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Ohio arch ological and
historical quarterly
OHIO
Archaeological and Historical
PUBLICATIONS.
Volume XXIX.
COLUMBUS!
POBUSHBD rOK THB SOCIBTT
1207457
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
FACE
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. By H. R. Mengert 1
Ohio's German-Language Press and the Peace Negotiations. By
Carl Wittke 49
Emilius Oviatt Randall — In Memoriam 81
Editorial Notes and Comments 1.54
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. By C. B. Galbreath 163
Tributes to Lafayette 267
Executive Mansion. By C. B. Galbreath 270
The Ohio Buckeye. By C. B. Galbreath 275
Reviews, Notes and Comments 283
Unveiling of the Soldiers' Memorial Tablet on the Hayes Memorial
Building at Spiegel Grove. By Lucy Elliot Keeler 303
The Expedition of Celeron. By C. B. Galbreath 331
Celoron's Journal. By Rev. A. A. Lambing 335
Account of the Voyage on the Beautiful River Made in 1749, under
the Direction of Monsieur De Celeron. By Father Bonnecamps. 397
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. By O. H. Marshall. . . 424
Origin of Indian Names of Certain States and Rivers. By William
E. Connelley 451
The Centenary of Sandusky County. By Basil Meek 455
Reviews, Notes and Comments 461
Leaden Plate at the Mouth of the Muskingum 477
Celeron's Journal 481
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting of the Ohio State Archaeological and
Historical Society 484
Historical Society Buildings 546
Reviews, Notes and Comments. By the Editor 556
Index to Volume XXIX 561
(iii)
ILLUSTRATIONS.
See Index under "Illustrations",
(iv)
OHIO
Archaeological and Historical
PUBLICATIONS.
THE OHIO WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION LAW.
BY H. R. MENGERT.
FOREWORD.
Because the Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law has been
looked upon as the very embodiment of what Col. Theodore
Roosevelt called "social justice;" because it is being copied in
other states of the Union ; because of the praise bestowed upon
it by King Albert, of Belgium, who, upon the occasion of his
visit to Ohio, pronounced it one of the greatest pieces of legisla-
tion upon the statute books of any country; because it has im-
mensely improved the relations between employers and em-
ployees ; because the praises of its authors and friends have been
sung by the injured, and by the widow and the orphan ; and,
finally, because the law itself stands as a vindication of the great
principle that the plastic instrument of democratic institutions
can be remoulded to suit changing needs and conditions, this
contemporary history of the Workmen's Compensation Law in
Ohio, for the period from 1910 to the end of 1919, has been
attempted.
The law is vindicated. Watchfulness over it, however, is
doubtless yet the concern of those who desire to see great social
and industrial questions settled in the American spirit of fair
play. Ohioans must watch to see that it does not fall the prey
of designing interests, akin to those who have brought into
question a similar partial experiment in New York. Eternal
vigilance is the price of other things than liberty.
(1)
2 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
For the information of the future men and women of
Ohio this account of the manner in which the enactment and
operation of the workmen's compensation, or industrial acci-
dent, law were brought about is written. It is the aim to make
it a repository for the central facts, which should be recorded
where the too rapidly obliterating hand of time may spare it.
Ohioans should, in the humble judgment of the author, pre-
serve the inward facts about the act which the heroic King of
the Belgians, Albert I, said on his visit to Ohio in October, 19 19,
is one of the most progressive laws to be found on the statute
books of any country, and one of those institutions which will
make "industrial justice" a reality. The statute marked the
definite turn of the road from the old to the new. Directly and
indirectly it probably affects a larger number of people than any
other piece of legislation on the statute books.
GENESIS.
In the last years of the nineteenth century there swept
through Ohio one of those hidden currents of sentiment that
was sooner or later certain to be translated into governmental
action. The discontent — for such it clearly was — quite natur-
ally took long to express itself in definite form, and for long
years was subordinate to agitation of other sorts. Basically, the
discontent was present because, in a broad way, there confronted
men the proposition that while they lived in an age of steam
and electrical transportation and machinery their laws were
framed on the basis of the hand loom and the stage coach. It
is scarcely to the credit of the vision of the statesmen and legis-
lators of a democratic state that nations with autocratic rule
daw this discrepancy between fact conditions and statute condi-
tions a score of years before, and that they had set aside the
petty interests and objections of those who directly or indirectly
profited by the continuance of this bit of legal atavism and had
adjusted their legal principles to existing facts. For this tardi-
ness there may be possibly several explanations. State questions
were, in this period, entirely subordinate to others. Again, the
forces that gave expression to discontent centered in the agrarian
element and not in the industrial. The city workers had passed
The Ohio JVorkincn's Compensation Law. 3
through the terrors of lean, hard years of the early nineties,
and if g^iven a "full dinner pail," or steady work at reasonable
wages, there was no disposition on the part of the masses to
press claims that the laws under which they worked reeked with
brutal and shameless injustice. That they did operate inhumanly
no man now doubts. Cases in which there was a legal right to
recovery dragged through the courts interminably. It is of
record that one such case continued through the courts of Ohio
for nearly a generation, until those for whose interest it originally
was brought had died, and dismissal followed because there was
no longer a party in interest, ^^'hile the instance cited was
extreme, it may be said that there were many others in which the
evil circumstances were no less marked.*
Ohio, in common with her sister states, had adopted, through
her courts, the basic principles of the English common law.
Judges, as in other states, had added modifications of the com-
mon law, which, in the judgment of enlightened people, did
violence to the good old English traditional principles. It is
scarcely necessary to delve deeply into these legalisms, but it
may be set down as a foundation that rights of mankind were
painfully sacrificed to the rights of property, and out of society
as a whole were being squeezed those humane principles which
must be the safety and security of the state. Long before
definite plans for a remedy had been discussed, thoughtful men
saw that an end must be made of the festering injustice which
was proving itself destructive of citizenship. Respect for the
courts decreased. In every city, and in every county, victims
of the cruel injustices of the hard legal formulas cried aloud.
Attacks on the courts multiplied, and the judicial ermine lost
the respect in which it was once held. The distrust of the
courts and the attempts to modify the rules of law led, naturally
and logically, to the formation of plans to confine the claimants
for justice to still more harsh rules. It became the aim of at-
torneys, who had this sort of cases to conduct, to exert the
*DoyIe, .\dmx., v. B. & O. R. R. Co.— 81 Oliio State, 184.
Accident November 8, 1888.
Final judgment, Supreme Court, November .M, 1909.
Opinion by Price, J., all concurring.
4 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
strongest influence over the courts by filling the benches with
men of their own stamp. The era was one in which the courts
sank to the lowest levels, bringing to the bench in too many
instances the type of jurists best described by the term "extreme
reactionaries."
It is hardly to the credit of lawyers that not they but laymen
saw clearly the pass to which things were drifting, and made
efforts to correct the evils.
The case-hardened legal mind clung to the olden ways. One
of the e^'idences of this was the ferocity with which, in 1913,
the improved Workmen's Compensation Law was attacked.
One of those who was loudest chanced himself to have been a
Supreme Court justice during the unfavorable years of the
"nadir of the judiciary." When attention was called to the fact
that one of the personal injury cases in which he concurred was
in the courts for about twenty-one years, or nearly a generation,
and was finally dismissed because all parties in interest save
the corporation had passed into eternity, his criticisms ceased.
FIRST STEPS.
Search of the bill books of the General Assembly for the
late nineties and early years of the twentieth century does not
show that the successful operation of workmen's accident insur-
ance in Germany and Austria made as much impression in Ohio
and other states as it did in other countries. It was not until
England had acted in the early part of the new century that the
American public became interested, although ever since the
mechanical industrialization of the nation it had seen the victims
of the heartlessness and indifference of those times on the
streets begging charity, or dependent upon the labor of wives,
or in charitable wards, or in almshouses. That a remedy was in
operation was known to advanced students of economics, but
not to the general public. The political leaders of this same
public were indififerent to things which the public did not know,
and in which the public had not learned to take an interest.
The compensating idea in all of this is the fact that when the
Ohioans set themselves in motion they evolved a plan which
made the much-vaunted German efficiency seem clumsy by com-
Tlie Ohio Workmen's Compensation Laiv. 5
parison. The Ohio plan miglu stop business at any time and
find itself able to discharge all obligations by reason of the fact
that it had built up surpluses, while that of the German Empire
made annual levies to meet the needs of pa^ accidents. In a
word, theirs is an improvisation levy, and the American is a
scientific actuarial plan, paying for its accidents as it goes along.
Tinkering with the inadequate system of employers' liability
was the first manifestation that evidenced very profound dis-
satisfaction with the fundamentally barbaric idea that industry
and organized society could be indifferent to and neglectful of the
woe and misery they caused. After many futile attempts, the
General Assembly on April 23, 1904, enacted the Williams bill,
which was "An Act qualifying the risks to be deemed as as-
sumed by employees." It was the first nibble into the three
common-law principles known as "assumption of risk," by which
it was assumed that the employee, or, as then legally and com-
monly termed, the "servant," took virtually all the risks of
employment, and the employer, or to use the mediaeval term,
the "master," substantially none ; "fellow servant," by which all
injuries inflicted by the negligent act of another employee were
not to be charged to the employer; and "contributor)' negli-
gence," by which the slightest deviation from the rules of pru-
dence, caution and safety, was held to throw the blame and the
loss entirely on the employee.
Although the Williams measure, so named from its author,
W. J. (Jack) Williams, was a model of conservatism, it aroused
the fiercest opposition, which did not cease when it had been
voted upon.
The act provided that "in any action brought by an em-
ployee, or his legal representative, against his employer, to
recover for personal injuries, when it shall appear that the
injury was caused in whole or in part by the negligent omission
of such employer to guard or protect his machinery or appli-
ances, or the premises or place where said employee was em-
ployed, in the manner required by any penal statute of the state
or United States in force at the date of the passage of this act,
the fact that such employee continued in said employment with-
the knowledge of such omission, sliall not operate as a defense;
6 Ohio Arch, and Hi^t. Society Publications.
and in such action, if the jury find for the plaintiff, it may award
such damages not exceeding, for injuries resuhing in death, the
sum of five thousand dollars, and for injuries not so resulting,
the sum of three thousand dollars, as it may find proportioned
to the pecuniary damages resulting from said injuries; but noth-
ing herein shall affect the provisions of Section 6135 of the
Revised Statutes." Section 6135 was a statute applying gener-
ally to actions for wrongful death and limiting to ten thousand
dollars the amount that might be recovered. It continued to
be lawful until 1912, when it was annulled by a constitutional
amendment.
As stated, the very acme of moderation, the bill was not
suffered to become a law without every sort of delay. While
the bill was in the transition period, following its enrollment by
the General Assembly and signature by the presiding officers, it
suddenly disappeared. Stolen, say some; but, merely lost, said
others. What the truth really is can be recorded only in the
books unseen by human eyes, for if a preacher-lawmaker-politi-
cian-lobbyist really did steal it, as believed by those of his period,
it is idle to record his name since he is no longer present to defend
himself against the charge. But, at all events, the scheme to
lose it was foiled. Mr. Wade H. Ellis, then attorney general
of Ohio, (and this is a bit of unrecorded history,) is said to
have arrived at the conclusion that the bill might be reconstructed
from the records. To the public the information was given that
the bill had been found. Whether the original one was really
found, or whether the presiding officers of the two branches of
the general assembly signed a reconstructed bill, does not matter
now. They did a patriotic duty in foiling the supposed theft,
and with the Ohio penitentiary gates yawning for him, the man
with the guilty property in his possession was estopped from
complaining. At all events, the antiquarians, musing through
the statute books, will see the names of Warren G. Harding,
then Lieutenant Governor, now United States Senator from Ohio,
and Hollis C. Johnson, Speaker pro tern of the House of Repre-
sentatives, over that of Governor Myron T. Herrick, who, as
a man of humane instincts, was glad to give his approval. The
story of the theft is more or less a legend in legislative circles,
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 1
but it is positively known that quiet trips to the capitol were made
by the presiding officers after the legislative session.
No other headlight appears in the story until 1910.
PROGRESS AND THE COMMISSION OF STUDY.
Through the years various attempts were made in the
general assembly to modify the law of employers' liability. Two
forces were at work in this direction, with far different motives.
The first was the personal injury attorneys, who saw a promis-
ing field of operation in the constant addition of dangerous
machinery and the constant expansion of industry. The second
was the labor men and charity workers, impressed by the number
of injured men and women who had no chance for speedy and
adequate recovery at law, save in exceptional cases. Students
of the subject, in a broad way, saw that there was no prospect
for cure save by a major operation, if it may be so called ; that
the danger to the institutions of the state in the archaic liability
laws must be entirely removed, and a modern functioning organ
chosen in their place. Each piece of legislative patchwork a{>
plied merely emphasized the deficiencies of a system that be-
longed to the era of the fiail and the sickle, the hand spinning-
wheel and the hand loom, and not to the era of the steam shovel
and mechanical spinner.
Save for a few students of social sciences, the strides that
had been made in the sciences of acommodating government to
the changes in the social and industrial world attracted no gen-
eral interest, and there doubtless were present in those days the
same variety of ignorant bureaucrats as now delight in taking
upon themselves, although in complete darkness of everything
happening around them, the task of passing upon the policies of
the state.
One of the laws enacted by an Ohio legislature two decades
after scientific means had been found for dealing with the sub-
ject in lands abroad is found in 95 Ohio Laws, a product of
1902. Whoever will compare this statute with that of 191 3 must
be struck by the profound nature of the changes in our public
life.
8 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
The statute is a feeble attempt to weaken one of the favorite
defenses in the causes under discussion. The act reads :
"An employer shall be responsible in damages for personal injury
caused to an employee, who is himself in the exercise of due care and
diligence at the time, by reason of any defect in the condition of the ma-
chinery or appliances connected with or used in the business of the em-
ployer, which arose from, or had not been discovered or remedied owing
to the negligence of the employer, or of any person in the service of the
employer, entrusted by him with the duty of inspection, repair or of
seeing that the machinery or appliances were in proper condition."
After prolonged efforts, in 1910, the Norris and Metzger
acts were made laws. The principal point established in the
Metzger act was the fact that an employee who had recovered
in a suit against an employer "shall be subrogated to all the
rights of the employer under any contract or policy of insur-
ance." In case of insolvency of an employer this was a partial
aid, of small general consequence. The Norris act attempted to
write a sort of code of employers' liability, with regulations
designed to cover the defects and shortcomings previously dis-
closed.
On May 17, 1910, there was approved an act the beginner
of larger things. It was a provision for the appointment of a
commission of five "known to possess knowledge and training
in the subject of employers' liability laws and compensation of
employees for injuries received in the course of employment."
Two of the commissioners were to be representatives of em-
ployers of labor, two to be representatives of labor, and one an
attorney at law. The State Commissioner of Labor was directed
to co-operate with the commission. The commission was in-
structed to find a means, through appropriate legislation, of
securing to employees a "speedy remedy" for injuries "as will
be fair, just and reasonable both to employers and employees."
Under the provisions of this act Governor Harmon ap-
pointed James Harrington Boyd, of Toledo, as the attorney
member, who was subsequently made chairman, Mr. George W.
Perks, of Springfield, and Mr. John P. Sinith, of Cleveland, as
the employer members; and Mr, William H. Rohr, of Cincinnati,
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 9
and Mr. William J. Winans, of Galion, as the labor members.
Perks was made vice-chairman and Rohr secretary.
Whether by design or accident, the records do not disclose,
the General Assembly failed to furnish funds, and Governor
Harmon advanced them, being subsequently reimbursed. Being
familiar with the law, Governor Harmon took a keen interest
in the subject-matter disclosed, and in the details of the com-
mission's work, writing letters to aid in its researches.
The commission was fortunate in securing the services of
three experts who had rendered good service in the Illinois in-
vestigation, "Mr. E. E. Watson, now the internationally famous
actuary of the Industrial Commission, Mr. William P. Harms,
and Mr. William R. Peacock. The principal work undertaken
was an intensive study in Cleveland of the economic effects of
injuries in industrial accidents for the five previous years.
With the exception of Mr. Winans the members of the
commission agreed upon a bill, the draft of which was made in
large part by Mr. George B. Okey, of Columbus. It provided
among other things for the collection of 75 per cent, of the
workmen's compensation fund premiums from the employers
and 25 per cent, from the employees.
Mr. Winans presented his own bill, differing in some
respects from that of the majority.
It is not desirable here to enter upon the details of the
measures. They may be found set out in the report of the
commission, which was published in 191 1 in two large volumes.
This report contains transcripts of hearings and fairly abounds
in legalistic quotations compiled and arranged by Mr. Boyd.
This legal framework proved essential in later tests of the law.
There was, perhaps, a needless bit of cruelty in the report.
It carried copies of letters written in regard to the workmen's
compensation law by certain business, industrial and commercial
leaders. The delver into recent history may well be astonished
at the statements contained in the letters, but surely no one
would be inhiunan enough to drag them out to public gaze. On
the other hand, many employers — perhaps a majority — were
fully cognizant of the injustices of the then existing system and
longed for the day when it should be no more.
10 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Some of the letters assailed the entire plan as "a scheme
of politicians and labor skates," and one letter, from a gentle-
man of atavistic tendencies, announces that he (in his wisdom?)
has "regarded the laws of this state as being fair to employees
for the reason that they are predicated on the common law rule,
which, I believe, is supposed to represent the best sense and
judgment of past ages."
One of the complaints of the employers was that the cost
of protecting themselves against the Norris act liability was
excessive. This in addition to the real evils which many pro-
fessed to perceive.
THE ELECTIVE LAW.
Helpful efforts of Governor Judson Harmon did not stop
with the advancing, out of his own personal pocket, money for
the commission to conduct its investigations, which act is one of
the few recorded in Ohio where a chief executive has so done,
and evidenced his anxiety to see Ohio make a beginning in the
reform of the treatment of those injured in industry.
Early in the year there had been prepared a bill embodying
the ideas of the majority of the commission. The measure
was largely the workmanship of Mr. George B. Okey, of Colum-
bus, who had been retained as counsel for the Ohio Federation of
Labor. With the labor group were working the manufacturers,
through the Ohio Manufacturers' Association, which had been
led to take a progressive stand on the issue by Mr. Daniel J.
Ryan, of Columbus, whose researches had led him to the con-
clusion that a new departure must be undertaken if the state
was to meet the obligations imposed upon it.
In the drafting of the tentative bill for introduction into the
general assembly, Mr. Okey took the various acts in effect on
the continent of Europe, adapting them to the conditions obtain-
ing here.
It would be a labor of too much detail to trace in detail the
intricate processes of legislation with respect to the bill. It passed
both branches practically unanimously, but in sitbstantially dif-
ferent forms. This made necessary reference to a conference
committee to adjust the differences. It was here that Governor
Harmon was able to exert a decisive influence.
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Lazo 11
The outstanding contributions to the final result were made
by Governor Harmon himself, the provisions being written in
his own hand. These sections were known as 20-1, 21-1 and
21-2. They were counted as typifying the legal genius of the
Governor.
While the general assembly was considering the measure,
the New York Court of Appeals, the highest judicial tribunal
in the Empire State, handed down the Ives case, which declared
unconstitutional and invalid the act passed as the result of the
work of the Wainwright Commission. The New York act was
compulsory in character and the decision was a blow to the
friends of the new plan. It remained for Governor Harmon
and his associates to work out a plan to make an elective law
effective. This was accomplished by giving to contributors to
the fund certain advantages.
By Section 20-1 it was provided that any employer of five
or more workmen, who had paid the premiums required under
the law, should not, save in certain excepted cases, "be liable to
respond in damages at common law or by statute" for injuries
to or death of an employee, provided the employee remained in
the service after notice of the employer's contribution to the
fund, the continuance to serve as a waiver.
While the section above noted gave a large share of im-
munity to those employers who had contributed to the fund, the
complement to this provision was found in a penalization of
those who failed to contribute.
By Section 21-1 it was provided that employers of more
than five who had not contributed to the fund should not in the
event of personal injury litigation on the part of an employee
"avail himself of the following common law defenses:
"The defense of the fellow-servant rule, the defense of the
assumption of risk, or the defense of contributory negligence."
The alternative to the provision was found in Section 21 -i,
and also constituted the exception noted in Section 20-1. By
Section 21-2 it was provided that the civil liability to damages
for injuries should not be cancelled if the employer, or any of
such employer's ofiicers or agents, were guilty of any "wilful
act" or the injury resulted "from the failure to comply with any
12 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
municipal ordinance or lawful order of any duly authorized
officer or any statute for the protection of the life or safety of
employees."
It was a comprehensive and consistent program which was
contemplated. To the employer was offered freedom from
vexatious litigation if he would subscribe to the state fund, and
the threat of a penalty if he did not. On the other hand the
injured employee was assured of an award ; or could sue, at his
option, if the employer had been guilty of gross dereliction of
duty in failing to provide him a reasonably safe place to work.
In general the act provided for the creation of a State Lia-
bility Board of Awards, to be composed of three members, with
six-year terms, to be appointed by the Governor, to be paid
$5,000 salaries, and to devote themselves exclusively to their
duties. OfBces were to be in Columbus. The board was to name
a secretary, actuary and other employees as necessary. Section
8 gave it the right to make reasonable and proper rules for pro-
cedure, and succeeding sections conferred needful power upon
it.
Section 17 authorized classification of employments with
reference to the degree of hazard and required establishment of
rates sufficient to pay the awards to injured workmen and to
the dependents of those killed, and to create a surplus to carry
forward the fund from year to year.
Section 18 established the fund from premiums collected,
of which the Treasurer of State was to be the custodian. Sec-
tion 20-2 provided that the first payments should be made on or
before January i, 1912, and authorized the employers to take 10
per cent, of the premiums from their employees. Section 21
authorized the board to disburse the state insurance fund to
employees of subscribing employers "that have been injured in
the course of their employment, wheresoever such injury has
occurred, and which have not been purposely self-inflicted, or
to their dependents in case death has ensued."
Section 23 also required the payment of medical, nurse and
hospital services, not exceeding in any one case two hundred
dollars. This provision was the cause of some dissatisfaction
in operation, and the amount was subsequently left unrestricted
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Lazv. 13
by legislative enactment, approval of the state administering
board being required.
Funeral expenses, in the event of death, were limited to
one hundred and fifty dollars. Awards in money dated from the
eighth day of disability. The monetary award was to be two-
thirds of average weekly wage for temporary or partial disabil-
ity, between the minimum of five dollars a week and the maxi-
mum of twelve ; in case of permanent total disability two-thirds
of the weekly wage, between five and twelve dollar limits, was
to be paid for life.
The death award to dependents was to be a maximum of
three thousand four hundred dollars, paid during a period of
six years, and a minimum of fifteen hundred dollars.
Section 31 provided the average weekly wage at the time of
the injury should be taken as the basis of benefits.
The board was given continuing jurisdiction, and was also
given authority to commute payments in a lump sum.
Under Section 36, if the board denied any award upon any
grounds, appeal might be had by the plaintifif to the common
pleas court of the county in which the injury was inflicted, the
board becoming the defendant. Final judgments were to be
paid from the fund.
Along with other provisions the board was directed by
Section 36-1 not to be bound by "the usual common law or
statutory rules of evidence or formal rules of procedure."
For the first year the board was given a fund of one hun-
dred thousand dollars exclusive of the salary of members. It
was allowed twenty-five thousand dollars as a preparatory fund.
UNDER THE ELECTIVE LAW.
It was at once apparent that obstacles would confront the
administration of the law. With great care Governor Harmon
selected the board, naming Mr. Wallace D. Yaple, of Chillicothe,
as chairman, Mr. Thomas J. Dufi'y, of East Liverpool, and Mr.
Morris Woodhull, of Dayton. Mr. Woodhull represented the
employers, Mr. Duffy the employees, and Mr. Yaple the general
public interest. The board elected Mr. William C. Archer, of
14 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Lancaster, as secretary. Mr. Herbert T. Weston became rating
actuary and Mr. E. E. Watson actuary. Of these men Messrs.
Duffy and Watson have continued until this time in service.
It was soon apparent that no progress would be possible
until the constitutionality of the law could be established. Hence,
early in 1912 a suit was arranged by agreement. Treasurer of
State D. S. Creamer held up a warrant, and the board brought
an action in mandamus in the supreme court to compel him to
honor it. Creamer pleaded the alleged invalidity of the law.
Attorney General Timothy S. Hogan and his able staff, assisted
by Mr. Yaple, defended it. The case was notable, too, in that
the private liability insurance companies, whose interests were
seen to be in jeopardy, appeared to oppose the law. Their los-
ing battle was to continue for years. The court, in an exhaustive
opinion, written by Justice James G. Johnson, sustained the act.
The decision was, in eft'ect, later sustained by the United States
Supreme Court, thus establishing a landmark in social legisla-
tion. Now began the efforts to secure subscribers. It was
found that there was no accurate information on which rates
could be predicated. It is true that the state had industrial
accident statistics and employers were under penalty of law to
report the number to the State Department of Workshops and
Factories, but the law was not enforced and the number of
accidents reported annually was less than 40,000 as against the
150,000 average annual number now recorded. Actuary Weston's
serv'ices were of questionable value - — the state had not yet found
the right field for its expert Watson. It was speedily developed
that the premium rates of the private insurance companies had
been fixed either by chance, or on the basis of what the traffic
would bear. The tentative rates submitted by Mr. Weston were
reduced extensively by the board, at the suggestion of Mr.
Yaple, until they were less than those of the private liability
insurance companies for liability insurance. That they would
be lower was inevitable, since the state paid the overhead
expense, which is a forty-five per cent, factor in private insur-
ance.
Under these conditions, the contest between the old and
the new began, to continue until the death of the old.
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 15
One of the early contributors to the state fund was The
Firestone Tire & Rubber Company, of Akron. Other progres-
sive companies followed, and, by the time the compulsory act
succeeded the elective, the fund had 3,937 subscribers protecting
perhaps 300,000 employees, and was attracting favorable com-
ment wherever it was impartially discussed.
The premium receipts under the elective law were $1,262,-
099.37, si^d in the first year of operation of the fund it was
$219,544.30.
PUTTING THE IDEA INTO THE BASIC LAW.
Although the Ohio Supreme Court had rendered a decision
sustaining the elective law of 191 1, friends of the new system
knew that it would not be possible to go to the extent they would
wish until the principle was written into the basic law of the
state by votes of the people themselves. From the point of view
of federal questions involved, taking of property without due
process of law, the state constitutional amendment would have
only indirect effect. Still it would be an expression, and, as
such, would have its reflex influence in the determination of the
legal objections certain to be raised.
Notwithstanding the importance of the measure it received
but scant consideration in the debates of the Constitutional Con-
vention. There were two proposals presented on the matter,
one by Delegate Harry D. Thomas, of Cuyahoga county, and
the other by Delegate Henry Cordes, of Hamilton county. Mr.
Thomas' proposal was considered too far-reaching and radical
in its nature, as Mr. Thomas was an avowed Socialist. He was
a man respected for patriotism and integrity.
In the numerous addresses given before the convention by
leading men and candidates for President, the subject was men-
tioned incidentally, but stress was laid generally on the direct
legislation reforms which were designed to give the people,
through the ballot box, direct control of their laws and law-
makers.
The details of the proposal for compulsory workmen's com-
pensation were worked out in the Labor and Judiciary Commit-
tees, and when Delegate Cordes called up his proposal, No. 24.
there was no debate on the proposition. Mr. Cordes explained
16 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
his proposal, and the vote was unanimous in its favor, not a voice
being raised against it.
The proposal was listed as Article II, Section 35, reading
as follows:
"For the purpose of providing compensation from a state fund, to
workmen and their dependents, for death, injuries or occupational dis-
eases, occasioned in the course of such workmen's employment, laws may
be passed establishing a fund to be created and administered by the state
and by compulsory contribution thereto by employers ; determining the
terms and conditions upon which payment shall be made therefrom and
taking away any and all rights of action or defenses from employees and
employers but no right of action shall be taken away from any employees
when injury, disease or death arises from failure of the employer to com-
ply with any lawful requirement for the protection of the lives, health
tnd safety of employees."
It will be observed that two changes from the elective law
were clearly intended. Under the elective law the employees
paid ten per cent, of the premiums, while under the present con-
stitutional amendment the way was paved for the payment by
the employers of all. It may also be apparent that the element
of choice was to give way to that of compulsion, the state now
frankly adopting the theory that it could for the general welfare
take property of private individuals, returning them compen-
satory benefits in the form of prospective industrial peace and
contentment.
It was natural that in the special election on the proposed
constitutional amendments, in which forty-two propositions were
to be voted on, a single one would not receive great attention.
Nevertheless friends of the plan succeeded well in arousing a
certain amount of interest and bringing out a very heavy affirm-
ative vote, so that the amendment won favor uniformly over
the state and carried by 109,786 majority, the affirmative vote
being 321,558, and the negative 211,772. The stage was set at
last for a larger development,
THE COMPULSORY LAW.
Now, while at the beginning of 1913 there was a constitu-
tional authority for a compulsory workmen's compensation law.
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 17
the greatest confusion existed as to plans. The propaganda of
the opponents of the state insurance fund method was insidiously
at work. The public sentiment in favor of the plan had not, so
to speak, crystallized.
In his parting message to the General Assembly, Governor
Judson Harmon had paid his respects to the men seeking to gnaw
at the law, and had denounced in unmeasured terms the private
liability insurance interests. His utterances upon the matter
follow :
STATE BOARD OF AWARDS.
"I call special attention to the report of this Board. It has under-
taken a novel and beneficent work which, when fully understood, mast
appeal to the judgment and hearts of all citizens.
"The law passed at the last session after many disputes and diffi-
culties has proved to be, by general consent of the competent and impar-
tial, the best in the country. And, considering the delicate and difficult
task of putting it in operation, the Board has made most commendable
progress.
"It has had to encounter from the start shrewd and vigorous oppo-
sition from the liability insurance companies. This was to be expected,
but not of the unscrupulous character shown. The courts have upheld the
law. Its administration has been well organized and employers in con-
stantly growing numbers are joining the movement. It may safely be said
that success is now assured.
"The Board recommends some minor changes in the law to make it
more effective without changing its general scope, and I recommend that
no further changes be made, at least until the light of further experience
is thrown on the subject.
"While it is now within your power to make employers contribute
the entire fund, I think this should not be done. The reasons which led
me to advocate joint contributions when the bill was under consideration
have not lost but gained in weight since the law has been in operation.
"Peace and good will between employers and employees are by no
means the least of the objects in view. To these mutuality in the enter-
prise is essential. The 10 per cent, of the fund now contributed by em-
ployees is a mere trifle to each because divided among a large number. I
have been told that in some cases it is too small to be worth collecting.
And it is less than employees who formerly carried insurance paid in
premiums.
"But these contributions by employees, small as they are to each,
have a high moral value. Like the dues paid by members of benevolent
societies, they do much to take from the benefits, when misfortune brings
Vol. XXIX — 2.
18 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
them, the flavor of charity which is always distasteful to Americans.
The benefits become well-earned dividends on an investment.
"And when the employees have an ownership in the fund they will
help guard it against false and inflated claims."
Succeeding to the governorship in January, 1913, Mr. James
M. Cox presented a clear idea of the entire plan, but was uncer-
tain in statement as to the method to be pursued, even discerning
some good in a competitive scheme. His inaugural message is,
however, a landmark in the history of the law. He said :
"It would certainly be common bad faith not to pass a compulsory
workmen's compensation law. No subject was discussed during the last
campaign with greater elaboration, and it must be stated to the credit of
our citizenship generally that regardless of the differences of opinion ex-
istent for many years, the justice of the compulsory feature is now ad-
mitted. Much of the criticism of the courts has been due to the trials of
personal injury cases under the principles of practice which held the fel-
low-servant, the assumption of risk and the contributory negligence rules
to be grounds of defense. The layman reaches his conclusion with re-
spect to justice along the lines of common sense, and the practice in per-
sonal injury cases has been so sharply in conflict with the plain funda-
mentals of right that social unrest has been much contributed to. A sec-
ond phase of this whole subject which has been noted in the development
of the great industrialism of the day has been the inevitable animosity
between capital and labor through the ceaseless litigation growing out of
these cases. The individual or the corporation that employs on a large
scale has taken insurance in liability companies, and in too many instances
cases which admitted of little difference of opinion have been carried into
the courts. The third injustice has been the waste occasioned by the sys-
tem. The injured workman or the family deprived of its support by acci-
dent is not so circumstanced that the case can be contested with the cor-
poration to the court of last resort. The need of funds compels compro-
mise on a base that is not always equitable. Human nature many times
drives sharp bargains that can hardly be endorsed by the moral scale. In
the final analysis the cost of attorney fees is so heavy that the amount
which finally accrues in cases of accident is seriously curtailed before it
reaches the beneficiary. These three considerations clearly suggest the
lifting of this whole operation out of the courts and the sphere of legal
disputation. And then there is a broader principle which must be recog-
nized. There is no characteristic of our civilization so marked as the
element of interdependence as between social units. We are all dependent
upon our fellows in one way or another. Some occupations, however,
are more hazardous than others, and the rule of the past, m compelling
those engaged in dangerous activities to bear unaided the burden of this
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 19
great risk, is not right. The workmen's compensation law in this state,
which, however, lacks the compulsory feature, has made steady growth in
popularity. The heavy decrease in rates clearly indicates economy and
efficiency in the administration of the state liability board of awards. The
compulsory feature, however, should be at once added. I respectfully but
very earnestly urge its adoption, amendatory of the present law, with
such other changes as experience may dictate. There is some force and
justice in the contention that the employers should be given the option of
insuring either in the state fund under the liability board of awards or in
liability companies which have met all the requirements of the state de-
partment of insurance. If the state board gives better service and lower
rates it will be perfectly apparent that the liability companies are oper-
ating on tlie wrong base. If, on the other hand, insurance concerns yield
an advantage both in service and rates, then it would be safe to assume
that efficiency and economy of administration are lacking with the state
board. The competitive feature may be wholesome. The objective to be
sought is the fullest measure of protection to those engaged in dangerous
occupations, with the least burden of cost to society, because after all the
social organization must pay for it. The ultimate result of this law will
be the reduction in death and accident, because not only the humanitarian
but the commercial consideration will suggest the necessity of installing
and maintaining with more vigilance modern safety devices."
The question really at issue not being settled, the conflict
of the forces began. Of those who desired the obliteration of
private profit in the ultimate system there were two distinct fac-
tors, those who believed that the course of time would eliminate
the private interest and those who believed it should be done
immediately by law.
It was largely to unite the forces on a definite policy that
Governor Cox called a conference at his home late in January,
1913. Among those present were Attorney General Timothy S.
Hogan, Chairman Wallace D. Yaple and member Thomas J.
Duffy of the State Liability Board of Award.';, Lieutenant Gov-
ernor Hugh L. Nichols, Mr. James W . Faulkner, Columbus
correspondent of the Cincinnati Enquirer, Senator William
Green, of Coshocton, sponsor for the first law. Senator Carl D.
Friebolin, of Cuyahoga county, and Mr, William L. Finley, of
Kenton, chairman of the Democratic State Executive Com-
mittee. A dinner preceded the discussion.
It speedily developed that Mr. Yaple was the leader of the
opposition to a state monopoly plan. He believed that the state
20 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
fund was the best, but that it should gain its way by disclosing
tliis fact under the elective law, which he was confident it would
do. He did not favor at that time the compulsory law.
What finally convinced him that there was a weakness, per-
haps a fatal weakness, in his idea, was the analog)- from the
business world, typified by the Standard Oil history. This
great corporation, in the days when monopoly was unchecked
by any attempt to enforce the laws, had been able to deal with
competitors one at a time by lowering selling prices to ruinous
levels. Losses, subsequently, were easily recouped. Mr. Yaple
accepted the decision in favor of Che compulsory law.
Governor Cox, who at all times, leaned toward the state
fund plan, now boldly came forth to champion a bill drawn on
the lines indicated. The bigger battle had begun.
Great aid was rendered by men like Daniel J. Ryan, of
Columbus, general counsel of the Ohio Manufacturers' Asso-
ciation, and W. H. Stackhouse, of Springfield, and others, who
might be mentioned were the list to be prolonged. Representing
the employing interest, these men had the good of the state and
of the people so much at heart and saw so clearly the larger
wisdom that they did not hesitate to work in behalf of the enact-
ment of the law.
But the liability insurance agents were also at work, and
at work justifying the description of Governor Harmon as to
"unscrupulous character". They preyed upon the prejudices
and fears of the employers, more particularly the small town
employers who were made to fear that the law would impose
such obligations on them as to drive them "into ruin and bank-
ruptcy". Floods of pretesting letters and telegrams poured in
upon the Governor and members of the General Assembly.
Some of the assemblymen, not inured to these methods, became
panicky. On the Governor these methods produced no impres-
sion.
Then special train loads of men were sent to call in person
upon him. They were invariably met with the question, "Have
you read the bill?" Most of them had not.
But there was no disposition to rush it through. On the
contrary every legitimate interest was heard, and the Governor
The Ohio Workmen's Compensatioji Lazu. 21
himself attended the committee sessions in order that he might
cooperate in its decisions. An amending section was inserted
giving financially responsible employers the option of paying
benefits direct, which neutralized a large part of the opposition.
But objection of the liability insurance company sort continued.
It took the form of proposed amendments that were hostile to
the spirit of the act, but when time for action arrived they were
voted down. Into such shape at last was the act brought that
on final passage it received the vote of every member elected to
the General Assembly in both branches, a circumstance almost
without parallel in the history of the state.
THE LAW REVIEWED.
Notwithstanding the agitation, and the passage, even, of
the first elective workmen's compensation act, the lack of
knowledge of the law and its purposes was quite general. Illus-
trative of this is the recital of the opponents of the act, who
brought many men to Coknnbus to oppose the passage of the
compulsory act in 191 3. Among the manufacturers was the late
Mr. David Tod, of Maihoning County, himself a former State
Senator. Mr. Tod was heavily engaged in the iron and steel
business and in other industries and enterprises. When he was
apprised of the real purposes of the proposed measure, he became
a very enthusiastic worker for it.
Thus, from lack of information, there was much indiffer-
ence, which was readily crystallized into opposition through the
work of shrewd propagandists. Students had delved into the
European systems, but the general public largely lacked knowl-
edge of the real purposes of the law until it was in actual oper-
ation and its benefits could be seen.
The law, thus unanimously approved, was a substitution for
the elective law of 191 1. It was to go into effect on January i,
1914. New provisions were, of course, necessary to give effect
to the legislative purpose of bringing all employers under its
provisions. These included, in Section 4, a requirement for
filing semiannually a statement of the number of men and
women employed and the wages paid.
22 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
There were provisions for semiannual re-adjustment of
rates, and a direction to establish a substantial surplus and finally
maintain the rates at as low a level as possible. In order to
secure good investments for the fund, the board was given the
option of purchasing at par and accrued interest bonds of local
political subdivisions of government, the new bond issues to be
first offered to the board.
One of the comprehensive provisions of the act was to be
found in Section 13, which said:
"The following shall constitute employers subject to the provisions
of this act:
"1. The state and each county, city, township, incorporated village
and school district therein.
"2. Every person, firm and private corporation including any public
service corporation that has in service five or more workmen or oper-
atives regularly in the same business, or in or about the same establish-
ment under any contract of hire, express, or implied, oral or written."
By Section 14, all publicly employed persons, save public
officials, were classed as "employees". Thus, the state, striving
to make other employers apply the great principle of industrial
justice, by this stroke also became itself subject to the same fair
law. The provisions have been criticised at times and certain
refinements have been necessary, but there has been no demand
for repeal.
The Contributions from the state and the political subdi-
visions were enforced by appropriate provisions.
Section 22 required contributions from employers as pre-
miums to sustain the fund, with a proviso, however, permitting
employers to give a bond to assume their own risks. Fewer
than one thousand employers, albeit some of the largest, have
taken advantage of this provision. The self-insuring employers
were required to contribute to the "catastrophe" surplus, upon
which no serious strain has ever been laid.
An exemption-from-liability provision, similar to that of the
original act, was included, and by Section 24 employers of fewer
than five employees were given the option of coming into the
fund. By Section 26 employers who failed or refused to comply
with the law were stripped of the three common-law defenses,
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 23
'fellow servant"', "assumption of risk" and "contributory negli-
gence", and in addition were to be subjected to the provisions of
Sections 27 and 28.
Under section 27 the board is authorized to make an award
in the case of an employee injured in the service of an employer
who has failed to comply with the law, and, if the employer
fails to pay the award, the board sues for the amount and a
fifty per cent penalty added. The section proved very useful,
and many cases under it were successfully prosecuted, until
delinquents came to have a very healthy respect for the law.
Section 28 gave the right to sue for delinquent premiums.
This section has rarely been invoked.
Section 29 is the so-called "open liability" section of the
law, being quite similar in scope to the corresponding section of
the elective law. Employers, however, were not permitted to
plead the "assumption of risk" defense, this being considered
too barbarous. Claiming compensation, as under the elective
act, waives the right to sue at common law for damages.
Section 33 provided a detailed schedule of awards by which
the loss of a thumb called for compensation for sixty weeks;
first finger, thirty-five weeks ; second finger, thirty weeks ; third
finger, twenty weeks; fourth finger, fifteen weeks. Loss of a
hand called for an award for one hundred and fifty weeks, and
an eye for one hundred weeks. The other injuries set out
carry compensation in proportion. Other provisions of the law
followed the original act with such improvements and amend-
ments as time and experience had shown necessary.
The signing of the act was an improvised function in the
Governor's office.
Scarce was the act filed with the Secretary of State, await-
ing the referendum period of ninety days, when the attack
began. The so-called "Equity League" was organized, with Mr.
Charles S. Gongwer, of Cleveland, as secretary. Mr. Gongwer
set out to get signers to the petition for a plebiscite upon it, but
the circulators were chased out of some factories by the work-
men, and had little success in others. It was then that many of
the unscrupulous ones, who ihad imposed themselves on Mr.
Gongwer, manufactured petitions by writing in fictitious names
24 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
and by the forging of otliers. It was established that Mr. Gong-
wer had not knowingly been a party to this abuse, but had him-
self been made the victim of it.
Investigation of the petitions disclosed the frauds, and led
to a decision by Secretary of State Charles H. Graves that the
petitions were so permeated with fraud that the good and valid
names could not be separated from the bad and that the entire
body of documents must be rejected. The supreme court subse-
quently decided that he had not abused the implied discretion
vested in him in thus finding, which accorded with the legal
contentions of Attorney General Timothy S. Hogan.
During the investigation many petition circulators detected
in questionable practices were arrested but none of them could
be prosecuted because their acts had not been specifically defined
as crimes by the statutes of Ohio.
The investigations, however, had collateral consequences of
interest and importance. One of them was the enactment of
laws designed to protect the initiative and referendum from
fraud, and these have worked so well that no similar charges
have ever been made. A second grew out of libel suits brought
by one of the men arrested against newspapers which printed
the news of the arrest. The newspapers successfully defended
themselves and thereby established the constitutionality of the
Bader Act of 191 1, making fair accounts of public proceedings,
in the absence of actual malice, privileged so far as bona fide
publications were concerned.
In the constitutional time after its enactment, then, the
compulsory workmen's compensation act became the law of Ohio.
THE FIRST year's EXPERIENCE.
One of the important measures that was developed during
the first administration of Governor James M. Cox was the act
creating the Industrial Commission, which body took over the
work of the State Liability Board of Awards and that of various
other boards and bureaus that had been created to supervise the
relations of capial and labor and enforce the safety laws. Mr.
Frank Davis, Jr.. of the Attorney General's office, drew the act,
modeled largelv after the law in force in Wisconsin.
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 25
Under it Governor Cox appointed Messrs. Yaple and Duffy,
and, as the third member. Prof. M. B. Hammond of Ohio State
University. They took oiifice on July i, 1913, and made ready to
put in operation the provisions of the new workmen's compulsory
compensation law on January i, 1914.
Important decisions of policy had constantly to be arrived at,
and the office force expanded to meet the increased work. More-
over, the employers had to be educated in the provisions of the
law, this being no small task.
In the application of the law earnest and thoughtful help
has always been given by the Attorneys General of Ohio, all of
whom, without exception, have sought to give it effect and appli-
cation and have been willing to strain a legalistic formula or two
to be able to do it. This assertion applies to Messrs. Timothy S.
Hogan, Edward C. Turner, Joseph McGhee and John G. Price,
Honor to them for able and conscientious efforts !
At the very outset there was much for employers to fear,
especially so with respect to the so-called "open liability." The
constitutional provision and the federal constitution forbade the
closing of this gap entirely, for not only the amendment, but
also the bill of rights of the state, provides that courts of the
land shall be open, and any person for an injury done him shall
have remedy by due course of law. Senator ^^^illiam Green, of
Coshocton, author of the first and second acts, was entirely will-
ing to go the entire distance in stopping personal injury litigation,
restrained only by his power to do so. This, indeed, was the
view of all labor men of the best judgment, although personal
injury attorneys, contemptuously known as "ambulance chasers,"
would have had it appear otherwise.
When the General Assembly came back in special session at
the beginning of 1914, a meeting between employers' repre-
sentatives and employees' representatives was held to determine
upon possible changes in the law of ioi3-
The labor men had no special demand, but the employers
were anxious to have "wilful act," as used in the law, defined.
Lawyers felt there was grave doubt as to its meaning. Accord-
ingly an act was drawn and passed, defining the term in such a
way as virtually to make it an assault in violation of law, or such
26 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
as would lead to a verdict of manslaughter, or a higher degree of
murder, if death should result. The efifect of the provision was
to narrow the field of liability by making it impossible to hold an
employer for some trifling circumstance which had escaped his
notice, and to free him from the menace of unjustified litigation.
The provision worked well, so well that out of 170,000 claims
fully adjusted at this time no suits have resulted on the "wilful
act" score. It was to be regretted that a few labor men, from
motives quite un-understandable, sought to oppose the amend-
ment.
The year 1914 was a period of industrial depression, not-
withstanding in that year premiums to the amount of$2,8oi,i62.78
were collected from 15,436 employers.
The policy of bringing together workers and employers to
deal with needful changes in the law became a fixed policy of the
state
THE LAW IN PERIL.
Tne years 191 5 and 1916 proved periods 01 great trial for tne
newly installed system. It had as stated become effective as a
compulsory law on January i, 1914, and a period of only twelve
months was not sufficient to educate all of the workmen and all
of the employers into the benefits of a scheme, basically new and
strange to their comprehension. As their knowledge of it grew,
there grew also their favorable sentiment toward it, but the
months of trial were difiicult and demanded the utmost faith and
courage.
At this time the medical element was a troublesome one.
The physicians and surgeons had been but little consulted in the
formulation of the law. They paid but little attention to this
great law, although their association was busy enough with other
things of far less interest to the general practitioner and surgeon.
The first months of its application were full of vexatious delays
in settlements, of lack of system in making payments for medical
and surgical services, and of those petty annoyances which, while
they may not greatly impress the men in charge of administration,
are nevertheless certain to be keenly felt by individual members
of the profession.
As the members of the profession who had extensive deal-
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 27
ings with the commission in charge of the system naturally re-
ceived a certain number of unfavorable impressions, and talked
of those impressions in their county, district and city meetmgs,
it was natural and inevitable that a degree of hostility to the sys-
tem should arise among the profession. And this symptom was
promptly seized upon by those with special motives to serve as a
pretense for launching an attack for the destruction of the entire
law.
The paragraphs that have gone before must not be construed
as an attack upon the medical profession. As the work has been
brought to a higher state of development, errors have been cor-
rected, wrong methods have been replaced by better ones, and
the fees have been standardized to the improvement of the ser-
vice. Then, too, the commission has been enabled to be slightly
more liberal in its allowances. Today there are few physicians
and surgeons who are hostile to the intents and purposes of the
system, although they are not unanimous in approving the state's
policies. In a recitation of the situation, historical accuracy de-
mands an alignment of the perils conquered and the causes for
those perils.
But the situation with respect to physicians and surgeons
was as nothing compared to other attacks, legal, political and
actuarial. As all bore upon the same general facts, it is difficult
to separate and follow the individual threads through the tangled
skein in which the system was enmeshed. The political diffi-
culties were a heritage of the canvass for Governor in 1914.
The Governor under whose administration it was passed had
naturally to bear the hostility of the private liability insurance
companies and their agents. This hostility Governor James M.
Cox did nothing to diminish, but on the contrary even increased
it by stating frankly that he did not desire their support at the
price of sacrifice of the law.
Added to this was the fact that there was a community of
interest between certain employers and the insurance interests
whose elimination from the business of workmen's compensation
was sought, even though the Ohio Manufacturers' Association
had never succumbed to this influence. Moreover, it was clear
then to far-sighted men what has since become very clear to all,
28 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
namely, that the estabHshment of a state insurance fund ulti-
mately will mean the end of private profit from the miseries of
those who are killed or injured in industry.
Upon the other hand, the character of the supporters of Mr.
Cox's successful antagonist in 1914, then Congressman Frank B.
Willis, was bound to have its influence upon the subsequent ad-
ministration. There is no intention to assert, that, as Governor,
Mr. Willis was intentionally hostile to workmen's compensation;
but, on the contrary, its humane purposes probably appealed to
his sense of justice and right. But the public opinion of the state
never quite formed this notion, as. indeed, it was a notion quite
difficult to fomi from the things that were done or omitted to be
done during his administration.
In the light of the appeal of Mr. Cox and the nature of things
Mr. Willis had said or failed to say in the canvass, the victory
of Mr. Willis at the polls was interpreted to mean a repudiation
of the state insurance fund policy. The interests which had con-
tributed their support to the result indicated naturally felt there
was a moral obligation, regardless of the Governor's personal
feeling, to realize their hopes.
Scarcely was the General Assembly convened in January,
191 5, when the attack was begun from this quarter, and it devel-
oped later in other theaters where the question arose. In the
General Assembly it took the form of a resolution, which, through
some agency never clearly revealed, was presented by a labor
delegate, Representative Henry Ott, of Hamilton County. It
was a demand for an actuarial audit of the state fund, and,
though doubtless the fund could have shown undoubted solvency,
was a premature effort to bring it to a test, when by every rule of
good judgment and fair play no such demand should have been
made. Suffice it to say that the resolution was never passed and
that in the end Mr. Ott was glad it did not pass. It was his
first experience in legislation and it was not surprising that his
feet were caught in a net spread for the unwary.
Then came the demand of Governor Willis for the resigna-
tions of Chairman Wallace D. Yaple and Member Thomas J-
Duffy of the Industrial Commission, and this, too, in the face of
the well-known wish of both capital and labor that these mem-
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Laiv. 29
bers be left undisturbed in their tenure. In Mr. Willis's behalf
it may be stated that similar demands were made upon the other
commissioners whom he found in office as an inheritance from
the administration of Mr. Cox, still there was an articulate
demand that this particular institution be separated from the
remainder of the places because of the important nature of its
work.
The demand for the resignations being rejected, there arose
a demand for places under the Industrial Commission, in recorded
instances without regard to the services that were rendered.
Mr. Duft'y, in this respect, was able to exercise a strong influ-
ence in retaining pivotal men. There was a quiet effort to secure
the position of Emile E. Watson, actuary of the commission,
upon whom much of the most arduous work in establishing the
state fund plan devolved. Whence arose this demand can be
but the subject of conjecture. For the most part, though, the
disruptive efforts were frustrated, whether they originated in
mere desire for political spoils or with other ends in view.
It was not a pleasant task that the commissioners faced, and
the worry incident thereto has been felt by his friends to be one
of the reasons for the breakdown in the health of Chairman
Yaple, subsequently resulting in his death in office in 191 7. He
died a martyr to his efforts to make the experiment of the state
a success.
But the nibbles which the policy of the administration per-
mitted were as nothing compared to the interpretation of thf
law by Judge Frank Taggart, who became Superintendent of
Insurance. This interpretation became known as the "Taggart
ruling," and through various phases occupied the attention of
the courts for a long period, a final phase bemg at the time this
is written in the United States Supreme Court for final adjudica-
tion. A recital of facts will make clear this layman's statement
of the matter at issue.
Section 9510 of the General Code was the section which
generally authorized insurance companies to insure persons,
firms, companies and associations from the hazards of life. In
this general authorization was a provision which enabled com-
panies to "make insurance to indemnify employers against loso
30 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
or damage for personal injury or death resulting from accidents
to employees or persons other than employees," etc.
There was in the original Workmen's Compensation Law a
section known as Section 54, which, in the general structure of
the law, appeared to have been overlooked and to have slipped
into the measure withotit a thorough consideration. Its terms
wer6 quite ambiguous, as a perusal of its provisions here quoted
will show :
"Section 5-1. AH contracts or agreements entered into by any em-
ployer, the purpose of which is to indemnify him from loss or damage on
account of the injury of such employee by accidental means or on account
ol the neglieenre of such emnlover or such emnlover's offirer, agent or
servant, shall be absolutely void, unless such contract or agreement shall
specifically provide for the payment to such injured employee of such
amounts for medical, nurse and hospital services and medicines, and such
compensation as is provided by this act for injured employees; and in the
event of death shall pay such amounts as are herein provided for funeral
expenses and for compensation to the dependents of those partially de-
pendent upon such employee ; and no such contract shall agree, or be
construed to agree, to indemnify such employer, other than hereinbefore
designated for any civil liability for which he may be liable on account of
the injury to his employee by the wilful act of such employer, or any of
such employer's officers or agents, or the failure of such employer, his
officers or agents, to observe any lawful requirement for the safety of
employees."
It was presumed by friends of the law that this section was
a part of the plan contemplated for the benefit of those employers
who wished to form mutual associations of employers for insur-
ance, a proposition at which other sections of the law might be
said to squint, without fully regulating and defining, as would
be necessary to put them into efifect. Nevertheless it was the
peg upon which the Taggart ruling hung. Under this section,
taken in conjunction with Section 9510, licenses or permits were
issued to insurance companies to write indemnity insurance for
employers who proposed under the authority granted in Section
22 of the law to carry their own risks, thereby bringing back into
new form the liability insurance company business. By further
strain of the provisions authority might be found for actually
insuring employers against so-called "wilful act" or against fail-
ure to observe lawful requirements
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 81
Under the administration of Mr. Cox the statement had
repeatedly been made from the Governor's office that no insur-
ance company would be permitted to write insurance that had
any connection with workmen's compensation, the presence of
any interest seeking the element of profit being held to be elimi-
nated by the new system.
The new ruling was not long in effect before the insurance
companies began in deep earnest their efforts to secure the cream
of business, leaving the state fund to carry the poorer risks and
to make it a very travesty of a state fund comparable to
those which at the time this is written exist in New York,
Pennsylvania and other states. Then arose a spirited protest
from labor, organized and unorganized. If the state fund were
to be ignored and self-insured employers were to be permitted
to buy indemnity policies from insurance companies, the element
of profit once more would enter into the equation. It would be-
come to the interest of those who made settlements with injured
workers, and with dependents of those killed, to beat down those
settlements to the lowest possible level, and the old, evil story of
liability insurance settlements in the days of legal employers'
liability would be back with only a small change. Indeed, the
fears entertained upon this point were realized in a few settle-
ments that were made, and it is recorded that in a few of these
cases facts brought to the attention of the Industrial Commis-
sion induced it to demand and receive a readjustment in the
interest of beneficiaries.
Taking up the cudgels in behalf of those who complained
of the interpretation of the law, Mr. Edward C. Turner, then
Attorney General, filed suit in ouster in the Ohio Supreme Court
against upwards of a score of companies then engaged in this
business. Joining him were counsel of labor organizations, Mr.
George B. Okey and Mr. Timothy S. Hogan, former Attorney
General. The labor attack was largely diverted into a challenge
of the constitutionality of Section 22, while the employing inter-
ests, represented by the Ohio Manufacturers' Association, pre-
served an attitude of neutrality, save only to defend the right of
self-insurance.
The case was presented to the court at great length and
32 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
with a wealth of argument upon every possible phase of the
situation. To the hearing came labor representatives from all
sections of the state, selected by local conventions especially to
bear mute witness to the interest felt in the outcome. The pres-
ence of the representatives of the men most vitally affected by
the law was not displeasing to the court, although somewhat dis-
concerting to those seeking to sustain the assailed Taggart ruling.
The consideration of the Supreme Court occupied weeks,
from the early spring, when the arguments were heard, until
July I, 1916, when an informal announcement was made of
points upon which a decision had been reached and points upon
which argument was still to be heard. The court agreed, so the
statement said, that Section 22 was valid and constitutional, that
Section 9510 was not repealed by implication, and that contracts
of indemnity might be written for straight compensation, where
the elements of negligence or of wilful act or of failure to ob-
serve lawful requirements were not involved. Upon these points
it desired further enlightenment in new arguments at the fall
term.
THE LAW SAVED.
Public sentiment, founded on facts, has ever been a solvent
for many issues, a proper solvent, too, as our history has come
to show.
Gradually, the general public came to know that a proper
attitude toward a great reform was not shown in the public
offices having to do with the workmen's compensation system;
but too late was this impressive fact realized in the head of
the administration in office during the years 1915 and 1916.
Attacks on the Industrial Commission, sorely tried during
this period, ceased in the early months of 1916, and the con-
tinuity of the actuarial force in the critical period was assured.
From outside Ohio originated many efforts to deceive the Ohio
employers as to the condition of the fund, but these efforts
mostly failed to make a deep and lasting impression. There
was, it is true, a certain amount of trouble created by the pub-
lication of false reports affecting the fund in Ohio, but the Ohio
Manufacturers' Association and the Ohio Federation of Labor
were alert in assuring the respective interests which they rej)-
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 33
resented that the attacks were without substantial foundation.
In disseminating this information, the press of the state co-
operated, with the result that the canards were destroyed as
fast as they were issued. Confidence in Actuary Emile E.
Watson grew as results began to speak for themselves, and his
disclosures of the immense savings of Ohio employers and of
the true reason for the attacks, which was the fear that other
states would follow the Ohio example, completely discredited
them. Gradually, the people of Ohio failed to see any other
side to the controversy than the side of the state law.
On July I, 1916, the Supreme Court handed down a semi-
official statement in which it covered some points of the con-
troversy raging about the Taggart ruling. It held that Section
22 of the law, by virtue of which employers were privileged to
carry their own insurance, that is, to pay minimum awards to
injured employees and the dependents of those who were killed,
together with a small sum into the general reserve for catas-
trophes, was constitutional. This section had been attacked by
the labor representatives as a short means of arriving at the
result they sought, which was the exclusion of any agency save
the state fund in the operation of the law. It was likewise the
finding of the court that there was no authorization for liability
insurance companies to write policies to indemnify employers
against the so-called "open liability" of the law, that is the
liability arising out of the failure to observe lawful requirements,
prescribed by the statutes and orders of the Industrial Com-
mission for safety of employees. The extent of liability was
passed upon in another case which will be mentioned in a sub-
sequent chapter.
The decision as to Section 22 eliminated the interest of the
employers and they promptly announced their withdrawal from
the case, since they had appeared only to maintain their right to
operate under Section 22.
As to other points the court announced an intention of
hearing further arguments at a later period, fixed for some time
in the fall. The points included the right to indemnify self-
insuring employers for awards paid to injured employees and the
Vol. XXIX -3.
34 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
dependents of those killed while in the course of their employ-
ment.
Upon the state at large this statement, of which apparently
nothing but a newspaper clipping has been preserved, had a far-
reaching effect. It immediately injected the workmen's com-
pensation issue into the canvass for Governor, and former
Governor James M. Cox, then running for re-election, at once
announced his intention of standing for a law that would in
every way eliminate the feature of liability insurance company
participation.
Upon their part, the labor organizations declared, in effect,
a position of harmony with his views, which amounted to a sort
of alliance for the fall campaign. To supplement this, they
immediately announced their purpose of proposing to the Gen-
eral Assembly, by initiative petition, as the Constitution gave
them the right to do, a bill to make the expulsion definite and
certain. Should the General Assembly refuse to enact the law
it would be taken by referendum petition to the people of the
state for their approval at the following November election.
While these facts obtained, the rehearing before the Su-
preme Court was held. It was without special incident, the
questions being of a very technical nature.
The election in November, 1916, gave a definite indication
of the popular mind, and it was assured that a General As-
sembly would come into oilfice which was committed to the labor
program. The initiative petitions which were circulated secured
tens of thousands of signatures, in quarters far outside the
labor organizations which originated them.
The final decision in the ouster suits brought by Mr.
Turner was handed down by the court on January 31, 1917, in
the form of a "per curiam" opinion, one hundred days being
given for the carrying into effect of the order.
It was held that Section 54 of the Workmen's Compensation
Law did not repeal by implication Section 9510 of the General
Code, which gave the general power to license msurance com-
panies, but, on the contrary, "does define, limit, and declare the
nature and extent of the contract of indemnity that may be
written." There are then set out three qualifications which every
1207457
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Lazv. 35
insurance contract written under it must contain insuring to the
employees of the self-insuring employers payment of the minimum
benefits of the law, inhibiting indemnifying of an employer for
wilful act or failure to observe lawful requirements, and inhibiting
generally other indemnity policies outside of those for straight
workmen's compensation.
It was plain that the decision did not do all that the labor
group desired, and the passage of the initiated bill in the General
Assembly was pushed, interest being lost in the decision of the
court. As might be anticipated the bill carried easily and on
February 19, 1917, the Governor signed House Bill No. i, which
was filed in the office of the Secretary of State and became the
law of the land in 90 days, no referendum being filed against it.
The new section, replacing the doubtful verbiage of Section
54, follows :
"All contracts and agreements shall be absolutely void and
=of no efifect which undertake to indemnify or insure an employer
against loss or liability for the payment of compensation to work-
men or their dependents, for death, injury or occupational disease
occasioned in the course of such workmen's employment, or
which provide that the insurer shall pay such compensation, or
which indemnify the employer against damages when the injury,
disease or death arises from the failure to comply with any law-
ful requirement for the protection of the lives, health, and safety
of employees or when the same is occasioned by the wilful act
of the employer or any of his officers or agents, or by which it is
agreed that the insurer shall pay any such damages. No license
or authority to enter into any such agreements or issue any such
policies of insurance shall be granted or issued by any public
authority."
The new section was admitted to be "horse-high, bull-strong
and hog-tight", as its authors intended it should be.
In effect, the long battle was over and Governor Cox and
those who had stood by him in the trv'ing days of heavy struggle
rejoiced with the employers and employees who had devoted their
efforts to make the system a success.
There remains but one issue. The claim was made that the
new act of the General Assembly violated the obligation of con-
86 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
tracts in that it canceled existing contracts. To test this point an
employer named Thornton was secured to bring a suit in the
Franklin County Common Pleas Court. The law was sustained
in that court, and the decision was affirmed in the Court of
Appeals and in the Supreme Court. It was then carried to the
United States Supreme Court on the constitutional claim, and
there it is pending as this account is written. Ohio officials have
the utmost confidence in a favorable decision of their claims issu-
ing from this most august of tribunals. The case originally
affected some six 'hundred odd contracts, but the number has
probably dwindled since then. As the contracts expire, even if
they are held not liable to the law. there may be no more issued.
The beginning then of the World War period found the
Ohio law in good operation. To the friends of the system sad- .
ness was brought by the death of Wallace D. Yaple. of Chilli-
cothe, chairman of the commission, whose labors in behalf of
the law had undermined his health. He died a virtual martyr^
to the success of the system which has meant so much for the
great army of toilers. His death was lamented on all sides.
At the same time that the referendum petitions on the original
compulsory workmen's compensation law were gathered, the
Equity Association sought to employ the initiative in proposing
a modified bill. It was presented to the General Assembly, under
the constitution, at the beginning of the session in 1913, but no
group of members could be found willing to champion it seriously
enough to bring it even close to adoption. The measure proposed
the continuation of the compulsory plan which was written into
the 1913 statute, but carried the scheme of permitting liability
insurance companies to participate in the carrying of the insur-
ance under a system of state regulation.
Chances for the measure were entirely demolished at a hear-
ing before the Labor Committee, when Member T. J. Duflfy of
the Industrial Comission exposed the bill. His arraignment of it
was scathing, upsetting all the arguments which had been made
in its behalf. His strictures on the measures left Mr. H. T.
Weston, former rating actuary, with little defense for the pro-
posal. From that time forward it was looked upon as a grave
error to support the bill. Carrying out his later announced
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 37
policy to "sound the aLarm every time the enemy approaches,"
Mr. Duffy kept the ears of members buzzing with the protests
against the bill. It was, however, forced to a vote with the
result that a bare 25 enrolled themselves for it and 75 against it.
The number of supporters included Majority Floor Leader Frank
E. Whittemore.
ANOTHER DANGER AVERTED.
Among the members of the legal profession there were men
of two minds, generally speaking, with reference to the new act.
There were some who had been profitably engaged in litigation
growing out of accidents in industrial establishments, and who
had been able to amass fortunes by carefully selecting the cases
they presented and thus recoxering huge sums in special cases.
There was a very natural dislike on the part of these attorneys
to give up this lucrative business, yet it must be said that men
who had grown rich in this business saw the manifest injustice
it worked. \\'hile a claimant with an especially good case might
secure a large judgment, the result could only be that others with
as good a moral right to claim compensation for the casualties
in the industrial world, but with not quite so good legal basis,
would be certain to be denied even a pittance. The lawyers who
took the more humane view and banished the thoughts of personal
profit were hopeful that a court decision would be rendered which
would safeguard the law against a complete breakdown.
On the other hand, selfish motives and antiquated legalism
coincided to produce an intense desire to break down the law and
to return to the old ways in personal injury suits, even at the
expense of reviving the dangerous tendencies that have been
touched upon in the days of the decline of the judiciary. So the
hunt was started for the instrument that would bring the matter
squarely before the Ohio Supreme Court. It was found in a
case from Lucas Couny, upon which all those who had upper-
most in their minds the breaking down of the practical inhibitions
against personal injury litigation united. Attorney General
Joseph McGhee represented the law.
Fred W. Schorling. an employee of the American W^ooden-
ware Company, was injured only seven day's after the law of
38 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
1913 became effective. He had been an operator of a ripsaw
and had been ordered by his foreman to help transport a car
of lumber. His claim was that the lumber was carelessly and
negligently stacked so that it fell on him, inflicting serious in-
juries. Although his employer was a contributor to the work-
men's compensation fund, and he had a clear right to an award
without litigation, Schorling was persuaded to bring a suit, re-
covering a judgment in the lower courts. The wide gap which
would have been torn in the law had the decision been permitted
to stand, caused it to be brought to the highest tribunal for
review.
Now the Industrial Commission Act had been enacted about
a month after the enactment of the Compulsory Compensation
Law. It contained a number of sections which were not intended
to be substitutes for the numerous safety sections of the General
Code, but which were designed to give the commission authority
to make specific orders when its inspectors found that conditions
in particular industries required them. Sections 15 and 16 were
particular statements of the general direction that employers
should furnish to their employees a safe place to work, and
furnish and use safety devices and safeguards, and do everything
necessary to protect life, health, safety and the welfare of
employees, and should refuse to permit employees to enter upon
places of employment which were not safe.
Having in mind that the constitutional amendment upon
which the statute law was predicated contained a statement that
"no right of action shall be taken away from any employee when
the injury, disease or death arises from failure of the employer
to comply with any lawful requirement for the protection of
the lives, health and safety of employees," the mode of attack by
the personal injury lawyers appears simple. They had secured a
decision to their wish from the Lucas County courts, and if only
it could be affirmed by the highest tribunal the personal injury
cases would grow and multiply by the thousands. The state
funds would be used to compensate those cases in which under
the old common-law rules no judgment could possibly be obtained,
while the attractive cases would be the means of extracting
fantastic sums from the employers, who on their part would
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Lazv. 39
be in the anomalous position of having paid premiums and still
being subject to the greatest possible number of lawsuits. It was
a game for big stakes.
Obliterating, in this review, the subsidiary questions
raised, it was clear that the case would turn on the central
question of whether the general requirement to provide a safe
place to work was a "lawful requirement." To any but minds
enmeshed in antiquated formalisms, the issue had simply to be
carried to its logical conclusion, excluding all considerations of
justice. If an accident occurred, naturally the place of em-
ployment would not be safe, although the employer had com-
plied with every statute and every order of the Industrial Com-
mission, this being untrue only if the injury were wilfully self-
inflicted.
When stated in these understandable terms, the court was
not long in iinding the answer, clearly enunciated in the syllabus
of the decision, in which it is stated that the term "lawful re-
quirement *** does not include a general course of conduct, or
those general duties and obligations of care and caution which
rest upon employers and employees, and all other members of
the community, for the protection of life, health and safety,"
but rather the state safety laws and local municipal safety reg-
ulations and the specific orders of the Industrial Commission.
In discussing the case, Justice James G. Johnson, who
wrote the opinion of the court, says that if any other construc-
tion were given the act, the place of employment might have
been inspected and made safe, in the view of the state's agents,
at great expense, and yet the injured employee could assert in an
action against such employer that the precaution ordered by
the Industrial Commission was not reasonable and did not meet
the requirements of the law. The case would then return to
the tangled and technical questions of common law.
"The employer would, in such case," says the jurist, "be
put upon his defense exactly as if the old common-law rule
and the antiquated and unsatisfactory methods of dealing with
accidents in industrial pursuits still prevailed, and as if no law
had been passed and no effort made by the state to respond to
the sentiment of the people, created by long and harsh ex-
40 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
periences, that a more humane and satisfactory system should
be erected. On the other hand, if the construction we have in-
dicated be correct, then, when an order of the commission has
been made and complied with, the injured workman will re-
ceive at once the compensation provided by the law out of the
insurance fund. This could result only in doing justice be-
tween the parties, because if the employer has complied with the
orders of an impartial official commission, after having posted
notice to the employee that he was proceeding under the law
and subject to the commission's order, he has done all that in
justice should be required. But if he has failed to obey the
order or requirement of the commission, made under these gen-
eral provisions, or has failed to comply with the requirements
of any statute or ordinance defining safety devices or safeguards
required to be used, he is by that act guilty of negligence per se
and liable to the injured workman as provided in the act."
In passing, it may be noted that a skilful propaganda was
employed to make workmen feel that the litigants were ap-
pearing for the laboring men. "Surely, in vain is the net set
in the sight of any bird."
They refused to surrender their assured awards for the
nebulous prospects of litigation, with which their experience
had been so bitter.
To complete the recital one has only to mention that per-
sonal injury litigation on behalf of employees subject to the
law against their employers has been so small as to be a neg-
ligible factor.
THE DEATH OF FALSE CLAIMS.
Upon taking the oath of office for the third time as Gov-
ernor, Mr. Cox called for a show-down upon the condition of
the fund. He knew it was safe. It had stood the war stress
splendidly and the Industrial Commission had made such ar-
rangements as to make it possible for the fund easily to assume
to itself the added risk that arose from the compensation of
those who, having been previously injured either on the battle-
fields or in the workshop, might be made into permanent total
disability cases on another injury. But he desired a showing
by competent outside authorities. To this end he suggested a
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 41
committee to supervise the audit, to be composed of Mr. Mal-
colm Jennings, the secretary of the Ohio Manufacturers' As-
sociation, Mr. Thomas J. Donnelly, the secretary of the Ohio
Federation of Labor, and Mr. A. V. Donahey, Auditor of State.
The three men combined in their personnel authorized repre-
sentatives of employers, employees and the general public, "the
trinity of interests" kept in mind in the entire formulation of
the law.
The addition of Mr. Donahey, especially, was a shrewd
move, since the public confidence in him had grown by reason
of his policy in attacking those of his own partisan affiliations
as readily as he attacked those on the other side of the garden
wall, if he felt it was called for, and of tossing bouquets, re-
gardless of partisan considerations, with equal zeal.
The committee met as soon as it was appointed and selected
two actuaries of undoubted ability and integrity, Mr. E. H.
Downey, special deputy in the Pennsylvania Insurance Depart-
ment, and Mr. Miles M. Dawson, noted New York actuary, and
one of the most eminent men in his profession anywhere in the
world. Mr. Dawson's ability in insurance is recognized wherever
civilized man holds sway.
As might be expected, their work was exhaustive, thorough
and comprehensive. They not only covered the actuarial con-
dition of the fund, but they went into the details of its opera-
tion and made many practical suggestions for improvement.
One of these suggestions was a simplification in operation, a de-
tail which Mr. Robert S. Hayes, the secretary of the commis-
sion, has been enabled to carry into effect.
After weeks of research, the report was made public on
July 28, 1919. It disclosed the following condition:
Assets.
National, State and Municipal Bonds... .?10,891,601 00
Cash in Bank :
Time Deposits $5,087,000
Demand Deposits 871,646
5,9.58,846 00
$16,850,247 00
42 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Accrued Interest (estimated by the ex-
aminer at) __ 100,000 00
Premiums in course of collection $2,675,198 00
Deduct, due over 90 days 96,423 00
2,578,775 00
$19,529,022 00
LlABILITFES.
Claim Reserves $12,490,535 00
Outstanding claim warrants 255,182 00
Unearned Premiums 3,000,834 00
$15,746,551 00
Catastrophe Surplus $1,052,700 00
Unassigned Surplus 2,729,771 00
3,782,471 00
$19,529,022 00
Without going into detail as to what the two examiners
said, this quotation is made from Mr. Dawson :
"The outstanding result of this thorough investigation of the Ohio
State Insurance Fund is to danonstrate that it is, and has at all times
been, strong and solvent ; that it has been conducted with economy un-
precedented even in state funds the world over and at about one-twen-
tieth the expense in insurance companies conducted for profit ; that the
State Industrial Commission has administered the Workmen's Compen-
sation Act through this public agency with care and in a most unusually
beneficial manner, so as to subserve the public purpose of relief where
relief is due under the law ; that the only operative defect, viz : tardy and
overformal handling of claims will easily be removed by simplifying the
procedure ; and that, all told, the greatest and most successful demonstra-
tion in this country of the possibilities of the largest benefits at the low-
est cost, from a workmen's compensation law. has been achieved by the
Ohio State Industrial Commission and the management of the Ohio State
Insurance Fund, as is conclusively shown by the examiner's report."
The statement of Mr. Downey as to the "excessive econ-
omjr" relates to the action of the General Assembly in following
a rather narrow policy, resulting in giving no increases during
the war period to employees, resulting in much dissatisfaction
during and since the war period. His recommendation as to
distribution of a third of the reserve has been accomplished.
The summary of his findings follows:
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 43
"1. The Ohio State Fund, after deducting unearned premiums and
setting aside ample reserves to carry all claims to maturity, had on March
1, 1919, a clear surplus of more than $3,600,000. Owing to this highly
solvent condition, the Fund can safely distribute about one-third of its
surplus to its subscribers in the form of a cash dividend.
"2. Premium rates proved somewhat redundant under the very ex-
ceptional conditions of the past two years, but the general rate level is
no more than adequate for normal industrial conditions. No general rate
deduction can safely be made at the present time.
"3. The Industrial Commission manifests every disposition to pay
the full legal benefits upon all valid claims. There is no evidence of un-
fair compromises, "short changing" or disallowance of claims on merely
technical grounds. But there are instances of e.xcessive delay in adjust-
ing claims, and the average interval between date of accident and the
first payment thereon is too long. These delays are due in part to an
inadequate appropriation and in part to over-formal procedural require-
ments.
"4. The Fund has been managed with extreme, even excessive
economy. The actual net cost of the Fund does not exceed IVzJo of the
average annual premiums over a five-year period. In part, this extremely
low cost has been attained by unwise and unnecessary skimping of ser
The document was generously distributed and aroused gen-
eral satisfaction.
Thus ended the cowardly attempts to undermine a great
system.
May it be preserved as well as it has been founded!
OBSERVATIONS.
In conclusion two events worthy of record have occurred
with reference to the workmen's compensation act.
The first was enactment of a bill prepared by Attorney
General John G. Price and introduced by Senator Frank E.
Whittemore, of Summit, to make more drastic the penalty for
failure to pay the premium required from employers for the
state insurance fund. It provided for receivership in the event
that any employer subject to the law refuses to comply with it.
The amendment was suggested by experience of the Attorney
General in the application of the law as it stood prior to the
amendment, he being convinced that it was inadequate.
44 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
The second was the admission from an actuary who never
was considered friendly to the act and its operation that the
fund is entirely solvent and a failure to find any substantial
ground of criticism. The actuary was one S. H. Wolfe, of New
York, who was brought on for the examination by the Joint
Committee on Re-organization of Administrative State Depart-
ments and Institutions. The Wolfe report was bitterly attacked
by minority members of the committee, Senator Howell Wright,
of Cuyahoga, and Representative J. E. Foster, of Coshocton.
They did not criticise Wolfe's admission that the fund is solvent,
but they did severely arraign an alleged attempt to discredit the
work of the Industrial Commission.
At this time it cannot be said that all of the problems of
workmen's compensation have been settled. There are, perhaps,
four major questions, quite apart from the mechanical and
technical details of operation, which must be considered, and
which must in time be solved, if the great system is to fulfill all
the hopes that have been raised for it. Whether these hopes
and ambitions are attainable is a question which rests in the
good conscience and unselfishness of three factors, the body of
workmen, the employers and the public.
The public's part will come in making suitable provision
for carrying the burden of paying for the work to be done and
of seeing the social wisdom in bringing the plan to its highest
development. The part of the workers must come in being
zealous in the protection of the fund against imposition, and
the part of employers in looking upon it as a public duty and
not as the payment of money merely as a means of settling for
injuries which occur to workmen and of buying immunity from
annoying litigation and claims.
If, in the judgment of the writer, viewing the matter as
a lay observer, and not as an expert, the problems of the present
may be summarized, they may be enumerated in the following
order :
I. Ample and workable provision for rehabilitation of the
injured workman, so that impaired working and earning power
may be restored, at least in part. This will involve skilled advice
and skilled services of surgeons. Naturally, there must go with
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 45
this a service to retrain the man who cannot again resume the
Hne of activity which he followed before he was injured. Other
countries have made great strides toward rehabilitation of the
men who were crippled in the Great War. From allied, and
possibly from enemy countries, this experience, covering a term
of years, will in time become available. The present somewhat
disappointingly small results of the American efforts for re-
training of those whose natural efficiency and usefulness were
impaired by diseases suffered or injuries sustained in the mili-
tary and naval army should not discourage renewed efforts in
behalf of the maimed in the great army of industrial workers.
The great dictum, "By the sweat of thy brow shalt thou earn
thy bread," is the law that must still govern, even for those
who cannot again resume the places they once held. There is
a sublime dignity of labor that cannot be lost without lasting
injury to the race, and the injured man must look forward to a
new, even if humbler part, in the army of workers toiling to
make the world go forward.
II. There must be ample safeguards against the "raiding"
of the fund from the attacks of the ambulance-chasing type of
attorney. There must be instilled into the consciousness of
courts, as well as of laymen, a conviction that the workmen's
compensation fund does not exist to be assailed, and that the
mere fact that $20,000,000 in reserves is piled up is no excuse
for nibbles from any quarter. This is a great fact, which is
ever to be kept in mind, no matter how small or how large the
threatened nibbles may be. x\s the matter now stands it seems
that the principal danger comes from the suits which are filed
against the commission after refusal of awards. To the author
it appears that the interests which honestly oppose rectification
of this danger stand in their own light.
There is no doubt a strong disposition in favor of the prop-
osition that the right of trial before a jury shall not be abridged,
but at the same time the "right" should never protect a wrong.
The criticism now made of the present operation of the law is
in reality a plea against the venality and dishonesty of those
with schemes of their own to carry through. It is held, how-
ever, that when a claimant with an impossible case from the
46 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publicatioiis.
legal standpoint is turned down, in a hearing before the com-
mission, recourse is had to the courts, and in the courts a case
is presented that is quite different from the case presented before
the commission. The jury, which does not have before it the
pleadings and testimony before the commission, will readily
listen to arguments that a deep injustice was done the claimant
by the commission, and will readily consent to award a verdict
against the fund. It is even contended that hearings before
the commission have served no other purpose than to establish
what would be good and what would not be good evidence to
present to a court. The verdict having been rendered, it is ex-
tremely hard to upset in the reviewing courts, unanimity being
required in the Court of Appeals. The sum awarded may not
seem large, perhaps a thousand dollars or so, but if improperly
awarded, it constitutes nevertheless a raid upon the fund. Then,
again, it is easy for courts to err, so runs the criticism, in favor
of liberal allowances to the successful attorneys in the form of
fees. Instances are on record in which the sums given to the
advocates are equal to the sums allowed for the injured man,
although the contemplation of the law was that all these in-
dustrial cases should be, so far as possible, removed from the
domain of litigation. The sum given, it may appear, may not
seem large, but the gross amount awarded will be sure to grow
year by year until it becomes a profound abuse, reacting un-
favorably upon the entire system of workmen's compensation.
To the author, writing of this as a mere layman and not
presuming an expert's knowledge, it would seem that the pro-
posal which has been made is entirely just and reasonable,
substantially it is that the evidence adduced before the Industrial
Commission in the original claim shall be the evidence adduced
before the courts, it being preferable that it go in the form of
a written record, so that access to the courts shall not be denied
those seeking an appeal to judicial authority. If it be contended
that the proposed system will deny substantial rights, that is,
appeal to a jury of one's peers, the answer may be found in
similar proceedings with reference to other matters involving
property rights and claims, just as sacred in the contemplation
of justice and equity as is the claim for damages or compensa-
The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law. 47
tion for injuries. Appeals from administrative boards involving
millions of dollars of property are vested in the courts upon
the records established when the original case is heard, and there
is no permission to search the field for new evidence, or state-
ments, which might place the entire case in a different light.
III. There must come a better adjustment of the premium
of the insured employer to the losses sustained in his particular
industry. It is the criticism of some employers — and they have
been charitable in not making much of their contention — that
they pay for the losses incurred in other factories and establish-
ments which do not exercise the same degree of care in pro-
viding most safe places for work. Examination of the theories
of the advocates of the system will show that they contended
that it would be possible to give the careful employer the benefit
of his care and to penalize the careless and negligent for the
exorbitant and needless toll which they took and continue to
take in life and limb. It was a common expression of those
who presented the subject that the aim was to penalize the in-
different man in his pocketbook and to punish him "where it
would hurt." That lofty aim has not yet been fully attained,
although the legislation of 1919 doubtless will aid in that move-
ment. Probably, also, a penurious policy of hampering the
Industrial Commission has been responsible for the delay in
realizing the great aim of the entire system. There probably
always will be trouble with the lawmaker, who does not under-
stand the great reform that the law contemplates His largest
interest in life has been his small farm, or store, and he has
failed to grasp the meaning of great humane movements that
are designed to bring a fuller measure of justice to those who
do the necessary work of the world. Ultimately, the problem
will be solved as Mr. Watson has ably solved others more
difficult.
TV. Hand in hand with the rehabilitation of the injured,
and the substantial punishment of the employer who is to blame
for injuring more men than should be injured in any given
period, there must come a great expansion of the highly technical
work of prevention of accidents. Here again the state is
fortunate in the possession of the services of men like Actuary
48 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Emile E. Watson, who can show the way. But there must be
aid furnished them through ample funds to carry forward their
tasks. So long as private employers are able to allure from his
post of service every man who becomes proficient, with offers
of nearly twice as much as the state pays for services, it may
be impossible to secure and retain the experts needed in this
great task. What has already been done in education on accident
prevention gives a clue to the greater things to be attained when
it is made clear that workmen's compensation came as a system
to replace the wasteful, cruel, barbaric idea of legal liability,
because it was demanded by sane, progressive and thoughtful
men, and that its goals must be:
To care for the injured until he can return to his place.
To restore those whom accident has maimed.
To care for the actual dependents of those killed at duty.
To prevent the occurrence of needless accidents.
OHIO'S GERMAN-LANGUAGE PRESS AND THE PEACE
NEGOTIATIONS.
BY CARL WITTKE.
Instructor in American History, Ohio State University.
Long before the conclusion of the armistice, all of Ohio's
German-language newspapers that had survived the trials and
stress of the first years of the war, had completed their strategic
retreat from a position of open pro-Germanism to one of un-
swerving loyalty to the cause of America. At the beginning
of the war it was perhaps to be expected that the editors of
German dailies in this country should express a real sympathy
for the cause of their old Fatherland and swell with pride at
the news of the victories of German arms. Treacherous Eng-
land was denounced as the villain primarily responsible for the
great world catastrophe in which the young giant Germany was
compelled to do battle to break the strangle-hold of a world of
envious foes. When the United States finally entered the war,
the position of the German-American newspaper was extremely
perilous, and it became necessary to beat a quick retreat from
a position that was now not only untenable, but positively trea-
sonable. In spite of what must have been a terrible conflict of
emotions in the hearts of the editors and owners, every Ohio
paper succeeded in shifting its editorial policy, and finally arrived
at the point where the American reasons for entering the war
were accepted as just reasons, and the feats of the American
doughboy lauded to the sky, in studied emulation of the methods
of the English press. It is not for us to judge the motives that
caused such a radical change in policy. In part they must have
been economic, for every German paper found its circulation
lists shrinking, its income rapidly diminishing because of organ-
ized boycotts against advertisers who dared to use the columns
Vol. XXIX — 4. (49)
60 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
of the German press, and increasing dil^culty in delivering the
papers through the mails or by carriers. Paper after paper
suspended publication; others greatly reduced the size of their
issues. But on the other hand, there may have taken place in
the hearts and minds of many German newspaper men a real
conversion to a new point of view, and there is much evidence
that many a citizen of German extraction was bitterly disillu-
sioned by the work of our Committee on Public Information,
reports of German war practices and the blundering methods of
the old regime in Germany. At any rate, almost immediately
after the United States became a party to the struggle against
the Central Powers, Ohio's German papers left very little to
be desired as far as their public support of the war was con-
cerned, and all could point with pride to letters of thanks and
approval from men high in the government, who publicly tes-
tified to their loyal and hearty support of all loan drives and
Other features of the war program.'
With the signing of the armistice, it became possible, and
safe, to discuss more frankly the war aims of the various
powers, the purpose of the whole struggle and the terms upon
which peace should be concluded. The war hysteria from which
a great part of the public sufifered as long as the fighting con-
tinued, began to subside. It will be a long time before our
German newspapers regain their former influence and pros-
perity, if ever, and the German editors will have to speak
guardedly on all questions in any way related to the war,
simply from motives of self-preservation. Nevertheless, the
times are improving ; . English periodicals and newspapers are
constantly giving vent to their feelings about the proposed
peace in terms not always complimentary to the present ad-
ministration ; why cannot a German scribe begin to call his soul
his own again and express his real views on the issues of the
day? There are not a great many important German-language
papers left in Ohio, but those that have weathered the storm
' See the article by the present writer on "Ohio's German-Language
Press and the War" in the Ohio .^rchsological and Historical Quarterly,
Volume XXVIII. i\o. 1, pp. 82-96. (January, 1919.)
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 51
are speaking more and more freely as the gradual cooling of
the passions of war leaves their positions more secure.-
When the armistice was signed, every Ohio paper rejoiced
that the brutal struggle was ended. Many had long before
November, 1918, realized that America's entry in the war meant
Germany's ultimate defeat, and all agreed that the German
decision to engage in unrestricted submarine warfare had been
the fatal mistake that eventually turned the tide of battle by
forcing the United States into the conflict. The Gross Daytoner
Zeitung held the monarchy and the Pan-Germans responsible
for all the ills of the German people, and entirely agreed with
President Wilson in his demand, made during the exchange of
notes just before the cessation of hostilities, that the German
government must furnish real guarantees that the old order is
gone forever.'' The Toledo Express pronounced President
Wilson's address at the opening of the Fourth Liberty Loan
drive in October, 1918, as a new charter of freedom and justice
for all people, and heartily endorsed the plan to form a League
of Nations in order to give effective expression to these high
ideals in the life of the world.* The Henry County Demokrat
of November 13, 1918, contains a joyous announcement of the
coming of peace, and believes a new era in world relations is
dawning.' The Cineinnati VoJksblatt, one of the oldest and
most influential German papers in Ohio, rejoiced that the Ger-
man people had at last come to realize that they had been ruled
by madmen, and hoped that "What 1848 did not accomplish,
1918 will"." The Kaiser, the Crown Prince and the Junkers all
received their share of denunciation, especially the former who
" The Toledo Exl'rcss, in its issue of August 28, 1918, cites statistics
to show what has happened to the German-language press in America
during tlie war. According to Ayer's Newspaper Directory, there were
4119 German papers in 1917. In 1919, there were 344. Ten have become
English papers ; some appear part English and part German ; of the 344
only 29 are dailies. Many of the others are lodge or trade journals, with
little influence and a very limited circulation.
"• Cross Daytoner Zeitutig, October 11 and 28, 1918.
* Toledo Express. October 3, 1918.
"See also Henry Counly Demokrat. December 25, 1918.
° Ciiuinnati I'olk-sblatt, November 22, 1919.
52 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
was suspected of having carried off all state papers that might
be used to establish the guilt of the old governing oligarchy/
The armistice terms probably seemed a bit severe to some, but all
realized that Germany must yield. One paper, rightly supposing
that the terms of the armistice forecast the probable peace
terms, shrewdly suggested some of the knotty problems the
peace delegates would find it very difficult to solve, but prac-
tically all agreed that the allies would be more lenient with the
new German Republic, and that a peace of justice, based on
President Wilson's Fourteen Points would be established for
all nations.'
Most of Ohio's German papers showed a real sympathy for
the German Revolutionists and the new German Republic. At
the same time, they were also greatly alarmed by the prospect
of a "Red" or Bolshevist Germany, in which the ultra-radicals
would be in control. The Akron Gcrmania of November 15,
1918, contains a long editorial on Bolshevism, "An Interna-
tional Menace". The Toledo Express fears a reign of terror as
an aftermath of the deposition of the Kaiser,^ and the editor of
the Cincinnati Volksblatt calls Liebknecht Germany's greatest
foe.'" The same paper realizes that Germany is on probation,
that she must fulfill the conditions of the armistice faithfully,
maintain order within her boundaries, and prevent the repub-
lican government from being superseded by the soviet form.''
The Cincinnati Frcic Pressc advocates a mild policy toward
Germany, so that her governtuent may be used as a bulwark to
protect western Europe from the Russian menace.'" The Gross
Daytoner Zeitung believes that Germany, freed from the bur-
dens of militarism, mav vet arise from the ruins — "if she can
'See Cinciiiiiati Volksblatt. December fi, lOlS.
'See Cincinnati Volksblatt. November 2, 4, 12, 191P; also Wachter
und Anseiger, (Cleveland), November 11, 1918.
'Toledo Express. November 14, 1918.
" Cincinnati Volksblatt, December 9, 1918.
'^'^ Cincinnati Volksblatt. November 14, December 21, 1918; January
13, October 1, 1919.
^ Cincinnati Freie Presse, January 13, 1919.
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 53
only find men like those great Americans who led our country
through the critical years from 1783 to 1789.""
When President Wilson embarked for Europe to take per-
sonal charge of his peace program, he carried with him the
blessings and prayers of America's German-language press.
With an almost childlike faith in the president as the greatest
single force for righteousness in the modern world, the editors
were all supremely confident that he could force that idealism,
to which he had given expression in passionate language that
had raised the great world struggle from a mere war to a holy
crusade for righteousness and justice among the peoples of the
earth, upon the sordid, selfish statesmen of the old world ; trans-
late his wonderful words into deeds, and so become the saviour
of a despairing, suffering humanity. No German editor had
any constitutional scruples because the president's trip to Eu-
rope was unprecedented. The trip was regarded as absolutely
necessary, for the President went to Europe as the champion of
American ideals, to see to it that these American boys "shall
not have died in vain"." Equal confidence was put in the silent
Texan, Colonel House." This time, if never before, every Ger-
man newspaper could sincerely and whole-heartedly send out
the call to its readers to "Stand by the President".^" The
Cincinnati Volksblatt was glad that the Senate Foreign
Relations Committee had rejected Senator Cummins' resolution
to send a committee of Senators to Paris,^' and when Senator
Lodge began to criticise the action of the President, the Akron
Germania accused him of trying to embarrass the administra-
tion, and concluded that he didn't represent the American people
any way." No editor was so optimistic as to expect that Mr.
Wilson would have little difficulty with the diplomats of the
" Gross Daytoncr Zcittiiig, November 18, 1918.
"See Cincinnati Voltisblatt, November 20, 1918; Wdchter und An-
zeiger, December 3, 1918; Altron Germania, December 0, 1918; Cincinnati
Abend Presse, January 4, 1919
■^See Gross Daytoner Zcitung, October 31. 1918.
""See Cincinnati Freie Presse, December 26, 1918; Toledo Express,
January 2, 1919.
"Cincinnati Vollisblatt, December 7, 1918.
"Akron Germania, December 27, 1918.
54 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
other powers represented at the peace table. The Cincinnati
Freie Pressc recognized the fact that the United States was the
only unselfish power at Versailles, and that there would be much
friction between the allies. Nevertheless, Wilson would prob-
ably vvin out, for he came to make a permanent peace, based
on justice and not power, and then planned to crown his work
with the League of Nations.^" In a long and passionate edito-
rial, the Cleveland IViichtcr iind Anzciger represented President
Wilson as a crusader, standing alone and willing to risk every-
thing in order to gain his ideals. The editor approved of the
President's decision to play "a lone hand" at the conference,
and concluded with a statement that if he does not reach his
goal, it will not be because he has played the game poorly.""
The comment of still another editor at the time of Mr Wilson's
first return trip to America is interesting in the light of later
developments. The President, according to this editor, lands m
Boston "tired, and disappointed" in the statesmen of the world,
but determined to fight on . He brings the Covenant for a
League of Nations. His next visit to Paris will be devoted to
carrying out the Fourteen Points. France is opposed, because
she wants a peace of force and not justice, but the iron will of
Woodrow Wilson will win in the end, and compel the other
nations to live up to their agreements.-^ The Akron Germania
took the Republican opposition in Congress to task for their
opposition to the proposed League, because by such domestic
opposition they encouraged the chauvinists and imperialists at
the peace conference who oppose Mr. Wilson's principles of
justice. ^^ In spite of a few misgivings, and a keen realization
of the hostility to the Wilsonian program by certain interests
represented at the Peace Conference, faith in the President was
still boundless — faith in his ability to force through his pro-
gram on his second visit to Paris.-'
^'Cincinnati Freie Presse, December -5, 1918; see also Gros.': Day-
toner Zeitung. December 2.3, 1918; Aliron Germania, February 24, 1919.
^ Wdchter und Anzeiger. February 5, 1919.
^ Cincinnati Abend Presse, February 24, 1919.
"^ Akron Germania, March 10, 1919.
^ Cincinnati Freie Presse, March 12, 1919.
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 55
Then came the long period of waiting — the anxious months
when the details of the peace were being worked out behind
closed doors. The newspapers were filled with the wildest ru-
mors, stories of friction between the various associated powers,
reports that the conference was about to adjourn, reports that
the terms of the treaty would soon be published, etc. There
was nothing better for the newspapers to do than to speculate
on the probable outcome of all these secret negotiations. Ohio's
German-language newspapers busied themselves in this interval
— and long after — with a discussion of what would constitute
a Wilsonian peace of justice, and more specifically, how the
Fourteen Points should be applied to the specific problems con-
fronting the delegates at Versailles. Need one be surprised
because the Fourteen Points were interpreted with the future
welfare of Germany constantly in mind? This was especially
true of the principle of self-determination. Anticipating the
probable terms of the treaty, the Cincinnati Abend Prcsse has-
tens to argue that Danzig is a real German city,-* and that a
fair plebiscite in the eastern parts of Prussia would undoubtedly
result unfavorably for Polish schemes of annexation and ex-
pansion.*^ Another editorial contends that Schleswig-Holstein
has always been German, and had never been "torn away" from
Denmark.-" One prominent daily quotes at length from the
article that appeared in the New York Danish paper, "Nordl-
yet," contending that Denmark does not even want all of her
lost provinces restored."^ Even the Alsace-Lorraine problem
was made the subject of much argument and discussion. The
Cleveland JVachter und An::eigcr of December 5, 1918, prints
statistics compiled in 1910 which show that the overwhelming
majority of the population speak the German language. Another
common argument is that the wonderful economic development
and prosperity of Alsace-Lorraine is attributable entirely to the
wise and beneficent measures enacted under the German regime.
One paper contends that the French emigres of 1871, were they
"' Cincinnati Abend Presse. November 22. 1918.
"Cincinnati Abend Presse, January 1, 1910.
" Cincinnati Abend Presse, November 28, 1918.
" Wdchter und Anseiger, December 23, 1918.
56 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
to return, would fail to recognize their old homeland, so mar-
velously has it been improved during the last generation.-^ An-
other paper pleads for the right of self-determination for the
Germans in Bohemia, -° and there is much sentiment in favor of
the addition of German Austria to the new German Republic.'"'
When the peace conference finally ordered a change in the new
German Constitution to prevent the future admission of Ger-
man-speaking Austria, the Gross Daytoncr Zeitung, in the lan-
guage of the New York Nation, calls it the "last nail in the
coffin of self-determination".'^ The little island of Germans in
Transylvania who have preserved their language and culture
for centuries against the nationalizing policy of the Magyars,
had the Sicbenbiirgisch-Amerikanischcs Volkshlatt, a weekly
published in Cleveland, to champion their plea for self-deter-
mination. The paper objected violently against the annexation
of Transylvania by Rumania, organized mass meetings to pro-
test, and sent a memorandum to the President reciting the his-
tory of the Transylvanians and protesting, in the name of
democracy and the sacred rights of oppressed nationalities,
against annexation to "reactionary, patriarchal, Rumania".''- It
is not surprising to find frequent references to the Irish problem
in this connection, for here the principle of self-determination
could be applied to embarrass the nation that was always re-
garded as Germany's arch-enemy.^'
Immediately after the cessation of hostilities there began a
campaign to arouse the humanitarian sentiments of America in
behalf of beaten, crushed and rumed Germany. Many an article
calls attention to President Wilson's original distinction between
a war against the German autocracy and a war against the Ger-
'^ Gross Daytoncr Zeitung, December 11, 1918.
^See Cincinnati .Abend Press, December 10, 1918, and Gross Day-
toner Zeitung of the same date.
^^ See Cincinnati Frcie Presse, March 7, 1919.
" Gross Daytoner Zeitung, October 9, 1919
'"See Siebenbiirgiscli-Atnerilfanisches Volksblatt, November 21, 28,
1918; December .5, 1918; January 9, 1919; January 30, 1919; also Cincin-
nati Abend Presse, November 2.5, 1918.
"^ See especially the article welcoming Edward de Valera, "President
ot the Irish Republic," to Akron, in the Aliron Germania, October 6, 1919.
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 57
man people, and points out that the time has now arrived to live
up to the high ideals we professed at the beginning of the
struggle. The Cincinnati Freie Presse, with unlimited faith in
President Wilson, is confident that he will exert himself to the
utmost to obtain a peace that will bind up the wounds of war
and wipe out the hatred engendered by four years of conflict.^*
The blockade is considered particularly inhumane and unwar-
ranted after the close of the war. An economic boycott of
Germany after the war is denounced as absurd and unjustifi-
able.^'' The Cincinnati Volksblaft, two days after the armistice,
believed that the blockade would be lifted at once, as a matter
of justice, and to help preserve a stable government in Ger-
many."" Another paper of the same date carries a pitiful plea
to America to show mercy for ruined Germany, and to protect
her against the ambition of France to procure the rich lands
on the left bank of the Rhine. ^' Examples might be greatly
multiplied. They all appeal to the "Menschlichkeitsgefiihl" of
the great, generous American people.^** December 17, 1918, the
Cleveland WUchter und Anceiger contained a long article on
what to demand and what to avoid and oppose during the peace
negotiations. The editor believes that the Liberals of the entire
world are looking to Wilson for leadership. There must be no
exorbitant reparations or indemnities, no hanging of the Kaiser.
Peace cannot be made in accordance with the earlier views of
the allied leaders. The negotiators must look to the future,
rather than to the past ; to the creation of a new world order,
rather than revenge or punishment. In the struggle to bring
about this new world order, every nation must yield something.^"
°* Cincinnati Freie Presse, November 12, 1918.
'"See VVachter und Anzeigcr, December 4 and 28, 1918.
*■ Cincinnati Vollisblatt. November 13, 1918.
'" Atiron Germania, November 13, 1918.
^ See Gross Daytoner Zeitung, November 14, 1918; Wdchter und An-
zeigcr, November 15, 1918; Sandustiy Denwkrat, November 15, 1918.
'"See IVaclitcr und Anzeigcr, December 17, 1918; also Cincinnati
Freie Presse, December 13, 1918; and April 15, 1919; also IVacliter und
Anzeiger, January 14, 1919. The Cleveland W'aclitcr und Anzeiger fre-
quently reprints English articles on the international situation from such
periodicals as the New York Nation, the Nn^' Republic, the London Na-
tion, etc., and its editorial policy is to a large extent in accord with that
of these liberal publications.
68 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
When America entered the war in 1917, the editors of
German newspapers in America were gradually converted from
their old pro-German point of view to a new policy of unlimited
public support of the American war program. That did not
mean however that they took to their bosoms as companions in
arms the powers associated with this government in the prose-
cution of the war. From the viewpoint of Ohio's German
papers, it was a matter of the first importance to preserve the
distinction between an "ally" and powers with which we were
only temporarily "associated". The fact that the American sol-
dier was fighting alongside the English Tommy and the poilu
on the western front did very little to change the attitude of the
editors toward "perfidious Albion" and "revengeful France".
No doubt many of them, in their heart of hearts, felt that the
United States was simply pulling the chestnuts out of the fire
for nations that had been unable, before our help came, to cope
with the German military machine. This feeling must have
been carried well into the period when we were actually at war,
although policy demanded a discreet silence on this point at
least as long as the fighting continued. It is therefore not sur-
prising to find criticisms of the powers associated with us
making their appearance again in the columns of the German
newspapers as soon as the fighting had come officially to a close.
The critics are more outspoken as time goes on, and especially
bitter when the peace terms were finally published. It may be
worth while to call attention to some examples of this attitude
and practice, before discussing the reception of the peace treaty
itself.
November 18, 1918, the Cincinnati Freic Prcsse observes
that the treatment of the Jews by the Rumanians and Poles
evidently proves that all peoples, even though they may be asso-
ciated with the allied cause, do not yet understand the real
meaning of democracy.*" Another paper sarcastically remarks
that "Where Polish troops move in, peace leaves", — hardly a
good omenl*^ The Gross Daytoner Zeitung speaks of Polish
atrocities in Posen , and the Pogroms in Bohemia are a subject
"Cincinnati Frete Presse. November 18, 1918.
*^ Cincinnati Abend Presse, January 15, 1919.
Ohio's German-Language Press; Etc. 59
for much comment.'*^ The Abend Presse calls attention to the
Rumanian policy toward the Germans in Transylvania which
has as its purpose the prohibition of the use of the German
language.*^ A few months later, however, another paper comes
to the conclusion that the Rumanian regime is not so bad as it
was at first represented to be.^'' The Cincinnati Freic Presse
has nothing good to say of Gabriel D'Annunzio's "Roman
Peace";*' and the general attitude toward Italy is unfriendly.
The feeling toward France is by no means cordial. The
Wdchter iind Ancciger denounces Foch's "Rhine Frontier" ;*®
a Cincinnati paper publishes a quotation to show that the
French have underestimated our assistance in the war, and have
showed themselves very ungrateful ;*' and the Akron Gennania
has a long editorial denouncing the conduct of the French sol-
diers in the Rhine district toward the German women.** None
of the papers were enthusiastic over the visit of the Belgian
royal couple. When it was reported that King Albert had pre-
sented the President with a volume of La Libre BcJgiquc, the
one newspaper the Germans could not suppress, the Cincinnati
Abend Presse was unkind enough to suggest that Mr. Wilson
reciprocate with a volume of American newspapers of a few
years ago, in which they discussed the Congo atrocities, during
the regime of Albert's uncle, Leopold II." The Japanese —
"the Huns of the East" — receive their full measure of criti-
cism, especially because of Japan's machinations in China, and
Korea.'"' The Cincinnati Abend Presse comments on Japan's
autocratic form of government, and several of the papers hint
" Gross Daytoner Zcilung, March 21, 1919 ; Cincinnati Freic Presse,
December 25, 1918.
"Cincinnati Abend Presse, July 26, 1919.
" Wdchter und Anzeigcr, November 14, 1919.
*'' Cincinnati Freie Presse, February 1, 1919.
" See Wdchter und Anseiger, February 1, 1919 ; see also editorial in
the issue of August 14, 1919.
"Cincinnati Abend Presse, October 11, 1919
'^ Akron Germania, October 1.5, 1919.
"Cincinnati Abend Presse, October 11, 1919.
"'Cincinnati Abend Presse, .'Kpril 21, 1919; Cincinnati Freie Presse,
June 23, 1919; Gross Daytoner Zeitung, March 10 and 20, 1918
60 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
rather broadly at the Yellow Peril which the United States may
soon have to face."'
It was for England, however, that the sharpest attacks were
reserved. From the point of view of the German editor, her
methods of building up her empire made her particularly vul-
nerable. The reader cannot help feeling the keen delight with
which the editor fashions the shafts of wit and sarcasm to be
let loose upon Germany's arch-enemy. Dozens of editorials
could be cited attacking England for her policy toward Ireland,
and pleading for independence and the right of self-determina-
tion for the new Irish Republic.''- An article on England's
regime in India concludes with the observation that the English
will hardly be able to furnish the judges who are to sit in trial
upon the German militarists.^^ The Cincinnati Abend Presse
believes in granting the right of self-determination to the Boers
of the old Orange Free State. ''^ In commenting on Lloyd
George's desire to bring the Kaiser to trial, the same paper
observes that the British Premier must have forgotten that
Kitchener brought back the title of "The Butcher" from his
adventures in the Soudan and in South Africa, that British
airmen hit a funeral procession in Freiburg, and that it was a
French professor who made the first poison gas bomb.^^ The
Gross Daytoncr Zcitung is even more bitter. In discussing a
parade of floats to be held on July 4 in Washington, the editor
stops to wonder how England will be represented. "By her
prison ships, in which she tortured American patriots? Or by
the execution of Nathan Hale? Or with her allies, the Indians,
"Cincinnati Abend Presse, May 10, 1910; Cincinnati Freic Presse,
March 12, 1919
''■Sandusky Demokrat, December 27, 1918; April 15, 1919; Articles
in Wachter und Anseiger, December 24, 1918 and March 28, 1919, on the
Irish Question from "The Public"; and "Ireland and The Test" from the
Boston Pilot; also Gross Daytoner Zeitung, August 16, 1919, on first page,
an article, "England's Knute iiber Irland," from the Deutsche Tagesceititng.
'^ Gross Daytoncr Zcitung, August 13, 1919.
" Cincinnati Abend Presse, June 12, 1919.
"^Cincinnati Abend Presse, July 7, 1919; also Gross Daytoner Zei-
tung, August 9, 1919.
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 61
whom she incited against the American soldiers for liberty?""
There are also frequent warnings against the British propaganda
at work in America. Professor Roland G. Usher is taken to
task for his attempt to develop Anglo-Americanism by his dis-
cussions of the American Revolution,^' and the Cincinnati Freie
Presse of November 17, 1919, warns against the influence of
this organized British propaganda upon our schools, and espe-
cially upon our textbooks in history. Professor Albert Bushnell
Hart is especially criticised for devoting pages in his new book
to showing how well the American colonists were being treated
at the time of the Revolution."* Much space is devoted to
England's alleged plans for the conquest and domination of
Asia. Says one editor, "England will be the adviser of Persia
in the future. So was the fox the adviser of the goose. The
goose is long since dead."^^ The Sichcnbilrgisch-Amcrikanisches
Volksblatt calls England the stage director of the world, with
puppets everywhere to do her bidding, and believes that the
League of Nations will be under the same British influence."^"
The editor of the Akron Gcrmania gives vent to his feelings in
an editorial on "Making the world safe for England". ''' None
of the papers permit America's war services to be belittled by
either the French or the English, and frequently dwell at length
on how America saved England and the other powers.''- News
of friction between the various allied powers seems to be very
welcome.''' Undoubtedly there were many German-Americans
who held Sir Edward Grey responsible in a large measure for
the outbreak of the war, and so it is not surprising to find that
"Gross Daytoner Zeitung, July 2, 1919.
"Ibid., December 13, 1918.
^Cincinnati Freie Presse, September 11, 1910.
"Ibid., AiLcnist 19 and July '2f., 1919.
'" Siebenhiirgisch-Amcrikanstches Volksblatt, November 27, 1919.
'^ Akron Gcrmania. October 20, 1919; see also November 24, 1919.
'"See Cincinnati Frcic Presse. December 6, 1919; also Abend Presse,
January 17, 1919.
"See Wdchtcr und Anzeiger, November 6, 1919.
62 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
no paper took kindly to the appointment of the former Foreign
Secretary as British Ambassador to the United States.''*
There is one rather prominent German Socialist weekly in
Ohio, published in Cleveland. During the war, this paper, the
"Echo", found itself frequently in trouble with the government
authorities and various patriotic organizations. Its policy was
anti-war, for the orthodox Socialist reasons. It was not neces-
sarily pro-German on that account, indeed many of its numbers
contained vigorous attacks upon the old German government and
the military clique. The "Echo" was happy when the news of the
disintegration of Austria-Hungary reached America, and hoped
that the German people would speedily follow the example of
their Austrian brethren and end feudalism and monarchy for-
ever."^ November 2, the editor hoped that President Wilson
would not be satisfied with a limited monarchy in Germany, but
that all the crowned heads of Europe would be driven from their
thrones, and the paper even intimates that the cruel warfare,
which the Socialists had consistently opposed, might not have
been in vain after all."" The Revolution in Germany was viewed
as a real blessing, although the editor was somewhat suspicious
of the socialistic views of Scheidemann.'''^ The fate of Dr. Lieb-
"See Cmcinnati Abend Prcsse, August 28, 1910; IVdchter und An-
zeiger, October 17, 1919. The Wachtcr rind Anzciger of November 20,
1919, prints a story that has filtered through from Europe and is so amus-
ing that it may deserve retelling here. The Wachtcr und Anzciger does
not specifically state that the story is true — though it seems to be a cor-
rect report. It is reprinted from a European source. The incident oc-
curred during the visit of President and Mrs. Wilson in Italy. It is re-
ported that on that occasion, a golden wolf, with a little Romulus and
Remus, was presented as a gift to "a certain lady." "That certain lady"
responded to the presentation speech somewhat as follows : "I thank you
most heartily for this beautiful work of art, this symbol of eternal love,
Romeo and Juliet." Whereupon — so the story goes — "a certain ambas-
sador" coughed so loudly as to drown out the rest of her words. An
English officer who was present, carried the story to England, from
whence it spread very rapidly. Then the editor adds, with perhaps un-
conscious humor, — only an Englishman could be low enough to spread
such a story.
''Echo. October 26, 1918.
" Ibid., November 2, 1918.
" Ibid., December 21. 1918.
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 63
knecht and Rosa Luxemburg was greatly deplored, and from that
time on the Echo began to fear that the new German government
might not be a real government of the working classes.''* An
earnest plea was made to listen to the voice of labor at the peace
conference,'^" but the editor soon came to the conclusion that the
peace would be a capitalistic peace of bargaining, in which the
weaker group of capitalists would yield to the stronger, with
the result a mere patch-work, containing the germs of future
wars." A few months later, the Echo felt certain that a League
of Nations was coming, because it was necessary to save capital-
ism, and that it would be a league of bankers, diplomats, traders,
and manufacturers." The true league must therefore be post-
poned until there could be a revolt of all the workers, and the
destruction of capital's power forever."
It is difficult to summarize the attitude of Ohio's German-
language newspapers toward the proposed League of Nations.
The German papers differ among themselves on this point, much
like the English dailies. Furthermore, several of the papers
have changed their attitude during the long struggle over the
ratification of the Covenant, and some that were heartily in favor
of a League when first proposed, became hostile to the League of
Nations that was finally brought back from Paris.
The Cincinnati Volksblatt was perhaps the most enthusiastic
supporter of the project, and at the outset favored a league to
arbitrate all questions, not even excluding questions of national
safety." It rejected as absurd all objections raised to the consti-
tutionality of such a Covenant, insisted that disarmament was
the paramount issue, and contended that only a league of nations
could furnish the hundred years of peace which the world needed
to emerge from its misery. '■* The same paper accepted as correct
the argument that the league would really apply the Monroe
Doctrine to the world, and maintained that such a league would
^ Ibid., January 2.5. 1919.
"Ihid., November 30, 1918.
"Ibid., December 21, 1918.
"Echo, March 8. 1919.
"Echo. April 12, 1919.
"Cincinnali Tolkshlalt. J
" Ibid.. February 20 and 2
64 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
have prevented the war in 1914"'. The editor agitated for ratifi-
cation of the Covenant without amendment ; beheved that nations
should be compelled to accept mandates by decree of the League;
and refused to be disturbed by the argument that England had
more votes than the United States in the assembly.'" The stump-
ing tours of Senators Reed, Borah, Poindexter, and Johnson,
against the League were heartily condemned because they em-
barrassed the President and endangered the entire peace settle-
ment.'^ In June, 1919, the Volksblatt suggested a popular refer-
endum on the question of joining the League, arguing that there
was less risk in joining than in remaining out.'* By August,
1919, this paper admitted that ratification could not be secured
without moderate reservations, but gave no indication that it had
changed its general attitude in regard to the necessity of a
League.'^
The Defiance Herald and the Siebenbilrgisch-Amerikan-
isches Volksblatt apparently approved of the League.*" The CitP-
cinnati Freie Prcsse was a little more skeptical in regard to the
proposed Covenant, but favorable to it, on the whole, although
pleading for some international police force to give vigor to the
decrees of the League Council.*^ March i, 1919, the editor ad-
vocated the admission of Germany to the League.*- By July,
19 19, the Freie Presse was giving considerable space to articles
dealing with the defects of the League,*^ and by September, while
still believing that the Covenant would be accepted by the Senate
with reservations, held that it would not be a misfortune if it
failed altogether.** The Toledo Express, deplored what it called
Senator Lodge's partisan tactics, but was very doubtful about
"Ibid., February 28, 1919.
