 31, under pretence of law, a scene of mobbing and
rioting was perpetrated. The object was to get a youth (Jona-
than Davis, Jr.) away, who had left the society some time previ-
ously. Being under age his father authorized some of the breth-
ren to go and bring him home, which was done. John Davis,
an outsider and cousin, by whom he was harbored, raised a
company in Lebanon, who came out in great indignation and
threatened to burn the village to ashes, if the youth was not given
over to them. Thirty or forty men came with a constable and
arrested the brethren who brought the boy home ; and had them
bound over to court. They were indicted before the grand jury,
but nothing came of it.
On December 3rd, Richard McNemar and Calvin Morrell
went to Columbus to present a remonstrance to the Legislature
against Van Vleet and Cameron, editors of the Western Star,
and others on account of persecutions. These persecutions grad-
ually died away, and in a few years ceased altogether.
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 127
As there was some little after-litigation on account of the
John Davis affair, and as at the time of these troubles, the prose-
cutors had their say in the Western Star, added to which there
was placed in circulation a bock derogatory to the Shakers,
it may be well here to note the facts as they occurred.
The following is a narrative of William Davis, a near relative
of the said John and Jonathan Davis : "This is to certify that I,
William Davis, of the County of Warren, and State of Ohio,
being one of the party included in the deposition of John Davis
for committing a riot etc., on the bodies of the said John Davis
and Jonathan Davis, which deposition hath been published to the
world : in consequence of all being indicted who were present
at the transaction, we have never had a suitable opportunity to
open the matter as it really was. I now feel it my duty to give
the public a statement of the facts which were as follows :
Some time in the month of July 1817 my youngest brother
Jonathan Davis ran away from the school where my father Eli j an
had placed him and went to the town of Lebanon, to the said
John Davis, his cousin. My Father and I went after the boy, but
John Davis, Eli Truitt, and others forbade us to have anything
to do with the boy; stating that they would protect him from
his father, to the shedding of the last drop of their blood. — I
went several times, to see if by any means 1 could get them
to give him up to his father ; but to no effect. My Father and
Mother went, but could effect nothing. Some time after, John
Wallace was informed by a friend, where John Davis and the
boy were at work, some distance from the town. My father,
anxious to obtain the boy, and insisting on having him brought
home, myself and four others went to the place where they were
at work ; I went forward and took my brother by the arm and told
him he must go home with me ; John Davis rose up with a large
drawing-knife in his hand and told me if I did not let him go,
he would cut off my arm ; — at this time John W'allace came
forward and said to John Davis, 'Be civil we want nothing to do
with you ; — we only wish to take Jonathan to his father ;' — the
said Davis then left me and turned to Wallace with his knife
drawn, in a position to strike. At this time, it is said, that Wallace
showed a spear to Davis and bade him stand off. — T then took
128 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
the boy some distance, when John Davis called to the boy and
said, 'You have got my hat.' We then threw the hat back to
Davis. When we had gotten about 50 yards with the boy, John
Davis passed us with the knife in one hand and a club in the
other, stating that he would soon have help, and take the boy from
us. After passing us a little, he turned back and came to where
we were, and drew the knife as if to strike; one of us then^
stopped the knife with a stick — he drew it again and it was
stopped in like manner, which ended the attempts at striking.
We frequently requested him to withdraw peaceably, for we
wanted nothing to do with him; nevertheless he continued to
follow us for sixty or seventy rods, threatening us with violence.
— He then returned to the town of Lebanon, and made oath that
violence was committed by us and obtained a warrant for us all ;
which was executed without resistance. — He also, on the same
day, collected a mob who came to take the boy ; — they sur-
rounded the house where the boy was, with clubs, loaded whips
etc. — but the boy made his escape through the midst of the
crowd, and went to the woods and secreted himself from them. —
I do further testify, that we had no intentions of injuring the
said John Davis, nor any other person or persons ; — our only
object was to bring the boy to his father and mother. This I
am willing to testify to, when legally called upon.
William Davis."
mob of 1819.
On the 7th of August, while the Shakers were quietly attend-
ing to their respective duties, suddenly a mob of horsemen, from
about Middletown, between thirty and forty in number, entered
the village from the North, passed the Meeting-House, and
moved on swiftly, till they reached the South House; where they
stopped, hitched their horses, and with great agility entered the
yard, rushed to the door, but finding it barred, commenced strik-
ing it with their feet, to burst it open. There being none but
women in the house at their arrival, a number of the Brethren
collected to see the cause of the uproar, and their business was
demanded. The reply was that they had heard that one Phoebe
Johnson, a member of the Society, wanted to leave, but was fore-
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 129
ibly restrained. Miss Johnson, at that time, was in the orchard,
and could have kept out of the way, but refrained from so
doing. It was agreed that members of the mob should con-
verse with her, conditioned however that she should not be
abused in any manner whatsoever. The young woman then
came to the opposite door and conversed with them through
the window, and informed them that she had no desire to leave
the Society, and if she had there was no one to hinder her from
going whenever she chose ; that she was of lawful age to choose
and act for herself, and especially would scorn to go in such com-
pany as those men assembled. They persisted however, as if they
meant to force her away, surrounded the house to prevent her
from escaping, and grew insolent and daringly wicked with railing
and cursing. Attempts were made to enter the house, which
were successfully frustrated, and the intruders were ordered off
the premises, but without effect. They mocked at the mention
of the law, and answered every suggestion of reason with curses.
In this manner they went on until late in the afternoon, when
they withdrew after being convinced that the lady had effected
her escape from the house.
On the Monday (August 9th) following, early in the day,
the mob again appeared with a formidable reinforcement of
horse and foot, amounting in all to about two hundred. They
passed through the village in the same manner as before, and
towards the same place, but with greater fury and less appearance
of order or government. Their abuse was perpetrated on all
such as they could sieze on the road till they reached the South
House, where they hitched their horses and then paraded towards
the gate, where they were met by the Deacons, and by the author-
ity of the laws of the State, were forbidden to enter the yard •
but with savage shrieks they leaped the fence in swarms, bearing
down all who stood in their way. Calvin Morrell was knocked
down and beaten almost to death, though he had uttered no word
nor made any interruption. They rushed on towards the house
— the Shakers standing in crowds to obstruct the passage ; but
with fists, clubs and loaded whips, the mob forced its way to the
door which they commenced beating. Captain Spencer, who had
some authority over the mob, now commanded the rioters to
Vol. XI— 9
130 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
desist ; but on every side the outrage continued, crying out in false
terms, and seeking every occasion to vent their lawless fury with
hard blows on both men and women, for no distinction was made.
Thus, in one continued uproar of violence, they continued until
2 o'clock in the afternoon, when Squire Welton appeared, and
by the laws of the State commanded them to disperse ; that, if
there was any duty to be performed, it belonged to the civil
officers; that only resistence to the constituted authority could
the military be called out, etc. To this some mocked, and others
stated the magistrate should be tarred and feathered. However,
the civil authorities were strong enough to disperse the mob.
This mob had been incited by the "Western Star," published
at Lebanon, under the pretence of liberating the children of David
and Anna Johnson, who had been with the Shakers for thirteen
years, and that with the consent of the parents. Their mother,
who had there deceased, a member of the Society, left it as her
last and special request, that her children might be brought up
under the care of the Shakers. The father, who was not a mem-
ber had given his consent that they should remain. Indeed he
appeared in the midst of the mob and disapproved of their pro-
ceedings, but they heeded him not. The Shakers did not prohibit
the mob from taking the children, provided they could be found,
because their lawful protection was in their father ; and they
would not be justified in giving them up, contrary to their own
feelings, and the will of both parents. Some of the children fled
and hid themselves. Ithamar, who was nearly of ag>% was over-
powered and dragged off to Lebanon and there put under keepers,
under a pretence of a precept for debt ; but obtaining his dis-
mission, he returned home the next morning. David, the father,
collected his children and encouraged them to persevere, promis-
ing to protect them to the utmost of his ability. The good offices
of the Shakers supplemented the efforts of the father.
mob of 1824.
The last recorded acts of a mob I have been able to find in
the Journal is that of September 7, 1824. It is mentioned as fol-
lows : "This evening at 8 o'clock, a small mob of about 16 men,
Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village. 131
came to the East house with one Francis Drake, to take away his
daughter, Harriet R. D., a young woman, who did not choose
to go. After making some disturbance in the family ; the chh.
heard the alarm. The Brethren immediately repaired thither and
took 10 of them prisoners without any harsh means, and brought
them to the office — fed and lodged them comfortably till morn-
ing. — Sept. 8. This morning we discharged our prisoners, on
their giving us their 'Word and honor! !' that they would do better
hereafter."
SOME SHAKER METHODS.
From the statements already made it may be assumed that
the Shakers did not rest quietly under persecutions. At times
they were compelled to take a bold stand. The attitude of the
"Western Star" was so flagrant and bitter towards the Shakers
as to cause hatred towards the Society by the people of the vil-
lage of Lebanon. Just why this hostility was displayed men-
tion is not given. In order to resent the bitter course of the
denizens of Lebanon the Shakers employed drastic measures.
Under date of June 15, 1818, the Journal state that, "Elder Peter
(Pease?) and Nathan S. (Sharp) went to Lebanon and settled
all accounts, intending to trade no more with them at present,
in consequence of their inveterate prejudice and persecuting
spirit." When trade was again resumed the Journal does not
state. In all probability this condition did not last long, for the
people of Lebanon could not afford to suffer the stand thus taken,
and concluded to mend their manners.
For Sunday, August 5, 1829, the following notice occurs:
"The execrable John Wallace dared to come here today, and set
his feet within our Meeting House door." Nothing more is
added. This is too frequently the case throughout the entire
Journal. The Shakers had every reason to feel resentment to-
wards John Wallace. My Mother, then a girl of thirteen, was
present on the occasion above referred to. I have often heard
her tell the story. On that day a large crowd attended the Sha-
ker meeting. John Wallace entered and quietly took a seat and
behaved with decorum. One of the Shakers arose and said :
"The children of God cannot worship so long as the devil was
in their midst." and then commanded Wallace to leave the Sane-
132 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
tuary. Wallace made no disposition to comply with the demand.
For a few moments the silence was oppressive, whilst all eyes
were turned on Wallace. The same elder again arose and in-
formed the spectators that unless they ejected Wallace the re-
ligious services would not be performed. Of course such a de-
mand could not be complied with. It was no concern of the
audience, but a matter that rested with the offended. Silence
again reigned supreme for a few moments. All at once, with-
out any preconcerted signal the Shakers suddenly arose, and like
a person driving geese, began to "shoo" the people out. The
visitors made a rush for the doors, most of whom were laughing,
and in the struggle at the door my Mother was thrown violently
from the steps to the ground and hurt. For this she never bore
them any ill-will, and always told the incident in a good-natured
way."
The Shakers have always been subjected to petty annoy-
ances, even down to the present time. My Mother stated that
she knew, in her younger days, of a party of young men and wo-
men from Franklin, who went to Shakertown, evidently bent on a
lark. They rudely entered the dwelling house, took possession
of the bedrooms, emptied vessels in the middle of the beds, and
from thence to the yard and garden, plucking such flowers as
they fancied, besides committing other depredations. And all
this by persons who considered themselves to be the elite of
Franklin.
Elder Joseph R. Slingerland informed me that the public
services were dispensed with owing to the conduct of the stu-
dents from the Lebanon Normal School. Not long since he
was forced to reprimand a stranger, then on their premises. For
his pains he received the reply, "I have as much right here as you."
CONCLUSION.
The foregoing relation of persecution and mob law inflicted
on the Shakers covers nearly the entire amount of serious attacks
and troubles which they were called upon to suffer. This, how-
ever, was as nothing compared to what their Eastern coadjutors
were forced to endure. A gradual change was taking place all
the time. People who attended their public services became bet-
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. 133
ter acquainted with their principles and manner of life. These
public meetings long continued to arrest the attention of large
crowds. As many as a hundred sleighs have been counted at
one time hitched about the Meeting House. I remember while
I was yet a boy large crowds were attracted to "Shaker meet-
ing." On one occasion, the crowd was so great that I sat on
the floor within two feet of the speaker, who had scarcely room
to stand. But at that time all ill-feeling had long before died
out. There never was a good motive for afflicting the Shakers.
Misrepresentation, falsehood, malice and officious persons caused
wrong and fear. The order never was strong enough, nor suffi-
ciently aggressive to arouse religious rancor and hatred, although
such was displayed. They should have been accorded the same
right as their tormentors had demanded for themselves. Their
persecutors were not savages or barbarians, but those professing
to be civilized and believers in Christianity, yet refusing to prac-
tice the Golden Rule.
Note. — It is a matter of justice to state that in the prepara-
tion of the foregoing article I have consulted only Shaker docu-
ments. I made efforts to secure the writings of Barton Stone
but failed. Besides the documents referred to, I have used Mc-
Nemar's "Account of Shakerism among the subjects of the late
revival in Ohio and Kentucky." The Church Journal or Record,
I have used is volume A, covering the period from March 27, 1805,
to April 30, 1861. This Record was not in my possession when
I wrote the history of the Shakers of Union Village. From the
3^ear 1805 to 1842 the Record is in the hand writing of Peter
Pease, which is neat and plain. From the beginning to Dec. 19,
181 1, it is made up of extracts from a journal kept by Peter
Pease. Besides this series there is another called B which con-
tains copy of covenant, declarations, deeds, etc. ; C contains a
list of members and minors, admissions, ages, nativity, etc. ; D
is devoted to necrology, and E of withdrawals. These I have not
examined. The Shaker authorities have been very polite and
pleasant to me in my researches, granting every request that has
been made.
Franklin, O., January 6, 1902.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL HISTORY OF OHIO.*
[This discriminating review is reprinted from the June number of
the Records of the Past, published in Washington, D. C, and edited by-
Rev. Henry Mason Baum, D. C. L., and Prof. Frederick Bennett
Wright.— E. O. R.]
Under this title the Ohio Archaeological and Historical So-
ciety has just published a volume of seven hundred and seventy-
six pages, prepared by Mr. Gerard Fowke. In addition to thor-
ough acquaintance with the literature of the subject, Mr. Fowke
has the advantage of being a practical surveyor and of having
spent much time in the actual survey of the remarkable mounds
and earthworks which are found in Ohio. The number of these
mounds is said to exceed 10,000; while in extent and complica-
tion of structure the earthworks exceed all others found in the
United States. Naturally the mystery attending these prehis-
toric structures has attracted the attention of a great variety of
writers, many of whom have formed theories concerning them
which have little connection with the facts themselves. It was
with the purpose of sifting these theories and getting at the
regular facts which have been brought to light by competent ex-
plorers that this volume was prepared. A good share of the
work of Mr. Fowke has therefore been to correct the errors
concerning them which had become current, and to dispel the
illusions freely indulged in by the majority of those who have
written upon the subject.
A prominent error respecting the earthworks and inclosures
relates to the mathematical accuracy of their construction. None
of them are laid out with sufficient regularity to imply the use of
anything but the rudest methods. Their squares are not square,
and their circles are far from being regular. Nor is there any
evidence of the employment of any tools more effective than
*Archaeological History of Ohio. The Mound Builders and Later
Indians. By Gerard Fowke. Published by the Ohio State Archaeolog-
ical and Historical Society, 1902.
The price of this work is $5.00, postage prepaid. It may be obtained
by addressing E. O. Randall, Columbus, Ohio.
(134)
Archaeological History of Ohio. 135
rough stone implements, or the employment of any means of
transporting the earth other than baskets. In all cases, also,
the material for the earthworks has been obtained from the im-
mediate vicinity.
Extensive as the works are, their construction, he thinks,
is not beyond the ability of a moderately sized Indian village
during a comparatively short period of time. The Fort Hill
embankment is estimated to contain 50,856 cubic yards of ma-
terial. With the means at their disposal, 250 Indians could have
easily constructed this "inside of 6 months."
Nevertheless, these structures may well continue to excite
the wonder of archaeologists. Fort Ancient, in Warren County,
is an irregular promontory 250 feet above Little Miami River,
surrounded by walls and earthworks measuring 18,712 feet in
length. Fort Hill, in Highland County, is a flat-topped summit
of 35 acres, completely surrounded by walls and earthworks
measuring 8,582 feet in length. The stone fort at Glenford,
Perry County, contains 20 acres, at the summit of a hill 300 feet
above the surrounding level. The fortified hill in Hamilton
County contains 12 acres; a similar one near Granville, Licking
County, contains 18 acres ; one in Butler County, 28 acres ; one
in Miami County, 18 ; and another near Dayton, 24 acres.
Of the inclosures upon low lands, those of from 3 to 5 acres
are too numerous to mention; while one in Green County has 12
acres ; one in Franklin County, 8 acres ; one in Montgomery
County, 31 acres; one in Butler County, 95 acres; one in Cler-
mont County, 50 acres ; one in Ross County, 1 1 1 acres, besides
two others nearly as large, and 8 others ranging from 13 to 28
acres each, and the complicated works of the Harkness Group
inclosing more than 70 acres. Indeed, in Ross County, for 12
miles along the valley of the Scioto, and 6 miles along Paint
Creek, there is a continuous succession of extensive and com-
plicated earthworks.
In Pike County the combination of square and circle joined
by parallel embankments includes more than 30 acres. Near
Portsmouth extensive and complicated earthworks include areas
of 35 acres connected by parallel embankments extending to the
Ohio River, with corresponding ones upon the Kentucky side.
136 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
The symmetrical works at Marietta include squares of 50 and
27 acres, with mounds of various shapes and a graded way lead-
ing to the Muskingum River. In Newark, Licking County, "mile
after mile of embankments, circles and other geometric figures,
parallels, lodge-sites, and mounds, covering an area of more
than 4 square miles, amaze the archaeologist and curiosity seeker
alike as they spend hours and days in traversing the ground in
every direction, constantly finding something worthy of investi-
gation and description."
The most remarkable effigy mound is the Serpent of Adams
County, which has been explored and restored by Professor F,.
W. Putnam, and presented to the State of Ohio. This is situated
upon a rocky promontory overlooking Brush Creek, and has a
total length, when measured along all its coils, of 1,350 feet.
Near Granville, Licking County, there is an effigy 250 feet in
length, representing probably an opossum, though it was formerly
supposed to be an alligator ; while near Portsmouth there is an
effigy 105 feet in length supposed to represent a bear.
From this simple but incomplete enumeration of facts it is
clear that the mounds and earthworks of Ohio have justly excited
the interest which has been aroused by them. But this interest
has not led to any satisfactory solution of their purpose or origin.
The result of Mr. Fowke's discussion is almost purely negative,
showing how unsatisfactory every theory is. His conclusions
are that the mounds which were supposed to be for the purpose
of signaling- from one prominent point to another would be of
little service for that purpose; that the extensive earthworks
upon the low lands are neither appropriate for fortifications of
defense, for the support of temporary structures for habitation,
nor for the promotion of religious ceremonies. But the fortified
hilltops were adapted to be of service for temporary defense.
They ♦are, however, ill adapted for sustaining long sieges, on
account of the impossibility of obtaining water.
The most probable theory for the most of the. mounds is
that they are the burial-places of distinguished members of the
tribes. One of these, the Hopewell group of mounds in Ross
County, has yielded the most remarkable collection of imple-
ments and ornaments supposed to have been buried in honor of
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications. ?-37
the dead. Eight thousand one hundred and eighty-five flint discs,
each weighing about one pound, the material of which came from
more than 200 miles to the southwest, were, however, probably
cached to be worked over into implements. But various orna-
ments were doubtless for memorial purposes. Among these were
large numbers of spool-shaped copper ear-ornaments and va-
rious other ornaments of copper wrought into tasteful shapes.
Numerous thin pieces of copper were cut into the shape of the
Swastika' cross ; while pieces of mica were cut into fair resem-
blances to fish. A skull of a skeleton was covered with a- wooden
head-dress with branching horns like the antlers of a deer, all
encased in thinly beaten copper. Large numbers of finely wrought
obsidian arrowheads and spearheads were also found, together
with shell ornaments from the Gulf of Mexico.
These discoveries are doubly interesting for the light they
shed upon the extent of the commerce of that time. The flint
disc found in such large numbers in the Hopewell Mound are
supposed by Mr. Fowke to have come from the vicinity of Louis-
ville, Ky. The mica probably is from North Carolina, the shells
from the Gulf of Mexico, the copper from Lake Superior, and the
obsidian from the Yellowstone Park, or from some place equally
distant in the southern part of the Rocky Mountains. The skill
shown in the manufacture of the ornaments is such that some
at first maintained that they were machine made and must be
of European manufacture. But closer examination demon-
strated that they were hand made, and that there was no reason
to doubt their native origin.
The wonder in the study of all these remains, (both the
monuments themselves and the implements), is that so much
could be done with the clumsy tools at the disposal of the Mound
Builders. There is no indication of their having used iron or
of their having melted copper. All the copper implements and
ornaments were hammered into shape, but the hammering must
have been done by pebbles rounded in the streams or worked
into shape by flaking and grinding. The dirt of which the
mounds and earthworks were made must have been loosened
by stone implements, and the forests cleared by building fires
138 Archaeological History of Ohio.
at the base of the trees and removing the charred portions by
the rudest means.
The Mound Builders, like all established tribes, knew how
to make fire by friction, and were very skillful in the application
of fire to various purposes. At Flint Ridge in Licking Count^,
for instance, ioo acres have been dug over to find the veins of
flint which occur, and deep holes excavated in the solid rock to
obtain material best fitted for use. Some of these pits were from
12 to 80 feet in diameter and 20 feet in depth. The work was
effected by building fires upon the surface, and then throwing
water upon the rock while it was hot, causing it to shatter ; when
the fragments were removed, and fire and water again applied.
The nearest approximation which can be made to the age of
the earthworks is that they are older than the period of dis-
covery of America by Columbus. The efforts to estimate the
antiquity earlier than that date from the size of the trees and
from the distribution of the different kinds of trees is thought
by Mr. Fowke to be futile. For the origin of the Mound Build-
ers Mr. Fowke is inclined to look to the various tribes of Indians
which have developed in the Mississippi Valley, and does not
think it necessary to attribute them all to any one tribe. The
hill fortifications may well represent temporary places of defense,
constructed by more warlike tribes from the north, while the
inclosures in the river valleys were connected with the more per
manent residences of tribes that had become sedentary in theii
habits. To maintain this theory, Mr. Fowke dwells at great
length upon the praiseworthy characteristics of the Indians, show-
ing from a vast accumulation of statistics that they are more
industrious than they are generally reputed to be, and instancing
such remarkable characters as Tecumseh, Pontiac, and Joseph to
show the possibility of organized efforts sufficient to accomplish
all the results apparent in the mounds of the Mississippi Valley.
It is well to have this careful collection of facts bearing upon
every side of the problem of the Mound Builders, even though
the results are mainly negative. There remains yet a vast amount
of work to be done in exploring other mounds and earthworks,
and in comparing material already in hand with that which is
being collected in other parts of the world. We think Mr. Fowke-
Criticism on Fowke's Book. 139
fails to recognize the full significance of various striking re-
semblances between these American relics and those from other
parts of the world. The Serpent Mound can scarcely be thought
to be an original invention. The Swastika cross has been traced
by the late Dr. Thomas Wilson wellnigh around the world, being
found in greatest profusion and variety in the earliest ruins of an-
cient Troy ; while the exact resemblance between the palaeolithic
implement found by Mr. Mills* in Newcomerstown, Ohio, and
others found in the valley of the Somme in France could scarcely
have originated by independent invention.
But Mr. Fowke has had full opportunity to give his own
interpretations and publish his own views upon these contro-
verted questions, and has produced a volume which is well worthy
of the enterprising Society which is setting about the more sys-
tematic and thorough exploration of the antiquities of the state.
CRITICISM ON FOWKE'S BOOK.
BY STEPHEN D. PEET. I
[Mr. Peet is the editor of the American Antiquarian, published at
Chicago, 111., and the author of several scholarly works on American
Archaeology. He was one of the organizers of the Ohio State Archaeo-
logical Society. — E. O. R.]
In reviewing the book on the Archaeological History of
Ohio, it is not the purpose to reflect upon the Society tinder
whose auspices it appears. It is true that the first Archaeological
Society, which was established at Mansfield in 1874, had a field
meeting every year of its existence, the first near Mansfield, the
second near Newark, and the third at Fort Ancient, so that all
the members could see for themselves whether the statements
or explanations made by any one of the number present were
correct or not. The meeting at Newark revealed to the mem-
bers the extent of the works, also the difference between the
one class erected bv the so-called "mound-builders" and another
*W. C. Mills, Curator of Ohio State Archaeological and Histor-
ical Society.
140 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
class which could be ascribed to the later Indians. The meeting
at Fort Ancient was attended by gentlemen from Cincinnati who
were familiar with the works, and at that time the writer pointed
out the resemblance of the walls of the old fort to two gigantic
serpents. Mr. Fowke himself was present for a short time, but
no one of the members imagined that he would ever rise to
such a magnitude as to sit in judgment upon every person who
had written, or should write, upon the subject of archaeology,
and their surprise is, therefore, the greater when a book ap-
pears written by him under the auspices of the Archaeological
and Historical Society, and still more surprised to find that he
has set himself up as a censor and judge.
It will also be a surprise to everyone to read the statement
that "most publications relating to the subject, whether news-
paper articles or bulky volumes, are the work of relic hunters,
or persons whose curiosity is excited by something they have
seen, or heard, or visionaries seeking proof of a pet hypothesis;
* also that hasty surmises appear in the form of definite
assertions; indications and possibilities patched together with
wild guesses, are recorded as established facts. * * * A few
unfortunately, bear the signatures of distinguished men whose
successful work in some other profession or branch of science
gives to their words the weight of authority when they decide,
usually as a matter of recreation, to dabble in archaeology."
I do not know what experience this young man who rushed
away from the company in such haste may have since had in
the field, or what training he has had in the schools, but I main-
tain that anyone who has the modesty that most scientific men
have, and the courtesy which most gentlemen unconsciously pos-
sess, would avoid the language which mars this book and brings
a blush to the cheek of nearly every archaeologist. The author
knows that the very gentlemen whose names he uses so freely,
and of whom he speaks so disrespectfully, have stood for many
years as the most scholarly and accomplished writers this country
has ever produced. He knows, also that many of these gentle-
men have passed away, and that even according to the heathen
motto, "nil mortuis nisi bonum." he should have some regard
for their reputation and have spoken kindly of their memory.
Criticism on Fowke's Book. 141
The science of American Archaeology requires a great deal
of reading as well as exploring, for the questions will come up
in reference to the early condition of the American aborigines as
compared with the later, which can be settled only by being
familiar with the writings of the earliest historians, including
the "Jesuit Relations" and other books, as well as those of
the various historians. Fortunately the most of the Archaeol-
ogists, especially those who have undertaken to write books, have
made themselves acquainted with the literature on the subject,
but have discriminated between those books which were written
at an early date and those which have recently appeared, making
all due allowance for the progress of the science.
Mr. Fowke knows who has written upon the subject, and
he ought to know the difference between a mere adventurer and
ignorant tyro and common newspaper writer, and those gen-
tlemen who have been endorsed by the learned societies of this
country and whose works have been published by the Govern-
ment or by those who are known to be reliable and trustworthy.
It certainly seems presumptuous for a young man who has
had as little experience in the field as Mr. Fowke has to deny
the testimony of those who saw the works of Ohio when they
were well preserved and in a condition to be properly inter-
preted, and then to. set his own testimony against theirs.
It may be that the pre-historic works of Ohio are. at the
present time, in such a condition that they cannot be identified
Those pronounced by all who have seen them as 'graded wavs"
and designed for canoe landings, are nothing more than natural
ridges; but, if so, the testimony of some competent geologist
should have been secured, and the young man. who has a repu-
tation to form as an archaeologist, should have fortified him-
self by the testimony of more competent men.
It is easy to hold a field meeting and reach decisions that
are reliable. The interpretation of such works as the Great Ser-
pent Effigy has been veried. This is owing to the worn con-
dition of certain portions of it, yet the cliff on which it rests
is the same as nature formed it. When, therefore, those who
have had experience in studying effigies give their testimony^ that
there is frequently a correspondence between the shape of the
142 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
cliff or ridge, and "the form of the effigy on the summit, and
that their superstition always led the aborigines to a quick rec-
ognition of the resemblance," it becomes one who is ignorant
of mythology to be somewhat modest in his statements.
Everyone knows who has ever visited the Great Serpent
that there is no other cliff like it in the state of Ohio, and the
topography of the region confirms what has been said about the
Great Serpent.
The public will be likely to receive the testimony of such
careful observers as Prof. F. W. Putnam and W. H. Holmes
much sooner than that of Mr. Gerard Fowke, and he only hurts
himself when he undertakes to ridicule either of them. In ref-
erence to the "sacred enclosures" being village sites and con-
nected with the bottom lands and the river sides by socalled
"covered ways" and "graded ways," the statement of others is
certainly as reliable as the denial of this self-constituted critic
and judge. The reader of the book does not need to go to the
localities, where these villages are situated, for he has only to look
at the cuts which have been reproduced from Squier and Davis'
celebrated book to see that nearly every one of the earthworks,
which have been ascribed to the mound builders, whether village
sites or forts, or designed for dances or religious ceremonies is
situated on the banks of some stream, and many were at one
time connected with the streams (at least at high water) by
graded ways, and were provided with canoe landings.
The works are not entirely destroyed and a resurvey would
easily settle the question. It should be remembered that some
of the books on the Archaeology of Ohio were written before
Mr. Fowke was born, and the authors had the opportunity of
seeing the works as they were at that time and the public is
likely to believe their testimony as to the object and use of these
works as to accept the opinion of one who has seen them only
in their present worn condition. The archaeologist is expected
to so interpret every object which he sees that others may learn
about the social life which once existed and be able to people
the works with a busy scene of activity. The archaeologists who
have studied the ruins of ancient cities have been able to do
this. They have brought before us the pictures of ancient societv
Fowke's Book Reviewed. 143
which seem to be very real and very correct. This should also
be the case with the person who studies the earthworks of Ohio.
He should be so familiar with ancient Society as to make the
monuments speak and interpret the works and relics so that they
will be suggestive of the people who used them. A negative
criticism does not serve any good purpose. Every writer should
rise to a plane higher than the ordinary observer, and should
put into the works the very life that once existed.
The perfunctory examination of the works and relics by a
single irresponsible and unreliable person certainly is a very poor
foundation for a book of 760 pages — and when this is attended
with such negative evidence as may come from denying the testi-
mony of nearly all who have been in the field and have written
on the subject — it destroys confidence in the book itself but
confirms the testimony of preceding writers. The archaeological
history should be based on the testimony of previous writers and
explorers, and is in this respect, different from an archaeological
report. As it is, this socalled history tends to overthrow archae-
ology — but fails to establish history — and yet both must go
together if we are to have a complete record of the state, which
is so celebrated for the achievements of both the historic and
prehistoric people who have dwelt in it.
FOWKE'S BOOK REVIEWED.
BY J. P. MACLEAN, FRANKLIN, OHIO.
[Prof. Mac Lean is one of the Trustees of the Ohio State Archaeo-
logical and Historical Society and the author of several archaeological
and historical volumes, in both of which subjects he takes high rank.
He was for some years Curator and Librarian of the Western Reserve
Historical Society. The following article was in the form of a com-
munication to the Editor of the Quarterly. — E. O. R.]
I have made a very thorough examination of Fowke's Arch-
aeological History of Ohio and I am pained to say I never before
experienced so great a disappointment in a book. Without hes-
itation I pronounce it the most dogmatic, arrogant, intollerant,
144 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
warpish, cruel, brutal and virulent book I ever had the misfor-
tune to read.
A book of so pretentious a nature should be judicious, fair,
manly and dignified, all of which elements it is sadly deficient
in. Its errors are so numerous that to point out each separate
one would be to eliminate more than half the pages. I will
trouble you with the following particulars :
First. The spirit of the book is very bad. Even if the views
of certain authors are wrong, it is poor taste and exhibits a want
of culture to apply such epithets to the persons and writings of
gentlemen as the following: Simple (p. 33), paradoxical sur-
mises (p. 52), ridiculous, fanciful (p. 58), unwarranted opinions,
assumptions (p. 59), wonder mongers (p. 72), hysterically (p.
73), equally ridiculous (p. 74), rhapsodies (p. 75), abundant
theorizing, tendency towards the marvellous (p. j6), silliness
(p. 79), delusive (p. 86), ridiculous (p. 87), the next is a gem
(p. 88), pure fancy (p. 100), dubious feature (p. 108), funny twist
(p. 112), twaddle (p. 115), groundless assumption (p. 122), silly
(P- : 35)> perverted (p. 274), very foolish theories, conceit (p.
320), lucubratious (p. 425). One paragraph of less than nine
lines contains "ridiculous," "fanciful conclusions," "height of ab-
surdity," and "venal charlatan," (p 58), and another of less than
seven lines, "turgid emanations," "sort of stuff," and "vagaries"
(p. 71). This vituperation might also do for school boys practic-
ing the use of invectives, but it is certainly out of place in a
scientific book.
Second. Ridicule is another objectionable feature which
mars many pages of the book. No man desires to be ridiculed,
and when one engages in that pastime he displays both a want of
judgment and kindly feeling. I will not note all the sentences
of this description. On one page (63) both Prof. Short and Col.
Whittlesy are subjected to this brutal treatment, although both
are hushed in death. The former is brought through the fire on
account of his opinion concerning the Cincinnati Tabulet, and
the latter for his investigations into the metrical system of the
Mound Builders. Peck (p. 70) is advised to restrain his impa-
tience, while Squier and Davis are accused of seeing "an altar in
every spot of burned earth" (p. 309). Perhaps Dr. Peet receives
Fowke's Book Reviewed. 145
that greatest balm, which certainly borders closely to the line
of libel. "Peet possesses a peculiar faculty for seeing snakes.
But he is justified in exploiting this discovery; in fact, he should
give it more prominence than he has done, for there is prob-
ably not another work in the world where two snakes are repre-
sented as the proud possessors of five tails — or five sets of rattles,
whichever it is" (p. 279). Equally significant is the misrepre-
sentation of Prof. Newberry's remarks on the age of forest
trees (p. 118).
If it be granted that the epithets applied and the ridicule per-
petrated are warranted by the facts in the case, that would be
no justification of their use in the present volume.
Third. I desire to call your attention to such uncalled for
expressions or sentences as these : "Strangely enough, he makes
no mention of the tall man with heavy whiskers and an unu-
sually large jaw" (p. 73) ; "the trunk of the mastodon to one, is
the tail of the coon to the other" (p. 92).
Fourth. While no one would seriously object to Mr. Fowke's
right to maintain a theory, yet reckless statements should not be
hastily made. His power of stating a fact or grasping one, he
presents (pp. 59, 60) in the following computation : "The most
complete and convenient catalogue of writers on aboriginal re-
mains, accessible to the public, is that contained in the American
Antiquarian," for July. 1887, and March, 1893. From these
books Mr. Fowke marked over one hundred volumes of quota-
tions. The reference here cited, including letters, papers in soci-
eties' reports, as well as separate volumes, number eighty-one in
all. The hundred volumes of Mr. Fowke must necessarily shrink
into insignificant ones.
Fifth. Mr. Fowke makes some very serious charges.
Squiers and Davis. "Ancient Monuments" (p. 57), state that they
carefully surveyed in person an ancient work in Ross county.
Mr. Fowke says, in reference to this averment, that "it is not
probable they ever made any such survey as that set forth in
their note" (p. 57). My understanding is that the literary work
of "Ancient Monuments" was performed by Dr. Davis. This is
Vol. XI— 10
146 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
the only instance known to me of his veracity being called in
question.
On a par with the above is his assault on the Bureau of
Ethnology. Even if he is correct, the impeachment has no place
in the book in question. He asserts (p. 303) that the former
chief of the division of mound explorations was without prac-
tical experience and employed only men without experience or
knowledge in archaeological works. (It must be remembered
that some years ago Mr. Fowke engaged in field work for the
Bureau.) The Ohio Archaeological Society cannot afford to
cast opprobrium on any other society, especially when there has
been no provocation. Whatever spleen Mr. Fowke may have
against the Bureau, our society cannot afford to be the means
of conveyance.
Regarding the Elephant Pipes, owned by the Davenport
Academy of Science, we are blandly informed (p. 112) that all
the evidence for and against their genuineness is in the Second-
Annual Report of the Bureau of Ethnology. It is charity to as-
sume that Mr. Fowke is ignorant of Col. Putnam's paper, in
vindication, published in Vol IV. of the Society's Proceedings.
Sixth. Mr. Fowke shows his incapacity of holding former
statements. As an instance, in one place (p. 83), speaking of
Ft. Ancient, he declares that such statements as "at numerous
places are found large quantities of water-worn stone which,
after an incredible amount of labor, have been carried from the
river below," are not true ; while speaking of the same structure,
on another page (239), he avers that "at every opening where the
wall is worn away, stone may be seen cropping out at the base."
Seventh. The author exercises a wonderful faculty of con-
fusion. As an instance he treats of glacial man in the second
chapter, and near the close of the third tackles the same propo-
sition again (p. 43). The graded way at Piketon is summarily
dismissed (p. 126) as a natural product, and resurrected for
further operation (p. 274). All the excavated graded ways pass
away except the one at Marietta which was formed by digging
earth for the mounds and embankments in the vicinity ! ! !
Eighth. In order to suit his caprice "physiological fact" (p.
287) is made to play an important part. The symmetry of pro-
Foivke's Book Reviewed. 147
portion in the effigy mounds is nowhere preserved. As an
evidence that the same is sometimes adhered to in carvings ref-
erence need only be made to the effigy pipe that forms the frontis-
piece of Mr. Fowke's book.
Ninth. Mr. Fowke essays a list' of books some of which
he recommends "for careful reading." Among those which do
not receive his seal of approval are such works as Bancroft's
History of the United States, Gibbons' Decline and Fall of the
Roman Empire, etc., etc. On the other hand, abusing Squiers
and Davis' "Ancient Monuments," most shamefully, and charg-
ing it with being the foundation of the misconception and erro-
neous beliefs so generally acceped, yet he recommends the book
for careful perusal ! ! !
Tenth. The book is largely made up of quotations, massing
together the sayings of the amateur with those of the professional.
Not satisfied with this, newspaper clippings (p. 288) are drag-
ged in that they may be disposed of.
Unfortunately the quotations from authors are perverted in
such a way that the true index to their works is lost sight of. In
short it is a work of destruction. Yet I do not believe that any
of the flaggelated books will be injured thereby. The animus
of the work is so transparent as to be reactionary. Mr. Fowke
has lost a golden opportunity. If he had listened to the advice
of the secretary of the society he might have done honor to him-
self. He dug the pit into which he has fallen. Mortal man can
never extricate him.
Eleventh. The book on its face shows that it consists simply
of Mr. Fowkes' opinions of the writings of others, and what he
pretends to know of antiquities. He displays a want of famil-
iarity with the earth works of Ohio, or else a want of a clear
conception concerning them. It is a disappointment that he has
not given even a cut of the enclosures of Ohio. Many of Ohio's
interesting remains are passed over in silence, and hence the book
cannot be a guide to the uninformed who might be interested in
the prehistoric remains of this state. Some of these remains have
been figured and described. Among them reference might be
made to the Annual Reports of the Smithsonian Institution for
1881, 1883, 1885. Probably Mr. Fowke never heard of them.
148 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Really of what value to any one are the opinions of Mr.
Fowke ?
The society cannot afford to become sponsors for Mr.
Fowkes' eccentricities. It is far better that the entire edition be
suppressed and all the books sent out recalled, than that the soci-
ety should suffer from this most inconsiderate of books.
If the Executive Committee will take such action it will not
only meet with my approval but I will advocate the same before
the entire Board of Trustees.
THE MOUND BUILDERS OF OHIO.
S. S. KNABENSHUE, TOLEDO, OHIO.
[The following interesting review of Mr. Fowke's Archaeological
History of Ohio, is from the Toledo Blade of June 26, 1902.]
Archaeology, in its' widest sense, is the science of antiquities.
It investigates the relics of man and his industries, and classifies
his remains and records of every kind from the past. In the
United States the domain of archaeology covers everything con-
nected with the inhabitants down to the period when the whites
came upon the scene.
The Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society has just is-
sued a volume of 760 pages, entitled Archaeology of Ohio: The
Mound Builders and Later Indians. It is written by Mr. Gerard
Fowke, of Chillicothe, whose name and v*ork are well known to
all who are familiar with the archaeological and scientific progress
of the past score of years.
Mr. Fowke's book is written for the general reader, not for
the specialist or scientist. There are very many persons inter-
ested in American antiquities who have neither time nor oppor-
tunity to obtain and read the vast amount of literature which has
accumulated, especially since the publication of Squier and Davis's
researches in the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, over
a half-century ago. In the present work, so much of this matter
as relates to Ohio antiquities will be found in compact form. As
certain features of Ohio achaeologv, however, can not be well
The Mound Builders of Ohio. 149
considered by themselves, the discussion is often given a conti-
nental scope. This is especially true of the large portion of the
work relating to the Mound Builders, and to the mooted question
of the existence of man before the glacial epoch.
The first thing which strikes the reader — and most favor-
ably — is that the author does not set up a theory on any subject
and then proceed to twist the evidence to support it. An excel-
lent example of this is in the chapter on Palaeolithic Man. A
few rudely chipped flints have been found at different places in
the United States, notably in the Trenton gravels along the Dela-
ware river. The question is, whether these relics were laid down
in the situations where found at the same time the gravels were
deposited, or whether, through the caving of the river bank, and
perhaps other causes, they were transferred from the surface to
the points where discovered. Mr. Fowke gives the statements of
various writers on both sides of the controversy, and then leaves
the matter with the remark that when men of great ability, after
devoting much time to investigation on the spot, can not agree,
those less informed have no right to form or express an opinion.
This excellent attitude of fairness and conservatism runs through-
out the book.
The discussion of the various theories as to the origin or
the American Indians is excellent. Much space is given to a fair
and impartial presentation of the views of those who have dis-
cussed the subject. The great stumbling-stone to correct views
on this subject is the supposed necessity of assuming that the
Western Continent must have been peopled from the Eastern.
In the light of modern scientific beliefs, this is not a necessary
predicate. If man came into existence through an evolutionarv
process, there can be no valid reason assigned why the pro-
genitors of the American Indians may not have originated on
this continent, the negro in Central Africa, and so on.
The largest portion of the work naturally is that which refers
to the Mound Builders and their remains. Mr. Fowke has done
a somewhat disagreeable task, but one very necessary to be done,
in demolishing a number of fanciful theories which have served
no purpose but to obscure the subject, and to hinder the progress
of investigation.
150 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Perhaps the most colossal of these erroneous theories is that
the Mound Builders were a people much more advanced in civili-
zation than the Indians; that in all portions of the country
wherein their remains are found they flourished at the same
period, forming a great empire; and many more suppositions
based upon the assumption that they must have been a very
numerous people. The fallacy of this contention is shown, after
numerous characteristic quotations from all its leading supporters,
from Squier and Davis down to the present. There is no evi-
dence that they were in any respect superior to the Indians in
civilization ; they had no greater knowledge of the arts ; that
they occupied contemporaneously all the localities where their
remains are found is a mere assumption. They were probably
divided into tribes, just as the Indians were, and were more or
less migratory.
In point of fact, there is nothing to prove that they were
in any respect different from the Indians. It it not a violent
presumption that they were of the same race, for some tribes of
Indians continued the erection of burial mounds down to the
period of white occupancy. And it is the conclusion of Mr.
Fowke that "there is no probability that any manuscripts, inscrip-
tions or other records will ever be disclosed which will aid in
solving the unanswered questions concerning Mound Builders."
All we can do is to investigate their tumuli, cemeteries and vil-
lage sites. "But the discouraging feature presents itself that we
seem unable to find anything new or essentially different from
what we already have. Our museums are filling up with material
from all these sources ; and yet, for years, the accumulation has
added nothing in the way of real information to what we already
knew."
Much space is given to the various enclosures, mounds, for-
tifications, village sites and relics of these people. There are 303
plates, maps, plans and engravings, many of which are reproduc-
tions from former publications, but which are very valuable taken
in connection with the text. In the chapters dealing with the
.indians there is much interesting matter, especially in the com-
parisons of their work and habits to some observed in the remains
of the Mound Builders. Mr. Fowke has done splendid service
Ohio Researches into slrchacology. 151
incidentally in correcting - a number of errors with regard to the
ancient monuments of Ohio, due to the superficial nature of the
examinations and measurements made by different writers, and
the errors, deliberate or otherwise, in their descriptions. The
book is a most valuable contribution to archaeology, and the state
society is to be congratulated upon its enterprise in securing its
preparation and publication.
OHIO RESEARCHES INTO ARCHEOLOGY.
. [The following is from the pen of the distinguished author, Frank
B. Sanborn, who was the guest of the Ohio State Archaeological and
Historical Society at its annual meeting, June 6, 1902. The article here
produced first appeared in the Springfield Republican of Springfield, Mass.
— E. O. R.]
The barbarous archaeology of North America has been re-
ceiving great attention of late years, especially in Ohio, where
its more important monuments are ; and now Gerard Fowke,
backed by the Ohio Archaeological Society, whose president is
Gen. Brinkerhoff of Mansfield, and its secretary E. O. Randall
of Columbus, has written the "Archaeological History of Ohio,"
at much length and with many engravings, to describe the work
of the mound builders in that state and near its borders, and to
illustrate the character of our aboriginies, who must have built
the great works and furnished the wars and burials and religious
rites for which they were buih.. No such complete single volume
exists, so far as I know ; and in it are summed up, not without
scorn and refutation, those theories of the origin of the works
and the habits of the builders, which do not square with the
author's own. It is quite impossible now, and probably always
will be, for us to understand the minute causes and full explana-
tion of these numerous and peculiar mounds and earthworks ; for
the race or races which made them had no literature, nor even an
alphabet, that first step in literature, so that they could hand
down to posterity their own explanation, as the Greeks and other
literary races have done. Mr. Fowke makes it appear clearly
enough that there was no lack of intellectual ability in our aborig-
152 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
inies (wherever they got it,) but for lack of an alphabet they
could have no intelligible history — and for lack of all but bar-
barous art, they could have but a short chapter of pre-history,
such as Boucher de Perthes developed for the fossil men of
France. Under these circumstances it is far too easy to despise
our Indians, as our jingoes now despise and "hike" the Filipinos,
while Root and Lodge raise a great smother in the landscape to
keep the truth from view. We should remember what Gray said
of the rural poor of England,
"Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,
Their homely joys and destiny obscure,
Nor Grandeur hear, with a disdainful smile,
The simple annals of our 'Lo the poor.' "
For it appears by Mr. Fowke's later chapters that the Indian
women, so much pitied by many writers on account of the
drudgery they had to do, were, in fact, owners of the soil, —
not to keep it out of the hands of creditors, as in our civilization,
but as a leading part of the tribe. Lucien Carr, who is high
authority among the conflicting and pugnacious antiquarians of
the west, has this to say :
"Of the cabin, the Indian wife was absolute mistress; and
not only was this true of the cabin and all that it contained, but
she seems also to have owned the fields and harvests. In fact,,
we are told that the whole of the land occupied by the tribe be-
longed to her. At a council held in 1791, the women told Col.
Proctor, the American commissioner, "We are the owners of
the land, and it is ours." In another instance they, in conjunc-
tion with the warriors, obliged the chiefs to reopen a council
that had been declared closed, and to make a sale of lands upon
terms which had previously been rejected by these chiefs —
Cornplanter among them. These two instances justify us in
concluding that either wholly or in part, the land belonged to
the women. According to Morgan, the title was vested in all
the people of the tribe, including females as well as males ; and
of this there cannot be much doubt in view of the many deeds,
receipts and other official documents that have come down to
us, bearing the signatures conjointly of the principal women, the
chiefs and the leading warriors."
NOTE — HISTORICAL.
R. W. M'FARLAND, OXFORD, OHIO.
People familiar with the early annals of the West, know
something of Simon Kenton. They know also of the rivalry be-
tween him and Leitchman for the hand of a young lady — that
Kenton was unsuccessful in his suite — that there was a fight
in consequence and that in the first encounter Kenton again lost,
but in the second, by wrapping Leitchman's long hair about a
sapling, Kenton won, and so severely beat his opponent that
thinking him fatally injured, he left at once for the West, not
returning to his home for additional clothing. He changed his
name to Butler and was known by that name for twelve or thir-
teen years next following.
Ellis in his Life of Kenton says that in 1782, Kenton learn-
ing that Leitchman did not die, returned to Virginia and came
back with his relatives to Kentucky. The statement is repeated
on p. 192 in this Journal for October, 1901. The question is
whether that statement is correct.
The writer of this note is one of the few men now living
who knew Simon Kenton personally. The families were connected
by marriage, and the first twenty-two years of my life were spent
among the Kentons, children and grandchildren of Simon and
of his older brother, William. For more than half a century a
family record was kept by one of William's daughters. Years
ago I copied out the chief parts of that record and have it be-
fore me.
In 1832 McClung's Sketches of Western Adventure was pub-
lished, containing an account of Simon Kenton. About two years
after Simon's death, I read this account to Thomas Kenton, son
of Wm. Kenton and nephew of Simon. This Thomas was in his
fourteenth year when the Kenton family and about fortv other
persons left Fauquier county, Virginia, on the 16th of September,
1783, for Kentucky. In a month they reached Redstone ( P.rown-
ville) on the Monongehela. At this place they took boats. Si-
mon's father, Mark Kenton, then eighty-two years old, was one
(153)
154 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
of the company. He died shortly after leaving Redstone and
was buried on the bank of the Ohio between Pittsburg and
Wheeling.
In regard to the fight, McClung says, "He [Simon] ac-
cordingly walked over to Leitchman's house one morning, and
finding him busily engaged in carrying shingles from the woods
to his own house," etc. When I had read thus far Kenton cried
out vehemently, "That's a lie ; it wasn't shingles, it was two-foot
clapboards."
Finishing McClung's sketch, Kenton said it was all right
except the "shingles." The whole incident is as fresh in my
mind now, as if it had happened but yesterday, and it seems to
me to be a strong corroboration of the truth of McClung's ac-
count.
At the same time this Thomas Kenton, then sixty-eight
years old, told me that the family had never heard of Simon
after his fight, until on reaching Kentucky, they found "Simon
Butler," and learning that Leichman did not die, (for more
reasons than one) he resumed his true name. This account dif-
fers from that of Ellis, and coming from the lips of one who
was of the company, and personally knew the things whereof
he spoke, it appears to me to be the true account.
It may be of interest to say that the Kenton colony landed
at Louisville, about the first of December ; then went to the
vicinity of Harrodsburg, and remained there till 1794; then moved
to the vicinity of Maysville, and 1801, to the Madriver valley,
a few miles west of Urbana, Ohio, where hundreds of the con-
nection live now.
Note. — The children of Wm. Kenton who settled in the vicinity of
Urbana with the father, were Philip C, Thomas, Mark, William, Jane,
Mary and Elizabeth. Simon lived for years four or five miles south of
Urbana on the road to Springfield.
GIRTY'S ISLAND.
BY N. B. C. LOVE, DESHLER, O.
Girty's Island, in the Maumee River, a hundred years ago,
was the headquarters of the Indians and was the home, for a time,
of Simon Girty.
Rich in verdant foliage of varied green
And many kindred growth of stately trees,
Plants, flowers and vines with nectar for bees,
Blended in a quivering summer sheen ;
And around the waters ebbying tide,
Bending low long boughs with vines interlace
And reflect in the liquid mirror's face,
Scintillating, like moving pictures, glide.
Here Girty's council fires light up the scene,
And all is weird with songs of Indian life,
The whoop and taunt of the savage, whose spleen
Finds vent in imaginary battle strife.
Girty and his dusky aborigines,
Glory in bloody work beneath the trees.
THE NORTHWEST.
BY N. B. C. LOVE.
O'er the vast Northwest, the storms of war
Had for ages long fearful havoc made,
With Chieftain bold and many a wildwood maid,
And Squaw and warriors both near and far.
Grand in its vastness reaching from the height
Of the Alleghenies to the great River,
Which through the continent flowed ever,
From frozen North to Southern warmth and light
(155)
156 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications,
And its Lakes of crystal water fit for gods,
And commerce of multitudes unborn
Who would scorn to ask of Kings any odds.
Inexhaustable the stores in this estate,
Ample to make the millions rich and great.
Here God's own forest palaces stood
With shaft, column and architrave aloft,
While primitive men in modest worship oft
Felt within that the Great Spirit was good.
Why all this region indescribably great,
Its forests, rivers, prairies, lakes and rills,
Its fauna and riches beneath the hills ?
That it might be restored to Eden's gate ;
All its fastness of primeval splendor,
Of mountain, valley and sequestered dell.
No voices to praise, nor hands to defend her,
And no historian her glories to tell,
But only the silent Mosoleum Mounds
Whose unwritten records in them abounds.
The warm throbbing heart of the Greater West,
An empire divinely formed, soon to be
Grander than those beyond the olden sea —
With freedom and every good possessed.
No pen shall give her record long but lost,
Or write the deeds of a pre-Adamic race
In wars, and the exciting woodland chase,
Or fleets with oars, or Seas they crossed :
Or of mighty men whose sacrificial ashes urned,
In mound of stone and earth like Babylon ;
Whose fair sons were on their altars burned,
And devoutedly praying worship the rising sun.
All are silent now as the ancient graves ;
Only is heard footsteps of tawny braves.
MEMORIAL TO THOMAS WILSON.
\V. C. MILLS.
[This memorial was submitted by the writer at the annual meeting
of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, June 6, 1902. —
Editor.]
It is my sad duty to record for the annals of our Society the
decease of our esteemed friend Dr. Thomas Wilson, late curator
of Archaeology in the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C,
whose death occurred early Sunday morning, May 4th, 1902.
Dr. Wilson was a great friend of our Society and was also
a contributor to our Quarterly. In many ways I have been com-
pelled to call upon Dr. Wilson for information upon various sub-
jects pertaining to Museum work and in all cases he responded
cheerfully and generously.
Dr. Wilson spent the greater part of his busy life in the city
•of Washington. He was born July 18, 1809, at New Brighton,
Beaver Co., Pa. His ancestors both on his father's and mother's
side came from northern England ; those on his father's side
settled in Harford county, Md., while those on his mother's side,
the Mercers, settled in Chester county, Pa. As the country be-
came more settled the Wilsons moved to Beaver Co., Pa., and the
Mercers to Columbiana county, Ohio.
In those early days it was not considered of great value to
have an education, but Dr. Wilson attended the common schools
at New Brighton, where he received the best education afforded
there, at that time. He was a very ambitious young man and
bound to make his way in the world. He left his native town
of New Brighton and came to Salem, Ohio, where he apprenticed
himself to David Woodruff in order to learn carriage making.
He remained with Mr. Woodruff for two years and then went
west, serving as a journeyman in several places in Illinois and
Missouri. He finally settled in Marietta. Marshall county, Towa,
where he followed his trade of making plows used for breaking
the new prairie land.
(157)
158 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
In a short time he was chosen a deputy clerk of the court.
From this experience he turned his attention to law and later
completed his course in the law office of Finch & Croker, Des
Moines. Iowa, after which he was admitted to the bar. He then
returned to Marietta and began his legal practice, in which he
continued with marked succes.
At the beginning of the Civil War he enlisted in the 26. Iowa
Cavalry, and was promoted to the rank of Captain, but prefer-
ring the infantry branch of the sen-ice, he resigned and raised a
company which was known as the 4th Iowa Volunteers, of which
he was given command. He was mustered out of service Sept. 16,
1864. He went to Washington to settle up his accounts with
the government and there formed a legal partnership with the
distinguished Thomas Corwin of Ohio for the prosecution of
claims against the government. All the members of the Ohio
State Archaeological and Historical Society will remember the
visit of Dr. Wilson to our city, some years ago, when he pre-
sented to the Society a fine oil painting of Thomas Corwin, his
former partner. In 1881 he retired from the practice of law
and was appointed United States consul to Ghent, Belgium, after
a few years he was transferred to Xantes, and later to Nice,
France.
For years prior to his study of the law he was very much in-
terested in the mounds and prehistoric monuments of this coun-
try. After his stay in Xantes he took up the study of prehistoric
monuments and all of his leisure time was devoted to the study
of archaeology. He visited all the museums and collections in
western Europe and investigated most of the sites known for
their occupation by prehistoric man. During his residence in
Europe, he gathered, both by purchase and as the result of his own
excavations, a collection of several thousand objects pertaining
to prehistoric archaeology of Brittany. This collection he de-
posited in the Smithsonian Institution.
In 1887 Dr. Chas. Rou, curator of archaeology in the Smith-
sonian Institution died, and Dr. Wilson became his successor, in
which position he continued until his death.
Dr. Wilson was one of the foremost advocates of popu-
lar instruction in the Science of Anthropology, and he devoted
Memorial to Thomas ll'ilsun. 159
much time to lecturing and writing upon the subject. Many of
you will remember the address of Dr. Wilson, as Vice President of
Section "H" of the American Association for the Advancement
of Science, given in Orton Hall, Ohio State University. The
subject being, "The beginnings of the study of Prehistoric An-
thropology."
Among his many contributions to Anthropology and Archae-
ology may be mentioned, "A Study of Prehistoric Anthropology,"
1888; "Results of an inquiry as to the existence of Man in North
America during the Paleolithic Period of the Stone Age." 1888;
'"Criminal Anthropology," 1890; "Primitive Industry." 1892;
"Minute Stone Implements from India," 1892; '"The Swastika,
The Earliest Known Symbol," 1895; "Prehistoric Art. Or the
Origin of Art as Manifested in the Works of Prehistoric Man,"
1897 : "Arrowpoints, speareheads and knives of Prehistoric
Time," 1898.
In connection with his Museum work he was called upon to
install, at the Cincinnati Exposition in 1888. an exhibit from the
Department of Prehistoric Anthropology. He also assisted in
making the display at the World's Fair in Chicago ; at the Exposi-
tion in Atlanta and other places. In 1889 he was sent to Paris
as a delegate from the Smithsonian Institution to the tenth in-
ternational congress of anthropology and prehistoric archaeology.
In 1892 he visited the Columbian historical exposition held in
Madrid. He served on the jury of awards at the World's Co-
lumbian Exposition at Chicago. He was also one of the com-
missioners to the exposition held in Brussels in 1898; his services
there gained for him the decoration of the Order of Leopold
Premier. King of Belgium. Dr. Wilson was one of the regents
of the National University from which he had received the de-
gree LL. D. He was a member of many scientific and patriotic
societies and a member of the Anthropological Societies of Brus-
sels, London, Paris and Washington.
EDITORIALANA.
VOL. XI. No. U Eitrflp^dcUM JULY, J902
ARCHAELOGICAL AGITATION.
Elsewhere in this Quarterly we publish quite a snappy symposium
concerning Fowke's Book, "The Archaeological History of Ohio," pub-
lished by our Society in April last. Mr. Fowke's volume is well calcu-
lated to "stir the bones" of the Mound Builders and their modern
investigators. It is of course distinctly understood that the Ohio State
Archaeological and Historical Society does not stand sponsor for Mr.
Fowke's archaeological views much less for his personal animadversions.
We perused the advance sheets of Mr. Fowke's book and insisted upon
the elimination of much detraction of other authors and we advised
the expurgation of much more. It is to be regretted that Mr. Fowke
could not have presented his facts and fancies in a less cantankerous
style. His pages are all "sickled o'er" with the lurid cast of sarcastic
dogmatism. The subjects of his "remarks" however take him much too
grievously : His intolerance is his own condemnation. His book is a
vast store house of research, study and conjectures concerning the mys-
terious people known as the Mound Builders and of their extant pre-
historic works. His volume moreover is a veritable encyclopedia of the
literature heretofore produced on the subject. No such book has ever
appeared and no other state could furnish the material for such a
production. Of the technical merits of the "history;" its opinions and
statements, we do not presume to speak. The archaeological students are
speaking for themselves and somewhat unrestrainedly as they are justified
in doing.
This disputation is rather discouraging to the "layman." The
saying "in a multitude of counsellors there is wisdom" does not hold
out in this case. In a crowd of critics there is an irrepressible con-
flict, and when doctors disagree who shall decide? A distinguished
American jurist remarked "the past at least is secure." If that be true
archaeology ought to be regarded as a "dead sure thing." But Fowke's
emanations, and indeed the mass of archaeological bibliography (Ameri-
can) forces the unsophisticated to the unalterably agnostic conclusion
that the Mound Builder was a successful disciple of that classic
motto "Mum's the word." Some wag has related that when Ralph
Waldo Emerson visited Egypt and stood speechless in awe on the
Sahara Sands before the Sphinx — he suddenly saw the lady's graven
(160)
Editurialana. 161
mouth begin to move and approaching the immobile features, silent for
centuries, he placed his ear to the stone lips and heard a sound like a
subdued murmur "you're another." As Artemus Ward would say of
this controversy of the critics "it would be funny if it were not serious."
The Mound Builders builded better than they knew. Their works are
food for thought and subjects for study. Certain it is that they were a
vast and enterprising and interesting race, whence and whither and why
we evidently have not learned. Archaeological "history" is largely archaeo-
logical speculation, and with speculation one man's guess is as good as
another's, unless it happens to be your own and then of course it is a
good deal better than some one's else.
"But first I would remark, that it is not a proper plan
For any scientific gent to whale his fellow-man,
And, if a member don't agree with his peculiar whim,
To lay for that same member for to 'put a head' on him."
FORT ST. CLAIR.
In the first week in July it was the privilege of the editor to be the
guest for a day of two of the Hon. C. R. Gilmore of Eaton, the pretty
little county seat of Preble county. Mr. Gilmore is the son of the late
Judge W. J. Gilmore who was for many years a trustee of the Ohio State
Archaeological and Historical Society, and one of its most active and
enthusiastic advocates and workers. He was a devoted lover of historical
lore especially that pertaining to Ohio and the Northwest. His grave
is located in the picturesque cemetery of Eaton and commands a view
of the nearby hill upon which was located the memorable Fort St. Clair.
This historic site and the surrounding fields were the property of Judge
Gilmore, and at his death passed to the possession of his son Clement R.
Gilmore.
Fort St. Clair was erected in the tempestuous months of the Winter
of 1791-2. It was started December 15, 1791, and completed January
26, 1792. Gen. Wilkinson sent Major John S. Gano, belonging to the
militia of the Territory, with a party to build the fort. William Henry
Harrison then but an ensign, commanded a guard every other night for
about three weeks, during the erection of the fort. They had neither fire
nor covering of any kind and suffered much from the winter cold. It
was a stockade of the usual kind, about three hundred feet square and had
about twenty acres cleared around it. The outline can yet be traced
in the contour of the field surface. It was designed to be the midway
fortification between Fort Hamilton on the south and Fort Jefferson on
Vol. XI.— 11
162 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
the north — forts some forty-four miles apart. It was another advantageous
link in the chain of secure stations to extend from the Ohio to the mouth
of the Maumee. This line of forts, Washington, Hamilton, St. Clair,
Jefferson, Recovery, St. Marys, Defiance Deposit, Miami and Industry,
with some others near or along the line was for the purpose not only
©f enabling transit across the state, but to form a continuous impediment
to the inroads of the hostile Indians of the old Northwest country. The
four southern posts, Washington, Hamilton. St. Clair and Jefferson were
about twenty-five miles apart, and connected by a road or trace cut
through the dense timber and undergrowth by the soldiers of St. Clair's
army. It required about six days to go on horse from Fort Washington
to Fort Jefferson and return. After St. Clair's defeat garrisons were
left at the posts and it was necessary to furnish these with provisions.
In the autumn of 1792, Little Turtle, the celebrated chief, at the head of
about 250 Mingo and Wyandot warriors, started out to attack a new
jettttiement of the whites then forming at the mouth of the Little Miami
rivetr (Columbia, Ohio). When passing near Fort Hamilton, the Indians
attacked some of the garrison working in the timber and captured two of
them. From these they learned that a company of from fifty to one
hundred mounted Kentucky riflemen, escorting a brigade of pack-horses
and under command of Captain John Adair, were on the way to Ft. Jef-
ferson, and would pass on the return trip at a certain time. Ac-
cordingly they lay in ambush along the trail. The escort how-
ever nested at Fort Jefferson over Sunday, and did not appear as soon
as expected. Hearing when the Kentuckians had advanced as far as
Fort St. Clair, the Indians planned a surprise and attacked them before
daylight, November 6, 1792 under the walls of the fort. A hot fight
ensued which developed into a running scrimmage to near the present
site oi Eaton, Ohio, where the Indians were lost sight of just after day
light. Twenty or thirty horses were killed, six left to the soldiers and
the* balance taken by the Indians who seem to have made the attack
principally for this result. The bodies of two Indians were found among
the dead horses and several others had probably been carried away by
their friends. Several Americans were wounded and the following six
were killed: Lieutenant Job Hale; Sergeant Matthew English; Privates
Robert Bowling, Joseph Clinton; Isaac Jett and John Williams. These
six heroes lie buried in the grove just south of the south line of the fort.
Mr. C. R- Gilmore is about to have their board markers replaced by neat
stone slabs bearing the names as now designated, thus rescuing these
sacred spots from decay and oblivion.
It was on a bright Sabbath morning that Mr. Gilmore and the writer
footed the way from the town to the location of the Fort. Dodging
between showers, we trod the water-soaked fields, climbed the interven-
ing fences, walked the slippery logs across Garrison Branch, the swollen
Stream near the battle ground, picked our path through the thick forest
Editorialana.
103
to the row of graves in which repose the remains of the six heroes
who laid down their lives for the advancing civilization there on the con-
fines of the western frontier. For over one hundred years those sol-
diers of the infant Republic have mouldered in that secluded, forest-shaded
"god's acre" — far from the thoroughfare of the busy, noisy twentieth
century. It would seem that they ought always to so remain close to
the bounds of the old fort and on the scene of the conflict where they
fell ; the stately trees of the woods sheltering their sepulture ; in summer
singing low lullabies with their rustling foliage and in the Winter winds
sighing dirges to their memory. They were American patriots no less
than those who fell at Bunker Hill, Lundy's Lane, Monterey, Gettysburg
and San Juan; yea, more, for they fell in the depths of an almost
trackless forest, without the incentive of the pomp and circumstance of
war. When they were placed beneath the sod doubtless not a "drum
was heard, not a funeral note." They have no tablet of brass or shaft
of marble to record their deeds in the days that tried men's souls, but
they were the advance guards of the white civilization that was invading
the vast Northwest ; they were the fearless and sacrificing sculptors who
carved from its primeval elements the modern proud Buckeye state. May
the bivouac of these braves never be disturbed.
By the courtesy of Mr. Frazer Ells Wilson of Greenville, we repro-
duce a photograph taken by him of the graves and wooden markers as
now to be seen.
164
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
HENRY BISHOP PERKINS.
H. B. PERKINS.
Hon. Henry B. Perkins, a life member, from its organization, of the
Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society, died at his home in
Warren, Trumbull county, Ohio, on March 2, 1902. He was a worthy
descendant of a noble family of New England
stock, a family that has a conspicuous history in
the settlement of the Western Reserve. Mr. Per-
kins was born in Warren, Ohio, March 19, 1824.
His father was General Simon Perkins, who rep-
resented leading proprietors of the Land Com-
pany and ownership in the Connecticut Western
Reserve. General Simon Perkins and his sons were
most influential in the building up of industrial-
and commercial enterprises in Cleveland, Akron.
Warren and other localities in Northwestern Ohio.
General Perkins died in 1844 ; Henry Bishop Perkins was his youngest
son. He inherited large wealth from his successful father and by
his integrity, industry and ability, greatly increased the same. Bu
he lived for more than the material. He was unselfishly devoted to
family and friends. He was in sympathy with all practical influences for
the betterment of his fellow men — betterment mentally and morally. He
was generous to religious, charitable and educational institutions. He
was a constant worker for the uplifting of the masses, and besides serv-
ing on the Warren board of education for years, with his brothers en-
dowed a professorship in Western Reserve college. He twice served
on the state board of agriculture, was a trustee of Ohio Agricultural and
Mechanical college, now the Ohio State University. Mr. Perkins al-
ways took a deep interest in the promulgation of the best literature and
was one of the most active agents in the establishment and growth of
the Warjen Public Library.
In 1878 the governor of Ohio appointed him a member of a com-
mission of three to serve with a similar commission from Pennsylvania,
in re-establishing the Ohio-Pennsylvania line.
From 1879-1883 he represented Trumbull and Mahoning counties
in the state senate, and for many years he was one of the trustees of the
State Hospital for Insane in Cleveland. In 1888 he was a presidential
elector for Harrison, all the honors conferred upon him being unsolicited.
October 10, 1855, he married Eliza G. Baldwin, daughter of Mr.
and Mrs. Norman C. Baldwin of Cleveland, who survives him. The
children living are Olive, wife of Judge Samuel Smith of Cleveland: Miss
Mary, and Jacob, who live at home.
His benevolence, always unostentatiously bestowed, can be remem :
bered in hundreds of Warren homes, and no public charity ever appealed
to him without recognition.
Editor ialana. 165
Mr. Perkins was a courteous, affable gentleman, beloved by all
who knew him and honored and respected by all who had dealings with
him. A touching instance of his relationship in life to his employes was
the fact that at the private burial at Oak Wood Cemetery the pall bearers
were the faithful and sorrowing workmen who had been in his service
for the years respectively noted after their names : Win. Gott, twelve
years; Wm. Nesbit, ten years; Thos. Nesbit, thirty-five years; Jos.
Latimer, fifty years ; John Waters, twenty-five years Howard Craig,
twenty years.
In the funeral address delivered by Rev. W. L. Swan, a friend and
pastor of Mr. Perkins for many years, occurs this fitting allusion:
"On one of the many public occasions when Mr. Perkins was called
upon to preside, was the occasion when the soldiers' monument was dedi-
cated. Ex-President Hayes then said ■ 'It is a partially truthful saying,
that men who need monuments do not deserve them, and men who deserve
them do not need them.' Equally true is it of eulogy. And in this community
where he whom we mourn to-day, was born, and lived his useful life, and
died, where he stood so generously in the material and moral interests
of the place, to us, who lived with him and knew him, no eulogy is more
than a vain repetition.
His life was not an ordinary one. Much might be said of that broad,
strong grasp on practical affairs, of the judgment quick and clear, of the
tastes as simple as they were refined, of the kindly sympathy and help-
fulness he was ever so ready to manifest, of the beautiful, even ideal
home life among those he loved, and who loved him so well."
SALT LICKS OF JACKSON COUNTY.
We are indebted to Mr. D. W. Williams for a copy of his History
of Jackson County. This is the first of other volumes, if the publication
of other volumes rs encouraged by the public. This volume is devoted
mainly to the history of the famous Salt Licks in the Scioto Salt Reserve.
set aside by Congress May 18, 179(3. "These springs or licks*' says Mr.
Williams "are as old as the hills, for that erosion which carved out the
valleys between, exposed the strata from which they flow: They were
discovered by the wild animals of the forest, and became one of their
most favored resorts long before man appeared upon the earth. No better
evidence of this is needed than the great quantity of fossil remains of
extinct animals, which have been discovered from time to time in the
neighborhood of the licks."
Mr. Williams then relates how these Salt Licks became the popular
resort, so to speak, from way back, even before the Glacial period, for the
Mammoth, Mastodon. Megatherium. Buffalo. Elk. Deer and other game.
Then came the Primeval man the Mound Builder who must have regarded
166 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
the Salt Licks as his fashionable Saratoga, where he could imbibe health-
ful saline water, and then the Indian, perhaps the Shawanese were the
first, who recognized the value of these springs. "There is no record of
the coming of the Indians, but it is known that the Shawanese owned and
occupied Jackson county when it was discovered by the whites. It ap-
pears, however, that all the Ohio tribes were allowed to visit the salt
springs and to make salt. Situated as they were on the great Indian
trail from the mouth of the Kanawha to the head of the Maumee, they
were visited by hundreds, and sometimes, thousands of Indians, during
the summer months. These gatherings resembled the Russian markets
of the last century. Many of these visiting Indians bought their salt,
giving in exchange flint implements, tobacco, beads, pipestone and other
articles of aboriginal commerce. It is told that tribes at war with each
other would observe a truce during these visits. The squaws performed
all work, chopping the saplings for fuel, drawing the water and watching
the fires day and night, while the men spent their time huntnig, fishing,
playing ball, gaming and telling yarns. In later years, they tortured
white captives in the presence of the assembled tribes. Even after the
whites had taken possession of the licks the Indians used to revisit them
every summer until about 1815."
Mr. Williams' book of 188 pages has a great deal of interesting and
valuable data of the early history and traditions of the county. It is all
arranged under headings and indexed so as to be easily accessible. It is
to be hoped Mr. Williams will bring forth successive volumes.
FORT WASHINGTON.
Mr. Robert Ralston Jones is responsible for an attractive little volume
on Fort Washington, erected in 1789 and demolished in 1808 to make
way for the encroaching city of Cincinnati. Fort Washington was one
of the most famous and important of the frontier forts, and played a
potent and prominent part in the affairs of the Northwestern territory.
It was the rendezvous and starting point of the Harmer. St. Clair, Wil-
kinson, Wayne and lesser expeditions. About Fort Washington cluster
a crowd of interesting events and traditions. Mr. Jones makes succinct
and reliable statements of the chief historical incidents connected with
the fort. His book is illustrated with portraits and plats. It is not a
pretentious book in size or matter, but is a valuable compendium of much
earlv Ohio history. It is dedicated to Mr. Herbert Jenney, governor of
the Society of Colonial Wars in the state of Ohio, "through whose per-
sonal efforts the plan for marking the site of Fort Washington, at Cin-
cinnati was successfully carried out." A full account of this marking
of the sire of Fort Washington was published in Volume X Ohio State
Archaeological and Historical Society publications.
THE DUNMORE WAR.*
By E. O. Randall.
Secretary Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society.
The American colonists had fought the French and Indian
war 1 with the expectation that they were to be, in the event of
success, the beneficiaries of the result and be permitted to occupy
the Ohio Valley as a fertile and valuable addition to their Atlantic
coast lodgments. But the war over and France vanquished, the
royal greed of Britain asserted itself, and the London government
most arbitrarily pre-empted the territory between the Allcghanies
and the Mississippi as the exclusive and peculiar dominion of the
Crown, directly administered upon from the provincial seat of
authority at Quebec. The parliamentary power promulgated the
arbitrary proclamation (1763) declaring the Ohio Valley and the
* Authorities consulted in preparation of the article on Dunmore's
War — E. O. R. : Abbott's History of Ohio; Albach's Western Annals;
American Archives (4th Series, Vol. I); Atwater's History of Ohio;
Bancroft's History of the United States ; Black's Story of Ohio ; Brow-
nell's Indians of North America ; Burk's History of Virginia ; Butler's
History of Kentucky; Butterfield's History of the Girtys ; Campbell's
History of Virginia; Cook's History of Virginia; Doddridges's Notes
on Indian Wars, etc.; Drake's Indians of North America; Drake's life
of Tecumseh ; Fernow's Ohio Valley in Colonial Days ; Fiske's Ameri-
can Revolution, Vol. II; The Hesperian, Vol. II., (1839); Hildreth's
Pioneer History of the Ohio Valley; Hosmer's Short History of the
Mississippi Valley ; Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio ; Howe's His-
torical Collections of Virginia ; Jacob's Life of Cresap ; Jefferson's Notes
on Virginia; Kercheval's History of the Valley of Virginia; King's His-
tory of Ohio; Lewis's History of West Virginia; Mayer's (Brantz)
Logan and Cresap; McDonald's sketches; McKnight's Our Western Bor-
der; Mitchener's Ohio Annals; Moore's Northwest Under Three Flags;
Monette's Valley of the Mississippi ; Ohio Archaeological and Historical
Publications; Olden Time (Monthly), Vol. II; Peter Parley's History
of the Indians ; Ryan's History of Ohio ; Roosevelt's Winning of the
West; Stone's Life of Joseph Brant; Taylor's (J. W.) History of Ohio;
Thatcher's Indian Biographies; Thwaites's Afloat on the Ohio; Vir-
ginia Historical Register (Vol. V) ; Walker's History of Athens County:
Whittlesey's Fugitive Essays; Winsor's Western Movement; Withers*
Chronicles of Border Warfare.
1 1756-1763. ( 167 )
168 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Great Northwest territory should practically be an Indian reserva-
tion, ordering the few straggling settlers to move therefrom,
forbidding the colonists to move therein, and even prohibiting
trading with the Indians, save under licenses and restrictions so
excessive as to amount to exclusion.
On June 22, 1774, Parliament passed the detestable Quebec
Act which not only affirmed the policy of the Crown adopted in
the proclamation of 1763, but added many obnoxious features, by
granting certain religious and civil rights to the French catholic
Canadians.
This policy of the Crown stultified the patents and charters
granted the American colonies in which their proprietary rights
extended to the Mississippi, and beyond, embracing the very
territory to which they were now denied admittance 2 .
The establishment of England's authority in Canada, with
Quebec as the seat of arbitrary and direct rule over the colonies,
was a tightening of the fetters that bound the chafing colonies.
The Quebec Act was one of the irritants complained of in the
Declaration of Independence "for abolishing the free system of
English law in a neighboring province, establishing therein an
arbitrary government and enlarging its boundaries so as to render
it at once an example and fit instrument for introducing the same
absolute rule into these colonies." The French Canadians were
favored by the Quebec Act in their legal rights and religious
privileges. The untutored savages were its especial foster chil-
dren. The colonists were flagrantly and unjustly discriminated
""In 17G3, at the close of the French and Indian War, the English
Parliament passed an act which disfranchised the Catholics of Canada,
and cut off the revenues of their church. This law continued in force
until October, 1774, when Parliament, having received intelligence of
the "Boston Tea Party," and fearing that the Canadians would unite
with her now disaffected colonies, enacted what is known as "The Quebec
Act." By it the boundaries of that province were extended to the Ohio
and Mississippi rivers; the old French laws were restored in all judicial
proceedings, and to the Catholics were secured the enjoyment of all
their lands and revenues. Thus it is seen that the present State of Ohio
was made a part of Quebec, and the inhabitants of the District of West
Angusta were correct in their representations to Congress that the Ohio
was all that separated them from Quebec." — Lewis, History of West
Virginia, p. 139. This last (1774) act was especially obnoxious to the
American colonists.