" Ibid., March 3, 7 and 12, 1919.
"Cincinnati Volksblatt, March 17, 22, 27, 28, 29; April 1, 1919.
"Ibid., June 5, 24; July 8, 1919.
'"Ibid., August 14, 1919.
'° Drfiaiii-i- Hcrold. October 2, 1919; Siebenbiirgisch-Amcrikanisches
Volksblatt, December 26, 1918.
"Cincinnati Freie Presse, December 28, 31, 1918.
"Ibid., March 1, 1919.
" Ibid., July 16, 1919.
" Ibid., September 17, 1919.
Ohio's Gennati-Language Press, Etc. 65
the efficacy of certain provisions of the Covenant.^* The Gross
Daytoner Zeitung was even more skeptical, attached considerable
importance to the objections to the League raised by Charles E.
Hughes, Senators Reed, Borah and others, and deplored the fact
that the President did not answer these objections specifically.^*
August 20, 1919, the editor declared the League an alliance of
the five great powers of the world to keep Germany on her
knees, and not a real League of Nations.*^ The Cleveland
Wdchter und Anzeiger made a similar shift in its position. In
November, 1918, the paper printed a long article by H. G. Wells,
from the Neiv Republic, advocating a League of Nations,** and
the following March declared that no one was opposed to the
principles of the League except Tories, Junkers, Bolshevists and
"Non-German Prussians" of every country.*^ By July, the editor
was coming to the conclusion that there was nothing of Wilson's
peace program to be found in either the peace treaty or in the
Covenant for a League of Nations."" In discussing Mr. Wilson's
distinction between "moral and legal obligations" under Article X
of the League, the editor had a chance to refer once more to an
issue raised while the United States was still a neutral. An
editorial points out how very often moral obligations fail to
transcend legal obligations, and cities, as an illustration very
much to the point, our sale of munitions to the allies before 1917.
The editor insists that the sale of munitions of war was legal,
but not moral. "^ In October, 1919, the League is represented as
another armed coalition, composed of a minority of the powers
of the earth, to guard the war booty and to preserve the status
quoy-
When the provisions of the peace treaty finally began to
filter through the censorship, the contrast between President
"Toledo Express. February 20; March 13, 1919.
" SeeGross Daytoner Zeitung. December 27, 1918; January 27, March
6, April 1, March 31, July 12, 1919.
" Ibid.. August 20, 1919.
** Wdchter und Anzeiger, November 28, 1918.
" Ibid., March 24, 1919.
"Ibid., July 18, 1919.
"Ibid., August 21, 1919.
•'Ibid., October 11, 1919.
Vol. XXIX — 5.
66 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Wilson's words and the concrete results of the Peace Confer-
ence was a shock and an almost unmeasurable disappointment
for those German-American editors who had trusted so blindly
in the efficacy of the Fourteen Points to inaugurate a new world
order in which even the new German Republic might begin with
a fairly clean slate and might even escape, to some degree at
least, the punishment for the sins of the preceding government.
Editorial comment on the war and its results becomes more and
more cynical after this, and reflects at times a state of mind
born of utter despair for the future of the old fatherland. Nev-
ertheless, all the papers are substantially agreed on one point —
Germany must drink the cup of woe to the dregs; from that
there is no escape. A few of the editors admit that she herself
is responsible for her present misfortunes. On the whole, there
is little optimism in regard to the future. Once more — so runs
the comment of the cynics — the highest ideals, expressed in
the most beautiful terms, and apparently in good faith, have
been crushed by the forces of materialism, and the old order
and its Machtpolitik has triumphed again.
As late as April, 1919, when President Wilson so dramat-
ically cabled for the "George Washington" and seemed about to
bolt the conference, there was still hope that the settlement
would be forced on the basis of the Fourteen Points. Any other
peace was regarded as a violation of a most sacred promise,
given to a beaten and helpless foe.^^ Every paper lamented the
fact that the censorship in Paris made it impossible to judge
who was guilty of retarding the work of the conference, in its
efforts to arrive at a just and speedy peace.^* The Akron Ger-
mania sarcastically reminded its readers that the world had
fought, among other things, for publicity, truth, liberty, and
"open covenants, openly arrived at".^^ Generally, the blame for
the delay and the hostility to the Wilsonian program was charged
"See Cincinnati Volksblatt, April 11, 1919; Wdchter und 74nzeiger,
April 1-i 1919; Cincinnati Freie Presse, April 9, 1919; Toledo Express,
April 24, 1919.
"See Cincinnati Freie Presse, April 7; Gross Daytoner Zeitung,
April 5, 1919; Wachter und Anseiger, December 13, 1918; Akron Ger-
mania, February 17, 1919.
"Akron Germania, May 19, 1919.
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 67
to France. Clemenceau was considered an old school diplomat,
and an exponent of the policy of Louis XIV,'-"' and the IVdcliter
und Anzeigcr gave a prominent place in one of its issues to an
appeal, taken from the Nciv Republic, urging the French to
abandon their imperialistic aims, especially in the Saar region,
for the sake of a permanent peace.^' One editor observed that
if the peace conference really wished to grant all the territorial
demands made upon it, it might find it wise to create another
world."* The Cincinnati Freie Presse calls attention to the fact
that the blockade, maintained after the armistice, had been
responsible for the death of 800,000 infants in Germany, and
that in comparison with this efficiency, the work of Herod,
organizer of the murder of the babes of Bethlehem, must indeed
be considered very amateurish.'"'
May 12, 1919, the Gross Daytoner Zeitung denounced the
peace as an imperialistic peace, based on superior force, and
constructed on the principle that to the victors belong the spoils,
and designed to take revenge for the treaty of 1871 and the
treaty of Brest-Litovsk. And yet — the editor adds — Germany
would have done the sam2 if she had won. The same paper
laments the end of "the free, German Rhine", but is certain it
will never become a French stream.^"" The Volkshlatt approved
of the dismantling of the forts at Kiel and Heligoland, but
urged that the same steps be taken with regard to all other
strategic straits and waterways. ^"^ One editor calls the peace a
Napoleonic Peace of Tilsit, and the W'dchter und Anseiger re-
prints, from -Viereck's The American Monthly, an article
applying the peace terms to the United States, showing what
territory would have to be surrendered, the reduction in our
army and navy and merchant marine, etc., and concluding with
the observation that every American vtoxM cry out at once, after
"See Cincinnati Abend Presse. June 10; Gross Daytoner Zeitung,
February 1.'., 1919.
"Wdchter und Anseiger, January 21, 1919.
'"Cincinnati Abend Presse, February 22, 1919.
"Cincinnati Freie Presse, May 31, 1919.
'■'^ Gross Daytoner Zeitung, March 22, 1919.
'"^Cincinnati Volkshlatt, March 19, 1919.
68 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
such a peace, "We have been tricked." ^-= Some editors believed
the Fourteen Points were bartered away to get the League of
Nations Covenant."'' The editor of the Cincinnati Freie Presse
wittily remarks that Germany can consider herself very fortu-
nate that the allies forgot to impose national prohibition.^"* The
loss of the coal fields of Upper Silesia and in the Saar Valley
is regarded as especially disastrous,'"'' and the financial terms so
severe that they kill the goose that is expected to lay the golden
eggs.^°° The Shantung clause was of course seized upon with
glee because it seemed to be a particularly bad spot in the treaty.
The Cincinnati Frcic Presse, quoting the New York Evening
Sun, says on this point, — "Anatomy is a curious thing. We
cut China's throat in order to save the heart of the world."^"'
Almost every paper contments on the failure of the Peace Con-
ference to do anything with the important problem of the free-
dom of the seas.'"* Many other citations could be made to
illustrate the general dissatisfaction with almost every article
of the treaty. It is maintained that the principle of self-deter-
mination has not been consistently applied,'"^ that the provision
on mandatories is simply to camouflage annexations,''" that the
demand for the surrender of German live-stock to the French
and the Belgians is particularly inhumane, etc.'"
Even the Alsace-Lorraine settlement is not regarded as
final. The editor of the Gross Daytoner Zeitnng maintains that
these provinces will ultimately be free and independent states. "-
'^Wdctiter uiid Anzeiger, June 7, 1919.
"° See Gross Daytoner Zcitung, May 14, 1919.
"** Cincinnati Frcic Presse, May 30, 1919.
^ CincvuwtrVblksblatt, May 8, 1919.
"* Wachtcr und Anscigcr, May 2.3, 1919.
^"Cincinnati Freie Presse, September 20, 1919; see also Cincinnati
Volksblatt, June 25, 1919 ; Wachter und Anseiger, May l-i, 1919 : Cincin-
nati Abend Presse. July 8, 1919.
'"'See Cincinnati Abend Presse, May 7, 1919; July 3, 1919.
'°° Cross Daytoner Zeitung, May 12, 1919.
™ Ibid., June .30, 1919.
'"Echo. June 28, 1919; see also May 17, 1919.
"■ Cross Daytoner Zeitung, November 12, 1919.
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 69
Every paper reprints in full, articles from prominent American
and English liberal periodicals criticising the peace. '^^
One or two papers are confident that Germany can right her-
self, and therefore believe that the best policy for the Germans to
follow is to accept the treaty at once, and begin the work of re-
constructing Germany, and perhaps later, the world, along new
and better lines. The Toledo Express thinks the German economic
structure has a chance to survive even the tremendous reparations
to be exacted by the peace settlement.^" There is also just a
little hope in the League of Nations. ^^^ The Akron Gerniania
urges the German people to profit by their bitter experiences, and
arise as a freer and more respected people. The editor points
out that the diplomats of Germany never understood the psychol-
ogy of other nations, and that therefore an entirely new course
must be taken by German diplomacy in the future.'"' October
15, 1919, the same editor was carried away, in a moment of
optimism, to print a couplet from Fliegende Blatter,
"Frisch auf ans IVerk! Was immer wir verloren,
Alls dcutschcr Arbeit zvird es neu gcboren."'"
And now, what of President Wilson, and his work at the
Peace Conference? As has been already indicated, the Presi-
dent began his arduous labors with the good will and heartiest
support of the German press in America. It accepted his peace
"'See for example, in U'dchfcr und Anzcigcr, September 27, 1919,
"The Disillusionment of Jerome K. Jerome:" in the same paper for Au-
gust 11, 1919, Charles Nagel's criticism of the peace treaty; and in the
issue of June 14, 1919. "Liberal English Protests;" May .30 and 31, 1919.
Felix Adier's "The Treaty's Moral Failure," from the Nation; in the Ak-
ron Gerniania, "The Great Betrayal ;" in the Cincinnati Abend Presse,
July 3, 1919, General Smuts' public statement upon his refusal to sign the
treaty; August 11, 1919, Arthur Henderson on the Peace Treaty, from the
Nezi' Republic; and in the Cincinnait Freic Presse, June 14, 1919, "The
Betrayal" from the London Nation; and on May 28, 1919, Dr. Bullitt's
resignation from the American Peace Commission. See also Cincinnati
Freie Presse, October 4, 1919.
'" Toledo Express, May 22, 1919.
"' Ibid., July 3, 1919.
^" Akron Gerniania, June 30. I!n9.
'"Akron Gerniania, October 15, 1919.
70 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
program as the greatest program for the advancement of justice
and peace in international relations that had been evolved through
all the centuries. When the controversy over Fiume arose, Presi-
dent Wilson's stand against Italy was enthusiastically endorsed,
and Italy and her friends as bitterly denounced."* President
Wilson's decision to stop intervention in Russia, and to open ne-
gotiations with all the factions in that sorely troubled country,
had been hailed as his first triumph over the old-world diplomats
and the forces of reaction."" Such preliminary skirmishes and
triumphs as these were followed by the news of the President's
apparent surrender and defeat in the peace treaty itself.
The first reaction was perhaps to be charitable and blame
Mr. Wilson's failures on the machinations of the imperialists
by whom he was greatly outnumbered at the Peace Table, and
with whom he had constantly to battle, and usually single-handed.
Clemenceau stands out in all this criticism as the arch-conspirator
against a Wilsonian peace of justice.^^" In March, 1919, the
Wdchtcr und Anceiger admits that Mr. Wilson made many mis-
takes and tried too often to play a lone hand in the negoti-
ations, but nevertheless, the editor insists, he always worked sin-
cerely and earnestly for the interests of the masses of the people
everywhere.^^' A month later, another paper points out how
astoundingly elastic President Wilson's rigid program has become
at Paris, and warns the President to make a determined fight
for his principles before it is too late — "if he wants to bring
back an honorable name."'" In May, 1919, the IVdchter und
"* See Toledo Express, May 1, 1919 ; Cincinnati Abend Presse, May 8,
1919; Wdchter und Anzeiger, April 29, 1919; Cincinnati Freie Presse,
April 25, 1919; Gross Daytoncr Zeitung, April 24, 25; May 6, 1919.
"^'Cincinnati Abend Presse, January 24, 1919. Only the Cincinnati
Volksblatt (see April 2.3, 1919), was at all favorable to the recognition of
Kolchalt and his Omsk government. The other papers advocated non-
intervention, and were especially unfriendly to Kolchak. See Cincinnati
Freie Presse, May 15, June 3, August 6, 1919; IVdchter und Anseiger,
July 14, 1919
'^ See Cincinnati Abend Presse, January 14, 1919.
'"'' Wdchter und Anceiger, March 17, 1919.
"^Sandusky Demokrat, April 18, 1919; quoting the llhnois Staats-
seitung.
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 71
Anzeiger compares the peace treaty with the "Vae victis" of
Brennus to the Romans, but nevertheless, makes an effort to
defend the President. The editor beHeves the Germans prob-
ably will blame Mr. Wilson for not insisting sufficiently upon
his Fourteen Points, but adds that it is the unfavorable result
of the Congressional elections in this country that must be held
responsible. Wilson's hands have been tied by the new Congress ;
the Allies realized the situation and used it against him at the
Peace Conference. The editor is certain that the peace would
have been even worse had it not been for the mitigating influence
of President Wilson.'-^ The Gross Daytoncr Zcitimg is not so
charitable, and wonders whether the President has deliberately
broken his promise to the Central Powers, or whether he found
it impossible to keep it, or whether he simply changed his mind?'-*
Several papers now begin the practice of quoting from the Presi-
dent's speeches made in 1914, 1915 and 1916. Significant pass-
ages on international relations are cited without comment, ob-
viously to call attention to the inconsistency of the peace treaty
with the President's earlier views. '-^ The Cincinnati Freie
Presse is certain that President Wilson is not satisfied with the
peace treaty, but lacks either the power or^the energy to change
it.'-® The Cincinnati Volksblatt comes to the conclusion that
neither Mr. Wilson nor .Secretary Lansing understand even the
rudiments of European diplomacy.'-^ As time goes on, the com-
ments become more critical and bitter. One paper declares the
peace a positive curse for all humanity ;'-* the Gross Daytoncr
Zeitung hints the administration must be under British in-
fluence;'-^ and quite frequently the editors take issue with the
'"^ IVccchtcr tind Anzciger. May 8, 1919. The Chicbmatl Abend
Presse, of the same date, expresses practically the same view.
^'* Cross Daytoner Zeitung. May 8 and 16, 1910.
'='See Cincinnati Freie Presse, May 17, 1919; Gross Daytoner Zei-
tung, May 29, and September 17, 1919.
^'' Cincinnati Freie Presse. May 24, 1919.
'-""July 14, 1919.
"^Cincinnati Abend Presse. July 12, 1919.
^ Gross Daytoner Zeitung, July lo, 1919.
72 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
President, after his return to America, and especially with the
arguments he advances to explain the treaty provisions and his
action at the Peace Conference/'" In August, 1919, the WUchter
und Anzeiger speaks of the \'ersailles Peace as the settlement
born of hatred and revenge, and now definitely declares the Pres-
ident responsible for the unsatisfactory provisions in the peace
treaty.^^^ The Austrian peace terms elicited little comment, per-
haps because their nature could be forecast from a study of the
conditions imposed upon Germany. The few paragraphs that are
devoted to the Austrian Peace pronounce it even worse than the
German treaty. ^'-
The proposed separate alliance between England, the United
States and France, to protect the latter against unprovoked at-
tacks by Germany was denounced from the very beginning as
unnecessary, contrary to the spirit of the League of Nations, and
a dangerous entangling alliance.^^^ The Gross Daytoncr Zei-
tung declared that the proposal was due to the bad conscience of
the French, who know a German war of revenge will come and
will avenge the unjust proceedings and robberies of German
territories at Versailles. ^^■' The Sandusky Demokrat devotes a
long editorial to a criticism of the French Alliance, and then goes
on to attack the present tendency of Americans to deify the
French. The writer argues that we never owed France a debt
of gratitude for her aid during our Revolution, for she acted
on purely selfish motives on that occasion, and then recounts
all the friction we have had with the French government in
the past, especially during the administrations of Washington,
John Adams, Madison, and Andrew Jackson, and during the
Civfl War. The editor is willing to defer his final judgment of
'"Ibid.. July 15, and 17, 1019; see also Cincinnati Abend Prrssc, July
15, 1919.
'"^ August 19, 1919. The Echo of .A.ugust 9, 1919, says — "Germany
lost the war, but Prussian militarism conquered the world."
'^See Cincinnati Frcie Presse. May 31, June 3 and 22, 1919.
™ See Cincinnati Volksblatt, July 5, 1919; WUchter und Anzeiger,
July 18, 25; Cincinnati Abend Presse, May 13; SiebenbUrgisch-Amerikan-
isches Volksblatt, June 19, 1919.
'** September 19, 1919.
Ohio's Geruian-Languagc Press, Etc. 73
French life and cliaracter until our soldier boys have all re-
turned/^^
The German newspapers at first took comparatively little in-
terest in the contest in the United States Senate over ratification
of the treaty. Almost all of them agreed that Germany would sign
the treaty, because she had practically no other course left open
to her. To reject the treaty might mean the triumph of the com-
munists in Germany, the overthrow of the Republic, a reign of
terror by the Bolshevists, or what was still worse, starvation for
the entire German nation. ^^^ Only the Akron Gcnnania believed
that the German threat not to sign was anything more than a
diplomatic blufif."' Most of the editors urged the United States
Senate to waste no time in debate, and to ratify the treaty,
League and all, so that the normal relations and intercourse of
peace times might be restored as speedily as possible. ^^* At first
there was much impatience with the dilatory tactics of various
Senators, believed for the most part to be interested simply
in embarrassing the administration for political reasons. As
the debates progressed however, many of the editors began to
take some real interest in the proposed amendments and reser-
vations.^^*" President Wilson's "swinging round the circle" to
create sentiment for the treaty was regarded as a complete fail-
ure, and several papers criticised the President rather sharply
for raising the old cry of "Pro-Germanism" against those who
^'"■Sandusky Dcinokrat. April 29, 1919. The ll'iichtcr und Anzciger
of August 12, 1919, makes Pershing's famous remark at the grave of La-
fayette— "Lafayette, we are here" — the reason for quoting a paragraph
from the pen of Arthur Brisbane in the New York American. "But, dear
Lafayette, we do not intend to stay here forever, or come back every five
minutes, when the whistle sounds. We live in America, and have busi-
ness there. When you had finished your work on this side, you went
home and stayed there. * * * We're glad to have been able to pay the
debt with interest. But now we're through. Good-bye."
'™ See IVdchter und Anseiger, May 7; Siebcnhiirgisch-Amcrikanisches
Volkshlatt, May 8, 1919; Toledo E.rp,ress. May 15, 1919.
^''' Akron Gcrmania. ."Xpril 2, 1919.
^^ Cincinnati Volk.'^bhitt. May 9, May 26, and October 2S, 1919.
'^ See Gross Daytoncr Zcitung. October 30 ; Cincinnati .4hcnd Presse,
August 22, September 19; IVdchter und An~cigcr, August 3i\ 1919.
74 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
differed with him."" By September 1919, the Toledo Express
was ready to endorse the report of the Senate Foreign Relations
Committee on both the treaty and the League, for it "breathed
the true American spirit.""^ By November, the Cincinnati
Freie Presse had come to approve of the Senate's course in
adding reservations to the treaty, a process which it called
"Americanizing the peace";"- and the Volkshlatt, at first in
favor of immediate ratification, had come to believe that the
people do not regard the League as at all important, and that
they care nothing about the reservations or the language of the
treaty."^ When the Senate adjourned without having ratified
the treaty, none of the editors were much disturbed. The rejec-
tion of the treaty was regarded as hardly anything more than a
serious personal defeat for the President, for which his own
headstrong methods were held solely responsible."''
While all this discussion of the outcome of the war and the
nature of the peace was going on, Ohio's German-language press
was devoting its attention, with at least equal energy, to building
up its pre-war influence and prestige, and regaining the ground
that had been lost as a result of the many unpleasant incident
that had occurred during the war. A German-language news-
paper, in order to exist and prosper, must always be interested in
promoting the work of German clubs, lodges, singing societies,
etc., and in keeping up the interest of the German-Americans of
the community in German music, German drama, and most of
all, in the German language and literature. If "Das Deutsch-
tum" becomes Anglicised, the influence of the German press
disappears, and the circulation lists begin to shrink. During
the war. almost all German singing societies and lodges
suspended their activities, or else turned to the use of Eng-
lish songs and English rituals. German theatres were closed,
German music was ruled from our concert programs in a
'"See Cincinnati Volkshlatt, August 28, September 8, September 11;
Gross Daytoner Zeitung, September 9, September 12; Wachtcr und An-
seiger, September 13, 1919.
'" Toledo E.vpress. September 18. 1919.
""November 14, 1S19.
'"Cincinnati Volkshlatt, November 24, 1919.
'** IVachter und Anseiger, November 20, 1919.
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 75
moment of hysteria, and there was for a time much evidence
to show that the German newspapers in Ohio were doomed
also. Dozens suspended publication, never to resume. How
long those that still appear can live, can not be forecast
with any degree of certainty. Now that the war is over,
their advertising is growing rapidly again, and perhaps their
circulation lists also, so that they may survive for a number of
years. At any rate, it is good strategy for the present day editor
of a German daily to devote much space and effort to the attempt
to recover some of the influence lost during the war, to strive to
raise the average American's regard for his neighbor of German
blood, and in every possible way, to try to dispel the hatred for
all things German which the war brought with it. One method
to follow, in carrying out this program, is to disprove the atrocity
tales about the German armies. Another is to cite examples of
the virtues of the German character and the failings of our
Allies. Still another is to urge all of German blood to revive
their organizations, by which they have preserved, in an Enghsh-
speaking community, their language, their theatre and their
music, and also, of course, their newspapers. The efforts of
the German-language papers in this direction are fully as inter-
esting, and perhaps as important, as their reaction to the war
and the peace.
The campaign for a regenerated, and more respected Ger-
man element in the United States was begun with a vigorous
effort in support of the Victory Loan in the spring of 1919. The
German papers were full of large advertisements and long
appeals to those of German blood to buy bonds. ^*^ Then came
a series of articles to demonstrate how stories of German atroc-
ities originated, and to prove that many of them are gross
exaggerations."" An article in the Gross Daytoncr Zeitung main-
tains that the stories of the ruthless destruction of the Rheims
"'See Toledo Express, kpvW 3; Cinnnnati Freie Prewc, .\pril 4, May
9; Cinciimati Volkshlalt, April 14, April 23; Henry County Demokrat,
April 9; Akron Germania. April 14; Wachter und Anzeiger, April 16, 1919.
"° See Wachter und An^eiger, April 8, April 9, May 31, November
10, 1919; Cincinnati Abend Pr&sse, May 29, 1919; Gross Daytoner Zeitung,
October 31, 1919
76 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Cathedral, so assiduously spread in this country, are without
foundation, and that its beauties can very easily be restored."^
The Cincinnati Freie Presse asserts that many of the stories cir-
culated about the Germans and German-Americans were the
basest lies and propaganda,^** and the Akron Germania, to divert
public attention a bit, points out that seven hundred Turkish
women and children have been killed by Greek soldiers.^*" The
WUchtcr und Anzeigcr makes a great deal of a report by Pro-
fessor G. M. Priest of Princeton, to whom all mail for Europe
was sent for examination. The report reveals that of 335,884
letters from America to the Central Powers, only 502 could be
classed as treasonable or in any way "suspicious". This showing
the editor regards as remarkable when one remembers the great
number of unnaturalized Germans living in the United States,
and he concludes that the report must silence forever all talk of
an organized "German propaganda" in this country.'^" Many
editors have a special grievance against the moving picture the-
atres because they still continue to show films dealing with the
barbarous deeds of the "Hun", and thus keep the public in-
flamed."' The Toledo Express tries to prove that the German
naval program had been for coast protection only and that the
German Admiralty never contemplated an aggressive war against
any sea power,^'- while still another paper, citing Field Marshal
Lord French's book, "1914", argues that England had a secret
agreement with France in regard to the landing of British troops
in Europe, several years before the war actually broke out.^^''
One of the most effective methods of the German editor to
disabuse the minds of his readers of the war-time views ot
German character, is to publish long descriptive letters from
^" Gross Daytoner Zeltung. October 31. IPIO.
"'August 26, 1919.
^'^ Akron Germania, November 21, 1919.
''" Wdchter und Anceiger, November 28, 1919.
''■ Toledo Express. October 9, 1919.
^'- Toledo Express, December 5, 1919.
"' Wdchter und Anseiger. September 16, 1919. The same paper again
publishes long cables from Germany, sent by Karl H. von Wiegand ; and
the Cincinnati Frcie Presse. July 23, 1919, indulges, with rather doubtful
wisdom, in a glorification of von Hindenburg.
Ohio's German- Language Press, Etc. 77
American soldiers who are with the army of occupation in Ger-
many. These letters frequently comment upon the cleanliness
of the Germans (in contrast with the French), the motherliness
of the good German Hausfrau, and the kindness and cordiality
of the former German soldiers toward their American conquer-
ors.^"* The Cincinnati Abend Presse, contains an account of the
celebration of Christmas by Germans and Americans in Ger-
many, and on another occasion discusses the cordial relations
which have sprung up between the American doughboy and the
German girls along the Rhine. ^^'^ Frequently one finds quota-
tions from the press of Germany, praising the conduct of the
American Army of Occupation, and also many references to the
stories of captured American soldiers who have been kindly
treated by their German captors. ^^^
Every American of German blood or extraction is urged to
continue the fight for the preservation of the German language
in America,'^' for its cultural value and for sentimental reasons,
if for no others. ^^* George Creel and Hans Rieg, chief of the
Foreign Language Division of the Treasury Department, are
quoted frequently to prove the loyalty of our "foreign popula-
tion" during the war, and of course also the loyalty of the Ger-
man-language press.'^^ The "war after the war" on all German
artists, German music and the Gennan theatre is regarded as most
childish, and almost every report of the presentation of a Wagner
Opera or a Beethoven Symphony here or in an allied country
is made the occasion for a special plea to preserve the music
'"See for example, letters in Ciiichuiati Abend Presse, December 16
and December 31, 1918; Defiance Herold, January 16, 30, February 13,
1919; Gross Daytoncr Zeitimg, January 2, 1919; Sandusky Demokrat,
January 3 and March 28, 1919; Wdchter und Anseiger. February 7, March
13, September 17. 1919.
''''Cincinnati Abend Presse, December 30, 1918; October 20, 1919.
""Ibid., October 17, 1919; also Cincinnati Freie Presse. February 5,
September 1, 1919.
'"Sandusky Demokrat, December 6, 1918.
'"See Wdchter und Anzeiger, February 20, 1919.
""See Cincinnati Freie Presse, November 5, 1919; Wdchter und An-
seiger, March 11 and 12, 1919.
78 Ohio Arch, and Hijt. Society Publications.
of the Masters.^"" German singing societies are advised to be-
come active again and there is evidence to show that they are
being slowly revived. In Cincinnati a movement is under way to
bring back the German theatre, and the old Cincinnati Turn-
gemeinde is making pretentious plans for the future. ^'^^ Even
"German-fried potatoes" and "Bismarck Herring" are finding
their way back to their time-honored places on the menu cards.
The clever paragrapher of the Cincinnati Freie Presse observes
— "The coming peace casts its shadow farther and farther before
it. Liberty cabbage is again known as Sauerkraut, and tastes as
fine as ever."'"-
The observer who two or three years ago predicted the
speedy extinction of Ohio's German-language newspapers now
finds it necessary to revise his judgment. The papers that have
weathered the storm may survive for years. Their advertising
is on the increase. Our citizens of German extraction seem to
be rallying once more to the support of their clubs and singing
societies, and are finding solace and rest from the criticism of
the world outside within the peaceful confines of the lodge
room. As long as these organizations exist, the German-language
press will have a clientele. At the present time, there is a lively
campaign in progress in almost every city that has an appreciable
German element for the relief of the suffering and famine-
stricken kinsmen in the old Fatherland, and the appeal is not
falling upon deaf ears. The response is whole-hearted and the
movement seems to be well organized.**^ The war hysteria is
passing rapidly; the public is weary of war talk. Before long
the war, and the bitter passions and agitations it aroused, will
be crowded from the public mind by new events. Organized
hostility to German music, German literature and the German
™See Gross Daytoner Zeitung, March 13; Wachter und Anzeiger,
October 1, November 18; Cincinnati Abend Presse, January 22, May 3;
Cincinnati Freie Presse, January 21, 1019
'"See Cincinnati Freie Presse, July 21, August 16; Cincinnati Volks-
hlatt, November 27, 1919 ; Gross Daytoner Zcitung, December 17, 1918.
'°° Cincinnati Freie Presse, January 7, 1919.
""See Akron Germania. October 13, 27: November 21: Wdchtcr und
Anzeiger, August 1, 3, 6; Cincinnati Volksblatt, September 6; Toledo Ex-
press. .-August 14, 1919.
Ohio's German-Language Press, Etc. 79
press will probably die down more rapidly than many of us an-
ticipate. It is possible that the German-language press in Ohio
may live for several decades, at least until most of the present
generation of our German element, born in Germany, will have
disappeared from our population.
EMILIUS OVIATT RANDALL.
1850-1819.
This issue of the Quarterly is a memorial to Emihus Oviatt
Randall, Secretary of the Ohio State Archajological and His-
torical Society from February, 1894. to the date of his death,
December 18, 1919, a period of twenty-five years. Through all
that time he was editor of the Ohio Archaeological and His-
torical Quarterly. Its pages bear the impress of his character
— his industry, his literary merit as historian and his devotion to
his native state. They constitute a more enduring memorial than
the spontaneous tribute of a host of friends and appreciative
readers within and beyond the borders of Ohio.
With the poignant regret at the death of our secretary comes
a feeling of pride in the contemplation of his achievements and
character. In no better way can the appreciative estimate of
both be presented than through the testimonials of those who
were in close touch with his life work. These are set forth on
the following pages with supplemental notes and quotations
from his writings.
It is a noteworthy coincidence that Mr. Randall's first liter-
ary work, so far as known, was as editor and that his last contri-
bution was to The Ohio Nezvspaper, published by the department
of journalism of the Ohio State University. From the proceeds
of his youthful editorial venture he realized sufficient to pay in
part the expenses of a trip to the Paris exposition of 1867, the
reminiscences of which furnished the material for an informing
and delightful address fifty years later before the Kil-Kat Club
— the last extended and carefully prepared address that he de-
livered.
The Kit-Kat Club held a service in honor of the memory of
Mr. Randall at the Chittenden Hotel, Columbus, O., February
I, 1920, at 3 o'clock P. M. The program and tributes are here
given in full:
(81)
PROGRAM.
INTRODUCTORY REMARKS,
Henry A. Williams,
President of the Club.
INVOCATION,
Rev. Irving Maurer.
"LEAD, KINDLY LIGHT,"
Double Quartet,
Messrs. Karl Hoenig, John M. Sheridan, Ray R. Smith, Frank T. Well-
ing, A. M. Calland, Harold G. Simpson, W. D. McKinney
and Wm. A. Vause.
RANDALL, OUR PRESIDENT,
OsMAN C. Hooper,
Secretary of the Club.
RANDALL AND THE OHIO SUPREME COURT,
Hon, Hugh L. Nichols,
Chief Justice Ohio Supreme Court.
RANDALL, THE ARCHAEOLOGIST-HISTORIAN,
Hon. James E. Campbell,
President Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society.
RANDALL AND THE CITY LIBRARY,
John J. Pugh,
Librarian City Library.
RANDALL, SON OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION,
Colonel W. L. Curry,
Past President Ohio Sons of the American Revolution.
RANDALL, THE MAN,
Hon. Daniel J. Ryan.
"NEARER MY GOD TO THEE,"
Double Quartet.
BENEDICTION,
Dr. Joseph S. Kornfeld.
(82)
RANDALL MEMORIAL MEETING.
Mr. Henry A. Williams, president of The Kit-Kat Club, in
opening the meeting, said :
Ladies and Gentlemen, Members and Friends of the Kit-Kat
Club:
For the first time since this Club was organized in October,
191 1, we have assembled in memorial session. Remarkable as it
is that for more than eight years death should not have invaded
our membership, it is still more remarkable that when he finally
struck, he struck among our noblest, and took away our President,
— our revered friend and beloved member, Emilius O. Randall.
It is hard to speak in measured terms of Mr. Randall. He
touched life in so many and varied activities, and touched nothing
that he did not brighten and make better, so that no phrase seems
fitting for him, save words of eulog)'. He was an ideal citizen,
an ideal neighbor, an ideal friend, and ideal in all the endearing
ties of domestic life.
It has been beautifully said that "Since all must die, how
glorious it is that some may die in an undying cause." Mr. Ran-
dall died in the undying cause of devotion to truth, and fidelity
to all that was highest and best. His creed of life was service.
He was never too busy or too fatigued to give himself without
stint or reserve to any call that might make even the humblest of
men brighter, better or more content. And so he came to the
end of life.
It may well be said of him, as was said of Mordecai in
Daniel Dcronda:
"Nothing is here for tears ; nothing to wail
Or knock the breast ; no weakness, no contempt.
Dispraise or blame; nothing but well and fair
.-Xnci wliat may quiet us in a death so noble."
Rev. Irving Maurer, pastor of the First Congregational
Church, of which Mr. Randall was a member, will offer the
invocation.
(83)
84 Ohio Arch, and HiJt. Society Publications.
INVOCATION.
BY SEV. IRVING MAURER.
O God, bless us in this hour with worthy memories. We
thank Thee for the life of this friend of ours, for his genial
presence and his noble heart. We thank Thee for his faith in
the simple virtues, for his confidence in the ways of the people,
for his trust in Thee.
Grant to us, as we think of him in this fellowship of kindred
spirits, a more steadfast loyalty to the institutions which were
dear to him, that for each of us life may hold more courage and
cheer.
May Thy peace attend our thoughts of him, and may he not
have lived in vain. For Thy name's sake, Amen.
The double quartet from the Republican Glee Club, of which
Mr. Randall was an honorary member and at whose banquets
he had often served as toastmaster, then sang:
LEAD, KINDLY LIGHT.
Lead, kindly light! amid th' encircling gloom,
Lead thou me on ;
The night is dark, and I am far from home;
Lead thou me on ;
Keep thou my feet : I do not ask to see
The distant scene; one step enough for me.
So long thy power has blessed me, sure it still
Will lead me on
O'er moor and fen, o'er crag and torrent, till
The night is gone;
And with the morn those angel faces smile
Which I have loved long since and lost awhile I
Mr. Williams, in introducing Mr. Osman C. Hooper, said:
As I have have stated, Mr. Randall, at the time of his death,
was President of the Kit-Kat Club. He was one of its most
active memliers, and his papers, read at its meetings, were always
models of entertainment and instruction, setting a mark of per-
formance so high that they were a source of inspiration and
despair to those who followed.
Emilius Ov'iatt Randall. 85
It is fitting that Mr. Hooper should speak for the Club on
this occasion. Mr. Hooper is a charter member of the Club, was
its first President, and has been for many years its Secretary and
active Executive. I have the privilege of presenting Mr. Osman
C. Hooper.
RANDALL, OUR PRESIDENT. ,
BY OSMAN C. HOOPER.
Secretary of the Kit-Kat Club.
The Kit-Kat Club meets today in sorrow. Death has entered
our circle and taken our President, Emilius Oviatt Randall who,
whether the mood was of laughter or tears, was our friend of
unfailing sympathy ; a leader of our thought, and a promoter of
our companionship. His coming to the Club presidency — an
office given unanimously and joyously because there was none
other whom it fitted so well — had been the assurance to us all
of a pleasant and profitable year. He had planned the year's
schedule with care and had begun a service that promised the
fulfillment of every wish for a flawless fellowship in the consid-
eration of themes worthy of us and in full keeping with our pur-
poses as a Club. He presided at the first meeting in October,
bravely and uncomplainingly enduring, as he did so, the first
suffering of a fatal disease. When he left that gathering, it was
to return no more to our circle and never to resume the active
work of his profession. Save for a few occasions when he was
permitted to ride out, he was for weeks confined to his home or
the hospital. But his thoughts were with us as ours were with
him. Out of his weakness and pain, he gave counsel in the con-
duct of Club afifairs, and did not rest till he was assured that all
was done for another successful meeting. In those days of
anxiety, members v/ere privileged to call at his home and join
personally in the formally expressed hope of the Club that he
would soon be in his accustomed place at the head of the table.
But on the morning of December i8, death came, dissipating our
hopes and saddening our hearts by taking him from our earthly
fellowship forever.
86 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Mr. Randall was born at Richfield, Ohio, October 28, 1850.
His mother was a woman of culture and a lover of the best and
most beautiful things in life. His father, whom in his later
years I was privileged to know, combined in his person qualities
that were many and varied. Besides being a leading book-dealer
of Columbus, hz was an eloquent divine, a devoted ana influential
churchman, a profound Biblical scholar and an author of books
vfcfhich in many Ohio homes ranked next to the Bible because they
were an exposition of its themes. There was dignity in his walk,
serenity in his face and authority in his speech. To the son were
transmitted the characteristics of both parents — an exceptional
heritage of birth, glorified by an Americanism which antedated
the Revolution and shared in the struggle for independence. His
wise father directed his training in the schools and, before his
college days, broadened his learning by taking him on a trip to
Europe when royalty was aflame. It was a rare comradeship —
that of father and son — and the latter often referred to it with
the tenderest feeling.
Graduating at Cornell in 1874, Air. Randall first turned his
attention to editorial work and then, partly through force of cir-
cumstances, to business. Later he studied law at the Ohio State
University, where he took both the bachelor's and master's degree
in law, and for six years was professor of law. In the meantime,
he had made friends and had been honored in every circle he
entered, whether of literature, business or law. In 1894 he be-
came secretary of the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Society,
and in the following year was elected Reporter of the Ohio
Supreme Court. Thus he came to two important tasks that were
congenial and suited to his diverse talents. In them he continued
to the end, performing a great volume of work as reporter of
Supreme Court decisions, as editor of the Archaological and
Historical Quarterly, as author of numerous historical books
and as speaker on historical and literary themes, at the invitation
of people both within and beyond the limits of the state. These
were years of earnest, joyous service of others — a service that
will never be forgotten by those for whom it was so freely ren-
dered. Some recognition of it was made last year when Ohio
University conferred upon him the degree of doctor of laws.
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 87
But a recognition, wider and even more highly prized, was
that written in the hearts of those who knew and loved him.
During his college days at Ithaca, Mr. Randall met Miss
Mary A. Coy, the lady who later became his wife. To her and
their two sons and daughter, we of the Kit-Kat Club offer our
sympathy. We, too, have suffered a grievous loss. We knew
his genial companionship, his ready helpfulness and his contin-
uing friendship. His sterling scholarship, his vivacious eloquence
and his industrious pen won for him a wide admiration, while
his historical research oft'ers to this and succeeding generations a
legacy of inestimable value.
We are proud to have known him and to have walked with
him through the years ; and here, in this solemn hour, we write
down among our most treasured memories his qualities as man
and citizen, companion and friend.
Mr. Williams then said:
Mr. Randall was Reporter of the Supreme Court of Ohio
from 1895 until his death. Since the adoption of our present
Constitution in 185 1, until the present time, ninety-nine volumes
of reports have been issued, with one in preparation. Of these
one hundred volumes, forty-eight, almost one-half, will bear the
name of "Randall" as the compiler. This gives us something
of the measure of his service as an ofificial of our highest court.
But it is only a superficial gauge. None of us, outside of the
court, can know fully how much he contributed to the preparation
of the reports, but we can rest confident that his breadth of
knowledge, his gift of expression, and his wide reading, both in
law and in literature, were freely at the command of the judges,
with all of whom his relations were of the most intimate and
cordial character. Mr. Chief Justice Nichols will speak:
RANDALL AND THE OHIO SUPREME COURT.
EV HON. HUGH L. NICHOLS,
Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Ohio.
That fascinating orator. Senator Conkling, in his classic
nominating speech, at the Republican National Convention, in
1880, presenting the name of General Grant as a candidate for
88 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
President, said, in one of those wonderful sentences that he
alone could compose, speaking of his great chieftain : "His fame
was born not alone in things written and said, but of the arduous
greatness of things done."
In somewhat similar vein, one can well speak of Mr. E. O.
Randall, late the Reporter of the Supreme Court of Ohio. His
field of activity was so wide, his accomplishments so great, and
his achievements so marked, that one is perplexed to determine
whether he was most excellent in his literary labors, in his splen-
did speeches, or in the things he has done.
If our State had an Institute, patterned after the fashion of
the Academy of France, where by selection the intellectuals of
the state were gadiered into one body, as a mark of the very
highest distinction, I would, had I the right to select, have cast
my vote for Mr. Randall ; and I am of the firm conviction that
by common consent his name would head the list.
Mr. Randall was tlie efficient and well-beloved Reporter of
our highest Court for nearly a quarter of a century, and, since
the Constitutional Judicial Amendment in 1912, he was also the
Official Reporter of the Courts of Appeals. In this capacity he
was the repository of the private and confidential matters apper-
taining to the administration of justice. Prior to 1913, it was
his laborious duty to prepare the law points argued in each re-
ported case, and to collate the authorities relied upon by counsel.
This particular function of reporting was abandoned in 1913. as
it has been in all but fourteen of the States of the Union. His
work of reporting, covering but one-fourth of the Court's life,
embraced, however, five-twelfths of its actual output.
In my chambers in the Judiciary Building I have spent many
happy hours in social intercourse with Mr. Randall, and I want
to bear testimony to the fact that I do not recall that I ever had
converse with him without adding to my store of knowledge.
We found much edification in joint perusal of the letters of
Mrs. James G. Blaine, published about ten years ago by her
daughter. These letters were written by Mrs. Blaine principally
to her several children. We felt that in these letters the picture
she unconsciously drew of herself as a wife and mother is one
of the most beautiful in all the pages of literature.
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 8d
Mr. Randall was a rooniniate, at Andover, of the eldest son.
Walker Blaine, and he well remembered the circumstances of the
son reading to him the mother's letters written to Walker while
he was his fellow-student.
The Supreme Court of Ohio feels that some signal honor
should be paid to this great man, and to that end the Court itself
has prepared a Memorial to be published with and made a part
of Volume loi of the Reports of that Court. It is thought that
Mr. Randall, had he the privilege of selecting the forum where
his memory might be most enduringly and lovingly preserved,
would have chosen this instrumentality.
No other Reporter has been so signally honored; indeed,
none of the distinguished members of the Supreme Court have
been remembered in this wise by the Court itself, it being the
established custom of the Court to memorialize its deceased mem-
bers through the means of a committee of the Ohio Bar, ap-
pointed by the Court for that purpose.
And so it is, tliat for many generations yet to come, indeed
so long as our very Government shall endure, the memory of
Mr. Randall will be perpetuated, for every published volume of
the loist Ohio State Reports must contain the Supreme Court's
estimate of its beloved Reporter.
The Memorial is as follows :
"The 'Supreme Court learned with deep regret of the death
of Hon. Emilius O. Randall, for almost a generation the Reporter
of the Court. He was an unusual man, and, as such, an unusual
Reporter. Unusual as both, he sustained exceptional relations
with the Supreme Court of Ohio, officially, and with its members,
personally, for a long period of years. Those relations justify
the unusual, special proceeding which this Court unanimously
and sincerely approves.
"In recognition of his long and valuable service in that place
and of his distinguished position as a leader of wholesome public
thought in the state, the Court has ordered that the following
Memorial be spread upon its Minutes and published in Volume
loi of the Ohio State Reports :
"Emilius Oviatt Randall was born in Summit county, Ohio,
October 28, 1850, and died at Columbus, December 18, 1919. His
90 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
parents were natives of Connecticut and were of strong Puritanic
stoclv. Tliree of his great-grandfathers fought in the Revolution-
ary War. They were John Randall, Patrick Grant Pemberton
and Benjamin Oviatt. Another direct lineal ancestor was Eben-
ezer Pemberton, one of the founders and for many years pastor
of the famous Old South Church of Boston.
"Endowed by nature with fine literary capacity, and with the
instinct for historical and archaeological research, Mr. Randall
received the education which was best suited to the exercise of
those talents. As a scholar at the Columbus High School, and
at the famous Phillips Academy of Andover, Massachusetts,
where he attained high rank, he found opportunity for the display
of his natural ability. In the former he was editor of the High
School Nc2(.<s, and, at Andover, of the Philo Mirror, the school
magazine. He graduated from Cornell University in 1874, with
the degree of Ph. R. He then took a special postgraduate course
in history at Cornell and in Europe. He was the Commencement
Day orator at Cornell and the historian of his class. Of fine
social tendencies, his gentle impulses were quickened and made
firm by membership in two Greek-letter fraternities.
"For a short time after his return from Europe he was an
editorial writer on a Cleveland paper, but at the solicitation of
his parents he returned to Columbus in 1878, and from that time
until 1890 devoted himself to mercantile pursuits. During this
time he read law and was admitted to the practice by the Su-
preme Court of Ohio June 5, 1890. He graduated from the law
school of the Ohio State University in 1892.
"Having early developed a capacity for imparting knowledge,
and possessing a warm and sympathetic intimacy with young
men, he was made one of the Professors of Law of the Ohio
State University in 1893, which position he occupied with great
benefit to the institution and credit to himself until 191 :.
"On May 14, 1895, he was appointed Reporter of the Su-
preme Court of Ohio, and occupied that position until his death.
He published forty-eight volumes of the Ohio State Reports.
They constitute an outward exhibition of his service in that posi-
tion, but they do not adequately testify to the great assistance
he rendered in presenting to the bench and bar of the state the
Emiliiis Oviatt Randall. 91
contributions made by the Court to the body of the law and to
our system of jurisprudence.
"For more than thirty years Mr. Randall led a semi-public
life. His activities in the spread of intelligence and in the instruc-
tion of the people were manifold and far-reaching. It is doubt-
ful if any other citizen of Ohio has mastered with such breadth
and detail the history of the great Northwest Territory, which
he always presented with attractive diction and vast learning.
He had extensive knowledge of the mounds and Mound Builders.
He knew the history of the tribes of Indians who have lived in
the Northwest Territory, their chiefs and their achievements, and
he eloquently described with sympathetic voice and pen the de-
cline of the Indian influence in America.
"He was in great demand as a speaker on art, literature,
history, economics, politics and religion. In great public crises,
like the recent world war, his services were much sought, and
willingly and laboriously contributed for the public good.
"His vast fund of knowledge on affairs relating to the gov-
ernment of the state and its institutions led to his being consulted
on important matters by every Governor of Ohio for the last
quarter of a century, and by many state officials and members
of the General Assembly.
"In 1893 he was appointed by Governor McKinley trustee
of the Ohio State Archjeological and Historical Society. He
became Secretary of the Society in 1894, and has been reap-
pointed trustee by Governors Bushnell, Nash, Herrick, Harris,
Harmon and Cox. He was editor of the Society's Quarterly,
and in 1903 was the protagonist and director of the Ohio Cen-
tennial celebration held at Chillicothe. Mr. Randall edited the
account of the proceedings of that celebration, a work of over
700 pages.
"A Republican in politics, he was a delegate to the National
Convention of that party in 1904. He occupied many state and
municipal positions of trust.
"He actively engaged in the procuring of funds by private
benefaction and public appropriation for the carrying on of many
works for the historical and literary instruction of the people.
"In addition to many lectures which he wrote and delivered
92 Ohio Arch, and Hist Society Publications.
in dififerent parts of the countiy and which disclosed his wide
learning and versatile literary talents, he was the author of a
number of works. Among these are Negotiable Acts Bills of
Ohio, Cases in Ohio Agency, The Separatist Society of Zoar,
The Mound Builders of Ohio, and Blennerhassett. He was an
associate editor of Bench and Bar of Ohio, two volumes, and
contributor to Cyclopedia of Lazu and Procedure and Encyclo-
pedia Americana. He was joint author with the Hon. Daniel J.
Ryan of Randall and Ryan's History of Ohio, in five volumes.
If the distinguished authors of tins work had rendered no other
services to their state, this great work of itself would entitle t'hem
to the lasting gratitude of the people of Ohio.
"Mr. Randall wrote well and with conspicuous beauty and
strength of statement. His enthusiastic and optimistic nature
and superb humor made a fit setting for the gospel of good cheer,
of which he was the apostle. One of the finest things about him
was his splendid love for children, and this always showed itself
in the frequent lectures that he delivered in the public schools
and institutions, particularly to the afflicted children at the School
for the Blind.
"He was a member of the American Historical Association,
the American Bar Association, Ohio State Bar Association, the
American Literary Association. English Speaking Union, honor-
ary life member of the Columbus Chamber of Commerce, and
Trustee of the Sessions Academy of Art. At his death he was
President of the Kit-Kat Club of Columbus, a literary organ-
ization, whose meetings v/ere a constant delight to him, and which
he enriched with his learning and wit.
"On October 28, 1874, Mr. Randal! was married to Mary,
the daughter of John H. and Catherine Coy, Ithaca, N. Y., who,
with two sons and a daughter, survive him. His private life was
delightful and serene. He had a firm and beautiful belief in his
religion and was loyal to the Congregational Church, to which he
belonged. Of incorruptible integrity and purity of character,
he had the gentle spirit and the love for mankind which adorns
and never fails to benefit the community in which it is found.
"It is ordered that a copy of this Memorial be sent to the
family of Mr. Randall."
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 93
Mr. Williams, in presenting Gov. James E. Campbell, said:
Conspicuous as Mr. Randall was in many different and va-
ried activities, there is one field in particular, where he stood
pre-eminent, and that was the field of archseologj-. Fine as he
was in literary ability, he there had his rivals ; happy as he was
as an after-dinner speaker and toastmaster, otiiers there ventured
to challenge his superiority, but in knowledge of the early history
of Ohio, and of its earliest inhabitants, he was universally recog-
nized as having no equal. His writings on the Mound Builders
and their works, concerning Indians and Indian life and charac-
ter, are and will continue to be accepted as authority.
Mr. Randall was a trustee for many years of The Ohio
Archjeological and Historical Society. For the last twenty-five
years, he has been its Secretary.
During much of Mr. Randall's connection with the Society,
Governor Campbell has been a conspicuous and helpful member,
and is now its President. He knows much of Mr. Randall's con-
tributions to its literature and its records, and will speak.
RANDALL, ARCHAEOLOGIST AND HISTORIAN.
BY HON. JAMES E. CAMPBELL.
It is especially fitting that these impressive services in mem-
ory of Emilius Oviatt Randall should be feelingly participated
in by The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society ; for,
of the many eminent and useful citizens associated with that
organization in its long career, his name leads all the rest.
In February, 1893, the society was in an unsatisfactory con-
dition generally, and three thousand dollars behind financially.
Governor McKinley, having a full appreciation of the work for
which the society had been founded, repeatedly urged Mr. Ran-
dall to accept a trusteeship and, although a very busy man, he
finally consented. Having assumed the responsibility, however,
he took hold of his duties with his customary intelligence and
vigor, and a few months later, became Secretary of the Society
which position he held continuously until his death — having been
successively appointed as trustee by Governors Bushnell, Nash,
Herrick, Harris, Harmon and Cox. In addition to his work as
94 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
secretary, he has been all of that time editor of the Society's
many and valuable publications.
One of Mr. Randall's services to The Ohio Archaeological
and Historical Society was to assist largely in procuring an ap-
propriation of ten thousand dollars from the General Assembly
for the purpose of holding, under the auspices of the society, the
centennial celebration of Ohio's admission into the Union. He
was secretary of the commission having charge of that celebra-
tion, labored unceasingly to make it a success and was universally
conceded to be its protagonist. Another service, and an almost
invaluable one, was to procure an appropriation of one hundred
thousand dollars to erect the artistic and well adapted building
which now houses the collections of the society. That beautiful
structure with its priceless treasures, may well be called a monu-
ment to Emilius Oviatt Randall.
Mr. Randall was known far and wide as the leading author-
ity upon the Mound Builders who created a very large proportion
of the archaeological remains of the country. These remains are
especially numerous and interesting in the State of Ohio. To
the various locations where relics of Mound Builders have been
found and which have become the property of the society, such
as the Serpent Mound and Fort Ancient, and the historical spots
which are memorials of the Indian occupation of the State, such
as the Logan Elm, also the property of the society, Mr. Randall
gave much personal attention. The scientific exploration of
archaeological locations he was content to leav^e to such of his
associates as specialized thereon. He found time, nevertheless,
for frequent speeches and lectures on the subject, for numerous
articles, and for several pretentious archseological papers and
monographs. In his own words, he had, through contact with
the archseological specialists and their explorations, "acquired an
irresistible interest in the subject — a subject fraught with fas-
cination because of its uniqueness and mystery." Mr. Randall's
more important writings on archaeology include The Serpent
Mound, Adams County, Ohio, published in 1905; Masterpieces
of the Mound Builders, published in 1908; and the very interest-
ing resume of Ohio archaeology in the introductory chapters of
the History of Ohio — The Rise and Progress of an American
EmiHiis Oz'iatt Randall. 95
State. This last named work, in five volumes, is an immensely
valuable contribution to history in general and is a permanent
testimonial to the accuracy, impartiality, exhaustive research
and fine descriptive writing on the part of Mr. Randall and his
co-author, Daniel J. Ryan.
While Mr. Randall's surprising historical activities and the
executive duties of his office as Secretary of the Ohio State
Archsological and Historical Society precluded a greater output
of archaeological literature on his part, nevertheless he had at-
tained a position before the public unique in its relations to the
Ohio Mound Builders and prehistoric Indian tribes. He was the
interpreter of things archaeological as between the scientific in-
vestigator and the public. His remarkable gift of oratory, his
happy facility of expressing the most complicated ideas in terms
intelligible to the average audience, together with his rare humor
and pleasing personality, assured to his hearers a treat so unusual
that few could forego subsequent opportunities to come under
the spell of his oratory.
With respect to the Indian period of Ohio history — the
direct connecting link between the semi-historic and the pre-
historic and belonging almost equally to each — Mr. Randall was
at once the master of fact and eloquence. His striking descrip-
tions of the stirring events of Indian warfare in Ohio, of the
Ohio tribes and their great chieftains, are word pictures so
strongly and beautifully drawn as to hold the mind of the reader
transfixed. His Life of Tecmnsch, "the finest flower of the
American aboriginal race" (1906) pays a tribute to the great
Shawnee chief only equalled in its force and beauty by that of
the classic Parkman and his eulogy of Pontiac. His Life of
Logan, published in 191 1, is a forceful monograph; and his
handling of the Indian in the History of Ohio is unsurpassed in
literary excellence.
Mr. Randall's activities as a writer were numerous and va-
ried. As a boy of sixteen he edited and published for one
year a paper known as the Whip-poor-zvill. This paper was
the outcome of a debating society of which he was the president
at fifteen, and which attracted so much attention that it was
written up in the newspapers by a young reporter named George
96 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Kilbon Nash — later Governor of Ohio. The Whip-poor-will
was so successful that out of the proceeds of its short existence
young Randall was enabled to pay his expenses to Europe and
the Holy L.and as a companion to his father, a famous Baptist
minister. Later, while a student at Cornell University he edited
the Cornell Era. In spite of the loss of time devoted to editing
this latter publication, he was able to become the orator at com-
mencement— his subject being The Spectator and the Tribune;
and, on class day, was historian of the class of 1874 to which he
belonged.
In addition to the archaeological publications hereinbefore
mentioned and the History of Ohio, the following works were
written by him : The Zoar Society, a sociological study of that
communistic society in Ohio, for which purpose he spent several
weeks in that community as its guest; Blenncrhassett, a tale of
the Aaron Burr conspiracy, as well as a biography of Harmon
Blennerhassett with all its romantic details. He was also author
of Negotiable Acts Bills of Ohio, Cases in Ohio Agency, and con-
tributor to Cyclopedia of Laiv and Procedure, and associate
editor of Bench and Bar of Ohio. His high standing as a his-
torian is attested by the many historical societies which elected
him to membership.
Mr. Williams then introduced Mr. John J. Pugh, as follows:
We are all proud of the splendid building that stands at the
head of State street, as the home of the Columbus Public Library.
It bears over its door the naine of Andrew Carnegie. When
the complete story is told of the securing of that building for
Columbus, it will be seen that in all fairness there should be
chiseled by the side of the name of the donor, the name of
Emilius O. Randall. To him more than to any other man are
we indebted for the Carnegie Library Building. He was a trus-
tee of the Library for thirty-five years, serving at the time of his
death. He had its advancement always at heart. During all the
time that Mr. Randall was a member of the board, there was one
other who equalled him, not only in point of length of service,
but also in devoted allegiance to the library and its interests. Mr.
Pugh, the present City Librarian, spent with Mr. Randall the
span of a generation in this common and delightful service.
Eiiiiliiis O-cmitt Randall. 97
RANDALL AND THE CITY LIBRARY.
BY JOHN J. PUGII, LIBRARIAN.
It is not without emotion that I approach the subject, "Mr.
Randall and the Library." The intimacy of my relations with
Mr. Randall during the thirty-five years he served as Trustee of
the Public Library, was such that the personal note cannot be
excluded. However, a Johnson can well afford to have a Bos-
well. The estimate of Mr. Randall as a factor of the Library
does not suffer, even though written by a librarian who was
devotedly attached to him.
"And so I trust, tho' I perchance may strike Love's chord with clumsy
hand,
You'll feel the melody I tried to play — you'll understand."
To E. O. Randall the Library was more than a trust. He
regarded it as an object of love to be affectionately cared for.
And through all the years that he was one of its Trustees, he
lavished upon it the best of his time and thought. To one who
knows the relation of Mr. Randall to the Library, there cannot
but occur the inscription that adorns the north transept of St.
Paul's over the tomb of Sir Christopher Wren, builder of that
famous edifice, "Si monumentum requiris circumspice" —
"Reader, if thou ask for a monument, look around thee!" If
any one wishes to see the most enduring monument of E. O.
Randall, he need but look at the Library. It is his building, for
it was largely through his influence that it was made possible. It
is his spirit that constitutes the most precious treasure house
therrein.
Mr. Randall's love of books flowed largely from his love of
humanity. To him, knowledge was not a spade to dig with, nor
a crown wherewith to adorn oneself, but power — power over
the forces of darkness and its attendant evils and sorrows. He
wanted every one to have a chance to better his lot and improve
his life, and that chance he saw in the Library where all the
people might drink at the fountain head of knowledge. He had
a Herculean task before him. He had to educate the city gov-
Vol. XXIX — 7.
98 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
eminent to appreciate the need of a library, and the people to
the use of it. He succeeded in both because of the transparent
sincerity of all his appeals. Thus the library sentiment grew
steadily until finally Mr. Carnegie, convinced by Mr. Randall of
the needs of an adequate building, and charmed by his winning
personality, gave more generously than his wont toward the
erection of our splendid library structure.
Every nook and corner of the library was dear to Mr. Ran-
dall, but none so dear as the Children's department. He took
especial delight in visiting with the juvenile readers, fellow-
shipping with them and listening with genuine boyish interest as
they recounted the story of some boy-hero in the book they had
just read. He often quoted this from Garfield: — "I feel a pro-
founder reverence for a boy than for a man. I never meet a
ragged boy on the street without feeling that I may owe him a
salute, for I know not what possibilities may be buttoned up
under his coat."
The ideals which he sought to make real in our local library,
he carried into the larger field of state-wide library development,
and the present progressive Ohio library laws bear the impress
of his thought.
A lover of books, — himself a writer of books, E. O. Ran-
dall's life is after all his finest book. Its pages abound in lessons
of love and loyalty which will ever be an inspiration to those
who contemplate them.
By the lovers of love and light, he lifted those about him to
"that mountain where the Lord commandeth blessings, even life
forevermore."
Mr. Williams then said:
Mr. Randall is a fine example of the truth of the philosophy
of Oliver Wendell Holmes, who declared that the best way to
train children, so as to produce the highest and best in character
and equipment, is to begin with the grandparents. Mr. Randall
was fortunate in his ancestry. His Americanism and devotion to
country were exemplified in his forbears, who, on both sides in
his ancestral line, bore arms in the cause of liberty in the Revo-
lutionary War. Mr. Randall was justly proud of this heritage.
He was a member of the Ohio Society of the Sons of the Amer-
Emilius Oviaft Randall. 99
lean Revolution, and of the Benjamin Franklin, the local chapter.
He served as an officer in both organizations and spoke upon
many occasions on patriotic subjects at their meetings and ban-
quets.
Col. W. L. Curry, a charter member of the State Society, a
Past President and for many years State Registrar, and an active
executive of the Society, will speak.
RANDALL, SON OF THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION.
BY COL. W. L. CURRY.
Emilius Oviatt Randall, to whom we pay tribute today, was
a very active member of the Society of the Sons of the American
Revolution for more than a quarter of a century. He joined the
Society, March 31, 1894. His ancestors, both paternal and mater-
nal, served as soldiers of the Revolution, in establishing American
independence, and had long and honorable service. They were
of sturdy New England stock and some of the strains of the
families were traced back to the Puritans.
John Randall, his great-grandfather, served as a soldier of
the Continental Army, enlisting from New London County, Con-
'necticut, and served during the entire war.
Benjamin Oviatt. his great-grandfather, served as a Minute
Man, enlisting from the town of Goshen, Litchfield County, Con-
necticut.
Patrick Grant Pemberton, his great-grandfather, served in
the Connecticut Militia.
Mr. Randall often referred with pride to the long and hon-
orable service of his ancestors in the Revolution with his convic-
tion that the warm blood of patriotism and heroism which flowed
in the veins of the men of '76 does not become cold in the veins
of their descendants by the lapse of years. He was a firm be-
. liever in the tenets of the Society, that, though far removed in
kinship, blood will tell for successive generations, \Mhen the op-
portunity comes ; that the spirit which led these ancestors to battle
for liberty inspires their descendants to fight the battles of all
our wars in which they have taken so prominent a part; that
Christianity and patriotism go hand in hand, and that the higher
100 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
a nation stands the more halo there is about the flag and the
character of the people is measured by their devotion to it.
Mr. Randall served as President of the Ohio Society during
the year 190 1, and took an earnest interest in all the activities of
the membership, and made many addresses before the chapters
in different sections of the State. As Secretary of the Society,
I had the pleasure of accompanying him on many of these speak-
ing tours where he was always received with warm enthusiasm
by the members of the Society present, and he always gave them
a message teeming with facts and humorous illustrations, which
injected a new and lasting interest into their patriotic work.
One of the great historic meetings that I attended with him
was at the dedication of the monument erected at Point Pleasant,
\V. Va., to commemorate the battle fought on that ground be-
tween the Virginia troops commanded by General Lewis and the
Indians under Chief Cornstalk, October 10, 1774, now recognized
as the first battle of the Revolution. Thousands of people were
present from Virginia and other states. Mr. Randall was at his
best and made a most eloquent historical address before many
distinguished citizens, which was received with great enthusiasm.
While Mr. Randall was not a writer of poetry, he was very
fond of patriotic lines and I recall a stanza or two from a poem,
which he sometimes quoted at the meetings of the Society, in
memory of the services and achievements of our ancestors.
One thought was theirs, to see this land
Crowned with the blessings of the free —
To plant with an unshackled hand
The graceful tree of liberty;
The might of kings could never stay
The onward march of hero sires.
Nor quench for one brief summer day
The glow of Freedom's beacon fires.
Hail to the men who made us free!
Hail to the stainless swords they drew I
A thousand years will never see
Forgetfulness of men so true;
Their deeds will live while grandly waves
The flag of a united land
Above their scattered, sacred graves.
From mountain height to ocean strand.
Ewilius Oviatt Randall. 101
He was particularly interested in Americanization of for-
eigners, always emphasizing the fact that members of the Society
of the Sons of the American Revolution were the original work-
ers along that line. He assisted many foreigners in preparing
their applications for naturalization without expense, and at the
time of his death was a member of the Americanization Society
as the representative of the Sons of the American Revolution,
always attending the ceremonies before the United States Court
graduating classes in naturalization, and giving these new-made
citizens good and helpful advice which they highly appreciated
and will remember with gratitude.
It is of special interest to recall on this occasion that Pres-
ident William McKinley joined the Society when Governor of
Ohio, and took a very active part in all of the meetings held in
Columbus during his administration. He and Mr. Randall were
boon companions and at these meetings the members attended in
full force as they were assured of a most delightful entertain-
ment.
What memories come crowding thick and fast as we recall
the early days of the organization, some thirty years ago — some
sweet and some sad memories. Sweet memories of associating
with that galaxy of distinguished men, members of the Society,
not one of whom at the call of the roll can answer, "Present":
William McKinley, Marcus A. Hanna, Gen. William H. Gibson,
Gen. Henry Cist, Gen. Roelif Brinkerhofif, Gen. Chas. C. Walcutt,
Gen. H. A. Axline, Gen. James Barnett, Judge Martin Follett,
Gen. George B. Wright, Judge Jacob F. Burkett, Gen. Cyrus S.
Roberts, Col. James Kilbourne, Hon. Geo. L. Converse, Gen.
Manning F. Force, E. O. Randall and many others. Sad mem-
ories when we recall that these men whom we all respected and
loved have answered the reveille of the Great Commander, have
joined their ancestors on the other shore, and our friend the last
to answer the call.
The presence of our Mr. Randall will be greatly missed by
the members of the Society in these critical days when his coun-
sel, demonstrating unto the last the full measure of devotion to
our country, is so much needed.
102 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
We revere his memory as a patriotic citizen and high class
Christian gentleman.
"Why weep ye then for him, who, having won
The bound of man's appointed years, at last,
Life's blessings all enjoyed, life's labors done
Serenely to his final rest has passed ;
While the soft memory of his virtues yet
Lingers like twilight hues, when the bright sun is set."
Mr. Williams said:
Emerson, in one of his great essays on Character, in speak-
ing of the Earl of Chatham, said that when he had made a speech
in the House of Lords and finished, there was always disappoint-
ment, when he took his seat. No matter how great his speech,
nor how greatly his hearers might have been stirred, there was
the feeling that he might have made a better impression, had he
tried ; that somehow the man seemed always greater than the per-
formance. And so it is with all men who in character are truly
great. The man is always larger and finer than his achievement.
This is true of Mr. Randall. He, too, is something more than
the sum of his performances. We may state them all, and
unitedly they fail to account for him. The character, the spirit,
the soul that flamed through them and fused them all into a har-
monious and living whole, make up the real man, the man we
knew and loved. It is fortunate that Hon. Daniel J. Ryan is
to speak of "Randall, the Man." No one could do this more
fittingly. They were kindred spirits, treading many of the paths
of life together.
Mr. Ryan served with Mr. Randall twenty-seven years as
fellow trustee of the Ohio Archfeological and Historical Society.
They were both trustees of the Columbus Public Library, at the
time of Air. Randall's death. They prepared and published, as
joint authors a great History of Ohio, a work, which of itself is
enough to place the people of this State under lasting obligations
to both of them. They were friends, and neighbors, affiliated in
the same political faith, and approached our many public and
social problems with the same broad and sympathetic judgment.
It is a privilege to present Mr. Ryan.
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 103"
RANDALL, THE MAN.
BY DANIEL J. RYAN.
Emilius O. Randall had the inestimable advantage of being
well-born. Not by inheritance of tlie muniments of wealth or
caste or rank, but through the influences of forebears whose
chief purposes in life, and whose aspirations and achievements,
were within the sphere of the intellectual and spiritual. They
were Americans more than a century before Bunker Hill, and
were among the founders of New England, of whom Longfellow
wrote: "God sifted diree kingdoms to find the seed for this
planting." Through six generations his ancestors justified this
saying. They helped to bear the burdens of the forefathers;
theirs was the Heroic Age of American history. It was the era
when the first forests were felled and the virgin soil was tilled;
when the conquests of nature and the Indian went hand in hand ;
when the French invader was driven out ; and greater than all,
when popular government was established, and a new Nation
given to mankind. The Randalls and the Oviatts did their full
share of all this, and in the later days of peace they pioneered
to a western land to lay the foundation of homes of culture and
refinement. They preached the Word and they taught in the col-
leges and schools of the new land. They brought with them the
sturdy New England character sifted through generations of
hardships and tribulations.
This was Randall's heritage — a gift from God that he pre-
served throughout his ife. He never compromised it. Beneath
his gentle exterior, which he wore as a velvet glove, he grasped
the moral side of every question with a grip of steel. It was the
operation of his New England conscience which he inherited
from his Puritan ancestors. He had the robust qualities of
steadfastness of purpose and firmness of thought. He encour-
aged no conflict in deciding between right and wrong, he toler-
ated no debate of expediency ; he simply and quietly, but quickly
and immovably took the side of right. Thus, as he thought in
his soul, so he was in his life — clean and straight, and free from
hypocrisy and guile. The meaner vices of life never even cast
104 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
their shadows near him. It was because of this, when approach-
ing the end that he could say to his pastor, Dr. Maurer, "I am
not afraid to go ; I have led a clean life." Hence, there was no
"moaning of the bar" when he "put out to sea ;" on a smooth and
level tide the flood bore him to meet his Pilot face to face.
This man has departed from us, leaving us heirs to the les-
sons of his exemplary life. It was one blest by all the virtues
that go to make a real and valuable man — incorruptible integ-
rity, purity of character, gentleness of spirit and love of his fel-
lows. What a splendid substitute for wealth and power ! These
attributes were the foundations of his name, which was, in his
lifetime, the pride and admiration of his loving friends. The
best and wisest of mankind have held that such a life is the most
enduring. "A good name is rather to be chosen than great
riches," sayeth the Proverb. Upon this foundation he builded
an intellectual and spiritual structure that will be to him a monu-
ment more lasting than marble.
Almost his whole career was one of mental activity, and all
his efforts were to the end that this activity should assume and
develop into a higher form of intellectual life. Even the avoca-
tions of his livelihood were within this sphere. To him the world
of commercialism was repellant. He took no pleasure in barter,
and the efforts and vigors of business made no appeal to him.
He lived entirely within the domain of thought in its various
phases and emotions. Herein were his labors, his studies, his
researches and his amusements. In his readings he ran the gamut
of human knowledge — theology, history, science, economics,
politics and polite literature. Rarely is this done without de-
flecting the mind from sound and safe thinking. The book-
student too often becomes a crank or faddist. But with him the
pursuit of extraordinary information and the study of new and
ruddy-colored ideas and doctrines were either for adding to his
knowledge of human nature or for intellectual amusement. He
never read or studied himself out of the realm of everyday life.
He quaffed deeply of the Pierian Spring, but was neither dulled
nor intoxicated by its waters. Few men can do this, but Randall
did it, and it was due to his penetrative mind and his uncommon
common sense.
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 105
Before the tempestuous uprisings ot recent years as mani-
fested in the new doctrines of government, sociology and rehgion,
he stood unbending, and "four square to the winds that blow."
And yet he read every book on these subjects, and when the
messengers of the heralded "new day" came, whether it was
Emma Goldman or Debs or Plumb, he was in their audiences.
With a deep and patriotic attachment for the representative
democracy which his forefathers fought to establish, he rejected
government by the crowd, fie knew that it had been discussed
by the founders of the Republic, and that the struggle toward
civilization had been to get away from mass rule, because it
begat the very autocracy which it sought to destroy. His judg-
ment therefore refused the referendum, with its handmaidens, the
initiative and the recall, as subversive of conservative and repre-
sentative government. As he saw state after state, including his
own, adopting them, he felt that they were simply digging out of
the junk pile of history machinery rejected ages ago, and fur-
bished up for use by the power-hungry crowd. But on these
topics he rarely expressed himself, and never wrote concerning
them. There were other and less militant subjects to which he
directed his speech and pen. He took no pleasure in the polemics
of politics.
Likewise he rejected Socialism. Twenty years ago he en-
tered into the study of its doctrines with an open and even mind.
He conscientiously read its fascinating literature, from the Cap-
ital of Karl Marx to the political platforms of that day. His
imaginative mind saw the beauty and attractiveness of its ideals.
He knew that ever since the days of Plato, and later, since the
days of Sir Thomas Moore's Utopia, men and women have
dreamed of a cooperative brotherhood. He knew that the world
was full of wrongdoing, and of injustice and of unmerited suf-
fering, but he felt this would be remedied more by man acting to
man as a brother, rather than as a member of a brotherhood
established by law. He was sure that the cure was not in drying
up the great reservoir of individual effort and responsibility,
which gives vitality to human personality and human purpose.
From his viewpoint, what the Socialist sought to attain de-
pended upon a complete change of earthly motives and passions ;
106 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
it was an aspiration to transtorm human relations into heavenly.
His practical mind could see no accomplishments in all this
reasoning. From this theoretical discussion he turned to an ex-
amination into the physical operation of Socialism. At that time
there was in this state, at Zoar, a communistic society that had
existed for nearly three generations. Founded to share property,
profits, labor and lives in common, it was a fine example on a
small scale of the Socialistic state. To this living type of Social-
ism in action he turned for the best testimony. He was received
hospitably by its people, and a vacation was spent in studying
the domestic and civil life, the govefnment of its church, its busi^
ness operations, its local literature and social life. The result of
his labors was a book entitled Zoar- A Study of Sociological
Communism. This little book is one of the most effective an-"
swers to Socialism ever oflfered; it is not an argument; it pre-
sents a picture of the hard fact of failure. It is the best and
most valuable contribution of Original research work of the au-
thor's literary life. He has phased here an institution that in the
first generation was founded and followed with religious enthusi-
asm, in the second with lukewarm fidelity and waning strength,
and in the third with decrement leading to death. The end was
that the courts received its wreckage for distribution according
to law. The book Zoar with its record will always be a truthful
witness when called on the stand to testify as to the practical
operation of Socialism. The Ohio Archaeological and Historical
Society has issued edition after edition in response to inquiries
from scholars, economists and students throughout the world.
His favorite field of study — in which he traveled afar —
was the pre-historic and the Indian period of our State. He was
easily the first authority in this country on these subjects, and
his writings are authoritative and will remain as a lasting monu-
ment to his life-work. His studies of Ohio are reflected from
thousands of pages, and he scattered his knowledge widely and
freely among the people through lectures, addresses, books and
pamphlets. While his name is indelibly impressed upon the his-
torical literature of Ohio, he did not limit his studies to this sub-
ject ; he wandered widely through the elysian fields of letters, and
of every branch of knowledge he was a devotee. He was a lover
Emiliiis Oviatt Randall. 107
of good books, and to him they were the flowers of literature,
and every day was their summer time. He loved to quote Words-
worth :
"Books we know,
Are a substantial world, both pure and good ;
Round these, with tendrils strong as flesh and blood,
Our pastime and our happiness will grow."
To those who enjoyed his intimacy the truth of this is known.
Wherever he was there were his books ; his home saw them
placed in every room at every hand ; in his office they were at his
side ; at rest or in travel they were his companions. Thus the
stately characters of all ages — the good, the true and the beau-
tiful of the past, and the wisest of the present were his constant
counselors, his associates and his friends.
If these serious phases of his nature were admirable to his
friends, his social qualities were an especial charm and delight.
In his library, at the club and at the banquet board he was a
fountain of enjoyment, and a companion always warranted to
dispense knowledge and dispel care; and a privilege, indeed, it
was for one to sit with him. How well do we remember him at
many a feast contributing his learning and humor with great
flavor and with no favor. He was a philosopher of happiness,
"of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy." It could be said of
him as Macaulay said of Addison, that he had a wit without a
sting, and a humor without coarseness. With these he was "wont
to set the table in a roar." This dignified lightness of heart was
with him one of the cultivated philosophies of his life. It served
him well in his labors, it lightened his researches and even in the
sombre last days he did not fail to invoke it. To say more of this
man would be to transform fact into eulogy, and he does not need
that. He was of a fine type. God mixed in him all the elements
of true manhood. He has left us in his life a most beautiful
memory. To his family he has committed a heritage that all
the money in the world could not buy, nor all powers of earth
wrest from the Fates. He will long be remembered as a man
with an unsullied name, as a scholar of great learning, as one
who knew how to use wit and humor without abusing them, and
as a citizen who kept all the pledges of the Athenian oath.
108 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
To us, his fellow-members of the Club, which for nearly ten
years was a pleasing part of his life, his going means much. But
he leaves no vacant chair. He will ever be with us, will ever be
talked of, and his chaste association ever be a benediction and
an influence. We will always remember his boyish smile of
friendly greeting. When he spoke, the nights of the Club be-
came Attic nights, and we recall them with no other regret than
that they can return no more. For 'tis but the truth, and each of
us can say to him today :
"We spent them not in toys, or lust or wine;
But in search of deep philosophy.
Wit, eloquence and poesy,
Arts, which I loved, for they, my friend, were thine."
To his name and his gentle spirit, we, his friends, are here
to do honor, to keep fragrant his memory, and to urge his ex-
ample. We send him a message, but it bears no tone speaking
of the sadness of farewell, nor complaint of the inevitable; it is
one bearing the appeal of our hearts and the prayers of our souls :
Emilius, may the companionship of God be with thee, and may
His mercy and guidance be with us, till we meet again.
The double quartet — Mr. Charles H. Orr having replaced
Mr. W. D. McKinney. who was compelled to leave the city —
then sang:
Nearer, my God, to Thee,
Nearer to Thee!
E'en though it be a cross
That raiseth me;
^ Still all my song shall be,
Nearer, my God, to Thee,
Nearer to Thee!
Though like a wanderer.
The sun gone down.
Darkness be over me.
My rest a stone.
Yet in my dreams I'd be
Nearer, my God, to Thee,
Nearer to Thee!
EmiHiis Oviatt Randall. 109
Then, with my waking thoughts
Bright with Thy praise, ,
Out of my stony griefs '
Bethel I'll raise;
So by my woes to be
Nearer, my God, to Thee,
Nearer to Theel
The meeting was concluded with prayer.
BENEDICTION.
BY DR. JOSEPH S. KORNFELD.
To the departed Emilius Oviatt Randall, whom we now af-
fectionately remember, may peace and bliss be granted in the
realm of eternal life. There may he find grace and mercy before
the Lord of Heaven and earth. May his soul rejoice in that
ineffable good which God has laid up for those who love and
revere Him. A never-failing inspiration in life, may his memory
be a never-dying benediction.
May our Heavenly Father vouchsafe unto the bereaved His
gracious care and may the light of His love lead themi through
the darkness that surrounds them.
Peace to the dead, power to the living. Amen.
EMILIUS OVIATT RANDALL, PROFESSOR OF LAW.
BY DR. W. 0. THOMPSON.
The characteristic feature of the present day in education
seems to demand a highly specialized study in a rather narrow
area as a preparation for teaching. Perhaps more than any other
one thing the academic man feels that his equipment for teaching
is not quite complete until he has demonstrated his power of
original research and has received the testimony of that fact in
the form of a degree known as the Doctor of Philosophy. In
the absence of such testimony there is a disposition to assume a
certain superficiality in the work that men do. The older days,
therefore, are often looked upon as less critical and more super-
110 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ficial and a certain discredit attaches to anyone whose interests
are wide and varied. Whether current opinion on such matters
is infalHble we need not discuss. The point in mind is that high
speciahzation is assumed as necessary in the teaching profession.
Judged by this criterion EmiHus Oviatt Randall probably would
not have been able to qualify as a teacher. He had been educated
under quite another ideal and found himself with ever increasing
interest in new fields of thought and activity. He was a man of
wide and varied interests.
One is sometimes at a loss to know what motives urged him
in the life that everyone recognized as full of intellectual activ-
ity. He graduated from Cornell University in 1874 and for some
years found himself engaged in business. In 1892 he received
the degree of Bachelor of Law. By reason of the manner in
which his studies had been pursued he was able the same year
to complete the work required for the degree of Master of Laws.
He had been admitted to the bar June 5, 1890 before the comple-
tion of his legal education, having studied law privately for some
time under Mr. Frank C. Hubbard with whom he was for a
time associated in practice. He was appointed Professor of
Commercial Law January 12, 1893. June 13, 1900, his title was
changed to the more comprehensive term of Professor of Law.
He resigned May 20, 1909, effective at the close of that academic
year. At this period Law Faculties were adopting the title of
"Professor of Law" rather than the more specific titles. This
general attitude toward the teaching of law was quite in contrast
with that in other circles- where the tendency was to express in
titles the limit of the field in which the teacher was presumed to
be an authority.
During his experience as teacher Professor Randall's chief
duty was the teaching of Commercial Paper. It is a bit of in-
teresting testimony from some of his students that their later
experience in the practice of law has demonstrated the effective-
ness of his teaching. Professor Randall's genial humor and his
ability to illustrate a principle or a point in controversy with an
apt story had a tendency for the moment to emphasize to the
student's mind the quality of the humor rather than the efficiency
of the instruction. Later experience, however, if we may believe
Etniliiis Oviatt Randall. Ill
the testimony of his students, is to the effect that his teaching
produced abiding results.
In an effort to analyze such a situation one can understand
that in the interpretation of the kind of contracts involved in
commercial paper the human factor would be very much in evi-
dence. The obligations that men take upon themselves, or that
they assume in undertaking to endorse their friends, are the
obligations that arise out of our human interests. The man,
therefore, who is able to interpret the motives of men," to under-
stand their points of view and their relations to each other, is
quite apt, apart from any technical interpretation of a contract, to
set out the real issue involved in these commercial relations.
Professor Randall's keen analysis of the conduct of men as con-
stantly shown in his public addresses doubtless came to active
play in his teaching. The tendency on the part of the student
to over-emphasize the fact and the letter of the law was counter-
balanced by a teacher Avho could throw a flood of light upon the
text of the law and interpret it as reflected in the motives and
conduct of men.
Professor Randall's method of teaching was a natural de-
velopment of his own tastes and had in it to a considerable de-
gree the quality and character of the man. This is a most de-
sirable feature since the most effective teaching often consists
in the re-inforcement of the teacher's personality. In this per-
sonal equation lies the secret of power. An ardent admirer of
Francis L. Patton once remarked to me that he received less from
Dr. Patton's lectures while a student at Princeton than from any
man under whom he sat but that he worked harder in his sub-
jects than in any other. There was something about Dr. Patton
and his method that urged the student to diligent reading and
study. This is the inspiration some teachers arouse in their
students. It were well if more teachers could send their students
out of the class room with a determination to know the subject.
Professor Randall receives a somewhat similar testimony in that
his students regard him with an increasing appreciation. The
mature judgment of later years is of much greater value than
the popular favor of the passing moment.
112 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
The years in which Professor Randall taught were previous
to the introduction of the Case system in the Colleges of Law.
In a degree he anticipated this method of teaching. He had
familiarized himself with a large number of the important de-
cisions of the courts in cases where commercial paper was the
cause of the Htigation. In addition he had the happy faculty
of developing by hypothesis a well constructed controversy. His
students from these hypotheses and cited cases were led to the
derivation of the principles on which the decisions of the courts
rested. This method was in striking contrast with the a priori
method long in vogue among teachers of the law. The test of
time has demonstrated the wisdom of his method. It may not be
too much to say that in a measure he was the forerunner of the
present method now universally in use.
Others have written upon the personal qualities of Professor
Randall but it may not be superfluous to add here that his high
ideals as to what the legal profession should represent, supported
by his own unimpeachable character, aided greatly in determining
the character of the College of Law. The spirit of industry
and of moral earnestness in the Faculty permeated the student
body and has led to a quality in the College that in turn. has
reacted upon the graduates and produced a body of lawyers de-
voted to the best ideals and practices of the profession. The
character of the lawyer is quite as important to the state as his
learning, or his ability to try a case. From this point of view the
College of Law has won its place. The Faculty has been largely
responsible for this result and is entitled to high praise for the
inspiration aroused in students by virtue of what they were. Not
the least worthy of mention in this particular was Emilius Oviatt
Randall.
RANDALL, THE JOURNALIST.
BY JAMES W. FAULKNER, L. H. D.
There was something of the Bohemian in the composition of
Emilius O. Randall, a tendency to escape from the conventional
and to appear in the natural. This trait, observed by many of
his friends, had its origin in something akin to a congenita!
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 113
attribute. Old journalists — and they alone — understand this
outward manifestation of an inward surge, because he was their
brother in bond and blood. Nature designed him for membership
in their craft. In the old Indian days he would have been the
story-teller of his tribe. There was in him an ever-present im-
pulse to go and see and come back and tell, as the child would
phrase it.
It was this feeling that made him adventurous in his limited
fashion. Desire to travel to strange places, to attend notable
gatherings, to be present when first steps were taken, and to meet
and study great men and unusual incidents — all these grew
from the instinct of the born narrator. It urged him, too, to go
around the mighty, as it were, and view them from the rear ; to
divest the powerful of their insignia and sit with them as naked
tribesmen. Nothing so well establishes his guild brothership as
the account he wrote of his trip to Paris while a youth. In this
he told of splendor of the empire of the third Napoleon, then
rotten-ripe and about to fall. His description of men and things
as he beheld them was worthy of Thackeray.
That cynicism which comes to all journalists he possessed
in the gentlest fashion. It infrequently found its way into his
writings. Rather was it to be detected in the delicious satire in
which he indulged when in the company of chosen spirits of the
little clubs which he was ever fond of founding and nurturing.
In these companionable gatherings the Bohemian within him was
displayed to its fullest measure. His treasures of wit and humor,
his wonderful knowledge of men and aflfairs. were lavished un-
sparingly. At these assemblages wherever he sat, like the Mac-
Gregor, was the head of the table. He ruled because of native
right.
There was also, as a part of his make-up. a spirit of didac-
ticism. He loved to teach as well as to inform. Hence his love
for and interest in history. The reporter's instinct bade him
delve and dig for the facts and to penetrate every mystery that
forbade inquiry save from the courageous and the patiently in-
dustrious. These qualifications he possessed. When he had ex-
hausted research he told in simple truth what he had discovered.
Defeat he accepted with equanimity. For example, addressing
Vol. XXIX — 8.
114 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
a group of earnest seekers for some knowledge as to those van-
ished people, the Mound Builders, he reph'ed to their appeal by
saying: "We know nothing of them."
Therein was found the true journalistic ideal — the render-
ing of an exact account of investigation and survey rather than
the promulgation of theory and the formulation of hypothesis.
In his work as an official, that of preparing for the records the
decisions of the Supreme Court, his vocation made him doubly
valuable. There was intense interest for him in traversing the
new fields of law and bringing back novel principles growing
out of modern conditions and in writing the romances and the
tragedies of the legalistic w-orld.
It is not widely known that Mr. Randall virtually grew up
in the atmosphere of the journalistic profession. When a mere
lad his father gave him a small printing press and several fonts
of type. With these he formed the useful habit of preparing
his school exercises in print. After writing them he would set
up the articles, strike them ofif from the press, correct the errors
of composition and syntax, and finally secure a clean proof which
the next day he carried to his teacher. In later years he said
that his boyhood custom had given him his unusual vocabulary
and remarkable precision in spelling.
With his entrance into the public schools of Columbus there
sprang into life his innate tendency for the journalistic. With
one of his playmates he edited and published a monthly called
the Whip-poor-zvill, devoted to the instruction and entertain-
ment of their fellow children. Upon entering the Central High
School he established and fostered a paper given over to the
students' interests, the High School Nacs. Transferred to
Phillips Academy at Andover, Mass., he became one of the staflf
of the school magazine, the Philo Mirror, later becoming its
chief editor. During his college days at Cornell University he
was selected to edit the Cornell Era, the students' weekly. As
he received his education in academics and belles lettres his de-
velopment as a public writer grew side by side with other phases
of mental equipment.
Coming back in his early maturity to Columbus he did not
relinquish the pen, because in 1878 he is found editing the Sat-
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 115
urday Gazette, a weekly magazine devoted to literature, art and
the gossip and news of polite society. The secular dailies and
weeklies, quite numerous in those times, were constantly regaled
with contributions from his facile mind. Throughout his life
he found occasion to respond to invitations and requests from
editorial managers for special articles upon current topics of a
serious character. This continued, one might say, almost to his
last hour. Several months before the end came, he was to be
found writing editorial contributions for the Columbus Dispatch.
These were, for the most part, upon historical subjects, although
there were notable digressions in which political issues were
handled skilfully. Some of these articles were written while
confined to the bed from which he never rose.
His principal monument as a writer is to be found in the
noble collection of books he wrote and edited for the State
Archseological and Historical Society. These are in the aggre-
gate twenty-eight volumes. With the unerring discernment of
the born historiographer and superior journalist he made selec-
tions from tlie grea;t mass of material confronting him and
brought them together with such tact and grace that the books
have all the attraction of a fascinating work of fiction. His
next greatest memorial is to be found in the deeds and accom-
plishments of the thousands of men he instructed as a teacher
of law at the Ohio State University, as the guide and mentor of
the Kit-Kat, the Harrow and other literary clubs, and as the
anonymous contributor to the columns of the current periodicals.
With but a select few, however, remain the remembrances
of his ambrosial nights within the Bohemian circle where flowed
the entrancing current of his most intimate thoughts upon men
and matters ; where he sat weaving the spell in the minds and
hearts of his listeners with the warp and woof of his lore of
ancient days and his newly-coined knowledge of fresh created
circumstances. In some long dead age his transmigrated soul
must have inhabited the body of an aboriginal master of the
narrative and in the dusky twilight in the ancient fort above the
Miami river must have entranced the warriors, the women and
the children of a people whose history is lost in the hazes of
the centuries.
116 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Societv Publications.
TRIBUTE OF THE DAUGHTERS OF THE AMERICAN
REVOLUTION.
BY MRS. EDGAR M. HATTON, REGENT.
At the service held at the Chittenden Hotel, Sunday, Feb-
ruary I, in memory of the late Mr. Emilias Oviatt Randall, the
only floral tribute was a simple but beautiful cyclamen, white,
with a touch of purple, the symbol of royalty, and I was re-
minded of the first wild ones I gathered on the site of the
Emperor Hadrian's villa at Trivoli, Italy, springing so simply
from the soil whereon once had stood a palace. In Monte Carlo
they are cultivated to a wonderful beauty and in great profusion
and, as my uncle and I once stood there in admiration of them,
he said: "They are aristocrats." As aristocrats they have al-
ways appealed to me since; consequently their presence at the
Randall memorial had a peculiar significance to me, for Mr.
Randall was an aristocrat in the highest sense of the word, not
as being descended from kings and queens — though he may
have been — but as possessing true nobility of character and
royalty of mind and heart.
On that memorial day beautiful tributes of love and admira-
tion were laid upon the altar of remembrance by representatives
of the Kit-Kat Club, the Ohio Supreme Court, the Ohio
Archaeological and Historical Society, the City Library and the
Sons of the American Revolution, with all of which he had been
so intimately and honorably connected through long years of
faithful service. Then there was the tribute to him as a man,
given by his friend and collaborator, Hon. Daniel J. Ryan.
I felt then and I feel now that Columbus Chapter, Daugh-
ters of the American Revolution, would be untrue to its sense
of obligation and appreciation if it, too, did not lay an immortelle
at his flag-enfolded portrait. Mr. Randall was a warm friend
of Columbus Chapter ; we have this assurance in his last days,
which we did not need, for his ever-ready response to any de-
mand we might make upon his time, strength and intellect was
sufficient guarantee of his regard. In looking through our
programs of the last 20 years, I find contribution after contribu-
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 117
tion from his voice — he needed no pen — the subject-matter
being wide and comprehensive. He gave us the benefit of his
thought and wit upon such topics as "The Boston Tea Party,"
"Washington in the West," "Our First Inhabitants," "The
Original Ohio Land Company," etc., etc., but the crowning favor
was bestowed just one year ago, on Washington's birthday, when
his subject was "Americanization at Home and Abroad." We
marveled as we sat enthralled by his eloquence how he could so
logically travel back from Mt. Sinai and the Mosaic law and
in perfect sequence, profound thought and delicious humor
come on down through the ages to the present day and condi-
tions and sum it all up in "Americanization at Home and
Abroad." It was too profound to retain unassisted. Looking
back to that address, I appreciate Mr. Ryan's statement at the
memorial that "in his reading he ran the gamut of human
learning." The chapter hoped, expected, to be able to read at
leisure his remarkable address and great was its surprise and
disappointment to find that not one word had been written, not
a note made ; it had simply flowed forth at command — his mind
an inexhaustible reservoir from which he could have drawn
indefinitely.
Just one year ago! — but
"Can that man be dead
Whose spiritual influence is upon his kind?
He lives in glory; and his speaking dust
Has more of life than half its breathing moulds."
EMILIUS OVIATT RANDALL.
A Biographical Sketch.
BY WALTER W. SPOONER.
Emilius Oviatt Randall, son of David Austin and Harriet
Eunice (Oviatt) Randall, was born in Richfield, Summit County,
Ohio, October 28, 1850.
The Randall fainily, from which the subject of this sketch
descended, is recorded in the Domesday Book, prepared by com-
mand of William the Conqueror and containing a list of English
118 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
landholders in the year ioS6. John Randall, born (1629) in
Bath, England, of which city his father, Mathew Randall, was
mayor, was the first of the family to emigrate to America, ar-
riving in the colonies in 1667. A great-grandson of this colonist
was also a John Randall, a Revolutionary soldier, enlisting
July 13, 1775, in Colonel Huntington's eighth Connecticut regi-
ment and serving throughout the entire war. A son of this
patriot soldier was James Randall, who married Joanna Pember-
ton, daughter of Patrick Grant Pemberton, a colonial volunteer
in the American Revolution, enrolled in Lieutenant-Colonel Gal-
lup's regiment of the Connecticut militia. The Pembertons fig-
ured conspicuously in the annals of Scotland and England, and
Ebenezer Pemberton, grandfather of Patrick Grant Pemberton,
was for many years a most distinguished pastor of Old South
Church, Boston, Alassachusetts.
James Randall and Joanna (Pemberton) Randall were the
parents of David Austin Randall, born in Colchester, Connecti-
cut, January 14, 1813. In the town of Gorham, New York,
March 3, 1837, he was married to Mary Ann Witter. The fol-
lowing year he was licensed to preach, and a year later, accom-
panying his father's family, he and his young wife removed
to Richfield, Summit Count}', Ohio, where he was ordained in
the ministry on the 19th of December, 1839. His first pastorate
was at Medina, Ohio. While here he edited the IVashing-
tonian, a weekly paper devoted to the great temperance agitation
then sweeping the country. His first wife died in 1S42, and on
June 6, 1843, he was married to Mrs. Harriet Oviatt Bronson,
widow of Sherman Bronson, of Medina, and daughter of Captain
Heman Oviatt, of Richfield — a native of Goshen, Litchfield
County, Connecticut, and son of Benjamin Oviatt, a Revolu-
tionary soldier. Heman Oviatt was one of the Western Reserve
pioneers, being a member of the party that in 1800 emigrated
from Connecticut under the leadership of David Hudson and
founded the town of Hudson, Ohio. Heman Oviatt was one of
the founders of Western Reserve College at Hudson, since re-
moved to Cleveland and now known as Adelbert College. In
1845 Rev. Mr. Randall removed to Columbus.
The maiden name of the mother of Emilius was Harriet
Emitiiis Oviatt Randall. \W
Eunice Oviatt. She \yas a daughter of Eunice Newton and
granddaughter of Isaac Newton (born in Goshen, Connecticut,
1744), of a family with a New England history extending back
to 1646. Isaac Newton's. wife was Rebecca Minot, a descendant
of George Minot, who emigrated from England to the colonies in
1630. The direct line of Minots has a ttiost distinguished record,
embracing in successive generations tliree captains and a colonel
in the pre-Revolutionary New England soldiery. Eunice New-
ton became the wife of Heman Oviatt, of Goshen, Connecticut.
Their daughtef, Harriet Eunice Oviatt, was born in Hudson,
Ohio, May 26, 1808. The Oviats are found of record in France
in the year 1000 A. D., and were seated at Ovia, Normandy, as
"Oviatte." In 1066, the year of the Norman conquest, a branch
located at Mendippe Hills, County Somerset, England, and there
the line became anglicised and the name assumed the present
form, Oviatt. Thomasi Oviatt, first emigrant to America, came
to Milford, Connecticut, in 1639. His direct descendant, Benja-
min Oviatt (Ovit), lived at Goshen, Connecticut, and was a
minute man in the Connecticut revolutionary militia. His son.
Captain Heman Oviatt (Goshen, Connecticut), came to Ohio in
1800 and settled in Hudson. His daughter, Harriet Eunice,
married David Austin Randall, father of Emilius.
A few weeks after his birth at Richfield, where his mother
was temporarily staying, the boy Emilius was taken by his
mother to Columbus, the home of his parents — and his home
afterward through life. Being an invalid in early youth, he was
privately instructed exclusively by his father until his sixteenth
year, when he entered the public schools of Columbus. In the
Central High School of that city and at Phillips Academy, An-
dover, Massachusetts, he was prepared for college. He early
evinced a taste and talent for literary work. During his term
in the high school, he established and edited a monthly publica-
tion known as the High School News, and in association with one
of his boyhood mates he published and edited a monthly called
the IVhip-poor-'n.'ill. which rapidly attained a circulation through-
out the state. It was devoted to the entertainment and instruc-
tion of young people. While a student at Phillips, he was editor
of the school magazine, the Philo Mirror.
120
Ohio Arch, ami Hist. Socictv Pitblioations.
In 1870 he entered Cornell University, from which he was
graduated in 1874, in the literary department, with the degree
of bachelor of philosophy. He was commencement orator, his
subject being "The Spectator and the Tribune;" on class-day
he was historian of the class of 1874. During his college days
he was editor of the Cornell Era, the weekly college publication.
After graduation he pursued a two years' course of supplemental
study at Cornell and in Europe. In 1878 he was editor of the
Saturday Gazette, a weekly paper in Columbus devoted to litera-
ture, art, and society. From
1878 to 1S90 his energies
were divided between mer-
cantile and literary pursuits
in Columbus, during which
time he read law under the
guidance of Frank C. Hub-
bard and was admitted to the
bar by the supreme court of
Ohio June 5, 1890.
In 1892 Mr. Randall was
graduated from the college
of law of the Ohio State Uni-
versity with the degrees of
bachelor of laws and master
of arts. The year of his
graduation he was made in-
structor in the same college
of law, and in 1895 he be-
came professor of law, a po-
sition which he retained until
191 1. He was a member of the Delta Kappa Epsilon (college)
and Phi Delta Phi (law school) fraternities.
On the 14th of May, 1895, he was appointed, by the judges
of the court, official reporter of the supreme court of Ohio.
This responsible office, requiring both literary and legal qualifi-
cations, he still held at the time of his death. In 1913 his duties
were enlarged to embrace the reporting of the opinions of the
courts of appeals of the state. As rpporter he has edited and
Emilius O. Randall,
Junior at Cornell, 1873.
Emiliits Oviatt Randall. 121
published forty-eight volumes of the decisions of the supreme
court and ten volumes of the courts of appeals. He was editor
of a volume on the Negotiable Bills Acts of Ohio, and of a
synopsis of the Cases in Ohio Agency; was contributor to the
Cyclopedia of Li/ti' and Procedure, and was associate editor
of the Bench and Bar of Ohio, (two volumes, Chicago, 1897).
He served as a member of the Columbus board of education,
1887-89; president of the Columbus Board of Trade (now the
Chamber of Commerce), 1889, and trustee of the Columbus
Public Library from 1887 to the time of his death. It was chiefly
due to his efforts that the funds for the erection of the present
public library building were secured from Andrew Carnegie.
In February, 1893, Mr. Randall was appointed, by Governor
McKinley, a trustee of The Ohio State Archaeological and His-
torical Society. To that office he was reappointed successively
by Governors Bushnell, Nash, Herrick, Harris, Harmon, and
Cox. He was secretary of the society and editor of its publi-
cations since 1894; edited twenty-eight volumes issued by the
society ; and in addition wrote various published monographs for
the society, including Blcnverhassctt, The Zoar Society,
The Serpent Mound. The Ohio Mound Builders, Ohio in the
American Revolution, etc. No one has been more zealous
or effective in promoting the progress of the Ohio State Archaeo-
logical and Historical Society, or in securing the annual legis-
lative budgets for its support. He was especially active and in-
fluential in the work of inducing the seventy-ninth general as-
sembly to make the merited appropriation for erecting the splen-
did edifice that now houses the library and museum of the
society.
Politically Mr. Randall was always actively affiliated with
the Republican party. In the two McKinley presidential cam-
paigns he made political addresses in all sections of the state.
He was delegate in 1904 from his congressional district to the
Chicago national Republican convention, which nominated Theo-
dore Roosevelt for the presidency.
In 1903 Mr. Randall was the protagonist and director of the
Ohio centennial anniversary celebration, held under the auspices
of the State Archaeological and Historical Society at Chilli-
122 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
cothe. May 20 to 22. The complete report of the proceedings of
this centennial, a volume of over seven hundred pages, was
edited by him.
He was long prominent in the Society of the Sons of the
American Revolution, and in 1901-2 was president of its Ohio
state society. In 1907 he was president of the Ohio Valley
Historical Association, the first year of its activities. He was
widely known as a public speaker on literary and historical sub-
jects.
For many years Mr. Randall was a diligent, comprehensive,
and enthusiastic student of Ohio history. He visited most of
the historical sites within the boundaries of the state, and col-
lected a large library of Ohioana. In connection with the prepar-
ation of the Ohio History, which he wrote in collaboration with
Daniel J. Ryan, he visited many of the leading libraries of the
country. The first two volumes of this History of Ohio are the
result of his efforts on the historical field, especially in the pre-
historic and pioneer periods.
Mr. Randall's activity in public affairs continued almost to
the end of his life. During the World War he was active in
travelling over the state, delivering patriotic addresses at the
camps, barracks and in churches. He was appointed by Governor
Cox as a member of the Historical Commission of Ohio, the
object of which was to collect and preserve the historical litera-
ture relating to the participation of Ohio in the war. Governor
Cox urged him to accept the chairmanship of the Commission,
but press of other duties forced him to decline. He was a mem-
ber of the Americanization Committee of Columbus, Ohio, and
devoted considerable time to the work of this organization. He
was also a member of the English Speaking Union, Columbus
Post, No. 3, an association having for its object a closer alliance
of the English-speaking nations of the world.
In 1918 Ohio University conferred upon him the degree of
LL. D.
As Reporter of the Supreme Court his standing with that
dignified body may be measured by the fact that the Court itself
has prepared and published his memorial — the first time in the
history of the Court that this was ever done.
Emilius Ovlatt Randall. 123
For several months prior to his death Mr. Randall con-
tributed editorials to the Columbus Dispatch, upon historical and
other subjects.
Mr. Randall had a unique ecclesiastic experience. His
mother was a devoted Episcopalian, his father a prominent
Baptist clergyman. At the age of eighteen, on a Saturday after-
noon, he was immersed by his father in the baptistry of the
First Baptist Church of Columbus. On the following Sunday
morning he was confirmed in the Trinity Episcopal Church by
Bishop Mcllvain. A few years later he withdrew from the
Episcopal Church and became a member of the First Congrega-
tional Church, of which Dr. Washington Gladden was for so
long the distinguished pastor.
He married, October 28, 1874, at Ithaca, New York, Mary
A. Coy, daughter of John H. and Catherine A. (Granger) Coy,
both of whom were natives of New Hampshire and descendants
of colonial and revolutionary ancestors. Mr. Randall was sur-
vived by his wife and three children: Rita (Mrs. Robert E.
Pfeif^er), David A., and Sherman B., married to Bessie A.
Thompson, a daughter of Dr. W. O. Thompson, President of
Ohio State University.
Emilius Oviatt Randall departed this life in Columbus,
December 18, 1919. Press editorials and tributes of those who
knew his worth bear testimony to his character as man, citizen,
historian and servant of the state.
111
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Emilius Oviatt Randall. 125
WHIP-POOR-WILL.
Whip-poor-will, to which reference is made in preceding
pages of this issue, was the youthful newspaper venture of two
lads, Wilson Lindsley Gill and Emilius Oviatt Randall, aged re-
spectively fourteen and fifteen years. Fortunately a complete file
of this paper is in the possession of Mrs. E. O. Randall, through
whose courtesy we are able to present accurate information con-
cerning it together with extracts and illustrations.
The paper was published monthly and extended through
twelve numbers, January to December, 1866. Each issue con-
tained four pages three columns wide, the printed matter of each
page occupying a space of seven by ten and one-half inches.
Advertisements were few and subscriptions must have been
about the only source of revenue. The matter was almost entirely
original. The scissors and paste pot do not appear to have been
used extensively in the office of publication.
While contributions are indicated and the names of the
authors are sometimes given, the young editors were so modest
that they left no distinguishing mark to enable the reader to
tell from the pen of which came the comparatively large portion
of their joint writings. Some of the longer articles bear an evi-
dent resemblance to the later style of Mr. Randall.
"What I Saw South," running through the issues of June,
July and August, is known to have been written by him. It is
an account of a visit that he made with his father to Washington,
Alexandria, Richmond and Petersburg in 1865, shortly after the
close of the Civil War, and includes a brief reference to the
Grand Review of the Union troops in the national capital.
"What I Saw South" is reproduced in full as a very interesting
portrayal of impressions made by the scenes witnessed on the
mind of a boy at the age of fifteen and faithfully described by
him one year later.
In looking over the file one is tempted to quote at length.
Aside from the personality of the editors, it is interesting as an
early Ohio example of public school journalism, which certainly
ranks well with similar ventures of today. The only illustration
126 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
is the one here reproduced, the bird that gave the paper its name,
which appeared regularly at the top of the first page of each of
the twelve issues. Following are a few extracts from IVhip-
peer-imll.
(From Whippoorwill for January, 1866.)
W 11 IP-POOR-WILL.
"What's that?" Not a bird exactly, but a New Paper. "A
new paper !"
"I should think we had papers enough already."
"What do we want of another?" Wait till you learn what it
is, and our reasons for intruding upon you.
1. We are boys, and we want a boy's paper, aye and a girl's
paper too, one through which we can talk, and can be talked to.
Young as we are, we shall be men soon, and we want to do and
learn those things that will make us worthy of our age and
nation.
2. We are a small body, and can push ourselves in where
larger bodies cannot so well go; and in a small way we intend
to make ourselves greatly useful. There are many kinds of birds
and all are useful in their place, and we will sing you songs, and
tell you stories you never heard before, for we intend to fill our
columns with original matter.
We have promise of able and interesting writers to help us ;
we own type and press, and have the will and ability to do all we
engage to do. But we will not boast; we will try you, and if
you will try us we feel sure you will be satisfied.
Terms. Monthly at 50 cts. a year but if you feed our bird
well, you shall hear his song twice a month, and then we shall
ask you ONE DOLLAR a year.
WHIP-POOR-WILL.
This is a ver}' singular and celebrated bird, universally known
over the United States, for its favorite songs during the evening.
Yet personally he is little known, so modest and retiring are his
habits.
So with us, we are as yet little known but we hope to make
our songs so interesting as to secure the acquaintance of many.
Emiliiis Otnatt Randall. 127
To most persons the songs of this bird seem like the voice
of an old friend.
So we hope to come to }-ou with such pleasant notes as not
only to interest and please you, as you gather around your eve-
ning firesides, but also to instruct and cheer you.
(From Whippoorwill for .'\pril, 1866.)
Columbus Public Schools. — We do not think any city of
the State can boast a better system of public instruction than
Columbus. There are 53 of these schools giving employment to
65 teachers, who have under their tuition at least 4,000 pupils.
The closing exercises of the winter term called together a large
audience. The public hall of the High School building was
crowded to excess, and many went away unable to gain admit-
tance. Being only a boy, the door-keeper at first refused us ad-
mittance; but we were determined that Whippoorwill should
have a representation in the crowd. As we were about to turn
away in disgust at the contempt shown, a gentleman of the press,
one of the teachers to whom we were known happened at the
door, and we were promptly admitted.
The compositions were excellent ; the rhetorical exercises
were first rate; and the gymnastic exercises were beyond all
praise. The performances were interspersed with choice music.
The papas and mamas left highly gratified with the performances
of their little ones.
Ancient philosophers, as well as modern ones, had some
hard nuts to crack. The Stoics, it is said, spent much time dis-
cussing the following problem : "When a man says T lie', does
he lie, or does he not lie?" If he lies, he speaks the truth; if he
speaks the truth, he lies. Can any of our readers throw any
light upon the subject?
("From WHiippoorwill for July, 1866.")
THE GRAND PICNIC.
A picnic, Nloah Webster. LL. D., says, FORMERLY meant
an entertainment at which each person contributed some dish, or
128 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
article, for the general entertainment. We are glad he put in that
word "formerly,"' or we should have put in an objection to the
definition. The world changes, and so do picnics.
A picnic NOW is an entertainment given by the children
and young folks to give the old people a holiday, and afford them
an opportunity of taking a ride and spending the day in some
delightful country grove. Such an entertainment was given by
the pupils of the High and Grammar schools of this city, on
Friday, June 8th.
A long train of cars left the depot about 9 A. M. One was
filled with baskets, bread and butter, cakes, pies, candies, tin
cups, and old bits of newspapers. The others were crowded with
as merry a group of young folks as you ever did see, taking with
them their labor-worn teachers and care-worn fathers and
mothers.
Having proceeded about thirty miles in an easterly direction,
the smoking locomotive suddenly snorted and stopped. Here they
all thought it best to get out and take to the woods. A walk of
about a quarter of a mile through the grove, and the whole party
found themselves aproaching tlie formidable embankments of
an old fort, built as some suppose about two thousand years ago
by some of the descendants of Shem, who were driven in their
canoes by a storm across Behring's Straits. The party, however,
did not stop to discuss questions of antiquity, or technical points
of the right of possession. A reconnoitering party, sent out in
advance, discovered no occupants but a company of cows quietly
feeding. The baskets were placed in a central position within
the walls — the invading force well arranged — an assault made ;
and the fortress carried by storm without the loss of a single one.
Upon calling the roll a few double ones were missing, but they
were afterward discovered walking arm in arm about the out-
side of fortification.
The place to which the young folks brought their guests was
found to be one of the most delightful kind. The old fort
stretched its venerable arms in a great circle of a mile in length
around a broad terrace, smooth as a house-floor, covered with
one of Nature's softest and most beautiful carpets of green.
Emilius Oz'iatt Randall. 129
Venerable oaks and other forest trees spread their broad branches
above, welcoming all to their refreshing shade.
Stragglers continued to come in until about one o'clock,
when the band struck up the dinner call, and there was a general
rush to the provision stands. The baskets and lemonade tubs
stood the drafts like a solvent bank, until the last hungry urchin
was satisfied.
The amusements consisted of walking on the embankment
or running down its steep sides, pitching quoits, fox and geese,
going it blind, and kissing the girls. This last we would say,
however, by way of explanation, so far as we could see (what
took place in the more private walks, and for which nobody was
responsible, we cannot say), was confined to the more juvenile
classes, not yet instructed in the higher proprieties of life.
But everything comes to an end but circles, and picnics, alas,
continue only for a day. The shadows of the old oaks had
lengthened before the descending sun, when the bugle of the
musician — an old hand-bell brought along for the purpose —
sounded the home-call. Weary of limb but light of heart, the
little folks escorted their teachers and parents back to the cars,
and returned them safely to their homes ; and if there is any
meaning in rosy cheeks, and laughing eyes, and bounding steps,
all said, "Hurrah for picnics forever !"
(From Whippoorwill for September, 1866.)
THE ATLANTIC CABLE.
Since our last issue, the Atlantic Cable has been successfully
laid, and it may be considered the most wonderful piece of
workmanship ever accomplished by man.
The arrival of the "Great Eastern" at Heart's Content, New-
foundland, was hailed with joy. The following dispatch was re-
ceived by the President:
He.\rt's Content, July 27.
His Excellency, President Johnson, Washington, D. C. :
Sir: — The laying of the Atlantic Cable was successfully completed
this morning. I hope that it will prove a blessing to England and the
United States: and increase the intercourse between our own country
and the Eastern Hemisphere. Yours faithfully,
(Signed) Cyrus W. Field.
Vol. XXIX — 9.
180 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
The distance run by the "Great Eastern," while pftying out
the cable, was over a hundred miles a day, and she was fourteen
days out. The total length of the cable is one thousand eight
hundred and sixty-six miles.
A message of seventy-seven words was sent by the President
to Queen Victoria, and was read by her FIFTEEN MINUTES
after leaving this country. Think of the President of the United
States, conversing with the Queen of England, across the Atlantic
Ocean. Now instead of the European news being ten or twelve
days in coming from Liverpool, it is flashed across the ocean
with the speed of lightning.
Surely this is a fast age.
Cle.'vnliness. — The Board of Health and the City Council
have both been at work, and the result is, that, aided by frequent
deluging showers, our streets and alleys are well cleansed and
nuisances generally abated. No case of cholera has yet been re-
ported to have occurred in our city, and the sanitary measures
employed in the past being continued, we hope to record the fact
that our citizens escaped this fearful pestilence.
(From Whippoorwill for October, 1866.)
The Great Flood. — September will long be remembered as
the month of one of the greatest freshets ever known at this
season of the year. The Scioto broke over the levees, and the
bottom land west of the city was like a great lake. Fences were
swept away, hogs and sheep drowned, and crops destroyed. The
damage along the river is immense. Large crowds were attracted
to the bridge on the National Road, watching with wondering
eyes the moving mass of waters, freighted with the strange
products they had snatched from the farm lands over which they
flowed.
Election. — Tuesday, the 9th of this month, is the annual
election of this State. Candidates are anxious, stump speakers
are busy, and editors are putting in their best licks. All are ex-
tremely anxious to save the country. We sincerely hope they
will succeed.
lUljip-poor-tuill.
PRINTED AND PUBLTSHED MONTHLY BT
Masters
Wilson L. Gill & Emilius 0. Randall
Columbus. Ohio.
NOVSLIBER, 1SC6.
OUM PAPES.
One number more will complete the
first j-ear of the Whippoorwill. We have
no fault to find with our patrons, and no
complaints on account of the support ex-
tended to us. -In pecuniary support, good
wishes, and kind, fraternal feeling, we
have had even more than we expected.
The work has been pleasant to ns, and we
have, we believe, fulfilled all that we
promised.
With these prefatory remarks, we are
sorry to announce that our next number
Will be the last. Our reason for this is ;
We are boys, and under tutors and gov-
ernors. We are in the midst of our school-
boy days, and our studies miist not be
neglected. We can not give the amount
of time to the paper that it demands, a-iid
give proper attention to our recitations
at school. For this reason mainly, we are
compelled to lay our Whippoorwill aside-
A good education is of first importance to
usefulness and success in life. We will
first attend to that, and then we may be
prepared to bring out our Vv'hippoorwill
enlargcc" and improved, to fly higher and
sing more sweetly.
A Good Thino. — In one of our neigh-
boring towns, the children have formed
Fac-simile of editorial column.
031)
Emilius O. Randall
When in High School.
The above half-tone por-
trait is from a photograph
taken by M. M. Griswold,
l8 East Broad Street, Co-
lumbus, O. It represents
Mr. Randall as he appeared
when he was one of the
joint editors of IVhip-poor-
will. This paper was pub-
lished through the entire
year of 1866. Mr. Randall
completed his sixteenth
year October 28, 1866.
This explains apparent
slight discrepancies in
statements of his age at the
time of his early newspaper
venture, given sometimes as
fifteen and sometimes as
sixteen years.
132 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
(From Whippoorwill for November, 1866.)
OUR PAPER.
Y. M. C. A. — The young men of Columbus have now com-
pleted their organization — "The Young Men's Christian As-
sociation." Their rooms, on the corner of High and Broad
streets, are nicely fitted up. Regular meetings are held the sec-
ond and fourth Monday evening in each month. It is designed,
as soon as funds can be raised, to have a library for the use of
the members.
A Debating Society is now organized in connection with the
Association. These debates are held every Thursday evening,
and the meetings are all open to the public. As the design of the
society is to benefit the young, we hope the institution will be a
prosperous and useful one. All the young men of the city should
avail themselves of its privileges.
(From Whippoorwill for December, 1866.)
FAREWELL.
This is the last number of the Whippoorwill for the pres-
ent, and hereafter his monthly visits will be suspended. Our
reasons for suspending the publication were given in our last,
and we hope they were satisfactory.
We have endeavored to make his monthly songs interest-
ing to our readers, and hope we have succeeded. In his small
way, we trust he has done some good.
We have met with much better patronage than we anticipated.
We began as an experiment, to see if such a paper could be sus-
tained. We were agreeably disappointed, and feel grateful to our
friends for the kindness and generosity they have shown us.
The past year has been an exceedingly pleasant one to us,
and we regret that we must part with our bird, even temporarily.
We hope all faults will be overlooked, remembering that we are
but boys and have not had the experience of older persons.
And now as our Whippoorwill bids you farewell and re-
tires from public life, we hope he has the good wishes of all, and
will always have a pleasant place in your memory. Should he
ever appear before the public again, as we hope he will, may he
EmUhis Oc-iatt Randall. 133
receive the same welcome that thus far has been given to him.
We hope by attention to our studies to prepare ourselves to make
our bird still more worthy of patronage when he shall again
appear.
(.From Whippoorwill for June, July and August, 1866.)
WHAT I SAW SOUTH.
[By E. O. Randall.]
In May, a year ago, I accompanied my father, who was go-
ing to labor for the Christian Commission, on a trip to the camps
of the Union Armies about Washington and Alexandria.
From home we went directly to Washington. We spent
the first day in the hospitals, and then the director of the Com-
mission sent us to Alexandria, Va. From here we went about
four miles southwest to Camp Convalescent, the largest one in
that vicinity. Here were long rows of barracks, and thousands
of sick soldiers; while in the country around the victorious
armies were encamping as they came up from the south. The
country was very hilly and the soldiers were scattered about on
the hills, each division or corps by themselves.
Here were congregated regiments and divisions from Grant's
and Sherman's armies, and legions of Sheridan's Cavalry fresh
from the battle fields of the Shenandoah Valley. It was esti-
mated that at least 250,000 soldiers were encamped upon these
hills. It was a grand sight and one I never shall forget, to look
of¥ from one of these elevations and see the sides of the green
hills covered with white tents, stretching away for miles in every
direction, and view the men in blue uniform with bright guns
and bayonets, going through their drill.
The summits of the highest hills were crowned with forts,
which added much to the warlike scene.
The soldiers who had just returned from the campaigns of
the south were very destitute, many of them were without coats
or hats, many without shoes, stockings or blankets, and a great
many without shirts or change of raiment of any kind. Many
of Sherman's men who came into camp while we were there, were
like the man that married the maid in "The House that Jack
Built", all tattered and torn, and some of Grant's men said they
134 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
had marched from Richmond and even fought battles barefoot
and coatless. But some told harder stories than this, saying that
what few clothes they had, if left on the ground, without being
tied to the tent poles, would CRAWL off.
The soldiers had lived in camp so long that their habits of
neatness had turned up minus. Instead of their beef coming
from a clean cellar, it was hauled in a dirty wagon and thrown
into tents on the dirty ground, and there left till ready to cook.
Then they would wipe it off with their dirty blankets, which did
not improve it much; then broiling it over their camp-fires, they
would eat it as heartily as though cooked in one of Stewart's
latest improved stoves by a master cook.
Here the Christian Commission had erected a chapel, in
which the soldiers held meetings. They also had a reading and
writing room.
I have said the soldiers were very destitute, and the Govern-
ment was not prepared to supply so large a number immediately.
The Sanitary and Christian Commission, as far as possible, sup-
plied them, but, of course, among so many men, they had to make
a little go a good ways, but still they did a great deal for the
comfort of our brave defenders.
Our business was, in part, to distribute these goods. We
would take a haversack, fill it with tracts, sewing-bags, needles,
thread, stockings, combs, pencils, pens, writing-paper, envelopes,
handkerchiefs, and such little trinkets as would be useful. This
we strapped across our shoulders, and then took our arms full of
newspapers and pamphlets. After loading ourselves in this style,
we started out and visited some particular division or brigade,
distributing the things to the soldiers — giving one needles and
thread, another paper and pens, to another a comb, etc., as they
most needed, and throwing the papers into the tents which were
greedily received by the inmates. In this manner we would go
through the camps until our supply was exhausted. We would
then return, and after resting, take another load and go out
again — ^ making two or three trips a day. If any wanted cloth-
ing they came to the rooms after it, as it would be too heavy for
us to carry.
We would frequently give them food, and sometimes I would
Emiliiis Oviatt Randall. 135
take a large pan full of pickles out to them, and it would not be
long before I would have a large crowd around me, and I am
sorry to say they were not very polite on such occasions, but
went in more after the grab and scramble style, — sometimes
completely upsetting the pan on the ground ; but that didn't hurt
the pickles any, for then there would be a general rush and
snatch, and down their throats the pickles would go, dirt and all.
But you cannot imagine how grateful they were for these things,
frequently offering me their hard-tack in return, which I gener-
ally declined, as I hadn't any teeth to spare.
While we were here, we visited Gen. Meade's headquarters,
and made him an evening call. He kindly received us and intro-
duced us to Generals Barlow and Webb. We also visited the
home of the late rebel Gen. R. E. Lee. It is a beautiful place,
situated on Arlington Heights, on the high bank of the Potomac
river, and from the portico of the house is a fine view of Wash-
ington City. The garden was encompassed by a row of graves
of Union officers ; and near the house was a cemetery where near
THREE THOUSAND of our soldiers are buried. The prop-
erty had been confiscated by our Government and was used by
the officers of the army.
After remaining here and working among the soldiers for
about two weeks, we returned to Washington, where we stopped
two or three days to see the sights of the city, and where we
also saw the Grand Review, which is beyond my capacity to
describe. The two armies — Grant's and Sherman's, including
Sheridan's cavalry — were each six hours in passing the Review
stand. It was, indeed, a grand sight to see the great Generals,
followed by their brave soldiers, marching through the streets,
cheered by the thousands of people that had gathered from all
parts of the Union.
In the next number our readers may find an account of our
trip to Richmond and Petersburg.
Leaving Washington, we went by railroad to Baltimore. At
5 o'clock P. M. we left the wharf on board the steamer Adelaide.
The water was still ; the moon shone brightly, and we had a
pleasant ride down the Chesapeake Bay.
136 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
At 9 o'clock the next morning we arrived at Fortress Mon-
roe, and a formidable looking place it is. As we were not allowed
to enter the fort, we contented ourselves by looking at the mas-
sive stone wall that surrounds it. The fort was now more impor-
tant than ever, as the ex-president J. C. Davis was making it his
home. Here we changed boats, and at lo A. M. we embarked
on a smaller steamer for a ride up the James river. Shortly
after leaving Fortress Monroe we passed Hampton Roads, where
the famous naval fight between the Merrimac and the Monitor
took place ; and projecting above the water, as though it were a
monument of remembrance for that event, was the top of the
mast of the Cumberland which was sunk during the battle.
About noon we arrived at City Point which was Gen. Grant's
headquarters during the siege of Richmond. As it was only
about six weeks after the capture of Richmond, the appearance
of things had but little changed. From City Point to Richmond
the trip was full of interest. At several different points the rebels
had sunk old boats, and all sorts of things, to prevent the Union
boats from ascending the river. O'f these obstructions enough had
been removed to allow a safe passage through. We frequently
saw little red sticks projecting out of the water, and noticed that
our boat always kept a respectable distance from them, and on in-
quiring what they were, we were told that they marked the places
where torpedoes were concealed below the water, and which had
not yet been removed. We passed the famous Dutch Gap Canal
built by Gen. P>utler, but it was not deep enough to permit large
boats to go through. We also passed several sunken boats, por-
tions of which were visible above water. These boats had be-
longed to the rebel navy, but were now "played out". One of
them, whose strong iron side lay above the water, attracted more
attention than the rest. This was the Rebel Ram Virginia, said
to be one of their finest gunboats.
At 5 o'clock P. M. we landed at Richmond, and hiring an old
negro to "tote" our baggage, we made onr wav to the Powhatan
Hotel.
After refreshing ourselves with supper, we took a walk to the
burnt district, which included about one-third of the city. A
desolate looking place it was ; nothing remained but old, half-
Euiilitis Oriatt Randall. 137
fallen, brick walls. We could look the length of a street and see
nothing but black, half demolished, walls, heaps of ruins, some
of which were still smoking.
The next day we visited the Capitol building. It stands in
the center of a small, finely shaded park. It is an old brown,
brick building, with high stone steps, and large doors on each
side. From one side, we had a fine view of the James River and
Belle Island. We went into the Senate Chamber and Legislative
Hall, where the Rebel Congress met, and passed their laws.
The Senate Chamber is quite large, has a gallery on one side,
but was very poorly furnished. The desks were not much bet-
ter than the benches of a country schoolhouse, and were covered
with old faded velvet ; the chairs were rickety and worn out ; the
curtains of the windows were old and ragged, but partly on ac-
count of being torn to pieces by visitors who wished to take a
piece home with them, ^^'orse than all, the floor was carpeted
with an old rag carpet, and a poor one at that. Here we were
shown the chair in which Alexander Stephens sat while presiding
over the Senate, and which Jeft' Davis used when he came in to
hear the debates and speeches. The Legislative Hall was no bet-
ter, showing how awful "hard up" the Southern Confederacy
was. We went up on the top of the building, from which we had
a fine view of the city and surrounding country.
We also visited the residence of the late President Davis. It
is a large fine house, with high stone pillars in front, and mag-
nificently furnished within — but I think his present home is more
appropriate for him. It was now Gen. Halleck's headquarters.
We also visited Libby Prison, Castle Thunder, and Belle Island,
where so many of our brave soldiers, after suffering what no pen
can describe, actually died from exposure and starvation.
After remaining in Richmond four or five days, seeing the
sights of this now desolate and fallen city, we left for Petersburg.
Along the railroad from Richmond to Petersburg was a continued
line of earthworks made by the rebels to protect their capital,
but these were now useless and unoccupied. After an hour's ride
we arrived at Petersburg, which you will remember was shelled
by the Union army just before the capture of Richmond. A
battered looking place it was — w^indows and doors knocked in.
138 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
chimneys knocked off; roofs smashed in; holes as big as a wash
tub made through the sides of the soHd brick walls. In many
instances, shells had gone entirely through a house, and you can
imagine they played smash inside. A shell had gone through the
gasometer and blown up and destroyed the whole establishment.
We asked a little darkey who was standing by, what they did
for light after their gas factory was blown up;
"O we's had de light ob de shell's fuses as da came flyin' ober
de tops ob de houses," he replied.
Our last lumiber left us in Petersburg, conversing with a little
darkey.
We asked another old negro, who kept a barber shop, if many
folks were hurt during the shelling.
"Not many. Da kept out ob de way right smart."
"Where did the people stay during the shelling?"
"De wimmin an' chilern' stayed out in de woods, de men
folks da kept in de cella's."
"Did you stay in the city ?"
"O, yes, I was here all de time, an" a mighty narrer 'scape I
had, too. I woke up in de night an' heerd de shells whizzin'
pass de winder' an' fl)in' ober de houses all round. Thinks I'd
better be gwine out of dis are place; I jumped out of bed, waked
up my ole moder, an' we went down into de cella' quick time.
We hadn't been dar not five minutes, afore a shell corned through
de roof an' struck de bed I'd just been sleepin' in an' blowed
up de whole consarn an' eber thing else in dat part ob de house
sky hi' up to de moon."
Cannon balls, pieces of shells, etc., lay scattered about in the
streets and gutters, like so many stones, and the children used
them for playthings.
The next day we went out to the earthworks, where the bat-
tle was fought. The earthworks were about a mile and a half
from the city. They were made in the following manner : Two
rows of stakes were driven into the ground three or four feet
apart and filled in with sand bags, barrels of sand, logs and all
sorts of things. Behind this they dug a ditch four or five feet
deep and ten or twelve feet wide, throwing up the dirt to cover
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 139
the parapet in front, which made it very strong, not penetrable
even by shot -or shell. Sometimes they used nothing but dirt in
making the embankment.
In these ditches they made underground huts or cabins, by
digging down about three feet, and making a hole five or six
feet square, then driving in timbers around the edge of the hole,
slanting so as to meet over the middle of the hole; this was all
covered over with dirt. In these mud huts the soldiers lived for
nearly two years, and curious looking places they were.
These intrenchments extended clear around the city, a dis-
tance of thirty miles. Every four or five miles a fort was made ;
in the same manner that the earthworks were, except that they
were built on a much larger and stronger scale, which gave the
intrenchments a more formidable appearance.
In front of the Rebel earthworks, about a mile ofif, were the
Union intrenchments. They were made like the ones just de-
scribed. All of these were now deserted and useless.
Although the battle was fought nearly six weeks before we
were there, yet the horrible effects of war still remained.
Guns, bayonets, knapsacks, blankets, half-demolished cannon,
shells, cannon balls, dead bodies, legs, arms and heads, lay scat-
tered about, and the ground was perfectly covered with minie
balls.
Dead men all equipped, with their guns lying at their sides,
lay just as they had fallen in the battle. Those that were buried,
thrown into long ditches and covered up. Some were only half
buried, leaving an arm, leg, foot, and sometimes a head sticking
out, which was horrible to look at.
Here we saw the remains of the rebel fort known as the
mine, blown up by Burnside, who dug a tunnel from the Union
intrenchments to the rebel line under this fort, and blew the
fort, men, cannon and all into the air, killing a great many.
In a short time after coming on to the battle field, I had my
pockets full of balls, and my arms full of rusty old guns and
bayonets, but soon found that it would not be so easy to carry
such a load of stufif home, and was obliged to leave all, but two
or three bayonets, which I smuggled through the lines by putting
them in my umbrella.
140 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
THE GRAND REVIEW.
It was indeed a rare opportunity for a boy of fifteen to visit
Washington and witness tlie grand review of the victorious
Union armies in May, 1865. Some idea of what this implied
may be gathered from a communication describing the event,
written by Mr. Randall's father, Rev. D. A. Randall, and pub-
lished in a Cincinnati paper. As already stated the two were
companions on this occasion and seated side by side opposite
the reviewing stand distinctly saw the great leaders civil and
military as well as the victorious troops of the long procession
that marched by. Rev. Randall's description is in part as follows :
"Tuesday and Wednesday of this week were proud days for the
American Republic. Never before in the history of the country has there
been such an exhibition — seldom in the history of the world. It was
worth a long pilgrimage to stand on Arlington Heights, and see the al-
most endless columns of our victorious troops, as from their numerous
encampments, by regiments, brigades, divisions and corps, they came down
from the hills, emerged from the valleys, and tramped to the cadence of
soul-inspiring music across the long bridge of the Potomac. Most of
them had crossed that bridge on their way out to the battlefields of the
South. Then they went with anxious hearts. A dark cloud hung over
the land — the fate of the country seemed to hang in a vibrating scale,
and even bold hearts were anxious and trembled for the result. Now this
great question had been settled. The enemies of our country had been
discomfited, their armed legions beaten and scattered, their leaders cap-
tive and in irons. The dark cloud 'had lifted upward; through its rent
folds was streaming the sunlight of peace and prosperity, and over it
hung the golden bow of hope.
".•^fter a short pause there was a bustle in the crowd, and an eager
straining of eyes. 'There comes Sherman, there comes Sherman,' and
sure enough the hero who penetrated the shell of the hollow Confederacy,
and marched his victorious army through its very centre stood before us.
With firm and dignified step, amid the cheers of the multitude he ascended
to the platform. 'There,' said my friend again, 'that large, noble looking
man is Major General Hancock, and that one with a thin, sunburnt face,
and soft slouched hat is Major General Hunter.' — Major General badges
were thick as stars in a clear night. Soon I had a list of about twenty
and got tired of keeping the account.
"Again there was a movement in the crowd. A carriage stopped be-
fore the platform. There's President Johnson, there is Secretary Stanton,
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 141
there is Postmaster Deniiison — well I had seen him before and I thought
he looked about as well as any of them, — and so on through a list too
long to put on record. But one was yet missing, he of the triple star to
whom all these lesser lights were to make obeisance — where was he? —
Lieut. Gen. U. S. Grant had slipped in by a private way, and quietly
seated, free and easy, and making himself social with all about him,
seemed entirely unconscious that he was anything but a man, or that he
was the great central attraction of the thousands upon thousands of eyes
about him.
The Woving Cavalcade.
"It is nine o'clock, the hour set for the grand procession to com-
'mence its movement. The victorious legions, where are they? — Again
there is a movement far up the Avenue. The crowded mass swing to and
fro, the sound of martial music reaches the' ear, and tramp, tramp, tramp
they come! Major Genera! Meade, commander of the Army of the
Potomac, leads the procession, followed by his staff. We had met him
the day before, at his headquarters, on Arlington Heights. He is a fine
specimen of general, affable and courteous, and every inch a man.
"Then followed Sheridan's cavalry, headed by Major General Mer-
ritt, escorted by the 5th U. S. cavalry. Regiments, brigades, and divisions
passed by. It seemed as though there was no end to the moving masses
of horses and men. The third cavalry division appeared in the distance,
Major General George A. Custar, leading the way some distance in ad-
vance of his troops. As he neared the stand, sword in hand, ready to
salute Lieut. Gen. Grant, some patriotic lady had presented him with a
heavy floral wreath, which he had hung on his left arm. His fiery steed
first became restive and then unmanageable. The General in his efforts
to manage his horse and secure his boquet, dropped his sword, and away
went horse and rider, Gilpin-like. at the full top of speed. — As he neared
the stand off went his hat, his long, flowing, curly hair streamed out be-
hind, and by the stand he bolted like a streak of light, to the great amuse-
ment of some, and the trembling fear of others. As he passed the re-
viewing stand he retained his self-possession sufficiently to make two
pitches of his head towards his commanding officer and the President, in-
tended for bows and in a moment was almost out of sight. At last he
recovered command of his furious steed, and returned at decent pace,
an orderly handed him his hat and sword. He resumed his position at
the head of his command, and passed his commanding General with the
usual salute to him, as calmly as though nothing had happened. After
the cavalry came the great
Army of the Potomac.
"Division after division, and corps after corps they came. The sol-
diers shouted as they saw the bronzed face of their old commander Grant ;
the populace shouted as the war-worn veterans, and tattered remnants of
battle flags passed them."
142 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
LAST EDITORIAL.
The following from The Columbus Evening Dispatch of
September 2, 1919, is believed to be the last editorial contribution
from Mr. Randall to that paper. It may be considered his final
word on a subject to whicli he had given much thought and on
which he had frequently written:
WHO WERE THE MOUND BUILDERS?
The remarkable discoveries, recently unearthed by the ex-
ploring department of the Ohio State Archaeological and Histor-
ical Society, in the Hazlett mound, Licking county, revives the
unsolved query, Who were the people that erected these myster-
ious earthen structures ? They must have been a populous and vig-
orous race, for their forts, walled enclosures and isolated mounds,
no less than half a century ago in Ohio, if placed in a single
straight line would have reached from Cincinnati to Cleveland.
With no mechanical means of assistance, these numerous artificial
earthen and stone productions must have required the population,
if sparse, a very long period of time for completion of the works,
or a countless number of people must have simultaneously occu-
pied the territory and engaged in the work.
More than ever the problem arises. Who were they ? It sur-
passes the riddle of the Sphinx. The Mound Builders, so-called
for want of a better name, had no written language and left no
inscriptions, hieroglyphics, symbols or records of any kind save
the earthen temples, graves, village sites and forts. The Ohio
Mound Builders seem to have belonged to the neolithic or later
stone age, giving evidence to some extent of representing the
mesolithic period — the twilight zone between the two — a tran-
sition age from pure stone articles to the most primitive use of
metal, for while no iron implements are found, some beaten cop-
per ornaments and utensils are discovered.
Until a generation ago the general opinion of the archaeolo-
gists was that these peculiar workmen were a distinct and sepa-
rate race from the American Indian and that the skilful and in-
genious architects of these earthen structures inhabited the coun-
try previous to the red men, or at their coming, and perhaps were
Emilius Oviatt Randall. > 148
conquered and driven out or exterminated by the latter. More
recent, thorough and scientific investigations, conducted in part by
the national and state governments, of the mounds and their con-
tents, have led the archaeologists and ethnologists to revise their
former theory and today they largely favor the theory that the
Mound Builder was the ancestor or remote progenitor of the
American Indian, the remoteness of the relationship, however,
being undetermined. This progenitor theory is supported by the
similarity of the artifacts, found in the prehistoric mounds, to the
implements made by the historic Indian. The reply to this un-
doubted resemblance is the fact that the first products of man's
primitive handiwork are much the same the world over. The
peace and war stone implements exhumed by Schliemann from
the ruins of Troy, cannot be distinguished, when placed side by
side, from those found in the mounds of Ohio.
The historic Indian, that is, the post Columbian aborigine,
rarely built mounds, though they used those built by others for
burial purposes ; intrusive burials, they are called, hence the com-
mon name, "Indian _ Mound," given these earthen sepulchres.
There is no evidence that the Ohio Indian tribes retained any tra-
ditions even, much less knowledge, of the origin or history of the
mounds that could throw any light upon the obscurity of the sub-
ject.
If the Indian ancestral theory be correct, it must be admitted
that the historic Indian, who was discovered by the invading
European, must be a deteriorated and unworthy descendant of
his distant forpbear, who built the mounds. "A broad chasm is to
be spanned before we can link the Mound Builders to the North
American Indians,"' says a leading scholar on the American races,
"for the Indian, as we know him, never displayed an engineering
or architectural talent, an artistic ingenuity or a trait of industry
at all comparable to those characteristics so unquestionably the
possession of the Mound Builders."
Speculation has run riot, and many volumes have been writ-
ten, on the identity of the Mound Builder. Arguments have
been advanced to the effect that he came from the lost tribes of
Israel ; the Book of Mormon is largely founded upon the narra-
tive of the overseas transportation about 600 B. C, of two lines
144 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
of immigration to the western hemisphere, respectively from
Palestine and Babylonia, the precursors of both the Mound Build-
ers and the Indians in North America. Other authorities trace
him back to the dawn of ancient history, in Japan, China and other
oriental centers ; few regions of the earth escape the claim of being
the cradle whence sprang the stock producing the Mound Build-
ers ; so to speak, every race has aspired to the honor of being the
forebear; ethnologists also attribute his ancestry to the Toltecs,
whose children went north, up the Mississippi and the Ohio, and
the Scioto, and as they passed built the mounds ; on the contrary,
scholars there are who maintain the Toltecs were the descendants
of the Mound Builders, who originated in the north and traveling
south became more skilled, as generations came on and produced
the monumental structures of the high civilization of ancient
Mexico ; again that he was the kin of the Aztecs, with reversible
genealogical termini ; and very late discoveries in Mexico sug-
gest the origin in that country of a race finally developing into the
Mound Builders. To put it irreverently, the Mound Builders,
like Topsy, just grew up in North America without parentage.
It is a case of when doctors disagree, who shall decide? Perhaps
the best guess is that the Mound Builders and the American
Indians are collateral descendants from a common, very remote
origin ; certain it is that the two peoples, whoever they were, have
a decidedly different culture and civilization, so far as modern
knowledge goes. At present the Mound Builder's identity as to
whence he came, the length of his sojourn and the whither he
went, all belong to the realm of the unknown, all of which adds
to the romance and fascination of the subject.
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 145
LAST CONTRIBUTED ARTICLE.
The following contribution was the last written by Mr. Ran-
dall for publication. It appeared in the issues of The Ohio
Neti'spaper for November and December, 1919:
NEWSPAPERS READ BY THE OHIO PIONEERS.
Maxwell's Centinel of the Northwestern Territory, its Contemporaries
and Immediate Successors — Journals Now More
Than a Century Old.
BY EMILIUS 0. RANDALL, LL. D.
Journalism led the van of literary culture in its advance
into the Northwest Territory. It was in the little cluster of
cabins, named, by Territorial Governor St. Clair, Cincinnati, a
century and a quarter ago (1793), that the initial newspaper
made its appearance under the title of Centinel of the North-
■Zi'estern Territory. The proprietor and editor was one William
Maxwell, an enterprising immigrant from New Jersey. It was
a crude establishment, the entire outfit of which, a wooden
Ramage hand press, like the one used by Dr. Benjamin Frank-
lin in Philadelphia, type, cases, "furniture" and all could be
moved in one load of a full grown wheelbarrow.
The "outfit" was set up in a log cabin on the corner of
Front and Sycamore Streets. Maxwell and his good wife
Nancy did all the work. The buckskin ball was dipped in ink,
then daubed on the type, paper was then spread on and the
press lever, precisely like a hand cider press, was pulled and
released and the printed paper removed.
The paper was a folio, four pages, three columns to the
page, in a small quarto form ; the printed matter being eight and
one-half inches in width, ten and one-fourth inches long. The
issue of the first copy was dated Saturday, November 9, 1793,
and bore under its title the commendable motto: "Open to all
parties but influenced by none." It was a weekly. It contained
news from London, England, dated July 15th — that is four
months old — from New York, dated September 5th, two months
old. This initial number also gavg an account of an attack by
Indians on a provision convoy, "a little time ago" between Fort
Vol. XXIX — 10.
146 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
St. Clair and Fort Jefferson, and there was a public notice that
$i68 would be paid for "every scalp having the right ear append-
ant for the first ten Indians who shall be killed within a specified
time and territory." A column was used to set forth the advan-
tages of rapid travel by packet boats, which made the voyage
"from Cincinnati to Pittsburg and return in four weeks." There
were anecdotes and poetry and contributors' letters, one of which
was the familiar protest against the excessive taxation in Cincin-
nati. The "organ" which Maxwell controlled seems to have
given him some prestige and "pull" for in 1796 he was appointed
postmaster of the little settlement that was later to be the
"Queen City" of the Ohio. That same year Maxwell sold the
Centinel of the Northwestern Territory to Edmund Freeman,
who changed the najne to freeman's Journal and published it
as such till 1800 when he moved to Chillicothe, then the capital
of the "Ohio Territory," established July 4, 1800, and known
officially as "the Eastern Division of the Territory of the United
States Northwest of the Ohio River."
NESTOR OF OHIO NEWSPAPERS.
In Chillicothe there had already been established, in 1796, a
paper known as the Scioto Gazette. It was founded by Nathaniel
Willis, grandfather of N. P. Willis, the famous poet. Nathaniel
was born in Boston in 1755, and, says tradition, was an appren-
tice in the printing ofiice of Benjamin Franklin. He was a patriot
as might have been expected and among the participants in the
Boston Tea Party, and in that city published and edited, during
the American Revolution the Independent Chronicle. At the
close of the Revolution, Willis moved from Boston to Virginia
and established, at Martinsburg, the Potomac Guardian. Later,
(1796) he transferred his journalistic enterprise to Chillicothe
and founded the Scioto Gazette. This issue, as nearly as can
now be ascertained, was intermittent for a time, but on April 25,
1800, Willis began a new series with Vol. i. No. i, and this
paper has gone on continually since that date, being therefore
the oldest living paper in the west, and one of the oldest, if not
ihe oldest, of continuous publication in the United State.
As above noted, Edmund Freeman moved the Freeman's
EmiUits Oi'iali Randall. 147
Journal in 1800 from Cincinnati to Chillicothe, where a year
later he died and WiUis bought the plant and "good will" of the
paper and incorporated it with the Scioto Gacctte.
The Scioto Ga::ette, today the nestor of Ohio journals, was
the official organ of tlie Northwest Territory and later of the
new State, after its admission into the Union, March i, 1803. In
its columns were published all official announcements, and the
proceedings of the Territorial Assembly. The Gazette strongly
supported the statehood movement, headed by what Governor
St. Clair called the "Virginia junta of Ross County," meaning
such men as Thomas Worthington, Nathaniel Massie, and Edwin
Tiffin of Ross County, and Charles Willing Byrd, territorial sec-
retary, and William Henry Harrison, territorial representative
in Congress.
The Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette was a weekly paper
started May 28, 1799, in Cincinnati, which at that time had a
population of eight hundred. The paper was continued until
1809 when its name was changed to the Whig and under the
latter title was published for some years. Contemporaneous
with the Spy was the Hamilton Gazette, published as such until
1823 when it was renamed the National Republican Ohio Political
Register. One of the editors was Sol Smith, once an actor and
theatre manager in St. Louis and elsewhere and the grandfather
of the later popular comedian, Sol Smith Russell.
PRINTED IN THE CAMPUS MARTIUS.
The printing outfit for the Marietta Register and Virginia
Herald was brought to that city by Wyllys Silliman and Elijah
Backus. The paper was first issued from a primitive press in
the Campus Martins stockade on December 18, 1801. Ten years
after the first issue of the Marietta Register and Virginia Herald
the paper began to change hands, for in that year (1810) it was
sold to Caleb Emerson who then published the first issue of the
American Spectator. In 1813, David Everett bought the paper,
changing the name to the American Friend. Nineteen years
later ( 1833) the title was again changed, this time to the Marietta
Gazette. Ten years later (1842) Beman Gates merged it into
the Intelligencer. The latter was purchased in 1862 by R. M.
148 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Stimson, the scholar, litterateur and for some years State Li-
brarian. He rechristened the paper the Register and it is now
published as the Register-Leader, John Kaiser, one of the trus-
tees of the Ohio State University, being principal owner and
editor.
On December 9, 1804, tl^e Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Mer-
cury was founded in that city by one John M. Browne, of mul-
titudinous vocations, for he was preacher, editor, almanac pub-
lisher, town recorder, bookseller and vendor of patent medicines.
This paper survived for eleven years when it was combined with
the Cincinnati Gazette, founded in 1806. The name. Liberty
Hall, was perpetuated in the weekly edition of the Gazette until
the period of the Civil War.
One of the most time honored newspapers of Ohio was the
Western Star, established in Lebanon in March, 1807, and still
being published under the original name. Its founder was John
McLean, afterwards Justice of the United State Supreme Court.
The paper was edited and managed by Nathaniel McLean,
brother of John. Its form and contents being typical of the
inland journals of its day, it contained little or no editorial mat-
ter and "no local intelligence whatever," though it gave Euro-
pean news, two months old, and New York and St. Louis items
three weeks in age.
FOLLOWED LINES OF SETTLEMENT.
As Mr. S. S. Knabenshue, in his "Address on the Press of
Ohio," delivered at the Ohio Centennial (1903) — to which we
are indebted for much data used in this article — points out, the
early establishment of newspapers in Ohio, followed the lines of
settlement, first on the Ohio River and then northward along the
streams of the state's interior, on which colonizations were made.
Perhaps the first paper printed in a foreign tongue was Der
Ohio Adler, the Ohio Eagle, first appearing, as near as can now
be determined, in 1807, in Lancaster. Fairfield County, many of
whose early settlers were German. The founder of this paper
was Jacob Dietrich, an emigrant from the "Fatherland." This
paper passed into the hands of Edward Shaefifer about 1813,
Emilius Oviatt Randall. 149
when an English edition was begun called the Eagle, which is
still continued. As near as can be ascertained the German edi-
tion was perpetuated under separate auspices, until "sometime in
the thirties" when its title was changed to the Lancaster Volks-
freund; in 1841 it changed hands and was removed to Colum-
bus, again taking the name Adler. Two years later (1843)
Jacob Reinhard and Frederick Feiser bought the property and
changed its name to the Columbus Westbote. Under that name
it was published by them and later by Leo Hirsch and his sons
until shortly after the entry of the United States in the Great
War in 1917. It then ceased to exist.
The initial paper published in Zanesville was the Muskingum
Messenger, started in 1809 by Ezekiel T. Cox, father of the bril-
liant and nationally known Samuel Sullivan Cox, author, editor,
congressman and foreign ambassador. In 1812 the title was
changed to the Express and Advertiser and in 1823 it became
the OJiio Republican. Various other changes took place till 1845
when its name became the Courier and as such it was until
recently published.
The time honored burg of W'orthington, still abiding in un-
disturbed quietude, just north of Columbus, was the birthplace
in 181 1, of the Western Intelligencer, the first newspaper of Cen-
tral Ohio. Its protagonist, also the founder of the village, was
Col. James Kilbourne, of New England Revolutionary stock.
Sometime in 1813 the organ was removed to Columbus, then
recently established as the capital of the state. Its name was
changed to the IVestern IntcUigeneer and Columbus Gazette.
It then ran the gauntlet of several proprietors until 1837, when
John M. Gallagher secured possession and consolidated it with
his paper. The Ohio Political Register. The combination was
entitled the Ohio State Journal and Register. Not long after
the latter half of the name was dropped and the paper was known
till this day as The Ohio State Joxirnal. It became a daily in
1839. It has had a conspicuous career, having had upon its
editorial staff a remarkable list of distinguished Ohioans : Wil-
liam B. Thrall, Oren FoUett, John Greiner, William Dean How-
ells, William T. Coggshall, John James Piatt, James M. Comly,
A. W. Francisco. Samuel J. Flickinger, Samuel G. McClure and.
150 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ably sustaining the reputation of his predecessors, the present
editor, Colonel E. S. Wilson.
The present writer of this article speaks with no little "sup-
pressed emotion" concerning the Ohio State Journal, whose edi-
tors he has personally known during and since the Civil War,
but more especially because the Columbus Gazette as a separate
weekly was continued from 1839 to 1883. In the latter year it
was purchased by the writer and continued as the Saturday Ga-
zette. Its function was to administer to the liigher literary tastes
and demands of the Columbus community. As its initial number
under the new and ambitious management advised, "No effort
was to be spared to make it the brightest, best and most popular
paper" of the Capital City. It was a daring and we do not
deny a dazzling flight ; we fulfilled the promise of the prospectus,
without regard to energy or expense for some six months. Then
came the awakening from a rainbow dream. "Literature for
literature's sake" requires an "angel." The angels are lovely,
but scarce; none came our way. We had tied our chariot to a
star, but like the aspiring boy Icarus, with the wax-attached
wings, we swooped too near the sun and took a tumble into the
Icarian sea, yes, almost literally for we disposed of our "bonus"
and subscription list to the publishers of a "dry" concern devoted
to the interests of temperance ; the new proprietors changed the
name to one now lost to memory, moved the paper to Cleveland
where the aqueous facilities were ample and there they "watered"
the stock to such a degree that the venerated collateral relic of
the Western Iiitelligcncer sank beneath the billows of oblivion.
Sic transit Gazette mundi.
The first newspaper in the Western Reserve district, the
New Connecticut of Ohio, founded at Warren, Trumbull Ccur.ty,
was the Trump of Fame, edited by Thomas D. Webb. Its initial
appearance was on June 16, 1812, the date of the declaration of
war against England. It was an enterprising and patriotic paper.
Each of its four pages was set in large type. Tlie paper went
through the usual changing of hands, and in 1816 was enlarged
and the title made The Western Reserve Chronicle, which it
retains to this day.
Emiliiis Oviatt Randall. 151
A MOST DISTINGUISHED EDITOR.
Probably the most distinguished and brilhant journaUst of
the period in question was Charles Hammond He was declared
by Daniel Webster to be "the greatest genius who ever wielded
the political pen." It was a federal pen in the Ohio Federalist,
started in St. Clairsville, Belmont County, in 1811, by Mr. Ham-
mond and continued till 1818, when the Federalist became the
Belmont Chronicle. Mr. Hammond was also instrumental in the
establishment, in 1806, of the Cincinnati Gazette, which, under his
editorial management, acquired a wide circulation and reputation.
It was originally a weekly and finally became an influential party
organ. The Gazette many years ago was merged with the Cin-
cmnati Commercial, later known as the Commercial-Tribune.
Mr. Hammond, from 1813 to 1822, was a member of the Ohio
Legislature, and a potent agent in state affairs. In 1821 he was
appointed the first reporter of the Ohio Supreme Court, which
office he filled till his death in 1840, in Cincinnati, to which city
he had moved in 1822.
The St. Clairsville Gazette dates its beginning in 1812 though
until 1825 it did not adopt that title.
On June 22, 1814, the Hamilton Intelligencer was first
issued in that city. There were frequent changes of ownership,
which is true of nearly all early Ohio papers, but the Butler
County Democrat of today is its lineal successor.
John Saxton, whose granddaughter was the wife of Pres-
ident McKinley, established in 181 5, the Ohio Repository, of
Canton. A notable fact regarding Mr. Saxton's editorials was
that, from 1815 to 1871, the year of his death, he composed his
editorials and put them in type by hand, instead of writing them
and handing them to' another compositor, long since the universal
custom. Upon the death of Mr. Saxton, his son, Thomas W.
Saxton, succeeded him in the management of the paper, and so
continued until his death in 1885. He established the daily edi-
tion in 1878. This paper was the administration mouthpiece of
Mr. McKinley in his presidential campaigns of 1896 and 1900,
and came into national prominence thereby.
The present Union Herald, of Circleville, was first estab-
152 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
lished in August, 1817, by James Foster, a bookbinder, under the
name of The Olive Branch. Several changes in name were ef-
fected, and at the time of the Civil War it became the Circleviile
Union It is now called the Union Herald.
Messrs. Hughes and Drake, ministers of the Gospel, in 1818,
inaugurated the Delaivare Gazette, which has borne that title ever
since. In 1834 Abram Thompson acquired an interest in the
paper and continued the editorial control for sixty-two years,
excepting during the period 1869-71 when Captain Alfred E.
Lee acted as editor. The latter, a talented and facile writer,
became private secretary to Governor R. B. Hayes, and later,
when the governor was elevated to the presidency, was appointed
Consul General to Germany.
GOVERNOR cox's SPRINGFIELD NEWS.
The Springfield Republican, whose daily edition was called
the Press-Republican, dates from 181 7, when The Farmer was
started — the first paper in that city and county. After many
changes of name and proprietors, it was entitled The Republic
in 1849. It is now known as the Springfield Neivs, owned by
James M. Cox. He is also proprietor of the Dayton News.
Both of these papers he has raised to the front rank of success
and influence. Indeed, the Governor has displayed the same
energetic talent as a journalist that he has as an eminent exec-
utive of the state, which has three times elected him to its high-
est office.
The Cleveland Leader claims to date from 1818, assuming
that the Gazette and Commercial Register, then founded, was the
predecessor of the Herald, whose first issue was in October, 1819,
just one century ago. The Leader became a daily in 1837. Two
years ago, under the ownership of Dan Hanna, it was combined
with the Nezvs as a Sunday morning paper, the Ne?vs remaining
an evening paper.
The same year, 1818, witnessed the birth of the Hillsboro
Gazette, when the only other newspapers in Southern Ohio were
those at Cincinnati and Chillicothe. The Hillsboro Gazette, typ-
ical inland county paper, in force and stabilit},', still bears its
original name. Also in the same year (1818) came the initial
Emiliiis Oviatt Randall. 153
appearance of the Gallia County Gaccttc, which since that date
has been in continuous circulation, though from 1835, it has been
known as the Gallipolis Journal. Likewise in 1818, there ap-
peared at Cadiz, the first journal in Harrison County. It had
several names and many proprietors successively till 1840, when
it assumed the title of the Republican, which it still bears. The
Mansfield Shield, recently suspended, was the pioneer paper of
Richland County, claiming to be the lineal descendant of the
Olive Branch, founded in 1818, a prolific year for the nativity
of newspaper ventures ; they were all lusty babies and grew to
vigorous manhood and with the exception noted, are now enjoy-
ing successful and venerable age. The year 1819, which com-
pletes the time of our limitation for century-old newspapers,
marked the output of the New Philadelphia Advocate Tribune.
It is thus seen Ohio was fertile soil for the planting and
growth of that "lever of public opinion" known as the newspaper.
In 1813 the whole number of newspapers in the United States
was 159; of these 14 were published in Ohio. In 1819, just a
century ago. there were 40 newspapers issued in Ohio, repre-
senting almost as many small and young, but enterprising and
news-reading towns. Ohio was still a forest state, with a large
Indian population and the prevalence of pioneer conditions. In
1824 there were 500 newspapers in the United States, 50, one-
tenth, of which were being published in Ohio, evidencing the
rapid social and intellectual progress made in its early years by
the people of the first state carved out of the Northwest Terri-
tory.
The Marquis de Lafayette, on his visit to this country in
1825, was received by Governor Morrow and staflF, at Cincinnati,
in the presence of thousands of people. The welcome songs of
hundreds of school children and the evidences of cultured society
on a site which at the time of his services in the American Revo-
lution was a wildnerness of waste, inhabited solely by savages
and wild beasts, so impressed Lafayette that he exclaimed, "Ohio
is the eighth wonder of the world."
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
QUARTERLY.
EDITORIAL NOTES AND COMMENT.
RECOLLECTIONS OF ROYALTY.
Elsewhere in this issue reference has been made to an ad
dress delivered by our late Secretary, Emilius Oviatt Randall
before the Kit-Kat club, entitled "Recollections of Royalty",
This address will long be remembered by those who heard it as
one of the most interesting and entertaining every delivered be
fore a Columbus gathering. It was published in the April num
ber of the Kit-Kat for 1918. The reader who peruses one or two
of its pages will not lay it aside until he has read it through.
Excellent as it is in printed form, it lacks, of course, something
of the charm of Mr. Randall's personality and his inimitable
presentation. On the evening of its delivery he was at his best.
A yeai or more previous to this date he had been in failing
health and some of his close friends feared that he would not
regain his former strength and be able to actively participate in
the numerous societies to which he belonged. On the evening
that he presented his "Recollections of Royalty", however, he
brought to his assembled friends of the Kit-Kat Club and numer-
ous guests not only the rich treat and rare humor of his paper
but joy at beholding him again at his best and apparently re-
stored to health and vigor.
Mr. Randall in company with his father visited the Paris
Exposition of 1867. In speaking of this he said:
"The international expositions of later years have surpassed it in
size, but none of them have been so artfully organized, so admirably pro-
portioned in its several parts, so perfectly adjusted to facilitate the display
of the character and culture of each country. .-^Il eyes were turned
toward France, all roads led to Paris; it outrivalled the 'Field of the
Cloth of Gold' ; never before nor since, such a concourse of distinguished
guests; within three months, the Emperor Napoleon and Empress
Eugenie entertained three Emperors, eight Kings, one Sultan, one Shah,
one Viceroy, five Queens, twenty-four Princes, seven Princesses, nine
(154)
Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 155
Grand Dukes, two Grand Duchesses, two Arch-Dukes, five Dukes, two
Duchesses, and last but not least one member of the Kit-Kat Club. It is
said a 'cat may look at a king ;' certainly a Kit-Katter is no less privileged
and your writer begs to submit his report as your special correspondent
on the spot."
This introduction he followed with a glowing account.
"This comment," he tells us reveals that he "was then in this
susceptible period of youth — the threshold of seventeen — embryo
beau Brummel interval between the callow chrysalis and the full-
fledged male butterfly." In his diary, which he carefully kept,
he had written, "Here I notice the little boys are gentlemen, and
many of them — not near as tall as I — wear stovepipe or plug
hats and carry little canes." Then follow his impressions of the
distinguished rulers and scions of royalty, all of whom he saw,
with scmtillating comment on their later careers and the relega-
tion of many of them to humble uncrowned and untitled estate,
which he humorously describes as the "International Society of
Royal Hoboes." As a sample of the speaker's descriptive powers
we here quote his impressions of Napoleon Third and hi? beauti-
ful Empress, as he had seen them a little over half a century
before :
"Our introduction to the observed of all observers was happily
staged. It was a gala occasion as, floating in the ceaseless tide of sight-
seers on the Champs Elysees, one merry afternoon, soon after our arrival,
the bands suddenly ceased their brazen blare; the hum of the multitudin-
ous voices was hushed as there rang out the shrill notes of a silver-
tongued trumpet; a tumultuous rush to the street curb; a moment of
breathless silence; a squadron of mounted soldiery; six milk-white horses
in glittering harness, bestridden by red-coated, white breeched postillions ;
a low open barouche, in the rear seat of which smiling and graciously
bowing, were the Third Napoleon and his beautiful Empress Eugenie;
they were attired in street custom, he in the conventional black frock
coat and tile silk hat, she in plain, walking dress, a small turban shaped
hat, which gave almost full view of her dark auburn hair, a ringlet of
which, obstrusively large it seemed to me, like a golden rope hung down
upon her shoulder ; her features were surpassingly attractive, not only for
their physical beauty but for the sweet, charming expression indicative
of her disposition and gracious manner which so won the adoration of
her people and the immediate favor of all beholders. The Emperor, as
I noted him from this and many other opportunities of observation, was
short and stocky, rather Roman necked, large headed and heavy featured;
156 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
his countenance betokened a sensual rather than an intellectual quality of
character; he had not inherited the Napoleon cast of face; he was Beau-
harnais, not Bonaparte ; the forehead was broad, the nose prominent,
suggesting a certain German type ; the eyes small, grayish-blue in color,
rather expressionless; as one biographer said, 'if they were windows of
his soul, their blinds were constantly drawn ;' his hair was iron-gray ;
his natural 'make-up' was given a distinguished air by the famous im-
perial goatee and the spreading, heavy, mustachios, each curled to a sharp
point and stiffly waxed. He bore an expression of extreme placidity, al-
most of sadness, an absent-minded look as if harboring some serious
thought that dominated his environment ; pallid and apparently care-
worn, he was the living embodiment of Shakespeare's lines, 'All sicklied
o'er with the pale cast of thought." Doubtless his prophetic soul uncon-
sciously glimpsed the gory aftermath, lurking just beyond the glory of
the present halcyon days."
One is tempted to quote at greater length but no quotation
can do justice to tlie address which deserves a wider circulation
than it has been accorded in the literary magazine from which
this extract is taken.
LITERARY CONTRIBUTIONS.
Reference has been made in preceding pages to Mr. Ran-
dall's newspaper work. Following is a list of his writings, in-
cluding books and his more important contributions to periodicals
and other publications:
CONTRIBUTIONS TO OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND
HISTORICAL QUARTERLY.
Chronologically Arranged.
Blennerhassett. 1888. v. 1, p. 127-163.
The Separatist Society of Zoar. An experiment in communism, from its
commencement to its conclusion. 1900. v. 8, p. 1-105.
Ohio in early history and during the Revolution. 1902. v. 10, p. 395-434.
The Dunmore War. 1903. v. 11, p. 167-197.
Clark's Conquest of the Northwest. 1903 v. 12. p. 67-94.
*Pontiac's Conspiracy. 1903. v. 12. p. 410-437.
Ohio Day at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. 1905. v. 14, p. 101-120.
Tecumseh, the Shawnee Chief. 1906. v. 15, p. 419-499.
*This monograph was republished in Great Events by Famous His-
torians, volume 13, pages 267 to 288.
Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 157
Washington and Ohio. 1907. v. IG, p. 477-501.
The Mound Builders and the Lost Tribes. The "Holy stones" of
Newark. 1908. v. 17, p. 208-218.
Tallmadge Township. 1908. v. 17, p. 27.5-306.
Rutland — "The cradle of Ohio." A httle journey to the home of Rufus
Putnam. 1909. v. 18, p. 54-78.
David Zeisberger Centennial. November 20, 1908. 1909. v. 18, p. 157-
181.
Washington's Ohio Lands. 1910. v. 19, p. 304-319.
Brady's Leap. 1911. v. 20, p. 457-465.
OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS AND WORKS SEPARATELY
PUBLISHED.
Bench and Bar of Ohio. A compendium of history and biography.
Illustrated with steel plate and half tone engravings. By George
Irving Reed editor; Emilius O. Randall and Charles Theodore
Greve, associate editors. 1897. 2 v. 470 and 397 p.
Syllabus of the leading principles of negotiable paper in Ohio. 76 p.
1899.
Dunmore's War. 1902. 33 p.
Ohio Centennial Celebration at Chillicothe, May 20-21, 1903. Edited by
E. O. Randall. 1908, 730 p.
Ohio in the American Revolution. (In Ohio Centennial Celebration,
1903. p. 120-146.)
The Mound Builder. (In Pearson and Harlor, Ohio History Sketches.
1903. p. Ml.)
"Land Bill" Allen. (In The Hesperian Tree, 1903. p. 253-2.57.)
Law Reporting andl Indexing. 1904. 17 p.
The Serpent Mound of Adams county, Ohio. 1905. 125 p.
The Serpent Mound. (In The Ohio Illustrated Magazine. 1906. v. 1, p.
530-542.)
Washington in Ohio. (In The Ohio Illustrated Magazine, 1907. v. 2,
p. 121-133.)
The Cahokia Mound. (In The Ohio Illustrated Magazine, 1907. v. 3,
p. 249-253.)
The Masterpieces of the Ohio Mound Builders; the hilltop fortifications,
including Fort Ancient. 1908. 120 p.
History of Ohio; the rise and progress of an American state, by E. O.
Randall and Daniel J. Ryan. 1912. 5 v. V. 1 and 2 were written
by Mr. Randall ; v. 3 and 4 by Mr. Ryan ; v. 5 by Mr. Randall and
Mr. Ryan.
Recollections of Royalty. (In the Kit-Kat, 1918. v. 8, p. 57-104.)
Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications. Edited by E. Q.
Randall, v. 4-28. 1894-1919,
158 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
WILSON L. GILL.
Wilson Lindsley Gill younger by one year than Emilius O.
Randall with whom he was associated in 1866 in the editorship
of IVhip-poor-ivill was born in Columbus, Ohio, September 12,
185 1. His biographer states that he was a member of the first
kindergarten class in America, taught by Caroline Louise Frank-
enberg who had been for a number of years an associate of
Froebel. Mr. G\\\ was educated in the schools of Columbus,
at Dartmouth College, Sheffield Scientific school and was gradu-
;:tc(l from the Yale Law School in 1874. He pursued post grad-
uate studies in social and political sciences at Yale. He was gen-
eral manager of the Gill Car and Car Wheel Works of Columbus
from 1874- 1884 and was afterwards engaged in various mer-
cantile and manufacturing enterprises. He was editor of Our
Country, a patriotic magazine from 1895-1901. He was pro-
jector and engineer of the tunnel under 42nd Street, New York,
and East River.
Alter the Spanish-American War he was general super-
visor of moral and civic training in the Island of Cuba during
the first American occupation, where he introduced methods that
had oeen previously applied in the New York City public schools.
Later he was L^nited States supervisor-at-large of Indian schools
in the department of the Interior and was charged especially to
organize every government Indian school as a democracy for
moral and civic training. He was president of the American
Patriotic League and prominently identified with other patriotic
societies, and was awarded the Elliott Cresson Gold Medal, by
the Franklin Institute, for originating the school republic method
of moral and civic training. He was author of a number of
books, including City Problems; Gill's System of Moral and
Ci7,'ic Training; The School Republic; The Boys' and Girls' Re-
public; Civic Practices for Boys and Girls; A Nexv Citizenship.
Ohio Archaeological and Historical Quarterly. 159
TRIBUTE OF THE CLARK COUNTY HISTORICAL
SOCIETY.
The press, prominent citizens and organizations in editorials,
in personal letters and formal resolutions gave expression to their
appreciation of the character and service of Mr. Randall. The
Historical Society of Clark County, Ohio, on March 3, 1920,
recorded its tribute and adopted resolutions as follows :
Occasionally in life we find a rare character, who, though anchored
to the routine of daily tasks, still finds time for self-development: and
on that account is able to perform advanced scientific and literary work
for which but few are inclined, or are capable. Mr. E. O. Randall was
such a character. The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society
was indeed fortunate when his inclinations toward the subjects of history
and archaeology led him to become the associate Secretary and Editor
of the Society, November 10, 1894 ; having become a member in 1885,
and a Trustee in 1893.
Mr. Randall has left the imprint of his literary ability on all of
the publications of the society in the last twenty-five years. Perhaps
the greatest and most successful literary work of Mr. Randall was in
the writing and publication, in connection with the Honorable Daniel J.
Ryan, of a history of Ohio, in five large volumes, in which is shown
his clear diction and his invincible descriptive and narrative style of
composition.
Mr. E. O. Randall was a speaker of marked ability and members
of- our Society will remember the several occasions on which we have
had the pleasure of hearing him in Springfield.
Be it resolved, That in the death of Mr. Randall our Society has
lost an honored leader along the lines of our organization, and many of
us a personal friend.
Resolved, 'I'hat this Resolution be filed in the archives of the Society,
and that a copy be sent to the State Archaeological and Historical Society,
for their files.
A scrapbook carefully kept by Rev. D. A. Randall contains
much interesting information and is made up almost entirely
from his own contributions to various papers covering dates
from 1853 to 1883. Notes accompanying these clippings,
some of which were from Whip-poor-will, indicate that he
contributed some of the material which appeared in that paper.
160 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Rev. Randall wrote not only interesting prose but creditable
verse. A few of the poems that appeared in Whip-poor-will were
written by him. Brief accounts of travels in foreign lands by
"Uncle Austin" were also from his pen.
A vacancy existed in the secretaryship of the Ohio State
Archseological and Historical Society after the death of Mr.
Randall until March i6th, when C. B. Galbreath was elected to
the position. The contributions that appear in this issue of the
Quarterly were collected by him and, with the approval of the
committee, arranged for publication.
Mvrll II \\ I VLL Rn(
From a portrait by Sully
II YVKS GlI.BrLitT AIOTIER De LaiAVIi'ITE.
n 1824 for the city of Philadelphia, now in
'ndependence Hall.
LAFAYETTE'S VISIT TO OHIO VALLEY STATES.
BY C. B. GALEREATH.
The fame of those who rose to eminence in the American
Revolution is secure. Time has not dimmed the luster of their
achievements or our gratitude for their patriotic service. The
monument reared to them in the hearts of the American people
has withstood the test of the critic, the sneer of the cynic and
the hammer of the iconoclast. This is well. If they have been
idealized and idolized it is not to the discredit of their posterity
and the Republic that they founded.
In the quest for historic truth, however, it is inevitable that
there should be a revision of opinions in regard to incidents and
men. No serious fault can be found with "the man from Mis-
souri" who wishes '"to be shown." There can be no objection to
his doubt so long as it is a reasonable and honest doubt. Dispas-
sionate consideration of evidence in the determination of facts
is as timely in historic investigation as in the study of the nat-
ural sciences. This, however, does not warrant conclusions
based upon unsupported assertion, however novel and original
they may be and however startling because they run counter to
long established public opinion.
The "higher criticism" is entitled to respect and some of its
revelations may well provoke a smile when applied to the ro-
mance and legends of the Revolution. But the story of the
famous hatchet and cherry tree does not diminish the regard
for the Father of His Country, however much it may shake faith
in the narrative of the Reverend Mason Locke Weems. Nor
shall mirth provoking humor, even when used to camouflage the
keen shafts of sarcasm, prevail against the substantial worth,
the generous enthusiasm and the distinguished achievements of
the compatriots of Washington.
Lafayette has been fittingly styled "the fortunate friend of
liberty in Europe and America," but the success that crowned
his career on this side of the Atlantic was the meed of merit as
well as good fortune. The crowning testimonial to his achieve-
(163)
164 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ment, the welcome accorded him in 1824 and 1825 on the occa-
sion of his second visit to America, was so spontaneous and pro-
nounced that it has, in recent years, invited at least one chal-
lenge by an apostle of "the higher criticism."
In the Atlantic Monthly for May, 1919, a gifted writer from
classic Princeton, a spot hallowed by stirring events and tra-
ditions of the Revolution, has essayed in a brilliant and somewhat
disconcerting contribution, entitled "Since We Welcomed La-
fayette", to pluck a few feathers from the plume of this
"knight errant of liberty," and incidentally to take a fall out
of the schoolbook historians and our French "propaganda"
through the World War.
In this style the "higher criticism" goes to the bat:
"No single phenomenon of America's participation in the
Great War has been more striking than the instant response, in
the average American heart, to the name of Lafayette. It is one
of the most curious, the most absurd, the most fortunate, of
moral accidents. We did not go into the war because of Lafay-
ette ; but who can say what help that name has rendered in sus-
taining the enthusiasm of the draft army?"
The foes of Germany, we are given to understand, had a
weapon of which they had scarcely dreamed in the credulity
of the American people :
"Allied propaganda had an instrument to its hand which
perhaps it did not, itself, suspect. Like a sword from its sheath,
like Lazarus from the tomb, the figure of Lafayette leaped forth
from the collective memory. People who knew nothing else;
people who found it difficult to credit German turpitude or to
feel a vital interest in any European war whatsoever, knew all
about him. 'Why, yes,' they said, rubbing their eyes ; 'of course
we owe a debt to France; we don't know much about France,
but France is a good scout, you bet : she sent Lafayette to help us
fight the English.' For millions, France meant Lafayette."
We are then enlightened as to the comparative insignificance
of Lafayette :
"But he was never a great fighter, and his militant^ career in
America, though respectable, was not distinguished. Except by
loving the insurgent Americans when most people did not, it is
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 165
hard to know what peculiar and signal service he rendered.
Even at that time of counting noses and husbanding pitifully small
talent, he was not indispensable."
Our "ridiculous, unscientific schoolbooks" and their young
dupes are the next exhibit:
"How much good Lafayette accomphshed in 1777 is prob-
lematical; the good he accomplished in 1917 is, frankly, incalcu-
lable. We really needed no French propaganda; you "said, 'La-
fayette,' and you had all the young throats cheering."
"American youths did not stop to read what the Committee
on Public Information printed. They had learned what was nec-
essary in their ridiculous, unscientific schoolbooks. Didn't France
help us out? And didn't France, on top of it, have a revolution
of her own and turn into a republic?"
The discovery of the influence of Lafayette is presented as
a "joke:"
"And the joke of it is that no one had suspected the power
of that name. When politicians and public speakers first used it,
because there was no argument they dared omil, they did not
dream that it would, for so many millions, make any other argn-
ment unnecessary. It was sheer, stupendous luck."
Reference is made to General Pershing's famous speech with
the observation that when he said, "Lafayette, we are here," he
said just what the school boy would have him say :
"The propagandists here used Lafayette in the beginning;
and General Pershing made him, as it were, official. The French
themselves lagged a little behind, but they did not lag for long.
They were too well-informed to suspect Lnfnyctte's importance in
the first place ; but they were far too intelligent not to use him
as soon as they saw what, to uninformed voung America, he stood
for."
The "higher criticism" then concludes with this somewhat
remarkable deduction :
"The near-historian might point to the Lafayette legend as
one of Bismarck's 'Imponderables.' Hut we, if you please, will
let it go at what it most obviously is : nn Arabian-Niglit-ish tale of
irrelevant magic and incommensurate rewards; a proof that
166 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Haroun-al-Raschid and Abraham Lincoln were both right; that
not only to the gayety, but to the positive benefit, of nations, you
can fool all the people some of the time."
With the hope that those who have followed these quotations
thus far may read in full the article from which they are taken,
we beg to observe that if the fame of Lafayette is "a joke", based
largely on a misconception of services to the patriot cause, the
American school boys of today are not the first to have been
misled by its influence, or, to put it in another form, led aright
by its unwarranted influence. From the "higher criticism" of
1919, we appeal to the testimony of those who welcomed Lafay-
ette almost a century ago, who were closer to him and his achieve-
ments and whose spirits were aflame with the story and the
memories of the Revolution.
He first came to America in 1777, when he was a youth of
nineteen years, when disaster seemed about to overwhelm the
American cause. He joined Washington at the Brandywine and
was wounded in the battle there, was with the commander in
chief through the terril)le winter at Valley Forge and fought
without pay until the crowning triumph of American and French
arms at Yorktown.
He first made a brief visit to the United States in 1784.
Later when the young Republic had expanded westward and was
fast becoming a nation wide and strong, after the French revolu-
tion, his long imprisonment in an Austrian dungeon and the
downfall of Napoleon, Lafayette came again and as "the na-
tion's guest" visited every state in the Union.
In the latter part of February, 1825, he started on his south-
ern and western tour. Down the Potomac and the Chesapeake,
through Virginia and the Carolinas he went, down to the sunny
southland to meet the early spring. Overland across Georgia he
passed and down the Alabama. Out from the bay of Mobile
the vessel steamed and bore him to New Orleans — the French-
American city that welcomed him in a delirium of joy. Up the
"Father of Waters" he came, visiting new states, then the west-
ern frontiers of civilization, and marveling at the prodigies of
progress in the wilderness.
As his delighted eyes dwelt upon the happy prospect, he
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States.
167
f
Triumphal Arch,
Erected in honor of Lafayette, New Orleans, April, 1825.
(From an old print.)
168 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
forgot age and fatigue and felt bounding through his veins again
the enthusiasm of revolutionary days. In what had been
the Northwest Territory he rejoiced to see the principles that
claimed his youthful heart embodied in the structures of three
noble states, prophetic of what the greater Republic was to be
when slavery under the flag should cease and liberty should be-
come universal in America.
The fame of Lafayette's reception in the East gradually
reached the frontier settlements of the West and stimulated a
lively desire to see and greet the nation's guest. Late in No-
vember of 1824 the legislature of Illinois appointed a committee
who formulated the following address to Lafayette :
"To General Lafayette:
Sir: — The General Assembly now in session, in behalf of
the people of the state of Illinois, feel it their duty to express to
you, how largely its citizens participate in the feelings of joy and
gratitude, which your arrival in the United States has inspired.
All our sentiments are in perfect harmony with those of our fel-
low citizens of the East, who have so warmly greeted your visit
to this Republic. They have spoken the language of our hearts.
The voice of gratulation which has been sounded from Maine to
Louisiana, is echoed from the banks of the Mississippi. Remote
as we are from the Atlantic states, we have not been able to join
with our fellow-citizens in their congratulations, and say to the
Guest of the Nation: "Welcome Lafayette." But though we
have not spoken it. we feel it. No sooner had the news of your
arrival reached this distant part of the country, than every eye
sparkled with joy. every heart beat high with gratitude, and every
bosom swelled with patriotic pride, that Lafayette was in Amer-
ica. With your name is associated everything that can command
our respect, admiration and esteem. Your early achievements
in the war of the Revolution, and the uniform devotion to the
cause of American liberty, have written the name of Lafayette
upon the tablet of our hearts, and secured to you the brightest
page of our history. The same pen that records the virtues and
glories of Washington, will perpetuate the name of Lafayette.
Few of us, in Illinois, have any recollection of the eventful
scenes of the Revolution ; but our fathers have told us, and when
they have rehearsed to us its interesting events, the names of
Washington and Lafavette have adorned the recital. There are
few men living, if any, who have such claims upon the gratitude
of the American people, as yourself. You largely contributed to
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 169
lay the foundation, on which are erected our present pohtical in-
stitutions; and even here, in lUinois, a thousand miles from the
scenes of your early exploits, we reap the rich reward of your
toil and blood. When you were lighting by the side of Washing-
ton, IlHnois was scarcely known, even by name. It has now be-
come an important member of the great American family, and
will soon assume a prominent rank among the sister states.
"The uniformity of your character particularly endears you
to the hearts of the American people. Whether we behold you
amid the storms of revolution or the oppressions of despotism,
you appear the same consistent friend of liberty and of man
throughout the world.
"We scarcely indulge the pleasing hope of seeing you among
us; but if circumstances should induce you to make a visit to the
western country, be assured, sir, that in no part of it will your
reception be more cordial and welcome than in Illinois ; and you
will find hearts deeply penetrated with that gratitude which your
visit to the United States has awakened in every part of our
happy country. We entreat heaven, that the evening of your life
may be as serene and happy, as its morning has been brilliant and
glorious."
The invitation was forwarded, together with a letter by
Governor Coles. Under date of April 12, 1825, Lafayette writ-
ing from New Orleans signified his eager desire to visit Illinois
and suggested points at which he might meet representatives of
the state. Governor Coles in his reply informed the General
that Colonel Hamilton* would meet him in St. Louis and ar-
range the details of his visit to Illinois. =
*Williatn S. Hamilton was the son of Alexander Hamilton. His name
was William Stephen, not William Schuyler, as written by Governor Coles.
He was aid-de-camp to Governor Coles with the rank of Colonel. (For
interesting sketch of Colonel Hamilton see Washburne's "Sketch of Ed-
ward Coles.")
' The following letters passed between Lafayette and Governor Coles :
Lafayette to Edward Coles.
New Orleans, April r2, 1825.
My Dear Sir: Notwithstanding many expostulations I have received
on the impossibility to perform between the 22 of Februarj'. and the
fifteenth of June, the tour of visits which I would have been very unhappy
to relinquish, we have arrived thus far, my companions and myself, and
I don't doubt but that by rapid movements, we can gratify my ardent
170 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
On Saturday, April 30, 1825, Lafayette and party accom-
panied by prominent citizens, chiefly from Alissouri, on board
the steamer N'atches, arrived in Kasivaskia. The visit was en-
tirely unexpected at that time and no military parade was at-
tempted. The news of the arrival soon spread, and the streets
and way leading to the landing were thronged with people. The
party landed abotit one o'clock in the afternoon. The guests
proceeded to the residence of General Edgar where a reception
was held. After partaking of refreshments the General was wel-
comed by Governor Coles in the following address :
desire to see everyone of the western states, and yet fulfil a sacred duty as
the representative of the Revolutionary Army, on the half secular jubilee
of Bunker Hill. But to do it, my dear sir, I must avail myself of the
kind, indulgent proposal made by several friends to meet me at some point
near the river, in the state of Illinois — I would say, could Kaskaskia or
Shawneetown suit you to pass one day with me? I expect to leave St.
Louis on the 29th of April, but being engaged for a day's visit at General
Jackson's I might be at Shawneetown on the 8th of May, if you don't take
me directly from St. Louis to Kaskaskia or some other place. Excuse
the hurry of my writing, as the post is going, and receive in this private
letter, ^ for indeed, to the Governor I would not know how to apologize
for this answer to so polite a proposal, — receive I say, my high and
affectionate regards.
Laf-^yette,
His Excellency, Governor Coles, Illinois.
Governor Coles to L.^fayette.
Edwardsville, Apr. 28, 1825.
Dear Sir: — This will be handed to you by my friend and aid-de-
camp, Colonel William Schuyler Hamilton, whom I take particular pleasure
in introducing to you, as the son of your old and particular friend. General
Alexander Hamilton. As it is not known when you will arrive at St.
Louis, or what will be your intended route thence, Colonel Hamilton is
posted there for the purpose of waiting on you as soon as you shall arrive
and ascertaining from you. and making known to me. by what route you
propose to return eastward, and when and where it will be most agreeable
for you to afford me the happiness of seeing) you and welcoming you to
Illinois.
I am, with the greatest respect and esteem, your devoted friend,
Edward Coles.
General Lafayette.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 171
"General Lafayette:
In the name of the citizens of lUinois, I tender you tlieir
affectionate greeting and cordial welcome. Entertaining for you
the most sincere affection, veneration and gratitude, they have
largely participated in the joy dift'used throughout our extensive
Republic by your arrival in it ; and are particularly gratified that
you have extended your visit to their interior and infant state.
Edwakd Coles,
Governor of Illinois.
For this distinguished mark of respect, I tender you the thanks
of Illinois. Yes, General, be assured I speak the feelings of
every citizen of the state, when I tell you that w^e experience no
common gratification on seeing you among us. ^^'e are not in-
sensible to the honor done us by this visit, and only regret that
we are not able to give you a reception more consonant with our
feelings and wishes. But you will find our excuse in the recent
172 Ohio ArcJi. and Hist. Society Publications.
settlement of the state, and the hifancy of our condition as a
people.
"You will doubtless bear in mind that Illinois was not even
conceived at the period of the Revolution, that she has come
into existence but a few years since, and of course has not yet
procured those conveniences and comforts which her elder sis-
ters have had time to provide. But, General, though her citizens
can not accommodate you as they would wish, believe me they
receive you with all those emotions which swell the bosom of the
affectionate child, when receiving its kind parent, for the first
time, at its new and unfinished dwelling.
"Your presence brings most forcibly to our recollections
an era of all others the most glorious and honorable to the char-
acter of man, and most propitious to his high interests ; — when
our fathers aroused to a sense of their degradation, and becom-
ing sensible of their rights, took the resolution to declare,
and called into action the valor to maintain, and the wisdom to
secure, the Independence of our country and the liberty of them-
selves and their posterity. In the performance of this noble but
arduous service, you acted a distinguished part, — the more so as
your conduct was prompted by no motive of self-interest. You
were influenced by an enlarged philanthropy, w.hich looked on
mankind as your kindred, and felt that their happiness was near
and dear to yours. You saw a far distant and alien people,
young and feeble, struggling for their rights and liberties, and
your generous and benevolent bosom prompted you to surmount
the many restrictions and obstacles by which you were encom-
passed, and with a disinterested zeal, chivalrous heroism, and
pure and generous philanthropy, surpassing all praise, flew to the
assistance of the American patriots, and aided by your influence,
counsel, services and treasure, a cause you had so magnanimously
espoused.
"The love of libert\', which is the most prominent trait in
the American character, is not more strongly implanted in every
bosom than is an enthusiastic devotion and veneration for the
patriotic heroes and sages of the Revolution. We glory in their
deeds, we consecrate their memories, we venerate their names,
we are devoted to their principles and resolved never to abandon
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 173
the rights and liberties acquired by their virtue, wisdom and
valor. With these feelings, and looking upon you as one of the
most virtuous and efficient, and the most disinterested and heroic
champion of our rights and liberties, a Father of the Republic,
an apostle of liberty, and a benefactor of the human race, our
emotions can be more readily conceived than expressed.
"Language can not describe our love for the individual, our
gratitude for his services, our admiration of his character; a
character which has under the most adverse and trying circum-
stances, throughout a long and. eventful life, remained pure, con-
sistent and unsullied, by an act of injustice, cruelty, or oppres-
sion. Whether aiding the cause of liberty in a foreign and dis-
tant country, or in your own dear native France ; whether at the
zenith of power, commanding millions of men, and wielding the
destinies of a great nation, or imprisoned by the enemies of free-
dom in a foreign dungeon, suffering for many years all the pains
and privations which tyranny could devise, we still see displayed
the same distmguished traits of character ; — never tempted by
power, nor seduced by popular applause ; always devoted to lib-
erty, always true to virtuous principles; never desponding, but
ever firm and erect, cheering and animating the votaries of free-
dom ; and when overtaken by adversity, beset with difficulties, the
victim of your virtues, preferring the loss of wealth, of power,
nay of liberty, and even of life itself, to the smallest sacrifice or
compromise of your principles.
"I would not have ventured, on this occasion, to have said
thus much, but for the difficulty I have met with in restraining
my feelings when addressing General Lafayette ; and also from
a belief that it would have a good effect on those of our country-
men about us, to hold up to their admiration the strong and
beautiful traits of your character. In this view your visit to
America will not only make the present generation better ac-
quainted with the Revolution, but will, by exhibiting so perfect
a model, render more attractive and impress more forcibly upon
their recollections the republican principles, and the pure and
ennobling virtues of that period.
"I must be permitted to say, in addition to that joy which is
common to all portions of the Union, there is a peculiar grati-
174 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
fication felt in receiving you, one of the fathers of our poHtical
institutions and the friend of universal freedom, in the bosom
of a state, the offspring of those institutions, which has not only
inherited the precious boon of self government, but has been
reared in the principles and in the practice of liberty, and has had
her soil in an especial manner protected from oppression of every
description.
"In addition to this, what reflections crowd the mind when
we consider who is our Guest, and when and where we are re-
ceiving him. Not half a century has elapsed since Jefferson
penned the declaration of America's wrongs and of man's rights ;
Washington drew the sword to maintain the one and avenge the
other; and Lafayette left the endearments of country and family
to assist in the arduous contest. Then our population was con-
fined to the sea-board and extended back no further than the
mountains. Now our republic stretches from ocean to ocean,
and our population extends 1200 miles into the interior of this
vast continent. And here 1000 miles from the ocean and from
the interesting scenes of your glorious achievements at Brandy-
wine, Monmouth, and Yorktown, we, the children of your com-
patriots, enjoy the happiness of beholding the great friend of our
country.
"These reflections expand our imaginations, and make us
delight in anticipating the future. And. judging from the past
do I hazard too much in saying the time is not far distant when
the descendants of the revolutionary worthies, inheriting the
spirit of their fathers, and animated with the same attachment
to liberty, the same enthusiastic devotion to country, and imbued
with the same pure and divine principles, will people the countr}'
from the Atlantic to the Pacific; irradiating this whole continent
with the dififusion of intelligence, and blessing it by the establish-
ment of self government, in which shall be secured personal,
political and religious liberty? When, in the progress of our
country's greatness this happy period shall arrive, the phil-
anthropist may look with confidence to the universal restoration
of man to his long lost rights and to that station in the Creator's
works and to that moral elevntion to which he was destined.
And then, my dear General, the world will resound with the
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States.
YlS
praises of Washington and Lafayette, of Jefiferson and Franklin,
of Madison and of the other patriots, sages, and heroes of the
glorious and renovating era of 1776."
To which General Lafayette replied:
"It is to me, sir, an exquisite gratification to be in the state
of Illinois, and in the name of the people, welcomed by their
worthy governor, whose sentiments in my behalf, most kindly
expressed, claim my lively acknowledgments, at the same time
that his patriotic, liberal anticipations and observations excite
the warmest feelings of my sympathy and regard. — Obliged as
I am by a sacred engagement well understood by all the citizens
of the United States, to shorten my west-
ern visit, I will take with me the inex-
pressible satisfaction to have seen the
growing prosperity and importance of this
young state, under the triple guarantee of
republican institutions, of every local ad-
vantage, and of a generous determination
in the people of Illinois to improve those
blessings, on the soundest principles of
American liberty. To those cordial con-
gratulations, my dear sir, I join my
thanks for the honor you have done me,
to associate my name with those of my
illustrious, dear and venerated friends,
and I request you to accept in behalf of
the citizens of Illinois, of their represent-
atives in both houses, and of their chief magistrate, my gratitude
for their affectionate invitation, for the reception I now meet in
this patriotic town of Kaskaskia, my best wishes, my devotion
and respect."
After the address the crowd of citizens pressed forward to
grasp the General by the hand. Among them were some old
revolutionary soldiers who had fought with him at the Brandy-
wine and at Vorktown. They were affectionately greeted by their
old commander. The meetmg of these revolutionary veterans
deeply affected those who witnessed it. The cotnpany then pro-
ceeded to the tavern kept by Colonel Sweet where an ample
176 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
dinner awaited them.* The decorations, though hastily prepared,
were most appropriate. The walls of the room were hung round
with the laurel wreath tastefully displayed, while over the chair
of the guest was erected an arch of roses and other flowers which
presented the form and colors of the rainbow.^
After dinner the following toasts were offered:
By General Lafayette — Kaskaskia and Illinois; may their
joint prosperity more and more evince the blessings of congenial
mdustry and freedom.
By Governor Coles — The inmates of La Grange — let them
not be uneasy ; for though their father is looo miles in the interior
of America, he is yet in the midst of his affectionate children.
By G. W. Lafayette — The grateful and respectful confi-
dence of my father's children and grandchildren, in the kindness
of his American family towards him.
By Governor Bond — General Lafayette — may he live to
see that liberty established in his native countr\' which he helped
to establish in his adopted country.
By General Edgar — John Quincy Adams.
By Col. Scott, of Mississippi — The memory of General
Washington.
By Col. Morse — Gratitude to an old soldier, which equally
blesses the giver and receiver.
♦Order of procession — General Lafayette, George Washington
Lafayette, Colonel Levasseur, De Syon, Governor Coles ; Colonel Morse
and Colonel Ducros, aids of the Governor of Louisiana ; Mr. Caire, Sec-
retary of Governor of Louisiana ; Mr. Prieur, Recorder of N. Orleans ;
Colonel Scott, aid to Governor of Mississippi ; General Gibbs, General
Stewart, Colonel Rutledge, Colonel Balch, Tennessee Committee ; Judge
Peck, General Dodge, Colonel Wash, Colonel O'Fallon, St. Louis Com-
mittee; Citizens of Kaskaskia and vicinity; Committee of arrangements —
General Edgar, Governor Bond, William Morrison, Sr., Capt. Stacy Mc-
Donald, Judge Pope, Hon. E. K. Kane, Col. Menard, Col. Greenup, Col.
Mather, Major Maxwell, Major Humphreys, Doctor Betz, Pierre
Menard, Jr.
^ We joined the procession, and took our places at the table, where
the General was seated under a canopy of flowers prepared by the ladies
of Kaskaskia with much skill and taste ; and which produced by the blend-
mg of the richest and most lively colors the effect of a rainbow.
Levasseur.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 177
By Gen. Dodge — General Lafayette, the champion of the
rights of man in the old world — the hero who nobly shed his
blood in defense of American liberty.
By S. Breese, Esq. • — ■ Our illustrious Guest — in the many
and trying situations in which he has been placed, we see in him
the same consistent friend of liberty and of man.
By Col. Stewart — Boliver, the South American liberator.
By S. Smith — General Lafayette, the protector of Ameri-
can liberties.
By Col. O'Fallon — The states of Illinois and Missouri —
united by the same interests, their citizens should regard each
other as members of the same family.
By Wm. Morrison, Esq. — The land we live in.
By Col. Balch — Governor Coles — sound in his principles,
amiable in his manners; his efforts to promote the interests of his
state will be received with gratitude by the freemen of Illinois.
By William Orr — The American revolution — May the
patriotic feeling which distinguished that period never cease to
exist in this Union.
The General and other guests now proceeded to the house
of William Morrison, Sr., by whom a ball was given on this
occasion. Here the ladies of the town and vicinity were presented
to the General ; and far into the night, in honor of the illustrious
guest "youth and pleasure chased the glowing hours" that van-
ished all too soon.
While General Lafayette was taking a short rest at General
Note — The following account of the reception is given by Levasseur,
the private secretary of Lafayette :
"In the escort which formed to accompany him, we saw neither
military apparel nor the splendid triumphs we had perceived in the rich
cities; but the accents of joy and republican gratitude which broke upon
his ear was grateful to his heart, since it proved to him that wherever
American liberty had penetrated there also the love and veneration of its
people for its founders were perpetuated.
"We followed the General on foot and arrived almost at the same
time at the house of General Edgar, a venerable soldier of the revolu-
tion, who received him with afifectionate warmth and ordered all the doors
to be kept open that his fellow citizens might enjoy, as well as himself,
Vol. XXIX— 12
178 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Edgar's before the banquet, Mr. George Washington Lafayette
and Mr. Levasseur walked through the streets of the town with
some of the citizens and viewed with much interest the Ufa of
this frontier capital. The attention of Levasseur was attracted
to the Indians who were present in great numbers, several tribes
being represented. It was the season of the year when they came
to sell the furs that they had accumulated as the result of their
winter's trapping and hunting. He soon engaged in conversation
with these sons of the forest, many of whom could speak French.
At the suggestion of Mr. Caire, private secretary of the Gov-'
ernor of Louisiana, the two visited an Indian camp about half
an hour's walk distant. With the exception of an old woman
cooking at a fire in the open air there was nO' one in the camp.
She did not answer questions, and maintained a stolid indififer-
the pleasure of sliaking hands with the adopted son of America. After a
few minutes had been accorded to the rather tumultuous expression of the
sentiments which the presence of the General inspired, Governor Coles
requested silence, which was accorded with a readiness and deference
which proved to me that his authority rested not only on the law but still
more on popular affection. He advanced towards Lafayette, about whom
the crowd had increased, and addressed him with emotion in a discourse
in which he depicted the transports his presence excited in the population
of the state of Illinois, and the happy influence which the remembrance of
his visit would produce hereafter on the youthful witnesses of the enthusi-
asm of their fathers for one of the most valiant founders of their liberty.
"During an instant of profound silence, I cast a glance at the
assembly in the midst of which I found myself, and was struck with
astonishment in remarking their variety and fantastic appearance. Beside
men whose dignity of countenance and patriotic exaltation of expression
readily indicated them to be Americans, were others whose course dresses,
vivacity, petulance of movement, and the expansive joy of their visages
strongly recalled to me the peasantry oi my own country; behind these,
near to the door, and on the piazza which surrounds the house, stood some
immovable, impassive, large, red, half-naked figures, leaning on a bow or
a long rifle: these were the Indians of the neighborhood.
"After a pause of some seconds, the Governor resumed his address,
which he concluded by presenting, with great eloquence, a faithful picture
of the benefits which America had derived from its liberty and the happy
influence which republican institutions would one day exercise on the
rest of the world. When the orator had finished, a slight murmur of
approbation passed through the assembly, and was prolonged until it was
perceived that General Lafayette was about to reply, when an attentive
silence was restored.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 179
ence while they examined the huts and surroundings. When
they were about to leave, Levasseur, on crossing a stream that ran
through the camp, saw a small water wheel which appeared to
have beeii thrown on the bank by the rapidity of the current.
"I took it up," said he, "and placed it where I thought it had
originally been put by the children, on two stones elevated a little
above the water, and the current striking the wings made it turn
rapidly. This puerility, which probably would have passed from
my memory, if, on the same evening, it had not placed me before
the Indians in a situation sufficiently extraordinary, excited the
attention of the old woman, who by her gestures, expressed to us
a lively satisfaction."
On returning to Kaskaskia, Levasseur met Mr. De Syon, a
young Frenchman who at the request of Lafayette had accom-
panied the party from Washington. He also had made an excur-
sion into the adjacent country and had met among the Indians a
handsome young woman who spoke good French and asked if La-
fayette was at Kaskaskia. When told that he was, she manifested
a strong desire to see him. "I always carry with me," she said,
"a relic that is very dear to me ; I wish to show it to him ; it
will prove to him that his name is not less venerated in the midst
of our tribes than among the white Americans for whom he
fought." Thereupon she drew from her bosom a pouch, which
contained a letter carefully wrapped in paper. "It is from La-
"After these reciprocal felicitations, another scene not less interesting
commenced. Some old revolutionary soldiers advanced from the crowd
and came to shake hands with their old general, while he conversed with
them, and heard them, with thought and feeling, cite the names of their
ancient companions in arms who also fought at Brandywine and York-
town, but for whom it was not ordained to enjoy the fruits of their toils
nor to unite their voices with that of their grateful country. The persons
whom I have remarked as having some likeness in dress and manners to
our French peasants,* went and came with vivacity in all parts of the
hall, or sometimes formed little groups, from the midst of wliich could
be heard, in the French language, the most open and animated expressions
of joy. Having been introduced to one of these groups by a member of
the committee of Kaskaskia I was received at first with great kindness and
was quickly overwhelmed with a volley of questions, as soon as they found
I was a Frenchman, and accompanied General Lafayette."
"These were French Canadians who had emigrated to Illinois.
180 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
fayette," she said. "He wrote it to my father a long time since
and my father, wlien he died, left it to me as the most precious
thing he possessed." This interested Mr. De Syon and he asked
her to accompany him to the city. She declined the invitation
but requested him to come to her camp that evening if he wished
to speak further. "I am well known in Kaskaskia," she said.
"My name is Mary."
De Syon's stor}' so impressed Levasseur that he determined
to see the young Indian princess and bring about a meeting be-
tween her and the General. When he and De Syon reached Gen-
eral Edgar's residence where Lafayette and a number of friends
had been entertained, they joined the procession as it crossed
to Col. Sweet's where they were to dine.
We can not do better than relate the story of the daughter of
Panisciowa in the words of Levasseur, of which the following is
a translation :
MARY, THE DAUGHTER OF CHIEF PANISCIOWA.*
"I spoke to General Lafayette of the meeting with the young
Indian girl ; and from the desire he jnanifested to see her, I left
the table with Mr. De Syon, at the moment when the company
began to exchange patriotic toasts, and we sought a guide to
Mary's camp. Chance assisted us wonderfully in directing us to
an Indian of the same tribe that we wished to visit. Conducted
by him we crossed the bridge at Kaskaskia, and notwithstanding
the darkness, soon recognized the path and rivulet I had seen
in the morning with Mr. Caire. When we were about to enter
the enclosure, we were arrested by the fierce barking of two
stout dogs which sprang at, and would probably have bitten us,
but for the timely interference of our guide.
"We arrived at the middle of the camp, which was lighted
by a large fire, around which a dozen Indians were squatted,
preparing their supper; they received us with cordiality, and, as
soon as they were informed of the object of our visit, one of
them conducted us to the hut of Mary, whom we found sleeping
on a bison skin. At the voice of Mr. De Syon, which she recog-
nized, she arose, and listened attentively to the invitation from
General Lafayette to come to Kaskaskia ; she seemed quite flat-
* Known to Americans by the name "Chief Jean Baptiste Du
Coigne," or "Du Quoin."
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 181
tered by it, but said before deciding to accompany us that she
wished to mention it to her husband.
"While she was consulting with him, I heard a piercing cry ;
and turning round I saw near me the old woman I had found
alone in the camp in the morning; she had just recognized me
by the light of the fire and designated me to her companions,
who, quitting immediately their occupations, rushed round me in
a circle, and began to dance with demonstrations of great joy
and gratitude. Their tawny and nearly naked bodies, their faces
fantastically painted, their expressive gesticulations, the reflection
of the fire, which gave a red tinge to all the surrounding objects,
everything gave to the scene something of an infernal aspect,
and I fancied myself for an instant in the midst of demons.
Mary, witnessing my embarrassment, put an end to it, by order-
ing the dance to cease, and then explained to me the honors
which they had just rendered me.
" 'When we wish to know if an enterprise which we meditate
will be happy, we place in a rivulet a small wheel slightly sup-
ported on two stones; if the wheel turns during three suns with-
out being thrown down, the augury is favorable ; but if the cur-
rent carry it away, and throw it upon the bank, it is certain
proof that our project is not approved by the Great Spirit, un-
less, however, a stranger comes to replace our Httle wheel before
the end of the third day. You are this stranger who have re-
stored our manitOH and our hopes, and this is your title to be thus
celebrated among us.' In pronouncing these last words, an iron-
ical smile played on her lips, which caused me to doubt her
faith in the manitou.
"She silently shook her head, then raising her eyes, 'I have
been taught,' she said, 'to place my confidence higher; — all my
hopes are in the God I have been taught to believe in ; the God of
the Christians.'
"I had at first been much astonished to hear an Indian
woman speak French so well, and I was not less so in learning
that she was a Qiristian. Mary perceived it, and to put an end
to my surprise, she related to me her history, while her husband
and those who were to accompany her to Kaskaskia, hastily
took their supper of maize cooked in milk. She informed me
182 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
that her father, who was a great chief of one of the nations
that inhabited the shores of the great lakes of the north, had
formerly fought with a hundred of his followers under the orders
of Lafayette when the latter commanded an army on the
frontiers; that he had acquired much glory, and gained the
friendship of the Americans. A long time after, that is, about
twenty years ago, he left the shores of the great lakes with some
of his warriors, his wife and daughter; and after having marched
a long time he established himself on the shores of the river
Illinois.
" 'I was very young then,' she said, 'but ha\-e not forgotten
the horrible sufferings we endured during this long journey,
made in a rigorous winter, across a country peopled by nations
with whom we were unacquainted ; they were such that my poor
mother, w^ho nearly always carried me on her shoulders, already
well loaded with baggage, died under them some days after our
arrival ; my father placed me under the care of another woman,
who also emigrated with us, and occupied himself with securing
tranquil possession of the lands on which we had come to estab-
lish ourselves, by forming alliances with our new neighbors.
The Kickapoos were those who received us best, and we soon
considered ourselves as forming a part of their nation. The
year following my father was chosen by them with some from
among themselves, to go and regulate some affairs of the nation
with the agent of the United States, residing here at Kaskaskia ;
he wished that I should be of the company ; for, although the
Kickapoos had shown themselves very generous and hospitable
towards him, he feared that some war might break out in his
absence as he well knew the intrigues of the English to excite
the Indians against the Americans. The same apprehension in-
duced him to accede to tlie request made by the American agent,
to leave me in his family, to be educated with his infant daughter.
My father had much esteem for the whites of the great nation
for which he had formerly fought; he never had cause to com-
plain of them, and he who offered to take charge of me inspired
him with great confidence by the frankness of his manners, and
above all, by the fidelity with which he treated the affairs of the
Indians; he, therefore, left me, promising to return to see me
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 183
every year after the great winter's hunt; he came, in fact, sev-
eral times afterwards; and I, notwithstanding the disagreeable-
ness of sedentary Hfe, grew up, answering the expectations of my
careful benefactor and his wife. I became attached to their
daughter who grew up with me, and the truths of the Christian
religion easily supplanted in my mind the superstitions of my
father, whom I had scarcely known; yet, I confess to you, not-
withstanding the influence of religion and civilization on my
youthful heart, the impressions of infancy were not entirely
effaced.
" 'If the pleasure of wandering conducted me into the
shady forest, I breathed more freely, and it was with reluctance
that I returned home; when, in the cool of the evening, seated
in the door of my adopted father's habitation, I heard in the dis-
tance, through the silence of the night, the piercing voice of the
Indians, rallying to return to camp, I started with a thrill of
joy, and my feeble voice imitated the voice of the savage with a
facility that afifrighted my young companion ; and when occasion-
ally some warriors came to consult my benefactor in regard to
their treaties, or hunters to ofit'er him a part of the produce of
the chase. I was always the first to run to meet and welcome
them. I testified my joy to them by every imaginable means,
and I could not help admiring and wishing for their simple orna-
ments, which appeared to me far preferable to the brilliant decor-
ations of the whites.
" 'In the meantime my father had not appeared at the time
for the return from the winter's hunting ; but a warrior, whom I
had often seen with him, came and found me one evening at the
entrance of the forest, and said to me: "Mary thy father is old
and feeble, he has been unable to follow us here ; but he wishes
to see thee once more before he dies, and he has charged me to
conduct thee to him." In saying these words he forcibly took
my hand and dragged me with him. I had not even time to reply
to him, nor even to take any resolution, before we were at a great
distance, and I saw well that there was nO' part left for me but
to follow him. We marched nearly all night, and at the dawn
of day we arrived at a bark hut, built in the middle of a little
valley. Here I saw my father, his eyes turned towards the just
184 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
rising sun. His face was painted as for battle. His tomahawk,
ornamented with many scalps, was beside him. He was calm and
silent as an Indian who awaited death. As soon as he saw me
he drew out of a pouch a paper wrapped with care in a very dry
skin, and gave it me, requesting that I should preserve it as a
most precious thing.
"I wished to see thee once more before dying," he said, "and
to give this paper, which is the most powerful charm {nianitou)
which thou canst employ with the whites to interest them in thy
favor; for all those to whom I have shown it have manifested
towards me a particular attachment. I received it from a great
French warrior, whom the English dreaded as much as the
Americans loved, and with whom I fought in my youth." After
these words my father was silent. Next morning he expired.
Sciakape, the name of the warrior who came for me, covered
the body of my father with the branches of trees, and took me
back to my guardian.'
"Here IMary suspended her narrative and presented to me a
letter a little darkened by time, but in good preservation. 'Stay,'
said she to me, smiling, 'you see that I have faithfully complied
with the charge of my father; I have taken great care of his
mantloii.' I opened the letter and recognized the signature and
handwriting of General Lafayette. It was dated at headquarters,
Albany, June, 1778, after the northern campaign, and addressed
to Panisciowa, an Indian chief of one of the Six Nations, to
thank him for the rourageous manner in which he had served
the American cause.
" 'Well,' said Mary, 'now that you know me well enough to
introduce me to General Lafayette, shall we go to him that I
may also greet him whom my father revered as the courageous
warrior and the friend of our nations?' "Willingly," I replied,
"but it seems to me that }0U have prom.ised to inform us in
what manner, after having tasted for some time the sweets of
civilization, you came to return to the rude and savage life of
the Indians?"
"At this question, Mary looked downwards and seemed
troubled. However, after a slight hesitation, she resumed in a
lower tone: 'After the death of my father, Sciakape often re-
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 185
turned to see me. We soon became attached to each other; he
did not find it difficult to determine me to follow him to the
forest, where I became his wife. This resolution at first very
much afflicted my benefactors; but when they saw that I found
myself happy, they pardoned me ; and each year, during all the
time that our encampment is established near Kaskaskia, I rarely
pass a day without going to see them; if you wish, we can visit
them, for their house is close by our way, and you will see,
by the reception they will give me, that they retain their esteem
and friendship.' Mary pronounced these last words with a de-
gree of pride, which proved to us that she feared that we might
have formed a bad opinion of her, on account of her flight from
the home of her benefactors with Sciakape.
"We accepted her suggestion and she gave the signal for de-
parture. At her call, her husband and eight warriors presented
themselves to escort us. Mr. De Syon offered her his arm, and
we began our march. We were all very well received by the
family of Mr. Menard ; but Mary above all received the most
tender marks of aft'ection from the persons of the household.
Mr. Menard, Mary's adopted father, was at Kaskaskia as one of
the committee charged with the reception of Lafayette, and Mrs.
Menard asked us if we would undertake to conduct her daughter
to the ball which she herself was prevented from attending by in-
disposition. We assented with pleasure ; and, while Mary as-
sisted Miss Menard to complete her toilet, we seated ourselves
round a great fire in the kitchen. After we had spent some time
talking to a colored servant who claimed to be more than one hun-
dred years old and who grew remarkably reminiscent as we
listened*, Mary and Miss Menard came to inform us that they
were ready, and asked if we would be on our way as it began to
grow late.
"We took leave of IMrs. Menard and found our Indian
escort, who had waited patiently for us at the door and who
resumed their position near us at some distance in front, to guide
and protect our march, as if we had been crossing an enemy's
country. The night was quite dark, but the temperature was
■Adapted by omitting the
186 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
mild, and the fireflies illuminated the atmosphere around us.
M. De S>on conducted I\Iiss Menard, and I gave my arm to
Mary, who, notwithstanding the darkness, walked with a confi-
dence and lightness which only a forest life could produce. The
fireflies attracted and interested me much ; for, although this was
not the first time I had observed them, I had never before seen
them in such numbers. I asked Mary if these insects, which
from their appearance seem so likely to astonish the imagination,
had never given place among the Indians to popular beliefs or
tales. "Not among the nations of these countries, where every
year we are familiarized witj; their great numbers,' said she to
me, 'but I have heard that, among the tribes of the north, they
commonly believe that they are the souls of departed friends who
return to console them or demand the performance of some
promise. I even know several ballads on this subject. One of
them appears to have been made a long time since, in a nation
which lived farther north and no longer exists. It is by songs
that great events and popular traditions are ordinarily preserved
among us, and this ballad, which I have often heard sung by
the young girls of our tribe, leaves no doubt as to the belief of
some Indians concerning the firefly.' I asked her to sing me
this song, which she did with much grace. Although I did not
comprehend the words, which were Indian, I observed a great
harmony in their arrangement, and, in the ver}' simple music in
which they were sung, an expression of deep melancholy.
"When she had finished the ballad, I asked her if she could
not translate it for me into French, so that I might comprehend
the sense. 'With difliculty,' she said, 'for I have always found
great obstacles to translating exactly the expressions of our
Indians into French, when I have served them as interpreter with
the whites ; but I will try.' And she translated nearly as follows :
Legend of tlie Firefly.
'The rude season of the chase was over. Antakaya, the
handsomest, the most skilful, and bravest of the Cherokee war-
riors, came to the banks of the Avolachy, where he was expected
by Manahella, the young virgin promised to his love and bravery.
'The first day of the moon of flowers was to witness their
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 187
union. Already had the two famiUes, assembled round the same
fire, given their assent : already had the young men and women
prepared and ornamented the new cabin, which was to receive
the happy couple, when, at the rising of the sun, a terrible cry,
the cry of war, sent forth by the scout who always watches at the
summit of the hill, called the old men to the council, and the
warriors to arms.
'The whites appeared on the frontier. Murder and robbery
accompanied them. The star of fertility had not reached its
noontide height, and already Antakaya had departed at the head
of his warriors to repel robbery, murder and the whites.
'Go, said Manahellaj to him, endeavoring to stifle her grief,
go fight the cruel whites, and I will pray to the Great Spirit to
wrap thee with a cloud, proof against their blows. I will pray
him to bring thee back to the banks of the A,Volachy, there to be
loved by Manahella.
T will return to thee, replied Antakaya, I will return to
thee. My arrows have never disappointed my aim, my tomahawk
thall be bathed in the blood of the whites; I will bring back their
scalps to ornament the door of thy cabin ; then I shall be worthy
of Manahella; then shall we love in peace, then shall we be
happy.
'The first day of the moon of flowers had brightly dawned,
and many more had passed away, and none had heard from Anta-
kaya and his warriors. Stooping on the shores of the Avolachy,
the mournful Manahella every evening raised to the evil spirits
little pyramids of polished pebbles, to appease their anger and
avert their resistance to her well beloved; but the evil spirits
were inflexible, and their violent blasts overthrew the little pyra-
mids.
'One evening of the last moon of flowers, Manahella met on
the banks of the river a pale and bloody warrior. 'Die, poor
ivy," said he to Manahella; 'die! the noblest oak of the forest,
that proud oak under whose shade thou hopedest to enjoy re-
pose and happiness, is fallen! It has fallen under the redoubled
strokes of the whites. In its fall it has crushed those who felled
it, but it is fallen ! Die, poor ivy, die ! for the oak which was to
188 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
give thee support is fallen !" — Two days after, Manahella was
no more.
'Antakaya, whose courage had been deceived by fate, had
fallen covered with wounds into the hands of the whites, who
carried him far away. But he escaped; and after wandering long
through the forest, he returned to mourn his defeat and meditate
vengeance with Manahella. When he arrived, she was no more.
Agitated by the most violent despair, he ran in the evening to the
banks of the Avolachy, calling Manahella, but echo alone replied
to the accents of his grief.
'O Manahella! he exclaimed, if my arrows have disappointed
my skill, if my tomahawk has not spilt the blood of the whites,
if 1 have not brought thee their scalps to ornament the door of
thy cabin, forgive me I It is not the fault of my courage, the evil
spirits have fought against me. And yet I have suffered no
complaint to escajae me, not a sigh, when the iron of my enemies
tore my breast: I have not abased myself by asking my life!
They preserved it against my will, and I am only consoled by the
hope of one day avenging myself, and offering thee many of their
scalps. O Manahella ! come, if but to tell me that thou pardonest
me, and that thou permittest me to follow thee into the world
of the Great Spirit.
'At the same instant a vivid light, pure and lambent, ap-
peared to the eyes of the unfortunate Antakaya. He saw in it
the soul of his beloved, and followed it through the valley dur-
ing the night, supplicating it to stay and to pardon him. At
the dawn of the day he found himself on the border of a great
lake ; the light had disappeared, and he believed that it had passed
over the water. Immediately, although feeble and fatigued, he
made a canoe of the trunk of a tree which he hollowed, and with
a branch he made a paddle. At the end of the day his work was
achieved. With the darkness the deceptive light returned ; and
during all the night Antakaya pursued the delusion on the face
of the unsteady waters. But it again disappeared before the light
of the sun, and with it vanished the slight breath of hope and the
life of Antakaya.'
"Mary ended her ballad, and I expressed to her my thanks
as we arrived at the bridge of Kaskaskia. There, Sciakape col-
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 189
lected his escort, said a few words to his wife, and left us to
enter the village alone. We approached the house of Mr. Mor-
rison, at which the ball was given to General Lafayette. I then
felt that Mary trembled; her agitation was so great that she
could not conceal it fi-om me. I asked her the cause. 'If you
would spare me a great mortification,' she said, 'you will not con-
duct me among the ladies of Kaskaskia. They are now without
doubt in their most brilliant dresses, and the coarseness of my
clothes will inspire them with contempt and pity, two sentiments
which will equally affect me. Besides I know that they blame me
for having renounced the life of the whites, and I feel little at
ease in their presence.' I promised what she desired, and she
became reassured. Arrived at Mr. Morrison's, I conducted her
into a lower chamber and went to the hall to inform General La-
fayette that the young Indian girl awaited him below. He
hastened down and several of the committee with him. He saw
and heard Mary with pleasure and could not conceal his emo-
tion on recognizing his letter and observing with what holy ven-
eration it had been preserved during nearly half a century in a
savage nation, among whom he had not even supposed his name
had ever penetrated. On her part, the daughter of Panisciowa
expressed with vivacity the happiness she enjoyed in seeing him,
along with whom her father had the honour to fight for the good
American cause.
"After a half hour's conversation, in which General Lafay-
ette was pleased to relate the evidences of the fidelity and cour-
ageous conduct of some Indian nations towards the Americans,
during the Revolutionary War, Mary manifested a wish to re-
tire, and I accompanied her to the bridge, where I replaced her
under the care of Sciakape and his escort and bade them fare-
well." ^
Shortly before midnight Lafayette bade farewell to the cit-
izens of Kaskaskia and accompanied by his party and Governor
Coles embarked for Nashville, Tennessee. Levasseur was very
favorably impressed with the Governor as may be gathered from
his journal where he recorded the following tribute :
All persons agree m saying that he fulfills his duties as
Governor with as much philanthropy as justice. He owes his
190 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
elevation to the office of governor to his opinions on the abolition
of the slavery of the blacks. He was originally a proprietor in
Virginia, where, according to the custom of the country, he cul-
tivated his lands by negro slaves. After having for a long time
strongly expressed his aversion for this kind of culture, he
thought it his duty to put into practice the principles he had pro-
fessed, and he decided to give liberty to all his slaves; but know-
ing that their emancipation in Virginia would be more injurious
than useful to them he took them all with him into the state of
Illinois, where he not only gave them their liberty, but also es-
tablished them at his own expense, in such a manner that they
should be able to procure for themselves a happy existence by
their labor. This act of justice and humanity considerably dimin-
ished his fortune, but occasioned him no regret. At this period,
some men, led astray by ancient prejudices, endeavored to amend
that article of the constitution of the state of Illinois, which pro-
hibits slavery. Mr. Coles opposed these men with all the ardor of
his philanthropic soul, and with all the superiority of his enlight-
ened mind. In this honorable struggle he was sustained by the
people of Illinois. Justice and humanity triumphed, and soon
after Mr. Coles was elected Governor, by an immense majoiity.*
This was an honorable recompense, and to this there is now
joined another which must be very grateful to him ; his liberated
negroes are perfectly successful, and afford a conclusive argu-
ment against the adversaries of emancipation."
TENNESSEE.
The boat steamed down the Mississippi to the Ohio, and as-
cending this, reached the mouth of the Cumberland the following
evening. Soon after the arrival, the steamboat Artisan came
down the river. To this Lafayette and his companions, after
bidding an affectionate farewell to their friends from Louisiana
and Mississippi, were transferred, and the journey was continued
up the river to the capital of Tennessee. On the 4th of May they
reached Nashville where a great ovation was tendered the illus-
trious guest. At the landing he was met by General Andrew
♦While the above statements in regard to Governor Coles and his
attiti'de toward slavery are correct, he was not elected by an "immense
majority," but by a very small plurality. The vote was as follows : Coles,
2,810; Phillips, 2,760; Brown, 2,543: Moore, .522. Coles was therefore
elected by a plurality of only fifty votes. By these votes Illinois was
saved to freedom.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 191
Jackson with whom he rode in a carriage at the head of a long
procession under a triumphal arch and through streets strewn
with flowers. Here forty officers and soldiers of the Revolution
greeted Lafayette, among them a German veteran by the name
of Hagy who had come with the General on his first voyage to
America and had served under him through the Revolution. The
white haired old soldier who had walked many miles to see his
General, threw himself into> Lafayette's arms exclaiming: "I
have enjoyed two happy days in my life ; one when I landed with
you at Charleston, and the present. Now that I have seen you
once again, I have nothing more to wish for; I have lived long
enough."
Lafayette was welcomed by the Governor of Tennessee and
the mayor of the city. He visited the camp of the militia, Cum-
berland College, and the home of General Jackson. The cere-
monies in his honor closed with a ball, after which he started
down the river to resutae his journey toward the east.
ILLINOIS SHAWNEETOWN.
On the "th of ^lay the boat again entered the Ohio, and on
the day following the party with Governor Coles and other mem-
bers of the committee from the state of Illinois, landed at Shaw-
neetown. Here the greeting of the people was most cordial. As
the boat approached the landing, a salute of twenty-four rounds
was fired. The people were out in great numbers to welcome
the hero. Two lines were formed extending from Rawling's
Hotel to the river. Down this passed the committee of reception,
town officials and other dignitaries, and received the nation's
guest, who with the distinguished party accompanying him passed
up the line, the citizens standing uncovered in perfect silence,
until he arrived at the hotel where many ladies were assembled.
Here James Hall, one of the judges of the state and a literary
man of note in his day, delivered the following address of wel-
come :
"Sir: — The citizens of Shawneetown, and its vicinity, avail
themselves with infinite plea.sure of the opportunity which is this
day presented to them, to discharge a small portion of the na-
192 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
tional debt of gratitude. The American people are under peculiar
obligations to their early benefactors. In the history of govern-
ments, revolutions have not been unfrequent, nor have the strug-
gles for liberty been few; but they have too often been incited
by ambition, conducted with violence, and consummated by the
sacrifice of the noblest feelings and the dearest rights. The sep-
aration of the American colonies from the mother country was
impelled by the purest motives, it was efifected by the most vir-
tuous means, and its results have been enjoyed with wisdom and
moderation. A noble magnanimity of purpose and of action
adorned our conflict for independence; — no heartless cruelty
marked the footsteps of our patriot warriors, no selfish ambition
mingles in the councils of our patriot sages. To those great and
good men we owe, as citizens, all that we are, and all that we
possess; to them we are indebted for our liberty — for the un-
sullied honor of our country — for the bright example which
they have given to an admiring world!
"Years have rolled away since the accomplishment of those
glorious events, and few of the illustrious actors remain to par-
take of our affection. We mourn our Hamilton — we have wept
at the grave of our Washington — but Heaven has spared us
LAFAYETTE, to the prayers of a grateful people.
"In you, sir, we have the happiness of recognizing one of
those whom we venerate — the companion of those whom we
deplore We greet you as the benefactor of the living, we greet
you as the compatriot of the dead. We receive you with filial
affection as one of the fathers of the Republic. We embrace with
eager delight an opportunity of speaking our sentiments to the
early champion of our rights — but we want language to ex-
press all we feel. How shall we thank you, who have so many
claims upon our gratitude? What shall we call you, who have
so many titles to our affection? Bound to us by a thousand
fond recollections — connected with us by many endearing ties —
we hail you by every name which is dear to freemen. Lafayette
— friend — father — fellow citizen — patriot — soldier — phil-
anthropist ! We bid you welcome ! You were welcome, illustrious
sir, when you came as our champion ; you are thrice welcome as
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 193
our honored guest. Welcome to our country and to our hearts —
to our firesides and altars.
"In your extensive tour through our territories, you have
doubtless beheld many proofs that he who shared the storms
of our infancy has not been forgotten amid the genial beams of a
more prosperous fortune. In every section of the Union, our
people have been proud to afifix the name of Lafayette to the
soil, in fighting for which that name was rendered illustrious.
This fart, we hope, affords some testimony that although the
philosophic retirement in which you were secluded might shelter
you from the political storms which assailed your natal soil,
it could not conceal you from the affectionate solicitude of your
adopted countrymen. Your visit to America has disseminated
gladness throughout the continent, but it has not increased our
veneration for your character, nor brightened the remembrance
of those services, which were already deeply engraven in our
memories.
"The little community which has the honor, today, of paying
a tribute to republican virtue, was not in existence at the period
when that virtue was displayed in behalf of our country. You
find us dwelling upon a spot which was then untrodden by the
foot of civilized man ; in the midst of forests whose silent echoes
were not awakened by the tumults of that day. Around us are
none of the monuments of departed patriotism, nor any of the
trophies of that valor which wrought the deliverance of our
country. There is no sensible object here to recall your deeds to
memory — but they dwell in our bosoms — they are imprinted
upon monuments more durable than brass. We enjoy the fruits
of your courage, the lesson of your example. We are the de-
scendants of those who fought by your side — we have imbibed
their love of freedom — we inherit their affection for Lafayette.
"You find our state in its infancy, our country thinly popu-
lated, our people destitute of the luxuries and elegancies of life.
In your reception we depart not from the domestic simplicity of
a sequestered people. We erect no triumphal arches, we offer
no exotic delicacies. We receive you to our humble dwelling
and our homely fare — we take you to our arms and our hearts.
Vol. XXIX-13
194 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
"The affections of the American people have followed you
for a long series of years — they were with you at Brandy wine,
at York, at Olmutz, and at La Grange — they have adhered to
you through every vicissitude of fortune which has marked your
virtuous career. Be assured, sir, that you still carry with you
our best wishes — we firmly desire you all the happiness which
the recollection of a well spent life and the enjoyment of ven-
erable age, full of honor, can bestow — we pray that health and
prosperity may be your companions, when you shall be again
separated from our embraces, to exchange the endearments of
a people's love for the softer joys of domestic affection, and that
it may please heaven to preserve you many years to us, to your
family, and to the world."
The reply of Lafayette was short and extempore. His
voice was tremulous with emotion. He said, in substance:
"I thank the citizens of Shawneetown for their kind atten-
tion. I am under many obligations to the people of the United
States for their manifestations of affectionate regard since I
landed on their shore. I long wished to visit America, but was
prevented by circumstances over which. I had no control. This
visit has afforded me unspeakable gratification. I trust that
every blessing may attend the people of this town and the state
of Illinois."
A collation prepared by the citizens was then served, at
which General Joseph M. Street presided, assisted by Judge
Hall. A number of toasts followed, appropriate to the occasion.
After spending a few hours in pleasant converse and greeting
many citizens, the General was conducted back to the steamer.
Here Governor Coles bade him adieu and proceeded by land to
Vandalia. A salute was fired as the vessel bearing the guest as-
cended the river and vanished from the sight of loving eyes.
UP THE OHIO SINKING OF "THE MECHANIC."
The Ohio was ever the "River Beautiful". In the spring-
time of long ago, before the adventurous white explorer first
gazed upon its waters, it rushed round the rocky angles of green
in its rugged mountain home, and coyly checking its pace as it
traversed a widening valley, moved in curves majestic through the
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 195
forest primeval to meet the mighty "Father of Waters". Then, as
now, the canopy of sky and sun and fleecy clouds by day, of moon
and stars by night, reflected in the bright waters, between
vistas of fern and forest fringed shore, yawned like an inverted
subterranean heaven. Falls and rapids left behind, the waters
ceased to murmur, the valley widened, the hills receded and in
gentle curves stood dimly outlined against the distant horizon.