The Dunmore War. 169
against. The restless enterprise and obstinate opposition of the
frontier settlers led them to encroach and "poach" upon the "pre-
serves" of the Crown. The fearless and independent frontiersman
of Pennsylvania and Virginia longed for the unrestrained oppor-
tunity to cross the Ohio, and pushing their way into the trackless
wilderness, seek homes upon the banks of the Tuscarawas, the
Muskingum, the Scioto, the Sandusky and the Miamis They
went first as hunters, then as prospectors, and finally as settlers ;
"they purchased lands with bullets, and surveyed claims with
tomahawks."
Such was the situation until the year 1774 when the smoulder-
ing embers burst into a flame, and Dunmore's war was the prelude
to the Revolution. The Dunmore war has been promotive of
much ingenious speculation and curious guesswork by writers and
historians. An air of semi-mystery heightens the intense interest
that attaches to this most important and romantic event in western
American history. John Murray, Earl of Dunmore, was the royal
governor of Virginia colony. He was a descendant in the feminise
line from the house of Stuart; the blood of the luxurious, im-
perious and haughty Charleses ran in his veins. He was a Tory of
the Tories. He was. an aristocratic, domineering, determined,
diplomatic representative of his sovereign, King George, but he
was also a tenacious stickler for the prerogatives of the colony
over which he presided. He held his allegiance as first due the
Crown, but he also was "eager to champion the cause of Virginia
as against either the Indians or her sister colonies." He was
avaricious, snergetic and interested in the frontier land specula-
tions. He had an eye for the main chance, financial and political.
He could not have looked complacently upon the Canadian policy
of his government. But he was the center of opposing influences.
The prescribed limits of the various colonies, while generally dis-
tinctly defined near the Atlantic coast, often became indefinite and
conflicting west of the mountains. The grant to Virginia gave
her a continuation of territory west across the continent, and
according to her claim took in the southern half of Ohio, Indiana
and Illinois. The Quebec Act nullified this claim and incurred the
disfavor of Dunmore, who defiantly opposed this injustice to his
colony. More than this the Virginians assumed title to all of the
•extreme western Pennsylvania, especially the forks of the Ohio
170 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
river and the valley of the Monongahela. This, of course-meant
Fort Pitt, which, at this time was occupied as a Virginian town,
though claimed by the Pennsylvanians as their territory.
Governor Dunmore appointed as his agent or deputy at Fort
Pitt one Dr. John Connolly, a man of reputed violent temper and;
bad character. Connolly was named vice governor and command-
ant of Pittsburg and its dependencies. Connolly was at best an-
impetuous and unscrupulous minion of his master. He changed:
the name of the settlement from Fort Pitt to Fort Dunmore, and
proceeded to assume jurisdiction in such an arrogant and merciless
manner in behalf of the Virginians, and against the peaceable
Pennsylvanians, that a war-like collision was narrowly averted 3 .
Connolly's counter plays between the Virginians, the Penn-
sylvanians, the Indians and the British authorities are too complex
and contradictory to be unravelled here. Whatever Lord Dun-
3 In the winter of 1773-4, one Dr. John Connolly, a nephew of
George Croghan, determined to assert the claims of Virginia upon Fort
Pitt and its vicinity. He issued a proclamation to the inhabitants to-
meet at Redstone, now Brownsville, on the 24th and 25th of January,
1774, and organize themselves as a Virginia militia. Before the time
appointed Connolly was arrested by Arthur St: Clair, who then repre-
sented the Pennsylvania proprietors at Pittsburg, and the assemblage
at Redstone dispersed without definite action. As soon as Connolly was
released from custody, however, he renewed his efforts to establish the
exclusive authority of Virginia. He came to Pittsburgh on the 28th
of March, with an armed band of followers, and in the name and by
the authority of Lord Dunmore, proclaimed the jurisdiction of Virginia,
rebuilding Fort Pitt, which was called Fort Dunmore. He was recog-
nized as Captain Commandant of a district called West Augusta, and
almost immediately exhibited a tyrannical spirit to all who were in the
Pennsylvania interest, while he seemed not unwilling to involve the
frontier in an Indian War, one motive for the latter policy being, as
suggested by Arthur St. Clair and others, to cloak his extravagant civil
expenditure, with the indefinite item of frontier defence. — Taylor (J.
\\\). History of Ohio, pp. 242-3.
American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. I, p. 270 et seq. contains
numerous letters and documents revealing the riotous state of affairs
prevailing at Fort Pitt after the arrival there of John Connolly, who,
though a native of Lancaster county, Pennsylvania, was regularly com-
missioned by Lord Dunmore to represent his lordship's authority as.
magistrate for West Augusta, the county Dunmore had added to Vir-
ginia from Pennsylvania territory. — E. O. R.
The Dunmore War. 171
more was, this man Connolly was double-dyed in duplicity. He
pitted one colony against the other, the Indians against both, and,
so far as he could, doubtless aided the British to urge on the
Indians. That the British authorities were, in this whole affair,
the abettors of the savages, is sufficiently evidenced by the fact
that while the Indians were openly and unitedly fighting the
colonies who were still British subjects on the Ohio frontier, they
(the Indians) were receiving arms, ammunition and provisions
from the English distributing station at Detroit*.
The Canadian French traders who drove a thriving business
with the Indians naturally stimulated them to resist the frontiers-
men's encroachments. The occupation of the exclusive territory
by the colonists meant the termination of their traffic. The brunt
of this contention fell upon the Ohio Indians and the Virginian
backwoodsmen. The six nations as such took no part in it. The
Pennsylvanians stood aloof. They were not so aggressive as
their southern neighbors, and their interest in the Indian was a
commercial and peaceful one. The Virginians, therefore, were
the only foes the Ohio Indians really- dreaded. The Virginians
were crack fighters in those frontier days. They were adventur-
ous, courageous, and of hardy stuff. In the mountain dwellers
of the Monongahela and Kanawha valleys the red man found a
foeman worthy of his prowess. It was they the Indians styled
the "long knives," or "big knife," because of the bravery they
displayed in the use of their long belt knives, or swords. They
were a match for the deadly tomahawk. Another reason why
the Virginians were willing and active aggressors in these border
difficulties was that the royal authority had promised the Vir-
ginia troops a bounty in these western lands as reward for their
services in the French and Indian war. A section had been
allowed them by royal proclamation on the Ohio and Kanawha
rivers. When in the spring of 1774 Colonel Angus McDonald
* "For it is well known that the Indians were influenced by the
British to continue the war to terrify and confound the people, before
they commenced hostilities themselves the following year in Lexington.
It was thought by British politicians that to excite an Indian war would
prevent a combination of the colonies for opposing parliamentary meas-
ures to tax the Americans." — Narrative of Capt. John Stuart in the Vir-
ginia Historical Register, Vol. V, p. 188.
172 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
and party proceeded to survey these lands they were driven off by
the Indians. Meanwhile, intrusions across the border, depreda-
tions, conflagrations and massacres were committed in turn by
either side. Much has been written as to which was the earlier
or greater aggressor. That discussion is not pertinent to our
purpose. Many cabins were burned and many lives brutally de-
stroyed. Havoc and horror were prevalent.
Most prominent among the leaders of the whites in this In-
dian warfare was one Captain Michael Cresap, a Marylander
who removed to the Ohio early in 1774, and after establishing
himself below the Zane settlement (Wheeling) organized a com-
pany of pioneers for protection against the Indians". He was
appointed by Connolly, a captain of the militia of the section in
which he resided, and was put in command of Fort Fincastle 3 .
Cresap was a fearless and persistent Indian fighter, and just the
one to lead retalitory parties across the Ohio into the red mens
country. In April, Connolly, only too anxious to spring the ex-
plosion, issued an open letter warning the frontiersmen of the
impending war and commanding them to prepare to repel the
Indian attack 7 . Such a letter from Dunmore's lieutenant
amounted to a declaration of war. The backwoodsmen were at
once in arms and seeking an opportunity to fight. As soon as
Cresap's band received Connolly's letter they proceeded to declare
war in regular Indian style, calling a council, planting the war
post, etc. What is sometimes known as "Cresap's war" ensued.
Several Indians while descending the Ohio in their canoes were
killed by Cresap's company. Other Indians were shot within the
Ohio border by intruding and exasperated whites. Logan, chief
of the Mingos, established a camp near the mouth of Yellow
5 This individual (Captain Michael Cresap), owing to the beauty
and eloquence of the Logan speech, has acquired a reputation, certainly
not to be envied, and which we verily believe he does not merit. He
was an early martyr in the cause of his country, in the struggle for
independence, and we feel it to be a duty and a pleasure to do him
justice. That he killed some Indians in the spring of 1774, seems un-
deniable, but that he was clear of any connection with the Yellow Creek
outrage is equally certain. — Craig's Olden Time, Vol. II, p. 65.
"Monette's Valley of the Mississippi, Vol. I, p. 370.
7 Roosevelt, Winning of the West, Part I, p. 257.
The Dunmorc War. 173
creek, about forty miles above Wheeling. It was first thought
Loo-ail's camp was a hostile demonstration, and the camp should
be Attacked and destroyed. Cresap and his party proposed and
started to do this, but finally thought better and decided Logan s
intentions were peaceful, — for he had ever been the friend of the
whites —and the intended attack was abandoned. But Logan's
people' did not escape. Opposite the mouth of Yellow creek on
the Virginia side of the Ohio resided an unscrupulous scoundrel
and cut-throat, Daniel Greathouse, and fellow frontier thugs.
They kept a carousing resort, known as Baker's Bottom, where
the Indians were supplied with rum, at Baker's cabin. On the
last day of April, a party of Indians from Logan's camp, on the
invitation of Greathouse, visited Baker's place and while plied
with liquor were set upon and massacred. There were nine, in-
cluding a brother and a sister of Logan, the latter being the re-
puted squaw of John Gibson, who were thus foully murdered.
Other relatives of Logan had been previously killed. The Baker
massacre is one of the most awful blots upon the white man's
record. Michael Cresap was not present and had nothing
to do with the dastardly deed, and his innocence m the af-
fair is well established, though many authorities still couple
his name with the plot, if not the act itself. Logan be-
lieved Cresap to be the guilty party, as is evidenced by his using
Cresap's name in the famous speech 8 . There were many bloody
enactments. Vengeance and retalition were resorted to equally
by both sides. The malevolent murder of Bald Eagle, the Dela-
ware chief, of Silver Heels, the Shawanee chief, the malignant
massacre of the mother, brother, sister and daughter of the famous
Mingo chief Logan, were but incidents among many that aroused
8 A vast deal of literature pro and con is extant concerning Cresap's
relation to the murder of Logan's family. This subject has been pretty
thoroughly worked over in Jacob's Life of Cresap; Brantz Mayer s Logan
and Cresap; Jefferson's Notes on Virginia; American Pioneers, Vol I
(1842)- The Olden Time, Vol. II (edited by Craig), and many other
publications. The best vindication of Cresap is the statement of George
Clark L printed in The Hesperian Vol. 2. 309, 1839^ ^e evidence is
conclusively in favor of the innocence of Cresap in the Baker s Bottom
massacre. Cresap was made captain of a company in Dunmore s com-
mand. — E. O. R.
174 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
the hostility of the Indians to a furious pitch. They thirsted for
the warpath. The white borderers were no less anxious for the
encounter. Lord Dunmore did not wish to repress it. While the
Solitude of the western forest was broken by the war whoop, and
the crack of the white man's deadly rifle, and the midnight sky
was lighted with the flaming cabin, and the burning ripened crops,
the citizens of the New England colonies were no less astir with
intense excitement. Freedom was beginning to breathe. Meet-
ings were being held to protest against royal tyranny, and com-
mittees of correspondence were sending forth their missives
laden with the ideas of independence. It was 1774. The Boston
Port Bill had been passed by parliament in March, and denounced
in the Boston public meeting in May. That same month the Vir-
ginia House of Burgesses, of which George Washington, Patrick
Henry and Thomas Jefferson were members, assembled at Wil-
liamsburg, the colony capital, and resolved "with a burst of in-
dignation," to set aside the first of June, when the Port Bill
should go into operation, "as a day of fasting and prayer to
implore the divine interposition for averting the heavy calamity
which threatens the civil rights of America." The right honor-
able, the Earl of Dunmore, governor of Virginia, at once dissolved
that highly impertinent king-insulting assembly. The Virginians
saw the clouds gathering in the east. But the storm in the west
was howling at their door. They were prepared to take up arms
for their political rights against the mother government, while
they hastily made ready to fight for their proprietary rights
against their hostile neighbors, the forest savages. The panic
among the inhabitants along the river banks, and for a distance
inland, had become terrible. The time to strike could not be de-
layed. Both red men and pale faces were spoiling for the fray.
When Dunmore learned of the failure of the surveying
expedition of Colonel Angus McDonald, he authorized that brave
soldier to raise a regiment and proceed into the country of the
enemy and punish them. McDonald easily collected some four
hundred militiamen, and crossing the mountains moved down the
Ohio to the site of Wheeling, where he built Fort Fincastle, after-
wards Fort Henry. In June he descended the Ohio to Captina
•creek, the scene of one of the late massacres, and there the men
The Dunmore War. H 5
debarking from their boats and canoes, made a dashing raid upon
the Shawnee villages as far as Wappatomica, an Indian town on
the Muskingum, near the present city of Coshocton.
The little army suffered man}- hardships, and encountered
many perils. At times their only sustenance consisted of weeds
and one ear of corn a day. Many villages and fields of crops were
destroyed. The soldiers returned in a few weeks without serious
loss. This forceful invasion of the Indian country was sufficient
declaration of war, and produced a general combination of the
various Indian tribes northwest of the Ohio.
Meanwhile the Virginians were girding up their loins. Gov-
ernor Dunmore was awake to the situation. His actions have been
both attacked and applauded. He is credited with moving
promptly and zealously in defense of his colony, and in defiance
of the policy and public promulgation of the sovereign powers
concerning the inhabited Indian province. He is charged with
using this opportunity, in view of the coming colonial revolt, to
bring about a clash between the ferocious Indians and the strengtn
and flower of Virginian soldiery that the onslaught might divert
the attention of the colonists from the threatening rebellion
against the mother country, and through the inhuman methods of
the savage and the ensuing calamities and atrocities cause the
Americans to pause. in, if not positively desist from, their further
procedure towards independence. The proof of his alleged
treachery is not conclusive. His movements in this war were at
times not above suspicion, and his subsequent proceedings were
such as to add grave conjectures concerning his integrity. But
Dunmore thus far seems entitled to the benefit of a doubt.'
"Even Lord Dunmore, that bitter enemy of the colonies and stead-
fast upholder of the British cause, ignored the western policy of the home
government. His personal characteristics, love of money and of power,
contributed to this end. "His passion for land and fees," says Bancroft,
"outweighing the proclamation of the king and reiterated most positive
instructions from the Secretary of State, he supported the claims of
the colony to the West, and was a partner in two immense purchases
of land from the Indians in southern Illinois." - Hinsdale sOd Korth
west p 144 When the Revolutionary War broke out the Earl not only
fought the revolted colonists with all legitimate weapons, but tried to in-
cite the blacks to servile insurrection, and sent agents to bring his old foes,
17t) Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
In August the governor began his preparations and the
plan for the campaign agreed upon. An army for offensive
operations was called for. Dunmore directed this army should
consist of volunteers and militiamen, chiefly from the countries
west of the Blue Ridge, and be organized into two divisions. The
northern division, comprehending the troops collected in Fred-
erick, Dunmore (now Shenandoah), and adjacent counties, was
to be commanded by Lord Dunmore in person ; the southern di-
vision comprising the different companies raised in Botetourt,
Augusta and adjoining counties east of the Blue Ridge, was to be
led by General Andrew Lewis. The two armies were to number
about fifteen hundred each ; were to proceed by different routes,
unite at the mouth of the Big Kanawha, and from thence cross
the Ohio and penetrate the northwest country, defeat the red
men and destroy all the Indian towns they could reach.
The volunteers who were to form the army of Lewis began to
gather at Camp Union, the Levels of Greenbrier (Lewisburg)
before the first of September. It was a motley gathering. They
were not the king's regulars, nor trained troops. They were not
knights in burnished steel on prancing steeds. They were not
cavaliers' sons from luxurious manors. They were not drilled
martinets. They were, however, determined, dauntless men,
sturdy and weather-beaten as the mountain sides whence thev
the redmcn of the forest down on his old friends, the settlers. He
encouraged piratical and plundering raids, and on the other hand failed
to show the courage and daring that are sometimes partial offsets to
ferocity. But in this war, in 1774, he conducted himself with great
energy in making preparations, and showed considerable skill as a nego-
tiator in concluding the peace, and apparently went into the conflict with
hearty zest and good-will. He was evidently much influenced by Con-
nolly, a very weak adviser, however, and his whole course betrayed
much vacillation and no generalship. — Roosevelt's Winning of the West,
Part II; footnote under p. 14. These two objects (speaking of Dun-
more's ulterior designs) were first, setting the new settlers on the west
side of the Alleghany by the ears; and secondly, embroiling the western
people in a war with the Indians. — Jacob's account of Dunmore's War,
as quoted in Kercheval's Valley of Virginia, p. 160.
The above citations represent the opposite views taken of Dun-
more's purposes. The better belief now coincides with such opinions
as are expressed by Roosevelt and Hinsdale. — E. O. R.
The Diuimorc War. 177
came. They were undrilled in the arts of military movements, but
they were in physique and endurance and power nature s noble-
men, reared amid the open freedom and hardihood of rural life.
The army as finally made up consisted of four main commands .
a body of Augusta troops, under Colonel Charles Lewis, brother
of the General ; a contingent of Botetourt troops, under Colonel
William Fleming; those commands numbered four hundred each;
a small independent company, under Colonel John Field, of Cul-
pepper ; a company from Bedford, under Captain Thomas Buford,
and two from the Holstein settlement under Captains Evan Shelby
and Harbert. The three latter companies were part of the force
to be led by Colonel Christian, who was likewise to join the two
main divisions of the army at Point Pleasant as soon as the other
companies of his regiment could be assembled.
The army started on September 8th in three divisions, the
two under Colonel Charles Lewis and General Andrew Lewis,
respectively, followed by the rather irregular and independent
force under Colonel John Field. Colonel Christian's contingent
left later, and portions of them did not reach Point Pleasant in
time to engage in the battle, but Captains Shelby and Russell,
with parts of their companies, hastened ahead and did valiant
service in the engagement. It was a distance of one hundred and
sixty miles from Camp Union to their destination at the mouth
of the Kanawha. The regiments passed through a trackless forest
so rugged and mountainous as to render their progress extremely
tedious and laborious. They marched in long files through "the
deep and gloomy wood" with scouts or spies thrown out in front
and on the flanks, while axmen went in advance to clear a trail
over which they would drive the beef cattle, and the pack-horses,
la-den with provisions, blankets and ammunition. They struck out
straight through the dense wilderness, making their road as they
went 10 . On September 21st they reached the Kanawha at the
mouth of Elk creek (present site of Charleston). Here they
halted and built dug-out canoes for baggage transportation upon
the river. A portion of the army proceeded down the Kanawha,
10 The country at this time, in its aspect, is one of the most romantic
and wild in the whole Union. Its natural features are majestic and
grand. Among the lofty summits and deep ravines, nature operates on
12 Vol. xr.
178 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
while the other section marched along the Indian trail, which
followed the base of the hills, instead of the river bank, as it was
thus easier to cross the heads of the creeks and ravines. Their
long and weary tramp was ended October 6th, when they camped
on Point Pleasant, the high triangular point of land jutting out on
the north side of the Kanawha where it empties into the Ohio 11 .
General Lewis was disappointed in not finding Governor Dun-
more at the appointed place of meeting. Dunmore was far away.
While the backwoods general was mustering his "unruly and tur-
bulent host of skilled riflemen" the Earl of Dunmore had led his
own levies 12 , some fifteen hundred strong, through the mountains
at the Potomac Gap to Fort Pitt. Here he changed his plans and
decided not to attempt uniting with Lewis at Point Pleasant.
Taking as scouts George Rogers Clark, Michael Cresap, Simon
Kenton 12fl and Simon Girty, he descended the Ohio river with a
a scale of grandeur, simplicity and sublimity scarcely ever equaled in
any other region, and never surpassed in the world. -At the time of this
expedition only one white man had ever passed along the dangerous
defiles of this route. That man was Captain Matthew Arbuckle, who was
their pilot on the painful and slow march. — Atwater's History of Ohio,
p. 112.
11 The site upon which the Virginia army encamped was one of
awe-inspiring grandeur. Here were seen hills, valleys, plains and prom-
ontories, all covered with gigantic forests, the growth of centuries, stand-
ing in their native majesty unsubdued by the hand of man, wearing the
livery of the season, and raising aloft in mid-air their venerable trunks
and branches, as if to defy the lightning of the sky and the fury of the
whirlwind. The broad reach of the Ohio closely resembled a lake, with
the mouth of the Kanawha as an arm or estuary, and both were, at
that season of the year, so placid as scarcely to present motion to the
eye. Over all, nature reigned supreme. There were no marks of in-
dustry, nor* of the exercise of those arts which minister to the comforts
and convenience of man. Here nature had for ages held undisputed
sway over an empire inhabited only by the enemies of civilization. —
Lewis's History of West Virginia, p. -121.
12 Dunmore himself raised about a thousand men among the old
Virginians east of the Blue Ridge for this expedition. With these men
he marched by the old route in which Washington and Braddock had
passed the Alleghenies. He marched up the Potomac to Cumberland,
th<nce across the remaining mountains to Fort Pitt. Here procuring
boats, he descended the Ohio river to Wheeling, where he rested several
days, and concluded to chang- his mind. — Atwater's History of Ohio,
p. 114.
lJ a Known at that time as Simon Butler.
The Dunmore War. 179
flotilla of a hundred canoes, besides keel boats and pirogues, to the
mouth of the Hockhocking, where he built and garrisoned a small
stockade, naming it Fort Gower. Thence he proceeded up the
Hockhocking to the falls, moved overland to the Scioto, finally
halting on the north bank of the Sippo creek four miles from its
mouth at the Scioto, and about the same distance east of Old
Chillicothe, now Westfall, Pickaway county. He entrenched him-
self in a fortified camp, with breastworks of fallen trees, so con-
structed as to embrace about twelve acres of ground. In the center
of this he built a citadel of entrenchments, in which he and his
chief officers resided for special protection. This camp Dunmore
named Charlotte, according to most authorities, in honor of the
handsome queen of George III., but more likely the gallant gov-
ernor called the camp Charlotte after his accomplished wife Char-
lotte, who was the daughter of the Earl of Galloway. While
Governor Dunmore was thus engaged in the heart of the
Ohio country Lewis was destined to strike the decisive
blow on the banks of the Kanawha. On the ninth of
October Simon Girty and probably two other messengers 1 *
arrived at Lewis's camp bringing the message from Lord
Dunmore which bade Lewis join his lordship at the Indian towns
on the Pickaway plains. General Lewis, deeply displeased at this
change in the campaign, arranged to break camp that he might
set out the next morning in accordance with his superior's orders.
He had with him about eleven hundred men. His plans were
destined to be rudely forestalled, for Cornstalk, coming rapidly
through the forest, had reached the Ohio. The very night that
Girty brought Lewis the message from Dunmore the Indian chief
ferried his men across the river on rafts, a few miles above the
13 Captain John Stuart says one of the governor's express messen-
gers to Lewis at Pt. Pleasant on the 9th was McCullough.
Dunmore and his weaker force, after throwing up a fortification
at the mouth of the Hockhocking, were permitted to march undisturbed
to Sippo Creek, a tributary of the Scioto (near the line between Ross
and Pickaway counties), and there, at his fortified camp (Charlotte),
had received the submission of the Shawnces. Their messengers, suing
for peace, had set out to meet him at the Hockhocking, whilst Cornstalk
was executing his quick flanking stroke at the other wing. In skill and
strategy, nothing superior to this had occurred in Indian warfare.
— King's Ohio, p. 110.
180 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Kanawha, and by dawn was on the point of hurling his whole
force of savage braves on the camp of the slumbering Virginians.
The great Shawnee chief, Cornstalk, was as wary and able as he
was brave. He was chief of the Shawnees, and the head of the
Indian tribes of Ohio now united against the whites. The Shaw-
nees were a very extensive and warlike tribe. They were the
proudest and the richest of Indian nations. They were the most
populous of any of the tribes in Ohio, and they had, in the main,
ever been the fierce foe of the whites, first against the French, then
with the French against the British, and now goaded on by the
late depredations upon their land and homes, and the recent massa-
cre of members of their own and fellow tribes, they were aroused
to the greatest warlike ferocity 14 . Cornstalk's army numbered
about eleven hundred, practically the same as that of Lewis, and
was composed of the flower of the Shawnee, Delaware, Mingo,
\Yvandot and Cayuga and minor tribes. The great General Corn-
stalk, sachem of the Shawnee and king of the northern confed-
eracv, though in chief command, was aided by some of the most
famous and skilled warriors of his race. Logan 15 , Elenipsico, son
of Cornstalk; Red Hawk, the Delaware chief; Scrappathus, a
Mingo ; Chiyawee, the Wyandot ; Red Eagle, Blue Jacket, Pack-
ishenoah, the Shawnee chief and father of Tecumseh ; his son
Cheesekau, elder brother of Tecumseh. In no battle were there
ever so many bold and distinguished braves. They were unaided
i* It was chiefly the Shawnees that cut off the British army under
General Braddock, in the year 1755, only nineteen years before our
battle (Pt. Pleasant), when the General himself, and Sir Peter Hackett,
second in command, were both slain and a mere remnant of the whole
army only escaped. It was they, too, who defeated Major Grant and
his Scotch Highlanders at Fort Pitt in 1758, where the whole of the
troops were killed and taken prisoners. After our battle they
defeated all the flower of the first bold and intrepid settlers of Ken-
tucky at the Blue Licks. There fell Colonel John Todd and Colonel Ste-
phen Trigg. "The whole of their men were almost cut to pieces. After-
wards they defeated the United States army over the Ohio commanded by
General Harmar. And lastly, they defeated General Arthur St. Clair's
great army with prodigious slaughter." — Narrative of Captain John Stuart
in the Virginia Historical Register, Vol. V, p. 187.
15 Brantz Mayer, Cresap and Logan, p. 120, says Logan was not in
the battle
The Dunmorc War. 181
by French or English allies. Cornstalk had the craft of his race
and the tact of a Napoleon. He saw his enemy divided. Lewis
was at Kanawha; Dunmore on the Pickaway Plains. If Lewis's
army could be surprised and overwhelmed, the fate of Lord Dun-
more would be merely a question of days 15 . So Cornstalk, "mighty
in battle and swift to carry out what he had planned, led his long
file of warriors with noiseless speed, through leagues of trackless
woodland to the banks of the Ohio." Stealthily and unannounced
had Cornstalk arrived on the Virginia side of the Ohio banks
below the mouth of Oldtown creek, which, parallel to the
Kanawha, pours into the Ohio sume three milts above the Kan-
awha point. Early on the morning of the tenth, just as the sun
was peeping over the Virginia hills, two soldiers (Robertson and
Hickman) left the camp and proceeded up the Ohio river in quest
of game. When they had progressed. about two miles they un-
expectedly came in sight of a large number of Indians, just rising
from their encampment, and who discovering the two hunters,
fired upon them and killed one (Hickman) ; the other escaped
unhurt and fled back to communicate the intelligence "that he had
seen a body of the enemy covering four acres of ground as closely
as they could stand by the side of each other."
General Andrew Lewis was a well seasoned soldier, alert and
self-possessed in every emergency and an Irishman, quick-witted
and full of fight. He had been schooled in Indian warfare for
twenty years. He was major of a Virginia regiment at Brad-
dock's defeat. He had served with Washington, who held him in
the highest esteem. General Lewis ''lighting a pipe," it is re-
ported, coolly ordered the troops in battle array in the grey of
early dawn. Colonel Charles Lewis with several companies was
directed to move toward the right in the direction of Crooked
creek. Colonel Fleming, with other companies, was instructed to
proceed to the left up the Ohio. Lewis's force met the left of
Cornstalk's column about a half mile from the Virginians' camp.
15 But the earl was not quite so rapid in his movements, which
circumstance the eagle eye of old Cornstalk, the general of the Indian
army, saw. and was determined to avail himself of. foreseeing that it
would be much easier to destroy two separate columns of an invading
army before than after their junction and consolidation — Kercheval,
p. 172.
182 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Fleming's command found the Indian right flank at a greater
distance up the Ohio bank. Cornstalk's line of advance was more
than a mile in front stretch, so drawn as to cut diagonally across
the river point. By this tactic he had calculated upon pocketing
General Lewis on the corner of the bluff between the Ohio and the
Kanawha.
The first shock of the onslaught was favorable to the foe.
Colonel Charles Lewis made a gallant advance that was met by a
furious response. The colonel was mortally wounded at almost
the first fire of the enemy. He calmly marched back to the camp
and died. His men, many of whom were killed, unable to with-
stand the superior numbers of the Indians at this point, began to
waver and fall back. Colonel Fleming was equally hard pressed in
his encounter. He received two balls through his left arm and one
through his breast, urging his men on to victorious action he re-
tired to the camp, the main portion of his line giving way.
The Danmorc War. 183
General Lewis now began to fortify his position by felling
timber and forming a breastwork before his camp. The fight was
soon general, and extended the full front of the opposing armies.
What a strange and awful scene was presented, one of mingled
picturesque beauty and ghastly carnage on that October Monday
morning. A host of forest savages, "a thousand painted and
plumed warriors, the pick of the young men of the western tribes,
the most daring braves between the Ohio and the great lakes"
their brown athletic and agile bodies decked in the gay and rich
trappings of war ; their raven black hair tossed like netted manes in
the fray as with glowering eyes and tense muscles they leaped
through the brush and stood face to face with the white foe, the
latter rigid with firm resolution and unwincing courage, fighters
typical of the frontier ; a primitive army equal in numbers to their
assailants, heroes in homespun, and backwoodsmen in buckskin,
clothed in fringed leather hunting shirts and coarse woollen leg-
gings of every color ; they wore skin and fur caps, and slung over
their shoulders were the straps of the shot-bag and the strings of
the powder-horn. Each, like his barbaric antagonist, carried his
flint-lock, his tomahawk and his gleaming scalp-knife. For that
tragic tableau, quaint and dramatic, nature never made a more
magnificent or peaceful setting. The two lines grappled in deadly
conflict on the peak of land elevated by precipitate banks high
above the Ohio, which swept by in majestic width, joined by the
Kanawha that noiselessly crept its way amid a forest and hill-
framed valley. The Ohio heights fretted the sky to the west, and
the Virginia mountains in the near eastern background were re-
splendent in the gorgeous drapery of early autumn. It was a
landscape upon which nature had lavished her most luxuriant
charms. It was a picture for the painter and the poet rather than
the cold chronicler of history. No event in American annals sur-
passes this in the mingling of natural beauty and human violence.
The brutal savage and the implacable Anglo-Saxon were to ex-
change lives by gory combat in the irrepressible conflict between
their races.
It was nearly noon and the action was "extremely hot," says
a participant. The Indians, who had pushed within the right line
of the Virginians, were gradually forced to give way ; the dense
18-1 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
underwood, many steep banks and fallen timber favored their
gradual retreat. They were stubbornly but slowly yielding their
ground, concealing their losses as best they could by throwing
their dead in the Ohio, and carrying off their wounded. The in-
cessant rattle of the rifles ; the shouts of the Virginians, and the
war whoops of the red men made the woods resound with the
"blast of war." The groans of the wounded and the moans of the
dying added sad cadence to the clash of arms. At intervals, amid
the din, Cornstalk's stentorian voice could be heard as in his native
tongue he shouted cheer and courage to his faltering men, and
bade them "be strong, be strong." But their desperate effort did
not avail, though exerted to the utmost 16 . No more bitter or
fierce contest in Indian warfare is recorded. The hostile lines
though a mile and a quarter in length were so close together, being
at no point more than twenty yards apart, that many of the com-
batants grappled in hand-to-hand fighting, and tomahawked or
stabbed each other to death. The battle was a succession of single
combats, each man sheltering himself behind a stump or rock, or
tree-trunk. The superiority of the backwoodsmen in the use of
rifles — they were dead shots, those Virginia mountaineers —
was offset by the agility of the Indians in the art of hiding and
dodging from harm. After noon the action in a small degree
abated. The slow retreat of the Indians gave them an advan-
tageous resting spot from whence it appeared difficult to dislodge
them. They sustained an "equal weight of action from wing to
wing." Seeing the unremitting obstinacy of the foe, and fearing
the final result if they were not beaten before night, General
Lewis, late in the afternoon, directed Captains Shelby, Mathews
and Stuart with their companies to steal their way under cover
of the thick and high growth of weeds and bushes up the bank
'"I could hear him (Cornstalk) the whole day speaking very loud
to his men, and one of my company, who had been a prisoner, told
me what he was saying, encouraging the Indians, telling them to 'Be
strong, be strong.' " —Stuart's Narrative, p 187.
Cornstalk and Blue Jacket, the two Indian captains, it is said,
performed prodigies of valor; but finding at length all their efforts un-
availing, drew off their men in good order, and with the determination
to fight no more, if peace could be obtained upon reasonable terms. —
Kercheval, p. 172.
The Dttnmore War. 185
of the Kanawha and along the edge of Crooked creek until they
should get behind the flank of the enemy, when they were to
emerge from their covert, move downward towards the river
point, and attack the Indians in the rear. The strategic manoeuvcr
thus planned was promptly and adroitly executed and turned the
tide in favor of the colonial soldiers. The Indians finding them-
selves suddenly and unexpectedly encompassed between two
armies and believing that the force appearing in the rear was the
reinforcement from Colonel Christian's delayed troops, they were
discouraged and dismayed, and began to give way. The appear-
ance of troops in the rear of the Indians at once prevented the con-
tinuance of Cornstalk's scheme of fighting, namely, that of alter-
nately attacking and retreating, particularly with his center, thus
often exposing the advancing front of the Virginians to the mercy
of the Indian flanks 17 . The skirmishing continued during the
afternoon, the Indians though at bay making a show at bravado.
But their strength was spent, and at the close of the day under the
veil of darkness they noiselessly and precipitately retreated across
the Ohio and started for the Scioto towns 18 .
The battle of Point Pleasant was won. "Such a battle with
the Indians, it is imagined, was never heard of before," says the
writer of a letter printed in the government reports. But the day
"Those acquainted with Indian tactics inform us that it is the
great point of his generalship to preserve his flanks and overreach those
of his enemy. They continued, therefore, contrary to their usual prac-
tice, to dispute the ground with the pertinacity of veterans along the
whole line, retreating slowly from tree to tree, till one o'clock p. m.,
when they reached a strong position. Here both parties rested, within
rifle range of each other, and continued a desultory fire along a front
of a mile and a quarter until after sunset. — Chas. Whittlesey's Address
on Dunmore War (1850).
18 In the battle of the great Kanawha the Indians, though hardly
defeated, were somewhat cowed by the prowess of the frontiersmen,
which was now shown for the first time on a considerable scale. —
Hosmer's Mississippi Valley, p. 71.
The Indians marched 80 miles through an untrodden wilderness,
and on October 24 encamped on the banks of the Congo (Pickaway
township, Pickaway county), near the chief Shawnee village of Old
Chillicothe — now Westfall — on the Scioto, the headquarters of the
Confederate tribes. — Howe's Ohio, Vol. Ill, p. 64.
186 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
was dearly bought. The Americans lost a fifth of their number,
some seventy-five being killed or fatally wounded, and one hun-
dred and forty-seven severely or slightly wounded. Among the
slain were some of the bravest Virginian officers, including Col-
onels Charles Lewis, Major John Field, Captains Thomas Buford,
John Murray, James Ward, Samuel Wilson, Robert McClanna-
han ; and Lieutenants Allen, Goldsby and Dillon. The Indian loss
was never definitely known 10 . They cunningly carried off or con-
cealed most of their killed, and secretly cared for their wounded.
They lost probably only half as many as the whites. About forty
warriors were known to be killed outright, or to have died of their
wounds. Of the number of wounded no estimate could be made.
While the Virginians lost many officers, strangely enough among
the Indians no chief of importance was slain, except Packishenoah,
the Shawnee chief, and father of Tecumseh 20 . No "official report"
of this battle was made, or if so, probably not preserved. The
battle of Point Pleasant was the most extensive, the most bitterly
contested, and fraught with the most significance of any Indian
battle in American history 21 . It was purely a frontier encounter.
The whites were colonial volunteers. The red men, the choice of
their tribes, led by their greatest warriors. The significance of
that battle was manyfold and far-reaching. It was the last battle
fought by the colonists while subjects to British rule. It was the
first battle of the Revolution. Whatever the exact understanding
may have been between Lord Dunmore and the royal authorities,
or between the Indians and the British powers, or whether there
was any explicit understanding at all, that battle represented the
8 "I believe it was never known that so many Indians were ever
killed in any engagement with the white people as fell by the army of
General Lewis at Point Pleasant." — Narrative of Captain John Stuart.
It is fair to assume that the loss of the Indians was not far short
of that sustained by the whites. — Drake's Tecumseh, p. 33.
20 Drake's Life of Tecumseh, p. 33.
21 All circumstances considered, this battle may be ranked among
the most memorable and well-contested that has been fought on this
continent. The leaders on either side were experienced and able, the
soldiers skillful and brave. The victorious party, if either could be
so called, had as little to boast of as the vanquished. It was alike credit-
able to the Anglo-Saxon and to the aboriginal arms. — Drake's Tecumseh,
p. 33.
The Dunmore War. 187
•opening bloodshed between the allies of the British and the colon-
ial dependents. Had Cornstalk been the conqueror of that contest
the whole course of American events would doubtless have been
otherwise than history records. The colonists would have been
stunned to inaction by the blow of defeat, the fear of an extended
and horrible Indian warfare on their western borders would have
deterred them from entering upon a revolt against England's
power. At any rate the Ohio and Mississippi valleys would most
certainly have remained the great western province of the royal
power, and the United States be but a strip east of the Alleghenies.
The victory of General Lewis destroyed the danger in the west,
and gave nerve and courage to the Virginians, who were the
strength and sinew of the Revolutionary movement. England's
fate lay in the balance in the battle of Point Pleasant, though no
British soldier participated therein. America has no more historic
soil than the ground of the Kanawha and Ohio point — reddened
that October day by the blood of savage warriors and frontier
woodsmen".
The Virginian victors buried their dead, and left the bodies
of the vanquished to the decay of uncovered graves. General
Lewis, leaving his sick and wounded. in the camp at the Point,
protected by rude breastworks, and with an adequate guard,
crossed the Ohio (October 18) and began his march by way of the
Salt Licks and Jackson to join Dunmore on the Pickaway Plains.
When but a few miles from Dunmore's camp Lewis was met by a
messenger from the earl informing him that a treaty of peace was
-- Very many survivors of the battle of Point Pleasant became
famous soldiers in the American Revolution and distinguished civilians
in the United States Nation. We note a few by illustration : General
Isaac Shelby, Governor of Kentucky, aid to General Harrison in War of
1812; Colonel William Fleming, Acting Governor of Virginia; General
Andrew Moore, Senator from Virginia; Colonel John Steele. Com-
mander of Washington's lifeguard in 1780; General George Matthews,
Governor of Georgia and Senator from that state ; and so through a long
list of distinguished officials and heroes who were either officers or pri-
vates in the battle of Point Pleasant. Hale, in his Trans-Alleghany Pio-
neers, devotes a chapter to this subject, entitled, "Point Pleasant (battle)
as a Developing Military High School." He gives a long list with brief
biographies of those who fought in that contest, and were subsequently
conspicuous for distinguished services to their country. — E. O. R.
188
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
being negotiated with the Indians and ordering him (Lewis) to
return immediately to the mouth of the Big Kanawha. Lewis's
men were flushed with success, and exasperated at their losses in
the late battle and eager for revenge upon the red men, and the
opportunity to crush their power and destroy their homes. Lewis
shared the feelings of his soldiers and refused to obey the order
of Dunmore. He continued to advance until when on the east
bank of the Congo near its juncture with the Sippo, he was met
by the earl himself and the Indian chief White Eyes 23 . The earl
3 "Captain Arbuckle was our guide. When we came to the prairie
on Killicanic Creek we saw the smoke of a small Indian town, which
was deserted and set on fire upon our approach. Here we met an express
from the Governor's camp, who had arrived near the nation and pro-
• The Dunmorc War. 189
explained the situation to Lewis, complimented his generalship,
and the bravery of his men, stating there was no further need of
advancement by his (Lewis's) division of the army. General
Lewis, recrossing the Congo, encamped for the day, and then re-
luctantly commenced his return march to the Ohio, proceeding
posed peace to the Indians. Some of the chiefs with the Grenadier
Squaw (sister of Cornstalk) on the return of the Indians after their
defeat, had repaired to the Governor's army to solicit terms of peace
for the Indians, which I apprehend they had no doubt of obtaining. The
Governor promised them the war should be no further prosecuted, and
that he would stop the march of Lewis's army before any more hostili-
ties should be committed upon them. However, the Indians, finding we
were rapidly approaching, began to suspect that the Governor did not
possess the power of stopping us, whom they designated by the name
of the Big Knife men; the Governor, therefore, with White Fish (Capt.
Stuart must mean White Eyes — E. O. R. ) warrior set off and met us
at Killicanic Creek and there General Lewis received his orders to return
with his army, as he (Dunmore) had proposed terms of peace with the
Indians, which he assured should be accomplished." — Narrative of Capt.
John Stuart, as printed in Virginia Historical Register, Vol. V, p. 189.
The two divisions were now within a few miles of each other; for
Lewis, disregarding the commands of his lordship, continued to advance
until the Indians, fearful of the destruction of their towns and crops
by the enraged men under his command, again applied to Dunmore,
who went in person to Lewis's command, and persuaded him to halt
his men and retire. To this, with great reluctance, he finally consented,
as it was an abandonment of the sole object of the campaign — the de-
struction of the crops and towns of the Indians. — Hildreth. Pioneer
History, p. 89.
The Ohio campaign of Dunmore brought upon him much angry
criticism. Many of the border men felt as did Lewis, who was for
carrying out the original revengeful program, regardless of Indian sur-
render or repentance. Dunmore's official conduct in connection with the
colonial revolt made it easy in the earlier days to misconstrue his mo-
tives under circumstances calling for no such suspicion. That he had
no other than humane and honorable designs in accepting the Indians'
plea for peace, no longer appears probable. — Black's Story of Ohio,
footnote under p. 70.
Before Dunmore reached the vicinity of the Indian towns he was
met by a flag of truce and a deputy from the Indians, requesting for
the chiefs an interpreter with whom they could communicate. He moved
on to Camp Charlotte. Lewis marched on and encamped on the west
side of the Congo Creek, about a mile and a half below where it enters
into the Sippo. Dunmore, on the approach of Lewis and his army, sent
190 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
by the route he had come, to Point Pleasant. Meanwhile Corn-
stalk and his crestfallen warriors had reached the Pickaway
Plains. The spirit of the Indians had been broken by their defeat ;
but the stern old chief, their commander, Cornstalk, remained
with unshaken heart. He was still prepared to fight to the bitter
word to him to return, as he would settle the result with the Indians.
Lewis refused to obey this order. Dunmore then went in person to
enforce his orders. It is said Dunmore drew his sword upon Colonel
Lewis. — Howe's Ohio Collections. This incident is another of the
alleged suspicious movements of Dunmore, it even being charged that
Dunmore wanted to* keep the armies divided that they might fall a prey
to the Indian attacks if renewed. Again, that he did not wish to over-
awe the Indians by the presence of the united forces, as he wished to
conciliate the Indians and incur their favor with a view to their friend-
ship in the coming revolution. — E. O. R.
Lewis encamped that night on the west side of Congo Creek, two
miles above its mouth, and five and a quarter miles from old Chillicothe,
with the Indian town half way between. The Shawnees were now
greatly alarmed and angered, and Dunmore himself, accompanied by
the Delaware chief, White Eyes, a trader, John Gibson, and fifty vol-
unteers, rode over in hot haste that evening to stop Lewis and repri-
mand him. His lordship was mollified by Lewis's explanations, but
the latter's men, and indeed Dunmore's, were furious over being stopped
when within sight of their hated quarry ; and tradition has it that it
was necessary to treble the guards during the night to prevent Dunmore
and White Eyes from being killed. The following morning (the 25th)
his lordship met and courteously thanked Lewis's men for their valiant
service; but said, that now the Shawnese had acceded to his wishes,
the further presence of the southern division might engender bad blood.
Thus dismissed, Lewis led his army back to Point Pleasant. — Thwaite's
Note in Border Warfare, pp. 176-8, quoted by Safford in Ohio Arch.
Hist. Pub., Vol. VII, p. 353.
That Earl Dunmore, the last royal Governor of Virginia, rendered
himself excessively unpopular by ordering Lewis back is certain, and
it hastened his final abandonment of the colony, when he fled to a
British fleet for protection from Lis not very loving people. Whether
his object, while at Camp Charlotte, was to make the Indians friendly
to the British crown, and unfriendly to the colonists, in case of war
between the two countries, which so soon followed this campaign, we
can never know with absolute certainty. We are well aware, though,
that General George Washington always did believe that Dunmore's
object was to engage the Indians to take up the tomahawk against the
colonists as soon as war existed between the colonies and England. So
believed Chief Justice Marshall, as we know from his own lips. —
Atwater's History of Ohio. p. 118.
The Dimmore War. 191
end. He summoned a council over the situation, and in an elo-
quent address strove to goad on the braves to another campaign.
They listened in sullen silence. " Finally, finding himself unable
to stir his braves to further battle, he struck his tomahawk into
the war post and peremptorily declared, "I will go and make
peace." He was as good as his word. With his retinue of fellow
chiefs, some eight in number, Cornstalk proceeded to Dunmore's
quarters within the entrenchments of Camp Charlotte. Here he
made a prolonged and passionate plea for his people, reciting the
wrongs inflicted by the whites, and the rights denied the red men 2 *.
Various parleyings ensued, the net conclusion of which was, the
Indians agreed to give up all white prisoners and stolen horses in
their possession, cease from further hostilities, and molestation
of travelers down the Ohio and "surrender all claim to the lands
south of the Ohio 25 ."
24 The conference was commenced by Cornstalk in a long, bold,
and spirited speech, in which the whites were charged with being the
authors of the war by their aggressions on the Indians at Captina and
Yellow Creeks — Drake, Tecumseh, p. 35.
Cornstalk was a truly great man. Colonel Wilson, who was pres-
ent at the interview between the chief and Lord Dunmore, thus speaks
of the chieftain's bearing on the occasion : "When he arose he was
in nowise confused or daunted, but spoke in a distinct and audible
voice, without stammering or repetition, and with peculiar emphasis.
His looks while addressing Dunmore were truly grand and majestic, yet
graceful and attractive. I have heard the best orators in Virginia —
Patrick Henry and Richard Lee — but never have I heard one whose
powers of delivery surpassed those of Cornstalk." — Stone's Life of Joseph
Brant, Vol. I, p. 45.
25 What the exact terms of that treaty were is not now fully known.
No copy of the treaty can be found. — Drake's Tecumseh , p. 35. Both
Burk and Campbell, in their respective Histories of Virginia, say peace
was secured on condition that the lands "on this side of the Ohio" —
meaning the south side — "should be forever ceded to the whites," etc.
Butler (History of Kentucky), quoting the above terms, remarks (p. 10),
"Such a treaty appears at this day (1834) to be utterly beyond the ad-
vantages which could have been claimed from Dunmore's expedition."
Doddridge, in his notes, p. 237, says: "On our part we obtained at the
treaty a cessation of hostilities and a surrender of prisoners, and nothing
more." Whatever the terms of the treaty may have been, the results
of the Dunmore war were most important. "It kept the northwestern
tribes quiet for the first two years of the Revolutionary struggle ; and
192 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
This agreement whatever its explicit text, was another step
in the westward progress of the white invader. Cornstalk haught-
ily and disdainfully acceded to the terms of the whites. But there
was one distinguished chief who was not at that council, and who
had refused to be present. It was Logan. He declared that he
was a "warrior, not a councillor, and he would not come.'' Logan
was a splendid specimen of his race. He was chief of the Mingo
tribe and his father, whom he succeeded, had been chief of the
Cavugas. Up to the time of the Dunmore war Logan had been
the friend of the white man. He took no part in the French and
Indian war, except that of peacemaker. But when in the border
troubles between the Indians and whites in the spring of 1774,
Logan's relatives were massacred at the Yellow creek, as he sup-
posed, by Cresap and party, Logan's rage became terrible. His
character changed into all the revengeful and distorted hate and
unrelenting ferocity of which the Indian nature is capable. From
that moment for the rest of his life he was the inveterate and
implacable foe of the white. He would not attend the peace coun-
cil with Cornstalk. His influence with the Indians made it impor-
tant that his concurrence be secured. Lord Dunmore, desiring
his presence, sent John Gibson, afterwards general, a frontier
veteran and one familiar with the Indian language, to urge the
attendance of Logan. Taking Gibson aside, under the shade of a
neighboring tree, Logan suddenly addressed him that famous
speech which immortalized the chief and furnished a model of
oratory for thousands of American school boys 28 . The speech is
popularly supposed to have been delivered in Logan's native In-
above all, it rendered possible the settlement of Kentucky, and therefore
the winning of the West. Had it not been for Lord Dunmore's war
it is more than likely that when the colonies achieved their freedom they
would have found their western boundary fixed at the Allegheny Moun-
tains. — Roosevelt, Winning of the West. Part II, p. 33.
""Gibson found Logan some miles off at a hut with several Indians,
with whom he (Logan) talked and drank a while, and then touching
Gibson's coat, stealthily beckoned him out of the house, led him to a
solitary thicket, when, sitting on a log, he burst into tears and uttered
some sentences of impassioned eloquence, which Gibson immediately
committed to paper. As soon as the envoy (Gibson) had reduced the
message to writing, it was read aloud in the council and heard by the
soldiers." — Brantz Mayer's Cresap and Logan, p. 122.
The Dunmore War. 193
dian tongue, and have been literally translated and written down
in English by John Gibson, and so delivered to Lord Dunmore,
who read it in open council to the Virginian army. However it
may have been that speech is one of the great Indian classics. It
has a wierd, pathetic strain, and is a poetic recital with a rhetorical
'charm not unlike the Greek chorus.
"I appeal to any white man to say if ever he entered Logan's
cabin hungry and he gave him not meat ; if ever he came cold and
naked and he clothed him not ? During the course of the last long
and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his camp, an advocate for
There is much dispute, of course, about the details of this historic
incident. Some authorities assert Logan spoke fluently in English, which
Gibson either wrote down on the spot or subsequently at Dunmore's camp.
Again, it is related Logan could not speak English and delivered his "say"
to Gibson in his native tongue, and that Gibson, who understood the
Indian language, either took it down in translation or put it into English
after returning to the camp of Dunmore. Jefferson's report of the speech
in his Virginia notes created considerable controversy and led to the
affidavit of John Gibson, which we give in the appendix. This affidavit
does not show what language Logan used. Even if he could speak
English, which is most probable, it is doubtful if he used such rhetoric
as the "report" gives him. The English phraseology of the speech as
read to Dunmore's army is most likely partially due to Gibson, the senti-
ment and thought without question are Logan's. — E. O. R. On this
question see American Pioneer for January, 1842, and Jefferson's Notes
on Virginia, Jefferson's Works, Vol. VIII, p. 309.
"While negotiations were going forward, the Mingo chief, Logan,
".ield himself aloof. 'Two or three days before the treaty,' says an
eye witness, 'when I was on the outguard, Simon Girty, who was
passing by, stopped with me and conversed. He said he was going after
Logan, but he did not like his business,, for he was a surly fellow. He,
however, proceeded on, and I saw him return on the day of the treaty,
and Logan was not with him. At this time a circle was formed and
the treaty begun. I saw John Gibson, on Girty's arrival, get up and
go out of the circle and talk with Girty, after which he (Gibson) went
into a tent, and soon after returning into the circle, drew out of his
pocket a piece of clean, new paper, on which was written, in his own
handwriting, a speech for and in the name of Logan.' This was the
famous 'speech' about which there has been so much controversy. It
is now well established that the version as first printed was substantially
the word of Logan, but it is equally certain that he (Logan), in attrib-
uting the murder of his relatives to Colonel Cresap. was mistaken. Girty
from recollection, translated the 'speech' to Gibson, and the latter put
13— Vol. XL
194 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
peace. Such was my love for the whites that my countrymen
pointed as I passed and said, 'Logan is the friend of the white
man.' I had even thought to have lived with you, but for the
injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold
blood and unprovoked, murdered all the relations of Logan, not
even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of
my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me
for revenge. I have sought it. I have killed many. I have fully
glutted my vengeance. For my country I rejoice at the beams of
peace; but don't harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear.
Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his
life. Who is there to mourn for Logan ? Not one."
This speech was a fitting epilogue to the close of the Dunmore
war. The campaign had ended. 27 The camp was struck and the
soldiers took up their march from the Pickaway Plains back to
it into excellent English, as he was abundantly capable of doing." —
Butterfield's History of the Girtys, p. 30.
That Logan delivered his speech in English, there is no reason to
doubt, and that Mr. Jefferson called it a translation by mistake, is by
no means strange. We will now adduce the affidavit of General Gibson
(See Appendix for this affidavit — E. O. R.) , which relates to the gen-
uineness of the speech, in which he says that "Logan, after shedding
abundance of tears, delivered to him the speech, and that on his return
to camp he delivered it to Lord Dunmore" — not that he translated it for
Lord Dunmore. Logan delivered it to him, he delivered it at camp, and
no doubt both deliveries were in English. — American Pioneer (January,
1842), a monthly publication of the Logan Historical Society. The same
is also authority for the statement (p. 5) : "In an assemblage of pioneers
and citizens from different parts of the Scioto Valley, at Westfall, in
Pickaway county, July 28, 1841, Judge Corwin, of Portsmouth, a
pioneer of the last century, in a short, impressive speech, stated, that
from the best information he possessed, we are on or very near the
spot where Logan, the Mingo chief, the Indian philanthropist and friend
of the white man, delivered his celebrated speech, sent to Lord Dunmore
creditable to mankind and honorable to him and his nation."
Popular tradition places the site of the delivery of Logan's speech
under the famous Logan's elm on the Boggs farm, banks of the Congo,
some three miles southeast of old Chillicothe, in which Logan's cabin
was located. — E. O. R.
27 The Dunmore war, so far from being a mere episode of the border,
conquered the peace that opened Kentucky to settlement ; and Kentucky
in its turn not only made an impassable frontier barrier to protect the
The Dunmore War. 195
the Ohio. When Dunmore's army arrived at Fort Gower at the
mouth of the Hockhocking the soldiers learned for the first time
of the action taken by the first Continental Congress, which had
assembled at Philadelphia September 5, 1774. The officers of the
army thereupon held a meeting and passed resolutions 28 to the
effect, after complimenting the success of their general, that the* -
professed allegiance to the king and crown, but added that "their
devotion would only last while the king deigned to reign over a
free people, for their love of liberty for America outweighed all
other considerations, and they would exert every power for its
defense when called forth by the voice of their countrymen."
Strange scene, on the soil of Ohio, on the banks of the "beautiful
river," Virginia frontiersmen celebrate their triumph over the
western Indians by proclaiming their sympathy with colonial
independence. That was six months before the shot was fired
at Lexington that was "heard round the world."
rear of the colonies during the Revolution, but also furnished the men and
the leaders who subdued the savages of the Northwest, and finally broke
the power of the British at the battle of the Thames in the War of 1812.
— Moore's Northwest, etc., p. 194.
28 For the resolution in full see Appendix B. to this article. — E. O. R.
APPENDIX A. AFFIDAVIT OF GIBSON CONCERNING
LOGAN'S SPEECH.
Allegheny County, State of Pennsylvania, ss.:
Before me, the subscriber, a Justice of the Peace in and for said
county, personally appeared John Gibson, Esq., an Associate Judge of
same county, who being sworn, deposeth and saith, that in the year
1774, he accompanied Lord Dunmore on the expedition against the
Shawnese and other Indians on the Sciota ; that on their arrival within
fifteen miles of the towns, they were met by a flag, and a white man
of the name of Elliott, who informed Lord Dunmore that the chiefs
of the Shawnese had sent a request to his lordship to halt his army
and send in some person who understood their language ; that this de-
ponent, at the request of Lord Dunmore and the whole of the officers
with him, went in; that on his arrival at the towns Logan, the Indian,
came to where this deponent was sitting with the Corn-Stalk, and the
other chiefs of the Shawnese, and asked him to walk out with him;
that they went into a copse of wood, where they sat down, when Logan..
196 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
after shedding abundance of tears, delivered to him the speech, nearly
as related by Mr. Jefferson in his Notes on the State of Virginia ; that
he, the deponent, told him then that it was not Colonel Cresap who
had murdered his relations, and that although his son, Captain Michael
Cresap, was with the party who killed a Shawnese chief and other
Indians, yet he was not present when his relations were killed at Baker's
near the mouth of Yellow Creek on the Ohio ; that this deponent on
his return to camp delivered the speech to Lord Dunmore, and that
the murders perpetrated as above, were considered as ultimately the
cause of the war of 1774, commonly called Cresap's War.
John Gibson.
Sworn and subscribed the 4th April, 1800, at Pittsburgh, before me.
Jer. Baker.
APPENDIX B. RESOLUTIONS OF DUNMORE'S SOLDIERS AT
FCRT GOWER.
[Taken from American Archives, 4th Series, Vol. I, p. 962. — E. O. R.]
Meeting of Officers Under Earl of Dunmore. — At a meeting of the
officers under the command of his Excellency, the Right Honorable the
Earl of Dunmore, convened at Fort Gower, November 5, 1774, for
the purpose of considering the grievances of British America, an officer
present addressed the meeting in the following words :
"Gentlemen: — Having now concluded the campaign, by
the assistance of Providence, with honor and advantage to
the colony and ourselves, it only remains that we should give
our country .the strongest assurance that we are ready, at all
times, to the utmost of our power, to maintain and defend
her just right and privileges. We have lived about three months
in the woods without any intelligence from Boston, or from
the delegates at Philadelphia. It is possible, from the ground-
less reports of designing men, that our countrymen may be
jealous of the use such a body would make of arms in their
hands at this critical juncture. That we are a respectable body
is certain, when it is considered that we can live weeks with-
out bread or salt ; that we can sleep in the open air without
any covering but that of the canopy of Heaven; and that our
men can march and shoot with any in the known world. Blessed
with these talents, let us solemnly engage to one another, and
our country in particular, that we will use them to no purpose
but for the honor and advantage of America in general, and
of Virginia in particular. It behooves us, then, for the satis-
faction of our country, that we should give them our real
sentiments, by way of resolves, at this very alarming crisis."
The Dunmore War. 197
Whereupon the meeting made choice of a committee to draw up
and prepare resolves for their consideration, who immediately with-
drew, and after some time spent therein, reported that they had agreed
to and prepared the following resolves, which were read, maturely con-
sidered, and agreed to, nemine contradicente, by the meeting, and or-
dered to be published in the Virginia Gazette :
Resolved, That we will bear the most faithful allegiance to His
Majesty, King George the Third, whilst His Majesty delights to reign
over a brave and free people; that we will, at the expense of life, and
everything dear and valuable, exert ourselves in support of his crown,
and the dignity of the British Empire. But as the love of liberty, and
attachment to the real interests and just rights of America outweigh
every other consideration, we resolve that we will exert every power
within us for the defense of American liberty, and for the support of
her just rights and privileges; not in any precipitate, riotous or tumul-
tous manner, but when regularly called forth by the unanimous voice
of our countrymen.
Resolved That we entertain the greatest respect for His Excellency,
the Rignt Honorable Lord Dunmore, who commanded the expedition
against the Shawnese ; and who, we are confident, underwent the great
fatigue of this singular campaign from no other motive than the true-
interest of this country.
Signed by order and in behalf of the whole corps.
Benjamin Ashbv, Clerk.
THE LEBANON CENTENNIAL.
Oration of William H. Venable.
[Note — On Thursday, September 25, 1902, the people of Lebanon, War-
ren county, Ohio, held appropriate exercises celebrating the one hundredth
anniversary of the settlement of that time honored town. The exercises
were held in the opera house, Mr John E. Smith acting as President. There
were many distinguished speakers present who made addresses. Our space
in this Quarterly will not permit of the extended report which we would
like to make, but on account of its literary excellence and historic value
we produce in full the oration of Professor Venable, the well known author
and litterateur.— E. O. R.]
The loyal American citizen, whenever and wherever he
may chance to hear the familiar words, "My Country, 'tis of
three," thinks first of the United States; but the next moment
his mind is thronged with thoughts of some particular state,
of whose rocks and rills and woods and templed hills, his
heart forever sings. Promptly his patriotism pays homage to
Old Glory and his gratitude spells Nation with large capitals ;
then his state pride singles out the One from the Many-in-
One. If he be an Ohio man, his imagination magnifies that
lesser Commonwealth, until it takes up the entire map of his
affections and the vast sky scarcely affords space for the big
O he would inscribe upon its scroll. But the mighty State
dwindles and fades when his returning footsteps eagerly bear
him toward his unrivaled County, which then appears the
only substantial portion of the globe's surface. Once within
the borders of that blessed shire, the anxious native makes
breathless haste to reach his own Township, to tread the soil
and breathe the air of the district in which he went to school,
to hasten through the hamlet so familiar to his boyish sports,
to run, to fly shortcut across the meadow and down the lane,
to rush in at the open door of the farm-house in which he
was born and to take by surprise the old folks at home !
(198)
The Lebanon Centennial. 199
Obedient to a law of human attraction we assemble
"here today in social and fraternal reunion. We are at home.
An irresistible influence of duty and love, such as draws the
members of a scattered household to the family mansion and
the maternal embrace, brings more than one stray child or
foster child back to the lap of Lebanon, in these iast days of
September, 1902.
Lebanon ! How pleasantly upon the ear falls the sound
of the melodious, oriental word. There must have been a
poetical strain in the sober-minded backwoodsmen who chris-
tened the town. The corporate seal which they ordered to be
engraved as emblem, shows in its center, the semblance of a
cedar, and we infer that whoever gave the place its name,
had in mind the Asian mountain province whence Solomon
and the Kings of Assyria hewed timber to build their temples
and royal palaces. Perhaps piety rather than poesy may have
prompted our forebears to fix Bible names upon the settle-
ments they founded as upon the sons they begot. The roster
of the worthies who sought the milk and honey of a new
Promised Land in Warren county, reads like the list of the
generations of the sons of Noah. I find in our early chroni-
cles, Ichabod, Ephraim, David, Matthias, Isaiah. Benjamin,
Samuel, Jacob, Israel, Joshua and Moses. Men who bore up
under the weight of such nomenclature, were of the strength
to lay the ax to the trees of the forest and to saw with saws
the rock from the white quarries of Lebanon. The word
Libanus, el Lebnan, means, to be white, like our limestone.
An eastern poet sang of the Syrian mount, "The winter
is upon its head, the spring upon its shoulders, the autumn
in its bosom, and at its feet slumbers the summer." Fortun-
ately for agriculture, the hills of this neighborhood are not so
high. Nature has here supplied all the conditions favorable
to tillage and the delights of pastoral life, and no one will
gainsay that modern Libanus. of Warren county, Ohio, is
always beautiful, whether robed in snow, or smiling from her
bower of April greenery, or aslumber in the glow of August,
200 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
or gazing out upon the gathered sheaves of her happy harvest
fields.
Lebanon — urban yet rural, calm, conservative, dignified
borough — teeming with historic associations, rich in a her-
itage of culture and eloquence, celebrated for social charm
and amenity — we have assembled to commemorate her past
achievement, to rejoice in her present prosperity, to predict her
future success and affluence. To many of the men and women,
here congregated, the occasion has a personal and sacred in-
terest. Lebanon is or was their home, the birthplace of their
children, the burial place of their ancestors. We have come
together to talk over the by-gone, to recount the annals of
the village — scene of our struggles, triumphs, defeats — thea-
tre of our loves and our sorrows — your town, my town, dear
old Lebanon.
The gentlemen who drafted the centenary program,,
deemed it advisable "That there be but one, or at most, but
few formal addresses, either by home speakers or orators from
abroad" in the course of this celebration, and, as they have set
apart a half day to be devoted to informal talks and remin-
iscences, by local speakers and visiting guests," historical
details will not be expected in the general discourse to which
the present hour is appropriated. Only the briefest sketch
of the annals of the pioneers, will claim your attention.
Let no one imagine that the section of Hamilton county,,
from which Warren was carved, May ist, 1803, was then a
waste, howling wilderness or that the cabins found on the
site of Lebanon in 1802, w r ere the first houses built within the
limits of the county. Though the town had its beginning in
the Northwest Territory and is older than the state of Ohio,
it was not located on terra incognita. The agricultural advan-
tages of the Miami country were lauded by the early explorers
who sounded the praise of the Kentucky Blue Grass region.
Ever since Benjamin Stites, n 1787, invested his fortune in a
farm of 30.000 acres, a portion of which took in the site of
Lebanon ; ever since John Cleves Symraes came from New
Jersey, to spy out the rich domain which he afterwards pur-
chased, a tract of 60.000 acres ; ever since Daniel Boone, in.
The Lebanon Centennial. 201
1778, was led captive by the Indians from Kentucky to Old
Town, where Xenia now stands, and escaping tramped back
through Miami Woods, to the Ohio, and finally to Boonsboro ;
ever since in 1752, now a century and a half ago, Christopher
Gist, having traveled on horseback through what he calls the
Mineami Valley, described the lands which he saw as the fair-
est and most fertile it was possible to conceive ; nay, ever
since English trapper or French trader had ventured, in 1749,
to traffic with the Red folk on the Big Miami, exchanging
face paint, gaudy calico and gay trinkets, for beaver skins,
the tongue of rumor had reported to the ear of speculation,
the potential wealth treasured in the soil of Southern Ohio.
No wonder that the pioneer, armed with ax and rifle, and
carrying the surveyor's compass, anticipated the rapid spread
of migration over the farmers' paradise lying between the two
Miamis, and that, as soon as the smoke of Wayne's muskets
and the curling fragrance from the peace pipes, at Greenville,
had ascended from the woods to the sky, the block-house-
builders came, and, "chopping out the night, chopped in the
morn," raised cabins in the clearing, and, with mauls of knot-
ted oak, drove into the ground the palisades of Bedle's sta-
tion, Mounts' station, Deerfield, Franklin, and Waynesville.
In the period of seven years, from 1795 to 1802, the rough-
est of the rough work of preparing in the hunting ground of
the savage a secure place of abode for civilized man, was
largely accomplished. It was in that period that our fore-
fathers, the founders of Lebanon, felled the lofty trees — not
cypress and cedar, but walnut, oak, ash, hickory and poplar,
of the magnificent forest through which Turtle creek wound
its soitary way. The trees were cut down, their trunks be-
came timber, the brush was burned, gardens were planted.
In due course of progress, town lots were surveyed and plat-
ted on the lands of Ichabod Corwin, Silas Hwrin, Ephrain
Hathaway and Samuel Manning 1 , and lo, Lebanon was.
And so it came to pass that when the ancient mound
builders had vanished, and the Indian had sullenly departed,
the Saxon moved in and took possession. The new town was
organized, and all its activities, public and private, were con-
202 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
ducted in accordance with the ideas and usages prevailing in
the best communities existing in the western settlements of
the time.
Many of the original settlers were of Southern stock, from
Virginia and Kentucky, others came from the Middle States;
not so many were from New England. For the most part,
they were an industrious, money-making, liberty-loving, king-
hating, devout and large-hearted people. The men were fond
of talking politics and dogmatic theology, being, as a rule,
unequivocal partisans and strict sectarians. Some were Fed-
eralists and others anti-Federal, according as they worshiped
Hamilton or Jefferson, but all were patriots and every voter
regarded his ballot as a syllable of God's own voice. Some
were Presbyterian, some Baptist, some Methodist, and how-
ever much they might wrangle over points of doctrine, or
split on the subject of psalmody, all agreed that the Bible is
true and that church membership is essential to good standing
in society as well as to the soul's salvation.
Approving the spirit and letter of the Ordinance of 1787,
which declares religion, morality and knowledge, necessary
to good government and the happiness of mankind, and that
therefore schools and the means of education shall forever be
encouraged, the inhabitants of Lebanon have always held
good teachers in high esteem. This is a suitable occasion on
which to recall the name and to honor the memory of that
apostle of culture and law, Francis Dunlevy, who, after hav-
ing assisted in establishing the first school in Cincinnati, was
induced to remove to Lebanon, where, within a hut of notched
logs and under a clapboard roof, he taught and trained ambi-
tious boys to become eminent men, and influenced aspiring
girls to develop the sweetest graces and perform the highest
-duties belonging to the educated woman. Dunlevy was as a
voice of one crying in the wilderness and making straight the
path for the long line of devoted teachers who have continued
the work he began. Lebanon may justly pride herself on ac-
count of her Union School and her Normal University, her
bead-roll of illustrious educators and the record of scholars she
has sent forth to do service in many fields of intellectual labor.
The Lebanon Centennial. 203
Ohio boasts that her schools actually do fit men and women for
practical life. The truth is grandly expressed in the words o£
the great American poet, Kinney, himself an Ohio man, nur-
tured in Warren county. In his noble Centennial Ode, read in
the State house at Columbus, in 1888, he sings exultantly the
glory of our common schools.
"A hundred years of Knowledge! We have mixt
More brains with Labor in the century
Than man had done since the decree was fixt
That Labor was his doom and dignity.
All honor to those far-foreworking men
Who, as they stooped their sickles in to fling,
Or took the wheat upon their cradles' swing,
Thought of the boy, the little citizen
There gathering sheaves, and planned the school for him,
Which should wind up the clockwork of his mind
To cunning moves of wheels and blades that skim
Across the fields and reap, and rake, and bind!
They planned the school — the woods were full of schools?
Our learning has not soared, but it has spread;
Ohio's intellects are sharpened tools
To deal v/ith daily fact and daily bread
The starry peaks of knowledge in thin air
Her culture has not climbed, but on the plain,
In whatsoever is to do or dare
With mind or matter, there behold her reign."
It is this mixing of brain with labor and with definite, in-
domitable purpose that has made Ohio men proverbially suc-
cessful. The thinking student, having, by the mastery of knowl-
edge, made a complete man of himself can do a man's duty in
any sphere, can make a living, can make money, can make ma-
chines, speeches, books, can find the road to Washington, can
lead armies, can materialize and mobilize Ohio ideas into deeds.
By virtue of this education which really educates, were de-
veloped the latent power of such statesmen as John McLean and
Governor Morrow; such judges as Collett and Probasco and
Smith; such journalists as Mansfield and Scott; such orators as
Corwin and Ward; such an actor as Murdoch; such a poet as
Coates Kinney. These and many more other men of genius and
204 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
great achievement, were, by birth or adoption, sons, not only
of the Buckeye State, but of Warren county, and their fame is
associated with the renown of Lebanon.
Some of my hearers may remember that, at the head of the
first page of a Warren county newspaper, there used to stand the
somewhat invidous couplet: .
"The Western Star is issued forth,
From Lebanon, the seat of worth."
There may be those resident outside of the county capital
who would now take exception to the phrase "the seat of worth,"
and would amend the article so as to read a seat of worth. Per-
haps some one cherishes the secret conviction that Waynesville is
the true emporium of the county ; another feels sure that Franklin
is the banner town — or Mason, or Morrow, or South Lebanon, or
Maineville, or Harveysburg. For my own part, I consider Ridge-
ville to be the one really great metropolis of the shire. But no one
can be found in any of the eleven townships, from Woodville to
Carlisle, from Mount Holly to Socialville, who will refuse to
grant that Lebanon holds the political primacy in our local repub-
lic. Lebanon is our Washington on the Potomac. Every voter
has a certain interest at stake and a certain responsibility in the
court house — possibly in the jail. He may have business with
the commissioners, the probate judge, the recorder, the auditor,
the treasurer. Therefore, and for other reasons, he is apt to jump
into his buggy, on Saturday, and drive over to Leb. to look after
his various business fences, criticise things in general and inquire
into the political situation. There is a necessary interdependence
between the people of the county seat and those who live in the
surrounding villages and upon the farms. In celebrating this
anniversary we celebrate not only the town of Lebanon but the
county of Warren. The occasion invites us all to exchange rem-
iniscences, and to contribute for the general pleasure such expe-
riences and observations as appertain to the locality. Life is
made up of little things and history is grateful for every authentic
fact, however trivial or fragmentary.
My own recollections of Warren county run back to the days
of my early boyhood. Many a time I came from my home, in
The Lebanon Centennial. 205
Qearcreek township, to Lebanon, in a wagon or by stage coach,
many a time on foot. Often my father took me through Lebanon
with him as he drove to or from Shakertown, whither we went
in spring or autumn to buy young fruit trees. Starting from the
farm, our adventurous chariot, regardless of mud or dust, rolled
on, bearing us through renowned Utica or remoter Pekin, cities
I have read of in Olney's Geography, and which, before I had
seen them I half expected would burst on my view shining
"With gilded battlements conspicuous far,
Turrets and terraces and glittering spires !"
but which, alas for childish illusion, appeared, when seen, no
more magnificent than Merittsville or Minktown. Occasionally
my father's affairs required him to extend an excursion as far as
to the Green Tree, the Blue Ball, or even to the Red Lion, way-
side hostelries each identified by its painted sign, a tree intensely
green, a ball vividly blue, a lion redder than a cardinal's gown.
These pictured boards continued to flaunt and swing in the wind
long after the proprietors of the Indian Chief, the Golden Lamb
and the Bull's Head, in Lebanon had taken down their sign and
quit business. It was in the parlor of the Bull's Head that Eng
and Chang, the Siamese Twins, gave a reception once upon a
time. For all roads ran to Lebanon. Lucky the thorp, on the
grange which was close by the pike.
The country folks used to go to the "seat of worth" to pur-
chase dry goods and groceries from James K. Hurin, from Boake
and Hardy or from Noble and Lewis. We never missed a county
fair. I well remember one of those competitive shows, at which
I was elated as only a small boy can be, by receiving a cash pre-
mium of one silver dollar for the finest exhibit of dahlias.
At a period somewhat later, when I, like all Ohio boys, began
to take a zealous interest in the Spread Eagle, the Goddess of
Liberty, the Scales of Justice, and the like, I frequently found
my way to Lebanon, to witness some exciting trial in the court
room, or to attend a political mass meeting for the purpose of see-
ing and hearing some distinguished speaker — Ewing or Chase,
or Stanton, or Schenck, or Campbell 01 the incomparable Cor-
206 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
win. I count among the most intense pleasures of my life that
of listening to Corwin address a crowd from a platform. No
other orator disputed his pre-eminence. He never needed to win
an audience; his auditors surrendered in advance, pressing
eagerly to the front, so as not to lose a word or a gesture. The
bovs of all ages, understood and relished the utterances of him
they fondly called Tom.
His witticisms were repeated in parlor and kitchen, in every
hotel and barn, and in the school yard where lads, spinning tops
or wrangling over a game of marbles, mixed with their jargon
quips and epigrams from Corwin.
Lebanon was a power house charged with political electricity.
Every man was a dynamo. Hot wires conducted the current to
various stations in the county. Even the boys and girls were
rabid Whigs, Democrats or Freesoilers. Violent personal jour-
nalism was much in vogue in the eighteen-forties and fifties.
Everv city and village boasted at least one bellicose editor.
I suppose there are many persons in Lebanon who remember
the veteran newspaper man, Wm. H. P. Denny, for many years
proprietor of the "Western Star," to which he gave the motto,
"Be just and fear not." Dear, amiable, portly, keen-eyed Wm.
H. P. Denny ! I can fancy I see him in the printing office, his
shirt sleeves rolled up, his white, small hands a little inky, a
goose quill pen stuck over his ear, as he stands beside the press
ready to pull the lever ! That goose quill dripped Whig vitu-
peration, that press stamped ignominy upon locofocoism. But the
man was as gentle as he was valiant. Denny was one of the first
who had a home on the Floraville side of the creek, in the aristo-
cratic quarter, though no man was more demoncratic, more social,
more hospitable than he. His house was that of a St. Julian, his
board instead of groaning, laughed under its festal load.
Lebanon ! Lebanon before the war — she was Athens and
Rome to my unsophisticated, bucolic fancy. The county capital,
that was a place worth going to see. There one might behold the
court house, with its tall, red spire; the prison with its barred
windows ; the fine churches, the bank, the stylish stores, the big
hotel, and Tom Corwin's house with the brass knocker on the
door !
The Lebanon Centennial. 207
You might have your daguerreotype taken in Lebanon, by
Mr. Vanneman, who had been a major in the Mexican war, and
whose sword and plumed helmet hung on the wall of his studio.
Or you might have your portrait painted by Marcus Mote, whose
name and diminutive size were in artistic correspondence with the
miniatures he delighted to make. If you wanted to read, you
could find a very respectable library at the Mechanic's Institute;
or you could obtain the latest literature of Ira Watts at his book
store, connected with the postoffice. We had lectures in Leb-
anon, and "revivals," and debates and concerts and theatricals^
and now and then an elocutionary entertainment by Robert Kidd.
Once in a while there came to town a meritorious panorama —
Frankenstein's Niagara, for instance, and a most interesting
canvas, illustrating Kane's Arctic Explorations.
The old Warren county canal began or ended in Lebanon.
I have a dim memory, a shadow picture, of a ruinous canal boat,
lying at rest on its stagnant waters. The reservoir, an artificial
lake, remained, a thing of beauty, long after the canal had been
abandoned. Delightful recollections of the old "Reser" linger
with me — recollections of swimming, skating, rowing ; of duck-
shooting on "Goose Island," of moonlight strolls along the bor-
der of the still lagoon and of sentimental talk subdued by the roar
of the "tumbles" where the water overflowed down rocky steps.
It seems but yesterday when the South Western Normal
Schools was organized in the brick Acadamy, and I now solemnly
confess, after the lapse of more than forty years, that however
much the charm of prospective education attracted me to the
Seminary, I was even more enchanted by the bewitching and be-
wildering company of Lebanon girls who flocked to the assembly
hall. Tennyson's "Dream of Fair Women" was indeed but a
dream in comparison with that "sober certainty of waking bliss."
No wonder that aspiring young fellows came racing from all
parts of the Buckeye state, smitten with a sudden passion for
learning, and that some of them were a long time in finishing
their elective courses in the "Normal."
Several events of local interest took place in Lebanon within
the period of five years, from 1855. when the Normal School
was started, to 1861, when the breaking out of the Civil War
208 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
wrought so many changes. I witnessed the dedicatton of Wash-
ington Hall, in December, 1856, an occasion on which the young
people enjoyed themselves intensely, especially on the evening
of the Firemen's ball. They "danced all night, till broad daylight,
and went home with the girls in the morning."
The scenes of gaiety which signalized the opening of our
first public hall, were in strong contrast with the serious but
dramatic proceedings held on the same floor on the evening of
April 16, 1861, the day after Lincoln sent out his call for vol-
unteers, and four days after the bombardment of Sumter. I shall
never forget that meeting. It was a gathering of men some in the
flower of youth, others verging on four score, but the oldest felt
voung and the youngest suddenly grown mature was eager to
prove his manhood by relinquishing all that youth values most
— ease, pleasure, home — to take upon him the soldier's burden,
to fight, and if need be, to die for the Union. Durbin Ward
made a brief terse speech, eloquent for its simplicity. He was the
first man in the congressional district, to enlist. A paper which he
had drawn up, pledged those who signed it to the service of their
country. This paper was passed from hand to hand, and many
names were written upon it. There was no noise, no shouting,
the still white heat of patriotism consumed all smoke of outward
demonstration. The meeting was solemn throughout, and at its
close, the audience dispersed as quietly as a congregation leaving
a church after listening to an impressive sermon.
Only a week elapsed from the date of the Washington Hall
summoning until the day of the departure from Lebanon of the
company of volunteers commanded by Captain Rigdon Williams.
Hundreds of citizens — men, women and children — assembled
in front of the Lebanon House to bid the boys farewell. A sword
was presented to the captain and the banner to the company. A
parting benediction devoted the young soldiers to a sacred cause
and to the care of God, and they marched away.
There may be, today, in the village, possibly in this hall,
some one who, then a youth, stood in the ranks of that company,
on that spring morning, twice twenty years ago. Now, per-
chance, a scarred veteran, he wears upon his lapel a tiny, unos-
The Lebanon Centennial. 209
tentations button the 'badge of the G. A. R. We take off our
hats to him.
Let us no longer dwell upon reminiscences of
"Old, unhappy, far-off things,
And battles long ago."
nor cling over fondly to memories however pleasing, of what
has been or might have been. Too much retrospection clouds
the prophetic eye, and checks the ardor of resolve. Leave it to
old men to dream dreams of past struggle and victory ; the young
shall see visions of coming enterprise and glorious achievement.
"The world belongs to them who come the last." The volume
of the century is closed. What shall be written in the book of the
next hundred years? What shall be attempted, what accom-
plished, by those who are to continue the work thus far carried
on? We march to the music of the future. What is Lebanon
to become? The question appeals not to one village only, but
to all the cities and towns of the state and Nation. Ohio alone
has at least seventy municipalities of more than five thousand
inhabitants each, and eight hundred smaller towns. Progress is
relative. Some places have advanced, others have stood still,,
others have fallen behind. So it has been, so it shall be. W nich
shall decline and die? Which flourish and increase?
Our Saxon ancestors worshiped the god Wish, who, they
believed, could give them all they longed for. Whatsoever the
people of this or that particular place really and earnestly desire,
that they may possess, provided they all will and work with the
wish. Solon, when asked if he had devised the best possible
laws for a certain Greek city, replied : "Yes ; the best laws they
are prepared to receive ; the best they can appreciate and en-
force." The wise Solon saw that so long as the citizens remain
inert, apathetic, the law giver cannot much help them. There is a
noble discontent which sometimes stirs a community to great ac-
tion. Some persons are fatally satisfied with things as they are.
They say, "Let us alone ! Don't bother us with agitating
thoughts! A little more sleep and a little more slumber, and a
little more closing of the eyes in sleep !" These good; inoffensive
14— Vol. XI.
210 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
drowsing citizens had best rouse up, or some automobile may
run over them. They should heed the pithy slang of the stren-
uous time, and "get a move on them." First, the desire, then
the resolution, then the action. Though the will be the father
to the deed, the will is not the deed. Hercules attended to the
prayer of the Roman warrior, who begged for sword in hand, and
fought while he implored the divine aid.
When Socrates was pleading with the Athenians for his life,
he said : "I would have you know that if you kill such a one
as I am, you will injure yourselves more than you will injure me.
For if you kill me you will not easily find another like me who,
if I may use such a ludicrous figure of speech, am a sort of
gadfly, given to the state by the God ; and the state is like a great
and noble steed who is tardy in his motions owing to his very
size, and requires to be stirred into life. I am that gadfly which
God has given the state, and all day long and in all places I am
always fastening upon you, arousing and persuading and re-
proaching you !"
Socrates was one of those conscientious citizens who tried
to convince and persuade his fellow townsmen ; he strove to make
them see and understand what would be best for the public
in the long run, and to act accordingly. Always and everywhere
there will be more or less need for such gadflies. Sometimes
they are regarded as a nuisance, as was Socrates. They may
come in the disagreeable guise of the kicker and the crank. But
they come also as philosophers and seers, though not always
recognized as such by the world.
The subject of municipal government for the cities and vil-
lages of Ohio has been thoroughly discussed during the last
three months. The Nash code has given rise to endless debate.
We have heard and read much about boards, charters, home, rule,
the federal plan, the merit system, and the related powers of the
legislative, the judicial and the executive department. Laws ana
ordinances are not self-operative ; they are only convenient instru-
ments which human intelligence may apply in the management
of public affairs. There is perennial truth in Pope's maxim,
"Whate'er is best administered, is best." Wise men will conceive
wise measures ; good men will give good service. Call the wisest
The Lebanon Centennial. 211
and best to take charge of those responsible offices on which the
common welfare depends. Every councilman and every execu-
tive ought to be "spotless and fearless" — his reputation not only
above reproach but above suspicion. Does this sound trite? sen-
timental? visionary? The voter's duty — if there be such thing
as duty, such function as independent balloting — was and is
and shall be to select and elect none other than high class men
— letter A, number i citizens for members of council, for mayor,
clerk, treasurer, marshal, street commissioners, solicitor and
trustees of public affairs. Select them, elect them, then encour-
age, support, honor and audit them with eternal vigilance.
Municipal perfection is unattainable, but prudent and persist-
ent effort may create a village approximately ideal. We conceive
of such a village, so located, so situated, platted, graded, drained,
lighted, shaded, as to meet every requirement of modern sanitary
science. Every street, lot and building within the corporate lim-
its will be so clean that no pestilential microbe can find induce-
ment to move into town. Not a neglected vault, malarial pool
or foul alley, breeding possible infection, will be found on public
or on private property. Plants for the disposal of sewage and
garbage will not be lacking; perhaps public opinion will demand
the erection of a crematory, and certainly a hospital will segre-
gate the victims of contagion and provide for all who may suffer
from bodily accident or disease.
The model town will be healthful, but not only that — it
will be convenient and in every w r ay conducive to comfort.
Houses will be so built and so furnished and provided as to afford
body and spirit the true delights of home. The smoke nuisance
will be abated. There will be appliances by which rooms are
cooled in summer and warmed in winter.
The trustees of public affairs will see to it that the latest
and best inventions for saving the people's money, time and en-
ergy will be adopted. They will economize by providing, with
business sagacity, the most approved system for supplying what
the village demands and is willing to pay for.
The water works will work; the sprinkling carts will sprin-
kle ; and the fire engines will put out the fire. The street cars will
run according to promise on the schedule and there will be no
212 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications,
abandoned rusty tracks and forlorn wires deluding the stranger
into the fallacy that where there is a line there must be a trolly.
The wheels will spin along the avenues of our village and the
electric lamps will shine like fixed stars not like fitful lightning
bugs.
Every village which expects to live and grow must foster
industries of some description ; must produce something which
the world wants, whether from farm, factory, studio or school.
A town can not prosper without the assistance of wide-
awake business men. Not only the commercial traveler, but the
uncommercial traveler, hates to strike a sluggish town in which
there is no activity of trade. Look in at the stores, the banks,
and see whether the town is prosperous. Stop at the hotel and
ask of the drummer what he thinks ; he knows better than any
one else that such and such a place is forging forward, or at a
standstill, or going backward.
Rapid transit — ready and cheap transportation — are im-
peratively demanded by the necessities of the age. When trains
fly from New York to Chicago in sixteen hours, nobody will
choose to spend half a day in getting from his farm to the county-
seat. The inhabitants of our well regulated, industrious, enter-
prising village — with its up-to-date methods of trade and travel,
will not be satisfied with only the utilities ; they will recognize a
virtue in pleasure and will so provide, especially for the benefit
of the young that no one need go away from home to seek recre-
ation and amusement. The old acetic idea is exploded -
the idea that all gaiety and sport should be relegated to Satan and
his crew. The voice of religion and morality, in these modern
days, advocates joyful living as a means of reforming evil. The
argument is that since people will try to enjoy themselves, in one
mode or another, in a bad way and a bad place, if no better
are provided, the philanthropist should endeavor to make the
innocent pleasures more attractive than the vicious and guilty
ones.
The men, women and children of the town and vicinage we
are picturing, will take pride in calling attention to their gym-
nasium, ball grounds, tennis courts and golf links, as well as to
their libraries, lecture halls, schools and churches. They will be
The Lebanon Centennial. 213
aware that the world is astir with genial pursuits, and that emula-
tion "pongs" to the "ping" of example. If the young folks of
Tipville can have a nice country club, why can not the young
folks of Toptown? If the band plays every Saturday for the
people in Ashburg Park, why may there not be concerts in the
public square at Oakbury? These will not interfere with the
Chautauqua Summer School, nor with the services of the Salva-
tion Army. Many varied notes harmonize to make life "one
grand, sweet song."
People of refinement receive much pleasure and much pain
through the sense of sight. They delight in the beautiful and
abhor the ugly. The municipal improvement league of the town
we are talking about will make war on whatever is hidious or
revolting to good taste. Disfiguring bill boards will be hacked
clown. Ramshackle buildings and fences will not be tolerated.
The man who suffers his property to deteriorate, his gutters to
clog with slime, his yard to be overgrown with weeds or littered
with rubbish, is to be frowned upon and regarded as obnoxious
to censure. The village, instead of presenting to the eye any-
thing unsightly, will delight the beholder by its variety of grace-
ful forms and enchanting colors. Every street will afford a lovely
vista. There will be charming driveways and walks, fair lawns
and flowering gardens, choice shade trees and clambering vines.
A pervading sentiment will encourage architects to follow their
best lights and never compel them to outrage the principles of
art. Piety will shrink from dedicating to God a sanctuary such
as Lowell calls a "contract sham, with vaulted roofs of plaster
painted like an Indian squaw." The holiness of beauty shall be
regarded as in complete harmony with the beauty of holiness.
Behold the not impossible village of the future, the consum-
mation of the hope of the social economist and the dream of the
reformer. The lot of those who are shaping the destiny of the
town we celebrate is cast in pleasant places. Years ago, a dis-
criminating traveler from England, the distinguished Canon Far-
rar, declared that in no other part of the world had he observed
conditions better suited to promote human happiness than those
prevailing in many of the towns in the state of Ohio. Xot in the
vast and crowded cities, not in the remote and inaccessible ham-
214 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
lets did this foreign sojourner find civilization at its best, but
in the smaller cities and larger villages of our own Buckeye com-
monwealth. Assuming that his judgment was correct, we' surely
have cause for self-congratulation, and we may well thank Di-
vine Providence that the lines are. fallen unto us in a region so
favored.
A prophet of old rejoiced, even with joy and singing, in the
excellency of Carmel and Sharon, and in the glory of Lebanon.
The fertile plain of Sharon now lies waste. Carmel is a desolate
ruin. Yet thriving villages still smile amid gardens of the date
and the olive on Mount Lebanon, where patient husbandry has
sustained organized communities, for at least three thousand
years. If such survivals are possible in Asia, under the oppres-
sion of every species of Oriental misrule, what may not we hope
for our young, free-born, untrammeled town, alive with fresh
blood from the very heart of the New World ? We predict for our
Lebanon a destiny desirable and glorious beyond the augury of
dream of any ancient seer or modern bard of Eastern lands. We
rejoice, but not with the selfish, vain glory of jealous provincialism.
We are proud of Ohio ; Ohio is a flourishing branch on the tree
America. We love Lebanon ; Lebanon is a fair blossom on the
vigorous bough. The rich sap of modern civilization, derived
from all ages and all countries, feeds the roots of the tree. Here
and now, in this village of happy memories and glad omens, we
renew our faith in self-government, in human progress, in the
essential Tightness of the spirit of the age, in the ultimate of the
true, the good and the beautiful.
SHAKER MISSION TO THE SHAWNEE INDIANS.
By J. P. MacLean, A. B., Ph. D.
INTRODUCTION.
It is but a slight exaggeration to state that the aborigines
of this country have been made the objects of conversion from
all the religious sects that have found a domicile within our bor-
ders. Under the civilizing influence of the dominant exotic race
the American savage has constantly gone down. It is not the
fault of Christianity, nor of the civilization of the nineteenth
century, but in the application. The missionary in his zeal
has mistaken both ethnology and his calling. It required Chris-
tianity five hundred years to civilize the Norsemen. Wandering
tribes neither jump into civilization nor Christianity. Both re-
quire generations of constant instruction. It is exceedingly
difficult to overcome that hereditary disposition to revert to an
original savage condition. The Jesuits, who had a peculiar
faculty of adapting themselves to the manners, conditions, and
habits of thought of the American savages, made but a slight
impression on their dusky subjects. Whatever failure made by
one sect, has been of little result to another. The same old
methods constantly applied which previous failures experienced.
It may be affirmed that the methods applied have been more
in the nature of a persecution than in an elevation. The study
of ethnology would have been of greater benefit and the chagrin
of disappointment might have been avoided by utilizing this
science.
The history of the various types of mankind demonstrates
that the various conditions operate differently. The Esquimo
has discovered that the kyack is the proper boat for his pursuit
of food and raiment. The conditions force out that which is
necessary to maintain the struggle for existence. The habits
of life more or less govern mental acquirements. These and
C215)
216 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
other considerations must enter into the conclusions that form
intelligent conception of advancing the status of any tribe or type.
The American savage is a debased creature, prone to take
up the vices of the white man, and, in his original condition.
incapable of penetrating the exalted conception of life as ex-
pounded by Jesus Christ. He is a being requiring many gener-
ations of culture before fully comprehending the ethical quali-
ties propounded in the New Testament.
If the large or powerful sects spend a part of their energy
in missions to degraded tribes, it is not to be wondered at that
the weaker denominations should imitate the example. That the
Shakers, always noted for the paucity of their number, should
waste their energy in such a fruitless enterprise as a mission tc
the savages, commands a different view than that necessarily
accorded to other isms. Shaker theology and sociology radically
differ from all other types of Christinaity. It may be affirmed
that Shakerism contains no phase but may be elsewhere found
among Christians ; yet it must be noticed that it combines more
peculiar features than can elsewhere be discovered. The Shakers
have more perfectly approached the teachings of Jesus and his
Apostles than any other of the organized bodies of believers. On
the other hand the nature of the Indian is largely animal. He
is where the ancestors of the white man were many thousands
of years ago. To expect an Indian to lay aside his brutal nature
and take upon himself the life of a Shaker, requires a credulity
too vast even to contemplate.
Shakerism in 1807 was practically in its infancy. In the
west, it was only in the third year of its existence. It was five
years later before it was organized into church relationship. The
people, for the most part, lived at Union Village, in log houses.
The first frame dwelling-house was not completed until October,
1806, and that was built for the Elders. However, the leaders
of Shakerism at Union Village were alive to what they appre-
hended were the needs of humanity, and were ever ready to drop
seed on whatever appeared to be good soil. They were not far
removed from the Indians, and any religious commotion among
the latter would necessarily attract their attention. In the sim-
plicity of their hearts they believed that the subtle, treacherous,
Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians. 217
ferocious and diabolical savage could be transformed into a gentle,
non-resistent, God-fearing and man-loving celibate.
KENTUCKY REVIVAL AND INDIANS.
During the "Great Kentucky Revival" of 1800 and 1801, the
Indians received the attention of the awakened and zealous. Fer-
vent prayers were offered up that the Indians might also share in
the blessed hope and joyful anticipation of the future state; and
missionaries were repeatedly sent out from among the subjects of
the revival, to convert them to the Christian faith, but with little
success. In the fall of the year 1804, a great number of savages,
belonging to different tribes, assembled together and held a feast
of love and union, and during their conclave danced and rejoiced
before the Great Spirit, with the purpose of reviving the religion
of their ancestors. The fame of the meeting was wafted to 'the
whites, among whom were those who queried whether God would
convert them in some way different from what had hitherto been
employed.
During the year 1805 fresh reports broke out concerning the
Indians, which affirmed that a large body of them was moving
down the western border of Ohio, and were about to form a
settlement. The rumors caused much agitation concerning them.
Some proclaimed that the movement presaged war, while others
affirmed that they were in pursuit of religion and the means of
an honest livelihood; that they intended to labor, and in their
present circumstances the neighboring whites were supporting
them by charitable donations.
SHAKER PROPAGANDA.
The continuance of the various reports, concerning che move-
ments and condition of the Indians, created much anxiety among
the Shakers at Union Village (then called Turtle Creek). Tt
was determined to direct a missionary body to proceed to the
Shawnee Indians, then living at Greenville, in order to find
out the real situation, both in respect to things temporal and
spiritual. The persons selected were David Darrow, Benjamin
Seth Youngs and Richard McXemar.
218 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
David Darrow, who was born June 21, 1750, and died June
27, 1825, has been sketched in my article on the Shakers of Union
Village in the Quarterly for June, 1902, and need not here be
repeated.
Benjamin Seth Youngs was born September 17, 1774. He
was a member of the propaganda that set out from New Lebanon,.
N. Y., on January 1, 1805, and was one of the first three Shakers
in the west, and the ablest of the trio, and, in all probability, the
most indefatigable missionary ever belonging to the sect. So far
as I have been able to learn no account of his life or missionary
labors has been preserved. His itinerary, as preserved in the
church record, was as follows : On January 16, 1809, accom-
panied by two of the brethren, he set out on foot for Buserow
(West Union, Ind. A society was here established, but after many
vicissitudes was abandoned), and returned on March 29; April
25, accompanied by Elder Matthew Houston, he set out for Gas-
per (now South Union), Kentucky, by way of Eagle Creek, Cane-
ridge and Shawnee Run ; he was present and took a very active
part in resisting the mob at Union Village on August 27, 1810^
although the record is silent, but for September 13, records that in
company with two others, he started on that day for Buserow,
on the Wabash, in Indiana, and returned on December 4th ; Feb-
ruary 20, 181 1, accompanied by Ruth Darrow, Edith Dennis and
Peter Pease, he set out for Buserow (West Union), and at Cin-
cinnati, on the 22nd, met the boats containing the believers from
Eagle Creek, who were destined for the same place ; he must soon
after have returned for on April 9th he set out for Kentucky and
returned on August 2d ; September 25 he went to Kentucky and
returned on September 11, 1812, and on the 29th started for
Gasper, where he probably staid until September 30, 1 814, at which
date he arrived at Union Village; on July 16, 1818, he passed
through Union Village on his return from New Lebanon to Gas-
per ; March 27, 1820, he was again in Union Village and returned
to Gasper on April 1st; November 8, 1829, he was on a visit to
Union Village, but departed from there on the 24th ; May 27, 1833,.
he arrived in Union Village but after ten days set out for home ;
on May 14, 1835, he was on his way to New Lebanon, and on
September 22, arrived at Union Village on his return, and on the
Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians. 219
30th set out for Gasper. The last record of him is for October
16, 1836, and is as follows: "Elder Benjamin S. Youngs arrives
here from South Union," and "is now leaving- the west to return
no more. He goes to his old home at Watervleit, New York, after
a residence of more than thirty years in the west. He gave us his
valedictory address in meeting today. We bless him and pray
that heaven may. He proceeds on the 20, same." During his
long stay at Gasper he was an elder, but whether in the min-
istry — which he probably was — the record is silent.
Richard McNemar, born November 20, 1770, was a Presby-
terian clergyman, who had a commanding influence during the
Great Kentucky Revival. He was one of the six witnesses that
met at Caneridge, Bourbon county, Kentucky, June 28, 1804, and
on that day dissolved the Springfield Presbytery. While in charge
of the church at Turtle Creek, he was converted to Shakerism,
and united with that sect on April 24, 1805, followed by his entire
family. During the rest of his life he was an elder in the order.
In the Church Record his name occurs but sixteen times. April
22, 1807, he set out for Gasper, and returned December 4 ; January
16, 1809, he set out for Buserow on foot, and returned March 29,
accompanied by Youngs and Issacher Bates; with the latter and
John Hancock, on the 5th December, 1809, he again set out for
Buserow, but failing to reach his destiny, on account of the high
waters, he returned on the 10th; March 27, 1810, with Archibald
Meacham, he set out for Buserow and returned May 1st ; in com-
pany with David Moseley, Ruth Darrow and Peggy Houston, on
October 15, he set out on a visit to Eagle Creek to visit the colony
of believers at that place, returning on the 27th ; April 9, 181 1, he
"set out for Kentucky" and returned August 2; June 1st, 1812,
he started for Dayton to see the Governor respecting military
matters which concerned believers; March 8, 1813, he went to
Watervleit (near Dayton), where he was taken sick, and Nathan
Sharp, on the 15th, started to bring him home : September 5. 1817,
he was indicted at Lebanon, for assault and battery, on a false
oath given by John Davis; February 14, 1830, he was released
from his eldership at the Centre House, pro tempore; December
28, 1835. he was "released from his care as an Elder at Water-
vleit; but does not remove from Watervleit till 13th January,
220 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
1836." The last record is made for September 15, 1839: "This
evening, Richard McNemar, Sen., deceased; after a protracted
illness of chronic bowel complaint. He was among the first who
received the gospel in the west, — being previously a Presby-
terian minister in this place. One of the most zealous and loyal
believers who ever embraced the gospel in this western land.
Altogether more than ordinary intelligent."
Issacher Bates, born January 29, 1758, was one ot the
original propaganda that set out from New Lebanon, on Jan-
uary 1st, 1805. He is mentioned thirty-four times in the Church
Record. April 22, 1807, he set out for Gasper and returned
December 4; May 2, 1808, he "set out on a visit to Kentucky"
and returned home June 12 following; July 2j, he returned from
a tour to the Wabash ; he started for the Wabash September
18 and returned November 7; January 16, 1809, he set out for
Buserow on foot and returned March 29 ; August 29, he set out
on a visit to Buserow and arrived home on Sunday, September
24; December 5, he started for the Wabash, but returned the
10th, on account of high waters ; on the 14th, he again set out
for the Wabash and returned February 19, 1810, via Cane-
ridge, Kentucky; March 15 he started for Shawnee Run (now
Pleasant Hill), Kentucky, and arrived home March 28, i8n;
November 11, he arrived from Buserow, and returned there
December 19; he arrived from Buserow September 10, 1812;
June 1, 1814, with Solomon King, he set out to visit the Har-
mony Society of Dutch people, returning the 21st; December
14, 1816, he arrived from West Union (Buserow), Ind., and
returned the 17th ; January 7, 18 19, he arrived from West Union ;
April 21, 1820, he again came from West Union, and on June 22
returned; January 24, 1822, he arrived from, and on the 29th
returned to West Union; January 8, 1823, he went to Darby
Plains, Ohio, and returned the 24th; January 29, 1824. he
removed from West Union to Union Village ; March 30, he
started for Zoar, a communistic society of Dutch people, where
he was taken very sick, and on May 10, Calvin Morrell and
Charles D. Hampton (both formerly physicians) started for
Zoar to take care of him, and returned with him on the 27th;
September 2, he set off to visit the Society at North Union,
Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians. 221
near Cleveland, and returned October 9, and on the 21st, re-
moved to Watervleit; June 27, 1825, he came to Union Vil-
lage in order to attend the funeral of Elder David Darrow ;
July 29, 1826, he set out for West Union, and returned home,
via Pleasant Hill, Kentucky, on September 16; June 1, 1830,
he started for New Lebanon and returned September 2; May
27, 1833, he arrives at Union Village, and "expects to take a
long visiting tour in Kentucky." The last record is for April
16, and 30, and May 14: "It is now concluded for our good
old veteran pioneer, Elder Issachar, who has done so much, and
spent all his latter days, nearly, in planting and building up the
gospel in the West, to return to the East, and retire from these
labors. He will visit among us till the 30th inst., when he will
return to Watervleit." April 30: "Elder Issachar returns to
Watervleit (Ohio) to-day, preparatory to starting to New Leb-
anon; we therefore have taken our final change of salutations
and farewell, with many well wishes for each others welfare."
May 14: Elder Issachar starts from -Watervleit to join his com-
pany at Circleville to go East to return no more."
NARRATIVE OF THE MISSION TO THE INDIANS.
For a full account of the Shaker mission to the Shawnee
Indians we are indebted to the report given by Richard Mc-
Nemar, who based his narrative upon the Journal kept by the
missionaries. On March 17, 1807, the three brethren, David
Darrow, Richard McNemar and Benjamin S. Youngs set out in
search of the Indians, and on the 23rd arrived at their village,
now Greenville, Ohio. "When we came in sight of the village.
the first object that attracted our view was a large frame house,
about 150 by 34 feet in size, surrounded with 50 or 60 smoking
cottages. We rode up and saluted some men who were stand-
ing before the door of a tent, and by a motion of the hand were
directed to another wigwam where we found one who could
talk English. We asked him if their feelings were friendly.
A. O yes, we are all brothers.
O. Where are your chiefs — we wish to have a talk with
them ?
222 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
A. They are about 4 miles off making sugar.
Q. What are their names?
A. Lal-lu-e-tsee-ka, and Te-kum-tha.*
Q. Can any of them talk English ?
A. No ; but there is a good interpreter there, George Blue-
Jacket. He has gone to school, and can read and talk well.
O. What is that big house for?
A. To worship the Great Spirit.
O. How do you worship ?
A. Mostly in speaking.
O. Who is your chief speaker?
A. Our prophet, Lal-lu-e-tsee-ka. He converses with the
Great Spirit, and tells us how to be good.
O. Do all that live here, believe in him?
A. Yes ; we all believe — he can dream to God.
Conducted by a pilot, we repaired to the sugar-camp, where
30 or 40 were assembled with the prophet, who was very sick
and confined to his tent. We expressed our desire of having a
talk with him. But George informed us that he could not talk to
us, that ministers of the white people would not believe what
he said, but counted it foolish and laughed at it, therefore he
could not talk ; besides, he had a pain in his head, and was very
sick. After informing him we were not such ministers, he asked :
Do you believe a person can have true knowledge of the
Great Spirit, in the heart, without going to school and learning
to read?
A. We believe they can ; and that is the best kind of knowl-
edge.
After some talk of this kind with George, he went into the
prophet's tent, where several chiefs were collected, and after con-
tinuing their council there about an hour, Lal-lu-e-tsee-ka came
out and took his seat in a circle of about 30 persons who sat
round the fire. All were silent — every countenance grave and
solemn, when he began to speak. His discourse continued about
half an hour, in which the most pungent eloquence expressed his
* Where Tecumseh lived at Greenville is still called Tecumseh's
Point. It is now owned by Herschel Morningstar.
Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians. 223
deep and heart-felt sense of what he spoke, but in language which
George said, he could not correctly translate into English. How-
ever, the general sense he occasionally communicated during our
stay.
In the first place, that he (the prophet) had formerly lived
on White river ; had been a doctor and a very wicked man.
About two years ago, while attending on sick people at Attawa,
in a time of general sickness, he was struck with a deep and
awful sense of his sins — cried mightily to the Good Spirit to
show him some way of escape, and in his great distress, fell
into a vision, in which he appeared to be travelling along a road,
and came to where it forked — the right hand way he was in-
formed led to happiness and the left to misery.
This fork in the road, he was told, represented that stage of
life in which people were convicted of sin ; and l:hose who took
the right hand way quit everything that was wicked and became
good. But the left hand road was for such as would go on and
be bad, after they were shown the right way. They all move
slow, till they come here, but when they pass the fork to the left,
then they go swift. On the left hand way he saw three houses —
from the first and second were pathways that led into the right
hand road, but no way leading from the third. This, said he, is
eternity. He saw vast crowds going swift along the left hand
road, and great multitudes in each of the houses, under differ-
ent degrees of judgment and misery. He mentioned particularly
the punishment of the drunkard. One presented him a cup of
liquor resembling melted lead ; if he refused to drink it he would
urge him, saying: Come, drink — you used to love whiskey.
And upon drinking it, his bowels were seized with an exquisite
burning. This draught he had often to repeat. At the last house
their torment appeared inexpressible ; under which he heard them
scream, cry pitiful, and roar like the falls of a river. He was
afterwards (said the interpreter) taken along the right hand way,
which was all interspersed with flowers of delicious smell, and
showed a house at the end of it where was everything beautiful,
sweet and pleasant ; and still went on learning more and more ;
but in his first vision he saw nothing but the state of the wicked ;
from which the Great Spirit told him to go and warn his people
224 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
of their danger, and call upon them to put away their sins, and
be good. Whereupon he began to speak to them in great dis-
tress, and would weep and tremble, while addressing them. Some
believed — were greatly alarmed — began to confess their sins —
forsake them, and set out to be good. This spread the alarm,
and brought many others from different tribes to see and hear,
who were affected in like manner. But some of the chiefs who
were very wicked, would not believe, and tried to keep the people
from believing, and encouraged them on in their former wicked
ways. Whereupon the Great Spirit told him to separate from
these wicked chiefs and their people, and showed him particularly
where to come, towards the big ford where the peace was con-
cluded with the Americans ; and there make provision to receive
and instruct all from the different tribes that were willing to be
good.
Accordingly all that believed had come and settled there,
and a great many Indians had come to hear, and many more
were expected. That some white people were afraid, but they
were foolish ; for they would not hurt any one.
We asked a number of questions :
O. Do you believe that all mankind are going away from
the Good Spirit by wicked works?
A. Yes; that is what we believe. And the, prophet feels
great pity for all.
O. Do you believe that the Great Spirit once made him-
self known to the world, by a man that was called Christ?
A. Yes, we believe it, and the Good Spirit has showed our
prophet what has been in many generations, and he says he
wants to talk with some white people about these things.
O. What sins does your prophet speak now against?
A. Witchcraft, poisoning people, fighting, murdering,
drinking whisky, and beating their wives because they will not
have children. All such as will not leave off there, go to Eternity
— he knows all bad people that commit fornication, and can tell
it all from seven years old.
O. What do those do who have been wicked, when they
believe the prophet?
A. Thev confess all.
Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians. 225
Q. To whom do they confess?
A. To the prophet and four chiefs.
. Q. Do they confess all the bad things they ever did?
A. All from seven years old. And cry and tremble when
they come to confess.
Q. How did you learn this? The Roman Catholics con-
fess their sins.
A. Some Wyandots joined the Roman Catholics at Detroit,,
who now believe in our prophet. Roman Catholics confess their
sins, but go and do bad again. Our people forsake their bad
way when they have confessed.
They asked us several questions concerning our people, and
particularly whether they drank whisky ; and appeared not a
little rejoiced, to learn that there were some among the whites,
so far reclaimed, as to lay aside the use of that pernicious liquor.
We inquired how they made out for provisions. They answered
they had none. So many people came there — eat up all they
had raised.
The only meal we saw them eat was a turkey divided among
thirty or forty. And the only relief we could afford them, was
ten dollars for the purpose of buying corn.
After the evening conversation closed we concluded to
return to the village, with .George and several others ; and
mounted our horses. It was now in the dusk of the evening, and
the full moon just rising above the horizon, when one of their
speakers stood up in an alley, between the camps, and spoke for
about fifteen minutes, .with great solemnity, which was heightened
at every pause, with a loud Segnoy from the surrounding as-
sembly. On this occasion our feelings were like Jacob's when
he cried out, "How dreadful is this place! Surely the Lord is
in this place !" And the world knew it not. With these im-
pressions we returned to the village, and spent the night.
Next morning, as soon as it was day, one of their speakers
mounted a log, near the southeast corner of the village, and
began the morning service with a loud voice, in thanksgiving
to the Great Spirit. He continued his address for near an hour.
The people were all in their tents, some at the distance of fifteen
or twentv rods; yet they could all distinctly hear, and gave a
15— Vol. XT.
'226 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
solemn and loud assent, which sounded from tent to tent, at
every pause. While we stood in his view, at the end of the
meeting-house, on rising ground, from which we had a prospect
of the surrounding wigwams, and the vast open plain or prairie,
to the south and east, and which looks over the big fort, toward
the north, for the distance of two miles, we felt as if we were
among the tribes of Israel, on their march to Canaan. Their
simplicity and unaffected zeal for the increase of the work of
the Good Spirit — their ardent desires for the salvation of their
unbelieving kindred, with that of all mankind — their willingness
to undergo hunger, fatigue, hard labor and sufferings, for the
sake of those who came to learn the way of righteousness —
and the high expectations they had, of multitudes flocking down
to hear the prophet the ensuing summer, etc., were considera-
tions truly affecting; — while Ske-law-wa hailed the opening day
with loud aspirations of gratitude to the Good Spirit ; and en-
couraged the obedient followers of Divine light to persevere.
They showed us several letters of friendship from the Gov-
ernor of Ohio, Gen. Whiteman and others, from which they ap-
peared that the Americans believed their dispositions to be peace-
able and brotherly. Their marks of industry were considerable,
not only in preparing ground for cultivation, but also in hewing
and preparing timber for more commodious buildings. From all
we could gather, from their account of the work, and of their
faith and practice — what we heard and felt in their evening and
morning worship — - their peaceable dispositions, and attention to
industry, we were induced to believe that God, in very deed, was
mightily at work among them. And under this impression, we
invited three or four of them to come down and see us, as soon
as they found it convenient."
The stay of the deputation was short, for on March 27 they
returned. The time actually at Greenville is no where stated,
but in all probability it was not more than five days.
To the foregoing account Mr. McNemar adds the following :
"Near the middle of June upwards of twenty appeared at
Turtle Creek, encamped in the woods at a small distance from the
church, and tarried four days. They had worship every evening
at the encampment; and several on the Sabbath attended the
Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians. 227
meeting of the Believers, and behaved with order and de-
corum. During their stay they conducted with peace and civility,
and received no contrary treatment from any in the place. And
to relieve, in some degree, the pressing wants of hungry fama-
lies at home, 27 horses were loaded each with provisions, from
among the Believers. Yet this act of charity, however small,
did not long escape the censorious reflections of some hard-
hearted mortals ; but even furnished a pretext for implications the
most monstrous and unreasonable. However,Jn this, as in all
other cases of the kind, those who busied themselves about what
did not concern them, were much divided in their opinion. Some
had it, that a number of the Indians had joined the Shakers, and
many more were coming on. Others, that an Indian had offered
to confess his sins, but that the Shakers could not understand
him ; and therefore the Indians were convinced too, that the
Shakers were deceivers. Others tried to make believe that the
Shakers were encouraging them to war — or at least to contend
for the land on which they had settled. And some were foolish
enough to go all the way to the village, and put on a mask of
hypocrisy, to find out whether this was not the case. Of all
this trouble, both of mind and body, such might have been saved,
had they accustomed themselves, at an earlier period, to believe
those who tell the truth and nothing but the truth.
About the 12th of August (1807) tne ) T were visited again
by two of the brethren from Turtle Creek, who found them in
possession of the same peaceable and brotherly spirit. They had
but little conversation with them, yet obtained abundant satis-
faction by attending their meeting, which continued from a little
after dark till the sun was an hour high the next morning.
The meeting was opened with a lengthy discourse, delivered
by the prophet ; after which they assembled in a close crowd, and
continued their worship by singing and shouting, that might have
been heard at least to the distance of two miles.
Their various songs, and perfect harmony in singing, shout-
ing, etc., rendered the meeting very solemn. But all this appeared
far inferior to that solemn fear of God, hatred of sin, and that
peace, love and harmony which they manifested among each other.
They needed no invitation to pay another visit to Turtle Creek;
228 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
nor were they forbidden. Therefore, pursuant to their own choice,
a number of them appeared again at the church, August 29th, and
were received with usual kindness and charity. On this occasion,
some in the neighborhood expressed their uneasiness lest there
was some mischievous plot carrying on. But amidst the threats ■
of the ignorant or misinformed, the Shawnees testified that they
were wholly for peace, and abundantly proved it by their meek-
ness, gentleness and forbearance. The only expression like re-
sentment that I heard from them on the occasion, was from Nancy,
the interpreter, while a bold advocate for the New Christian doc-
trine, was boasting how the white people could cut them off. She
said they were for nothing but peace ; but if white people would
go to war, they would be destroyed by a day of judgment, that
not one soul would be left on the face of the earth.
Although these poor Shawnees have had no particular in-
struction but what they received by the outpouring of the Spirit,
yet in point of real light and understanding, as well as behavior,
they shame the Christian world. Therefore, of that Spirit which
hath wrought so great a change, the believers at Turtle Creek
are not ashamed ; yet they are far from wishing them to turn to
the right hand or to the left, to form an external union with them
or any other people. But they are willing that God should carry
on His work among them without interruption, as He thinks
proper."
CHURCH RECORD AND THE INDIANS.
The Church Record book, on the Shakers' relation to the
Indians, is brief and unsatisfactory, as upon almost every other
point. A fair illustration is afforded in the fact that the manu-
script record book extending from January 1, 1805, to April 30,
1 86 1, contains but 480 pages. None of it is closely written and
innumerable lines are skipped.
Such records as the Church Book gives are here reproduced :
1807. Mar. 17. "Elder David D. — B. S. Youngs and
Richard McNemar set out for Greenville, to pay a visit to the
Shawnee Indians, and witness the Reported revival of religion
among them: (for an account of which see pamphlet entitled Ky.
Revival) They return home on 27 of same."
May 30. "James Patterson and wife arrive here from Beaulah,
Shaker Mission to the Shaunice Indians.
229
and in company with them were 21 Indians and 2 squaws, being a
party of the aforesaid religious Indians."
"Sab. 31. Part of the Indians attend meeting, and also a great
multitude of spectators. Indians set out for their homes June
4." "Aug. 10. Issachar Bates and Richard McXemar set out this
morning to visit the religious Shawnee Indians."
"29. About 50 Indians arrive here last evening; we are
threatened with being put to the sword's point, for showing charity
to the poor Indians. This threat is from one Saml. Trousdale, a
militia officer."
"Sep. 3. Indians return to Greenville."
CONCLUSION.
The records show that the Shakers desisted from any real
efforts to promulgate their doctrines among the Indians. While
they were well received, the evidence conveys the idea that the
missionaries saw no opening for instructions after their manner.
On the other hand, all things considered, they made encouraging
strides among the civilized. Besides Union Village, permanent
lodgment was effected at North Union, Watervleit, and White-
water, in Ohio ; South Union and Pleasant Hill, in Kentucky, and
West Union in Indiana. Many additions and much encourage-
ment were received at Beaver, Eagle Creek, Straight Creek and
Darby Plains, all of which I presume were in Ohio. If the same
persistency had been continued by the later Shakers as was mani-
fested by the original leaders of this sect would not have been on
the wane as so clearly demonstrated at this time. Shakerism de-
pends on no large church for its moral support and increase. It re-
ceives from the world and is its own magnetic center. At this day
it is wholly wanting in missionary enterprise. At Union \ illage
there are but two men under fifty years of age. The Society has
all the appearance of being doomed to extinction when the present
members pass away. Still, we do not know. Xo man knoweth
what another hour may bring forth.
Franklin, Ohio, February 23, 1902.
THE CHILLICOTHES.
By R. W. McFarland, LL. D.
In any pioneer history of Ohio, or of the West in general,,
the word Chillicothe is found as the Indian name of a town. As
there were several of these, it may be well to mention some points,,
so as to identity the one intended :
i. Chillicothe. — Howe's Ohio and other histories speak of
a town of this name on the Great Miami river. It was on the
site of the present city of Piqua.
2. Chillicothe.— Often called "Old Chillicothe." This was
about three miles north of Xenia. In 1780 when Gen. George
Rogers Clark was on an expedition against the Indians, this old
town was set on fire by the Indians themselves, and practically
destroyed when Clark reached the place. About twelve miles
northwest of this village, was Piqua, the birth place of Tecumseh.
This place was on the north bank of Mad river, about six miles
west of Springfield. Here Clark attacked and thoroughly routed
the vShawnees, and destroyed the village and the growing crops.
Those who escaped destruction retired to the Chillicothe on the
Great Miami, and thence forward in general the place is called
Piqua, in commemoration of the Mad river town. This No. 2 is
the Chillicothe so often mentioned in connection with Boone and
Kenton. Feople who read the lives of these two hunters should
remember this.
3. Chillicothe. — Also often called "Old Chillicothe." This
was about four miles down the river from Circleville, and was on
the west side of the Scioto, at or very near the village of Westfall.
All histories which give accounts of "Lord Dunmore's War," in-
cluding the battle of Point Pleasant, when they say "Chillicothe,"
mean this one at Westfall.
4. Chillicothe. — Now called Hopetown, three miles north
of the present city of that name in Ross County. When I lived
in Chillicothe over half a century ago, this village was usually
called "Old Town," in reference to the old Indian village. The
(230)
The Chillicothes. 231
present city of Chillicothe does not occupy the site of an Indian
town of this name.
5. Chillicothe. — Frankfort, in Ross county, twelve miles
nearly northwest of the city ; and about half a mile north of Roxa-
bell, a station on the B. & O. Southwestern. This place also was
generally called "Old Town," when I was teaching in Greenfield
from 1848 to 1 85 1.
All these were Shawnee villages, and the word is said to
mean "The place where the people live," or words to that effect,
but I cannot vouch for it as correct. Indian names were usually
significant, as were old Jewish names.
ULYSSES S. GRANT.
A CHARACTERIZATION SKETCH.
BY JOHN BEATTY.
There is more than a grain of truth underlying the notion
that what the world calls greatness in men is the outgrowth
of accident rather than of any exceptional physical moral or
intellectual excellence. Nobody certainly can win victories
and gain martial renown who lives in a period of profound
peace. In civil life, however, it may be said that by change
of scene or of occupation, men can seek congenial or profitable
employment and thus shape their careers to suit them; but
this freedom of action is often restricted to very narrow limits.
What chance is there for one thrown by accident and fixed
by duty to an environment of sterile ridges, to become a
wealthy and successful farmer? He cannot remove to more
fertile regions, for he is held to the place of his birth at
first by poverty or by filial love, and ultimately by fatherly
care for his family. He may have abundant energy but it is
frittered away in unproductive toil. He may have high ambi-
tion, but for this there is no proper field of action and no en-
couragement. He may be endowed with exceptional courage;
but this simply prompts him to contend more resolutely with
the i tbstacles around him. He may be possessed of all the qual-
ities which ennoble the soul, but these render him only the
more devoted to those whom nature has confided to his care.
A great civil commotion, involving the honor of the state and
the liberties of its people might, perhaps, justify a disregard
of lesser obligations, ami multiply his opportunities; but. for-
tunately for mankind such disturbances are infrequent, and
when they do occur accident and not merit is still too often
the controlling factor. The truth is that men, in one respect
at least, are so much like beans that when thoroughly shaken
the smaller are as likely to come uppermost as the larger.
i 232 1
Ulysses S. Grant.
General Grant in the preface to his personal memoirs
affirmed "that there are but few important events in the
affairs of men brought about by their own choice." Was his
own life an illustration of the truth of this statement? In
other words, was Grant's career the result of pre-emin
skill, or of unprecedented luck? ( )r was there in his case
such a combination of fair ability and extraordinary good
fortune as the world had rarely, if ever, before witnessed?
This suggests in part, at least, the subject to which I propose
to invite attention.
It is safe to assert in the outset that in the year 1839,
there were at least ten thousand boys in Ohio of suitable age
and education who would have been glad to enter the Military
School at West Point. Of this large number, however, th
were but few to whom the opportunity was presented. Among
the few thus favored was Ulysses S. Grant. The favor v
accorded to him by chance, and accepted reluctantly. If tl
had been a competitive examination for the place, as is now
the custom, it is not at all probable he would have been ap-
pointed, for besides disliking the position, and hence eaj
to avoid it, he was never particularly studious, and nol
ceptionally bright as a scholar. Had he been left to make'
his own choice of a pursuit in life we have his word for it he
would not have chbsen that of arms. So that circumstances
conspired against his own will to thrust him where he had no
desire to be. The circumstances — the independent, outside
forces, which drove him unwillingly to the Military Academy,
and so started him upon his soldier life, may be briefly sum-
med up as follows: The son of Dr. Bailey having
to West Point from the Brown-Clermont con al dis-
trict, failed to pass the preliminary examination. As a favor
to a most estimable father, however, the young man was g:
a year for further preparation, and then re-appointed ; but
for -ome reason he was finally dismissed. Father Grant, hear-
ing accidentally of young Bailey's failure
•vii to the public, and before there was any competiti
the place, wrote to Senator Morris in his son's behalf - the
Senator wrote to Thomas I.. I lamer, then a representa*
284 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
in Congress, and Hamer recommended the appointment. One
element in the series of happenings which led to this selection
was the fact that young Bailey's father was a near neighbor
of the elder Grant, and hence the latter had an opportunity
not enjoyed by the people of the congressional district gen-
erally, to hear of the young man's dismissal. Of the opportu-
nity thus afforded he availed himself by making early appli-
cation for the place.
The fact that young Grant went reluctantly to the Mili-
tary Academy has been alluded to, but his own confession
emphasizes this phase of the subject, for he states that after
loitering in Philadelphia and other cities, and thus gratify-
ing a desire to see the world, natural to all boys, he hoped an
accident would occur to make his immediate return to George-
town imperative. But, fortunately, no accident did occur,
and he entered the Military School for which he had set out.
While there, however, he longed to be away, and pursued his
studies with a half-heartedness which left him at the close of
his term twenty-first in a class of thirty-nine, or a little below
the average.
Having graduated and donned the uniform of a lieutenant
he began to feel more interest in his profession. He tells us,
however, it was never his intention to remain long in the
army, but to prepare himself for a professorship in some col-
lege. It is more than probable his acquaintance with Miss
Julia Dent, which began not long after his graduation, aug-
mented his military ardor somewhat, and rendered him at
least solicitous that so long as he remained in the army she
should have no reason to be ashamed of him.
His service in Mexico we would probably have known
little or nothing of, if it had not been for his subsequent prom-
inence. He evidently deported himself, however, with more
than ordinary skill and courage during that war, but with
no approximation to the brilliancy displayed, during the last
year of the rebellion, by Custer, Wilson, and other young
graduates of the Military Academy. In brief, in Mexico he
proved himself rather more than a fair lieutenant of the reg-
ular army, but not an exceptionally great one.
Ulysses S. Grant. 235
His promotion to a captaincy and his resignation from
the army were followed by his return to St. Louis, and his res-
idence on the Dent farm. The years spent here were years
of comparative, if not absolute failure, so far as the accu-
mulation of property was concerned, and yet in other respects
they may have been of the most improving character, for the
discipline which poverty affords, severe though it may be,
is as a rule most salutary- It dissipates a multitude of decep-
tive and harmful illusions. It teaches that nine-tenths of our
desires are for things which may be readily dispensed with,
and that our actual needs are few. In brief, it impresses
upon the soldier the important fact that it is not well to en-
cumber himself with too much baggage, and that comfort may
be secured, and health and vigor maintained with plain food,
in plain quarters, and in close contact with the rougher phases
of nature. While near St. Louis his efforts to obtain an un-
important office did not meet with success. The co-partner-
ship which he formed for the purchase and sale of real estate
led to no good results. The business in which he engaged
of hauling wood from his wife's farm to the St. Louis market
was far from lucrative, and his residence in a log cabin not
what his previous life had fitted him to accept with cheer-
fulness. He was graduated from the most important school
of the country ; had been a captain in the regular army, and
an officer in the Mexican war; these facts and the high social
position of the Dents would, let his occupation be what it
might, give him a respectable standing among gentlemen,
and free access to the best society ; but all this failed to help
him with the pushing, scheming throng of business men who
were seeking assistants to carry on the enterprises of a grow-
ing city. What a man had been and had done were as nothing
to them; what he was and could do were alone important.
They had no use for Grant, and there was, therefore, no open-
ing for him at St. Louis, no prospect of bettering a fortune
which he thought needed mending to be endurable.
Let us pause a moment to speculate on the condition
and prospects of the man as we find them now. He evidently
desired to remain in St. Louis. It was his wife's home. He
236 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
had settled there intending to make it his permanent abode.
Suppose fortune had at this time treated him more kindly,
and helped him to a profitable occupation. What then would
have been his probable future? That he would have gone
into the army again is perhaps certain ; but in what capacity
would he have gone? What local rivalries would he have
encountered in his first aspirations for a comparatively high
command? To what, places, obscure and unimportant, or
otherwise, would he have been sent? To say his career would
not have been materially different from what it was, is to
affirm that a shot fired from St. Louis would hit the same tar-
get as if projected from Galena. In the latter case we know
the bull's eye was struck; would it have been in the other?
The point, however, I desire to emphasize is that he was
coerced by what he regarded as untoward circumstances to
abandon St. Louis and seek a humble position at Galena.
Father Grant at this period, evidently considered Ulysses the
least hopeful of his sons, for he tells us that when Ulysses
came to him for assistance and advice he "referred him to
Simpson," Ulysses' brother, "and Simpson sent him to the
Galena store to stay until something might turn up in his
favor, and told him he must confine his wants within $800
a year," and "that if that would not support him he must draw
what it lacked from the rent of his house and the hire of his
negroes in St. Louis."
It may be inferred from Father Grant's statement with
respect to the condition of his son's affairs at this time that
through his wife Ulysses had become the owner of a few
negroes, and as these sable children of God had not been ed-
ucated at West Point it was the opinion of the Grant family
that they were not only competent to make a living for them-
selves, but to contribute something to Ulysses' support. It
would, of course, be a great pleasure to these humble toilers
to be permitted to help sustain a white man who had been
educated at the expense of the government to such an extent
that he could not maintain himself.
Ulysses was content to accept the place offered to him
by his brother Simpson, and to agree to the terms prescribed.
Ulysses S. Grant. 237
The position and the salary were not suggestive of a life of
elegance and leisure, but Ulysses within the past few years
had lived in a log cabin, carried his grist to the neighborhood
mill on horseback, chatted with the miller while it was being
ground, and in many other ways become accustomed to
homely surroundings and a life of exceeding plainness. The
$800, therefore, which his brother Simpson stipulated as the
limit of his annual expenditures may, when contrasted with
his recent income, have seemed to him munificent. It can
be safely conjectured, at any rate, that Father Grant, some
years prior to the period of which we write, had reached the
melancholy conclusion that Ulysses was not at all likely to
become rich or add luster to the family name. It would have
been better, he doubtless thought, to have kept the lad at
home, and trained him up to some useful occupation like the
leather trade, than to have sent him off to a military school
with a view to making him a soldier.
Grant's removal to Galena, unpromising as it seemed,
was one of the fortunate incidents of his life. It made him a
fellow townsman of Elihu B. Washburne. This not only led
to his early appointment to the position of brigadier-general,
but secured to him an influential and zealous friend in Con-
gress and at the Executive Mansion. Washburne, although
opposed to the expenditure of public money for the improve-
ment of other states and sections, was always heartily in favor
of an appropriation for his own district, and never neglected
his constituents. He, therefore, defended Grant, the Galena
General, against adverse criticism, magnified his achieve-
ments, and insisted upon broadening his field of operations.
It is impossible for either president or secretary to know, in
ever so slight a degree, all the officers of a great army, and it
is not at all unusual for those in power to gratify distinguished
senators and representatives by the promotion of friends or
relatives in whom they manifest a special and somewhat per-
sistent interest. Whole families may be mentioned who have
been indebted to personal and political influence for their
advancement. On the other hand, multitudes of scholarly
men, men of rare ability, wealth and high social standing,
238 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
have patiently and bravely served as privates, in the rear rank,
or plodded through the war as company officers, without the
slightest recognition, and almost without reward. Unfortun-
ately for them, they had no active and influential friends at
the place where appointments were made and commissions
issued.
For eleven months Grant served as a clerk in a leather
store. To one of his age, education and antecedents his posi-
tion and surroundings were not at all flattering, and his future,
so far as men could judge of it by ordinary tokens, not lumin-
ous with encouragement. He was in April, 1861, just thirty-
nine years old. He had passed the romantic and experimental
period of young manhood, and was just entering upon the era
of solid conservatism, which may be expected to continue for
at least ten or fifteen years, no whit impaired by the depress-
ing shadows which gather and thicken with the decline of
life. The war struck him at the right age. There were a
few younger men, during the last year of the Rebellion when
the confederacy was on crutches, who achieved phenomenal
success. But these formed the exception, not the rule. The
men in high command who filled their positions the most
ably ranged in age from forty to fifty. This is true not only
of those educated at West Point, but of those who entered
the army from civil life. Thomas, when the war began, was
forty-five ; Sherman, forty-one ; Rosecrans, forty-two ; Meade,
forty-five; Buell, forty-three. The last person here named
is popularly counted least of all, but I apprehend unjustly so.
The misfortune which led to his practical retirement from the
army in 1862, was one for which he was by no means wholly
to blame. It came, however, at a time when the howling
dervishes of political life must be placated by a sacrifice, and
he was consequently offered up.
Grant, I repeat, was of proper age to commend him for
positions of responsibility. Had he been ten years younger
he would at that time have been regarded as unfit for high
command. Had he been fifteen years older he would probably
have been considered too old for active work in the field, and
hence assigned to a post or fortification. He was, however,
Ulysses S. Grant. 239
in no haste to enter the army. Though a comparative stranger
in Galena, it was nevertheless known to many that he was
educated at West Point, and had been an officer in the Mexi-
can war. When the first meeting was held to obtain volun-
teers in response to the President's call for troops, Grant, by
reason of the facts alluded to, was asked to preside. He tells
us that "with much embarrassment and some prompting he
made out to announce the object of the meeting." Elihu B.
Washburne and John A. Rawlins made speeches ; a company
was raised, but Grant declined the captaincy of it. Here was
an opportunity for him to resume his old position as the com-
mander of a company ; but he was in no haste. Had he been
thoroughly imbued with and aroused by that spirit of patriot-
ism which, at this time, was convulsing the north, he would
have seized this early opportunity to enter the service of the
p-overnment which had educated him ; but he did not. He took
hold of the Galena company, however, divided it into squads
and superintended their drill, and subsequently accompanied
the soldiers to Springfield, the capital of the state. Here he
met Governor Yates, and for a time accepted service in the Adju-
tant-General's office. Here he also met General John Pope.
He had been with Pope at West Point, and also in the Mex-
ican war. Pope suggested that he ought to go into the United
States service ; the answer was that he "intended to do so, if
there was a war." But he was evidently in no hurry. Some
days after his conversation with Pope, to-wit, on May
24th, 1861, he offered his services to the government by letter,
coupling the offer with the suggestion that in view of his age
and length of service he felt himself competent to command
a regiment. But this letter was pigeon-holed at the war de-
partment, and neither responded to nor brought to light again
until after the war was ended. In 1861 it was the letter of an
obscure and inconsequential personage ; but in 1865-6, when it
was recovered and the dust wiped from its folds it was found
to be the letter of the foremost general of the continent. How
long Grant would have waited for a reply to his proffer of
service and remained a helper in a leather store, or a clerk in
the Adjutant-General's department of Illinois, had not an
240 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
unforseen and most unusual incident occurred, must remain
forever a matter of conjecture. We know enough by this
time, however, to know that his patriotism was of the deliber-
ate kind, which did not propose either to surrender uncondi-
tionally to the public demand for soldiers, or to move on the
enemy's works until he had obtained what he wanted ; and
what he wanted was a regiment. If people generally who
were apparently as well educated and well situated as him-
self, had waited until they got a regiment before entering the
service, there would have been precious few soldiers in the
field in 1861, and probably no war. But finally a contingency
arose which rendered an answer to his letter of May 24th, a
matter of indifference to him. As was the custom of the early
volunteer regiments, the officers of the Twenty-first Illinois
Infantry were selected by the men. Had this regiment ad-
hered to its first choice, whether good, bad or indifferent, as
most regiments did, Grant would have had still further time
for deliberation, and just what the upshot qf his career would
in that case have been, nobody can tell. But the boys of the
Twenty-first, during a few weeks in camp, became so well
acquainted with the colonel they had selected that they knew
they did not want him ; and, moreover, resolved they would
not have him, and positively declined to march a foot under
his leadership. Here was an exigency not provided for in
any of the military books then in use. But it was, neverthe-
less, promptly met by Governor Yates. He at once discharged
the duly elected colonel of the Twenty-first regiment and ap-
pointed Grant in his stead. Still the boys of the Twenty-first
were not satisfied. They had not been sworn into the United
States service, and could not be without their consent. Here,
then was another contingency which must be provided for
before Grant could go to the war as a colonel. Fortunately
another accident came speedily to his help. John Alexander
McClernand and John A. Logan visited Springfield and asked
permission to address his regiment. Grant hesitated, for at
the time he was somewhat doubtful of Logan's loyalty to the
cause; but he finally consented, and after the speeches ha<
been delivered the boys were not only ready to enlist for any
Ulysses S. Grant. 241
length ot time, but to go anywhere with anybody. They
were, therefore, at once sworn in as United States soldiers,
and Grant had his regiment.
Soon after he had conducted his regiment to the field,
President Lincoln requested the Illinois congressional dele-
gation to name some citizens or soldiers of the state for the
position of brigadier-general, and very much to Grant's sur-
prise, and to his gratification, doubtless, his own name headed
the list. His commission was issued in August, but dated
back to May 17th. He had thus far rendered no service to
warrant such promotion, and in fact was not in the service
May 17th, the date from which he took rank; but Mr. Elihu
B. Washburne, who was at that time, and for many years
thereafter, a man of great influence in Washington, took in-
terest enough in the matter to see that one of his own towns-
men obtained timely recognition. Grant was thus indebted
to his accidental residence in Galena for the rank which en-
abled him to assume leadership in whatever military enter-
prise took place around him. He had certainly done nothing
in August, 1861, to entitle him to promotion. Up to this
date he had neither met nor seen an enemy; and, according
to his own admission, had not yet fully succeeded in familiar-
izing himself with Hardee's tactics, a system of company and
battalion drill, which since the Mexican war had been substi-
tuted for Scott's. Six months later his promotion under such
circumstances would have been regarded as inexcusable favor-
itism. Still that was the initiatory period of the war. Leaders
were indispensable, and hence his appointment, even in the
absence of any action on his own part to warrant it, was jus-
tifiable. It must be admitted, however, that it was a blind
shot on the part of the government ; but it must be conceded
also, that it was the best it ever succeeded in making under
similar conditions.
When his appointment as brigadier-general had been con-
firmed, he at once proceeded to the selection of his staff. In
doing this he tells us he took Lieutenant Lagow of his old
regiment, the Twenty-first Illinois Infantry; Hillyer, a young
lawyer, of St. Louis, and John A. Rawlins, of Galena. The
16-VdL XI
242 Ohio Arch, and t His. Society Publications.
two former were not good selections, but the latter person,,
if we may judge, not by what Grant says of him, for he is
somewhat reticent on the subject, but by current report and
unimpeachable testimony, was preeminently qualified for the
place assigned him. Indeed, it has not been difficult to find
sensible, reliable and disinterested army officers bold enough
to insist that Rawlins was, during the entire war, Grant's
good angel, and that without his active and intelligent co-op-
oration and support, the success which the latter achieved
would have been impossible.
Grant was especially fortunate, also, in being ordered to
Cairo. The place turned out to be an important one for the
assemblage and distribution of troops, and in a few months
a considerable army gathered around him. Up to November
1st, the sixth month of the war, however, he had done" noth-
ing to demonstrate his fitness for a high command, and yet
at this date he tells us he had under him not fewer than
20.000 men.
Grant's early education and experience had, to some ex-
tent, fitted him for independent command, and the manage-
ment of important expeditions. He had in boyhood been
accorded by his parents much liberty in thought and action.
He was, like most boys, particularly fond of horses, and in
this manly inclination had been fully indulged. He felt at
liberty even when a lad to buy and trade and sell, assured that
even his mistakes in this line would not elicit undue censure.
The pride of ownership was thus not only stimulated, but the
pride of usership, if such a word is allowable, was encouraged.
He felt free to ride his own colts twenty or thirty miles, or
more, in this direction and in that, to visit uncles, aunts and
cousins of a somewhat numerous and scattered family. He
had thus early in life become accustomed to "going it alone."
He tells us that while quite young he visited Cincinnati, forty-
five miles away, several times ; also Maysville, Kentucky,
often, and once Louisville. He had also gone in a two-horse
carriage to Chillicothe, about seventy miles, with a neigh-
bor's family, and returned alone. He had gone once in a like
manner to Flat Rock, Kentucky, above seventy miles away.
Ulysses S. Grant. 243
On this latter occasion he was fifteen years of age, and traded
one of his carriage horses for a fine saddle horse which had
never worn a collar, but which, with much difficulty, and not
a little danger, he succeeded in taking home.
West Point had doubtless conferred many favors on him.
It brought him into close relationship with officers of the reg-
ular army, and thus enabled him to form an approximately-
correct estimate of their ability. Then again, it made him
familiar with the best models of military correspondence, and
the best forms of office reports, and taught him the special as
well as general duties of all officers, whether at posts or in the
field. But it may, after all, with good reason, be doubted
whether this school life contributed one-half as much to his
subsequent success as the early habit, which, by the indul-
gence of his parents he acquired, of thinking and acting for
himself, and of making solitary expeditions to comparatively
distant places. This was well calculated to develop that feel-
ing of self reliance so essential to an independent commander.
But there was another element in the man's nature which
contributed more to his military success than even his West
Point education, or his early acquired habit of following the
bent of his own inclinations. He had been reared in a pioneer
settlement, where fact and fancy — the real and unreal — oc-
cupied the mind in about the same relative proportions that
the forest and cleared fields did the landscape. There were
innumerable signs and omens current, which the half ed-
ucated people of the backwoods accepted as guides in their
daily walk and conversation, or as indications of success or
failure. To see the new moon over the left shoulder, or per-
haps through brush, was a sure suggestion of coming mis-
fortune, and hence filled the heart with despondency, and
rendered all effort feeble and indecisive. To see it over the
right shoulder and without any intervening object to obstruct
the vision, was a happy omen, and gave to the beholder cour-
age, by assuring him of success. There were countless other
signs equally potent for good or ill, with their restricting or en-
larging influence upon human acts. The accidental upsetting-
of the salt cellar at the family table, had its dire significance,
'244 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
for it presaged a quarrel. There were signs for the coming of
a hungry guest, for weddings, for deaths, and for all other
calamities or blessings of which the mind can readily con-
ceive, and among others was the superstitious belief that if
you started for a place you must go to it, let the obstructions
be what they might. Grant says : "One of my superstitions
had always been when I started to go anywhere, or do any-
thing, not to turn back, or stop until the thing intended was
accomplished. I had frequently started to go to places where
I had never been, and to which I did not know the way, de-
pending upon making inquiry on the road, and if I got past
the place without knowing it, instead of turning back, I would
go on until a road was found turning in the right direction,
take that and come in by the other side."
That this superstition was an important element in
Grant's character cannot be doubted. It held him with the
tenacity of a vise to any purpose upon which he had resolved.
Having set his face in one direction he must follow it unde-
viatingly to the end, unless, by chance, he failed to recognize
the place he started for when he got to it, and so passed it by ;
then, in that case, instead of turning squarely around and
going to it by the easiest and shortest route, he must travel
on "until a road was found turning in the right direction, take
that and come in by the other side." That this, in a general
way, was foolishness, pure and simple, will be admitted with-
out argument. To a prudent, thoughtful, intelligent pains-
taking military chieftain, however, it was a thing of inestima-
ble value. After his plans had been carefully prepared, and
he committed to a line of action, this superstition admitted of
neither reconsideration nor withdrawal, and rendered him res-
olute, pertinacious, unyielding and invincible. Had more of
our generals been dominated by it there would have been less
counter-marching, sturdier righting and more decisive victories.
But besides his early acquired habit of "going it alone ;"
his military training at West Point, and the superstition which
would not permit him to turn back when once started upon
an expedition, he had other important elements of strength as
a soldie r .
Ulysses S. Grant. 245
i. His habitual reticence rendered him slow to commit
himself in words to any line of action; led him to sift the
opinions of those around him before expressing his own, and
left him free to accept, combine and enforce such views as he
deemed most feasible.
2. His natural obstinacy kept him steady and unvacil-
lating amid a multitude of disagreeing counselors, and
prompted him to adhere to any opinion he had expressed, or
any work he had undertaken.
3. His stoical temperament rendered him popular with
the authorities at Washington, for it deterred him from an-
noying them with complaints of inadequate support or tardy
recognition.
Obstinacy is a somewhat common attribute of man ; the
stoicism, however, which prompts him to endure disappoint-
ment and misfortune in dignified silence may be counted
among the rare human virtues ; and in this country reticence
is phenomenal. It is the custom here to speak first and think
afterwards, and our thoughts and acts are therefore too often
diverted from the true line by attempts to justify unpremoli-
tated utterances. The position assigned Grant in his class at
the time of his graduation probably indicates very nearly the
intellectual standing to which he was subsequently entitled
among educated gentlemen of the army and in civil life. He
was not a genius in war, but simply a sledge-hammer fighter
— a sort of military pugilist, who, like Sampson, sometimes
struck blindly, but always with all the strength he had. From
Belmont to Appomattox he never won an advantage over the
enemy except when in command of superior numbers. He
will in history take rank with the resolute warriors of the
world ; but whether the ultimate verdict here referred to will
assign him to a higher place among martial leaders than the
positions to be severally awarded by the same authority to
Thomas, Rosecrans, Sherman, Meade, Hancock and Sheridan,
is a question about which there are already many conflicting
opinions, and one which, owing to existing political prejudices
and personal preferences, it will be impossible for our country-
men at the present day to accurately determine..
PAINTED SKELETONS.
' By Wm. C. Mills,
Curator Ohio State Archeological Historical Society.
Very peculiar burials have been reported from the western
part of Concord Township, Ross County, Ohio. The burials
were first brought to my notice by Mr. A. B. Coover of Roxa-
bell, Ohio, who removed several skeletons from a gravel pit in
■*-■;■'
e# m
'~m^
Figure 1.
the western part of Concord Township, and these were covered
with red ocre. One year later Air. Aimer Hegler, of Wash-
ington C. H., notified me that a number of skeletons, covered
with red ocre, had been removed from a gravel pit in the
western part of the county and at the same time invited me
to visit the place. Upon examination I 'found the country is
here and there dotted over with a number of gravel kames
(246)
Painted Skeletons. --±7
from which gravel has been taken for road purposes. In very
nearly every one of these kames burials have been discovered,
however, not all of the skeletons were covered with red ocre.
About fifteen skeletons have been removed from the gravels in
this vicinity; of these six were covered with ocre. With the
skeleton that Mr. Coover removed from the gravel pit, which
is in sight of the one from which Mr. Hegler obtained the painted
bones, was found a grooved ax, similar to those found by Mr.
Hegler but very much smaller as to size. An examination of the
skeletons in place in these gravels show that they were buried
about two feet below the surface and in very nearly all instances
they were lying at full length. Apparently the entire body was
covered with this red ocre at the time of burial and as the flesh
decayed away it colored the bones of the skeleton as well as the
implements and ornaments that were placed in the grave.
Figure I, shows a grooved ax made of diorite. This is
covered with red ocre and weighs about two pounds. Another
ax similar in every respect to this one, was taken from another
burial, and weighed about four pounds.
Figure 2.
Figure II, shows a tubular pipe and this is also covered with
red ocre. It is 5^ inches in length, i^ inch in diameter at the
248
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
larger end f-inch at the smaller end. Another pipe, similar to-
rtus one, was also found, but was broken by the workman.
Figure
A number of drills and arrowpoints covered with this paint
have also been taken from these graves. (A) of figure 3 shows a
drill and (B) of figure 3 shows an arrowpoint.
Figure a ^B).
The painted skeletons taken from these gravel kames differ
very much from the one taken from the central grave in the
large Adena mound near Chillicothe. In this burial the flesh
seems to have been removed from the lower legs and the ocre
placed upon the bone and it was then covered with a plaster of
mud.
So far, the only record, of painted skeletons found in Ohio,
other than those mentioned above, was made by Prof. Moore-
head, and is recorded in Vol. 5, page 219, Ohio State Arch, and
Hist. Society publications.
INDIAN LAND CESSIONS IN OHIO.
By S. S. Knabenshue.
Ever since the civilized nations of the world began to occtipv
lands peopled by savages, they have based their claims upon the
right of discovery, followed by occupation. This principle has
been judicially affirmed by the United States Supreme Court,
which declared "that discovery gave an exclusive right to extin-
guish the Indian title of occupancy, either by purchase or con-
quest," and also to sovereignty. (Johnson and Graham's lessee,
v. Mcintosh, 8 Wheaton, p. 543 et seq. Decided in 1823).
The title to the soil of Ohio was obtained by treaties of
cession from the tribes. In the two maps accompanying this arti-
The Greenville Treaty Line.
cle, all the principal cessions and Indian reserves are shown. The
first treaty affecting Ohio lands was made with the Wyandots,
Delawares, Chippewas and Ottawas in 17S5. which defined the
(249)
250 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
boundaries of the Indian tribes, and ceded certain tracts to the
whites. This was followed by another in 1786 with the Shaw-
nees. But neither of these was ever carried into effect because
of continued warfare on the frontier between Indians and whites.
Under them, however, Congress made three grants September
3, 1788, each of 4,000 acres, to Christian Indians in Ohio. These
were at the Moravian missions of Shoenbrun, Gnadenhutten and
Salem, on the Muskingum. They are marked 1, 2 and 3 on the
small map. They were repurchased by the government in 1823.
It was not until Gen. Anthony Wayne's expedition, in 1794,
crushed the power of the Indians in Ohio at the decisive battle of
Fallen Timbers on the Maumee, some dozen miles above Toledo,
that the United States obtained cession of Ohio lands which the
tribes recognized. This treaty, the fruit of Wayne's victory, was
made at Greenville, Ohio, August 3, 1795, with the Wyandots,
Delawares, Shawnees, Ottawas, Chippewas, Pottawatomies, Mi-
amis, Eel Rivers, Weas, Kickapoos, Piankeshaws and Kaskas-
kias.
By this treaty the Indians gave up to the United States all
lands lying east and south of the following boundary, known as
the Greenville Treaty Line :" From the mouth of the Cuya-
hoga river up that stream to the Portage between it and the Tus-
carawas branch of the Muskingum ; thence down the Tuscarawas
to the crossing-place above Fort Laurens ; thence westerly to a
fork of that branch of the Great Miami river at or near which
stood Loramie's store ; thence westerly to Fort Recovery ; thence
southwesterly in a direct line to the Ohio river opposite the mouth
of the Kentucky. The line is shown on the smaller map, and the
area ceded is marked 4.
The Indians thus granted nearly two-thirds of Ohio's entire
area, embracing the eastern and southern portions, and a small
triangular portion of southeastern Indiana. By the same treaty,
the Indians ceded to the United States a number of smaller tracts
of land within the general limits of the territory reserved to them-
selves in Ohio, Indiana and Michigan. The following is a list
of these cessions in Ohio, the number preceding each indicating
its location on the large map :
Indian Land Cessions in Ohio.
251
8. Six miles square at or near Loramie's store.
9. Two miles square at the head of navigable water on St.
Mary's river, near Girty's town.
Cessions and Reservations in Northwestern Ohio.
10. Six miles square at the head of navigable water on the
Auglaize river.
11. Six miles square at the confluence of the Auglaize and
Maumee, at Ft. Defiance. This was surveyed in 1805.
12. Twelve miles square at the British Fort Miami, at the
foot of the rapids of the Maumee. This was surveyed in Decern-
25"2 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
ber, 1805; subdivided and sold under act of Congress of April,.
27, 1816.
13. Six miles square at the mouth of the Maumee. Sur-
veyed in 1806 by Ewing under act of Congress of March 3, 1805.
This embraced all of the area on which Toledo now stands, and
extended north just across the Michigan line.
Two miles square on Sandusky bay, where a fort formerly
stood. This was found to be within the limits of the Firelands,
and hence was never separately surveyed.
14. Two miles square at the lower rapids of the Sandusky
river, at Ft. Stephenson, where Fremont now stands. Surveyed
by Ewing in 1807; subdivided into town lots and sold under act
of Congress of April 27, 1816.
The next cession in importance was that made by the treaty
of July 4, 1805, made at Fort Industry, where Toledo now stands.
The tribes participating were the Wyandots, Ottawas, Chippewas,
Munsees, Delawares, Shawnees and Pottawatomies.
This treaty defined the boundary between these Indians and
the United States to be a meridian line drawn north and south
120 miles due west of the Pennsylvania line, and extending from
Lake Erie south to the Greenville treaty line. This embraced
three tracts, all shown on the small map. The one bordering on
Lake Erie west of the Cuyahoga, numbered 5 on the small map,
is a part of the Western Reserve ; the tract next west, numbered
6, is the Firelands, which are really a part of the Reserve ; and
third, the tract south of these two, numbered 7, between the 41st
parallel and the Greenville treaty line.
The Western Reserve of Connecticut occupied the north-
eastern corner of the state. It was bounded on the north, by Lake
Erie, on the east by Pennsylvania, on the south by the 41st parallel
of latitude, and on the west by the present east line of Seneca
and Sandusky counties. In 1792 the Connecticut legislature
granted 500,000 acres off the west end of the Reserve to such of
her citizens as had suffered by British depredations in the Revo-
lution — the burning of Groton and New Britain especially. On
this account this tract is called the Firelands.
On November 17, 1807, a treaty was made at Detroit with
the Ottawas, Chippewas, Wyandots and Pottawatomies, by which
Indian Land Cessions in Ohio. 253
they ceded to the United States a large area in southern Michigan,
and including, in Ohio, all lands lying north and east of a line
beginning at the mouth of the Maumee, and running up that
stream to the mouth of the Auglaize, thence due north. See No.
32 on the large map. From this area, however, the Indians re-
served the following tracts, the numbers referring to positions
on the large map :
15. Six miles square on the Maumee, above Roche de Boeuf,
"to include the village where Tondaganie (or the Dog) now lives."
This reserve was ceded to the United States August 30, 1831.
The name of the Chief Tondoganie, the Dog, (which is spelled
several different ways in the documents) is perpetuated in the
name of the village of Tontogany, Wood county, which stands s
few miles east of the site of the Indian village.
16. Three miles square on the Maumee, above the twelve
miles square ceded by the treaty of Greenville, "including what is
called Presque Isle," which is the hill immediately south of and
overlooking the battlefield of Fallen Timbers. This reserve was.
however, located at Wolf Rapids, as Presque Isle was found tc
be within the twelve-mile square reserve, at the foot of the Rapids
of the Maumee, ceded to the United States by the treaty of Green-
ville. This reserve was ceded to the United States by treaty of
August 30, 1 83 1.
17. Four miles square on Maumee bay, "including the vil-
lages where Meshkemau and Waugau live." This reserve was
ceded to the United States by treaty of February 18, 1833. It em-
braced the lands from Toledo to and across the Ottawa river, and a
part of Michigan on the other side of that stream, on the western
shore of Maumee bay.
At Brownstown, Mich., a treaty was made, on November 25,
1808, with the Chippewas, Ottawas, Pottawatomies, Wyandots
and Shawnees, ceding to the United States a tract of land for a
road, 120 feet wide, from the foot of Maumee Rapids (Perrys-
burg), to the western line of the Western Reserve; and all the
land within one mile of said road on each side, that settlements
might be established along it. It is numbered 18 on the large map.
They also ceded a strip 120 feet wide, for a roadway only, settle-
254 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
ments being barred, from Fremont south to the Greenville boun-
dary line. This road followed up the Sandusky river, passing just
west of Tiffin, through Upper Sandusky and Marion, and reach-
ing the Greenville treaty line about half way between the latter
place and Delaware.
These roads gave free access between the twelve-mile square
cession at the foot of the Maumee Rapids, and the lands already
in possession of the whites east and south of the Indian tract.
On September 29, 1817, a treaty was made at the foot of the
Rapids of the Maumee, with several Indian tribes, by which the
Wyandots ceded all the land in Ohio west of the line established
by the Fort Industry treaty, except certain reserves hereinafter
stated ; and the Pottawatomies, Ottawas and Chippewas ceded the
remaining Indian lands in the northwestern corner of the state,
north of the Maumee, and west of the Detroit treaty line — num-
bered 20 on the large map. This extinguished the Indian title to
all lands in Ohio but a small area south of the St. Mary's river
and north of the Greenville treaty line, marked 21 on the large
map — excepting the following named small reserved tracts. The
numbers of the list below correspond with those on the map :
22. To nine chiefs, Doanquod, Howoner, Rontondee, Tau-
yau, Rontayau, Dawatont, Manocue, Tauyaudautauson and
Hadaunwaugh, a tract twelve miles square at Upper Sandusky,
its center being Fort Ferree. This was ceded to the United States
by treaty March 17, 1842.