Who can tell what volumes would be revealed if rock and
hill and sentinel star could speak the unwritten history of the
"River Beautiful"? What records of "men and things" are hid-
den in the unknown graves on its shores. Gone are the days
when the architects of the stone age laid the via saca at the
mouth of the Muskingum. Beacons no longer blaze on sentinel
hills or sacrificial altars, and the hands that raised the mounds
have mingled with the earth that they heaped high through un-
recorded time as their only memorial. The French trader and
the picturesque savage have departed, and the pioneer at the
dawn of a new century bids a last farewell. The Past keeps
her secrets well, but those who have looked upon the meandering
river may know at least that through the generations the limped
waters have gladdened loving eyes and inspired brave hearts to
deeds heroic for home and native land.
As The MccJianic with a numerous company of distinguished
passengers on board, steamed up the noble river, a moving pan-
orama of wild and romantic beauty spread out before them. The
day was calm ; the sun high in heaven ; and the river a winding
mirror with green islands that seemed floating in mid air. The
forests along the shore, for miles unbroken by the habitation of
civilized man, were clothed in the virgin verdure of May. At
the river's marge, white armed sycamores leaned over, holding
aloft wreaths of green ; stately elms here and there waved trail-
ing vines in salutation, while underneath flowers bloomed and
ferns kissed the silent waters. All this passed in pleasing review
before the eyes of the passengers who moved languidly along
the deck- as the vessel steamed rapidly up the river, calling
echoes from the woodland as the engine sent up volumes of
smoke and steam.
But Lafayette rested not nor did he gaze long on the back-
196 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications
ward moving shores. The boat was crowded with passengers.
The General, his son George, Mr, De Syon and M. Levasseur,
his private secretary, were assigned to the ladies' cabin, in the
stern of the vessel, which could only be reached by a flight of
about a dozen steps. Here with the aid of his private secretary
Lafayette was answering letters that had accumulated to the
number of more than two hundred. They came from all sec-
tions of the United States and even from beyond the Atlantic.
The typewriter had not then been invented and the handling of
heav}' mail was slow and tedious. The General worked indus-
triously and happily, cheered by the thought that his health and
strength were not only proving adequate to the long journey, but
that he had been able to meet the expectations of a grateful
people and had not been compelled to disappoint even his hum-
blest correspondent.
The afternoon passed swiftly by. The weather continued
calm, but gathering clouds shut out the light of the declining
sun. Twilight faded into night. Fireflies danced along the shore,
and at long intervals a distant taper sent its ray through the
deepening gloom. An occasional scream came from some wild
denizen of the forest, and near the screech owl and the whip-
poorwill made solemn music. As the long hours passed, these
sounds became less frequent ; the passengers sought their berths,
and there was little to break the profound silence save the
puffing of the engine and the rush of waters through which the
boat plowed her way right onward.
Wearied at last with his correspondence, after dictating a
letter to the superintendent of La Grange, his estate in France,
relative to improvements he wished made before his return,
he lay on his couch and was soon asleep. His son George came
down from the deck when the clock struck ten and remarked
as he entered the cabin :
"I am surprised that in a night so dark our captain does
not make a stop or at least abate his speed."
Similar thoughts had been in the minds of Levasseur and De
Syon. but they had become so thoroughly accustomed to river
navigation at all hours in fair and stormy weather, that their
conversation soon drifted to other subjects. At length George
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 197
Lafayette lay down and slept. Levasseur corrected his notes
and talked at intervals with De Syon. With the exception of the
pilot and two of the crew, all others had fallen asleep when the
clock struck eleven. The grating of the engine and the dash of
waters alone broke the silence. Sleep began to weigh heavily on
the two in the cabin. Twelve o'clock struck. With a terrible
shock the vessel stopped short. The timbers creaked ominously
and a tremor ran through the boat.
The General and his son sprang from their berth and a
number of passengers ran to the deck.
"We have struck a sand bank," said one. "We are in no
danger."
"I am not so sure of that," said Levasseur, as he entered
the great cabin where he found the passengers much agitated,
but still in doubt of the nature of the accident; some had not
even quited their beds. Deciding not to go below without ascer-
taining the real state of things, Levasseur proceeded with the
captain and opened the hatches. The hold was found half filled
with water, which rushed in torrents through a large opening.
"A snag! A snag!" cried the captain. "Hasten Lafayette
to my boat ! Bring Lafayette to my boat !"
The cry of distress reached the great cabin and the deck but
General Lafayette did not hear it in the room below. Here Le-
vasseur found him half dressed with his servant.
"What news?" he asked.
"That we shall go to the bottom, General, if we do not
extricate ourselves," said Levasseur, "and we have not a moment
to spare."
George Lafayette and Levasseur began gathering together
papers and other articles of value. They begged the General to
leave the room at once.
"Go first and prepare for our escajje," said the General,
"while I complete my toilet."
"What," cried his son, "do you think that under such cir-
cumstances we would leave you for a moment?"
The two took the General by tlie hand and hurried him to-
wards the door. He followed, smiling at their haste, and as->
cended the steps.
198 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
At this time the rolling of the vessel was so violent and ir-
regular, and the tumult so great that those on board were in
imminent danger of a watery grave. At last Lafayette and his
friends emerged on deck where confusion reigned in the dark-
ness. Half dressed passengers were running wildly about; some
were dragging trunks; some were looking for the boat; others
were calling for Lafayette. He was already in their midst, but
in the uncertain light they did not recognize him.
The dim lantern revealed only the complete confusion; the
boat heeled to starboard ; scarcely could the aflfrightened men keep
their footing.
The captain and two sailors brought his boat to this side and
lowered it.
"Lafayette. Lafayette," rang out the captain's sonorous
voice.
The confusion was so great that the General could not reach
the boat. Again the vessel rolled violently.
"Here is General Lafayette," shouted Levasseur.
This had the desired effect. The crowd parted, and those
about to leap down into the boat made way for the General.
He hesitated to descend before provision had been made for
the safety of the other passengers, but he was obliged to yield
to their will. He was almost forced to descend.
The rolling of the vessel and the rocking of the little boat
in the darkness made the passage difficult and dangerous. Levas-
seur descended first. He received Lafayette in his arms as he
was lowered by two strong men. Losing his equilibrium under
the great weight, both fell, and had it not been for Mr. Thibeau-
dot who prevented the boat from capsizing, both would have
been thrown into the river.
The boat pushed off into the darkness, but the danger was
not wholly past. The land was to be reached, — but at what
distance, and toward what shore should they direct their course?
The captain promptly made up his mind. Holding the rudder, he
directed the oarsmen to pull for the left bank. In a few
moments the boat reached the shore, and those on board disem-
barking found themselves in the midst of a dense forest.
On landing, those who were so fortunate as to be in the
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. I9d
boat found their number to be nine : the captain, two sailors, Gen-
eral Lafayette, Mr. Thibeaudot, Dr. Shelly, carrying in his arms
a little daughter of a Presbyterian clergyman, the father of the
child, and Levasseur. Then the General perceived for the first
time that his son was not with him, and his habitual coolness in
the presence of danger deserted him.
"George, George," he called aloud, but his voice was
drowned by the cries that went up from the sinking vessel and
the roar of the steam escaping from the boiler.
His friends tried in vain to reason with the General. He was
reminded that his son was a good swimmer and it was suggested
that he had probably remained on the vessel voluntarily, and
that with his coolness he would certainly escape all danger. The
General continued to walk up and down the shore calling for his
son.
The captain and Levasseur returned to the vessel. The
former had scarcely reached the deck, when twelve men clinging
to the wreck leaped down into the boat and were rowed to the
shore, but neither young Lafayette nor De Syon was among the
number. The boat was again approaching the vessel which now
stood almost on her beam ends, when a terrible crash and cries
of despair announced that she was rapidly sinking. The pas-
sengers began leaping overboard, and the water was agitated in
many directions as they attempted to reach land through the
darkness.
On the shore, Mr. Thibeaudot coming down to the water's
edge to render assistance to the unfortunates, found a man
drowning near the bank of the river, and drawing him out of the
water, laid him on the grass. The poor man delirious with fear
and agitation, and not realizing that he was on land, made mo-
tions as if attempting to swim, and continued to struggle vio-
lently. He was at length calmed by the reassuring words of his
rescuer.
Others now began to arrive on shore, but young Lafayette
was not among them, nor could any one tell what had become
of him. The General's anxiety increased. It was known that the
vessel had not entirely sunk ; that her starboard was under water,
200 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
but that the larboard and gangway were still above it; and that
a number of passengers had taken refuge there.
Again the little boat approached the wreck, and Levasseur
called loudly for his missing companion. No voice replied.
Rowing to the stern he called once more.
"Is that you, Mr. Levasseur?"
It was the servant Bastien who spoke. He was clinging
to the roof of the upper cabin. He loosened his hold and slid
down, fortunately alighting in the boat.
"George Lafayette," shouted Levasseur.
"Here I am," was the calm reply from the stern.
"Are you safe?"
"I never was better."
Mr. Walsh, of Missouri, who was standing on the deck near
all the effects of Lafayette and his party that could be rescued
from the inrushing fiood, handed them down to the boat. Among
them were about sixty letters that had been prepared for post.
Lafayette was promptly assured of the safety of his son.
Levasseur, having learned that the boat had struck the bottom
of the river and could sink no further, turned his attention to
the General for whom a comfortable bivouac had been established
around a large fire of dry branches. Here George Lafayette,
De Syon and others soon arrived.
As the discomfited passengers and crew dried their clothing
and conversed about the fire, the General learned that his son
had won the admiration of those on the wreck by his coolness
and the assistance that he kindly rendered his fellow passengers.
Standing at times waist deep in the water, he calmed those be-
side themselves with fright, assisted others to places of safety,
and refused to leave the vessel until all the passengers were out
of danger.
"Mr. George Lafayette must have been shipwrecked before,"
said the captain, "for he has behaved tonight as if he were ac-
customed to such adventures."
From accounts of passengers it appeared that General La-
fayette had rather a narrow escape. A few moments after he
left, the water rushed into the ladies' cabin making entrance or
egress impossible.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley Staples. 201
Careful inquiry at last brought the gratifying assurance
that passengers and crew had all been saved. It was very dark
and a storm seemed impending. A number of fires had been
lighted and swarms of sparks were rising through the arms of
the huge trees to be swallowed up in the blackness of the night.
A floating mattress, almost dry on one side, was brought for the
General, and on it he soon slept. Some occupied themselves
in collecting wood for the fire and others stood about endeavor-
ing to dry their soaking garments. At length the rain began to
patter down, but fortunately it soon passed by.
At daybreak trips were recommenced to the vessel and an
endeavor made to save baggage and food supplies. Captain
Hall, Governor Carroll of Tennessee, and Mr. Crawford, a
young Virginian, directed the work. The foreign passengers
were somewhat surprised to see the Governor of a state without
shoes, stockings or hat, seriously doing the work of a boatman,
more for the benefit of others than for himself, as he had very
little on board to lose by the shipwreck. The searchers brought
to shore a small part of the baggage belonging to the passengers,
the General's trunk containing some of his most valuable papers,
also wine, biscuits, and a leg of smoked venison. With these
provisions the men numbering about fifty, repaired their strength,
exhausted by a night of labor and anxiety.
Day on its return revealed an interesting picture. The shore
was covered with wreckage of many kinds, in the midst of which
each eagerly searched for his own property. Some mournfully
recounted their own losses ; others who had lost most of their
wardrobe or had soiled what was rescued from the flood could
not keep from laughing at the grotesque appearance that they
made in their scant and disordered raiment. The mirth provoked
by the situation was contagious; pleasantries circulated around
the fires of the bivouac, smoothed the visages of the sorrowful,
and almost transformed the shipwrecked travelers into a pleasure
party.
Upon investigation they found themselves near the mouth
of Deer Creek, Indiana, about one hundred and twenty-five
miles below Louisville.
At nine o'clock General Lafayette, with Mr. Thibeaudot and
202 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Bastien, was induced to cross to a house on the other side ior
protection from a threatening storm. Soon after he had left one
of the party announced a vessel descending the river, and im-
mediately afterwards another. Joyful salutations greeted the
vessels as they arrived opposite and stopped. One of them, a
steamer of large size and remarkable beauty, was The Paragon.
She came from Louisville and was on her way with a heavy
cargo for New Orleans. Fortunately for those on shore, one
of their number, Air. Neilson, owned an interest in the vessel
and promptly offered it to tiie committee from Tennessee, that
General Lafayette miglit continue his voyage up the river.
The party now abandoned the bivouac and were soon
aboard The Paragon. Before leaving the captain of The
Mechanic, who remained with his wrecked vessel, they offered
their services which he promptly refused, assuring them that he
had hands enough for the work. It was easily seen, however, that
he was much depressed, not because of the loss of the vessel, the
twelve hundred dollars on board, or the fear of not finding em-
ployment; his grief rose from having shipwrecked the nation's
guest.
"Never," said he, "will my fellow citizens pardon me for the
peril to which Lafayette was exposed last night."
To calm the agitation arising from this apprehension, a
statement was reduced to writing and signed by all the passengers
of The Mechanic, declaring that the loss of the vessel could not be
attributed either to the unskil fulness or imprudence of Captain
Hall, whose courageous work in bringing them safely to land
had been witnessed and appreciated by all.* This gave the cap-
tain much satisfaction, but did not entirely console him.
*The statement in part is as follows :
"We would deem it a great injustice to Captain Hall, should his
character for skill and prudence, as an officer, sustain any injury from
this occurrence. The accident was such as neither prudence nor foresight
could have avoided. The snag which produced this disaster was concealed
some distance under water, and at a distance of more than fifty yards from
the shore. The depth of the water where the hoat sunk was not less than
eighteen feet
"We feel it a duty to ourselves, as well as to Captain Hall, to make
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 203
As soon as The Paragon got under way; Levasseui and
George Lafayette went in a boat to bring the General on board.
They found him on the opposite shore, and after about half an
hour's rowing joined the vessel which without further incident
worthy of special note reached Louisville.
Stormy weather marred the entertainments given in honor of
Lafayette at Louisville. The vessel landed at Portland, a few
miles below the city, at nine o'clock Wednesday morning. May
10, and was welcomed with the national salute. Lafayette was
met at the landing by the local military organization and com-
mittees representing the city and state. Solomon P. Sharp de-
livered the address of welcome on behalf of Kentucky. He said
in part :
"No lapse of time can make you a stranger to the American
people. On the historic page your name is destined to be en-
rolled with the names of Washington and Bolivar; and so long
as enlightened and civilized man shall love freedom, its founders
will live in his memory and claim the first place in his affection.
"The distinguished men of our own country acquired fame
in the good cause, but that cause was their own. You came a
volunteer and staked your fortune and your life in defense of the
rights of others ; you found us destitute of arms, of money, of
knowledge of the military art, of every aid but heaven — yet
you found us a people with banner unfurled, resolved for free-
dom to die. In that moment of holy enthusiasm a kindred feel-
ing was born that will never permit you to be considered a for-
known tlie above facts; so highly honorable to the worthy but unfortunate
subject of these remarks."
To this statement signed by all the passengers the General added t^e
following :
"I eagerly seize this opportunity of doing justice to Captain Hall's
conduct, and acknowledging my personal obligations to him."
L. ^FAYETTE.
The statement above referred to may be found in full in The National
Republican, Cincinnati, May 17, 182-5. For Captain Hall's account of the
steamboat disaster, see his letter to Dr. Hildreth on page 250
204 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
eigner. We must ever esteem you one of the founders of the
Republic.
"The care which a kind providence has taken to preserve
you, in all the perils of war to which you have been exposed,
and to deliver you safe from varying imminent and recent dan-
ger in the wreck of your vessel on our waters, elicits the grate-
ful emotions of the heart toward the Supreme Ruler of the uni-
verse, and inspires the pious hope that you may continue to en-
joy His beneficence."
The General replied:
"While, in the last days of the Revolution, we were indulg-
ing in patriotic anticipation, our fancy was entertained with dis-
tant and half credited reports from this part of the vast wilder-
ness. You may judge, sir, what must be my feelings when I have
lived to see these remote hopes not only verified, but far sur-
passed by the creations and prosperity of the state of Kentuck-y,
where I have been most kindly invited and where you are pleased
to welcome me in most gratifying terms. I beg you, gentlemen
of the state committtee, to accept my grateful acknowledgement."
Judge Rowan next addressed Lafayette on behalf of Louis-
ville and Jefferson county. Among other things he said :
"Permit me, General, as the organ of the citizens of the town
of Louisville and the county of Jefferson to express to you the
very great pleasure which your visit to this place affords them.
They have felt an ardent desire to see you from the moment
they have had reason to anticipate your arrival. Their wish to
see and honor you was not the impulse of that curiosity which
seeks its gratification in beholding and admiring the man of
whose virtues and services to mankind fame has spoken so
loudly, so universally, and so justly ; nor was it a wish merely
to svrell, by the contribution of their humble mite, the moral
spectacle which the United States has been exhibiting to the
world ever since your arrival within the precincts of the nation
— a spectacle entirely new to mankind, that of a great nation,
twelve millions of freemen, spontaneously and eagerly tendering
to one man the gratitude of its heart. The singularity and
grandeur of the spectacle might justify their wish to partici-
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 205
pate. But they had other and higher motives for their eager-
ness to see and honor you — motives which spring from asso-
ciations inseparably connected with the freedom they possess and
the liberties they enjoy. ****** An attempt to de-
lineate your claims to their homage and that of mankind would
be to recount your heroic services, sacrifices and sufferings
throughout a long life devoted to the cause of liberty and human-
ity ; the task is one to which I feel unequal, and which the occa-
sion forbids. They are destined to enrich and instruct posterity.
Your fame, General, will be as extended and as durable as the
principles of liberty ; and the gratitude of mankind will be coex-
tensive with their love of liberty and durable as your fame.
"But it was, not the object of this address to eulogize Gen-
eral Lafayette. It was to bid him welcome. Welcome, then,
General — a cordial welcome to the town of Louisville and the
county of Jefferson."
Lafayette responded as follows :
"I feel highly obliged, sir, for the gratifying welcome, which
in the name of the people of Jefiferson county, you are pleased
most kindly to express. It is to me a great satisfaction to visit
the town of Louisville, the flourishing emporium of this im-
portant state. Among the inexpressible enjoyments of my visit
to the United States, where twelve millions of citizens are pleased
so very afifectionately to greet one of their earliest soldiers, I am
particularly flattered to have been an additional occasion for the
people of those happy states to testify their attachment to the
principles for which we fought. Accept, sir, the expressions of
my gratitude to the citizens of Louisville and Jefferson county."
The General was then assisted to an open carriage, drawn by
four horses, and accompanied by Colonel Anderson, one of his
aides in the revolution, was escorted to the city preceded by
cavalry and followed by the artillery, light infantry, and a large
procession of citizens. As he passed Shippingport, the steam-
boats there each fired a national salute, and on reaching Louis-
ville he found ten thousand people on the streets awaiting his
arrival. The windows of the houses along the line of march
were filled with ladies, and little misses from the schools, ar-
206 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
rayed in white and stationed along the sidewalks, bowed, waved
their handkerchiefs, and strewed the street with flowers as the
venerated guest passed along. As the procession moved up
Main street, the vast crowd moved with it to the lodgings pre-
pared for the General at Union Hall. A little later a deputation
from Indiana formally Jnvited the General to visit their state. He
signified a desire to grant their request, and the following day
was fixed for the visit.
At night, accompanied by his son and suite. General Lafay-
ette attended a ball given in his honor at Washington Hall.
Among the distinguished guests present were Governor Carroll
of Tennessee, Governor Duval of Florida, and Governor Ray of
Indiana.
In the midst of the joy occasioned by the arrival of Lafay-
ette, the citizens of Louisville did not forget the generous service
of Mr. Neilson to whom they showed substantial evidences of
their gratitude. His name was coupled with that of the General
in the toasts at the public dinner, and the city presented him a
costly piece of plate, on which was engraved the thanks of the
Tennesseeans and Kentuckians for his generous act that pre-
vented inconvenience and delay in the journey of the nation's
guest.
On the day after his arrival in Louisville, General Lafayette,
accompanied by a numerous party, on board the steamer General
Pike, crossed the river to Jeffersonville, Indiana, where he was
received in a manner that did credit to the young state.
INDIANA.
When the word went abroad that General Lafayette would
probably visit the western states before returning to France, the
legislature of Indiana then in session promptly provided for the
selection of a committee who reported the following resolution
in reference to Major General Lafayette:
"The Senate and House of Representatives of the state of
Indiana, in General Assembly convened, would be deficient in
respect to the feelings of their constituents and unmindful of
their obligations to a distinguished benefactor, did they fail to
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 207
join the paean of national gratitude and unanimous welcome to
Major General Lafayette, on the occasion of his late arrival
in the United States. It is scarcely necessary for them to say,
that they unanimously accord with the sentiments expressed
toward their illustrious friend, by the Chief Magistrate .of the
Union, and cordially add their sanction to the provision in his
favor recently enacted by Congress. The latter they view as
the smallest return for his preeminent services and sacrifices the
American people could make, or the National Guest receive.
It is the dignity of a spectacle unparalleled in the history of man,
which they particularly feel and admire.
"Ten millions of hearts, spontaneously offering the homage
of their gratitude to a private individual, unsupported by rank
or power, for services long past, of the purest and most exalted
character; — whilst they furnish consoling evidence that republics
are not ungrateful, also carry with them the delightful convic-
tion that the sons of America have not degenerated from their
fathers of the Revolution.
"In pausing to contemplate with appropriate feelings this
sublime example of popular gratitude, united with reverence for
character and principle, the General Assembly learn, with peculiar
satisfaction, that it is the intention of General Lafayette to visit
the western section of the United States. The felicity denied
by a mysterious providence to the father of his country,
has, it is hoped, been reserved for his adopted son. What the
immortal Washington was permitted to see only through the
dark vista of futurity, will be realized in the fullness of vision
by his associate in arms and glory.
"The General Assembly hail, with inexpressible pleasure, the
prospect of this auspicious visit. They can not, they are aware,
receive their benefactor in the costly abodes of magnificence
and taste, nor vie with their sister states in the embellishments
of a hospitality more brilliant than it is theirs to ofifer, but not
more sincere.
"But they can, and do, in common with the whole American
people, welcome him to a home in their hearts. They feel per-
suaded that he will take a deep interest in this part of our
208 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
country, which though not the actual theatre of his generous
labor, has emphatically grown out of the glorious results of his
revolutionary services. On the west of the Alleghany Moun-
tains, our illustrious guest will behold extensive communities of
freemen, which within the period of his own recollection, have
been substituted for a trackless wilderness; where forty years
ago primeval barbarism held undisputed sway over man and
nature, civilization, liberty, and law now wield the mild sceptre
of equal rights. It is here that our illustrious friend will find
his name, his services, and, we trust, his principles flourishing in
perenniel verdure. Here, too, may he enjoy the exulting pros-
pect of seeing them in the language of a favorite son of the
West, 'transmitted, with unabated vigor, down the tide of time
to the countless millions of posterity.'
"In accordance with the preceding sentiment the General
Assembly adopt the following resolution :
"Resolved, That this General Assembly, in common with
their fellow citizens of this state and Union, entertain the highest
admiration for the character, and the most heartfelt gratitude
for the services of Major General Lafayette, and most cordially
approve of every testimonial of kindness and affection he has
received from the people and government of the United States.
"Resolved, That, in the opinion of the General Assembly,
it would afTord the highest gratification to the citizens of
Indiana, to receive a visit from their revered and beloved bene-
factor, the only surviving General of the American Revolution,
and that the Governor of this state be requested, without delay,
to transmit to General Lafayette this and the preceding resolu-
tion and preamble, accompanied by an invitation to visit this
state, at the seat of government or such town on the Ohio River
as the General may designate.
"Resolved, That the Governor of this state, together with
such officers and citizens as may find it convenient, attend at the
point selected by General Lafayette to receive him with the honor
due to the illustrious guest of the state and nation, and that the
Governor draw on the contingent fund for the payment of all
expenses incurred in executing these resolutions.
• Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 209
"Resolved, That the Governor be requested to transmit a
copy of the foregoing preamble and resolutions to the president
of the United States, and to each of our senators and representa-
tives in congress.
S. C. Stevens,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
James B. Ray,
President of the Senate, pro tern.
"Approved Jan. 28, 1825.
"William Hendricks/'
Soon after the arrival of General Lafayette in Louisville
Colonel Farnham, aid to the governor of Indiana, accompanied
by Messrs. Gwathmey, Merriwether, Beach, and Burnett, waited
upon him with the congratulations of the state which were ex-
pressed as follows;
"General Lafayette — We have the honor to present our-
selves as a committee, in behalf of the executive, the legislature
and the people of Indiana, to tender you our warmest felicita-
tions on your progress thus far, in a tour grateful and exhilar-
ating to every American heart ! We particularly congratulate you
on your recent escape from a disaster that menaced your personal
safety and the destruction of our fondest hopes. Accept, sir,
en the soil of a sister state the preliminary welcome of Indiana.
She anticipates with eagerness the satisfaction of indulging at
home, those efifusions of sensibility and affection which your
presence can not fail to inspire. She bids us tell you that her
citizens, one and all, impatiently await the happy privilege of
rallying around a national benefactor, and of wreathing in the
shrine of gratitude a garland of honor to republican freedom!
In yielding yourself to their afifectionate wishes, you will con-
summate the claims you already possess to their choicest affec-
tions."
To this greeting the General replied :
"A visit to Indiana, where I shall have the opportunity in
person to express my sense of gratitude to her executive, repre-
sentatives and citizens for their very kind invitation and gener-
Vol. XXIX— 14
210 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ous expressions of regard, has been among the fond wishes of
my heart."
He then appointed the following day to make his visit to
the state, at Jeffersonville.
At eleven o'clock, Thursday forenoon, the Indiana com-
mittee met Lafayette on board of the Steamboat General Pike
to which he had been escorted by the committee of arrangements
and marshals of Louisville and Jeiiferson county. The General
was greeted on the Indiana shore by a salute of thrice twenty-
four guns, discharged from three pieces of artillery, stationed
on the river bank, at the base of three flag staffs each seventy-
five feet high and bearing flags with appropriate mottoes. He
was received at the shore by Generals Oark and Carr, marshals
of the day, and escorted by a detachment of three artillery com-
panies, commanded by captains Lemon, Clifford, and Booth, to
the pleasant mansion of the late Governor Posey; on his entrance
to which he was welcomed by his excellency, James B. Ray, in
the following address:
"General Lafayette — You have already been apprised of
the sentiments of the General Assembly of this state, through
resolutions which my predecessor had the honor of transmitting
to you, and which have received on your part, the most affec-
tionate acknowledgment.
"Permit me, as the organ of their feelings, and of those of
the people of this state, to hail with delight this auspicious visit.
Your presence on our soil, whilst it satisfies the wishes of the
present generation, will be marked by posterity as the bright
epoch in the calendar of Indiana. Accept, dear General, our
cordial congratulations, our heartfelt welcome, our devoted as-
pirations for your happiness.
"In presenting this free will offering of our hearts, we do not
obey exclusively the impulses of personal affection and grati-
tude. In the language of our legislature, we unite with these
'reverence for character and principle.' We exult, in cooperat-
ing with our brethren of this Union, to demonstrate to the world
that a benefactor and friend, superadding to these sacred claims
those of patriot, philanthropist and republican, 'without fear
and without reproach,' will ever receive the unanimous acclama-
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 211
tion of a free people. If we look in vain into the history of
other nations for this concentration of feeling and sentiment on
any individual, it is because we shall find but one nation en-
joying the preeminent felicity of claiming as its citizens a Wash-
ington and a Lafayette! Allow me, General, on this grateful oc-
casion, to intimate a hope that our sister republic of Columbia
may find in the illustrious Bolivar a legitimate successor in their
hearts to these venerated titles in ours.
James B. R.\y,
Governor of Indiana.
"General, when you first landed on our shores and were re-
ceived with outstretched arms by all our citizens who had the
happiness to be near you, the enemies of freedom in Europe
derided these genuine impulses of gratitude as the results of
popular effervescence and caprice. It is now approaching a
twelve-month since your presence dififused joy and gladness
among us, and twenty-one states out of twetaty-four have
212 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
recorded by public demonstrations, their deliberate sense of the
honor and happiness you have conferred on them by your visits.
"The states of this Union west of the Alleghany IMountains
were, — at the commencement of your generous services in the
cause of America, unknown, except as boundless tracts of an un-
subdued wilderness.
"This extensive territory you now behold, reclaimed and
fertilized, with a population of millions all cherishing with en-
thusiasm your principles, and emulating each other with har-
monious rivaliy in rendermg to illustrious merit the grateful
offices we now attempt.
"This population is daily extending with increasing strides
to the western limits of our continent, where your name, in con-
junction with that of the immortal father of his country, will
be repeated, as it now is here, in accents of love and veneration,
and where in all human probability, some of the immediate de-
scendants of those you see around you this day will rehearse
the passing scene to their posterity, till the tones of joy and exul-
tation shall be lost in the murmurs of the Pacific ocean.
"Once more, General, Indiana greets you with a cordial
welcome."
To which the General returned the following answer :
"While I shall ever treasure in grateful memory the man-
ner in which I have been invited by the representatives of
Indiana, it is now an exquisite satisfaction to be, in the name of
the people, so affectionately received by their chief magistrate
on the soil of this young state and in its rapid progress to wit-
ness one of the most striking effects of self government and
perfect freedom.
"Your general remarks on the blessings and delightful feel-
ings which I have had to enjoy in this continued series of popu-
lar welcomes, — as they sympathize with my own inexpressible
emotions, so the flattering personal observation you have been
pleased to add claim my most lively acknowledgment ; and never-
more, sir, than when by a mention of my name you honor me as
the filial disciple of Washington and the fond admirer of
Bolivar.
"Be pleased to accept this tribute of my thanks to you, sir,
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 218
to the branches of the representatives of Indiana, and my most
devoted gratitude and good wishes for the people of this state."
The General was then conducted to rooms where refresh-
ments were provided and presented to a numerous company of
ladies assembled to welcome him, and to several hundred citi-
zens, including a few revolutionary soldiers. Though the crowd
was large, the stormy weather prevented some from attending.
At three o'clock the General was escorted to dinner by the
military accompanied by a band of music. The table was hand-
somely prepared under an arbor, about two hundred and twenty
feet in length, well covered and ornamented throughout with
forest verdure and foliage, among which roses and other flowers
were tastefully interwoven by the ladies of Jeffersonville. At
the head of the table a large transparent painting was hung, on
which was inscribed, "Indiana Welcomes Lafayette, the
Champion of Liberty in Both Hemispheres." Over this was
a fine tlag, bearing the arms of the United States. At the foot
of the table was a similar painting, with the following inscrip-
tion: "INDIANA, IN '76 A WILDERNESS — IN 1825 A
CIVILIZED COMMUNITY! THANKS TO LAFAYETTE
AND THE SOLDIERS OF THE REVOLUTION." Many
distinguished gentlemen from Kentucky, Tennessee and other
states were present, among whom were recognized Governor
Carroll and suite, Hon. C. A. Wickliffe, Judges Barry and Bled-
soe, Attorney-General Sharp, Col. Anderson, the Hon. John
Rowan, committee of arrangements from Louisville and Jeffer-
son county, Kentucky, Major Wash, Mr. Neilson and others.
After dinner the following toasts were offered amid fre-
quent and hearty applause :
1. Our country and country's friend.
2. The memory of Washington.
3. The Continental Congress of the thirteen united colonies
and their illustrious coadjutors.
4. The congress of 1824 — They have expressed to our
benefactor the unanimous sentiments of our hearts.
5. The president of the United States — A vigorous scion
from a revolutionary stock!
6. Major General Lafayette, united with Washington in our
214 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
hearts — We hail his affectionate visit with a heart cheering
welcome.
In reply to this General Lafayette gave the following:
"Jeffersonville and Indiana- — May the rapid progress of
this young state, a wonder among wonders, more and more
evince the blessings of republican freedom.
7. The classic birthplace of freedom — The crescent and
scimeter are no longer terrible to the descendants of Leonidas
and Aristides !
8. Simon Bolivar, the liberator of Columbia and Peru —
May the example of Washington continue to direct his course
and consummate his glory.
9. The surviving revolutionary compatriots of General La-
fayette— They have lived years of pleasure in one interview
with their illustrious associate !
10. The ordinance of '87 containing fundamental laws for
the government of the northwestern territory, and providing a
perpetual interdiction to slavery — Immortal gratitude and
honor to its f ramers !
11. The native soil of our illustrious guest, the classic land
of chivalry and the arts, the smiling region of hospitality, honor,
and refinement — Americans can never forget their first "great
and magnanimous ally."
12. The memory of George Rogers Clark, the brave and
successful commander of the Illinois regiment — His achieve-
ments at Kaskaskia and St. Vincent extinguished the empire of
Great Britain on the Ohio and the Mississippi.
13. The fair of America — It will be their delightful task
to instil in our children those exalted lessons of honor and virtue
taught in the life of our distingtiished guest, and thus embalm
his memor}' in the hearts of posterity!
General Lafayette, on being invited to propose a toast, gave
"The memory of General Greene."
The following volunteer toasts were then offered by
I. Governor Ray. The people of the United States —
Gratified with the opportunity of expressing to the world their
gratitude to their friend and benefactor.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 215
2. Governor Carroll. The State of Indiana. Rich in nat-
ural resources, her industrious and virtuous citizens know how
to improve them.
3. Judge Barry. General Andrew Jackson — The hero of
New Orleans !
4. General M. G. Clarke. The rights of man and the
memory of Thomas Paine, their intrepid and eloquent advocate.
5. Colonel Ford. Henry Clay — The statesman, the
patriot and orator.
6. J. H. Farnham. Our amiable guest, William H. Neil-
son — His noble conduct towards the guest of the nation claims
the tribute of our sincere admiration.
7. General Carr, (one of the marshals of the day). Gen-
eral Andrew Jackson — Posterity will view with admiration the
deeds of glory achieved by the hero whose motto was, "The
country held sacred to freedom and law."
8. A. P. Hay, Esq. The late war with England — It has
evinced to the world that republican government is able to with-
stand the attack of the best regulated monarchy.
9 Henry Clay — Gold from the crucible,
seven times refined.
10. Samuel Gwathmey, Esq. The day we now celebrate —
Long will it be engraved on the hearts of the citizens of Indiana !
After the banquet, in the midst of reluctant farewells,
General Lafayette and his party re-embarked in the evening for
Louisville.
KENTUCKY — SHELBYVILLE, FRANKFORT, LEXINGTON.
On Friday morning. May 12th, after presenting a stand of
colors to the Lafayette Guards, a corps of volunteer cavalry
that had been expressly formed to escort him on his arrival in
Kentucky, he proceeded on his journey to the state capital. Gov-
ernor Carroll of Tennessee, yielding to pressing invitations, ac-
companied the General. Shelbyville was reached at the end of
the first day's journey. At four o'clock Saturday afternoon the
General and his escort entered South Frankfort.
A contemporary witness tells us that "the long and brilliant
procession winding down the hill and through the streets, the
216
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
sound of bugles, the shrill notes of the fife, the rattling of the
drums, and the reports of cannon echoing from a hundred hills,
rendered this the most imposing and interesting spectacle ever ex-
hibited in the capital of Kentucky." As the procession passed
through the streets enthusiasm rose high. From crowded win-
dows ladies waved handkerchiefs and showered roses down in
the way of the General. As his carriage approached the hotel,
the people welcomed him with long continued cheers. He was
conducted to the large
porch where Governor
Desha delivered an ad-
dress of welcome. In
concluding he said:
"We receive you,
General, as a chieftain
of freedom, as a mili-
tary chieftain of revolu-
tionary memory, and
glory in having the op-
portunity of expressing
our gratitude. * * *
You see joy lighted up
in every countenance at
your arrival. Permit me,
then, in the name of the
people of Kentucky, to
thank you for honoring
us with this visit. That
your days maye be many
and as happy as your
course has been honorable, and that ultimately when you leave
this terrestrial globe you may meet in the mansions of bliss with
our beloved ^^'ashington, is the sincere and heartfelt prayer of a
grateful people."
To which Lafayette replied substantially as follows:
"My old and endearing connection with those parts of
America from which Kentucky has made a splendid offspring
Joseph Desha,
Governor of Kentucky.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 217
could not but make me very anxious to visit this state where
the splendid results of fertility and industry have surpassed our
most romantic hope and where in the gallant and spirited Ken-
tuckians I recognize the sons of my revolutionary contemporaries
Thanks to the kindness of friends, among your fine corps of vol-
unteers I have had the pleasure of meeting a body of my old
companions, and those also who in that Revolutionary War
fought on the western frontier. Here also I meet many of the
patriots who in the last war proved themselves the glorious de-
fenders of their country. While my lively gratitude is excited
by the afifectionate welcome I now receive from the people of
Kentucky, and which at this seat of government you are pleased
most kindly to express, I have also personally to acknowledge
anterior obligations ; for from this place, by the two branches of
the legislature and the chief magistrate of the state, I have been
invited in most flattering terms, for which I beg leave to join my
thanks with the tribute of my grateful and devoted respects to the
citizens of this commonwealth."
After the General had rested from the fatigue of his journey
the military re-formed and he was conducted along the serried
columns under a gorgeous arch, to a large pavilion. Here a
touching scene occurred. A band of revolutionary soldiers,
wearing on their hats the figures '76, were drawn up in line to
meet the General. Gray and bent with age they stood up proudly
to look once more upon their commander of other years. The
General walked along the line and warmly greeted each veteran.
In his sturdy frame and in his face as yet unmarred by time,
they saw no traces of the slender boy General of the days "that
tried men's souls." From their faces the freshness of youth and
the pride of vigorous manhood had departed. "Half a century
had obliterated the features that once made these brave men
known to each other, but they mutually recalled a number of
incidents which had occurred in their former service." As they
grasped the hand of the man who in his youthful days had led
them to danger and glory, grateful emotions found expression,
and down the furrows of war and time tears freely found their
way.
Later in the evening over five hundred guests sat down to
218 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
dinner, the General occupying the place of honor. To his right
and left sat the aged men who had been his companions in arms.
Around the tables were seated officers of the war of 1812, sen-
ators, representatives in congress, members of the state legisla-
ture, judges, clergymen and distinguished guests from other
states.
Among many toasts ofi'ered were the following :
By General Lafayette — Kentucky and this seat of govern-
ment— May the gallant and patriotic Kentuckians forever unite
in the enjoyment of the principles for which we have fought and
of the blessings to which their industry, their valor, and their
republican spirit give them a triple right.
By Governor Desha — Generals Lafayette and Jackson —
One fought to obtain American liberty ; the other to perpetuate it.
By Colonel Richard M. Johnson — Joseph Desha, Governor
of Kentucky — distinguished for services in the field and the un-
deviating support of republican principles.
By Chief Justice Barry — The captain, crew, and passengers
of the Steamboat Mechanic — They showed their love for liberty
in their anxiety to preserve its great apostle.
By Judge Bledsoe — Washington, Lafayette, Bolivar, and
Manrocordato — apostles of liberty in two worlds.
In the evening a ball was given in honor of the General,
in one of the most spacious halls of the then western country. It
was surmounted with an arched roof supported by two rows of
columns. A description of the room as it appeared that night has
been preserved :
"It was hung around with crimson drapery, relieved at inter-
vals by gilt laurel wreaths, from which were suspended festoons
of white drapery ornamented with red roses. Wreaths of ever-
green and roses were displayed on the entablatures of the capi-
tals and entwined around the shafts of the columns. At the
upper end of the room was a large military trophy, in the center
of which was an oval transparency, exhibiting a striking likeness
of the General, surrounded by festoons of crimson drapery and
enclosed in a triangular frame of stacked muskets, from behind
which the projecting points of bayonets and swords formed
brilliant rays of glory. The trophy was surmounted by the fol-
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 219
lowing motto; 'Welcome, Champion of Freedom.' In the
orchestra opposite the trophy, the French and American colors
were displayed above the tops of cedars ornamented with roses.
On the floor between the columns was drawn a beautiful design
— the French and American flags entwined around a shield sur-
mounted by a laurel wreath and surrounded by the motto, 'La-
fayette, Our Country's Guest.' On the walls hung several por-
traits tastefully ornamented, among which were those of Wash-
ington, Jefferson, Madison, and General Scott. Two elegant
chandeliers and numerous candles illuminated the fairy scene."
On the day following, the General and his party started to
Lexington. On their way they stopped for dinner at the town of
Versailles, whose citizens with those of the surrounding country
were out in great numbers to honor the General. That afternoon
the party traveled to within three miles of Lexington, where they
spent the night. On Monday morning a large body of state
cavalry, headed by a deputation from Lafayette county, came
to escort the General into the city.
On an eminence from which Lexington could be dimly seen
in the distance, the procession formed. By eight o'clock the
column was in motion. Rain was falling in torrents and the sky
covered with dark clouds, portended a bad day ; but when the
cavalcade was entering the city, at the discharge of artillery on a
neighboring hill as if by enchantment the rain ceased, the clouds
scattered, and the returning sun revealed the landscape of living
green, the city in holiday attire and a great concourse of people
anxiously awaiting the arrival of the nation's guest.
The entertainments at Lexington were especially brilliant,
but the General was most interested in the evident educational
progress of all classes of the people. He was not a little sur-
prised to find so far west a town of six thousand inhabitants,
rivaling in culture the favored communities of Europe. The
first place he visited was Transylvania College, the university of
Kentucky. Here he was welcomed by John Bradford, president
of the Board of Tnistees, and Dr. HoUey, president of the uni-
versity.
In his reply General Lafayette paid the following compli-
220 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
nient to Henry Clay, who was a trustee of the university, but
was not present on this occasion :
"To your interesting remarks on the diffusion of Hght
through the western states, I will add that already the western
stars of the American constellation have shone with splendid
lustre in the national councils. South America and Mexico
will never forget that the first voice heard in congress for the
recognition of their independence was the voice of a Kentuckian ;*
nor can they any more forget that to the wise and spirited declar-
ation of the government of the United States they have been
indebted for the disappointment of hostile projects, and for a
more speedy recognition by European powers."
The General and his party then proceeded to a spacious hall
where the students honored him with addresses in-Latin, English
and French. To each of these he made a brief response that
showed his familiarity with the languages. The addresses of
the young men have been preserved.
The General next visited the academy for young ladies,
conducted by Mrs. Dunham under the name of Lafayette
Academy. Here students welcomed him with a patriotic song
composed by Mrs. Holley and addresses similar to those de-
livered at the university. Lafayette was agreeably surprised and
deeply affected at the interest of the young iiy his visit and their
familiarity v/ith the incidents of his life. The affectionate wel-
come tendered him here made him reluctant to leave, and when
finally he bade farewell to the young ladies and their teachers
he said, "I am proud of the honor of having my name attached
to an institution so beneficial in its aim and so happy in its re-
sults."
While in Lexington, Lafayette visited Mrs. Scott the widow
of General Scott of revolutionary fame. He also drove to Ash-
land, the charming home of Henry Gay, recently appointed
Secretary of State. Mr. Clay was not there to receive him, but
Mrs. Clay and her children did the honors in a manner that was
highly appreciated by the distinguished guest.
*Henry Clay was one of the earliest and most enthusiastic advocates
of the recognition of the independence of the South American repuhlics.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 221
At Lexington the General parted with Governor Carroll and
almost all of his friends from Louisiana, Tennessee, and Frank-
fort, and turning northward with Governor Desha, other state
officials, and a detachment of volunteer cavalry from George-
town, at the end of thirty-six hours arrived, on the nineteenth
of May, at ten o'clock in the morning, on the bank of the Ohio
River opposite the city of Cincinnati.
OHIO.
Lafayette's entry into the city of Cincinnati was most
auspicious. The day was cloudless; the spirit of peace seemed
to fall upon the expectant landscape and the laughing waters.
In the Queen City a great concourse of people was eagerly
awaiting the signal that should announce the approach of the
"Nation's Guest." When this was given an elegant barge, pre-
pared and manned for the occasion and commanded by mid-
shipman Rowan, crossed the river. The moment it commenced
its return with Lafayette on board a salute was fired by the
artillery and he approached the shores of Ohio "amidst the roar
of cannon and the shouts of a jo}ful multitude that thronged
the banks of the river."
Governor Jeremiah ]\Iorro\#*at the head of a large body of
gorgeously uniformed soldiery met him at the landing. As he
came ashore the Governor grasped his hand and proceeded to
address him as follows:
"General — On behalf of the citizens of the State of Ohio,
I have the honor to greet you with an afifectionate and cordial
welcome.
"This state, from the circumstances of its recent origin,
was not a member of the American confederation until many
years after the termination of the Revolutionary War. Her ter-
ritory has not been the theatre of those military operations so im-
portant in their results, nor have her fields been rendered memor-
able by the then sanguinary conflicts. Hence, in visiting a country
barren of revolutionary incidents, those recollections and associa-
tions with which you were impressed on lately traversing
Bunker's Hill and the scene of hostile action and victory at
Yorktown cannot be produced.
222
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
"Still, sir, we flatter ourselves that your visit to the western
country, which has excited on our part the most lively emotion,
will not be wholly uninteresting to yourself. To you it must be
interesting to witness, in the social order which prevails and the
rapid progress of improvement in our country, a practical illus-
tration of the effects produced on the condition of man, by those
principles of rational liberty of which you have been the early
defender, the consistent advocate, and the uniform friend; and
Jeremiah Morkow,
Governor of Ohio.
the same people welcome you here as on the more classic ground
over which you have passed ; for here, as in the elder states,
many of those patriots who achieved our nation's independence
have fixed their residence. They and their descendants form a
large portion of our population, and give a like tone to the feel-
ings and character of our community. With the sentiments of
gratitude and veneration common to our fellow citizens through-
out the United States, we hail you, General, as the early anrt
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 223
constant friend of our country, of rational liberty, and of the
rights of man."
General Lafayete replied as follows:
"The highest award that can be bestowed on a revolutionary
veteran is to welcome him to a sight of the blessings which have
issued from our struggle for independence, freedom, and equal
rights. Where can those enjoyments be more complete than in
this State of Ohio, where even among the prodigies of American
progress, we are so particularly tO' admire the rapid and wonder-
ful results of free institutions, free spirit, and free industry ; and
where I am received by the people and in their name by their
chief magistrate, with an affection and concourse of public kind-
ness, which fill my heart with most lively sentiments of grati-
tude. While I am highly obliged for your having come so far
to meet me, I much regret the impossibility to present to yott
my acknowledgments, as I had intended, at the seat of govern-
ment. You know, sir, the citizens of the state know, by what
engagements, by what sacred duties, I am bound to the solemn
celebration of a half secular anniversary, equally interesting to
the whole Union. I offer you, sir, my respectful thanks for the
kind and gratifying manner in which you have been pleased to
express your own and the people's welcome ; and permit me here
to offer the tribute of my grateful devotion and respect to the
happy citizens of the State of Ohio."
The soldiers then stood in open order and presented arms,
while the General proceeded in a "barouche and four", accom-
panied by the escort from Kentucky and the city authorities, to
a platform in front of the Cincinnati Hotel where he was re-
ceived by the committee of arrangements for the city. "The
crowd of citizens was immense. The whole common in front of
the town presented an unbroken mass of freemen, anxiously
looking for the object of their admiration, and occasionally
rending the air with shouts of the most enthusiastic joy." Ladies
thronged the doors, windows and balconies of adjacent build-
ings. Handkerchiefs fluttered, flags waved, the crowd swayed,
and the troops with military precision performed their evolutions
as the General and his party mounted the platform. Here he
was warmly greeted by a number of old revolutionary soldiers
224 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
and prominent citizens of the state. General William Henry
Harrison, chairman of the committee, delivered the following
welcome on behalf of the city:
"General Lafayette — In the name of the people of Cincin-
nati, I bid you welcome to their city.
"In other places, General, yonr reception has been marked
by a display of wealth and splendor which we could not imitate,
even if it were not imconipatible with the simplicity of manners
and habits which distniguish the backwoodsmen of America.
But let me assure you. General, that in no part of the Union or
of the whole earth is there to be found a greater respect for your
character, a warmer gratitude for your services, or a more af-
fectionate attachment to your person than in the bosoms of
those who now surround you.
"But, if we cannot rival some of our sister states in the
splendor of an exhibition, or in the fascinating graces of a
highly polished society, to a mind like yours we can present a
more interesting spectacle — the effect of those institutions, for
the establishment of which your whole life has been devoted, in
producing in the course of a few years a degree of prosperity
and a sum of human happiness which you have nowhere seen
surpassed in the wide circuit of your tour. When you last em-
barked from your adopted country, General, the bounds of this
extensive state did not contain a single white inhabitant. No
plow had yet marked a furrow on its luxuriant soil. One un-
broken mass of forest equally sheltered a few miserable savages
and the beasts which were their prey.
"In this immense waste no human being oiifered the song of
praise and thanksgiving to the throne of the Creator ; the country
and its wretched inhabitants presented the same appearance of
wild, savage, uncultivated nature. But now see the change, 'the
wilderness and the solitary places have been made glad, and the
desert to blossom as the rose.'
"There is no deception. General, in the appearances of pros-
perity whicli are before you. This flourishing city has not been
built like the proud capital of the frozen Neva, by command of
a despot, directing the labor of obedient millions. It has been
reared by the hands of freemen. It is the natural mart of a
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 225
highly cultivated country. These crowded streets are filled
with the inhabitants of this city and its vicinity, and are a part
of the 700,000 Christian people who daily offer up their orisons
to heaven for the innumerable blessings they enjoy. The youth
who form your guard of honor are a detachment of the 100,000
enrolled freemen, whose manly bosoms are the only ramparts
of our state. They have all assembled to present the freewill
olfering of their affections to the benefactor of their country.
"Happy Chief I How different must be your feelings from
those of the most distinguished commander who, in the proudest
days of Rome, conducted to the capitol the miserable captives
and the glittering spoils of an unrighteous war. This, your
triumph, has not brought to the millions who witnessed it, a
single painful emotion. Your victories have not caused a sigh
from the bosom of any human being, unless it be from the tyrants
whose power to oppress their fellowmen they have curtailed.
"Happy man ! The influence of your example will extend
beyond the tomb. Your fame, associated with that of Washing-
ton and Bolivar, will convince some future Caesar that the path
of duty is the path of true glory ; and that the character of the
warrior can never be complete without faithfully fulfilling the
character of the citizen.
"Welcome, then, companion of Washington, friend of
Franklin, Adams and Jefferson — devoted champion of liberty,
— welcome."'
The General was visibly moved, and replied as follows :
"The wonders of creation and improvement which have hap-
pily raised this part of the Union to its present high degree of
importance, prosperity and happiness, have been to me, from the
other side of the Atlantic, a continued object of attention and
delight; yet, whatever had been my patriotic and confident antici-
])ations, I find them still surpassed by the admirable realities
\»hich, on entering this young, beautiful and flourishing city offer
themselves to my enchanted eye, and by the testimonies of affec-
tion which the kind and happy multitude of citizens which sur-
round us are pleased to confer upon me. So. while I here enjoy
the blessed results of our revolutionary action, of the last war.
Vol. XXIX— 15
226 OJiio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
and tlie fine appearance of the numerous corps of volunteers
who have turned out to meet me, in these young patriots, I see
a most gratifying specimen of the hundred thousand citizen
soldiers of this state, ever ready to stand in defense of national
lights and American honor. Here, also, I meet revolutionary
companions in arms, the sons of my old friends, and the sound
of names most dear to me. Accept, sir, my best thanks for the
kind maimer iu which you and the gentlemen of the committee
are pleased to welcome me and a tender of my respectful and
affectionate gratitude to the citizens of Cincinnati for their bril-
liant and, you will allow me to observe, my dear sir, their so
very affectioitate reception."
At the conclusion of these ceremonies the military retired
and the General held an informal reception at the hotel. At five
o'clock he attended the masonic lodge, which bore his name,
which had been organized in anticipation of his visit, and of
which he was made an honorary member. An ode prepared for
this occasion by Morgan Neville, was read. George Graham
made the principal address to which the General feelingly replied.
Later in the evening he witnessed a, "brilliant exhibition of fire
works" at the Globe Inn and on his return visited the Western
Museum which was brilliantly illuminated in his honor as was
the entire city. "At a seasonable hour", says a writer who was
present, "he returned to his lodgings at the house of Mr. Febiger
on Vine Street."
Early the next morning the streets were thronged with peo-
ple eager to see and honor the nation's guest. The committee
had arranged to give the Sabbath school children of Cincinnati
precedence in the parade. At nine o'clock they were formed in
procession and marched, "bearing appropriate banners, to the
foot of Broadway, where under the guidance of the teachers
they were arranged in a hollow square ready to receive the Gen-
eral." He was soon presented among them and seemed more de-
lighted with this exhibition of gratitude than with any other
which the best efforts of the citizens could present. He took the
children affectionately by the hand, proceeding with his saluta-
tions through the greater part of them, amounting in all to more
than fifteen hundred, besides the pupils of Dr. Locke's female
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 227
academy. These last were dressed in uniform and added much
to the beauty of the procession. Rev. Ruter, in behalf of the
children and teachers addressed the General:
"General Lafayette — The return to our Republic, of one of
its principal founders, after an absence of almost half a century,
brings to the mind an association of ideas and emotions not easily
described. When this part of the United States was a wilderness,
without inhabitants to appreciate your cause, you came to our
shores and fought and bled in defense of our national rights.
Success attended your efforts ; you left America in peace and re-
turned in triumph to your native land. Years have rolled on,
revolutions have shaken Europe, kingdoms have risen and fallen.
By a gracious providence you have been preserved to see the end
of those perils. You have outlived the storm. And now, in the
bright evening of your days, returning to the theatre of that
memorable revolution in which you bore so conspicuous a part,
you behold its happy effects in the widespread blessing which
crowned the American people. From the East to the West, over
the land of the free, over the homes of surviving patriots once
your companions, and over the tombs of our departed heroes,
liberty reigns.
"During your absence, the wilderness has become a fruit-
ful field, filled with inhabitants, abounding with plenty, favored
with religious toleration and flourishing in the arts and sciences.
Our citizens who first emigrated to the western country brought
with them the principles which you have uniformly defended,
and their children have received them. The rising generation of
our land have been taught the origin of our political institutions ;
they have learned your history as being interwoven with that of
their nation ; they cherish and will transmit to posterity a grate-
ful remembrance of your sufferings and your achievements in
the sacred cause of freedom. General, the people of the West,
while they give thanks to God who first sent you to our shores,
receive you as their benefactor, as their friend, and as the
former friend and companion of the great Washington. All
hearts greet you, and perhaps none with more sincerity than
these juvenile companies, gathered from our schools and from
our principal female academy, with the instructors and guard-
228 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ians, whom I have the honor of representing, and in whose
name I am happy to welcome your arrival in Cincinnati."
After greeting the children*, the General replied:
"Amidst the affectionate and universal greeting from the
people of Ohio whom I have the happiness to meet in this ad-
mirable city of Cincinnati, I have with peculiar delight noticed
the eagerness and warmth of juvenile feelings in behalf of an
old American soldier. There I rejoice to find not only additional
testimonies of the personal kindness of their parents and tutors,
but a most gratifying mark of their own early attachment to
the principles for which their forefathers fought and bled. Their
eyes have first opened on the public prosperity and domestic hap-
piness which are the blessed lot of this American land. Here
liberty and equal rights surround them in every instance, in every
progress of their tender years, and when admitted to compare
their country with those parts of the world where aristocracy
and despotism still retain their baneful influence, they will more
and more love their republican institutions and take pride in the
dignified character of American citizenship. So when they re-
flect on the toils in the war of independence, on the source to
which they owe these various institutions, they will be more
disposed to cherish the sentiments of mutual affection between
the several parts of the confederacy.
"I beg you, sir, to accept my affectionate thanks for your
kind address, and I also present my acknowledgments to the
worthy teachers and to my friends of both sexes in your so
very interesting schools and seminaries."
At eleven a. m. the grand procession was formed. In ad-
dition to the local military, companies from Springfield, Madison,
and Vevay, Indiana, participated. Mechanical organizations with
*When the Genera! appeared before them, their young hands scattered
flowers under his feet, and Dr. Ruter advancing delivered him an address
in their name, the sentiments of which sensibly affected the General, who
wished to express his acknowledgments to the doctor, but, at the moment
was surrounded by the children, who in a most lively manner stretched
out their little hands to him, and filled the air with their cries of joy. He
received their caresses and embraces with the tenderness of a parent who
returns to his family after a long absence, and then replied to Dr. Ruter's
address. Levasseur.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 229
appropriate banners were in line : printers, cordwainers, iiatters,
shipwrights, carpenters, engravers, saddlers and other labor
societies numbering in all more than thirty.
The shipwrights, several of whom carried models of boats
on their shoulders, were preceded by the barge in which the
General had crossed the river, now mounted on wheels and
drawn by three horses. On the stern was painted, 'Yorktown,
Oct. 19, 1781.' The star spangled banner floated proudly at
her bow and stern and the barge was manned by young men who
had volunteered to uniform themselves for the honor of con-
veying the General to the city.
Never had Cincinnati witnessed a more impressive spectacle.
Fresh arrivals from the surrounding country swelled the crowd
beyond the bounds of the city. Streets, doorways, windows and
roofs were thronged with people. After traversing the principal
streets the procession halted on tlie open plain back of the city.
Here was erected for the accommodation of the General and
suite an elegant pavilion, decorated with roses and e\%rgreens
and sufficiently elevated to command a view of the surrounding
multitude. After the General was seated and the hum of the
crowd had been silenced, Mr. Samuel M. Lee sang the following
ode which had been composed for the occasion :
(Air — IMarseilles hymn.)
With wealth and conquest grown delirious,
A foreign despot seized the rod,
And bade us in a tone imperious
To bow submissive to his nod.
His hostile navies plowed the ocean,
His threatening armies thronged our shore;
But when we heard his cannon roar,
Thousands exclaimed, with one emotion,
Columbia's sons, to arms !
Oh who would be a slave!
March on ! march on ! unchecked, unawed.
To freedom or the grave.
230 Pliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publicatioius.
The god of battles, from his dwelhng
Of Hght and glory in the skies.
Heard from a thousand temples swelling
Our heart-felt prayers and praises rise.
And nerved each arm, inspired each spirit
To fight, to conquer, and be free.
And bade each son of liberty
His father's freeborn soul inherit.
Columbia's sons, to arms!
O'h who would be a slave!
March on! march on! unchecked, unawed.
To freedom or the grave.
See, one by one, those heirs of glory.
Forever fled their health and bloom.
In freedom's cause grown weak and hoary.
Descending to the patriot's tomb.
But yet of this great constellation
A few bright planets have not set:
We yet behold thee, Lafayette!
The guest, and glory of our nation.
Columbia's sons, to arms!
Oh who would be a slave!
March on ! march on ! unchecked, unawed,
To freedom or the grave.
With comrades, kindred, friends surrounded —
With ease and wealth and titles blest —
The gallant youth, when freedom sounded
Her trumpet-blast, sprang from his rest;
And flew, when tyrants sought to enslave us.
To western wilds, o'er ocean's tide —
Took ours, and heaven's and glory's, side.
And toiled, and fought, and bled to save us.
Columbia's sons, to arms I
Oh who would be a slave !
March on ! march on ! unchecked, unawed,
To freedom or the grave.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 231
Welcome, Fa3'ette! with arms extended,
And hearts as boundless as our soil.
We hail thee to a land, defended
Ey thy own prowess, wealth and toiL
In glory's page while bards and sages
Enroll the patriot's honored name.
Beloved Fayette! thy deathless fame
Will pass unsullied through all ages.
Columbia's sons, to arms!
Oh who would be a slave !
March on ! march on ! unchecked, unawed.
To freedom or the grave.
From a stand opposite the pavilion, Joseph S. Benham,* the
orator of the day, then delivered the following address:
"The love of liberty, natural as the love of life, is an in-
stinct common to all animals. In man, beneficently endowed
with intellect by which he is preeminently distinguished, it dis-
*A discourse upon the solemnity of the day succeeded the patriotic
song. The orator who was to pronounce it arose, advanced toward the
expecting muhitude, before whom he remained some moments silent, his
countenance depressed, his hand placed upon his breast, as if overcome by
the greatness of the subject he was to treat. At length his sonorous voice,
although slightly tremulous, was heard, and the whole assembly soon
became fascinated with his eloquence. The benefits and advantages of
freedom, the generous efforts made for its establishment in the two hemi-
spheres by Lafayette, the picture of the present and future prosperity of
the United States, furnished the topics of Mr. Benham's address. He
took such possession of the imagination of his auditors that even after
he had ceased speaking the attentive crowd remained some time silent as
thoug'h they still heard his voice.
Popular eloquence is one of the distinctive characteristics of the
Americans of the United States. The faculty of speaking well in public
is acquired by all the citizens from the universality and excellence of their
education, and is developed in a high degree by the nature of their institu-
tions, which call upon each citizen for the exercise of that power in the
discussion of public affairs. In each tovv-n, in every village, tlie number
of persons capable of speaking before a numerous assembly, is truly
surprising; and it is not uncommon to meet among them men who. although
born in obscurity, have justly acquired great reputation for eloquence.
Levasseur.
232 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
plays itself in every action of his life. It is the center of all his
atYections — the key to his heart, — no less essential to his great-
ness than to his felicity. Subject his destiny to the arbitrary
will of a tyrant, and you mar the beauty and majesty of his form,
which is so 'express and admirable' ; you extinguish every noble
and godlike aspiration, and "tame him into dullness.' All order
is subverted, all harmony is destroyed. Subordinate the social
mass to one feeble and impotent will, ever influenced by narrow
and contracted views, by tumultuous passions, by self aggrandize-
ment, or by the adulation of courtiers, and it either pines in a pas-
sive lethargy, or, if called into action by extraordinary excite-
ments, exhausts its strength by its efiforts, while its produce is
wholly drawn off by the privileged part, — like to the aged oak,
on which we see a few of the higher branches verdant, while the
trunk is rotten and sinking speedily to the dust.
"Despotic governments exert a like baleful influence upon
the inhabitants and the country. Their wealth is in the hands of
the nobility — a few haughty lordlings who regard the populace
as an inferior race of beings, forming a portion of their inherit-
ance, and fit only to minister to their sensual gratifications. The
inestimable rights of person and property are alike insecure:
industry receives no encouragement; the arts and the sciences
languish and commerce is in the hands of strangers, while pov-
erty, ignorance, degradation and wretchedness brood upon the
face of the country like primitive darkness upon the face of the
waters, and form the national character.
"Fix your eye upon the map of the Ottoman Empire, and you
have a glaring example of these truths. You there see an exten-
sive region of exuberant soil, in a genial climate, salubrious air,
and benignant skies; yet, such is the despotism of the govern-
ment, that with all these blessings, it is the poorest and most
barbarous upon the continent. This, too, was once the seat of the
muses and is now the scene of every classic reminiscence: the
land of Homer, the country of Epaminondas, of Themistocles and
Leonidas ! But, alas ! liberty, the muses, and the arts, like the
last flight of the dove from the ark, have wended their course
from those inhospitable regions. Ignorance has here shown her
natural hostility to taste by mutilating the statues, demolishing
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 233
the temple, and defacing the elegant forms of sculpture and
architecture. On the rock of the Acropolis, where once stood
the magnificent temple of Mmerva, famed for its golden statues,
marble fragments are all that remain. The odeum of Pericles,
which once resounded with the notes of the lyre and the sub-
lime strains of the choral song, is now appurtenant to a Turkish
castle. These are the deleterious effects of despotism upon the
moral and physical world.
"Compare this picture, though feebly crayoned (for the orig-
inal would justify darker shades and deeper hues) with the
government of these United States, the prosperous, cheerful,
and happy condition of her citizens, and how vivid is the con-
trast. All the trans-Atlantic dynasties have been fortuitously
formed. They have mostly begun in bloody anarchy, and after
describing the whole circle, have at last terminated in sullen
despotism. They have passed from infancy to manhood, and
from manhood speedily to old age. The American government
no less prudent, cautious and circumspect than those of the old
world, like Minerva from the head of Jove, sprang at once into
full maturity and symmetry, armed in sovereign panoply and
took her rank among the kingdoms of the earth.
"The Greeks and Romans boasted that their laws and gov-
ernment were divine emanations. We propagate no such delu-
sions. Our government is universally acknowledged to be the
production of human reason, consecrated by the free will of
the people. The constitution delineated by their mighty hand, in
their sovereign and unlimited capacity, establishes certain first
principles of fundamental law, and is predicated upon the inde-
structible pillars of justice and equality. In its shade, like that
of a great rock in a weary land, the pilgrims of the old world
repose peaceful and happy. The philanthropists, philosophers
and sages who formed this charter of our rights never lost sight
of the self-evident truths that all men are created equal ; that they
are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights ; that
among these are life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.
'This beautiful fabric of free government which has ex-
cited so much envy and admiration, was no sooner formed than
it was hailed as a 'magnificent stranger' in the world. Here the
284 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
wealth of the nation is equally distributed among her children,
who are alike noble with the gaudy 'insignia of nobility.' We
have no laws of primogeniture to create and foster an aristoc-
racy. The rights of person and of property are sacred and in-
violate. Industry in every branch of business is encouraged, the
arts and the sciences flourish, and commerce unfurls her canvas ;
while contentment, independence, enterprise and intelligence
form the bright escutcheon of the national character. Here civil
liberty, in exile from the old world, has established her empire
and fixed her throne. It is here our laws are equal, mild and
beneficent; it is here that religious bigotry and intolerance are
unknown; it is here a provision is made by government for the
poor; it is here, in fine, that persecuted truth finds refuge and
persecuted man an asylum and a home.
"These, Lafayette, are the fruits of thy toils and sacrifices.
These are the laurels that bloom for thee in America — won by
thy gallantry in the vales of Brandy wine, on the plains of Mon-
mouth and at Yorktown, and which like the aloe fiower, bios-
som in old age. These form the bright constellation of thy glory..
Let its shining radiance impart one cheering ray to guild the-
gloom of despotism, and like the star of Bethlehem conduct the
king and wise men of the earth in the road to civil and religious
freedom.
"At the mention of thy name, revered and venerated hero
and sage, every countenance beams with joy, and every heart
dilates with gratitude, while you 'read your welcome in a nation's
eyes.' Most nations, when tyranny becomes intolerable, have-
had their benefactors and deliverers — daring spirits whom no
dangers could appall, no difficulties dismay. Scotland had her
Wallace — Switerland her Tell — Poland, dismembered, pros-
trate Poland, her Kosciusco ; and America, thrice happy America,,
her Washington. But these immortal champions of human lib-
erty were inspired by an ardent love of country to save from
pollution their household gods and their altars. Lafayette, in-
spired by the same enthusiastic love of liberty, and prompted
by a generous, disinterested sympathy, at the juvenile age of
nineteen, relinquished the charms of nobility, the ease of af-
fluence, the fascinations and endearments of friends, home and
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States.
236
country — crossed the ocean and in the true spirit of chivalry
sustained, with his fortune and his blood, our fathers in the
doubtful struggle for emancipation.
"It had been predicted by an orator from the inountains of
Virginia that in their distress they would receive foreign suc-
cor. And lo ! the youthful chieftain, wafted by the encouraging
smiles of his countrymen, arrives upon our shores, at a crisis
the most inauspicious and dark in the history of colonial suffer-
ing, when despair appeared legibly in the faces of many, and
hope, the companion of the
wretched, lingered only in the
bosom of the brave.
"Our faithful little band of
war-worn soldiers was at that
period retreating through the
Jerseys, almost naked and
barefoot, leaving its traces in
blood. To them the news of
his arrival was "glad tidings ;"
like the beams of the glorious
sun, after a night of triple
darkness, it dispelled the
gloom from every counte-
nance. Hope elevated and
joy brightened the soldier's
crest. He forgot the dangers
and difificulties he had passed
and looked forward to the
day, not far distant, when the
triumph of victory should be
the knell of oppression,
of our affairs seemed to offer but
The cy-
Lafayette,
As he appeared at the time of the
American Revolution. From
a painting by Peale.
"The disastrous conditioi
an humble theatre to the aspirant for military fame
press extended its mournful boughs over our army. But nothing
could extinguish the ardor of the young hero. He immediately
clothed, equipped, and organized, at his own expense, a corps
of men, and entered as a volunteer into our service. All Europe
gazed with admiration, mingled with regret, upon the eaglet that
236 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
had left the royal nest and soared into a distant hemisphere to
fight the battles of liberty. In retracing the incidents of the
eventful life of our benefactor, a duty which gratitude imposes,
we find them alike illustrious. They exhibit a man passing with
the constancy of truth, the sternness of stoicism and the resig-
nation of Christianity, through greater trials and reverses of
fortune than any other in the annals of biography. Behold him
in his youth, contemning all patrician effeminacy, courting fatigue
and danger in the tented field, and leading our fathers to inde-
pendence and glory. See him soon after acting a conspicuous
part in the most awful and appalling convulsion in the annals of
the world, in which every old institution was covered in its
cradle with blood. We see him a member of the national as-
sembly, alike obnoxious to the Jacobins and the ancient regime,
to bloody anarchy and frightful despotism, moving the abolition
of the odious letters de cachet and the emancipation of the
protestants, holding in his hands for adoption a constitution con-
taining the elements of a representative monarchy. View him
in the Champ de Mars, at the head of the national guards, in
the midst of an amphitheatre containing half a million of his
countrymen, kneeling at the altar and swearing on their behalf to
a free constitution. But the Jacobins get the ascendency. La-
fayette and constitutional liberty are proscribed. Danton and
Robespierre reigii and France is deluged with blood ! He now
suddenly disappears; even his family know not where he is.
Behold him in the Austrian dungeon, spurning all compromises
with oppression upon dishonorable terms and claiming the pro-
tection of an American citizen. He is at length released and
lives for many years patriarchal like, in the bosom of retirement,
when we again after the battle of Waterloo hear his well known
voice in the tribune, endeavoring to rally his bleeding country-
men around the ancient tri-colored standard of '89. In fine,
we behold him in his old age, in the bosom of the Republic whose
eagles he defended in his youth, the 'guest of the nation', and
hear as he passes through it the miited voices of millions salut-
ing him in the accents of gratitude, — Welcome, welcome Lar
fayette!
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 237
"When we behold thee, General, after an absence of more
than forty years, mingling affectionately among us, we involunta-
rily look around with an inquiring eye for others who are absent,
the compeers of your toil and glory. Where are Greene and
Wayne, Washington and Hamilton? Where is Franklin the
sage? Their names are familiar among us; their actions are
engraven upon our hearts. But 'honor's voice cannot provoke
the silent dust' ; in you we behold the only surviving officer of
the general staff, while your companions 'rest in peace and in
glory' in the bosom of the soil they redeemed :
"A tomb is theirs on every page,
An epitaph on every tongue."
"On your former visit to this your adopted coimtry, they
were all alive to welcome you. You now find yourself in the
midst of a new generation. But they are not aliens; they are
kindred spirits. They occupy the same country, shaded by the
same vine and fig tree. They speak the same language and are
characterized by the same simple manners and customs. They
support the same good government, feel the same devotion to
liberty and worship the same God.
"Who can unveil the future glories of this rising Republic?
When these divine institutions, which now unite us in the bonds
of fraternity, shall have received their fullest expansion, what
political astronomer can 'cast the horoscope in the national sky'
and count the stars that shall rise to emblazon the banner of our
country ? Calculating the future by the past, the imagination is
overpowered, when we look down the vista of time and contem-
plate the growing millions which in a few years will fill the bosom
of the West, united in one common brotlierhood, by the same
laws and government, language and consanguinity. Only fancy
them, congregating on the same national jubilee, commemorating
the same battles, and recounting the deeds of the same heroes.
Methinks I hear the valleys of the Rocky mountains echoing the
names of Washington and Lafayette.
"Less than forty years ago this beautiful and fertile country,
stretching from the foot of the Alleghanies westward, now filled
with intelligence and blossoming like the rose, was a howling
238 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
wilderness. Our rich valleys and green hills, which now reward
the toil of the husbandman, so unbroken was the forest, had
never felt the genial influence of the sun. Annually as he rises
in his course, the circle of our free institutions is widening, and
will continue to expand until the shores of the Pacific feel its
cheering influence. Yes, this luxuriant 'tree of liberty' will con-
tinue to put forth new branches, until this vast continent, from
the shores of the Atlantic to the shores of the Pacific, is shel-
tered by its foliage. Then, and not till then, can we say to the
heroes and sages who planted it, 'fruitur fania'."
At the conclusion of the address the procession re-formed
and escorted the General to the hotel. In the evening he at-
tended a ball given in his honor. "The ball room was hung
round with leaves of evergreen festooned with flowers, and
richly ornamented with transparencies, some of them emblematic
of the proudest scenes of the republic and the hero's youthful
glory." At the theatre was recited a patriotic poem by Morgan
Neville*, entitled "Address to Lafayette" :
ADDRESS TO LAFAYETTE.
Recited at the Cincinnati Theatre on Friday night, May 20, 1825.
In the fair south we hail the genial sun
That o'er the world extends its blissful ray,
Brighter and lovelier, in its middle way,
Than when at dawn its journey was begun.
Yet who, as evening shadows claim their sway,
And the mild orb its course has almost run.
Can view unjoyed its more serene display.
As with the richest tints it guilds the parting day?
*It was a source of great satisfaction to Lafayette to meet in Cin-
cinnati Mr. Morgan Neville, son of his former aid-de-camp and friend,
Major Presley Neville, and maternal grandson of the celebrated General
Daniel Morgan, who won his laurels at the battle of the Cowpens. Major
Presley Neville died at Fairview, O., in 1818. Morgan Neville was born
in Pittsburgh, in 1786; edited the Pittsburgh Gazette; gained quite a
reputation as a literary writer; moved to Cincinnati about 1824 where he
died in 18.39.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States.
Then, while its hght supernal we behold,
And the wide landscape glows beneath its beam
Joy's calmest currents through our hearts are rolled.
And hope is flowing in its clearest stream.
In that blest hour, the happiest here below.
We sigh not for the past with fond regret.
When in the fervor of its noontide glow
That globe resplendent was careering yet ;
For now although its fiercest heat is spent,
At its far bourne a more enlivening light,
To cheer desponding nature still is lent.
In all her varied haunts of ocean, vale and height.
Thus on thy course, unsullied son of France,
Does the glad world in admiration gaze,
As on the Day-God whom it sees advance,
To the mid sky, and there unclouded blaze.
Thus hast thou shown at thy meridian hour,
In honor's course, the heaven of thy career;
And still thine orb, undimmed its evening power.
Glows with a ray serenely fair and clear;
With mellowed light, as slowly it descends,
On freedom's western land its beams are shed.
With freemen's spirit its effulgence blends,
And casts a halo round the patriot's head.
From Gallia's shores, where shines a genial sun,
Where passed unblemished thy meridian prime,
Guest of the Free, loved Friend of Washington,
We greet thy visit to Columbia's clime;
What though historians of the ancient time,
Cursing the deeds ingratitude has done,
May warn thee far from freedom's tainted shore:
What though their voice should bid thine ear distrust
The joyful welcome) that our hearts may pour;
Should name to thee the valiant and the just,
Recount the wrongs which in their lives they bore,
And bid thee seek their unremembered dust?
240 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Oh ! hear them not, the land whose rights 'twas thine,
From foreign sway so nobly to defend.
With glory's wreath thy temples shall entwine,
And bless thee as her soldier and her friend.
From his high crag her Eagle wings his flight,
A laurel chaplet in his beak he bears;
With one bold sweep he leaves the airy height.
And Lafayette, that wreath perennial wears.
Patriot and hero, Friend of human kind !
Behold the blessings thou hast bled to gain
For our rejoicing millions, unconfined
By the cold claspings of oppression's chain ;
Free as the breathing of the dauntless mind
That spurns at tyrants and defies their reign,
Like our own bird whose mountain spirit braves
The mid-day splendor, and the pathless air.
In liquid light his tireless pinions laves,
And roams unswayed, and lives unconquered there.
Look on our hills, our valleys, and our plains,
Our streams that pour the mighty floods along,
Upon whose borders boundless plenty reigns,
Whose fields are vocal with the peaceful song.
Unfold our laws, the image of our will ;
In wisdom famed, our happiness their care ;
Prompt to deter from error, and instill
The love of virtue and her precepts fair.
Survey the oceans that embrace our shore,
Our banner floating proudly o'er the wave :
Our white winged commerce that disdains to pour
Its countless treasures in the lap of slaves.
Turn to our cities and their crowded marts,
Where cheerful toil enjoys the wealth it gains.
Where science all her heavenly lore imparts.
And joined in friendship, with her sister arts.
Confirms our glory and our rights maintains.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 241
And here on famed Ohio's beauteous side,
Where once the Indian formed his ambuscade,
Where late his hands in white men's blood he dyed,
And waved in triumph his unsparing blade ;
Even here, where wild beasts leagued with savage men,
In their close lair were watching for their prey,
And shouts of wrath pealed loud from hill and glen,
Foretold the scenes of carnage and dismay ;
Now this fair city lifts its glittering spires.
The fertile fields their tribute harvests bring;
The daring mind feels glory's high desires.
And soars aloft on contemplation's wing.
To the wrapt youth, whose heart with grateful swells
Springs to the champion of his country's cause,
His honored sire in fervid accents tells,
The patriot's struggles and the world's applause.
"Behold, my boy, these plenteous harvests rise
From the broad surface of your native soil,
Mark yonder millions, whose contented toil
From their own fields a competence supplies,
The peace, the joy, the safeties that are theirs.
Free from the terrors of the tyrant's scourge;
The wealth, the learning that your country shares.
And scatters freely to her farthest verge:
These all, my child, the patriot hand bestowed,
His valor gained them, and his wisdom guards ;
From him our dearest, noblest rights have flowed.
The boast of freedom and the theme of bards."
These grateful praises of the gray-haired sire,
Columbia's children deem are justly thine.
Whose soul the love of freedom could inspire,
To aid their fathers in embattled line.
Thine, who forsook thy country's lovely plains,
Where fortune, honors, kindred, bade thee stay,
For the far shores unknown to minstrel strains.
And held in bondage by a foreign sway.
Vol. XXIX— 18
242 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Yes, generous chieftain, then thy victor blade
Flashed in the ranks that formed our martial van;
There thy bright plume was fearlessly displayed,
And thy life-tide in patriot battle ran.
Illustrious visitor ! Once more we hail
Thy welcome presence in our western clime,
Where fame so oft has told the glorious tale,
Of purest virtues and of deeds sublime,
That formed thy noblest praise in youthful time;
Where in the annals of the faithful page.
Fondly and frequent we have viewed thee true,
In youth, in manhood, and in hallowed age.
To the high charter nature's author drew.
Long as the temple where that sacred scroll,
With eye unblenching glory's votaires trace;
Long as it braves time's storms that o'er it roll,
And stands unshaken on its heaven-laid base,
Thy memory in our hearts shall keep its place;
No chilling years shall blight that blooming flower,
Or force the brave its nurture to forget.
In fortune's sunbeam and her midnight hour,
O'er their affections it shall hold its power,
And deck thy wreath of fame, immortal Lafayette.
The hour for the General's departure was approaching, and
increasing crowds thronged round the ball-room to see him once
more and to join in the universal "God speed" as he passed to
the vessel that was waiting to bear him away. Inside of the
gorgeous room, he was engaged in pleasant conversation with
General Scott and other distinguished men. The eyes of the
guests were upon him, and many paused within sound of his
voice to catch some word to be treasured in sacred memory and
repeated with the incidents of his visit and the story of his life
at the firesides of succeeding generations. The clock struck the
solemn midnight hour. The General, his partv and many friends
embarked on TIte Herald amid the booming of artillery, the pro-
longed cheers and the aiTectionate farewells of the multitudes
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley Slates. 243
that thronged the shore. Slowly and majestically the vessel
swung from its mooring, moved past the twinkling lights along
the shore, out of the city, under the quiet stars and over the
quiet stars reflected in the River Beautiful.
The General now hastened on his journey to the East. It
was his intention originally, as already stated, to proceed over-
land to Columbus and thence to Wheeling. His itinerary through
the state included the state capital, Chillicothe, Lancaster and
Zanesville. Preparations had been made at these points to wel-
come him, but finding the time at his disposal too short for the
tour, he proceeded up the river, passing Portsmouth and making
a short stop at Gallipolis. Here he visited the family of Samuel
F. Vinton, one of the small minority in congress who voted
against the bill appropriating money to recompense Lafayette for
the fortune that he had expended in aid of our struggle for in-
dependence.
Mr. Vinton was still in Washington, but his family received
the General "with every mark of tenderness and afifection" and
Mrs. Vinton, remaining at his side until he departed for the
vessel, even insisted upon accompanying him on foot to the land-
ing. This cordial reception was most gratifying to Lafayette, as
it bore evidence that those who voted against the appropriation
were not personally opposed to him, but had so acted because they
feared that the passage of the bill would establish a dangerous
precedent.*
*This statement, which follows closely Levasseur's generous inter-
pretation of the motives of those who voted against the bill to reimburse
Lafayette, invited attention to the Annals of Congress, from which the
following facts are gleaned :
In the senate the vote stood — yeas, 37; nays, 7. Senators Brown
and Ruggles of Ohio both voted in the negative, and tlie former made
a speech against the bill. In the house the vote is recorded — yeas, 166;
nays, 26. The vote of the Ohio delegation stood as follows: Yeas, Dun-
can McArthur, Mordecai Bartley; nays, James Gazlay, Thomas R. Ross,
William McLean, Joseph Vance, John W. Campbell, Samuel F, Vinton,
William Wilson, Philemon Beecher, John Patterson, John C. Wright, John
Sloane, Elisha Whittlesy. Why the vote of Ohio should have been so at
variance with that of the other states, the writer has not beeTi able to
determine.
244 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Leaving the town whose name is a constant reminder of its
French founders, the General proceeded up the river. Passing
the island that bears the name of the ill fated Blennerhassett and
other spots famous in the pioneer history of America, they came
on the morning of May 23rd to Marietta, where many years be-
fore revolutionary compatriots had laid the foundation for the
first permanent settlement in Ohio. As the vessel came toward
the landing a gun was fired as a signal that Lafayette was on
board ; and a little later his name was seen in large letters across
the bow. The news spread rapidly, and the people crowded
the wharf to welcome the illustrious visitor. His coming was
a surprise as it was generally understood that Marietta was not
on the line of his tour through the state. Some of the citizens,
however, seemed to anticipate the visit for a reception committee,
with Nahuni Ward as chairman, had been appointed to act in
such a contingency. Mr. Ward, who was grandson of General
Artemus Ward, of revolutionary fame and a close personal
friend to Lafayette, had visited the latter in Paris in 1823, where
he was received with many marks of kindness.
A procession was quickly formed and Lafayette was escorted
to Mr. Ward's home. The cannon continued to thunder a wel-
come and bells rang. The schools were dismissed and the chil-
dren came to welcome the hero of whom they had heard so much
since his landing in America. In Mr. Ward's home the General
was warmly greeted by many citizens, including a number of
revolutionary soldiers.
When a list of nearly fifty military officers who were among
the pioneers of Marietta was read to Lafayette he said : "I
know them all. I saw them at Brandywine, Yorktown and
Rhode Island. They were the bravest of the brave."
The crowd outside ranged themselves in two long lines,
down which and back again, Lafayette passed to shake hands
with each and all. The children were not forgotten, and some
of the "wee ones" were tenderly lifted in his arms and affection-
ately kissed.
After these ceremonies he stated informally that he was
sorry so soon to part from the good people of Marietta, and vras
escorted by a large concourse of people to The Herald, on which
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 245
he departed, while practically the whole population of Marietta
cheered on the shore and the artillery from the heights above
roared a farewell salute that was echoed and re-echoed among
the historic hills.
WESTERN VIRGINIA.
The following day dawned cloudless. Over the Virginian
hills the sun gradually rolled into the clear sky, while the forest
fringed shores were redolent with the odors of early spring and
vibrant with the song of birds. In the constantly changing
panorama presented by the winding river, the morning hours
passed rapidly, and those on deck were looking forward to catch
the first glimpse of the flourishing town of Wheeling. Before
they saw the place the ringing of bells was heard and the roar of
a cannon announced that the visit was anticipated. And now the
town dawned upon their view, beautiful in holiday attire and
radiant in the sunshine of May. "It was," said an aged specta-
tor years afterwards, "a day fraught with joy and gladness,
filling every patriotic heart with emotion and gratitude."
"The valleys shouted to the sun,
The great woods clapped their hands.
And joy and glory seemed to run
Like rivers through the lands."
On the wharf crowds of expectant citizens stood, eager to
catch sight of the long expected guest as the boat moved majes-
tically up to the landing.
They did not have long to wait. Lafayette, accompanied by
Governor Worthington, his secretary and his son. appeared on
deck and descended from the boat. Upon landing he was in-
troduced to the authorities by Andrew Stewart of Pennsylvania,
after which he was addressed by Judge Alexander Caldwell of
the district court :
"General Lafayette: — The citizens of Wheeling welcome
you to Western Virginia. After the lapse of forty-three years,
you return to the United States, the scene of your former use-
fulness, the theatre of your former glory. We of the West
scarcely permitted ourselves to hope that we should have the
246 Ohio Arch, and Hijt. Society Publications.
happiness of seeing you among us. Your arrival revives in our
recollection the debt of gratitude we owe to the patriot who sac-
rificed so much in the cause of liberty.
"Although, in a political point of view, it is impossible to
foresee to the fullest extent, the beneficial consequences which
may result to mankind from the establishment of this Republic,
yet as the tree of liberty which your valor contributed to plant
in these states has taken so firm a root, may we not indulge the
hope that it will, in future times, extend its branches throughout
the world and render the object for which you fought universal?
Upon the seaboard since your first departure, new cities have
arisen, and other indications of the nation's march to greatness
are visible. But in the West populous towns and new states
have sprung into existence. Liberty and the blessings pertaining
to free government have triumphed — civilization has prevailed
over savage life, and a new generation of people, taught by their
fathers to venerate the name of Lafayette, welcome the arrival
of their second parent. General, we receive you with the most
lively sensibility and shall part from you with the deepest re-
gret."
Lafayette replied as follows:
"It affords me great pleasure, after the interesting tour I
have made, once more to arrive on the territory of Virginia.
It recalls to memory the many interesting occurrences which be-
fell me in this state, and the firm and endearing friendships I
formed with so many of her citizens, some of whom have gone
down to the tomb ; yet enough remain to remind me of former
days. During my long absence the people of thq United States
have established a government, founded on liberal and just prin-
ciples, having liberty as its basis, and the happiness of the com-
munity for its aim. Such a government deserves to be per-
petuated through all future time. May all nations profit by it;
may its example have no other limit than the globe itself.
"Upon the seaboard new cities have indeed arisen, popula-
tion trebled and commerce greatly extended. This was to have
been expected. But in the West within the same period, cities
and populous towns almost without number have been erected
upon sites covered with forests and inhabited by beasts of prey.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio P'allcy States.
247
New states have likewise been formed of territories then only
known to the native Indian. Such are the eli'ects of a fraternal
and wise government.
"The affectionate reception with which the citizens of this
town favor me, fills me with sensibility, and the manifestations'
of regard so generally bestowed, affect my heart. I beg them to-
accept of my best wishes for their health and happiness."
At the conclusion of his address a procession was formed
in which Lafayette rode in a carriage with Noah Zane at his
^ f^^
Lafayette.
(From an old print published in 1825.)
side. The order of the procession was as follows : The Inde-
pendent Blues ; citizens on horseback ; the barouche with General
Lafayette; carriage with George Washington Lafayette and M.
Levasseur; the governor of Ohio and suite in two carriages;
procession of citizens.
Lafayette was conducted to the Simms Hotel where he spent
some time in writing letters. At two o'clock in the afternoon he
was again presented to the people. The scenes witnessed at
248 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
other points of his tour were in a measure enacted again. Old
revolutionary soldiers pressed forward to grasp by the hand their
beloved but long absent commander. His greeting to the veterans
was most affectionate. His gentle and sympathetic demeanor, his
genial and benign face won all hearts. At four o'clock in the
afternoon he sat down to dinner. Colonel Moses W. Chapline
presided. No toasts were prepared but the following sentiments
were proposed :
By the President — The health of our distinguished guest.
By Lafayette — Wheeling — the center of communication
between the East and the West — may it be more frequent and
more beneficial.
At seven o'clock in the evening he visited Ohio Lodge No. i
of the Masonic order. Later he attended a ball given in his
honor at the Virginia Hotel. Here many ladies were introduced
to him.* As elsewhere on such occasions, the room was hand-
somely decorated, and the proprietor, Mr. Edward. Graham, re-
ceived the thanks of the citizens for the manner in which he
entertained the honored guest. The next morning Lafayette and
his companions started by stage for Washington, Pennsylvania,
and the Ohio hills, which for a week had gladdened his eye,
faded from sight beyond the River Beautiful.
WESTERN PENNSYLVANIA.
From Wheeling Lafayette proceeded on his eastward jour-
ney, passing over the boundary line into Pennsylvania and visit-
ing Washington, Brownsville and Uniontown. At Brownsville
he crossed -the Monongahela "in a batteau bearing twenty-four
young girls dressed in white, who came to receive the General
and who crowned him with flowers" as he entered the town. At
Uniontown he was welcomed by Albert Gallatin in a notable
address, with references to the French Revolution which greatly
*0f those who were in attendance at the ball, only one survived in
1898, when Lafayette day was celebrated by the school children of the
United States. John K. Botsford, then a nonagenarian, was a youth of
seventeen at this memorable function. He died Feb. 13, 1899.
A detailed account of this visit was published in the IVheeliiig Daily
Intelligencer, Nov. 1st, 1898.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 249
pleased Lafayette and Levasseur. The General was then enter-
tained at New Geneva, the home of Mr. Gallatin.
On May 28th the party proceeded to Elizabethtown and em-
barked on a boat for Braddocks Field, where Lafayette was met
by a deputation sent from the city of Pittsburgh to conduct him
thither. On the morning following detachments of cavalry ar-
rived to escort him to the city.
The people began to assemble in great numbers along the
road and the General's progress was somewhat delayed. His
triumphal entry into Pittsburgh was a repetition, in many re-
spects, of the receptions accorded him in other cities on his tour.
There were addresses of welcome on behalf of the municipality
and the public schools and responses by Lafayette. Here a group
of veterans of the Revolution met and welcomed him. One of
them asked him if he remembered the young soldier who first
offered to carry him on a litter when he was wounded at the
battle of Brandywine. Lafayette looked at him a moment and
then, throwing himself into his arms, cried : "No, I have not for-
gotten Wilson, and it is a great happiness to be permitted to em-
brace him today." Here he also recognized Reverend Joseph
Patterson, a compatriot of the Revolution.
The first day of his visit to Pittsburgh was devoted to pub-
lic receptions. The day following, at his request, he was con-
ducted through the various manufacturing establishments of the
city, which even at that early day had made great progress.
Lafayette, we are told, "was struck by the excellence and per-
fection of the processes employed in the various workshops
which he examined ; but that which interested him especially was
the manufacture of glass, some patterns of which were presented
to him, that, for their clearness and transparency, might have
been admired even by the side of the glass of Baccarat."
At Pittsburgh Lafayette noted the union of the Allegheny
and the Monongehela. "forming the majestic river Ohio" bearing
onward the tide of commerce, progress and civilization and pre-
paring the way for the interior prestige and power of the Re-
public.
250 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
SINKING OF "THE MECHANIC."
CAPTAIN hall's narrative.
Marietta, April 25, 1859,
Doctor S. P. Hildreth,
Dear Sir : —
At your request I have written out the narrative of La-
fayette's visit to Nashville and, connected with it. the disaster
of the Steamboat Mechanic, which was chartered by the Gov-
ernor of Tennessee to carry him to Nashville and from thence
to Louisville.
The Steamboat Mechanic was built by John Mitchell on the
Little Muskingum river, about seven miles from Marietta, above
the mill-dam of what was known as Rose's mill, and was owned
by a company of mechanics at Marietta, viz. : Royal Prentis,
Aaron Fuller. Wyllys Hall, Joseph E. Hall. C. D. Bonney,
Nathaniel Clarke, John S. Clarke, and John J. Preston, who
fitted her up in good style after the manner of eastern boats, vrtth
her cabin in the hold. She was about one hundred feet long,
and eighteen wide. Her engine was built by Phillips and Wise of
Steubenville and was of ample power, which made her of good
speed. — equal to any boat on the western waters. She was com-
manded first by John S. Clarke, next by Aaron Fuller, after-
wards by myself, who by advice of the owners changed her cabin
to the deck, which made her a very pleasant and attractive boat
with good accommodations for passengers and a fine hold for
freight. I was put in command of the boat byi the company at
Marietta, and after running her some time in the upper trade
with good success was offered a freight and passengers for
Nashville, Tennessee, which was accepted, and proceeded on our
voyage about the middle of April, 1825, and arrived about the
thirtieth. Lafayette had already arrived in the country and was
visiting different cities. He was at this time in New Orleans and
would proceed up the river by steam, and was expected at Nash-
ville in eight or ten days. The Mechanic being of good speed
and light draught was chartered by Governor Carroll, the then
acting governor of the state of Tennessee, to go to the mouth of
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 251
the Cumberland and receive Lafayette on board and bring him
to Nashville. The terms of the charter being agreed upon, with
all possible speed we made the necessary arrangements for sup-
plies of provisions and proceeded down the river, the governor
and his suite and many distinguished citizens from Nashville
being with us.
We had a pleasant passage to the mouth of the Cumberland.
But the boat had not arrived yet which was to bring our dis-
tinguished guest. We then proceeded down to the mouth of the
Ohio that we might intercept the boat, for it was reported that
she would go up the Mississippi to St. Louis before she came to
the state of Tennessee. We came near the mouth and waited
half a day, when. the boat hove in sight. We gave her a signal,
which was answered, and she came to and, after some consulta-
tion, got under way and proceeded up to the mouth of the
Cumberland. This gave us a fine opportunity to try our own
speed and prove hers, which was not a little gratifying. The
boat's name was The Matches.
On our arrival at the mouth, immediately we received the
General on board, took leave of the New Orleans delegation and
proceeded up the river, having on board the govfernor of Illinois
and his suite, with other distinguished gentlemen, in addition
to those already on board, which made us pretty full. The
weather was pleasant ; we had a fine stage of water and we ar-
rived in the vicinity of Nashville on the second day. About
eight o'clock in the morning we received a message from the
committee of arrangements from the city, which detained us
half an hour. After dismissing the committee, we held on awhile
to give them time to report ahead of us. After a short detention
we proceeded on to within five miles of the city, when we gave a
signal of our approach which was immediately answered from
a brass six pounder which had been taken from the British at
the battle of New Orleans. When approaching near, we fired
minute gims which were answered alternately until we arrived
at the landing, at which place was assembled an immense con-
course of people from the surrounding country and neighboring
cities, waiting our arrival, among whom the most distinguished
252 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
was General Jackson, who received General Lafayette in a beau-
tiful barouche drawn by six splendid horses.
A procession was immediately formed, including a splendid
military escort of cavalry, artillery and infantry, which attended
him through the principal streets of the city under triumphal
arches and waving flags, amidst the hearty cheers and greetings
of the entire populace. He was then escorted to an elevated
platform erected for that purpose, where he was publicly re-
ceived by the governor in a short but very appropriate address
of welcome, which was happily responded to by General Lafay-
ette. A short time was then devoted to the friendly greetings
of his old companions in arms, several of whom were present.
Immediately the procession was formed again to escort him to
the boat, for he was to take dinner at the Hermitage that day,
which was twelve miles from the city up the river. General
Jackson had apprised me of this before, to which I objected on
account of having no pilot and the difficulty of navigating the
river. Jackson promptly replied that he would pilot the boat
himself. This he did to the admiration of all present.
We arrived at the hermitage about two p. m., where a large
number of ladies and distinguished guests were assembled and
where was prepared a very sumptuous dinner. After partaking
of the same freely. General Lafayette, General Jackson and the
rest of the company entered into conversation on the happy re-
sults of the Revolution, in which Lafayette related some thrilling
incidents in his own life. Afterward the conversation assumed a
more mellow tone, interspersed with anecdotes and witticisms
sharpened by the circumstances of the occasion.
Lafayette was very free in conversation, although he could
not speak our language with that fluency that he could his own ;
yet he was very agreeable, interesting and instructive. I had
frequent conversations with him. At one time I remember men-
tioning the circumstance of my father being a revolutionary
soldier and riding express for Washington. He could not re-
member him, as that department of the war service did not
in any way come under his supervision or knowledge, but he
spoke in terms of high commenrlation and praise of those men
wtio imepriled their lives for their country's cause.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 253
The General [Jackson] then invited us into the parlor where
he showed us all his trophies of war and the many testimonials
received of his fellow citizens in token of their high regard for
him in his military exploits and statesmanship, among which was
a splendid sword presented to him after the battle of New Or-
leans, from a manufacturing house in Connecticut, a brace of
pistols which L.afayette formerly made a present to Washington
and which he recognized immediately, besides a great variety
of Indian curiosities and weapons taken in war. A short time
was occupied in this way when we were summoned again to the
boat to which we went with all the company, and arrived in the
city at six [o'clock] when another procession was formed that
escorted Lafayette to his lodgings.
The next morning we were to take leave of the city, having
been rechartered at the same rate to take the General to Louis-
ville; and after getting a full and fresh supply of stores, we
again received the General on board, accompanied by the gov-
ernors of Tennessee and Illinois and their suites, with a large
number of distinguished citizens and a company of volunteer
infantry from Clarkville, and then took leave of the city with all
its festivities, to try our fortune once more on the deceitful
waters of the Cumberland and the Ohio.
We glided down rapidly, yet safely, arrived at the mouth
the next morning and then proceeded up the Ohio to Louisville.
The weather was fair through the day and everything seemed
to contribute to make our trip agreeable and pleasant. But oh,
what a sudden transition! That very night our beautiful boat
was a wreck and all our prospects blighted. Early in the eve-
ning the weather changed and became somewhat boisterous ; the
sky was overcast with clouds. We ran up on the left shore near
Rock Island, under an easy pressure of steam, to what was
called the Sugarloaf Rock, which was the usual crossing place,
when we veered away to the right and in a few minutes found
ourselves on the other shore, in an easy current and under ac-
celerated headway.
It was midnight. The second watch had been called, but had
not taken their stations. I was giving some directions to the
engineer when I heard a tremendous crash, and the boat seemed
254 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
all in a tremor. I hurried to the place to ascertain what was the
matter, when to my surprise [I found that] the snag had
pierced the bottom of the boat, up through the main deck, bring-
ing one of the deck hands who slept in the forecastle with it,
without being much hurt. This was a very extraordinary cir-
cumstance, but not more extraordinary than true. I went im-
mediately to the place and ordered some mattresses and blankets
thrown down to me, having a light by which to examine the
place. I discovered at once it was useless to make any effort to
save the boat. She must go down.
I went immediately back, taking with me a faithful deck
hand, passed by the engineer, told him the boat would sink, di-
rected him to let his engine run on, as the fire would soon be out,
to take care of himself ; passed through the cabin and gave the
passengers the same notice. Some of them were already out of
their berths half dressed. 1 went immediately to the stern of
the boat, cast off the painter of the yawl from the taffrail and
gave it into the hands of the deck hand that stood by me. I ran
to the cabin and with all possible speed, hurried into the boat
Lafayette, his son* and M. Levasseur, with a little girl twelve
years old belonging to a passenger. I then sculled the yawl
ashore with all possible speed, jumped them out, and hurried
back again, plying backward and forward until I was entirely
exhausted. I then gave her into the hands of Governor Carroll,
who was a good boatman, and who with the assistance of some
of our crew got all on shore in safety. As I passed by I ad-
monished the clerk, John F. Hunt, who was a persevering, faith-
ful young man, to take care of the books and money, for there
was about a thousand dollars in specie and paper in a portable
desk in the office. He seized hold of the desk and brought it out
with the books, but in the effort to save them he came very near
losing himself, for as the boat craned over he slipped down, and
with the desk, money and books slid into the- water.
All this transpired in less than twenty minutes, the scene
closed in upon us in the dead hour of the night, and we were
thrown on shore destitute of everything. We built a large bon-
fire, sat down in mournful silence and watched for the morning
♦Captain Hall's memory, 34 years after the event, is here slightly
at fault.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 255
light, which revealed to us fully the unhappy position we were in
and the perils we had passed. We felt thankful, notwithstand-
ing, that we had all escaped and were all on shore, but how to
j)rovide for our present necessities was next to be considered.
Some thought one thing and some another, and our wants began
to press upon us with peculiar weight. We saved no provisions
except a venison ham and a few biscuits which floated from the
wreck. Instead of hearing the cheerful breakfast bell summon-
ing us to our usual repast of beefsteak and coffee, we heard
nothing but the rippling waters which hurried along without
giving heed to our distress or for a moment listening to our
complaints.
But a kind Providence, whose watchful care is over all for
good and never fails to aitprd the necessary relief when needed,
sent us relief much to our joy, for at this critical moment there
hove in sight the Steamboat Paragon, bound for New Orleans,
under the command of Captain Neilson, who on seeing our
signal of distress, hove to immediately, and generously gave us
all the assistance in his power, inviting us on board and giving
us something to eat. We were very hungry, and after a little
delay he gave us some dinner, treated us very courteously and
ofifered to return to Louisville with his boat, which he did after
giving us some assistance in fishing out some trunks and baggage
belonging to Lafayette and others, furnishing us with some salt
provisions and helping us secure what we could from the
wreck. At twelve o'clock the boat was ready and General Lafay-
ette and suite and Governor Carroll and suite and the Governor
of Illinois and his suite and all the passengers went on board ;
after a few minutes delay we took leave of one another, but not
without feelings of regret for having to separate under such
circumstances.
Our crew then consisted of myself, mate, clerk, two en-
gineers, one pilot, four deck hands, two firemen, steward and one
cabin boy. The first thino; to be done was to see what could be
saved of baggage, furniture, etc., and if possible to recover our
lost money, which we were apprehensive had floated down the
river. We took the yawl and went down the shore and ex-
amined every object that gave any intimation of the wrecked
vessel, but found it not. We returned in discouragement, went
256 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
to work and built a shanty with such materials as we could get
— bark and some boards saved from the wreck — and fished out
some trunks and baggage belonging to the passengers. The
water falling a little gave us some hope of recovering our port-
able desk with the money. After more mature reflection and
examination of the place, we came to the conclusion that the
desk must have slipped overboard and sunk with the weight of
specie in it near the place where it disappeared. We went to
work with pike poles feeling around on the bottom. After a
long search, we struck something that seemed to indicate that it
was there; but how to get hold of it and get it up was the thing
to be determined. We stuck down a pole by the side of the desk,
as we supposed, and then one of the men who was a fine swim-
mer dove down, and seizing the desk brought it up, to our
astonishment and joy. We were then in funds which enabled
us to pay off our officers and hands, and have some left with
which to pay off outstanding debts.
After a few days we were relieved by Mr. Prentis, and I
returned home to make the necessary arrangements for raising
the boat. Later I took her to New Albany where she was re-
I)aired and put into the St. Louis trade by Captain Prentis and
afterwards by J. J- Preston, who took her into the upper Missis-
sippi and ran her a while between St. Louis and Galena without
much success. She afterwards was lost on her way in a flood
when in course of repairs. Thus ends the eventful history of
the Steamboat Mechanic.
Yours, &c.,
Wyllys Hall.
l.^f.wette in cincinnati,
From the Journal of John Hough James.
August 27, 1824.
By the mail this evening we have received intelligence of
General Lafayette's arrival in New York on the 15th inst. ac-
companied by his son and Mr. Auguste Levasseur. This is an
event which has been anxiously looked for by every American
citizen. Before his departure from France he had received
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 257
every testimonial of proitered welcome from the national and
state governments and the municipal authorities of our most
wealthy and populous cities. Preparations are everywhere made
to honor him as man was never honored before.
JVToNDAY, May 9, 1825.
This morning we were aroused early by the sound of a
gun which was quickly followed by others. I was certain that it
announced the approach of Lafayette, who was expected today.
We were told that he was at Fotaines (four miles below) where,
at the request of the committee, he was waiting to be received
by the military. Some hours afterwards we learned that it was
the work of some wags who pretended to bear a message from
the committee in Louisville to the commanders of the steamboats
in port, requesting that they would fire the national salute at
sunrise.
May 18, 1825.
For a week past we have been expecting General Lafayette
to reach the city this day. It has been so announced in the
papers and quite an immense number of persons have come in
from the country. This morning we have learned from the
driver of the Lexington coach that he will not come until to-
morrow.
Thursday, May 19, 1825.
The intelligence that General Lafayette would arrive in
Covington at twelve o'clock has thrown the whole town into a
virtuous excitement that I never saw before. The whole shore
was lined with people, and every window that commanded a
view of his approach and reception was crowded with ladies.
Through all the crowd there was a delight and anxiety which
had attended him since his first landing, as we learn from the
Gazette, but which I feared would not be anticipated in Cin-
cinnati.
He, with his suite, and the Governor of Kentucky were con-
veyed over the Ohio in a beautiful six oared barge under the
command of midshipman Rowan. Meantime a salute was fired
Vol. XXIX— 17
2B8 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publicatiotts.
by the artillery company who had placed their guns on the bank
of the river.
The General, having been received by the Governor of Ohio
and the deputation from the committee on behalf of the city, was
conveyed in a barouche through a long line of the city troops to
the Cincinnati Hotel, where he was received by the committee
and addressed by General Harrison.
At five o'clock he visited the Lodge, which had been in
session for two hours, where he was received with the grand
honors and addressed by each lodge represented. In the La-
fayette Lodge, George Graham represented the W. M. In his
reply the General alluded in most afifectionate terms to our
Master's illness. I delivered Mr. Neville's ode, which was the
last address. I succeeded very well as I was distinctly heard
and produced a good effect. Without the ode our lodge would
have been last, as it was in the order of addressing, for Mr.
Graham was not generally heard. Lafayette's reply to Samuel
R. Miller was received with great enthusiasm. "Yes, I was a
friend of your fathers and I love their sons" seemed to produce
an electric effect. A procession was afterwards formed of all
the lodges with the visiting brethren (between three hundred and
four hundred in number) to attend our brother to his lodgings,
which was done. On arriving at the hotel a portion of the
brethren were introduced to him. As the procession returned
through Broadway the members of Lafayette Lodge saluted their
master who, for a moment, came to greet them. (Illumination
and fireworks.)
Friday, May 20, 1825.
At an early hour this morning Lafayette received the Sun-
day-schools, comprising about fifteen hundred children. After-
wards a procession was formed of all the military companies
and mechanical societies, with Lafayette in a barouche, and the
committee conspicuously placed in carriages. The procession
moved to a place on the commons where an address was deliv-
ered by Joseph S. Benham. Having learned that in the after-
noon he would receive calls from such as wished to see him, I
went with Abby Bailey (who was anxious to be near him) to
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio' Valley States. 259
the house of Mr. Febiger where she, with some other ladies
present, were introduced. I had a desire to be presented myself,
but before there was an opportunity (he was lying down when
we went) a uniformed company requested to be introduced, and
when I saw forty of them taking him by the hand — some of
them so drunk they could not walk straight — I determined not
to add to the oppression he must necessarily feel.
In the evening I went with my mother and sisters to a ball
at the hotel. The room was excessively crowded. The General
made his appearance about nine. There was a very general
shaking of hands with the ladies. At twelve he went on board
the Herald and sailed for Wheeling. He was accompanied by
the Governor of Ohio.
In this visit of Lafayette, after the pleasure of seeing him,
nothing has pleased me more than the established character
which has been given my old friend. Colonel Denis. He had a
long interview with the General in his bedchamber. His alleged
rank and character can no longer be the subject of doubt, as
they have been with some, but as they never were with me.
Saturday, May 21.
Today the excitement is all over and with some there is a
natural depression of exhaustion and with a few of my friends
I find absolute melancholy at the thought that we are not to see
the good old man again. This reflection produces in me a deeper
regret than I would have felt a month ago at the assurance of
never seeing him. In the one case there is a melancholy remem-
brance, in the other there would have been a brief feeling of
disappointed expectation.
Lafayette may, above all other beings, be styled the Honored
Man. Ever since he landed in America he has had one con-
tinued triumph. During that period the whole nation has been
thinking of him and his person has been constantly attended by a
joyful greeting. The triumphs of victorious soldiers have often
been enforced by the arms that won their battles. What La-
fayette receives is given unsought. It is not a momentary burst
of feeling from an ignorant multitude, but the free and heart-
felt offering of his grateful children.
260 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
LAFAYETTE IN CINCINNATI.
F"rom the Journal of Miss Abby Bailey, afterwards Mrs. John
Hough James.
April 28, 1825.
This morning sister Ellen and myself were waited upon by
the Lafayette committee, so called, consisting of Mrs. Garard,
Mrs. and Miss MacAUister, Mrs. Broom and their escort. Major
Broom, Mr. Hatch, Mr. Haines and Mr. Drake, for the purpose
of persuading us to join a troop of female cavalry under the
direction of Mrs. Broom and her husband, which it was in-
tended should meet General Lafayette five miles from the city
and escort him in. One of the ladies is to deliver an address
to the General. For the purpose of deliberating upon this busi-
ness a meeting was called at Mrs. Benbridge's at 3 o'clock this
afternoon, which I have promised to attend without the slightest
intention of joining the party.
I have ju.st returned from the committee, and it being a
very novel thing to me afforded some amusement. There were
not many ladies present besides the committee. The orator was
chosen by ballot and the choice fell on Mrs. Broom. The next
thing of consideration was the dress which would be proper to
wear on the occasion, and black and green were the opposing
colors. The war was not so fatal or bloody as that in olden
times between red and white, but there were some smart squibs
among the fair ladies. Green was at length chosen and the
parties agreed to meet Tuesday afternoon to rehearse.
May 18, 1825.
This is one of the days set for the arrival of our beloved and
honored guest, Lafayette, the last report having stated that he
would reach this place this evening or tomorrow morning. The
good people of the town are therefore on tip-toe and it looks
as if it were a general holiday, for no one seems to think that
he should do anything but look about. For the past month
everything that was said and done had some reference to the ar-
rival of Lafayette, and for some days past our city has been
filling with strangers from the different towns in the neighbor-
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 261
hood. Many old revolutionary soldiers have traveled from the
interior of the state to see their old friend and fellow soldier.
May 19, 1825.
I have seen him and I am trtily grateful to heaven that I was
not prevented from having that distinguished honor by the ill
health of myself or that of some member of the family. At ten
o'clock sister Ellen, Mrs. Irwin, Mr. and Mrs. Whiteman, Mr.
Irwin and myself went to the hotel where we were invited to take
possession of Benson's room in the front of the hotel where we
had an excellent view of the other side of the river; saw him
get into the barge, which was handsomely decorated with flags
and bore the name of Yorktozun. As soon as he entered the
boat there was a salute fired and they continued to give tre-
mendous discharges until he reached the shore. Having then
entered an open carriage, he rode bare-headed to the hotel, sur-
rounded by the military and an immense number of citizens. I
shall never forget my sensation as the carriage came sufficiently
near for me to distinguish his features. The pleased and benevo-
lent expression of his countenance as he raised his eyes to the
windows where we were waving our handkerchiefs was too
much for me. I burst into tears, out as I knew I could not look
and cry at the same time I made a strong efifort to conquer my
emotions and look to the last. In front of the hotel he alighted
and was conducted to a platform erected for the purpose at the
corner of Front and Broadway, where he was addressed at some
length by General Harrison. I could just see his head whilst he
was addressing, and the motion when returning an -answer to
General Harrison, but not the expression, nor could I hear any
of the words.
In the afternoon I went to ^Ir. Raguet's to see the proces-
sion of the lodge. I saw the General arrive and then returned
to Mr. Reynold's to see them return. There was a very long
procession of Masons and General Lafayette walked to the hotel
hotel in the procession. In the evening, after having lighted our
house, which was ornamented to the best of our abilit_y, we went
out to see the illumination of the towm in which I was rather dis-
appointed. It was very partially lighted and had not a good ef-
fect. After walking some time, Mr. James proposed going to
262 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
the fireworks, which were made in honor of the GeneraL We
went and I was very much dehghted, it being an entirely new
sight to me. We saw the General there and his suite
Friday Morning.
This morning there was a procession of all the Sunday-
schools, which formed at the corner of Broadway and Front
streets. The General passed in among them and was, it is
said, highly delighted. Mr. James and I then walked around to
Mr. Reynold's in Main street to see the procession, military
and civilian, which was to conduct the General to the commons
on which seats and an arbor were erected, and where the Gen-
eral was to be addressed by Mr. Benhani. I did not go out to
hear the address, but have since read it in the paper, and was
much pleased with it.
In the afternoon Mr. James came around to inform me that
the General would be visible for a short time at i\Ir. Febiger's,
so I got ready in haste and, accompanied by Mr. James and my
brother, went up. The General was lying down when we went,
but previous to his going out he came into the room where we
sat and was introduced to us separately, and we had the honor ■
of shaking hands with him. In the evening we went to the La-
fayette ball where there was an immense crowd of people from
all parts of the country and many from Kentucky. In the course
of the evening I was so near him that I could hear him converse,
which was what I was extremely anxious to do. General Scott
arrived and I was witness to the meeting between him and La-
fayette, which was very cordial. General Scott said he had been
miserable since he had heard of his danger, alluding to the
sinking of the boat in which he was traveling. In the course of
the evening I had again the pleasure of shaking hands with
him. At twelve o'clock he started for Wheeling in the steam-
boat Herald. His departure was announced by repeated firing
of guns. We left the ball room immediately after him and went
down to the bank to see the boat oft".