23. To the same, for the use of the tribe, one mile square in
a cranberry swamp on Broken" Sword creek. This was ceded to
the United States April 23, 1836.
24. A tract of 30,000 acres for the Seneca tribe on the San-
dusky river. Ceded to United States February 28, 183 1.
25. A tract to the Shawnees at Wapakoneta, ten miles
square, the center being the council-house at that Indian village.
Ceded to United States August 8, 183 1.
26. A tract adjoining the above, on Hog creek, of twenty-
five square miles. Ceded to United States August 8, 1831.
27. A tract of forty-eight square miles to the Shawnees at
Lewistown. Ceded to the United States July 20, 1831.
Indian Land Cessions in Ohio. 255
28. For the use of the Ottawas, five miles square on Blanch-
ard's Fork of the Auglaize. Ceded to United States August
30, 1831.
29. For the use of the Ottawas, three miles square, including
Oquanoxa's village. Ceded to the United States August 30, 1831.
30. To the Delawares, nine square miles adjoining the re-
serve to the Wyandots on Sandusky river. Ceded to the United
States August 3, 1829.
31. To the Ottawas, thirty-four square miles on the south
side of the Maumee, including McCarthy's village. Ceded to the
United States February 18, 1833. This included all of East
Toledo and Presque Isle.
There were also fourteen small tracts granted to certain in-
dividuals, aggregating 9,480 acres.
A supplementary treaty to the above was made at St. Mary's,
on September 17, 1818. By it there were additions made to seven
enumerated reserves. These lands were ceded to the United
States by the treaties of July 2 and August 8. 183 1, January 19,
1832, April 23, 1836, and March 17, 1842.
The last treaty that concerned Ohio lands was made at St.
Mary's, on October 6, 1818, by which the Miamis ceded lands in
Indiana and Ohio — the area in the latter being the small tract
between the Greenville treaty line and St. Mary's river, marked
No. 21 on the large map. This was the last tract in Ohio held
by the Indians under the claim of original possession. Nothing
was left except the reserves. These were gradually ceded to the
United States, at the dates noted above where each is mentioned.
The last was the Wyandot reserve at Upper Sandusky, which was
ceded on March 17, 1842.
EDITORIALANA.
VOL. XI, No. 2. ttC^c^idoM, OCTOBER, J902.
Although this number of our Quarterly, namely No. 2, Vol. XI,
is only the second number of its publication year, we decide to have it
conclude the eleventh volume thus making a volume complete from
the July and October (1902) Quarterlies. This volume, however, will
also include a complete index of the previous ten volumes and the
eleventh volume herewith issued. Volume eleven therefore will have,
if not the usual amount of reading matter, an adequate value in the
complete index of the volumes thus far published, which has been
greatly needed, and for which there has been a demand from our society
members, general readers, libraries, students and professors. We thus
make up the eleventh volume for the further reason that we desire to
have the Quarterly begin its year with the beginning of the calendar year.
Volume twelve will therefore commence with the January number for
1903. We feel confident that this arrangement will meet the entire ap-
proval of the members of our Society and the other recipients of the
Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly.
POCKET-BOOK OF APPLESEED JOHNNY.
Through the kindness of Martin B. Bushnell, one of the members
of our Society we were permitted to examine, with much interest, a
leather wallet of antique style, which was once the property of John
Chapman, popularly and historically known as "Johnny Appleseed."
An extended account of this eccentric and philanthropic individual is
given in the ninth volume (page 303) of our Society's publications.
Any item of information concerning, or article of property belonging to,
this peculiar character is of the greatest interest. The discovery that
Johnny Appleseed had a pocket book must be to most students of his
career a revelation, if not a positive contradiction, for Johnny according
to the general record eschewed the luxuries of this world, and not only
had no use for money, but positively refused to accept it, much less did
he indulge to any extent in its use. As will be recalled he was a bachelor
and lived a nomadic life, usually camping out with nothing but the
canopy of heaven for his covering, or if he should stop at some hospitable
cabin or house, it was his custom to lie upon the floor with his kit for a
(256)
Editorialana. 257
pillow. His clothing was the cast off garments of his generous friends.
He traveled like the Apostles of old "without purse or scrip." Yet it is
recalled in the history of Ashland county that he once paid to a certain
individual a five dollar bill as the result of some contractual obligation;
so even Johnny seemed to have had his financial experiences. The purse
in question bears Johnny's own autograph "John Chapman." Its gen-
uineness is conclusively established. It was found among the "truck"
in the garret of an aged dweller at Maumee, Ohio. It had been kept
in that family as a relic that had "belonged to a man they called 'Apple-
seed John.'" The autograph is unmistakably that of Chapman, because
it tallies exactly with several authentic autographs inscribed upon docu-
ments of which he was the undisputed author.
HISTORY OF PERRY COUNTY.
Prof. Clement L. Martzolff, Superintendent of the Public Schools at
New Lexington, and Trustee of the Ohio State Archaeological and
Historical Society, is the author of a very attractive and valuable little
volume on the History of Perry county, Ohio. It embraces some 200
pages with numerous illustrations and an excellent map of the county.
Mr. Martzolff is an entertaining writer and an enthusiastic student of
history. The material of his book is well selected and concisely employed.
He describes the geological formation of the county, beginning with
the ice period and the days of the Ohio glaciers. He has an interesting
chapter on the Mound Builders and their remains in Perry county, giving
diagrams and pictures of the Stone Fort at Glenford and the Wilson and
the Robert Mounds. He treats at some length of the Indian days,
describing their trails, hunting grounds and wars. His recital of the
history of the county is especially valuable, as he relates its development
from the days of the French and English possession of the great section
•of country between the Alleghenies and the Mississippi on through to
the war for independence, which gave this vast area to the United States,
and led to the establishment of the Northwest Territory and to the
organization of the State of Ohio. He mentions the voyage of La Salle
from the lakes across the state down the Muskingum, Scioto or Miami
to the Ohio. He describes the land surveyed and the famous trace
of Ebenezer Zane from Wheeling to Maysville. The account of the
organization of Perry county, is an excellent illustration of the way
in which our counties are made. Another informing feature of his book
is the statement of the provisions in the ordinance of 1787 for
our state public school fund. "The Ordinance of 1787 stipulated
that 'Section 16' of every Congressional township should be reserved for
the maintenance of schools in that township. The object of this school
grant was not merely for the furtherance of education by Congress bui.
17— Vol. XI
258 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
was an incentive to settlers. This reservation was not open to sale or
settlement, and consequently the territorial legislature could do nothing
with it. When Ohio became a state these lands were granted to her
to be disposed of by the Legislature. There was thus left to Ohio for
school purposes the splendid endowment of 704,000 acres. The income
only from this land could be used. In consequence up to 1827 they were
leased and rented in various ways. The appraisement of their rental value
was often low and much mismanagement caused the revenue to be of
wholly inadequate value.
"The Legislature finally in 1827 provided for their sale. The money
was turned into the State Treasury and the township to which the section
belonged should receive six per cent, interest. Much of it was sold at
once but in some parts of the state there are tracts yet unsold. In our own
(Perry) county the first was sold in 1831 and the last in 1883. We have
twelve 'school sections.' The townships of Pleasant and Coal, being
formed from other townships do not happen to have section 16 within their
limits. The amount received from their sale in Perry county was
$27,829.33. This gives the schools an annual income of $1,669.76. It
is divided among the twelve Congressional townships according to the
amount for which their respective sections sold."
Mr. Martzolff might have added that the total fund now in the
possession of or received by the state, known as the "Section 16, School
Fund," is in round numbers $3,500,000, upon which the state pays to
the respective townships six per cent, interest. The principal of this fund
is called the "Irreducible Debt" of the state as it (the principal) cannot
of course ever be paid off.
Mr. Martzolff 's sketches of the churches, the old school houses and
the underground railroad are all well done. He gives brief biographies of
the famous natives of this county which included Janarius A. MacGahan
the great English war correspondent, who is buried at New Lexington;
of Jeremiah Rusk, who was Secretary of Agriculture under Benjamin
Harrison; of Gen. James M. Comly, who was United States Minister
to Hawaii under Rutherford B. Hayes; of Gen. Phil. Sheridan the Mar-
shall Ney of our Union army; of Col. William A. Taylor the well known
journalist and historical writer and others worthy of mention. One of
the most interesting incidents in his book is the reminiscence of Mor-
gan's Raid during which occurred the only battle of the civil war fought
on Ohio soil. It was fought Sunday July 18, 1863, on the banks of the
Ohio in Meigs county, where Morgan attempted to cross the river at
Buffington Island. Prof. Martzolff has done a most creditable piece of
work. It is just the sort of a published history that each county should
have for the use of its school children and teachers as well. As the
author wisely suggests, the history that is usually taught our pupils is
that of some remote age and foreign country, while the occurrences which
have transpired in their immediate locality, are allowed to pass by
Editorialana. 259
unnoticed. A local history in the form that Mr. Martzolff puts it, is not
only educational in itself, but is a palatable and potent stimulus to create
and foster a taste and desire for the greater fields of historical study.
HISTORY OF MADISON TOWNSHIP.
Another of the Trustees of the Ohio State Archaeological and His-
torical Society, Mr. G*eorge F. Bareis, of Canal Winchester, also appears
in the role of an Historian in the shape of a volume on Madison Town-
ship, Franklin county. It is a production of over 500 pages and is the
result, evidently, of great labor and pains on the part of the author.
It presents not only a brief account of the organization of the township
and its history, but gives, with much particularity, all the many subjects
of historical and material nature. He gives complete lists of the early
pioneers, tax-payers, land owners, township officers, members of secret
fraternal societies, citizens who were influential in the various fields
of public activity and private enterprise. He has the only published
account that we have ever seen of the life and achievements of John S.
Rarey, the world renowned horse trainer. Mr. Bareis gives a most
readable account of the pioneer house and home life. "The pioneer's
first cabin was built of round logs with the bark on. The chimney stood
on the outside at one end, and was made of sticks and clay with clap-
board roof. Many of them had only the earth for a floor; the rafters
or beams as they were called ran lengthwise of the building and were
spaced according to the length of the clapboards. Some of them had a
loft or upper floor. No windows were needed, as the cracks in the roof
and between the logs and the big wide chimney admitted plenty of light
by day. Often only a blanket or skin furnished the door. All was put
together without nail or iron. The following description of the build-
ing of the round log cabin is taken from Hill's History of Licking County
and has been corroborated to the writer by several of the older citizens
of this township, who themselves assisted in the erection of them.
" 'These round log cabins were often erected ready for occupancy
in a single day. The pioneer went 8 to 10 miles to a cabin-raising, arriv-
ing early in the morning where not a tree had been felled or a stone
turned. Each one had some particular part to see to; three or four
would lay the corner stones and the first logs, two men with axes cut the
trees and logs, one with his team of oxen, a 'Lisard' and a log chain would
'snake' them in; two more with axes and cross-cut saw and frow would
make the clap-boards, two more with axes, cross-cut saw and broad-ax
would hew out the puncheons for the floor and flatten the upper side of
the sleepers. Four skilled axmen would carry up the corners and the
remainder, with skids and handspikes would roll up the logs — as soon
as the joists were laid on, two men with cross-cut saw went to work
■260 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
cutting out the door and chimney place and while the corner men were
building up the attic and putting on the roof - , the carpenters and masons
of the day were putting down the puncheons, laying the hearth and
building the chimney. In one corner at a distance of 6 feet from one
wall and 4 feet from the other the bed post is placed, only one being
needed. A hole was bored in the puncheon floor to set this post, which
was usually a stick with a crotch or fork in the upper end; rails were
laid from this fork to the walls and usually nice straight hickory poles
form the bottom, upon which straw or leaves were placed and a blanket
put on; this makes a comfortable spring bed, and was easily changed
and kept clean. The heavy door was hung on wooden hinges, and all
that was necessary was to pull the latch string inside and the strong
wooden latch held it fast.'
"The furniture was as simple as the buildings. A cabin contained
little beyond the puncheon table with its four sapling legs, its puncheon
benches and blocks of wood for stools, stoves they had none. A small
kettle or two answered the various purposes of bucket, boiler, and oven,
and when there was company they would take the door off its hinges and
thus make an addition to the table. A shelf on two wooden pins held the
dishes and pewter-ware; two wooden hooks over the door held the rifle
when not in use ; few had clocks and they were of the 'wall sweep' kind.
The wearing apparel of the whole family was hung in full view on one
side of the house on wooden pins. In the loft on every beam hung seeds
and roots and herbs — the medicines of those days — on the joists hung
dried pumpkins, peaches, apples, beans, etc. The hominy block sat in
one corner ; the broom was of split hickory and the 'duster' was a wild
turkey wing. These round log cabins stood many years after better
houses were erected; they served for stables, sheep-pens, blacksmith
shops, loom-shops, school houses and meeting houses. Every one of
these first cabins are long since gone and the exact places where they
stood forgotten.
"Later an improved log house was built. It was made of hewn
logs, with sawed lumber for doors, windows and floors; glass also
took the place of greased paper windows sometimes used in the first
cabins, home-made nails were sparingly used, when nails were first used
a pound cost a bushel of wheat or two bushels of corn — equivalent to a
day's work — the local blacksmiths made them out of odds and ends of
old worn out sickles, broken links of chains, pieces of horse shoes, etc.
No house had more than two rooms. One was called the kitchen and
the other 'the room,' if company came they were invited to come in
'the room,' a little later every family had its 'squirrel tail' bake oven.
Corn-bread, vegetables, milk, butter, and wild meats constituted the
principal subsistence and these were often scarce."
The author deserves the highest commendation for the research
and painstaking accuracy his book displays. It is a store house of facts
Editorialana. 261
and statistics, the value of which cannot be too highly estimated. The
author has gathered and assorted material from which history may be
written. Mr. Bareis has neglected no subject deserving of note. He
has chapters on the school, literary entertainments, roads and railroads,
coaches and mail lines, churches, graveyards, etc. The book is not
crowded and its value depreciated, as is the case with most books of its
kind, by having biographical sketches of anybody and everybody who
are willing to pay for the same, as advertisements are put in the news-
papers at so much a line. Mr. Bareis has a very sensible and succinct
notice of the Mound Builders, showing that he has given the subject
much enthusiastic and careful examination. We wish that more men
in business life like Mr. Bareis would take a few hours off now and then
and devote it to some such literary and historical recreation, as has the
author of Madison Township.
STORY OF A COUNTRY CHURCH.
A Story of a Country Church, by Charles W. Hoffman, is a very
naturally and interestingly recited account of the origin and eventful
existence of the Presbyterian Church at Springfield, subsequently known
as Springdale, one of the old town settlements some fifteen miles from
Cincinnati on the Springfield and Carthage Turnpike, a settlement which
for fifty years was recognized as the wealthiest and most important
town in Hamilton county. It became known as "The Post Town"
between Hamilton and Cincinnati, and the stage drivers, teamsters,
drovers and travelers stopped here for their midday rest or to pass the
night. Mr. Hoffman has the literary instinct and touch. His recital
of the early pioneer days, those good old times that tried men's souls,
is crisp, chatty and informing. His pages give a concise and graphic
account of the mode of life, the religious devotion and constancy of the
early settlers, their struggles in the western wilderness and their estab-
lishment of social and civil institutions which their descendants now so
richly enjoy. Mr. Hoffman's chapters embrace the subjects of Forest
Life; Some Religious Experiences, such as revivals, spread of Skepticism,
etc.; The Shakers, Slavery, Abolitionism, etc. The little book is a choice
bit of local history.
HISTORY OF LEBANON.
Elsewhere in this Quarterly we give the oration in full made by Prof.
William H. Venable at the Lebanon Centennial, Warren county, on
Thursday, September "25, 1902. In connection with that anniversary
the Hon. Josiah Morrow, Lebanon's most distinguished citizen and
chairman of the Centennial Committee, has issued a little volume entitled
"Brief History of Lebanon, Ohio, a Centennial Sketch." It is a valuable
262 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
little compendium of the establishment and growth of the historic town,
which has sent forth some of the most eminent Ohioans, among them,
Thomas Corwin, John McLean of the United States Supreme Court,
Joshua Collett of the Ohio Supreme Court, Thomas R. Ross, the veteran
Congressman, Francis Dunlevy, President Judge of the first Circuit
Court which embraced Cincinnati and the Southern third of the state,
George J. Smith, President Judge of the Court of Common Pleas,
Jeremiah Morrow, Congressman, Senator and Governor, Col. John
Bigger who served thirty-four years in the Ohio Legislature and Dr.
James Scott who served sixteen years in the General Assembly, Gem Dur-
ban Ward perhaps the most popular orator of the Democratic party during
his time and others of lesser note. Surely the little town of Lebanon
has far more than its share of greatness.
ECLECTIC MEDICAL INSTITUTE.
Dr. Harvey Wickes Felter has published a history of the Eclectic
Medical Institute of Cincinnati, Ohio, including the Worthington Medi-
cal College, The Reformed Medical School of Cincinnati and the Eclectic
College of Medicine of Cincinnati, with biographical sketches of the
members of the various faculties, a list of graduates arranged alpha-
betically and by class. While this 'book contains a great deal of valuable
history and careful research, it is of course mainly interesting to the
medical profession and those who in some way were personally connected
Avith the institution in question. The biographical sketches that accompany
the proceedings contain a great deal of information that is of general
interest. For instance there are interesting biographies of such persons
as Philander Chase; James Kilbourne, Thomas Morrow; James Kil-
bourne, Jr., grandfather of the present James Kilbourne of Columbus,
and many others connected with the early history and growth of our
state. These gentlemen of course were all members of the medical
profession.
SPRINGFIELD CENTENNIAL.
From Prof. Benjamin F. Prince, the Editor and Secretary of
the Springfield General Centennial Committee, we have received a
neatly bound volume of some 300 pages, giving a full account of the
proceedings of the Centennial celebration of Springfield, Ohio, held
at that place August 4 to 10, 1901. Professor Prince holds the chair
of history and political science in Wittenberg University, is one of the
Trustees, appointed by the Governor, of the Ohio State Archaeological
and Historical Society, and withal an enthusiastic and painstaking
student of Ohio history. The Springfield Centennial was an event of
much interest and importance, especially to the local people. Their
Editorialana. 263
program was divided into a Religious Day, upon which was celebrated
the origin of the churches and religious organizations; The Formal
Opening Day, on which addresses were made upon A Century of Com-
mercial Life, the Incorporation of Springfield and its Government and
upon Its Manufacturing Interests; on Pioneer Day, the histories of the
Bench and Bar and the Medical profession were presented by able repre-
sentatives; upon Military Day addresses were made by Gen. Keifer, Gov-
ernor Nash, Col. James Kilbourne and Ex-Governor Bushnell; there
were also a Fraternal Day, devoted to the interests of the Societies; an
Agricultural and Labor Day; a day devoted to the Educational Interests,
which included the work of the women during the Civil War, the work of
the present women's clubs, temperance societies, etc. The addresses
upon these various occasions are of course included in the contents of the
volume. There are also many illustrations of former historical scenes and
modern buildings. There are portraits of many of Springfield's historic
personages and living influential citizens. The celebration attracted large
crowds to the City of Springfield, and was. in arrangement and accomlish-
ment all that the patriotic and history loving people could desire.
NEW YORK STATE HISTORICAL ASSOCIATION.
We are indebted to Mr. Morris P. Ferris, Secretary, 32 Broadway,
New York, for a bound copy of the proceedings of the 3d Annual
Meeting of the New York State Historical Association, held at Caldwell,
New York, Tuesday July 30, 1901. The New York State Historical
Association was incorporated on the 21st of March, 1899, and is there-
fore a comparatively new institution. Its object is '*To promote and
encourage original historical research, and to disseminate a greater
knowledge of the early history of the state by means of lectures and the
publication and distribution of literature on historical subjects; to gather
books, manuscripts, pictures and relics relating to the early history of the
state, and to establish a museum at Caldwell, Lake George. Also to
acquire by purchase, gift, devise or otherwise, the title to or custody
and control of historic spots and places." The Society has already a
long list of members residing in various cities of New York state. The
character and standing of its members are sufficient evidence that this
society will exert a wide and potent influence along the lines of its
work. During the proceedings of this meeting in question interesting
papers were read upon such topics as Fort Ticonderoga: Ethan Allen:
Lord Howe; Legend of Duncan Campbell; Montcalm; The Evolution of
American Free Government, etc.
NOTICE.
This Index herewith issued covers the subjects and contents
of the first ten volumes of the annual publications of the Ohio
State Archaeological & Historical Society and also of the July and
October quarterlies 1902 which two quarterlies with this com-
plete index comprises Volume XI. Volume XII will therefore
begin with the January quarterly for 1903.
E. O. Randall, Secy.
(265)
INDEX.
Vol. Page
Abbeville, France, Paleolithic implements found at I 177
Abbott, Lyman, Mention of IV 307
Abbott, Dr. discovers paleolithic implements I 177
Abbott, Chas. C, "Primitive Industry," Book Notice 1 109
Abolition, Colony and its founders IV 30
First American for VI 264
"Genius of Universal Emancipation," IV 56
Jefferson County, in VI 352
Party of * X 334
Quakers' connection with IV 57
Scotch-Irish sentiment for VI 106
Societies, Early formation of IV 49
Abolitionist, Garrison, William Lloyd IV 55
Jay, William IV 55
Lundy, Benjamin IV 5G
Abolitionists II 510
First meeting of in Ohio VI 275
Aboriginal History of Butler County I 64
Aborigines, Methods of making implements, (See Prehis-
toric Races) II 521
Abraham , Reference to Ill 178
Academies , in Western Reserve VI 47 , 50
in Jefferson County VIII 136
"A century and its lessons," Address, Morrison Ill 27
Acts, Boston Port Bill I 226
Massachusetts Bay Bill I --"
Quebec I 225
Adams , Abagail , Mention of IV 347
Adams County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 69
County seat of V 335
Earthworks of V 208, VII 170
Establishment of I 309
Evolution of V 334
Members of First Constitutional Con-
vention from V 81
Mound and stone grave in V 210
(267)
268
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Adams County, Original boundary of V 335
Prehistoric remains in *. V 265
Review of History of IX 527
View of Stone Mound in V 209
Adams, Charles Francis, Opinion of Hayes IV 352
Adams, John, Appoints St. Clair, governor I 316
Reappoints St. Clair governor II 64
. Commissioner to Paris I 3
Adams, J. Q., Administration of IV 253
Mention of, II 203 IV 346
Opinion of, on Vinton IV 260
Quotation from IX 290
Vinton's eulogy at death of IV 257
Adams, Dr. Ziba, Account of Ill 256
Adamsville, Mention of * V 335
Addison L. G., "Ohio boundary or Erie War." II 340
Addresses —
"A century and its lessons." Ill 27
"Beginnings of the colonial system of United States"
Andrews I 1
Brinkerhoff before Society VI 430
Campbell, James E., Gallipolis Centennial Ill 161
Canfield before Society VI 455
Chapin, Rev. A. L., Marietta Centennial II 126-
"Col. Wm. Crawford," Anderson VI I
Cook, John M., Steubenville Centennial VI 345-
Cowan at unveiling Fort Washington monument X 5
Cox, at Marietta II 150
Curtis, Henry B., Memorial I 47
Davis, Hon. Webster, Steubenville Centennial VI 347
"Early' explorations of French in America," Graham III 13
"Early intellectual development in the Ohio Valley,"
Venable I 105
"Educational lessons of this hour," Thompson Ill 168
"First navigation of the earth," Hinsdale I 164
Foraker, J. B., at Marietta Centennial II 13'
"Franklinton," Beatty VI 59
Gallipolis Centennial, Marshall at Ill 172
Gallipolis Centennial, Jones J. V. at Ill 175
"Galloway Samuel," Gladden, IV 263
Gill, Hon. J. J., Steubenville Centennial VI 344
Hale, Edward Everett II 94
Hanna, M. A., Pan- American Exposition X 141
Hayes, R. B., Marietta Centennial, at, II 50
"Ohio," Peaslee '.'\'","a
"Ohio Archaeological Society, Old," Bnnkerhoff. .
Index for Volumes I to XL 269
^ i A i Vol. Page
Addresses — Concluded.
"History of Popular Education in Western Reserve,
Hinsdale q _ ?
"History and prospects of the Society" Sessions....
Hoar, Geo. F. , Marietta Centennial
"Influence of pioneers' character upon state's history 1 »*
Jefferson County Centennial , Hurst at VI d .
"Johr A. Bingham," Foraker *
"jOhn Heckelweder," Rice •■■■■•■ ■ V
"Lake county and its founder," Mills *
Marietta Centennial , Farrar '
"Mound Builders , The , " MacLean i
Nash, Geo. K., at Pan-American Exposition A *
"Northwest Territory," Arnett v '
-'Ohio — first child of the Northwest" A x f°
"Ohio Indians, The," Taylor ^
89
Orton, Prof. Edward, Gladden V1 ^J ^
Orton before Society 1898 . . . ^ • ^
"Pioneer days in central Ohio," Curtis ■••••• "
Prehistoric remains in Northwestern Ohio, Hart ....
"Relation of Glacial period to Archaeology of Ohio, ^
Wright • in 164
"Rio Grande College," Davis •••■
"Scioto Company and the French Grant, Ryan Ill M
Sessions , before Society at Marietta ^
"Settlement of Ohio," Cutler ^Jj
Sickles, Gen. Daniel lg?
Smith, at Marietta Centennial g _ g
"St. Clair's Defeat," Hunt • •
Storrs , Henry M. , at Marietta Centennial 11 w
"These are my jewels," Tompkins '-J
Trainer, J. H. S., Steubenville Centennial
Tucker,' John Randolph, Marietta Centenni
Turtle, Joseph F., Marietta Centennial ...
Venable at Steubenville Centennial
Wright, G. F., before Society, 1898 ~
Addresses before Society n 14 ~
before Society at Marietta,
Adena Mound. — x 4 g7_469
Bark sepulcher in " x 470
Beaver teeth found in ^ 472
Bones , animal . found in ^ ^
Bones , calcined , found in
132
318
270
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Adena Mound — Concluded. Vol. Page
Bones, elk, found in X 471
Clay pipe found in X 461
Cloth found in X 464
Copper bracelets found in X 457-468
Excavations of X 452'
Figure 1 (Showing the Two Sections) X 453
Figure 2 (First Cut) X 456
Figure 3 (Sand Dome of Original Mound X 457
Figure 4 (Copper Bracelet) X 457
Figure 5 (Copper Rings) X 453
Figure 6 (Cloth) X 453
Figure 7 (Mica Strips) X 458
Figure 8 (Second Cut) X 459
Figure 9 (Shell Hoe) X 459
Figure 10 (Slate Gorget) X 461
Figure 11 (Tube Pipe) X 461
Figure 12 (Sepulcher) X 462
Figure 13 (Timber Cast) X 463
Figure 14 (Skeleton) X 463
Figure 15 (Spear) X 464
Figure 16 (Copper Bracelets) X 464
Figure 17 (Limestone Gorget) X 465
Figure 18 (Log Sepulcher) X 466
Figure 19 ( Central Grave in) X 468
Figure 20 (Flint Knives) X 469
Figure 21 (Sandstone Tablet) X 470
Figure 22 (Beaver Teeth) X 470
Figure 23 (Bone Awl) X 471
Figure 24 (Bone Awl) X 471
Figure 25 (Flint Spear) X 473
Figure 26 (Beads) X 474
Figure 27 (Raccoon Effigy) X 475
Flint Ridge Material found in X 469
Mode of burial in X 454
Reburials in X 463
Shell hoes found in X 459
Skeletons found in X 454 ,458
Stone tablet found in X 469
Timbers found in X 462
View of X 451
Adultery, Indian penalty for VII 86
'Adventures of pioneer children," Colerick, Notice of.... II 438
"A familar talk about Monarchists and Jacobins," Smith.. II 187
African Methodist Church VIII 461
Index for Volumes I to XL
271
Vol. Page
Agassiz, August, fellow-student Lesquereux IV 280
Agassiz, Louis, comes to America IV 286
forms friendship with Lesquereux IV _'-•">
Mention of IV 280
"Age of the Crusades," Ill 27
Agnew, Margaret, marries Blennerhassett 1 128
Agriculture, among pre-historic people of Ohio IV 372
Early account of, in Ohio Ill 90
Ohio, in X 136
Pioneer IX 343
Aix La Chapelle, Result of peace of I 224
Akron School Law VI 44 , >4
Alaman River Ill 108
Albany, Atwood Institute at : Ill 165
Albany Congress I 211
Indian treaty at VII 38
Albany Convention X 403
Alexander, Archibald, Liberty Hall founded by VI 102
Alexander Pope, Bull issued by I . . 167
Demarcation Line of II 257
Alexander's Line, Result of II 359
Alexandria, French settlers land at Ill 128
Algonquin, Families of, in Ohio VI, 75; VII
Territory of VI 75
Allen County. Earthworks in, number of VII 197
Fort Amanda in Ill 309
Prehistoric remains in V 272
Allen, "Land Bill," Sketch of X 98
Allen, William, Candidate for Senator I 120
Commissioner in Ohio and Michigan dis-
pute IV 221
Defeated for governor IV 349
Governor of Ohio VI 273
Mention of Ill 158
Senator from Ohio VI 226
Sketch of II 16&
Alligator Mound VI 430
Presentation of I 57
Alston, Governor, Aids Burr I 147
Alston, Theodosia Burr, Charms of I 147
Amanda, Fort, Description of Ill
America, England's claim to portion of IV
Imlay's book on I 233
Mistaken ideas as to size of IV 86
272 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
America, Prestige of VI 381
"American Conspiracies, History of," Victor, Mention of. I 150
American flag, Ohio Valley under X 414
American Historical Association I 289
Formation of II 796
Mention of II 346
American Review, Quotations from on Vinton IV 239
"American State Constitution," Hitchcock, Notice of I 206
"American State Papers," Mention of Ill 275
Americans, Cosmopolitan character of II 103
Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, Diabolical plot of, against Indians.. VII 46
"Ancient Correspondence," Linton IX 117
"Ancient work, near Oxford, O. ," McFarland I 265
Anderson, Charles, Tribute to Jeremiah Morrow II 207
Anderson, Isaac, Lochry expedition, Journal of, by VI 389
Anderson, James H, Address, "Col. Wm. Crawford," VI 1
Ancestry of VI 212
Halbedel's letter to VI 1
Sketch of IV 452
Anderson, Major, Buchanan orders to remain at Sumter.. VI 330
Andre, Major, Mention of Ill 142
Andrews , E. F. , Painter VI 304
Andrews, I. W. —
Address "Beginnings of our colonial system," I 1
Death of II 9
Furnishes list of petitioners for Bounty Lands I 37
Memorial address on II 253
Memorial exercises for II 345
Memorial meeting for II 339
Portrait of II 253
Sketch of II 256
Andrews, John W., Sketch of IV 452
Submits resolutions on death of
Henry B. Curtis 1 113
Andrews, Prof., Explorations of V 284
"An early abolition colony and its founder," Graham IV 30
Animals , American forests , in VII 16
Bones of, found in mounds X 472
Annalists of Ohio Valley and early travelers I 230
"Annals of Congress," Mention of Ill 275
Ann Arbor, Constitutional Convention at IV 288
Annual Register defends English land policy I 227
Annual Register, Quoted from concerning King's Procla-
mation. 1763 I 210
Index for Volumes I to XL 273
"An outing on the Congo," Safford VII
Anti-federalists, Ohio leaders of
Part played by, in Ohio's admission
"Antiquities of the State of Ohio," Shepherd, Notice of . . . .
Anti-slavery VI, 349,
Franklin College, at VII
Gallagher's connection, with
Jefferson County, in
Morris on
Movement of
Anthropology, Mills lectures on ,
Apples, Nesley varieties of
Varieties originated in Ohio
"Appleseed Johnny." Death of, (See Chapman, John)...
Jefferson County, in
Monument to ,
Orchards planted by
Pocket-book of
Poem to
Application to erect Northwest Territory into a State
Appropriations for Society
Archaeologic Map of Ohio V, 256, 286,
Archaeologic work in Ohio
Archaeological Association of Ohio, State, Mention of....
Archaeological and Historical Society of Ohio, State —
Articles of incorporation
Business meeting, March, 1885
Charter members of
Final organization of
First Board of Trustees of '
First public meeting of
Meets at Hamilton with local Society
Obj ects of
Officers of, 1885
Organization of
Proceedings of, 1885
Work to be done by, (See Society)
Archaeological and historical collections in Ohio, List of . . . .
Archaeological collection of Thomas Cleaney
Archaeological department of Society V, 324;
Archaeological department of Society, 1894
Archaeological directory of Ohio. Graham
Archaeological exhibit for the Ohio Centennial
"Archaeological History of Ohio." McLean's review of
18 Vol. XI.
Vol-.
Page
VII
349
II
L9ft
II
194
II
1.17
X
:5:',:»
/III
138
11
310
VII
352
X
358-
IV
268
X.
. 87
VI
289
VI
289
VI
293
VI
290
IX
303
VI
363
XI
256
IX
317
V
69
XI
75
318
V
257
I
84
I
86
I
94
I
87
I
86
I
88
I
89
I
102
I
85
I
95
I
83
I
83
I
81
I
395
I
17:?
VI
8
IV
420
I
173
I
170
XI
14.3.
274 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
"Archaeological History of Ohio." Peet's review of XI 139
Proposed publication of. VIII 358
Publication of .IX, 398; XI 77
Archaeological Map of Ohio IV 421
Growth of VIII 335
Progress of VII 280'
Archaeological Museum of Society —
Orton Hall VIII 338
View of VIII 342
"Archaeological records of the past," Review of XI 134
Archaeology, Definition of XI 148
Department of, at Columbus Centennial II 541
Errors in XI 134
Field work by Society, 1897 •. . . VI 423
Moorehead's report of VI 416
Ohio, importance of study of I 53
Ohio, rich in VI 431
Ohio, robbed of specimens VI 445
Ohio, researches into XI 151
Painted skeletons XI 246
Paleolithic implements, importance of, to,... I 179
Progress in study of, V 165
Relation of glacial period to, in Ohio, Wright. I 174
Smithsonian Institute in Ohio I 442
Society does field work in, IV 406
State Map of VI 166
Wilson's work on XI 159
'"Archaeology in Ohio," Moorehead responds to toast to.... IV 448
Archaeologist, The, Publication of IV 419
Suspension of V 295
Archaeologists, Mistakes of early V 203
"Arbitration between Capital and Labor," Ryan, Notice of. . II 437
Arkansas Traveler, The, Impersonation of VIII 304
Wilson VIII 296
Aristotle, Mention of I 164
Armenian Clay, found in Ohio Ill 101
Armstrong, Judge John, Account of Ill 142
Arnett, Benjamin W. —
"Northwest Territory" VIII 433
Remarks at Marietta Centennial II 141
Responds to toast "Colored Man in Ohio" IV 448
Sketch of IV 452
Arnold, Benedict, Mention of I 137
Wife of, escapes I 138
Index for Volumes I to XL 275
Vol Pace
Arrest of Burr I L5U
Arrowhead of bone, view of VIII 320
Arrowheads, Magazine of, at Watcrford V "_'<>•'$
Arrow Point, Picture of XI
"Art and artists in Columbus," Sessions, Mention of I
Articles of Confederation —
Amendments to, on account of Western land- II 276
Character of I '-'<\
Difficulty of ratification of IV l'"i
Sovereignty in IX _"'"
Weakness of VI I 251
Artists of Ohio VI 29fi
Aryan Race, Migrations of Ill 17M
As'bury, Bishop Francis VIII, 231 ; VI, 255 ; X L68
Account of Ill 201
Portrait of X 168
View of, on horseback X 218
.Ash Cave, Explorations of V 28 \
Ash Pits, Baum Village site, in X 80
Ashe, Thomas, Book on Western travel, by I 2 17
Ashland County —
Bibliography of earthworks in I 7' i
Earthworks of V 177
Earthworks in, number of VII 1-1
Mohican Village in V 182
Pioneer Monument in VI
Prehistoric remain- in V 267
Ashley, James M, Mention of 1\ H7
Ashtabula County —
Bibliography of earthworks in I 72
Earthworks in, number of VII 192
Erection of VI 217
Prehistoric remains in V 271
Associates, Ohio Company of, purchase land I 5
Athens, College at ' 1-317 VI 39-107
Mention of IV
Athens County —
Ribliography of earthworks in I ~ -
Citizens of, petition Congress IV 249
Earthworks in, number of VII 177
Prehistoric remains in ^
Attorney-General of U. S. —
Opinions on Ohio and Michigan dispute IV
Atwater, Caleb, Archaeological researches of VI 442
276 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Atwater, Caleb, Describes Glenford Stone Fort V 175
Howe's sketch of II 465
Mention of I 239
On Muskingum Mounds .• . . . V 200
Quoted on earthworks IV 365
Atwood Institute, founding of Ill 165
Atwood, Nemehiah, Founds Rio Grande College Ill 164
Auglaize County, Earthworks in, number of VII 197
Prehistoric remains in V 272
Review of History of X 120
Auglaize River, Fort Amanda on Ill 309
Fort Defiance on Ill 307
Indians cede land on X 251
Indian council on IX 216
Ault, Andrew, Jefferson County pioneer VI 214
Austinburg, School and Church at VI 45
Autobiography, Sturtevant's, Mention of VI 47
Avery, Elroy M., Sketch of IV 453
Axe, peculiar V 251
Prehistoric XI 246
Axes, Stone V 245, 250
"Aztecs, The," Biart, Book notice of I 20fr
B
Babbitt metal, Shakers invent IX 105
Babbitt, Miss, Paleolithic implements discovered by 'I 179
Babylon, Magnificence of VI 366
Babylon Temple, Mexican temple built like I 324
Badger, Rev. Joseph, Memoirs of VI 45
Bainbridge, Explorations near V 285
Mounds near VII 154
Baird, Prof. S. F., Butler County Antiquities, on I 65
Death of '. I 384
Baker, Chas. W., Address, Pan-American Exposition X 128
Baker, Rev. Henry, "Methodism in Gallipolis" Ill 206
Baker Art Gallery presents portraits to Society X 92
Balboa, Method of taking possession II 373
Baldwin, Judge Chas. C, Mention of I 332
Baldwin, Michael, Sketch of XI 57
Takes part in admission of Ohio XI 67
Ball, Fort, Description of Ill 310
Index for Volumes I to XL 277
Vol. Page
Bancroft, George, Mention of II, 579; IV 313, 346
On Scotch-Irish VI L04
Opinions of, on Ohio Company Associates I 6
Opinions' of, on Ordinance of 1787 I 7
Ordinance of 1787, Adoption of, related by I 30
Quoted concerning Dunmore's land policy I 288
Banking Mania X 190
Jefferson County, in VI 234
"Bank of Ohio, State," Paper. Janney I 90
Banks, U. S., Constitutionality of VI 225
Ohio opposition to II 111
Taxation of, by States II 11 6
Banks, Jefferson County, first in VI 234
Banks oppose U. S. Bank IX 291
Banks, Nathaniel P., speaker U. S. Representatives IV 268
Banquet of Society, 1895 V 281
Program of V ..281
1890, Guests at V 307
Baptist Church, first at Cincinnati II 102
Gallipolis Centennial exercises at Ill 15
Baptists, "A peculiar people" Ill 227
Growth of Ill 232
In New England Ill 231
Jefferson County, in VI 268
Martyrs among Ill 232
Ministers, pioneer, among VI '_'■"> I
Of England Ill 230
Of Switzerland . Ill 230
Relations of, to State Ill 228
Roger Williams Ill 231
Statistics of, in Northwest Territory VIII 456
Bar of Jefferson County t VI
Barber, John Warner, writes Connecticut History IV 317
Barclay, Commodore, Battle of Lake Erie X 39
Bareis, George F. , Fort Ancient, care of , by...:- VIII 357
Madison Township, History of, by XI 259
Museum donations by VIII 333
Reports on Fort Ancient X Til
Sketch of IV 153
Bark sepulcher, found in Adena Mound X 1 1 ;T
Barker, Dr. Samuel Augustus, Account of Ill 256
Barlow, Joel, Errors of, concerning lands Ill 129
Goes to France I V 15
Odium placed upon Ill 131
278 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Barlow, Joel, Operations of, in Paris
Mention of Ill, 9, 40, 82,
Portrait of
Scioto land scheme, in
Sells land in France
Barnum, P. T., Portraits of Indian chiefs collected by
Bartholomew, Geo. K., Sketch of
Bartley, Mordecai, elected Governor VIII
"Bartram's Travels," Publication of
Bascum, Rev., Minister, pioneer
Bastile, The, Mention of
Bastrop, Baron, purchases land from Spain, in Texas
Bates . Issaacher . Sketch of
Bates, Elisha, "Friend" sect founded by
Battle Island, view of
Battle, Fallen Timbers, account of Ill , 308
Fort Meigs , at
Fort St. Clair , at
Fort Stephenson , at
Perry's victory, description of III. 311
Point Pleasant
Battlefields of Ohio
Baughman , A. J. , ''Johnny Appleseed"
"Prehistoric earthworks of Richland
County"
Baum, Henry M., Lectures before Society
Baum Village, Ash pits found at
Bones , animal . found at
Bones , human , found at
Bone implements found at
Corn found at
Curator's report pn exploration in
Explorations in VII , 149 :
Field work at
Fish hooks found at
Materials from VII ,
Nuts found at
Skeleti mi f. mud in VII
View of
Beatty, Col., commander at Ft. Steuben
Beatty, Major, Diary Survey of Seven Ranges
Beatty. John, Address "Franklinto "
"Grant , U. S."
Howe's Historical Collection reviewed bv
Vol.
Page
IV
16
III
191
III
113
X
421
III
122
IX
13
IV
454
VIII
117
I
231
VI
25!'
III c
2. 189
I
146
XI
22"
VI
268
VI
19
IX
222
III
311
III
304
III
310
X
330
VI
74
III
IX
305
X
67
XI
78
X
80
X
80
X
=
X
83
X
85
X
78
VIII
368
XI
90
IX
520
. 146,
117
X
85
VII
15o
VII
145
III
303
VI
303
VI
59
XI
232
II
572
Index for Volumes I to XI. 279
Vol. Paci
Beaver, Teeth of found in mound X 17"
Bebb. Governor, Mention of VIII 210
Beecher, Lyman. Mention of IV, 807; X" III 11L
"Beginning of Ohio Company and Scioto Purchase," Daw.- IV I
Bellamy, Edward, Mention of VIII
Theories of \ III 1
Bell used in Campus Martins, view of II 340
Belmont County, Bibliography of earthworks in VI
Blockhouse in VI
Earthworks in VII 191
Erection of VI i\~
Evolution of V
Member > of First Constitutional Conven-
tion from V 81, 82
Prehistoric remains in \ 270
Belpre, Church services at II
Farmer-' Castle at II 1 !■">
Mention of I, 130; III 13,252
Benford, Nathaniel, Slaves freed by VI
"Ber< Quarterly," Notice of IX
Berkeley. Sir William. On .extent of Virginia IV
Biart. Lucien, "The Aztec.-." Book notice of I 206
Bible. Influence of II
Bible Society, Organization of in Washington County Ill _'ll
Bibliography, Archaeology, need of I 17:
Earthworks, Adams county I
Athen- ( lounty I 7_
Ashland < bounty I 70
Ashtabula ( ',< rnnty I 7
Belmi 'in O lunty I
Brown County 1 7 .
Butler Comity I 7
Champaign County I
Clarke County I
Clermont County I
Clinton County I 191
Coshocton County I 191
Cuyahi iga O unity I
inty I
I Eri i unty I 1 M -
' Fairfield County I
Franklin O unty I
Geau nty I
Green Count v I
280
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol.
Bibliography, Earthworks, Hamilton County
Hardin County
Highland County
Holmes County
Huron County
Jackson" County
Knox County
Lake County
Licking County
Lorain County
Mad River Valley
Medina County
Mercer County
Miami County
Montgomery County
Muskingum County
Ohio I, 69, 191
Perry County
Pickaway County
Pike County
Portage County
Preble County
Richland County
Ross County
Scioto County
Shelby County
Summit County
Trumbull County
Warren County
Washington County
Wayne County
Wood County
'Bibliography, Flint Ridge,
Fort Ancient
Newark Works
Bienville's expedition X
Big Bottom , Indian massacre at I
Bigelow , Rev. , Minister , pioneer V
Bilderback , John . Story of V
Bill of Rights, Committee for preparation of, First Con-
stitutional Convention V
In first Constitution V
Bill of sale . Old document II
'"Billy" Wyandott, Indian hunter VI
101
147
404
89
Index for Volumes 1 to XL 281
Vol. Page
Bimeler, Joseph, Home of VIII 33
Influence of, on Zoar Society VIII 78
Residence of VIII IT
Sermons of VIII" 17
Will of VIII SI
Zoar minister VIII 10
Bingham, John A., Antislavery attitude of X 339
Congressional record of X 341
Foraker's address on .' X 331
Mention of IV 447
Minister to Japan X 351
Portrait of X 332
Unveiling of monument to X 331
Biography, Galloway, Samuel , Gladden IV 263
Hayes, R. B., Gladden IV 338
"Henry Howe, the Historian," Smith IV 311
Lesquereux, Leo., Orton IV 279
Of life members of Society IV 452
Randall, E. O I 1
Sessions, Francis Charles, Gladden IV 292
Shakers, Sketches of prominent IX 84
Vinton," Samuel Finley, Dahlgren IV 231
Birbeck, Morris, Book on Western travel I 238
Birchard Library, Fremont, at X 05
Bird Pipes V
Birney, James G, Emancipation of slaves I 114
* Mobbing of II 310
Philanthropist edited by I 114
Bissell, Samuel VI 47
Black Hawk, Mention of IX 30
Portrait of IX 11
Raid of XI 22
Black Hawk's War IX 11
Prominent men in IX 11
Black, Jeremiah, Secretary of State VI 330
"Black Laws," passed by aid of Democrats I 120
Repeal of IV 479
Written by S. P. Chase I 119
Blackmore Museum \ I 142
Blackstone, on "right of discovery" II 378
Blackswamp Ill 176
Blackivood's Magazine commends anti-slavery speech IV 270
Blaine. Jas. G. , Character of IX 150
Keifer's opinions of IX 153
282
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
"Blennerhassett again," editorial on
"Blennerhassett, A Romance, Review of
Blennerhasett, arrested near Natchez
Acquittal of
Builds a mansion on island
Burr's headquarters on island of
Burr visits
Character of
Comes to America
• ' Death of
Desperation of
Destitution of family of
Early life and education of
Escape of
Finds home in ruins
Home of, described
Home of, ruined by vandals
Madam , escapes :
Marriage of
Paper on , Randall
Penury of
Personal appearance and character of
Picture of home of
Placed in Richmond jail
Portrait of
Provides boats and provisions for Burr's
expedition
Reference to
Settles in Mississippi
Trial of
Blennerhassetts, The, "At Home,"
Blennerhassett redivivus, Randall
Bliss, Dr. Daniel, account of
Blockhouses, Belmont County, in
Description of
Jefferson County, in
Blue Jacket, Chief
Blue Licks. Battle of -.
Boats, Mechanical propulsion of
Packet , on Ohio River
Boers in Ohio
Boggs, John. Indians capture son of
Monument of
Monument erected by, Logan's elm
Vol.
X
X
II]
X
III
VI
VI
V
XI
VII]
II]
II]
IX
VII
VI]
VI]
Page-
390
• 390
156
158
131
146
144
134
129
161
153
162
127
153
160
131
154
154
128
127
161
132-134
133
157
129
148
252
160
157
136'
119
255
193
185
188
32
288
102
104
139
364
56
354
Index for Volumes I to XL 283
Vol. Page
Boggs' Monument, Description of VII 362
View of VII 36]
Bolivar, Fort Laurens, near Ill 308
"Bonaparte, almost a Buckeye" X 194
Bone awls, Picture of V 240
Bones found in Adena Mound X 167
Books, "Adventures of pioneer children," II Y>
"Afloat on the Ohio." VI 114
"Annals of the West," Mention of VI 142
"Antiquities of the State of Ohio," II 437
"Archaeological History of Ohio," X, 74; XI 77
"Archaeology of Ohio," Notice of II 348
Belmont and Jefferson counties History of, Cald-
well VI 123
"Blennerhassett — A romance," X 390
Changes in II 11!
"Cincinnati and Miami Country," Drake I 237
"Clarke's - expedition," IX 187
Collections of the Cayuga County Historical So-
ciety II 44u
Containing descriptions of Fortified Hill, Butler
County I < i» !
Crawford's expedition IX 181
"Dictionary of U. S. History," IX 381
"Down historic waterways," X 1 - »T
"Dream of empire." Review of X 120
Dunmore's War. in XI M7
Early annalists of Ohio I 239
Eggleston's U. S. History II 436
"Expansion of the American People," IX 380
Filson's Kentucky I 231
First volume Ohio Laws IX
"French Five Hundred and other people," X I'M
"Girtys," History of VI, 392; IX 184
"Hesperian Tree , " • IX
Historical Collections of Connecticut IV ">17
Ohio IV
New Jersey IV -'!l!>
New York' IV :;i!'
Virginia IV 321
Historical Writings of Marshall, Notice of II 574
"History of Auglaize County." Simpkins X 120
History of Jackson County XI 165
History of Perry County. Martzolff XI 257
284
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Books, History of Williamson's Expedition IX 187
History of Wisconsin IX 184
"Howe's Historical Collections of Ohio," Notice of. II 572
Illinois, early histories of I 240
Imlay's America I '-33
Indiana, early history of, Dillon I 240
In Zoar Society VIII 15
John Heckewelder's VII 347
Journal of Major Robert Rogers, Notice of II 575
Journal of Tour in Northwest Territory, Harris. I 237
Kentucky, History of, Butler I 238
Collins I 239
"Life of Henry Clay," Schurz, Notice of I 110
. "Life of Rev. Manasseh Cutler," Notice of I 404
Mac Lean's on Scotch-Irish . IX 250
Mention of various, on Western travel I 238
Monograph , educational, U. S II 438
Moravian Missions in Ohio VII 313
"New Amsterdam, New Orange, New York," II 439
"New York," Roberts, Notice of I 109
"Notes on Western travel," Birbeck I 238
"Northwest under three flags," Randall's review of. X 101
"Old Northwest;" Notice of II 348
"Old South Leaflets," IX 379
On Shakerism IX 114
"Our whole Country," Howe IV 327
Pioneer press of Kentucky II 575
"Pioneers of Fairfield County," X 394
"Primitive Industry," Abbott, Notice of I 109
Published by Howe. Henry IV 326
"Queen of the Woods . " XI 26
"Recollections of Western Travel," Flint I 237
"Recollections of a Lifetime," Brinkerhoff IX 147
Relic department of Marietta Centennial II 250
Ryan's History of. Ohio II 437
"Second Ohio Historical Collections," IV 331
Seneca County, History of IX 181
"Sign of the Prophet." . .' X 389
Spotszvood Letters X 578
"Story of the Western Reserve," X 498
"Times of the Rebellion in the West," IV 328
"The Forest Rangers," X 305
"The Latimers," VI 109
"The Mound Builders , " Mac Lean I 109
Index for Volumes I to XL 285
Vol. Page
Books, "The Tory's Daughter" II 577
Topographical descriptions of the Western terri-
tory of North America VI 115
Travels in Ohio Valley, Ashe I 237
Virginia Historical Collections II 431
State papers II 430
Volney, C. F., on Western travel I 23ti
Wade, Benjamin, Life of II 578
Washington-Crawford letters IX 182
Western travels , Michaux I 236
Schultz I 237
Witchcraft, Christie's on VI 281
Book Notes, "American State Constitutions," I 206
"The Aztecs," Biart I 206
Boone, Daniel, Account of I 231
Captive, led through Ohio XI 200
Mention of VII 75
Road of IX 409
Bossee, Capitaine, Writes on Ohio Valley I 230
Boston Herald, Mention of I 187
Boston Port Bill I 226
Boston Tea Party , Account of IV 296
Boundaries. Constitution, first State, on V 146
Ohio provides for establishment of IV 137
Randolph's report on northern Ohio V 160
Boundary Act XI 66
Boundary Line, Ohio and Virginia, between IV 64
Ohio field notes of IV 182
Ohio-Indiana IV L27
Affected by Indiana's admission IV 139
„: Commissioners of IV 141
Establishment of IV 135 . 137
Indiana Constitution on IV 181
Indiana legislature inquires into IV 1 i (|
Legislature takes action on IV 136
Longitude of IV 150
Report of Commissioners on IV 141
Re-survey of IV 141
Sketch on Establishment of IV 111
Surveyor's report on IV 147 , 150
Ohio and Michigan IV 127, 152
Base of Michigan's claims IV 191
Commissioners' report to Secretary Treasury.... IV 184
Commissioners' report to Governor Lucas IV 169
286 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Boundary, Ohio and Michigan, Congress establishes IV 157, 170
Congress establishes IV 157 , 170
Connection with public surveys established IV 172
Correspondence relative to IV 174
Citizens of Lucas County to P. A. Welker. . IV 170
Gerwick, Geo., to Tiffin, Edward IV 181
Jones, Chas. H., to Welker, P. A IV 176
Meigs, Josiah, to Tiffin, E IV 179, 180
Mendenhall, T. C, to Graham, A. A IV 177, 178
Talcott, A., to Gratiot, Gen. C IV 183
Tiffin, Ed., to Meigs IV 183
Wilhelm, H. W., to Welker, P. A IV 176
Welker, P. A. to Mendenhall IV 174
Discrepancies in IV 197
Disputes of IV 199
Disputes arising from uncertainty of IV 176
Disputes, Mitchell's Map, Cause of IV 204
Fulton line IV 162
Governor Cass employs surveyor IV 161
Governor Worthington takes action on IV 164
Harris line IV 163
Established IV 171
Re-marked IV 168
History of disputed lines IV 195
Howard's letter to State Department concerning. . IV 193
Land commissioner acts on IV 157
Legislature acts on IV 136
Location of IV 174
Map, showing disputed territory IV 199
Misconceptions of IV 171
Necessity for remarking IV 178
Ohio legislature inquires into IV 156
Ohio remarks Harris line IV 167
President Jackson takes action IV 167
President Monroe directs survey IV 162
Report of surveyor on IV 158
Tax disputes arising from IV 177
Trouble arising from IV 165
Uncertainty of location of IV 176
Ohio-Pennsylvania, Re-Survey of IV 127
Ohio-Southern Ill 157
U. S. Northern, Reference to IV 184
Bounties paid for killing wild animals VIII 256
Bounties, Vinton on lands for IV 246
Index for Volumes I to XI. 287
Bounty Lands, desired in Ohio
Granted to Baron Rosenthal
Petition of Continental officers for
Petition for, for Revolutionary soldiers..
Survey of
Bouquet, Col. Henry, Expedition of. VI, 117; VII, 12;
VIII, 143, 213;
Routes of
Boutetorst , Lord , Mention of
Brackenridge , H. M. , describes Gallipolis
Mention of
Bradbury, Horace R. , Opening Address, Gallipolis Centen-
nial
Braddock , General, Portrait of
Braddock's army , Route of
Braddock's Defeat. .. .VI, 2; VIII, ,282; IX, 415; X, 110;
Compared with St. Clair's VIII
Shawnees in
View of site of
Braddock's Grove, view of
Braddock's Road IX, 409 ;
Location of
Map of IX, 209, 422,
Braddock Springs House, View of
Brant, Capt. Joseph, Commands Confederacy of Ohio Indians
Mention of
Non-hostile assurance of
Organizes Indian Confederation
Sketch of
Brazee, John T., Account of Samuel Vinton
Breslau, Defaulter
Brier Hill Furnace, View of VII
Brice, Calvin S., Sketch of
Brickell, John, buys lots in Columbus
Brinkerhoff, Gen. R., Address at Society's banquet
Address at Chapman's Monument...
Address at unveiling "My Jewels"...
Address "Old Ohio Archaeological
Association"
Address seventh annual meeting
Elected President of Society
Mention of I, 332 ;
"Recollections of a life time," by
Sketch of
Vol.
Page
I
5
VI
25
I 38, 39
I
18
IV
186
X
112
VI
393
I
224
III
65
III
79
III
26
IX
508
IX
411
XI
103
VIII
390
XI
180
IX
508
IX
152
X
153
IX
121
432
IX
452
VII
77
V
193
VII
221
VI
203
VII
52
IV
235
I
122
VIII
L29
IV
454
VI
'H
V
299
IX
304
IV
399
I
89
IV
381
IV
393
V
321
IX
147
IV
155
288 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Brinkerhoff, Gen. R. , Suggests Ohio Monument at Colum-
bian Exposition IV 382
Toastmaster IV 437
Work of, for Society IV 425
Brink Haven, View of Hunter's Mound at V 189
British account of Sandusky War VI 31
Aid Indians in Sandusky War VI 22, 23
Attack Fort Meigs Ill 37
Attack Fort Stephenson Ill 310
Incite Indians to War X, 431; VI 124
British, America's feeling toward, in St. Clair's defeat VIII 381
Connected with Indian depredations VI 205
Domain of, in Ohio Valley VIII 375
Indians aid VI 133
Jealousy of VIII 381
Lochry expedition sent by VI 140
Moravians removed by VII 327
Permit Crawford to be burned VI 30-152
Plan to prevent Ohio settlement VI 203
Position of, in Wayne's campaign VI, 207 ; IX 227
Prevent settlements in Ohio Valley X 405
Prevent treaty with the Indians VI 206
Promise protection to Tories VI 133
Result of rule of, in Ohio Valley X 405
Send Indian expedition to Ohio Country VI 134
British Government, Land policy of, from 1763 to 1775 I 207
Taxation principles of II 67
Brook, Lord, Mention of XI 2
Brough, John, Mention of 11,187; IV 444
Brown County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 73
Earthworks in, number of VII 182
Museum specimens from VIII 335
Prehistoric remains in V 267
Stone graves in IX 193
Brown, John, Father of IX 324
Execution of IX 378
Marvin's address on IX 338
Mention of 1,122; VIII 411
Review of IX 375
Shaker Secretary of X 293
Brown, Le Roy D., Mention of I 102, 338
Brown, Mrs. Abram, Responds to "Pioneer Women of Ohio" IV 445
Brown, Thos. J., Sketch of IV 455
Browne, Carl, Assists Coxey Movement LX 157
Index for Volumes I to XL 289
Vol. Page
Browne, Carl, Portrait of IX 164
Brownfield House, National Road, view of IX 442
Brownstone, Mich., Treaty at XI 253
Bruehl, Gustave, Sketch of IV 456
Brush Creek, Mounds of V 208
Brush, Edmund Cone, "Pioneer physicians of the Muskingum
Valley," Paper Ill 241
Bryant, William Cullen, Cole's funeral oration hy VI 297
Mention of I 232
Quotations from, on Indians VII 365
Buchanan, James, Ancestry of IV 263
Orders Anderson to remain at Ft. Sumter VI 330
Buckeye, Commercial value of, in Harrison Campaign II 178
Indian name of II 174
Indigenous to Ohio II 174
In Harrison's campaign II 176
Medical value of II 176
Popularity of II 179
"Buckeye Folks," Miss Culbertson recites. .'. IV 442
Buckeye State, why so called II 174
Buckongehelas, Chief XI 32
Buell, Gen., Mention of II 238
Buffalo Lick, Licking Reservoir VII 22
Buffalo .River, Mention of Ill 100
Buffalo Traces VIII, 265; IX 408
Buffington Island, Battle of XI 258
"Building of the State," Cox's address at Marietta II 150
Bulgaria, Liberator of IX 141
"Bunch of Grapes," Tavern, Ohio Company meets at IV 13
Organized at.... IV 7, 35
Bureau, Attorney, Assists Vinton IV 233
Bureau of Ethnology, Archaeologic work of V 257
Burnham's Cabins on Gallipolis public square, view of Ill 41, 42
Burnham, Major John, and his company Ill 40
Erects cabins for French emigrants. IV 20
Ill 47,130
Gen. Putnam's letter to Ill 42
List of men in company of Ill 41
Subsistence roll of Ill 41
Burke, Edmund, Canada, Surrender of, advocated by I 213
Burke, William, First Methodist preacher in Ohio Ill 203
Burial Place, Delawares, in Ashland County I 70, 71
Burials, Prehistoric races XI 246
Buried Forest, Butler County I 265
19 Vol. XI
290
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Burnet, Judge Jacob, Book on Northwest Territory. . .1, 239;
Complimentary mention of
General Assembly, Northwest Terri-
tory, on
Burr, Aaron —
Acquittal of
Arrest of I, 150, 156,
Buries arms in Mississippi
Confides in Col. Morgan
Conspiracy of
Deserts his followers
Duel with Hamilton
Exit from political life
Extent of conspiracy of
Floats down the Mississippi
Legal proficiency of
Meets Wilkinson at Fort Massac
Mention of '
Military record -of
Ovations to
Pidgin's attempt to "whitewash"
Plans of, fail
Political career of
Political sagacity of
Receives encouragement from England
Returns to Blennerhassett .
Treasonable ambitions of .
Trial of..; ,
Visits Blennerhassett
Visits Cannonsburg, Ohio
Burr, Theodosia, Charms of
Burton Academy, Account of '
"Bush" Meetings
Buskirk, Colonel
Indian battle of, in Jefferson County
Bushnell, Asa S., Address at Banquet of Society
Mention of
Provides for paleolithic explorations
Society's annual (12th) report to
Bushnell, Dr., Address at Hudson Centennial
Bushnell, M. B., Portrait of
Butcher Mound, Homer, Ohio, view of
Butler County, Aboriginal history of
Archc-eologic work in
Vol. Page
463
312
II
V
V
VII
V
V
V
V
V
IX
IX
VIII
I
V
158
158
156
151
141
156
140
140
149
175
138
144
127
137
144
390
149
139
139
147
146
142
157
144
151
136
47
277
142
183, 349
302
320
284
293
319
303
316
64
257
Index for Volumes I to XI. 291
Vol. Page
Butler County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 265
Buried forest in I 265
Earthworks in, number of VII 172
Fortified Hill in I 57
Mounds and earthworks in I .'ill
Preglacial drainage in I 267
Preglacial wood in I 181
Prehistoric remains in V 264
Butler, Gen. Richard, Grave of VIII 484
In St. Clair's army VIII 382
Butler, Mann, Kentucky, history of, by I, 238, 384, 387
Butler's Rangers aid Indians in Sandusky War VI 22
Butterfield, Consul Wilshire —
Fort Laurens, History of, by VI 393
Historical writings of VI 384, 392
Portrait of IX 177
Sketch of IX 177
Butterworth, Hon. Benj., addresses Society IV •>_'
Butterwood Island, Painting of IV 397
Byrd, Charles Willing, acting governor Northwest Territory XI 68
Mention of V 335
Secretary of Northwest Territory... XI oi
c
Cable, Joseph, journalist VI 273
Cabot, John, Discoveries of II 365
Method of taking possession II 273
Cabots, English rights under discovery of II 370
Caesar's Creek, Prehistoric village site at IV 371
Caffee, Amos H., Account of I 252
Calhoun, John C, importunes Howe to write history of
South Carolina IV 322
Policy of X 334
Sectional ambition of IV 253
Vinton foils scheme of '. IV 243
Calvinism, Mention of IV 307
Patriotism of VI
Disciples of VI 99
Campaign, presidential, 1844 VI 272
Campbell, Alexander VI 1 1 1. 269
Campbell, James E., Address at Gallipolis Centennial Ill 13,161
Mention of IV, 334; V
Report on Ohio boundaries to IV 127, 145
292 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Campbell, James E., Society's report to, 1890 Ill 269
Speaks of Toledo War IV 228
Campbell, Thomas, visits Ohio VI 269
Camp Charlotte, Mention of Ill 302
Camp Chase, Character of prisoners at IV 271
Southern prisoners at VIII 123
Camp Meeting, Origin of X 173
Campus Martius, Bell used in II 240
Plan of II 161
Society to purchase model of IV 394
Canada, French occupation of IV 201
"Canal Party" VI 42
Canals, Morrow promotes II 201
Warren County, in XI 207
Canfield, James H., Addresses Society VII 285
Mention of V 320
Responds to toast, "Relation of Society
to O. S. U"..... . V 306
Cannonsburg College, founding of VI 246
Cannonsburg, Ohio, Burr visits I 150
Capital, Anticipation of VI 61
"Capital and labor, Arbitration between/' Notice of II 437
Capital established at Columbus VI 66
Capital of Ohio V 145
Capital, Northwest Territory, contest over removal of XI 66
State, Competition for VI 66
Capital University, Mention of IV 299
Capitol, Enlargement of V 303
Captina, Massacre of VI 127
Carlyle, Thomas, Mention of Ill 189
Quotation from Ill 202
Writes to Emerson concerning Ohio Valley 1 230
Carolinas, Opinions in concerning slavery in the Northwest. I 28
Carpenter, George, Scout VI 189
Carpenter, John, Discusses Moravian massacre Ill 288
Jefferson County, frontiersman VI 188
Carpenter's Fort, Jefferson County VIII 232
Carrington, Henry B., "Early history of the Republican Party
in Ohio" " II 237
Carroll County, Earthworks in, number of VII 202
Erection of VI 217
Prehistoric remains in V 273
Cartwright, Peter. Portrait of ; . . X 175
Cary, Alice and Phoebe, Mention of I 359
Index for Volumes I to XL 293
Vol. Page
Cary, Alice and Phoebe, Howe's account of II 102
Cass, Gen. Lewis, Chief Uncas, tribute to, by XI 9
Quoted IV L99
Castleman Girls, Indians capture in Jefferson County VI 182
Castor oil mill, Establishment of Ill 258
Catechisation, Shaker XI _'_'!
Catholic historian, on Wesley Ill 1!»'.'
Catholic Church, Gallipolis Centennial exercises at Ill 16
Scotch-Irish in VI 111
Catholicism, Mention of I
Steubenville, in VI 268
Catholics, Parliament disfranchises XI 168
Quebec Act guarantees right to I 225
Statistics of, in Northwest Territory VIII 157
Cavaliers, Importance of VI 96
Cayugas, Battle of Point Pleasant , at XI M
^eleron, De Bienville, buries leaden plates VI 114
"North America in 1750," Map of.. X 1"7
Celibacy, Zoarites' idea of VIII 19
Celts, Indian use of II 530
From Muskingum Valley V 246
Cemeteries, prehistoric VI 368
Centennial Celebrations, Benefits of 11100,548
Historical value of II 564
Society's part in II 549
Centennial Commissioners (Chillicothe) Governor appoints. XI
Centennial Events IV 401
Centennial. Gallipolis, Mention of IV 40]
Proceedings of Ill 1
Program of Ill 9
Gnadenhutten VI 1 297
Greenville IV
Greenville Treaty VII
Proposed celebration of IV l"l
Reference to IV I'd
Jefferson County, Account of VI ■"■11
Lebanon XI L98
Marietta I. 339; II I
Mention of I\ 401
Ohio I. 339; XI 83
Archaeological exhibit for I 170
Arrangements for I 107
Legislative enactment-; for XI
Ohio Valley, Society at V
294
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Centennial, Philadelphia, influence on historical preserva-
tion
Ohio's archaeological exhibit at. .
Central America, Buried cities in
Centralization of schools
Century, Eleventh, The
Nineteenth , The
Sixteenth, The
Thirteenth, The
Ceremonial, banded slate "Butterfly,"
Circleville, picture of
Ceremonial stones, Illustrations of
Chamberlain, W. I. , Portrait of
Champaign county —
Bibliography of earthworks in
Earthworks in, number of
Prehistoric remains in
Chandler , Dr. Jesse, Account of
Chapin. Rev. A. L. , Address at Marietta Centennial
Chapman, J'ohn, Death of
Monument to
Orchards planted by
Sketch of
(See "Appleseed Johnny.")
Charcoal, Prehistoric graves contain
Charlotte, Camp
Charney, M. , Mexican explorations of .
Charters, First Virginia
Second Virginia
Third Virginia
"Charter to Constitution, From," Ryan, Introduction to....
Charter to Plymouth Company
Chase, Bishop Philander, reference to I, 112;
Chase, Hon. Dudley
Chase, Salmon P., Ancestry of I, 112;
Aspirations to the Presidency
Biography of
"Black Laws," written by
Birney, J. G., defended by
Confidence of people in
Curtis, Henrv B., abilitv of. recognized
by ■
Death of
Elected Governor of Ohio I. 122;
Vol.
Page
I
332
1 89, 332
I
319
VI
56
III
27
III
28
III
28
III
28
V
248
V
249
V 235-243
IX
318
I
77
VII
202
V
272
III
254
II
126
VI
293
IX
303
VI
363
VI
290
IX
199
XI
179
I
326
V
1
V
12
V
33
V
vii
V
4
III
223
112
VI
101
125
111
119
114
124
52
124
IV
270
Index for Volumes I to XI.
295
Chase, Salmon P., Elected to U. S. Senate
Eulogy on, by 1 loadly
Gallagher appointed by
Graduates at Dartmouth
Homestead Act, by
Marriages of
Matilda Case defended by
Mention of Ill, 158; IV. 347;
Militia reorganized by
Nominated Chief Justice
Petitions Congress for abolition of slave-
trade in D. C
Re-elected Senator
Removal of. to Ohio
Replies to Gov. Wise concerning John
Brown
Resigns Treasury port- folio
Secretary of the Treasury
Sent to Peace Conference
Statutes of I. 152;
Chatauqua movement, origin of VI , 322;
Cheetham, Jean Dick, "State Sovereignty in Ohio."
Cheops, Mexican pyramids resemble
Cherokee River , Mention of
Cherokees, identical with Mound Builders
in Ohio
on the Scioto
Vinton on treaty with *..*..*
Chestnut Ridge, National Road, View of
Chicago Historical Society
Chickamauga Creek , Gallipolis on
Chiefs at Greenville Treaty VII, 218,
Bald Eagle
Black Hawk, sketch of
Blue Jacket VI, Ts :
Brant Joseph
Buckongehelas
Captain Pipe VI, 208;
In Revolution
Celebrated, in Ohio. . . .VI 1 . 21,57; VIII, 378; IX. 1:
Cornstalk VII, 53;
Death of
Monument to IX. 25;
Crane, Character of
Vol
Pace
121
116
II
819
118
VI
278
126
15
XI
205
122
124
114
123
112
122
124
123
123
113
VIII
160
IX
290
327
III
101
CO
VII
4
VII
._.;;;,
IV
2 L2
IX
473
IX
246
IV
20
VII
52
IX
10
XI
32
VII
52
XI
:<_>
VII
57
VII
60
X
396
XI
L04
VII
58
XI
I
IX
3
29r> Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Chiefs, Crane, Death of IX 7
Grave of IX 1
Harrison's conference with IX 7
Mention of X 92
Red Jacket's oration on IX 7
Sketch of IX 4
Ellinipsico, Murder of IX 28
Friendliness of Shawnee ■ VI 90
In Battle, Point Pleasant XI 181
Keokuk, Monument to XI 1
Sketch of IX 9
Leatherlips IX 14
Grave of IX 1
Monument to XI 1
Logan VII 52
Little Turtle VII, 84 ; IX, 222; XI 32
At Greenville Treaty VII 236
Miantonomah, Sketch of XI 2
Monument to IX 1
Pokagon, Leopold and Simon , XI 1
Portrait gallery of IX 13
Prophet VII 85
Red Jacket, Monument to XI 1
Sketch of IX 19
Oration on Chief Crane IX 7
Seattle, Monument to XI 11
Sketch of XI 13
Shabbona. Sketch of IX 29
Tecaughretanego, prayer of VI 91
Speech of VII 24
Turkey Foot, Death of '. IX 226
Uncas, Sketch of XI 2
White Eyes VI, 230; VIII 144
Missionaries opposed by VII 40
Chiliasm, Doctrine of VIII 19
Chillicothe, Burr and Blennerhassett bound over to Court at I 158
Capital Northwest Territory I, 313; V 66
Capital established at IX 288
Centennial at XI 76. 83
Centennial Commission '. . XI 86
"Centennial," Waddle responds to toast to V 304
Constiutional Convention meets at ..III, 151; V 76, 80
Early Bar of Ill 157
Earthworks near I, 344; V, 219; VI 439
Index for Volumes I to XI. 297
Chillicothe, First ministers at
Incorporation of
In 1797
Laid out
Land district of
Mound near
Presbytcrianism in
Second Territorial Assembly at 11 . 168;
Settlement of VI. 102;
Society meets at , 1889
Squier and Davis' Mound explorations near...
View of first Capitol at
Chillicothes, Tbe, Corrections concerning
Chillicothe, Old
Dunmore's army at
In Ross County
Near Xenia
On Great Miami
On Scioto
China, Old, Marietta Centennial, at
Chippewas at Fort Harmar Treaty
Choctaws , Vinton defends
Cholera ravages Ohio Valley
Christ College, Mention of
Christian Indians , Land ceded to
"Christian Topography," views on
Christianity, Discoveries in name of
Influence of
Progress of
Christie, Dr., on witchcraft
Christmas in the South
Shaker festivals on
Song, Shakers'
Church , Episcopal . at YVorthington
Fifteenth century
First , in Cincinnati
First , in Western Reserve
First, organization at Marietta
First, in Northwest Territory
First Presbyterian
Scotch-Irish petition for free
Spanish discoveries , on
Churches, Absence of in Western Reserve
Free
Vol.
Page
X
17-
I
817
VI
62
V
337
VI
212
VII
L26
VI
25 1
III
1 5< 1
X
A2-\
II
560
II
.>.-,
V Front.
X
1-7
VI
171
VII
353
XI
230
XI
230
XI
230
XI
230
II
247
VI
204
IV
242
II
58
III
L97
XI
250
I
L65
II
:!7J
II
121
II
90
VI
281
II
488
IX
-
IX
-I
IV
139
II
II
162
VI
L5
II
299
II
VI
ioo
VI
Ml
II
356
VI
104
VI
''7
298 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Churches, Hudson, Ohio, in
Jefferson County, pioneer, in V, 214:
Pioneer
Scotch-Irish influence for
Cincinnati. — -
Capital of Northwest Territory
Christening of
Contemplated removal of State Capital to
First Fourth of July at
Ice dam at
Incorporation of
Packet line to
Presbyterianism in
Site of Fort Washington in
Slaves captured by people of
Cincinnati Gazette, Vinton's argument published in
Cincinnati Post , Quoted
"Cincinnati and Miami country," Drake's book on
Circleville, Earthworks at I, 344; V, 232;
Destruction of
Flint instrument, ceremonial and tablet, from..
Circumstantial evidence, Judge Hitchcock's opinion on....
Cities, Ohio, Date of founding
Methodism introduced into
Citizenship , duties of
Civilization , newer
Progressive methods of
Civil liberty in Ordinance of 1787
Civil officers, under first Constitution of Ohio
Civil Service Reform , Hayes on
Civil War , Andrews on
Baltimore tragedy
Brief review of
Call for troops for
Causes of
First year of
Grant's entrance into
Keifer's narrative of
Ohio in
Opening scenes of
Claiborne. Gov., Martial law declared by
Clarke County, Bibliography of earthworks in
Earthworks in , number of
Prehistoric remains in
Vol.
PagS
IX
326
VIII
199
VI
254
VI
110
I
317
II
163
XI
66
II
163
I
180
III
117
VI
242
VI
253
X
3
I
115
IV
65
I
187
I
237
VI
436
I
56
V
249
III
154
X
187
X
187
II
86
II
103
I
11
II
155
V
144
IV
356
II
263
IX
133
II
511
IX
131
VI
376
VI
78
XI
241
IX
152
II
171
IX
125
I
152
I
77
VII
181
V
266
Index for Vol nines I to XL 299
Vol. Page
Clarke, Gen. Geo. Rogers, Army of, on Kanawha VI 128
Character of VII
Chillicothe burned by XI 230
Conquest by VI 111
Destroys Ft. Loramie Ill 301
Dunmore's scout XI 179
Expedition of VI, 11, 385; VII, 77, 248; IX. 187; X.
412, 415; XI L06
Fort Washington , at X 6
Lands granted to I, IV; V 47. 68
Lands reserved for X 372
Letter of, concerning Northwest expedition II 73
Military achievements of II 72
Portrait of VI 11
Public services of VII 250
Relation with Indians in Northwest Territory II 157
Secures Northwest X 114
Clark, Robert, Sketch of IV, 456; VIII 487
Clark, Samuel, Teacher, pioneer VI _M7
Clay, Henry, champions cause of Mrs. Blennerhassett. . . . I 161
Counsel for Burr I 150
Defeat of, for Presidency II, 464; V 261
Gallagher's Life of I 364
Howe visits II 163
Mention of 1 . 362 ; IV 266
Notice of Life of, Schurz I 110
Political policy of X 336
Slaverv, on X •".">!
Statue' of VI
Steubenville. in VI 270
Tribute to Morrow II 200
Venable visits home of II 191
Cleaney, Thomas. —
Archaeological collection of I 173
Clearing House , Establishment of I
Clergymen, New England, Influence of on N. W. Ter I 24
Clermont County. —
Bibliography of earthworks in I
Earthworks in , number of XII
Evolution of ^
Members of first Constitutional Convention from \
Mounds opened in II
Preglacial wood in
Prehistoric remains in V 267
300
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Cleveland, Francis, level and receipt book of, donated to-
Society • • •
Cleveland, Moses, founds Cleveland . . . :
Cleveland , Schools , early in
Settlement of VI, 218;
Cleveland Centennial
Cliff Dwellers , Stanton lectures on
Clinton County. —
Bibliography of earthworks in
Earthworks in , number of
Prehistoric remains in
Cloth found in Adena Mound
Clover, Phil, paints picture of Marietta settlers
Coach fares , National Read , on
Coach lines, National Road, on
Coaches , Description of
"Coaching, " Thackeray's description of
Coal fields, Lesquerenx's labors in
"Coal flora of Pennsylvania," *
Coal , Origin of
Coalition of Free Soilers and Democrats
Coat of arms of Ohio
Coffinberry, Andrew, Poet, lawyer
Cole , Thomas , Artist
Colerick, E. Fenwick, "Adventures of Pioneer children"..