Since his departure I have felt a blank which I never felt
before, except on the loss of some near and dear friend, and
when alone and unrestrained by fear of observation, I never
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 263
think of him without bursting into a flood of tears. Since I have
commenced writing this brief notice of his visit I have been
obligedl to throw down my pen repeatedly to indulge in a burst
of feeling so mingled in its nature that I can not define it, but
tiie melancholy feeling that I shall see him no more predominates
all. I have often said and always thought that there is nothing
truly great but goodness, but before I saw Lafayette I never had
a practical illustration of how great goodness is. His counten-
ance is the most benign that can be imagined and is truly indica-
tive of the heaven within.
REMINISCENCES.
MRS. W. L. RALSTON, MARIETTA, DECEMBER 12, 1898.
My father, Nahum Ward, was in France in 1823 and called
on Lafayette, who was a personal friend of his grandfather,
General Artemus Ward, during the war of the revolution. On
that visit General Lafayette presented my father with a cane, the
one with which he walked in the prison of Olmutz, and which
he always highly prized. It is now the property of my brother's
daughter.
When it was known that Lafayette would come from New
Orleans by steamer up the Mississippi and Ohio, my father wrote
to a friend of his who was in the party, asking that they make a
stop in Marietta. But an accident delayed the trip and they could
only land at the wharf about an hour or two.
Such word having been received, arrangements were made
to receive the General and his escort at my father's house. The
schools were dismissed and notice given by crier throughout the
town. Old and young in great numbers arranged themselves
on each side of the walk leading from the house to the gate.
After a brief call in the house, General Lafayette walked down
to the gate and up again, shaking hands with each one.
All this I remember, but as I was only five years old, I have
no recollection of his personal appearance.
264 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
MARY LOVING WILLIAMS.
OCTOBER, i8q8.
When I was about six years old General Lafayette visited
Cincinnati, and how distinctly I remember the great preparations
that were made for the reception ! Steamboat excur-ions from
the surrounding country added to the large crowd that wel-
comed the General. Arches were built across many of the streets
in the city; one I distinctly remember was near my own home,
corner Front and Vine streets. These arches were to be illum-
inated at night, and all the city was illuminated. In those days
there was no gas nor electricity for illumination, only tallow
candles. The arch near my own home caught fire from the
candles, and was burned down. Lafayette did not ride under all
the arches.
The greatest display was on Broadway, at that time the prin-
cipal street of the city and very wide. The children of the Sun-
day-schools assembled here to see the great General. Houses
were handsomely decorated. The middle of the street was left
clear and Lafayette was driven down in a handsome barouche
drawn by white horses. The top of the carriage was turned back
so that all could see him. A gentleman standing near, seeing my
disappointment, lifted me up on his shoulders saying, "The gen-
tleman on the back seat with red hair is Lafayette." I saw him
distinctly as he sat on the back seat with his hat in his hand
bowing to the right and to the left as he passed through the
street, the immense throng of people cheering.
The people of America are about to manifest their appre-
ciation of this great and good man who accomplished so much
for American independence, by erecting in Paris, France, a mon-
ument to his precious memory. All the school children of the
country will make contributions for it. The monument will be
unveiled July 4th, 1900.
Although I was ver\' young the sight of Lafayette made a
deep impression on my mind. I remember it distinctly, at the
age of nearly eighty years. My older sister strewed flowers in
General Lafayette's pathway in Cincinnati.
Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley States. 265
ACCOUNT OF Lafayette's visit to marietta.
By George Woodbridge.
In December, 1S9S, Mr. George Woodbridge, one of the
pioneers of Marietta, wrote the following account of Lafayette's
visit :
The people of Marietta, and indeed those of all Washington
county, were more or less acquainted with the daring deeds of
Lafayette and his noble assistance rendered to the States in their
struggle for independence. His visit was heralded with great
joy by all the people. His promised visit to Marietta was much
enhanced by the statements made by ofhcers and crew of the
steamboat Mechanie. built, owned and manned by Washington
county men. On this boat Lafayette and his suite were trans-
ported to Nashville, and the crew had all witnessed the recep-
tion there and at the Hermitage, the home of General Jackson,
and also the coolness of Lafayette in the hour of peril when their
ill fated steamer, striking a snag, went to the bottom of the
river.
At a meeting of the citizens of Marietta, a reception com-
mittee had been appointed with Nahmn Ward as chairman and
the day announced for Lafayette's arrival.
One peaceful morning in May, 1825, the citizens of the
town were startled by the booming of cannon. A great con-
course of people assembled at the river bank, and soon a little
steamer, The Herald, was descried, and across her bow in great
white letters was seen the name of Lafayette.
Mr. Nahum Ward had visited Lafayette in Paris, and now
met the General and his suite at the boat and drove with them
directly to his house. The news of Lafayette's arrival had
spread like wildfire, and almost at once Mr. Ward's house and
grounds were filled with people. Even the up-stairs rooms were
crowded, and one woman was discovered on the back stairs,
breathless with excitement, inquiring eagerly for "the Lafayette,"
and declaring impetuously that she must see "it" as she had
come expressly for that purpose. What she imagined the great
Frenchman to be no one had time to find out.
Finally the people were prevailed on to arrange themselves
in lines on either side of the long front walk, and Lafayette
266 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
passed up and down between them. Everybody was introduced
and shaken hands with, and even the babies were kissed by this
great man whom all America delighted 10 honor.
As the boat could wait only a few hours, these demonstra-
tions soon came to an end, and amid the booming of cannon and
the cheers of the people, The Herald steamed off once more and
bore Lafayette over the blue waters of the Ohio.
Among the most highly prized relics in the Ward family,
is a cane which Lafayette carried when he was confined at the
Olmutz prison, and which he presented to Air. Ward in Paris.
NOTES.
The materials for the foregoing account of Lafayette's visit
to the Ohio Valley states was collected in part some years ago
in an effort to have available information for use on a subject
that had previously been rather meagerly presented in frag-
mentary notices and sketches. Considerable difficulty was then
experienced in getting the w'elcome addresses of governors and
Lafayette's replies. This was especially true with reference to
the state of Illinois. The official welcome was finally contrib-
uted by Edward Coles of Philadelphia, a son of Governor
Coles. It appears that files of newspapers published in Van-
dalia, Kaskaskia, Edwardsville and Shawneetown at the time
of Lafayette's visit are now available and doubtless give com-
plete accounts of his reception. So far as the writer is aware,
however, this source of information has not been used in any
recent publication.
The account of Lafayette's visit to Lexington could have
been made much more complete. Material at hand was
not used, however, in view of the fact that Maud Ward Lafferty
at a recent meeting of the Ohio Valley Historical Association
read a paper entitled "When Lafayette Came to Lexington,"
which contains a very complete account of the General's visit
and which will doubtless appear later in published form.
Captain Wyllys Hall's account of the wrecking of the steam-
boat Mechanic is published from a manuscript in the pos-
session of the library of Marietta College, a transcript of which
was furnished some time ago by the librarian of that repository
of early Ohio history.
TRIBUTES TO LAFAYETTE.
It is certainly not strange that when America entered the
World War thoughts of Lafayette should be in the minds of
the khaki-clad boys as they marched to the camps and battle
fields. Our literature bears eloquent testimony to the fact that
the American people at no time have forgotten Lafayette and
his services in the Revolution. From the triumph of the Amer-
ican cause at Yorktown down to the famous declaration of
General Pershing at the tomb of Lafayette, there have been
manifestations of America's never failing gratitude.
Daniel Webster at the laying of the corner stone of Bunker
Hill Monument in 1825 on which occasion Lafayette was pres-
ent; President John Quincy Adams in his farewell address;
Edward Everett and Charles Sumner in famous lectures ;
Chauncey M. Depew at the unveiling of Bartholdi's statue of
Liberty enlightening the world ; Ambassador Porter, Archbishop
Ireland and others in Paris on July 4, 1900, at the unveiling of
an equestrian statue of Lafayette presented chiefly by the school
children of America, all paid eloquent tribute to the "friend of
freedom in Europe and America." The celebration of "Lafayette
Day" in 1S98 by the school children and the contribution of their
pennies for the erection of this statue doubtless prepared the
youth of America to enter the World War in the spirit of
Lafayette.
We here present a few extracts from the large field of
tribute :
Fortunate man! With what measure of devotion will you
not thank God for the circumstances of your extraordinary life!
You are connected with both hemispheres and with two gener-
ations- fieaven saw fit to ordain that the electric spark of
liberty should be conducted through you. from the New World
to the Old : and we. who are now here to perform this duty of
patriotism, have all of us long ago received it in charge from
our fathers to cherish your name and your virtues. — Daniel
Webster at the laying' of the corner stone of Bunker Hill
Monument.
(267)
268 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
You are ours liy that more than patriotic self-devotion with
which you flew to the aid of our fathers at the crisis of their
fate ; ours by that long series of years in which you have cher-
ished us in your regard ; ours by that unshaken sentiment of
gratitude for your services which is a precious portion of our
inheritance ; ours by that tie of love, stronger than death, which
has linked your name, for the countless ages of time, with the
name of Washington. — President John Qiiincy Adams, in fare-
'ivell address to Lafayette.
The strong and universal sentiment found expression in
familiar words, repeated everywhere:
"We bow not the neck,
We bend not the knee.
But our hearts, Lafayette,
We surrender to thee."
It belongs to the glory of Lafayette that he inspired this
sentiment, and it belongs to the glory of our country to have
felt it. — Charles Sumner in speaking of tlie visit of Lafayette
to America.
As the centuries roll by, and in the fullness of time the
rays of liberty's torch are the beacon lights of the world, the
central niches in the earth's Pantheon of Freedom will be filled
by the figures of Washington and Lafayette. The story of this
young French noble's life is the history of the time which made
possible this statue, and his spirit is the very soul of this cele-
bration. — C/(fl;/Hcr3i M. Depezi' at the unveiling of the Bartholdi
statue of Liberty.
It is a fitting occasion upon which to solemnly dedicate a
monument in honor of a hero of two continents, the immortal
Lafayette. * * * He needs no eulogist. His services attest
his worth. He honored the age in which he lived and future
generations will be illumed by the brightness of his fame. —
Ambassador Horace Porter at the unveiling of an equestrian
statue of Lafayette in Paris July ,/, 1900.
As long as the starry banner shall float, so long shall the
name of Lafayette be loved and honored beyond the sea, — so
long also shall the country that gave him birth, whose spirit and
chivalry he personified, be loved and honored in the United
States of .America. — Archbishop Ireland at unveiling of eques-
trian statue of Lafayette in Paris July 4, igoo.
The children of America, assembled in their various study
rooms, gave in a single day the funds necessary to insure the
success of this monument. * * * On that day a tribute was
Tributes To Lafayette. 269
paid to Lafayette unparalleled in the annals of civilization. —
Robert J. Thompson at the unveiling of equestrian statue of
Lafayette in Paris July 4, 1900.
In person Lafayette was tall and powerfully built, with
broad shoulders, deep chest, and a tendency in later life toward
corpulence. His features were large and strongly marked. He
had much dignity of manner and was ordinarily quiet and self-
possessed. Perhaps the best testimony to his purity of char-
acter is the fact that his bitterest detractors, in the absence of
any other available charge, are in the habit of insisting upon his
vanity. Among all the eminent Frenchmen of the revolutionary
period, he was perhaps the only one in whose career there was
nothing to be really ashamed of. His traits of character were
solid rather than brilliant ; and he was too thoroughly imbued
with American ideas to identify himself with any one of the
violent movements originating in the French revolution of 1789.
His love of constitutional liberty was too strong for him to co-
operate either with Bourbons or with Jacobins or with Bona-
partists ; and from all three quarters attempts have been made
to detract from his rightful fame. — Appleton's Encyclopedia of
American Biography.
EXECUTIVE MANSION.
Here is presented a cut of the attractive and substantial
building that was erected by C. H. Lindenberg at 1234 East
Broad street in 1904 and occupied by him from April, 1905, until
the title of the property passed to the state in 1919. It is a com-
modious mansion of about thirty rooms appropriately furnished.
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After the property was acquired by the state the interior
of the building was remodeled and an additional adjacent tract
of land purchased for eighteen thousand dollars was made a part
of the mansion grounds. It was occupied as a governor's resi-
dence early in 1920.
Briefly stated the legislative history of the acquisition of
the property is as follows:
The building of an executive mansion had at different times
been recommended in governors' messages and action to carry
(270)
Executive Mansion. 271
such recommendation into effect had been taken or attempted by
the general assembly.
On February i6, 1917 a resolution was adopted authorizing
the appointment of a committee to "investigate the cost of pur-
chasing a residence already erected and also the cost of pur-
chasing a site and causing a proper residence to be erected there-
on" in Columbus "to be used as a home for future governors of
the state". (107 O. L. 760.)
On March 30, 191 7 the governor approved an act authoriz-
ing an Executive Mansion Board and appropriating one hundred
and twenty-five thousand dollars to purchase a site and erect there-
on "a building for use as a home for the future governors of the
state".
Under the provisions of this act a site was purchased. It
later appeared desirable to acquire a different site with a building
already erected. Accordingly on February 26, 1919 the gov-
ernor approved an act amending the act of March 30, 1917 and
authorizing the board
"To purchase a dwelling in the city of Columbus, with the
grounds pertaining thereto, for use as a home for the governors
of this state ; to purchase other grounds adjacent to such dwell-
ing; to remove any of the buildings thereon; to alter or repair
said dwelling; to further improve and embellish said grounds;
to fully furnish and equip said dwelling for residence purposes ;
to make expenditures for any other purposes which the Board
shall find necessary or proper in furtherance of the end in view;
and to exchange the present site intended for an Executive Man-
sion (heretofore purchased by said Board) in part payment for
the dwelling above stated".
On the Executive Mansion Board were appointed three
former governors of Ohio : James E. Campbell, Chairman ;
Myron T. Herrick and Judson Harmon. The building and
spacious grounds have been acquired within the original appro-
priation.
A BUCKEYE TREE FOR THE L.AWN OF THE EXECUTIVE
MANSION.
When the property for the Governor's mansion was acquired
by the state it was promptly fitted and equipped for occupancy.
Rare furniture was purchased, some of it of early date and
G. Price, Plaxti.ng a Blcke\e Tree at the Go\ERi\OK'b
Mansion, Columbus, Ohio, May 20, 1920.
The tree grew from a buckeye planted at the Joseph Royer homestead
in Massillon, Ohio, on which Jack's mother, who was Miss
Salome Royer, was born.
Executive Mansion. 278
historical association. The grounds were put in order and the
landscape gardener gave the lawn the final artistic setting.
One matter was overlooked, however. In the spacious yard
of the mansion for the buckeye Governor there was no buckeye
tree. Attention was drawn to this by Ireland of the Columbus
Dispatch in the "Passing Show".
This notice caught the eye of young Jack Price, son of At-
torney General and Mrs. John G. Price, and he at once recalled
that he had in possession just what was needed to make the man-
sion and grounds a strictly Oliio institution. He had a young
buckeye tree which he presented to Governor Cox. This tree
has a history. It grew from a buckeye seed planted at the
Joseph Royer homestead on East South St., Massillon, Ohio,
where Jack's mother, who was Miss Salome C. Royer, was born.
The buckeye, when but a small bush, was removed from Massil-
lon to the Price home at 1356 Neil Ave., Columbus, in the year
1915, where it had grown to a tree about ten feet in height when
it was transplanted on the lawn of the Governor's mansion on
May 20, 1920.
The planting of this young buckeye tree was widely noted
through the press of the state. The Massillon Independent
of May 22, 1920, contains the following editorial under the cap-
tion "Made in Massillon, Shade for the Governor's Lawn" :
"A 14-year old grandson of Massillon Thursday strengthened
Massillon's claim to a place in the hall of fame.
"Master Jack Price, son of John Price, attorney general of
Ohio, and Mrs. Salome Royer Price, the latter a native daughter
of Massillon, Thursday went out with Governor Cox on the lawn
of the governor's mansion at Columbus and there planted a
buckeye tree, the only one of its kind within the confines of the
official property, and a tree which, as a tiny sprig, first saw the
light of day in the lot of the former residence of Mrs. Price, in
East South street, Massillon.
"The simple ceremony, in which the governor and Master
Jack were the chief participants, followed the discovery of the
fact that the lawn of the governor's mansion bore not a single
buckeye, the beautiful tree which has given the state its familiar
name. Master Jack remembered the little tree which he had
tenderly transported from Massillon and then a flourishing oc-
Vol. XXIX— 18
274 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
cupant of his own back yard. He offered it to the governor,
and the governor not only accepted, but agreed to help plant it.
So Thursday the ceremony was performed and henceforth a
Massillon-made shade producer will assist in keeping cool the
establishment of the governor in summer, and by winter enhance
the beauty of an otherwise barren landscape.
"But aside from the scenic effects created by the presence
of the Massillon buckeye on the governor's lawn, there will be
those who will claim for it other virtues. Many years ago peo-
ple were wont to carry in their pockets buckeyes to keep
away illness and evil spirits. The secret of this mysterious power
of the horse chestnut over the enemies of the human body and
mind was never explained. It was claimed to exist and that
was all that was necessary. Many who. did not believe in the
efficacy of the buckeye carried one just to be on the safe side and
give the alleged protector the benefit of the doubt.
"Those early believers and their latter-day followers very
likely will feel much safer now that a buckeye tree is flourishing
on the lawn of the official mansion of the chief executive of the
state of Ohio, for they will argue that, if a single buckeye is
capable of preserving the health of the mind and body of an in-
dividual, a whole tree surely will do as much for a governor.
"What power for good the buckeye possesses in political life
will be seen at San Francisco next month."
The Canton Repository of May 20, 1920, contains a news
item from which the following is an extract:
" 'Jack' Price, 14, son of Attorney General John G. Price,
formerly of Canton, presented to Governor Cox today a young
buckeye tree which was grown from a Buckeye planted ten years
ago on the homestead of the young man's mother, formerly Miss
Salome C. Rover, of Massillon. Young Price took the tree to
Columbus, transplanted it at his home on Neil Ave. and has care-
fully nurtured it for several years.
"When attention was called to the fact in a Columbus news-
paper last week that there were no buckeye trees in tlie yard at
the governor's mansion, Jack Price decided to offer the tree to
the governor. The gift was accepted and the governor personally
assisted young Price today in planting the tree."
THE OHIO BUCKEYE.
In a pamphlet entitled "Ohio Emblems and Monuments"
compiled by the editor of the Quarterly in 1906 is an account
of the Ohio Buckeye which is here reproduced in adapted form.
It is somewhat singular, but true nevertheless, that the
average Ohioan is not able to point out with certainty the tree
whose name is the soubriquet of his state. In the popular de-
scriptions, fact and fancy, science and oratory are so promis-
cuously blended that there is nothing remarkable in the resulting
confusion.
F. Andrew Michaux, the eminent French botanist who
visited this country in 1807, was somewhat unfortunate in his
description of the Ohio Buckeye, or pavia Ohioensis. He says:
"This species of the horse chestnut, which is mentioned by
no author that has hitherto treated of the trees and plants of
North America, is unknown in the Atlantic parts of the United
States. I have found it only beyond the mountains, and par-
ticularly on the banks of the Ohio for an interval of about 100
miles, between Pittsburgh and Marietta, where it is extremely
common. It is called "buckeye" by the inhabitants, but as this
name has been given to the pavia lutea, I have denominated it
"Ohio buckeye" because it is most abundant on the banks of this
river, and have ]3refi.xed the synonym of "American horse chest-
nut" because it proved to be a proper horse chestnut by its fruit,
which is prickly like that of the .'\siatic species instead of that
of the paviae.
"The ordinary stature of the American horse chestnut is ten
or twelve feet, but it sometimes equals thirty or thirty-five feet
in height and twelve or fifteen inches in diameter. The leaves are
palmated and consist of five leaflets parting from a common
center, unequal in size, oval-acuminate and irregularly toothed.
The entire length of the leaf is nine or ten inches, and its breadth
six or eight inches.
"The bloom of this tree is brilliant. Its flowers appear early
in the spring and are collected in numerous white bunches. The
fruit is one of the same color with that of the common horse
chestnut and of the large buckeye, and of about half the size.
It is contained in fleshy, prickly capsules, and is ripe in the be-
ginning of autumn.
(276)
276 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Piiblicafions.
Ohio Buckeye.
Executive Mansion.
277
Horse Chestnut.
278 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
"On the trunk of the largest trees the bark is blackish and
the cellular integument is impregnated with a venomous and dis-
agreeable odor. The wood is white, soft and wholly useless."
The Ohio buckeye tree reaches an average height of con-
siderably more than twelve feet, but the greatest error of the
French botanist is in the description of the bloom. This is far
from "brilliant." The flowers are inconspicuous, never white,
always a yellowish green. Michaux makes amends in part for
his mistake by inserting a plate of a cluster of flowers which are
not white, as stated in the text, but yellowish green as seen in
nature. For ornamental purposes the tree has nothing to make
it preferred to the horse chestnut.
As the two trees are frequently confused in the popular
mind the following points of difference may help the casual ob-
server to readily distinguish them : the leaf of the horse chestnut
is said to be seven fingered, it divides into seven leaflets ; the leaf
of the buckeye is five fingered, it divides into five leaflets. There
are variations from this rule. Sometimes the divisions of the
horse chestnut leaf are fewer than seven leaflets, but seven is the
prevailing number. The buckeye rarely has a leaf of six leaflets
and more frequently of fewer than five, but the prevailing num-
ber is five. The leaflets of the horse chestnut are larger and
broader near the point than those of the buckeye.
The flowers of the horse chestnut are cone shaped and
showy, almost white in color with slight markings of pink and
brown. The flower of the buckeye is much smaller, light green
in color and so nearly the shade of the fresh leaves that they are
inconspicuous, blending in the general light green of the foliage.
The horse chestnut, as a rule, blooms later than the buckeye.
The two cuts published herewith show very distinctly the con-
trast in form of the leaves. They were taken from sprays of
the horse chestnut and the buckeye cut from Columbus trees
on the same day. It will be noticed that the flowers of the buck-
eye are gone and the fruit has started development while the
horse cliestnut is in full bloom.
How the buckeye got its name is quite obvious. "When the
shell cracks and exposes to view the rich brown nut with the
pale brown scar, the resemblance to the half-opened eye of a
Executive Mansion. 279
deer' is not fancied but real. From this resemblance came the
name buctceye."
How it liappened that Ohio was called the Buckeye State is
not so certainly known. Dr. S. P. Hildreth, the pioneer historian
of Marietta, in describing- the ceremonies attending" the opening
of the first court of the Northwest Territor}', September 2, 1786,
mentions the presence of a large body of Indians, representing
some of the most powerful tribes of the northwest, who had come
for the purpose of making a treaty. These sons of the forest
were much impressed with the ceremonials. They especially ad-
mired the bearing of the high sheriff, Col. Ebenezer Sproat, a
man of splendid physique, who with drawni sword, led the pro-
cession, and called him "Hetuck," which in our language signi-
fied "big buckeye." This expression of admiration was after-
ward frequently applied to Col. Sproat, "and became a sort of
nickname by which he was familiarly known among his asso-
ciates."
"That," says the historian, "was certainly the first known
application to an individual in the sense now used, bur there 'S
no evidence that the name continued to be so used and applied
from that time forward, or that it became a fixed and accepted
soubriquet of the state and people until more than half a cen-
tury afterwards; during all of which time the buckeye continued
to be an object of more or less interest, and as immigration made
its way across the state, and the settlements extended into the
rich valleys where it was found by travellers and explorers, and
was by them carried back to the east and shown as a rare
curiosity from what was then known as the 'far west,' possessing
certain medical properties for which it was rarely prized. But
the name never became fully crystallized until 1840, when in the
crucible of what is known as the 'bitterest, longest and most
extraordinary political contest ever waged in the United States,'
the name Buckeye became a fixed soubriquet of the State of Ohio
and its people, known and understood wherever either is spoken
of, and likely to continue as long as either shall be remembered
or the English language endures."
The Ohio campaign opened at Columbus, February 22, 1840.
Among the striking devices to attract attention was a log cabin
280 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
from Union county, "built of buckeye logs, upon a wagon drawn
in the procession by horses." Within the cabin and on the roof
the jolly campaigners sang a song composed by Otway Curry
for the occasion, the words of which were in part as follows:
"O where, tell me where
Was your buckeye cabin made?
♦ ♦ + ♦***
" 'Twas built among the merry boys
Who wield the plough and spade,
Where the log-cabins stand.
In the bonnie buckeye shade.
"Oh what, tell me what, is to be your cabin's fate?
+ 1. T * * * *
We'll wheel it to the capital and place it there elate,
For a token and a sign of the bonnie Buckeye State."
While this remarkable campaign did much to fix the appel-
lation and gave it wide currency, there is evidence that its sig-
nificance was generally well understood at a much earlier date..
Cyrus P. Bradley, while in Ohio in the summer of 1835, made
this entry in his journal :
"We were shown many specimens of the buckeye, the shrub
or tree from which the inhabitants of Ohio derive their national
soubriquet. It bears a round nut, which is covered with an outer
rind or shell, and on whose surface appears a white circular
spot like the pupil of the eye."
This shows conclusively that the emblematic significance of
the buckeye was known at least five years before the Tippecanoe
campaign. Just when it was first applied to the state of Ohio
and its citizenship, is a problem for the local historians of the
future. Here is an opportunity for some industrious student
who will faithfully consult the literature of Ohio from 1788 to
1835. The newspapers published from 1793 to the latter date,
almost continuous files of which are now available in Ohio and
other libraries, would probably throw light upon this interest-
ing subject.
In the light of the foregoing statements, we must not take
too literally many of the fanciful things that have been said and
Exccut'n'c Mansion. 281
written of the buckeye. It is true, as Dr. Drake observes, that
"it is not merely a native of the West, but peculiar to it; has
received from the botanist the specific name of Ohioensis, from
its abundance in our beautiful valley; and is the only tree of our
whole forest that does not grow elsewhere." It was never ex-
tensively used, however, for many of the other qualities that he
enumerates in his entertaining and inspiring address at a ban-
quet given in Cincinnati, on the occasion of the forty-fourth an-
niversary of the admission of Ohio into the Union. The wood,
which is light, soft and strong, has been used for bowls and
artificial limbs. The bark has certain medicinal qualities. The
fruit, though not edible, is beautiful to look upon. Though in-
ferior in its foliage to the horse chestnut and the sugar maple,
it can be trained into an attractive shade tree. All things con-
sidered, the name) of no other tree of our primeval forest, per-
haps, could more appropriately have been chosen as the soubriquet
of Ohio.
For interesting and very appreciative descriptions of the
buckeye, see the following:
Howe's "Historical Collections," Vol. i, pages 210-17. ^^
these pages will be found a description by William M. Farrar,
including the address by Dr. Drake.
The Ohio Magazine for August, igo6. Here will be found
under the caption "Ohio Tree Family," a fine article by Lena
Kline Reed, appropriately illustrated, in which is told the story
of the Ohio Buckeye tree.
Vol. X, of the New International Encyclopaedia, opposite
page 232, contains fine illustrations of the Ohio buckeye and the
horse chestnut. The modern botanical name of the former is
cesculus glabra; of the latter, cesculus hippocastanum.
OHIO STATE ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
SOCIETY.
REVIEWS, NOTES AND COMMENTS.
By the Editor.
SCIOTO SKETCHES
Every county in Ohio lias an interesting pioneer history.
This is especially true of the counties bordering the Ohio river,
which from its discovery to the advent of the canal and the Old
National Road was the route over which the westward "course
of empire" took its way. The junction of this river with its
tributaries formed natural sites for early settlements. Noted
among these were Marietta at the mouth of the iNIuskingum and
Cincinnati at the mouth of the Little Miami.
Where the Scioto joins the Ohio, the foundations of the city
of Portsmouth were laid more than a century ago. That Scioto
county has a pioneer history of absorbing interest is made evi-
dent in "Scioto Sketches," a compactly and well written book of
80 pages, by Henry Towne Bannon, a well known attorney of
Portsmouth, and recently published by A. C. McClurg and Co.,
of Chicago.
The large volume compiled by the late Captain Nelson W.
Evans and published in 1903 is a storehouse of information on
Scioto county, but it does not include some of the interesting
history of date prior to the first permanent white settlement.
This is presented by Mr. Bannon, whose purpose in writing the
"Sketches" is set forth in his preface as follows:
"Time is a mystic lens which gradually diminishes mere in-
cidents until they vanish ; but it magnifies events, destined to sur-
vive, until they stand forth in notable prominence, and form the
subjects of history. Each generation makes its own history;
the succeeding generations write it. The purpose of this little
book is to perpetuate, in convenient form, such salient events
(282)
Reviezvs, Notes and Comments. 283
in the past of Scioto County, as have lived for more than a
century, and are deemed worthy of chronicle."
The limits thus set by the author confine his narrative to
the period from the discovery of the Ohio to 1820. The dis-
covery of the river is generally credited to La Salle, but as Mr.
Bannon observes this claim has elements of weakness and there
is a growing tendency to doubt whether to the great French ex-
plorer belongs the honor which for two and one-half centuries
his countrymen have claimed for him.
The voyage of Celoron and Bonnechamps in 1749 and the
exploring tour of Christopher Gist in 1751 are given due promi-
nence, and quotations from the journals of each are made, re-
ferring especially to their visits to the mouth of the Scioto river.
In pioneer times the Indians were very troublesome in the
vicinity of Portsmouth. Opposite the mouth of the Scioto was
a rocky promontory commanding a view for miles up and down
the river. Here the Indians would secrete themselves and at-
tack the packet boats as they passed. The author quotes from
Burnet's "Notes on the North Western Territory" as follows :
"The pioneers who descended the Ohio, on their way westward,
will remember while they live, the lofty rock standing a short distance
above the mouth of the Scioto on the Virginia shore, which was oc-
cupied for years by the savages, as a favorite watch-tower, from whicH
boats, ascending and descending, could be discovered at a great distance.
From that memorable spot, hundreds of human beings, men, women and
children, while unconscious of immediate danger, have been seen in the
distance and marked for destruction. The murders and depredations
committed in that vicinity at all periods of the war, were so shocking
as to attract universal notice; letters were written to General Harmar,
from various quarters, calling his attention to the subject, and praying
that measures might be taken, without delay, to check the evil. They
informed him that scarely a boat passed the rock without being attacked
and in most instances captured; and that unless something were done
and without delay, the navigation of the river would necessarily be
abandoned."
Mr. Bannon then continues:
"Such, in general terms, was the menace at the mouth of
the Scioto River, and this not only prevented an early settle-
ment there, but also prevented it over a vast area in southern
284 . Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Ohio. Here the Indians of Ohio made their tinal stand against
the stream of immigration that was pouring into Kentucky and
Ohio.
"The treachery and savagery of the Indians, who waylaid
the whites at the mouth of the Scioto, may be shown by two
incidents, the type of many. In 1790 four men and two women,
were descending the Ohio to Maysville. Their boat drifted with
the current durmg the night. At dayhght, they drew near the
mouth of the Scioto. The lookout saw smoke ascending among
the trees and aroused the party, because he knew that Indians
were near. As the fire was on the Ohio shore, the boat was
steered towards the opposite side. Two white men ran down
the river bank on the Ohio shore, and begged the people in the
boat to rescue them from a band of Indians, from whom they
asserted they had escaped. But those in the boat, fearing
treachery, kept in midstream. It was well known to them that
renegade white men often lived among the Indians ; also, that
white boys, if captured by the Indians while very young, and
reared to manhood with them, absorbed the cunning of the
Indian. The .feigned distress of those on shore was so real,
however, that the women and one of the men on the boat pre-
vailed upon the others to go to the shore for the two men. Still,
there was much misgiving, and during the discussion the boat
drifted about a mile below the place where the white men were
first seen on the bank. 1 he travelers in the boat reasoned that
if Indians were trying to decoy them ashore, the Indians were
on top of the bank, out of sight in the brush, where their
progress in following the boat would necessarily be slow ; that
there would be no danger if the boat merely touched the shore,
without landing, thereby permitting the two men to jump on
board, and immediately push away; that, should the Indians ap-
pear, the boat could hastily put back from the shore. Such rea-
soning caused the boat to be turned towards the Ohio bank.
"But after the boat left midstream, it lost the effect of the
current and moved very slowly. This fact had not been taken
into consideration. As the boat touched the shore, one of the
boatmen leaped off, to be ready to quickly shove it back into the
stream. Immediately, some Indians ran down from the bushes.
That they had been running along the bank was apparent; for
they were almost out of breath. They were able to reach the
boat, however, because it lost headway w-hen it left the current.
They seized the boatman who had landed. Many other Indians
came upon the scene at once and opened fire with their rifles.
One of the women was killed. One of the men was severely
wounded and another was killed. The Indians boarded the
boat, scalped the dead, and possessed themselves of all property.
Reviews, Notes and Comments. 285
One of the men, captured upon this occasion, was burned at
the stake. Another was compelled to run the gauntlet and was
condemned to death ; but he escaped and made his way to the
white settlements. The remaining man was ransomed by a
French trader of Sandusky. The surviving woman was rescued
by an Indian chief, after she had been tied to a stake to be
burned to death. Later she was returned to her people.
"The following day the same band of Indians attacked a
flotilla coming down the river. This flotilla was composed of
both freight and passenger boats. The Indians compelled their
prisoners to row their boats for them, and they attacked so
vigorously that the passenger boats abandoned their freight
boats. The loss to this flotilla was a serious one as there were
twenty-eight horses on the freight boats and merchandise worth
seventy-five hundred dollars."
Two interesting chapters are devoted to "Forests and Birds"
and "Big Game of Scioto County". Because of their general
interest we include here extended quotations.
WILD BIRDS,
"The wild turkey fonnerly existed in great numbers in Ohio
and Kentucky, especially along the river bottoms. Audubon
writes that they were abundant in Kentucky. That they could
be purchased at reasonable prices is apparent from the following
information appearing in his best known work:
'A first-rate Turkey, weighing from twentj'-five to thirty pounds
avoirdupois, was considered well sold when it brought a quarter of a
dollar.'
"Wild turkeys were easily caught in pens. A covered rail
pen, about four feet high, would be built in a vicinity frequented
by turkeys. A trench was then dug under one of the sides into
the pen. The deepest part of the trench was under the wall
of the pen. The bottom of this trench sloped gradually up-
ward towards the center of the pen, where it met the surface
of the ground. Inside the pen, the trench was partly covered
with boards, but enough was left open to allow the turkey to
enter the pen from the trench. Corn was scattered along the
entrance of the pen and into it, and the turkeys literally ate their
way into the pen. Once in the pen, they would wander around
trying to find a way out, but the boards concealed most of the
trench ; at any rate, a turkey never looks toward the ground
286 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society PiibUcations.
for a way to escape. In this manner, several turkeys were caught
at a time.
"The wild turkey was much hunted during the autumn and
winter; as it afforded a delicious variety to the food of the
pioneer. The early writers refer to the use of the dry, white
flesh of the breast as a substitute for bread, when flour was not
obtainable. Creeks and hollows much frequented by these birds
were named for them; but, it was not long until they were ex-
terminated from our county.
"Another bird well known to the pioneer was the passenger
pigeon. The numbers in which these birds existed seem simply
incredible. During their migrations, they would pass over in
flocks miles in length and miles in width. Their numbers were
so great that they darkened the sky. There were several roosting
places that they frequented in Scioto County. They were killed
by the thousands at such places and sold by the wagon-load.
Swine were fattened on the bird that is now extinct. A pas-
senger pigeon was killed in Scioto County, just west of Green-
lawn cemetery, in 1884 or 1885. This was probably the last one
killed in this county. Another was killed in Pike County in
March, 1907. This was, in all probability, the last of these birds,
not in captivity. It was mounted and is now at the Ohio State
University.
"Ruft'ed grouse were very abundant during pioneer days.
This game bird is locally known as the pheasant. Audubon
records that grouse were sold in the Cincinnati markets for
twelve and one-half cents each. At the coming of autumn, ac-
cording to Audubon,
'The grouse approach the banks of the Ohio, in parties of eight or
ten, now and then of twelve or fifteen, and, on arriving there, linger
in the woods close by for a week or fortnight, as if fearful of encounter-
ing the danger to be incurred in crossing the stream. This usually hap-
pens in the beginning of October when these birds are in the very best
of order for the table, and at this period great numbers of them are
killed.'
"The ruffed grouse is but rarely seen now, and it will be a
matter of but a short time, until this magnificent game bird will
be unknown in Scioto County.
"The Carolina parrakeet, or paroquet, was a numerous resi-
dent of Scioto County before the development of agriculture.
A stone effigy of a parrakeet was found in the Tremper mound.
Fortescue Cuming described the flocks of Carolina parrakeets,
seen by him at Portsmouth in 1807, as follows:
Reviews, Notes and Comments. 287
'We observed here vast numbers of beautiful large green paroquets,
which our landlord, Squire Brown, informed us abound all over the
country. They keep in flocks, and when they alight on a tree they are
not distinguishable from the foliage, from their colour.'
"These birds were so destructive to orchards and wheat
that their extermination became an economic necessity. They de-
scended in flocks upon shocks of wheat, destroying what they
did not eat; they plucked green apples from the orchards, tear-
ing them open for the seeds. Audubon left an account of why
the parrakeets were destroyed and how :
'Do not imagine, reader, that all these outrages are borne without
retaliation on the part of the planters. So far from this, the parrakeets
are destroyed in great numbers, for whilst busily engaged in plucking
off the fruits or tearing the grain from the stacks, the husbandman ap-
proaches them with perfect ease, and commits great slaughter among
them. All the survivors rise, shriek, fly about for a few moments and
again alight on tlie very place of imminent danger. The gun is kept at
work; eight or ten, or even twenty are killed at any discharge.'
"Wood duck were formerly very common about the streams
of Scioto County. They frequently nested there ; but now, only
occasionally one is seen. This is the most beautiful variety of
the duck family. It is a migratory bird, and is protected by re-
cent federal legislation. If continued protection is afforded them,
they may again be found in great numbers in this region.
"The Virginia partridge, or Cjuail, was well known to the
early settlers, and existed in Scioto County in large numbers.
The Ohio Geological Survey is doubtful whether quail existed
in Ohio before the development of agriculture. According to
their authority, the Virginians, who settled in the vicinity of
Chillicothe in 1796, noted the absence of quail when they came
to Ohio. These Virginians, it is said, had been very familiar
with the quail in their old homes, and missed the clear call of
bobwhite. The Survey further states that quail were not ob-
served in the vicinity of Chillicothe before 1800.
"The greater weight of authority is to the effect that quail
were in Scioto County before any settlements were made. In
exploring the Tremi)er mound, north of Portsmouth, a remark-
ably faithful stone effigy of a cjuail was found. The markings
and the pose of this figure are so characteristic of the quail, as
to lead to the conclusion that whoever made it was very familiar
with this bird.
"The journal of David Jones is also excellent authority that
quail existed in Ohio prior to the first settlements. He makes
288 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
mention, that, while in southeastern Ohio in 1772-3, he saw
■pheasants, pigeons, and some few quails, by some called
partridges.'
"Thaddeus Harris, who was in the Ohio Valley in 1803,
reports in his journal, that along the river banks, just below
Wheeling, he saw "vast numbers of turkies, partridges, and
quails." James Flint, in a book, later referred to, reports that
quail were very abundant in the vicinity of Chillicothe in 1818.
He found them so tame that they would not fly at the report
of a gun, nor after the destruction of part of the covey. Netting
entire coveys, he says, was then common practice. The journals
of other writers report quail to have been very numerous in
northern Ohio in 1818, and in Illinois in 1821. The presence of
such large numbers of quail in Ohio, and farther west, so soon
after the first settlers came, cannot be reconciled with the theory
that the quail was not a native of Ohio. Though quail increase
rapidly, under favorable conditions, it is improbable, if they were
not indigenous to Ohio, that they could have increased to such
numbers, as early writers indicate were present in Ohio, soon
after settlement."
WILD ANIMALS
"The mammals, found m this region by the settlers, were
large and numerous. Here roamed buffalo, elk, whitetailed deer,
black bear, wolf, mountain lion, and the wildcat ; and in the
streams were many beavers.
"In the Geological Survey of Ohio, it is stated that the last
reliable account of the killing of a buft'alo in Ohio is in the
Lacroix manuscript. The same statement is made in Allen's
monograph on The Bison. The Lacroix manuscript describes an
incident of a Frenchman's killing a buffalo in 1795 near Galli-
polis. The inference deduced is that this was the last buffalo
killed in Ohio. This conclusion is incorrect, however, for buf-
falo were killed in Scioto County by the first settlers, who came
in 1796.
"The Lacroix manuscript was written by John P. Lacroix,
who was for many years a professor at Delaware College, and
was published in the Ironton (Ohio) Register in 1855. In de-
scribing the incident of the killing of the buffalo in 1795, this
manuscript states that buffalo were afterwards killed in the
French Grant, (Scioto Coimty) by Lacroix and Duduit. These
men did not settle in the Grant until March 21, 1797. Both the
Keyes and the Lacroix manuscripts positively establish the killing
of buffalo in Ohio after 1797. It is probable that the last buffalo
Killed in Scioto County fell by the rifle of Phillip Salladay. This
Reviews, Notes and Comnunts. 289
was certainly subsequent to 1796, and is believed to have been
about 1801. He and his boy were hunting on Pine Creek, near
what is now Qiaffins Mills. Salladay and the boy crept up close
to the buffalo, and Salladay shot it. The animal was only
wounded, and at once ran towards them. As the boy was gettmg
his rifle ready to shoot, the father snatched it from him, and
killed the buffalo.
"The elk, also, were here in large numbers, but they were
driven farther west about the same time as were the buffalo.
"On November 18, 1818, James Flint, a traveler from Great
Britain, left P'ortsmouth for Chillicothe. He was, at this time,
on an extensive journey through America, an account of which
was published in England in 1822. He states in this book that
he stopped for breakfast at a tavern about four miles north of
Portsmouth, and the landlord told him,
"that bears and wolves were still numerous in the uncleared hills;
that they devour many hogs and sheep; and that he heard wolves howling
within a few yards of his house, on the preceding night."
"Flint also records that "deer are so numerous in this neigh-
borhood, that they are sold at a dollar each."
"It is well known that bears, wolves, and whitetailed deer
existed in this region long after the buftalo and elk. The bear
was the first to be exterminated, then followed the wolf, and at
last the whitetailed deer. To substantiate the report of the
abundance of black bears in this region, it may be stated that
during the years 1805-07, more than eight thousand bear skins
were shipped from the Big Sandy and Guyandotte rivers.
"Three interesting stories have been preserved with reference
to black bear in Scioto County. In 1798, while some women were
washing clothes in the Little Scioto at the mouth of Bonser's run,
five black bears swam across the Little Scioto, and landed just
below the women. The women neither fainted nor screamed.
They simply set a little dog on the bears, and the dog snapped
at the bears' heels so fiercely, and barked so sharply, that soon
the bears climbed trees. A hunter by name of Barney Monroe
later came along and killed all of them.
"According to the custom of hunters, the one who drew the
first blood of the wild animal was entitled to the skin. The
meat, however, was divided among all who aided in killing the
animal. In this case, the man with the rifle got the bearskins;
but the women, who set the dog on the bears, were given their
share of the meat.
"George Cochran, who came to Scioto County in 1799, had
Vol. XXIX— 1«
290 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
a peculiar experience with a black bear. He saw a bear swim-
ming in the Little Scioto, and determined to give chase, though
he had no rifie. Finding a canoe tied to the bank, he started in
it after the bear. Every time the bear made for the shore,
Cochran turned him with the canoe. This finally exasperated
the bear, and the next time the bow of the canoe was upon him.
he turned and climbed into it. As Cochran was rather careful
about the company he kept, he jumped from the canoe and swam
to shore. When last seen, the bear was licking his fur dry as
the canoe drifted slowly with the current.
"In 1798, Andrew Lacroix was hunting on the hillside, just
above where Franklin Furnace was afterwards built. As his
flintlock would not remain cocked, Lacroix held the hammer
back with his thumb until he could take aim and then let go.
Such a weapon might be safe against an animal that invariably
ran from man, but it would not be safe against one that might
attack man.
"One day, Lacroix came unexpectedly upon a bear and the
creature charged him. He took quick aim, but only broke the
beast's lower jaw. Such a wound did not lessen Lacroix's peril ;
for a bear's fore paws are his most dangerous weapons. The
shot stunned the bear, and he fell on the upper side of a log.
Lacroix jumped to the lower side, and struck him with his hunt-
ing knife. The bear caught him by the arm. Then the bear
and the Frenchman clinched and rolled down the steep hillside.
The man was unable to free his arm until they reached a level
spot. Here he killed the animal with his knife. Lacroix was
severely lacerated, and had several scars to substantiate the
severity of the encounter.
"It is not definitely known when the last wolf was killed in
Scioto County. A bounty of one dollar, for every wolf scalp
taken, was paid by the county commissioners. The last record
of any payment of bounty on wolves is in 1831.
"The whitetailed deer was the last of the big game in Scioto
County. They were killed in numbers, as late as the seventies
in the region drained by Twin Creek. Some were killed in the
eighties, but by this time, they were quite scarce. The last deer,
killed in Scioto County, was killed on Turkey Creek about 1895.
A wild deer was seen in this county in February-, 1897. After the
flood of IMarch, 1913, a deer was seen several times in Scioto
County ; but this was found to be one of the herd that had
escaped during the flood from a park in Chillicothe.
"When much pursued by hunters, deer feed only at night
ind very early in the morning. During the day, they seek the
.shelter of a ravine, or lie down on some high point, from which
the approach of an enemy may be discovered in time to enable
Reviezvs, Notes and Comments. 291
them to flee. If roused during the day, they skulk through the
brush, with head hung low, and are very difficult to discern.
Their sense of hearing and smelling is so accute, and their efforts
of concealment so successful, that they are far better able to
protect themselves than any other big game animal. They have
survived in ever)' region, long after every other big game animal
has been exterminated. They could hold their own against
man on the wild lands of Scioto County, but against the hound
they were no match.
"Beaver were exterminated at a very early day. Lacroix
mentions the trapping of them in 1797, at ponds near the present
location of Haverhill."
There is not a dull page in the book. It is written in good
English and is well adapted to school use in the study of local
history. The illustrations are numerous and well chosen. They
include faithful reproductions of maps showing the location of
works of the Mound Builders and the early settlements along
the Ohio river. What the author has done for Scioto county
should be done for every county in the state.
The book has neither title page nor index. It deserves both.
RAINBOW MEMORIES — TRIBUTE TO COLONEL
HOUGH.
Histories of the military units that participated in the World
War are beginning to appear. They are already somewhat nu-
m,erous when we consider the short time that has elapsed since the
return of the American Expeditionary Forces. Some of these
histories bear the marks of hasty preparation ; others are very
creditably done ; all of them are contributions to our knowledge
of the World War that is still so close to us that we cannot
grasp and appreciate its huge proportions.
Among these histories that have come to our hands is one
entitled "Rainbow Memories, Character Sketches and History
of the First Battalion, i66th Infantry, 42nd Division." This
quarto volume of 120 pages is written by First Lieutenant Alison
Reppy, Intelligence Officer of thei First Battalion, a youth from
Missouri who received his training at Fort Riley. There is a
very good sketch of the operations of this battalion, a roster of
292
Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
each company and biog-
raphies of the officers. The
book opens with a tribute to
Colonel Benson W. Hough,
Commander of the regi-
ment of which the battalion
was a part.
Few officers in the
service perhaps more en-
deared themselves to sub-
ordinates and men than did
Colonel Hough. The trib-
ute appropriately mentions
his long connection with the
Ohio National Guard, his
gradual promotion from the
ranks, his service on the
Mexican Border and the
enviable record that he attained in the World War. We quote
briefly from this sketch of Colonel Hough:
Colonel Benson W. Hough.
''So well did Colonel Hough meet the problems that faced him in
this new warfare, that the French conferred on him the Croix de Guerre.
Cool judgment and skillful leadership marked his work in those first
trying days and it has marked his work in all subsequent struggles.
Colonel Hough has served in Lorraine, in Champagne, at Chateau
Thierry, at Saint Mihiel, in the Argonne and before Sedan, never once
being absent from his command, surely a remarkable record.
"But it is not with Colonel Hough, the Civilian, or the Soldier, that
we are mostly interested, — it is with Colonel Hough, the Man, revealed,
it is true, chiefly through our military relations with him. One of his
strongest qualities of character is a natural born aptitude for leadership,
— not the kind of leadership that drives men or controls them by reason
of some vested power, — but the type of leadership that comes out of
ability to inspire. Colonel Hough possesses this ability to inspire men in
a remarkable degree. A big man physically and intellectually, who hates
formality and shuns publicity ; a man who i= ordinarily quiet and has
but little to say; but who, wiieR occasion demands, becomes a veritable
volcano of action, sweeping aside all intraateria! considerations and speak-
ing directly and briefly on the real point at issue. It is this combination
of qualities which binds men to him.
Reviezi's, Notes and Comments. 298
'*In battle where victory is the stake and death the price, he watches
every move of his boys and he grieves for every one who falls by the
wayside— a sacrifice to the cause. He loves his men with all their faults
and shortcomings, as does a father, and in his great human heart he
carries their burdens by day and by night.
"A natural leader who inspires men and who possesses excellent
judgment — a man who is broad-gauged and intensely human — such a
man is Colonel Benson W. Hough. Of him Ohio may well be proud,
for he has shed new glory on her fair name. She has in her possession
no honor too great to bestow upon the man who, during the ebb and
tide of the World War, has watched over and so tenderly cared for her
heroic sons."
Surely these are words of tribute in which all Ohioans may
feel a pardonable pride. They come from an officer who served
under Colonel Hough from another state and represent the im-
partial judgment of those who knew the commanding officer of
the 1 66th Regiment through its entire service on the other side
of the Atlantic. Those who have known Colonel Hough per-
sonally in civilian life and wlio have met him since his return
from foreign lands can bear testimony to the fact that he wears
his high honors without ostentation and is as modest as he is
brave.
TWO WAR BOOKS BY WELL-KNOWN OHIOANS.
Among the books recently added to the library of the So-
ciety are two by Ohio authors who have state and national repu-
tations because of their service in the World War.
First of these is the volume entitled "Fighting the Flying
Circus" by Captain E. V. Rickenbacker, with an introduction by
Laurence La Tourette Driggs. Captain Rickenbacker, America's
Ace of Aces, is known not only nationally but internationally.
It is said that shortly after the armistice an English officer was
riding in a pullman coach throngh our state looking out with
indifference upon the farms, villages and cities, as they flitted by,
As his train entered our Capital City the conductor called out,
"Columbus."
Thereupon the English officer became much interested and
said to another passenger, "Is this Columbus, Ohio?" Having
been answered in the affirmative he added, "Well, I believe this
is the home town of Captain Rickenbacker, is it not?"
294 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
The Captain has given his native town and state wide and
honorable publicity. His book is a lively, modest, straightfor-
ward statement of his services in the World War, as full of
thrills as his daring exploits. It is written in attractive form
and excellent spirit and deserves a place in every American
library — especially those of Ohio, Captain Rickenbacker's na-
tive state.
In this connection it may be proper to say a number of
Captain Rickenbacker's trophies are already in the museum of
our Society, where they are viewed with special interest by
visitors.
The other book is entitled, "The Big Show," by Elsie Janis,
also a native of Ohio and the city of Columbus. Miss Janis
did her part in entertaining our soldiers back of the battle line on
many of the fighting fronts.
Her book bears to the general public, in vivacious, breezy
style, an intimation of the cheerful message that she must have
carried to the soldiers, presented at times in the vernacular pecul-
iar to the rank and file, which is nevertheless expressive and
readily understood. It contains not only an account day by day
of her experience abroad, but some creditable verse composed by
herself and interspersed through the volume of 226 pages.
SERGEANT STANLEY NAGORKA.*
On June loth, at the United States Barracks in Columbus,
an heroic soldier soul passed to its reward. In the Columbus
Evening Dispatch of June 19th, appears a letter from Franklin
Rubrecht, a Columbus attorney who was much interested in this
wounded youth and at whoee home he was frequently welcomed.
In this letter Mr. Rubrecht gives the following brief account of
the military service, unwavering loyalty, patient fortitude and
triumphant death of Sergeant Stanley Nagorka:
*His given name was Stanislaus which he changed to Stanley. He
was wounded at St. Mihiel, September 14, 1018; was in Field Hospital
No. 2.5, Base Hospital No. 2.5, Base Hospital No. 8; then sailed from
Brest to the United States and was in General Hospital No. 2 and Depot
Hospital at Columbus (Ohio) Barracks where he died.
Rci'icws, Notes and Coniniciits.
295
"Perhaps the most impressive and the saddest incident which has
occurred in Columbus for many years was the military funeral held at
the Barracks on last Saturday, when last honors were paid to a real hero,
Stanley Nagorka, wlio died June 10th at the post from wounds received
at the battle of St. Mihiel, September 13, 1918. He was a Polish boy, 27
years of age. He enlisted at Chicago in 1916 and became a soldier of
the 11th infantry, 5th division, United States army. He was not yet an
.\merican citizen, but he loved the flag and his adopted country. He
became a sergeant and during the battle of St. Mihiel was detailed with
a detachment of his comrades to guard and protect an opening in tlie
.\merican lines. Soon he was struck in the right shoulder with a shrapnel
shell, and almost immediately a
German machine gun bullet shot
out the sight of both eyes and
part of his forehead was blown
away. Blind and disfigured for
life he signalled to his comrades
that he was horribly wounded
and patiently waited until aid
came to him.
"Languishing in 0'.-:e hos-
pital after another, he finally
reached the Columbus barracks
and was placed under the skill-
ful care of Lieutenant Colonel
and Surgeon Shcaffer. By the
iiinst wonderful surgical treat-
ment, involving twelve opera-
t 'I Ills. Stanlej' was reconstructed
iini.jst back to his normal facial
-I'lidilion. But the wound be-
tween the eyes would not heal.
There never was a more patient,
resigned and hopeful patient in
any hospital. His beautiful char-
acter, his gentlemanly demeanor, his sterling courage and resignation to
his fate endeared him to not only the men and officers of the barracks,
but to many of the most cultured and refined homes in •Columbus, where
he was entertained and comforted on many occasions.
"Stanley Nagorka paid the price of his devotion to America and
democracy. He said he would do it again even if he knew it would cost
him his life. He died a beautiful death. He hoped to go through the
last operation and finally go to his beloved parents in Poland. He kept
his condition from the knowledfje of his parents that they might not
know how seriously he was wounded. His record as a soldier was first
class. His condition was somewhat like other splendid boys at the
Stanley Nagopka.
296 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
barracks who are now being reconstructed, but his case seemed to attract
more attention because of his splendid manhood and high character.
"When one sees the wounded and suffering boys of the late war
one again wonders why some of our alleged statesmen hesitate and refuse
to vote for legislation which is designed to make impossible another war
which will produce like results to the flower of our country.
'^Stanley Nagorka deserved a better fate. His career was an inspira-
tion. His memory will be a benediction. May his grave ever be kept
green and beautiful by a grateful nation. The government did its part
by him, and may it continue to do its part to his memory."
While Statesmen real and "alleged" may honestly differ on
the great questions growing out of the World War, all good
citizens agree that the supreme problem of civilization is to
find the way to an enduring peace.
Stanley Nagorka survived the fiery ordeal of battle to live
months in darkness and pain. But he had a recompense in know-
ing that his sacrifice and the spirit in which it was borne en-
shrined him in the love of his comrades and the appreciation
of the increasing numbers who came to know, him. General
Pershing on the occasion of his visit to Columbus said to him,
"I thank you for what you have given for the Republic." Some
of our best citizens honored themselves by ministering to his
comfort. The tender attention of his comrades at the Barracks
touched everyone who witnessed it. Blinded and at times suf-
fering much, he bore it all uncomplainingly, hopefully, and with
manifestations of gratitude for every act of kindness. And thus
in his later days he became an elevating and ennobling influence
that lives after he has gone to his rest.
What a noble example. What an inspiration to others who
come from foreign lands to the allegiance of the stars and
stripes. What an impressive lesson in Americanization.
Less than three years ago America was ablaze with en-
thusiasm and patriotism as the youth of our land, by the million,
were marching to the World War. We are now living through
a period of reaction. It was perhaps an intimation of this fact
that caused the young soldier poet. Bugler Hubert Kelley, to
write these lines for the week in Kansas City set apart in com-
memoration of the soldier dead:
Reviews, Notes and Comments. 297
HAVE WE FORGOTTEN ?
Have we forgotton those who went away
When hope burned low behind the window-pane
And the wide sea was very cold and gray ?
Have we forgotten those who went away
And will not come again?
Have we forgotten those who went away
On great, gray ships into the fog and rain,
Who left the dear, warm arms that bade them stay?
Have we forgotten those who went away
And will not come again?
Have we forgotten those who went away
To follow the red flare beyond the main,
Who turned aside and let us have this day?
Have we forgotten those who went away
And will not come again ?
We have not forgotten, though at times our indifference
may well lead those who went to the camps and the battle front
to conclude that we did not mean quite all that we said in our as-
surances as they marched away. This indifference is temporary
and apparent. Gratitude to our soldiers living and dead survives.
The death of this Polish boy will help to keep their memory
green. Far from home and kindred he shall not be forgotten,
and on the annual return of each Memorial Day, out on beauti-
ful Green^ Lawn, in that portion set apart for the soldier dead,
a wreath of choicest flowers will be laid by loving hands on the
grave of Stanley Nagorka.
And remembering Lafayette, we shall not forget Pulaski
and Kosciusco.
TWO GENEROUS PATRONS.
The Society has a warm friend and patron in Mr. Oaude
Meeker, prominent citizen of Columbus, president of the Kit
Kat Club, formerly private secretary to Governor James E.
Campbell and U. S. consul at Bradford, England. For some
years the library of Ohioana built up by Honorable D. J. Ryan
has been recognized as the most valuable and complete of its
298 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
kind in central Ohio. It is especially rich in the war literature
of the state which was collected while Mr. Ryan was preparing
his extensive and incomparable volume on "The Civil War
Literature of Ohio".
Feeling that this library should belong to the state Mr.
Meeker purchased it and presented it to the Society. A most
substantial and appropriate addition has therefore been made
to the library of the Society which is steadily growing in spite
of the very small appropriation made by the state.
Mr. Charles F. Kettering, who was graduated from the
department of engineering at the Ohio State University in 1904
and who is now one of the trustees of that institution, gave
four hundred thousand dollars to the College of Homeopathic
Medicine, the largest gift which to date his alma mater has re-
ceived from any one donor.
Mr. Kettering has since shown that he is not unmindful of
the needs and opportunities of the Ohio State Archaeological and
Historical Society. He has purchased the farm near Miamis-
burg, Ohio, on which is located the largest mound in the state
and has presented to the Society this mound and adjacent
grounds. What these grounds will be called has not been decided
by the Society but the name of "Kettering Park" has been
suggested as especially appropriate.
But Mr. Kettering did not stop at the presentation of this
notable gift. He emphasized the evidence of his interest and
appreciation by purchasing and presenting to the Society the
Harry Thompson collection of souvenirs and Indian reHcs, the
most important privately owned collection in the state.
It is planned in the near future, probably at the annual
meeting of the Society, to give formal expression of our grati-
tude to these two generous patrons and we hope to present in
our October number an extended account of their generous con-
tributions to the upbuilding of the Society.
Rev'mvs, Notes and Comments. 299
NEXT PRESIDENT AN OHIOAN.
The Republican National Convention in Chicago, June 12,
nominated Senator Warren G. Harding on the tenth ballot for
President of the United States.
The Democratic National Convention in San Francisco,
July 5, nominated Governor James M. Cox on the forty-fourth
ballot for President of the United States.
The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society is a
strictly non-partisan institution, but because of the distinguished
honor that has come to the state the prediction frequently heard
these days is here recorded, that the next president of the United
States will be from Ohio. It is more than probable that in the
next issue of the Quarterly it will be proper to report among
the activities of the Society extended references to both of these
candidates for the presidency.
To say that Memorial Day was appropriately observed at
Spiegel Grove by patriotic citizens of Fremont and Sandusky
County is only to state what could as trutii fully be said of the
observance there of this anniversary each year. A gratifying
feature this year was the large attendance of veterans of the
World War — much larger than one year ago. In the exercises
the veterans of the Civil War, the Spanish-American War and
the World War all had a part.
Spiegel Grove is a place of historic and patriotic suggestion,
and Colonel Webb C. Hayes has done much to invest with a
living interest the associations of this beautiful park and other
places in the immediate vicinity. It should be added that the
pen of Miss Lucy Keeler has preserved a record of early events
m this part of the state in some of the most valued contributions
to the Quarterly. What she has done for Spiegel Grove, Fort
Stevenson and Fort Meigs should move writers in other sections
of the state to give due prominence to interesting and significant
events of their local history.
300 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Dr. William C. Mills, Curator of the Museum and Archaeo-
logist, with a number of assistants is industriously engaged in
exploring mounds at^ Camp Sherman. No report of this year's
field work will be available for publication until the work is
completed. We are permitted to say, however, that the result.s
thus far are most gratifying and the prediction can safely be
made that the large collection of relics of the mound builders
now in the Museum of the Society will be enriched by the ad-
dition of interesting specimens, some of which are unique.
The editor of the Quarterly is making an effort to bring
its publication up to date. The last two issues were unavoid-
ably late, due to circumstances generally understood by members
of the Society. In the absence of manuscript from other
sources, the editor has contributed all the material that appears
in the July issue. We trust that this note may be accepted as his
sufficient apology for doing so. In order to have the October
number ready to mail by the first of that month, manuscript
for the same should be in the editor's hands by September first.
An appeal is made by the editor for contributions of Ohio
history or suggestions of subjects for such contributions. This
is the twenty-ninth volume of the Quarterly. Much of Ohio
history is still to be written. The members of the Society are
assured that their co-operation in furnishing suitable material for
publication in these pages will be highly appreciated.
"Fighting the Flying Circus," by Captain Rickenbacker, is
published by the Frederick A. Stokes Company of New York;
"The Big Show," by Elsie Janis, is published by the Cosmo-
politan Book Corporation of New York.
Colonel Weeb C. Hayes M. H.
Regional Commissioner A. E. F. in France and North Africa who was
decorated at Fez. Morocco, August 15, 1018. by General Lyantey, French
Resident General as representative of the Sultan of Morocco. Colonel
Hayes also served in the war with Spain, through the campaigns of
Santiago de Cuba where he was wounded and had his horse killed, and
through the campaign in Porto Rico, being recommended for brevets in
each campaign : the Philippine Insurrection where he was awarded the
Congressional Medal of Honor for distinguished gallantry at Vigan, P. I.,
Dec. 4, ISilf), bv order of President Roosevelt: and served on the stafT of
Major General ChafTee, commanding the China Relief Expedition of IWO.
UNVEILING OF THE SOLDIERS' MEMORIAL TABLET
ON THE HAYES MEMORIAL BUILDING
AT SPIEGEL GROVE.
BY LUCY ELLIOT KEELER.
The Ninety-eighth Anniversary of the birth of Rutherford
B. Hayes, Nineteenth President of the United States, 1877-1881,
and at the time of his death, January 17, 1893, the honored
president of the Ohio State Archjeological and Historical
Society, was celebrated with ceremonies of unusual interest on
October 4, 1920, at Spiegel Grove, Fremont, Ohio. The day was
cloudless and the people came by thousands. The exercises were
held under the au.spices of the Society with its president, former
Governor James E. Campbell, presiding. It had been the original
intention to lay the corner stone of a stackroom addition to the
present Library and Museum Building, to be built in architectural
harmony with it and of a capacity sufficient to accommodate
150,000 volumes, and to double the capacity of the museum. An
interesting feature of the proposed plan was to incorporate a
reproduction of the library of Dr. Charles Richard Williams,
of Princeton, New Jersey, the biographer of President Hayes,
who has generously tendered to the Society his magnificent
library and historical papers. Incidentally it may be mentioned
Ur. Williams's library room thus to be reproduced was the room
in the house at Princeton occupied by President Woodrow Wil-
son after his resignation as president of Princeton University
and during his incumbency of the office of Governor of New
Jersey, prior to his inauguration as President of the United
States March 4, 1913.
It was also in contemplation to have the formal dedication
of the Soldiers' Memorial Parkway of Sandusky County, through
land originally presented by Colonel Hayes to the Society and by it
donated for a Parkway ; as well as the dedication of the Soldiers'
Memorial Sunparlor addition to the Memorial Hospital of San-
duskv County; but the two latter projects were in an uncom-
pleted condition, and the exercises were limited to an inspection
(303)
304 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Unveiling of Soldiers' Memorial Tablet. 305
of them and the dedication of a bronze memorial Tablet pre-
sented by Colonel Hayes in honor of his comrades of recent
wars.
The exercises were ushered in by a parade at one o'clock in
which the veterans of the World War and the War with Spain
marched with flags fluttering in the warm October sunlight, fol-
lowed by the Grand Army veterans in automobiles, the three
clivisioris headed by the United States Navy Recruiting Band
and the Light Guard and Woodmen's Bands of Fremont. The
procession was reviewed by the distinguished guests as it marched
past the still unfinished Soldiers' Memorial Sunparlor of the
Memorial Hospital of Sandusky County, and over the uncom-
pleted Soldiers' Memorial Parkway, after which the impressive
procession entered the Spiegel Grove State Park and formed in
front of the Hayes Memorial Library, on the northern face of
which was unveiled the artistically wrought Memorial Tablet
presented by Colonel Webb C. Hayes, M. H., in memory of his
eighty comrades of Sandusky county who died in the service
of their country in the War with Spain, the insurrection in the
Philippines, China, the Mexican Border and in the World W'ar.
While the magnificent Navy Recruiting Band played the Star
Spangled Banner, Grand Marshal A. E. Slessman, chairman of
tiie Soldiers' Memorial Parkway Committee, presented Mrs.
Webb C. Hayes who was dressed in her costume of the Y. M. C.
A. in which she had served in France as Hostess and Librarian
at the American Soldiers Leave Areas at Aix-les-Bains and Nice.
Mrs. Hayes gracefully uncovered the beautiful bronze tablet
and turned it over to Commander W. H. Johnston, of
Edgar Thurston Post, American Legion, and Commander
Harry Price of Emerson Command, Spanish War Veterans.
After a careful inspection of the tablet by Governor Campbell,
Senator and Mrs. Harding, and the members of the Hayes
family who were on the platform, the soldiers of the World
War formed a lane extending from the Memorial Building
through to the speakers' stand under the McKinley Oaks of
1897; and through this lane walked Senator Harding with Mrs.
Hayes, preceded by President Campbell of the Archaeological
Vol. XXIX — 20.
306 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Pitbliccttions.
and Historical Society, attended by former Congressman Over-
myer, and followed by Colonel Hayes and Mrs. Harding and
other guests.
Music was provided by the U. S. Navy Recruiting Band
of the central division, and by the combined bands of the Fre-
mont Light Guard and Woodmen of the World. Mr. B. H.
Swift, Chairman of the Sandusky County War Work Committee,
called the meeting to order and presented Chaplain Ferguson of
the Ohio Soldiers' Home who delivered the invocation. In pre-
senting the members of the Board of County Commissioners of
Sandusky county and its efficient County Engineer to welcome
the assembly, Qiairman Swift said:
"Sandusky County soldiers are indebted to the patriotic
members of the present and former Boards of County Commis-
sioners, and to one of her patriotic soldiers. Colonel Hayes, who
conceived and executed the plan, including the erection of the
bronze memorial tablet and Soldiers' Memorial Sunparlor, on
the beautiful Soldiers' Memorial Parkway of Sandusky County.
Sandusky county's plan of honoring her soldiers who died in the
service is soon to be realized in the form of this Soldiers'
Memorial Parkway, of about loo feet in width with two paved
drives 14 feet in width along the border, between which are
planted, at a distance of 35 feet apart, two rows of buckeye trees,
the insignia of the 37ih or Buckeye Division, to which are af-
fixed white enamel tree-labels, with four lines giving the name,
organization, place and date of death. It is hoped that the
Memorial P'arkwav plan of honoring the dead at the county seat
of each countv in the State of Ohio and in the countn,', may be
adopted generally and that the remains of the honored dead who
fell in battle on the fields of France may be permitted to remain in
the beautiful American park cemeteries where they now lie and
where they will be visited for countless ages by their country-
men."
President Campbell's Address.
The Hon. James E. Campbell, President of the Ohio State
Archjeological and Historial Society, was then presented as the
president of the day. President Campbell delivered the following
address :
Unveiling of Soldicis' Memorial Tablet. 307
Felloiv Citisens:
The patriotic people of Sandusky County, remembering and
revering their heroic dead, have called us to join them in unveil-
ing a tablet that shall preserve forever, in enduring bronze, the
names of those gallant sons of the county who, in the war with
Spain and in that unparalleled cataclysm known as "The World
War," gave their lives to their country, to mankind and to hu-
manity. The war with Spain was a small war while the World
War was -the worst known to men ; but the memory of him who
died in the one is as precious and glorious as that of him who
died in the other. They were all heroes whom the people of
Sandusky county delight alike to honor.
These men carried our flag upon foreign soil — in the first
mstance for the purpose of freeing two oppressed races from
semi-harbaric rule; in the second instance to destroy a military
autocracy which threatened to extirpate democracy and to make
all nations its abject slaves or dependents. From both of these
wars the Star Spangled Banner emerged with added and im-
perishable lustre. Especially is this true of the last war for
there, to quote these appropriate lines, —
"Serene and beautiful it waved,
The flag our fathers knew.
In the sunny air of France it laved
And gained a brighter hue.
Oh, may it ever the emblem be
Of all that makes this country free;
And may we cherish liberty
And to the flag be true."
To the eminent orators who are your honored guests, who
are much more capable of doing justice to these patriot dead
than I, and who are here for that purpose, I leave such further
eulogy as they may deem appropriate. I consider this a suitable
opportunity, however, on behalf|of the Ohio State Archaeological
and Historical Society, under whose auspices these ceremonies
are held, to state formally the development and consummation of
the project (born in the mind of Colonel Webb C. Hayes) of
making Spiegel Grove one of the most important monuments to
history and patriotism in the State of Ohio. It is the duty of this
308 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Society, and one to whicli it has faithfully adhered, to collect
and disseminate information as to the history of this state as well
as to collect, preserve and classify evidences of its occupation
by prehistoric races.
Honorable James E. Campbell,
Ohio State Archsological and Historical Society.
Former Governor of Ohio.
No part of the work of this Society has been more important
or more valuable to the historical collections of the state than the
acquisition of Spiegel Grove with the precious personal property
connected therewith. Its history carries one back to a time
Uinriling of Soldiers'' Memorial Tablet. 309
long prior to the Revolutionary War, for it is located in the old
Indian Reservation or Free Territory, maintained at the lower
rapids of the Sandusky river, which was a point of interest long
before the white man entered Ohio. Israel Putnam was here
in 1764 and during the War of the Revolution over 2000 whites,
captured by the Indians, passed through the Sandusky Valley,
stopping at the Lower Falls, now Fremont, from whence they
were transportted by shipping to Detroit or on to Montreal. Zeis-
berger and Heckewelder, the Moravians, were prisoners here,
and also Daniel Boone and Simon Kenton. In 1782 the British
sent troops from Detroit as far as Lower Sandusky, en route to
repel the Crawford expedition, but they arrived too late, owing
to the capture and burning of Crawford on the Sandusky Plains.
During the war of 1812, through these very grounds the old
Harrison Trail — a military road which led from Fort Stephen-
son to Fort Seneca — passed and is preserved intact as its prin-
cipal driveway.
Added to this historic interest is the fact that it typifies an
American home of the latter part of the nineteenth century — a
home fraught with historic memories of Rutherford B.
Hayes, the nineteenth president of the United States, and his
wife, Lucy Webb Hayes. Of all the homes of our presi-
dents, covering a period of one hundred and thirty years, there
have been preserved only those of Washington at Mt. Vernon,
Jefferson at Monticello, Madison at Montpelier, Jackson at The
Hermitage, and Lincoln's modest home in the city of Springfield.
But in all these instances, more or less time had elapsed before
the homes were acquired and put in a state of preservation ; and
but few or no personal relics or memorials were secured. The
families of the presidents had in most cases parted with the
property, and their historic associations were generally dissipated.
It is gratifying to know that Spiegel Grove met no such impair-
ment. When received by the State it was in a perfect state of
preservation, and all of the valuable historic effects of President
Hayes w-ere there intact. Few presidents of the United States
have left so large and so complete a collection of documents,
papers and books. To these should be added all the honorable
mementoes and historical objects that were intimately associated
310 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Mrs. Webb C. Hayes and Sergeant Dalton Hayes.
(See note on following page.)
Unveiling of Soldiers' Memorial Tablet. 811
with P'resident Hayes during his career as a soldier in the Civil
War, as well as that of his administration as president ; and many
personal belongings of his wife, Lucy Webb Hayes, during her
exalted life in the White House. President Hayes was a great
reader and a man of scholarly tastes and attainments. His library
of Americana was not excelled, in his time, by that of any other
private individual in the nation. He had the instinct of a col-
lector and preserved all papers and memoranda, both of his
public and private life, in an orderly and accessible form. His
letters and his diaries covering a continuous period of sixty years,
written in his own hand, are in this collection and are now being
prepared and compiled for publication by this society. They will
be a valuable contribution to American history. With the excep-
tion of Thomas Jefferson and Iheodore Roosevelt, no president
of the United States has left such a collection of individual mem-
oranda, literary remains and personal mementoes as did President
Hayes.
Spiegel Grove, with its contents, upon the death of Presi-
dent Hayes in 1893, was bequeathed to his children. After-
wards the entire Spiegel Grove property, with its library and
collections, became the property of Colonel Hayes by deed
in 1899 from the other heirs in the settlement of the estate.
Through the generous filial devotion and the patriotic spirit of
Colonel Hayes, this whole tract was offered, without cost, to the
state as a public park in memory of both of his parents, by deeds
dated March 30, 1909, and March 10, 1910. The conditions upon
which Colonel Hayes donated this property to the State of Ohio
simply require its maintenance as a state park, with the further
condition that : "The Ohio Archjeological and Historical Society
should secure the erection upon that part of Spiegel Grove here-
tofore conveyed to the state of Ohio for a state park, a suitable
fireproof building on the site reserved opposite the Jefferson St.
entrance, for_ the purpose of preserving and forever keeping
in Spiegel Grove all papers, books and manuscripts left by the
Note : — Mrs. Hayes was Librarian and Hostess at the American
Soldier Leave Areas at Aix-les-Bains and Nice, France. Sergeant Dalton
Hayes, a Princeton student aged twenty years, was the youngest of six
grand-sons of Rutherford B. Haves in the World War. He served in the
16.5th U. S. Infantry (Old COth New York), 42nd or Rainbow Division
A. E. F. He was severely wounded in the Argonne, October 14, 1918.
312 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
said Rutherford B. Hayes * * * * which building shall be in
the form of a Branch Reference Library and Musauni of the
Ohio State Archjeological and Historical Society, and the con-
struction and decoration of the said building shall be in the nature
of a memorial also to the soldiers, sailors, and pioneers of San-
dusky county; and suitable memorial tablets, busts and decora-
tions indicative of the historical events and patriotic citizenship
of Sandusky county shall be placed in and on said building, and
said building shall forever remain open to the public under
proper rules and regulations to be hereafter made by said
society."
Thus there was given to the nation and to the State a heritage
of which both can well be proud, and I take this occasion on be-
half of the society which I represent, and on behalf of the State
which is represented by the society, to express the fullest appre-
ciation and deepest sense of obligation. These expressions also
extend to the noble and generous wife of Colonel Hayes who has
joined him in making this spot one of historic beauty as well as
a patriotic monument.
In all the years since Colonel Hayes executed his first deed
to this property, the public has been left in ignorance of the
magnitude of his contributions; of his self-sacrifice; and of his
generous patriotism. He has arrived at the age (and so have I)
at which the truth can be told without suspicion of flattery or
adulation, and at which it; can be received without undue infla-
tion. Therefore I take it upon myself, as president of this so-
ciety, to relate publicly and in detail what Colonel Hayes has con-
tributed to this great patriotic monument, aside from the property
itself ; and these facts are due historically not only to Colonel
Hay^s, but to the society and to the people of Ohio.
Colonel Hayes spent large sums after the legal steps had
been taken to invest this property in the Ohio Archaeological
and Historical Society, in trust for the State of Ohio. The con-
struction of the Hayes Memorial building cost when completed
over $100,000, towards which the State paid $45,000 and also
paid $10,000 for the State's share of the paving of the streets
on the three sides of the Spiegel Grove State Park. Colonel
Hayes at various times, and in numerous ways, in order to
Unveiling of Soldiers Memorial Tablet. 313
complete the building and bring it to the point of perfection
which it has attained, expended $50,000 to that end, and to
further add to its usefulness and beauty as a monument, he has
provided for an addition to the building that will cost at least
$35,000, the funds for which are now in the hands of a trustee
appointed for that purpose.
Since Spiegel Grove has been dedicated by Colonel Hayes
he has placed in the hands of trustees for the benefit of the So-
ciety and the State of Ohio other lands contiguous to the grove
which, when sold, the trustees are to place the proceeds thereof
in a trust fund for the use and benefit of this institution. So far
lands to the value of $35,000 have been disposed of, and that
amount is in the hands of a trustee for the use and benefit of
Spiegel Grove, as held by this society. The land, exclusive of
Spiegel Grove, remaining unsold is worth at least $100,000, the
proceeds of which, upon sale, will be held in trust for the use
and maintenance of the Spiegel Grove park and residence with
any remainder for books for the Hayes Memorial Library.
On July 1st of last year Colonel Hayes placed $100,000 in
trust to be used in the maintenance and upbuilding of this
patriotic memorial. I am within a conservative estimate when I
state that Colonel Hayes has disposed, for the benefit of posterity,
in the form of the beautiful and attractive property which you sec
before you, at least $500,000: $250,000 in cash and securities
for endowment funds, and $250,000 in real estate and personal
property including the library Americana and collections.
Greater and more far-reaching, than the vast funds which
he has so consecrated to others and to the memory of those loved
by him, is his magnificent spirit of unselfishness, of tender de-
votion to the memory of his father and mother, and of his
desire to leave to future generations historic evidence of the past.
Here the people of Ohio forever will come to view the evidences
of a period of American history that will be to them a continuing
lesson and an inspiring heritage. A visit to this place will stimu-
late the study of Ohio history ; of her Indian tribes ; of the wars
between between the British and French and their Indian allies ;
followed by our war for Independence, when this was a British
post; and of her people's heroic defense of our country in the war
314 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Societv PitbUcati
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Unveiling of Soldiers' Memorial Tablet. 315
of 1S12. They will see here many historical mementos of one
who laid down civil honor to go forth to light for the Union.
They will see a collection of souvenirs of every president from
Washington to Wilson ; manuscripts of great historic importance
and literature rarely found in Ohio libraries. They will view a
monument evidencing the unselfish devotion of private interests
to public good, and viewing this monument they will be inspired
to devote themselves anew to the service of our country and to
common humanity."
At the conclusion of his address there were many cheers
for Colonel Hayes. Governor Camipbell called upon him for a
speech but the Colonel merely rose to his feet from his chair
several rows back of the presiding officer, bowed to the audience
and sat down. This was the occasion for renewed cheers and
finally Colonel Hayes rose to his feet and walked forward to
the front of the stand. When the crowd had quieted expecting
remarks he bowed and returned to his seat.
"Just as modest as he is good", said Chairman Campbell and
the crowd again applauded.
The Reverend Father F. S. Legowski, Overseas Chaplain in
the 32nd Division A. E. F., in the absence of Colonel F. W. Gal-
braith, national commander of the American Legion, gave an
extemporaneous address that was well received. We regret that
no stenographic report of it was made. It deserved a place in
this record of the occasion. Father Legowski praised the liber-
ality and patriotic spirit of Colonel Hayes and Mrs. Hayes, who
had preceded the boys overseas to perform their part in the
World War and minister to the soldiers who, far from home, on
a foreign soil, appreciated the tender and affectionate care so
freely bestowed upon them. In the name of the American Legion
he expressed appreciation for their patriotic service and the
splendid memorial they have provided, not only to the citizens
of the present day but to posterity. The speaker held the closest
attention of the vast audience as he described the touching
scenes in the Argonne with its forest of white crosses each
marking the grave of an American soldier who fell fighting to
save civilization. In his appeal he voiced the sentiment that none
will be unfaithful to the cause for which those heroes died.
316
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Socictx Publications.
In speaking of the relics of the great World War and of all
our wars Father Legowski declared that war is a terrible thing
and that all the agencies of civilization should be used to prevent
it ; that the implements of war like itself are terrible to look upon
when they suggest the carnage of battle. But when they recall
the righteous cause for the triumph of which they were used they
become sacred mementoes. As such they should be gathered to-
WoRLD War Veterans Reviewed on Soldiers' Memorial Parkway.
gether and preserved for the lesson that they teach to succeeding
generations.
Brigadier General W. V. McMaken, President of the 37th
Division Association, expressed the thanks of his comrades of
the war with Spain and of the World War to Colonel and Mrs.
Hayes for the splendid recognition of the heroic dead who died
while serving valiantly for their country. He pleaded with the
young people present that they should not forget tlie ceremonie=
of the day and that they should carry on the work this day in-
augurated. He appealed to them to keep faith in God and
country and to hold aloft the flag in its exalted place.
Unveiling of Soldiers' Memorial Tablet. 817
Captain Grant S. Taylor, chief of staff of the Commander-
in-chief of the Spanish War Veterans, spoke for his fellow
soldiers. He detailed our losses in the War with Spain and the
Philippine Insurrection and showed that they were relatively
liigh. Those who served their country in the southern camps and
in the tropical islands were face to face with conditions rarely
met by the soldiers of other wars. They suffered from the in-
roads of disease which thinned the ranks of the boys in blue.
Like the other speakers he voiced the highest appreciation for
what had been done at Spiegel Grove to stimulate patriotism and
keep green the memory of those who served their country in
the camp and on the field.
Commander S. B. Rathbun. of Eugene Rawson Post, re-
sponded for the Commander-in-chief of the Grand Army of the
Republic, in a very effective way, by calling on all members of
the Grand Army of the Republic to rise and salute. The Presi-
dent of the society. Governor Campbell, and the president
emeritus of the societ}-, the Rev. Dr. Wright, elicited increased
applause by rising and saluting with their comrades of the G. A.
R. The Hon. James M. Cox, Governor of Ohio, and a trustee of
the Society found himself unable to be present and Governor
Campbell, as presiding officer, then presented the Hon. Warren G.
Harding. United States Senator from Ohio and a life member
of the Society.
The speaker, before entering upon his prepared address,
made a few introductory remarks. He said that he was glad he
had kept his word with Colonel Hayes and had come to Fremont.
He had promised, to do this before he had been nominated for
President of the United States. He regarded that promise in
the nature of a contract. "I believe in always keeping my con-
tract," said he, "and I kept my contract when I came to Fremont
today." Much trouble in the world and many calamities includ-
ing some of our serious wars, he declared, came through the
failure of men and states and nations to keep their contract.
Senator Harding's Address.
Senator Harding then spoke as follows :
My Countrymen : — It is a fine thing to gather at the shrines
of American patriotism. It is fine that we have such shrines.
318 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Without them we should have little soul, and less love of country.
It is good to pause and note the sacrifices through which we came
to nationality and then to eminence in the world. It is reassur-
ing to dwell afresh in the atmosphere of colonial heroism, and to
be reminded anew that the spirit which triumphed in the early
making of the Republic is with us, after all the years of develop-
Senator Warren G. Harding.
ing fulfillment to guarantee its perpetuity. It stirs our hearts to
recall how hundreds fought in colonial days, it rivets our faith
anew to know how millions fought and more millions were ready
and still more millions available when our nationality and world
civilization were threatened in the great World War.
It is an exceptional shrine at which we are gathered today.
A century and a half ago Israel Putnam came here in command
Unveiling of Soldiers' ^Memorial Tablet. 319
of tlie Connecticut battallion, and with otlier Colonial troops
from New York and New Jersey in the British expedition of
1764, under Bradstreet, and revealed to the northwest territory
the mettle of the men of New England. It was here at old Fort
Stephenson, that Major George Croghan defended the new re-
public against the British and the Indians and won the only land
victory within the limits of the United States in the War of 1812.
Two companies from this county served with Croghan again
in the war with Mexico, From this hallowed spot came the
brave and gallant Major-General James B. McPherson, the officer
highest in rank and command killed during the war for the
Union. From Sandusky county came the first American killed
in the first war for humanity's sake in all the world — Seaman
George B. Meek. Aye, and from old Sandusky county there
went the full quota of American defenders in the World War.
Seventy of them made the supreme sacrifice, and in their mem-
ory, in the main, we are met in grateful, loving tribute today.
Still another glory illuminates this exceptional American
shrine. From this spot came citizen, soldier, patriot and presi-
dent, Rutherford B. Hayes. He served eminently in war and
patriotically in peace. I like to recall the helpful, reassuring ad-
ministration of this fine, firm, unpretentious American, whose
official service to America was both healing and heroic, and left
a sense of satisfying security as a heritage to America.
Today we are at the shrine of American manhood, to re-
avow that love of country which fills every American breast, and
hold sacrifice a ready offering to our common country. Youth
holds the safety of the republic its especial obligation. It is no
figure of speech, signifying comradeship, to refer toi "the boys"
of our armies. The soldiers of the revolution, the War of 1812,
the Mexican War, the War for the Union, the Spanish-American
War, and the great World War, were almost identical in type,
typical specimens of the flower of American young manhood.
Regal in their confidence, robust in their strength and regnant in
their hopes, American youths have more than responded to the
nation's need — American youths have rushed to the country's
salvation.
WHien the Baroness Riedesel wrote of the surrender of the
British under Burgoyne at Saratoga, of which she was a witness,
320
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
she remarked the "handsome lads of the age of about seventeen,"
and we know ourselves now that but for these lads the war of the
American Revolution could not have been won.
The same type of striplings wrought the American victor>'
under Croghan, and carried the flag in triumph to the City of
i ABLET Unveiled on the Hayes MeiMORIal Building.
Mexico and unfurled it from the heights of Chapultepec. I saw
them go forth for the war to liberate Cuba, and I know the story
of youth's defense of union and nationality in the Civil War.
There were nearly 900,000 boys in the northern armies alone,
boys of the age of McKinley and Foraker. A half million youths
fought for the confederate cause, from Bull Run to Appomattox.
At Gettysburg, where the high tide of the rebellion ebbed from
Unveiling of Soldiers' Memorial Tablet. 321
its crimsoned flood, the average age of the veteran armies of that
famed battle was but 20 years. McKinley enlisted at 17, For-
aker was a captain before he was 21, and Miles commanded the
tecond army corps before he was 26.
Only a few days ago 20,000 of the American Legion marched
in splendid lines at Cleveland, and there was the same youth, the
same undaunted spirit, the same virile young American manhood
which has characterized American soldiery in all our wars and
"written again and again our admonition to have faith in the
Republic.
Early after our entry into the World War a young American
of 18 called at my office in Washington tO' ask my assistance in
getting a passport to France. I was surprised and I asked, "Why
not fight under our own flag?" He said he wanted to be an
aviator and he was too }0ung for acceptance in the naval air
service "Then why not the army ?" I asked. "Five thousand
awaiting enrollment now, and I can't wait." Then I learned that
he had visited the French Embassy, had seen the military at-
tache, passed an informal examination and was assured of ac-
ceptance if he could only reach France. I liked his ardor and en-
thusiasm, but I kne^v him to be an only son, I knew he had come
to mq from college, and 1 thought I ought to have his parents'
approval. So I said, "What will your mother say?" In a flash
he produced a telegram from her. It read, "I do hope Senator
Harding can help" you to France. God bless you. I am glad to
have you go." And he went, and ultimately I hope he found his
place under the Stars and Stripes. I am sure he did his part,
wherever he fought, just as did all the sons of the Republic from
north and south, from east and west, from factor\% office and
farm. 1 do not say we won the World War, but we helped to win
it, and our American forces wrought new glories for the Republic
from the Marne to the xA.rgonne, and gave to America new rever-
ence and new admiration throughout the world. Our boys were
the worthy sons of worthy sires, worthy defenders of a worthy
republic. They never turned back. Alas ! they, too rarely halted,
because they could not tolerate the patient methods of the more
seasoned veterans.
Vol. XXIX — 21.
822
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Societv Publications.
Retreat is honorable, often necessary, but the youth from
America could not understand it, or they could not harmonize
it with their purpose. It is said our missing dead in the World
War is relatively the smallest in the records of warfare. Th".
explanation is that no American battle line moved rearward over
our glorious dead.
:^:^j»:
Senator Harding, Mrs. Hardi.\o .\1i.- H v\
U. S. N., AND Mr. B H S
Lt. Comdr. Hayes,
I have heard the stories of heroism and achievement which
stir our emotions and magnify our pride, but I have yet to meet
a hero who was conscious of his heroism, or realized that he was
engaged in an act to rivet the gaze of all the world. It is not
difficult to understand, after all. The men of the army and navy
were committed to a duty, and the performance of that duty
Unveiling of Soldiers' Memorial Tablet. 323
. was a simple matter of course. They Were upon the supreme
stage of world heroism, but were simply performing the duties
of national defenders, unmindful of plaudits or wondering gaze.
Knowledge of duty well done, of devotion bravely proven, of
service fittingly rendered — thesQ were' their inspiration then, but
we utter today and memorialize for all time the honors theyt won
for themselves, their kind, their land, their people.
I voice today a tribute to the steadfastness, the resolution,
the undaunted courage, the irresistible determination of the
American expeditionary forces. They wrought less in brilliancy,
but more in glory. They were less trained, but profited more
from Europe's costly experience. They were delayed in reaching
the battle front, but they speeded in meeting the enemy. They
made few trenches, but they took many. They had few objec-
tives, but they reached the one big one, and did their full part to
save world civilization. They came home with as little parade as
they went. America never saw the spectacle of their might and
majesty, but America has sensed the bigness of our expeditionary
army and those in camp ready for call, and somehow there is a-
feeling of renewed security throughout the Republic.
This is not alone for what you have done under arms. It is
because of what America knows you will do- in peace. You
World War veterans are the new leaven in the patriotic citizen-
ship of the Republic, the mightiest influence in American life
for half a century to come. It was your Republic before, but
there is a new intimacy now.
"Let us do more even than is symbolized in memorial tablets
and monuments. Let us pay our sorrowing tribute to the dead,
our grateful tribute to the living, and be resolved all of us, to
meet our duties as they met theirs, undeterred and unafraid, and
hand on to our sons and daughters the legacy of liberty and the
temple of security, our own United States of America."
The Hon. Atlee Pomerene, United States Senator from
Ohio, was unable to be present owing to the serious illness of his
wife. President Campbell then introduced the Hon. James T.
Begg, Congressman of the 13th Ohio District, who delivered
a very patriotic address. The benediction was then pronounced
824 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
by the Rev. Dr. George Frederick Wright president-emeritus Ohio-
Archreotogical and Historical Society.
Other Celebrations at Spiegel Grove.
Spiegel Grove has been the scene of mam- celebrations. The
first of record, now nearly seventy years ago, was the Fourth of
July celebration of 1852, which was of great interest to this
community as marking the national holiday as well as the cele-
bration in honor of the return of the old gun, Betsy Croglian,
to the scene of her great victory of nearly forty years before.
Betsy Croghan, the iron six-pound gun, is of French manufacttye
and w'as supposed to have been captured from the French by the
British in one of the battles of the old French war of 1756-1763.
It is not definitely known when the future Old Betsy was brought
to the Lower Falls of the Sandusky to help defend the old
Indian Factor's house in the center of the two-mile square reser-
vation first ceded to the United States by the Indians in the
Treaty of 1785. In 181 2 the old Factor's house was enlarged
and stockaded so as to include almost double the original terri-
tory, with six bloi-khouses instead of four, owing to its enlarge-
ment. It was then christened "Fort Stephenson," after Colonel
Stephenson the officer in charge. Its sole means of defense was
Old Betsy and the 160 soldiers under the gallant Major Croghan
of whose victory in the defense of Fort Stephenson General
Sherman said :
"The defence of Fort Stephenson, by Croghan and his
gallant little band, was the necessary precursor to Perry's vic-
tory on the Lake, and of General Harrison's triumphant victory
at the battle of the Thames. These assured to our immediate
ancestors the mastery of the Great West, and from that day to
this the west has been the bulwark of this nation."
Old Betsy was taken with General Harrison's army down
to the site of Old Fort Sandoski of 1745 and transported across
the lake mto Canada where she is supposed to have taken part in
General Harrison's victorious Battle of the Thames. Oct. 5, 1813.
For a score or more of years, she was lost sight of, but
having been presented by Congress to grace the scene of her
UiiveU'mg of Soldiers' Memorial Tablet. 825
victory which in military parlance was known as the Battle of
Sandusky, she was, after identilication, shipped from the arsenal
at Pittsburgh, and the last stage of her journey being on the
water, she was landed at Sandusky City, which had recently taken
that" name though at the time of the battle in 1813 it was known
only as Ogontz Point and later Portland.
The authorities of Sandusky City, which had so recently
changed its name from Portland, promptly seized the old cannon
and buried her in the sand until such time as it might be safe
to proclaim the old gun as the victor in the defense of Fort San-
dusky "near this spot." This was prevented by the vigilant and
patriotic mayor of Fremont, which also had recently felt the
necessity of changing its name from Lower Sandusky owing
to the multiplicity of towns named Sandusky which with the as-
sumption of that name by the old town of Portland at the mouth
of the Sandusky River made five towns bearing the name San-
dusky on the less than 100 miles of the historic old Sandusky
River, viz. : Sandusky City at its mouth, Lower Sandusky, Up-
per Sandusky, Little Sandusky, Big Sandusky.
In 1840 mail was sent by water from Cleveland to the
recently re-christened town of Sandusky City where the mail
was' held to suit the convenience of the citizens of that town but
much to the annoyance of the citizens and merchants of the old
historic Indian towns, of Lower Sandusky and Upper Sandusky,
until finally the citizens of Lower Sandusky petitioned the court
to change the name so that they might promptly thereafter re-
ceive their mail. Among other names mentioned those of the
gallant Major George Croghan, then properly pronounced as
though spelled Kraun, and the military explorer. Colonel John C.
Fremont were most prominently mentioned. The petition was re-
ferred to Rutherford B. Hayes, Esquire, who began the practice
of law at Lower Sandusky after his graduation from the Har-
vard Law School in 1845, as a commissioner to report to the
court on the) desirability of a change. Mr. Hayes, on his last
appearance as a member of the Sandusky County Bar prior to his
removal to Cincinnati, Ohio, in 1849, reported in favor of adopt-
ing the name of Fremont, who in addition to his successful ex-
plorations in opening a pathway through the Rocky Mountains
326 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
to the Jr'acitic, had recently enlisted the enthusiastic interest of
the Democratic citizens of Lower Sandusky by eloping with the
favorite daughter, Jessie, of the great Democratic Senator
Thomas H. Benton and marrying her in spite of pronounced
parental objections. There was but one protest against the
change of name by a local poet whose final stanza was: "Change
the people not the name of my old home Sandusky."
Mayor Bartlett, of Fremont, on learning through private
detectives of the spot where old Betsy had been buried, organized
an expedition and marched to the shore of the lake, disinterred
old Betsy, and amid jeering cries at the discomfited citizens of
Sandusky City, escorted her in honor to the site of Fort
Stephenson where she has since remained an object of great
veneration to all visitors to the Fort.
Hence the 4th of July celebration of 1852 largely partook
of a glorification over the final return of Old Betsy to the fort
which she had made famous as the scene of the one American
land victory on American soil during the War of 1812.
The selection of Spiegel Grove as the scene of many famous
gatherings addressed by our foremost statesmen, soldiers and
sailors, began when its owner, Rutherford B. Hayes, for whorri
it was purchased in 1845, became president of the United States.
The first of these celebrations was on September 14. 1877, in
honor of the famous 23rd Regiment; Ohio VQlunteers, the regi-
ment noted for its gallant record in war, and famous for the
number of its members who afterward distinguished themselves
in public life. Major Generals William S. Rosecrans and E. P.
Scammon, both graduates of West Point, and Rutherford B.
Hayes and James M. Comly were its four colonels; Associate Jus-
tice Stanley Matthews, and Russell Hastings were Lieutenant
Colonels, and its Surgeon Major, Joseph T. Webb, was brevetted
Lieutenant-Colonel : William ATcKinley. Captain and brevet-
major; while Robert P. Kennedy and William S. Lyon became
Lieutenant-Governors of Ohio.
The members of the regiment dined at a long table under
what were then christened and have since been known as the
"Reunion Oaks", enonnous white oaks "General Sheridan",
"General Rosecrans", "General Scammon", "General Comly",
Unveiling of Soldiers' Memorial Tablet. 621
and "Associate Justice Stanley Matthews". Other oak trees were
christened after Chief Justice Waite and General George Crook,
the famous Indian fighter, who were also present at the reunion.
During the annual visits of President Hayes to Spiegel
Grove, he was accompanied by many distinguished men who were
likewise honored by havmg trees named after them. The most
beautiful and stately elm was named after General Sherman who
was a frequent visitor, and a beautiful red maple was named
after President Garfield.
On the occasion of the funeral of President Hayes, in Jan-
uary, 1893, Grover Cleveland, a strong personal friend, after
their joint service on the Peabody Education Fund and other
public philanthropies, although then the only ex-President, as
well as the president-elect of the United States, made the long
journey in the middle of winter to pay his last measure of respect
to one whom he personally esteemed, saying, "He would have
come to my funeral had the situation been reversed." As he
entered the Hayes presidential carriage which with its horses
was still preserved, the keen air of mid-winter and the crowds
of men in uniform caused the horses to plunge forward and for 1
moment it was feared that President Cleveland would be thrown
to the ground. He recovered himself promptly by the aid of a
mammoth shell-bark hickory against which he leaned and
since that time the tree has been known as the Grover Cleveland
Hickory of 1893 i" honor of the great Democrat.
On the first of September, 1897, the 23rd Ohio Regiment
was again the guest at a reunion in Spiegel Grove. President
William McKinley, Secretary of War Alger, Senator Hanna of
Ohio, and others prominent in public life, spoke from beneath a
group of white oaks around which a stand had been erected,
while Mrs. McKinley and the ladies of the party were seated
on the porch of the Hayes residence. The group of white oaks
was promptly named the McKinley Oaks of 1897.
In 1904, another reunion of the 23rd Regiment was held,
owing to inclement weather, on the 80-foot porch of the Hayes
residence. The guest of the Regiment and chief speaker was
Rear-Admiral Cliarles E. Qark. U. S. N., the captain of the
battleship Oregon, which made the famous run from San Fran-
328 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Cisco Bay through the Straits of Alagellen. Dodging the Spanish
ileet in the West Indies, she safely joined the American fleet at
Key West, and without a moment's delay proceeded with the
fleet to bottle up Admiral Cevera's Spanish fleet in the harbor of
Santiago de Cuba, from which when the Spaniards attempted to
escape, on the third of July, 1898, the battleship Oregon opened
fire on each Spanish ship as she emerged from the harbor "and
left not one of them until after it had hoisted signals of surren-
der or been driven ashore." The Admiral Clark white oak was
christened during the exercises.
In 1908, in the early days of the presidential campaign, Judge
William H. Taft was a guest of Colonel Hayes, and on being ad-
vised of the custom of naming trees after presidents, distin-
guished soldiers and sailors, and having been invited to select
his tree, promptly chose one of the largest white oaks in the
Grove, inunediately in front 01 the residence, and with the re-
mark, "That is about my size", placed his hand on it and
christened it the William H. Taft oak of 1908.
On May 30, 1916. after the completion of the Hayes
Memorial Librar}' and Museum building with funds provided by
the State of Ohio and Colonel Hayes, in almost equal parts, the
exercises of dedication were held from a stand erected directly
in front of the house. Dr. Charles Richard Williams, of Prince-
ton, New Jersey, the biographer of President Hayes, delivered
a scholarly address after which the Honorable Newton D. Baker,
Secretary of War, as the representative of President Wilson ;
United States Senator Atlee Pomerene ; and Congressman A. W.
Overmyer who had come from Washington for the purpose,
delivered appropriate addresses; as did also Representatives of
the Military Order of the Loyal Legion of which President Hayes
was Commander-in-Chief at the time of his death ; the Grand
Army of the Republic, by the commander of his old post, The
Eugene Rawson Post G. A. R., and the President of the 23rd
Regiment O. V. V. I. Association
It was deemed peculiarly appropriate in arranging for the
exercises of Oct. 4, 1920, the 98th anniversary- of the birth of
Rutherford B. Hayes, to again erect the speaker's stand under the
famous McKinley Oaks of 1897.
Unveiling of Soldiers' Memorial Tablet. 329
The exercises of the day were arranged by the following
efiQcient committees :
Spiegel Grove Committee of the Ohio Archccological Society
— Webb C. Hayes, Fremont, Chairman ; I. T. Fangboner, Fre-
mont, Vice Chairman ; W. J. Sherman, Toledo, D. J. Ryan,
Columbus; F. W. Treadway, Cleveland.
Soldiers Memorial Parkrvoy Committee — A. E. Slessman,
Chairman ; Kent H. Dillon, Secretary.
Edgar Thurston Post, American Legion — W. H. Johnston,
Commander; Carl Stroup, Adjutant.
Emerson Command, Spanish War Veterans — Harry Price,
Commander; George Grob, Adjutant.
Eugene Razi'son Post, G. A. R. — S. B. Rathbun, Com-
mander; B. F. Evans, Adjutant.
George Croghan Chapter Daughters American Rez'olution —
Mrs. E. K. Sames, Regent ; Mrs. F. P. Timmons, Secretary.
Fremont Chamber of Commerce — D. H. Beckett, Presi-
dent; Carl Pressler, Secretary-Manager.
Celebration Committee Fremont Chamber of Commerce ~
V. D. Butman, Chairman; P. A. Tins, A. E. Slessman, D. H.
Beckett, Carl Pressler.
Special Hospital Committee Exchange Club — Chas. L.
Sherwood, Chairman ; Harry P. Gottron. V. D. Butman, Jas. H.
Goodwin, Jas. G. Younkman.
Special Committee Fremont City Council — G. H. Brinker-
noiT, Chairman; Edv.-ard Deemer, John L. Reineck.
Roland Michel Barriii Marquis dc la Galissonicre, a French naval
officer and from 1747 to 1749 Governor-General of Canada, was born in
i6q3 and died in 1756. He zms a captain in the navy tvhen he tvas ap-
pointed_ Governor-General. He zvas not only a soldier hut a student, a
naturalist and a statesman. He planned a chain of forts extending up
the valley of the St. Lawrence, through the region of the Great Lakes
and dozL'n the valley of the Mississippi: equipped and sent forth the
c.Ypcdition of Ccloroii ; urged the settlement of the Ohio valley by ten
thousand French peasants. He was recalled to France in 1849. In May,
1856, he defeated the British fleet under Admiral Byng and died later
in the same year.
THE EXPEDITION OF CELORON.
BV C. B. GALBREATH.
The journals of Celoron and Bonnecamps, with the paper
by O. H. Marshall are here published in order to bring together
in convenient form the accounts of this remarkable expedition,
sent by the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Governor-General of New
France and the Country of Louisiana, to establish more firmly the
French claims to the Ohio country, particularly that portion of it
which lies within the present boundary of our state. A glance
at the map shows that this was preeminently an expedition to
what is now Ohio.
The accounts of these two early explorers, Celoron and
Bonnecamps, should be conveniently accessible to all students of
Ohio history. To make them so is the prime purpose of their
presentation in the Quarterly.
The Journal of Celoron for almost 140 years remained un-
published. Its existence in the archives of the French Govern-
ment was known, but not until 1S86 was the full text published
in an Engli^ih translation by Rev. A. A. Lambing, in his Catholic
Historical Researches, a quarterly journal issued in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania. This valuable publication, which included many
original documents, was evidently issued in a rather limited
edition, as it is now very rare. The writer has had a few oc-
casions to use it, and has found it necessary in each instance to
borrow the Researches from the Library of Congress.
The Journal of Father Bonnecamps is more readily accessible
through the Jesuit Relations, the monumental work edited by the
late Rueben Gold Thwaites and published by the Burrows
Brothers Company, of Cleveland, through whose courtesy we
are permitted to present to our readers the accurate and well
rendered translation into English. As these two journals are ac-
counts of the same expedition, by its military and spiritual leaders,
it is altogether proper that they should appear together. This is
the first time that they have been so published.
(331)
382 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society PnbUcations.
As will be seen by a note on a following page, O. H. Mar-
shall of the Buffalo Historical Society was the first to direct
especial attention to the journal of Celoron. His article in the
Magasine of American History, Vol. 2, p. 129-150, is a continu-
ous account of that expedition, based upon the record left by
Celoron. In some instances it is almost a paraphrase of that
record. It has been so often referred to by different writers,
and especially by Rev. Lambing in his "notes", that it has been
thought best to reproduce it here in full, with the original paging
in the Magasine of American History indicated by bold face
numerals in parentheses. This will facilitate use of numerous ref-
erences in Lambing's "notes." Where questions have been raised
by these two writers the decision is left to the reader.
The expedition itself is an inviting theme. How it would
impress us to be transferred to that far off time when the "Oyo"
poured its waters through the venerable and pathless woods of
that primeval solitude. What interest we would have found in
the wild life of the forest. With what awe we would have looked
upon the tree-clad hills or gazed into the dark recesses of vale
and ravine. But these things were commonplace to Celoron and
Bonnecamps. They had long, been accustomed to the ways of the
wilderness. Their first thought was very naturally and properly
on their special mission to the Ohio valley.
Celoron was concerned about the deposit of the leaden plates
and the attitude of the Indians towards the French government.
The same was true in lesser degree of Bonnecamps. These
journals therefore do not contain much of the descriptive matter
which they might have included had they dreamed of the inter-
est that would one day attach to their narrative.
The leaden plates deposited along the Ohio have long been
objects of interest and curiosity. Three have been found and are
now on exhibition in somewhat widely separated museums. One
of these was perhaps; never buried. The one deposited at the
mouth of the Muskinginu was considerably mutilated. \ portion
of the lead was cut awav for bullets before the significance and
importance of this relic were realized. At this time no satis-
factory cut of this plate is available for publication. Good cuts
of the other plates are elsewhere presented with this article.
The Expedition of Celeron. 333
As one reads the speeches of Celoron, dehvered to the
Indians in behalf of the courtly Galissoniere, and the crafty re-
plies, he is impressed with the thought that "the untutored child
of the forest" was something of a diplomat. The honeyed words
of the Indian orators to their "dear father" whose envoy they
would like to have scalped, were only equaled by the bland as-
surances to "my dear children" by Celoron who would have pre-
ferred to beat the whole tribe of redskins into genuine submis-
sion if he had thought that his force was adequate to that enter-
prise. Even at that distant date, the Ohio soil seemed to evolve
the wily politician, prophetic of greater things that would fol-
low when the forests should be cleared away and the native
tendency should bear larger fruit in the sunlight of civilization.
In particular, our thoughts are apt to linger about old La De-
moiselle, or Old Britain, as he was called by the English. He was
a shrewd old aborigonie. He rather enjoyed being courted for
favors by the rival interests of England and France. Presents
from both were "thankfully received". Like the accomplished
politician of current history, he made all sorts of promises, but
politely excused himself when Celoron invited him to accompany
the expedition on its way north.
The British and the French had sought the favor of the old
chief by flattery as well as by the bestowal of presents. The
former by way of compliment had called him Old Britain ; the
latter, not to be outdone, named him The Demoiselle, the lady.
Following the expedition of Celoron, came Christopher Gist,
the agent of the Virginia Land Company. He was received with
great acclaim by Old Britain who promptly forgot all his promises
to Celoron, refused to move northward to the sphere of French
influence and continued to build up his village through a flour-
ishing trade with the British. F'or this forgetfulness and evident
partiality the old chief afterward paid dearly.
The French governor of Canada resolved that British power
in the valley of the Miami should be overthrown. In June, 1852,
over 200 Ottawa and Chippewa Indians, under the leadership
of a French ofificer by the name of Charles Langlade, set out on
a mission of plunder and vengence to the Miami when the war-
riors were nearly all absent on the chase. Those who remained
334 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
were taken completely by surprise. Before Old Britain and the
five English traders who were in the village could get safely
within the enclosure of the fort, the enemy were in their midst,
dealing out death from their blazing rifles. Old Britain and
thirteen of his men were killed and scalped. One of the traders
was stabbed to death and his heart was eaten by his savage
captors, as they said, "to increase their courage." They then
boiled and ate the body of Old Britain. Thus perished Ohio's
first great diplomat and politician. His tragic exit from the
"scenes of his glory" may contain a lesson and a warning to his
successors who are still abroad in this favored land.
Seriously speaking, the expeditions of Celoron and Gist pre-
pared the way for hostilities on this continent between the
British and the French, which culminated in the surrender of
Quebec and the overthrow of French power in America.
The destruction of Pickawillany, the village of Old Britain,
by the French under Langlade is sometimes considered the open-
ing battle of the French and Indian War.
The notes of Rev. Lambing on the following pages explain
in large measure the varied and somewhat inconsistent spelling
of proper names that sometimes occurs in the two Journals.
CELORON'S JOURNAL.'
EDITED BY REV. A. A. LAMBING.
INTRODUCTORY NOTE.
It is now almost two years since I read a paper before the
Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania, on Celoron's expe-
dition down the Allegheny and Ohio rivers in the latter part of
the summer of 1749. The subject attracted considerable atten-
tion at the time, and between those who culled from me and
those who cudgeled me, the local public have become pretty well
acquainted with the movements of the French in this part of the
United States about the middle of the last century. The interest
which the subject attracted determined me to secure a copy of
the Journal itself; the original of which is kept in the archives
of the marine at Paris. I may state, in passing, that I am ex-
pecting other documents from the same and other sources relat-
ing to the operations of the French in this country.
The translation is made as literally as correctness of language
would permh; for Celoron, Hke many others in his day, was
better able to fight the enemies of France than to write the lan-
guage of France. Notes are appended to illustrate the text, and
reference is frequently made to notes in certain papers in the
first volume of Researches and the Register of Fort Duquesne.
which it was not thought necessaray to reproduce here.* The
Journal will extend through about four numbers of the RE-
SEARCHES.
TRANSL.^TION OF JOURNAL.
Journal of the expedition which I, Celoron, Knight of the
Royal and Military Order of St. Louis, Captain, commanding a
detachment sent down the Beautiful River by the orders of M.,
the Marquis de la Galissoniere- Governor-General of all New
France, and of the Country of Louisiana.
■ These notes are reproduced with the references.
(33.J)
336 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
I set out from La Cliine on the 15th of June with a detach-
ment .composed of one Captain, eight subaltern officers, six
Cadets, one Chaplain, twenty soldiers, one hundred and eighty
Canadians, and about thirty Indians, there being as many Iro-
quois as Abinakis.^ I passed the night at Point Claire. The
1 6th, I set out at ten in the morning and passed the night at
Soulange, witli my whole detachment; several canoes were de-
stroyed in the rapids. The 17th, I set out from Soulange, I
ascended the Cedars, the rapids of the lake, to where M. Jon-
caire made shipwreck, his canoe being broken, one man drowned,
and the greater part of the goods lost. The i8th, I stopped at
the entrance of Lake St. Francis in order to get the few goods
dried, which had been gathered up at the foot of the rapids.
The 19th, I passed Lake St. Francis, and ascended the rapids,
called the Thousand Rocks, making the passage without acci-
dent. The 20th, I ascended the long bottom. The 21st, I passed
several rapids, I'll not give the number of them, they are known
to every one. The 22d, 23d and 24tli, I continued my route with-
out anything remarkable having happened, save that several
canoes were smashed through the ill-will of those who were
guiding them; I got them repaired, and continued my route. I
passed the 25th at a New French establishment which M. the
abbe Piquet* founded, where I found about sixty acres of cleared
land. His stone fort, eight feet high, was not as yet much
advanced. The abbe Piquet lodged in a bark cabin in the Indian
fashion, ind had lumber and other materials prepared for his
lodging; he had two Montagues'* Indians who besought me to
take them along with me. To please him I accepted them. This
was all that made up his mission." The 26th, I set out from M.
Piquet's and passed the night at the Narrows. The 27th. I set
out early in the morning to go to Port Frontenac' where I ar-
rived at five in the evening. The 28th and 29th, I stopped at
Fort Frontenac to repair my canoes, which had been very much
damaged in the rapids, and to give my men a rest. The 30th,
I set out from Fort Frontenac to go to Niagara. At Quinte I
fell in with Monsieur de la Naudiere* who was returning from
the Miamis. He told me that the nations of Detroit, apprised of
my expedition, were ready on the first invitation to come and join
Ccloron's Journal. 337
me. I did not count much on the disposition of these Indians ;
however, as I had learned on my route that there would be more
people on the Beautiful River than had been reported to M. de la
Galissoniere, I profited, at all risks, by the advice of M. de la
Naudiere, and forced my voyage to rejoin M. de Sabrinois" who
was going as Commander to Detroit : the 6th of July I arrived
at Niagara, where I found him. We conversed together, and
I wrote to M. the chevalier Longeuil^" what I had learned from
M. de la Naudiere, and I begged him, that if the nations of De-
troit had the intention of coming to join me, not to be slow in
telling them to set out ; that I appointed the place of meeting at
Stiotoc from the 9th to the 12th of August: that if they had
changed their intention I would feel obliged to him to send me
scouts to inform me of their plans, so as to know what I ought
to do. The "th of July, I had M. de Contrecoeur,^^ Captain and
second in command of the detachment, to set out with Messrs.
the subaltern officers and all my canoes, to go make the portage.*^
I stayed at the fort awaiting my Indians, who had taken a differ-
ent route from mine in Lake Ontario. They having rejoined
me, I went to the portage which M. de Contrecoeur had made.