Collections, Archaeological and historical, in Ohio, List- of
College , Cincinnati
Franklin , founding of
Marietta , Tribute to
Miami University
Ohio University '.
Richmond
Transylvania University
vVilliam and Mary
Colleges, Era Literary Society in
First attempts toward, in Western Reserve
Founding of
Influence of, on Ohio
Monographs on
Reservation in Symmes's Purchase for
Collins, Judge Lewis, History of Kentucky, by I
Colonial system of United States —
Bancroft's opinion of I
Beginnings of I
Vol.
Page
I
376
VII
266
VI
50
X
424
VI
35
. VI
423
I
191
VII
175
V
265
X
464
IV
422
IX
470
IX
460
IX
461
IX
459
IV
288
IV
288
IV
287
I
120
X
490
X
305
VI
295
II
438
I
395
I
106
VIII
135
II
134
I
106
I
106
VIII
194
I
106
II
455
IX
327
VI
327
V
304
II
135
II
438
V
160
239
Index for Volumes I to XL 301
Vol. Page
Colonies, cede Western land claims.
X W5
dangerous, not, to England, Franklin 215
Early resistance of H
object to Quebec Act
Usefulness to England, of
Western, plan of settling, Franklin 211
Colony, Manumitted slave, in Jefferson County VI
Plan of Franklin to settle, in Illinois 217
Colonists, Discontent of XI
"Colonel Thomas Cresap," Stevenson
"Colored man in Ohio," Arnett responds to toast to . . . . IV
Columbiana County, Earthworks in, number of VII
Prehistoric remains in V
Columbian Exposition VIII ^jjj
Address, Butterworth IV
Ohio Day at IV ^
TV .S8"' )
Ohio monument at * v °°*
Pokagon, Simon, at X 117, 2o
c ■ 7 \ V 323
Society at
Society's exhibit at IV
Society's part m HI. 265; IV 39
Society takes action on l v '^
Society's work at
Columbus, Capital established at "j
Centennial at I
Description of, in 1843 IV ^ 2 ^ 9
Franklinton's aid to VI 70, 72
r fi n ( .... IV 300
Growth of
Pioneer Methodism in ^ v
c u 1 f IV 278
Schools of
Soldier's Home established in IV 303
Columbus, Christopher, Discoveries of II 356
Maritime work of I 10b
Takes possession of the Western
World II 372
Voyage of m 180
Columbus Day, Celebration of, in schools ®*
Communism "
Historic plans for Vlli - °*
Opposition to VIII. 59. 63 7
Shakers' lX ^
Zoarites abolish VII 09
Zoar Society VIII 1
Zoar opinions of V111 40
302 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Compromises, Law of Nations, on IV 123
Compton, H. W., "Siege of Ft. Meigs" '. X 315
Concord Township, Ross Co. Archaeological Map of VIII 336
Conestoga Wagon, view of VIII 299
Confederation, Articles of Ill 107
Inadequacy of Ill 110
Conger, Arthur L. , Sketch of IV 456
Congregational Church —
Establishment of, in Columbus IV 305
Influence of, in Ohio II 129
Position of. in Civil War IV 302
Statistics of, in Northwest Territory VIII 456
Congregationalism —
Hudson, at IX 360
Marietta, at II 289
Congress, Action of, on Ohio-Michigan boundary IV 191, 227
Act of, recognizing Ohio V 163
Apportionment for representatives to IV 257
Asks Virginia to change her act of cession IV 129
Committee in, on Virginia land claim IV 116
Concerning Maryland and Articles of Confedera-
tion IV 111
Continental, petitioned for Bounty Lands I 39
First act of V 61
Formation of "Western States" provided for, by. . IV 129
Idea of, originated Ill 141
Negotiations of, with Virginia on Western lands. . IV 203
Resolutions of, for formation of Western States. . IV 128
Seventh, Act of V 69
Sixth V 64
Congress of Confederation provides for sale of lands Ill 111
Conkling, Roscoe, Character of IX 150
Kiefer's opinion of IX 153
Connecticut, Burning of towns in X 437
Charter of XI 2
Deed and Act of cession V 66
Fire lands of VI 36
Hinsdale's "Education in Western Reserve".. VI 35
Historical Collections of IV 317
Historical Society of IX 246
Howe's History of II 445
Immigrants from, settle in Jefferson county.. VI 218
Land Company VI, 36 ; VII 263
Memorial of, to Congress for fire sufferers... X 440
Index for Volumes I to XI. 303
VOL.
Page
X
436
VII
263
Connecticut , Revolution in
School fund of II, 486
Western lands, cession of.. II, 285; IV, 113;
V, 11, 48, 347 VII 262
Western lands, claims of. .II, 475; VII, 259;
IX, 278
Western Reserve, Jurisdiction over, renounced.
Connecticut Reserve, Randolph's report on lands in
Reservations for school purposes in...
(See Western Reserve).
Connolly, Dr. John, Cause of Indian uprising
Dunmore's agent
Intrigues of
Responsihility of, for murder of Logan
family
Conspiracy, Burr's
Constitution, First, of Ohio
Bill of rights in
Committee to prepare preamble for
Provisions for submitting to the people
Signers of
Ohio, Educational provisions in
On amendments to
Provides for northern boundary
Society's, Amendments to
Report on, (new)
Revised
Constitutional Amendments
Constitutional Convention, First, in Ohio 11,168; V, 13,
Committee to frame Bill of Right*
Communication of appreciation to Congress..
Communication to President and Congress...
County representation in
Journal of, printed
Members of
Jefferson County, from VI
Officers of V, 81, 82, 83,
On legislative representation
On negro franchise
On qualifications of electors
On religions test
On salaries of officers
Printing for
Representation in
X
145
V
63
V
159
V
79
XI
95
XI
170
XI
111
VI
128
I
141
V
132
V
147
V
88
V
97
V
153
VI
36
V
146
IV
152
V
297
V
280
IV
132
X
349
75, 80
V
10J
V
127
V
154
V
350
V
131
V
81
VI
223
84
V
117
V
122
V
113
V
111
V105, l-'l
V
94
V
345
304 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Constitutional rules and orders of
St. Clair, Arthur, addresses
Contemporary description of Ohio, 1788
Contiguity, Principle of
Continental Army, Bounty land for
Petitioners of, for Bounty lands. . . .1, 39 ;
Reference to
Continental Congress —
Action of, on Western lands
Quebec Act, obj ects to
Reference to
Work of
Continental Currency, Depreciation of
Contracts, Obligation of
Convention, Call for, to organize Society
Cook, John M., Address at Steubenville Centennial
Coon-skin Library
Cooper, James Fenimore, Howe's visit to
Mention of
Cooper, W. C, Henry B. Curtis on
Copper bracelet, Picture of
Copper implements, Warren County
Copper, found in Adena Mound X, 457, 460, 464,
Found in earthworks II, 402 ; V, 207
From Harness Mound
Copus Monument, Mention of
Copus-Zimmers-Ruffner Massacre, Mention of
Corn found at Baum Village
Corn Planter on Indian boundary line VII
Cornstalk, Chief VII
Battle of Point Pleastant, at V|.|, 356; X, 113;
Bravery of
Death of IX, 28;
Dunmore's Treaty, at,.
Mention of
Monument to
Correspondence relative to northern boundary line of Ohio. .
Corson, O. T., Mention of
Corwin, Thomas, Boomed for Presidency
Election of, as Governor of Ohio
Mention of II, 468; III, 158; IV, 347, 447;
Secretary of Treasury
Coshocton, Destruction of Indian town at VII
Indian expedition to .
Vol.
Page.
V
84
V
87
III
82
II
371
IV
2
III
114
II
224
IV
128
I
226
II
224
II
25,68
II
184
IV
10
I
84
V
345
V
304
II
447
IV
318
I
50
V
242
V
253
468
XI
137
V 229, 243
V
177
VI
293
X
85
VII
223
VII
350
XI
180
IX
26
VI
74
XI
191
V
193
XI
1
IV
174
IX
251
II
314
II
202
XI 203, 205
II
311
VII
77
XI
175
Index for Volumes I to XI. 305
Vol Page
Coshocton, View of Porteus Mound at x l93 « lSW
Coshocton County —
Bibliography of earthworks in
"VIM"'
Early Indian history of v
t? A. i • V 192
Earthworks in
Number of VI1 ^'
V l't'
Flint quarries in
Prehistoric remains in \ --'_'
Cotton-gin, Influence of, on slavery ^ J 5
Counties, Constitution on organization of
Crawford's expedition through VI
"Evolution of Ohio," Lanning V 326
^First representation of
Formed from Jefferson County VI 217, 34
Ohio, 1802, Map of
New, controversy over • "J '
Representatives of, in Constitutional Convention.. V
Significance of names of \' 35»
Scotch-Irish names of Ohio VI
V 334
County, Evolution of Adams v JJ
Belmont V
Clermont ^
Fairfield V
Hamilton V. 330, 331, 336
Jefferson X
Knox : V
Randolph V
Ross V
V
St. Clair
Y 34"i
Trumbull
Washington V
Wayne V
County Government, Precedence of
County of Illinois
Courts, Constitution on "open" _•_
Decisions of, referring to Ordinance of 1787 \
Early, Knox County
Early, Licking County
. Early Supreme Judges of. Ohio
Establishment of Probate HI „
Federal, Congress provides for. in Ohio
Fees of. in Northwest Territory ' '
First, Constitution of Ohio, concerning HI 151
First, at Franklinton ..."
20 Vol. XI.
306
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Courts, First, at Marietta
First Grand Jury in Northwest Territory
First Ohio, in Toledo, account of
First, in Northwest Territory I, 305 ; II, 175 ;
Impeachment of Judges of
Jefferson County, first in
Members of Bar of Ohio
Nullification decisions of
Of Common Pleas established in Northwest Territory
Ohio, on Ohio River boundary
On, Right of Discovery
Opening of first Common Pleas, at Marietta
Provisions for, by Second General Assembly
Salaries of Judges of
Second Court in Northwest Territory
Territorial Assembly's Acts, concerning
Under first Constitution
Under Ordinance of 1787
Work of first Supreme Court in Ohio
Covenanters, Connection with "Underground R. R"
Origin of
Cox, Judge Joseph, Address, Society at Marietta
Mention of
Cox, Hon. S. S., Account of Toledo War, by
Election of, to Congress
Mention of IV, 32,
Reminiscence of
Coxey, Jacob S., Career of
Letter of, to Congress
Portrait of
Coxey and Browne at work on canal boat, View of
"Coxey Movement in Ohio," Hooper. . .
Coxeyism, Badges of
Reforms of
Religion connected with
Coxey's Army, Arrival of, at Washington
"Keep off the grass"
Map of route of
Plan of
Start of
Coxey's Headquarters and Staff, view of
Cowan , Benj. S. , secures State Bank
Cowan, Gen. B. R., Address. Fort Washington Monument
Crania, Prehistoric, Description of
Vol.
Page
II
159
III
145
IV
226
III
143
III
153
VI
222
III
159
II
416
III
144
IV
83
XI
249
III
144
III
152
III
154
I
307
III
150
V
140
V
51
III
155
IV
6
VI
99
II
150
III
173
IV
229
IV
270
447
II
469
IX
155
IX
170
IX
164"
IX
169
IX
155
IX
173
IX
160
IX
158
IX
169
IX
170
IX
175
IX
162
IX
165
IX
.171
I
196
X
5
IV
373
Index for Volumes I to XI. 307
Crawford, Col. William —
Accompanies Washington on Ohio trip
Address on , Anderson
Answers Virginia regiments' complimentary letter....
Appointed. Justice
Arrives at Indian village
Arrives at Wheeling with Virginia troops
Assists Gen. Clark
Battle with Indians
Battle ground , view of
Braddock's defeat, at
Butterfield's work , on
Burning of VI, 1, 30, 71, 152; VII, 468;
Picture of
Campaign of
Capture of
Conflicting actions of
Destroys Mingo Villages, Franklin County
Dunmore's War , in
Entertains Dunmore
Entertains Washington
Executes will
Expedition of, against Sandusky Indians VI, 16;
VII, 71, 151;
Prominent members of
Fort Laurens , at
Frontier services of
Monument to
' Picture of
Officers of, in Indian expedition
On result of murder of Logan's family
Protests against England's encroachments
Revolutionary War, in
Sandusky War , at
Starts for frontier
Surveyor
Visits Congress concerning frontier
Virginia regiment compliments
Writes Washington in Dunmore's War
Crawford County, Earthworks in, number of
Indian battle in
Prehistoric remains in
Crawfordsville, Crawford burned near
Creeks, Tecumseh's Confederacy, in VII
War with VII
Vol.
Page
VI
122
VI
1
VI
11
VI
6
VI
L9
VI
128
VI
11
VI
19
VI
19
VI
2
IX
181
X
115
VI
31
IX
11
VI 22, 25
VI
8
VI
8
VI
7
VI
6
VI
5
VI
17
X
ill
VI
153
VI
186
VI
12
VI
1
VI
33
VI
18
VI
127
VI
9>
VI
9-
VI
21
VI
17
VI
4
VI
12
VI
10
VI
7
VII
192
VI
24
V
VI
31
VII
92
VII
308
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol.
Cresap, Col. Michael, Comes to Ohio VI
Connection with the Logan affair VII
Dunmore's scout XI
Dunmore deceives XI
Dunmore's War, in XI
False accusation of XI
Logan's accusation against ...... VII
Page
122
51
179
95
172
196
359
124
128
Proposed killing of Indians VI
.Tool of British in Logan affair .............. VI
Cresap, Col. Thomas —
Ancestry of X 146
Descendants of X 163
Engages in French and Indian War X 155
History of j X 146
Letter of, to Gov. Sharpe ' X 158
Maryland boundary line surveyed by • X 152
Organizes Company for Revolution " X 161
Patriotism of ) X 160
Settles in Maryland X 148
Survey's Braddock's Road i X 153
Cresap's House in 1770 ' X 170
Cresap's War XI 173
Crestline, Crawford's expedition at VI 18
Crevecoeur, M. S'John de, Description of Ohio by j III 96
Crimes, Promulgation of law on ■ III 146
Croghan, Col. George, Explores Ohio Country • VI 118
Expedition to Illinois country.... X 113
Defense of Ft. Stephenso.n by, II.
169; III, 310*; VI, 68: X 56
Sketch of X 62
Cross found in Butler County Mound I 68
Cross found in Indian grave, Fairfield County V 236
Cross, The, Earthwork I 275
; 'Crow-bar Law" > • ' H 415
Crusades, Influence of, on geography I 165
Cumberland, Duke of, Mention of Ill 101
Cumberland River, Mention of Ill 101
Cummings, Rev. Jacob, Escape of, from slavery IV 53
Curator, Annual Report of, to Society, 1894 IV 421
1895 V 283
1896 V 298, 318
1898 VIII, 329, 350
1901 X 78
1902 XI 86
Index for Volumes I to XL •".'•l'
Vol. Page
Curator, Moorehead elected IV 421
, Moorehead resigns as VI 125
Work of, 1899 VIII 368
Currency, Continental, Depreciation <>f IV I
Letter concerning, in Revolution., II 111
Curtis, Henry B —
Address, "Pioneer days in Central Ohio," by I 243
Address, "Influence of pioneers' character on State's
history" I 93
Memorial address upon I 17
Mention of IV 388
Photograph of I . Frontispiece
Resolutions upon death of I 103
Custer, Geo. A., Sketch of .• VIII W
Cutler, Ephraim, Educational influence of VII 53
Services for public education VI 42
Cutler, Dr. Manasseh —
Agent of Ohio Company I
Aids in organization of Ohio Company II 153
Attitude of, toward slavery IV 30
Character of II 132
Church of II 97
•Demands strong government for Northwest Territory I
Describes southeastern Ohio Ill 88
Director of Ohio Company I 6
Ohio Company of Associates, in Ill 115
Letter of, concerning Ohio Company's Purchase.... Ill 138
Negotiates for Ohio Company Associates' Purchase
III. 115; IV 8
Northwest Territory founded by \ III 1 1"
Notice of. Life of I W4
Opinions of, on Jefferson II 1^'
Pamphlet of, concerning Western country I
Petition of, to Congess for Ohio Company I 87
Portrait of Frontispiece II
Putnam writes to .
Religious influence <>f II
Secure- liberal terms for Ohio Company I '-'■"'
Cutler. William P —
Address . "Settlement of Ohio"
Andrew'-, memorial address by
Centennial . at Marietta
On military service of Ohio Company 1. II
Ordinance of 1787 I 10
310
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Cuyahoga County — Vol. Page
Bibliography of earthworks in I 192
Early settlers, Association of, in II 58jf
Earthworks in , number of VII 192
Erection of VI 217
Prehistoric remains in V 271
Shaker Society in IX 35
Cuyahoga river, Commercial advantages of Ill 107
D
Daguerreotyping, First in Ohio VI
Improvements in VI
Lebanon , in XI
Dahlgren, Madden* Vinton —
Biography of Vinton , S. F. , by IV 231
Dalzell, Private, Poem at Marietta Centennial read by.... II 219
Dana, Richard Henry, Mention of IV 346
Dane, Nathan, Author of Ordinance of 1787 VI 349
Mention of IV 10
Proposes anti-slavery in Northwest Territory TI 41
Work in Ordinance of 1787 II 81
Darke County, Earthworks in, number of VII 190
Prehistoric remains in V . 271
Darrow, David, Sketch of XI 218
Dartmouth College . Chase , S. P. . at I 113
Daugherty, Judge M. A., Eulogy on death of Henry B.
Curtis I 104
Daughters of the Revolution, Mention of X 4
Davis, Jefferson, Donavin's visit to IX 131
Davis, Rev. James M. —
Address, "Rio Grande College," Gallipolis Centennial. Ill 164
Mention of Ill 12
Davis, Hon. Webster, Address at Steubenville Centennial. . VI 347
Davis, Willard H. , on Muskingum Valley earthworks V 204
Dawes, Gen. Ephraim C. , Death of V 295
"John Burnham and his company," Ill 40
Paper, "Beginning of Ohio Company and Scioto
Purchase , " by IV 1
Sketch of IV 457
Dayton , Mention of IV 300
Dearborn , Fort , Massacre at XI 19
"Debt of the West to Washington," Hulbert IX 205
Debt, States', at close of Revolution I 31
Decoys , Whites used by Indians for VI 204
Index for Volumes I to XI. 311
Declaration of Independence — Vol. Page
Calvinistic prelude to VI 253
"Effect upon frontier VI 1'>1
Prelude to XI. 105, L95, 190
Presbyterians' promulgation of VI 1" 1
Quebec Act mentioned in XI L69
Scotch-Irish, first promulgators of VI 103
Deed and Act of Cession of Connecticut V 66
Deed and Cession from Virginia V
Defiance County —
Earthworks in, number of .' VI I 196
Prehistoric remains in ' Y 271
Defiance, Fort, Description of Ill 307
Delano, Columbus, He ry B. Curtis on I 50
Delaware, Poem on White Sulphur Springs at X _M
Delaware County —
Bibliography of earthworks in I 192
Earthworks in, number of VI I 171
Mounds in VII 164
Prehistoric remains in V 266
Delaware Indians VI 1 1 26]
Battle Point Pleasant, in XI 181
Cemetery of, in Ashland County I 70
Crawford burned by VI 1
Crawford taken to VI 29
Land ceded by IV 7
Mention of V 192
Ohio, in VI 7»l
Removal of VII
Sandusky War. at VI 20
Traditions amoi g II 395
Treaty at Ft. Harmar. in VI 204
Delaware Historical Society IX _'! 1
Democratic Party, Tariff policy of IV 256
Democracy, Early odium attached to VI 224
Mention of ' Ill 29
Puritans , of II 22
Zoar Society, of VI i I !•">
Democrats aid in election of Chase t<> the Senate I 1-1
assist in passing "Black Laws," I 120
Dennison, Gov. Wm.. Character of IX 149
Peace Commissioners appointed by.. I 123
Reference to IV HI
DePeyster, Major John W. —
Aids Indians in Sandusky War VI
312 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
DePeyster, Crawford's torture, on VI 29
Portrait of VI 20
Receives account of Sandusky War VI 20
Sketch of IV 457
Deposit, Fort, Description of, Ill 308
"Description of Fort Ancient," Moorehead IV 362
Desertion, Penalty for, at Franklinton VI 68
Deshler, John G., Columbus Volunteer in Toledo War.... IV 214
De Soto , Mounds seen by II 397
Detroit , Capital of Northwest X 114
Incorporation of I 317
Seat of Wayne County V 350
Surrender of VII, 100; X 320
Treaty at XI 252
Dewey in Ohio IX 137
Diary, Anderson's of Lochry expedition VI 389
Dickinson, Anna, Mother of VI 252
Dickinson, Rev. C. E. , Marietta Centennial, sermon at.... II 289
Dillon, John B., Early histories of Indiana, by I 240
Dinwiddie, Governor, Washington sent by X 109, 154
Dinwiddie Papers II 431
Diorite, Prehistoric implements of XI 247
Directory, Archaeological, of Ohio, Graham I 173
Disc, Sculptured , from Mexico V 254
Discoidal , Picture of V 240
Discoidals, Muskingum Valley, from V 239
Disciples in Jefferson County VI, 269 ; VIII 226
Discoveries, church influence on II 354
Discovery, Legal rights of XI 249
Spirit of II 361
Disney, D. T. . Commissioner in Ohio and Michigan dispute. IV 221
Distilleries , Jefferson County , in VI 232
illicit VI 227
District of Columbia, Appropriations for IV 246
"Documentary history of Ohio," Graham II 423
Documents , Georgia II 433
Historical value of preservation of II 428
Documents, Old, Bill of Sale II 404
Minutes of Virginia Council II 406
Preservation of II 404
Revolutionary letters II 405, 407
Doddridge, Rev. Joseph, Account and writings of VI 112
Description of Indian outrages by VI 149
Witchcraft, on VI 286
Index for Volumes I to XI. 313
Vol. Page
Donaldson, Captain, Indians capture V 216
Donation Tract of Ohio Company Ill L33
Donavin, Col. S. K. —
"Opening scenes of the Rebellion," IX 125
Society addressed by VII 298
Dorchester Heights, Israel Putnam's work at II 81
Doughty, Major John, Ft Harmar, built by Ill, 302; IV 7
Ft. Washington, built by Ill 303
Dow Lorenzo I 106
Mention of X 205
Steubenville, at VII 139
"Down historic waterways," Review of X li'i
"Down South before the War," Venable II I"
Downing, Elizabeth , Portrait of X 303
Doyle, Alexander, sculptor VI '>"1
Doyle, Samuel H., Greenville Centennial Address by VII 257
Drainage , Preglacial I
Drake, Dr. Daniel, Botany of Buckeye discussed by II L74
Cincinnati and Miami country I
Voyage of .• I 109
Dred Scott Decision , Mention of IV
Drill , Picture of XI 248
Drown , Dr. Solomon , Account of
Duerr, William, Barlow accused by
Connection with Ohio Company of Asso-
ciates
Failure of • HI l; -'
Manuscripts of IV 14
Mention of HI '"
Projects Scioto Purchase IN
Scioto Company's scheme, by , '- 1
Duncan's Falls, Painting of, at Columbian Exposition IV
Dunmore, Lord, British cause ignored by
Character of XI L69
Expedition of VII. 53; X. 407; XI 99, 176
Fort Gower. built by Ill, 302; XI
Hockhocking ascended by
Indian treaty of X, 408; VI, 76; XI 190
Indian War incited by
Intrigue of VIII 143
Lewis ordered to Pickaway Plains by
Portrait of VI, 6; VII 350
Quebec Act rejected by I, 128; X 407
Resolutions of soldiers X. 409 ; XI 195, 100
III 118
Vol.
Page
XI
188
XI
174
VI
6
I
225
VII
352
XI
192
VII
349
XI
99
XI
103
XI
230
XI
167
I
228
XI
167
XI 192, 195
III
132
314 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Dunmore, Lord, Scene of Scioto campaign of
Virginia House of Burgesses dissolved by
Visits Col. Crawford
Washington objects to land grants to. ...
Dunmore's campaign. Plan of VII
Dunmore's treaty, Logan absent from
Scene of
Dunmore's War VI, 7 ; X, 113 ;
Cause of VI, 104, 123;
Chillicothes. The
Literature on
Quebec Act ignored in
Randall, on
Results of
Duponceau, Peter S., interested in French emigrants
Eagle Mound
"Early Bar of Ohio Valley," Address, Watson
"Early Geologists of Ohio," Orton responds to toast to
"Early intellectual development in Ohio Valley," Address,
Venable I 105
"Early Judiciary, early Laws and early Bar of Ohio," Wat-
son Ill 141
"Early politics and politicians in Ohio," Ryan responds to
toast to V 303
Early travelers and annalists of Ohio Valley I 230
Earthworks, Adams County, of V 208
(See Mounds. See Adena Mound.)
Adams County, number in VII 176
Age of IV, 375; XI 138
Allen County, number of, in VII 197
"Ancient work near Oxford, O.," MacFarland I 265
Ashland County, in V 177
Number of, in VII 184
Ashtabula County, number of, in VII 192
Athens County, number of, in. VII 177
Atwater, Caleb, on IV 365
Auglaize County, number of, in VII 197
Belmont County, number of, in VII 191
Best route to reach all, of Ohio I 347
Bibliography of, Adams County, in I 69
Ashland County , in I 70
VI
435
III
13
IV
439
Index for Volumes I to XI.
:;i;>
Vol. Page
Earthworks, Ashtabula County, in
Athens County , in
Belmont County, in
Brown County, in
Butler County, in
Champaign County, in
Clarke County , in
Clermont County , in
Clinton County , in
Coshocton County , in
Cuyahoga County, in
Delaware County, in
Erie County , in
Fairfield County, in
Franklin County, in
Geauga County , in
Greene County , in
Hamilton County, in
Hardin County , in
Highland County , in
Holmes County, in
Huron County , in
Jackson County , in
Knox County , in
Lake County , in
Licking County , in
Lorain County , in
Mad River Valley , in
Medina County, in
Mercer County , in
Miami County , in
Montgomery County, in
Muskingum County, in
Ohio in I, 69, 191
Perry County, in
Pickaway County , in
Pike County . in
Portage County , in
Preble County , in
Richland County . in
Ross county . in
Scioto County . in
Shelby County . in
Summit County, in
316 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Earthworks, Trumbull County, in I 280
Warren County , in I 280
Washington County, in I 281
Wayne County , in I 282
Wood County , in I 282
Boulder mosaics of IV 367
Brown County, number of in VII 182
Butler County, in I 65
Number of, in VII 172
Bryter, Fort V 180
Carroll County, number of, in VII 202
Champaign County, number of, in VII 194
Chillicothe, near I 344
Circleville at V 232
Clarke County, number of, in VII 181
Clermont County, number of, in VII 185
Clinton County, number of, in VII 175
Columbiana County, number of, in VII 202
Columbus, near, account of I 268
Copper found in V 207
Coshocton County, in V 192
Number of, in VII 180
Crawford County, number of, in VII 192
Cross, The, Mention of I 275
Cuyahoga County, number of, in VII 192
Darke County, number of, in VII 190
Defiance County, number of, in VII 196
Delaware County, number of, in VII 176
Destruction of, at Circleville I 56
Destruction of, at Marietta I 56
Dimensions of noted XI 135
Erie County, number of, in VII 186
Errors regarding XI 134
Fairfield County, number of, in VII 173
Fayette County, number of, in VII 185
Field work on , 1896 V 165
Fort Ancient, Bibliography of I 280
Description of. .1, 342; III, 313; IV 362
Map of, Frontispiece IV
Condition of, Putnam I 58
Society's care of Ill, 312; IV 399
Fort Hill I 260
Description of I 344
Franklin County, in I 355, 349'
Index for Volumes I to XL 317
Vol. Page
Earthworks, Franklin County, Number of, in VII 171
Blendon Tp., description of. I 355
Brown Tp., description of . . I 354
Clinton Tp., description of. . I 352
Franklin Tp., description of I 355
Hamilton Tp., description of I' •*{•">• i
Jackson Tp. , description of. I 355
Jefferson Tp., description of I 354
Madison Tp., description of. I :>■">•"!
Mifflin Tp., description of.. I 353
Montg'ry Tp., description of I 352
Plain Tp., description of . . . . I 355
Perry Tp., description of. . . I 354
Sharon Tp., description of. . I 353
Truro Tp., description of... I 353
Fulton County, number of, in VII \>\
Gallia County, number of, in VII 190
Geauga County, number of, in VII 201
Granville, at.. I 346
Greene County, in VIII 343
Number of, in VII 181
Guernsey County, number .of, in VII 203
Hamilton County, number of, in VII 183
Hancock County, number of, in VII 198
Hardin County, number of, in VII 180
Harrison County, number of, in VII ' 199
Henry County, number of, in VII 201
Highland Count)-, in VIII 343
Number of, in VII 189
Hill-top enclosures IV 365
Hocking County, number of, in VII 1 * v
Holmes County, in V L83
Number of. in VII 189
Huron County, number of, in VII 191
Identity of builders of IV 443
Importance of preservation of I 190, 346
Inaccuracies concerning II 385
Islands in Lake Erie, number of, in VI I 195
Jackson County, number of, in VII 173
Jefferson County, in VI 1 1
Number of, in VII 194
Knox County, number of, in VII 1 7fi
Lake County, number of, in VII 193
Lawrence County, number of, in VII 187
318 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Earthworks, Legislative Committee for preservation of.... I 294
Liberty Group V 219
Licking County, in. . : V, 201 ; VIII 342
Number of, in VII 171
Logan County, in VIII 344
Number of, in VII 201
Lorain County, number of, in VII 188
Loudonville, at V 178
Lucas County, number of, in VII 191
Madison County, number of, in VII 187
Mahoning County, number of, in .' VII 200
Malta, at V 197
Marietta, at I, 346 ; V, 201 ; VI 436
Marion County, number of, in VII 182
McZena, at V 182
Medina County, number of, in VII 197
Mercer County, number of, in VII 195
Miamisburg, at I 341
Miami County, number of, in VII 187
Mississippi Valley, in, Mention of IV 365
Moats of *. IV 371
Monroe County, number of, in VII 200
Montgomery County, number of, in VII 185
Morgan County, number of, in VII 184
Morrow County, number of, in VII 189
Muskingum County, in V 96, 203
Number of, in VII 177
Muskingum Valley, of V 176
Necessity of preservation of Ill 238
Newark, at I, 346 ; IV, 365 ; V, 169 ; VI 435
Noble County, number of, in VII 198
Number of, according to Counties VII 169
Ohio River, along V 214
Openings in walls of IV 370
Ottawa County, number of, in VII 193
Paint Creek, on I 344
Paulding County, number of, in VII 199
Perry County, in V 169
Number of, in VII 174
Pickaway County, number of, in VII 172
Pike County, in I 345
Number of, in VII 178
Plan of construction of, in Scioto Valley V 222
Portage County, number of, in VII 198
Index for Volumes I to XI. 319
Vol. Page
Earthworks, Portsmouth, at I
Preble County, number of, in VII
Prehistoric, number of, in Obio VII
Present condition of, in Ohio, Wright 341
Proper method of exploring
Putnam County, number of, in VII
Richland County, in
Number of, in VII 193
Ross County, in V, 219, 263,439
Number of, in VII 171
Sandusky County, number of, in VII
Scientific explorations of IV
Scioto County, in VI11 :;,:{
Number of, in VII
Scioto Valley, in IV, 365; VI
Seneca County, number of, in VII
Serpent Mound, Account of
Offered to Society IV WO
"Serpent Mound, Saved," Putnam 1
Shelby County, number of , in VII
Stark County, number of, in VII
Summit County, number of, in VII
Table of, by Counties and Townships V
Trumbull County, number of, in VII
Tuscarawas County, number of, in VII
Union County, number of, in VII 186
Valley enclosures IV
Van Wert County, number of, in VII
Vinton County, number of, in VII 186
Walhonding, on , V 195
Warren County, in VIII *W
Number of, in VII 17»
Washington County, number of, in VII 175
Water supply for IV 3<0
Wayne County, number of, in V1J
Williams County, number of, in VII
Wood County, number of. in VII
Wyandot County, number of. in VII
Ecclesiastical Counsellors. Miantonomah condemned to ^
death, by • ^ 109
Economics, Advance in
Eclectic Medical Institute, Review of A j
Editorial, American Historical Association 1
Brown, John
320 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Editorial, Burke, Aaron Hinsdale IX 378
"History of Adams County" IX 527
"Mound Builders" IX 530
Preservation of Ohio Mounds I 288
Sherman, John IX 372
Society, Annual and Monthly meetings of I 290
"Thwing's sketch of Ohio" IX 525
Editorialana —
Archaeological agitation XI 160
Blennerhassett again X 390
Bonaparte almost a Buckeye X 494
"Down historic waterways" X 497
"Fort St. Clair," Randall XI 161
Fort Washington XI 166
Great Seal of Ohio X 392
Harper's Monthly and Serpent Mound X 393
Historical Studies X 388
"Israel Williams" X 240
"Land Bill Allen" X 98
Perkins, Henry Bishop, Randall XI 164
Pioneers of Fairfield County X 394
"Records of the Past" X 497
Saltlicks of Jackson County XI 165
Scotch-Irish in America X 496
"Sign of the Prophet," The X 389
"Soldiers in the American Revolution" X 250
"Story of the Western Reserve" X 498
Tablet on Serpent Mound X 492
"William . McKiniey" X 243
Education, Advancement in II 111
Andrews, I. W. , Services of, to II 345
Co-education, origin of VI 322
Early account of, in Ohio Ill 94
Encouragement of V 55
Galloway, Reformer of IV 276
German influence on VI 53
Growth of, in Cleveland VI 52, 57
Higher, Constitutional provisions for VI 39
Influence of Ill 170
On Prussia Ill 38
Institute of, Zoar Society VIII 94
Marietta II 292
Meaning of VI 456
Noted men's zeal for VI 47
Index for Volumes I to XI. ; *21
Vol. Page
Education, Objects of VI 355
Ohio, in VI 8
Ohio Constitution provides for VI 38
Orton's ideas of, VIII 423
Pioneer advantages of 1 1
Pioneer facilities for VI -4o
Progress in , in Ohio II l?0
Provisions for V
Public H 108
Renaissance in VI
Reservation for V 79, 161
Solution to problems of 1 15
United States Monographs on II 438
Vinton's encouragement of IV
Western Reserve, in VII
popular, in VI 35
support of , in VI 37
Zoarites' ideas of v II
Educational Exposition, Ohio, in
'Educational lessons of the hour," Thompson Ill
Edwards , Jonathan I
Effigy Mounds
Perry County , in V
Scioto Valley, in V
Effigy Pipes found in Adena Mound ^ 5
Effigy, Raccoon found in mound
Eisenmann , John , Portrait of l -™
Elections, Bribery at V 145
"Contested, Jurisdiction of, for Congress IV 2ol
Contest of, 1876 IV
Presidential in 1804
Proposed change in, for President IV
Under first Constitution.
V 14.!
Electors, St. Clair's opinion on requirements of
Under first Constitution V 142
Elk bones found in Adena Mound
Ellsworth, Member of Committee on '•debts," 31
Emancipation Proclamation
Chase quoted in I l' h
Emerson, Ralph Waldo —
Carlyle writes to, concerning Ohio Valley
Mention of jjjj
Emmet. Robert. Mention of
Emmets . The Reference to
21 Vol. XI.
322 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Enabling Act, Educational provisions in VI 37
Ohio's boundaries established by IV 135, 152
Ohio's admission, for... II, 196; V, 74, 344; 1X281, 282
England contemplates establishing new provinces IV 103
grants patent to colony south of Ohio River I 218
repudiates the Pope's division of the New World. . IV 89
England, Discoveries of II 362
Historical preservation in II 245
Land policy, of, inconsistency in I 223
Objections of, to Illinois colony I 218
Spiritual condition of, in reign of George II.... Ill 197
Valid title of, to Ohio Valley IV 100
Western settlement discouraged by I 219
English and Indian War X 425
Colonial Charters X, 105; V 7
explorations and settlements X 398
ffag over Ohio Valley X 403
English fur traders in Ohio ; VI 114
incite Indians to hostilities j VI 129
responsible for Dunmore's War • VI 127
English, Forts built by VII 245
Gist's expedition X 400
Northwest under flag of ' X 110
Ohio valley claimed by VII, 244; XI 102
Right of discovery by II 368
Episcopal Church, Ohio, in Ill 223
Gallipolis, at HI 224
Gallipolis Centennial Exercises at .... Ill 16
Kilbourne James, enters ministry of.. IV 33
Ohio Bishops of Ill 224
Organization of Ill 222
Pioneer IV 39
Episcopalian, Jefferson County, in VI 261
Steubenville , at VI 262
Reservation for IV 36
Scotch-Irish IV 111
"Era Literary Society" IX 327
Erie County —
Bibliography of earthworks in I 92
Earthworks in, number of VII 186
Fire lands in VI 36
Prehistoric remains in V 270
Eries, conflict of with Iroquois VII 8
Ohio, in VII 5
Index *or Volumes I to XI. 323
Vol. Page
■'Erie," Poem X 23
Erie War II 340
Envin, John W., Surveys Fortified Hill, Butler Co I 66
Eskimo method of making flint implements II 253
"Evolution of Ohio counties," Laning V 326
Ewing, Thomas, Candidate for Senator I 120
Counsel in Zoar Society litigations VIII 27
Mention of Ill, 158; IV, 347; XI 205
Opinions of, on Vinton IV 237
Scotch-Irish parentage of VI 107
Sketch of II -K y
Vinton's death, on IV 261
Ewing, Thomas, Senior, Presents Ohio's claims in Ohio &
Michigan dispute IV
Evans, Nelson W., Adams County History written by IX 527
Examiners, County, Provisions for VI 41
"Excavations of the Adena Mound," Mills X 452
Executive Coucil, St. Clair, on II
Executive Powers , Ohio , first V 138
Expansion, Arnett, on VIII 434
Explorers , Filson , John 232
Imlay , George
F
Fairfield County —
Bibliography of earthworks in 193
Centennial anniversary of
Earthworks in, number of VII 173
Evolution of V :;h
Flint quarries in »
First white child in VI ^8
Members of first Constitutional Convention from V
Prehistoric remains in *
Prominent men of
Fallen Timbers, Battle of, IV, 401; VII. 230; IX, 5, 214.
222 j XI 107
Indians in battle of
Result of battle of IX 234
Wayne at VI J - lS
Wayne reports battle of
Farley, Dr. Thomas, Account of HI 241
Farmers Castle, View of T J 14;
Farmers' Institutes , Origin of
o^4 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Farrar, William R. — Vol. Page
"Moravian Massacre," Paper Ill 276
"Why is Ohio called the Buckeye State?" II 174
Farrer, Nancy, Case of IV 347
Fayette County —
Earthworks in , number of VII 185
Pioneer Methodism in X 207
Prehistoric remains in V 269
Fearing, Paul Ill 145
Ohio territorial delegate IX 281
Federal Capital, Concerning location of Ill, 95, 107
Federalists, Admission of Ohio, on V 346
Marietta, at II 187
Narrowness of V 224
Part played by in Ohio's admission II 194
Female Seminary, First in Ohio VI 249
Feudalism , Reference to Ill 190
Feurt Farm, Portsmouth, View of Mounds and village
site of V 217
Field work, Curator's report on, 1901 X 78
Mills' report of VIII 309
Moorehead's report of, 1896 V 165
Perry County , in : V 169
Persons rendering assistance in, 1896 V 166
Society's, 1897 VII 110
"Fighting Chaplain' VI 254
Filson Club II 576
Filson , John , Account of I 232
Kentucky, work on, by I 231
Mention of I, 296; VI 106
"Finals," Use of to pay Revolutionary troops I 16
Finley, Gen. E. B., Addresses Society I 108
Finley, Rev. J. B., Minister, pioneer VI 254
Finley's Sketches of Methodism, Quotations from Ill 204
Finncastle, Fort, Erection of VI 128
Fire Lands, II, 478; IX, 278; VI 36
Company organized X 441
Extent of XI 252
Map of X 443
Origin of VII , 262 ; X 221
Partition of X 450
Pioneers of X 221
"Fire Lands Grant , " Laylin X 435
"Fire Lands Historical Society," Sloane X 220
Fire Lands Hist. Soc'y. , Museum of X 222
Index for Volumes I to XL 325
Vol. Page
Fire Lands Hist. Soc'y, Officers of X 224
Publications of X 223
Fire Land Sufferers X 439
"First battle in the American Revolution," Hunter XI 93
First Capitol of Ohio, View of V Front
First Educational Institution in the Ohio Valley I 106
First Ohio Company X 105
"First navigation of the earth," Address, Hinsdale I 164
Fish Commission of Ohio discusses Virginia boundary.... IV 64
Fish hooks, Baum Village Site, from IX 520
Baum Village Site, View of IX 520
Madisonville, from IX 523
Fisher, David, "Commodore Abraham Whipple," by II 180
Fiske, John, Quoted on public lands IV 200
Fitch, John, VIII 397
Application of, to Congress for aid VIII 401
Death of VIII 406
Description of VIII 408
Life of VIII 398
Mention of IV 32
Secures patent for steamboat IX 239
Sketch of IX 238
Fitch, Rev. John, soldier VIII 400
Fitz, Greene Halleck, Love episode of VI 307
Five Nations, Ohio, in VII, 6; XI 2
Flag, Ohio X 144
Flag, Rattksnake VI 103
Flagg, Junius , Mention of IV 225
Flanner, Abbie, Love episode of VI 307
Flat boating on the Ohio VI 157
Fletcher, Alice C, interested in Serpent Mound I 187
Flint, Aboriginal quarrying of II 518
Coshocton V 238
Found in mounds XI 137
Implements of XI 248
Mining of XI 138
Quarries of V 236
in Coshocton County V 192
in Fairfield County V 208
True variety of, in Ohio XI 91
Used for aboriginal implements II 517
Flint Implements found in Perry County, Illustrations of V 233
Indian method of manufacture of II 523
Large V 249
326 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Flint Implements, Picture of V 240
Flint Instrument, Circleville, Picture of V 249
Flint Ridge V 236
Absence of material from VII 153
Bibliography of I 198
Chalcedony from X, 473, 475
Flint from, in Adena Mound X 469
Baum Village X 84
Perry County V 176
Mention of II, 517; V, 169, 192
Specimens from XI, 91 ; VIII 344
Flint, Timothy, Book on Western travel I 237
Flora , American forests , of VII 17
Florida , Admission of IV 252
Flour, Early account of production of, in Ohio Ill 93
Folk lore, Journal of II 581
Follett, Martin D, Sketch of IV 458
Foraker, J. B., Marietta Centennial, Address at II 13
Portrait of X 350
Forbes, Victory of, over Indians VII 26
Force, Manning F. , Sketch of .- IV 458
Force, Peter, Mention of Ill 275
Ford, Thomas, Illinois, History of , by I 242
Forests, Early description of, in Ohio Ill 87
Fort Amanda , Description of Ill 309
Fort Ancient, Age of IV, 375; VI 453
Appropriation for care of Ill 312
Artificial terraces in IV 364
Bibliography of I 280
Care of V, 287, 311; VI, 421; VIII 355
Cemetery at IV 368
Chart of IV 399
Children's graves, View of IV 416
Committee on, reports, 1898 VII 287
Committee reports on care of XI 84
Couden Tract of, purchased VI 412
Condition of, reported to Society IV 392
Condition of, Putnam I 58
Cowen's care of IX 400
Crania from , Description of IV 373
Cranium and bone implements from IV 193
Culture of builders of IV 374
Description of I, 342; III, 313; IV 362
Diagram showing portion purchased by State V 292
Index for Volumes I to XI:
327
Fort Ancient, Dr. Moore's care of
Excursion to , 1897
1899
1902
First purchase of
House at IV, 369;
Judge Gilmore responds to toast to
Length of walls of
Location of
Map of Ill, 313;
Material us'ed in construction of
Middle part of
Military importance of
Moat of
Mounds of
Necessity of preservation of
Old Fort of
Opening in wails of
Ornaments from IV, Front ;
Orton's description of
Parallel walls of
Place of, in earthwork construction
Prehistoric warfare at
Preservation of 1 , 57 ;
Purchase of
Report of committee on, 1896
Report on care of
Ridge tract negotiations , at
Second purchase of
Shape of
Shell disks and arrowheads from
Skeletons found at
Society's care of IV, 399; IV, 416:
Stone graves in IV,
Stone hearths of
Stone pavement of
Trees of
Underground chambers of
Unit of measure of
View of embankment of
View of west side of
Village sites in I » .
Water supply of
Wright's description of
Vol.
Page
VIII
336
VI
425
VIII
355
XI
85
V
308
IX
387
IV
442
IV
363
IV
362
V
. 287
IV
364
IV
368
IV
374
IV
371
IV
368
IV
377
IV
368
IV
370
IV
17
VI
450
IV
366
IV
374
IV
368
III
276
V
308
V
312
X
76
IX
386
V
309
IV
363
IV
49
IV
373
III
266
240,
369
IV
368
IV
366
I
270
IV
376
IV
443
IV
384
IV
448
364,
369
IV
370
VI
434
328 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Fort Ball, Description of . . .' HI 310
Crawford , Erection of VI 11
Dearborn , Surrender of X 321
Defiance, Description of Ill 307
Ground plan of X 481
Location of IX, 253; X 482
Wayne builds IX 221
Deposit , Description of Ill 308
Donelson , Mention of IV 303
Duquesne , Contest over VII 21
Col. Crawford at VI 3
Fincastle, Change of name of VI 130
McDonald builds VI, 128; XI 175
Findlay, Description of Ill 309
Finney , Treaty of IV 7
Fry, Erection of Ill 242
Waterford, at, View of II 192
Gamble , Bibliography of I 72
Gower, Buildng of VI, 7; XI, 179, 104
Description of Ill 302
Dunmore's soldiers at, Resolutions of . . XI, 195, 196
Wayne at VII 228
Wayne's army at IX 220
Greenville, Description of Ill 304
Memorial at IV 402
Hamilton , XI 36
Description of Ill 303
Mention of XI 162
Harmar , Council of VIII 377
Description of Ill 302
Determines location of Ohio Company Ill 104
Erection of 1,303; IV 7
Mention of I 283
Treaty of . . I, 307 ; II, 161; VI, 204; VII,
28, 225
Troops removed from I 284
View of II 145
Henry, Siege of VI, 131, 132, 405
Naming of VI 131
Hill, I 260
Bibliography of I 196
Description of I, 59, 344; VI 436
Map of I 261
Map of vicinity of I 262
Index for Volumes I to XL 329
Vol. Page
Fort Hill, Mention of I 66
Industry, Description of Ill 309
Location of X 482
Treaty of XI 252
Jefferson. Building of VIII, 383; X 414
Description of Ill 304
St. Clair's retreat to Ill 307
Wayne at VII 223
Jumandat, Description of Ill 301
Laurens, Description of ., Ill 302
Erection of ' VI, 12, 186
History of, by Butterfield VI 393
Location of VI 185
Siege of VI, 187, 392
Loramie, Description of HI 301
Massac, Burr meets Wilkinson at I 144
McArthur, Description of 310
Mcintosh , Erection of VI
Location of VI 186
Treatyof VII 224
Meigs, Battle of HI, 306; IX 221
Building of X, 315,
Description of HI
Dudley's massacre at
Harrison at VII 100
Influence of, in War of 1812 X 330
Kentucky militia come to rescue of
Map of x 31G
Miller, Col., at •• VI 306
Painting of IV
Siege of x > 315 - 3 ' 24
Miami , British encampment at
Description of • 1*1
Errors corrected concerning
Location of
Strength of 483
Wayne reconnoiters IX
Piqua VIII 479
Description of JI1
Pitt, Abandonment of •_• *
Mention of HI, 277. 100
Recovery, Battle of Ill, 306; IX 221
Centennial at VI]
Description of
305
330 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Fort Recovery, Location of Ill 306
View of XI 43
Sandusky , Description of Ill 301
Seneca , Description of Ill 310
Stanvvix, IV, 109; VII, 48, 224; X 113
Treaty of I, 217, 222
St. Clair, Attack on XI 162
Booklet on IX 382
Description of Ill 304
Randall on XI 161
St. Mary's, Description of Ill 307
Stephenson, Cannon, "Good Bess" used at X 62
Croghan's defense of ..II, 169; VI, 68; X 53
Description of Ill 310
Siege of X 329
Steuben , Description of Ill 303
Erection of VI 189
Map of VI 189
Sumter, Major Anderson at VI 330
Vance's , Mention of Ill 291
Washington , Building of II 162
Description of Ill 303
Importance of X 6
Jones' book on XI 166
Monument on site of X 1
St. Clair's troops gather at VIII 382
View of monument at X 2
Wayne, Gen., at VII 222
Winchester , Building of IX 261
Description of IX 253
Lack of supplies at IX 260
Location of X 483
Wayne , Building of IX 230
Description of Ill 309
Fort Washington, Monument, Unveiling of X 16
Cowan's address at unveil-
ing of X 5
Hunt's address at unveiling of X 19
Forts and Battlefields of Ohio, Map of HI 304
Forts, Erected by Wayne VII, 231, 212
Corrections as to building of X 484
Line of, in Ohio '■ XI 16*^
"Loramie and Pickawillanv" VIII 479
Ohio IH 300
Index for Volumes I to XL
331
Vol. Pace
Forts, Prehistoric, in Richland County X 68
Stone, in Perry County V 175
Forts on Indian "frails VIII 268
Fortified Hill, Bibliography of I 73
Description of I 65
Forsyth, John, Sec. of State, Ohio and Mich, dispute IV 223
Foster, Charles, Attends Norwalk Academy VI 48
Sketch of IV 459
Fourth of July, Early celebrations of IV 40
First celebration of, at Marietta II 159
In Ohio Valley.... X 419
In Western Reserve X 364
Fowke, Gerard, "Archaeological History of Ohio," by, VIII,
358; X, 74 XI 77
Criticism on' Book of XI 139
MacLean's review of history of XI 143
"Manufacture and use of aboriginal stone
implements" II 514
"Popular errors in regard to Mound Build-
ers" II 380
Randall's review of book of XI 160
Reviews of book of XI 134, 148
Sanborn's review of book of XI 151
"Stone graves in Brown County" IX 193
Fox, changes policy of Pitt concerning Burr I 149
France, Barlow sells land to people of Ill 122
Claim of, to Ohio Valley... IV 99
Condition of Ill 29
Contest of, for Ohio soil Ill 161
Convocation of States' General, of Ill 31
Discoveries of II 362
Historical preservation in II 426
In 1787 Ill 30
Influence of Revolution of Ill 34
King of, beheaded Ill 33
Land claims^ of VII 244
National Assembly of Ill 31
National Guard of Ill 32
Republic of, proclaimed Ill 33
Under control of Commune Ill 33
Franklin, Benjamin —
Canada pamphlet by I 213
Colony on Ohio suggested by I 212
"Franklinton" named for VI 61
332 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Franklin, Benjamin — Continued. Vol. Page
Ideas of, concerning usefulness of colonies to England I 214
Legislative hobby of II 189
Letter to Whipple II 186
Manufacturers . ideas upon I 214
On Indian boundary line V 206
Plan of settling Western Colonies I 211
Plan of union by I, 211; X 110, 403
Reply of, to French minister I 3
Reply of, to Lord Hillsborough I 220
Result of oppression hinted at, by I 216
Franklin College, Alumni of VIII 137
Founding of VIII 135
Franklin County —
Bibliography of earthworks in I 193
Early intellectual men in ». VI 65
Earthworks in I 349, 355
Blenden Township I 354
Brown Township I 355
Clinton Township I 352
Franklin Township I 355
Hamilton Township I 350
Jackson Township I 355
Jefferson Township I 354
Madison Township I 353
Mifflin Township I 353
Montgomery Township I 352
Perry Township I 355
Plain Township I 354
Sharon Township I 353
Truro Township I 353
Number of VII 174
First white men in VI 91
Madison Township, History of XI 259
Mingo villages destroyed in VI 8
Organization of VI 64
Franklin Township, in VI 93
Prehistoric remains in V 264
Streams named in VI 93
Swan's early description of VI 65
Franklinton, Annexation of, to Columbus VI 70
First court at VI 92
First lot sold in VI 64
Indian attack on VI 77
Indian Conference at VI 89
Index for Volumes I to XI. 333
Franklinton, etc. — Continued. Vol. Pace
Indian trading post at VI
Influence of VI 72
Location of VI
Mention of IV 299
Military rejoicings at VI
Rendezvous at, in War of 1812 VI
"Franklinton," An historical Address, Beatty VI
Franklinton becomes County seat VI 64
Franklinton Centennial, "Ohio Indians," Address at VI
, t i ig
Free Democracy
Freemasons, Mention of •***
Portsmouth, of, Donations to Society
Fremont, Birchard Library at
Lower Sandusky changed to
Site of Fort Stephenson at n j
Spiegel Grove at X
"Fremont in history," Haynes
French, Bienville's expedition X
Character of, at Gallipolis In ™ 9
t^- • c II 370
Discoveries of
Explorations of • ni - 13 '> X
Forbes drives, from Pennsylvania VI
116
102
114
109
v- i Q9
Northwest under ^
Ohio Valley claimed by
Ohio exploration by v *
Policy of in the Northwest X
Relations of, with Indians VII 19
Settlements of, in Northwest Territory II
Two great settlements of x 103
French clergy
French emigrants arrive at Alexandria IV -J
French-English competition for Mississippi Valley
French-English Ohio Valley dispute " ST?
French flag, Ohio under X «*■
„ . ~ . Ill .1. 1". DO
French Grant
Distribution of lands in 1U
Donation of IV f
Establishment of m 133
French-Indian Alliance
French King, character of " o
French people »■-; ^
French Revolution • • (
French settlers at Gallipolis 111,104; A
"French settlement and settlers of Gallipolis." Vance Ill
334
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
French settlers in Illinois, Account of
French and Indian War .II, 370 ;
Indians, Ohio, in
Ohio, in
Result of
Friends, Divisions of VI, 252, 264,
Jefferson County, in VI, 262 ;
Orthodox
School erected in Steubenville by
Frog Pipes
"From Charter to Constitution," Paper, by Ryan...
Frontenac, Fort Miami built by
Frontier, Ohio, Condition of, in the Revolution
Indian depredations on
Fruit, Jeff eson County, in
Fugitive Slave Law, Chase opposes
Fugitive Slaves
Cincinnati people capture
Matilda Case
(See Underground R. R.)
Fulton County, Earthworks in, number of
Prehistoric remains in
Fulton, John A., employed to survey Northern Ohio boundary
Fulton, Robert, Fitch's ideas obtained by
Mention of VI, 106 ;
Fulton Line
Fur traders, English, in Ohio
Vol.
Page
I
241
X
404
VII
21
VII
19
XI
168
268
VIII
201
VI 264, 267
VI
251
V
252
VI
15
III
301
VI
15
XI
172
VI
289
I
121
II
501
I
115
I
115
VII
183
V
267
IV
162
VIII
405
X
13
IV
194
VI
114
G
Galena, Grant's experience at
Gallagher, William Davis
Ancestors of
Biography of
Connection of, with Ohio State Journal.
Editor of Hcspcrion
Editor of Mirror
Letters of
Letters from McDonald to
Lyceum lectures of
Migration of, to Ohio
Money carried to New Orleans by
Personal appearance of
Poetic productions of
X
236
309
358
358
372
255, 372
365
373
255
■ 367
358
312
369
368
Index for Volumes I to XL 335
Gallagher, William Davis — Continued..
Politics, in
Prentice challenges ,
Printers' trade learned by
Public men's opinion of
Wallace's letter to >
Gallatin, Albert, Mention of
National Road idea of
Report of, on Ohio Public Lands
Gallia Academy, Organization of ,
Gallia County, Earthworks in, number of VII
Higher education in
Prehistoric remains in
Gallipolis, Account of early settlement at
Arrival of French settlers at
Cabins erected at
Character of settlers at Ill, 48, 72
Dr. Saugrain at
Early description of
Early description of people of
Early educational sentiment at
Episcopal Church in
First winter at
"French settlement and settlers at." Vance
French settlers reach Ill, 132 ;
Influence of French settlers of
Land donations to citizens of
Lafayette visits
Louis Phillippe visits
Major Burnham erects cabins at
Methodism in
Militia at
Misrepresentation to settlers of
Name given to
Original owners of town lots of
Plan of town lots in
Platted by Barlow
Residents of, petition Congress
Sale of original lots in
Settlement at
Settlers at
Site of, sold by Ohio Company
Sketch of original lots of
View of, on "Centennial Day"
Vinton buried at
Vol.
Page
I
362
II
315
I
360
II
320
II
317
V
xiii
IX
407
V
155
III
71
VII
190
III
165
V
273
III
50
III
46
IV
20
109
III
66
III
64,65
III
64
III
71
III
224
III
51
III
51
IV
24
III
162
IV
29
III
78
III
78
III
47
III
206
III
53
III
1!>1
III
49
III
57
III
60
III
1 25
IV
_'«;
III
62
III
3. 9
X
422
III
133
III
61
III
17
IV
262
33b Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Gallipolis, etc. — Continued. Vol. Paget
Vinton locates at IV 233
Waddell, William, of Ill 176
Gallipolis Centennial, Addresses at Ill 12
Address, Campbell, J. E., at Ill 161
Grosvenor, Gen. Chas., at. Ill 14
Jones, J. V., at Ill 14,175
Marshall, R. D., at Ill 172
Safford, Judge W. H., at. Ill 14
Baptist Church, exercises at Ill 15
Catholic Church, exercises at Ill 16
"Centennial Day" at Ill 15
Committees of Ill 4
Episcopal Church, exercises at Ill 16
Gladden, Washington, Sermon by,
at Ill 178
Grand parade at Ill 17
Information Circular, No. 2, of.... Ill 3
Mention of IV 401
Methodist Church, exercises at Ill 15
Opening address at Ill 26
Opera House services Ill 17
Presbyterian Church, exercises at. .. . Ill 16
Proceedings of Ill 1
Program of Ill 9
Reception at Ill 18
Relic Room at Ill 19
Sermon at, Lasher,. Rev. , by Ill 227
Sermon at, Moncure, by Ill 221
Galloway, Samuel —
Ancestry of IV 263
Appointed Judge Advocate IV 271
Biography of, by Gladden IV 263
Candidate for Governor IV 273
Defeat of, for Congress IV 270
Educational career of IV 264
Educational reformer IV 27t>
Election of, to Congress IV 268
Interest of. in public schools IV, 277; VI 108
On Kansas-Nebraska contest IV 269
On slavery question IV 267
I '( i sonal appearance of IV 273
Politics, in IV 266
Portrait of IV 262
Religious convictions of IV 266
Index for Volumes I to XI.
337
Galloway, Samuel — Continued. Vol. Page
Religious life of IV 275
Secretary of State IV 276
Studies law IV 266
Summons of, to Washington IV 271
Support of, given to Lincoln IV 270
Galloway, Tod B IV 270
"Ohio and Michigan, boundary line dispute,".. IV 199
Responds to toast "Ohio's Congressman during
the War," '. IV 446
Galloway, William A. —
"Revolutionary soldier in the valley of the Miami,".. X 72
Gambier, Kenyon College at I 52
Gamble's Fort, Ashland Co., Bibliography of I 72
Game , Abundance of VI 122
Early account of, in Ohio Ill 91
Gano, Maj. John S., builds Ft. St. Clair Ill 304
Gard, Daniel H. , Sketch of IV 459
Garden of Eden, Site of, in Ohio X 225
Traditional location of I 323
Gardner, Geo. W., Sketch of IV 459
Garfield, Jas. A., Account of IV 447
Character of IX 150
Mention of II. 33: VI. 346, 368; IX 378
Sketch of IV 430
Teacher VI ! -
Garfield, Hon. J. R. , Responds to toast "History in
schools and colleges , " V 305
Garrison, William Lloyd, Mention of VI 284, 352
Gass, Mary G., Portrait of X 303
Gates, Sir Thomas, First Virginia Charter, to V 1
Gazlay, Hon. Jas. W.. Editor of The Western Tiller .... I 361
Geauga County —
Bibliography of earthworks in I 193
Centralization of schools in VI 57
Earthworks in . number of VII 201
Erection of VI 217
Prehistoric remains in V 273
Genealogical Quarterly . Notice of IX 250
Genealogies . Preservation of VI 11 7
"Genealogy of William McKinley." Stapleton X 236
General Assembly —
Common Pleas Judges impeached by Ill 152
First, in Ohio Ill 151
Second, in Ohio Ill 152
22 Vol. XI.
338 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
General Assembly — Continued. Vol. Page
Third, in Ohio Ill 152
General Land Office. Connection of, with Ohio-Michigan
boundary dispute IV 188
"Geographical Notes , " MacFarland X 486
Geography, Ancient I 165
Church fathers views of I 165
Circumnavigation of the globe I 168
"First navigation of the earth," Hinsdale I 164
Ignorance of America IV 200
Longitude and latitude, Origin of I 164
Pythagoras' views of I 164
Saracens cultivate I 165
Toscanelli's Map of the earth I 166
Vague knowledge concerning Western lands. . IV 203
"World Annie," The I 166
'Geology, Orton's work in, in Ohio VIII 421
Scripture, reconciliation with VIII 416
George II, Mention of Ill 196
Georgia, Early documents of II 433
Opinions of, concerning slavery in the Northwest I 28
Georgia Loan Office Certificates, Ohio Company invests in II, 226, 232
"German Pioneers," Peters, Marietta Centennial II 55
German relic department, Marietta Centennial II 248
Germans, Jefferson County, in VI 218
Thrifty pioneers among II 02
Germany, Unification of Ill 36
Gibson, Gen. George, Mention of VI 127
Gibson, John, Affidavit of, concerning Logan's speech.... XI 196
Commandant at Fort Laurens Ill 302
Logan's speech heard by VII, 55; XI 193
Mention of Ill 281
Reports Logan's speech Ill, 358, 360
Giddings, Joshua R., I 120
Ancestry of VI 101
Mention of VI 47
Gilmore, Judge W. J., Address Greenville Centennial, at, VII 241
Death of V, 320; VI 412
Responds to toast to "Ft. Ancient".... IV 442
Sketch of IV 460
Gill, Hon. J. J. Address at Steubenville Centennial VI 344
Ginseng, Abundance of. in Seven Ranges VI 202
Girty, George, Disbursing agent for Shawnees VII 76
Lochry expedition , in VI 384
Girty. James, Ft. Henry, Siege of, at VI 405
Index for Volumes I to XI. 339
Girty, James, etc. — Continued. Vol. Page
Sketch of VII 52
"Girtys," The, History of VI 392
"Girty's Island," Love XI 155
Girty's Point X 310
Girty , Simon XI 32
Action of in Sandusky War VI 20, 23
Brant attacks VII 77
Connection of, with Crawford's death VI, 32; VII 74
Connection of, with Gnadenhutten massacre VI 146
Description of VI 27
Dunmore's scout XI 170
Dunmore's treaty, at VII, 54 ; 356
Influence of, upon Indians VI 149
Kenton captured by VII 75
Mention of VII, 99, 322; VIII, 378; X, 310, 313
Portrait of VI 23
Promises Crawford aid VI 27
Renegade VI 205
Reports Crawford's death VI 152
Sending of, to capture Zeisberger VII 64
Sketch of VII, 47 107
Wife of VI 254
Gist, Christopher, Expedition of X 400
Journey of, to Ohio, VI, 91; VII, 20;
IX, 410 ( ; X, 108; XI 201
Mention of VIII 482
Glacial deposits —
Paleolithic implements found in I 177
Source of stone implements II 516
Glacial evidence, Plum Creek, Lorain County, at I 185
Raccoon Creek, Licking County, at . . . . I 183
Glacial Karnes V 261
Glacial Period, Approximate time since I 184
Effects of, upon lakes I 185
"Relation of, to Archaeology of Ohio,"
Wright I 174
Glacial sheet, Extent of I 1 74
Result of 1 175
Glaciated Area , Line of I 175
Map showing, in Ohio I 176
Gladden, Rev. Washington —
Address, Galloway, Samuel, jon IV 263
Biography of Francis Charles Sessions by IV 292
Mention of 111,160; IV 331
340 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Gladden, Rev. Washington — Continued. Vol. Page
Orton , Memorial address by VIII 409
Peroration on life of Hayes IV 36C
Responds to toast, "Life of the people in history" V 305
Rutherford B. Hayes, Biography of , by IV 338
Sermon of HI, 17, 178
Gladstone, Wm. E., America, on VI 381
Mention of Ill, 218; IV 339
Glenford, Stone fort, near V 175
Gnadenhutten, British responsible for massacre at VI 143
"Cooper shop," Monument at VII 301
Dedication of monument at Ill 297
First house in , view of VII 309
First Moravian Church at VII 321
Indian Conference at VII 65
Indian Monument at '. Ill 278
Massacre at Ill, 276; VII, 69, 331
Members of the mission of Ill 298
Moravian mission at VII 49
Moravian settlement at Ill 107
Museum of relics from VIII 334
Re-settlement of VII 343
Zeisberger's tree at VII 321
Gnadenhutten Centennial VI, 148 ; VII, 292, 297
Historical exhibit at VII 311
Van Vleck's address at VII 305
God in the Constitution ." V, 111 . 147
Goethe , friend of Lesquereux IV 283
Goforth , Dr. , Mention of I' 237
Gold, Discoverer of VI 102
Gosele, John, Member of Zoar Society VIII 23
Goths , Migrations of Ill 181
Gould, Dr., "Preglacial bed of Rocky River," by I 182
Government, Advance in II HO
Early account of, for Ohio Ill 95
Northwest territorial I, 223, 309; V 61, 64
Rufus King's opinion on change of II 214
Shakers' IX 68
Society's V 324
Governor, Duties of under Ordinance, 1787 V 51
Society's report to. 1890 Ill 269
Gower, Fort, Description of Ill 302
Graded Way I 345
Graham, A. A., "Abolition colony and its founder" II 386
Ill
13
I
292
76,
386
V
295
II
541
II
423
IV
394
I
303
V
322
Index for Volumes I to XL 341
Vol. Page
Graham, A. A., Annual Address, "Early explorations of
French in America
Annual report of, 1885
Annual report of, 1887 I, 376,
Death of
"Department of History and Archaeology
at Columbus Centennial"
"Documentary history of Ohio"
Leave of absence granted to
"Legislation in Northwest Territory"....
Mention of .... Ill, 160; IV, 299, 404;
"Military posts, forts and battlefields in
the State of Ohio" Ill 300
Notice by, concerning matter for Quar-
terly ,
Ohio boundary lines
Re-election of, by Society
Resignation of
Sketch of
Society's resolution on
Work of, in Society
Graham Diet System , Mention of
Graham, Government secret agent against Burr
Grand Company, Successor to Ohio Company, 1740
Granville, Earthworks at
Pail factory at, Use of preglacial wood in....
Pioneer Methodism in
Grant, U. S. —
Beatty, John, on
Cadetship of
Captaincy declined by
Commands regiment
Elements of success in
Galena experience of
Marriage of
Mention of
Mexican military service
Military rank of
Obstinacy of
Proper age for war
Reticence of
Stoicism of
Washburn's friendship for
I
82
IV
127
IV
410
IV
423
IV
460
IV
405
IV
423
VI
267
I
151
I
219
I
346
I
181
X
206
XI
232
XI
233
XI
239
XI
240
XI
243
XI
236
XI
235
VI
368
XI
234
XI
245
XI
245
XI
238
XI
245
XI
245
XI
237
342 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Gray, John, Washington's last soldier II 219
Gray, Thomas H., Connection of, with "Underground
R. R." IV 54
Great Britain , Slaves emancipated in Ill 35
"(jtreat Commoner , " IV 339
"Great Divide," Historical importance of IX 411
Great Kentucky Revival XI 217
Great Seal of Ohio, Legislation on X 392
"Great Seal of Ohio," Knabenshue IX 489
Greathouse , Daniel —
Connection of, with murder of Logan's relatives VI 125
Greece, Battles for freedom, of HI 35
Greeley, Horace, Ancestry of VI 101
Greene Countv. Bibliography of earthworks in I 193
Earthworks of VIII 343
Earthworks in, number of VII 181
Prehistoric remains in V 269
Green River , Mention of Ill 100
Greenville. Fort Jefferson near Ill 304
Shaker missionaries at XI 221
Wayne's army returns to IX 231
Wayne's winter quarters at VI 207
Greenville Centennial IV, 423; VII 205
Butler's letter at VII 257
Doyle's address at VII 256
Gilmore's address at VII 207
Legislature fails to provide for IV, 431 ; V 280
McKinley's address at VII 207
Prayer at VII 205
Society's part in V 296
Greenville, Fort, Description of Ill 304
Greenville Treaty Ill, 305; VI, 208, 77,78; VII, 35;
IX, 6, 231; X 432
Boundary line fixed at VII 238
Chiefs at VII 218
Indian tribes representented in VII 218
Mention of Ill 301
Of 1814 VII 239
Parties to j XI 250
Results of ....VI. Ill; VII, 208, 216, 239
Signing of VII 239
Tecumseh considers, invalid VII 88
Greenville Treaty Line Ill 305
Map of XI 249
Index for Volumes I to XI. 343.
Greenville Treaty Line — Continued Vol. Page
Mention of
prist Mill, First in Jefferson County
Groghan , George , Portrait of
Grosvenor, Gen. Chas. —
Address, Gallipolis Centennial at
Vinton's proposed apportionment law, on ,
Guernsey County, Earthworks in, number of VII
Prehistoric remains in
Guests at Banquet of 1896
Guriey, Rev. L. B., Sketch of
Gurley , John A., Mention of
Gurneyites VI, 252, 267,
Guyot, Arnold, Comes to America
Fellow student of Lesquereux
H
Habeas Corpus
IV
131
VI
234
X
49
III
14
IV
259'
vu
203
V
273
V
307
X
21
IV
447
268
IV
286
IV
280
Ordinance of 1787 on,
Suspension of, in Burr Conspiracy
Writs of
Halbedel, E. N., writes to Anderson ,
ilale, Edward Everett —
Address Marietta Centennial
Opposes Slavery in National Territory
Remarks of, Marietta Centennial
Half King, mention of
Hall , Judge James , Illinois History by
Halleck, FitzGreen, love affair of
Halstead , Murat , mention of
Hamer, Thos. L., opinion of Galloway
Hamilton, Alexander —
Duel with Burr
Member Committee on "Debts,"
Mention of
Objects to Quebec Act
Opinion on ownership of Crown Lands
hamilton County —
Bibliography of earthworks in
Boundary of
Earthworks in
Earthworks in , number of VII
Enlargement of
Establishment of
VI
349-
II
154
I
152
V
55
VI
1
II
94
I
121
II
140
V
93
I
242
VI
307
II
301
IV
266
I
240
I
31
II
194
I
226
IV
105
I
194
V331
,337
I
342
III
183
V
33i
344 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Hamilton County — Continued. Vol. Page
Evolution of V 330
Extension of V 336
Map of V '332
Members First Constitutional Convention from. .V, 81 82, 84
Organization and first officers of II 163
Original Boundary of V 330
Prehistoric remains in V 267
Hamilton, Fort, Description of Ill 303
Hampton, Oliver C, Portrait of X 252
Hamtramck, Major —
Ft. Steuben erected by VI 189
Personal appearance of VI 193
Sketch of VIII 261
St. Clair's Defeat, in VIII 261
Hancock County —
Earthworks in, n mber of VII 198
Fort Findlay in Ill 309
Prehistoric remains in V 272
Handy, Truman P., Sketch of IV 461
Haning, Rev. I. Z., evangelistic work of Ill 164
Hanna, Chas. A., Harrison County, History written by.... IX 529
Hanna, M. A., Address at Pan-American Exposition X 141
Hardin County — .
Bibliography of earthworks in I 195
Earthworks in, number of VII 180
Fort McArthur in Ill 310
Prehistoric remains in V 266
Harmar, Ft., Descriotion of Ill 302
Harmar, General, Defeat of VI, 205; VII 209
Expedition of.. II, 163; VII, 82; VIII,
378; XI, 31; X 427
Leaves Ft. Washington X 6
Mention of Ill 303
Shawnees defeat XI 180
Tecumseh at time of VII 81
Wetzel arrested by VI 166
Harness Mound —
Copper and Ornaments from V 243
Description of V 221
Extracts from Peabody Museum Reports on V 228
View of V 223
View of ground plan of V 224
Harris, Israel H, Sketch of . .... IV 461
Harris, Rev., Book on Western Travels by I 237
24
310
Index for Volumes I to XI. 345
Vol. Page
Harris, William, Establishes Ohio-Indiana boundary IV 137, 188
Reports on Ohio-Michigan boundary .... IV 160
Harrison, Benjamin, Washington's letter to concerning
western navigation
Harrison County, Erection of VI 217
Prehistoric remains in VI, 272; VII 199
Review of History of IX 539
Harrison, Maj. Wm., killed by Delawares VI
Harrison, Gen. W. H., Builds Ft. Ball HI
Builds Ft. Meigs Ill, 311; X 315
Builds Ft. Seneca HI 310
Buckeyes in campaign of II 177
Commands troops on Maumee ... IX 254
Describes Ohio river VI
Early military experience of II 166
Elected delegate to Congress I 313
Ft. Meigs, at VII 100
Ft. St. Clair, at XI 161
Ft. Washington , at
Headquarters at Franklinton VI 67, 72
Helps bury the dead of St Clair's
army VIII 394
Holds Indian conference at Frank-
linton VI 89
Mention of ..I, 342; II, 304; IX,
222 ; X 55
Opposes St. Clair XI 68
Part of, in admission of Ohio.... XI 60
'"Prophet" attacks VII
Raises army in War of 1812 X 323
Relations with Indians VII
Sent against Indians VII
Succeeds Winchester IX 261
Territorial Delegate to Congress,
II, 167; III, 149; XI 152
Writes to Monroe concerning Ft.
Winchester IX 268
Wyandot's description of VI
Hart, Benjamin F., Sketch of •• IV 402
Hart, Dr. Frank O., Address, "Prehistoric Remains in
Northwestern Ohio" 101
Donation to Society from I 100
Paper. "Modern customs of savage
• • » T ?97
origin l -*'
346 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Hart, Dr. Frank O. — Continued.
Resolutions of thanks to
Hart , Dr. Josiah , Account of
Hartford Convention, Secretary of
Harvey, Thomas \V., Mention of
Services of
Teacher
Hastings , Warren , Mention of
Hatch, Col. W. S., Tecumseh discussed by VII
Hatchets, from Muskingum Valley, Picture of
War , Picture of
Hawaiian Islands, Acquisition of VIII
Hawkins, Ezekiel C. , Pioneer photographer
Portrait of
Hawkins, Sir John, Expedition of VII
Hay, John, Trusteeship of Society declined by
Sketch of
Hayes, R. B., Adams' opinion of
Assists Howe in second Ohio tour
Attends Norwalk Academy
Biography of, by Gladden
Character of
College life of
Contested election, 1876
Early life of
Educational adantages of
Elected Governor
Elected President
Elected President of Society
Enters Congress
Marietta Centennial, Address by II
Marriage of
Mention of I, 332; IV, 325, 329;
Military record of
Narrates war record of McKinley
On "spoils" system
Patriotism of
Peroration on life of
Political affiliations of
Portrait of
Practices law in Cincinnati
Reconstruction policy of
Refuses to oust Democratic librarian
Religious convictions of
Reminiscences of
Vol.
Page:
I
101
III
249
VI
225
VI
107
VI
43
VI
54
I
157
VII
79
V
246
V
248
VIII
435
V
300
VI
300
VII
2
IX
391
IV
462
IV
352
IV
330
VI
48
IV
338
IV
353
IV
343
IV
350
IV
341
IV
342
IV
349
IV
350
IV
390
IV
348
C 3,
50
IV
347
VI
325
IV
348
X
233
IV
356
IV
355
IV
360
IV
348
IV
338
IV
346
IV
357
IV
357
IV
359
II
471
Index for Volumes I to XI. 347
Hayes, R. B. — Continued. Vol. Page
Retirement of IV 358
Society addressed by II, 335 ; VII 280
Spiegel Grove home of X 65
Studies law IV 345
Haynes, Julia M. , "Fremont in History" X 49
Hebrews , reference to Ill 178
Heck , Barbara , portrait of X 165
Heckewelder, John, arrives at Gnadenhutten VII, 298, 317
Biography of VII 314
Describes Capt. Pipe's meeting with
Moravians VII 61
Death of VII 348
Embassador to Indians VII 336
House of VII 302
Indian Missionary VIII 48
Influence of VII 335
Journeys to Gnadenhutten in Revolu-
tion VII 323
Literary labors of VII 345
Marriage of VII 327
Map of Northeastern Ohio by VIII 279
Mention of 111,78; V 193
Moravian Missionary VI 147
On Indian tradition II 395
On Wayne's victory VII 340
Peace messenger to Indians VII 97
Portrait of VII 299
Relations toward Indians VII 32
Treaty with Indians VI 206
Visits Gallipolis HI 63
Visits New Salem VII 337
Youth of VII 315
Hedges, Elzey, account of 253
Heer, Frederick J., sketch of IV 463
Heer, Oswald, mention of IV 289
Hematite, found in mounds V
Source of II 516
Cone of : V 242
Plummets of v
Hemp , production of
Henkle , Teacher VI
Henry County, earthworks in, number of VII
105
54
201
Prehistoric remains in • • • V 273
Henry, Fort, Siege of "■'■
405
348 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Henry, Patrick, Commissions Clarke X 412
George Rogers Clarke sent by .. X, 114; X 72
Howe visits home of II 456
Member House of Burgesses XI 174
Mention of I 129
Oratory of II 457
Henry, Prince of Portugal, Geographical views of I 166
Hermit's Cave ' I 263
Heroism, need of Ill 192
Herschel , Sir John , Quotation from I 164
1 [esperian Tree, Review of IX 533
Hesperian. The, Edited by Gallagher I 372
Micks, Prof. Elias VI 264
On glacial evidence on Raccoon Creek,
Licking Co I 183
Highland County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 196
Earthworks of VIII 343
Earthworks in , number of VII 183
Preglacial drainage in I 263
Preglacial wood in I 181
Prehistoric remains in V 267
High School , in Cleveland VI 51
Highways, Pioneer X 177
Hildreth, Dr. S. P., First Marietta Court discussed by.. II 175
History of II 29
Marietta earthworks by V 201
Reference to Ill 241
Refers to Madame Blennerhassett . . I 135
Hills. Brainard D., Sketch of IV 462
Hillsborough, Lord Ill 105
Describes Ohio Ill 92
Western land policy of I 222
Hill-top enclosures IV 365
Hinsdale, B. A., "Fir-t Navigation of the Earth" I 164
"History of Popular Education in Wes-
tern Reserve" VI 35
Documents relative to western lands.... II 286
"Old Northwest," Note on II 348
"Right of Discovery" II 349
"Sale of the Western Reserve" II 475
Sketch of IX 378
"Western Land Policy of British from
1763 to 1775" I 207
Historian , Filson , John I 232
Index for Volumes I to XI.
349
Vol. Page
Historical Building for the Society ' -
"Historical Collections of Ohio," Mention of I\ 313
Society petitions legisla-
ture to purchase
plates of IV 407
Historical investigation, educational institutions engaged in
Historical material in Ohio '•
Historical and Philosophical Society of Ohio II
Historical and Archaeological Collections in Ohio, list of.. 395
Historical and Pioneer Societies in Ohio, list of I W2
Historical Societies , Eastern , IX
At Marietta Centennial II
Of other States V
Secretary of Society visits X <3
Historical Society, Buffalo. Red Jacket's Monument erected
by IX 22
Collection of the Cayuga County II 41"
Fire Lands X 22]
Kansas n •"']-
Southern , papers of
Virginia , collection of
Wisconsin, work of •'•'-
Wells VI 314
History, Andrew's papers on
British preservation of
Butterfield's writings on • IX 181
Department at Columbus Centennial IV 541
Documentary , of Ohio
Value of HI
French preservation ot *-
Growth of interest in
Importance of preservation of II
Importance of preservation of local III, 168; l|]
Object of study of ^ T [ ""
Ohio rich in •
Preservation of in U. S
Ci . t X 388
Study of
Virginia's preservation of
Wisconsin's preservation of
"History of Bimetalism." Lee. mention of ••••
"History of Popular Education in Western Reserve," Hins-
dale , - -
"History in Schools and Colleges," J. R. Garfield V
Historv of Society
350 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Hitchcock, Judge Henry, "American State Constitutions,"
Notice of I 206
On Circumstantial evidence .... Ill 154
Hoadly George, Eulogizes, Chase I 116
Interest in Society V 321
Mention of IV, 329, 347
Reminiscence of II 469
Hoar, George F., Marietta Centennial Address by II 3, 14
Society addressed by II 336
Hocking Circuit Ill 203
Hocking County, Ash Cave in V 284
Earthworks in, number of VII 188
Prehistoric remains in V 269
Hocking River, Fort Gower on Ill 302
"Hocking Valley, a field for historical research," Sleeper V 303
Hockhocking, Crawford leads army to VI 7
Dunmore ascends XI 179
Early description of Ill 84
Holiday , Ohio Company sets aside II 274
Hollingsworth , Jem, story of VI 361
Holmes County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 198
Delaware village in V 185
Earthworks in, number of V, 183; VII 189
Prehistoric remains in V 270
Western Reserve, school lands in VI 38
"Holy Club" Ill 197
"Holy Stone of Newark" V 173
"Home Department," proposed establishment of IV 257
Homer, Ohio, Butcher mound at VIII 316
Williams mound at VIII 214
Homestead Act VI , 273 ; X 98
Harper, O. C. , "Coxey movement in Ohio" IX 155
Poem by V Preface
Hopewell Mounds, crania found in IV 373
Importance of VI 444
Homer, John S., Appointed governor of Michigan IV 224
Horticultural Society, Ohio, founder of VI 289
Horton, Hon. V. B., Death of I 384
House of Representatives, rejects suspension of habeas
corpus I 152
Howard, Col. D. W. H., Commissioner of Ohio and Mich-
igan boundary dispute .... IV 215
Experience on "Underground
R. R." IV 60
Index for Volumes I to XI.
351
Howard, Col. D. W. H. — Continued. Vol.
Letter to State Department con-
cerning Ohio and Michigan
boundary dispute IV
Howe Frank H., Assists Henry Howe in second tour of
Ohio IV
Mention of IV, 408,
Howe, Henry, Ancestry of IV
Assisted by friends in second tour IV
Biography of, by Smith IV
Borrows McDonald manuscripts VI
Death of IV
Drawing by VI
Early life of IV
Encouraged to write second Ohio History IV
Financial failure of IV
Funeral of IV
General Assembly assists IV
Historical Collections of IV
Notice of II
Society 'endorses,
purchase of
plates of, III,
238; IV
Influence of Ohio History IV
Learns printer's trade IV
Literary tastes of IV
Military record of IV
Opinion of, on slavery IV
Optimism of IV
"Our whole Country," published by . . . . IV
Pall-bearers of * IV
Portrait of II, 441; IV
Publishes second Historical Collections. . IV
Recollections of historic travels by II
Religious convictions of IV
Revisits Ohio to write history IV, 328,
Undertakes History of New York IV
Various books published by IV
Visits Cooper II
Visits Jamestown II
Visits Ohio II
Visits South Carolina IV
Visits Virginia HI
Page
193
330
334
314
329
311
174
334
19
315
329
327
335
333
326
572
407
326
315
327
327
320
311
327
326
311
331
441
335
322
318
326
447
452
461
322
319
352
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Howe, Henry, etc. — Continued. Vol. Page
Writes "Historical Collections of New Jer-
sey" IV
Writes "History of Virginia" IV
Youth of II
Howe, Hezekiah, publishes Webster's Dictionary IV
Howe, Lord, repulsed at Dorchester Heights II
Howells, William Dean, Family of VI
Father of ! VI
Mention of VI
Sketch of Hayes by IV
Hudson, Churches of IX
Civil War , in IX
Literary influence of IX
Pioneers of IX
Religious influence of IX
Hudson Centennial , account of IX
Dr. Bushnell's address at IX
Frazer's address at IX
Gould's address at IX
Herrick's address at IX
Judge Marvin's address at IX
Miss Clark's address at IX
McKees' address at IX
Seese s address at IX
I
Ice Age, Exhibit of, at Columbian Exposition IV
Ohio , in I
Iconcs muscoruin, Publication of IV
Idol Woship in Mexico I
Illinois, Early histories of I
First settlers of Ill
Franklin colony of I
French settlement in II
Growth of VIII
Settlement of Ill
Illustrations —
Adena Mound X
Fig. 1 (Showing the two sections) ... . X
Fig. 2 (First cut) X
Fig. 3 (Sand dome of original
Mound) X
Fig. 4 ( Copper Bracelet) X
319
320
441
315
32
299
406
346
341
359
364
347
352
350
318
319
350
342
347
338
354
352
364
397
180
288
324
240
106
217
133
450
106
451
453
456
457
457
Index for Volumes I to XI. 353
Illustrations — Continued. Vol. Page
Fig. 5 (Copper Rings) X 458
Fig. 6 (Cloth) X 458
Fig. 7 (Mica Strips) X 458
Fig. 8 (Second Cut) X 459
Fig.- 9 (Shell Hoe) X 459
Fig. 10. (Slate gorget) X 461
Fig. 11 (Tube pipe) X 461
Fig. 12 (Sepulcher) X 462
Fig. 13 (Timber cast) X 463
Fig. 14 (Skeleton) X 463
Fig. 15 (Spear) X 464
Fig. 16 (Copper bracelets) X 464
Fig. 17 (Limestone gorget) X 465
Fig. 18 (Log sepulcher) X 466
Fig. 19 (Central grave in) X 468
Fig. 20 (Flint knives) ...' X 469
Fig. 21 (Sandstone tablet) X 470
Fig. 22 (Beaver teeth) X 470
Fig. 23 (Bone awl) X 471
Fig. 24 (Bone awl) X 471
Fig. 25 (Flint Spear) X 473
Fig. 26 (Beads) X 474
Fig. 27 (Raccoon effigy) 4 ' 5
Archaeological Museum, Orton Hall VII, 334
Arrow head in bone VI -
Arrow Point
» , -c ... X 1(>8
Asbury, Francis
"Asbury on horseback" * -
Axes, stone " fl
Banded slate butterfly *
Banded slate objects
Barlow's map of eastern Ohio . ^J
Battle Island QAB
„ . AT IX 30o
Baughman , . A. J
Baum Village fish hooks ^ 'J-.
Baum Village Site
Beatty, Major Erkuries, Portrait of v l •_
"Big Crossings" Bridge on National Road j* 4 J _
Bimeler's Residence
Bingham John A ' „„„
Monument of 1 .
Black Hawk, Portrait of • ^
Blennerhassett . „
House of
23 Vol. XL
354 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Illustrations — Continued. Vol. Page
Boggs' Monument VII 361
Bronze plate on VII 363
Bone awls, discoidal and flint implements V 240
Braddock, Gen IX 508
Braddock's Grove IX 452
Braddock Springs House IX 452
Brier Hill Furnace VIII 129
Brinkerhoff, Gen IX 304
Brown County flint specimens VIII 344
Browne, Carl IX 104
in Coxey's Army IX 157
Brownfield House, Uniontown, Pa IX 442
Burial place of MacGahan IX 146
Burnham's cabins in Gallipolis Public Square Ill 42
Bushnell, M. B IX 303
Butcher Mound, Homer, Ohio VIII 316
Butterfield, Consul Wilshire, Portrait of IX 177
Cache implements, Workman Mound, Walhonding. . . . V 238
Campus Martius, Plan of II 161
Bell used in II 240
Carriage Factory Mound VII 127
Cartwright, Peter X 175
Center family residence, Union Village X 288
Ceremonial Stone V 235
Ceremonials , in Ohio V 243
Chamberlain, W. I IX 318
Chestnut Ridge on National Road IX 473
Chief Shabbona IX 29
Clarke , George Rogers VI 11
Clay Mound, Snake Den Group VII 118
Copper and ornaments from Harness Mound V 243
Copper implements, Warren County V 253
Cornstalk's Monument IX 25
Coxey , J. S IX 164
Coxey Army Commissary Wagon IX 157
Coxey and Browne at work on canal boat IX 169
Coxey's headquarters and Staff IX 171
Cranium, Bone implements. Ft. Ancient IV 193
Cranium and clay vessel, Circleville Mound V 232
Crawford , Col. William VI Frontispiece
Crawford, Burning of, at Stake VI 31
Crawford's Monument VI 33
Cresap's House X 150
Cross section of Licking Reservoir Stone Mound V 171
Index for Volumes I to XL 355
Illustrations — Continued. Vol. Page
Cutler, Manasseh, II Frontispiece
Cutler's Church II 97
Decorated mussel shell from Mounds VIII 324
De Rosenthal, Baron VI 25
De Peyster, Major VI 20
Dewey , George IX 137
Dill Mound near Bainbridge VII 154
Drill .* XI 248:
Dunmore, Lord VII 350'
Earl of Dunmore VI 6
Effigy pipes in Adena Mound X, 476, 477, 478
Eisenmann , John X 124
Farmers' Castle II 145'
First Capitol of Ohio V Front
First Congregational church, Marietta II 301
First Counties in Northwest Territory V 329*
First locomotive and passenger car in Ohio IX 190
First Methodist Church in Columbus X 209
First Methodist Meeting House in Ohio X 186
Fitch's steamboat, Model of VIII 404
Flint instrument, ceremonial and tablet from Circle-
ville V 249'
Foraker, J. B X 350'
Fort Ancient, Children's graves at IV 416^
Embankment at IV 384
Land tracts of V 287
Map of Ill, 313 ; IV, Frontispiece
Ornament IV, Frontispiece, 17
Portions purchased by State V 292'
Shell disks and arrowheads IV 49
Stone Graves at IV 240
West side of IV 448
Fort Fry, Waterford, 1792 II 192
Fort Harmar II 145
Fort Hill, Map of I 261
Fort Steuben VI 314
Map of VI 189
Fort Recovery XI 43
Fort Washington Monument XX 2
Fort Winchester IX 262
' Frog and bird pipes V 252
Gallipolis on "Centennial Day" Ill 17
Gallipolis Public Square in 1846, View of Ill 41
Gallipolis, View of Ill Frontispiece.
356
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Illustrations — Continued. Vol. Page
Galloway, Samuel - , Portrait of IV 262
Girty, Simon VI 23
Girls' Residence, North Union IX 99
Glaciated area in Ohio, Map showing I 176
Gnadenhutten , First house at VII 309
First Moravian church at VII 32]
Indian Monument at Ill 278
Zeisberger's tree at / VII 321
Graves at Ft. St. Clair XI 163
Great Stone Mound, Licking Reservoir V 170
Groghan , George V 49
Hamilton County after being enlarged V 332
Hampton , Oliver C X 252
Hand Corn Mill, First at Gnadenhutten VII 335
Harness Mound, V 223
Ground Plan of V 224
Harrison's Headquarters at Franklinton VI 72
Hawkins, Ezekiel C, Portrait of VI 300
Hayes, R. B., Portrait of IV 338
Heck , Barbara X 167
Heckewelder, John, Portrait of VII 299
Hematite objects, Perry County V 237
Hematite Plummets V 23-1
Howe, Henry 11,441; IV 311
Humeri from Muskingum Valley V 241
Hunter, James, Portrait of VI 217
Hunter Mound at Brink Haven V 189
Huron County spearheads VIII 333
Irvine, Gen. William : VI 16
Jefferson . Thomas VI 95
Joel Barlow Ill 113
John Burnham's Cabins, Gallipolis Public Square .... Ill 41
"Johnny Appleseed" IX 307
"Johnny Appleseed," Monument ." IX 303
Johnson Mound at Walhonding V 190
Kame at Mifflin, O V 178
Keokuk's Monument IX 9
Kirkpatrick Mound. Utica, O VIII 329
Large spears , Ohio V 240
Larimore Group of Mounds VIII 320
Leatherlips' Monument IX 15
Lesquereux, Leo, Portrait of IV 279
Lincoln. A IX 136
Logan's Elm VII, Front; 355, 357
Index for Volumes I to XI. 357
Illustrations — Continued. Vol. Page
MacGahan , J. A. , Portrait of IX 142
Mackenzie Mound VII 158
Map, Ohio Company of Associates Purchase Ill 117
Map, Ohio-Michigan boundary dispute IX 199
Map of military posts, forts and battlefields in Ohio. . Ill 304
Map of Ohio and Scioto Companies' Purchases Ill 121
Marietta and Harmar, 1788, Site of II 17
Marietta and Harmar, 1888, View of II 49
Material from Village Site VII 146, 148
Material from Chillicothe Mounds VII 135
Material from Perry County Mounds VII 141
McCook, Martha Latimer VI 305
McCook , Henry C VI 109
McHenry Mound. Malta, O V 198
Miantonomah , Monument to XI 5
Milestones on National Road IX 462
Mildam, North Union IX, 43, 77
Miller, Col. John • VI 270
Millstones and Salt Kettle, first in Ohio II 240
Moore, William E., Portrait of VIII 474
Moravian Indians, Monument to VII 335
Mound B , Snake Den Group VII 116
Mound Group in Logan County VIII 311
Mound in Mound Cemetery II 80
Mound near Delaware . VII 152
Mound and Stone Grave, Adams County V 210
Mounds and Village site, Feurt Farm V 217
Mouth of tunnel in Roberts' Mound, Perry County.. VII 139
Mrs. Tod's residence VIII 121
Muskingum Trail VIII 264
Nast , William X 204
National Road Bridge IX 494
National Road, "Old times" IX 499
North Union Grist Mill IX 46
Hemlock Grove IX 76
Shaker office IX 49
Objects from Pike County Mounds VII 162
Ohio Building, Pan-American Exposition X 123
Ohio Company's office II 80
Ohio flag X 144
Ohio and Michigan Boundary Dispute. Map showing
lines IV 214
Orton, Edward. Portrait of VIII 409
Orton Hall VIII 331
358 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Illustrations — Continued. Vol. Page
Orton Hall , Archaeological Museum in VIII 342
Oxford Earthwork, Map of I 266
Paine's Monument , Painesville X 362
Palaeolithic implement found at Trenton, N. J I 178
Patterson , S. L X 144
Pennsylvania taverns on National Road IX 480
Perry County, flint implements V 233
Perry's Willow IX 248
Pestles and sandstone tube, Muskingum Valley V 244
Pipes, bear tusks, copper bracelet and cone V 242
Plan of the Snake Den Group of Mounds VII 113
Point Pleasant, Diagram of battle of XI 182
Pokagan , Chief Simon XI 21
Porteus Mound V, 193, 194
Position of skeleton in Logan County Mounds VIII 312
Post moulds in Mounds VIII 318
"Prairie Schooner" VIII 299
Prehistoric grooved ax'e XI 246
Prehistoric Pipe , XI 247
Price Mound near Bainbridge VII, 154, 156
Prominent Shaker Women X 303
Putnam , Rufus II 31
Quick Mound, Loudonville V, 179, 181
Red Jacket's Monument IX 20
Rio Grande College Ill 164
Roberts Mound in Perry County VII 137
Roberts , Pioneer Cabin X 176
Ross , James , Portrait of VI 211
Scene of Dunmore's Campaign XI 188
Scene in Tunnel , Wilson Mound VII 144
Sculptured disc , Mexico V 254
Seals of Ohio X 489
Seattle, Chief, Portrait of XI 12
Monument to : XI 16
Sessions , Francis Charles IV 292
Shaker burial ground. North Union IX 67
Shaker church, North Union IX 47
Shaker cow barn X 291
Shaker family, East residence IX 52
Shaker hospital , North Union IX 65
Shaker office. Union Village X 283
Shaker Residence, North Union IX 45
Shaker Wash House , North Union . IX 107
Sherwood Mound at Malta, O V 197
Index for Volumes I to XI. 359
Illustrations — Continued. Vol. Page
Skeleton from Mackenzie Mound VII 160
Skeleton from Oregonia IV 160
Sketch of original lots in Gallipolis Ill 61
Silver cross and beads from grave, Rushville V 236
Silver nuggets found in Mound VII 122
Site of Braddock's defeat IX 508
"S" Bridge on National Road IX 442
Slate pipe , tube and axe V 251
Spearhead, Coshocton County VIII 340
Spears and discoidals, Muskingum Valley V 239
Stanton , Edward M. , Portrait of VI 329
State building at Columbus , 1816 V 161
St. Clair, Arthur VI, 7; XI 30
Steuben, Baron VI 95
Stone axes , Muskingum Valley V 245
Stone carvings, Baum Village Site VII 150
Stone Graves, Brown Co., IX, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200,
201, 202, 203
Stone Graves , Oregonia IV 129
Stone Hatchets or Celts, Muskingum Valley ; V 246
Stone Mound , Adams County V 209
Stone Mound of Snake Den Group VII 114
Story Mound, Chillicothe VII 131
Stout Mound , Rome , Ohio V 215
Sullivant , Lucas VI 61
Swain, C. L X 124
Taverns on the National Road IX 500
Terra-Cotta head, Youngstown V 255
"The old highway has never been closed up" VIII 296
Tod, David VIII 107
Tod's Homestead VIII 113
Toledo Mounds X 382
Turtle Pipe, ornament and war hatchet V 248
Uncas' Monument XI 10
Vatralsky. S. K.. Portrait of IX 144
Vicinity of Fort Hill. Map of I 262
Views on National Road IX "il7
Vinton, Samuel F Ill 137
Washington , George VI 4
Wayne County , Map of V 334
Wells, Bezaleel, Portrait of VI 210
Wesley, John X 16S
Wessels. C. W IX 139
Whipple, Com. Abraham II 176
360 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Illustrations — Concluded. Vol. Page
Williams Mound. Homer, O VIII 314
Wilson Mound, Perry County VII 142
Wolf Creek Mills, 1789 II 192
Workman Mound, Walhonding, Ohio V 191
Worthington, Thomas V 126
Zimmerman, Louis VIII Front
Zoar, An old home in VIII 80
Zoar flower garden VIII 88
Zoar Hotel VIII 32
Zoar Main Street VIII 48
Zoar Pioneer Cottage VIII 64
Zoar Society Harvest Scene VIII 96
Imley, George, Account of I 233
Immigrants to Jefferson County VI 372
"Imperium in imperio," Repeal of X 393
Implements —
Archaeological for Ohio Centennial I 171
Palaeolithic. Where found 1 , 177 . 258
Palaeolithic, Mention of. Trenton, N.J I 259
Preglacial , finding of I 257
Prehistoric grooved axe XI 246
Stone, Jefferson County in VIII 230
Stone, Manufacture and use of '. . . . II 514
Incorporation Articles of Society V, 321; VI 9
Indiana, Act organizing territory x»f V 64
Constitution of, Ohio boundary line IV 181
Early history of, Dillon I 240
Extent of territory of IV 155
French settlement in II 133
Growth of VIII 450
Legislature of. inquires into Ohio boundary IV 140
Territory of, organized II 167
Indiana applies for admission IV 139
Indiana-Ohio Boundary Line IV 127
Indiana Territory, Erection of V 12
Government of V 65
Land attached to V 75
Organization of . . I, 313,: IV, 130; V,
'. 342; IX 281
Indian Boundaries, St. Clair's right to establish VIII 380
Indian Chiefs , Noted VI 74
Blackhoof VI -76
Blue Jacket VI 76
Leatherlips, Execution of •. VI 81
Index for Volumes I to XI. 361
Vol. Page
Indian Chiefs, Noted, Logan VI "ii
Monuments to XI I
Pontine VI 78
Tarhee, Influence of VI 80
Tecumseh VI 80
Indinn Confederntion, Brant organizes VI 203
Indian Council on Minmi VII 226
Indian Dog, Remains of, found X 81
Indian fighters, Scotch-Irish VI L08
Indian — French Alliance VI 115
Indian Heroines IX 1
Indian, Implements, various uses of II 527
"Indian Lnnds, Cessions in Ohio," Knnbenshue XI 249
Reservntions for schools in V 79
Indian Mnssacre at Big Bottom II 161
Indian names of places. Notice of monographs on II 44'>
Indian relic department, Marietta Centennial II 249
Indian Renegade XI 32
"Indian thoroughfares of Ohio," Hulbert VIII 2'il
Indian thoroughfares of Ohio. Map of VIII
Indian Trails IX 414
Blazed trees on VIII 280
Military expeditions upon VIII, 281 ,
Forts on VIII
Ohio, of VIII 269
Pioneers follow VIII 285
Value to explorers VIII
Wntersheds on. Mnp of VIII 267
"Indinn tribes of Ohio . " Moorehend V 1 1 1
Indinn Trenty on Scioto XI 100
Indinn Villnge, Secium VII 165
Indinn Wnr incited by the British XI 95
Indinn Wars, Extent of in Ohio VII 78
Indinn Wnrfnre in Jefferson County VI 376
Indinn Wnrfnre, Scotch-Irish pnrt in VI 206
Indinn Women , Duties of VI 85
Indinns, Adnir nttneked by VII 220
Aggressions ngninst VI 74
Algonquins , Territory of •. . . VI 75
Amherst's plnn ngninst VII 1-.
Attack Fort Meigs Ill 311
Attack Fort St. Clnir Ill 304
Attnck Fort Stephenson Ill 310
Attnck Kirkwood in Jefferson County VI 194
362 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Indians, Auglaize Council of IX, Jlfi; V r II 219
Battles with, in Ohio VII 75
Bouquet's expedition against VI, 117; VII 42
Bows and arrows of II 530
Buskirk's fight with, in Jefferson County VI 183
British aid VII 228
British incite to hostilires VII, 93, 208
British send expedition of, into Ohio VI 134
British sympathize with VII 221
Brownstown, Treaty of XI 253
Captives among, restored VII 45
Castleman girls captured by, Jefferson Co VI 1S2
Cause of hostilities among VII 39
Cession of land by. north of Ohio River.. IV, 7; XI 251
Cessions and reservations of, in Ohio, Map of. . XI 251
Christianity taught to VI 254
Conflict with , in Ohio X 426
Connection of, with Mound Builders X 70
Corn festival of VI 85
Corn raised by VII 107
Coshocton County . in V 192
Council of, at Auglaize VII, 219; IX 216
Crawford , battle with VI 19
Crawford burned by VI 31
Crawford defends frontier against VI 12
Crimes punishable among VI 86
Dealings with V 55
Delaware, burn Crawford VI 1
Delaware, in Ohio VI 76
Depredations of VI, 115, 149
Divorces among VII 106
Dunmore incites XI 171
Dunmore's Treaty with XI 190
Km, cl Of St. Clair's defeat on VI 206
Eloquence of VII 56
Encounter with, near Ft. Laurens VI 186
Encroachment^ on lands of. in Ohio VII 41
England protects hunting grounds of IV 101
Enmity between Northern and Southern VI, 81, 82
Erroneous views on VI 73
Expeditions against in Ohio X 373
Extinguishment of land titles of V, 64; VII 38
Fear of, delays survey of Seven Ranges VI, 197, 201
First land treaty with, Ohio XI 240
Index for Volumes I to XI. 3t>3
Vol. Page
Indians, Fort Harmar, Treaty with VI 204
Fort Pitt , Treaty with VI 28
Fort Stephenson attacked by X 58
French relations with VII i9
Frontier warfare with XI 174
Greenville Treaty with IX 231
Harmar defeated by X 427
Harmar's expedition against II 163
Harrison's conference with VII 90
Huron , in Ohio V I 78
Huron-Iroquois contest VI 78
Ideal home of, in Ohio VI 88
Improvidence of VI 88
Intellectual capacity of II 101
Iroquois- contest for territory VI 75
Jackson, Helen Hunt, champions cause of II 27
JanUey, Abel , captured by VIII 465
Jesuits' knowledge of, in Ohio VII 1
Johnson boys captured by VI 181
Justification of, for Crawford's murder VI I 73
Killing of in Jefferson County VIII 217
Killing of, at Conestoga VIII 260
Lands retained by English government for I 209
Lands taken from, by right of discovery II '{74
Lochry force massacred by VI
Logstown, conference at X 1<»_'
Marshall's book on II ".74
Maumee Rapids, treaty with XI 254
Method of fishing II
Method of smoking : II 529
Methods of making flint implements II 523
Miami, in Ohio VI, 78; III 142
Military ability of XI 1""
Military tactics of XI L85
Mingo in Ohio VI '17
Missionaries among, in Ohio VII, 18, 1"
Mistreatment of VII 108
Monuments to chiefs of XI , 1 ; III 278
Moravian converts among VII 19
Moravian massacre of VI I 11 !
Mound builder traditions among II 304
Mounds built by X 70
Murder of, at Yellowcreek XI 97
Names of, in Moravian Massacre Ill 298
3ti4 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Indians, Nation'* perfidy towards
Northwest claimed by
Northwest Territory, in
Number of, in Ohio
Occupation of Ohio by
Occupation of territory by
Ohio battles with
Ohio, in VI, 13j VII, 14, 105
Ohio River claimed as boundary by
Ohio writers on
Oratory among
Ordinance of 1787 concerning Ill, 107;
Original territory of
Origin of
Ottawa , in Ohio
Petition of, to Congress for Ohio lands
Pioneer conflicts with ,
Pioneer distrust of
Poe's encounter with
Popular errors regarding
Property interests of wife, among
Prophets among .
Putnam and Heckewelder's treaty with
Religion of
Religious inability of
Removal of, from Ohio
Reservations for
Rights of to lands
Riley, Jefferson Co. pioneer, captured by
Sandusky
Sandusky Valley, of
Sandusky War, at
Scioto , on
Seneca, home of
Shaker catechism of
Shaker missionaries to
Shaker mission to „
Shaker revival among
Shawnee . in Ohio
Springfield Council of
St. Mary's Treaty
St. Clair defeated by
St. Clair's defeat . Engaged in
St. Clair, Policy of, toward
Vol.
Page
VII
30
X
115
II
1.57
VII
108
VI
113
VI
74
VII
210
X
396
VII
223
VII
3
IX
■ 21
II
155
I
221
XI
149
VI
77
VII
29
VI
348
VI
203
VI
176
II
380
VI
85
VII
81
VI
206
IX
21
XI
216
VI
94
XI
254
V
10
VI
183
VI
15
X
49
VI
22
VI
60
III
175
XI
221
XI
221
XI
215
XI
217
VI
76
VII
99
XI
255
X
428
XI
42
VI
205
Index for Volumes I to XI. 365
Vol. Page
Indians , Title to lands XI 249
Titles to Western Reserve purchased VII 266
Trade with IV 11
Trade with , prohibited X 406
Treatment of captives among VI 87
Treaty with at Franklinton VI 08
Trial for murder of . , VI , 225 , 227
Tribal organization of VI 84
Tribes of, in Ohio VII 106
Tribes of, represented at Greenville Treaty.. VII, 218, 232
Troubles with, in Northwest Territory I 308
Turkey Foot, Death of Ill 309
Uprising of, in Ohio XI 31
Village locations of VI 87
Village of in Ashland County V 182
Village of in Holmes County V 185
Village of in Richland County V 188
Vinton's interest in IX 242
War methods of VI 86
Washington's Commission to treat with VII 220
Wayne's battle with VI 207
Wayne defeats X 430
Wayne's expedition against II 105
Wayne's Treaty with VI 208
White man's promise to VII 32
Winchester moves against, War of 1812 IX 255
W'oman's place among XI 152
Wyandot, House of Ill 175
Wyandot, Ohio, in VI 78
Wyandot , Supremacy of VI 79
Yellow Creek, on VIII 213
Yellow Creek, Massacre of XI 173
Indians assist British in War of 1812 X 'JTii
Indians harass Muskingum settlements VI -'"1
Indians of Northwest subdued IX 231
Independence, First steps for American \T 129
Idea of, in Western States Ill '■><>
Precursors of VI 123
Industrial Exhibitions II 114
Industrial progress in Ohio II 170
Industry, Fort, Description of Ill 309
"Influence of Pioneers' Character upon States' History,"
Curtis I 93
"Information," Ohio Scheme exploited in I 20
366 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Interior Department , Establishment of IV 257
Internal Improvements, Dispute over IX 427
Political parties II 200
Proceeds of land sales for V 77
Sale of public lands for V 74
Vinton on IV 245
"Introduction of Methodism in Ohio," King X 165
Inscriptions in Mexican cities I 324
Insolvent Act, Advantage taken of VI 231
Instinct causes emigration Ill 184
Institutes. Teachers', First in Ohio VI 44
Origin of VI 53
Origin of, in Ohio IV 273
Insurance, Goods in transportation VI 242
Inventions , Benefits of VI 356
Progress of Ill 37
Iowa, Admission of IV 252
Constitution of, on slavery IV 49
Irish , Causes of migration of Ill 182 .
Sullivant , Lucas VI 61
Irish Schoolmaster. The VI 246
Iriquois, Conquest for territory VI 75
Families of, in Ohio VI 75
Iroquois , Conflict with Eries VII 8
Iron works in Jefferson County VI 233
Irvine, Gen. Win. —
Commander at Ft. Pitt VI 14
Commands Western Army in Revolution VI 150
Discusses Moravian Massacre Ill 282
Mention of Ill 277
Portrait of VI 16
Writes Washington of failure of Sandusky expedition VI 24
Irwin, Thomas. Eye-witness to St. Clair's defeat X 378
Island. Blennerhassett, Description of I 129
History of I 129
Islands in Lake Erie, Earthworks in, number of VII 195
Isle. The Deserted. Poem. Mrs. Blennerhassett I 162'
Ives. Eli. Mention of IV 315
J
Jackson, Andrew, Land policy of IV 247
Political ambition of IV 253
Removal of Michigan territorial officers
bv IV 169
Index for Volumes I to XI.
367
Vol. Page
Jackson, Andrew, Spoils system of IV 210
Uncas, Cornerstone of monument to,
laid by XI 8
Jackson County, Bibliograhy of earthworks in I 19*3
Earthworks in, number of VII 173
Mounds in VII 103
Prehistoric remains in V 2(34
Saltlicks of XI 165
Jackson, Helen Hunt, Indian cause championed by VII 27
Jacobins in Ohio politics II 196
Jalapa, Description of I 323
James I., First Virginia Charter by V I
Second Virginia Charter by V 12
Third Virginia Charter by V j3-
James, John H., Translates French pamphlet Ill 82
James, Professor, Mention of I 268
Jamestown, Howe's visit to II 452
Settlement of X 398
Jamison , Mary , Capture of VI 115
Indian episode of VIII 142
Janney, Abel, Capture of VIII 465
Janney, J. J. —
Paper of "State Bank of Ohio" I 96
Reads Pap'er on Early Ohio History V 298
Responds to toast "Military significance of earth-
works" V 305
Jay, John , Commissioner to Paris I 3
Jefferson County, Addenda to "Pathfinders' of VI 384
Anti-slavery sentiment in VI, 275, 352
"Appleseed, Johnny," in . . .* VI 290
Archer Tp., Sketch of VIII 136
Artists in VI 295
Baptists in VI 268
Bar of VI 338-
Blockhouses in VI 188
Brushcreek Tp., Sketch of VIII 211
Catholicism in VI 268'
Centennial Celebration in VI 314
Character of citizens of VI 351
Churches of, VIII, 151, 155, 156, 165,
167, 170, 172, 199
Churches of. Pioneer VI 214
Civil War, in VI 379
Counties formed from VI, 217, 347
368 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Jefferson County Court . first in VI 222
Cross Creek, Tp. Sketch of VIII 153
Dispossession of Squatters in VI, 136, 138
Distilleries in VI 232
Early roads in VIII 246
Earthworks in VIII 203
Earthworks in, number of VII 194
Erection of VI 210
Establishment of I 309
Evolution of V 336
First child born in VI 138
First Constitutional Convention, in VI 223
Friends in VI 262
Friends' Church in VIII 201
Fruit in VI 289
Hundred Years' history of VI 382
Indian capture of Johnson boys in VI 181
Indian tragedy in VIII 135
Knox Tp., Sketch of VIII, 142, 217
Lawyers of VI 222
Lutheran Church in VIII 202
Mail routes in VI 243
Manufacturing, early, in VI 232
Manumitted slaves VI 275
Material growth of VI, 346, 371
Members First Constitutional Convention
from V, 81, 82
Methodism in VI, 256: VIII 201
Ministers, early, in VI 231
Moundbuiklers of VI 348
Mounds in VI 139
Mi. Pleasant Tp., Sketch of VIII 158
Newspapers in VI 270
Noted men of VI 346
Officers, first of VI 216
Officers from, in War of 1812 VIII 257
' Original boundaries of. V, .336; VI, 345,
347. VIII 133
Original civil divisions of VIII 145
Pathfinders of. Hunter VI 95
Pioneer Methodism in X 180
Pioneers of VI. 158, 212, 345
Prehistoric remains in V 271
Presbyteri.mi>m in VI. 254. 259; VIII, 201
Index for I 'phones I to XL
369
Vol. Page
Jefferson County Railroads, First in VI 244
Reformed Church in VIII 200
Religion in VI
Revolutionary soldiers settle VI 306
Roads of VI 249
Ross, Joseph, Pioneer of VI 175
Ross Tp., Sketch of VIII 202
Sale of lands in VIII 237
Salem Tp., Sketch of VIII 192
Saline Tp., Sketch of VIII 213
Schools, First in VI 246
School system promoted by \ I 250
Scotch-Irish in VI 96
Settlement in VI
Sheepraising in VI
Short Creek Tp., Sketch of VII 1 134
Squatters in VIII 202
Steubenville Tp., Sketch of VIII 136
Taxable property. First in VI 216
"Underground Railroad.*' in ... .VI. 274; VIII 187
Virgin solitude of ^ '
Voting population. First of "\ I
War record of ^ I
Warren Tp., Sketch of VIII. 133, 230
Wells Tp. . Sketch of VIII
Witchcraft in VI
Women of VI &46
Jefferson County Centennial —
Hurst's Address at VI
Military Day at ^ l
Jefferson, Fort, Description of :; '_' ,
Jefferson, Thomas, Acquainted with Burr's plans I
Author of Ordinance of 1787
Clergy opposed to VI '--••
Commercial advantages of Cuyahoga
River discussed by HI 108
Free navigation of Mississippi secured
by... » 7fi
First election of
Influence of election of. on Northwest
Territory *'•'
Influence on Ordinance of 1787 D 201
Jefferson County named for ^ I
Land plan of. for Northwest Territory II 38
24 Vol. XL
370 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Jefferson, Thomas, Logan's speech authenticated by VII 358
Member of House of Burgesses XI 174
Mention of V, 58; VI . 304
Monroe's letter to, on Northwest Ter-
ritory VI 72
Portrait of VI 95
Slavery, on IV 269
Toleration Act by VI 104
Writes Ordinance for Western Terri-
tory IV 5
Jesuits , Misionary spirit of XI 215
Ohio Indians, on VII 4
Jews , Mention of Ill 168
'"John Brown and his men," Mention of IV 58
"John Fitch, inventor of steamboats," Parsons. .VIII, 397; IX 238
John Hopkins Reprint, on Mound Excavation I 61
"Johnny Appleseed," Autograph of IX 315
Portrait of IX 307
Randall on IX 313
Sketch of IX 305
Johnson Boys, Indians capture in Jefferson County VI 181
Johnson Mound, Walhonding, View of V 190
Johnson, Sir William, Indian affairs, on VII 38
Treaty of Ft. Stanwix effected by I 217
Johnston, William, Public school advocate VIII 207
Jolly, Henry, Account of Indian's encounter at Ft. Laurens VI 186
Jones, J. V., Address, Gallipolis Centennial at Ill, 14, 175
Jones, Rev. David —
Geographical description of Ohio VI 115
Minister, pioneer VI 254
Journalism, Scotch-Irish in VI 110
Journal of first Ohio Constitutional Convention V 80
Judiciary, Ordinance of 1787 refers to Ill 141
Judiciary, The, under First Constitution V 140
Judges, First at Marietta II 160
Tunandat, Fort, Description of Ill 301
Jurisprudence, Promulgation of Ill 36
Jury. Right of trial by V, 55; VI 349
Justices of the Peace, Jurisdiction of, in Ohio Ill 152
K
Kame — Mifflin County , View of V 178
Karnes V 261
Index for Volumes I to XI.
371
Vol. Page
Kansas and Nebraska Bill, Opposition to II 328
Kansas, Historical Society of II 552
Organization of territory of IV 209
Kansas-Nebraska, Slavery contest in IV 208
Kaskaskia , Settlement of Ill 10G
Titles of citizens of V, 47, 51
Kayler, R. S., "Ohio Railroads" IX 189
Keelboats VI .Ml
Keifer, J. Warren, Mention of IV 32">
"Slavery and four years of war" IX 152
Kelly, Abby VI 207
Kelley, Alfred, State Bank secured by I 97
Kennan, George, Writings of II 580
Kenton, Simon, Dunmore's scout XI 179
Indians capture VII 75
Indian gauntlet run by X 374
MacFarland's account of XI 153
Removal of body of II 205
Sketch of X 192
Kentucky, Filson's book on I 231
Harry Toulman's book on I 230
History of, Butler I 338
History of, Collins I 239
History of, Marshall : I 238
Imlay's description of I 234
Militia of, called out in Burr Conspiracy I 152
Pioneer press of II 575
Kentucky Gazette I 100
Kentucky-Indiana Boundary Line IV 73
Kentucky Resolutions, Ohio legislature approves IX 295
Kentucky-Virginia Resolutions, Ohio endorses II 420
Kenyon College, Henry B. Curtis, a friend of I 52
Keokuk, Chief, Monument to IX, 9; XI 1
KilbOurne, Congressman, Author of Homestead Act X 160
Kilbourne, Col. James, Re-namcs rivers : VT 93
Kilbourne, Col. James, Ohio Centennial report by IX .190
Sketch of IV 4W
Kilbourn, James, Account of IV 30
Death of IV P.
Emigrates to Ohio IV 34
Enters ministry IV 33
Location of lands by IV 35
Map of Ohio, by IV 37
Marriage of IV 32
372 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Kilbourn, James, Ministerial duties of IV 40
Organization of Scioto Company by.... IV 35
Piatt reads account of journey of V 298
Political life of IV 41
Relative of Fitch VIII 397
Worthington founded by IV 3ti
King, Rev. I. F., "Introduction of Methodism in Ohio" .. X 165
King, Rufus, Educational influence of VI 53
Opinion on Constitution II 214
Sketch of IV 464
Kingsley, James L., Mention of IV 315
Kinney, Coates, Centennial Ode by XI 203
Kirkham, Robert, Reference to Ill 197
Kirkwood, Captain, Jefferson County, pioneer VI 193
Kirtkind, Teachers' Seminary at VI 49
Khppert , John H. , Mention of I 332
-Knabenshue, S. S. —
"Great Seal of Ohio" X 480
"•Indian land cessions in Ohio" XI .249
■Mound Builders of Ohio" XI 148
"Mound Builders' forts within Toledo's limits" X 381
Knight, Dr., Narrates Crawford's capture . . . .' VI 26
Returns to Ft. Pitt VI 33
Knowledge . Necessity of V 55
Knox County —
Banded slate 'Butterfly" ceremonial from V 24S
Bibliography of earthworks in I 197
Earthworks in VIII 342
Earthworks in, number of VII 178
Establishment of I
Evolution of V 331
Mounds explored in VIII 313
Original boundary of V 331
Prehistoric remains in V 268
Knox. John. Disciples of VI 99
Kobler, John Ill 204
Kosciusko, Thaddeus, Lands granted to IX 16
L
Labor in Ohio X 136
Ladd, Benjamin, Assists manumitted slaves VI 275
Lafayette, Gen Ill 32
Gallipolis visited by Ill 78
Index for Volumes I to XL 373
Vol. Page
Lafayette , Gen. , Mention of Ill 196
Ohio visited by II 202
Laird , Journalist VI 272
Lake County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 197
Earthworks in, number of VII 193
Erection of VI 217
Founding of X 367
Prehistoric remains in V "27.1
Lake County and its founder, Mills X 361
Lake Erie, Battle of X 38
Loss in battle of X 42
Monuments to soldiers of battle of 45
Result of battle of X 43
Wild Rice on Ill 103
Lakes , Age of 185
Land cessions, Maryland's declaration on 276
Virginia's remonstrance concerning II 281
Land District, Chillicothe II '-12
Steubenville VI 211
Land Grants , Map of 423
Quebec Act affects XI 170
Land Laws, Vinton's connection with IV 240
Land Ordinance of 1785, I, 32; III, 134; IV, 6; VI 37
Land speculations in Western Reserve II 483
Lands, Annual Register defends English policy concerning
Western I 127
Appropriations of, for National Road IX 417
Boundary of, after treaty of Ft. Stanwix I 217
Bounty IV 2
Desired in Ohio I 5
Petitioned for by Continental officers I, 38; III 114
Preservation of Ill 112
Vinton on IV 246
British policy on 21
Cession of, by States 4
Claims of States to 1,4; IV 201
Colonies determine to settle Western I 222
Congress , Survey of IV 131
Connecticut cession of II, 285 ; V, xi; 48. 66
Declaration of Independence, English policy of ... . I 227
Defective titles to, at Gallipolis HI 54
Distribution of, in French Grant Ill 55
English claim to IV 2 , 64
Exemption of, from taxation V 79
374
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Lands, Extent of, under Virginia charters
Fertility of, on Scioto
Franklin replies to Lord Hillsborough concerning
Western
Gallatin's report on Ohio public
Granted in Greenville Treaty
Granted to Baron Rosenthal
Granted to Geo. Rogers Clarke
Granted to Moravian Indians
Indian cession of, at Brownstown Treaty
at Detroit Treaty
at Fort Industry
at Loramie's store
at Maum.ee Rapids Treaty
in Northwestern Ohio
at St. Mary's . Treaty
Ohio in
Indian cessions and reservations in N. W. Ohio,
Map of
Indian Reservation of
Indian title to .,
Inconsistency of English policy, concerning Western
Jefferson's plan for disposition of, in Northwest Ter.
Kosciusko's grant of
Method of survey of
Ministerial II, 303; IV, 10;
Offices for sale of
Ohio Company's Purchase of
Ohio Valley, States' claim to
Patents refused by Eng. Gov't, west of Alleghenies
Policy of British Government from 1763 to 1775, on
Preemption laws on '
Proceeds from, for roads
Public , in Ohio
Jackson's policy of
Surveys of
Purchased by Scioto Land Company Ill, 19;
Purchased from Indians VII, 37 ;
Report on Military Tract
Reservation of Ill, 120, 137;
Reservation of, by Connecticut
for Indians, by Eng. Gov't
Ohio in V, 72
by Ordinance of 1785
Vol.
Page
V
33
VI
59
I
220
V
155
XI
250
VI
25
V 68, 47
VII
333
XI
253
XI
253
XI
252
Xi
251
XI
254
XI
251
XI
255
XI
249
XI
251
XI
251
XI
249
I
223
II
38
IX
16
III
113
VI
36
V
158
IV
12
IV
64
I
209
I
207
IV
245
V
77, 79
V
xiii
IV
247
IV
425
IV
12
XI
18
V
155
IV
11
I
4
I
209
73,
74, 77
III
136
Index for Volumes I to XL 375
Vol. Page
Lands, Reservation of, for schools, III, 113; IV, 10; V,
78; VI, 251, 36; II 303
in Symmes' Purchase V 79
by Virginia 1,4; V 47
Revenues arising from sale of Ill 111
Sale of, in Jefferson County VIII 237
in Seven Ranges VIII 244
in Western Reserve II 477
western IV, 6; IX 118
School , entrusted to legislature . . V 160
Sold IV 240
States' cession of II, 75; III, 111, 115
claim of western VII 245
dispute on crown IV 105
Sufferers VI 36
Survey of I 4
Survey of, by Ordinance of 1785 Ill 131
Survey of Seven Ranges Ill 112
Tecumseh's claim to VII 87
Township, Origin of Ill 113
Virginia's cession of V xi , 46
Virginia's ratification of cession of V 60
Walpole Grant of I 224
Washington objects to I 224
Washington's title to, in Ohio Valley VI 4
below Scioto VI 6
"Western," ceded to United States IV, 128; IX 278
French claims to IV 64
Under control of Congress I 32
Virginia claims to, invalid IV 82
Wrested from Indians VII 79
Lane, Judge Ebenezer, Account of I 251
Language, American unity of 105
Laning, J. F., "Evolution of Ohio Countries" V 326
Historical writings of V Preface
La Quemada, History of
Ruins of J 320
Lasher, Rev. Geo. W., Sermon of, at Gallipolis Centennial
Ill, 15, 227
La Salle, Expedition of VI1
Explorations of IV, 64. 98; X, 102, 397
Indian guide of VI1 13
Method of taking possession
'Latimers, The," Author of VI
109
376
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
"Launching the Ship," Lawrence X 46
Laurens, Fort, Description of Ill 302
History of VI 393
Location of VI 185
Siege of VI 392
Laurens, Henry, Letter of, to King's Commissioners I 15
Law , Respect for , In Ohio II 92
Laws , Akron School VI 54
Early, in Ohio VII 253
First , in Northwest Territory Ill 143
Maxwell Code published Ill 147
Second, in Northwest Territory Ill 144
School, First VI 40
Laws on "crimes" in Northwest Territory Ill 146
Laws on observance of the Sabbath Ill 146
Laws on Profane Language Ill 146
Lawrence , Battleship X 40
Lawrence County, Earthworks in, number of VII 187
Prehistoric remains in V 268
Lawrence, Ida Eckert, "Launching of the ship," by X 46
Lawyers, First in Northwest Territory Ill 145
Jefferson County, in VI 222
Laylin , Clarence D. , "The Fire Lands Grant" X 435
Leatherlips, Chief, Execution of VI, 81; IX 16
Monument to IX , 15 ; XI 1
Lebanon , Early settlers of XI 202
Etymology of XI 199
History of. Review of XI 261
Noted men from XI 262
Part of, in Civil War XI 208
Politics in XI 206
Shaker community near X 251
Lebanon Centennial , Venable , W. H XI 198
Lee, Capt. Alfred E. , History of Bimetalism, Mention of I 301
Lee, Richard H^nry, Writes to Washington concerning
Ordinance of 1787 I 34
Lee, Robert E., Mention of VI 304
Lee, R. H., Mention of IV 10
Legends, Mexican I, 330, 325, 329
Legislation in the Northwest Territory I 303
Legislative Act, Purchase of Fort Ancient V 308
Legislative Bodies, Franklin's opinion on II 189
Legislative Powers of Ohio, First V 133
Legislative Practice, Ohio Manual of IX 532
Index for Volumes I to XI. 377
Vol. Pacs
Legislature assists Society IV 426
Legislature, Ohio, First representation in V 153
Opposition of, to U. S. Bank IX 292
Ordinance of 1787, under V 52
Organization of, in 1848 I 111
Provides for Ohio's seals X 489
Provides for Wayne's Treaty Centennial IV 401
Representation of counties in V 117
Special session of IV 220
Legislature, Territorial, First XI
Members of I 310
Northwest Territory, of II 167
Leonard, Benjamin F., Mention of 15?
Leonard , Dr. William B. , Account of HI 247
Lesquereux, Leo, Ancestry of IV 2 '9
Assists Sullivant in bryology IV
Becomes deaf IV
Biography of, by Orton IV
Comes to America IV
Comes to Columbus, Ohio IV
Death of IV 289
Education of IV 280
Enters government employ IV
Friendship of, for Goethe IV
In touch with German nobility IV
Learns trade I v
List of publications of IV
Marries into a noble family IV
Portrait of IV
Reference to IV
Religious belief of IV
Scientific honors to IV
Studies of coal seams IV
Studies peat bogs IV
Teacher in noble family IV -«1
Writes, "Coal flora of Pennsylvania". ... IV
290
284
290
282
289
289
288
285
Lesquereux, Leo, Jr., Mention of JV
Letters, British Commander to Wayne v *j
Broadhead to Washington . , VI
Linton, Samuel, to Saterthwaite, Abel IX
Monroe to Jefferson on Northwest Territory VI
Revolutionary ■• H - 40b '
Unpubished q -
Wallace to Gallagher "
135
117
72
407
378 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Letters, Washington to Benjamin Harrison concerning
Northwest Territory Ill 101
Washington to Lord Botetourt, concerning Land
Grant I 224
Washington to Lord Dunmore, concerning Land
Grant
Wayne's reply to British Commander
Lewis, Gen. Andrew —
Battle of Point Pleasant, in, VII, 53, 350; VI, '130;
X, 407;
Camp at Point Pleasant
Commands at Point Pleasant
Commands in Dunmore's War XI , 176 ;
Disappointment of men of
Marches to Pickaway Plains VI, 353 ;
Military ability of
Lewis, Samuel, Educational influence of VI
Lewis and Clark, Expedition of
Lexington
Liberty Clubs, Organization of
Liberty Group , Earthworks
Liberty Hall, Founding of
Liberty. Party, Organization of
Library , Coonskin
First in State
Lebanon , in
Library of Society, VI, 419, 427;
1896
Report of Comittee on, 1896
Library, State, Increased value of
Plan for Society's control of
Licking County, Bibliography of earthworks in
Early • courts of
Earthworks of V, 201
Earthworks in, number of VII
Indian villages in
Mounds explored in VIII
Pioneer days in
Prehistoric remains in
Licking Reservoir, Gist's camps upon
Stone Mound of
''Life of the people in history," Gladden responds to toast to
Lindenberg, Henry, Sketch of
Lindsay, Marcus, Indian Missionary
I
225
VII
216
XI 99.
, 101
XI
178
X
113
VI
7
XI
190
XI
189
XI
182
VI
52
XI
11
I
106
VI
104
V
219
VI
102
I
117
I
106
V
304
XI
207
X
92
V
315
V
313
VI
415
II
333
I
197
I
251
VIII
342
VII
171
I
247
VIII
313
I
244
V
263
VII
22
V
169
V
305
IV
464
II
144
Index for Volumes I to XI. 379
Vol. Page
Lincoln, Abraham, Administration of VI 378
Anecdote of, Tod VIII 125
Appoints Galloway Judge Advocate. . IV 271
Assassination of IX 149
Chase, S. P., quoted by I 116
Depression of, over Pope's defeat .... IV 272
Election of IV 270
Gallagher supports II 318
Gov. Tod's support of VIII 122
Journey of, to Washington IX 125
Keifer's recollections of IX 153
Mention of, I, 123; II, 143; IV, 351,
446, VI, 368; IX 11
Portrait of IX 136
Stanton appointed Sec. of War, by.... VI 334
Lincoln-Douglas Debate, Mention of IV 270
Linton, Samuel, "Ancient Correspondence" IX 117
Sketch of IX 117
Little Falls, Palaeolithic implements discovered at I 179
Little Miami, Discovery of X 373
Revolutionary soldiers in Valley of X 72
Little Turtle, Portrait and Sketch of XI 32
St. Clair, Fort, Attacked by Ill 304
Literary periodicals of Ohio Valley I 2<>1
Literature, Advance in II 107
Changes in II 113
Ohio Valley, in I 107
Livingstone, Robert R. —
John Fitch assisted by VIII 406
Secures right for steamboat navigation IX '_' I' 1
Lochry Expedition (Clarke's) VI, 204. ' 384
Account of VI 140
Anderson's Journal of VI 389
Logan, Mingo Chief, VI 76
Battle Point Pleasant XI 181
Cresap accused by XI , 172. 173
Dunmore's War, 'in VII, 356; XI 192
Gibson's affidavit of speech of XI 196
Mention of V, 193; VII 52
Murder of family of, VI, 123. 124.
125: XI, 97. 173
Refuses to make treaty X 113
Speech of VII, 55, 358, 360 ; XI 193
Jefferson's authentication of VII 358
380 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Logan's Camp, Jefferson County VIII 213
Logan County, Earthworks of VIII 344
Earthworks in, number of VII 201
Mound explorations in VIII 310
Prehistoric remains in V 273
Logans Elm VII, 56, 350, 360; XI 194
View of VII, Front; VII, 355, 357
Log Cabin Campaign II 177
Logstown , Treaty at XI 102
Washington and Croghan at VI 121
Logstown Conference X 401
London , Reference to Ill 197
London Company , Charter to V vii
Longfellow, H. W., Mention of IV 346
Loramie Creek VIII 479
Loramie, Fort, Description of Ill 301
Loramie's Store, Indian cession of lands near XI 251
Lorain County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 199
Earthworks in, number of VII 188
Prehistoric remains in V 270
Loring, Geo. B., Letter from, at Marietta Centennial .... II 88
Losantiville named by Filson I 233
Lotteries authorized by territorial legislature I 311
Lotteries under Virginia charters V 43
Loudonville, Earthworks at V 178
View of Quick Mound at V, 179, 181
Louisiana, Militia of, called out in Burr Conspiracy I 152
Louisiana Purchase, Influence of, on slavery IV 46
Louis Phillipe visits Gallipolis Ill 78
Louis XIV, Character of " Ill 29
Love, Rev. N. B. C, "Northwest. The" XI 155
"Pioneer, poet, lawyer" X 305
"Rev. L. B. Gurley" X 21
Loveberry, Clarence, Elected as Curator of Society VI 425
Field work of VIII 110
Loveland, Palaeolithic implements found at I 258
Lower Sandusky, Name changed to Fremont II 471
Lowry, Lieut., Indians attack command of IX 218
Lowry, William, Journalist VI 270
Lucas County, Earthworks in, number of VII 191
Erection of IV 168
First court in IV 225
Prehistoric remains in V 270
Index for Volumes I to XL 381
Vol. Page
Lucas, Gov. Robert, Action of, in Ohio-Michigan Bound-
ary dispute II, 342; IV 166
Conference Committee on Ohio-Mich.
dispute reports to IV 221
Letter to, showing attitude of Mich-
igan IV 208
Mention of IV 199
Ohio and Mich. Boundary surveyor's
report to IV 217
Stickney's letter to IV 219
Ludlow, Israel, Field notes of IV 132
Survey of Ohio Congress lands, by IV 131
Lundy, Benjamin, Abolitionist VI 283
Mention of VI , 346 , 352
Philanthropist published by VIII 161
Luther, Martin, Reference to III. 201, 230
Lutheran Church, Jefferson Co VIII 202
Lesquereux, Member of IV 289
Lutheranism, Separatist opposition to VIII 3
Lyle Robert, Condemns Moravian Massacre Ill 291
M
Macadamized roads . IX 430
Macaulay, Quotation from III. 36. 198
MacDuff, McKinley's ancestry traced to X 239
Macferran, David, Sketch of [V 465
MacGahan, J. A., Portrait of IX 142
Sketch of IX 111
Vatralsky's tribute to IX 111
View of burial place of IX 146
Mack, Mrs. John T., "Battle of Lake Erie" X 38
MacLean, J. P., "Aboriginal History of Butler County".... I 64
Address, "The Mound Builders" I 291
Archaeological work of V 257
Description of Adams County Mounds, by V 212
Description of Licking Reservoir Stone Mound, by V 172
Error of, concerning Oxford earthwork I 265
Fowke's Book reviewed by 143
Lecture of. before Society IX
"Mobbing the Shakers of Union Village" XI 1«'S
"Scotch-Highlander.; in America." by IX 250
"Shaker Community of Warren County" 251
Shaker mission to Shawnee Indians XI 215
382 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Pace
MacLean, Society of Shakers (Cleveland) IX 32
"The Mound Builders," Notice of I 109
Madison County, Earthworks in, number of VII 187
Prehistoric remains in V 269
Madison, Dolly, Mention of VI 304
Madison, James —
Member of committee on "debts" I 31
Opinion of, on ownership of Crown lands IV 105
Virginia's cession, on IV 115
Virginia's land claims, on IV 119
Virginia's Territory, extent of, on IV 105
Madison Papers, Mention of IV 116
"Madison's War" X 315
Madison Township (Franklin Co.) Review of history of.. XI 259
Madisonville, Preglacial implements found at I 257
Prehistoric cemetery at VII 165
Prehistoric village site at IV 371
Mad River Valley, Bibliography of earthworks in I 199
Magazine, First Literary I 107
Hcspcrion , The I 372
Magazine of Western History, Quotation from IV 299
Magellan, Voyages of I 168
Mahoning County, Earthworks in, number of VII 200
Erection of VI 217
Prehistoric remains in V 273
Mahoning Valley, Development of VIII 110
Mails, National Road, on IX 471
Mail Routes, Improvement in, on National Road IX 476
Jefferson County , of VI 243
Makers of Ohio, Results of work of II 85
Malta , Earthworks near V 197
View of McHenry Mound near V 198
View of Sherwood Mound at V 197
Malthusianism, Reference to Ill 181
Manchester , Mention of V 335
Mandahs, Houses of IV, 364, 369
Manly, Robert \V. , Pioneer Circuit Rider X 185
Mann, Horace, Mention of VIII 420
Services of IV 276
Teacher VI 53
Mansfield, Applcseed Johnny'< Monument at IX 303
Manufactures, Early account of. in Ohio Ill 91
Franklin's ideas of I 214
Steubenville. at VI 243
Index for Volumes I to XI. 383
Vol. Page
"Manufacture and use of aboriginal stone implements,"
Fowke H 514
Manufacturing, early, in Jefferson County VI 232
Maps, Archseologic, of Ohio V, 256, 286; VII L6fl
Braddock's Road , of IX, 209 , 422 , 432
Collect Pond's on Steam navigation VIII 397
Coxey's Route to Washington IX 175
Distribution of Ohio Indian Tribes, 1740 VII 18
Division of Northwest Territory V 343
Fire lands
First divisions of Northwest Territory X 132
Ft. Meigs , of X 316
Gallatin's, of Ohio, Indian VII 4
Greenville Treaty line XI
Ground plan of Ft. Defiance X 481
Heckewelder's of Northeastern Ohio VIII 279
Indian cessions and reservations in Northwestern
Ohio XI 251
Indian thoroughfares of Ohio VIII
Land grants and surveys in Ohio X 423
Location of Ft. Washington
Military posts and road,. St. Clair's XI 37
National Road IX, 405, 412
"North America in 1050" X 104
"North America in 1750" X 107
Ohio counties at close 18th century V
Ohio counties in 1802 V
Ohio Indian trails on watersheds VIII
Ohio Methodist Conferences, 1901 210
Pennsylvania end of National Road IX 442
Portage Path in Summit County VIII
Shaker lands , North Union , IX
Shaker-Mill family, site of IX, 54, 50 . .58
St. Clair's battleground 41
Steuben, Fort VI
Trumbull County, original V 348
Tuscarawas County ^ HI -"
Wayne County, Original V
Wayne's Route along the Maumee VIII
Wayne's treaty line
• TV '>(i7
Western Pennsylvania lA
Zoar lands VIII Front
Marco Polo visits Asia l j*j
Marietta , Ancestry of settlers at
384 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Marietta, Blennerhasset arrives at
Centennial at I > 339 ;
Centennial Monument at
Character of s'ettlers at '. . . ■ II, 26;
Christening of
Culture of settlers at
Dr. Samuel Hildreth
Earthworks of 1 , 56 ;
Educated pioneers of
Federalists at
First Civil officers at
First Congregational Church at
First court at II ,
First death at
First Fourth of July at
First laws at
Government at I ,
Growth of settlement at
Heckewelder visits
Land office at
Memorial structure at
Militia assembled at, against Burr
Militia established at
Militia law promulgated at
Mention of settlement at
Ohio Company's office at
Resolutions on Centennial at
Picture of settlers at IV,
Prominent settlers at
Physicians of
Settlement at II, 133; VI, 203;
Shipbuilding at
Small-pox at
Society meets at II,
Society resolves to participate in Centennial at. .
St. Clair arrives at
View of Mound in Mound Cemetery at
Marietta Centennial , Arnett's remarks at
Chapin's Address at
Committee for
Congratulatory letters on
Dalzell's Poem at
Dickinson's sermon at
Earthworks at
Vol.
Page
I
129
II
1
I
380
III
109
II
159
III
106
III
241
V
201
II
51
II
187
I
305
II
301
159,
175
II
296
II
159
I
305
303,
304
II
158
VII
336
V
158
II
222
I
152
I
304
III
143
I
338
II
80
I
378
397,
422
II
28
III
241
X
419
III
105
III
243
145.
332
I
95
X
420
II
80
II
141
II
126
I
293
II
234
II
219
II
289
I
346
Index for Volumes I to XL
385
Vol.
Marietta Centennial, Foraker's Address at
General character of
German Pioneers, Address
German Relic Dep't at
Hale's address at
Hayes' address at
Hoar's address at
Hunt, Samuel F., Remarks, at
Lessons of
Loring, Geo. B., Letter of
Mention of ^ *V
Mound Builder and Relic Dep't
Official delegates to
Old china at
Peters, Barnard, Address at
Pioneer Department of
Program of
Relic department of H
Report of Committee on
Smith's address at
Storr's address at
Sturtevant's remarks at
"Triumph of Liberty," Poem at
Tucker's address at
Tuttle's address at JI
Marietta Circuit
Marietta College, Andrews, President of "
Sessions, F. C, Trustee of IV
Tribute to ***
Marietta Colony, Importance of
National influence of
State influence of
Marietta Memorial Structure, Society's resolution concern-
ing ''77 tt
Marietta Pioneers, States represented by
Marietta Settlement, Important events connected with.... 1
Marietta and Harmar, 1788, Site of «
1888, View of "
Marion County, Earthworks in, number of VII
Exploration of mounds in v "
Prehistoric remains in
Maritime Age, The VI
Marriage, Unique ceremony of
Marsh, Prof. O. C, on opening earthworks
25 Vol. XI.
Page
13
10
55
248
94
50
14
91
139
88
401
249
6
247
55
245
o
245
299
18?
99
138
216
64
132
204
259
304
134
146
148
148
332>
47
1
17
49
182
164
268
166,
231
61
386
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Marshall, Chief Justice — Vol.
Decides Kentucky-Indiana Boundary Line IV
English and French claims in Ohio Valley, on IV
Right of Discovery , on II , 364 ,
Slavery, on, IV
Virginia land claims, of V
Marshall, Col James, Mention of Ill, 277,
Marshall, Col. R. D., Address, Gallipolis Centennial at.. Ill
Mention of Ill
Marshall, Humphrey, History of Kentucky I
Martial Law, Declaration of, on account Burr's Conspiracy I
Martin, Dr. Samuel, Account t>f Ill
Martin, Wm. T., Description of early Franklinton, by.... VI
Martzolff, C. L., Perry County History by XI
School celebration of Ohio Centennial
proposed by XI
Maryland, Boundary line of, surveyed ' X
Declaration of, on land cession 1,30; II
Historical documents preserved in II
Secession attitude of '■. IX
Settlement of | X
Maryland Historical Society ' IX
Maryland refuses to accede to Articles of Confederation.. IV
Maryland ratifies Articles of Confederation . IV
Maryland within Virginia limits ' IV
Mason, Governor, Mention of IV
Mason, Gen. John Sanford, Sketch of VI
Mason , Stevens T. , Gov. Michigan IV
Mason and Dixon's Line, Origin of VII
Masonry, Mention of II
Prisoner released by sign of VI
Massachusetts, Influence of, in Ohio II
Historical preservation in II
Part in Marietta Centennial II
Massachusetts Historical Society Ill, 273; IX
Massachusetts Bay Bill I
Massie, Nathaniel —
Character of XI
Manchester and Chillicothe laid out by V
Mention of IV
St. Clair opposed by XI
Surveyor VI
Matilda, Case of, defended by Chase I
Mather, Cotton, Quoted concerning schools Ill
Matthews, Dr. Increase, Account of Ill
Page
74
99
373
269
ix
280
172
12
238
152
257
69
257
83
152
276
427
132
148
243
111
112
98
199
305
211
250
246
142
89
4-27
94
245
226
54
337
266
69
173
115
169
251
Index for Volumes I to XI. 387
Vol. Page
Matthews, John, Account of survey of Seven Ranges VI 197
Indians attack VI 204
Matthews, Justice, Refers to Chase I L25, 126
Matthews, Stanley, Mention of IV 347
Matthews, Thomas J., Level of, donated to Society I 376
Maumee River, Earthworks on X 384
Fort Defiance on Ill 307
Fort Deposit on '• . • III 308
Fort Meigs on Ill 311
Fort Industry on Ill 309
Importance of, to Ohio IV 154
Indian cession of lands on XI, 251, 252, 253
Indian thoroughfare along IX 253
Winchester, Gen., on IX 258
Maumee Rapids , Treaty at 254
Maumee Valley, Epic poem of
Indians of HI 175
Pioneer days in Ill
Maxwell Code l 307
Publication of IN 147
Maxwell, James, Pioneer in Jefferson County VI
Maxwell, Sally, Indian capture of VI, 160,
Mayflower I. U; n 1G1
McArthur, Duncan —
Escape of , from Indians VI
Surveying party with VI
McArthur, Fort, Description of HI
McBride, James, Survey of Fortified Hill, by I
McClellan, Geo. B., Ancestry of VI 101
McClelland, Capt. Robt., Commandant at Fort McArthur.. Ill
McClintock, Win. T., "Ohio's Birth Struggle"
McCook, Col. Geo. W., Railroad promoter VI
Stanton's law partner VI, 220, 341
McCook, Henry C, Author and divine VI
Portrait of VI
McCook, Martha Latimer X]
McCooks "Fighting Family" of VI. 305, 346
McConnelsville , First post-master of
Physicians of
McCullough, Samuel, Perilous leap of ••• jjjj
McDonald, Angus, Ft. Fincastle built by VI, 128;
McDonald, John, Account of J ^55
Letter of, to Gallagher 1 4JJ
Narrow escape of ^ *■ 1(1
195
173
388 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
McDonald , John , "Pioneer Sketches" I, 255 ;
McFarland, R. W. —
Ancient work near Oxford , Ohio
Chillicotlics, The
Forts Loramie and Pickawillany VI]
Notes , Geographical
"Simon Kenton"
Sketch of
McGuffey, W. H., President of Ohio University
Services of
Mctienry Mound at Malta , View of
Mcllvaine,' Chas. P
Mclntire, Alfred, R. , Henry B. Curtis, Memorial Address
by
Sketch of
Mclntire, John, Member of Constitutional Convention ....
Reference to
Mclntire Slave Colony in Jefferson County
Mcintosh , Dr. Nathan , Account of
Mcintosh , Fort , Treaty of
Mcintosh, Gen., Builds forts Ill, 302; VI, 11, 12;
McKinley, William, Ancestry of
Davis' tribute to
Editorial on
Father of
Genealogy of
Greenville Centennial address of....
Memorial poem on
Mention of ..IV, 329, 334; V, 302; VI,
Sketch of
Society's ninth annual report to, 1893
Society's tenth annual report to, 1894
Telegram of, at Gnadenhutten Cen-
tennial
War record of
McKinnon, W. S., Portrait of
McKnight, Charles, Mention of
McLean, John, Nullification opinions of
Tribute to Morrow
McMilan, Dr. Wm., Sketch of VII
McMillen , Emerson , Sketch of
McMillen, Dr. John, Cannonsburg College founded by...
McNeal, Mrs. J. F., Sings "Old Buckeye State"
McNemar , Richard , Sketch of
Vol.
Page
VI
174
I
265
XI
230
VIII
479
X
486
XI
153
IV
464
VI
107
VI
43
V
198
I
116
I
47
IV
465
V
82
III
253
VI
275
III
245
VII
28
186,
394
X
236
VI
360
X
241
VI
243
X
239
VII
207
X
385
28,
346
X
232
IV
396
IV
414
VII
309
X
233
X
126
III
300
X
355
II
204
VIII
136
IV
465
VI
246.
IV
450
XI
219
Index for Volumes I to XI. 389
Vol. Page
McPherson, Gen., Attends Norwalk Academy VI 48
McZena, Mounds near V 182
Meade, Mention of XI 238
Mecklenburg Declaration VIII 259
Inspiration of VI 103
Medina County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 199
Earthworks in, number of VII 197
Prehistoric remains in V 272
Meigs County, Prehistoric remains in V 273
Meigs, Fort, Description of Ill 311
Meigs, Josiah, Land Commissioner IV, 157, 159
Meigs, Return J., Administers laws at Marietta II 158
Governor of Marietta I 303
Judge of Northwest Territory Ill 143
Ohio and Michigan boundary dispute,
on IV 20G
Services of, to Scioto Associates Ill 43
Sketch of XI 58
Winchester's letter to IX 255
Memorial, "Thomas W. Mills," Wilson XI 157
Memorial structure at Marietta, Report on II 222
Mendenhall, T. C, Ohio boundary lines, on IV 127
Western and northern Ohio, boundary
line established IV 145
Mercer County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 200
Earthworks in, number of VII 195
Fort St. Mary's in Ill 307
Prehistoric reamins in V 272
St. Clair's defeat in II 165
Merrill, Mary E. , Sketch of IV 466
Merrill , Stephen Mason , Sketch of V 258
Methodism, Baker, Rev. Henry Ill 206
Beginning of, in Newark X 206
Book Concern established, by Ill 205
Changes in Ohio Conference boundaries X 209
Colleges of Ill 203
Diagram of Ohio Conferences, 1901 X 210
Early, in Ohio VII 311
Early opinions of VI 255
Early revivals and camp meetings of X 211
Experience of pioneer ministers of X 175
First Church of, in America X 167
First in Columbus X 208
First in Fayette County X 207
:-!W
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Methodism, First in Muskingum County X 207
First in Ohio VI 406
First meeting house of, in Ohio X 186
First preacher of, in Ohio Ill 203
First preaching of, in Ohio X 179
Founding of HI 197
German X 204
Hocking Circuit HI 203
Introduction of, into Ohio X 165
Introduction of, into Ohio cities X 187
Itinerant ministers of X 212
John Kobler Ill 204
Letart Falls Circuit, Ministers of Ill 208
Presiding Elders of . . . . Ill 210
Marietta Circuit Ill 204
Muskingum Circuit, 1823 X 189
Muskingum-Kanawha Circuit Ill 204
Northwest Territory, in VI 256
Organization of, in America X 168
Origin of X 165
Pioneer, at Granville X 206
Pioneer, in Southwestern Ohio X 181
Pioneer preaching places of X 178
Ridiculed HI 198
Salary of pioneer preachers of X 190
Scioto Circuit HI 203
Southeastern Ohio, in Ill 202
Statistics of, in Northwest Territory X 217
Steubenville . in VI 255
Stewart's mission work among Wyandots X 199
View of first Church of, in Columbus X 209
White Brown's Barn X 205
Wyandot Mission among X 195
"Methodism in Gallipolis," Baker Ill 206
"Methodism in Northwest Territory," Sermon, Moore.... Ill 196
Methodist Church —
Gallipolis Centennial exercises at Ill 15
Jefferson County, in VIII, 201, 205, 212
Methodists, Finlcy, Rev. J. B., Pioneer minister of VI 2">4
Jefferson County . in VIII 225 . 23 1
Manifestation of zeal among X 191
Number of in Northwest Territory in 1888.... Ill 205
Origin of Camp Meetings among X 173
Scotch-Irish VI 110
Index for Volumes I to XL 391
Vol. Page
Methodists, Statistics of, in Northwest Territory VIII 456
Wesleyan, Connection with "Underground
R. R." IV SI
Metz, D. C. L., Mention of I 258
Mexican Indians, Methods of making flint implements.... II 523
Mexican War, Character of VI 376
Grant's service in XI 23 \
Loan for IV 255
Mention of IV 253
Ohio in II 171
Mexico, Buried cities in I 319
Legends of I, 325, 329
Origin of aborigines of VI 60
Origin of natives of I 328
Sculptured disc from V _'">4
War with, planned by Burr I 145
Miami, Great, Chillicothe on XI 230
Ft. Hamilton on Ill 304
Miami , Fort , Description of Ill 301
Miami , Indian Conference on VII 226
Miami, Little, Prehistoric race of ' IV 371
Prehistoric village sites of IV, 370, 371
Miami County, Bibliograpby of earthworks in I 200
Earthworks in, number of VII 187
Fort Piqua in Ill 307
Prehistoric remains in V 2 1
Miami Indians, Ohio, in VI 78
Treaty with III. 142 ; VI 204
Miami Purchase H 1 ' i -
Miami University, I 106
Junkin, Dr., President of VI 106
Miami Valley, Account of HI 1 <3
Rich field for preglacial investigation I 64
"Miami Woods" and other Poems
Selections from II 324
Miamisburg Mound
Proposed purchase of XI
Miantonomah, Chief, Monument to, View of 5
Sketch of XI
Mica found in Mounds II, 402; XI
Michaux, F. A., Book on Western travels I
Michigan, Attitude of, toward Ohio boundary dispute IV 208
Growth of VIII 451
392 Ohio Arch, and- His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Michigan, Legislature of, petitions Congress on Ohio and
Michigan dispute IV 190
Territory of, organized IV 155
Applies for admission IV 228
Attacks Ohio surveyors IV 217
Demands admission IV 224
Disputes Ohio's boundary IV 1GG
Michigan-Ohio Boundary dispute II 342
Michigan-Ohio Boundary Line IV ' 127
Miffln, Ohio, View of Kame at V 178
Migration, Cause of III,. 181, 182, 184
Causes of Irish Ill 182
Lessons learned from Ill 192
Results of HI 186
Migration of Gothic tribes Ill 181
Migration to Gallipolis, Cause of Ill 188
"Migrations and their lessons" Sermon, Gladden Ill 178
Militia, Established in Northwest Territory I, 304; VII 253
Law providing for Ill 143
Officers of under first Constitution V 143
Ohio-Michigan War, in IV 167
Organization of, in Northwest Territory. .. .1, 308; III 353
Re-organized by Chase I 122
States', called out in Burr Conspiracy I 152
Territorial laws on IX 216
Ward Co. Va., vandalize home of Blennerhassett. . I 154
Military bounty lands petitioned for II 167
Military correspondence, Ohio, Society seeks to preserve.. IV 385
Military Day, Jefferson County Centennial VI 370
"Military posts, forts and battlefields within State of Ohio" III 300
Military relics, Collection of, at Ohio Centennial II 542
Military significance of earthworks, Janney responds to toast
to V 305
Military Tract, Extent of, U. S X 486
Gallatin's report on V 155
Reservation of school lands in V 78
Miller, Col. John, Portrait of VI 270
Miller, Thomas E., Sketch of IV 466
Mill, Floating, on Scioto Ill 103
Millgrove, Prehistoric village site at IV 371
Millstones, First in Ohio II 240
Mills, John, Ohio Company Associates, in Ill 115
Mills, W. C, Curator's report by, 1901 X 78
Curator's report by, 1902 XI 86
Index for Volumes I to XI. 393
Vol. Page
Mills, W. C, Election of, as Curator of Society VII 292
"Excavations of the Adena Mound" X 451
Field work by, 1899 VIII 368
Field work report VIII 309
"Fish hooks found at Baum Village site".... IX 520
Lectures of, on Anthropology X 88
Memorial to Thomas Wilson, by XI 157
"Painted Skeletons" XI 246
Pan-American exhibit in charge of X 74
Mills, William Stowell, "Lake County and its founder".... X 361
Mingos, Battle of Point Pleasant, in XI 181
Mention of V 192
Ohio , in VI 75
Mingo Bottom , Mention of VI 18
Rendezvous of volunteers on VI 150
Mingo Town, Washington visits VI 122
Mingo Villages, Franklin Co., Crawford destroys VI 8
Ministerial land II 303
Western Reserve II 480
Ministers, Bascom, Rev VI 259
Bigelow , Rev. , Pioneer VI 256
Clark, Dr. Alexander, Account of VI JIT
Early, in Jefferson County VI 231
Lands sold for support of VI 36
Merrill, Stephen Mason VI 258
Negro , Jefferson County VI 279
Rea, Dr. John VI 214
Pioneer VI, 254. 271
Prebyterian, first ordained, in Ohio VI 259
Simpson , Matthew VI 257
Minute Men, Mention of IV 232
Missionaries, Asbury, Francis Ill 201
Bates, Issaacher XI 220
Burke, William Ill 203
Darrow, David XI 218
, Early Baptist I 240
Early , Mention of V 193
Heckewelder, John VI 147
Indian II 143
Jones, David, among Indians VII 52
Kobler, John HI 204
McNemar, Rickard XI 219
Methodist HI 201
Moravian VII
394 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page ;
Missionaries, Post, Chas. F., among Ohio Indians VII 40
Post , Christian Frederick VII 319
Shaker XI 218
Western Reserve, to VI 45
Youngs, Benjamin XI 218
Missions , Jesuit -. : XI 215
Shaker, Indians to XI, 215, 221
Shaker Propaganda of XI 217
Shaker zeal for ' X 260
Wyandot X 195
"Mission of the Spring," Gurley X 24
Mississippi, Militia of, called out in Burr Conspiracy.... I 152
Mississippi River, Importance of navigation of II 71
Navigation of , free 11,169; IV 11
Mississippi Valley, French and English competition for.... X 398
Missouri Compromise I 121
Mention of IV 268
Mitchell, Dr. Robert, Account of Ill 256
Mitchell's Map, authority for early land boundaries IV 203
Moats of prehistoric earthworks IV 371
Mob, St. Clair attacked by XI ( 66
"Modern Customs of Savage Origin," Paper, Hart I 297
Modified cession of Virginia V 59
Mohawks, Mention of IV 297
Mohegans, Tribe of XI 2
Moncure, Rev. John, Sermon, Gallipolis Centennial 11116,221
Monfort, Elias R., Sketch of IV 467
Monnett , Frank, Mention of V 320
Monongahela Trail VIII 278
Monographs, Educational and historical II 438
Monroe County, Earthworks in. Number of VII 200
Prehistoric remains in V 273
Monroe, James, Character of administration of . . . IV 252
Constutionality of National Road decided
by IX 426
Letter of, to Jefferson on Northwest Ter-
ritory VI 72
Mention of IV, 9; V 58
Survey Ohio-Michigan boundary directed
by IV 162
Montcalm, Marquis de, Mention of Ill 76
Montgomery County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 272
Earthworks in . number of VII 185
Largest earthwork in State, in I 341
Index for Volumes I to XL 395
Vol. Page
Montgomery County, Prehistoric remains in V 268
Monument , Cornstalk's IX 25
Ft. Washington, unveiling of X 1
Keokuk's VIII 14
Red Jacket's IX 20
"Monuments to historical Indian Chiefs," Taylor.... IX, 1; XI 1
Moody, Roderick S. , Stanton assaulted by VI 219
Moon, Mexican legend concerning I 330
Moorehead, Warren K —
Annual report of, to Society 1894. IV 421
Annual report of, to Society, 1895 V 283
Annual report of , to Society 1896 V, 298, 318
Archaeological research of VI 443
Elected to Society IV, 421 , 436
Field work of, Report of V, 165; VII 110
Fort Ancient, Description of 111,313; IV 362
Indian Tribes of Ohio by VII 1
Mounds opened by in 1888 II 534
Resigns as Curator VI 425
Responds to "Archasology of Ohio" IV 448
Suggestion of, that Society do field work IV 400
Work of V, Preface V 324
Moore, Dr. W. E., Ft. Ancient, interested in VIII 356
Religious history of State, on I 94
Responds to toast to "Treasures of Ft.