The 14th of the same month I entered Lake Erie, where a strong
gale made me encamp at some leagues abo\e the little rapids ;
there I had some squadrons formed to keep sentry, which con-
sisted of forty men commanded by an officer.. The 15th, I set
out at early morning in the hope of having a fine day and of
arriving at the Portage of Chatakuin,'^ which I was not able to
do ; a strong gale having risen, just as on the previous day, I
was obliged to go ashore. The lake is extremely shallow, there
is no protection, and if you did not sail before the wind you
would run the risk of perishing when landing. Large rocks are
found to a distance of more than three-fourths of a mile from
the shore," upon which you are in danger of perishing. I fell
upon one. and without prompt assistance I should have been
drowned with all on board. I landed to repair my canoe which
had been broken in several places. The i6th. at noon, I arrived
at the portage of Chatakuin. As soon as all my canoes were
loaded, I despatched M. de Villiers and M. le Borgne^^ with
Vol. XXIX — 22.
388 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
fifty men to go clear a road.^^ The rest of the day I made ob-
servations on the situation of the place, in case that I might
afterwards wish to establish a post there ; I found nothing there
of advantage either for the navigation of the lake, or for the
situation of the post ; the lake is so shallow on the side of the
south, that ships could not approach the portage but at more
than a league's distance. There is no island or harbor where
they could be moored and put under protection ; they must needs
remain at anchor and have boats for unloading them ; the gales
of wind are so frequent there that I think they would be in
danger. Besides, there is no Indian village established in this
place; they are at a great distance, the nearest are those of
Ganaouagon^' and of. the Cut Straw. ^^ In the evening Messrs.
de Villiers and Le Barque came to pass the night in the camp,
having cleared about three-quarters of a league^^ of the road.
Sentinels were placed, and this order continued during the whole
campaign, as much for the safety of the detachment as for form-
ing the Canadians to discipline, of which they stood in need.
The i/th, at break of day. we commenced our portage which
was vigorously prosecuted, since all the canoes, provisions,
munitions of war and merchandise destined as presents for the
nations of the Beautiful River,='' were carried the three-quarters
of a league which had been cleared the day previous. This road
is very difficult by reason of numerous hills and mountains which
are met with thereon ; our men were also very tired. The i8th, I
continued my portage, but the bad weather hindered me from
pushing on as far as the preceding day. I consoled myself for
this delay; being only prevented by the rain, it was all that I
wished, so as to have water in the river for passing with the
loads which I had in my canoes. The 19th. the rain having
abated I resumed the march, and that day made half a league.
The 20th and 21st, we continued our route with great haste. The
22d, we finished the portage which may be counted as four
leagues, and we arrived at the head of the Lake Chataquin ; at
this place I had my canoes repaired, and allowed my men to
repose. At noon on the 22d, I set out and encamped at the
outlet of the lake, which may have been nine leagues.-' In the
evening our Indians, who had been fishing in the lake, told me
Celoron's Journal. 339
that they had seen people who concealed themselves in the woods
as soon as they had been perceived. The 24th, I departed from
the lake at an early enough hour in the morning, and we entered
the river of Chatakuin.-- The water being rather low I had the
greater part of the baggage transported by hand. The portage
was pointed out to me by the S. de la Saussaye.-^ It was almost
three-quarters of a league. This transport rendered easy the
passage of our canoes which could not have passed with the
loads. We made almost half a league this day by water. The
25th, before setting out on the march, at the representations of
the Indians of my detachment, I called a council composed of
Messrs. the officers and the nations I had with me to deliberate
together upon the measures we ought to take on the occasion
of the vestiges we had found the day before of several cabins
abandoned with so much precipitation that the Indians had left
behind a part of their utensils, their canoes, and even their pro-
visions, to seek the woods. This action gave us proof of the
terror of these Indians, and that they withdrew only through
fear, and that they would consequently bear the alarm into all
the villages, would put them also to flight, or make them adopt
the plan of assembling to form considerable bodies, and lay an
ambush for us. The country was extremely advantageous for
them, and for us of very difficult access on account of the small
amount of water there was in the river. I communicated the
intentions of M. the Marquis de la Galissoniere to the officers,
who saw that it was of great importance for the execution of
the orders with which I was charged, to reassure the nations of
these countries ; and the unanimous sentiment was, to send them
word to remain quiet in their cabins and to assure them that I
came only to treat with them of good things and to explain to
them the sentiments of their Father. Onontio.-* I had their
opinions drawn out in writing, which they all signed. The fol-
lowing is a copy of them :
Council held by M. de Celoron with Messrs. the officers of
his detachment and the chiefs, the 25th of July, 1749.
Having discovered on the 24th of July at the lower part of
the Lake Chatakuin vestiges by which it appeared to us that
the Indians who were on the hunt in this place had been fright-
340 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ened at the number of canoes and people that composed our
detachment, having abandoned their canoes, provisions, and
other utensils, and that they had gone to carry the alarm to the
village of the Cut Straw; and as it is important in consequence
of the orders of M. the Marquis de la Galissoniere to speak to
these nations to make known to them his intentions, and not
wishing to do anything without the advice of Messr%. the officers
and the chiefs whom we have with us, we have assembled them
to communicate to them the orders with which we are charged,
so as to adopt together the most suitable measures to dissipate
the terror which our march has spread. The opinions of all
having been received, the unanimous sentiment was, that to reas-
sure these nations and have an opportunity to speak to them, a
canoe should be. told oiT to go to the village of the Cut Straw,
in which should embark M. de Joncaire,-^ Lieutenant, with two
Abinakis and three Iroquois to carry them three belts of wam-
pum, and induce them to take courage, that their father came
only to treat with them of good things.
Made at our Camp at the entrance of the River of Chata-
kuin, this 25th of July, 1749. All the officers signed.
As soon as the council was ended, I made M. de Joncaire
set out. This done, I set out and made about a league with much
difficulty. In many places I was obliged to assign forty men to
each canoe to have them pass over. The 26th, 27th and 28th,
I continued my voyage, not without many obstacles ; and despite
all the precautions I took to manage my canoes, they often sus-
tained great injury on account of the dearth of water. The
29th, at noon, I entered the Beautiful River. I had a leaden
plate buried-^ on which was engraved the taking possession
which I made, in the name of the King, of this river and of all
those which fall into it. I had also attached to a tree the arms
of the King, struck on a plate of sheet iron, and of all this I
drew up an official statement, which Messrs. the officers and I
have signed.
Copy of written record of the position of the leaden plate
and of the arms of the King, deposited at the entrance of the
Beautiful River, together with the inscription:
Celoron's Journal. 341
In tlie year one thousand seven hundred and forty-nine, we
Celoron, Knight of the Royal Mihtary Order of St. Louis, Cap-
tain commanding a detachment sent by the orders of M. the Mar-
quis de la Galissoniere, Governor-General of New France, on the
Beautiful River, otherwise called the Oyo, accompanied by the
principal officers of our detachment, buried at the foot of a red
oak, on the southern bank of the river Oyo and of Kanaougon,^'
and at 42° 5' 23","* a leaden plate, with this inscription thereon
engraven :
INSCRIPTION.
In the year 1749, in the reign of Louis the XV, King of
France, we. Celoron, commander of the detachment sent by M.
the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Governor-General of New
France, to reestablish peace in some villages of these Cantons,
have buried this plate at the confluence of the Ohio and the
Kanaaiagon, the 29th of July, for a monument of the renewal
of possession which we have taken of the said river Ohio, and
of all those which fall into it, and of all the territories on both
sides as far as the source of the said rivers, as the preceding
Kings of France have possessed or should possess them,-'' and as
they are maintained therein by arms and by treaties, and espe-
cially by those of Riswick, Utrecht and of Aix la Chapelle ; have
moreover affixed to a tree the arms of the King. In testimony
whereof, we have drawn up and signed the present written
record. Made at the entrance of the Beautiful River, the 29th
of July, 1749. All the officers signed. •
This ceremony over, as I was not far distant from the vil-
lage of Kanaouagon, and as the Indians were notified by M. de
Joncaire of my arrival, they were on the watch to discover me.
As soon as they had descried my canoes, they sent me a deputa-
tion to invite me to come to their villages and to receive there
the compliments of their Chiefs. I treated well those sent. I
made them drink a draught of the milk^" of their Father Onontio,
and gave them tobacco. They returned to their villages, and I
followed a short time after. I passed before the village; they
saluted me with several discharges of musketry; I returned the
salutes, and encamped on the other side of the river. M. de
Joncaire brought the Chiefs to my tent ; I received their felicita-
tions, and as this village consists of twelve or thirteen cabins,
I invited them to come to the Cut Straw to hear what I had to
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Societv Publications.
td ia; H- M »<: .
^EZ^htJ ,<ES--^ pOuW^f^
p °^u o ^ o 9 h ,. ^ > > c^^
p^ ^ L. z ^^uif: . r: r => ^ 0 « w a <
Celeron's Journal. 843
say to them on the part of their father Onontio. The women
brought me presents of Indian corn and squashes, for which I
gave them little presents. M. de Joncaire assured me that it was
well that he had gone in advance to dispel the terror which had
seized the Indians ; that several had withdrawn into the woods,
and that the others had prepared to follow. I made M. de Jon-
caire set out for the Cut Straw. The 30th, I betook myself to
Cut Straw" whither I had sent M. de Joncaire the previous
day. The Indians of this place had formed the design of fleeing
into the woods on the report which those had given them, who
had descried us in the Lake Chatakuin, who had told them that
we were a considerable force, and that, undoubtedly, it was our
intention to destroy them. M. de Joncaire found much difficulty
in removing this impression, although they were Iroquois of the
Five Nations which composed these two villages ; although he is
in fact adopted by the nation, and they have great confidence in
him. As soon as I arrived the Chiefs assembled and came to my
tent. The following is their opening speech :
Speech of the Sonontouans^- established at the village of Cut
Straw, otherwise called Kachinodiagon, and of Kanaouagon, to
M. de Celoron, accompanied by two belts of wampum, the 30th
day of July, 1749.
"My Father, we come to give testimony of the joy which we
feel at seeing you arrived at our villages in good health. It is
a long time since we have had the pleasure of seeing our Father
in these territories, and the expedition of which we have been
apprised for a month has caused much uneasiness and fear not
only in our villages, but in all those of the Beautiful River.
Thou hast perceived it, my Father, and to reassure thy children,
frightened and without courage, thou hast done well to send us
our son Joncaire to tell us to be calm and to await in our villages
thy arrival, to hear the word of our father Onontio, which thou
bringest us. The belts of wampum have entirely calmed our mind
of all the fears which had seized on us; our bundles were pre-
pared for fleeing, and we were like drunken people. All has
passed away, and we have remained as thou wished it to hear
what thou hast to tell us. We are delighted that our father
Onontio has made choice of thee to make his intentions known
to us. It is not to-day that we know thee ; thou didst govern us
at Niagara,^' and thou knowest that we never did aught but thy
will."
344 Ohio Arch. a)id Hist. Society Publications.
Answer of M. de Celoron to the above speech, accompanied
by three belts of wampum, the 30th of July, 1749:
"I am delighted, my children, that the arrival of M. de Jon-
caire in your villages has calmed your minds, and has dispelled
the fears which my expedition into this country has caused you.
No doubt but it was occasioned by the sinister conduct of people
who always occupy themselves in evil designs. What surprises
me is, that those who have a right spirit, and who have always
listened to the words of their father Onontio, have caused this
fear. By these three belts of wampum I open your ears so that
you may hear well what I have to say to you on the part of your
father Onontio, and that I may also open your eyes to make you
see clearly the advantages which your father wishes to procure
you, if like sensible people you wish to avail yourselves of them.
It is his word which I bring you here, and which I am going to
bring to all the villages of the Beautiful River."
Words of M. the Marquis de la Galissoniere to the first vil-
lage of the Iroquois Sonontuerna, established at the entrance of
the Beautiful River, delivered by M. de Celoron:
"My children, since I began to wage war with the English
I have learned that this nation has seduced you. and that not
content with corrupting your heart, they have profited of the
time of my absence from this country to invade the territories
which do not belong to them, and which are mine ; a circumstance
which has determined me to send M. de Celoron to you, to make
known my intentions, which are, that I will not sufifer the English
in my territories; and I invite you, if you are my real children,
to receive them no more into your villages. I cut oiif, then, by
this belt, the commerce which they have lately established in this
part of the country, and I announce to you that I will not suffer
them there any more. If you are attached to me, you will make
them withdraw, and will send them home ; by this means you will
always be in peace in your villages. I will grant you for this
all the aid you have a right to expect from a good father. Come
to see me next spring; you will have reason to be pleased with
the reception I will give you ; I will abundantly furnish you with
traders, if you desire it ; I will even add ofiicers to them, if that
gives you pleasure, to lead you and to give you courage, so that
you engage only in lawful business. The English have acted all
the mere wrongly in coming into these territories, as the Five
Nations have forbidden them to remain beyond the mountains.
Pay serious attention, my children, to the message which I send
you. Listen to it well; follow it, it is the means of always
Ci'loron's Journal. 345
seeing over your villages a beautiful and serene sky. I expect
from you an answer worthy of my true children. You will see
suitable marks which I have fixed along the Beautiful River,
which will prove to the English that this land belongs to me, and
that they cannot come into it without exposing themselves to be
expelled from it. This time I desire to treat them with kind-
ness, and if they are wise they will profit by my advice."
Two belts of wampum.
"I am surprised, my children, to see raised in your village
a cabin destined to receive English traders. If you look upon
yourselves as my children you will not continue this work ; far
from it, you will destroy it, and will no longer receive the English
at your homes. "^*
Answer of the Iroquois of the villages of Ganaouskon and
of Chinodiagon, the 31st of July, 1749; with two belts of wam-
pum:
"My father, we thank you for having opened our ears and
our eyes to understand your speech, and see clearly that you
speak to us as a good father.
A belt.
"My father, we are very glad to speak to-day of business
with you. Do not be surprised at our answers ; we are people
who have no knowledge of business, but who speak to you from
the bottom of their heart. My father, you have appeared to us
surprised at this that the English came for commerce upon our
lands. It is true our old men forbade their entrance. You
engage us to go up to Montreal next year so as to speak of
business with Onontio, and we appreciate these favors. We
assure you that we are going to prepare for this during the
winter, and that we will go next spring.
"My father, you have told us that you perceive that the
English came to invade our lands, and that you have come to
summon them to withdraw ; that to the end you closed the way
against them. We thank you for your undertaking, and we
promise vou no more to suffer them here. We are not a party
capable of deciding entirely on the general sentiment of the Five
Nations who inhabit this river. We await the decisions of the
Chiefs of our villages, as also the villages lower down. For us,
my father, we assure you that we will not receive the English
into our two villages.
Two belts of wampum:
t46 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
"My father, you have told us that some little birds had
given you word that a house was being built for the English, and
that if we suffered them to do so, they would shortly raise here
a considerable establishment for driving us away, because they
would render themselves masters of our lands. You have invited
us to discontinue this work. This is what we promise you, and
this house which is almost finished, will serve only for a recrea-
tion place for the youth. We promise you also not to touch the
arms of the King which you have planted on this river, and
which will prove to the English that they have no right in this
part of the country.
Two belts of wampum to the Indians of the detachment.
"My brothers, we are delighted to see you accompany our
father on his voyage ; you have told us that you have no other
sentiments than those of Onontio. We invite you to follow the
counsels which he desires to give you, and we have taken the
resolution to do only his will. We thank you for what you have
told us, and we will pay attention to it."
The council over, I made presents to the Indians, which
gave them great pleasure, and in return they assured me anew
that they would never receive the English in their homes, and
that they would go down next spring to see their father Onontio.
The 31st of July I sojourned at this village, having been
delayed by an abundant fall of rain, which gave us a great deal
of pleasure; the river rose three feet during the night. The ist
of August I set out from the Cut Straw. After having gone
about ten leagues, I found a village of Loups and Renards of
about ten cabins. ^° I landed, and found only one man, who told
me that the rest had fled. I told the Indian that his people were
wrong to let themselves be frightened, that I did not come to do
them harm ; far from it, but I came to treat with them of good
things, and to encourage the children of the Governor, who were
in need of it. I added that I did not doubt but that as soon as
their fear was over, they would return home ; that I invited them
to come to the village lower down, which was not further than
four or five leagues, and that I would speak to them. This same
day I passed by a little village of six cabins,'" the inhabitants
of which I told, as I had the others, to come to the most consid-
erable village, where I would speak to them on the part of their
father Onontio. They arrived there a short time after me. The
Celoron's Journal. 847
2d, I spoke to the Indians in the name of M. the Governor. The
following are the speech and their answer :
A belt.
"My children, the Loups, the reason which determined your
father Onontio to send me into this part of the country, was the
information he had received that the English proposed to form
posts considerable enough to invade one day these lands and to
increase therein in such a way, if they were let do so, that they
would render themselves masters of them, and you would be the
victims. As you have in the past heard with attention the word
which I bring you on his part, the experience you have had, my
children, of the evil intentions of the English in your regard
ought always to be remembered. Remember that you formerly
possessed at Philadelphia, beautiful lands, upon which you found
in abundance wherewith to sustain your families. They drew
near you under pretext of ministering to your wants, and little
by little, without you perceiving it, they established forts and
afterwards towns, and when they grew powerful enough, they
drove you away and forced you to come and establish yourselves
on these lands, to find subsistence for your wives and your chil-
dren. What they did at Philadelphia thev purposed doing to-day
upon the Beautiful River by the posts which they wish to estab-
lish there. It is the knowledge which I have of this, seeing
farther than you, which has determined me to send you M. de
Celoron to make you open your eyes to the evils which threaten
you, and to make you see that it is personal interest alone that
influences the English. I send to summon them for this time
to withdraw, not wishing that they occupy the lands which
belong to me ; if they are prudent they will not expose themselves
to be forced to it. The English have much less right to come
since the Kings of France and England have agreed in all the
treaties of peace, and particularly in the last which terminated
the war, that the English should never put their foot on these
lands. You know also, my children, that the Five Nations have
absolutelv forbidden them, not only to establish posts upon the
Beautiful River, but even to come there to trade; that they
remain on the other side of the mountains on the land which
they have usurped from you. To this I am not opposed, but
on my lands I shall not suffer them. For you, my children, you
will lose nothing thereby ; far from it, I will give you all the
aid you have a right to expect from a good father. Depute
next spring some persons of your nation with your old men-'
to come and see me, and you will see by the reception I will give
you, how much I love you, and that I seek only to do you good
348 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
and to free you from the yoke of the English which they still
wish to impose on you. I will give you traders who will supply
all your wants and put you in such a state as not to regret those
whom I remove from your lands. These lands which you pos-
sess you will be always masters of."
Answer of the'Loups the 2d of August:
A belt.
"My father, we pray you have pity on us. we are young
men who cannot answer you as old men would. What you have
said has opened our eyes and given us courage. We see that
you labor only for our good, and we promise you to entertain
no other sentiments than those of our uncles, the Five Nations,
with whom you seem pleased. Consider, my father, the situation
in which we are placed. If you compel the English to retire,
who minister to our wants, and in particular the blacksmith^*
who mends our guns and our hatchets, we shall be forced to
remain without succor and be exposed to the danger of dying
of hunger and misery on the Beautiful River. Have pity on
us, my father, you cannot at present minister to our wants, let
us have, during this winter, or at least till we go hunting, the
blacksmith and some one who can aid us. We promise you
that by spring the English shall retire."
I told them, without making them any promise, that I would
make an arrangement which would best suit their interests and
the intentions of their father Onontio. I confess that their reply
embarrassed me very much. I made them a little present, and
induced them to keep the promise which they had given me.
Thq 3d I set out on the route. On the way I found a village
of ten abandoned cabins,''^ the Indians, having been apprised of
my arrival, had gained the woods. I continued my route as far
as the village at the River aux Boeufs,^" which is only of nine or
ten cabins. As soon as they perceived me they fired a salute. I
had their salute returned, and landed. As I had been informed
that there was at this place a blacksmith and an English mer-
chant, I wished to speak to them ; but the English, as well as the
Indians, had gained the woods. There remained only five or
six Iroquois, who presented themselves with their arms in their
hands. I rebuked them for their manner of showing themselves,
and made them lower their arms. They made many excuses,
and told me they would not have come with their guns, except
Celoron's Journal. 349
that they had them to salute me. I spoke to them in ahnost the
same terms as I had done to the Loups, and immediately em-
barked. That evening I had a leaden plate buried, and had the
arms of the king attached to a tree ; and drew up the following
official statement of the transaction :
OFFICIAL STATEMENT.
In the year 1749, we, Celoron, Knight of the Royal and
Military order of St. Louis, Captain commanding the detach-
ment sent by the orders of M, the Marquis de la Galissoniere,
Governor-General of New France, on the Beautiful River, other-
wise called the Ohio, accompanied by the principal officers of
our detachment, have buried upon the southern bank of the Ohio,
at four leagues distance below the River aux Boeufs, directly
opposite a naked mountain, and near an immense stone*^ upon
which certain figures are rudely enough <carved, a leaden plate,
and have attached in the same place to a tree the arms of the
king. In testimony whereof we have signed the present official
statement Made at our camp the 3d of August, 1749. All the
officers signed.
The inscription is the same as the preceding one, which I
placed at the entrance of the Beautiful River. The 4th, in the
morning, having conferred with Messrs. the officers, and the
principal Indians of my detachment upon the precautions to be
taken for reassuring the nations of the Beautiful River, and to
induce them not to flee, so that we could speak to them on the
part of M. the Governor, it was decided that M. de Joncaire
should go with the chiefs to the village of Attique to announce
my arrival there and induce the nations of that place to await
me without fear, since I came only to speak of good things. He
immediately set out. We made about fifteen leagues that day.
The 5th I set out at a pretty early hour. After having made
from three to four leagues I found a river, the mouth of
which is very beautiful, and at a league lower down I found
another.*- Both of them are to the south of the Beautiful
River. On the highground there are villages of the Loups and
Iroquois of the Five Nations. I camped at an early hour in
order to give M. de Joncaire time to reach the village of Attique.
The 6th I set out about seven o'clock. After having made about
350 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
five leagues I arrived at the village of Attique," where I found
M. de Joncaire with our Indians. Those of the place had taken
flight. This village consists of twenty-two cabins. They are
Loups. M. de Joncaire told me that a chief with two young
men who had remained to spy, seeing him meagerly accom-
panied, had come to him and demanded of him the motives of
his voyage ; to which he answered : I come only to speak to the
nations of the Beautiful River, to animate the children of the
(French) government which inhabited it. He induced this chief
to take charge of the wampum belts, which I had given him, to
carry them to the villages lower down, and to tell them to remain
quiet upon their mats, since I only came to treat of affairs with
them, which would be advantageous to them. I re-embarked
and the same day I passed by the ancient village''^ of the Chaue-
nons, which has been abandoned since the departure of an indi-
vidual named Chartier, and his band, who was taken away from
this place by the orders of M. the Marquis of Beauharnois, and
conducted to the River au Vermillion, on the Wabash, in 1745.
At this place I fell in with six English*^ soldiers, with fifty
horses and about one hundred and fifty bales of furs, who were
returning from there to Philadelphia. I summoned them in writ-
ing to withdraw to their own territory, that the land whither
they had come on business belonged to the King (of France),
and not to the King of England, that if they came again they
would be pillaged ; that I desired this time to treat them with
kindness, and that they should profit of the advice I gave them.
They assured me, either through fear or otherwise, that they
would not come back any more. They acknowledged that they
had no right to trade, a point which I had explained clearly in
the citation. I wrote to the Governor of Philadelphia in these
terms:
*^ "Sir. — Having been sent with a detachment into these
parts by the orders of M. the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Gov-
ernor-General of New France, in order to reconcile with it some
Indian nations which had fallen away on the occasion of the war
that is just ended, I have been very much surprised to find some
merchants of your government in this country, to which England
has never had any pretensions. I have treated them with all
possible mildnes.s, though I had a right to look upon them as
Celoron's Journal. 851
intruders and mere vagrants, their traffic being contrary to the
prehminaries of the peace, signed more than fifteen months ago.
"I hope, Sir, you will condescend to forbid this trade for
the future, which is contrary to the treaties ; and that you will
warn your traders not to return into these territories; for, if so,
they can only impute to themselves the evils which might befall
them. I know that our Governor-General would be very sorry
to have to resort to violent measures, but he has received positive
orders not to allow foreign merchants or traders in his govern-
"lent. I 3i„ etc."
This done, I re-embarked and continued my route. The "th
I passed by a Loup village*' in which there were only three men.
They had placed a white flag over their cabins, the rest of their
people had gone to Chiningue, not hazarding to remain at home.
I invited these three men to come along with me to Chiningue in
order to hear what I had to say to them. I re-embarked and
went to the village which is called the Written Rock.** They
are Iroquois that inhabit this place, and it was an old woman of
that nation, who led them. She looks upon herself as queen*^
and is entirely devoted to the English. All the Indians with-
drew ; there remained in this place only six English traders, who
came all trembling before me. I landed, and when I wished to
speak to them I was much embarrassed, not having an inter-
preter of their language, and they pretended not to understand
others. However, they yielded, and one among them spoke
Chavenoun.^" I made the same citation to them as to the others.
and I wrote to their Governor. They told me they were going
to withdraw, that they knew well they had no right to trade,
but not having encountered any obstacles up to the present, they
had sought to gain their livelihood ; and the more so as the In-
dians had attracted them thither, but that henceforward they
would not return. This place is one of the most beautiful I
have seen up to the present on the Beautiful River. I decamped
and passed the night about three leagues lower down. When
we had landed our Indians told me that when passing they had
seen certain writings on a rock.'^^ As it was late I could not send
anyone there till the next day. I begged the Reverend Father
Bonnecamp''- and M. de Joncaire to go there in the hope that
these writings might afford me some light. They set out early
852 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publicatioiis.
in the morning and brought me back word that they were noth-
ing more than some English names written with charcoal. As
I was only two leagues from Chiningue''^ I made the men of my
detachment brush themselves up as well as possible, so as to give
them a better appearance, ana I arranged everything for repair-
ing to the village in good order, as I considered this one of the
most considerable villages of the Beautiful River. The 8th, as
I was preparing to embark, I saw a canoe come in sight with
two men. I judged they were persons sent from the village, so
I awaited them. They were only men who came expressly to
examine by my countenance if they could discover my plans.
I received them with kindness and had them drink a cup of the
milk of their father Onontio. Among the Indian nations this
is always the greatest mark of friendship that one can make
them. After ha\ing conversed some time they asked me tc
let them go back to their villages, and begged me to give them
about an hour in advance so that they might prepare themselves
to receive me. Shortly after their departure I embarked, after
having examined my men's arms, and having ammunition dis-
tributed in case of need ; and having to take many precautions
with nations frightened and mad, I ordered that there should be
only four guns charged with powder to each canoe, to answer
the salutes, and eight loaded with bullets ; when I was in sight of
the village I discovered three French and one English flag; as
soon as I was descried salutes of musketry were fired from the
village, and, as the current is extremely strong at this part of the
shallow river, there came an Iroquois in front of me to point out
the channel. I was brought there in an instant by the swiftness
of the current. When landing they fired a discharge of balls for
us. This sort of salute is given by all the nations of the south,
and accidents frequently occur from it. This manner of saluting
did not surprise me more than it did the officers of my detach-
ment, still, as I had suspicions of them, and had no confidence in
their good intentions, I had M. de Joncaire tell them to stop
firing in this manner or I would open fire on them. I had them
ordered at the same time to knock down the English tent, or I
would have it taken away myself. This was done immediately, a
woman cut the pole and the flag has not been seen since. I
Ccloron's Journal. 853
landed, and, as the strand is extremely narrow, and disad-
vantageous in case the Indians had bad intentions, it being at the
bottom of a slope thirty feet or more in height, I had to place
myself as advantageously as those who might be disposed to
make an attack. I fixed my camp securely near the village, and
made it appear as strong as it was possible for me. I had body
guards placed on the jight and the left, I ordered sentinels to
be placed at a short distance from each other, and bivouacked
for the night. Messrs. the officers who were not on guard re-
ceived orders to make the night rounds. These precautions pre-
vented the Indians from executing what they had planned, and
which M. de Joncaire found out a short time afterwards through
the means of some woman of his acquaintance. This village
consists of fifty cabins, composed of Iroquois, Channanous, Loups
and a part of the men of the villages I had passed, who had come
to seek refuge there, and to render them stronger. About five
o'clock in the evening the Chiefs, accompanied by thirty or forty-
braves, came to salute me. They complimented me on my ar-
rival at their place. The following is the opening discourse of
the 8th of August, 1749.
Two belts of wampum.
"My father, by these two belts of wampum we come to
testify to you the joy we have to see you arrive in our village
in good health. \Ve thank the Master of Life for having pre-
served you on a route so long and so difficult as that which you
have made. It is a long while since we have had the satisfac-
tion of seeing the French in our village. We behold you here,
my father, with pleasure. You must have noticed by the flag
which you have seen in our village that our heart is entirely
French. The young men, without perceiving the consequences,
erected the one which displeased you. As soon as we knew it
you saw it fall. It was only put up for show, and to divert the
young folks, without once thinking that the matter would have
displeased you. We invite you also, my father, by these wam-
pum belts, to open your heart to us and show us what can have
displeased you. \\e believe that you came to speak to us on
the part of our father Onontio. We are ready to hear his
word, and we pray you to condescend to remain until the chiefs
of the village, wb.om we are awaiting, shall have arrived."
Vol. XXIX — 23.
354 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Socirty Publications.
Answer of M. de Celoron:
Two belts of wampum.
"I am grateful to you, my children, for the pleasure which
you appear to have at seeing me arrive in your village. I have
only come here, as you see, on the part of your father Onontio,
to speak of good things. It is this which I shall explain to you
tomorrow, when you will be all assembied. You are right in
saying that the English flag which I perceived over your village
displeased me. This mingling of French and English does not
become the children of the Governor, and would seem to indicate
that tlieir hearts are divided. Let it be broken down in such a
manner as to be never raised again. The young men have
erected it without prudence, the old men have taken it away
with reflection, and they have done well. By these two belts of
wampum I, in my turn, open your ears and your eyes in order
that you may hear well tomorrow what I have to say to you
on the part of your father Onontio."
They retired, and in order to have themselves ready for any
occurence, they passed the night dancing, keeping, however,
their men on the alert. The gth, before daybreak, M. de Jon-
caire, whom I had charged, as well as M. his brother, to watch
during the night the maneuvers of the Indians, came to tell me
that he had been notified that eighty braves were on the point
of arriving, and that the resolution to attack us had been taken
in the village. On hearing this, which I communicated to Messrs.
the officers, I gave new orders so that all might be ready in case
we should have to come to close quarters. I had all my men
keep themselves in readiness. I placed Messrs. the officers in
such positions that they could assist and encourage each other
to perform their duty well, and I waited two hours to see how
the resolution of the Indians would be carried out. Seeing that
nothing was attempted, I despatched M. de Joncaire to tell them
that I knew the resolution they had taken, and awaited them
with impatience ; and if they did not make haste and put in exe-
cution what they had planned, I would go and attack them. A
short time after the return of M. de Joncaire, the Indians filed
before my camp and made the accustomed salute. They may
have numbered about fifty men, according to what was told me
by several officers who had counted them as they filed by. Many
braves of the village had arrived earlier during the night.
Celoroii's Journal. 355
About two hours after the arrival of these braves, the prin-
cipal men with those of the village came to my tent with pipes
of peace to offer me their compliments and to present them to me
to smoke. Before accepting them I rebuked them for their man-
ner of acting, in terms which were thoroughly explained to them
by Monsieur de Joncaire. The following is the discourse I ad-
dressed to them:
Discourse of M. de Celoron to the Indians of Chimngue,
with four belts of wampum, the 9th of August, 1749:
"1 am surprised, my children, that (after havmg the con-
descension to send Monsieur de Joncaire to the Village of the
Cut Straw and Attique to announce to you my arrival in this
part of the country, and to let you know that I was bringing
the word of your father Onontio,) to see you frightened, abashed,
and making manoeuvres which at no time were becoming for
the children of the governor. I informed you by these belts
of wampum that I came only to do good ; they have been sent
you ; you should, then, believe me. You are well enough ac-
quainted with the Frenchman to know that he is sincere, and
never speaks from the lips only. If I ever had such designs as
you imagine, or such as the evil-minded have told you, I would
have concealed my expedition from you, as that was easy for
me to do, and I would not have arrived so peaceably at your
village as I have done. I know how to make war. and those
who have made war with us ought to know it, too. so I cannot
act the part of a deceiver. By these four belts of wampum I
again open your ears, I enlighten your minds and I take away
the bandage which you have over your eyes, so that you may
be able to hear the word of your father Onontio, who is filled
with kindness towards you, though he has had reason to be
dissatisfied with some among you. Now I desire heartily to
smoke your pipes to prove to you that I have forgotten all you
have done. I shall speak to you to-morrow on the part of your
father Onontio ; I invite you to drive away the bad spirit which
seduces you and which will inevitably ruin you if you do not
pay attention."
1 smoked the pipes, and they went away well pleased, and
remained quiet the rest of the day and the following night. The
loth of August, about ten in the morning, I made the chiefs and
a part of the braves, assemble in my camp. I had a place pre-
pared for the council, and I told them the word of M. the Gov-
ernor, to which they listened with marked attention.
356 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Message of Monsieur the Marquis de la Galissoniere to the
nations of Chiningue brought by Monsieur de Celeron, the loth
of August. 1749, A belt.
"The friendship which I entertain for you, my children,
despite your estrangement from me, has induced me to send you
Monsieur de Celeron to bring you a message and induce you to
open your eyes with regard to the projects which the English
form on your territories. Undoubtedly you are net aware of
the establishments which they propose making thereon, which
tend to nothing short of your total ruin. They hide from you
their idea of establishing themselves therein in such a way as to
render themselves masters of that territory, and drive you away,
if I should let them do so.'"' I ought, then, like a good father
who loves his children tenderly, and who, though far away from
them, bears them all m his heart, to apprise them of the danger
that threatens them, which is the design that the English have
formed to take possession of your territories, and to succeed in
that they have begun to bias your minds. You know, my chil-
dren, that they have left nothing undone during the last war to
turn you against me, but the greater part of your nation have had
courage enough not to listen to them. I feel grateful to these,
and. like a kind father, I forget the past, persuaded that, for the
future, you will remain quiet in your own territories, no matter
what wars I may have with the English. It is to your own
advantage to observe the neutrality which you yourselves asked
of me when you came to Montreal ; to which demand I deigned
to consent, and by this means you will preserve this peace whicti
constitutes the happiness of the nations. As I know the English
only inspire you with evil sentiments, and, besides, intend, through
their establishments on the Beautiful River, which belongs to me,
to take it from me. I have summoned them to retire, and T have
the greater right for so doing from the fact that it has been
stipulated between the Kings of France and England, that the
English should never repair thither for trade or aught else. It
is even one of the conditions of the peace which we have just
made together. Moreover, the Chiefs of the Five Nations have
told them not to pass over the mountains which form their
boundaries. I do not wish to employ violence this time with
regard to the English. I shall tell them quietly my determination
that they should pay attention ; for, if afterwards misfortunes
befall them, they can only blame themselves. For you, my
children, rest on vour mats and do not enter into the disputes
I may have with the English. I will take care for all that may
be for your advantage, I invite you to come to see me next
Celoron's Journal. 357
year. I will give you marks of my friendship and will put you
in such a condition as not to regret those whom I advise you not
to suffer among you. I will give you all the assistance of a
kind fathei who loves you. and who will let you want for noth-
ing. Those whom we shall bring to you will never covet your
territories, either by purchase or usurpation ; on the contrary, 1
will order them to maintain you thereon in spite of all opposition,
and your interests shall be common with mine, if you behave
well. By this means you will be always tranquil and peace will
reign in your villages. 1 would, my children, tell you the senti-
ments of your father before speaking to the English, whom I
am going to look for to tell them to retire."
The counsel finished, they appeared well pleased with what
I had told them, and went to their villages to prepare their
answer, which I told them to do for the next day, having a long
way to go, and the season being far advanced. This village is
composed of Iroquois, Chanavaus and of Loups. for which
cause the council lasted for more than four hours. Besides these
three nations there are in this village Iroquois from the Sault
St. Louis, from the Lake of the Two Mountains, and Indians
from the Nepisiniques and the Abanakis, with Ontarios and other
nations. This gathering forms a bad village, which is seduced
by the allurements of cheap merchandise furnished by the Eng-
lish, which keeps them in very bad disposition towards us. I had
the most prominent of the English merchants called to me, to
whom I addressed a summons to retire into their own territory
with all their servants, just as I had done with regard to those
whom I had previously met. They answered like the others,
that they would do so, that they knew well they had no right to
trade on the Beautiful River. I added that their government
was bounded by the mountains, and that they should not pass
beyond what was agreed to. I wrote to the Governor of Caro-
lina in terms similar to those I had employed in writing to the
Governor at Philadelphia.
The nth of August, the Indians came to give me their
answers. If they are sincere. I believe Monsieur the Governor-
General will be satisfied with them ; but there is little reliance to
he placed on the promise of such people, and the more so, as I
have just said, since their personal interests make them look with
358 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
favorable eyes on the English, who give them their merchandise
at one-fourth the price ; hence there is reason to think the King
of England or the country makes up the loss which the mer-
chants sustain in their sales to draw the nations to them."^^ It is
true that the expenses of the English are not near so considerable
as those which our merchants would be obliged to contract on
account of the difficulty of the route. It is, however, certain that
we can never regain the nations, except by furnishing them mer-
chandise at the same price as the English ; the difficulty is to find
out the means ?
These are the answers which the Indians of Chiningue made
to the message of M. the Governor-General, the nth of August,
1749:
"My father, we are very glad to see you to-day, and (are
pleased) with the manner in which you regard us. The Com-
manders of Detroit and Niagara had told us to go see Onontio;
to-day you come yourself to invite us to go down. One must
be insane not to pay attention to your word. By this string we
assure you that all tiie nations who inhabit this river will go
down next spring to hear the word of our father Onontio.
Nothing will be able to turn us away from the sentiments which
we now entertain. Even though but one person should remain,
he will have tlie pleasure of seeing our father. The shoes which
we wear at the thawing of the ice would not be able to carry
us to Montreal : we pray him to make provision on that score so
that we may fi-id some at Niagara when we are passing that way.
My father, have pity on us, we have no longer any ancient chiefs ;
it is only young people that now speak to you. Pardon the
faults which we mav commit because you, who are wisdom itself,
also make some. You have expelled the English from this
territory, and to this we heartily agree : but you ought to bring
with you traders to furnish us with what we need. If you have
pity for us. let us have the English so that they may render us
the assistance which is necessary until spring-time. You see in
what an unfortunate plight we shall be, if you do not show us
this kindness. Do not be surprised at not finding answers to your
belts. Those you behold here are only young men who keep
their pipes f^ when our chiefs and our braves return, we shall
intimate to them your intentions, and the sentiments of our father
Onontio ; and, in order that we may be at ease we pray you to
leave with us one of your^' children, Joncaire, to conduct us to
our father and assist us."
Celoron's Journal. 359
Answer of Monsieur de Celoron to the demand which the
Indians made of him, to have one of the Messrs. Joncaire:
"My children, it is not in my power to dispose of any of the
officers which your father has confided to me. When you go
down you can ask him one of the Messrs. Joncaire, and I am
convinced he will not refuse him to you."
Continuation of the reply of the Indians:
"We thank you for the hope which you give us that our
father will grant us one of your children. We again assure you
that we will do, without reserve, all that you have asked of us.
We would be glad to be able to see you longer, and we thank our
brethren who are along with you for the advice they have given
us, and we shall pay attention to it."
When the Council was finished I had the presents brought
forward that I had destined for them. They were considerable
enough. They were much flattered by them. I encouraged them
anew to hold to what they had promised me, and above all to
come to see Monsieur the Governor-General next year, assuring
them that they would have reason to be well pleased with their
reception at the hands of their father Onontio.''* My business
finished, I had my canoes launched and embarked to continue
my voyage. About four leagues lower down there is a river
to the south"" on which there are several villages. I did not
land there, having spoken to them at Chiningue.
I embarked about six in the morning. Having made from
four or five leagues I fell in with two pirogues laden with pack-
ages and manned by four Englishmen. All that I could get out
of them was, that they were coming from St. Yotoc, whence
they had set out twenty-five days previous. I had no English in-
terpreters, and they did not know how to speak French or Iro-
quois, which was the only language of which I had an inter-
preter. I re-embarked and continued my route until three
o'clock, and having many sick I made my Indians go a hunting
in hope that this Beautiful River, which had been reported to
Monsieur the Governor-General as abounding in buffaloes, might
furnish some to regale my men who were living on nothing but
860 Ohio Arch, and Hist. So'-iety Publications.
sea biscuit. But I was disappointed, my Indians killed nothing
but a few deer which was a poor comfort to hungry and infirm
persons.
The 13th I set out early in the morning and fell in with
several pirogues manned by Iroquois who were going to hunt
among those rivers which flow from the territories. At noon I
made a halt, and had a leaden plate buried at the entrance of the
River Kanonuara, to the south of the Beautiful River, and had
the arms of the King attached to a tree, and drew up the fol-
lowing offiicial statement of it.
Official statement of the depositing of a leaden plate at the
mouth of the River Kanonuara.'''''
The year 17.19, we, Celoron, Knight of the Royal and Mili-
tary Order of .St, Louis, and Captain commanding a detachment
sent by the orders of Monsieur the Marquis de la Galissoniere,
Governor-General of Canada, upon the Beautiful River, accom-
panied by the principal officers of our detachment, have buried
at the foot of a large elm tree at the entrance of the river and
upon the southern "bank of the Kanonuara, which empties itself
at the east of the river Oyo, a leaden plate, and have attached to
a tree in the same spot, the arms of the King. In testimony
whereof we have drawn up and signed, along with Messrs. the
officers, the present official statement, at our camp, the 13th of
August, 1749.
The 14th I set out at 7 o'clock, not being able to do so
sooner on account of the fog. I passed two rivers,"^ the mouths
of which are very beautiful. The hunting was very fair that
day in deer. The 15th I continued my voyage and buried a
leaden plate at the mouth of the river Jenuanguekouan,"- and
drew up the following official statement of it:
Official statement of the depositing of a fourth leaden plate
at the entrance of the river Jenuanguekouan, the 15th of August,
1749:
The 15th of August, 1749, we, Celoron, Knight of the Royal
and Military Order of St. Louis, Captain commanding a detach-
ment sent by the orders of Monsieur the Marquis de la Galis-
soniere, Governor-General of Canada, upon the Beautiful River,
otherwise called the River Oyo, accompanied by the principal
officers of our detachment, have buried at the foot of a maple
Celoron's Journal. 361
tree, which fornis a triangle with a red oak and an elm tree, at
the entrance of the river Jenuanguekouan, at the western bank
of that river, a leaden plate, and have attached to a tree on the
same spot, the arms of the King. In testimony whereof we
have drawn up and signed the present official statement, along
with Messrs. the officers at our camp, the 15th of August, 1749.
The i6th I could not get off before nine o'clock, having
out several hunters, both French and Indians, who had passed
the night in the woods. I made about twelve leagues. The 17th
I embarked about seven o'clock. In the course of the day I
passed two beautiful rivers, which flowed down from the lands,
the one to the north, the other to the south of the Beautiful
River, the names of which I do not know. I landed early for
the sake of a hunt, for all were reduced to the biscuit. The
i8th I set out at a pretty early hour. I encamped at noon as the
rain hindered us from continuing our voyage. That .same day I
deposited a leaden plate at the entrance of the river Chinodaista,
and had the arms of the King attached to a tree. This river
bears canoes for forty leagues without meeting rapids, and takes
its rise near Carolina."^ The English of that government come
that way to ply their trade on the Beautiful River.
Official statement of the fifth leaden plate, placed at the
entrance of the river Chinodaista, the i8th of August, 1749:
The year 1749, We, Celoron, Knight of the Royal and Mili-
tary Order of St. Louis, Captain, commanding a detachment sent
by the orders of Monsieur the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Gov-
ernor-General of Canada : upon the Beautiful River, otherwise
called L'oyo. accompanied by the principal officers of our detach-
ment, have buried at the foot of an elm tree, upon the southern
bank of the Loyo, and the eastern bank Chinodaista. a leaden
plate, and have attached to a tree in the same spot the arms of
the King. In testimony whereof, we have drawn up the present
official statement, and which we have signed along with Messrs.
the officers at our camp, the i8th of August, 1749.
The 19th the rain continued so violently that I was forced
to pitch my camp on higher grounds, the bottom lands being
inundated. The 20th I re-embarked and after making a few
leagues, seeing a man standing on the bottom lands I went to
362
Oliia Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Celeron's Journal. 363
him ; it was a Loup Indian who was returning from a war waged
on the Chien Nation. It was sixteen days since he had set out
alone without food or ammunition. I gave him as much as
would enable him to reach Chiningue, from which he was still
far distant. I questioned him with regard to the number of
people there might be at St. Yotoc."* He answered me that
there might be about 80 cabins there, and perhaps 100. I con-
tinued my voyage till three o'clock, and then made my men go
hunting. The 21st the Indians of my detachment came looking
for me to represent to me that they were afraid to go to St.
Yotoc without having previously given notice to the nations of
that place of my designs, because this was a considerable village,
and there was reason to fear that these Indians were apprised
of my voyage and would be restless from the fact that those
who had brought them the news of my arrival might, as in the
case of the villages by which I had passed, have carried them
false reports, which would lead them to lay ambushes for us.
When drawing near the village I assembled the officers to discuss
the part we should take. It was arranged that we should de-
spatch a canoe to St. Yotoc to pacify the natives and rouse their
courage in case some news-mongers might have caused them
trouble. It was Monsieur de joncaire that I appointed to go
there along with Ceganeis-Kassin and Saetaguinrale, the two
chiefs from the Sault St. Louis, faithful servants of the King,
and three Abenaki chiefs. Monsieur de Minerville asked per-
mission to go there too, and I let him. I gave those sent some
hours of advance. Then I embarked about 7 o'clock in the
morning, after having distributed war ammunition to all my
men, and encouraged them to act their part well in case the
Indians wished to attack us. After making about four leagues
I discovered a canoe, armed by from seven to eight men. and
which had a white flag. As soon as they perceived me they
landed and I went to them. It was Monsieur de Joncaire with
seven Indians, both Chanenoies and Iroquois. As soon as I
landed the chief came and shook hands with me. The others
did the same, and kept silent for some time. These men seeming
to me to be much disturbed. I asked the reason of this circum-
stance of Monsieur de Joncaire, and he told me that the nations
864 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
of St. Yotoc were frightened out of their wits, and that when
they perceived himself and his companions drawing near, they
fired balls on them and even pierced their flag with three bullets ;
that on landing they were conducted to the council cabin, and
when they would explain the subject of their commission an
Indian arose and interrupted them, saying that the French de-
ceived them, and that they came only to destroy them and their
families; that at that instant the young men had rushed to
arms, saying that these Frenchmen should be killed, and that
after they had dispatched their own families to the woods, they
should then go and lay ambushes for the canoes. According
to what Monsieur and the Indians who were in his company
told me, all this would have been carried into execution by them,
were it not for an Iroquois chief who averted the storm, pacified
them and volunteered to come to me along with any others who
were disposed to follow him; and, for security, rhey retain M.
de Minerville and the Indians. Finally, after a silence of a
half-hour's duration, the Iroquois chief arose and said to me:
"My father, you behold before you young men without intel-
ligence, who were on the point of embroiling the land in turmoil
forever. Look on us in pity and show no resentment for what
we have done. When you arrive at our village our old men will
testify their sorrow for the fault they have committed. For the
last two months we have been like drunken men, by reason of
the false reports which were brought to us by the villages through
which you have passed."
I answered him thus :
"I do not know what you wish to say to me when I shall
have arrived at St. Yotoc. I shall make inquiry and see what I
shall have to do. I know you have come to meet me with good
dispositions. You would have done wisely in bringing back the
Indians who were with M. de Joncaire. You may go back to
your village, I will go there in a little time. You will give notice
to the young men that they must dispense with saluting me
according to their custom."
I gave him and those along with him a drink and sent them
away, for M. de Joncaire said to me: "I knew right well that
these Indians were badly disposed and much frightened, since
in the space of twice twenty-four hours they had constructed
Celoran's Journal. 365
a stone fort, strongly built and in good condition for their
defense." This caused me to make the most serious reflections.
I was aware of the weakness of my detachment; two-thirds were
recruits who had never made an attack, and who, on first seeing
the Indians of my detachment, had taken flight. It was not in
my power to choose others, and notwithstanding the recom-
mendations made by M. tiie Marquis de la Galissoniere when
setting out for Quebec, to give me picked men, they paid no
regard to them there. In fine, there was no other course left
me to pursue than to continue my voyage without provisions,
having my canoes unfit for service, without pitch or bark."= I
re-embarked, prepared for whatever might happen. I had excel-
lent officers and about fifty men on whom I could rely. At a
quarter-of-a-league's distance from the village I was descried.
The salutes began immediately, and those Indians discharged
well nigh a thousand gunshots. I knew the powder had been
gratuitously furnished them by the English. I landed opposite
to the village and had a return salute fired. The chiefs and the
old men crossed the river and came to me with flags and pipes
of peace; they had the grass cut in order to make seats for us,
and invited me to sit down along with the officers. They led
back with them Sieur de Minerville and the Indians whom they
had retained. As we were about sitting down about 80 men
crossed over, armed and accoutred as warriors. I ordered my
detachment under arms. These 80 men lined a hedge about
twenty paces from us, and leaned on their guns. I told the
chief that I was astonished at the manoeuvres of these hare-
brained creatures, and that if they did not move out of that
immediately I would fire upon them. He answered me that they
did not come with any bad intention, but merely to salute us
again, and that they should retire since it displeased me. This
they did immediately, firing their guns in the air, which were
only loaded with blank cartridges. Pipes were then presented
to me and to all the officers. After this ceremony a Chaouenous
chief arose and complimented me upon my arrival. I told them
that I would speak to them tomorrow in my tent where I would
light the Governor's fire. They answered me that they had
in their village a council cabin where they would hear me, if I
366 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
repaired thither with all my olticers, with regard to what I had
to say to them on the part of their father Onontio. 1 refused
their demand, and said it was their place to come to me to hear
what 1 had to say to them. They being much displeased it
would have been a great imprudence to go to tlieir village, so 1
held firm to this point and brought them round to my views.
They returned to their village. We posted guards, and the
rounds were kept up during the whole night very scrupulously by
the officers. It is to be remarked that since the inhabitants of
this village composed for the most part of Chavenois and Iroquois
of the Five Nations, there were added more than thirty men from
the Sault St. Louis, waste had destroyed the abundance of game,
the cheap merchandise which the English furnished was very
seducing motives for them to remain attached to the latter. The
son of Arteganukassin**" is there, and neither his father nor
myself could succeed in taking him away. Besides the men from
the Sault St. Louis, there are also some from the lake of the
Two Mountains, some Loups from the Miami, and nearly all the
nations from the territory of Enhault."' All these taken together
were no better than Chavenois, who are entirely devoted to the
English. The 23d I sent them word by Monsieur de Joncaire
to come to my camp to hear the words of their father. At first
they refused to come, saying that it was in the council cabin they
should be spoken to. I answered by saying that it was the duty,
of children to come and find their father where he wished to
light his fire. After some parleying they came to my camp
and make their excuse in these tenns:
Speech of the Indians of St. Yotoc to M. de Celoron. with
four belts of wampum, the 23d of August, 1749:
"My father, we are ashamed to appear before you after the
excesses we committed yesterday with regard to those whom you
sent us. We are in despair, we ask pardon of you for it, and
of our brethren, and we beseech you to forget this great mistake.
The sorrow we feel for it gives us hope that you will pardon us."
Answer of Monsieur de Celoron to the Indians of St. Yotoc,
the same day.
"My children, n.o one could be more astonished than I was
when I learned by the canoe which came to me, the reception
Ccloron's Jouma-l. 367
which you had given to the chiefs whom I sent to you, to an-
nounce my arrival, and to tell you that I came to bring you the
word of your father Onontio. They had gone to quiet you
with all the signs capable of proving to you that I only came to
your village in a peaceful manner. This sign so honorable for
all the other tribes was not so for you ; so you fired on them ;
and not content v.'ith that, you have shown more deference for
the word of a wicked man in your village, who is a hypocrite,
than you did for mine. I was the more surprised, since believ-
ing for a long time that the Chavenous were men of courage,
they have shov/ed themselves too smart on this occasion in insult-
ing those who were sent to them. What is then become of that
good spirit, Chavenous, which you had, when, ten years ago,
Monsieur de Longueil passed by here on his way to the
Chuachias.'^^ You came out to meet him, and you showed him
in every way the kindness of your hearts. A company of young
men also volunteered to accompany him, yet he did not give you
notice of his coming. But at that time you had a French heart,
and today you let it be corrupted by the English who dwell among
you continually, and who, under pretext of ministering to your
wants, seek only to ruin you. Reflect on these just rebukes I
am making you, and have no confidence in those bad people who
will turn out, if you do not be on your guard, the ruin of your
nation.
"With four belts of wampum you stuffed my throat on my
arrival. I had no need of this sort of medicine. The heart of
the Governor is always kind towards his children, but as you
stand in need of a stronger proof of this, by these belts of
wampum I dispe! all your evil dispositions. The pardon which
you solicit for your fault, and the sorrow which you seem to have
for it, constrain me to pardon you Be wiser for the future.
As you ask me, I bury this unhappy affair, and I will ask your
father Onontio, not to keep any remembrance of it. I invite
you to reject all the deceitful talk which may be addressed to
you, and I in\'ite you in future to hear well the speech of your
father Onontio- which I bring to you."
Speech of M. the General to the Indians of the village of
St. Yotoc, brought by M. de Celoron with a belt, the 23d August.
1749:
"Mv children, the friendship I entertain for you, although
far away, has induced me to send M. de Celoron to open your
eyes and disclose to you the projects which the English are form-
ing in your regard, and that of the tenitories also which you
inhabit Undoubtedly you are not aware of the estdblisnnienis
368 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
that they are thinking of making there which tend to nothing
short of your ruin. They conceal from you their idea, which
is to build on your territories forts sufticiently strong to destroy
you, if I would allow them to do so. 1 ought then as a kind
father who loves his children tenderly, and who, though far
away from them, always thinks of their good, to give them notice
of the danger which threatens them. You know, my children,
that they omitted nothing in the last war 1 had with them to
induce you to declare against me. Happy for ysu that you did
not listen to them, and I am thankful to you for it. Others let
themselves be drawn away, I have pardoned some of them, per-
suaded that they will be more prudent for the future, and will
no more listen to these evil spirits who seek only to trouble the
land. But to shield you completely from their seduction 1 have
sent to summon them to withdraw immediately from ofif my
territories wherein they never had a right to enter, the kings of
France and England having agreed in the treaties of peace, that
the English should never come for trade or aught else upon the
Beautiful River. I did not wish to employ force on this occasion ;
though I had the right to have them pillaged, I notified them
peacefully to pay attention ; if another time misfortune befall
them, they have only themselves to blame. For you, my chil-
dren, remain quiet in your wigwams and do not enter into the
contentions I may have with the English ; I will take care for all
that may be for your advantage. I invite you to come see me
next year, I shall then give you marks of my friendship, and
shall put you in such a state as not to regret those whom I
remove from my territories. I shall afford you all the assistance
which you have a right to look for from a kind father who loves
you and will not let you want for anything. Those who will
bring you this assistance, will not invade your lands nor drive
you away from them ; on the contrary, I have given them orders
to maintain you therein, and your interests and mine shall always
be the same.
A belt.
"For the two years that I have been m the country I have
been entirely taken up in finding out the interest? of my children,
and all that could be of advantage to them. I have learned with
regret the affair which transpired between you and the Illinois;
as you are equally my children and I have the heart of a father
for you, I charge M. de Celoron whom I send into the villages
of the Beautiful River, to carn,^ my speech, and to present you
with this belt on my part in order to induce you to become
reconciled with your brethren the Illinois. I have taken the
same steps with them, having despatched to the commander of
Celoron's Journal. 369
that post an order to speak with them on my part, and to tell
them to remain quiet. I hope, my children, that you, one and
all, will hear my speech with pleasure, and that you will strive
to live in peace and harmony as my real and true children. 1
do not enter into the subject of your quarrel, I am even ignorant
as to who is the aggressor; but no matter how that may be, it is
his place to make the necessary advances for a reconciliation, and
the offended party should forget the injury received. I shall be
much obliged to them for so doing, and the more so as I seek
only to procure them that which is most advantageous."
Whilst we were in council a Chanenous entered with a very
frightened look and told the chief that all the nations of Detroit
(or the narrows) were coming to fall upon them, and that whilst
I was amusing them, they were going to see their villages de-
stroyed."" I saw that the Indians were excited; I asked the
cause of it, and having learned it, I calmed their fear and so
encouraged them that the council was interrupted but for a
short time. After having explained to them the intentions of
M. the General, I gave them a cup to drink. They went back
to their village. As soon as they were gone, I sent M. de Jon-
caire to get information with regard to the news that had just
arrived. It was not long till he came back and reported to me
that it was three Ontarios who had arrived at a village in the
territory at a distance of ten leagues from St. Yotoc, and that
couriers had set out immediately to bring us the news ; that the
Ontarios would not -irrive for two days. I conjectured that they
were the couriers that M. de Sabrinois sent me to give me
notice of the dispositions of the people of Detroit.
The 24th. The Indians hesitated, after having raised some
difficulties, to come and give their answer in the French camp, but
seeing that I persisted with firmness in my manner, they came,
and here is their answer very badly explained, their interpreter
being very ignorant.
Answer of the Indians of .St. Yotoc, to the speech of M
the General, the 24th of August, 1740, with six belts of wampum:
"My father, we come to tell you that we have listened to
the speech of our father Onontio, with great pleasure, that all he
has told to us is true and intended for our good, and that we
Vol. xxrx-24.
370 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ourselves and our brethren who are here present will conform
(0 it, having but one and the same mind. By these belts of
wampum we assure our father Onontio, that all who dwell in our
village will no more play an evil part and will no longer listen
to bad talk. My father, we render you our thanks for wishing
to reconcile us with our brethren, the Illinois. We promise you
to labor at bringing this about. That speech has afforded much
pleasure to our entire village. My father, by these belts of
wampum we thank you for the manner in which you have spoken
to us ; we encourage you to continue your route, and to animate
all your children, so that the land may be at peace for us
Chananaous, and we assure you that we shall labor henceforth
only in what is right."
The 25th. I had all the chiefs assemble, and bestowed on
them a present on the part of M. the General, and urged them
to keep the promise they had given me. A little while after I
summoned the English traders to appear and commanded them
to withdraw, making them feel that they had no right to trade
or aught else on the Beautiful River. I wrote to the Governor
of Carolina,'" whom I fully apprised of the danger his traders
would expose themselves to, if they returned there. I was
ordered to do this in my instructions, and even to plunder the
English, but I was not strong enough for that, the traders having
established themselves in the village and being well sustained
by the Indians, I would be only undertaking a task which would
not have succeeded, and which would only have redounded to the
disgrace of the French. The Ontarios, sent by M. de Sabrinois,
arrived and brought me two letters in which he informed me
that there was nothing in what M. La Naudiere'^ had told me
with regard to the dispositions of the Indians of Detroit ; that it
was rather the contrary ; for notwithstanding several efforts
made by M. Longueuil and himself to urge them to march, they
had constantly refused. I gave the couriers some provisions,
which were at present very much stinted, and I wrote to M. de
Sabrinois and besought him to keep twenty canoes in reserve
for me at the foot of the narrows, with provisions for my detach-
ment, against the beginning of October.
The 26th. I set out at ten in the morning from St. Yotoc;
all the Indians were under arms and fired a salute when I passed
before the village. The 27th of August I arrived at the White
Ccloron's Journal. 371
River''^ about six in the evening. I knew that at a distance of
three leagues in the country there were cabins of my friends,
and that influenced me to pass the night in this place. The 28th,
I sent M. Devillier and my son to these cabins in order to tell
those Indians to come and speak with me. They brought them
back with them, and I induced them to come with me to the
village of the Demoiselle," whither I was going to bring the
word of their father Onontio. They gave their consent and
asked (to be permitted) to remain till the next day in order to
have time to prepare for the journey. There are in this village
two cabins of Sonontouans. It is the policy of these nations to
have always along with them some (other Indians) who serve
as a hostage. I induced one of these Sonontouans who spake
Miami very well, to come with me to the Demoiselle, for I had
need of him, having no interpreter, though I had to treat with
these people on matters of importance.
The 29th. I wrote to M. Raimond, captain and commander
among the Miamis, and besought him to send me the so-called
royal interpreter with as many horses as he possibly could, to
transport our baggage over a portage of fifty leagues. The 30th
the Indians of the White River having arrived, I embarked to
gain the Rock River,^* and at the entrance I had a leaden plate
buried, and the arms of the King attached to a tree, of which
I drew up an official statement.
Official statement of the sixth leaden plate'^ buried at the
entrance of the Rock River, the 31st day of August, 1749.
The year 1749, we, Celoron, Knight of the Royal and Mili-
tary Order of St. Louis, Captain, commanding a detachment
sent by the orders of M. the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Gov-
ernor-General of Canada, upon the Beautiful River, otherwise
called the Ohio, accompanied by the principal officers of our
detachment, have buried at the point formed by the right bank
of the Ohio and the left bank of Rock River, a leaden plate, and
have attached to a tree the arms of the King. In testimony
whereof, we have drawn up and signed with Messrs. the officers,
the present official statement.
The inscription is always the same.
7th September.'" This done, I embarked ; owing to the
scarcity of water in this river, it took thirteen days in ascending it.
872 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
The I2th. The Miamis of the village of the Demoiselle
having learned that I was on the point of arriving among them,
sent four dhiefs to meet me with pipes of peace to have me
smoke; as the half of my people were on land, there not being
water enough in the river to float the freighted canoes. I was
informed by M. de Courtemanche, the officer of the detachment,
of the arrival of his messengers, I landed at the place where they
were, and when we were all seated they began the ceremony of
presenting the pipe. I accepted it. They then brought it to
M. de Contrecoeur, second captain of the detachment, and to all
the officers and the Canadians, who, worn out for a smoke, would
have wished that the ceremony had continued longer. The hour
having come for camping, we passed the night in this place.
The messengers remaining with us, I was obliged, despite the
scarcity of provisions then in my possession to give them supper.
The 13th. I arrived at the village of the Demoiselle. I
pitched my camp, placed my sentinels, and awaited the arrival of
the interpreter I had asked of M. de Raimond. During this
interval, I sounded their minds in order to learn if they were
disposed to return to Kiskakon,'" for that is the name of their
ancient village. It seemed to me that they had not much objec-
tion. They had two English soldiers in their village whom I
obliged to go away before speaking to these people. Those who
had spent the summer there trading, had already departed over-
land with their effects; they had ways of communication from
one village to another.
The 17th. Wearied at the fact of the interpreter not ar-
riving, and because my provisions were being consumed while
thus waiting, I determined to speak to the Demoiselle by means
of an Iroquois who knew Miami well. I showed them magnifi-
cent presents on the part of M. the General to induce them to
return to their villages, and I explained to them his invitations
in these terms :
Speech of M. the General to the Miamis of the band of the
Demoiselle, established at Rock River, and at the Baril located
at the White River, brought by M. de Celoron, 17th of Septem-
ber, 1749, with eight belts of wampum for the two villages:
Celoron's Journal. 873
"My children: The manner in which I behave toward you,
despite all you have done to the French whom I sent you to
maintain your wives and your children, ought to be a sufficient
proof of the attachment which I have for you and the sincerity
of my feelings. I forget what you have done to me, and I bury
it in tlie depth of the earth in order to never more remember it,
convinced that you have acted only at the instigation of a people
whose policy is to trouble the land and destroy the good disposi-
tion of those with whom they have relations, and who avail
themselves of the unhappy ascendency which you have let them
get over you. They make you commit faults and they incite you
to an evil course without their seeming to have any part in it,
in order to ruin you in my estimation.
"It is then to enlighten yon that I send you my message;
listen carefully to it, and pay attention to it, my children; it is
the word of a father that loves you, and in whose eyes your
interests are dear. I extinguish by these two belts of wampum
the two fires which you lighted during the last two years, both
at the Rock River and at White River. I extinguish them in
such a way that not a single spark can escape."
A belt to the Demoiselle and to the Baril."*
"My children: I have just told you that these are belts of
wampum with which I extinguish the fires that you lighted, both
at Rock River and at White River. By these belts I lift you
from your mats and I lead you by the hand in order to bring you
to Quiskakon, where I light your fire and make it more enduring
than ever. It is in this country, my children, that you will
enjoy a perfect peace, and where I will be ever at hand to give
you marks of my friendship ; it is in this country, my children,
that you will enjoy the pleasures of life, it being the place where
repose the bones of your ancestors, and those of M. de Vin-
cennes," whom you loved so much and who always governed
you in such a way that your affairs were ever in good order. If
you have forgotten the counsels which he gave you, these ashes
shall recall to you the memory of them : the bones of your
fathers suffer from your estrangement. Have pity on the dead
who call you back to your village.
•'Follow, along with your wives and your children, the chief
whom I will send to bring you my message, and who will again
light your fire at Quiskakon in such a manner that it shall no
more be extinguished. I will aft'ord you all the assistance which
you have a right to expect from my friendship, and remember,
my children, that I am doing for you what I have never done
for any other nation."
374 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Another speech with four belts of wampum for the
Demoiselle, and two for the Baril:
"By these belts of wampum I set a boundary to all passages
which lead to the Beautiful River, so that you go there no more,
and that the English who are the ringleaders of every evil work
may no longer approach this land, which belongs to me. I open
for you at the same time an easy road to lead you to Kiskacon,
where I will light your fire. I break ol¥ all trade with the
English, whom I have notified to retire from off my territories ;
and if they come back there again they will have reason to be
sorry for it."
Two belts of wampum to the Demoiselle, and two to the
Baril.
"My children: When you shall have done what I have
demanded of you, and which is only for your own advantage, I
invite you to come to see me next year, and to receive from my-
self special marks of my friendship. I have extended the same
invitation to all your brethren of the Beautiful River, and I
hope that you will, one and all, have courage enough to respond
to this invitation, as you ought; and in order to begin to give
you a proof of my friendship, I send these presents to clothe
your wives and your children. I add to them gunpowder and
bullets, so that they may supply themselves more easily on the
journey which you are going to make to Quiskacon. Abandon
the land where you are; it is injurious to you, and avail your-
selves of what I do for you."
The council over, every one retired. They carried away
the presents to their village where they assembled to deliberate
on their answer.
The i8th. About nine A. M., they came to give their answer.
Answers of the Demoiselle, chief of Miamis, established at
the Rock River and of the Baril, established at White River, the
i8th of September, 1749, with pipes of peace:
"It is an ancient custom among us when one speaks of
agreeable affairs to present, first of all, pipes. We earnestly
entreat you to listen to us We are going to answer what you
have asked of us. This pipe is a token of the pleasure which we
have in smoking with you, and we hope to smoke the very same
pipe with our father next year.
A belt.
Celoroii's Journal. 375
"My father: Yesterday, we listened with pleasure to your
speech. We have seen clearly that you are come only on a good
mission. We have none other but good answers to give you
You have made us recall to memory the bones of our fore-
fathers, who mourn to see us in this place, and who remind us
contiimally of it. You have made us a good road to return to
our ancient home, and we thank you for it, my father, and we
promise you to return thither immediately after the coming
spring. We thank you for the kind words which you have
addressed us. We see clearly that you have not forgotten us.
Be convinced that we will labor to deal fairly with the Chaua-
nones. We still remember the good advice which M. de Vincennes
gave us. My father, you have to treat with people without spirit,
and who are, perhaps, unable to answer you as well as you
hoped; but they will tell you the truth, for it is not from the lips
that they speak to you, but from the bottom of their heart. You
have bid us reflect seriously upon what you told us. We have
done so, and we shall continue to do so during the whole winter.
We hope to have the pleasure of making you a good speech this
spring if the hunting is abundant. We will correct our faults,
and we assure you, my father, that we will not listen to evil
counsel, and that we will pay no attention to the rumors we hear
at present."
Answer to the Demoiselle and the Baril in the same council,
by M. de Celoron :
"I have listened to you, my children, and I have weighed
well your words. Whether you may not have understood me,
or that yau feign not to have done so, you do not answer to what
I asked of you. I proposed to you on the part of your father
Onontio, to come with me to Kiskakon to light there your fire
and to build up your wigwam, but you put off doing so till next
spring. I would have been delighted to be able to say to your
father Onontio that I had brought you back. That would have
caused him great pleasure on account of the interest he takes
in all that concerns you. You give me your word that you will
return there at the end of the winter. Be faithful then to your
promise. You have assured him of this, because he is much
stronger than you, and if you be wanting to it. fear the resent-
ment of a father, who has only too much reason to be angry
with you, and who has offered you the means of regaining his
favor."
376 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Answer to Celoron's speech by the Demoiselle and the Baril :
"My father, we shall be faithful in carrying- out the promise
that we have made you, and at the end of the winter we shall
betake ourselves to our ancient habitation, and if the Master of
Life favors our hunting, we hope to be able to repair our past
faults ; so be convinced that we do not speak from the end of
our lips but from the bottom of the heart. We could not at
present return whither you would have us go, for the season is
too far advanced."
The council ended, I detained some of the old men for the
purpose of finding out if what they had just said was sincere,
so I spoke with these Indians who assured me that both the vil-
lages would return in the spring to Quiskakon, and all that kept
them back was the fact of having no cabins built where I would
conduct them, and that whilst hunting through the winter they
were approaching their villages, and that they would return there
absolutely. Rois, (the interpreter,) wliom I had asked of M. de
Raimond, arrived.
The 19th. I remained to endeavor by the agency of Rois,
to induce the Demoiselle, along with some other chiefs, to come
with me to light their fires and make their wigAvams at Quis-
kakon, but I could not succeed in this. They kept always saying
and assuring me that they would return thither next spring.
The 20th. All being ready for our setting out, we broke up
our camp. After having burned our canoes, which were no
longer of service for transportation, we set out on the march
by land, each one carrying his provisions and baggage, except
Messrs. the officers, for whom I had procured horses and some
men to carry theirs. I had arranged all my men into four com-
panies, each one of which had an officer at the right and another
at the left. I led on the right and M. de Contrecoeur on the
left.
We took only five days and a-half to accomplish this portage,
which is thought to be fifty leagues.^"
The 25th. T arrived at M. de Raimond's, who commanded
at Quiskakon. I stayed there only as long as was necessary to
buy provisions and canoes to convey me to Detroit.
Celoron's Journal. 377
The 26th. I had called to me Cold Foot," chief of the
Miamis established at Quiskakon, and some others of note, to
whom I repeated, in presence of M. de Raimond and the officers
of my detachment, what I had said at the village of the
Demoiselle and the answers I had got from them. After listen-
ing with much attention, he rose and said to me; "I hope I am
deceived, but I am sufficiently attached to the interests of the
French to say that the Demoiselle is a liar. It is the source of
all my grief to be the only one who loves you, and to see all the
nations of the south let loose against the French."
The 27th. I set out from M. de Raimond's, not having
found a .sufficient number of canoes for all my men, one part
went by land under the conduct of some officers and the Indians
who were to guide them through the woods. I took eight days
to reach the lower part of the narrows, where I arrived on the
6th of October, and found canoes and provisions for my detach-
ment. I would have set out the same day if my Indians had fol-
lowed me, but they amused themselves drinking in the lower
part of the River Miami. I waited for them the 7th and 8th.
and tinally they arrived.
NOTES ON CELORON'S JOURNAL.
I. Although the existence of Celoron's Journal was known,
yet Hon. O. H. Marshall was the fir.st to draw special attention
to it, which he did in an article in the Magazine of American
History, vol. II., pp. 129-150. The following are the certificates
that accompanied the copy of the Journal which I had made at
Paris. The lirst is that of the copyist, the second that of the
Secretary General of the Congregation of the Holy Ghost, to
whose courtesy I am much indebted for the copy.
"This copy is made in every particular in accordance with the
manuscript, with all the errors of orthography and French."
Paris, 24th March, 1885. Edmond De. Hennetot.
"I, the undersigned, Secretary-General of the Congregation of the
Holy Ghost and of the Holy Heart of Mary, certify, that the present
copy of the Journal of Celoron was made from the original preserved
in the Archives of the Department of the Marine and of the Colonies,
at Paris, and that it was executed with care, and afterward carefully
collated with the original by a person worthy of all confidence."
Paris, March 24, 1885.
L. S. • Barillac.
378 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
For a notice of Celoron, see Researches, vol. i, p. 13. note.
Also Montcalm and Wolfe, Parkman, vol. I, chapter II.
2. Poland Michel Barrin, Marquis de la Gallissoniere, was
born at Rochfort, France, November nth, 1693; Governor-Gen-
eral of New France 1747; returned to France late in 1749; and
died at Nemour, October 26th, 1756.
3. Mr. Marshall translates this (p. 130) "Thirty Iroquois
and twenty-five Abnakis." The French expression is: "et
environ trente sauvages tant Iroquois qu' Abnakis," which shows
that there is no foundation whatever for Mr. Marshall's transla-
tion. I make this remark because I have been accused of draw-
ing information from that gentleman, and then showing my in-
gratitude by criticizing him. This is but one instance.
4. The Rev. Francis Piquet was born at Bourg-en-Bresse,
France, December 6th, 1708. He studied at the seminary of
St. Sulpice, Paris, and was admitted into that Congregation.
Having received Holy Orders, he was sent in 1733, to Montreal,
where the Sulpicians had a house. He was soon after placed in
charge of the Iroquois mission, which had been originally on
the mountain, but which was at that time, 1740, at the Lake
of the Two Mountains. He accompanied the Indians in their
wars, and found many of the Iroquois in New York ready to
listen to his instructions ; an evidence that the teaching of the
saintly Father Jouges and his companions had not been altogether
forgotten, nor had their blood been shed in vain. He proposed
to found a mission at Oswegatchie, a work in which he met with
great difficulties ; but being protected by the Marquis de la Gallis-
soniere, Governor-General, and Francois Bigot, Intendant, or
Superintendent of Justice, Police, Finance and Commerce, he
began his work on the site of the present city of Ogdensburg,
New York, in 1749, with only six Christian families. The Mo-
hawks burned his mission buildings a few months after, but he
persevered, and in two years had no less than 3,000, chiefly from
Onondaga and Cayuga, all eager to receive Christian instruction.
His enemies were now convinced of his prudence and zeal. In
May, 1752, a Bishop for the first time conferred any of the
Sacraments within the present limits of the State of New York,
baptizing 120 converts, confirming many and administering Holy
Communion. In 1759 the Abbe Piquet had to abandon Oswegat-
chie owing to the successes of the English against the French.
He retired with his converts to Grande Isle des Galops, where
he built a chapel. His register closes July 23d, 1760. He then
returned to Europe where he was highly esteemed by the French
Bishops and the Pope. He died at Verjon. July 15th. 1781.
The Catholic Family Almanac, 1877, pp. 60, 61. Montcalm and
Wolfe, Parkman, vol. i. Considerable allowance must be made
Cdoron's Journal. 379
for the anti-Catholic bias of this author, which gives an undue
coloring to his account of this zealous missionary.
5. The Montagnes, or Lower Alonquins, dwelt on the north
side of the St. Lawrence, below Quebec, in the early part of the
seventeenth century. — Drake's Indians of North America, p.
13; Shea's Charlevoix, vol. II, pp. 8, 9, note.
6. The small number of Indians may be accounted for by
the fact that the mission was just then established, and also that
in certain seasons the Indians are accustomed to leave their
villages to hunt or wage war.
7. Fort Frontenac, also called Catarocouy, stood at the
outlet of Lake Ontario ; was built about 1692, and named in
honor of the then Governor-General of New France, Count
Frontenac. — Shea's Charlevoix, vol. III., pp. 175, 176.
8. I have not been able to learn anything of this officer.
9. Mention is made of M. de Sabrinois as taking part in the
campaign of Lake Champlain, in 1757. and as a person familiar
with forest life and Indian customs from childhood. — Mont-
calm and Wolfe, vol. I., p. 486.
10. This officer was long engaged in the French wars in
America where he rose to be provisional Governor-General. —
See Montcalm and Wolfe, passim.
11. See Register of Fort Duqitesne, p. 15, note. Also
Montcalm and Wolfe, passim.
12. Around the falls and rapids of Niagara.
13. Like other proper names in the Journal, the orthog-
raphy of this word is not uniform ; but in all cases is given as in
the original. Mr. Marshall is at fault in his statement as to the
manner in which Celoron spelled the word. — Magazine of Amer-
ican History, vol. II., pp. 135-138. Note, in referring to this
article of Mr. Marshall's, whether in the text or in the notes, I
shall merely give the page. The Catakuin here mentioned is the
creek which empties into Lake Erie at this point, not the lake of
that name. For the meanings of the word, see Marshall, as above.
14. Literally, "at more than thirty acres in width." It is
very difficult to give a literal translation of some of the expres-
sions found in the Journal. Here it is a measure of distance, and
I have adopted Mr. Marshall's translation.
15. For a notice of the former of these officers, see Register
of Fort Duqiiesne, p. 16, note; of the later I have not been able
to learn anything.
16. From Lake Erie to Chautauqua Lake. Says Mr. Mar-
shall (p. 134); "It is a little over eight miles in a direct line
from the mouth of Chautauqua Creek on Lake Erie to the head
of Chautauqua Lake. . . . The difficulties they encountered
380 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
must have been exceedingly formidable. Chautauqua Lake is
726 feet above Lake Erie, and in order to reach the water shed
between the two lakes, an ascent of at least one thousand feet had
to be overcome. Although at that early day, when the forests
were yet undisturbed, Chautauqua Creek flowed with fuller banks
than now, yet even then but little use could be made of it by
loaded canoes, except near its mouth."
17. For a notice of this village see p. 388.
18. See further on p. 343.
19. There were two leagues in use in France as measures
of distance on land: the legal post league was 2.42 English
miles, and the other 2.y/ English miles. — American Cyclopaedia,
Article, League. '"The league, as used by Celoron, may be esti-
mated," says Mr. Marshall, (p. 141), "as containing two miles
and a half." "Although," as he says : "distances are almost
alwavs over.stated bv the early French voyageurs in America,"
(P- 135)-
20. See Register of Fort Duqiiesne, pp. 9-12, notes, for a
lengthy notice of La Belle Riviere, the Beautiful River, by which
was meant the Allegheny and Ohio.
21. Lake Chautauqua is eighteen miles long; it lies 1,290
feet above the Atlantic Ocean, and 730 feet above Lake Erie. —
American Cyclopaedia, vol. IV., p. 346.
22. The river of Chatakuin is Conewango Creek, which
connects Chautauqua Lake with the Allegheny river at the present
town of Warren, Pa., 188 miles above Pittsburg; but from the
Journal no definite idea of its length can be ascertained. . . .
"Conewango is corrupted from Guninga, signifying, They have
been a long time, they stay a long time. The etymology is:
Gu-ne-u, long. Gunax-u, it is long. Gu-ni, a long while. Gu-
na gi-a, he stays long." Indian Names, etc., Heckewelder, p. 21.
"By means of this creek and its outlets there is boat naviga-
tion from the Gulf of Mexico to within ten miles of Lake Erie.
— American Cyclopaedia, vol. V., p. 221."
23. I have not been so fortunate as to find any reference to
this officer in my reading.
24. This name, though sounding strange at present, was as
familiar as a household word in the days of the French occupa-
tion of Canada. Its origin is simple. Charles Huault de Mont-
magny. Knight of Malta, was the first Governor-General of
Canada. The Huron and Iroquois Indians taking the literal
signification of the name. Great Mountain, translated it into their
languages in which it was expressed by the word Onontio ; and
from that time every Governor-General was known to the Indians
as Onontio. It is also spelled Ononthio. — Shea's Charlevoix,
vol. II., p. 124, note.
Celoron's Journal. 381
25. Chabert de Joncaire, or. Joncaire Lhabert. See Reg-
ister of Fort Duquesne, pp. 16, 17, note.
26. The burial of leaden plates as an evidence of taking
possession of new countries was peculiar to the French and was
frequently resorted to in the New World.
27. Another name for Conewango Creek.
28. "This observation," says Yr. Marshall, (p. 150,) "like
most of those taken by Father Bonnecamps, is incorrect. Either
his instruments were imperfect or his methods of computation
erroneous. The true latitude of the mouth of the Conewango is
less than 41° 50'."
29. Their title to this territory was based on the alleged
discovery by La Salle in 1669-1670; and as forming part of the
basin drained by the Mississippi and its tributaries, to all of
which the French laid claim.
30. Brandy.
31. The village of Cut Stravv, stood on the right bank of
the Alleghenv river at the mouth of Broken Straw Creek, which
falls into the river from the west si.x miles below the present
town of Warren, or 182 miles above Pittsburg, on or near the
site of what is now Irvineton.
32. Whether the orthography is incorrect, or the tribe so
insignificant as not to find a place in history, I know not; but I
have never before met the name.
2;^. Celoron assumed command at Fort Niagara in October,
^744-
34. While we cannot but admire the simplicity of the
several speeches and replies, we must equally admire the prudence
of the Indians, with whom it was the custom never to give an
immediate answer, but to defer it to the next day, the better to
consider it.
35. Loups and Renards. literally "Wolves and Foxes." The
Loups were Mohegans. — Shea's Father Jogues' New Nether-
lands, pp. 49, 50, note. The Foxes were a tribe of Indians of
the Algonquin family, noted in history as turbulent, daring and
warlike. They were of two stocks, one calling themselves Outa-
gamies or Foxes, whence our English name; the other Mus-
quakink, or men of red clay, the name now used by the tribe.
They lived in early times east of Detroit, and as some say, near
the St. Lawrence, so that we may conjecture them to be the
Outag^vami of the early Jesuit narratives. — American Cyclo-
paedia, vol. v., p. 362.
36. It is difficult to fix the precise location of these several
villages ; but' they can be approximated with sufficient accuracy
from the distances given in the Journal. Father Bonnecamps
on his map of the expedition represents four villages between
382 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Cut Straw and the Riviere au Boeufs, or French Creek, a dis-
tance of 58 miles, the first being on the left bank, the others on
the right.
37. The French word is oncles, uncles.
38. John Frazer. — History of Venango County, p. 42.
39. A village of Loups is marked on the west side of the
river in Fathei Bonnecamp's map.
40. Of what tribe this village was composed the Journal
does not state. For the name Riviere au Boeufs — French
Creek — see Researches, vol. I., p. 17, note.
41. This rock has long been known as "The Indian God."
Mr. Marshall (p. 141} says: "It is nearly twenty-two feet in
length by fourteen in breadth." I have seen it at different times,
and am certain that it is not half so large. Indeed, a number of
citizens of Franklin lately contemplated lifting it from its bed
and carrying it to their town, a distance of nine miles. It is
exactly 115 miles above Pittsburg.
42. These streams must have been Red Bank and Mahon-
ing creeks, both of which are marked on Father Bonnecamp's
map. There is also another stream entering from the east,
marked on the same map as the "Riviere au Fiel," which must
have been Oarion creek. The distances given by Celoron do
not, it is true, correspond with actual measurements, but there
are no other streams that will answer even so well. Clarion is
thirty-two miles below "The Indian God," Red Bank fifty-one
and Mahoning sixty. — Researches, vol. i, pp. 18, 19, note.
Having been born and raised in the immediate vicinity of Kittan-
ning, I have been at all these places times without number.
43. The question of the location of the village of Attique,
and its identity, or not, with the village of Kittanning, which was
discussed in the Researches, (vol. i.. pp. 26-30,) to which the
reader is referred, again comes up for treatment. In the essay
on Celoron's expedition, of which that forms a part, I main-
tained, and was perhaps the first to maintain the identity of these
two places: and now. upon further research, and with Celoron's
Journal before me, I find nothing to modify or retract, except
the statement that Kittanning was only on the east side of the
Allegheny. It was on both sides, though principally on the east.
— Pennsylvania Archives (New Series), vol. VII., p. 405. The
question is one of considerable local interest. Among those
denying this identity is Mr. Marshall, who says (pp. 141, 142) :
"From this station ("the Indian God") Celoron sent Joncaire
forward to Attigue (Celoron spells it Attique) the next day, to
announce the approach of the expedition, it being an Indian
settlement of some importance on the left bank of the river,
between eight and nine leagues further down, containing twenty-
Celeron's Journal. 383
two cabins." The Journal does not say on what side of the
river the village was. ••**** Attigue was probably on or near
the Kiskiminetas river." But Mr. Marshall's evidence on this
point is worth less than nothing ; for so far from stating the fact,
it misleads. Celoron's Journal, from which he professes to de-
rive his information, instead of making it eight or nine leagues,
makes it. as the reader sees, twenty-four or twenty-five. An
anonymous writer, with whom I had some newspaper controversy
on the subject, asserts, apparently en Mr. Marshall's authority,
"that Attigue was at the mouth of the Kiskiminetas is just as
sure as that Fort Duquesne was at the mouth of the Mononga-
hela." In reply to this another person well versed in our local his-
tory writes me : "Your critic will search in vain for evidence on
any map, of any Indian village at the mouth of the Kiskiminetas."
Certainly Father Bonnecamp's map gives neither river nor village.
But with the existence, or not, of a village there I am not at
present concerned. The same writer continues: "The Kittan-
ning or Adigo on the Ohio, of the Fort St^nwix treaty; the
Attique of Celoron ; the Attiga of Trotter, 1754, the Kittanny
Town of Barbara Leininger, 1755, were the same, with a probable
variation of a few miles as to exact location at dilTerent dates,
as is usual with all Indian villages. One name. Attique, is
probably Seneca ; the other, the Delaware name for the same
place." Another person writes me two letters in which he en-
deavors at length to prove that Attique was located on the west
side of the river where Freeport now stands, seventeen miles
below the present Kittanning. I shall not give the arguments
on which he attempts to base his theory, as it is believed sufficient
evidence will be brought to prove the position here maintained.
By comparing the French account of the attack upon Attique
with Colonel Armstrong's ofilcial report of the destruction of
Kittanning, the point will. I think, be placed beyond question.
Says Mr, Parkman: "The report of this afi^air made by Dumas,
commandant at Fort Duquesne, is worth nothing. He says that
Attique, the French name for Kittanning, was attacked by 'le
General \\'achington,' with three or four hundred men on horse-
back ; that the Indians gave way ; but that five or six Frenchmen
who were there in the town held the English in check till the
fugatives rallied; that Washington and his men then took to
flight, and would have been pursued but for the loss of some
barrels of gunpowder which chanced to explode during the
action. **** He then asks for a supply of provisions and
merchandise to replace those which the Indians of Attique had
lost by the fire." — Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. i., pp. 426, 427.
.•\nd he quotes as hi? authority a letter of Dumas a Vaudreuil,
September 9th, 1756, cited in' Bigot au Ministre, 6th October,
384 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
1756, and in Bougainville, Journal. Colonel Armstrong, in per-
fect harmony with this, says : "During the burning of the houses,
which were nearly thirty m number, we were agreeably enter-
tained with a quick succession of charged guns gradually firing
off, as they were reached by the fire ; but more so with the vast
explosion of sundry bags and large kegs of gunpowder, where-
with almost every house abounded. The prisoners afterward
informing us that the Indians has frequently said they had
sufficient stock of ammunition for ten years, to war with the
English. **** There was also a great quantity of goods burnt,
which the Indians had received but ten days before from the
French." — Annals of the West, p. 143. Comparing these two
accounts of the engagement, we have the French statement that
the commander of the colonial forces had three or four hundred
horsemen, and the statement of the Americans that they had three
hundred, {Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. I., p. 423) ; the French
confessing the loss of some barrels of gunpowder, which chanced
to explode, and Col. Armstrong's account of "the vast explosion
of sundry bags and large kegs of gunpowder;" the French
acknowledgment of the loss of provisions and merchandise, and
Armstrong's assertion that, "there was also a large quantity of
goods burnt." The date of the two documents is a still further
confirmation of the point here maintained. Dumas writes on
the 9th of September, 1756, that Attique has been attacked; Col.
Armstrong writes his ofiicial report, on the 14th of September
of the same year, of the destruction of Kittanning on the 8th.
Now, frontier history gives no account of any other notable
engagement having taken place at or about that time and place.
Hence the evidence is conclusive that Attique and Kittanning
were one and the same place. The statement of Dumas that tlie
attack was led by Washington makes for nothing ; for the Indians,
having been completely routed, had no means of knowing by
whom the colonists were commanded ; and Washington being
already known as a frontier leader, it was natural to suppose
that so great an achievement was due to him. This, I think,
puts this vexed question to its final rest. The Collection De
Manuscripts, &., lately published in Quebec throws no light, so
far as I can find, on this point.
44. Chartier's Town stood at or near the mouth of Bull
creek, on the west side of the Allegheny, not far from where
Tarentum is now located. A mile above Chartier's creek empties
into the river on the opposite side.
45. English speaking colonists.
46. This letter has been made the subject of no little dis-
cussion. Mr. Marshall says (p. 143) : "On reaching Chiningue
Celoron found several English traders established there, whom
Ccloron's Journal. S85
he compelled to leave. He wrote by them to Governor Hamil-
ton, under date of August 6th, 1749, that he was surprised to
find English traders on French territory," etc. As it was known
that Celoron was not at Chiningue on the 6th, but on the gtli,
it was attempted to reconcile Mr. Marshall's statement with the
facts by supposing a typographical error, in which the 9 was
inverted and thus became a 6. But this was met by the fact
that the date was not given in figures, but was spelled out in full.
Another writer in the Magaaine of Western History (August,
1885, pp. 369, 378,) after discussing the question at some length,
says, "It is possible that he (Celoron) inadvertently dated his
letter the sixth instead of the seventh of August. We have no
other conjecture to hazard." This cannot, of course, be ad-
mitted, because it is a mere conjecture in the face of a letter
bearing a different date ; because such a style of reasoning would
be subversive of all historical accuracy, and because Celoron was
keeping a journal with daily entries, not only for his own con-
venience, but also for the information of the authorities in Can-
ada and for the home government. Celoron was at Chartier's
Town on the 6th, on the one hand, and the letter was not written
from Chiningue at all, on the other, as Mr. Marshall states. A
letter was also written to the Governor of Pennsylvania on the
7th, but the Journal furnishes no copy of it. The date of this
letter, as given in the Colonial Record, vol. V., p. 425, is the
best, and the correct evidence of the time and place at which it
was written. It is "De notre camp sur la Belle Riviere, a un
ancien villages des Chaouanous, le sixieme Aoust, 1749."
47. As Celoron does not give the distances, it is impossible
to locate this or the next village. It was most probably Sewick-
ley's Indian town, marked on the Historical Map of Pennsylvania,
about opposite the mouth of Pucketty Creek, seventeen miles
above the con.^uence of the Allegheny and Monongahela rivers.
48. "Rocher ecrite." It was most probably Shannopin's
Town, which stood on the east bank of the Allegheny river about
two miles from the point, and is noted on the Historical Map of
Pennsylvania. But why it should have been called "Written
Rock," I have no means of determining. Mr. Marshall speaks of
but one town. The passage is not very clear; but I give it as
it is. He says, (p. 142) : "They reached Attigue on the sixth,
where they found Joncaire waiting. Embarking together they
passed on the right an old 'Chaouanons' (Sliawnees) village. It
had not been occupied by the Indians since the removal of
Chartier and his band to the river Vermillion in the Wabash
country in 1745, by order of the Marquis de Beauharnois.
Vol. XXIX — 25.
386 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Leaving Attigue the next day, they passed a village of Loups, all
the inhabitants of which, except three Iroquois, and an old
woman who was regarded as a yueen, and devoted to the Eng-
lish, had fled in alarm to Chiningue. This village of the Loups,
Celeron declares to be the finest he saw on the river. It must
have been situated at or near the present site of Pittsburg." The
reader can compare this extract with the Journal, as above.
49. Aliquippa. See Researches, vol. I., p. 21, note 43.
50. All proper names are spelled as they are found in the
Journal.
51. Probably M'Kee's Rocks, about two miles below Pitts-
burg on the south side of the Ohio. Strange that Celoron makes
no mention of th.e Monongahela river.
52. The Librarian of Parliament, Ottawa, Canada, writes
me: "In reference to Father Bonnecamp, who accompanied
Celoron, I find that he came to Canada in 1742, having arrived
at Quebec on the 21st of July. He returned to France in 1759,
and remained there till his death." Rev. J. Sasseville, Cure of
Ste. Foye, near Quebec, adopting a diliferent orthography, says :
"Louis Ignatius Bonnequant, a Jesuit, arrived at Quebec, July
2ist, 1742, and returned to France in April, 1759. He was
professor of mathematics and hydrography in, the Jesuit College
at Quebec. He left behind him the reputation of a distinguished
mathematician and astronomer." — Archives of the Marine at
Paris; Chronicle of the Canadian Clergy.
53. The location, etc., of the village of Chiningue will be
discussed later.
54. This was beyond question the intention of the English
who aimed at the permanent possession of the country to the
exclusion of the natives ; while the French, bent rather on traffic
with the Indians, cared for little more than simple possession to
the exclusion of other Europeans without any desire at least for
immediate settlement. It was this mistaken policy of the home
government that eventually lost France her possessions in North
America.
55. This, like many other passages in the Journal, it is
almost impossible to translate; but the rendering given in the
text conveys the idea of the Celoron.
56. The meaning seems to be that these young men were
not as yet sufficiently distinguished m their tribe to present the
pipe to strangers, which was part of the formality customary in
making treaties. But here it is a subterfuge resorted to the
better to conceal their leaning towards the English.
57. The Indians usually called the Joncaire brothers "our
children." For a notice of them, see Register of Fort Duquesne,
p. 16, notes 19 and 20.
Celoroii's Journal. 387
58. The reader is presented with Mr. Marshall's account of
Celeron's transactions with the Indians at Chiningue, which he
can compare with the Journal, and account for the extraordinary
discrepancies as best he can. There are almost as many errors
as there are statements; and it would have been much better for
himself and for the cause of correct historical investigation, if
he had never written his article. I know how difficult it is for
a person to take even copious notes of any document, and after-
wards weave them into an article. I have-not yet succeeded
in securing Father Bonnecamp's Journal of the expedition, which
I am daily expecting. But it cannot so modify the official Jour-
nal of Celoron as to go any way towards clearing up the errors
or Mr. Marshall. His account is as follows, (p. 143) :
"On reaching Chiningue Celoron found several English traders
established there, whom he compelled to leave. He wrote by them to
Governor Hamilton, under date of August 6, 1749, that he was surprised
to find English traders on French territory, it being in contravention of
solemn treaties, and hoped the Governor would forbid their trespassing
in future. De Celoron also made a speech, in which ha informed the
Indians that 'he was on his way down the Ohio, to whip home the Twight-
wees and Wyandots for trading with the English.' They treated his
speech with contempt, insisting that 'to separate them from the English
would be like cutting a man into halves, and expecting him to live.'
(Reference is here made to N. Y. Col. Doc, VI. pp. 532-3, and the ac-
count continues.) The Indians were found so unfriendly to the French,
and suspicious of the objects of the expedition, as to embarrass the
movements of de Celoron. His Iroquois and .'\benaki allies refused to
accompany him further than Chiningue. They destroyed the plates
which, bearing the arms of the French king, had been affixed to trees as
memorials of his sovereignty."
As to the location of Chiningue, I take it to have been iden-
tical with the Indian village known to the English as Logstown,
on the north bank of the Ohio river about eighteen miles below
where Pittsburg now stands. This is well known to have been
the most important trading post and place of negotiation between
the Indians and the English. There were other villages on the
Ohio and it? tributaries, especially on the Big Beaver river, as all
students of our early history need not be told. Mr. Parkman,
{Montcalm and U^olfe, vol. I., p. 46,) also embraces this opinion.
I have never heard it cjuestioned except by a gentleman who is
led to think, as he writes me, that Chiningue stood where the
town of Beaver is now located ; and he founds his argument on
the disparity of the number of houses stated by Father Bonne-
camp and that known to have existed at Logstown. But it is
388 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
diflkult to deduce anything from the size of an Indian town. It
is of too temporary a character to remain long the same if there
are reasons for changing it. Again, he says that, "Joncaire had
the best reason in the world for not stopping at Logstown. This
was an Indian town much in the interest of the English, and in
September, 1748, Weiser had been there with a large present, and
confirmed them in the old friendship to the English. Joncaire
was too vigilant an officer not to know this, and not wishing at
that time to have any difficulty, quietly passed the place." But
Celoron clearly states and shows that the Indians were under
the influence of the English, and had received presents from
them; and no difficulty was avoided, for the French had con-
siderable, and had it not been for the strength of their forces
they would have had more. Besides, Celoron was sent expressly
to drive away the English, and it would be strange, indeed, that
he should pass by a place simply because there were English
there. The writer also refers to certain passages in the Pa.
Archives, Colonial Records, History of Western Pa., &, but I
cannot see that they make more for the one place than for the
other. As to the derivation of the name, it would seem to be
identical with Shenango, a tributary of the Beaver. The latter
is said to be a Tuscarora word meaning "Beautiful flowing
water."
59 I am of opinion that this should be north instead of
south ; for, although Celoron's computation of distances is not
very accurate, and this would answer for Raccoon Creek on the
south almost as well as for the Big Beaver on the north, stil!
our frontier history, as is well known, makes mention of a num-
ber of villages on the Beaver, while, so far as I am aware, there
is no reference to any on the other stream, which itself is very
unimportant. The Beaver valley was one of the routes from the
Ohio to the western part of New York, the home of the Senecas,
that portion of the Six Nations which figured most prominently
in the affairs of the Ohio valley.
60. Mr. Marshall fp. 143) followed by Mr- Parkman
(Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. I., pp. 47, 48) conjectures that this
place was near the mouth of Wheeling creek. It is impossible
to determine the precise spot from tlie Journal.
61. It would be to little purpose to conjecture what streams
these were, as Celoron neither gives all the distances, nor men-
tions all the principal rivers he passes.
62. There can be no doubt that this plate was deposited
at the mouth of the Muskingum river, as it was found there
by some boys in 1708. But Celoron spells the name of the river
Jenuanguekouan, Mr. Marshall gives it Yenanguakonnan, on the
Celeron's Journal. 389
authority of Father Bonnccanip. The place is 171 miles below
Pittsburg.
63. "Fortunately the discovery of the plate in March, 1846,"
says Mr. Marshall, (p. 145,) "leaves no doubt of the inscription.
It was found by a boy while playing on the margin of the
Kenav/ha river. Like that at the mouth of the Muskingum, it
was projecting from the river bank, a few feet below the surface.
The spelling of the Indian name of the river differs slightly
from the Journal, that on the plate being Chinodahichetha.
Kenawha. the Indian- name of the river in another dialect is said
to signify 'the river of the woods.' " The place is 263 miles
below Pittsburg. The name, as given in my copy of the Journal
is distinctly spelled "Chinoudaista."
64. With regard to this place Mr. Marshall says: "The
name, St. Yotoc, seems to be neither French nor Indian. It is.
probably a corruption of Scioto. Father Bonnecamp calls it
Sinhioto on his map. . . . Pouchet, in his Memories sur la
dernierc guerre, French edition, vol. III., p. 182, calls the river
Sonhioto. This village of St. Yotoc, or Scioto, was probably
on the north bank of the Ohio, a little below the mouth of the
Scioto, now the site of Alexandria. Its principal inhabitants
were .Shawanees." Mr. Parkman also identifies the place with
the present Scioto. Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. I., p. 48. The
present town of Scioto dates from the settlement of a French
colony some fortv years later. It is 354 miles below Pittsburg.
65. This refers rather to the making up of the expedition
at Montreal, although Mr. Parkman (p. 49) refers the cowardice
of the young men to the present emergency.
66. This and the other names of chiefs found here, which
are given as in the Journal, are unknown to me.
67. The same must be said of this place.
6S. I have not met with any reference to Longeuil so early
as this, although his name is found later in French colonial
affairs Chuachias is probably Cahokia on the east bank of the
Mississippi, nearly opposite St. Louis.
69. The wars which the Indian tribes constantly waged
with each other are well known to the student of American
history, and need not be discussed in this place.
70. The Kanawha River was, as we said above, (Re-
searches, vol. II., p. 140) the stream by which traders wert
accustomed to penetrate to the west from Carolina.
71. See Researches, vol. II., p. 64.
72. Riviere la Blanche, probably the Little Miami.
73. La Demoiselle, (the Young Lady). This singular name
was given — for what reason it would be difficult to conjecture -—
to the great chief of the Miami Confederacy, whom the English
390 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
called Old Britain, and who was their steadfast friend. His
village, which stood near the confluence of Loramie Creek with
the Miami and was named after him, was the scene where much
trouble to the French was brewed a few years later, and in which
the Demoiselle was the leading spirit. Notwithstanding his fair
promises, he had no thought of quitting his village for Kiskakon,
as the French soon learned to their cost. But the end of this
noted chief was tragic enough, and it was due to this same
Celoron, when, three years later, he was commander of the
French fort of Detroit. Charles Langlade, a French trader who
had married an Indian squaw, led the combined forces, and falling
upon the village of the Demoiselle in June, 1752, when most of
the warriors were on the hunt, they took the place, and, killing
the Demoiselle, they showed their cannibalism by boiling and
eating him. — Montcalm and Wolfe, Parkman, vol. I., pp. 84, 85.
The reader will not fail to notice the difficulties in which Celoron
is becoming more and more deeply involved, owing to the sym-
pathies of the Indians with the English.
74. Riviere a la Roche, the Great Miami, where Celoron
left the Ohio River.
75. This was the last leaden plate buried by the expedition.
76. This is apparently a mistake for the ist.
yj. An Indian village most probably occupying the site of
the present city of Fort Wayne. "It undoubtedly took its name,"
says Mr. Marshall, (p 147,) "from a branch of the Ottawas,
that removed to this place from Michillimackinac, where they
had resided as late as 1682." The reader will note a lack of
uniformity in the spelling of this and other proper names in the
Journal, but they are given as they are found.
78. Baril, the village a few miles from the mouth of White
River, apparently named after the chief who lived there, and to
whom Celoron sent messengers.
79. "John Baptist Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes, officer in a
detachment of the marine service, was the tenth child of Francis
Bissot, and was born at Quebec in January, 1668. Louis Joliet
married his sister, Clara Frances. Vincennes, in 1696, married
at Montreal, May Margaret Forestier. . . . The statement in
some Western writers that his name was Morgan is unfounded."
He was taken prisoner in an expedition against the Chickasaws
in 1736. with some of his men, and was burned at the stake the
day of the battle along with the Jesuit missionary. Father Senat,
and others. — Shea's Charlcvoi.v, vol. VI., pp. 121, 122.
80. From the head of canoe navigation on the Miami to
the head of navigation on the Maumee. The names of these two
streams, which are the same in the Indian language from which
they are derived, afford a fitting illustration of the manner in
Celoron's Journal. 391
which a name can be changed by adopting the vocal sounds of
the French or the Enghsh, and wili serve to explain other in-
stances of the same kind. "To the French explorers there were
two rivers known as the Miami — the Miami of the Lakes and
the Little Miami, one emptying into Lake Erie and the other into
the Ohio. Schoolcraft speaking of what is known to us as the
Maumee, calls it 'the Miami of the Lakes,' preserving the old
spelling. In the course of time this 'Miami of the Lakes' has
been spelled as the English would have spelled it to make it
conform to the French pronunciation — Maumee. To the French,
Mi-a-mi would be the same as to us would be Mee-au-mee. The
people on the lakes have conformed the spelling to the sound,
while on the Little Miami, the French spelling has been pre-
served with the English pronunciation. The same has happened
to the Ohio." — Russell Errett in Magazine of Western History,
vol. IL, p. 55, note.
8i. Pied Froid, who was of a pusillanimous nature, and
appears to have been faithful to neither the French nor the
English.
82. See Researches, vol. II, p. 6;^.
83. Most probably for Goiogouen, the name of the Cayugas,
one of the Six Nations. — Shea's Jogues' New Netherlands, p.
48.
84. He had succeeded the Marquis de la Galissoniere as
Governor-General of New France.
85. It is here difficult to determine what tribe of Indians is
here meant ; but it could not have been that which is now known
as the Flat-Heads.
86. French, Les chats, loutres, et peeous (or pecous.) I
am at a loss to know what animal is meant by the last term.
That the French word chat, commonly translated wild cat, means
rather a raccoon will appear, I think, from the following: The
name of Lake Erie and the tribe of Indians that once inhabited
its shores, is derived from the Huron word Tiron ; or Tu-era-kak,
the Onondaga name of the raccoon. Contrast the two subjoined
passages. Dr. O'Callaghan says: "There is in one of these
islands" — in the western end of Lake Erie — "so great a num-
ber of cats that the Indians killed as many as nine hundred of
them in a very short time." — Memoirs of the Indians, 1718,
N. Y. Co. Doc. IX, 1886. Col. Smith, a man of no mean in-
telligence, who was on the spot some forty years later, says:
"Some of the Wyandots or Ottawa, frequently make their winter
hunt in these islands" — the same islands. '"Though excepting
wild fowl and fish, there is scarcely any game here but rac-
coons, which are amazingly plenty, and exceedingly large and
892 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society PiibUcations.
fat, as tliey feed upon the wild rice wliich grows in abundance in
wet places round these islands. It is said that each hunter in
one winter will catch one thousand raccoons." And, again, "As
the raccoons here lodge in the rocks, the trappers make their
wooden traps at the mouth of the holes ; and as they go daily to
look at their traps in the winter season, they generally find them
filled with raccoons." — Col. Smith's Captii'ity, pp. 8i, 82.
87. Joncaire?
REFERENCES TO REGISTER OF FORT DUQUESNE.
Because the Register of Fort Duquesne is out of print and very
rare, the following observations on previous notes may prove helpful:
NOTE II.
Following is an abbreviation of this note: "In the present Register,
the officer here mentioned is called 'Monsieur Pierre Claude de Contre-
coeur. Esquire, Sieur de Beadey, Captain of Infantry, Commander-in-
Chief of the forts of Duquesne, Presqu' Isle and the Riviere au Bouefs'.
He was in command of Fort Niagara at the time of which we are now
speaking; but he afterward succeeded to the command of Fort Duquesne.
Whether he was in command of the fort at the time of Braddock's De-
feat is disputed. * * * What became of him after his retiring from
Fort Duquesne, I have not been able to learn."
NOTE 15.
There were seven brothers of this family, six of whom lost their
lives in the Canadian wars. This one commanded an expedition against
Fort Necessity in .Tune, ITr^. He was afterward taken prisoner by the
English at the capture of Fort Niagara, — Mag. Amer. Hist., Vol. 2, p.
130; The Olden Time, Vol. 2, p, 152.
NOTE 20.
This lengthy note in the Register of Fort Duquesne has reference
to the origin and meaning of the words Ohio and Allegheny. It opens
thus: "It is well known that in early times both the French and English
regarded the Allegheny and Ohio rivers as but one stream. The name
given then by the French, 'La Belle Riviere,' 'The Beautiful River,' is
but a translation of the Seneca name of the stream, 'Ho-he-ju,' changed
by both the English and French at a later day into the present name,
'Ohio'." Then follows a discussion of the etymology of the word Alle-
gheny.
NOTES 25 AND 2/.
This note refers to the elder Joncaire and quotes from Parkman's
Frontenac, p. 441 : "The history of Joncaire was a noteworthy one. The
Senecas had captured him sometime before (the year 1700), tortured his
companions to death and doomed him to the same fate. As a prelim-
inary torment an old chief tried to burn a finger of the captain in the
bowl of his pip:, on which Joncaire knocked him down. * * * The
warrior crowd were- so pleased with this proof of courage that they
adopted him as one of their tribe, and gave him an Iroquois wife. He
Ccloron's Journal. 393
lived among them many years and gained a commanding influence whicli
proved very useful to the French." He died in 1740, leaving ivjo sons,
Chabert Joncaire and Philip Clauzonne Joncaire, both of whom were in
Celoron's Expedition. The former took the most prominent part.
ADDITIONAL NOTES BY REV. A. A. LAMBING.
I am indebted to Mr. I,. P. Sylvani, one of the Librarians
of Parliament, Ottawa, Canada, for the following learned notes, •
which throw considerable light on Celoron's Journal :
Pierre-Joseph Celeron, sieur de Blainville, (whom you call
Bienville de Celoron, p. 13, ist vol., after Marshall, I suppose;
our historians, Garneau, Ferland, Suite and the parochial reg-
isters of Montreal, unanimously call him de Blainville,) was
born at Montreal, on the 29th of December, in the year 1693.
His father was Jean Baptiste Celoron, sieur de Blainville, lieu-
tenant of a detachment of marine, and son of a Conseiller du
Roy; his mother was Helene Picote de Belestre, widow of An-
toine de la Fresnaye. They were married at Lachine, near
Montreal, on the 29th November, 1686, and had a large family.
Pierre-Joseph, v/ho was the fifth child, married, first, Madeleine
Blondcau, in 1724, and for the second time, Catherine Eury de
ia Perelle, 13th October, 1743. After the death of Celoron, his
widow entered the convent of the Grey Nuns, of Montreal, where
she took the holy habit, in 1777, under the name of Sister Marie
Catherine Eurrie. She died on the 4th of November, 1797, at
the age of 74 years. In 1739, Mr. de Bienville, governor of
Louisiana, having decided to march against the Chickasas, tO' get
rid of them if possible, solicited the help of the Quebec govern-
ment. Consequently troops were sent to his help, under the
command of the Baron de Longueuil, with Celoron as captain.
Sabrevois de Bleury, whom Celoron mentions in his Journal, and
of whom I shall speak later on, was one of his lieutenants. Quite
a considerable number of well known Canadian officers, and a
party of Indians, joined the expedition under Celoron's orders.
The rendezvous was in the vicinity of the spot where now
stands the city of Memphis, in the State of Tennessee. The
Canadian contingent arrived there in August, and imder the
direction of Celoron built the fort of I'Assomption, this being
the day on which it was completed.* De Bienville's tardiness
was the cause that nothing was done that winter. Early in
the spring of 1740 he retreated with all his troops. Celoron,
who had come all the way from Canada, was not to go back
without dealing a blow. Consequently, on the 15th of March,
with his Canadian troops, and from four to five hundred Indians,
he started to march against the Chickasas. Frightened at his
* August 15.
394 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
arrival with such an army of troops, the Chickasas begged for
peace, which was granted them by Celeron. Before leaving for
home he destroyed the fort which he had erected the previous
year, and then returned to Quebec. (See Gayarre Histoire de la
Loitisianc.) In 1741 he was sent to Michillimackinack to pacify
the Indians.
As a fitting reward for the ability that he displayed in that
campaign, Celoron was sent by M. de Beauharnois, to command
at Detroit, with the rank of Major, and remained there from
1742 to 1743. In 1744 he was commanding at Niagara, and in
1747, at Fort St. Frederick,* from where he sent an expedition
against New England.
About this time, the Indians in the vicinity of Detroit show-
ing hostile intentions, Mr. de Longueuil, who was commanding
there, requested the newly arrived governor, De la Galissoniere,
to send him reinforcements. One hundred French soldiers and
some Indians were dispatched from Quebec under the command
of Celoron, to protect a convoy of traders who were going to
Detroit. Indefatigable in his exertions, Celoron returned imme-
diately to Quebec, where he arrived on the 5th of September of
the same year.
In 1749, De la Galissoniere sent him to the Ohio river to
take possession of the country west of the Alleghanies, in the
name of the King of France. His Journal relates that expedi-
tion. Having returned to Canada he was a second time appointed
commander of Detroit, where he remained from February, 1751,
to March 1754.
Celoron had no sooner returned from that distant post
which was definitely called Detroit under his administration, (see
Farmer's History of Detroit, p. 222.) than the French governor,
Marquis Duquesne de Menneville ordered him to go to Fort
La Presentation, (now Ogdensburg,) under the command of
Chevalier Benoist, (April 15th, 1754). A few months later, the
Indians of Sault Ste. Marie having visited the Five Nations to
ask them to keep neutral in the event of war between their allies,
the French, and the English, Celoron went to Quebec to make
the governor acquainted with these transactions.
In the following year, 1755, Governor Duquesne knowing
the value of Celeron's presence amongst the Indians, ordered
him to command a body of troops which were sent to La Presen-
tation, (see dispatch from Governor Duquesne to Chevalier
Benoist, dated Montreal. March 3d, 1755.) He cannot have
remained there very long as he formed part of a body of five
hundred men sent to Fort Duquesne to support de Contrecoeur,
*At the head of Lake Champlain.