Ancient" V 304
Responds to toast to "Value of personal
history" IV 449
Sketch of IV, 467; VIII 474
Portrait of VIII 474
Moore, Rev. David, Sermon, Gallipolis Centennial .... Ill, 15, 196
Moore, Mordecai, Account of VI 213
Moore vs. Gano, Noted case of VI 339
Morality, Necessity of V 55
Moravian Church, First at Gnadenhutten VII 321
Origin of VII 306
Moravian Indians, VIII _'''.l
Descendants of VI 144
Lands granted to VII 333
Location of VI 393
Massacre of VI. 143. 401; VII. 69. 331
Mementoes of VI 147
Monument to VII 301
View of VII 335
Revolutionary War . in VI 59
396 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Moravian Indians, Suffering of, at Upper Sandusky VII 330
Moravian Massacre, Carpenter, John, witness of VI 189
Condemned Ill 291
Details of Ill 293
Names of victims of Ill 298
False history of Ill 289
Farrar, Paper on Ill 276
Moravian Missionaries on the Muskingum VII 48
Moravian Missions, British remove VII, 327, 332
Revolutionary War affects VII 321
Mention of IV 34
New Salem, at X 221
Moravian Village, Crawford's expedition at VI 18
Moravians, Arrival of, in America VII 307
Broadhead, Col., Consultation with VII 64
Congress recompenses VII 70
Expedition against Ill 280
Massacre of 111,283; VI 74
Mention of Ill 107
Missionary spirit among VII 307
Mission stations on Tuscarawas VII 321
Removal of, from Muskingum VII 67
Morgan, Col., informs President of Burr's plans I 151
Morgan, William, Reference to Ill 197
Morgan County, Earthworks in V 197
Earthworks in, number of VII 184
Prehistoric rejnains in V 267
Mormons at Kirtland . O VI 49
Morrison, Dr. Nathan J. —
Address: "A century and its lessons" Ill 27
Sketch of IV 468
Morris, Thomas, Boyhood days of X 353
Mention of VI 432
Nullification, on X, 355, 357
Ohio legislature, in X 354
Practice of law by X 352
U. S. Senate, in X 357
Morrow County, Earthworks in, number of VII 189
Prehistoric remains in V 270
Morrow , Jeremiah , Ancestry of II 198
Anecdotes of II 205
Clay's tribute to II 200
Durban Ward's opinion of II 203
Educational advantages of II 212
Index for Volumes I to XI. 397
Morrow, Jeremiah, Justice McLean's tribute to
Public services of
Simplicity of
Sketch of II, 187, 197,;
Morse, John F. , Black laws introduced by
Moses ,' Thomas F. , Sketch of
Mound Builder relic department, Marietta Centennial
Mound Builders, Civilization of
Connection with Indians
Culture of, in Scioto Valley
Editorial on
Implements of
Indians compared with
Indian traditions of
Mathematical knowledge of
Numbers of
Occupation of
Ohio, in
Personal appearance of
Popular errors regarding
Population centers of
Probable age of
Teeth of
Theories concerning
Traditions of
Types of
Use of pickets by
"The . " Address , MacLean
Notice of book on, MacLean
"Mound Builders' fort within Toledo's limits," Knabenshue
"Mound Builders of Ohio," Knabenshue *
(See Adena Mound.)
(See Earthworks.)
Mounds, Advancement in exploration of
Age of II, 388
Alligator
Built by Indians
Burials found in
Butcher, Homer, Ohio, View of
Clermont County, opened in
Coral found in
Crematory in
Delaware County , of
DeSoto's account of
Vol.
Page
II
204
II
199
II
212
XI
58
I
119
IV
468
II
249
II
382
X
70
VII
132
IX
530
II
393
II
400
II
394
II
385
II
383
II
399
X
395
II
390
II
380
II
388
I
185
II
391
XI
150
XI
28
III
314
I
268
I
291
I
109
X
381
XI
148
II
381
X
70
VI
436
X
70
VII
117
VIII
316
II
534
VII
120
vir
116
VII
164
II
397
398 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Mounds, "Dumps" of VII 128
Eagle VI 435
Effigy X 231
Effigy in Perry County V 174
Evident use of XI 136
Explorations of, in Licking County and Knox
County • VIII 313
in Logan County VIII 310
in Pickaway County VII 112
Flat stones against sides of VII 139
Fort Ancient (See Fort Ancient) IV 368
Fort Hill VI 436
Hopewell Group of VI 443
Indians erect II 398
Jackson County, in VII 163
Jefferson County, in VI 139, 348
Kirkpatrick, Utica, Ohio VIII 329
Labor necessary for erection of II 383
Largest in state I 341
Larimore Group of VIII 319
Marion County, in VII 164
Materials for II 389
Miamisburg, proposed purchase of XI 76
Mica found in VII 129
Military purposes of X 383
Moorehead's opening of, in 1888 II 534
Mound Cemetery, Marietta, view of II 80
Natchez Indian II 397
Number of , in Ohio VII 167
Plan of Snake Den Group VII 113
Platform . . .| •. VII 142
Poetic reference to XI 156
Preservation of, in Ohio I 288
Ross County, in VIII 342
Scientific exploration of IV 406
Sepulcher X i 1
Serpent , offered to Society IV 400
Saved, F. W. Putnam I 187
Silver found in VII- 120
Skeletons found in VII 125, 159
Snake Den Group of VII 111
Steubenville, near VI 195
Stone box found in VII 120
Stone, Licking Reservoir, Cross section of V 169-171
index for Volumes I to XI. 399
'Mounds, "The Haunted"
Tunnelling of
Turner Group of
View of Post Molds in
Williams, at Homer, view of
Mt. Pleasant, Literary Center
Municipal Government
Murdock, James E., Mention of
Murfreesboro, Mention of
Murray, Lindley, Mention of IV, 316;
Musci Alleghenienses. Published by Sullivant
Musci exsiccati Americani, Publication of
Museum , Blackmore
Ohio, State, Founding of. ■.
Fireland's Historical Society's
Society's 1, 336; VI, 419; VIII, 330;
Accessions to, in 1898
Donation to
Growth of V, 319, 322;
Inventory of
Orton Hall, in
Report of Committee on, 1896
"Music," Poem
.Muskingum, Bouquet's expedition to VI, 117;
Early description of
Early description of valley of
Earthworks of
Floating mill on
Ft. Harmar , on
Indians harass settlements on
Indian military operations upon
Low culture of prehistoric people on
McDonald's expedition to
Moravians on HI , 107 ;
Salt Springs on.' HI . 101 ;
Muskingum Academy, Erection of
Muskingum County —
Bibliography of earthworks in
Description of earthworks in
Earthworks in, Number of
Mention of
Pioneer Methodism in
Prehistoric remains in
• Muskingum-Kanawha Circuit
Vol.
Page
VII
123
VII
127
IV
375
VIII
318
VIII
315
VIII
161
XI
210
XI
203
IV
303
VI
107
IV
287
IV
287
VI
442
IV
400
X
222
X
86
VIII
332
X
88
XI
91
VII
288
V
288
V
313
X
29
VII
43
III
84
III
108
V
203
III
105
III
302
VI
204
VI
397
V
189
XI
175
VII
48
V
77
II
306
I
273
V
196
VII
177
IV
230
X
207
V
265
III
204
400 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Mu>kingum Trail, View of VIII 264
Muskingum Treaty VII 236
Muskingum Valley —
Earthworks of V 176
Humeri from V 241
Pestles and sandstone tubes from V 244
Pictographs of V 200
Pioneer Physicians of Ill 241
Stone axes from V 245
View of spears and discoidals from V 239
Mutes Chronicle, Mention of IV 290
Myers, Michael, Crawford's expedition, in VI 155
Jefferson County "pathfinder" VIII 219
"My Jewels," Reference to IV 382
Unveiling of IV 396, 399
N
Nails, Manufacture of, in Jefferson County VI 232
Nantes, Edict of, Influence of IV 279
Napoleon, Mention of 1, 137; III 74
Narragansetts , Tribe of XI 2
Nash, Geo. K., Address, Pan-American Exposition X 127
Nast , William , Pioneer German Methodist X 204
Portrait of X 204
Nationality, Declaration of I 31
National Debt, First promulgation of idea of I 31
National Hotel, Columbus, Mention of IV 210
National Road —
Accidents on IX 469
Act authorizing IX 418
Advertisement for bids for 1X518,519
Advertisement for tavern on IX 519
Appropriations for building IX 434, 511
"Big Crossings" bridge on IX 473
Bridges on IX 400
Bridge, View of IX 494
Coaching speed on IX 467
Coach fares on IX 470
Coach lines on IX 460-468
Columbus Coach lines on IX 468
Committee for laying out IX 421
Comparative cost of, with railways IX 441
Constitutionality of. questioned IX 426
Index for Volumes I to XI. 401
Rational Road — Continued. Vol. Page
Contract notice of, in Ohio IX 138
Cost of '. 1X425, 50)
Description of taverns on IX 484
First Report of Commissioners of IX 496
First results of IX 431
Land appropriated for IX 417
Legislation for IX 11")
Loads hauled over IX 465
Indiana-Illinois end of IX 439
Route of IX 412
Influence of IX 406, 493
Mail coaches on IX 471
Map of IX 405
Map of, in Pennsylvania IX 422, 142
Mention of IV 300
Milestones on IX 162
Ohio, Map of IX 412
Ohio to the Mississippi IX 433
Ohio transfers to County Commissioners IX 45ti
Operation and control of IX 443
Pioneer route over IX 407
Prominent men connected with building of IX 443
Prominent travellers on IX 41>2
Provision for V 74 , 77
Revenue from IX 453
Route of IX 436, 501
Second report of Commissioners of IX 507
Selection of route IX 418
Site of Bloody Ford on IX 517
Stage coaches and freighters on IX 458
Stage lines on IX 451
State laws for protection of IX 446
Structure of IX 430
Taverns on IX 477
Tolls collected on 1X447, 457
Toll system on IX 150
Towns on IX 503
Transfer of, to States IX 111
Various attitudes toward IX 425
View of Chestnut Ridge on IX 473
View of, entering Columbus IX 517
View of '-Old Timers" IX 488
Views of Taverns on IX 500
Views of Pennsylvania Taverns on IX 480
26 Vol. XI.
402 Ohio Arch, ahd His. Society Publications.
National Road — Continued.
Width of
"National Road, - ' I [ulbert
National Territory, Slavery excluded from
Navigator, The
On Steuben vi lie
Navy , Whipple's exploits in
Nay lor, James Ball, "Sign of the Prophet," by
Necrology, Gilmore, Wm. J
Shaker at North Union
Neeramer, Charles, Makes Chart of Ft. Ancient
Negroes, Education of, in Ohio
Eligibility to office
Franchise rights of
Increase of, in Northwest Territory VII
Jefferson County , in
Politics of
Recognition of
Religious revivals of
Schools for
Suffrage of
Superstition of
Witchcraft among
Neuchatel , Home of Lesquereux
Newark, Beginning of Methodism in
Earthworks at I, 57, 346; V, 201;
Pioneer days in
Preservation of earthworks at
Whipping Post in
Newark Works, Bibliography of
New Athens, College at VIII
Newberry. Dr. J. S. commends sessions on Sanitary Com-
mission IV 302
NVw Connecticut (See Western Reserve).
Education in VI M
Mention of ,
New England, Influence of, on Ohio
Pioneers f r< <m
Seamen of, in Revolution
New Englanders. Ohio settled by
New Jersey, Historical Collections of
Historical Society of
Howe's history of
New Lexington. MacGahan's burial place at
New Orleans welcomes Burr
Vol.
Page
IX
491
IX
105
I
121
I
165
VI
239
II
181
X
.>!»
V
320
IX
108
IV
399
VI
322
V
124
V
115
VIII
450
VI
275
VI
282
VIII
435
VI
277
II
142
X
346
VI
280
VI
281
IV
280
X
206
VI
435
I
243
III
262
I
250
I
198
VIII
135
V340,
347
II
94
IX
325
I
13
X
132
IV
319
IX
245
II
450
IX
146
I
14*
Index for Volumes J to XI. -103
Voi- Page
New Orleans Exposition, Ohio Commissioners of, Dona-
tions to Society 1 298
"New Year's Night , " Poem VI 308
New York, Documentary history of Ill 278
Historical Collections of IV 318
Historical preservation in i II !-'»
Historical Society of Ill, JT.'i ; IX 215
Howe's history of II 1 b r >
Notice of book on , Roberts I 109
Political complexion of, in 1800 I 139
Western lands ceded by IV 114
Newspapers —
American Pioneer VIII 151
American Review, Quotation from I V 239, 2 13
Anti-Masonic VI 278
Archaeologist, The, Publication of IV 419
Backivoodsman I WA
Blackwood's Magazine IV 270
Cincinnati Gazette II, 310; VI 110
Cincinnati Gazette, Publishes Vinton's argument IV 65
Cincinnati Mirror I 3G5
Commercial Register I 8M
Continental Gazette, first promulgation of freedom. .. . VI 104
Fogg's Journal Ill 198
Gallipolis Bulletin, Account of Centennial by Ill 12
Genius of Universal Emancipation IV, 56; VI M
Harper's Monthly. Mention of IV 304
Hesperion, The, Mention of
Kentucky Gazette I r :,7 6
Literary Journal and Monthly Review commends Anti-
Slavery speech II -309
Louisville Courier II 814
North British Review IV I7<|
Nugitna VIII 55
Ohio State Journal IV 12
Mention of I l "
Olden Times Ill 105
Philanthropist II, 310; VIII 101
Republican Ledger, Steubenville VI 278
Saturday Evening Chronicle I
School Day Visitor VI 248
Sentinel. The. First in the Northwest VI 241
Steubenville Gazette VI J71
Steubenville Herald VI 216, 2TQ
404 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Newspapers — Continued. Vol. Page
St. Nicholas Magazine, Beginning of VI 248
Western Intelligence IV 42
Western Minerva I 361
Western Tiller I 361
Western Star XI 206
Newspapers, First in Ohio Valley I 106
Jefferson County, in VI 270, 351
Shakers interdict X 285
Ncwson Alfred, Artist VI 299
Niagara Falls,. Age of I 181
Niagara, Battle of X 41
Noble County, Earthworks in, Number of VII 198
Prehistoric remains in . V 273
Noble, Henry C , Mention of | IV 270
Sketch of , IV 469
Normal' Schools, first in America , VI 53
Western Reserve Teachers' Seminary... _ VI 49
NormaH University \ XI 202
Founding of g XI 20 1
Norwalk , Academy at VI 48
"North America in 1650," Map of \ X 104
Northern States, Ordinance of 1787, principles in * I 12
North Union — *'
Character of Shakers at IX 113
East family residence at IX 52
Girls' residence at... , IX 99
Mill Family, site of, in | IX 54
Prominent Shakers at IX 85
Residence of Middle Family IX 45
Shaker Brethren at IX 106
Shaker Church at IX 47
Shaker families at IX 53
Shaker Hospital at IX 65
Shaker Sisters at " IX 105
Shaker Society of IX 35
View of Grist Mill at IX 46
View of Hemlock Grove at IX 76
View of Shaker Dam at IX 77
View of Wash-House at IX 107
Northwest, The, American Flag over X 116
Conflict over X 52
Conquest of Posts in X 113
English Flag over X 110
English-French Competition for X 103
Index for Volumes I to XI. 405
Vol. Page
Northwest, The, French Flag over X 102
Government established over X 116
Historical Sketch of VIII 376
Under three flags X 101
"Northwest, The," Love XI 155
Northwest Territory V 326
Aboriginal Condition of II 150
Alteration of Boundary of V 68
Andrews' Study on II 267
Application for erection of State in... V 69
Area of VIII 452
Chillicothe, Capital of V 339
Church Statistics, in VIII 456
Clause for formation of States in.... XI 59
Climate of II 51
Condition in 1797 VI 62
Controversy in Legislature V 340
Court Fees in HI W
Court organized in Ill 143
Differences between Governor and
Judges HI 1**
Division of V, 64; III 42
Education in VIII 448
Early History of II 150
Early Settlements in XI
Extent of H 50
First Acts General Assembly Ill 150
First Counties in V 329
First division for government V xii
First General Assembly 311
First Grand Jury in HI 145
First Judges of HI 141
First Laws in.... I, 8, 305, 306, 311; III 143
First Lawyer in HI 145
First Officers in H 161
Formation of " 1*1
' French and Canadian Title Confirmed V 47
General Assembly of IH 148
Government of.. I, 23; II, 161; V, 61,
64; VIII, 439 XI 46
Growth of VI, 73; VIII 449
Indian title to VII 252
Industrial Achievements of II 17
Influence of Greenville Treaty VII 240
406
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Northwest Territory, Laws on profane language in
Legislation in
Legislature for
Members of
Maps of divisions of V. 343;,
Members of Territorial Council
Methodism in Ill, 202;
Militia Laws of
Money expended for Education
Monroe's description of
National Government's attitude toward
Officers of V, xii, 61;
Ordinance for government
Organized law needed in
Poem on
Probate Courts established
Proposed Boundaries and States
Religious freedom in
Representation in Legislature of
Sabbath Laws in
Second law enacted in
Second Assembly
Settlements of.... VI, 62; VIII, 438;
Slavery in
States' claims to
States formed from II, 128;
States to be erected from. ... II, 340;
Statistics on cereals in
St. Clair removed as governor
Teachers' salaries in
Territorial government in
Third Assembly of
Titles to
United States officers from
Virginia influence on
Wealth of
"Northwest Territory," Arnett
Nullification in Ohio
"Nullification in Ohio , " Ryan
Nullification, Ohio opposes IX, 301 ;
Vinton on
Nurseries, first in Ohio
Vol. Page
III
146
I
S03
II
1G6
I
310
X
432
I
310
X
217
IX
215
VIII
453
VI
72
II
151
X
117
V
50
I
22
X
170
III
146
IV
202
VIII
448
V
340
III
146
III
144
I
313
X
118
V-
57
X
116
X
487
V 56
, 59
VIII
454
XI
68
VIII
454
I
309
I
316
VII
246
VIII
457
II
24
VIII
453
VIII
433
IX
290
II
413
X355
,356
IV
248
VI
289
Index for Volumes I to XI. 407
O Vol. Page
Oaths, Official V 145
Oberlin, Anti-Slavery influence of II 143
Oberlin College, Sessions, trustee of IV 304
Occupation, Rights of II 363
Occupations of prehistoric races IV 372
Officers, Civil, under first Constitution V 144
Militia, under first Constitution V 143
Under Ordinance of 1787 V 52
Ohioans, Prominence of VI 328, 358
Ohio, Act of Congress for Admission of IX 285
Act recognizing State of V 1G3
Address on, Peaslee I 91
Admission of II, 168, 194; V, xii; X 432
American Revolution in VI, 130; XI 102
Application of, for Statehood IV, 204; V
Archaeological and historical collections in, List of.. I 395
Archaeologic Map of IV, 421; V, 256, 286; VI 420
Archaeology of, Importance of study of I 55
Riches of VI 431
Archaeological spoil of Europe I
Attraction of, for east VI 121
Battlefields of HI 300
Bibliography of earthworks in 1 , 69 , 191 , 272
Bienville's expedition to X 400
Boundary line of IV, 185; V, 75,345, 347; XI 61
Civil War in II 171
Condition of, at time of settlement II 145
In Ice Age I 1S1
Condition of schools of, in 1845 IV
Conditions imposed upon, before admission IX
Congress approves Constitution of IX
Establishes northern boundary of IV 170
Proposes admission of IX
Constitutional Convention at Chillicothe V
Constitutional Convention establishes state lines IV
Constitution of, establishes boundary IV 135, 185
Contemporary description of, Crevecoeur
In 1788 HI 82
Contest on boundary of
Country of, possibilities of I
County of, Formation of VI
Courts, provided by first General Assembly Ill 151
408
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Ohio, Descendants from Scotch-Irish in
Description of, in 18-16
Diverse settlements in
Documentary history of
Doddridge's description of primitive
During the Revolution
Early account of agriculture in
Education in
Game in
Government for
Manufacturing in
Early annalists of
Early description of, by Lord Hillsborough
Fertility of
Timber of
Early geographical knowledge of
Early history of
Early Judiciary, early laws and Bar of
Early navigation of rivers in
Early settlements in : . .
Eastern boundary line of
Enabling Act for
English-French competition for
English fur traders in
Factors in growth of
First Constitutional Convention of Ill, 151;
First Constitution of IV, 30; V, 131, 132;
First General Assembly of
First Methodist preacher in
First officers of
First sermon in
First steps toward statehood
Formation of
Fugitive Slave law of
Garden of Eden in
Gist travels through
Great Seal of
Harris Line re-marked by
Historical Collections of
Historical and pioneer societies in, List of
Howe, the historian of
visits, to write history of
Ideal Indian home
Immigration to
v^OL.
Page
VI
105
IV
324
X
422
III
275
VI
112
X
395
III
90
III
94
III
91
III
95
III
91
I
239
III
92
III
86
III
87
VI
115
X
395
III
141
III
91
III
202
IV
6
V 71
, ~i
X
399
VI
in
II
148
Vxiii, 80
IX
280
III
151
III
203
III
151
II
289
III
151
V
344
IV
62
X
225
X
401
X392
, 489
IV
167
IV
313
I
402
IV
311
IV
322
VI
88
II 102,
, 168
Index for Volumes I to XI. 409
Vol. Page
Ohio, Indian occupancy of VI, 75, 113; X 396
Industrial development of X 135
Kilbourne's Map of, Mention of IV 37
Legislative Act for Admission of II 341
Legislature, first, of IX 288
Major Stickney reimbursed by IV 229
Members of first Constitutional Convention in IX 280
Men of II 172
Mexican War, in II 171
Military papers of, Society seeks to preserve IV 385
"Mound Builders of," Knabenshue XI 148
Natural advantages of VI, 321; X 130
Negro race in VI 322
Northern boundary of IV 152, 165
Correspondence concerning. . IV 174
Opening of Revolution in X 407
Organization of government for, considered I 317, 318
Original extent of VIII 264
Palaeolithic man, in V 284
Part of Quebec XI 168
"Pioneer day in Central'/' Curtis I 243
Popular education in VI 322
Preglacial man in I 257
Prehistoric races in X 395
Prehistoric remains in V 274
Preparation for war in Ohio and Michigan dispute.. IV 220
President directs survey of boundaries IV 193
Probable location of Federal capital in Ill 95
Prominent sons of X 139
Prominent U. S. officials from VIII 457
Public lands in V xiii
Putnam's Map of V 1
Question as to northern boundary of IV 153
Randolph's report on admission of V 159
"Relation of the glacial period to Archaeology" in... I 174
Preservation of lands in V, 72, 74, 77
Scotch-Irish influence on VI 111
Seat of government of V 145
Second General Assembly in Ill 152
Survey of lands in I\ 131
Surveyors of, attacked I\ 217
Terraces found in I 176
Territorial government of XI 45
Third General Assembly Ill 152
410 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Ohio, Towns of, in 1802 IV 34
"Underground R. R." in IV 44
Under the French flag X 397
Virginia boundary line of IV 64
Western boundary of IV, 128; V 66
Ohio Centennial I 339
History and failure of IX 393
Kilbourne reports on IX 390
Society's proposed part in, (Toledo) VIII 367
State, Legislative enactment for XI 76
Ohio Company X 106
Absorbed by Grand Company (1748) I 219
Action of Congress toward IV 9
Agents of I 20
Andrews on II 270
Cost to, defending the frontier I 285
Directors of, summoned before U. S. Senate IV 27
Donation Tract of IV 25
Early account of settlement of Ill 89
Educational provisions VI 37
Fac simile of signatures of members of.... II 224
First X, 105, 152, 399
Influence of, on Ordinance of 1787 IV 10
Invests in Georgia Loan Office Certificates.. II 226, 232
Location of purchase advised by Hutchins.. Ill 103
Meeting of, in Philadelphia IV 24
Mention of I 207
Military service of II 227
Objects of II 224
Organization of II, 80; IV 7
Organization of, 1748 VII 20
Origin of I 37
Petitions Congress against removal of troops I 284
Purchase of land by VI 203
Results of purchase of II 42
Rights to land established by X 112
Scioto Associates joined with IV 11
Second X 117, 416
Sells site of Gallipolis Ill 59, 133
"Services of, in defending frontier," Cutler I 283
Settlement of II 156
Surrenders interest in Scioto Company As-
sociates HI 129
Index for Volumes I to XI. 411
Vol. Page
Ohio Company, Validity of land sales made to Scioto As-
sociates IV 26
Ohio Company and Scioto Purchase, Beginning of IV 1
Ohio Company's Office, View of II 80
Ohio Company's Purchase, A private contract I 34
Confirmation of Ill 132
Cutler's and Sargent's letters concerning... Ill 138
Map of Ill 121
Ohio Company of Associates —
Extent of purchase of Ill 119
Map, showing purchase of... Ill 117
Negotiation of purchase of lands for Ill 115
Organization of 1,20; III 115
Purchase of I 5
Reservations in purchase in Ill 120
Ohio Day, Columbian Exposition IV 399
Pan-American Exposition 123
Ohio Educational Monthly, Mention of IX 251
Notice of X 121
Ohio Forts HI 300
Ohio-Indiana Boundary Line IV 127, 135
Field notes of survey of IV 132
Ohio-Indiana Boundary Commission, Society to publish re-
port of IV 385
"Ohio Indians," Address on, Taylor VI 72
Revolutionary War "\ I 13
Ohio Land Company, Mention of Ill
Ohio Mayflower X 419
Ohio-Michigan Boundary dispute —
Attorney General's opinion I\
Boundary line of I*
Commissioners effect compromise 1^
Conference Committee's report to Governor IV
Congress settles II » 344 ; IV 22 <
Court held in Toledo 1^
Crisis reached I '
Exercise of jurisdiction over disputed territory I\
Extent of disputed territory IV
Fatalities resulting from 1^
Federal intervention in I '
Galloway on IV
Governor orders re-survey 1^ - n>
Harris line established IV 206. 216
412
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Ohio-Michigan Boundary Dispute — Continued. Vol. Page
Influence of spoils system on IV 210
Legislature establishes new counties IV 207
Legislature in special session IV 220
Major Stickney IV 218
Map of disputed lines IV 215
Michigan militia called out IV 213
Militia sent to Toledo IV 224
Mitchell's map, cause of IV 204
Ohio militia called out IV 213
Ohio petitions Congress for decision IV 207
Ohio prepares for war IV 220
Ohio surveyors attacked IV 217
Politics in IV 214
President appoints Commissioners , IV 215
President intercedes IV 214
President orders survey of Fulton's line IV 207
President removes Governor Mason IV 224
Report of conference with President IV 221
Settlement of IV 171
Surveyor's report to Governor Lucas IV 217
Ohio-Michigan War IV 166
Ohio Monument at Columbian Exposition IV 382
Ohio-Pennsylvania Boundary line, re-survey of IV 127
"Ohio Presidents" IX 531
Ohio Purchase II 272
"Ohio Railroads," Kayler IX 189
Ohio Rangers VI 165
Ohio River, Absence of Indians on VI 82
Boats on VI 242
Common highway V 61
Early commerce, on I 297
Early description of Ill 83
Early packet boats on, Ill 104
Franklin suggests colony on I 212
Indians place boundary at IX 216
Mounds along V 214
Proposed boundary between whites and
Indians VI 206
Ships on Ill 105
Ohio Rivers, Early navigation on VII 15
Ohio State Journal . Mention of I 371
Ohio State University. Mention of IV 400
Specimens from collection of V 247
Ohio University I 106.
Index for Volumes I to XI. 413
Vol. Page
Ohio University, Early account of Ill 94
Establishment of I 317
McGuffey, President of VI 107
Mention of ' Ill 164
Ohio Valley during the Revolution X 409
Early travellers of I 230
Explorations in IV 98
French claims in IV. 99; XI 102
French-English dispute on II 377
French publications concerning I 230
Importance of IX 210
Indians during Revolution, in X 410
Literary periodicals of I 201
Strategic base I IS
Under American flag X 111
Washington's ambitions for IX 2 11
Washington's intention to locate in I 14, 15
Ohio vs. U. S IV 199
Ohio-Virginia Boundary —
Analagous to Kentucky-Indiana Line IV 73
Effect of "Compromise" on IV 124
Vinton's argument and part in IV 67, 238
"Ohio Boundary or the Erie War" II 340
"Ohio, first child of the Northwest" , . . X 128
"Ohio in early history and during the Revolution." Randall. . X 395
"Ohio when it became a State," Sloane IX 278
"Ohio's birth struggle," McClintock XI 44
"Ohio's Congressmen during the War," Galloway responds
to IV 410
"Ohio," Battleship 4G
"Olden Times," Publication of HI 105
"Old Buckeye State," Mrs. McNeil sings.: IV 450
Old Chillicothe x j 2 l°
Location of
Tecumseh's home at
"Old Green Fort," Painting of IV
"Old Ohio Archaeological Societty," Address Brinkerhoff . ..
Old Town
Olentangy, Battle of VI - >4
Franklinton located at mouth of VI
Kilbourne locates lands on IV
Naming of VI 93
Oliver, Robert, President of Territorial Council Ill 151
"Opening Scenes of the Rebellion," Donavln IX 125
414 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Oratory , Indian IX 21
Ordinance, 1784, Inoperative IV 9
Ordinance of 1787.. I, In; III, 134; V* SO, 327; X, 11U, 417; XI 46
Articles of compact of II 340
Bancroft's opinion of I 7
Committee to formulate I 28
Contemporaneous with Ohio Company. . . .
II, 80; X 41S
Cutler's part in II 37
Decisions referring to V 58
Enactment of V xii
Establishment of Ill 116
Exponent of Constitution of II 127
Fugitive Slaves, on IV 50
Great principles of II, 36; VII 251
Hoar's tribute to II 17
Influence of, on U. S. Constitution , I 34
Jefferson's influence on IV 202
Legislative representation, on V 339
Liberties given by VI 349
Michigan demands admission under IV 224
New England influence on I 36
Ohio Company's influence on IV 10
Opportune for safety of government I 33
Passage I, 6; II, 81; IV 129
Population for State required by IX 279
Preparatory steps to VIII 442
Provides for erection of States IV 152
Provides concerning Indians, Ill 107
Provides for judiciary Ill 141
Sherman, John, on II 239
State boundary lines, on II, 196; V 342
Summary of II 81
Virginia asked for land cession II 83
Virginia's influence on I 36
Vital principles of II 153
Webster's opinion of II 202
Oregonia, Description of Stone Graves at IV 372
Skeleton from IV 160
Ornament from Ft. Ancient IV Front 17
Ornaments found in mounds XI 137
Orton, Edward, Address to Society VII 285
Ancestry of ... ! VIII 409
As citizen VIII 424
Index for Volumes I to XI. 415
Vol. Page
Orton, Edward, Biography of Lesquereux, by IV 279
Boyhood days of . 4 VIII 413
Called to Ohio VIII 421
College days of VIII 413
Connection of, with Society VIII 409
Death of VIII 431
Defends his "heterodoxy" VIII 418
Dr. Bascom's opinion of VIII 426
Dr. Hastings' opinion of VIII 425
Literary ability of VIII 424
Memorial address to VIII 409
Mention of IV, 400; V 320
Orthodoxy questioned / . . . . VIII 417
Pedagogical ideas of VIII 422
Portrait of VIII 409
Preglacial Valley of Paint Creek I 183
Relations with Horace Mann VIII 420
Religious opinions of VIII 427
Responds to toast "Early Geologists of
Ohio" IV 439
Scientific work of VIII 421
Sketch of IV 469
Society addressed by, 1898 VI 448
Theological studies of VIII 415
Orton Hall, Founding of IV 400
Mention of IV 402
Museum in V 288
Society quartered in IV, 420; VIII '364
Society's collections in V 255
View of VIII 331
Osgood, Mr., Government Northwest Territory, opinion on I 23
Ottawa County, Earthworks in, number of VII 193
Prehistoric remains in V 272
Ottawa Indians , Ohio , in VI 77
Treaty at Ft. Harmar VI 204
"Our Jewels," Origin of : IX 151
"Our Society," Rickly responds to toast to IV 437
Outlawry, Indian penalty for VI 86
Outhwaite, Joseph H., Sketch of IV 470
"Owenites" VIII 83
Overman, H. W., "Fort Hill" . I 260
Oviatt, Heman, Continental Army, in I 1
Mention of IX 323
Sketch of IX 368
416
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
"Oxford, Ancient work near," McFarland I 265
Map of earthworks at I 266
Oxford University ' '. Ill, 196; VI 39
P
Packet lines VI 241
Paine, Gen. Edward, Biographical Sketch of X 369
Lake County pioneer X 364
Monument to X 362
Painesville, Monument to Gen. Paine at X 361
Settlement of X 370
Paint Creek Ill 108
Earthworks on 1 , 344 ; VII 152
Pre-glacial valley of I 183
Painted Skeletons, Mills, W. C XI 246
Paintings, Ohio, Columbian Exposition, at IV 397
Painters, Andrews, E. F VI 304
McDonald, James Wilson • VI 304
Palaeolithic implements, Miss Babbitt discovers I 179
Where found I 177
Palaeolithic man, Fowke on XI 149
Ohio , in V 284
Palatinate, Cause of emigration from II 56
Palmer, Andrew, Writes to Gov. Lucas on Ohio and Michi-
gan dispute IV 208
Pamphlet, Franklin's, Influence of I 216
Pan-American Exposition —
• Hanna's address at X 141
Luncheon party at X 43
Nash's address at X 127
Ohio Building at X 123, 124
Ohio Day at X 123
Public ceremonies on Ohio Day at X 125
Society at IX 395
Society's exhibit at XI 87
Panhandle, Construction of VI 244
Panic, Financial, of 1819 VI 215
in New York, 1790 Ill 132
Papantha, Pyramid of I 323
Paper, "Aboriginal History of Butler County" I 64
"Blennerhassctt," Randall I 127
"Early modes of travel from east to Mississippi
Valley," Venable I 295
"From Charter to Constitution," Ryan V vii
Index for Volumes I to XI. 417
Vol. Page
Paper, "Modern customs of savage origin," Hart I 297
"Moravian Massacre," Farrar Ill 270
"Ordinance of 1787" I 10
"Pioneer physicians of Muskingum Valley," Brush III 24]
"Pyramids and buried cities in the land of the Mon-
tezumas , " Ward I 319
"Salmon P. Chase," Townshend I 111
"State Bank of Ohio," Janney I 96
Paris, description of Revolution in Ill 190
Paris Treaty of 1763, Stipulations of II 69
Paris Treaty of 1783 I 3
Mention of I 207
Parker, Theodore I 116
Parkersburg, Mention of I 130
Parkman, Francis VII 27
Bouquet's expedition described by VIII 143
Parliamentary Government, Growth of Ill 36
Parliament, Catholics disfranchised by XI 16$
Quebec Act passed by XI 168
Western land policy defended by I 227
Parrott, Col. Chas., Sketch of IV, 470; IX 532
Parsons, Geo. M., Mention of , IV 270
Parsons, Gen. Samuel H. , Account of Ill 1 4]
Agent of Ohio Company I 20
Mention of IV 7
Ohio Company of Associates, in III U5
Parsons, Mira Clarke, "John Fitch, inventor of steam-
boats," by VIII, 397; IX 238
Parton, Mention of I 127
Patent Office, Building for IV 249
Pathfinders, Progress of, in Ohio VI 120
"Pathfinders of Jefferson County," Hunter VI, 95; VIII 132
Addenda to VI 384
Patterson, S. L., Portrait of X 144
Patton, A. G., Sketch of IV 470
Paulding County, Earthworks in, number of VII 199
Prehistoric remains in V 273
Peabody Museum, Explorations for V 284
Extracts from reports of, on Harness
Mound : V 228
Serpent Mound purchased by I 187
Trustees of I 18&
Peace Conference meets at Washington I 123
Vinton a member of IV 26?
27 Vol. XT.
418 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Peaslee, John B., Address, "Ohio" -I 91
Sketch of IV 471
Suggests Centennial celebration in
schools I 337
Requested to prepare pamphlet I 94
Peat bogs, Lesquereux' study on IV 285
Peccary , Remains of X 91
Peck, Rev. John Mason, Illinois sketches by 1 240
Peck, Rev. T. M., Illinois history by I 242
Peet, Stephen D. , Fowke's book criticised by XI 139
Pelham, Richard W., Sketch of IX 88
Pendleton, Geo. H., defeated for Governor IV 349
Mention of IV 447
Pennsylvania, Commercial advantages of Ill 100
Constitution of, St. Clair's objection to II 192
Documentary history of Ill 273
Emigration from, to Ohio VI 102
First Constitution of II 189
Historical documents preserved in II 427
Land claims of II 475
Ohio, boundary line IV 6
Scotch-Irish in VI 101
Virginia's limits, within IV 98
Penn, William, Land grants to X 249
Pentecost, Dorsey, Letters of, concerning Moravian Mas-
sacre Ill 283
Percival , Mention of II 441
Periodicals, Literary of Ohio Valley, List of I 201
Notices of II 580
Perkine, Conveys Burr to jail I 15G
Perkins, Henry Bishop, Sketch and portrait of XI 164
Perry County, Bibliography of earthworks in 1 274
Earthworks in V 169
Earthworks in, number of VII 174
Effigy mounds in V 174
Explorations of mounds in VII 138
Field work in V 169
Flint implements found in V 233
Hematite objects found V 236
History of XI 257
Mounds in VII 166
Noted men of XI 257
Prehistoric remains in V 265
Stone Fort in . V 175
Index for Volumes I to XI. 419
Vol. Page
Perry, Oliver H., Battle of Lake Erie Ill, 311; X 38
Cannonballs used by , VI 306
Victory of II 169
Perry's Victory, Burial of soldiers of IX 249
Perry's Willow, View of IX 248
Peruvians, Origin of VI 60
Pequot War, Account of XI 3
Pestles, Picture of V 244
Peters, Bernard, Marietta Centennial Address II 55
Petitioners for bounty lands I 38, 39
Petroleum, Jefferson County, in VIII 2u3
Phelps, Col., ruins home of Blennerhassett I 154
Philanthropist , The I 114
Philips, Wendell, Quotation from II 104
Photography, Pioneer in VI 300
Physicians, Lhillicothe, First at X 178
Marietta, at Ill 241
Pioneer, of Muskingum Valley Ill 241
Zanesville, at Ill 252
Dr. Daniel Bliss Ill 255
Dr. Increase Matthews Ill 251
Dr. Jabez True Ill 242
Dr. Jesse Chandler Ill 254
Dr. John Baptiste Regnier Ill 248
Dr. Josiah Hart Ill 247
Dr. Nathan Mcintosh Ill 245
Dr. Nathan Webb Ill 25S
Dr. Robert Mitchell Ill 256
Dr. Samuel Augustus Barker Ill 256
Dr. Samuel Hildreth Ill 241
Dr. Samuel Martin Ill 257
Dr. Solomon Drown Ill 242 .
Dr. Thomas Farley Ill 241
Dr. William B. Leonard Ill 247
Dr. William Pitt Putnam Ill 246
Dr. Ziba Adams IK 25(3
Piatt, John J., "Hesperian Tree," by IX 533
Pickaway County —
Archaeologic work in V 258
Bibliography of, earthworks in
Earthworks in, number of VII
Exploration of mounds in VII
Dunmore campaign in 179
Vol.
Page
V
264
VII
124
XI
189
XI
190
III
301
IV
g
420 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Pickaway County — Continued.
Prehistoric remains in
"The haunted" mound in
Pickaway Plains, Dunmore's camps on
Dunmore's treaty on
Pickawillany Fort
Pickering, Col. Timothy, Mention of
Plan of, to exclude slavery from
Ohio Valley , I 19
Revolutionary troops, condition
of
Pickets, Use of, by Mound Builders
Pictographs of Muskingum Valley
Pidgin, Chas. F. , "Blennerhassett, — A Romance"
Pike County, Bibliography of earthworks in
Earthworks in, number of
Exploration of mounds in VI]
Prehistoric remains in
Pilgrim Fathers , Reference to
Pilgrims, Mention of
Migration of
Pillery , Provision for
Pioneer Amusements
Pioneer Association, Washington County
Wyandot County erects monument to
Crawford
"Pioneer Author to Pioneer Editor," Venable
Pioneer Cabin X , 175 , 176 ;
Pioneer Day at Steubenville Centennial
Pioneer days IX 321 ,
Licking County in
"Pioneer Days in Central Ohio," Address, Curtis
Pioneer department , Marietta Centennial
Pioneer and historical societies of Ohio, List of
Pioneer homes
"Pioneer Man"
"Pioneer poet lawyer," Love
Pioneer Press of Kentucky
"Pioneer physicians of the Muskingum Valley." Brush....
Pioneer Roads VII
Pioneer, The, Poem to
"Pioneer Woman of Ohio," Mrs. Brown responds to
"Pioneer Women"
Pioneer, Galloway, Jas
Gurley . Rev. LB
I
17
I
268
V
200
X
390
I
275
VII
178
VII
155
V
265
III
196
IV
296
III
180
III
147
I
247
II
1
VI
33
I
255
XI
259
VI
344
1X321
, 323
I
244
I
243
II
245
I
402
I
245
IX
352
X
305
II
575
III
241
VII
177
IX
331
IV
445
IX
354
X
375
X
21
Index for Volumes I to XL 421
Vol. Page
Pioneer, Paine, Edward X 364
. Jefferson County, Holmes, Jacob VI 163
McDonald, John VI 163
Ross, Joseph VI IT")
Pioneers, Andrews' tribute to II 557
Blockhouses of VI 185
Character of I, 248; X, 9, 130, 124
Churches of VI 254
Church buildings of X 178
Culture of I 249
Dispossession of, in Seven Ranges -. . VI 197
Dress and habits of X 174
Educational facilities of VI 245
Experiences of, in Jefferson County VIII ltj4
"Fire Lands," in X 221
First arrival of IX 231
Heroism of VI 69
Indian depredations on VI 149
Irreligion of, in Western Reserve VI 404
Jefferson County, of VI 212
Lessons learned from Ill 193
Live stock among X 177
Longevity of VI 157
Methodist Circuit Riders among X 218
Ministers of VI 254
Nationality of, in Jefferson County VI 345
National Road, route for IX 407
Ohio, of X 132. 172
Ohio of, military training of II 21
Salary of ministers among X 190
Transportation, Means of VI 241
Travel of IX 85
Tribute to VI 363
Western Reserve, in VII 269
Witchcraft among VI 285
Pipe , Capt. , In charge of Crawford VI
Meets Col. Crawford VI 20
Pipes, Clay, found in Adena Mound X 461
Effigy X 475
Frog and Bird V 252
Indian II 546
Prehistoric
Prehistoric, Picture of V 242
422 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Pipes , Slate V 251
Turtle, Picture of V 24S
Piqua, Chillicothe at XI 230
Piqua, Fort, Description of Ill 307
Pitt, William, Mention of IV 339
Sanctions Burr's schemes I 147
Pittsburg, Col. Crawford commands at VI 10
Commercial advantages of Ill 215
Packet line to VI 242
Piatt, Cyrus, Reads paper on Col. Kilbourne V 297
Play fair, William, Associated with Scioto Purchase IV 15
Connection with Scioto Associates Ill 126, 131
Mention of Ill 191
Plymouth Colony, Communism among VIII 3
Plymouth Company, Charter to V vii, 4
Poe, Adam, Mention of Ill 283
Personal contest with Indian VI 170
Scout, Account of VI 170
Poe, Andrew, Account of VI 177
Poe, Adam and Andrew, Indian episodes of VI 402
Poes, Indian fighters VII 77
Poetry, "Dred Scott" X 36
"Era" X 23
"Fort Ancient," Hopper V iv
"Girty's Island," Love XI 155
Gurley's X 22
"In Memoriam," Wm. McKinley X 385
"John Gray," Washington's last soldier II 219
"Johnny Appleseed , " Child IX 317
"Launching the Ship" X 46
"Miami Woods," Selection from II 324
"Mocking Bird," Halleck VI 309
"New England," Quotation from . IV 207
"New Years' Night." Flanner VI 308
"Northwest Territory" N 170
"Old Era" X 368
"Sandusky Plains" X 22
Sepulcher mounds, on X 71
"The Brown Thrush" II 322
"The Deserted Isle," Mrs. Blennerhassett I 162
"The Forest Rangers." Review of X 306
"The Northwest," Love XI 155
"The Pioneers," Shaw IX 331
"Triumph of Liberty." Marietta Centennial II 21ft
Index for Volumes I to XI. 423
Vol. Page
Point Pleasant, Battle of. .VI, 74, 130; VII, 53, 247, 350;
X, 113, 408; XI,
Cornstalk's monument at
Description of battle of
Diagram of battle ground of
Influence of battle of
Lewis' army camps at
Result of battle of
Revolutionary soldiers trained in battle of.
Treachery connected with battle of
Pokagon, Leopold and Simon, Sketch of
Pokagon, Simon, Columbian Exposition, at
Monument to
Portrait of
Sketch of
"Queen of the Woods," by
Political opinions , St. Clair's
Political Parties of Northwest Territory
Politics, Admission of Ohio, in,
•Early, in Ohio
Formation of Ohio, in
Growth of
Influence of, on Ohio's admission
Northwest Territory in II, 193,
Warren County
"Politics, women as a factor in"
Polk, James K., Administration of
"Pomp"
Pontiac, Conference with Major Roberts in Lake Co
Conspiracy of II, 401 ; VII, 42; IX, 2;
Mention of . V, 193
Poole, Dr. Wm. R, Mention of
Pool, Harwood R., Sketch of
Pope, General, Defeat of
"Popular errors in regard to Mound Builders and Indians,"
Fowke
Population, Decennial growth of, in Ohio
Early growth of
Pork packing, Jefferson County, in
Portage County, Bibliography of earthworks in
Earthworks in, number of VII
Erection of ".
Prehistoric remains in
Portage Path, Summit County, Map of
93, 104, 180
IX
24
XI
183
XI
182
XI
100
XI
178
XI
186
XI
187
VI
128
XI
1, 17
XI
17, 25
XI
27
XI
21
XI
20
XI
26
II
192
II
187
XI
48
II
414
V
344
II
no
II
194
XI
48.53
XI
206
IV
441
IV
253
IV
323
X
363
X
.111
VI
78
1
289
IV
472
IV
271
II
380
II
109
II
169
VI
284
I
275
VII
198
VI
217
V
273
VII
291
424 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Portages, Muskingum-Cuyahoga Ill 101
Ohio, in VII Ss3
Port Bill, Passage of XI 17.
Porteus Mound, Coshocton at, View of V 193, 194
Description of V 192
Port Miami, Mention of IV 219
Portrait, Andrews, Israel W II 253
Portraits presented to Society X 92
Portsmouth, Earthworks at I, 345; VI 438
Freemasons of, Donations to Society I 376
View of Mounds and village site at Feurt Farm V 217
Portugal, American claims of IV 88
Discoveries of II 354
Portugese, Maritime exploits of I 168
Rights of discovery of II 354
Postage, Reduction of IV 249
Post, Christian Frederick, Moravian missionary VII 48, 319
Post-office, established at Worthington IV 39
Pottowatomies in Treaty at Fort Harmar VI 204
"Prairie Schooners" IX 465
Preglacial bed of Rocky River I 182
Preglacial drainage I 181
Butler County, of I 267
Highland County, of I 263
Preglacial evidences in Butler County I 64
Preglacial gorge, Paint Creek I 182
"Preglacial man in Ohio," G. F. Wright I 257
Preglacial wood I 180
Prehistoric, Meaning of VI 454
"Prehistoric Bill of Fare".. IX 531
"Prehistoric earthworks of Richland County," Baughman. . X 67
Prehistoric races, Burials of XI 246
Culture of IV, 374: V 265
Occupations of < IV 372
Ohio, in X 395
Scioto, on VI 59
Stone graves of IX 193
Prehistoric remains in —
Adams County V 265
Allen County V 272
Ashland County V 267
Ashtabula County V 271
Athens County V 266
Auglaize County V 272
Index for Volumes I to XI. 425
Prehistoric remains in — Continued.
Belmont County
Brown County
Butler County
Carroll County
Champaign County
Clarke County
Clermont County
Clinton County
Columbiana County
Coshocton County
Crawford County
Cuyahoga County
Darke County
Defiance County
Delaware County
Erie County
Fairfield County
Fayette County
Franklin County
Fulton County
Gallia County
Geauga County
Greene County
Guernsey County
Hamilton County ,
Hancock County
Hardin County
Harrison County
Henry County
Highland County
Hocking County
Holmes County
Huron County
Jackson County
Jefferson County
Knox County
Lake County
Lawrence County
Licking County
Logan County
Lorain County
Lucas County
Madison County
Mahoning County
OL.
Page
V
270
V
267
V
264
V
273
V
272
V
266
V
267
V
265
V
273
V
266
V
272
V
271
V
271
V
271
V
266
V
270
V
264
V
269
V
264
V
267
V
273
V
273
V
269
V
273
V
267
V
272
V
266
V
272
V
273
V
267
V
269
V
270
Y
270
V
264
V
271
V
268
V
273
V
268
V
263
V
273
V
270
V
270
V
269
V
273
426 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Prehistoric remains in — Continued. Vol. Page
Marion County V 268
Medina County V 272
Meigs County V 273
Mercer County V 272
Miami County V 270
Monroe County V 273
Montgomery County V 268
Morgan County V 267
Morrow County V 270
Muskingum County V 265
Noble County V 273
Ohio V 274
Table of V 263
Ottawa County V 272
Paulding County V 273
Perry County V 265
Pickaway County V 264
Pike County V 265
Portage County V 263
Preble County V 272
Putnam County V 273
Richland County V 271
Sandusky County V 273
Scioto County V 266
Seneca County V 273
Shelby County V 273
Stark County V 271
Summit County V 269
Trumbull County V 273
Tuscarawas County V .271
Union County V 269
Van Wert County V 273
Vinton County V 268
Warren County V 265
Washington County V 264
Wayne County V 268
Williams County V 260
Wood County V 272
Wyandot County V 268
"Prehistoric remains in Northwestern Ohio," Hart I 101
Prehistoric tribes. Relics of V 231
Prehistoric works at Rourneville VII 149
Pre-Revolutionary events XI 93
Preble County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 275
Index for Volumes I to XI. 427
Vol. Page
Preble County, Earthworks in, number of VII 196
Prehistoric remains in ' V 2<2
Prentice, Geo. D "I 3G4
Attack of, on Gallagher 314
Presbyterian Church, Columbus, Mention of IV 305
Dr. Moore's ministry in VIII 4i5
First at Cincinnati II 163
Gallipolis Centennial, exercises at.... Ill 16
Jefferson County, in VIII 201, 205
Presbyterians, Convictions of HI
First church of VI 100, 253
Jefferson County VI, 254, 259 ; VIII 229
Love of liberty of HI - 17
Moral result of immigration" of
Motives for coming to Ohio
Ordained minister, first in Ohio VI 259
Preparatory influences of
Promulgators of Declaration of Independence VI 104
Puritans destroy Church of VI
Scotch Irish VI 110
Second church of, in Ohio VI
Statistics of in Northwest Territory VIII 456
Steubenville, in VI 260
Stand for law and order HI
Story of church at Springdale
Connection with "Underground R. R." VI
"Presbyterians of Ohio," Sermon, Scovel Ill
Presidential Election, 1804 I ^
Presidency, Webster quoted on 232
Presidents from Ohio IX fjj*
Press, Influence of ll
"Primitive Industry," notice of book on, Abbott
Primogeniture ~
Law of H
Prince, Benj F., "Springfield Centennial"
Prince Henry, Maritime discoveries of " ™
Princeton College, First President of J^
Proclamation, Jefferson's, ordering arrest of Burr
King George's 1763, opinions on I 208, 210
Proctor, Gen., Attacks Ft. Meigs Jl
Attacks Ft. Stevenson Ill - m
Tecumseh aids VII 101
War of 1812, in X 323, 326
Prophet, The, Confederacy ot * 318
428 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Prophet, The, Harrison attacked by VII 93
Protestant Episcopal Church —
First in Ohio VIII 154
Jefferson County, in VI, 201 ; VIII 199
Statistics of, in Northwest Territory VIII 456
Prussia, Advance of Ill 38
Publications of Society XI 77
Contents Vol. 1 VI >
Vol. 2 VI xi
Vol. 3 VI xi!
Vol. 4 VI xii
Vol 5 VI xiii
Public lands, Morn "'s service for II 199
Ohio, Randolph's report on V 159
Vinton's connection with IV 240
"Public Policy," Notice of IX 382
Puget Sound, Explorations of XI 11
Puritans, Education II 23
Influence of 1, 23 : II, 20, 129 ; III. 38 ; VI 95, 374
Presbyterian Church destroyed by VI 403
Religious influence of II 23
Spirit of II 130
Western Reserve, in VI 218, 404
Put-in— Bay, Burial place of soldier-. Battle of Lake Erie... X 45
Putnam County. Earthworks in, number of VII 201
Prehistoric remains in V 273
Putnam, Douglas. Sketch of IV 472
Putnam, Dr. William Pitt, Account ot Ill 246
Putnam, Frederick W. —
Appeal of, for preservation of earthworks I 59
Archaeological research of VI ll't
Field work of, in Scioto Valley V
Letter of, concerning Ohio Archarology I 55
Mention of IX 246
Methods of Archaeological research in America I 61
M und excavatii ms by IV 375
Quoted OH "Indian Dog" X 82
Serpent Mound explored by X 226
"Serpent Mound Saved" I 187
Society addressed by II 338
Putnam. Gen. Rufus —
Aid organization of Ohio Company II 153
Appointed land surveyor II 35
Appointed to prepare for French emigrants IV 20
Index for Volumes I to XI. 429
Putnam, General Rufus — Continued.
Embassador to Indians
Emphasizes claim of Continental officers
Frontier defended by
Hoar's tribute to
Letter of, to Major Burnham
Letter of to Rev. Manly
Map of Ohio by
Member first Continental Convention
Mention of 1, 138 ; II, 225 ; III, 40, 47, 252
Military account book of
Military record of
Military service of, in Ohio
Moravian Indian lands surveyed by
Ohio Company of Associate?, in
Ohio Company proposed by
Organizes Association to purchase land
Organizes Ohio Company
Peace messenger to Indians
Petitions for Bounty lands 1, 19 ;
" Commodore Whipple
" Lands in Ohio
" Ohio Company
Portrait of
Relations with Washington
Seeks relief for indigent soldiers
Treaty with Indians on Wabash
■Pyramids and Buried Cities in the land of the Montezu-
mas," Ward
Pythagoras, Views of, concerning earth
Q
Quadaloupe preferred to Canada by England I 213
Quakers, Connection of, with Abolition IV 57
Connection of, with "Undergroud R. R." IV Gl
Factional differences of, in Jefferson County VIII 189
Jefferson County VI 214, 218
Ohio, in IX 118
Persecution of Shakers by '-"'"
Slaveholders VI 211
Stanton descendant of ^ I 219
Quarterly, Historical Value of H 549
Scope of (See Publications of Society^ I 81
Quebec, Battle of VIII. 375 ; XI 103
Vol.
Page.
VII
335
III
114
I
283
II
30
III
42
X
185
V
1
V
89
IV
7
II
230
II
33
II
228
VII
341
III
115
X
117
I
5
X
417
VII
99
IV
5
II
231
II
34
1
37
II
31
II
31
IV
200
VI
206
1
319
1
164
Vol.
Page
I
209
III
76
X 110,404
XI 103. 168
XI
170
X
406
I
228
X
114
. I
325
430 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Quebec, Boundaries of in 1763
Mention of
Result of Battle of II, 91; VIII, 260;
Quebec Act l» 225;
Land Grants affiected by
Result of
Revolution renders null
Quebec Bill
Quetzalcoatl
Quick Mound, Loudonville, view of V 179, 181
R
Railroads, Ohio
First in Ohio IV, 300; IX, 189;
First train on , in Ohio
Panhandle, Construction of
Pioneer method of building
Progress in
Statistics of, in Ohio
"Underground," in Ohio
"Railroads and telegraphs in Ohio," Wright responds to
toast to
Raccoon, Effigy of, in Adena Mound
Raisin , Indian massacre of
Raleigh, Walter, Discoveries of
Randall, E. O IV Preface
Acknowledges services rendered
Annual report of, 1895
Annual report of, 1902
Archaeological agitation
"Blennerhassett again"
"Boers in Ohio"
"Bonaparte almost a Buckeye"
Curators report to, 1894
"Dewey in Ohio"
"Down historic water ways"
"Dunmore War"
Eclectic Medical Institute, Review of
Editorial note of IV. 198,
Editorial on a Pocketbook of Appleseed
Johnny
Editorials by
Elected Secretary of Society
IX
189
X
187
IX
190
VI
244
IX
189
IX
192
IX
191
IV
44
V
303
X
474
X
322
II
366
V Pr
eface
V
320
V
279
XI
71
XI
160
X
390
IX
139
X
494
IV
421
IX
137
X
497
XI
167
XI
262
. 292
, 338
XI
256
IX
243
IV
427
Index for Volumes I to XI -131
Vol. Pa3«:
Randall, E. O., "Fort St. Clair" 16 \
"Fort Washington" Xf *<*»
"Great Seal of Ohio" x 392
Harper's Monthly and Serpent Mound
"Hinsdale, B. A." IX 378
Historical Societies visited by IX 21M, :'.!»')
Historical studies X 388
"History of Harrison County" IX
"History of Lebanon," Editorial on
"History of Madison Township," Review of 2o9
"History of Perry County," Review of.... XI 25 <
"Israel Williams" X -^
Itinerary of X f 78
"Johnny Appleseed" ^j
"John Brown"
John Sherman IX 3 '^
"Land Bill Allen"
Mention of IV
N. Y. Historical Association, Review of
publications of XJ
"Ohio in early history and during the Revo-
lution" ; X **
"Ohio's part in American Revolution"
Paper, "Blennerhassett" I
Perkins, Henry Bishop XI *°7
"Pioneers of Fairfield County" ■ • _ x
Preface by V: ^ J '
Quarterly, Plan of publication of XI 256
"Recollections of a Life Time," Review of . . IX
"Records of the Past" X Jj[J
Remarks of, at Society's Banquet
"Scotch-Irish in America" x
"Separatists' Society of Zoar" VIII 1
"Sign of the Prophet"
Sketch of LI; " 'I-;
"Slavery and four years of War." Review of IA i->-
"Soldiers in the American Revolution" X
Springfield Centennial. Review of x [
"Story of the Western Reserve" x
"Story of a country church." Review of... XI
"Tablet on Serpent Mound" x 49"-
"Thwing's sketch of Ohio" IX J«
Vatralsky's tribute to MacGahan 'X 141
"William McKinley"
432
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Randolph County, Organization of V 333
Randolph, John, Howe visits home of II 453
Mention of V xiii
Reports on admission of Ohio and public
lands V 159
Slavery, on IV 269
Ranney, Rufus P., Ancestry of VI 101
Rapid Transit, influence of XI 212
Rarey, John S., Mention of XI 259
Ratification, Virginia, Act of V 60
Ray , Joseph , Mathematician VI 107
Mention of VIII 137
Services of VI 43
Rea, Dr. John, Pioneer Minister VI 214
Read, M. C, "Archaeological Exhibit for Ohio Centennial." I 170
Mention of I 332
Rebellion, War of VI 376
"Recollections of a Lifetime," Brinkerhoff, Review of IX 147
Reconstruction Days X 344
"Records of the Past," Review of X 497
Reviews Fowke's Book XI 134
Recovery, Fort, Description of Ill 305
Red Jacket, Monument to IX, 20; XI 1
Religious Oratory of IX 21
Red Lion Tavern , Columbus IV 210
Red Stone, Fort, Meeting place for emigrants VI 122
Reefy, Mr., Palaeolithic implements owned by I 180
Reeve, John C, Sketch of IV 473
Reformation, Reference to Ill 212
Reform Church, Jefferson County VIII 200
Reformed dissenting presbytery VI 261
Regnier, Dr. John Baptiste, Account of Ill 248
Reid, Dr. A. M., Account of Fort Steuben by VI 190
"Rejoicing in Divine Workmanship," Sermon, Lasher Ill 227
"Relation of the Glacial Period to Archaeology of Ohio,"
Wright I 174
"Relation of Society to O. S. U. ."Canfield responds to toast
to V 306
Relics of ancient of Ohio tribes V 231
Relics, Department of, at Marietta Centennial II 245
Gallipolis Centennial, List of Ill 19
Religion. First Constitution, in V 148
Influence of II H9
Influence of, in Northwest Territory II 291
Zoar Society
Index for Volumes I to XL 433
Vol. Page
Religion, Influence of, in Puritan settlements H JJB
Indian inability for *j J"j
Jefferson County, in ■•• V /J
Liberty of ' ' '
Mound builders idea of
XT r V 05
Necessity ot ~ ?
Persecutions for, Causes migration U1 «»
r • /~V1 • II 1 <
Progress of in Ohio
Puritan q
Recognition of, in Ohio government " »J
c-, , XI -l'>
Shaker _ .
Shaker methods .
Sociological influence of
Solution to great problems
Structural foundation
Under second Virginia charter ""j
Versus science "
Western Reserve, in
Status of Pathfinders in M
404
VIII 13
I 94
Religious history of the State , D. Moore ^ ^
Religious revivals VI , )() -
Renegades, Indians use for decoys
Intrigues of, against Moravians vii ■■--
Sandusky War, at • ••
"Report on the present condition of mounds and earthworks ^ ^
in Ohio," Wright 292
Report, Secretary's for 1885 ••• ".,_
Republican Party, Early history of, in Ohio _
Mention of __ rt
r IV alO
Organization ot
Republicans, Jeffersonian, Members, in Northwest Territory XI «
Reservations, Indian, in Ohio ^ ?1
Resolutions, Erection of Ohio, for •■ ■••■
Legislative, on Wayne's Treaty Centennial.. IV 401
On Centennial of 1888
Thanks to Portsmouth Masons -. • J —
Resolutions of Dunmore's soldiers at Ft. Gower...A. 4 -^ ^
Resolutions of, SonWv , on Graham^ • • • ■ ■•••••■•
Resolutions in Congress on Ohio Company of Abates ^ ^
Purchase . . . .. . ....... -j • ■ • '^^j at ' Pitts burg. . . VI 10
Resolutions for Col. Urawiora to wi ^ ^
Revenues, War, Vinton on
28 Vol. XI.
Vol. Page
X
253
VI
277
X 260
, 285
I
33
I
37
VI
103
I
18
VI
375
VI 218 ,
,306
II
152
I
29
434 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Revivals , Great Kentucky
Negroes , Among
Shakers , among
Revolt, Probable of Westerners
Revolutionary officers, Petition of
Revolutionary Society, First organization of
Revolutionary Soldiers —
Bounty land petitioned for., by
Descendants of, in Jefferson County
Jefferson County, in VI 218, 306
Northwest Territory , in
Ordinance of 1787 influenced by
"Revolutionary Soldiers in the Valley of the Little Miami,"
Galloway X
Revolution, American —
Battle of Point Pleasant, influence on
Battle of Point Pleasant trains soldiers for
Beginning of, on Ohio soil
Central West, in VII
Clarke's expedition in
Close of
Completed on* Ohio soil
Condition of soldiers of
Connecticut , in
Crawford , Col. , in
First battles of VI, 104;
First steps toward
Heckewelder's part in , VII
Last soldier of
Number of soldiers in
Ohio, in VI, 13, 130; X, 395, 407, 411, 415;
Ohio Indians, in VII, 57;
Ohio Valley, in X, 409;
Principles of
Quebec Act , a cause of
annulled by
Result of, for the Indians
Troops of, Account of condition of, Pickering
paid in "finals"
Wayne in
West, The, in, Book on
Woman's work in
Revolution, European waves of
French, Influence of
XI
187
XI
187
VI
122
III
221
X
413
IV
1
VI
208
III
110
X
436
VI
9
XI 93
, 105
XI
94
VII
321
II
219-
X
250
XI
102
X
410
XI
105
VI
374
X
114
I
228
X
41$
I
17
I
16
IX
235
IX
187
II
52
III
34
III
34
Index for Volumes I to XL 435
Vol. Page
Reynolds, John, "Pioneer history of Illinois," by ., I 240
Rhode Island Historical Society IX 246
Rice, Harvey, Educational influence of VI 44, 53
Rice, Wm. H. , "Rev. John Heckewelder" VII 314
Rice, wild, Found on Lake Erie Ill 103
Richland County, Bibliography of earthworks of I 276
Delaware village in V 188
Earthworks in X 67
Earthworks in, number of VIII 193
"Johnny Appleseed," in VI 291
Prehistoric remains in V 271
Richmond College VIII 194
Rickey, J. M., "Witchcraft,"' on VI 286
Rickly, Samuel S., Responds to "Our Society" IV 437
Sketch of IV 473
Rickoff, A. J., Teacher VI 52,54
Rifles, Long VIII 219
"Right of Discovery," Claims vested in II 375, 376
Kent, on II 3(38
Marshall, on II 3G4, 367, 373
Morals of II 376
Roman Law, on *. II 365
"The," Hinsdale II 349
Riley, Jefferson County pioneer VI 183.
"Rio Grande College," Address, Davis Ill 164
Rio Grande College Ill 164
Rivers, Alaman Ill 108
Boundary, Law of nations on IV 119
State's concurrent jurisdiction on.. .... IV 80
Statutes on IV 83
Buffalo, Mention of Ill 100
Cherokee, Mention of Ill 101
Common highways V 56
Crevecoeurs' description of Ohio Ill 98
Cumberland, Mention of Ill 101
Cuyahoga, Commercial advantages of Ill 107
Early account of navigation in Ohio Ill 91
Estimate of preglacial period from I 182
Green, Mention of Ill 100
Hockhocking, Early description of Ill 84
Kanawha, Commercial advantages of Ill 103.
Legal status as boundaries IV 75,
Muskingum, Early description of Ill 84
Ohio, Early description of Ill 83
■k'Sti Ohio Arch, an J His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Rivers, Ohio, Navigation of Ill 102
Paint Creek Ill 108
Scioto, Early description of Ill 85
Shawnee, Mention of Ill 101
Susquehanna, character of Ill 100
Tennessee, Mention of Ill I'd
Rives, on Slavery IV 269
Rivington Royal Gazette I 14
Roads, Alexandria to Marietta Ill 106
Braddock's IX 209
"Buffalo" I 295
Congress provides for IX 28
Coxey's Movement for IX 160
Early in Ohio VIII 246
Indian cessions for XI 253
Indian trails, on VIII . . 290
Jefferson County, in VI 243
Northwest Territory, in, 1797 VI 97
Provision for V 71. 79, 161
'•Wilderness" I 295
Rohbins, Rev. Thomas, Missionary to Western Reserve.... VI 45
Robert-. Ellis H., "New York," Book notice of I 109
Roberta Rev. R. R. View of Cabin of X 176
Ri .l.inson, Emily, Portrait of X 303
Rock crystal, Aboriginal use of II 522
Rocky River, Preglacial bed of I 182
Rogers, Robert, Journal of II 575
Rome, Ohio. View from Stout Mounds, at V 215
Roosevelt, Theodore. "Winning of the West" VI 384
Rosecrans, Mention of XI 238
R enthal, Baron, Portrait of VI 25
Sandusky War, in VI 25
Ross County, Bibligraphy of earthworks in I 276
Chillicothe in XI 230. 231
Earthworks in IV, 375 ; VI. 439 ; VIII 342
number of VII 171
Editor McDonald, in I 255
Establishment of T 309
Evolution of V 337
Members of first Constitutional Convention
from V 81
Mound explorations in VII 144
Naming of VI 21*1
Original boundary of V 337
Index for Volumes I to XI. 437
Vol. Page
Ross County, Prehistoric burials in XI _'!•'
remains in V, 263; VIII 380
Tumuli, in V 219
Ross, James, Portrait of VI 2 1 1
Ross County named for VI 211
Steubenville founded by VI 21
Ross, Joseph, Jefferson County, scout VI 175
Rosseau, Mention of I .128
Routes, Early, of travel in Ohio Ill 88
Navigation, in Ohio Ill 101
Scioto — Sandusky Ill 85
Rumsey discovers method of propelling boats Ill 102
Rush, Richard, Commissioner O. and Mich, dispute IV 215
Rusk, Jeremiah, Tribute to II 128
Russell Family, Sketch of IX 84
Russell, Ralph, Sketch of IX 85
Russia, Slaves, emancipated in Ill 35
Ryan, Daniel J. —
"Arbitration between capital and labor," notice of II \'-'~
"From Charter to Constitution" V i
"History of Ohio," notice of II 137
Historical writings of V Preface
Nullification in Ohio II 413
Plan for increased interest in Society VII 282
Responds to "Early politics and politicians in Ohio,". . . V 303
"Scioto Company and French Grant," address Ill 14
"Scioto Company and its Purchase" Ill 109
s
Sabbath, Laws on observance of Ill 140
Sachem, Duties of VI 84
Sacrificial Stone, Mexican I 327
Safford, Wm. H., Address, Gallipolis Centennial Ill 14
"An outing on the Congo" VII 349
Burr's voyage on Mississippi described by I 155
Madame Blennerhassett described by.... I 134
"Sale of the Western Reserve," Hinsdale II 475
Salem, Members of the mission of
Moravian settlement at
Salt Boilers VI
Salt Kettles, First in Ohio ]I 240
Saltlicks, Jackson County XI Uw
Salt, Manufacture of. Jefferson County VI. 233 ; VIII 203, 21 1
438 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Salt Springs, Ohio Company's Purchase, in
Reservation of Ill, 101, 120 ;
"Salt Spring Tract," Sale of in Western Reserve
Sanborn, Frank, "Ohio researches in Archaeology
Society addressed by
Sandusky, First Teachers' Institute at
Indians at
Mention of
Moravian missions removed to
Sandusky County, Earthworks in, number of
Prehistoric remains in
Sandusky Expedition, Crawford s
Failure of
Mention of
Pennsylvania pays losses of
Sandusky, Fort, Description of
Sandusky Indians, Expedition against
Sandusky Plains, Battle on
"Sandusky Plains," Poem
Sandusky River, Ft. Ball on
Ft. Seneca on
Ft. Stevenson on
Indians cede land on
Sandusky Valley, Description of
Indians of Ill, 1 75 :
Pioneer days in
War of 1812, in
Sandusky War. De Rosenthal, Baron, in
Losses at
Retreat in
Sanitary commission. Sessions, Member of
Sappington, John, Connection of, with Logan affair
Saracens cultivate geography
Sargent. Winthrop, Letter of, concerning Ohio Company...
Mention of
Ohio Company of Associates, in
Saugrain, Dr
Saxe- Weimar, Duke of, Pays tribute to Morrow
Say, Lord, Mention of
"S" Bridge, Pa.. View of
Scenery. Ohio Artists inspired by
Scepticism, Cause of
Schenck, Robert C. Reference to
Schoenbrun, Moravian settlement at
Vol.
Page
Ill
101
V
74,77
II
477
XI
151
XI
82
VI
14
VI
13
VI
300
VII
328
VII
L96
V
273
VI
151
VI
25
III
287
VI
25
III
301
VI
14
VI
19
X
22
III
310
III
310
III
310
XI
252
X
49
X
49
III
175
X
53
VI
25
VI
21
VI
26
IV
302
VI
126
I
165
III
138
V
335
III
115
III
66. m
II
211
XI
2
IX
442
VI
296
III
30
IV
447
III
107
Index for Volumes I to XI 43 J
Vol. Pag*
Schofield, Levi T., Designer of "My Jewels" IV 39£
School funds. Connecticut 11,486; VI 37
State provides VI 42
School Lands, Early management of VI 39
Irreducible, origin of II, 482; VI 39
Title vested in legislature VI 38
Western Reserve II 480
"School Party" VI 42
School System, Growth of II 257
Ohio, originators of VIII 207
Schools. Akron Law for VI 11
Andrews' Influence on II 257
Bartley, Mordecai, encourages VI 251
Celebration of Columbia Day Ill 384
Cleveland, Early VI 50
Condition of Ohio, in 1845 I V 277
Congress provides for, in Ohio IX, 284, 285, 286, 287
Constitutional provisions for VI 38
Cotton Mather quoted concerning Ill 169
Early account of, in Ohio Ill 94
Early provisions for, in Ohio VI 37
Encouragement of V 55
Endowments for Ill 166
Female Seminary, first, in Ohio VI 249
First, in Lebanon XI 202
Friends erect in Steubenville VI 251
Gallowav's influence on IV 276
Influence of 11.108; III 170
Origin of irreducible fund for 11,482; VI 39
Jefferson County.. .VI, 246, 250; VIII, 152, 154. 157. 207, 212, 228
Lands for, entrusted to Legislature V 1<!"
Lands for. sold IV .240
Laws for VI 54
Legislature provides for V] 1"
Marietta .' 11,257,292; III 243
New Athens, College organized at VI 103
Progress of VI
Prominent, Atwood Institute, founding of Ill 165
Bethany College VI 269
Cannonsburg College VI
Capital University, Mention of IV 299
De Pauw University HI 205
Gallia Academy ' '
Garret Biblical Institute Ill 205
Kenyon College. Mention f IV 343
Vol.
Page
IV
304
VI
49
III
205
IV
304
IV
400
IV
325
III
205
III
164
VI
245
IV
304
IV
315
VI
108
III
38
II
135
VI
36
III
106
V <
'9, 156
VI
56
VI
55
440 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Schools, Prominent, Marietta College, Mention of
Normal at Kirtland '.....
Northwestern University
Oberlin College, Mention of
Ohio State University, Mention of . . . .
Ohio University, Mention of
Ohio Wesleyan University
Rio Grande College
Tennant's College
Wilber force University, Mention of. .
Yale College, Mention of
Public, Founding of, in Ohio
Growth of
Influence of, on Ohio
Reservation of lands for.. Ill, 113, 120; IV, 10,
11, 36; V, 73, 77, 155;
Reservation of lands for, Ohio Purchase, in
Reservation of lands for Symmes Purchase, in. . . .