Celoron's Journal. 395
who was threatened with an attack by Braddock. In a list of the
officers who distinguished themselves at the famous hattle of
Monongahela, Chevalier de Celoron's name appears with the rank
of ensign.
In 1756, Celoron lived in Montreal enjoying quietly his ap-
pointments without taking any part in the active service. He was
greatly missed by the Canadian officers, who knew him to be
brave, intelligent and well qualified to command. Through
jealousy, his eneinies were the cause of his disgrace, but he was
too proud to humiliate himself in pleading his own cause.
In a letter from M. de Vandreuil to M. de Machault, it is
said that Celoron was killed in a skimiish near Fort Cumber-
land, in the summer of 1756. (See New York Hist., Doc. Vol.
10 ; but Ferland says that Celoron having been recalled to Quebec
m 1756, took a prominent part in the trial of Stobo, the English
prisoner. On the 2Sth of November, Stobo was ordered to ap-
pear before a court-martial, presided over by the Governor de
Vandreuil. and Celoron is mentioned as being there in the capacity
of atiumey-general, ( procureur-general pour le Roy.)
After having played an important role during the last years
of the French regime in Canada, Celoron de Blainville disappears
from the scene, and I must confess that I cannot find any record
of his death. Perhaps some readers of this historical magazine
will be able to finish this notice, which I would have desired
more complete.
The manuscript Journal of Celoron rectifies an error about
the number of Indians that accompanied him. Mr. Marshall,
and all our historians, have made the same mistake about it.
Lanaudiere — M. de i.anaudiere, mentioned by Celoron in
his Journal, (page 64), played a conspicuous role in his day. I
subjoin a short sketch of him. Charles-Francois-Xavier Tarieu
de Lanaudiere, was born near Quebec, in 1710, and was appointed
Aide-Major of Quebec, in 1743. A few years later he was
charged by the Governor, M. de Beauharnois, to transact the
exchange of prisoners sent by Shirley, Governor of Boston. In
1748, he was sent by M. de la Galissonniere to the fort of the
Miamis to settle difficulties which arose from the murder of a
Frenchman, by the Miamis of La Demoiselle, alluded to by
Celoron. He was on his way home after a voyage, for which
he deserved the thanks of the Governor, when he was met by
Celoron, at Ouinte. He was then promoted to the rank of
Captain. Five years after, he was at Oswego, where he dis-
tinguished himself. At tlie battle of Carillon, (Ticonderoga) he
was commanding a company of Canadians. His services on this
occasion were rewarded by the Cross of St. Louis. In 1759,
396 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
when Wolfe was besieging (Juebec, Lanaudierc was ordered by
the Governor to look after the safety of the inhabitants from the
vicinity of the town. After the conquest he was appointed a
Legislative Councillor, and died in 1776, leaving a large family,
whose descendants occupy prominent positions in Lower Can-
ada. See Daniel, Histoire des grandes families du Canada.
Sabrevois de Bleury, (Jacques-Charles, not Sabrinois, Re-
searches, Vol. n, p. 64) whom Celoron met at Niagara, on
the 6th day of July, had made the campaign against the Chick-
asas with Celoron as lieutenant, 1739. He had acted as French
commandant at Detroit, from 1734 to 1738, and was on his way
there for the second time when Celoron met him at Niagara.
It is likely that he commanded at Detroit, till 1751, when Celoron
replaced him.
ACCOUNT OF THE VOYAGE ON THE BEAUTIFUL RIVER
MADE IN 1749, UNDER THE DIRECTION OF MON-
SIEUR DECELCRON, BY FATHER BONNE-
CAMPS.
Monsieur,
It was not possible for me last year, to give you an account
of my voyage on the Beautiful River.
All the vessels had left Quebec when I reached it. I could,
it is true, have written you by way of New England ; but I had
many things to say to you which prudence would not allow me
to send through the hands of the English. Therefore, in spite
of the great desire that I had to respond to the confidence which
you have shown me, I have chosen the alternative of deferring to
do so, uiUil the departure of our vessels.^
We left la Chine on the 15th of June, toward 3 o'clock in
the afternoon, numbering 23 canoes both French and savage. We
slept at pointe Claire, about two leagues distant from la Chine.
The next day, although starting out quite early, we made hardly
more progress; and we gained les Cedres with much difficulty,
because of the Cascades up which we had to ascend with our
canoes, where the greater number were badly injured by the
rocks.
The 17th. A part of the day was employed in mending
them, and in doubling pointe des Cedres ("point of Cedars")
with half-cargoes. At night, we camped on the shore of the lake ;
the place was a bare tongue of earth, very narrow, at the end of
which was a considerable fall. The canoe of Monsieur de Jon-
caire" unfortunately fell into the water there, and was lost; of
the four men who were in it, three were fortunate enough to
save themselves by swimming; the fourth was not so fortunate,
and perished before our eyes, without our being able to give
him the slightest aid. This was the only man whom we lost
during the expedition.
The i8th. We reached ance aux bateaux ("boat cove"),
which is at the entrance of lake St. Francis. On that day, Mon-
(397)
398 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society PnbUcations.
sieur de Celoron^ detached a party of men to go to recover the
remains of the wrecked canoe.
The 19th. I took our bearings at anse aux bateaux, which
I found to be 45° 32' of latitude. The 21st. We passed lake
St. Francis, which must be seven leagues in length, and two
leagues in its greatest breadth. That night we slept at mille
Roches ("thousand Rocks"). The 22nd. We arrived at the
Long Sault toward eleven o'clock in the morning. There we
made a portage of somewhat more than a quarter of a league,
and reentered the canoes now empty of their lading. We would
do much better to carry them by land, as we would carry bag-
gage ; we would lose less time, and incur less risk ; but custom
is a law against which good sense does not always prevail. The
Long Sault is divided into three channels by two islands. The
ascent is made by the north channel, and the descent by the south
chaimel. The middle one, which is called "the lonely channel,"
is said to be impracticable.
The 25th. We disembarked at the dwelling of the abbe
Piquet, whose new establishment is south of the river — 37
leagues from Montreal, and directly at the end of the rapids.
We found him lodged under a shelter of bark, in the midst of a
clearing of nearly 40 arpents. The fort which he has had
constructed is a square of 70 feet on each side; it is situated at
the mouth of a river, which he has named la Presentation, and
at the base of a little headland, low and marshy. According
to abbe Piquet, the soil is excellent ; but it did not appear so to us.
One sees there as many trees of fir as of hard wood. His whole
village consisted of two men, who followed us into the Beautiful
River.*
The 27th. We arrived at Cataracoui, soon after noon. The
fort of Cataracoui is situated near the bottom of a cove, about
thirty arpents from the river. It is a square of stone-work, 60
toises in extent, each corner being flanked by a bastion. Op-
posite the entrance, a small demilune has been constructed. The
neighborhood of the fort is very open, and liable to surprise. It
is slightly commanded by a little hill, not very far away. The
28lh. I observed its latitude, which I found to be 44° 28'. It is
here that the course of the river St. Lawrence properly begins,
Bonnccatnps' Journal. 399
which, in my judgment, does not exceed 230 leagues. The 29th.
A strong wind from the southwest detained us at Cataracoui.
The 30th. The lake being calm, we took the route to
Niagara, where we arrived on the 6th of July. In all the passage
of lake Ontario, I have seen nothing which could excite curiosity.
I will only tell you that the waters of this lake are very clear
and transparent; at 17 and 18 feet, the bottom can be seen as
distinctly as if one saw it through a polished glass. They have
still another property, very pleasant to travelers, — that of re-
taining great coolness in the midst of the suffocating heat which
one is sometimes obliged to endure in passing this lake.
The Fort of Niagara is a square made of palisades, faced
on the outside with oak' timbers, which bind and strengthen the
whole work. A large stone barrack forms the curtain-wall,
which overlooks the lake; its size is almost the same as that of
fort Frontenac. It is situated on the eastern bank of the channel
by which the waters of lake Erie discharge themselves. It will
soon be necessary to remove it elsewhere, because the bank, being
continually undermined by the waves which break against it, is
gradually caving in, and the water gains noticeably on the fort.
It would be advantageously placed above the waterfall, on a fine
plateau where all canoes are obliged to land to make the portage.
Thus the savages, people who are naturally lazy, would be spared
the trouble of making three leagues by land ; and if the excessive
price of merchandise could be diminished, that would insensibly
disgust the English, and we could see the trade, which is almost
entirely ruined, again flourishing.
On the 6th and the 7th, I observed the western amplitude of
the sun, when it set in the lake ; that gave me 6° 30' Northwest
for the variation of compass. The latitude of the fort is 43° 28'.
On the 8th, the entire detachment arrived at the portage.
The I2th. We encamped at the little rapid at the entrance of
lake Erie. The channel which furnishes communication between
the two lakes is about 9 leagues in length. Two leagues above
the fort, the portage begins. There are three hills'^ to climb,
almost in succession. The 3rd is extraordinarily high and
steep ; it is, at its summit, at least 300 feet above the level of the
water. If I had had my graphometer, I could have ascertained
400 OJiio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications
its exact height ; but I had left that instrument at the fort, for
fear that some accident might happen to it during the rest of
the voyage. When the top of this last hill is reached, there is
a level road to the other end of the portage ; the road is broad,
fine, and smooth. The famous waterfall of Niagara is very
nearly equidistant from the two lakes. It is formed by a rock
cleft vertically, and is 133 feet, according to my measurement;
which I l)elieve to be exact. Its figure is a half-ellipse, divided
near the middle by a little island. The width of the fall is per-
haps three-eighths of a league. The water falls in foam over
the length of the rock, and is received in a large basin, over
which hangs a continual mist.
The 13th. We remained in our camp at the little rapid to
await our savages, who were amusing themselves with drinking
rum at the portage, with a band of their comrades who were
returning from Choaguen (Oswego). The 14th. The savages
having rejoined us, we entered lake Erie, but a strong southwest
wind having arisen, we put back to shore. The 15th. In the
morning, the wind having ceased, we continued our route, and on
the i6th, we arrived early at the portage of Yjadakoin.^
It began at the mouth of a little stream called Riviere aux
pommes ("apple River"), — the 3rd that is met after entering
the lake, and thus it may be easily recognized. The 15th. In
the evening, I observed the variation, which I found to be noth-
ing.
We always kept close to the shore. It is quite re.gular,
straight, but moderately high, and furnishes little shelter; in
many places it is mere rock, covered with a few inches of soil.
Lake Erie is not deep ; its waters have neitlier the transparency
nor the coolness of those of lake Ontario. It is at this lake that
I saw for the first time the wild turkeys ; they dififer in no way
from our domestic turkeys.
The 17th. We began the portage, and made a good league
that day. I observed the latitude at the 2nd station, — that is,
half a league from the lake, — and I found it 42° 33'. The i8th.
Our people being fatigued, we shortened the intervals between
the stations, and we hardly made more than half a league. The
19th. Bad weather did not allow us to advance far; nevertheless
Bonnecamps' Journal. 401
we gained ground every day, and, the 22nd, the pouage was
entirely accomplished.
In my judgment, it is three and a half leagues. The road
is passably good. The wood through which it is cut resembles
our forests in France. The beech, the ash, the elm, the red
and white oak — these trees compose the greater part of it.
A species of tree is found there, which has no other name than
that of "the unknown tree." Its trunk is high, erect, and
almost without branches to the top. It has a light, soft wood,
which is used for making pirogues, and is good for that alone.
Eyes more trained than ours, would, perhaps, have made dis-
coveries which would have pleased the taste of arborists. Hav-
ing reached the shore of lake Yjadakoin, Monsieur de Celoron
thought it well to pass the rest of the day in camp to give his
•people a breatliing-space. On the morning of the 23rd, we
examined the provisions, pitched the canoes, and set out. Be-
fore starting, I took advantage of the fine weather to get the
latitude, which I found to be 42° 30'. Lake Yjadakoin may be
a league and a half in its greatest width, and 6 leagues in its
entire length. It becomes narrow near the middle, and seems
to form a double lake.
We left it on the morning of the 24th, and entered the little
river which bears its name, and which is, as it were, its outlet.
After a league and a half of still water, one enters a rapid, which
extends for three leagues or more; in times of drouth, it is very
shallow. We were told that in the spring, or after heavy rains,
it is navigable ; as for us, we found it drained dry. In certain
places, which were only too frequent, there was barely two or
three inches of water.
Before entering this place, Monsieur de Celoron had the
greater part of the baggage unloaded, with people to carry it to
the rendezvous. On the road, our natives noticed fresh trails,
and huts newly abandoned. From these unequivocal indications,
we inferred that some one had come to spy upon us, and that at
our approach our discoverers had carried the ariarm to the Beauti-
ful River. Therefore, Monsieur the Commandant held a council
on the morning of the 25th, in which, after having declared your
Vol. XXIX -26.
402 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
intentions, he proposed to send Monsieur de Joncaire to la paille
coupee/ to carry thither some porcelain branches, and to invite
the natives to listen to the peaceful message of their father
Onon.tio. The proposition was unanimously approved, and Mon-
sieur de Joncaire set out, accompanied by a detachment of sav-
ages. We then worked at repairing our canoes, and sent them
on, half-loaded. On the morning of the 27th, we again found
the still water, on which we advanced tranquilly until half past
10 on the 28th, — a fatal hour, which plunged us again into our
former miseries. The water suddenly gave out under our
canoes, and we were reduced to the sad necessity of dragging
them over the stones, — whose sharp edges, in spite of our care
and precautions, took ofif large splinters from time to time.
Finally, overcome with weariness, and almost despairing of see-
ing the Beautiful River, we entered it on the 29th, at noon.
Monsieur de Celoron buried a plate of lead on the south bank
of the Ohio; and, farther down, he attached the royal coat of
arms to a tree. After these operations, we encamped opposite
a little Iroquois village, of 12 or 13 cabins; it is called Kanan-
ouangon.*
The 30th. We arrived at la paille coupee. There we re-
joined Monsieur de Joncaire, who told us that our conjecture was
correct ; that the report of our march had thrown all those people
into consternation, and that he had had much difficulty in making
the fugitives return. The chiefs came to greet Monsieur the
Commandant, who bestowed upon them a thousand tokens of
kindness, and sought to reassure them.
The 31st. In the morning, he spoke to them on your be-
half; and in the evening he received their reply, that every one
had been satisfied, — if one could believe it sincere; but we did
not doubt tliat it was extorted by fear.
You will excuse me from reporting here, or elsewhere,
either the words of Monsieur de Celoron, or the replies which
they gave him, because he will send you copies of these.
La paille couple is a very insignificant village, composed of
Iroquois and some Loups. It is situated on the northern bank
of tJie Ohio, and is bounded on the north by a group of moun-
Bonnccamps' Journal. 403
tains which form a very narrow half-basin, at the bottom of
which is the village; its latitude is 42° 5'.
On the 1st of August we broke camp ; and that eveningf we
slept at a little Loup village of 9 or 10 cabins. We marched
all day between two chains of mountains, which border the river
on the right and left. The Ohio is very low during the first
twenty leagues ; but a great storm, which we had experienced
on the eve of our departure, had swollen the waters, and we
pursued our journey without any hindrance.
Monsieur Chabert on that day caught seven rattlesnakes,
which were the first that I had seen This snake differs in no
way from others, except that its tail is terminated by seven or
eight little scales, fitting one into another, which make a sort
of clicking sound when the creature moves or shakes itself.
Some have yellowish spots scattered over a brown ground, and
others are entirely brown, or almost black.
There are, I am told, very large ones. None of those
which I have seen exceed 4 feet. The bite is fatal. It is said
that washing the wound which has been received, with saliva
mixed with a little sea-salt, is a sovereign remedy. We have
not had, thank God, any occasion to put this antidote to the
test. I have been told a thousand marvelous things about this
reptile ; among others, that the squirrel, upon perceiving a rattle-
snake, immediately becomes greatly agitated ; and, at the end of
a certain period of time, — drawn, as it were, by an invincible
attraction, — approaches it, even throwing itself into the jaws
of the serpent. T have read a statement similar to this reported
in philosophic transactions ; but I do not give it credence, for all
that.
The 2nd. Monsieur de Celoron spoke to the Loups. I
took the bearing of our camp on the same day, and found it to
be 41° 41' of latitude.
The 3rd. ^^^e continued our route, and we marched, as on
the first day, buried in the somber and dismal valley, which
serves as the bed of the Ohio. We encountered on our route
two small villages of Loups. where we did not halt. In the
evening, after we disembarked, we buried a 2nd plate of lead
404 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
under a great rock, upon which were to be seen several figures
roughly graven. These were the figures of men and women,
and the footprints of goats, turkeys, bears, etc., traced upon the
rock. Our officers tried to persuade me that this was the work
of Europeans; but, in truth, I may say that in the style and
workmanship of these engravings one cannot fail to recognize
the unskillfulness of savages. I might add to this, that they
have much analogy with the hieroglyphics which they use in-
stead of writing."
The 4th. V.'e continued our route, always surrounded by
mountains, — sometimes so high that they did not pennit us to
see the sun before 9 or 10 o'clock in the morning, or after 2 or
3 in the afternoon. This double chain of mountains stretches
along the Beautiful River, at least as far as riviere a la Roche
("Rocky river'"). Here and there, they fall back from the shore,
and display little plains of one or two leagues in depth.
The 6th. We arrived at Atigue, where we found no per-
son ; all the people had fled to the woods. Seeing this, we went
on, and came to the old village of the Chaouanons. where we
found only a man and a woman, so old that their united ages
would make fully two centuries. Some time afterward, we
encountered five Englishmen who appeared to us to be engages ;
they were ordered to quit that region, and they responded that
they were ready to obey. They were given a letter for the gov-
ernor of Philadelphia; it was a copy of that which you had
given for a model. These English came from Chiningue and
Sinhioto.'^" They had some forty packets of peltries, which
they were preparing to carry to Philadelphia. These packets
consisted of skins of bears, otters, cats, precans, and roe-deer,
with the hair retained, — for neither martens nor beavers are
seen there. The Englishmen told us that they reckoned it 100
leagues from that place to Philadelphia.
The 7th. We found another village of Loups. IMonsieur
de Celoron induced the chief to come to Chiningue to hear your
message. ' At two leagues from there we landed, in order to
speak to the English ; the same compliments were presented to
them as to the others, and they answered us with the same
apparent submission. They were lodged in miserable cabins.
Bofinecamps' Journal. 405
and had a storehouse well filled with peltries, which we did not
disturb.
One of our oflkers showed me a bean-tree. This is a tree
of medium size whose trunk and branches are armed with thorns
three or four inches long, and two or three lines thick at the
base. The interior of these thorns is filled with pulp. The
fruit is a sort of little bean, enclosed in a pod about a foot long,
an inch wide, and of a reddish color somewhat mingled with
green. There are five or six beans in each pod. The same day,
we dined in a hollow cottonwood tree, in which 29 men could
be ranged side by side. This tree is not rare in those regions;
it grows on the river-banks and in marshy places. It attains
a great height and has many branches. Its bark is seamed and
rough like shagreen. The wood is hard, brittle, and apt to decay;
I do not believe that I have seen two of these trees that were
not hollow. Its leaves are large and thickly set ; its fruit is of
the size of a hazelnut, enveloped in down ; the whole resembling
an apple, exactly spherical, and about an inch in diameter.
Now that I am on the subject of trees, I will tell you some-
thing of the assimine-tree, and of that which is called the lentil-
tree. The first is a shrub, the fruit of which is oval in shape,
and a little larger than a bustard's egg; its substance is white
and spongy, and becomes yellow when the fruit is ripe. It con-
tains two or three kernels, large and flat like the garden bean.
They have each their special cell. The fruits grow ordinarily
in pairs, and are suspended on the same stalk. The French
have given it a name which is not very refined, Testiculi asini.
This is a delicate morsel for the savages and the Canadians;
as for me, I have found it of an unendurable insipidity. The
one which I call the lentil-tree is a tree of ordinary size ; the leaf
is short, oblong, and serrated all around. Its fruit much re-
sembles our lentils. It is enclosed in pods, which grow in large,
thick tufts at the extremities of the branches." But it is time
to resume our course.
On the morning of the 8th, Monsieur de Celoron sent me
with an officer to examine certain writings, which our savages
had seen the evening before, on a rock, and which they imagined
to contain some mystery. Having examined it, we reported to
406 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
him tliat this was nothing more than tliree or four English
names scrawled with charcoal. I took the altitude in our camp,
the latitude of which was 40° 46'.
A little after noon, we departed for the village of the
Chiningue. It was three o'clock when we arrived. We dis-
embarked at the foot of a very high slope. It was lined with
people, and they saluted us with four volleys from their guns ;
we responded in the same manner.
Monsieur de Celoron, reflecting upon the disadvanta-
geous situation of his camp, if we remained at the foot of the
slope, decided to have it transported to the top. and to place our
force between the village and the woods. This move was exe-
cuted in sight of the savages, who dared not oppose us.
When we were well established, the chiefs came to salute the
Commandant. After an interchange of compliments. Monsieur
de Celoron manifested his displeasure that they had set up the
English flag opposite that of France, and ordered them to take
it down. The firm tone with which he spoke caused them to
obey him. In the evening we doubled the guard ; and, instead
of 40 men who had mounted guard regularly every night since
our entrance into Yjadakoin, 80 were assigned to that duty.
Moreover, all the officers and engages were ordered to sleep in
their clothing.
On the morning of the 9th, a savage came to tell Monsieur
de Joncaire that 80 warriors starting from Kaskaske were on
the point of arriving; that they came intending to aid their
brothers, and to deal us a blow.
Monsieur de Joncaire, having made his report of this to the
Commandant, the latter immediately gave orders to prepare for
a warm reception of the enemy. These preparations were not
made. The savages, seeing our bold front and our superior
number, quietly withdrew and saluted us very politely in pass-
ing before our camp. During the rest of the day, all was tran-
quil.
On the loth, there was a council, in which Monsieur de
Celoron spoke to them on your part. They responded on the
nth, and we departed immediately after the council. The vil-
lage of Chiningue ^- is quite new; it is hardly more than five or
Bonnecamps' Journal. 407
six years since it was established. The savages who live there
are almost all Iroquois ; they count about sixty warriors. The
English there were lo in number, and one among them was their
chief. Monsieur de Celeron had him come, and ordered him,
as he had done with the others, to return to his own country.
The Englishman, who saw us ready to depart, acquiesced in all
that was exacted from him, — firmly resolved, doubtless, to do
nothing of the kind, as soon as our backs were turned.
From Chiningue to Sinhioto, my journal furnishes me with
nothing curious or new ; there are only readings of the Compass,
taken every quarter of an hour, the list of which would be as
tedious for the reader as for the copyist. I will only tell you
that we buried three plates of lead at the mouths of three ditTer-
ent rivers, the ist of which was called Kanonouaora, the second
Jenanguekona, .and the 3rd, Chinodaichta. It was in the neigh-
borhood of this river that we began to see the Illinois cattle ; but,
here arid elsewhere, they were in such small numbers that our
men could hardly kill a score of them. It was, besides, necessary
to seek them far in the woods.^^ We had been assured, how-
ever, at our departure, that at each point we should find them
by hundreds, and that the tongues alone of those which we
should kill would suffice to support the troops. This is not the
first time when I have experienced that hyperbole and exaggera-
tion were figures familiar to the Canadians.
When we were near Sinhioto, Monsieur de Celoron, by the
advice of the officers and of the savages, despatched Messieurs
de Joncaire and Niverville" to announce our approaching arrival
to the Chaouanons. Their reception was not gracious. Hardly
had the savages perceived them, when they fired on them, and
their colors were pierced in three places. In spite of this hail of
musketry, they advanced as far as the bank, and disembarked
without receiving any wound. They were conducted to the
council-cabin ; but scarcely had Monsieur de Joncaire commenced
his harangue, when a miserable Panis (Pawnee), to all appear-
ances influenced by the English, suddenly arose, crying out that
they were deceived, and tliat the French came to them only to
destroy them. This denunciation was like a war-cry. The
savages ran to arms, and arrested our envoys; they talked of
408 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
binding them to the stake ; and perhaps they would have executed
this threat if an Iroquois, who was by chance present, had not
appeased the furious savages by assuring them that we had no
evil designs. He even promised to go with Monsieur de Jon-
caire to meet us, which he did.
We encountered them on the 22nd, about a league from the
village. Monsieur de Celoron thanked the Iroquois for the zeal
which he had displayed on this occasion, and made him some
small presents.
We finally embarked, in order to go to Sinhioto. We en-
camped opposite the village, where we worked hard, in order to
complete the fort, which had been begun the evening before.
On the 23rd, a council was held ; but the savages raised some
difficulties about the place where they were to assemble. They
desired that we should address them in the cabin appointed for
Councils; Monsieur de Celoron declared, on the contrary, that it
was for the children to come to hear the words of their father
in the place where he had lighted his fire. Briefly, after many
disputes, the savages gave way and presented themselves in our
camp. During the Council, two couriers arrived, to announce
that canoes bearing the French colors had been seen descending
the river of Sinhioto. This news somewhat disconcerted our
grave senators, who imagined that it was a party of warriors
sent against them from Detroit, and that it was our design to
inclose them between two fires. Monsieur the Commandant had
great difficulty to reassure them. Finally, however, their fears
were dissipated, and they continued the Council. The 24th. The
savages responded, but in vague and general terms, which signi-
fied nothing at all.
On the 25th, .^ outaouas arrived with letters from Monsieur
(de) Sabrevois,^"' which notified Monsieur de Celoron that he
had not been able to persuade the savages, of his government to
come to join us on the Beautiful River, as had been projected.
In the evening, there was a bonfire to celebrate the feast of St.
Louis. All the detachment was under arms ; they fired three
volleys of musketry, preceded by several cries of Vive le Roy!
Bonnccamps' Journal. 409
The 26th. The Chaouanons gave a 2nd response which
was somewhat more satisfactory than the ist. After which, we
continued our journey to riviere a la Roche.
The situation of the village of the Chaouanons is quite
pleasant, — at least, it is not masked by the mountains, like the
other villages through which we had passed. The Sinhioto river,
which bounds it on the West, has given it its name. It is com-
posed of about sixty cabins. The English men there numbered
five. They were ordered to withdraw, and promised to do so.
The latitude of our camp was 39° i'
The 28th. We encamped at the mouth of riviere Blanche
("White river"), where we found a small band of Miamis with
their chief, named le Baril ("the Barrel"). They had estab-
lished themselves there a short time before, and formed a village
of 7 or 8 cabins, a league distant from the river. Monsieur de
Celoron requested them to accompany him to the village of la
Demoiselle ("the young Lady"), and they promised to do so.
We passed two days waiting for them. Finally, on the morning
of the 31st, they appeared, followed by their women, their chil-
dren, and their dogs. All embarked, and about 4 o'clock m the
afternoon we entered riviere a la Roche, after having buried the
6th and last leaden plate on the western bank of that river, and
to the north of the Ohio.^'"-
This Beautiful River-— so little known to the French, and,
unfortunately, too well known to the English — is, according to
my estimate, 181 marine leagues from the mouth of the Yjadakoin
(or Tjadakoin) to the entrance of riviere a la Roche. In all this
distance, we have counted twelve villages established on its banks ;
but if one penetrate into the small continent enclosed between lake
Erie and the Ohio, one will find it, according to what has been
told us, much more populous. We have been specially told of a
certain village situated on the river Kaskaske, in which, we are
assured, there are nearly Soo men.^^ Each village, whether large
or small, has one or more traders, who have in their employ
engages for the transportation of peltries. Behold, then, the
English already far within our territory ; and, what is worse,
they are under the protection of a crowd of savages whom they
entice to themselves, and whose number increases every day.
410 Ohio Arch, and Hi^t. Society Publications.
Their design is, without doubt, to establish themselves there;
and, if efficacious measures be not taken as soon as possible to
arrest their progress, we run very great risk of seeing ourselves
quickly driven from the upper countries, and of being obliged to
confine ourselves to the limits which it may please those gentle-
men to prescribe to us. This is perhaps all the more true that
it does not seem probable. 1 resume the thread of my journal.
Riviere a la Roche is very well named. Its bottom is but
one continuous rock ; its waters are extremely shallow. Not-
withstanding this, we had the good fortune to guide our canoes
as far as the village of la Demoiselle. In order to lighten them,
we had landed half of our people. This was thought to have
(occasioned) the loss of Monsieur de Joannes, — who, having
undertaken to follow a savage who was going to hunt, lost him-
self in the woods, and remained there two days without our
being able to obtain any news of him, in spite of all the efforts
which we made. On the 3rd day after his disappearance, we
saw him, when we least expected to do so, at a bend in the river,
conducted by two Miamis.
On the 13th of .September, we had the honor of saluting la
Demoiselle in his fort. It is situated on a vast prairie which
borders Riviere a la Roche ; its latitude is 40° 34'. This band
is not numerous ; it consists at most of 40 or 50 men.^* There
is among them an English trader. Monsieur de Celoron did not
talk with la Demoiselle until the 17th, because he awaited an
interpreter from the Miamis, for whom he had asked Monsieur
Raimond. But, wearied with waiting, and seeing the season
already advanced, he determined to take for an interpreter an
old Sounantouan who was in le Baril's company.
On die i8th la Demoiselle replied, and in his answer prom-
ised to take back his band to their old village in the following
spring; he even gave his word that he would go with us as far
as there, in order to prepare everything for his return. But
the arrival of the Miami interpreter put him in a bad humor ; he
forgot all his promises, and in spite of all that we could do, he
constantly refused to see us. We then left him ; and, after
having burned our canoes and all that we could not carry, we
took leave of him on the morning of the 20th.
Bonnccamps' Journal. 411
Our journey by land was only five days. We were divided
into four brigades, each commanded by two officers. We marched
in single file, because the narrowness of the path would not
permit us to do otherwise. The road was passable, but we
found it quite tedious. In my estimation, the journey from la
Demoiselle's to the Miamis might cover 35 leagues. Three
times we crossed Riviere a la Roche; but here it was only a
feeble brook, which ran over a few feet of mud. A little more
than half-way, we began to skirt the river of the Miamis, which
was on our left. We found therein large crabs in abundance.
From time to time we marched over vast prairies, where the
herbage was sometimes of extraordinary height. Having reached
Monsieur Raimond's post, we bought pirogues and provisions ;
and, on the afternoon of the 27th, we set out, en route for
Detroit.
The fort of the Miamis was in a very bad condition when
we reached it; most of the palisades were decayed and fallen
into ruin. Within there were eight houses, — or, to speak more
correctly, eight miserable huts, which only the desire of making
money could render endurable. The French there numbered 22 ;
all of them, even to the commandant, had the fever. Monsieur
Raimond did not approve the situation of the fort, and main-
tained that it should be placed on the bank of the St. Joseph
river, distant only a scant league from its present site. He
wished to show me that spot, but the hindrances of our departure
prevented me from going thither. All that I could do for him
was to trace for him the plan of his new fort. The latitude of
the old one is 41° 29'. It was while with the Miamis that I
learned that we had, a little before entering riviere a la Roche,
passed within two or three leagues of the famous salt-springs
where are the skeletons of immense animals.^" This news greatly
chagrined me; and I could hardly forgive myself for having
missed this discovery. It was the more curious that I should
have done this on my journey, and I would have been proud if
I could have given you the details of it.
The Miami River caused us no less embarrassment than
Riviere a la Roche had done. At almost every instant we were
stopped by beds of flat stones, over which it was necessary to
412 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
drag our pirogues by main force. I will say, however, that at
intervals were found beautiful reaches of smooth water, but
they were few and short. In the last six leagues, the river is
broad (and deep), and seems to herald the grandeur of the lake
into which it discharges its waters. At 6 leagues above lake
Erie, I took the altitude, which was found to be 42° o'.
We entered the lake on the 5th of October. On entering it,
there is to the left the bay of Unanguisse, which is said to be
very deep. Soon after, one encounters to the right, the Isles
aux Serpents ("islands where there are Snakes"). On the 6th,
we arrived at the mouth of the Detroit River, where we found
canoes and provisions for our return. Monsieur de Celoron had
the goodness to permit me to go to the fort with some officers.
We spent there the entire day of the 7th. I took the latitude in
Father Bonaventure's courtyard, and I fo'md it 42° 38'.
In the evening, we returned to our camp, where we spent the
8th waiting for our savages, a class of men created in order to
exercise the patience of those who have the misfortune to travel
with them. I profited by tliis hindrance in order to take the
latitude of our camp, which was 42° 28'.
I remained too short a time at Detroit to be able to give
you an exact description of it. All that I can say to you about
it is, that its situation appeared to me charming. A beautiful
river runs at the foot of the fort; vast plains, which only ask
to be cultivated, extend beyond the sight. There is nothing
milder than the climate, which scarcely counts two months of
winter. The productions of Europe, and especially the grains,
grow much better than in many of the cantons of France. It is
the Touraine and Beauce of Canada. Moreover, we should
regard Detroit as one of the most important posts of the Colony.
It is conveniently situated for furnishing aid to Michilimakinak,
to the St. Joseph River, to the Bay, to the Miamis, Ouiatanons,
and to the Beautiful River, supposing that settlements be made
thereon. Accordingly, we cannot send thither too many people ;
but where shall we find men therefor? Certainly not in Canada.
The colonists whom you sent there last year contented them-
selves with eating the rations that the King provided. Some
among them, even, carried away by their natural levity, have
Boniiccamps' Journal. 418
left the country and gone to seek their fortune elsewhere. How
many poor laborers in France would be delighted to find a coun-
try which would furnish them abundantly with what would repay
them for their industry and toil.
The Fort of Detroit is a long square ; I do not know its
dimensions, but it appeared large to me. The village of the
Hurons and that of the Outaouas are on the other side of the
river, — (where father La Richardie told me, the rebels were
beginning to disperse, and the band of Nicolas was diminishing
day by day. We had asked news about him, when upon the
Beautiful River;) and were told that he had established his
residence in the neighborhood of lake Erie.-"
We left Detroit on the 9th of October, and on the 19th
arrived at Niagara. I took the altitude twice on lake Erie, —
once at Pointe Pelee, which was 42" 20'; the other time, a little
below pointe a la Biche ("Fawn's point"), which was 43° 6'.
We left Niagara on the 22nd, and, to shorten our road, we
passed along the south shore of lake Ontario. We experienced
on this lake some terrible storms. More than once, we were on
the point of perishing. Finally, notwithstanding the winds and
tempests, our bark canoes brought us safe and sound to Catara-
coui on the 4th of November.
I saw Choaguen in passing, but it was too far for me to
examine it.
On the 7th, we left Cataracoui, and on the loth we arrived
at Montreal. On the road we halted at the dwelling of abbe
Piquet, who was then at Montreal. We found three-quarters
of his fort burned by the Iroquois — sent, they say, for this
purpose, by the English. At one of the angles of the fort they
had caused to be constructed a little redout after the style of the
Fort St. Jean. The fire had spared it. In returning, I shot
all the rapids, the danger of which had been rather exaggerated
to me. The first that one encounters in going out from abbe
Piquet's is les Galaux ("the Gallops") ; it is a very small matter.
The rapide Plat ("Flat rapid") which succeeds it is of still less
importance. The Long Sault has its difficulties. It is necessary
to have a quick eye and sure hand, in order to avoid on the one
side the Cascade, and on the other a great rock — against which
414 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
a canoe, were it of bronze, would be shattered like glass. The
Coteau du Lac is not difficult, because one passes at a considerable
distance from the Cascade. In the passage of les Cedres, there
is no risk except for bark canoes, because the water has but
little depth. "The Thicket" and "the flole" are two difficult
places ; but. after all, one escapes save for shipping a little water
while shooting this rapid. I have not shot "the Hole." Our
guide led us by another way, which was not much better. It was
necessary to cross a very violent current, which will precipitate
you into a very deep cascade, if you miss the right point for
crossing. One of our canoes came near turning a somersault,
not having taken proper precautions. The Sault St. Louis is per-
fectly well known to you.
On the 14th. Monsieur de Celoron and I set out for Quebec,
where we arrived on the i8th of November, — that is to say,
five months and eighteen days after having left it.
I beg of you a few moments' further audience, in behalf of
the chart which I liave the honor to present to you. It is reduced,
on account of its great extent ; it ha? 20 fixed points which have
been furnished to me by the latitudes observed, and which I have
marked with double crosses. The longitude is everywhere esti-
mated. If I had had a good compass, I would have been able to
determine several of its points by observation : but could I or
ought I to rely on a compass of indifferent merit, and of which
I have a hundred times proved the irregularity, both before and
since my return? Can I dare say that my estimates are correct?
In truth, this would be very rash, — especially as we were obliged
to navigate currents subject to a thousand alternations. In still
water, even, v/hat rules of estimation could one have, of which
the correctness would not be disturbed by the variation and in-
equalities of the wind or of the rowers ? As for the points of the
compass, I can answer for having observed them all. and marked
them in my journal with the utmost care ; because I know that
a part of the exactness of my chart depends upon it. I have not
failed to correct them according to the variations that I have
observed. I have similarly corrected the leagues of distance
when such did not accord with the latitude observed. In a word.
I have done my utmost to deserve the marks of esteem which
Bonnccanips' Journal. 415
you have had the goodness to bestow upon nie. If I have been
fortunate enougli to succeed, I beg of you to deign to employ
me, when occasion therefor shall present itself ; that is the only
recompense which I expect for my work
I cannot bring myself to finish this letter without rendering
to Messieurs our ofiicers all the justice that they merit. In the
subalterns I have admired their zeal for the service, their courage
when occasion required it, their submission to the orders of the
Commandant, and their promptitude in exercising them.
As for Monsieur de Celoron, he is a man attentive, clear-
sighted, and active; firm, but pliant when necessary; fertile in
resources, and full of resolution, — a man, in fine, made to com-
mand. I am no flatterer, and I do not fear that what I have
said should make me pass for one.
I have the honor to be with the most profound respect,
MONSIEUR,
Your very humble and
very obedient servant
At Quebec, October 17, 1750. De Bonnecamps, S. J.
NOTES.
I. Beauharnais (vol. Ixvii., note 4)* was nominally suc-
ceeded, as governor of New France, by Jacques Pierre TafFanel,
marquis de la Jonquiere, who received his commission in March,
1746. In the summer of that year. La Jonquiere was sent, in
command of a French squadron, to attack Port Royal ; but, his
fleet being dispersed by a storm off Cape Sable, he was forced to
return to France. Again departing for Canada (May, 1747),
his ship was captured by the English, and he was detained as a
prisoner in England until the following year. Meanwhile,
Beauharnais acted as governor until relieved (Sept. 19, 1747) by
Count de la Galissoniere ; the latter held office two years, when
La Jonquiere came (September, 1749) to assume the authority
granted to him three )'ears before. The governorship was held
by La Jonquiere until his death. May 17, 1752.
Bonnecamps's statement that he reached Quebec too late to
report what he had done, is explained by the fact that La Galis-
soniere left that place, on his return to France, on Sept. 24;
while Celoron's expedition did not arrive at IMontreal until
Oct. 10.
* Jesuit Relations.
416 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
2. Louis i hoiiia.s cic Juucairc. sieur de Chabert, was a
native of Provence, born m 1670. He came to Canada when a
mere boy, and soon became an mterpreter for the Indians; he
also entered the army, and gained the rank of heutenant. His
special service was among the beneca tribe, by whom he was
adopted; he had great influence with them, and the regarded
him as one of their chiefs. The date of his death is not recorded ;
but it must have been about 1740. In 1706. he married (at
Montreal) Madeleine le Guay, by whom he had ten children.
The eldest of these, Philippe Thomas, born in January, 1707,
repeated his father's career, save that he was on intimate terms
with all the Iroquois tribes, as well as with the Senecas. He was
one of the officers who signed the capitulation of Fort Niagara
(1759) ; it is not known how long he lived after that event. It
is this son who is mentioned as an officer in Celoron's expedi-
tion. Some writers say that his mother was a Seneca squaw;
but Tanguay makes him the son of Madeleine le Guay.
3. The identity of Celoron the explorer is not entirely cer-
tain, as there were two brothers of that name, both Canadian
officers, and both employed at frontier outposts and among the
Indians ; moreover, most historical writers have neglected to
make researches sufficiently detailed to settle this question satis-
factorily.
The name of the family was Celoron de Blainville, accord-
ing to Tanguay, Ferland, Gosselin. and other leading Canadian
writers ; but Parkman, Marshall, and some other English his-
torians write it Celoron (or Celeron) de Bienville, and some-
times Bienville de Celoron. The first of this name in Canada
was Jean Baptiste Celoron, sieur de Blainville ; he was born at
Paris, in 1664, the son of a royal councilor. In early youth he
came to Canada, apparently as a lieutenant in the French troops ;
and married, at the age of twenty-two, Helene Picote (widow
of Antoine de la Fresnaye, sieur de Brucy, Francois Perrot's
partner in the fur trade), by whom he had seven children. He
died at Montreal, in June, 1735.
His elder son, Piere Joseph (born in 1693), was also a mil-
itary officer, and served with much distinction, especiallv when
placed in charge of various forts. He was commandant at
Michillimackinac at an early date — probably from 1737 to 1742,
a period broken by a short term of .service (in 1739) against the
Chickasaws in Louisiana ; he led against them a troop of French
and Indians from Canada. From the autumn of 1742 to that of
1743, he commanded at Detroit and again from 1750 to March,
1754. In October, 1744, he was sent to take command of Fort
Niagara, where he remained two years : then spent a short time
at Montreal: and in the spring of 1747 became commandant at
Bonnecamps' Journal. 417
Fort St. Frederic (Crown Point j, remaining there about six
months. In 1750, after his return from the Ohio expedition of
the pievious year, he was ordered to take charge of the Detroit
post. Leaving it in 1754, he probably spent the next six years in
various military operations of the French and Indian war; the
latest mention of his name in Canadian affairs is, apparently,
as one of the defenders of Quebec in 1759. He had married, m
1724 (at Montreal), Marie Madeleine Blondeau, widow of
Charles le Gardeur, and had by her four children. He was again
married (in 1743) — to Catherine Eury, by whom he had nine
children; after she became a widow, she entered (1777) the
Gray Sisters' convent at Montreal, where she died twenty years
later.
The strong preponderance of evidence is in favor of Pierre
as being the explorer of 1749; but some writers ascribe this
service to his younger brother, Jean Baptiste. Celoron kept a
journal of the expedition of 1749. which has been preserved at
Paris, in thearchives of the Department of Marine. From this
document and Bonnecamps's journal (also resting in the archives
of the marine), Marshall drew materials for his paper, "De Cel-
oron's Expedition to the Ohio," published in Mag. Auirr. Hist.,
March, 1878. Bonnecamps's journal was accompanied by a MS.
map (in size 30 by 81 centimeters) drawn by him, locating all
the places mentioned in his journal, where he had taken observa-
tions (p. 197 of this volume). This map was also preserved,
v/ith his memoir, in the above-named archives, but cannot now
be found ; its disappearance seems to have taken place at some
time during 1892-94. A small copy of it (but with modern let-
tering) is given by Darlington in Gist's Journals, at p. 274.
Jean Baptiste Celoron was born in 1696. and was, like Piere,
an officer in the colonial troops. He married (in 1730) Suzanne
Piot, by whom he had five children. Little is positively known
about him. the general references in contemporary documents to
"M. de Celoron" being somewhat confusing; but he was com-
mandant at La Presentation in 1731, with the rank of lieutenant;
and probably it is he who was killed in the summer of 1756, near
Fort Cumberland, while on a scouting expedition. — On this
whole subject, see N. V. Colon. Docs., vols. ix.. x., passim;
Parkman's Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. i. : Marshall, ut supra;
Gosselin, as cited in note ri, ante, and in note 32, post (see p. ivO
of Proceedings, vol. xii.) ; and Farmer's Detroit, p. 227.
4. Francois Picquet, a native of Burgundy, was born Dec.
6, 1708. He early showed a vocation to the religious life, and
entered the Sulpitian order at Paris: he was there ordained in
Vol. XXIX — 27.
418 Ohio A)-ch. and Hist. Society Publications.
1734, when but twenty-five years of age, and at once sent to
Canada. He spent tive years at Montreal, and ten more in the
Sulpitian mission at Lake des Deux Montagues (vol. Lxii., note
16) ; during his stay at the mission, many savages, especially
Iroquois, came to reside there, and he gained much infiuence
over them. Picqnet's favorite scheme was to secure friendship
and alliance between the Iroquois and the French against their
English neighbors ; to that end, he undertook to form a mission
colony of Iroquois, under his personal care and direction. Ac-
cordingly, he founded (in the summer of 1749), at the mouth of
the Oswegatchie River, upon or near the site of the present
Ogdensburg, N. Y., the establishment named by him La Presenta-
tion ; it was not only a mission, but a fortified post. The Iroquois
savages were easily induced to settle there ; at the end of two
years, they numbered about 400 — a number which finally in-
creased to 3,000. Picquet won their enthusiastic affection and
obedience, and secured their loyalty to the French — a service
gratefully acknowledged by Canadian officials. He maintained
this enterprise until the summer of 1760, when, unwilling to swear
allegiance to England, he left Canada — returning to France by
way of New Orleans, where he remained nearly two years. In
his own coimtry, he spent a considerable time in religious labors
in the diocese of P.iris ; in 1765 and in 1770, he received certain
sums of money, in recognition of the services which he had
rendered in Canada: and he finally died at the house of his
sister, at Verjon, July 15. 17S1. — See Gosselin's admirable paper
on "L'Abbe Picquet," witli full and valuable annotations, in
Canad. Roy. Soc. Proc, vol. xii., sec. i, pp. 3-28.
5. At this point there is, on the MS. which we follow, a
note in Francis Parkman's handwriting: "The 3 mountains of
Nonnenbin ?"
6. Yjadakoin, Chadakoin, Tjadakoin, Yadakoin are all va-
riants of the Iroquois name which has now become, through
successive phonetic renderings by French and English tongues,
Chautauqua. The expedition, after coasting the southern shore
of Lake Erie, arrived at the Chautauqua portage (now Barce-
lona), and ascended Chautauqua Creek (the explorers' "Riviere
aux Pommes"). Thence to Chautauqua Lake is a portage of
six miles: having crossed this, Celoron voyaged down the lake
and the "outlet." so-called, and then through Cassadaga and
Conewango Creeks, into the Alleghany. By Celoron and other
early explorers the names "Ohio" and "Beautiful River" were
applied to the Alleghany as well as to the river now called Ohio.
Marshall fp. 138 "of citation in note 31, ante), saysthat the
Senecas do the same even now. Regarding the region just men-
tioned, with identification of Celoron's route, and description of
Boniiccainps' Journal. 419
the old portage road, see Edson's Hist, of Chautauqua Co., N. Y.
(Boston, 1894 j, pp. 74-136.
The "unknown tree" mentioned by Bonnecamps may be the
Cottonwood. Gossehn conjectures that it may be the common
cedar (Thuya).
7. The appellation paille coupee ("broken straw"), is doubt-
less the French translation of the name given by the Indians of
that region to the village in question, which was occupied mainly
by Senecas. It was situated on the Alleghany, a few miles below
the present Warren, Pa.
8. Kananouangon : the village was situated at the mouth
of the stream now known as Conewango — which, after receiv-
ing the waters of Chautauqua Creek, falls into the Alleghany
River, just above the village of Warren. Celoron took posses-
sion for France of the region through which he traveled — in-
dicating this, in accordance with the custom of the time, by bury-
ing at the mouths of rivers engraved leaden plates ; upon these
were suitable inscriptions, recording place, date, and circum-
stances of this taking possession. One of these plates, stolen or
found by Iroquois savages, was delivered by them to Col. Wil-
liam Johnson, in December, 1750; and was soon after forwarded
to the Lords of Trade at London. A facsimile of this inscrip-
tion is given in N. Y. Colon. Docs., vol. vi., p. 611; translated,
it reads as follows: "In the year 1749, in the reign of Louis
XV., King of France, we, Celoron, commandant of a detachment
sent by Monsieur the Alarquis de la Galissoniere, General Com-
mandant of New France, to reestablish tranquillity in certain
Savage villages of these districts. ha\e buried this plate at the
confluence of the Ohio and Tchadakoin, this 29th of July, near
the River Oyo. otherwise Belle Riviere. This we do as a monu-
ment of the renewal of possession which we have taken of the
said River Oyo, and of all the rivers which discharge into it,
and of all the lands on both sides as far as the sources of the
said rivers, even as they have been possessed, or ought to have
been possessed by the preceding Kings of France, and as they
have m.aintained their authority therein by arms and by treaties,
especially by those of Riswick, of Utrecht, and of Aix la
Chapelle." A proces-verbal, of similar tenor, was also drawn up,
and signed by the officers present, at each place thus indicated.
9. The second plate was buried at or near a large boulder,
inscribed by the Indians with numerous hieroglyphics: it was
situated about 9 miles (by the windings of the river) below the
mouth of the stream called by the French of that time Riviere
aux Boeufs (by the Fnglish, Venango), and now known as
French Creek. A view of this rock and a facsimile of the
420 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
hieroglyphics thereon are given in Schoolcraft's Ind. Tribes, vol.
iv., p. 1/2 and plate i8.
10. "Attigue (Atigue, Attiquej was probably on or neur
the Kiskiminitas river, which falls into the south side of the
Alleghany about twenty-five miles above Pittsburgh." The old
village of Chaouanons (Shawnees) "had not been occupied by
the Indians since the removal of Chartier and his band to the
river A'ermillion in the Wabash country in 1745, by order of the
Marquis De Beauharnois." — See Marshall's "Celoron's Expedi-
tion." p. 142.
Parkman {Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. I., p. 45) says that
Attigue was at the site of Kittanning, Pa. This view is strongly
supported by Lambing {Cath. Hist. Researches, Jan.. 1886, pp.
105-107, note 6).
11. These trees are thus identified by Professor L. S.
Cheney, of the University of Wisconsin : The "bean-tree" is the
honey locust ( Gleditschia) ; the "cotton-tree" is the American
sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) ; and the "lentil-tree," the red-
bud or Judas-tree (Cercis Canadensis). Gosselin ("Bonne-
camps," in Canad.' Roy. Soc. Proc, 1895, p. 49) thinks that the
first-named is Robinia pseudacacia, a tree belonging to an allied
genus.
12. The Chiningue of Bonnecamps (Shenango, in English
accounts) was later known as Logstown. It stood on the north
side of the Ohio River, immediately below the present town of
Economy, Pa. (a German communistic settlement established in
1824 by George Rapp). In notes to his edition of Gist's Journals
(Pittsburg, 1S93), Darlington says: "The Shawanese established
themselves here, probably soon after their migration from the
Upper Potomac country and Eastern Pennsylvania, in 1727-30."
Celoron found there also Iroquois, Mohican, and Algonkin
savages. French and English traders, in succession, had stores
at Logstown, which was then an important post in the Indian
trade ; but, after the capture of Fort du Quesne and the erection
of Fort Pitt (1758), Logstown steadily diminished, until, early
in the Revolutionary War, it was wholly deserted, — except that
Wayne's army encamped near its site, from November, 1792 to
April 30, 1793 ; the place was then called Legionville. — See Dar-
lington's careful sketch of its history (ut supra, pp. 95-100). A
note by Parkman on this MS. says: "There appear to have
been, at dififerent times, three distinct villages of Shenango, —
one at the junction of the Chatauqua and the Alleghany (Mit-
chell's Map), the one mentioned above, some way below, and the
third some way up the Big Beaver, near Kuskuski, the Kaskaske
of this journal (Bouquet map)."
Bonnccainps Journal. 421
13. The rivers where Celoron Iniricd his next three plates
are thus identified: Kanonouaora ( ivaiiououara. in Marshall),
probably Wheeling Creek, in West \irginia; Jenanguekona (or
Yenanguakonan ), the Muskingum River, in Ohio; and Chino-
daicluia ( Cliinondaista). the (jreat Kanawha, of Virginia. The
plates at the two latter rivers were found, in 1798 and 1846
respectively ; the former has been preserved by the American
Antiquarian Society, the latter by the Virginia Historical Society.
14. Reference is here made to one of the Niverville branch
of the noted Boucher family. Jean Baptiste Boucher, sieur de
Niverville. and seigneur of Chambly. was born in 1673. In 1710,
he married Marguerite Therese Hertel, by whom he had fourteen
children. Two of these became officers in the Canadian troops —
Joseph (born 1715), and Pierre Louis {born 1722). It is prob-
ably the former who accompanied Celoron ; he was then an en-
sign, and became a lieutenant in 1756. He accompanied Le
Garden r de St. Pierre's expedition to the Rocky Mountain region
(1750-52) ; but his serious illness in 1751 prevented him from
going with the soldiers under his command who in that summer
established Fort La Jonquiere, far up the Saskatchewan. Suite
says {Canad. Fran., t. vii., p. 84) that this fort was at the site
of the present Calgary, N. W. T.
15. Jacques Charles de Sabrevois de Bleury, a lieutenant in
the royal troops, came to Canada probably about 1685 ; he was
commandant at Detroit in 1714-17. In 1695. he married Jeanne
Boucher, by whom he had five children. At least two of his
sons became Canadian officers ; at the time of the conquest, one
was a major, the other a captain. One of them was a com-
mandant at Fort St. Frederic in 1748 and in 1756: and it is pre-
sumably this one who also was in command of the Abenaki
allies of the French at the capture of Fort William Henry.
Jacques Charles, apparently the eldest son, was in command at
Detroit during 173^-38. and again in 1749; probably it was he
who accompanied Celoron. We have not sufficient data for
further identification of these brothers and their respective
careers.
16. Sinhioto is the same as Scioto ; another name applied
to the village by the French was .St. Yotoc — apparently a cor-
ruption of the other name. Most of its inhabitants were Shaw-
nees. although many Iroquois and Northern Algonkins had joined
them, as at Logstown.
The Great Miami River was called by the French Riviere a
la Roche ("Rocky River"), on account of its numerous rapids.
Riviere Blanche is a name applied by them to several streams
which had unusiially clear waters ; m this case, the distances
would suggest that reference is made to the Little Miami. Dunn
422 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
(Indiana, p. 65, note i) thinks that it was the stream now called
White Oak Creek. Celoron buried the last of his plates, at the
mouth of the Great Miami.
17. Kaskaske ( Kushkushkee, Kuskuskis) : a Delaware
town-— on Beaver Creek, according to Parkman ; but more
exactly located by Darlington (Gist's Journals, p. loi) thus:
"On the Mahoning, six miles above the forks of Beaver, where
Edenburgh, Lawrence County, now ^tands. Old Kuskuskis stood
on the Shenango, between the Forks and the mouth of the
Neshannock (where New Castle now stands), on the wide bot-
tom on the west side. Kuskuskis was divided into four towns,
some distance apart."
18. At the time of Celeron's expedition, a band of Miamis
had recently settled on the Great Miami, near the mouth of
Loramie Creek. At their head was the leading chief of the
Miami confederacy, known to the French as "La Demoiselle,"
and to the English (whose firm friend he was) as "Old Britain."
Celoron urged these savages to return to their old settlements on
the Maumee, but La Demoiselle refused to do so, and induced
so many of his tribesmen to settle in his village (called by the
English Pickawillany) that it became one of the largest and
most important Indian towns in the West; it was also a center
of English trade and influence. In June, 1752, it was attacked
by a strong force of Ottawas from the Upper Lakes, under the
command of Charles Langlade ; they captured the village, killed
and ate La Demoiselle, and made prisoners of five English
traders, who were taken by Langlade to Quebec. — See Park-
man's Montcalm and Wolfe, vol. i., pp. 51, 52, 83-85; and
Darlington's Gist's Journals, pp. 124-126. For biography of
Langlade, see Tasse's "Memoir of Langlade," in Wis. Hist.
Colls., vol. vii., pp. 123-1S7.
19. Reference is here made to the salt springs and "lick"
in Boone county, Ky., about twelve miles south of Burlington.
The place is called "Big Bone Lick," from the bones of mas-
todons and elephants which have been found there in great abun-
dance. \'arious collections of these fossil remains have been
made — one by Thomas Jefferson, about 1805 ; he divided it be-
tween the American Philosophical Society (of which he was
president) and the French naturalist Cuvier. This locality was
known to the whites as early as 1729. Salt was made at these
springs by the Indians, doubtless from a very early period, and
afterward by the whites. — See Collin's History of Kentucky
(Covington, Ky., 1874), vol. ii., pp. 51-55; and Thwaites's Afloat
^on the Ohio, p. 197. The latter work contains (pp. 320-328) a
list of journals of travel down the Ohio, dating from 1750 to
1876.
Bonnecamps' Journal. 423
The "fort of the Miamis" was located at Kekionga (or Kis-
kakon), on. the Maumee River, at the site of the present Fort
Wayne, Ind. The Indian name is that of an Ottawa clan (Kis-
kakons — see Vol. xxxiii., note 6), who probably had a village
there, early in the i8th century. The Miamis had moved east-
ward to the Maumee by 1712; and Fort Miamis was early
erected by the French, in order to protect their trade with the
savages of that region. As a result of a conspiracy among
these Indians against the French, Fort Miamis was captured by
them and' burned (1747); but it was soon afterward rebuilt.
This post was surrendered to the English in 1760; after various
vicissitudes of possession. Gen. Anthony Wayne's army en-
camped there (1794), and a strongly-garrisoned fort was estab-
lished— named, in honor of him. Fort Wayne.
20. The Ottawa and Huron bands here referred to had
come to Detroit with Cadillac in 1701. The latter tribe had at
first settled near Fort Pontchartrain ; but removed their village
(probably about 1746) to the Canadian side of the strait, near
the Ottawa village, where now stands the town of Sandwich,
Ont. La Richardie had since 1728 ministered to these and other
Hurons settled in that region. y\. band of these savages, under a
war-chief named Nicolas, had settled (ca. 1740?) at Sandusky
Bay, where they soon established commerce and friendship with
English traders. Nicolas was the head of the conspiracy against
the French, mentioned in the preceding note ; after its failure, he
abandoned Sandusky, and in 1748 removed to the Ohio River.
He was no longer living in 1751.
DECELORON'S EXPOSITION TO THE OHIO IN 1749.»
BY O. H. MARSHALL
The extensive territory lying between the Ohio River and
Lake Erie has been the theatre of many remarkable historical
changes. Its earliest inhabitants left no record of -their origin
or history, save in the numerous tumuli which are scattered over
its surface, bearing trees of the largest growth, not distinguish-
able from the adjacent forest. Measured by the extent and
character of those vast structures, the race that built them must
have been intelligent and populous. When and how they dis-
appeared we know not. Whether they were directly succeeded
by the present race of Indians, or by an intermediate people, are
questions to which history gives no answer. When LaSalle dis-
covered the Ohio he found it in the occupation of the red man,
who claimed possession and ownership over the territory com-
prised within the limits of Western Pennsylvania, Ohio and In-
diana, until the close of the last century. His villages were on
every stream, and his hunting grounds embraced every hill and
valley.
The attractions of the fur trade stimulated eastern adven-
turers to penetrate, from time to time, the forest recesses of the
west, and glowing descriptions were reported of the fertile soil,
mineral wealth and the abundance of the fur-bearing animals.
It was not until England and France, the two great rival powers
of Europe, became impressed with the prospective growth and
value of the territory, and each prepared to grasp the coveted
prize, that the native owners of the soil began to take serious
alarm. On the one side, England claimed to the northern lakes,
while France asserted ownership not only as far south as the
Ohio, but over all the lands drained by its extensive tributaries.
The treaty of Aix la Chapelle, to which both of those powers
were parties, while it terminated a long and sanguinary war in
* Republished from The Magazine of American History vol. 2, pages
130-1.50.
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. 425
Europe, left many subjects of controversy still unsettled. Among
them were the boundaries between the French and English in
America. At the conclusion (130)* of that treaty England lost
no time in initiating measures for the occupation and coloniza-
tion of the disputed territory, and encouraged the formation of
the Ohio Company as one of the efTicient means for accomplish-
ing that purpose. Half a million of acres were granted by the
Crown to that association, to be selected mainly on the south
side of the Ohio, between the Monongahela and Kanawha rivers.
This was coupled with the condition that settlements, protected
by suitable forts, should be established on the grant. The French
were equally alive on the subject, and the demonstrations of the
English aroused the attention of the Marquis de la Galissoniere,
a man of eminent ability and fore-thought, who was then Gov-
ernor of Canada. In order to counteract the designs of the
English, he dispatched Captain Bienville de Celoron,^ a chevalier
of the order of St. Louis in command of a detachment, composed
of eight subaltern officers, six cadets, an armorer, twenty soldiers,
one hundred and eighty Canadians, thirty Iroquois and twenty-
five Abenakis, with orders to descend the Ohio and take pos-
session of the country in the name of the King. The principal
officers under him were de Contrecoeur, who had been in com-
mand of Fort Niagara, and Coulon de Villiers, one of seven
brothers, six of whom lost their lives in the Canadian wars. Con-
trecoeur was subsequently in command of Fort du Quesne, at
or immediately after the defeat of Braddock.
The present article is designed to give an account of that
expedition, to trace its route and to identify as far as possible
the geographical points which it visited. Only brief notices of
the undertaking have heretofore been given to the public. The
discovery of some of the leaden plates, buried by its officers on
the banks of the Ohio, have from time to time av/akened public
interest and curiosity, which the meagre accounts already pub-
lished have failed to satisfy. While recently examining the
archives of the Department de la Marine in Paris the writer met
with the original manuscript journal kept by de Celoron during
* Bold face numerals in parentheses indicate pages in The Magazine
of American History, vol. 2.
426 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
his entire voyage. He also found in the Grandes Archives of
the Depot de la Marine, No. 17 rue de I'Universite, a manuscript
diary of Father Bonnecamps, who styles himself "Jesuitte Mathe-
maticien," and who seems to have been the Chaplain, as well as
a kind of saiHng master of the expedition, keeping a daily record
of the courses and distances they traveled, the latitudes and longi-
tudes of the principal geographical points, with occasional brief
notes of the most important occurrences. In another depart-
ment, called the Bibliotheque du depot de la Marine, there was
found a large Ms. Map, 31^ by 34^ inches square, representing
the country through which the expedition passed, including the
St. Lawrence (131) westward of Montreal, Lakes Erie and On-
tario, the territory south of those lakes as far as the Ohio, and the
whole course of that river from the source of the Allegheny to
the mouth of the great Miami. This map forms an important
illustration of the expedition. On it are delineated by appropri-
ate characters the points where leaden plates were deposited,
where the latitudes and longitudes were observed, and the locali-
ties of the Indian villages visited on the route.
The journals of de Celoron and Father Bonnecamps and
the map of the latter, have furnished the ground-work of the
narrative. Explanatory and historical notes, drawn from other
sources, have occasionally been added.
The first of the leaden plates was brought to the attention
of the public in a letter addressed by Governor George Clinton
to the Lords of Trade in London, dated New York, December
19, 1750, in which he states that he "would send to their Lord-
ships in two or three weeks a plate of lead, full of writing, which
some of the upper nations of the Indians stole from Jean Coeur,^
the French interpreter at Niagara, on his way to the river Ohio,
which river, and all the lands thereabouts, the French claimed,
as will appear by said writing." He further states "that the
lead plate gave the Indians so much uneasiness that they imme-
diately dispatched some of the Cayuga chiefs to him with it,
saying that their only reliance was on him, and earnestly begged
he would communicate the contents thereof to them, which he
had done, much to their satisfaction and the intefests of the
English." The Governor concludes by saying that "the contents
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. 427
of the plate may be of great importance in clearing up the en-
croachments which the French liave made on the British Empire
in America."^ The plate was delivered to Colonel, afterwards
Sir, William Johnson, on the 4th of December, 1750, at his resi-
dence on the Mohawk by a Cayuga sachem, who accompanied it
by the following speech:
"Brother Corlear and War-ragh-i- ya-ghey :* I am sent
here by the Five Nations with a piece of writing, which the
Senecas, our brethren, got by some artifice from Jean Coeur,
earnestly beseeching you will let us know what it means, and
we will put our confidence in you, our brother; we hope you
will explain it ingeniously to us."
Colonel Johnson replied to the sachem, and through him to
the Five Nations, returning a belt of wampum, and explaining
the inscription on the plate. He told them that "it was a matter
of the greatest consequence, involving the possession of their
lands and hunting-grounds and that Jean Coeur and the French
ought immediately to be expelled from the Ohio and Niagara."
In reply, the sachem said that "he had heard with great atten-
tion (132) and surprise the substance of the 'Devilish writing'
he had brought," and that Colonel Johnson's remarks "were fully
approved." He promised that belts from each of the Five
Nations should be sent from the Seneca's castle to the Indians
at the Ohio, to warn and strengthen them against the French
encroachments in that direction.
The following is a literal copy of the inscription in question.
It was sent by Governor Clinton to the Lords of Trade on the
17th of January, 175 1 :
"L'AN 1749 DV REGNE DE LOVIS XV ROY DE
FRANCE, NOVS CELORON, COMMANDANT D'VN DE-
TACHMENT ENVOIE PAR MONSIEVR LE MIS. DE LA
GALISSONIERE, COMMANDANT GENERAL DE LA
NOUVELLE FRANCE POVR RETABLIR LA TRAN
QUILLITE DANS OUELQUES VILLAGES SAUVAGES
DE CES CANTONS.'aVONS ENTERRE CETTE PLAQUE
AU CONFLUENT DE L'OHIO ET DE TCHADAKOIN CE
29 JVILLET, PRES DE LA RIVIERE OYO AUTREMENT
428 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
BELLE RIVIERE, POUR MONUMENT DU RENOUVEL-
LEMENT DE POSSESSION QUE NOUS AVONS PRIS
DE LA DITTE RIVIERE OYO, ET DE TOUTES CELLES
QUI Y TOMBENT, et de TOUTES LES TERRES DES
DEUX COTES JVSQVE AVX SOURCES DES DITTES
RIVIERES AINSIQV'EN ONT JOVI OU DV JOVIR LES
PRECEDENTS ROIS DE FRANCE, ET QUTLS S'Y SONT
MAINTENVS PAR LES ARMES ET PAR LES TRAIT-
TES, SPECIALEMENT PAR CEVX DE RISWICK,
D'VTRECHT ET D'AIX LA CHAPELLE."
The above is certified to be "a true copy" by "Peter De Jon-
court, interpreter."
TRANSLATION.
"In the year 1749, of the reign of Louis the 15th, King of
France, we Celoron, commander of a detachment sent by
Monsieur the Marquis de la Galissoniere, Governor General of
New France, to reestablish tranquility in some Indian villages of
these cantons, have buried this Plate of Lead at the confluence
of the Ohio and the Chatauqua, this 29th day of July, near the
river Ohio, otherwise Belle Riviere, as a monument of the re-
newal of the possession we have taken of the said river Ohio,
and of all those which empty into it, and of all the lands on
both sides as far as the sources of the said rivers, as enjoyed
or ought to have been enjoyed by the kings of France preceding,
and as they ha\e there maintained themselves by arms and by
treaties, especially those of Ryswick, Utrecht and Aix la
Chapelle."
On the 29th of January. 1751, Governor Clinton sent a copy
of the above inscription to Governor Hamilton of Pennsylvania,
informing him that it was "taken from a plate stolen from Jon-
caire some months since in the Seneca country as he was going
to the river Ohio."^
The expedition was provided with a number of leaden plates,
about eleven inches long, seven and a half inches wide and one-
eighth of an (133) inch thick, on each of which an inscription in
French, similar to the one above given, was engraved or stamped
in capital letters, with blanks left for the insertion of the names
of the rivers, at the confluence of which with the Ohio they
should be deposited, and the dates of their deposit. The name
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in i/'^IQ. 429
of the artist, Paul de Bfosse, was engraved on the reverse of
each. Thus provided, the expedition left La Chine on the 15th
of June, 1749, and ascended the St. Lawrence to Fort Frontenac.
From thence, coasting along the eastern and southern shore of
Lake Ontario, they arrived at Fort Niagara on tlie 6th of July.
They reached the portage at Lewisston on the 7th, and ascended
the Niagara into Lake Erie. On the 14th, after advancing a
few miles up the lake, they were compelled by a strong wind
to encamp on the south shore. They embarked early on the
morning of the 15th, hoping to reach the portage of "Chatakouin"
the same day, but an adverse wind again forced them to land.
The southern shore of the lake at this point is described as
"extremely shallow, with no shelter from the force of the winds,
involving great risk of shipwreck in landing, which is increased
by large rocks, extending more than three-fourths of a mile
from the shore." Celoron's canoe struck on one, and he would
inevitably have been drowned, with all on board, had not prompt
assistance been rendered. On the i6th at noon they arrived at
the Chatakouin portage. This was an open roadstead, where
the United States Government many years ago attempted un-
successfully to construct a safe harbor. It is now known as
Barcelona or Portland. As soon as all preparations were made
for the overland passage, and the canoes all loaded. Mm. de
Villiers and le Borgue were dispatched with fifty men to clear
the way. while Celeron examined the situation of the place, in
order to ascertain its fitness for the establishment of a Post. He
says: "I found it ill-adapted for such a purpose, as well from
its position as from its relation to the navigation of the lake.
The water is so shallow that barks standing in cannot approach
within a league of the portage. There being no island or harbor
to which they could resort for shelter, they would be under the
necessity of riding at anchor and discharging their loading by
batteaux. The frequency of squalls would render it a place of
danger. Besides, there are no Indian villages in the vicinity
In fact, they are quite distant, none being nearer than Ganaougon
and Paille Coupee. In the evening Messrs. de Villiers and le
Borgue returned to lodge at the camp, having cleared the way
for about three-quarters of a league." Up to this time, the
430 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
usual routes of the French to the Mississippi (134) had been
by the way of Detroit, Green Bay, the Wisconsin, Lake Michigan
and the Illinois River. They had five villages on the Mississippi,
near the mouth of the Illinois, as early as 1749.
"On the 17th," continues the Journal, "at break of day, we
began the portage, the prosecution of which was vigorously main-
tained. All the canoes, provisions, munitions of war, and mer-
chandise intended as presents to the Indians bordering on the
Ohio, were carried over the three-quarters of a league which
had been rendered passable the day previous. The route was
exceedingly difficult, owing to the numerous lulls and mountains
which we encountered. All my men were very much fatigued.
We established a strong guard, which was continued during the
entire campaign, not only for the purpose of security, but for
teaching the Canadians a discipline which they greatly needed.
We continued our advance on the 14th, but bad weather pre-
vented our making as much progress as on the preceding day.
I consoled myself for the delay, as it was caused by a rain which
I greatly desired, as it would raise the water in the river suffi-
cient to float our loaded canoes. On the 19th, the rain having
ceased, we accomplished half a league. On the 20th and 21st
we continued our route with great diligence, and arrived at the
end of the portage on the banks of Lake Chatacoin on the 22d.
The whole distance may be estimated at four leagues. Here I
repaired my canoes and recruited my men."
It is a little over eight miles in a direct line from the mouth
of Chautauqua Creek on Lake Erie to the head of Chautauqua
Lake. The route taken by the expedition would of course be
more, and probably equal to the four leagues, or ten miles, stated
by Celoron. The difficulties they encountered must have been
exceedingly formidable. Chautauqua Lake is 726 feet above
Lake Erie, and in order to reach the water-shed between the
two lakes, an ascent of at least one thousand feet had to be
overcome. Although at that early day, when the forests were
yet undisturbed, the Chautauqua Creek flowed with fuller banks
than now, yet even then but little use could be made of it by
loaded canoes, except near its mouth. The portage could only
be accomplished for the greater part of the way by carrying the
De Celoroii's Expedition to the Ohio in 1740. 431
canoes, baggage, provisions and supplies on the shoulders of the
men up the steep mountain sides to the summit, from which the
waters flowed southward into Chautauqua Lake. Looking back
from this elevation, a magnificent panorama must have presented
itself to Celoron and his companions. Lake Erie lay at their feet,
with the Canada shore, forty miles distant, in plain sight, while
the extremities of that great inland sea, extending east and west
were lost below the horizon.
(135) The expedition did not loiter long on the banks of
Chautauqua Lake. On the 23d they launched their bark flotilla
on its clear, cool waters, and paddling south-eastward through the
lake, passed the narrows at what are now known as Long and
Bemus Points. The shape of the lake is quite peculiar. Its
northwestern and southeastern extremities, which are nearly
equal, and comprise the greater part of the lake, are connected
by two short irregular straits, between which nestles a small
beautiful bay. The singular configuration of the whole gives
plausibility to the interpretation of the Indian name, Chautauqau,
which is said to signify "a sack tied in the middle."
On the evenmg of the 23d of July the expedition encamped
on shore within three miles of the outlet. The lake is stated by
Celoron to be "nine leagues," or about twenty-two miles long. The
actual length is less than sixteen. Distances are almost always
overstated by the early French voyageurs in America. In the eve-
ning a party of Indians, who had been engaged during the day
in fishing in the lake, reported they had seen the enemy watching
them from the adjacent forest. They had fled as soon as dis-
covered. Early on the morning of the 24th the expedition en-
tered the outlet, a narrow stream, winding through a deep
morass, bordered by a tall forest, which, over-arching the way,
almost shut out the light of day. The water being found quite
low, in order to lighten the canoes, they sent the greater part
of their loading about three-quarters of a league by land, over
a path pointed out by the Sieur de Saussaye, who was acquainted
with the country." The distance they accomplished this day by
water did not exceed half a league. It probably carried them
through the swamp as far as the high land in the neighborhood
of the present village of Jamestown. The next day, before
432 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
resinning their march, Celoron deemed it expedient to convene a
council to consider what should be done in view of the evident
signs of an enemy in the vicinity, who on being discovered had
abandoned their canoes and effects and fled, carrying the alarm
to the adjacent village of Paille Coupee. The council decided to
dispatch Lieutenant Joncaire, some Abenakis and three Iroquois,
with three belts, to assure the fugitives of the friendly object
of the expedition. After the departure of the embassy the
march was resumed over the rapids, with which the outlet
abounded.
"We proceeded." says the Journal, "about a league with
great difficulty. In many places I was obliged to assign forty
men to each canoe to facilitate their passage. On the 26th and
27th we continued our voyage not without many obstacles ; not-
withstanding all our precautions to (136) guard our canoes, they
often sustained great injury by reason of the shallow water.
On the 29th at noon I entered the 'la Belle Riviere.' I buried a
plate of lead at the foot of a red oak on the south bank of the
river Oyo (Ohio) and of the Chanougon, not far from the vil-
lage of Kanaouagon, in latitude 42° 5' 23".' It is unnecessary
to give a copy of the inscription on the above plate, as it is
similar to the one which was sent to Governor Clinton, as before
related, except slight variations in the spelling, accents and ar-
rangement of lines. The three plates which thus far have been
discovered present the same dififerences. The places and dates
of deposit are coarsely engraved, evidently with a knife. In the
one just described the blanks were filled with the words : "Au
confluent de I'Ohio et Kanaaiagon, le 29 Juillet."
"At the confluence of the Ohio and Kanaaiagon the 29th
of July."
The river, spelled "Kanaaiagon" on the plate, "Chanougon"
by Celeron in his Journal, and "Kananouangon," on Bonne-
camps' map, is a considerable stream that rises in western New
York, and after receiving the Chautauqua outlet as a tributary,
empties into the Alleghany just above the village of Warren.
It is now known as the Conewango. On the site of Warren, at
the northwesterly angle of the two rivers, there was. at the time
of Celeron's visit, an Indian village, composed principally of
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. 433
Senecas, with a few Loups, bearing the name of Kanaouagon.
It was opposite tlie mouth of the Conewango, on the south bank
of the Alleghany, that the leaden plate was buried. The follow-
ing is Father Bonnecamps' entry in his diary :
"L'on a enterre une lame de plomb, avec une inscription, sur
la rive meridionale de cette riviere, et vis-a-vis le confluent des
deux rivieres."
"We buried a leaden plate bearing an inscription on the
south bank of tliis river, and opposite the confluence of the two
rivers."
The place of deposit is a little difl:'erently described in the
Proces Verbal drawn up on the occasion. "Au pied d'un chene
rouge, sur la rive meridionale de la riviere Ohio, et vis-a-vis la
pointe d'une ilette. ou se joignent les deux rivieres Ohio et
Kanaougon." "At the foot of a red oak on the south bank of
the Ohio river, and opposite the point of a small island, at the
confluence of the two rivers Ohio and Kanaougon." It will be
noticed that the inscription on the plate recites that it was buried
on the south side of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of the
"Chanougon" (Conewango).
This presents a discrepancy between the inscriptions as given
in the Journals of Celoron and Bonnecamps, and the one on the
plate forwarded by Colonel Johnson to Governor Clinfon in 1751
as above described. (137) The latter states it to have been
buried "at the confluence of the Ohio and Tchadakoin." The
solution of the difficulty seems to be, that the latter plate was
never buried or used, but was abstracted by the Iroquois friendly
to the English, and another plate, having a correct inscription,
was substituted by the French. The inscription on the one sent
to Governor Clinton, was undoubtedly prepared on the supposi-
tion that the Chautauqua outlet emptied into the Ohio. But
when that outlet was found to be a tributary of the Conewango,
and that the latter emptied into the Ohio, a corrected plate, con-
taining the name of the Conewango instead of the Chautauqua,
was substituted and buried, as stated in Celeron's journal.' The
latter plate has never been found. This solution is strengthened
by the fact that none of the accounts of the plate sent to Gov-
Vol. XXIX — 28.
434 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ernor Clinton state that it had been buried, or had been dug up.
The Cayuga Sachem, in his speech quoted in Colonel Johnson's
letter of December 4th, 1750, states that "the Senecas got it by
some artifice from Jean Coeur."
Governor Clinton, in his letter to the Lords of Trade, states
that some of the upper nations, which include the Senecas, "stole
it from Jean Coeur, the French interpreter at Niagara, on his way
to the river Ohio." The Governor states the same in substance
in his letter to Governor Hamilton, of Pennsylvania. The theft
must therefore have occurred while the expedition was on its
way to the Ohio, and before any of the plates were buried. The
original plate was probably soon after carried to England by
Governor Clinton. The names "Chatacoin" and "Chatakouin,"
as spelled by Celeron in his journal, and "Tchadakoin," as in-
scribed on the plate, and "Tjadakoin," as spelled by Bonne-
camps on his map, are all variations of the modem name Chau-
tauqua. It will be found diflferently written by several early
authors. Pouchot writes it "Shatacoin;" Lewis Evans, 1758,
"Jadachque:" Sir William Johnson, " Jadaghque ;" Mitchell, 1755,
"Chadocoin ;" Alden, as pronounced by Cornplanter, "Chaud-
dauk-wa." It is a Seneca name, and in the orthography of that
nation, according to the system of the late Reverend Asher
Wright, long a missionary among them, and a fluent speaker of
their language, it would be written "Jah-dah-gwah," the first two
vowels being long and the last short. Different significations
have been ascribed to the word. It is said to mean "The place
where a child was swept away by the waves." The late Dr.
Peter Wilson, an educated Seneca, and a graduate of Geneva
Medical College, told the writer that it signified Hterally, "where
the fish was taken out."
He related an Indian tradition connected with its origin.
A party of (138) Senecas were returning from the Ohio to Lake
Erie. While paddling through Chautauqua Lake, one of them
caught a strange fish and tossed it into his canoe. After passing
the portage into Lake Erie, they found the fish still alive, and
threw it in the water. From that time the new species became
abundant in Lake Erie, where one was never known before.
Hence, they called the place where it was caught, Jah-dah-gwah.
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. 435
the elements of which are Ga-joh, "tish," and Ga-dah-gwah,
"taken out." By dropping the prefixes, according to Seneca
custom, the compound name "Jah-dah-gwah" was formed.
Among other significations which have been assigned to the word,
but witliout any authority, may be mentioned "The elevated
place," and "The foggy place," in allusion probably, to the situa-
tion of the lake, and the mists which prevail on its surface at
certain seasons.
It will be noticed the Alleghany is called by Celeron the
Ohio, or "La Belle Riviere." This is in accordance with the
usage of all early French writers since the discovery of the river
by LaSalle. The same custom prevailed among the Senecas.
They have always considered the Alleghany as the Ohio proper.
If you ask a Seneca his name for that river, he will answer 0-hee-
yuh. If you ask him its meaning, he will give it as "Beautiful
river."
Mr. Heckewelder, the Moravian missionary, supposing the
word to be of Delaware origin, endeavors to trace its etymology
from several words, signifying in that language, "The white
foaming river." The late Judge Hall of Cincinnati adopted the
same derivation. Neither of them seem to have been aware
that it is a genuine Seneca word, derived from that nation by the
French, and by the latter written "Ohio." Its pronunciation by
a Frenchman would exactly represent the word as spoken by a
Seneca, the letter "i" being sounded like "e." The name "Ohio"
was, therefore, correctly inserted on the plates buried on the
banks of the Alleghany, above its junction with the Monongahela
at Pittsburgh.
At the time the plate was interred opposite the mouth of
the Conewango, as already narrated, all the officers and men of
the expedition being drawn up in battle array, the chief in com-
mand proclaimed in a loud voice, "Vive le Roi," and that pos-
session was now taken of the country in the name of the King.
The royal arms were affixed to a neighboring tree, and a Proces
Verbal was drawn up and signed as a memorial of the ceremony.
The same formality was adopted at the burial of each succeeding
plate. This proces verbal was in the following form, and in each
instance was signed and witnessed by the officers present: (139)
436 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
"L'an. 1749. nous Celeron, C'hevalier de I'ordre Royal et militaire
de St. Loui?, Capitaine Commandant un detachement envoye par
les ordres de M. le Marquis de Galissoniere, Commandant
General en Canada, dans la Belle Riviere accompagne des prin-
cipaux officiers de notre detachement, avons enterre (Here was
inserted the place of deposit.) une plaque de plomb, et fait
attacher dans le memc lieu, a un arbre, les Armes du Roi. En
foy de quoi, nous avons dresse et signe, avec M. M. les officiers,
le present "Proces verbal a notre camp, le (the day of the month)
1749." "In the year 1749 we, Celeron, Chevalier of the Royal
and military order of St. Louis, commander of a detachment
sent by order of the Marquis of Galissoniere, Governor General
of Canada, to the Ohio, in presence of the principal officers of
our detachment, have buried (Here was inserted the place of
deposit) a leaden plate, and in the same place have affixed to a
tree the Arms of the King. In testimony whereof we have
drawn up and signed, with the officers, the present Proces verbal,
at our camp, the (day of the month), 1749." This method of
asserting sovereignty over new territory is peculiar to the French,
and was often adopted by them. La Salle, at the mouth of the
Mississippi in 16S2, thus proclaimed the dominion of Louis Le
Grand, and more recently the same formality was observed when
a French squadron took possession of some islands in the Pacific
Ocean.
A few miles from Kanaouagon, on the right bank of the
Alleghany, just below its junction with the Brokenstraw Creek,
was the Indian village of "Paille Coupee," or Cut Straw, the
name being given by Celoron as Kachuiodagon, occupied prin-
cipally by Senecas. The English name, "Broken Straw," and the
French name, "Paille Coupee, were both probably derived from
the Seneca name, which is De-ga-syo-noh-dyah-goh, which signi-
fies literally, broken straw. Kachuiodagon, as given by Celoron,
and Koshenunteagunk, as given on the Historical Map of Penn-
sylvania, and the Seneca name, are all three the same word in
different orthography, the variation in the first two being occa-
sioned by the difference between the French and English mode
of spelling the same Indian word. Father Bonnecamps states
De Celeron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. 437
the village to be in latitude 41° 54' 3" and in longitude 79° 13'
west of Paris.
While the expedition was resting in the vincinity of these
two Indian villages, a council was held with the inhabitants, con-
ducted by Joncaire, whom Celoron states had been adopted by
the Senecas, and possessed great influence and power over them.
They addressed him in the council as "our child Joncaire." He
was probably the person of that name met by Washington at
Venango four years afterwards,'' and a son of (140) the Jon-
caire mentioned by Charlevoix as living at Lewiston on the
Niagara in 1721, "who possessed the wit of a Frenchman and
the sublime eloquence of an Iroquois." The father, who was a
captive, died in 1740, leaving two half-breed sons, who seem to
have inherited his influence and distinction. Their names were
Chabert Joncaire, Junior, and Philip Clauzonne de Joncaire.
Both were in the French service, and brought reinforcements
from the west to Fort Niagara at the time it was besieged by Sir
William Johnson in 1759. Their names are affixed to the capitu-
lation which took place a few days later. The former was in
command of Fort Schlosser, his brother, who was a captain in
the marine, being with him. They were both in the expedition
of Celoron.
The result of the council held by Joncaire was not satis-
factory to the French. It was very evident there was a strong
feeling among the Indians on the Alleghany in favor of the
English. It did not, however, prevent the French from descend-
ing the river. After pledging the Senecas in a cup of "Onontios
milk" (brandy) the expedition left the villages of Kanaouagon
and Paille Coupee on the first day of August, and after proceed-
ing about four leagues below the latter, reached a village of
Loups and Renards, composed of ten cabins. The Loups were a
branch of the Delawares, called by the English Munseys. Four
or five leagues farther down they passed another small village,
consisting of six cabins, and on the third of August another of
ten cabins. The next was a village on the "Riviere aux Boeufs."
According to Father Bonnecamps, they passed between Paille
Coupee and the Riviere aux Boeufs one village on the left and
four on the right, the latitude of the third on the right being
438 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
41° 30' 30", and the longitude 79" 21' west of Paris. The
Riviere aux Boeufs is now known as French Creek, it having
been so called by Washington on his visit there in 1753. The
English named it Venango. A fort was built by the French in
1753-4 on its western bank, sixty rods below its junction with the
Alleghany, called Fort Machault. In 1760, when the English
took possession, they built another, forty rods higher up, and
nearer the mouth of French Creek, which they called Fort
Venango. In 1787 the United States Government sent a force to
protect the settlers, and built a fort on the south bank of the
creek, half a mile above its mouth, which was called Fort Frank-
lin. From all of which it appears that this was at an early day
an important point on the river. It is now the site of the flour-
ishing village of Franklin. At the tune of Celeron's visit the
Indian village numbered about ten cabins.
(141) After passing the Riviere aux Boeufs and another
on the left, the expedition reached en the same day a bend in
the river about nine miles below, on the left or eastern bank
of which lay a large boulder, nearly twenty-two feet in length
by fourteen in breadth, on the inclined face of which were rude
mscriptions, evidently of Indian workmanship, representing by
various symbols the triumphs of the race in war and in the
chase. It was regarded by the natives attached to the expedition
as an "Indian God," and held in superstitious reverence. It was
a well-known landmark, and did not fail to arrest the attention
of the French. Celoron deemed it a favorable point at which to
bury his second leaden plate. This was done with due form
and ceremony, the plate bearing an inscription similar to that
on the first, differing only in the date and designation of the
place of deposit. Celoron's record is as follows: "Aout 3me,
1749. Enterre une plaque de plomb sur la rive meridionale de
la riviere Oyo, a 4 lieues, au dessous de la riviere aux boeufs,
vis-a-vis une montagne pelle, et aupres d'une grosse pierre, sur
laquelle on voit plusieurs figures assez grossierement gravees."
"Buried a leaden plate on the south bank of the Ohio river, four
leagues below the river Aux Boeufs, opposite a bald mountain,
and near a large stone, on which are many figures rudely en-
graved."
De Ccloron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. 439
Father Bonnecamps states the deposit to have been made
under a large rock. An excellent view of the rock in question,
with a fac-simile of the hieroglyphics on its face, may be found
in Schoolcraft's work on the "Indian Tribes in the United States,"
Vol. VI, p. 172. It was drawn by Captain Eastman of the U.
S. Army while standing waist deep in the river, its banks being
then nearly full. At the time of the spring and fall freshets the
rock is entirely submerged. The abrasion of its exposed sur-
face by ice and floodwood in winter has almost obliterated the
rude carvings. At the time of Celoron's visit it was entirely
uncovered. It is called "Hart's rock" on Hutchins' Topographi-
cal Map of Virginia. The distance of "four leagues" from the
mouth of the river Aux Boeufs, or French Creek, to the rock,
as given by Celoron, is, as usual, a little exaggerated. The
actual distance by the windings of the river is about nine miles.
The league as used by Celoron may be estimated as containing
about two miles and a half. The leaden plate deposited at this
point has never been found, and some zealous antiquarian living
in the vicinity might, from the record now given, be able to
restore it to light, after a repose of more than a century and a
quarter.
From this station Celoron sent Joncaire forward to Attigue
the next day, to announce the approach of the expedition, it
being an Indian settlement (142) of some importance on the left
bank of the river, between eight and nine leagues fartlier down,
containing twenty-two cabins. Before reaching Attigue they
passed a river three or four leagues from the Aux Boeufs. the
confluence of which with the Alleghany is described as "very
beautiful," and a league farther down another, having on its
upper waters some villages of Loups and Iroquois.
Attigue was probably on or near the Kiskiminitas river,
which falls into the south side of the Alleghany about twenty-
five miles above Pittsburgh. It is called the river d'Attigue by
Montcalm, in a letter dated in 1758.'" There were several Indian
villages on its banks at that date. They reached Attigue on the
sixth, where they found Joncaire waiting. Embarking together
they passed on the right an old "Chaouanons" (Shawnees) vil-
lage. It had not been occupied by the Indians since the removal
440 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Snciety Publications.
of Chartier and his band to the river \ ermiUion in the Wabash
country in 1745, by order of the Marquis de Beauharnois. Leav-
ing Attigue the next day, they passed a village of Loups, all the
inhabitants of which, except three Iroquois, and an old woman
who was regarded as a Queen, and devoted to the English, had
lied in alarm to Chiningue. This village of the Loups, Celoron
declares to be the finest he saw on the river. It must have been
situated at or near the present site of Pittsburgh. The descrip-
tion of the place, like many given by Celoron, is so vague that
it is impossible to identify it with any certainty. The clear,
bright current of the Alleghany, and the sluggish, turbid stream
of the Monongabela, flowing together to form the broad Ohio,
their banks clothed in luxuriant summer foliage, must have
presented to the voyagers a scene strikingly picturesque, one
which would hardly have escaped the notice of the chief of the
expedition. If, therefore, the allusion to "the finest place on the
river" has no reference to the site of Pittsburgh, then no mention
IS made of it whatever. On landing three leagues farther down,
they were told by some of their Indians that they had passed a
rock on which were some inscriptions. Father Bonnecamps and
Joncaire, who were sent to examine it, reported nothing but some
English names written in charcoal. This was near the second
entrepot of the English.
Their camp being only two leagues above Chiningue, they
were enabled to reach the latter the next day. They found the
village one of the largest on the river, consisting of fifty cabins
of Iroquois, Shawnees and Loups ; also Iroquois from the Sault
St. Louis and Lake of the Two iVIountains, with some Nippis-
singues, Abenakis and Ottawas. Bonnecamps estimated the num-
ber of cabins at eighty, and says, "we called it (143) Chiningue,
from its vicinity to a river of that name." He records its lati-
tude as 40° 35' 10" which is nearly correct, and longitude as
80° 19'. The place was subsequently known as "Logstown," a
large and flourishing village which figures prominently in Indian
history for many years after this period. Colonel Croghan, who
was sent to the Ohio Indians by Governor Hamilton, of Pennsyl-
vania, in August, 1749, mentions in his journal that "Monsieur
Celaroon with two hundred French soldiers, had passed through
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. 441
I/)gstown just before his arrival."" Crogan inquired of the
inhabitants the object of the expedition, and was told by them
that "it was to drive the English away, and by burying iron
plates, with inscriptions on them at the mouth of each remarkable
creek, to steal away their country."
On reaching Chiningue Celoron found several English
traders established there, whom he compelled to leave. He
wrote by them to Governor Hamilton, under date of August 6th,
1749, that he was surprised to find English traders on French
territory, it being in contravention of solemn treaties, and hoped
the Governor would forbid their trespassing in future. De
Celoron also made a speech, in which he informed the Indians
that "he was on his way down the Ohio to whip home the
Twightwees and Wyandots for trading with the English." They
treated his speech with contempt, insisting that "to separate them
from the English would be like cutting a man into halves, and
expecting him to live."'- The Indians were found so unfriendly
to the French, and suspicious of the objects of the expedition, as
to embarrass the movements of de Celoron. His Iroquois and
Abenaki allies refused to accompany him farther than Chiningue.
They destroyed the plates which, bearing the arms of the French
King, had been affixed to trees as memorials of his sovereignty.
After leaving Chiningue, they passed two rivers, one on
either side, and crossing the present boundary line between Penn-
sylvania and Ohio, reached the river Kanououara early on the
13th. Here they interred the third leaden plate, with the usual in-
scription and customary ceremonies. The blank in the plate was
filled as follows ■ "Enterre a I'entree de la riviere, et sur la
rive Septentrionale de Kanououara, qui se decharge a Test de la
riviere Oyo." "Buried at the mouth and on the north bank of
the river Kanououara. which empties into the easterly side of
the Ohio river." Neither Celoron nor Bonnecamps gives such
a description of the locality as to warrant a positive identification
of the site. The plate was probably buried on the northerly
bank of W'heeling Creek, at its junction with the Ohio, in the
present state of (144) \'irginia. and near where Fort Henry was
subsef|uently built in 1774. No vestige of the plate has been
discovered so far as known.
442 'Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
The expedition resumed its voyage on the 14th, passing the
mouths of three streams, two on the left and one on the right.
Deer abounded along the banks. Two of the rivers are stated
to be strikingly beautiful at their junction with the Ohio. On
the 15th they arrived at the mouth of the Muskingum, called by
Father Bonnecamps Yenanguakonnan, and encamped on the
shore. Here the fourth leaden plate was buried on the right
bank of that river, at its junction with the Ohio. Celoron de-
scribes the place of deposit as follows: "Enterre au pied d'un
erable, qui forme trepied avec une chene rouge et un orme, a
rentree de la Yenanguakonan, sur la rive occidentale de cette
riviere." "Buried at the foot of a maple, which forms a triangle
with a red oak and elm, at the mouth of the river Yenanguako-
nan, and on its western bank."
In 1798, half a century later, some boys, who were bathing
at the mouth of the Muskingum, discovered something project-
ing from the perpendicular face of the river bank, three or four
feet below the surface. With the aid of a pole they loosened
it from its bed. and found it to be a leaden plate, stamped with
letters in an unknown language. Unaware of its historic value,
and being in want of lead, then a scarce article in the new
country, they carried it home and cast a part of it into bullets.
News of the discovery of so curious a relic having reached the
ears of a resident of Marietta he obtained possession of it, and
found the inscription to be in French. The boys had cut ofl
quite a large part of the inscription, but enough remained to
indicate its character. It subsequently passed into the hands of
Caleb Atwater, the historian, who sent it to Goveronr De Witt
Clinton. The latter presented it to the Antiquarian Society of
Massachusetts, in the library of which it is now deposited. A
poor fac-simile of the fragment is given in Hildreth's Pioneer
History of the Ohio Valley, at page 20. It appears to have
been substantially the same as the other plates which have been
discovered, with the exception of a dififerent arrangement of the
lines. The place of deposit is given as "riviere Yenangue" on
the part of the plate which was rescued from the boys. Mr.
Atwater, Governor Clinton and several historians, misled by the
similarity between the names "Yenangue" and "Venango," sup-
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. 443
posed that it had originally been deposited at Venango, an old
Indian town at the mouth of French Creek in Pennsylvania, one
hundred and thirty miles above the mouth of the Muskingum,
and had been carried down by a freshet, or removed (145) by
some party to the place where it was discovered. The Journal
of de Celoron removes all doubt on the subject, and conclusively
establishes the fact that the plate was originally deposited where
it was found, on the site where old Fort Harmer was subse-
quently built, and opposite the point where the village of Marietta
is now situated.
After the deposit of the fourth plate was completed, the
expedition broke up their forest camp, embarked in their canoes,
and resumed the descent of the river. About three-fourts of a
mile below the Muskingimi, Father Bonnecamps took some ob-
servations, and found the latitude to be 39° 36' and the longi-
tude 81° 20' west of Paris. They accomplished twelve leagues
on the i6th, and on the 17th, embarking early, they passed two
fine rivers, one on each side, the names of which are not given.
On the i8th, after an early start they were arrested by the rain
at the mouth of the Great Kanawha, which is called by Father
Bonnecamps "Chinodaichta." The bank of this large stream,
flowing from the southeast, and draining an extensive territory,
was chosen for the deposit of the fifth plate. Only a brief
record of the ceremony is given. A copy of the inscription is
omitted by Celoron. but his record of the interment of the plate
IS as follows : "Enterree au pied d'un orme. sur la rive meridion-
ale de TOyo, et la rive orientale de Chinondaista, le 18 Aout,
1749." "Buried at the foot of an elm on the south bank of
the Ohio, and on the east bank of the Chinondaista, the i8th
day of August, T74Q.
Fortunately the discovery of the plate in March, 1846, leaves
no doubt of the inscription. It was found by a boy while play-
ing on the margin of the Kenawha river. Like that at the mouth
of the Muskingum, it was projecting from the river bank, a few
feet below the surface. Since the time it was buried, an ac-
cumulation of soil had been deposited above it by the annual
river freshets for nearly one hundred years. The day of the
deposit, as recorded on the plate, corresponds precisely with the
444 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
one stated by de Celoron. The spelling of the Indian name
of the river differs slightly from the Journal, that on the plate
being "Chinodahichetha." Kenawha, the Indian name of the
river in another dialect, is said to signify "The river of the
woods." The place selected by Celoron for the interment of the
plate must have been one of surpassing beauty. The native
forest, untouched by the pioneer, and crowned with the luxuriant
foliage of Northern Kentucky, covered the banks of both rivers,
and the picturesque scenery justified the name of "Point Pleas-
ant," which was afterwards bestowed by the early settlers. On
the i6th day of October, 1774, it became the scene of a bloody
(146) battle between an army of Virginians, commanded by
Colonel Lewis, and a large force of western Indians, under the
leadership of the celebrated Cornstalk, Logan, and others, in
which the latter were defeated. ^^
The expedition was detained at this point by the rain. It
re-embarked on the 20th, and when they had proceeded about
three leagues, Father Bonnecamps took the latitude and longitude,
which he records at 38° 39' 57" for the former, and 82° i' for
the latter. Joncaire was sent forward the next day with two
chiefs from the Sault St. Louis and two Abenakis, to propitiate
the inhabitants of "St. Yotoc," a village they were now approach-
ing. They embarked early on the morning of the 22d, and
reached St. Yotoc the same day. This village was composed
of .Shawnees, Iroquois, Loups, and Miamis, and Indians from
the Sault St. Louis, Lake of the Two Mountains, as well as
representatives from nearly all the nations of the "upper coun-
try." The name "St. Yotoc" seems to be neither French nor
Indian. It is probably a corruption of Scioto. Father Bonne-
camps calls it "Sinhioto" on his map. He records the latitude
of the south bank of the Ohio, opposite its mouth, at 38° 50' 24",
and the longitude 82° 22'. Pouchot. in his "Memoires sur la
derniere g-uerre" French edition, vol. III., page 182, calls the
river "Sonhioto." This village of St. Yotoc, or Scioto, was prob-
ably on the north bank of the Ohio, a little below the mouth of
the Scioto, now the site of Alexandria. Its principal inhabitants
were Shawnees.
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. 445
The expedition remained here until the 26th of August. On
the 27th they proceeded as far as the riviere La Blanche, or
White river, which they reached at ten at night. On the bank
of the Ohio, opposite the mouth of this river, Bonnecamps
found the latitude to be 39" 12' 01", and the longitude 83° 31'.
Emba'-king on the 30th, they passed the great north bend of the
Ohio, and reached the riviere a la Roche, now known as the
Great Miami. Here their voyage on the Ohio ended, and they
turned their little fleet of bark gondolas northward into the
channel of its great tributary.
The sixth and last of the leaden plates was buried at this
place. The text of Celoron's Journal reads as follows: "Enterree
sur la pointe formee par la rive droite de I'Ohio, et la rive gauche
de la riviere a la Roche, Aout 31, 1749." "Buried on the point
formed by the intersection of the right bank of the Ohio, with
the left bank of the Rock river, August 31, 1749." So far as
known, this plate has never been discovered. Celoron calls the
Great Miami the Riviere a la Roche, and Pouchot, quoted above,
and other French writers give it the same name.
The expedition left its encampment at the mouth of this
river on the (147) first day of September, and began the toil-
some ascent of the stream, now greatly diminished by the summer
drought. On the 13th they arrived at "Demoiselles," which
Father Bonnecamps, with his constant companion the astrolabe,
found to be in latitude 40° 23' 12". and longitude 83° 29'. This
was the residence of La Demoiselle, a chief of a portion of the
Miamis who were allies of the h^nglish.^* The fort and village
of La Demoiselle were mentioned by M. de Longueil in 1752.
It was probably situated on what was afterwards known as
Loramie's Creek, the earliest point of English settlement in Ohio.
It became quite noted in the subsequent history of the Indian
wars, and was destroyed by General Clark in his expedition of
1782. A fort was built on the site several years afterwards by
General Wayne, which he named Fort Loramie. Here the
French remained a week to recruit, and prepare for the portage
to the Maumee. Having burned their canoes, and obtained some
ponies, they set out on their overland journey. In arranging
for the march, M. de Celoron took command of the right, and
446 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
M. de Contrecoeur of the left. The distance was estimated by
Celoron as fifty leagues, and five and a half days were allotted
for its accomplishment.
They completed the portage on the 25th, and arrived at
Kiskakon. This appears to be the Indian name for the site of
Fort Wayne, which was built there in 1794. Celoron found it
a French post, under the command of M. de Raymond. It un-
doubtedly took the name of Kiskakon, from a branch of Ottawas
that removed to this place from Missillimackinac, where tliey had
resided as late as 1682. It was here that de Celoron provided
pirogues and provisions for the descent of the Maumee to Lake
Erie. The Miami Chief "Pied Froid," or Coldfoot resided in
the village. He appears not to have been very constant in his
allegiance either to the French or the English.
Leaving Kiskakon on the 27th of September, a part of the
expedition went overland to Detroit, and the remainder descended
the river by canoe. The latter landed near Detroit on the 6th
of October. Having renewed his supplies and canoes for the
transportation of his detachment, Celoron prepared for the re-
turn to Montreal by way of Lake Erie. His Indian allies, as
usual, occasioned some delay. They had stopped at the mouth
of the Maumee, and were overcome by a drunken debauch on
the white man's fire water. It was not until the 8th of October
that the party finally launched their canoes, and descended the
river into Lake Erie. Their first night was spent on its northern
shore at Point Pellee. Nothing worthy of note occurred during
their traverse of the lake. They reached Fort Niagara on the
19th, where they remained three (148) days. Leaving tliere on
the 22d, they coasted the south shore of Lake Ontario, and ar-
rived at Fort Frontenac on the 6th of November, their canoes
badly shattered by the autumnal gales, and their men greatly
fatigued with the hardships of the voyage. They pushed on,
however, with as little delay as possible to Montreal, which they
reached on the loth of October, having, according to the esti-
mate of both de Celoron and Father Bonnecamps, traveled at
least twelve hundred leagues.
Allusion has been made to the changes which took place
in the Ohio Valley prior to the expedition of de Celoron. Those
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in i/4p. 447
which have since occurred are no less remarkable. Both the
French and the English continued equally determined to possess
the country north of the Ohio. The former stretched a chain
of posts from Niagara to the Mississippi, as a barrier against
English encroachments, and to exclude the Indians from their
influence and control. To counteract these demonstrations. Gist
was sent by the Ohio Company in 1750 to survey its lands pre-
liminary to their occupation and settlement. In 1753 Washing-
ton was dispatched by Governor Dinwiddie to Venango and Le
Boeuf on what proved to be a fruitless mission. A post was
established the same year by the English at Pittsburgh, which
was captured the next by the French, and called after the Marquis
du Quesne. It was occupied by the latter until retaken by Gen-
eral Forbes in 1756.
This was followed the next year by an expedition under
Washington, who at the age of twenty-two drew his maiden
sword at the Great Meadows in an encounter with a detachment
of French under Jumonville, which resulted in the death of the
latter. Washington pushed on farther west, but the advance
of the enemy with strong reinforcements compelled him to fall
back to the Great Meadows, which he strengthened and fortified,
under the significant name of Fort Necessity. Here he was
attacked by the Frencli under Coulon de Villiers, a brother of
Jumonville, with a vigor inspired by the desire of avenging his
brother's death. Washington was compelled to capitulate. The
French were thus enabled to acquire complete control for the
time being over the disputed territory. Thus was the opening
scene in the great drama of the "Old French War" enacted. The
disastrous defeat of Braddock followed the next year, and ex-
posed the whole frontier to the hostile incursions of the French
and Indians.
In 1759 the grand scheme for the conquest of Canada, con-
ceived by the illustrious Pitt, was carried into execution. The
expeditions of Amherst against Ticonderoga, Wolfe against
Quebec, and Prideatix against Niagara, resulted in the fall of
those important fortresses. (149) Major Rogers was sent
to the Northwest in 1760 to receive possession of the French
posts, which had been surrendered to the English by the capita-
448 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
lation of Quebec. He was met at Cuyalioga by Pontiac, the Ot--
tawa, who forbade his farther progress. "I stand," says he,
"in your path; you can march no farther without my permis-
sion." A friend to the French, a leader in the attack on Brad-
dock, ambitious and vindictive, Pontiac was a chief of command-
ing intellect and well qualified for bold enterprises and strategic
combinations. These qualities were indicated in his great con-
spiracy for the simultaneous capture of the ten principal posts
in the Northwest, and the massacre of the English trading in
their vicinity. Eight of those posts, embracing Sandusky, St.
Joseph, Miami, Ouatanon, Mackinaw, Presque Isle, Le Boeuf
and Venango successively fell before the deep laid plans of the
wily chieftain. Forts Pitt and Detroit successfully withstood
the most vigorous assaults, and the latter a protracted siege con-
ducted by Pontiac himself.
Now war in all its horrors raged w'ith savage intensity along
the entire frontier. The unprotected settlers, men, women and
children, were massacred and scalped, or if spared, borne away
mto a hopeless captivity. The English colonists were aroused
to meet the emergency, and Colonel Bouquet was sent in 1763
with a large force into the Indian territory to relieve the western
posts, but was compelled to halt at Pittsburgh.
The succeeding spring found the Indians again on the war-
path, and Detroit was invested for the second time by Pontiac.
An expedition was sent to the Northwestern posts under Brad-
street, and another under Bouquet penetrated the interior of
Ohio. Bradstrect was duped by his crafty adversaries into a
peace not intended to be kept, but Bouquet, undeceived by similar
artifices, pushed on to the heart of the Indian country. At the
junction of the White Woman and Tuscarawas rivers he dictated
a peace by his bold and energetic movements, which, with the
exception of occasional outbreaks, was destined to last until the
commencement of the great contest between the colonists and
the mother country.
The treaty of 1783 left the western tribes without an ally,
and the United States became free to extend the arts of peace
over their new territory. The pioneers shouldered the axe and
the rifle, and marching westward in solid column, invaded the
De Celoron's Expedition to the Ohio in 1749. 449
land. The frail canoe and sluggish batteau, which had so long
and wearily contended with the adverse currents of the Ohio,
were soon replaced by the power of steam. The dense forests
that for a thousand miles had fringed both borders of the ( 150)
river were opened to the sunlight, and thriving cities and smiling
villages arose on the ruins of the mound builders. The narrow
trails of the Indian, deep worn for centuries by the tread of
hunter and warrior, were now superseded by the iron rail and
broad highway. The hardy emigrants and their descendants
subdued the wilderness, and with tlie church, the school-house,
the factory and the plough planted a civilization on the ruins
of a fallen barbarism.
The dominion and power of France have disappeared, and
no traces of her lost sovereignty exist, save in the few names she
has left on the prominent streams and landmarks of the country,
and in the leaden plates which, incribed in her language and
asserting her claims, still lie buried on the banks of the "Beauti-
^"' ^'''^'■" O. H. Marshall.
NOTES.
1. This name is usually spelled Celeron, but incorrectly.
M. Ferland, in his Coiirs d'Histoire du Canada, vol. ii, p. 493,
calls him Celoron de Blainville.
2. Joncaire.
3. N. Y. Col. Doc, vi, p. 604.
4. The Indian name of Sir William Johnson. It signifies
"Superintendent of Affairs."
5. V. Penn. Col. Records, p. 508.
6. N. Y. Col. Doc, ix, p. 1097.
7. This observation, like most of those taken by Father
Bonnecamps, is incorrect. Either his instnnnents were imper-
fect or his methods of computation erroneous. The true latitude
of the mouth of the Conewango is less than 41° 50', as it is
twelve miles south of the boundary line between New York and
Pennsylvania.
8. On Crevecoeur's Map of 1758. in Depots des Cartes,
Ministere de la Guerre, Paris, the Conewango is called the
"Chatacouin" as far down as its junction with the Alleghany.
9. Governor Clinton, in his address before the New York
Historical Society in 181 1, inquires if the Joncaire met by Char-
Vol. XXIX — 29.
450 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
levoix and Washington were the same. They could not have
been, for the one mentioned by Charlevoix died in 1740.
10. N. Y. Col. Doc, IX, 1025; X, ib., 901.
11. N. Y. Col. Doc, VII, p. 267.
12. N. Y. Col. Doc, VI, pp. 532-3.
13. See Vol. I, p. 747, Magazine of American History.
14. N. Y. Col. Doc, X, pp. 139, 142, 245 and 247.
15. Major Long of the U. S. Army, in his second expedi-
tion to the St. Peter's River in 1S23, traveled over the same route
ORIGIN OF INDIAN NAMES OFiCERTAIN STATES
AND RIVERS.
BY WILLIAM E. CONNELLEY,
Secretary of the Kansas State Historical Society.
Explanations of the origin of certain Indian names are
varied and conflicting. The writer submits the following authori-
tative statements relative to the derivation and meaning of the
names of the states of Iowa, Missouri, Mississippi, Ohio and
Kentucky, and the rivers Ohio, Mississippi, Missouri and Neosha:
IOWA.
The Iowa Indians called themselves Pahoja, meaning Gray
Snow. The lowas are of the Siouan family. They descended
from the Winnebago stem of that family. At an early day they,
in company with kindred bands, migrated to the Southwest from
the country of the Great Lakes. On the Fox river, near the
Mississippi, they separated from the others. They wandered
over all that country between the Missouri and the Mississippi
rivers as far north as Minnesota and the Dakotas. The first
whites to come in contact with them called them Aiaoues or
loways. They still maintain tribal relations on the reservations
in Kansas and Nebraska. These are the people who gave their
name to that tract of country now embraced in the state of Iowa
— and furnished the name to the state itself.
MISSOURI.
The origin and the meaning of this word are both lost. It
is probably of Algonquian origin. People of that stock lived on
the east bank of the Mississippi in what is now Illinois. Perhaps
they spoke of the river and country to the west as the Missouri
river and the Missouri country. The cause for the use of this
name and the circumstances under which it came to be applied
are no longer known. Among the people from whom the lowas
separated on the Fox river was another band calling thmeselves
Niutachi. They, too, wandered in this western land through
(451)
452 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
which flows the great river. It may be that on this account,
their Algonquian neighbors called them Missouris. At any rate,
they became known as the Missouri tribe of Indians. They be-
long to the great Siouan family. Members of this tribe are stil'
to be found on reservations in Kansas and Nebraska. Their
applied name attached itself to the great river, and from the
river the state of Missouri got its name. There is no sufficient
evidence that the name has any reference to the muddy water
of the Missouri. If it should turn out that it is of Sioux origin,
then it certainly has not. The Sioux word for water is me-ne.
Me-ne-sotz, Me-ne-2i^o\\s, M c-ne-h3.Va., are good examples of its
extensive use for present-day geographical names. It was
shortened to nc by the Osages, who named the Neosho — ne,
water, and osho, bowl, a river of deep places — bowls or basins.
So, Missouri, so far as now known, does not mean muddy ivater.
In all probability it has no reference to water of any kind.
MISSISSIPPI.
This name is of Algonquian oiigin. Sipu in that tongue
means river. The traditions of the Delawares tell of a migra-
tion of that people. They came to a mighty river, now believed
to have been the Mississippi. They called it Namaesi-sipu, that
is. Fish river. They always spoke of it as the Namaesi-sipu.
W'hether they had in fact crossed this river or not, their de-
scendants believed they had and applied to it always the name
given it by their ancestors in an early age. In its wide-spread
usage through the centuries, the name became modified or slightly
shortened. But it remains to this day the Macsisipu or Fish
river. The name of the river gave name to tlie state of Missis-
sippi. There is no significance in the name even approaching
"Gathering in all the Waters", or "Great Long River", or "Father
of Waters", or "Mother of Floods". White people may rightly
attribute these qualities to the great river, but it is erroneous and
wrong to contend that the Indian name carries any such meaning;
for it does not.
OHIO.
It is strange that students still perpetuate — or attempt to
perpetuate — the errors which have long surrounded the origin
Origin of Indian Names of Certain States and Rivers. 453
of this name. There is no doubt but that the French called the
Ohio River "La Belle Riviere" or "Beautiful River". But they
got no such name from the Indians. It was their own name
for this fine stream. In Colonial times it was often spoken of
as "The River Red with Blood", or "The Bloody River". These
allusions later attached to the Kentucky river through the misap-
prehension of the explorers and pioneers.
The word Ohio means great — not beautiful. It is an
Iroquoian word. In Wyandot it is O-he-'zhii. In the Mohawk
and Cayuga it is O-he-'yo. In the Oneida it is O-he'. In the
Seneca it is the same as in the Wyandot. The Wyandots called
the river the O-he-'zhu — the Great river. All the Iroquois
called it the Great river. It ran from their western possessions
to the gulf — the sea. They considered it the main stream.