Rural , Centralization of
Decline of
Scotch-Irish interest in VI 102, 107
Section 16, for VI 251
Shakers , among X 261
Steubenville, in VI 248, 251
Western Reserve, in VI 45, 46
Worthington , at IV 39
Worthington College- established IV 41
Zoar Society maintains VIII
Schouler, Quoted on Vinton
Schuller, Dr. John B., Sketch of
Schultz , Christian , Book on Western Travel , by
Commercial possibilities of Ohio River discussed
by
Niagara Falls, visited by
Schurz, Carl, "Life of Henry Clay," Notice of
Mention of
Science , Advance in
Investigations in
Macaulay on
Versus Christianity
Science Convention, Columbus meeting of VII
Scioto Associates, Joined to Ohio Company
Meeting of
Mention of
IV
253
IV
474
I
237
I
296
I
296
I
110
II
56
II
106
II
122
III
36
II
122
'III
354
IV
11
IV
17
III
40
Index for Volumes I to XI. 441
Scioto Associates, Organization of new company of
Purchase forfeited shares from Ohio
Company
Validity of sales to Ohio Company
Scioto Circuit
Scioto Company
Copy of a deed of
Effect of failure of
Effect of Indian Wars on
Failure of
Map of purchase of, shown in France. . . .
Mention of
Organization of Ill, 120; IV, 35;
"Scioto-Company and the French Grant," Ryan
Scioto-Company and its purchase
Scioto County, Bibliography of earthworks in
Earthworks of VII
Earthworks in, number of
Prehistoric remains in '.
Scioto Land Company, Mention of
Scioto Purchase
Beginning of
Map of
Reservation of lands in
Scioto River, Chillicothe on
Crevecoeur's description of
Dunmore's army on VII
Dunmore's treaty , on
Early description of
Earthworks of '.
Floating mill on
Ft. Mc Arthur on
Indian highway
Indian treaty on
Location of Bounty Lands on
Prehistoric race on
Smith's description of ,
Valuable to white settlers
Scioto Salt Springs, Reservation of V, 74, 7
Scioto Valley, Earthworks in
Prehistoric races in
Squier and Davis' explorations in
Virgin fertility of
Scotch-Irish, Abolition movement, favored by
Vol. :
Page
III
130
IV
17
IV
26
III
203
III
46
III
126
IV
25
IV
24
III 50
, 132
III
124
III 82
, 191
X
421
III
14
III
109
I
279
VIII
343
VI
179
V
266
III
3
IV
14
IV
1
III
121
IV
11
XI
230
III
98
VII
54
XI
99
III
S5
V
219
III
103
III
310
VI
81
VI
76
III
114
VI
59
VI
92
VI
83
IX
282
VI
439
IV
372
II
380
VI
59
VI
106
442
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Scotch-Irish, American Revolution, in
Battle Point Pleasant, at.
Declaration of Ir dependence by
Educators among
Fur traders, in Ohio
Immigration of
Indian fighters among
Influence of, in Ohio
Inventors among
Jefferson County , in
Journalism
MacLean's account of
Noted descendants from... VI, 101, 105, 109
Ohio Generals furnished by
Origin of VI, 98;
Pathfinders among
Patronage of schools
Persecution of
Protests of, against British encroachments..
Wayne's army
Whisky Insurrection
"Scotch-Irish in America"
Review of book on
Scotch-Irish versus Puritan
Scott , Gen. Chas. , Expedition of
Scott, Gen., Parade, ordered in Washington, by
Scott, W. H., Responds to toast "Relation of O. S. U. to
A. & H. S."
Scott. W. H., Sketch of
Scouts , Carpenter , George
Holmes. Jacob, Account of
Maxwell , James
Poe, Adam, Account of
Poe, Andrew , Account of
Ross, Joseph, Account of
Wetzel , John
Wetzel , Louis
Scouts with Dunmore's army
Scovill, Rev. Sylvester, Sermon of
Scrap Book, Society's V, 279,
Sculptor , Doyle , Alexander
Sculptured disc, Mexico
"Search for winter sunbeams," Quotation from
Seattle, Chief, Monument to .
'5;
Vol. :
Page
VI
104
VI
13U
VI
103
VI
107
VI
114
VI
99
VI
108
VI 95
, 111
VI
106
VI
96
V
109
IX
250
IX
529
VI
108
VIII
259
VI
102
VI
02
VI
97
VI
9
VI
208
VI
208
X
496
X
496
VI
97
VIII 378
, 379
VI
331
IV
438
IV
474
VI
189
VI
163
VI
160
VI
176
VI
177
VI
175
VI
167
VI 160,
, 165
X
408
III 16
,211
VI
427
VI
304
V
254
IV
230
XI
11
Index for Volumes I to XL 443
Vol. Pace
Seattle, Chief, Portrait of XI 12
Secium, Indian village of VII
Second Mayflower
Secretary of State, Under first Constitution V 11"
Section 16... II, 303; VI, 37 ; IX, 281, 283; XI 257
Gallatin's report on V 155
Mention of VIII 209
Originator of VI
Reservation of V, 73. 77, 78
Section 29
Semitic Race, People of In 178
Senate, U. S., Habeas Corpus suspended by, in Burr Con-
I 15'
spiracy xu
Seneca, Mention of 164
Seneca County, Earthworks in, number of VII
History of IX ^}
Prehistoric remains in. V
Seneca, Fort, Description of HI 310
Seneca Indians, Ohio, in VII
Treaty of Harmar, in VI
"Seneca Oil" ■ - VIII 203
Sentinel, The, First newspaper of Northwest VI 241
Separatist Society, Origin of VII
"Separatist Society of Zoar," Randall - • • • • VIII
Separatists, Map of Zoar Lands ! VIII Front
Sepung • • '
Sermons, First at Marietta
First in Northwest Territory
Gallipolis Centennial, Methodism, Moore
Gallipolis Centennial , Moncure
"Presbyterians of Ohio," Scovil 211
"Rejoicing in Divine Workmanship," Lasher Ill
Serpent Mound, Account of L 343;
Bibliographical references of
Condition of 7i
McGee's view of
Mention of IV. 306; XI
Negotiations for purchase of
Offered to Society IV 400
Parkman, Francis, interested in I
Presented to Society VIII 366
Preservation of ^ l *»5
Importance of
Putnam's .
444 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Serpent Mound, Purchase of, by Peabody Museum
Putnam's reports on
Site of Garden of Eden, at
Smith, Prof., in Harper's Monthly, o
Society secures
Tablet on
Transfer of to Society
Wright's description of
Serpent Mound Park, Description of
"Serpent Mound Saved," F. W. Putnam
"Services of Ohio Company in defending frontier," Cutler. .
Sessions, F. C. —
Address : History and Prospects of Society
Esthetic tastes of
Ancestry of
Annual Address to Society, at Marietta
1889
Art and artists in Columbus, Mention of
Biography of, by Gladden
Business career of
Character of
Columbus , Ohio , at
Early education of ,
Philanthropy of ,
Portrait of
Public spirit of
Religious convictions of
Sessions, Robert, Account of
Account of Boston Tea Party
"Settlement of Ohio." Address. Wm. P. Cutler
Settlements, Centers of, in Ohio
Diverse, in Ohio
French, in N. W. Territory
Ohio Company
Symmes Purchase, in
Seven Ranges, Mention of Ill, 101
Original of survey of
Sale of lands in VII
Settlements of
Survey of Ill, 112 ; IV, 6 ;
Tupper's survey and report of
"Shaker Community of Warren Countv." MacLean
"Shaker Mission to the Shawnee Indians, ' MacLean
Shaker MS. History, Union Village
Vol.
Page
I
187
II
582
X
225
X
393
IX38(
1,396
X
492
X
74
VI
434
I
189
I
187
I
283
I
332
IV
304
IV
295
II
145
II
548
I
298
IV
292
IV
301
IV
294
IV
298
IV
297
IV
307
IV
292
IV
300
IV
305
IV
297
IV
296
I
92
X
9
X
422
II
133
II
156
II
157
V
336
III
104
/III
244
X
424
VI
196
I
20
X
251
XI
215
X
252
Index for Volumes I to XL 446
Vol. Page
Shakers, Andrews, William IX 103
Baird, Daniel N IX 1 04
Benevolence of X 290
Bibliography of IX 114
Biographical sketches of prominent IX 84
Burial ground of, North Union IX 67
Cattle breeding among X 289
Center family residence X 288
Character of, at North Union IX 113
Christmas festivals of IX 80
Christmas song of IX 84
Civil War, in X 292
Cleveland Society of IX 32
Communism of IX 73
Condition of at Union Village XI 220
Covenant of X 27 1
Dancing among IX, 73 ; X 297
Decline of X 302
Dress of X 283
Financial disasters of X 299
Funeral customs among IX, 66 ; X 298
Government of IX, 68 ; X 267
Growth of IX 34
Honey, Riley IX 100
Houston, Matthew IX 02
Indians catechised by XI 224
Intellectual improvements among X 207
Kitchell, Ashbel IX 90
Law suits of X 259
Letters from IX 59
Manners and customs IX 59
Methods of XI 131
Missionary propaganda of . . .• XI 217
Missionary zeal of X 260
Mobbing of, at Union Village XI 108
Necrology of, North Union IX 108
New Cow Barn of X 291
Newspapers interdicted by X 285
North Union Church IX 47
North Union, families of IX 53
Industry of IX 42
Office of IX 49
Society of IX 35
Number of
446 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Shakers , Opposition to War X 259
Origin of IX, 34; XI 109
Pelham, Richard IX 88
Politics among IX 70
Prescott, Jas. S IX 95
Publications of X 261
Reign of Babbit, Aaron X 292
Carter, Matthew B X 299
King, Solomon X 264
Martin, John . . . X 288
Meacham, David X 283
Parkhurst, Amos X 295
Reynolds, William X 296
Slingerland, Joseph R X 300
Wells, Free Gift X 284
Religious meetings of IX 71
Religious tenets of XI 108, 216
Religion of X 267
Revivals among X 260, 285
Risley, Chester IX 102
Root, John P IX 94
Russell, Elijah IX 101
Russell, Elisha IX 100
Russell, Ralph IX 87
Russell, Return IX 98
Russell, Rodney IX 104
Russell, Samuel IX 94
"Sacred roll and book" of IX 79
Secretary to John Brown X 293
Schisms among X 263
Schools among X 261
Spinning, David IX 92
Spirit manifestations of IX, 75 ; X 286, 295
Temperance among X 266, 285
Theology of IX 72
Union village founded by XI 216
Use of meat among X 289
View of office of X 283
Wheeler, Oliver IX 103
Shakers' Union Village —
Early experience of X 257
Noted visitors to X 264
Origin of X 253
Shay's Insurrection, Result of II 25
' Index for Volumes I to XI. 447
Vol. Page
Shannon, Wilson, Governor of Ohio IV 325
Shawan (Mrs.) J. A. —
Responds to "Women as a factor in Ohio politics".... IV 111
Shaw, Elizabeth, Poem, The Pioneer IX 331
Shaw, R. R., Poem read at Marietta Centennial by II 210
Shawnee Indians, Battle of Fallen Timbers, in IX 226
Battle of Point Pleasant in XI 180
Braddock's defeat, in XI 180
Cession of land by IV 7
Chief Cornstalk of IX 26
Chillicothes, of XI 231
Early history of VII 14
Green Corn dance of VII
Land treaty with XI 250
La Salle's acquaintance with VII
Mention of V 192
Ohio, in VI 76, 114
Origin of '. VII 12
Peace treaty with Bouquet VII 45
Revolutionary War, in VII 58
Sandusky War, in VI 20
Shaker mission to 215
Strength of, in Ohio VII 40
Villages of, on Scioto VII 353
Shawnee River, Mention of 101
Sheep, First Merino in Ohio HI
Jefferson County, in VI
Wells-Dickenson variety VI
Shelby County, Bibliography of earthworks in I
Earthworks in, number of VII
Prehistoric remains in V
Shellaberger, Samuel, Mention of IV 447
Shell hoes found in Adena Mound X
Shells Decorated, from Mounds •••••• VIII 324
Shepherd, Henry A, "Antiquities of the State of Ohio" II 437
Sheridan, Gen. Keifer's tribute to IX 152
Sherman, Gen., Mention of XI
Sherman, John, Election of, to Senate VIII 130
Hayes' letter to IV
Marietta Centennial, Letter concerning II
Mention of IV 4 ^'
Presides at Anti-Nebraska meeting IV
Reminiscence of
Sketchof IV. 474: IX 372
448 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Sherman, Roger M., Mention of IV 315
Sherrard, John, Crawford's expedition, in VI 154
Sherwood Mound at Malta, View of ■ V 197
S'mllitoe, Thomas, Sketch of VIII 262
Ships on the Ohio Ill 105
Shonhrun, Moravian mission at VII 49
Short, John T., Secretary of Society V 321
Sickles, Gen. Daniel —
Address at Steubenville Centennial VI 330
Eulogy on Stanton VI 330
Siebert, John, Sketch of IV 475
Siebert, Wilbur H, "Underground R. R. in Ohio,"' IV 44
"Siege of Fort Meigs," Compton X 315
Sigel. General Franz, Mention of II 56
"Sign of the Prophet," Review of X 389
Sigourney, Lydia, Mention of X 21
Silk Culture in Jefferson County VI 238
Silliman, Benj.. Mention of II, 448; IV 315
Silver ornaments, found in Mound V 235
Simpkins, J. D.. "History of Auglaize County," by X 120
Simpson, Sketch of VI, 256; VIII 183
Sioux, Traditions among II 395
Six Nations, Extent of territory of IV 115
Friends to Americans in War of 1812 VII 98
Logstown, Conference at X 102
Message to Washington VII 220
Occupancy in Ohio VI 75
Red Jacket of IX 19
Treaty with I, 217; VII 18
Skeletons, Adena Mound, in X 458
Painted X, 89; XI 246
Prehistoric, Condition of IV 369
Sketches of Life Members of Society IV 152
Slate "Butterfly" ceremonial from Knox County V 248
Slate objects. Picture of V 247
Slave catching IV 52
Slave Colony, Jefferson County, in VI 275
Slaveholders, Quakers as VI 214
Slave Trade. Petition against in D. C I 114
Venable's account of II 505
Virginia opposes II 84
"Slavery and four vears of War," Keifer. Review of IX 152
Slavery ' IX 148
Christian attitude toward II 352
Index for Volumes I to XI. 449
Vol. Page
Slavery, Connecticut endorses VII 270
Early ideas on IV 44
European emancipation from Ill 35
Exclusion of in Northwest Territory
....1,6, 12, 26 ; II, 37 ; IV, 10, 30 ; V, 57 ; VI 374
"Divine Right of" VIII 415
First Constitution on V 147
First Fugitive Act IV 50
Howe's opinion on IV 320
Howe's Virginia discoveries concerning II 458
Illinois, in II 42
Indiana, in I Y !•'>
Influence of cotton gin on IV 45
Influence of Louisiana Purchase on IV 46
Issue of II 109
Junkin, Dr., Defense of VI 108
Kilbourne, James, attitude toward IV 30
Mason and Dixon's Line, Connection with VII 260
Mention of IV 256
Morris' opposition to X, 352, 357, 358
Ohio fugitive slave law IV 62
Ohio's part against VIII 444
Opposition to, in National Territory I 121
Northwest Territory VIII 442
Ordinance of 1787, in II, 83; III 117
Political parties on IV 267
Proposed Constitutional Amendment to prohibit.. IV 447
Republicans oppose II 328
Southern Democrats on IV 269
Virginians petition to bring slaves I 31'j
Western Reserve opposition to VII '271
Slaves, Capture of, by Cincinnati people I 115
Considered as property IV 45
Cuba, sent to VI 275
Emancipation of, by Birney I 1 14
Escaped VI 274
Freedom given to XI 45
Fugitive, Account of IV 57
Constitution on IV 50
Cummings, Rev. Jacob IV 53
Federal jurisdiction on I\
Hiding places of IV 52
Methods of IV 59
29 Vol. XL
450 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Slaves, Fugitive, Number of IV 48
Number of, Conducted thr' Ohio IV 62
Reclamation of V 57
Status of in free states IV 49
Washington on IV 5 If
Ideas of freedom among IV 47 , 51
Indians bring to Sandusky Valley X 52
Price of II 505
Sale of II 489
Sleeper, D. L., Responds to toast "The Hocking Valley". .. V 303
Sloane, Rush R., "Fire Lands Historical Society," X 220
"When Ohio became a Sovereign State,". IX 278
Slocum, Chas. E., "Description of Fort Winchester," IX 253
"Some errors corrected," X 480
Smallpox, Marietta, at HI 243
Vaccination for HI 254
Zanesville, at HI 255
Smead, Isaac D. , Sketch of IV 475
Smithfield, Manumitted slave colony in VI 275
Smithsonian Institution —
Archseologic work of V, 257; VI 442
Bibliography of Ohio earthworks published by I 69
Smith , Capt. John , Explorations of IV 87
Smith , James , Account of I 253
Captivity of, among Indians VI, 91 ; VII 21
Smith, Joseph P., Biography of Henry Howe IV 3'11
McKinley Memorial Poem by X 385
Smith , Kirby , Threatens Cincinnati IV 327
Smith, W. H., Address at Marietta Centennial II 187
Sketch of IV 476
Smythe, Arthur H., Sketch of IV 476
Socialism, Shakers VIII, 1; XI 108
Social Responsibilities HI 194
Societies, List of Historical and pioneer in Ohio I 402
Society, Archaeological and Historical, Ohio —
Action of, on Columbian Exposition.. IV 384
on Ft. Ancient improvements IV 393
to preserve earthworks Ill 238
Addresses before, at Marietta II 145
Addresses before, 1898 VI 430
Andrew's relation to II "7d
Anniversary of, Tenth V 28]
Annual dinner of, 1890 Ill 240
Annual meeting of. First T 292
Index for Volumes I to XI. 451
Society, Archaeological and Historical, Ohio — Continued. Vol. Page
Fourth, 1889 II 559
Fifth, 1890 HI 237
Sixth, 1891 Ill 261
Seventh, 1892 IV 381
Omitted, 1893 IV 394
Ninth, 1894 IV 403
Tenth, 1895 IV, 430; V 279
Eleventh , 1896 V 295
Twelfth, 1897 VI 411
Thirteenth, 1898 VII 279
Fourteenth, 1899* VIII 348
Fifteenth, 1900 IX 385
Sixteenth, 1901 X 72
Seventeenth, 1902 XI 71
Annual Report of, Ninth, 1893 IV 396
Tenth, 1894 IV 414
Eleventh, 1895 V 275
Twelfth, 1896 V 291
Thirteenth, 1897 VI 411
Fifteenth, 1898 VIII 348
Sixteenth, 1899 IX 395
Appointment of Trustees of
Appropriate title for ^3o
Appropriations for XI
Archceological Dep't IV, 420 ; V. 283, 324, 325 ; VI viil
Articles of Incorporation Ill, 319; V, 321; VI
Banquet of, 1895 IV. 436; V 281
Banquet of, 1896 V
Brinkerhoff, Gen., Elected President of IV 393
By-Laws , Synopsis of
Care of Fort Ancient
Centennial building for l X
Centennial Celebrations participated in, by II
Change of Constitution VII
Charter members of nI 319
Chillicothe meeting of , 1889 t H 56</
Clarke, Robert', Relations of, with V I ' !
Collections of H, 569; V 255
Collections of, placed in State Museum IV 4W
Columbian Exposition Ill, 263, 265; IV 397,417
Congratulatory acknowledgements of VII
Connection of, with Archaeologist IV
Constitution of, (new) V
j TV 4o"2
Constitution revised
452 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Society, Archaeological and Historical, Ohio — Continued. Vol. Page
Constitution and By-laws of I 389
Contemplated change of name of Ill i'(i."»
Curator's report to , 1894 IV 4.! 1
1898 VII 288
1901 X 78
Curator's work for 1900 IX 398
Custodian for Ft. Ancient appointed by Ill _'m;
Donations to Museum of X 88
Executive Committee of, 1894 IV 41<
• 1900 VIII Front
Report to I 384
Work of, 1895 V 281
Work of, 1896 V 313
Work of, 1899 VIII :::...
Field work of, arranged for IV 400
Field work of, in 1897 VI, 423; VII 110
Finances of, in L892 IV 388
First dear's Growth of I 334
Fort Ancient , Care of IV 410
Fort Ancient Committee reports to, 1898 VII 287
Fort Ancient excursion of. 1899 VIII 355
Gallipolis Centennial, Circular Ill 3
Galipolis Centennial , Connection with Ill 2
Government of V 324
Graham. A. A.. Resolutions to IV 105
Work of, in IV 123
Greenville Centennial, Connection with IV 423
Growth of V, 318. 322 : VI vii
Growth of Museum of XI 92
Hayes addresses 11.335; VII 280
Hayes elected President IV 390
Hoar addresses at Marietta II 336
"History and Prospects of," Sessions .1 332
History of V, 321 : VI vii
Hulbcrt lectures before VIII
Increase of ' I 335
Inventory of museum of VII
Lectures before. 1898 1. 334; VII
Legislative appropriations for, 1899 VIII 351
Library of V. 815; VI, 427: X 92
Life members elected to XI 86
of members of, 1888 I
List of publications of, complete VIII 360
Literary exchanges of V 282
Index for Volumes I to XI. 453
Society, Archaeological and Historical, Ohio — Continued. Vol. Page
Local Sections of VI, 413; VIII 350
Marietta Centennial by 11
Marietta Memorial Committee reports to II 22*2
Marietta Memorial Structure, Resolutions II
Means for extension of V
Meeting of, in Chicago IV 388
Executive Committee, Monthly IV 41!*
at Mansfield with local Society I
Members of V 328
1891 HI 322
1902 X 499
Members elected in 1900 IX 392
Members elected in 1888 II 567
Members, Honorary and life, List of IV 451
Mention of HI 16t<
Mills elected to Curatorship of VII
Model of Campus Martius, to purchase IV 394
Moorehead elected Curator of IV 430
Moorehead resigns Curatorship of VII 284
Moorehead's report to, 1894 IV 421
Moore's Dr., Connection of, with VIII 178
Museum of 1 , 336 ; X
Donations to V
Origin of VIII 329
Museum and library of VI 419
Committee on, reports... V, 313; VII 286
Necrology of, 1899 VIII 370
New members of, 1899 IX 389
Objects of l 3 &3
Official organ of V 295
Officers of, 1886
1887 I 383
1888 u 338
1889 II 561
1890 HI ™
1891 M264
1892 IV 386
1894 IV 410. 416
1895 IV. 1. 436; V278, 2fi
1890 V 294, 299
1897-98 VI, 410; VII 278
1899 VIII 346
1900 VIII. Front IX 384
Ohio boundaries examined by IN I-'
454 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Society, Archaeological and Historical, Ohio — Continued. Vol. Page
Ohio Centennial conducted by XI 76
Organization of 1 , 333 ; IX 150
Origin of II 145
Orton, Edward, Connection of, with VIII 409
Pan-American Exposition, at IX, 395; XI 87
Permanent building for VII, 283; X, 75; XI 72
Portraits presented to X 92
Presidents of V, 322, 6, vii
Proceedings of, 1886 I 291
1887 I 376
Third Annual Meeting, Marietta... II 332
Provides for Centennial Celebration in Schools I 337
Publication Exchanges of X 94
"Publication" for I 336
Publication fund of Ill 269
Publications of VI, 426; XI 75
1891 HI 270
1893 IV 402
1894 IV 418
1895 V 282
1896 V 314
1898 VI, 290; VIII 357
1900 IX 397
Purchase of Howe's History Ill 238
Purchase of Howe's plates endorsed 'IV 408
Putnam addresses II 338
Quarters for V, 288, 316; VI, 427; VII, 293; VIII 349, 364
Rooms of II 561 , 569
Ryan's plan for increased interest in VII 282
Salaries of officers IV 411
Science Convention , in VIII 354
Scrap Book of IV, 431; V, 279, 315; VI 427
Secretary granted leave of absence by IV 394
Secretary's financial statement, 1887 I 388
Secretary's annual report to, 1887 I 386
1889 II 563
1890 Ill 266
1898 VII 280
Secures quarters at University IV 420
Serpent Mound offered to IV 400
Serpent Mound secured IX 380, 396
Sessions' annual address to, 1889 II 548
Sketches of life members of IV 452
Spiegel Grove, proposition to VIII 365
Index for Volumes I to XL 455
Society, Archaeological and Historical, Ohio — Continued. Vol. Page
State's duties toward II 554
Toledo Centennial VIII 349
Treasurer's Report of , 1887 I 387
1888 II 566
1S90 HI 270
1894 IV 428
1895 V 290
1896 V 317
1897-98 VI, 429; VII 295
1899 VIII 372
1900 IX 402
1901-02 XI 80
Trustees of, 1886. I 293, 299
1887 I 381
1888 II 334
1889 II 559
1890 Ill 239
1891 Ill 320
1892 IV 386, 387
1893, holdover IV 395
1894 - IV 407, 415
1895 IV, 1, 431; V278.279
1896 V 294, 296
1898 VII 278
1899 IX 389
1901 HI, 262; X 75
1902 XI 81
Trustees', Meeting of, 1891 Ill 364, 365
1893 IV 392
1894 IV 410
1895 IV, 436; V 280
1896 V 298
1898 VII 284
1899 VIII 352
1900 IX 3<U
1902 XI 84
Trustees, Report of, 1890 HI
Value of, to State VI 461
Wayne Centennial, in IV
Work of II. 347; V 301
Outside V318; VI 422
Wright's lecture before
Society and the Quarterly, The !
Society, Medical, First in Ohio m 25 1
456 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Pack
Society of the Scioto, Failure of IV 21
Members of Ill 123
Organization of Ill 123
"Society of Shakers" (Cleveland), MacLean IX 32
Society of Prehistoric Race .* VI 452
Sociology, Problems of II 112
Socrates, Figure of the Commonwealth XI 210
"Some errors corrected," Slocum X 480
Somers, George, First Virginia charter to V 1
Sons of American Revolution, Meeting Ohio Society of. ... X 121
Sons of Liberty in Ohio VIII 444
"Sorrow of the nations," Smith X 385
South Carolina, Constitution, hesitates to ratify IV 45
Southern States, Ordinance of 1787 in hands of I 12
Southworth, Geo. C, Sketch of IV 476
Sovereignty, First, over Western Lands I 32
Spain, American claims of IV, 88; X 115, 398
Discoveries of II 356, 370
.Western lands ceded by XI 103
Spanish-American War, Lessons of VIII 436
Spanish Merinos, Importation of, to Jefferson Co VI 236
Spearheads, Coshocton County, View of VIII 340
Huron County VIII 333
Spears , Picture of V 240
Speech, Constitution (first) on freedom of V 148
Spencer, Herbert, Quotation from II 100
Spencer, Piatt R., Mention of VI 47
Spiegel Grove ( X 64
Proposition to Society VIII 365
Society plans to purchase VIII 349
Spiritualism, Shakers, among X 286, 295
Wattles, advocate of VI 267
Spoils System IV 210
R. B. Hayes, on IV 356
Spotted Fawn, The, Reference to II 310
Spottswood Letters, Notice of II 578
Springfield Centennial, Review of book on Xi 262
Springfield , Indian Council at VII 99
Sproat, Col. Ebenezer, Sheriff in Northwest Territory....
II, 159, 175; III 144
Squatters, Jefferson County, in VI, 136, 138; VIII 202, 230
Ohio VI 135
"Squaw Campaign" VI 133
Squibb, Lawrence T. , Ohio-Tnrliam boundary re-establishes IV 141
Index for Volumes I to XI. 457
Vol. Page
Squier and Davis, Archaeological Collection of VI 442
Archaeological work of II 460
Explorations of II 380 , 385
Inaccuracies of explorations by II 385
Mention of I GO
Putnam's opinion of work of I 56
Quoted on Harness Mound V 225
Serpent Mound surveyed by I 189
"Squirrel Hunters," Meption of IV 327
St. Clair County, Evolution of V 330
Original boundary of V 330
St. Clair, Fort., Description of Ill 304
"St. Clair Papers," Mention of Ill 275
St. Clair, Arthur —
Addresses First Constitutional Convention V 87
Army of XI 36
Battle ground of XI 41
Boundary for Ohio planned by V 344
Campaign of VIII 378
Counties and townships laid out by V 328
Death of VI, 205 ; VIII 393
Defeat of (See St. Clair's Defeat) VI 20ii
Difficulties of, with legislature I 312,314
Ft. Hamilton built by Ill 303
Ft. Jefferson built by Ill 304
Ft. Washington, at X 6
Gallantry of VIII 387
General of Militia I 308
Governmental ideas of II 191
Governor Northwest Territory
• I, 304 ; V, 327 ; VIII, 376 ; X 420
Grave of VI 205
Indian policy of VI 205
Injustice toward VI 205
Meeting of, with Capt. Pipe for Treaty VI 204
Mention of II, 160; III, 148 ; IV. 10 ; VIII 483
Opinion of, on Col. Crawford VI
Opponents of XI 68
Opposes admission of Ohio XI 61
Opposition to VIII 392
Organization of Army of VIII 382
Pennsylvania Constitution, on II 190
Popularity of. wanes XI 51
Portrait of VI, 7 ; XI 30
458 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
St. Clair, Arthur — Continued. Vol. Page
Public services of XI 69
Reappointed Governor of Northwest Territory
I, 307, 316; XI 64
Removal of troops from Marietta, ordered by I 284
Removal as Governor I, 318 ; II, 413 ; XI 68
Republican opposition to XI 66
Shawnees defeat XI 180
Sketch of VIII 261
Statesmanship of II 187
Strategy of, in admission of Ohio XI 44, 63
Veto power used by V 340
Wayne buries men of VI 207
Wayne succeeds X 428
Wilderness March of VIII 383
St. Clair's Army, Burial of the dead of VIII 394
Dissensions in VIII 391
Retreat of VIII 386
St. Clair's Expedition VII, 83 ; X 427
Friendly Indians assist in VIII 380
St. Clair's Defeat II, 164; III, 52, 306; IV, 24;
VII, 209; VIII, 483; IX, 212; XI 107
Burial of soldiers of IX 220
Cause of VIII 388
Death roll of VII 394
Description of VIII 384
Effect of VI, 206 ; VIII, 389 ; IX 215
Loss of men in VIII 388
Officers killed in X 380
Result of defeat of XI 42
Site of X 484
"St. Clair's Defeat," Hunt Vllf 373
"St. Clair's Defeat." Wilson X, 378 ; XI 30
St. Clairsville, School built in . . . . ; VI 247
St. Lawrence River, Free navigation of IV 11
St. Mary's, Fort, Description of Ill 307
Treaty at XI 255
St. Mary's River, Indian cession on XI 251
St. Vincent's, Titles of citizens of V 47, 51
Stage Coaches, Conestoga wagons VIII 296
National Road, on IX 458
Stage Drivers VIII 300
Stanbury, Judge, Mention of Ill 158
Standish, (Mrs.) Miles, Reference to II 246
Stanton Day, Steubenville Centennial VI 318
Index for Volumes I to XL 459
Vol. Page
Stanton, Edwin M., Ancestry of VI J 17
Attorney General VI 331
Birthplace of VI 329
Church connection of VI 257
Davis' tribute to VI 359
First tribute to VI 372
Imperious character of VI 219
Legal attainments of VI 338
Memorial Tablet of VI 329
Mention of ....IV, 271; VI. 220, 346; XI. 205
Murder of father of VIII 166
Portrait of VI 329
Secretary of War VI 334, 341
Sickles' Eulogy on VI 330
Supreme Judge VI 342
Trainer's tribute to VI 336
Venable's Eulogy on VI 327
Stanton, Robt. B., "Cliff Dwellers," Lecture on, by VI 423
Society addressed by VII 293
Stanwix, Fort, Treaty of I 211
Stapleton, Rev. A., "Genealogy of William McKinley,". . . . X 236
Stark County, Earthworks in, number of VII 194
Erection of VI 217
Prehistoric remains in V 271
Stark, Gen., Ancestry of VI 101
Mention of IV 218
Starling, Lyne, Arrives at Franklinton VI 66
Starling, Sarah, Lucas Sullivant marries VI 63
State Buildings at Columbus, View of V 161
State Library, Manuscript department of Ill 272
Society's work for II 551
State Museum, Founding of IV 400
State Papers, Destruction of I 80
"State Sovereignty in Ohio," Cheetham IX 290
State, Application to erect, in Northwest Territory V 69
Constitution on boundaries of V 146
Enemies of Ill 192
Northwest Territory, Formed from V 56
Proposition to settle by Continental Army IV 2
States Rights. Ohio approves IX 295
Ohio legislature opposes IX 301
States, Boundaries of. in Northwest Territory V 68
Cession of lands by 111,111; IV 128
Claim of, to Western lands I 4
460 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
States, Western, Admission of IV 252
Spirit of independence in I 141
Statutes, Chase's 1 13
Seamboat, First II ?8
First on Delaware River VIII 402
Ohio River VI 242
Inventor of VIII, 397 ; IX 238
Photograph of model of Fitch's VIII 404
Steam navigation, Collect Pond's Map, of VIII 397
Stearns, Wallace N., Historical Studies on X 388
Stein, Baron, Mention of Ill 38
Steuben, Baron VI 326
Portrait of VI 95
Steubenville named for VI 210
Steuben, Fort, Description of Ill, 303 ; VI 192
Erection of VI 189
Map of VI 139
View of VI 314
Steubenville Centennial, Celebration of VI 314
Cook's address at VI 345
Davis' address at VI 347
Gill's address at VI 344
Pioneer Day at VI 344
Sickles' address at VI 330
Steubenville Herald, Founding of VI 216
Steubenville, Account of, in 1818 VI 216
Campaign 1844, in VI 272
Clay, Henry, in VI 270
Distilleries in VI 232
. First attempt at settlement in Ohio VI 119
First white child born in VI 217
Founding of VI 350
Friends erect school in VI 251
Hundred years', history of VI 382
Industries in, 1817 VI 239
Land district of VI 211
Manufacturers of VI 243
Broadcloth VI 238
Silk VI 238
Woolen VI 234
Methodism in VI 255. 256
Mounds near VI 195
Officers, (first) of VI 217
Organization of VI 210
Index for Volumes I to XL 4ol
Vol. Page
Steubenville, Presbyterianism in VI 260
Schools in VI, 248, 251, 353
Teachers in VI 251
Stevenson Fort, description of HI
Stevenson, Mary L. C, "Colonel Thomas Cresap" 146
Stevens, Alexander, Eulogy on Vinton IV
Stevens, Thaddeus, Mention of IV
Stickney, Major, Connection of, with O. and Mich, dispute IV
Imprisonment of IV
Letter of, to Lucas IV
Ohio reimburses IV
Stiles, Henry C, Sketch of
Stivers, Emmons B., Adams Co. Hist, by
Stokely, Thomas,. Capture of • • • •• VI
Stone Axes, Muskingum Valley, from '• • • • v 245
Stone Carvings, Baum- Village VII 150
Stone Graves, Adams County V 214
Fort Ancient IV240.369
Oregonia, at, Description of VI
View of IV 129
View of IX, 194, 195, 198, 199, 200, 201. 202, 203
"Stone Graves in Brown County, ' Fowke
Stone Hearths at Ft. Ancient IV 368
Stone Implements, Collection of, Columbus Centennial, at. . 54t>
Makers of 515
Manufacture and use of ^ 14
Source of material for
Stone Mound, Adams County, View of V 209
Licking Reservoir at, View of V In)
„ . IV 366
Stone Pavements
Stone River, Mention of 1N .
Stone Tablet, Adena Mound in *
Stone, Wm. L, Tribute to Uncas, by
Storks, Ohio in
Storrs, Henry M., Marietta Centennial.... " *J»
97,301
477
527
141
Storrs, Richard S., Mention of fV
Story, Daniel, Minister H '«'"
Story, Justice, Right of Discovery, on " *
"Story of a Country Church," Review of *£ *>
"Story of the Western Reserve , " Review ot £ wo
Stout Mound, Rome. O., View from V J«
Strabo, Quotation from ^
Stuart, John, Mission work of • *
"Studies in Science and Religion," Mention of
462 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Sturges, Susan M., Sketch of IV 477
Sturtevant, I. N., Address, Marietta Centennial c II 138
Sturtevant, Julian M., Mention of VI 47
Sufferers' Lands VI 30
Sugar Maple in Ohio Ill 88
Sullivant, Joseph, Patron public education IV 278
Sullivant, Lucas, Clerk of court VI 92
Experiences of, on Scioto VI 83
Founds Franklinton VI 61 , 72
Marriage of VI 62
Personal appearance of VI 63
Portrait of VI (31
Sullivant, Wm. S., Contributions to science VI 63
Musci allcglienicnscs, Published by. . IV 287
Summit County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 280
Earthworks in , number of VII 188
Erection of VI 217
Map of Portage Path in VIII 291
Prehistoric remains in V 269
Summit House, National Road, View of IX 517
Sumner, Chas., Attack on IV 268
Opposition to Slavery in Northwest Ter-
ritory I 121
Sumter, Fort, Surrender of IX 130
Sunday, Observance of at Marietta II 294
Sunday Schools, First in Ohio II 304
Uniform lesson leaf system for VIII 460
Sun , Mexican legend concerning I 330
Superstition of Negroes VI 280
Supreme Court, Ohio in contempt of II 417
Surveying, Early, Difficulties attending VI 170, 196
Seven Ranges , of VI 196
Plan of VI 196
Surveyors, Indians attack VI 204
Putnam , Rufus II 35
Surveys. Field notes of Ohio-Indiana line IV 132
Ludlow's Ohio Congress IV 131
Map of X 423
McDonald, Angus, attempts XI 172
Ohio Congress Land IV 131
Western Reserve Lands VII 265
Swain , C. L. , Portrait of X 124
Swain, Noah H., Commissioner in Ohio and Michigan
dispute IV 221
Index for Volumes I to XI. 463
Vol. Page
Swan, Gustavus, Account of Franklinton, by VI 05
Swan Tavern, Columbus, Ohio, Mention of IV 210
Swastika Cross, found in mounds VI, 444; XI 137, 139
Swayne, Wager, Sketch of . IV 477
Swedenborg, Johnny Appleseed adherent of VI 292
"Sweet Corn" VI 144, 402
Swing, Jas. B., "Thomas Morris" X 352
Symmes, John Cleves, Account of Ill 143
Judge Northwest Territory I 305
Land purchased by II, 15(5; XI' .200
Relation, with St. Clair VIII 392
Symmes Purchase IX 120
Congress provides for schools in IX 284
Gallatin's report on V 156
Reservations of land in V 79, 160
Settlement of X 420, 424
T
Tablet, Circleville, Picture of V 249
Taft, Alphonso, Reminiscence of II 469
Taney, Roger B., Zoar Society case decided by VIII 27
Tappan, Dr. Eli VI 251
Early school legislation, on VI 39
Mention of I 102
Tappan, Judge Benj., Senator from Ohio VI 226, 338
Sketch of VI 224, 306
Tarhee, (See Crane) IX 3
Franklinton Indian Council, at VI 90
Influence of VI 80
Protector of white settlers VI 68
Tariff, Clay speaks on VI 270
Vinton's idea of IV 247
Taverns, Advertisement for sale of, on National Road.... IX 519
Eastern Ohio, in VIII 302
Jefferson County, in VIII 227
National Road , on IX 477
New England and Western, compared IX 486
Ohio Company organized in "Bunch of Grapes".. X 117
Ohio Legislature meets in IX 483
Taxation , Federal V 56
School purposes , for VI
States' right H 421
Virginia establishes great principles of II 66
464 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Taxes, First property for, in Jefferson County VI 216
Lands exempt from V 79
Taylor, E. L., Address, "The Ohio Indians" VI 72
"Monuments to historical Indian Chiefs"..
IX, 1; XI 1
Taylor, Geo. L., "Northwest Territory," Poem X 170
Taylor, Nathaniel, Mention of IV 315
Taylor, W. A., Ohio Centennial favored by XI 83
Taylor, Zachary, Nomination of IV 267
Teachers' Associations —
Ohio, Andrews Memorial at II 345
Organization of VI 53
State, organization of VI 44
Teachers' Institutes, Origin of, in Ohio IV 278
Teachers' Seminary at Kirtland VI 49
Teachers, Prominent —
Clark, Samuel, Pioneer VI 247
Cowdry, M. F VI 49
Garfield, James A VI 48
Granger , Daniel IV 342
Harvey, T. W VI 49, 51
Henkle VI 54
Holbrook, Alfred VI 49
Jeffers, Pioneer VI 246
Leggett, M. D VI 49
Lord, Dr. A. D VI 49
Mann , Horace VI 53
McCook, Henry C VI 251
McCook, Dr. John VI 251
Oviatt, L. M VI 52
Phelps, Thomas T., Mention of IV 39
Rickoff, A.J VI 52, 54
Slater, Rev. Nelson VI 49
Smythe , Anson VI 52
Spencer, Piatt R VI 47
Tappan, Dr. Eli VI 251
Tennant VI 245
Thompson , Clarissa IV 39
White, E. E VI 52
Wilson, Prof. Woodrow VI 251
Teachers, Scotch-Irish VI 47
Steubenville, in VI 251
Yankee, in the Western Reserve VI 47, 48
Tecumseh, Account of VI 80
Index for Volumes I to XL 465
Vol. Page
Tecumseh, Birthplace of X, 375 ; XI 230
Character of VII 78
Conference with Harrison VII 90
Confederacy of VII 92
Connection of, with Ohio and Michigan dispute IV 217
Death of VII 98, 102
Father of XI IS!
Government orders removal of VII S&
Influence of VII- 91
Love affair of X 375
Mention of II, 401; IV, 324; VII 219
Oratory of VII 104
Origin of name of . .„ VII 80
Personal appearance of VII 87, 103
Siege of Ft. Meigs X 327
Speech of, at Springfield Council VII 99
War of 1812, in VII, 90; X 317
Temperance Crusade VIII 460
Tennant, Teacher VI 245
Tennessee, Militia of, called out in Burr Conspiracy I 152
Tennessee River, Mention of Ill 101
Tennyson, Alfred, Mention of IV 338
Teotihwacan , Buried city of I 324
Legend concerning I 329
Terra Cotta Head, Youngstown V 255
Terraces , Artificial IV 3<>4
Presence of I 1 76
Streams , where found I 17b
Territorial legislature, First X 421
Territory-Western, Ignorance of extent of IV 200
Ordinance for 1 V 5
Terry, T. B. , Mention of IX 345
Texas , Annexation of IV 256
Thackeray, W. M. , Coaching described by TX 159
Thames, Battle of VII, 97: XI 22'
Thanksgiving Day, First at Marietta II 294
"These are my jewels," Tompkins X 132
Thomas, General, Mention of TI 238
Thomas (Mrs.) Cyrus —
"Bibliography of Ohio Earthworks," I, 69, 191. 272
"Thomas Morris , " Swing X 352
Thomas, Prof. Cyrus, Mound Builders identified by I 60
Newark earthworks, on V 201.
30
466 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Thompson, Rev. H. A. — Vol. Page
Address, Gallipolis Centennial, at III 168
Mention of Ill 12
Sketch of IV 478
Three important documents relating to western land ces-
sions II 270
Thurman, Allen G., Death of V 295
Defeated for Governor IV 349
Mention of IV, 325, 329, 334
President of Society ■ I 8b
Sketch of IV 478
Thurman, (Mrs.) Allen G., visits Camp Chase prisoners. . . VIII 123
Thwaites , Reuben Gold VI 1 14
Tiffin, Site of Ft. Ball Ill 310
Tiffin, Diathea M., Sketch of IV 478
Tiffiin, Edward, Communication of, to President and Con-
gress V 154
Correspondence concerning Ohio bound-
ary IV 187
Legislature asked to arrest Burrites, by.. I 157
Election of, as Governor of Ohio IX 288
Mention of V 13, 339
Militia assembled against Burr I 152
Part taken in admission of Ohio XI 62
President first Constitutional Convention. V 80, 83
Sketch of XI 55
Speaker of Territorial Assembly Ill 151
St. Clair opposed by XI 69
Surveyor General IV, 137, 158, 163
Surveyor employed by, to establish Ohio
boundaries IV 137
Tilden, Samuel J., Contests election of 1876 IV 350
Tilsit, Peace of .' Ill 38
•Till," I 175
Tippecanoe , Battle of VII 93
Tobacco, Indian use of II 529
Tod. David, Ancestry of VIII 107
Anecdotes of VIII 125
Biography of, Wright VIII 107
Boyhood of VIII 108
Campaign of 1844 in VIII 118
Children of VIII 109
Commercial enterprises of VIII 110
Death of VIII 115
Democracy of VIII 112
Index for Volumes I to XI. 467
Vol. Page
Tod, David, Election of, as Governor VIII 113
Failure of renomination VIII 12 1
Generous charity of VIII 1^3
Gubernatorial record of VIII 121
Legislature thanks VIII 114
Lincoln supported by VIII 113, 122
Lincoln tenders Treasury portfolio to VIII 114, 130
Marriage of VIII 109
Mention of VI 34G
Minister to Brazil VI] 111
Ohio Electoral College on death of VIII
Politics of VIII lio
Portrait of VIII 107
Reference to IV 444
Republicans nominate for governor VII 119
Retirement of • • VI11
Services of, in Civil War VIII
Studies law VIII 108
Summoned to Washington IV
Tod, (Mrs.) David, Residence of VII
Tod's Homestead, View of VIII 113
Todd, Joseph H., Expedition of VII ft
Sketch of IV 4 <9
Todd's Trace, Mention of VI L j
Toledo, Mound Builders' Forts in
Ohio holds court in
Original name of IV
Site of Ft.Industry IH f)9
Toledo Blade, Extract from X * *J°
Toledo War, Account of *
Cox's account of
TV -'"i
Fatalities in 1V "T
Mention of ; n
Toltecs, Legend concerning destruction of .'
Tradition of ""',
Tompkins, Emmett, Address Pan-American Exposition.... X ldL
"Tongue of fame," '
Tories in Ohio „'„
"Tory's Daughter, The," Notice of
Toulmin, Harry, Book on Kentucky, by j JJJ
Townmeetings, New England
Townshend , Ebenezer , "The Merchant Prince , IV jji4
Townshend, N. S., Death of \ *"
Mention of l *^
468 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Townshend, N. S., Paper "Salmon P. Chase," I 111
Sketch of IV 479
Township, Origin of Ill 113
Township government, Origin of V 32V
Toynbee Hall, Monograph on II 439
Trading Posts, English on Walhonding VII 40
Trails,. Indian VIII 266
Monongahela VIII 275
Muskingum VIII 276
The Great Trial VIII 276
Trainer, J. H. S. , Tribute to Stanton by VI 336
Transportation, Pioneer means of VI 241
Transylvania University 1 , 106. 236 ; II 491
"Travelers and Annalists of Ohio Valley, Early," I 230
Travelers, Brackenridge, H. M Ill 65
Hecke welder, John Ill 63
'1 ravel , Early modes , Venable I 295
First routes of I 295
Western , Mention of various books on I 238
Travels , Bartram's , Publication of I 231
Book on Western, Birbeck I 238
Flint I 237
Schultz I 237
Treason among Indians VI 86
"Treasures of Ft. Ancient" Moore responds to toast to V 304
Treaties, Attempts to form with Indians VI 206
Brownstown, Mich XI 253
Detroit XI 252
Dunmore's VI, 76 ; VII, 54 ; X, 408 ; XI 190
Failure of, with Capt. Pipe VI 204
Ft. Harmar II, 161 ; VI, 204 ; VII 28,225
Ft. Industry XI 252
Ft. Mcintosh VII 28, 224
Ft. Stanwix I, 217; VII, 48, 224; X 113
Greenville. VI, 77, 78, 111, 208; VII, 35. 84, 218:
IX, 231;
Logstown
Indian land
Maumee Rapids
Paris, 1763 1. 213;
Putnam's with Indians on the Wabash
St. Mary's
Treaty Tree VII
Trenton, N. J.. Palaeolithic implements found at
X
432
XI
102
XI
249
XI
254
XI
103
VI
206
XI
255
/II
360
I
177
Index for Volumes I to XI. 469
Vol. Page
Trimble, Allen, Patron of Public Schools VI 108
School Committee appointed by VI 250
"Triumph of Liberty," Poem, Marietta Centennial II 216
True, Dr. Jabez, Account of Ill 242
Trumbull County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 280
Earthworks in, number of VII 105
Erection of VI 217
Evolution of V 347
Organization of VII, 268; X 366
Original , Map of V 348
Members first Constitutional Conven-
tion, from V 81, 95
Prehistoric remains in V 273
Trumbull, John, Paintings of II 449
Trumbull, Jonathan, Governor of Connecticut V 66
Tubman, Harriet, Conductor on the "Underground," IV 62
Tucker, Dean, Plan of, for protection against Indians.... I 220
Tucker, John Randolph, Marietta Centennial Address at.. II 64
Tula , Mexican city of I 331
Tumuli, Ross Co V 219
Tupper, Benjamin, Maumee Indian Expedition in IX 269
Mention of IV 6
Ohio Company of Associates, in Ill 115
Turkeyfoot Rock , Paintings of IV 398
Turner, Judge, Mention of Ill 143
Tuscarawas County, Earthworks in, number of VII 190
Erection of VI 217
Ft. Laurens in VI 12
Historic places in VIII 277
Map of VIII 277
Palaeolithic implements found in I 180
Prehistoric remains in V 271
Western Reserve, School lands in. .. . VI 38
Zoar Society, in VIII 6
Tuscarawas River, Ft. Laurens on Ill
Indian operations upon VI 393
Moravian mission on VII 317
Williamson leads expedition to VI 143
Tuttle, Jos. F., Address at Marietta Centennial I 132
Tyerman, Quotation from HI 19<
Tyler, John, Administration of IV
Tyler, John Poyntz, Prayer of ; VII
Tymochtee , Crawford burned on VI
Tyre, Magnificence of VI 365
470 Ohio Arch, and His. Soci-ety Publications.
Vol. Page
Uncas, Chief, Monument to XI 10
Sketch of XI 2, 8
"Uncle Tom's Cabin" VIII 460
"Underground Railroad" VIII 446
Appalachian route of IV 58
Col. Howard's experience on IV 60
Extent of, in Ohio IV 62
Jefferson County, in VI, 274; VIII 187
Origin of IV 57
Routes of IV, 58, 59, 60
Stations on IV 61
"Underground Railroad in Ohio" IV 14
Union, Colonies', Impossibility of I 215
Franklin's plan of I 211
American, Inviolability of II 87
Ohio's place in II 173
Union County, Earthworks in, number of VII 186
Prehistoric remains in V 269
Union Village, Founding of XI 216
Present condition of XI 229
Shakers of X, 251; XI 109
United States, Boundaries of, in 1788 I 2
Boundary, northern, Reference to IV 184
Credit of IV 1
Dissatisfaction of Western States with I 142
Growth of VIII 437
Southern control of government of VI 377
United States Bank, Cincinnati branch established IX 291
Kentucky levies tax on IX 301
Maryland taxes IX 302
Ohio taxes IX 294
Opposition to. in Ohio IX 291
Rechartering of IX 291
University, Historical center at VI 462
Reservation of lands for Ill 120
Upper Sandusky, Crawford burned near „.. VI 1
V
Vallandingham, C. L. , Campaign of VIII 127
"Value of personal history," Moore responds to toast to. . . . IV 449
Van Buren, Martin, Political policy of X 335
"Vandalia," Colony of I 219
Index for Volumes I to XI. 471
Vol. Page
Vandals ruin home of Blennerhassett I 154
Vance, John L. , "French settlement and settlers of Galli-
polis" Ill 45
Sketch of IV 480
Vance, Joseph, Implicated in Moravian Massacre Ill 292
Mention of IV 141
Van Fleet, Col., Commands militia in Toledo War IV 224
Van Vleck, Rev. H. J.,. Gnadenhutten Centennial, Address
by ' VII 305
Van Wert County, Earthworks in, number of VII 202
Prehistoric remains in V 273
Varnum, Judge James M. , Account of Ill 142
Vatralsky, S. K., Portrait of (See MacGahan) IX 144
Venable, Prof. W. H. —
Address, "Early intellectual achievements in Ohio
Valley" I 105
Address, Lebanon Centennial XI 198
Address , Steubenville Centennial VI 318
"Dream of Empire,' by
"Down South before the War" II 488
Early modes of travel from East to Mississippi Valley I 295
"Gallagher, William Davis," Biography I, 358; II 309
Literary periodicals of Ohio
Mention of VI
Ohio education, on VI
Ohio River experience of H 492
"Pioneer Author to Pioneer Editor," by 255
Vessels, Building of, on Ohio II 169
Veto Power, St. Clair's use of 5 ~
"Vicar of Wakefield," Mention of IV
Victor, "American Conspiracies," Mention of 150
Description of anxiety concerning Burr's Conspiracy I 152
Village Sites, Caesar's Creek IV 37 _ ]
Madisonville I y
Millgrove IV 3T1
Prehistoric IV, 364, 365. 369
Vincennes, Capital of Indiana Territory V
Clarke captures VI1
Indian Treaty of VI]
Mentionof "I 103
Vincent, Henry C, Sketch of IV . 480
Vinton County, Earthworks of, number, in VII
Erection of ™
Prehistoric remains in V
472 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Vinton Memorial, Abstracts from IV 233, 234
Vinton, Samuel F., Account of Ill 157
Adams, J. Q., Opinions of, on IV 260
Ancestry of IV 232
Apportionment law of IV 257
Arguments on Ohio-Virginia boundary
line IV 07
Biography of, Dahlgren, by.., IV 231
Brazee's account of IV 235
Burial at Gallipolis IV 262
Cabinet position declined by IV 260
Chairman of Ways and Means Com-
mittee IV 250
Compromises discussed by IV 125
Death of IV 261
Domestic life of IV 251
Election of, to Congress IV 239
England's claim to portions of Amer-
ica, discussed by IV 85
Ewing, on death of IV 261
Ewing's opinion of IV 237
French claims in Ohio Valley, on.... IV 99
Internal improvements, on IV 245
Kentucky's admission discussed by IV 80
Marshall's decision discussed by IV 76
Maryland's attitude toward Virginia
discussed by IV 109
Member of Peace Convention IV 262
Mention of Ill 69
Ohio-Virginia boundary dispute, in... IV 23S
Opinions of, on Mexican War IV 256
Ownership of crown lands discussed by IV 105
Portrait of Ill 137
Presidency of railroad accepted by.... IV 260
Relations with Indians, on IV 242
Re-enters Congress IV 250
Religious ideas of IV 262
States' Jurisdiction of river boundaries IV 81
Stevens, eulogy on IV 261
Tariff ideas of IV 247
Validity of Virginia's charter IV 93
Virginia's cession of western lands.... IV 118
Virginia's charter claims IV 107
Virginia's claim to western lands IV 84, 119
Index for Volumes I to XI. 473
Vinton, Samuel F., Virginia's extent
Virginia as a colony
Whig candidate for Governor
Winthrop's opinions of
Withdraws from public life
Vischer, Capt. J. N. , Commandant at Ft. Piqua
Virginia Burgesses, Dunmore dissolves
Virginia Charter, Lands granted in
Virginia Council, Minutes of
Virginia Historical Collections, Notice of
Virginia Military District, Object of
Survey of lands in
Virginia Military Lands
Reservations in, for schools
Virginia Military Survey
Virginia Regiment, 7th Revolutionary
Virginia Secession Convention
Virginia State Papers , Notice of
Virginia, Act of Ratification of
Act of cession of
Cession of land IV, 113, 118, 128; V, xi ;
Charter claims asserted by
Chartered rights of
Claim of, to Northwest Territory II, 83;
Condition during early settlement of
Council of
Deed of cession from
Extent of
Extent of jurisdiction of, on Ohio River
First Charter of
Governor of, calls out militia in Burr Conspiracy
Historical preservation in
Historical Society of
Howe writes history of II , 451 ;
House of Burgesses cut road to Marietta
Influence of, on early Ohio settlements
Northwest Territory
Informed of "new province" project
Land claims of, in Ohio Valley... I, 229; IV, 65;
Legislature of, suggests Peace Convention
Limits of colony established IV
Maryland legislature on land claims of
Modified cession of
Northwest Territory favored by
Vol.
Page
IV
96
IV i
12, 9-1
IV
260
IV
232
IV
249
III
307
XI
174
X
487
II
406
II
431
X
422
III
113
IX
278
V
79
X
377
vi :
10, 11
IX
127
ii
430
V
60
V
46
X
372
IV
107
II
69
IV
82
II
451
V
23
V
58
IV
96
III
157
V
1
I
152
II
424
III
274
IV
320
III
106
VI
102
II
24
IV
104
IX
278
I
123
IV
103
IV
108
V
59
I
28
474
Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Virginia, Ohio boundary line of IV 04
Original charter of IV 34
Remonstrance of, concerning western lands II 281
Reservation of lands by IV, 113; V 47
Scotch-Irish element in VI 103
Second charter of V viii, 12
Slave trade opposed by II 84
Territory granted to X 372
Third Charter of V vlll, 33
Transition of, from Charter to Crown Colony... IV 94
from Corporation to Colony IV 91
Validity of Charter of, questioned IV 93
Walpole Grant disturbs I 225
Virginians , Ohio settled by X 134
Volney, C. F. , Book on Western Travels by I 230
Voltaire , Mention of I 128
Von Moltke, Marriage of Lesquereux, at IV 283
Von Wolff skel, General, Patron of Lesquereux IV 282
W
Wasbash River, Ft. Recovery on Ill 305
Indian Treaty on VI 206
Waddell, William, Mention of Ill 170
Waddle, Mayor, Responds to toast "Chillicothe Centennial" V 304
Wade, Benjamin, Ancestry of. VI 101
Life of V 578
Mention of IV 447
Opposition to slavery I 121
Wadsworth Academy VI 48
Walhonding, Cache implements from Workman Mound.... V 238
Description of Mounds on V 195
View of Johnson Mound V 190
Workman Mound V 191
Walker. Col.. Goes to Paris IV 23
Walker, Dr., Mention of Ill 101
Walker. Jacob, Sketch of VI 119
Wallace. Gov. David, Indiana Indians removed by XI 19
Wallace. Robert. Wife of, Massacred Ill 290
Wallace, Wm. Ross, Letter to Gallagher. II 317
Walpole, Thomas, to establish a New England Province... IV 104
"Wapayana," Poem X 27
War Correspondents. MacGahan IX 141
"War Governors of Ohio." Wright responds to IV 444
Index for Volumes I to XL 475
Vol. Page
War of 1812, Cause of VI, 375; X 316
Detroit surrenders X 320
Effect of I 247
Ft. Amanda Ill 309
Ft. Ball Ill 310
Ft. Dearborn surrenders X 321
Ft. Findlay Ill 309
Ft. McArthur Ill 310
Ft. Meigs : 111,311,315; X 330
Ft. Seneca Ill 310
Ft. Stevenson Ill 310
Harrison's headquarters at Franklinton VI 72
Influence of, on manufacturing in Jefferson Co. VI 234
Mention of IV 206
Officers in, from Jefferson County VIII 257
Ohio in II, 169 ; IX, 253 ; X, 11, 319, 355
Opposition to X 315
Perry's victory Ill 311
Plan of X 319
Raisin Massacre in X 322
Rendezvous for, at Franklinton VI 67
Sandusky Valley in 53
Tecumseh assists British in VII 97
Winchester's defeat X 322
War, Contest of Indians and whites VI 60
Dunmore's 1, 228; VI, 7: XI 167
Indian, effect on Gallipolis settlement IV 24
Indian methods of VI
Jefferson County's contribution to VI
360
Mexican, Mention of IV
Scotch-Irish generals in VI
Shaker opposition to
108
X 259
Ward, Durban, Mention of
Tribute to Morrow II
Ward, Fanny B., "Pyramids and buried Cities,"
Warner, A. J., Sketch of IV 480
Warren County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 280
Copper implements from V 253
Early history of XI
Earthworks in VIII 343
Earthworks in, number of VII
Natural resources of
Prehistoric remains in V
Prominent men of XI
476 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Warren County, Shaker community in X, 251; XI 108
Washburn, Elihu B., Friend of Grant XI 237
Washingtonians, Movement of IV 266
Washington County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 281
Citizens of, petition Congress IV 249
Earthworks in, number of I 175
Establishment of I. 304; II 159
Evolution of V 328
German settlers in II 55
Members of first Constitutional Con-
vention from V 82
Mention of VI 42
Original boundary of V 329
Pennsylvania, Mention of V 277
Pioneer Association of II 1
Prehistoric remains in V 264
Washington-Crawford Letters, Butterfield's book on IX 182
Mention of VI 4
Washington, Fort, Description of Ill 303
Washington, George, Acquaintance with Crawford VI 2
Blennerhassett Island owned by I 129
Broadhead's letter to VI 135
Confidence of, in Wayne VII 214
Commercial advantages of Cuyahoga.
by Ill 108
Commercial advantages of Kanawha,
by
Continental Bounty claims, discussed
Debt of the West to
Deed to Ohio Company, given by....
Dorchester Heights
Farewell Address refers to West....
Friendship of, for New England....
Fugitive Slaves, on
Interest in Western Territory
Lands of '.IX, 208;
Letter to Whipple
Maker of Northwest Territory
Marietta Settlement, on
Member of House of Burgesses
Mention of Ill, 40. 74. 218;
Ohio Indian Warfare, on VI 395, 399
Opinion on Burr I 138
Opinion on Dunmore's War XI 191
III
103
III
115
IX
205
I
32
II
31
I
26
I
13
IV
57
II
78
X
115
II
186
II
153
X
419
XI
174
X
5
Index for Volumes I to XL 477
Washington, George, Plans of, for Ohio Valley
Portrait of
Proclamation of, 1763, Opinion of . . . .
Putnam's relation with
Receives news of St. Clair's defeat. .
Recommends petition for Bounty
Lands
St. Clair's defeat affects
Surveyor
Visit of, to Col. Crawford
Visit of, to Ohio
I, 26; VI, 5. 121, 349;
Walpole Grant opposed by
Western settlements discussed by....
Western transportation discussed by. .
Western trip of IX, 206 ;
Washington-Irvine Correspondence VI, 393 ;
Washington and Lee University, Founding of
Washington, Martha, Mention of IV, 347 ;
Waterford, Arrowheads found near
Church services at
Ft. Fry at
Waterways of Ohio, Washington discusses
Watkins, William, Artist
Sketch of
Watson D. K., "Early Bar of the Ohio Valley," Adrress...
"Early Judiciary, early laws and Bar of
Ohio"
Watterson, Bishop, Sermon of
Wattles, John O.. Vegetarian and spiritualist
Waverly, Mounds near VII
Way. Hon. H. V., Account of first Ohio court of Toledo. . .
Wayne County, Bibliography of earthworks in
Earthworks in, number of VII
Establishment of
Evolution of
Original boundaries of
Prehistoric remains in
Seat of
Wayne, Fort, Description of
Wayne, Gen. Anthony —
Appointed military commander
Army of, prepares to march
Recruited by
Vol.
Page
IX
212
VI
4
I
210
II
31
X
428
IV
5
XI
42
VI
2
VI
4
X
109
I
220
III
103
III
100
X
154
IX
183
VI
103
VI
304
V
203
II
298
II
192
I
26
VI
295
VI
298
III
13
III
141
III
16
VI
267
VII
158
IV
225
I
282
VII
184
I
309
V
333
V
333
V
268
V
350
III
309
I
309
IX
218
IX
214
478 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Wayne, Gen. Anthony — Vol. Page
Army of, Returns to Greenville IX 231
Battle of Fallen Timbers Ill, 308 ; VII 230
Battle of Ft. Recovery IX 221
British posts surrendered to IX 232
Butler's tribute to VII 257
Campaign of XI 10 1
Centennial of Treaty of IV 394
Centennial oration on IX 214
Correspondence with Major Campbell IX 228
Death of VII, 214, 250 : IX 232
Diplomacy of VII 235
Expedition II, 165 ; VI, 207 ; VII, 34, 83, 212, 229 ; X 429
Ft. Defiance, built by Ill 307
Ft. Deposit, built by Ill 308
Ft. Greenville, built by Ill 304
Ft. Industry, built by Ill 309
Ft. Loramie, built by Ill 301
Ft. Piqua, built by HI 307
Ft. Recovery, built by Ill 305
Ft. St. Mary's, built by Ill 307
Ft. Washington ,at VII, 222 ; X 6
Indian dread of IX 221
Indians defeated by X 430
Indian policy of VII 232
Mention of IV, 230, 401 ; VI, 80 : X 308
Monument to XI 234
Public gratitude to IX 230
Reception of, after victory VII 213
Reports battle of Fallen Timbers IX 223
Revolutionary record of VII 210
Revolutionary war, in IX 235
Scouts of VI 174. 17G
Treaty of XI 250
Washington's opinion of VII 215
Wayne's Route on Maumee, Map of VIII 283
Wavne's Treaty, Centennial of VII 205
Influence of VI 208
Wayne's Treaty Centennial, Celebration of IV 401
Ways and Means Committee, Vinton Chairman of IV 250, 253
Wealth, Distribution of II 115
Webb . Dr. Nathan . Account of HI 258
Webb, Lucy Ware. Wife of Hayes IV 3^7
Webster, Daniel, Mention of IV 346
Ordinance of 1787, on. .II, 43; IV, 202; X 118
Index for Volumes I to XL 479
Vol. Page
Webster, Daniel, Quoted IV 232
Webster, Noah, Dictionary of IV 315
Mention of II 443
Wells, Bezaleel, Boat named for VI 243
Court house land, Steubenville, donated by VI 221, 223
Grist mill, Jefferson County, erected by.. VI 234
Portrait of VI 2!0
Religion , interest in VI 255
School founded by.- VI 243
Senator from Jefferson County VI 217
Steubenville founded by VI 210
Wells Historical Society VI 314
Wesley, Charles, Reference to Ill 197
Wesley, John, Aim of HI 200
Portrait of X 166
Preaching of HI 198
Reference to HI 197
Sketch of X 165
Wessels, C. W., Portrait of * IX 139
Western land, Cession of II
Western land policy of British
Western Pilot, The, Steubenville described in VI 240
Western Reserve, (See New Connecticut)
Absence of government in VII 267
Academies in VI
Boundary of "-°-
Centralization of rural schools in \I 5<
Cession of V 347
Character of settlers of Ill, 109; VI
Church, First, in VI 45
College in VI 46
Concerning the cession of V
Connecticut imitated in VII
Connecticut renounces jurisdiction over. . V
Connecticut reserves VI
Connecticut surveys X, 446. 448, 449
^ VT 269
Counties in v J -y
Decline of rural schools in • ■ VI 56
Indian title extinguished in X, 446, 41. . 448
Industrial evolution of VII
Lands of, sold VII 263
Ministerial lands in VI 36
Opposition to slavery in VII 271
Pioneers in VII 269
480 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Western Reserve, Popular Education in VI 35
Puritan influence on VI 404
Quieting of titles in V 62
Religious status of Pathfinders of VI 404
Reservation for schools in V 79
Sale of II 475
School lands in VI 36, 38
Settlement of VII , 267; X 423
Story of . X 498
Survey of lands in VII 263
Teachers' Seminary VI 49
"Western Reserve," Hutchins VII 259
Western Reserve Historical Society, Archaeological Collec-
tion of IX 5:33
Western Review I 107
Westfall XI 230
West Point, Grant's appointment to XI 233
West, Rev. Landon, Garden of Eden, Theory of X 225
West.. The, Influence of X 11
West Union , Mention of V 335
West Virginia, Howe's experiences in IV 321
Wetzel, John, Scout VI 167
Wetzel, Lewis IV, 398: VI 160, 165
Wheeling, Crawford builds fort at VI 8
Rendezvous of settlers at VI 124
Whigs, Defeat of, 1851 IV 260
Ohio legislature, in, 1848 I 118
Whipping Post , Newark , in I 250
Provision for Ill 147
Whipple, Commodore Abraham, Congress petitioned for... II 231
Fisher, David, on . II 180
Mention of II 28
Military record of II 181
Portrait of II 176
Whisky Rebellion II 193
Influence of VI 208
Whistler, Capt. John Ill 307
White, E. E., Teacher VI 52
White Eyes, Chief, Murder of VI 230
Relations with Moravians in Revolution VII 324
White Horse Tavern, Columbus, Ohio IV 210
Whites, First in Ohio VII 2
Whitney, Eli, Inventor of cotton-gin IV 45
Whittier, John G., Mention of ' IV 338
Index for Volumes I to XI. 481
Vol. Page
Whittier, John G., Quotation from IV 267
Whittlesey, Charles, Archaeological research of VI 442
Account of Toledo Mounds, by X 381
Cuyahoga River discussed by Ill 107
Locates Ft. Laurens Ill 302
Mention of I 332
"Why is Ohio called the Buckeye State," Farrar II 174
"Widow of the Rock, The," Poem, Mrs. Blennerhassett. . . I 161
Wilbef force University VIII 462
Sessions, Trustee of IV 304
Wilburites VI, 252, 267, 268
Wild animals, Bounty paid for VIII 256
Wilderness Road I, 295; VIII, 286 ; IX 409
"Wild Rose," Wife of Maxwell VI 159
Wilhelm I., Marriage of IV 283
Wilkinson, Gen. James, Burr visits I 144
Dead of St. Clair's army buried by VIII 394
Duplicity of '. I 151
Expedition of VIII 378
Intrigues of I 142
Spanish informed by, concerning
Burr I 152
Witness at Burr trial I 157
Williams County, Earthworks in, number of VII 189
Prehistoric remains in V 269
Williams, D. W., History of Jackson County XI 165
Williams, Israel, Sketch of IV, 481; X 240
Williams Mound, Homer, Ohio, View of VIII 314
Williams, Roger HI 231
Williamson, Gen. David —
Addition to Ft. Hamilton built by Ill 301
Burned at stake Ill 297
Connection of, with Moravian Massacre III. 285; VII 74
Expedition of Ill, 277; VI, 143; IX 187
Sandusky War, in VI 24
Sketch of HI 287
Williamson's Trail VI 158
Wilson, Frazer, "St. Clair's defeat" X, 378; XI 30
Wilson, Horace G., Mention of IV 325
Wilson , James , Journalist VI
Wilson, Thos. W., Archaeological works of XI 159
Explorations by ' V
Memorial to, Mills XI 157
Ohio flint, on XI 91
*31
482 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Wilson, Thos. W., "The Arkansas Traveler" VII 296
Wilson, William, Mention of I 251
Wilson, Woodrow, Mention of VI 271
Winchester, Fort, Battle at IX 273
Building of IX 261
Description of IX 253
View of IX 262
Winchester, Gen. James, Harrison succeeded by IX 256
Indians capture IX 273
Sketch of IX 254
Wing, Lucius B., Sketch of IV 481
Winthrop, John, Founder of Saybrook -., XI 3
Mention of IV 296
Winthrop, Robert C, Opinion on Vinton . IV 232
Quoted on Vinton IV 240
Speaker of House - IV 254
Wirt, William, Eulogizes Madam Blennerhassett .-. , I 135
Wisconsin , Growth of VIII 451
Historical preservation in ..... II 424
Historical Society in II, 552; IX 247
Part in Marietta Centennial II 126
Wise, Governor, Writes to Chase concerning John Brown. . I 122
Witchcraft , Christie's book on VI 281
Indian punishment of VI 86
Jefferson County, in VI 285
Pioneers, among VI 285
Witch Doctors VI 287
Witches, Method of driving VI 288
Wolf Creek Mills, 1789, View of II 192
Wolfe, Gen. James, Influence of victory by VI 116
Mention of I, 128; III 76
Wolf Plain, Earthworks of, in Athens County I 72
Wolsey, Cardinal, Mention of I 140
Woman, Indian, Place of XI 152
Work of, in Revolution II 52
Woman's Christian Temperance Union, Origin of VIII 460
Women, Patriotism of VI 361
Pioneer Ill, 173; X 14
"Women as a factor in Ohio Politics," Mrs*. Shawan re-
sponds to IV 441
Wood County, Bibliography of earthworks in I 282
Earthworks in, number of VII 199
Prehistoric remains in r't ^
Woolen Manufacture, War of 1812 influences. ..."..../... VI 234
Index for Volumes 1 to XL 483
Vol. Page
Woolen Mill, Jefferson County, first in VI 234
World Apple, The I 166
Work, Frank, Columbus volunteer in Toledo War IV 214
Workman Mound, Walhonding, Cache implements from... V 238
View of . V 191
Worthington, Colonists, original IV 36, 38
Establishment of college at IV 41
First Ohio newspaper in IV 42
Pioneer days at IV 10
Town of, laid out IV 36
Worthington, Thomas, Adena Mound named by X 452
First Ohio Constitution carried to Congress
by IX 280
Mention of ' V 339
Part in admission of Ohio XI 67
Portrait of V 128
Sketch of XI 54
Special agent to Congress V 80
St. Clair opposed by XI 69
Worthington Manufacturing Co., Establishment and failure
of IV 42
Wright, Geo. B., Responds to toast, "Railroads and tele-
graphs in Ohio" V 303
Responds to toast, "War Governors of
Ohio" IV 444
Wright, G. Frederick —
Address, "Relation of the Glacial Period to Archae-
ology in Ohio" I 174
Classification of earthworks in Ohio I 69
"David Tod" VIII 107
Foreign tour of IX 398
Lecture, before Society, "Heart of Asia" X 77
Letter to, concerning Ohio earthworks I 55
Mention of IV 404
Personal recollections of Governor Tod VIII 117
"Preglacial man in Ohio" 2M
Present condition of earthworks
Society addressed by. 1898 VI 433
Wright, Judge Silas H., Death of I 384
Wyandot County, Crawford in VI 29, 31
Earthworks in. number of VII 182
Pioneer association of VI
Prehistoric remains in V -68
Wyandot Grove, Leatherlips' Monument in IX 17
484 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Wyandot Mission X 195
Wyandots, Battle of Point Pleasant XI 181
Bravery of VI 80
Cede land IV 7
Chief Crane of IX 9
Crawford taken to VI 28
Friendliness of VI, 90; VII 57
Harrison's description of VI 80
Ohio, in VI 78
Sandusky Valley, in X 50
Sandusky War, in , VI 20
Supremacy of : VI 79
Treaty at Ft. Harmar VI 204
Wycklif , John, Reference to Ill 230
X
Xenia, Chillicothe, near XI 230
Y
Yellowcreek, Indian Massacre at VIII, 143, 213; XI 173
Youngs, Benj., Sketch of XI 218
Voungstown . Founding of VII 269
Terra Cotta Head, from V 255
Zacatecas , Description of I 320
Zane, Col. Ebenezer, Cresap's plan opposed by. .. . VI, 124; XI 96
Ft. Henry defended by VI 131 , 132
Maxwell recommended by
Maxwell ordered to leave by
Mention of
Nursery originated by
Zane , Elizabeth , Heroism of
Zane, Jonathan, Guide to Crawford's expedition
"Zane's Greening"
Zanes settle at Wheeling
Zane's Trace IV, 34; VI, 62; VIII, 246;
Description of
First travel over
Mention of
Route
Zanesville, Land office opened at
VI
160
VI
159
VI
199
VI
289
VI
132
VI
18
VI
289
VI
118
X
394
IX
435
X
177
V
337
IX
479
V
158
Index for Volumes I to XI. 485
Vol. Page
Zanesville, Physicians of Ill 252
Taverns in IX 483
Zeisberger, David, Abstracts from Diary of VII 337
Indian Missionary VII 48
Mention of V 193
Mission work of VII 314
Returns to Gnadenhutten VII 344
Sketch from Life of Ill 108
Tree planted by VII 321
Zimmerman, Louis, Portrait of VIII Front
Work of, in Zoar Society VIII 76
Zoar Secretary VIII 40
Zinzendorf, Count, Missionary spirit of VII 315
Zoar, After view of VIII 72
"An old home," View of VIII 80
Architecture in VIII 32
Cemetery at VIII 46
Change made by disbandment VIII 72
Church at VIII 45
Description of village of VIII 31
Flower garden in, View of VIII 88
Hind's views on VIII 77
Incorporation of VIII 97, 98
Jail at VIII 43
Main St. in, View of VIII 48
Map VIII Front
Milking scene at VIII 41
Newspaper at VIII 55
Old and new hotel, View of VIII 32
Pioneer cottage at VIII 64
Property distributed at VIII 69
School at VIII 44
Visit to VIII
Zoar Society, Abstemiousness in VIII
Additions to VIII 11
Agent general of VIII
Agreement articles of VIII
Amusements VIII
Arrival in America VIII
Articles of Association VIII 7
Bimeler's influence on VIII
Bimeler's will VIII 81
Cashier of VIII 92
Cause of failure of VIII 51
486 Ohio Arch, and His. Society Publications.
Vol. Page
Zoar Society, Common property of VIII 35
Constitution of VIII 88
Covenant of officers of VIII 11
Creed of VIII 13
Deed of distribution VIII 100
Disbandment of VIII 52
Education in VIII 20
Education, Institute of VIII 94
Elections in VIII 89, 93
Government of VIII 11
Harvest Scene VIII 96
Heritages cared for VIII 94
Holidays in VIII 18
Incorporations of VIII 9 , 84
Legal documents of VIII 84
Litigations in VIII 23
Manufactures by VIII 35
Marriage belief in VIII 19
Members' duties VIII 92
Missionary work of VIII 19
Music in VIII 37
Newspapers of VIII 54
Nugitna VIII 55
Physician of VIII 48
Politics of VIII 40
Practical workings of VIII 31
Revision of Constitution VIII 96
Seceding members of '. . . VIII 95
Settlement of contentions VIII 95
Standing Committee of VIII 91
Success of VIII 47
Theological works of VIII 15
Trustees of VIII 89
War, in VIII 40