With them it was the Ohio to the Gulf of Mexico.
The state of Ohio got its name from the Ohio river.
The origins urged for the name of Kentucky are erroneous.
"Meadow-lands", "At the Head of a River", "The Dark and
Bloody Ground", are all applications of misapprehensions. "The
River Red with Blood", or "Bloody River", attached to the Ohio
river, as already noticed. From this, the name "Bloody River"
became fixed upon tlie Kentucky river, and possibly other
branches of the main stream. This connection is the progenitor
of the "Dark and Bloody Ground" of Boone and other explorers.
Ihe Iroquois conquered the Ohio valley and expelled or
exterminated the Indian tribes living there and with whom they
battled. It was, no doubt, a bloody conquest. Memory of it
remained among the victors as well as the defeated tribes, for a
fair land was made a solitude. None dared live there. The
conquerors might have done so, but the time for their removal
thither never came. The land included in the state of Ohio
was a part of the conquest. In fact, it embraced the larger
part of the Ohio valley.
The Iroquois desired to retain this conquered domain. They
set the Wyandot? (Iroquoian) as over-lords of it to live in it,
and to manage it in their name. They had seen the ruin of
454 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
other eastern tribes and could but believe that they might share
the same fate. In that case, they, too, would take refuge in the
West — in the Ohio valley. They saved their possessions there
for that purpose. And in speaking of their fine holdings in that
valley they designated them as "The Land of Tomorrow", that
is, the land in which they intended to live in the future if thrown
out of their present homes.
Hah-she'-trah, or George Wright, was the sage of the Wyan-
dots. He lived to a great age, and died on the Wyandot Re-
serve, in what is now Oklahoma, in 1899. His father was a St.
Regis Seneca, and his youth was spent among the Iroquois in
New York and Canada. He was a man of great intelligence, and
he had the instinct of the historian. He belonged by both kinship
and adoption to the Wolf Clan of the Wyandots, and his name
signifies "The Footprint of the Wolf". I knew him well for a
quarter of a century. Much of what I have written here under
the head of "Kentucky" he told me.
And he said more. The word Kiih'-ten-tah'-teh is of the
Wyandot tongue. It means, in the abstract, a day. It may
mean a period of time, and can be uesd for past or future time.
When shortened to Ken-tah'-teh it means "tomorrow", or "the
coming day", though it is not the word ordinarily used for those
terms. But it came to be the word used to apply to the Iroquoian
possessions on the Ohio, and, gradually, to those on the south
side of the Ohio. That is, these holdings constituted "The Land
of Tomorrow", or "The land where we will live Tomorrow" —
"The Land where we will live in the future". A good transla-
tion of the word as it came to apply to the country of Kentucky
is "The Land of Tomorrow".
This Wyandot word, like other Indian proper names, was
corrupted by the whites. "Ken-tah'-teh" easily became "Can-
tocky", "Cantuckee", or "Kaintuckee", and, finally, through vari-
ous changes, assumed its present form — Kentucky, "The land
of Tomorrow".
I have no doubt as to this being the true origin and correct
significance of the name Kentucky.
Topeka, Kansas, August 18, 1920.
THE CENTENARY OF«SANDUSKY COUNTY.
BY BASIL MEEK.
(Read at the centennial celebration of Sandusky county, August 2, 1920.)
Sandusky county has a wonderfully interesting history, but
only a few of the more important facts will be attempted to be
given by me on this occasion of its centenary of years. The
time allotted will necessarily preclude the mention of many of
the romantic incidents in its aboriginal and early civil and mili-
tary history. Reference to these is hereby made to an article by
the writer, entitled "The Evolution of Sandusky County", pub-
lished in the Ohio Archaeological and Historical Publications,
Vol. 24, page 132, where a fuller history appears.
The region of country, comprising what is now Sandusky
county, is within what has been, since the discovery of the New
World by Columbus, under the dominion of the several powers
of Spain, France, England, and of course the United States. And
it is not saying too much to add, the dominion of what may be
called the Republic of Virginia, for to this power, rather than
the greater ones mentioned, we are more directly connected, in
our history; and to this our more particular attention will be
given, with some facts as to the aboriginal occupation.
Virginia's claim to all the vast domain later known as the
Northwest was based on the charter of 1609, granted her col-
onists by England, which in its area of country included all
within defined boundaries. West and Northwest from the Atlantic
coast, from "sea to sea", i. e., from the Atlantic to the Pacific
oceans, but which was subsequently, by treaty with contending
powers, limited in its western boundary by the Mississippi river.
Virginia formed counties whose western boundaries ex-
tended to the Mississippi river, and in which our region was
embraced, in the order following: Orange county, in 1734;
Augusta, in 1738; Botetourt, in 1769; and the county of Illinois
formed from Botetourt in 1778. This latter county was created
as the result of the conquest from England, of the country west
(455)
466 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
of the Alleghanies and north of the Ohio river to the Mississippi,
by George Rogers Clark, under the authority of Virginia, in
1778, then a defacto republic, and claiming that England, by the
act known as the Quebec Act, in 1774, was violating the rights of
Virginia granted by the charter of 1609, in annexing this region
to the Province of Quebec and prohibiting settlements therein
by her people.
In 1784 X'irginia ceded all the region named to the Federal
Government, and we accordingly came under the jurisdiction of
the United States. Counties were foniied including the region
of what is now Sandusky county, as follows : Hamilton county,
which came into existence in 1790. It did not then, however,
embrace our county, but in 1792 its boundaries were extended to
include the same : W'avne county was formed in 1796. The latter
was not the present county by that name in Ohio. It was and
is Wayne county, of which Detroit, in the state of Michigan, is
the county seat. It included all of northwest Ohio, part of
Indiana, including Fort Wayne, part of Illinois, including the
site of Chicago, and all of Michigan. Thus it will appear that
we were then in a county with Detroit its seat of justice.
Ohio state was admitted into the Union in 1803 ; since when
Sandusky county has been during the periods mentioned, em-
braced within the county of Franklin, 1803-1808; within the
county of Delaware, 1808-1815; and in the countv of Huron,
1815-1820.
ABORIGINAL OCCUPATION.
Long ages prior to the advent of civilized man this region
was inhabited by a pre-historic race, long since wholly vanished
from the earth, leaving no evidence whatever of their existence
save only structures known as "earthworks" or "enclosures",
found here along the Sandusky river, one of which was within
what is now the city of Fremont, two south of the city, several
between the city and Sandusky Bay, and two near the mouth of
Pickeril Creek, a total in all, in the county, of eighteen of these
pre-historic sites (History of Sandusky Co. — Meek. p. 38.)
The aborigines of authentic history here were, first, the Erie
or Cat Nation, from whom Lake Erie is believed to have derived
its name. They, about the first of the seventeenth century, in
The Centenary of Sandusky County. 457
war with the Indians from east of the Niagara country, known
as the Five Nations, were completely exterminated and their
region, left a solitude, thus continued until about the first decade
of the eighteenth century, when it was reinhabited by the Wyan-
dots, with Ottawas and remnants of dispersed western tribes,
which had been driven into exile westwards by the Five Nations,
about the middle of the seventeenth century. It seems that the
Five Nations had lost or abandoned their absolute supremacy,
but still claimed some rights in the region.
Thereafter the \V3'andots became the dominant aboriginal
power, b-at other tribes on friendly relations with them shared in
occupation of the region, which was an important one for them
all. The beautiful Sandusky river, which flows through the
entire county, teemed with fish, and its marshes and valleys
abounded in fowl and large game. It was, indeed, a suggestion
to them of their happy hunting ground, in their hoped for "Land
of the Hereafter".
All pretended dominion over the Northern Ohio country, by
the Five Nations, then the Six Nations, was by treaty, in 1784,
abandoned in favor of the Federal Government.
By a treaty in 1795 (there were previous, but unsatisfactory
treaties), with the \\'yandots and all other tribes in any way
claiming to be interested, known as the "Greenville Treaty", all
lands south of the treaty line, together with the two-mile square
tract at the lower rapids of the Sandusky river, now the city of
Fremont, were ceded to the United States ; and all the lands
north thereof except certain reservations, which we need not
mention, were conveyed to the tribes "to live and hunt on", being
the extent of title recognized by civilized governments in favor
of native savage tribes.
The first land owned by the United States, embraced in
Sandusky county, clear of Indian claim, was this two-mile square
tract, now the county seat of the county. The next was the
Maumee and Western Reserve road lands, by treaty in 1808,
ceding a tract the entire distance through the county, from the
western line of the Western Reserv^e, and passing through the
site of what is now Fremont, in a northwesterly direction. 120
feet in width, for a road, and one mile adjoining the same on
458 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
either side for settlement; and also for a road tract 120 feet in
width, to run southwardly from Lower Sandusky to the Green-
ville treaty line.
By a treaty, September 20th, 181 7, at the foot of the rapids
of the Maumee river, the tribes ceded all their title to all the
remaining lands in northwestern Ohio to the United States Gov-
ernment, which was in 1820, February 12th, carved by the Ohio
legislature into fourteen separate counties, of which Sandusky
was one. The act creating these counties took effect April i,
1820.
The name of Sandusky county is derived from that of the
river, which in aboriginal expression is Tsaendosti, pronounced
San-doos-tee, and means "It is cold fresh (water)".
When created the county contained two townships only,
Sandusky on the west side of the river, and Croghan on the east
side, both organized by the county commissioners of Huron
county. The two embraced all the territory within the following
boundaries, viz. : East of the east line of Wood county and
Lucas county, as now existing, including the townships of Oregon
and Jerusalem in the latter, to the west lines of Huron and Erie
counties, as now organized, with a small part of Erie now ad-
joining Sandusky Bay in the northeast part of Margaretta town-
ship, and north, all within said east and west boundaries, from
the north line of Seneca county to Lake Erie. Seneca county
was attached to Sandusky county for judicial purposes, and thus
remained for four years. Our county, with Seneca attached,
contained only about eight hundred souls. At the first election
for county officers, the first Monday in April, 1820, there were
only 175 votes cast.
In 1840 Ottawa County was created, taken mostly from San-
dusky, and now includes all of the territory of the latter as
originally formed, lying north of the north boundary lines of the
townships of Townsend, Riley, Rice, Washington and Wood-
ville, as now existing, and extending thence to the original
boundary line in Lake Erie.
The seat of justice was located temporarily at Croghansville,
on the east side of the river, where it remained for the period
of two years. Here the common pleas court was held and
The Centenary of Sandusky County. 469
official business conducted in a house owned by Moris A. New-
man, at the northeast corner of Ohio Avenue and Pine Street.
The first term of the court was held May 8th, 1820, with Judge
George Todd presiding, and associate Judges David Harrold,
Alexander Morris and Israel Harrington sitting. David Todd,
the noted War Governor of Ohio, was a son of Judge George
Todd.
At the May term, 1822, of the court of common pleas,
Charles R. Sherman, of the commission appointed by the legis-
lature to permanently locate the county seat, made his report for
the commission, establishing the same in the "Town of Sandusky"
on the west side of the river. The report was approved by the
court, which thereupon adjourned to a hewn log school house,
situated in the permanent seat of justice, thus located. This log
house stood near the site of the location of the present high
school building. Courts were here held, both common pleas and
supreme, for several years, until the erection of a frame building
as a permanent court house, on the grounds where Rev. W. A.
Bowman resides, on Court Street, then fronting on Arch Street.
It was first located and partly constructed where the M. E.
Church stands, and finally removed to its present location about
1828. Charles R. Sherman, who made the report on the perma-
nent county seat, was the father of a son named William Tecum-
seh, then about four years old, who became the distinguished
General Sherman in the Civil War. Mr. Sherman Sr. became
a supreme court Judge and, with Judge Burnet, held a term of
that court in this school house.
In 1829, by act of the state legislature, the two villages of
Croghansville and Sandusky were united by the name of the
"Town of Lower Sandusky." In 1849 the name was changed to
Fremont.
When this county was formed there was not a railroad in
existence in the United States. There were no telegraphs, tele-
phones, electric lights, grain reapers, mowing machines, sewing
machines, threshing machines, power printing presses, linotypes,
typewriters, automobiles or flying machines. All these with
many other inventions and discoveries, adding comfort and happi-
460 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ness to the people, have come within the marvelous century of
the county's history.
The first year tax collection was $3,535. The last year's
collection is about one million dollars. Its population was 800,
with only 175 voters; now we have a population of 37,000 with
9,000 voters. Outside the two-mile square tract, the county was
comparatively a wilderness. A view now of the country com-
prising the county, with its splendid farms of broad and fertile
fields, productive orchards, sightly wood lands, its fair capital
city of 13,000 population with its great factories and successful
merchants, its thriving villages, its churches and school houses,
steam and electric railways, telegraphs, telephones, improved
roads, automobiles, flying machines passing over us daily, rural
mail delivery, and beautiful homes in the city, villages and coun-
try, inspire us with joy to say of our beloved county : Surely
"The lines have fallen to us in pleasant places; Yea, we have a
goodly heritage",
S\!!^¥i>
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL
SOCIETY.
REVIEWS, NOTESJAND COMMENTS.
By the Editor.
TWO TIMELY BOOKS ON LAFAYETTE
The True LaFayettc, by George Morgan J. B. Lippincott
Company, Philadelphia. 489 pages. Price $2.50.
"The True Lafayette" is a somewhat ambiguous title ; but
in this instance the word "true" is applicable alike to the man
and the story of his life.
The work is about all that could be desired in a single
volume. It is a timely, straight-forward and authentic portrayal
of this consistent champion of liberty in Europe and America.
It is based on the authority of a galaxy of writers who at differ-
ent periods have borne testimony to Lafayette's varied, fortunate
and eminent career. The reader is kept constantly in touch with
the sources from which the author has drawn his materials for
this remarkably interesting book.
The frequent quotations and marginal references make it
a valuable manual for students wishing to develop more fully any
phase of the life of Lafayette, while they fortify the general
reader in the essential truth of the narrative. For instance,
practically every biographer who has written on the subject tells
us how words that fell from the lips of the Duke of Gloucester,
brother to George III of England, at a banquet, turned the
thoughts of the youthful Lafayette to the war that our fore-
fathers were waging for independence. We here quote to show
how appropriately and convincingly the author presents this turn-
ing point in the career of this French boy of noble birth :
"With several other officers, LaFayette, 'in his handsome
dress uniform of blue and silver,' was a guest at this long-drawn-
out banquet given by a prince of France to a prince of England.
(461)
462 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Let us now summon Jared Sparks, who had an account of the
dinner from the lips of LaFayette liimself, and who shall tell
us what happened:
'Dispatches had just been received by the Duke from England and
he made their contents the topic of conversation; they related to American
affairs. The details were new to LaFayette; he listened with eagerness
to the conversation and prolonged it by asking questions of the Duke.
His curiosity was deeply excited by what he had heard, and the idea of
a people fighting lor liberty had a strong influence on his imagination ;
the cause seemed to him just and noble, from the representation of the
Duke himself; and before he left the table, the thought came into his head
that he would go to America, and offer his services to a people who were
struggling for liberty and independence. From that hour he could think
of nothing but this chivalrous enterprise.'
"Of course this was the turning point of La Fayette's life.
Historic indeed was the scene at the Commandant's board in that
old garrison town two hundred miles east of Paris. The impres-
sion made upon LaFayette, comments Charlemagne Tower, 'was
of the kind which goes deep down into men's hearts and remains
there forever.' "
Here we have the story from so eminent an authority as
Jared Sparks, who got it from Lafayette himself.
Americans who think of Lafayette in terms of his knightly
service in the Revolution and the joyous outpouring of the people
to greet him on the occasion of his visit as the "nation's guest"
in 1824-1825 are naturally somewhat surprised that there should
be any question raised in regard to the high place that this friend
of universal liberty should hold in history.
It was Lafayette's fortune, however, to pass through the
French Revolution. From America he took back to his native
land an abiding faith in constitutional liberty. He was opposed
to the arbitrary rule of the Bourbon king. When that rule was
overthrown, he refused to support the red terror that rose in its
place. Thus he incurred the hatred of the royalists on the one
hand and the Jacobin regicides on the other. His position was
somewhat similar to that of Milyukof and Kerensky after the
overthrow of Czar Nicholas. As they were driven from power
by the Bolsheviki — the red regicides of our day — so Lafayette
was diiven into exile and the dungeon by the Jacobin communists
Reviezt'S, Notes and Comments. 463
of his day. That portion of Morgan's book which treats of this
period of Lafayette's career is illuminating and highly satis-
factory.
The account of Lafayette's visit to America is comparatively
brief but this is adequately covered, for the general reader, in
Levasseur's two volumes devoted to this happy experience of
his career.
The author has adopted the spelling La Fayette. It is true
that writers differ in their spelling of this name, but the final
authority on the subject is Lafayette himself who wrote it
"Lafayette" as his numerous autograph signatures attest.
Fortunately the book has a table of contents and index. The
latter, however, might have been more extended.
Something must be added in regard to the attractive form
of the work. The paper and typography are fully up to the
high standard of the "true" biography series of this well-known
publishing house. The illustrations are numerous and uniformly
excellent. The reproduction of paintings, engravings and mini-
atures has become an art in recent years, and the cuts in this
book exhibit this art at its best.
The general merit of Mr. Morgan's book is of such high
order that it deserves a place in every public and private library
that accords shelf room to the founders of our Republic and the
friends of constructive progress. We live in times when La-
fayette's ideal of republican institutions is approaching realiza-
tion ; in times, too, that call for a larger measure of his altruistic
spirit and a wider exemplification of his guiding principle and
master passion of "Liberty regulated by Law."
With Lafayette in America, by Octavia Roberts. Houghton
Mifflin Company. Boston and New York. 294 pages.
Price $5.00.
WHien one picks up this beautiful volume his attention is
caught by the portrait of Lafayette on the front cover artistically
stamped in gold. Opening the book, he is delighted to find a
striking and faultless reproduction of the famous painting by
Peale, representing the benefactor of America as he appeared
when with generous impulse and youthful ardor he donned the
464 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Revolutionary uniform and entered the army of Washington.
In fidcHty to the original and artistic tinish this portrait is un-
surpassed. Other illustrations are fitting accompaniments to this
sumptuous volume, with large clear type that rests and delights
the eye
Under the frontispiece portrait is a faithful autograph signa-
ture which shows that the General spelled his name "Lafayette,"
not "La Fayette."
The textual content of the book is the history of Lafayette's
service in the Revolution and his visit to America. This is told
in a style that will interest boys and girls and the general reader
of mature years. The person who reads the opening paragraphs
will reluctantly lay it aside before he has read it through.
While the author does not introduce lengthy quotations or
use notes of any kind, she constantly keeps the reader apprised
of the fact that she has consulted the authorities. Some of her
brief excerpts are very happy and, so far as we are aware, not
elsewhere found in a work of this scope and purpose.
Many who with keen ancestral consciousness trace their
origin to the Emerald Isle will read with satisfaction, on page
95, that Lafayette in a letter to Washington declared that Ireland
"is a good deal tired of English tyranny" and adds:
"I, in confidence, tell you that the scheme of my heart is to
make her as free and independent as America."
On page 290, occurs the quotation from Lafayette's reply
to the twen<:y-six congressmen who had voted against reimburs-
ing him for the money he had expended in the American Revolu-
tion and who now came to assure him that their objections to
the bin were "technical not personal." For this vote they had
been severely criticised by the press and their constituents. La-
fayette relieved their embarrassment in these felicitous words:
"I can assure you that if I had the honor of being your
colleague, we should have been twenty-seven, not only because I
partake of the sentiments that determined your votes, but because
I think the American nation has done too much for me."
Reviews, Notes and Comments. 465
This quotation is a gem, and the reader will thank the author
for including it.
A wrong impression is left on page 288, by the statement
that the senate "finally voted 'yea' unanimously" on this bill.
Seven senators at one time voted against it including Senator
Brown from Ohio who opposed it in a speech.
While the author uses the correct spelling of the name of
Lafayette she makes a mistake in the spelling of another name
that occurs very frequently in the volume. She writes the
name of Lafayette's private secretary "Lavasseur." It should
be "Levasseur."
The book has no index. Why so reputable a publishing
house would issue such a work without an index we do not
know. In these times of "ready references," "prompt library
service" and 'American hurry," indexes are almost a necessity.
Perhaps the index is reserved for a second edition.
This book is stimulating and inspiring. It is timely and
covers in a single volume a field not recently attempted by
other writers. It is an appropriate gift to any young American.
PANISCIOWA — JEAN BAPTISTE DUCOIGNE.
Through an incidental suggestion of Mr. W. D. Barge, of
1708 Prairie Ave., Chicago, Illinois, we have been enabled to
establish the identity of Chief Panisciowa and Jean Baptiste
Ducoigne. or, as the name is variously spelled, Decoigne, Ducoin
and Du Quoin. There are still other variations. The daughter
of this chief met Lafayette at Kaskaskia and much space was
given to that meeting in the July Quarterly. Levasseur speaks
of her as Mary and of her father as Panisciowa. This was prob-
ably his Indian name. Lafayette's secretary devoted much at-
tention to what she said and doubtless exercised care in recording
her nrme and that of her father as he received them from her
lips.
In Bulletin No. 30. Part i, "Handbook of American Indians,"
issued by the Bureau of American Ethnology, page 405, we have
the following:
Vol. XXIX — 30.
466 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
"Ducoigne, Jean Baptiste. A Kaskaskia chief at the begin-
ning of the 19th century, noted mainly for his firm adherence
to the United States and friendship for the whites. Reynolds
(Pion. Hist., III. 22, 1SS7) describes him as a cunning half-
blood of considerable talent. In his Memoirs, Gen. W. H. Har-
rison, who had dealings with Ducoigne, speaks of him as 'a
gentlemanly man, by no means addicted to drink, and possessing
a very strong inclination to live like a white man ; indeed has done
so as far as his means would allow.' Writing to the Secretary
of War, he says : 'Ducoigne's long and well-proved friendship
for the United States has gained him the hatred of all the other
chiefs and ought to be an inducement with us to provide as well
for his happiness, as for his safety.' According to Reynolds,
Ducoigne asserted that neither he nor his people had shed the
blood of white men. He was a signer of the treaties of V'in-
cennes, Aug. 7 and 13, 1803; by the latter the United States
agreed to build a house and inclose 100 acres of land for him.
He had two sons, Louis and Jefiferson, and a daughter, Ellen,
who married a white man and in 1S50 was living in Indian Ter.
The name of Louis appears on behalf of the Kaskaskia in the
treaty of Edwardsville, 111., Sept. 25, 1818. Ducoigne's death
probably occurred shortly before Oct., 1832, as it is stated in
the treaty at Castor Hill, of that date, that there should be
leserved 'to Ellen Ducoigne, the daughter of their late chief,'
a certain tract of land. The name is perpetuated in that of the
town of Dequoin, Perry Co., 111."
It will be noted that the daughter named in this sketch is
Ellen. Whether this was another daughter or whether she was
married a second time to a white man or whether it was the
same daughter, here given a different name, we are not able to
determine at this time. It is pretty well established, however,
that Mr. Cyrus Thomas of the Bureau of American Ethnology
who wrote this sketch is mistaken in regard to the approximate
time of the death of the Indian chief. He had been dead some
time before the coming of Lafayette in 1825 according to the
statement of his daughter Mary.
In a letter under date of May i, 1790, Governor Arthur St.
Qair, writing from Cahokia to the Secretary of War, thus refers
to this chief:
"Baptiste DuCoigne. whom you may remember with the
Marquis de Lafayette, is chief of the Kaskaskia nation, settled
in Kaskaskia. I have been plagued with a great many of his
Revieivs, Nntcs and Comments. 467
talks. The nation is very inconsiderable, and I do not think it
necessary to trouble you with them at present. He himself is
the greatest beggar I have met with among nations who are all
beggars. He counts no little upon his having been with the
American troops in Virginia and so far he merits some coun-
tenance."
Under date of May 8, 1799. writing from the same place,
however, Governor St. Clair takes occasion to answer a speech
by Ducoigne in a very ditYerent spirit from that suggested in the
above quotation. His speech to the Indian chief was in French.
The original and the translation are both found in Vol. 2 of the
St. Clair Papers. The translation is as follows :
"My son : — It is with much pleasure that I have received
the congratulations which you have offered me upon my arrival
in this country : I and the other gentlemen whom you see around
me render thanks to God, who has guarded and sustained us
during a very long and wearisome journey. I have great pleas-
ure in seeing you, and in taking you by the hand in witness of my
friendship. The finn attachment which you have shown to the
United States of America, is well known, and consequently you
are entitled to much respect.
"It is true, my son, that for a long time you have seen no
one who has come from the government of the States, and I,
who am the first envoy on their part, have been hindered a long
time after the time fixed for my arrival, by many inevitable
accidents ; but the United States never forget their friends,
and the people of this country are their children, whom they will
never abandon.
"My son, my heart is troubled on account of the injuries
which you have suffered. I know well that you are surrounded
by foolish and cruel nations, who love to have their hands steeped
in blood : but I have good hopes that an end will be put to their
depredations, because I am come as the ambassador of peace
to all the people who dwell in this land. If they will listen to
the good words which I shall speak to them, it will be for their
own happiness and that of the human race — all, they and our-
selves, then can follow our occupations with good courage, and
the young people will grow and flourish like the green trees,
and abundance will be found beneath their steps. But, my son,
it is only to a certain point that evil proceedings can be suffered ;
after that, patience becomes feebleness, a reproach from which
the United States at all times withdraw themselves. If they will
468 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
listen to me — good ; if they will not listen, they will sutler the
consequences.
"Peace is the delight of the United States, but tliey are also
formidable in war; of that you, Du Coigne, have been the eye-
witness. Believe me, my son, it will not always be a disgrace
to have been their friend.
"My son, I have all the confidence in the world in the sin-
cerity of your words, that they come from the depths of your
heart, and that you do not speak with the lips only. I also tell
you, with all possible sincerity, that I am very glad to see you,
that I am touched by your misfortunes and that I shall try to
soften them.
"That which you have told me touching brandy is but too
true. This excess in drinking is verily the ruin of the Indians,
but they have such a passion for it that it is difficult to restrain
them; it is not easy, either, to deter the whites from this species
of commerce, because, scattered like you through the woods,
they can carry it to you secretly, and consequently with im-
punity. And if it were possible to hinder the Americans and the
French entirely from carrying on this trade, there are others
who would do it, and if not, they would go and seek it them-
selves from the Spaniard ; however, we will try to put some limit
to this traffic.
"The love, my son, which you show for the place of your
birth, where the ashes of your ancestors are deposited, is a
sentiment of nature and of generosity in which I am perfectly
in accord with you. I hope the good God will never forsake
this country and that when you have run the number of days
that are assigned to you, you will have an honorable burial with
all the rites of religion.
"The inclination which you have, my son. to see the worship
of God established, and that a proper attention should be paid to
the education of the young people, pleases me extremely, and I
am troubled to know that the priests have withdrawn. Certainly
I shall recall them only at the end. and I hope that you will fol-
low the good road, and that the young will be instructed, in their
duties towards God, towards man, and towards each other.
"You can assure the Peorias and the Cahokias of my good
will on their account, and that I will make known to the Presi-
dent of the United States, General Washington, whom you know,
and who is at this hour the chief of all. both civil and militar)',
the desire they have to return to this country. The commissary
will give you some powder, to aid your people who are in the
hunting-ground."
Rez'iezvs, Notes and Comments. 469
COLONEL FREDERICK W. GALBRMTH, JR.
NEWLY ELF.CTED NATIONAL CUMMANDER OF THE AMERICAN
LEGION.
Colonel Galbraith enjoys the distinction of having been both
sailor and soldier in the course of his career. He was born at
W'atertown, Massachusetts, May 6, 1874, and later attended
grammar school in Springtield, that state. He was graduated
from a nautical training school at Boston in 1893 and served in
various positions aboard American sailing ships after his grad-
uation. In 1908 he went to Cincinnati where he became treas-
urer of the Western Paper Goods Company. A fellow soldier
who has intimately known the Colonel for years has furnished
the following sketch of his military sen-ice :
Colonel F. W. Galbraith"s connection with things military
began in 191 6 when he became identified with the First Ohio
National Guard at Cincinnati in the capacity of Major. His first
big task was to gain for the regiment the support and co-opera-
tion of the leading interests of Cincinnati and the other cities
where units of the regiment were located.
In the spring of 19 17 he became Colonel and immediately un-
dertook an intense recruiting campaign to bring the unit of the
regiment up to full strength. The declaration of war increased the
seriousness of the responsibility but did not materially increase
voluntary enlisting. However, on being called into Federal serv-
ice on July 15, 1917, the Colonel's regiment, the First Ohio In-
fantry, was in excellent shape as to personnel and spirit. For
two and one-half months the training of the regiment was carried
on according to a program laid out by the Colonel.
The regiment was ordered to Camp Sheridan and was as-
sembled in the camp quarters on October 13. 1917. Here the
first real trials began, for two weeks after arrival the Colonel
found that the regiment he had worked so hard to build up had
been transferred from his command and officers and men were
divided between the 147th Infantry. 148th Infantry and the 136th
Machine Gun Battalion by the process of organizing the 37th
Division. But it did not take him long to show himself a capable
man. By hard work and leadership he soon found himself in
command of the 147th Infantry where the majority of his old
officers and men were. This unit was formerly the old Sixth
Ohio Infantry and had seen service on the border. The Colonel
is a man who believes in seeing the best, doing the best, and hav-
470 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ing the best, and endeavors to pass this spirit on to his officers
and men; hence, pride in condition, personnel and efficiency be-
came paramount throughout the 147th. Training was undergone
with a will, and when the call to overseas duty came, the 147th
was ready."
Colonel F. W. Galbraith, Jr.
Leaving Camp Sheridan, Alabama, in May, 1918. the regi-
ment arrived at Camp Lee, Virginia, and towards the end of
June embarked for France in two units, arriving at Brest on the
5th of July. During the next four months came the real war
activity of his command. For six weeks the regiment manned
the famous Rainbow Sector in the Bacarrat Sector in the Vosges,
Reviews, Notes and Comments. 471
Lorraine, and had the honor of capturing the first German pris-
oners taken by the Division. In this place, the real fighting or-
ganization was developed and perfected, and on leaving the
sector the Colonel received the highest compliments from the
incoming French commanders.
Early in September the regiment moved toward the famous
Argonne, and on the 26th went "over the top" in the initial at-
tack. In the five days that followed no commander ever showed
more thoughtfulness for his men, more energy in holding every
inch gained, more real leadership at critical times when the
morale or spirit of the fighting men was low because of lack of
food or physical fatigvie, or more personal indifference to danger
when the occasion demanded. He was not to be found in the
rear but always where he could see and know what was the real
condition so that helpful and well directed moves were made with-
out entirely needless sacrifice of life. The Colonel never forgot
ihat mothers, wives, sisters and sweethearts had entrusted their
all to him. It was here that he narrowly escaped death as he was
sniped by a machine gunner, the bullet passing through the gas
mask on his chest, and he was also struck on the cheek by flying
shrapnel. On the second of the five days he found himself in
command of two regiments and both in a veiT serious condition.
For his splendid conduct here he received the D. S. C.
The holding of the Xannes Sector on the St. Mihiel front
next fell to his command. From there his regiment went to Bel-
gium for the first and second offensive. The 147th Infantry went
into action for the last time in the night of November 9th, con-
tinued the attack through the loth and nth, until the signing of
the armistice and reached a line marking the farthest advance
of the American Armv in Belgium. Picked troops of his com-
mand participated in the triumphal entry into Brussels and into
Aix la Chappelle or Achen. His interest and inspiring leadership
made the return trip to the United States a matter to be proud
of as few units, if any, cleared the fort of Brest with a record
that his regiment acquired as a well disciplined and efficient
organisation. The Colonel stands out as a real American who
believes in his country and his fellowmen and will do more than
his part to make it all that it should be.
It is very gratifying to know that one so entirely worthy of
the distinguished honor has been chosen National Conmiander of
the Legion. The recent annual meeting of that patriotic order
was held in Cleveland. The procession was inspiring as it
marched through the streets of that city and the proceedings of
the meetings were of a character to impress most favorably all
472 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
who had an opportunity to be present at the sessions or read the
reports in the pubHc press.
Colonel Galbraith was elected Department Commander at the
first state convention of the American Legion held in Ohio. He
was elected National Commander on September 29th, two years
to the day after he performed the act of heroism which won for
him the Distinguished Service Cross. His citation for this honor
reads :
"For extraordinary heroism in action near Ivoiry, France,
September 29, 1918. When an enemy counter-attack was im-
minent, he went into the front lines under a violent artillery
and machine-gun barrage, and by the coolness and certainty of his
orders and the inspiring example of his personal courage reorgan-
ized his own command and took command of other units v/hose
officers had been lost or diverted in the confusion of battle.
Knocked down by a shell, he refused to be evacuated and con-
tinued to carry on the work of reorganizing his position and dis-
posing the troops to a successful conclusion."
OHIO — ORIGIN AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE NAME
William D. Gallagher, the well-known early Ohio poet in
1835 wrote an ode to "Our Western Land" in which the follow-
ing lines occur:
"Ohio-pch-he-le ! — Peek-han-he ! The pride
Of the land where thy waters, 0-pe-le-chen glide.
* * *
"Ohio-Pechen! Belle Riviere!
For beauty none with thee compare."
In notes the explanation is inade that "Ohio-peh-he-le" means
very white frothy water; "Peekhan-ne." deep and white stream;
"O-pe-le-chen," bright, shining; "Ohio-pe-chen," it is of a white
color. Here is material from which we may arrive at the poet's
conception of the significance of the name Ohio.
In the Nczv International Encyclopedia, edition of 1904, we
find the statement that Ohio is a corruption of the Iroquois
Ohionhiio which means beautiful river.
A writer in the Quarterly (Vol. XIV, page 274) suggests
Reviezvs, Notes and Comments. 478
that the name is from the Seneca language and means beautiful
liver.
On llie same subject Archer Butler Ilulbert in the first
chapter of his valuable and authentic work, "The Ohio River,
A Course of Empire", devotes considerable space to the discus-
sion of this subject. We here quote at length from this volume:
"The first brave English adventurers who looked with eager
eyes upon the great river of the Middle West learned that its
Indian name was represented by the letters Oyo, and it has since
been known as the Ohio River. The French, who came in ad-
vance of the English, translated the Indian name, we are told,
and called the Oliio La Belle Riviere, 'the beautiful river.'
"We have, however, other testimony concerning the name
that cannot well be overlooked. It is that of the two experienced
and well-educated Moravian missionaries, Heckewelder and Zeis-
berger, wlio came into the trans-Allegheny country long before
the end of the eighteenth century. Upon such a subject as the
meaning of Ohio, one might easily hold these men to be final
authorities. John Heckewelder affirms that Oyo never could
have been correctly translated 'beautiful'; Zeisberger adds that in
the Onondaga dialect of the Iroquois tongue there was a word
oyoneri which meant 'beautiful' but only in the adverbial sense
— something that was done 'beautifully,' or, as we say, done
'well.' Mr. Heckewelder, knowing that it was commonly under-
stood that the French had translated Oyo when they gave the
name La Belle Riviere to the Ohio, took occasion to study the
matter carefully. He found that in the Miami language O'hui or
Ohi, as prefixes, meant 'very' ; for instance, Ohio-peek meant
'very white' ; Ohiopeekhanne meant 'the white foaming river.'
'The Ohio River (he writes), being in many places wide and deep
and so gentle that for many miles, in some places, no current is perceiv-
able, the least wind blowing up the river covers the surface with what
the people of that country call "white caps"; and I have myself witnessed
that for days together, this had been the case, caused by southwesterly
winds (which, by the way, are the prevailing winds in that country), so
that we, navigating the canoes, durst not venture to proceed, as those
white caps would have filled and sunk our canoes in an instant. Now, in
such cases, when the river could not be navigated with canoes, nor even
crossed with this kind of craft — when the whole surface of the water
presented white forming swells, the Indians would, as the case was at the
time, say, "ju Ohiopiechen, Ohiopeek. Ohiopeekhanne"; and when they
supposed the water very deep they would say "Kitschi, Ohiopeekhanne,"
which means, "verily this is a deep white river." '
474 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
"For one, I like the interpretation of 'Ohio' as given by those
old missionaries — the "River of Many White Caps.' True, there
is a splendia, sweeping beauty in the Ohio, but throughout a
large portion of its course the land lies low on either bank, and
those who have feasted their eyes on the picturesque Hudson,
or on the dashing beauty of the Saguenay, have been heard to
call in question the judgment of the French who named the Ohio
La Belle Riviere. But it must be remembered that the French
first saw the upper waters of the Ohio, which we now know
as the glittering Allegheny. La Belle Riviere included the Ohio
and the Allegheny ; it was not until the English had reached the
Ohio, about the middle of the eighteenth centur}', that it came to
be said that the Allegheny and Monongahela formed the Ohio at
Pittsburgh. To one acquainted with the roaring Allegheny,
dancing down through the New York and Pennsylvania hills,
and who can see how clear the waters ran in the dense green
of the ancient forests — -to such a one it is not difficult to see
why the French called it La Belle Riviere."
Mr. Marshall, as will be seen in his contribution to the
Magazine of American History, reproduced in this issue of the
Quarterly, explains that the word Ohio comes from the Seneca
word 0-hee-yuh, meaning "beautiful river." In the Cayuga and
Mohawk dialects, we are told, the name is O-hee-yo; in the Onon-
dago and Tuscarawa, O^hee-yee; Oneida, O-hee, all signifying
"fine or fair river".
And now comes Mr. William E. Connelley, another recog-
nized authority, whose carefully prepared contribution appears
elsewhere in this issue of the Quarterly, who tells us that the
word Ohio does not mean "the beautiful river" or "the river of
many white caps" but that it very clearly signifies "the great
river."
W'hen authorities differ thus widely the average layman will
naturally be silent on this subject until he "is shown." It seems
that the original significance of the word is involved in almost
as much doubt as the origin of the mound builders and many
problems suggested by their remains.
Just now, in view of Ohio's eminence among the histerhood
of states, however, we are disposed to favor the view of Mr.
Connelley. Ohio is "great" in so many ways.
Reviews, Notes and Comments. 47g
IMPORTANT NOTICE.
The forthcoming annual meeting of the Society will be one
of the most important in its history. For reasons that will be
explained in due time the date of the meeting will be later than
usual.
A supplement to the October Quarterly will be printed before
the close of the year. This will contain the full proceedings of
the annual meeting, the index to the current volume and other
matter of interest.
SPELLING OF PROPER NAMES.
The spelling of proper names is apt to involve the average
writer and editor in doubts and difficulties. Elsewhere we have
drawn attention to the spelling of Lafayette. Some authors
spell it La Fayette. Authorities are divided in regard to the
spelling Galissoniere. The New International Encyclopedia has
it Gallissonniere, and there are other variations. The name of
Father Bonnecamps is spelled by a well known historian Bonne-
champs, while Celoron and Father Lambing spell it Bonnecamp.
As far as possible we refer the orthography in such cases to the
party who bore the name. It should be Lafayette and Galissoniere
because these two men spelled their names thus, as will be seen in
their autographs. It should be Bonnecamps because he so signed
it to his Journal and so wrote it in his map of the Celoron ex-
pedition. In like manner Celoron is final authority on the spelling
of his own name which frequently is incorrectly printed Celeron.
We are pleased to present in this issue the paper of William
E. Connelley, Secretary of the Kansas State Historical Society.
This paper was written to correct what the author believes are
a number of mistakes in an article on origin of State names,
published in the August number of the National Geographic
Magazine. We are pleased to have Mr. Connelley's paper.
There should be reciprocity on matters of general and local
interest among the historical societies of the different states and
476 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
we trust tliat we shall receive from similar sources future contri-
butions relating to Ohio or the Mississippi valley.
We are under especial obligations to the Burrows Brothers
Company, of Cleveland, Ohio, publishers and owners of the
copyright of Tlic Jesuit Relations, for the privilege of reproduc-
ing the translation of Father Bonnecamps' Journal of the expe-
dition of Celoron.
The number of gifts that are coming to the Ohio State
Archaeological and Historical Society is increasingly gratifying.
A full account of these, with recognition of the generous donors,
will appear in the supplement to this issue which will be printed
after the annual meeting of the Society.
Publishers are invited to send for review any books that they
may issue on American history or archaeology. Beginning with
the year 1921, we expect to organize more fully for the work of
reviewing such publications. We hope to have some assistance
from professors of the Ohio State University.
Will some member or friend of our Society- be so kind as to
procure for us a set of Tlie Olden Time, republished by the
Robert Clark Company ; also a set of Parknian, late edition.
Our set of the latter work is old and incomplete. Someone
doubtless has a set that he would be willing to contribute to the
Society.
LEADEN PLATE AT THE MOUTH OF THE MUSKINGUM
In the October Quarterly were published cuts of the
leaden plate prepared for deposit at the mouth of the Conevvango
and the one buried at the mouth of the Kanawha.
On the following pages are illustrations of the remnant of
the plate buried at the mouth of the Muskingum and what was
probably its entire text. This plate was cunsiderably multilated.
A portion of the lead was cut away for bullets before the signifi-
cance and importance of this relic were realized. We are under
obligation to the American Antiquarian Society for a very satis-
factory photograph of this remnant from which has been pro-
duced the illustration on the following page.
The plates which have been found thus far show that an
effort was made to include identical text on each with the excep-
tion of the date and the name of the river at the mouth of which
the plate was buried. No two of the plates, however, could have
been made from the same mold, as they contain respectively
nineteen, twenty-one and eighteen lines of varying length. A
separate mold must have been used in casting each and space
was left to engrave the date and the name of the river, at the
confluence of which with the Ohio, each plate was buried. Some
writers have ventured the opinion that the inscription, with the
exception above noted, was stamped upon the plates.
The full text of the inscription on the plate buried at the
mouth of the Muskingum is not given in either of the Journals,
but from the ofificial statement, the text of the inscriptions on
the other plates and the assertion of Celoron that "the inscription
is always the same" (page 371) the writer has undertaken to
supply, with the aid of the fragment left, the full inscription of
this plate. The result is found on page 479. It cannot vary
materially from the original and is believed to be practically
identical with it.
A comparison of the texts of these plates shows some varia-
tions and slight inaccuracies in orthography. The artist, Paul
(477)
478
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Socict\ Publications.
Half-Tone From Photograph of Remnant of Leaden Plate Deposited
AT THE Mouth of the Muskingum.
Leaden Plate at the Mouth of the Miisklnqitiii.
479
Q Q -J
<J^ [J o ►J
W^^ « H ^
w.
s, a 0
§^^
<r W <a
^ J J
to r
f^'> -
ca •-' tj
W K ^
f- ^ ^
OJ >
W 0 U
Qb D
So
JQ W
<
H
< cq 'J
w d u
480 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
de Brosse, like Celoron himself, had evidently not taken first
prize in spelling words of his native tongue and was somewhat
careless as tlie variations in the texts of the inscriptions indicate.
Mr. MarshaU in his paper, page ] \?.. tells us how Caleb Atwater,
Governor Qinton and others were led for years to suppose tliat
the leaden plate found at the mouth of the Muskingum had
originally been buried at the mouth of French Creek on tlie
site of the old Indian village, \"enango. They were led to this
conclusion by the similaritj- of the words "Yenangue" and
'"Venango." The fact is, as the Journal of Celoron shows, that
"Yenangue" is only part of the name of the river, the con-
cluding portion of which, "kouan" undoubtedly was carried over
to the beginning of the next line, completing the word "Yenan-
guekouan" the name given to what is now the Muskingum
River.
The circumstances under which this plate was discovered
are stated on a succeeding page and more fully in Hildreth's
Pioneer History of the Ohio Valley pages 19 and 20. The
names of the boys who discovered the plate are not given. In
The Olden Tim£, \o\ i, pages 23S-241, is published an account
of the discovery of the plate at the mouth of the Great Kanawha.
This plate was found b)" "a little son of J. W. Beale, while play-
ing on the margin of the river." The writer in The Olden Tiwe
makes the following comment on the inscription of this plate :
"The French is none of the purest, and the accents, apos-
trophies, and pimctuation are wanting, except that the circum-
flex is placed over the initial O in Oyo the first time that word
occurs, while the I's, though capitals, are invariably dotted, and
the O's are of the old black letter form, like a P reversed."
CELERON'S JOURNAL
(Concluded from page 377.)
The 9th of October, I set out from the lower part of the
Narrows and came to pass the night at Point Pelee. During
our voyage across Lake Erie nothing happened worth men-
tioning. On the 19th I arrived at Niagara, where I was de-
layed three days from stress of weather. The 22d I set out
from Niagara for the southern part of Lake Ontario, so as to
pass that way to Fort Frontenac. It took me fourteen days
to sail over this lake, and many of my canoes were broken by
the violence of the winds. On the 6th of November I arrived
at the fort
The 7th of November I set out from Fort Frontenac and
passed by the estabhshment of AL Piquette.*- I had received
orders from M. the ^larquis de la Galissoniere to notice how
many deserted during my expedition. I did not find any more
desert than when I was passing there in the beginning of July.
His (M. Piquette's) fort was burned after his departure for
Montreal, by some Indians who are believed to have been sent
by the English at Chouequin. A granan,- stocked with hay was
also burned, and a sort of a redoubt which stood in the angle of
the bastion was saved, although it was set on fire on different
occasions.
There were but three men on guard at this fort, one of
whom had lost his arm by a gun exploding in his hand whilst
firing on those who were setting the place on fire. I made in-
quiries as to whether it was known which nation it was that
had perpetrated this act, and I was told that it was two Goyo-
quin,*' who had passed the summer with M. Pipuette, and who
had been hired by the English to take away his negro from him.
I set out and came to pass the night at the foot of the Rapids.
The loth of November, I arrived at Montreal where I
stayed t\vo days. I went down to Quebec to render an account
= ^. See page 301.
VoL XXIX — 31. (431)
482 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
of my expedition to M. the Marquis de la Jonquiere.*** I felt
happy enough, notwithstanding the fatigues of the campaign,
the poor diet, and the number of sick, to have lost (only) one
man, who was drowned in the shipwreck of M. Dejonquiere.
I was happy too in the esteem of Father Bonnecamp, a Jesuit
and great mathematician, who paid very great attention to the
route. The journey is twelve hundred leagues. I was still
more happy in my own esteem and in that of the officers of the
detachment. All that I can say is, that the nations of these
localities are very badly disposed towards the French, and are
entirely devoted to the English. I do not know in what way
they could be brought back. If violence were to be used, they
would be notified of it, and would take to flight. They find a
great refuge with the Flat-Heads,*-' from whom they are not very
distant. If our traders were sent there for traffic, they could not
sell their merchandise at the same price as the English sell theirs,
on account of the many expenses they would be obliged to incur.
Moreover, I think it would be dangerous to make any easier
conditions with the nations who inhabit the Beautiful River,
than those made at the other posts. Detroit, Miamis, and the
rest would abandon our ancient posts and perpetuate the nations
on the Beautiful River, who are within the grasp of the English
government. However, some persons have been sent there
these last years; but there were fewer English then, and they
had not so much credit as they have to-day; and, if the French
traders will tell the truth, they will agree that their profits will
prove just as trade made with the English by the exchange of
furs. The raccoons, the otters and the pecos*" command a very
low price in England, while with us they are very high; and,
besides, only these furs are known to come from that quarter,
but never beavers, this last is given in exchange to the English.
A solid establishment would be useful in the colony, but there
are a great many inconveniences in being able to sustain it, on
the score of the difficulties of the ways for transporting pro-
visions and the other suitable requisites. I am in doubt as to
the feasibility of the undertaking without incurring enormous
expenses. I feel myself obliged on account of the knowledge
", ", ™. See page 391.
Celeron's Journal. 483
I have acquired of all these places, to put these reflections at the
end of my journal, so that one may make use of them as he
shall judge proper.
Signed,
Celoron.
Copy of the Summons served on the English of the Beautiful River:
We, Celoron, Captain, Knight of the Royal and Military Order of
St. Louis, Commander of a detachment sent by order of M. the Marquis
de la Galissoniere, Governor-General of New France, have summoned
the English traders who were in an Indian village, situated on the Beau-
tiful River, to withdraw into their own country with their effects and
baggage, under penalty of being treated as smugglers in case of refusal,
to which summons the said English traders responded — that they were
going to withdraw into their own country with their efiects. Made in
this, our camp of the Beautiful River.
Copy, Lecionquiere,"
T. S. V. P. (or B.)
". See page 392.
THIRTY-FIFTH ANNUAL MEETING OF THE OHIO STATE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
Society Building,
Columbus, Ohio,
December 15, 1920,
9:30 A. M.
Pursuant to a call issued December 10, 1920, the Ohio State
Archaeological and Historical Society met in annual session at
the Museum and Library Building.
The meeting was called to order by President Campbell.
The following members were present:
G. I'rederick Wright,
Daniel J. Ryan,
Waldo C. Moore.
W. O. Thompson,
E. F. Wood,
J. Warren Keifer,
Fred Palmer Hills,
George F. Smythe,
L. S. Sullivant,
J. S. Roof.
George F. Waters, Jr.
Daniel Hosmer Gard.
W. H. Scott,
Fred J. Heer,
C. B. Galbreath,
C. W. Justice,
James E. Campbell,
B. F. Prince,
W. H. Cole.
George F. Bareis,
Van A. Snider,
H. C. Shetrone,
W. F. Felch,
Dr. Wm. H. Harper,
W. L. Curry.
Frank Henry Howe,
R. C. Baker,
R. S. Dunlap,
Frank Tallmadge,
Theodore Leonard,
W. C. Mills.
Mr. Ryan moved that the President of the Society act as
chairman of the meeting of the members; seconded by Mr. Heer;
carried.
President Campbell: i have no report to make. The
various reports of committees will be exceedingly interesting,
(484)
Thirty-fifth Anniuil Meeting. 485
and will disclose the fact that we have made some great strides
this year. I think special mention should be made of the fact
that the Columbus Dispatch contributed more than sixteen hun-
dred dollars for the opening up of the Mound City Group of
mounds, wherein were found some wonderful archaeological
specimens and important discoveries were made. It did this so
quietly that even I, though nominally the titular head of this
Society, never heard of it until a week ago. I think when any
one is so willing to assist in a cause, and ask no more credit
than that, some one should say somethiiig in commendation.
[Applause.]
Mr. Bareis moved that the usual custom be followed, and
the Secretary of the Society act as Secretary of the meeting.
Carried.
President Campbell stated that the terms of three of the
Society's Directors have expired, and a vacancy exists, caused
by the death of Mr. L. P. Schaus. The Trustees whose terms
expire are Dr. \^'right, Dr. Thompson and Colonel Hayes.
Mr. Bareis moved, and it was seconded, that the chair ap-
point a committee on nominations to recommend candidates for
these positions. Carried.
President Campbell appointed Messrs. George F. Bareis,
Theodore Leonard and W. L. Curry as the committee on nomina
tions.
Secretary Galbreath read the
SECRETARY'S REPORT,
which follows:
"It is the duty of your secretary at this meeting to report
generally the work of the Society for the period since the last
annual meeting which was held August 21, 1919. This includes
a little less than four months of the service of his predecessor
and about three months during which a vacancy existed in the
office he now holds. Fortunately, however, a careful record had
been kept up to the time of his election, March 16, 1920, and
the materials are at hand for a complete report for the time in-
tervening since the last annual meeting.
"A meeting of the trustees was held December 2, 1919, at
which was considered the proposition of Colonel Webb C. Hayes
to provide a fund for the erection of an addition to the Haj^es
486 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Memorial Library and Museum. At this meeting ]\Ir. Wood
called attention to the action of the Society at its previous annual
meeting, "authorizing the tinance committee not only to prepare
the budget hereafter, but also to stand back of it with the gen-
eral assembly.'
"On December 15, 1919, an agreement was entered into
by the President and Treasurer of the Society with Colonel and
Mrs. Webb C. Hayes creating the Spiegel Grove Building Fund.
"On December 18, 1919, the finance committee was called
together by the death of the Secretary, Emilius Oviatt Randall.
Arrangements were made to attend the funeral in a body and
all gave expressions of respect and esteem for Mr. Randall and
regret for tlie irreparable loss to the Society in his death.
"On January 5, 1920, a meeting of the finance committee
was held to consider a request from the joint legislative- com-
mittee on salaries for suggestions as to what increases were de-
sired for the employes of the Society. A schedule of increases
in salaries was discussed and agreed upon. President Campbell
requested the members of the tinance committee to meet 'January
6th for the purpose of appearing before the joint committee of
the general assembly on salary increases.'
"On February 11, 1920, Governor Cox appointed Honorable
James E. Campbell and William P. Palmer trustees of the So-
ciety for the term ending February 18, 1922; and Mr. Claude
Meeker for the term ending February 18, 1923, to succeed the
late E. O. Randall.
"On March i, 1920, the finance committee met and called
a meeting of the trustees of the Society for March 16, 1920,
President Campbell announced appointments on various stand-
ing committees to fill vacancies occasioned by the death of
Honorable E. O. Randall.
"At the special meeting of the trustees, March 16, 1920, C.
B. Galbreath was elected Secretary of the Society to fill the
vacancy created by the death of ^Ir. Randall. The reprint of
the publications of the Society and affiliation with other his-
torical societies of the state were considered and referred re-
spectively to the committee on publications and Dr. }klills. One
hundred and fourteen new members were elected to the Society.
"The April number of the Qu.\rterlv is the Society's
tribute to the memory of Emilius Oviatt Randall.
"At a meeting of the finance committee held June 7, 1920,
the secretary was requested to publish a guide book to Fort
Ancient prepared by Dr. William C. Mills. At this meeting
Dr. Mills was authorized to attend the conference of museum
directors at Washington, D. C.
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 487
"A meeting of the finance committee was held November 3,
1920, to prepare and submit to the state budget commissioner
requests for appropriations for the two years ending June 30,
1923. After a careful consideration of the estimates filed by
the heads of departments and chairmen of the various commit-
tees, the finance committee agreed upon a budget and directed
the secretary to submit the same with sustaming statements pre-
pared by himself in accord with the conclusions reached by the
finance committee. This the secretary did and the results in
printed form are in your hands.
"A meeting of the board of trustees was held at Spiegel
Grove, October 4, 1920, tlie 98th anniversary of the birth of
President Kutherford B. Hayes. At this meeting resolutions
were adopted expressing appreciation of the generosity of Col-
onel Webb C. Hayes in transferring to the state Spiegel Grove
Park and providmg for maintenance of the property and the
library as a perpetual memorial to his father. At a large public
meeting held in the afternoon under the auspices of the Society,
President James E. Campbell gave in an address a complete
statement of the gifts of Colonel Hayes to the state. This is
presented in full in the account of the meeting published in the
October yu.^KXEKLY. A summary paragraph of Governor Camp-
bell's address indicates the magnitude of the gift to the state:
'■ 'On July 1st of last year Colonel Hayes placed $100,-
000 in trust to be used in the maintenance and upbuilding
ot this patriotic memorial. I am within a conservative
estimate when I state that Colonel Hayes has disposed, for
the benefit of posterity, in the form of the beautiful and
attractive property which you see before you, at least $500,-
000; $250,000 in cash and securities for endowment funds
and $250,000 in real estate and personal property including
the library of Americana and collections.'
"This summary of the work of the Society to date will be
supplemented by the program for the afternoon detailing the
notable gifts that are formally presented as the crowning achieve-
ments of the year. The splendid contribution by Governor Cox
of the money held in trust by him; the generous gift of Mr.
Aleeker in the presentation of the best privately owned library
of Ohioana in the state ; the two notable gifts by Air. Kettering
that link his name with the most generous donors to our Society ;
the transfer of the papers and relics of John Brown to the
keeping of the state in which he grew up to manhood and in
which his valiant sons with a single exception were born; and
488 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
the presentation of a cane with a story and a safe reminiscent
of colonial banking days by 2^Ir. Deshler. certainly signalize a
most successful and notable year in the history of our Society.
"It should be remembered in this connection that a steady
stream of other valuable gifts is constantly flowing in and that
a public spirit never before manifest is developing for the up-
building of this institution.
"Here are gathered mementoes of the Civil War and the
war with Spain. Hither are coming manuscripts, letters, personal
reminiscences, accounts of voyages, expeditions and campaigns,
thrilling narratives of heroic service in the camps and battle-
fields of foreign soil and all that goes to form the basis of an
enduring memorial to Ohio's sons who followed the flag in the
World War.
"Here, with a few felicitations, I might close. Something
remains to be said, however, in regard to the work which was
especially assigned to your secretary at the time of his appoint-
ment.
LIBR.\RV WORK AND POLICY
"He is expected to act not only as secretary, but as editor
and librarian. The most important work that he has done, and
the work that makes the least show, has been done under his
direction by his faithful and industrious assistant in the library-.
On the i6th day of last JMarch hundreds of books were waiting
some one to bring the key to open the mysteries of Dewy"s
decimal system of cataloging. For more than a year no printed
cards had come from the library of Congress, not even for the
publications of our own Society. An order was at once sent for
a thousand cards analyzing these publications. Promptly after-
wards three thousand cards were ordered for the reports of the
American historical association. The enthusiastic interest of our
assistant librarian made it easy to unlock the mysteries of
Dewy's decimals. The four thousand cards were promptly
marked and filed in our catalogue to guide patrons and assistants
to the contents of these two important historical sets. About as
many more cards have been purchased and used for other works
that were in waiting and the deck will soon be cleared to handle
additions as they are received. So satisfactorily is the work
in this department progressing that even now your secretary is
seldom called to look after details. Of course, thousands of
books that are coming to the library as gifts and the thousands
that we hope to be authorized to purchase before the close of
another year will make additional help necessary. As our ability
to meet requests of patrons increases and becomes known, ad-
ditional trained service will be demanded.
Thirty- fifth Annual Meeting. 489
"111 this connection mention should also be made of our
faithful assistant who presides at the typewriter, alwa3's at her
post and ready to answer the call to duty.
"Your secretary, on entering upon his duties, was promptly
made conscious of the fact that this Society has two libraries,
one in Columbus and one at Spiegel Grove. For the purchase of
books for the latter a trust fund of $50,000 has been created
and this in time, I am advised, may reach $100,000. The inter-
est on this fund means an income for books alone amounting
to from $2,500 to $5,000 annually. How is this money to be
expended? What are to be the relations of these two libraries?
"The problem presented by this situation is important. Its
solution has already been long deferred. A critic has said, "The
Spiegel Grove Library will become an elephant on your hands.'
It is our business to prevent that. The solution of the problem
demands patience and a consistent, continuous library policy.
Some duplication will be necessary but the two libraries must be
made to supplement each other. The Spiegel Grove Library
with a perpetual income for the purchase of books offers an
opportunity which this Society must realize to the full limit.
With the rare library of President Hayes as a nucleus, a collec-
tion of especially selected books that need not be duplicated here
may be purchased for the Spiegel Grove Library, and the com-
bination of the two may be made to serve efficiently the needs
of students and historians of our own state or those that come
from other states to consult our library resources. What is
imperatively needed at Spiegel Grove is a trained librarian to
direct the work in harmony with the joint policy of the two
libraries.
"Additions to the library here should be made with refer-
ence, first of all to present needs, and next to an enlarged pro-
gram for the future. Many of the volumes that are received
as gifts and that might not now be properly placed on the shelves
may be required in the expanding demands of the future.
COLLECTION OF NEWSPAPERS
"In the two libraries of this Society should be placed at
an early day all the valuable manuscript collections in the pos-
session of the state. Here should also be gathered, as soon as
room can be provided, the bound newspapers belonging to the
state and the Society. A room equipped for prompt access to
newspaper files would be as thoroughly appreciated by news-
paper correspondents and students as are the neat and orderly
rooms where relics are now displayed with labels explaining
each. Now as never before there is need for such service and
490 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
most fortunate will be this institution if it is enabled to provide
such a room.
"What shall be our policy relative to the collection and bind-
ing of newspapers? Will it be wise to attempt to keep on file
and in bound form all the papers of the state? If not, where
shall the limit be fixed? These are questions that may well be
pondered before an inflexible policy is adopted.
'Tn the meantime, we should accept bound files of Ohio
newspapers whenever they may be had, especially those covering
early periods of our history. In 1850 a law was enacted by our
general assembly requiring county commissioners to 'subscribe
for one copy of the leading newspapers of each political party,
printed and published in their county, and cause them to be
bound and filed in the auditor's office as public archives, for the
gratuitous inspection of the citizen of such county.' That law
is still in full force and it is presumed that it is generally com-
plied with. As a result files of newspapers have accumulated in
the court houses of the various counties of the state, except
where they have been destroyed by fire in such depository. Not
infrequently they have been stowed away in the attic of the
court house where they are rarely or never consulted.
"If a law were enacted authorizing some designated officer in
each county, for a nominal fee and with the approval of the
county commissioners, to transfer these files to the library of our
Society with the understanding that officers and citizens of said
county, under specified conditions, should be furnished on re-
quest typewritten or photostat copies of any desired article
or extract from such files, it is believed that many counties in
time would send their files to the library of this Society. With
modern agencies for service, such papers in most instances could
be more readily consulted, even by citizens of the county in
which they were published, from this library than troni the loft
of the county court house. The Library of Congress photostats
an entire newspaper page for 75 cents. The same thing could
be done in Columbus.
"Our library is now a subscriber to a newspaper clipping
bureau. The clippings are carefully assorted and those of value
will be securely and permanently bound in scrap books with
typewritten indexes.
PUBLICATIONS OF THE SOCIETY
"In spite of an efifort to get out the Quarterly on time its
appearance has been delayed beyond a month of its nominal
publication. Other Societies seem to have the same difficulty.
One of the most carefully edited and valuable publications which
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 491
comes to our table is now over one year behind time, the last
issue, which was received within the past week, bearing the date
of April, 1919. This, however, is not a sufficient excuse for our
delay. An earnest effort will be made to publish more promptly
and your secretary feels that he can assure you that the April
Number will appear on time. So much cannot be promised for
the coming January number, although we hope to have it in
the mails before the close of that month.
"The distribution of the publications of the Society, like our
two libraries, must have a definite, fixed policy. The frequent
republications of bound volumes of the Quarterly for gratuitous
distribution by the general assembly is likely to be criticized as
was the similar publication and distribution of Howe's Historical
Collections. It may become even more embarrassing. Frequent
requests come to this ofifice for volumes to complete sets given
away years ago. Those who were so fortunate to get these free
evidently think that they sliould have the following volumes as
issued without paying anything for them — a somewhat illogical
but perfectly natural conclusion.
"Of course, volumes should always be available to complete
sets by purchase, and for educational purposes the following
limited gratuitous distribution is suggested:
"i. Send the quarterly to every college and every free
tax supported library in the state that is regularly open
under the care of a librarian.
"2. Send regularly to all such libraries each year the
bound volumes of the Quarterly.
"3. Send with each issue and each bound volume a card
acknowledging receipt and require the return of the
card duly signed as the only formality necessary to in-
sure continued sending of the publications free of
charge.
"With each issue might properly be sent, for insertion in
local papers, a news item giving a very brief synopsis of the con-
tents of the number and stating that it could be had at the library.
Such a policy would be in harmony with the purposes of this
Society and would bring our work into closer contact with the
educational forces of the state.
"With the library of President Hayes, came his carefully
preserved diary and correspondence covering the period of his
life from his school days to his latest year. His biographer.
Professor Charles R. Williams, of Princeton College, is ar-
ranging these papers for publication in a series as nearly as
492 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
possible identical in style with the two very creditable volumes
of the life of President Hayes already published. As soon as
the first volume of the proposed series of diary and letters is in
the press, Colonel Webb C. Hayes proposes to present to the
Society the remaining copies of the life already published and
the plates, illustrations and everything necessary to reproduce the
two volumes at the nominal cost of press work and binding. It
is the purpose of your appropriate committee to coinmence the
proposed publication as soon as Professor Williams furnishes the
edited copy.
"A survey of our requests filed with the state budget com-
missioner may leave the impression that a very generous in-
crease in expenditures is contemplated, but this is only apparent.
The Society is adding every year to the tangible, substantial
property of the state more than it gets from the public treasury,
to say nothing of the educational service that it performs. It is
winning the attention and confidence of the public and if the
state will do but approximately what other states are doing this
institution will soon become a vast treasury of source materials
from which will be written the incomparable history of Ohio.
"The legislature of Wisconsin, at an initial expenditure of
$650,000, erected a building for her Historical Society and
Library. Minnesota appropriated $500,000 for a similar purpose
and in May, 1918, opened her splendid new building to the public.
Illinois has taken steps to expend an even larger sum for a
building, while a wealthy citizen of the little state of New
Hampshire, with patriotic vision and state pride, has given
$650,000 for a state Historical Building. Ohio has made a
creditable start with an appropriation of $100,000, wisely and
economically expended in the erection of this building — the
vestibule of the larger structure yet to be. If we have faith in
our proclaimed eminence among the sisterhood of states and
appreciation of the lessons that our history should teach, here
at the gateway to our great university will rise a living monument
that shall eloquently speak of the prestige and power and glory
of the Buckeye state."
Mr. Wood moved that the report be received, and not only
made a part of the proceedings, but also be published. Seconded.
Carried.
Dr. W. O. Thompson stated he thought the assistants men-
tioned in the report should be named, and Mr. Galbreath stated
that the assistants mentioned are Miss Helen Mills and Miss
Margaret Fry.
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 498
Mr. Frank Tai-lmadge: I am here to make two presen-
tations. I desire to say that Mr. Booth, of the Logan Elm
Committee, is not present, being out of the city. He was to
have been here. He is responsible for a little enterprise in the
way of preparing souvenirs from two dead limbs cut from the
Logan Elm last September. Mr. Booth is under the impression,
I guess, that we have a very disorderly meeting here, and that
it is necessary that order be preserved. In the name of the
Logan Elm Committee I am presenting to Governor Campbell,
our President, to be his personal property, a gavel made from
a limb of the Logan Elm. To The Ohio State Archaeological
and Historical Society I present another gavel, a larger one, for
sometimes it is necessary to preserve order in the absence of
our President. (Applause.)
Mr. Bareis: Your Committee on Nominations beg leave
to report the following: To fill the vacancies caused by the ex-
piration of the terms of three of our trustees we nominate Dr.
G. Frederick Wright, Dr. W. O. Thompson and Colonel Webb
C. Hayes; to fill the vacancy caused by the death of L. P.
Schaus we present the name of Arthur C. Johnson, editor of the
Columbus Dispatch. I move that the Secretary be instructed to
cast the ballot of this Society for these nominees. The motion
was seconded and carried.
Secretary Galbreath thereupon cast the ballot of the Society
for Messrs. G. Frederick Wright, W. O. Thompson and Webb
C. Hayes for membership on the Board of Trustees, full terms,
and for Mr. Arthur C. Johnson to fill the unexpired term of
L. P. Schaus. Messr;. Wright, Thompson, Hayes and Johnson
were duly declared elected.
President Campbell stated that the Finance Committee will
make no report, since the reports of the Treasurer and Auditor
will thoroughly cover the work of that Committee.
Mr. E. F. Wood read the
ANNU.AiL REPORT OF THE TRE.^SURER FOR THE YE.XR
ENDING JUNE 30, 1920.
Receipts.
Cash on Hand July 1 , 1919 $4,914 02
Life Membership Dues 2,940 00
494
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Active Membership Dues 100 00
Interest on Permanent Fund 793 03
Books sold 166 23
Subscriptions 18 50
Interest 200 00
Refund by C. B. Galbreath 208 32
Refund of Insurance 32 36
From State Treasurer on Sundry Appropriations 21,327 29
Total Receipts $30,699 75
Disbursements.
Wages $100 00
Salaries 15,485 29
Publications 1 ,792 28
Museum Equipment 127 77
Light, Heat & Power 842 20
Express, Freight and Drayage 70 62
Expense of Trustees 334 31
Telephones 104 25
Sundry Expenses 62 03
Field Work 500 00
Logan Elm Park 65 46
Serpent Mound Park 55 67
Fort Ancient Park 129 92
Hayes Memorial Library Bldg 889 20
Office Supplies 267 20
Library Equipment 544 74
Water 93 60
Repairs 28 95
General Plant Supplies 256 82
Exhibition Cases 57 35
Transferred to Permanent Fund 3,735 00
Cash on Hand July 1, 1920 5,157 09
Total $30,699 75
The Permanent Fund of the Society on July 1, 1920,
amounted to the sum of 18,510 00
Respectfully submitted,
(Signed) E. F. Wood,
Treasurer.
Mr. Wood then read the Report of the Auditors, as fol-
Thirty-pfth Annual Meeting. 495
REPORT OF THE AUDITORS.
Columbus, Ohio, August i6, 1920.
Mr. C. B. Galbreath, Secretary,
The Ohio State Archccological
and Historical Society,
Columbus, Ohio.
Dear Sir: —
Pursuant to the request of Mr. E. F. Wood, Treasurer of
your Society, we have completed our annual audit of the books
of account for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1920, and herewith
present our report with schedules supporting same.
The Balance of the current fund at July 1, 1919 was .$4,914 02
The cash receipts for the year were $4,458 44
And the appropriations paid by the Treasurer of
State amounted to 21 .327 29
Total .$25,785 73
The disbursements for the year including amount
transferred to permanent fund and payments
by State Treasurer aggregated 25,542 66
An excess of Receipts over Disbursements of 243 07
Leaving a Balance in Current Fund at June .30, 1920 of $.5,1.57 09
The above balance of current fund is composed of the
following :-
Capital City Bank — Checking Account Jl ,057 09
Certificates of Deposits :
Ohio State Savings Association No. 74627 2,000 00
Ohio State Savings Association No. 810-56 2,000 00
Savings Account No. 81700 Ohio State Savings Associa-
tion 100 00
Total as above $5 . 157 09
Your Permanent Fund is composed of Certificate of Deposit
No. a36.52 for $18,510 00
Balance July 1, 1919 was 14.775 00
Increase for year of 13,735 00
496 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
The above increase was made up of receipts during the year
as follows :-
Life Membership Dues $2,!I40 00
Interest Permanent Funds 7H3 03
Transfer from Current Funds 1 07
Total as above 13,735 00
The Society's Property Investment shows n balance of $568,450 02
Balance June 30, lOIl) was 5()7,701 61
Increase of $748 41
The above increase represents purchases during the year of:
Buildings ( Improvernents) $18 55
Library and Museum Equipment 458 '26
Books' 271 60
— $748 41
The vouchers cpvering the disbursements were exainined
and found to be correct. Checks drawn against current funds
were examined and the cash balance has been reconciled with
the bank balance as shown on page (4).
Journal entries covering increase to Society's property in-
vestment are found on page (6) and we would suggest that
proper ledger accounts be opened and posted with entries sub-
mitted with this and our reports of 1918 and 1919.
The books of account were found to be in their usual neat
and accurate condition.
Respectfully submitted,
(Signed) _W. D. Wall,
Certified Public Accountant.
BAL.^NCE SHEET AS AT JUNE 30, 1920.
Assets,
Cash:
Checking Account $1 ,0.j7 00
Savings Account 100 00
,? 1,1-57 09
Certificate of Deposit:
Current Fund 4,000 00
Permanent Fund 18,510 00
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 497
Real Estate :
Land 107 , (J40 02
Buildings and Structures:
Balance June 30. 1010 $18(),3(IO 00
Additions during Year 18.", 18(1.378 5."i
204.019 47
Equipment and Exhibits ;
House Furniture and Fixtures 32,347 00
Library and Museum Equipment:
Balance June 30, 1919 $30,425 11
Additions During Year 458 26
30.883 37
Archaeological and Historical Exhibits 180,050 00
Books :
Balance June 30, 1019 28.528 58
Additions During Year 271 60
28.800 18
Paintings 2.000 00
Automobile 350 00
274.430 55
$502,117 11
Contra.
Current Fund — E. F. Wood. Treasurer $3,157 09
Advance by Minna Tupper Nye for Retaining Wall 2.000 00
Permanent Fund Invested 18,510 00
Society's Property Investment 568,450 02
$592,117 11
POST CLOSING TRIAL BALANCE AS AT JUNE 30, 1920.
State Treasurer $16,410 80
E. F. Wood, Treasurer 5,Lj7 09
Cash $5,157 09
Superintendent of Buildings A-1 208 33
Investments 18,510 00
Permanent Fund 18,510 00
Office Supplies C-4 28 80
General Plant Supplies C-11 17
Library Equipment G-31 1 21
Museum Equipment G-31 475 00
Capital Equipment G-31 142 65
Miscellaneous G-32 224 44
Vol. XXIX— 32.
498 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Light, Heat and Power F-4 62 30
Publications F-9 1,207 72
Freight , Express and Drayage F-5 80 87
Contingencies F-8 20 47
Field Work F-9 45
Repairs F-1 56
Watchman F-1 813 88
Reprinting and Publications F-9 13,000 00
Additions and Betterments G-2 143 45
ft0,077 39 $40,077 39
STATEMENT OF CASH RECEIPTS AND DISBURSEMENTS FOR
YEAR ENDED JUNE 30, 1920.
Balance July 1, 1919 $4,914 02
Receipts.
Life Membership Dues $2,940 00
Active Membership Dues 100 00
Books sold 166 23
Subscriptions 18 50
Interest Permanent Fund 793 03
Interest Current Fund 200 00
993 03
Refund on Insurance 32 36
Refund on Salaries 208 32
14,4.58 44
From State Treasurer on Appropriations 21 ,327 29
25,785 73
$30,699 75
Disbursements.
Transferred to Permanent Fund $3,735 00
Care and Improvements :
Logan Elm Park $65 46
Serpent Mound Park 55 67
Fort Ancient Park 129 92
251 05
Salaries 15,485 29
Supplies :
Office $267 20
General Plant 2.56 82
524 02
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 499
Publications 1,792 28
Library Equipment 544 74
Museum Equipment 127 77
Repairs and Upkeep of Buildings 28 95
Water Rentals 93 60
Light, Heat and Power 842 20
Express, Freight and Drayage 70 62
Expenses of Trustees and Committees 334 41
Telephone Rentals 104 25
Sundry Expense :
Auditing |35 00
Bond Premium 15 00
Telegrams 3 78
Miscellaneous 8 25
62 03
Field Work 500 00
Hayes Memorial Building:
Repairs 889 20
Exhibition Cases 57 35
Wages 100 00
25,542 66
Balance on Hand June 30, 1920 $5,157 09
BANK RECONCILIATION AS AT JUNE 30, 1920.
Balance as per Pass Book Capital City Bank Dated July 7,
1920 $1,129 66
Less Outstanding Checks :
Check No. 2282 $8 00
Check No. 2309 25 00
Check No. 2313 12 50
Check No. 2314 25 00
Check No. 2315 1 97
72 47
Total in Checking Account $1,057 09
Certificates of Deposit: —
No. 746-27— January 1, 1918 $2,000 00
No. 8105t^-April 14, 1919 2,000 00
4,000 00
Savings Account No. 81700 100 00
Balance as per Ledger $5,157 09
500 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
STATEMENT OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR YEAR ENDED JUNE
30, 1020.
Amount Ap-
New Old July 1, propriatcd
Code. Code. I'UP. During Year.
Personal Service :
A-1 Salaries $16,395 00
Personal Service :
A-2 Wages 100 00
C — Supplies :
C-4 Office Supplies ^0 11 300 00
C — Supplies :
C-11 General Plant Supplies 102 175 00
F-1 Repairs 900 00
F-3 Water 106 76 90 00
F-4 Light, Heat and Power 1,243 94 900 00
F-5 Express, Freight and Drayage 150 00
F-6 Traveling Expense 06 78 250 00
F-7 Communication 32 60 03 00
F-8 Contingencies 50 00
F-9 General Plant Service :
Publications 4 00 3,000 00
Explorations and Field Work 73 500 00
Republishing Reports 13,000 00
G — Additions and Betterments :
G-2 Buildings :
Shelter House (Serpent
Mound) 200 00
G-31 E-8 Museum Collections 97 500 00
G-31 E-9 Capital Equipment 6 12 500 00
G-31 Exhibition Cases 200 00
G-32 Other Capital Outlay 300 00
E-2 Household 4 00
G-3 Gateway 40
$1,408 33 *37,603 00
STATEMENT OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR VEAR ENDED JUNE
30, 1920.
Nezt) Old Transfer
Code. Code. of Funds. Total.
Personal Sen'ice :
A-1 Salaries $16,395 00
Personal Service :
A-2 Wages 100 00
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 501
C — Supplies :
C-4 Office Supplies $20 99 321 10
C — Supplies :
C-11 Genera! Plant Supplies 176 92
F-1 Repairs BOO 00
F-3 Water 196 76
F-4 Light, Heat and Power 123 50 2,020 44
F-5 Freight, Express and Drayage 150 00
F-G Traveling Expense 346 78
F-7 Communication 125 60
F-8 Contingencies 50 00
F-9 General Plant Service :
Puhlications 3,004 (XI
Exploration and Field Work 500 73
Republishing Reports 13,000 00
G — Additions and Betterments :
G-2 Pniildings :
Shelter House (Serpent
Mound) 200 00
G-31 E-S Museum Collections 78 50 579 47
G-31 E-9 Capital Equipment 24 01 530 13
G-31 Exhibition Cases 200 00
G-32 Other Capital Outlay .300 00
E-2 Household 4 00
G-3 Gateway 40
$39,101 33
STATEMENT OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR YEAR ENDED
JUNE .30. 1920.
Cash Dratcii
Xczv Old From State Balance
Code. Code. Treasury. Lapsed.
Personal Service :
A-1 Salaries $15,372 79
Personal Service :
A-2 Wages 100 00
C — Supplies : '
C-4 Office Supplies
C-11 General Plant Supplies
F-1 Repairs
F-3 Water
F-4 Light, Heat and Power
F-5 Freight, Express and Drayage.
F-6 Traveling Expense
292 19
$0 11
174 83
1 92
899 44 .
93 60
103 16
837 70
1,120 44
69 13 .
251 99
94 79
103 r,o
97
528 30
62
57 35
75 5fi
4 00
502 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
F-7 Communication 03 00 32 60
F-8 Contingencies 29 53
F-9 General Plant Service:
Publications 1,792 28 4 00
Exploration and Field Work.... 499 55 73
Republishing Reports
G— Additions and Betterments:
G-2 Buildings :
Shelter House (Serpent
Mound)
G-31 E-8 Museum Collections
G-31 E-9 Capital Equipment
G-31 Exhibition Cases
G-32 Other Capital Outlay
E-2 Household
G-8 Gateway
$21,. 327 29 $1,363 74
STATEMENT OF APPROPRIATIONS FOR YEAR ENDED JUNE
30, 1920.
Balance
Nezv Old Total De- June 30,
Code. Code. ductions. 1920.
Personal Service :
A-1 Salaries $15,372 79 $1,022 21
Personal Service :
A-2 Wages 100 00
C — Supplies :
C-4 Office Supplies 292 30 28 80
C — Supplies :
C-U General Plant Supplies 176 75 17
F-1 Repairs 899 44 56
F-3 Water 196 76
F-4 Light , Heat and Power 1 , 958 1 4 62 30
F-5 ■ Freight, Express and Dray age. . 69 13 80 87
F-6 Traveling Expense 346 78
F-7 Communication 125 60
F-8 Contingencies 29 .53 20 47
F-9 General Plant Service :
Publications 1,796 28 1,207 72
Exploration and Field Work. 500 28 45
Republishing Reports 13,000 00
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 503
G — Additions and Betterments ;
G-2 Buildings :
Shelter House (Serpent
Mound) 56 55 143 45
G-31 E-8 Museum Collections 104 47 475 00
G-31 E-9 Capital Equipment 528 92 1 21
G-31 Exhibition Cases 57 35 142 65
G-32 Other Capital Outlay 75 56 224 44
E-2 Household 4 00
G-3 Gateway 40
122,691 03 $16,410 30
JOURNAL ENTRIES NECESSARY TO RECORD INCREASE IN
SOCIETY'S PERMANENT INVESTMENT FOR YEAR
ENDED JUNE 30, 1920.
Buildings $18 55
To Society's Permanent Investment $18 55
For Expenditures made during ^-ear as per
vouchers as follows :
Date. J'ouclicr. Amount.
May 20, 1920 1563 $4 65
June 21. 1920 1587 18 90
$18 55
Library and Museum Equipment $458 26
Books 271 60
To Society's Permanent Investment $729 86
For expenditures made during year and charges
as follows :
Ledger Page. Account. Amount.
172 Library Equipment.... $544 74
80 Museum Equipment... 127 77
230 Exhibition Cases 57 35
$729 86
Oil motion of Mr. Ryan, duly seconded, the Reports of the
Treasurer and Auditors were ordered received and place on file.
504 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Mr. Ryan then read the
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE ON PUBLICATIONS,
as follows:
"No publications were issued by the Society during the past
year except the annual volume and the quarterlies. The editing
of the diaries and letters of Hayes, covering a period of about
sixty years, has been practically completed by Mr. Charles
Richard Williams, the author of the biography of Rutherford B.
Hayes, and I think the coming year will see them published."
The report of the committee was ordered received and
placed on file.
REPORT OF THE CURATOR.
"I have the honor to submit the customary annual report
of the Curator on the present condition of the museum as well
as the operations and activities during the past year.
"The Committee on Museum has not been able to hold a
meeting on account of the lack of funds to bring this com-
mittee together. The Chairman' has endeavored to keep the
members posted concerning the activities of the Museum. We
hope next year to have sufficient funds to bring together the
Museum Committee at least three or four times for consultation.
"The visitors to the museum have greatly increased, many
come during the morning hours of week days, but Sunday after-
noon seems to be a popular time for Sunday School Teachers
to bring their classes for a visit to the museum. We have been
doing much to help visitors by supplying the necessary descrip-
tive labels. We feel if an object is valuable it should be well
displayed with an appropriate label. The public schools of the
city and surrounding country are using the museum for class
study. The interest of children in the museum is of great edu-
cational value. We have encouraged them to come, and many
times I have been gratified to see children acting as guides and
showing their parents through the halls.
"PRESENT CONDITION OF THE MUSEUM.
"During the year we have been compelled to store in part
several excellent collections. Our exhibition rooms are now
becoming overcrowded with cases and the cases themselves over-
crowded with specimens. In the Historical Hall on the first floor
was installed a display case purchased from the Board of Admin-
istration. This case is very large, being 17 feet long, 4 feet
wide and 7 feet high. We have installed in this case the Martha
Thirty- fifth Annual Meeting. 505
L. Taylor collection of Navajo blankets. This collection of
blankets was collected by Miss Taylor during many years of
travel in the Navajo country and represents the highest art in
Navajo weaving. The John Brown relics are also installed in
this case as well as the Galbreath world war collection. How-
ever, this is not a commendable installation, ethnological speci-
mens and war relics in the same case.
"In the south Archaeological Hall, second floor, have been
installed two new cases each 12 feet long, 4 feet wide and 5 feet
high. In one has been placed the Kettering collection from
Montgomery county and in the other the William P.. Mills collec-
tion and the William E. Evans collection both for the most part
from Ross county.
"exploration work of the society.
"Permission to explore the old Mound City Group was se-
cured by the Society from the War Department through General
Sturges, Commanding Officer at Camp Sherman. This matter
was presented to the Finance Committee of the Legislature and
funds were requested to make the explorations. For some
reason the amount asked was cut to $500 per year. This appro-
priation was inadequate for the undertaking of such important
work and two of our life members, Mr. Robert F. Wolfe and
Mr. H. E. Wolfe, through Mr. Arthur C. Johnson, Editor of the
Cohimbus Dispatch, authorized the Society to draw upon him to
the amount of $2000 if necessary to carry forward this work.
The Society drew upon him to the extent of $1614.73.
"For many years the Society has been trying to secure per-
mission to examine this group of Mounds. Recently archaeolo-
gists have manifested much interest concerning the statements
of Squier and Davis in their interpretation of the use of these
mounds. The work of examination is perhaps a little more
than half complete and the facts revealed by the exploration thus
far do not justify many statements made by Squier and Davis.
When the exploration is complete the facts obtained concerning
the mortuary customs of this culture of the prehistory Indian
will more than repay the expense, not taking into consideration
the wonderful array of artifacts taken from the burials, especial-
ly those made of native copper and silver, such as the bear and
antler head dress, flying eagles, double-headed eagles, plates
with double-headed eagles in repousse work, efifigy pipes of
birds and animals, spears of obsidian and nyaline quartz. For
the most part the artifacts have been placed on exhibition in
the north Archjeological Hall, second floor. Another valuable
and interesting feature found in the Mound City Group is the
506 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
intrusive burials representing an tntirely different culture. Tiie
artifacts found with this culture have been placed on exhibition
in a case adjoining the Mound City Group proper.
"I believe the exploration of the Mound City Group the
most important undertaking in the history of the Society's scien-
tific explorations. We have many such sites in Ohio and it
becomes the duty of the Society to explore these and publish
the results. The Society's work in the field and the building up
of an archfeological museum from the results of exploration
have attracted the attention of the outside world to what the
Society is doing in the way of exploring and developing its
antiquities.
"The National Research Council, through its division of
Anthropology and Psychology, has taken steps to establish state
archaeological surveys in Illinois, Intliana, Iowa and Missouri
by inviting the several states through their Historical and Scien-
tific Societies to take the matter before the legislature of their
respective states and ask for funds necessary for the survey and
for the issuing of an archaeological atlas 'comparable with that
issued by the State of Ohio.' The research council also recom-
mends that many of the sites may be made into state parks and
again refers to what Ohio has done to preserve their antiquities
and what a splendid asset the parks are to the state.
"Within the year the ground occupied by the large mound
at Miamisburg, Alontgomery County, Ohio, has been purchased
by Mr. C. F. Kettering of Dayton and [presented to the Society.
Mr. Kettering anticipates parking the grounds surrounding the
mound at his expense. This mound and its surroundings will
be one of the most interesting of the parks or outdoor museums
in possession of the Society. Mr. Kettering also acquired and
presented to the Society the archjeological specimens collected
by Mr. H. T- Thompson, of Dayton, Ohio — the largest rep-
resentative collection of such specimens representing Mont-
gomery county and southwestern Ohio. I consider the Thomp-
son collection one of the best private collections in the state and
we are happy to add it to our museum. The collection is now on
exhibition in the south Archaeological Hall.
"The transfer of the John Brown relics to the custody of
the Society is of special interest to the Historical Museum.
These priceless heirlooms were presented by the granddaughter
of John Brown and her husband, Mr and Mrs. T. B. Alexander.
"Mrs. Aimer Hegler, of Washington C. H., presented the
library of Mr. Hegler as well as many historical and archseolo-
gical specimens to augment the Hegler collection. Mr. Hegler
died April, 1920. He had always taken a deep interest in the
Thirty- fifth Annual Meeting. 507
Society. Many years ago he presented a small archaeological
collection to the Society and added to this from time to time
until he had build up for us a very fine and representative col-
lection from Fayette and surrounding counties.
"jMrs. W. E. Evans and family presented the archaeological
specimens, collected by the late W. E. Evans in Ross and ad-
joining counties.
"Other collections were secured for the museum as follows :
accessions since last annual meeting."
Archaeological :
J. E. Duncan and Gilbert C. Adams, Washington C. H.,
each presented collections of Fayette county archaeological speci-
mens.
J. R. Gragg, Bainbridge, presented a collection from Paint
Creek Valley.
A collection of Madisonville village site material was ob-
tained through exchange with Harvard University museum.
From Prof. Robert F. Griggs was received a collection of
ethnological specimens from Katmai and other Alaskan dis-
tricts.
The archaeological collection of the late \V. E. Evans
Chillicothe, was presented to the Museum by his widow.
A collection of Ross county specimens was secured from
Henry McNeill, Frankfort,, Ohio.
Mrs. Laura A. Hegler turned over to the Museum speci-
mens to be added to the collection of her late husband. Aimer
Hegler.
"Others who presented archaeological specimens are : Dr.
O. M. Wiseman, Zanesville ; Mr. King G. Thompson, Columbus;
Mr. John Seip, Chillicothe; Mr. Robert Kaiser, Columbus;
Prof. A. C. Osborn, Columbus; Mr. Henry Kercher, Cleve-
land ; Lydia Moats, Columbus ; George C. Bixler, Beaver, Pa. ;
and Miss Clara Marks, Columbus.
Historical :
Prof. Edward Orton presented autographed photo of Wm.
McKinley.
Mr. George J. Schwartz, Wooster, early bank notes.
Dr. J. M. Henderson and Dr. E. C. Mills, a collection of
early dental tools.
Mrs. M. E. Rath-Merrill, Columbus, presented a rare collec-
tion of rubbings of English Memorial Brasses.
508 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Airs. Sarah E. Fletcher, Columbus, presented plans of
Sebastopol fortification and siege.
Col. Worthington Kautzman, Columbus, collection of Fili-
pino relics.
American Red Cross presented a Red Cross rug with
U. S. Coat-of-Arms.
Airs. W. E. Evans, Chillicothe, historical specimens.
Mr. Homer Zimmerman, Sugar Creek, pioneer relics.
Mrs. Ella May Smith, Columbus, collection of rare corals.
Mrs. Ida E. Carner, Columbus, specimens from the Bar-
bados.
Mrs. C. H. Lindenberg, Columbus, shells and fossils.
The American Can Company, a 75-milI. shell.
Mrs. James Judge, Columbus, Alaskan specimens.
Mr. J. A. Burke, Columbus, German flag, captured at
Moselle.
Mr. Charles E. Jarvis, Columbus, relics from war zone.
Dr. Albert Cooper, Columbus, pioneer relics.
Others: F. A. Stahl, New Philadelphia; S. C. Gray,
Deavertown; J. M. Fulkerson, Columbus; W. H. Hickson,
Marengo; Leonard Dellinger, Bloomingburg; Dr. H. Bartilson,
Columbus; Mrs. William Loudenslager, Columbus; Miss A. D.
McKee, Columbus; J. J. Sutton, Greenwich; J. E. Harvey,
Stewartsville; A. Sparhawk, Akron; Alpha Tau Omega Frater-
nity, Columbus; J. A. Beverage, Middleport; Western Reserve
Historical Society; B. T. Brooks, Columbus; Sheldon Marks, Co-
lumbus; A. S. Good, Columbus; J. C. Cramer, Marietta; R. A.
Magley, Columbus; F. N. Funston, Missouri; Dudley T. Fisher,
Columbus; F. S. Turner, Columbus; Prof. Foster, Iowa City,
la.; Capt. J. T. Morgan, Trenton, N. J.; C. A. Carr, Columbus;
L. H. Barth, Poland, Ohio, and Mrs. Lelia Hudson, Columbus.
"During the second semester of the college year the Curator
gave a course of lectures on Ohio Archseology to a cla'ss of
fifteen, also to an unusual number of classes in various depart-
ments of the University.
"The Curator was requested to represent the Society at the
American Association of Museums at Washington City. The
meetings of this association are of great importance and value
to those having public museums under their charge. The papers
are along the lines of museum management, in fact, everything
pertaining to a museum is presented and discussed.
"Early in April our museum was entered by thieves. They
entered by breaking a window in the basement and finding their
way to the rotunda on the first floor, where they broke the door
to the north Historical Exhibition Room. Here nine show cases
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 509
were oroken into and hundreds of specimens were taken. The
police department acted promptly and made photos of the finger
prints left by the thieves. Long before they were apprehended
their identity was established. They were apprehended at Cin-
cinnati and the specimens returned. I feel deeply indebted to the
Columbus Police Department for their prompt service.
"The matter of a night watchman for our building was
presented to the Emergency Board and an appropriation of
$1000 per year was granted. We now have a watchman in the
buildmg during the entire night, reporting each hour upon our
register clock.
"The past year in the museum has been a very enjoyable
one even with our cramped condition. We certainly must have
a wing to our building or quit accepting historical and archaeo-
logical material that comes to us unsolicited. We hope sufficient
funds will be provided to care for the archa:ological and histor-
ical material available for our use and that the Ohio State Mu-
seum may be made one of the best in the country."
(Signed) W. C. Mills,
Curator.
On motion of Mr. Ryan the Rejxjrt of the Curator was
accepted and ordered placed on file.
Mr. Ryan : "This report discloses the fact that through
the generous assistance of Messrs. Wolfe and Johnson our So-
ciety was enabled to make some very important investigations.
We do not often receive these marks of appreciation of our
work, and I believe that we owe it to these gentlemen to indicate
our formal appreciation of their interest in the Society, and to
publicly express the same and record it upon our records. I
therefore move that the following resolution be adopted:
"Resolved, by The Ohio State Archjeological and Historical
Society, That the appreciation and thanks of the Society are
hereby expressed to Robert F. Wolfe and Harry P. Wolfe for
their interest in its archaeological researches, and for their
financial assistance in conducting the investigations at Camp
Sherman, and to Arthur C. Johnson, editor of the Columbus
Dispatch, for his enthusiastic support to this Society.
"Resolved, 1 hat a copy of these resolutions be forwarded
to the gentlemen named."
510 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
The motion was seconded by Messrs. Heer and Galbreath,
and unanimously carried.
The Committee on Library made no report, Mr. Ryan stat-
ing that the work of the committee would be practically covered
during the afternoon session.
Dr. G. Frederick Wright read the reports of the Committees
on Warren County Serpent Mound and on Historical Sites, as
follows :
\V.\RREN COUNTY SERPENT MOUND.
"There is little to say concerning the prospect of obtaining
the Warren County Serpent Mound except to report that we
are pursuing the policy of watchful waiting. The farm is now in
the name of Presocia Spence and very likely will come into
the market for sale soon. The land is very valuable but only a
few acres would be necessary to preserve the mound. We will
keep the matter in mind and ascertain later if these few acres
can be obtained on favorable terms. I should hope that the
owner might contribute them as a public park bearing her name.
"Some remarkable light has been shed upon the significance
of our serpent mounds which increases their importance and
will call attention to them from anthropologists the world over.
"On seeing a copy of the illustration of the Adams County
Serpent Mound published by our Society, Dr. E. M. Wilson,
who has been for twenty-five years a medical missionary among
the Tamils of southern India, came up a few weeks ago to tell
me of the remarkable resemblance between the Adams County
Serpent Mound and the images which the Tamils worship in
southern India. These tribes worship the cobra, which is a
hooded snake, and the lingham supposed to be the source of
life and corresponding to the egg. The engravings of these
objects of worship upon their temples correspond almost exactly
with our Adams County Serpent Mound, and with what remains
of the Warren County Serpent Mound. The cobra is a hooded
serpent and there is no hooded serpent in America from which
the Mound Builders could have obtained the idea represented
in our mounds. The conclusion, therefore, is inevitable that
in ancient times the Mound Builders of North America migrated
from the same center on the eastern continent as that which is
occupied by the Tamils.
"This evidence is a striking confirmation of that presented
sixty years ago by Lewis Morgan in the volume of Smithsonian
contributions in which are collected from all over the world the
variety of methods by which family relationships are reckoned.
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 511
Among the Aryan races they are reckoned according to descent
from the father. We have children, grandchildren, great grand-
children, etc., but among the Turanian races they are reckoned
according to tribal relationships. All a man's nephews are reck-
oned as his sons, and what we should reckon as cousins are
reckoned as brothers. Amidst the various complications of this
method of relationships it was found that the American Indians
and the Tamils agreed so exactly in their methods that it seemed
to prove identity of origin. The similarity of our serpent mound
to the inscriptions among the Tamils presents such a remark-
able confirmation of this inference that its truth seems to be
established as a practical certainty. All this increases the im-
portance of the work we are doing to preserve these mounds.
Dr. Wilson promises an article for our Quarterly detailing all
these facts.
"(Signed) G. Frederick Wright."
HISTORICAL SITES.
"The Battle of Fallen Timbers, one of the most important
in the history of Ohio, occurred in the valley of the Maumee,
a few miles above Toledo. It is very desirable that a monu-
ment should mark the site. Already measures are being taken
to secure from the owners of the property in which the site
occurs the gift of a conspicuous location for such a monument.
We hope something tangible will result.
"The Warren County Serpent Mound, on the Little Miami
River, south of Lebanon, should be preserved, especially in view
of the recent light shed upon the relations of that and the Adams
County mound to similar objects of worship in southern India.
But we have no progress to report. Your committee has simply
pursued the course of watchful waiting. We understand that
the farm on which the mound stands has recently changed hands.
Whether anything can be done with the hojjeful prospect of ob-
taining the situation we cannot say. As the mound is near a
public highway a few acres of land would be all that is neces-
sary to obtain for a public park which would preserve the
mound. The committee should be continued for another year.
"(Signed) G. Frederick Wright."
On motion of Mr. Bareis the report was received and
placed on file.
Prof. B. F. Prince read the report of the Committee on
512 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
FORT ANCIENT,
as follows:
"Your committee on Kort Ancient has no changes or unusual
improvements to report this year. A few minor repairs have
been made at various places.
"The general appearance of the Fort is fine. The weeds
have been cut and the walls trimmed. The unusual growth of
grass during the past year has added much to the beauty of the
place.
"Since the disappearance of most of the houses in the town
of Fort Ancient it is difficult to secure at the Fort such help
that is needed, for no place can be found near by as a tene-
ment for a laborer.
"Your committee believe that soon there should be a small
house erected at some suitable place in the Fort. It would help
to solve many difficulties in keeping good order on the grounds.
"The number of visitors that come to the grounds during
the season for autoing runs into tens of thousands, and these
all add to the care of the custodian. A helper located near by
would be of material assistance to the efficiency required.
"Your committee believes that the finance committee should
take this matter under serious consideration.
"The following expenses have been incurred :
Repairing roof on house $27 50
Plastering material f) 00
One new pump and repair of an old one 21 35
Total $57 85
"Some improvements highly necessary were made and the
money to pay for them was advanced by Mr. Cowan. He asks
the Society if it thinks proper to pay the bills.
"They were:
1. Papering the house at a cost of 130 35
2. White lime 3 52
3. Hauling and sawing logs 6 50
Total $40 :37
"Your committee recommends that these bills be paid by the
Society.
(Signed) "B. F. Prince
Waldo C. Moore."
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 513
On motion of Mr. Mills the report was received and placed
on file.
Mr. Bareis moved, and it was carried, that the recommenda-
tions contained in the report be referred to the Finance Com-
mittee.
SPIEGEL GROVE PARK.
In the absence of Colonel Webb C. Hayes, Chairman of the
Committee on Spiegel Grove, Mr. Wood read a statement from
him setting forth what the state has done toward the erection
and support of the Hayes Memorial Library and Museum and
the need of adequate provision for future maintenance.
Mr. Wood was followed by Mr. Ryan who paid tribute
to Colonel Webb C. Hayes and concluded with the following
statement of his gifts to the state:
"In this connection, and in the absence of Colonel Hayes,
I desire to call the attention of the Society to his unusual and
generous contributions in connection with Spiegel Grove. In
memory of his father and mother he has practically donated
this vast property with all its contents to the State of Ohio. It
is a great monument of filial devotion to his parents, and at the
same time he has created a patriotic shrine that will reflect glory
upon the State and Nation. He is a modest man and it is with
difficulty that we have been able to get the facts from him as to
what he has really done at Spiegel Grove for the Society. He
has created a great trust fund, the proceeds of which go to the
maintenance and operation of this property. From memory
I think I can give substantially what Colonel Hayes has given to
the State of Ohio, reserving the control of this vast fund to
himself and the Society, jointly.
"Spiegel Grove his first donation, at the time he deeded it
to the State was conservatively valued at $50,000 but it and
the real estate adjoining, men who live there tell me, is easily
worth four times that amount. When we constructed the mu-
seum the State of Ohio appropriated about $40,000 for that
purpose, but Colonel Hayes added $50,000 to the state appropria-
tion. Then he made an additional donation to the Society of
$25,000, the proceeds to be used in keeping up Spiegel Grove,
and in addition an endowment of $50,000, the proceeds of which
were to be devoted to the equipment and keeping up of the
museum and library which contains his father's books, relics
and papers. Then he deeded to the State of Ohio, the proceeds
Vol. XXIX — 33.
514 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
to go to this Society, property adjoining Spiegel Grove of which
he has sold up to date the sum of $30,000 wtjrth, and this amount
has gone into a trust fund which is for conducting and main-
taining Spiegel Grove. The balance of that real estate, unsold,
is valued at $100,000. July ist last he created another trust
fund of $100,000, for the use of this Society in maintaining the
library and building. Since then he has created another fund of
$25,000, for the purpose of making additions to the Memorial
Building in which he had already invested $50,000. So up to
date Colonel Hayes has put in money and securities now on de-
posit with the Trust Company at Cleveland, for the use and
benefit of that American shrine, over four hundred thousand
dollars, counting Spiegel Grove at fifty thousand dollars. It
really amounts to over $500,000."
Mr. Wood moved that Mr. Ryan be requested to prepare
resolutions expressing the appreciation of the Society for the
donations made by Colonel Hayes, and that a copy of the resolu-
tions be forwarded to Colonel Hayes. Carried.
GENERAL J. WARREN KEIFER
being present, and called upon by the Chairman to come for-
ward, responded, and he was then informally introduced and
spoke as follows :
"I am proud to be before these distinguished gentlemen, and
to hear read these splendid reports showing the success of this
great Society ; 1 am glad to be one of you, and 1 hope to be with
you during my life.
"I am older in years than any of you, I guess.
Governor Campbell: "Except myself."
Mr. Keifer: "Well, you may be older than I am, but you
haven't as many years; I will be eighty-five years of age on the
29th of January next ; most people would say the 30th of Jan-
uary next, but that will be my eighty-sixth birthday ; I will be
eighty-five years old the day before my next birthday; that is
the law and the fact ; when a birthday comes we enter upon a
new year.
"I came here today to be with you, and to listen.
Mr. Ryan: "You served with Hayes?"
Mr. Keifer: "I served with General Rutherford B. Hayes
in the Civil War, though not generally in the same army or
command. I know his military history however. He went early
in the volunteer service in the Civil War (23 O. V. 1.), and
Thirty-fifth Annua! Meeting. 515
served conspicuously throughout that war. fighting in many of
its battles, and he was twice severely wounded.
"I participated with him in Virginia (now West Virginia)
in campaigns and in battles (Cheat Mountain and Tygart's Val-
ley, September 12-15, 1861) and again in September and Octo-
ber 1864, in the Shenandoah Valley, in all General Sheridan's
famous battles.
General J. Warren Keifer.
"General Hayes served ( 1864) in the Army of West Vir-
ginia, commanded by Major General George Crook (also an
Ohio General, born in Montgomery county) and at the opening
of the battle of Opequan (Sept. 19, 1864) Hayes, then Colonel,
commanded a brigade in the Second Division until its com-
mander. Colonel Isaac H. Duval, was disabled by a severe wound,
516 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
when he succeeded to the command of the Division and there-
after continuously commanded it.
"In the succeeding battles under Sheridan, Fisher's Hill
(Sept. 22, 1864), and Cedar Creek (Oct. 19, 1864) — commonly
known as the 'Sheridan's Ride battle,' through T. Buchanan
Read's poem — General Hayes displayed great gallantry ; inspired
his men to heroic deeds and won just fame. He served in the
field with great distinction until mustered out at the end of the
Civil War.
"Subsequently he served a term in Congress, House of
Representatives ; three terms as Governor of Ohio, and was
President of the United States, 1877-1881. In all public rela-
tions he proved himself an exemplary citizen of our great Re-
public.
"A few words relating to General Philip H. Sheridan, an-
other distinguished Ohio General of the Civil War, whose fame
will live in history, with that of Generals Grant, Sherman, Rose-
crans, Thomas. Meade, Wright, and other distinguished officers
of that war, through time.
"Sheridan, pursuant to a summons to Washington for a
conference at the War Department, was absent from his Army
when tht Battle of Cedar Creek opened at about 4 A. M. October
19, 1864.
"General Horatio G. Wright commanded his army in his
absence, and General James B. Ricketts, my division commander,
commanded the Sixth Army Corps and I succeeded to the com-
mand of the Third Division, Sixth Army Corps.
"General Ricketts was dangerously wounded before General
Sheridan's return to the Army, and consequently, I remained
throughout the battle in command of the Third Division, and
for some time thereafter.
"General Frank Wheaton commanded the First and General
George W. Getty commanded the Second Divisions of the Sixth
Corps.
"The left wing of our army was, by a surprise attack led
by General John B. Gordon, outflanked and driven back in some
confusion. The Sixth Corps on the Union right maintained the
battle successfully, and generally Wright had assumed the offen-
sive before Sheridan's arrival about 10 A. M.
"Sheridan, though much disturbed by the reports of non-
combatants through whom he passed in coming from Winchester
where he had spent the night of the iSth of October, assumed
full command, and though the battle did not end until after
night-fall, the Confederate army was not only defeated but
largely captured and destroyed ; its artillery and trains were all
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 517
captured, and only disorganized detachments of General Early's
Army escaped.
"Major William McKinley (later President of the United
States), then on General Crook's Staff, was a prominent figure
in the battle of Opequan* as he was in other campaigns and
battles.
"The battle of Opequan commenced at 4 A. M. and ended
about 8 P. M., without an interval for rationing the troops;
one of my brigade commanders (Colonel Emery) closes his re-
port of the battle by stating that he was ordered by me to take
his command into camp at 8 o'clock P. M. and cook breakfast.
(applause).
"This is not the time or occasion for giving, as requested,
any comprehensive history of my own life, and it must suffice
to say here, that I enlisted in the Civil War as a private soldier
on President Lincoln's first call for troops (April 15, 1861) but
was later (April 27, 1861) commissioned Major (3rd O. V. I.) ;
Lieutenant Colonel February 12th, 1862 (same regiment) ;
Colonel (iioth O. V. L) Sept. 30, 1862, and brevet Brigadier
General by appointment of President Lincoln 'for gallant and
meritorious services' (November 30, 1864) and assigned to
duty by him with that rank (December 29, 1864) ; and I was
appointed, on the recommendations of Generals Wright, Meade
and Grant, brevet Major General, 'for gallant and distinguished
services during the campaign ending icith the surrender of the
insurgent army under General R. E. Lee.'
"I was mustered out of service, June 27, 1865, having
served as an officer four years and two months, without an inter-
val of a day, and I was wounded four times, twice severely.
"I served in now West Virginia in 1861 and in Kentucky,
Tennessee and Alabama in 1862 to September 29, 1862, and
again in 1862 as Colonel iioth Ohio Volunteers, in West Vir-
ginia, reaching Winchester in the Shenandoah \'alley, January
I, 1863, generally commanding a brigade after I was commis-
sioned Colonel ; joined the Third Army Corps, Army of the
Potomac, July 6, 1863, and served in it until it was broken up
(March 23, 1864) when, with my division, I was then trans-
ferred to the Sixth Army Corps, Army of the Potomac, in which
corps, and the Third Division thereof, I served until the close
of the Civil War.
"I was on detached service (August 1863) with three regi-
ments in New York City and Brooklyn to put down riots and
enforce the draft.
' Spelled also Opequon.
618 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
"I commanded the Third Division of the Sixth Corps in
the battle of Cedar Creek, and, temporarily, in campaigns and
other battles, notably the battle of Sailor's Creek, April 6, 1865.
I fought in twenty-eight battles, large and small ; and there were
killed on the battle-fields under my direct command in what
was called the 'Keifer Brigade' 54 officers and 812 enlisted
men; wounded lOi officers and 2410 enlisted men, in all 3377,
only six less than the like casualties under General Scott and
General Taylor in their conquest of Mexico (1S47-1848) and
a larger number than was killed under the command of Wash-
ington in the War of the Revolution (1776-1783).
"I fought in the first field-battle, Rich Mountain (now
West Virginia) July 11, 1861, and in the last one — Sailor's
Creek, \'a., April 6, 1865, and I was present at the surrender
of the Confederate Army by General Lee to General Grant at
Appomattox, April 9, 1865.
"I served throughout the Spanish-American War (1898-
1899) as Major-General of Volunteers (7th Army Corps) in
Florida and Cuba; and in Civil Life one term (1868-1869) in
the Ohio Senate ; also fourteen years in the Congress of the
United States (1877-1885; 1905-1911); and as speaker of the
House of Representatives (47th Congress) 1881-1883.
"I thank you for your indulgence and again for this kind
reception." (applause).
Air. Wood stated that when the' Society had twenty-one
Trustees, instead of the present number, fifteen. General Keifer
served on the Board of Trustees, and moved that all present
rise as a mark of respect to General Keifer. The motion was
unanimously carried, and all present arose. General Keifer said,
"I know the kind of men you are, earnest and honest. I am
proud of you. and I thank you."
LOG.^N ELM PARK.
Mr. Frank Tallmadge, Chairman of the Committee, sub-
mitted the following report:
"The current year has broken all records as to number of
visitors at the Park. The Elm has shown more vigor than at
any season it has been under our control, for it has made growth
in its foliage to an unexpected extent and the leaves have been
of a better color, all no doubt due to the mulching treatment
given the roots three years since. No branches have fallen as
the heavy limbs have been cabled to the trunk. The barricade
has effectually protected the tree from damage by the tops of
autos running under it. No vandalism has been reported. All
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 519
visitors have respected the memorials to an unusual extent.
Since our last report a new memorial has been completed and
formally accepted by our Society in the shape of an imposing
granite monument to the Indian Chief Logan, which occupies
a most prominent spot, the first stone to be reached as one enters
the Park. It contains on one side Logan's message to Lord
Dunmore, read under the Elm at the treaty in 1774, together
with a bas-relief in bronze of the tree, giving its dimensions.
On the reverse, also in bronze, the strikingly handsome head of
an Indian, reproduced from the recent nickel coin, under which
there is cut in the stone about twenty lines, well chosen, ex-
planatory as to the history connected with the site, and com-
ments upon the incidents which inspired Logan to the eloquent
and pitiful words of the message. This memorial is well con-
structed throughout, reflecting much credit upon the donors,
citizens and former citizens of Pickaway and Ross counties.
Messrs. J. T. Sharp and John A. Wilson, representatives of fam-
ilies living in the immediate neighborhood for over one hundred
years, were instrumental in carrying the project to a most suc-
cessful end. They deserve our thanks and congratulations. The
unveiling occurred last September, with appropriate ceremonies,
in the presence of about one thousand persons, including the
scholars from a nearby township school, who, under the direction
of their teacher, Miss Hanna McKenzie of Circleville, recited
separately a playlet written by Miss McKenzie called "A Tribute
to Logan," which embraced all the known history of Logan's
life, each scholar having committed to memory one incident
thereof. A copy of this 'Tribute' should be in our achives ;
it is worthy of publication in our Quarterly.
"We recommend the purchase by this Society of that por-
tion of Congo Creek that lies just outside our east line and the
removal of the fence to the opposite bank, throwing the creek
within the Park, and thereafter terracing our bank to the water's
edge, thus giving the visitors a view of the swift running and
clear stream, which is now invisible.
"Some attention should also be given to the general beautifi-
cation of the ground by planting hardy shrubs, together with
each and every variety of native trees. This can be done with-
out interfering with the parking space. Complaints have been
made that there are no trees around the cabin, and that we have
not started a grove in the southeastern part, now unused, which
if done wjll make more room for picnics and parties.
"Respectfully submitted,
(Signed) "Frank Tallmadge.
"Chairman."
520 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
Mr. Tallmadge then read a letter, addressed to President
Campbell, as follows :
"I regret that it will probably be impossible for me to attend
the annual meeting of The Ohio State Archaeological and His-
torical Society, on the 15th inst., of which I have just received
my notice. Before I received the notice, I had made my arrange-
ments for an important out-of-town business trip, and cannot
break that engagement. It is possible, however, that I can return
in time to attend the meeting.
"I congratulate the Society and yourself as its President,
on the work done during the present calendar year. I hoped to
attend the annual meeting, because I wished to present for the
consideration of its members a tentative plan for improving and
perpetuating the state's property in Pickaway county, and hope,
in lieu of doing that, that I may have the opportunity, later on,
to present that matter to ihe members of the proper comnMttee.
"Very truly yours,
"H. J. Booth."
Mr. Tallmadge stated that he did not pretend to know what
improvements Mr. Booth refers to. The road will be improved
this winter, by widening it so that automobiles entering the
Park will not all run in the same track. The Park, four and
seven-tenths acres, is wedge shaped, the north line being only
one hundred and fifty feet in length. The branches of the tree
are now so long that they reach the fence, and if the adjoining
field should be put into pasture live-stock could easily nibble
the ends of the branches.
On motion of Mr. Mills the report was received and placed
on file.
Mr. Bareis moved that the question of the purchase of ad-
ditional land for the Park be referred to the Board of Trustees.
Carried.
Dr. Cole read the report of the Committee on
SERPENT MOUXD,
as follows :
"The Serpent Llound continues to attract an increasing
number of visitors.
"The Custodian reports eight thousand registered during
the past year, with probably as many more who did not register,
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 521
making sixteen thousand wlio enjoyed the pleasures of the Park
during the year.
"While many of these, doubtless, belonged to the great com-
pany of sightseers, it is fair to assume that most of them carried
away more or less impressions of the great Serpent effigy.
"It has been the policy of the administration to get into the
possession of visitors some literature concerning this marvelous
work of prehistoric man. To aid in this there has been prepared
and placed on sale at the Park some inexpensive literature set-
ting forth the main features of the Park, and the effigy. This
embraces "Serpent Mound," by our former Secretary, Mr. E. O.
Randall, "Map and Guide of Serpent Alound," compiled from
the published report of Professor Putnam of the serpent effigy
and his operations and work at the Park, and a large foldhig
card, six by fourteen inches, on one side of which is a large cut
of the effigy, and on the reverse side a map of the Park together
with historical and descriptive notes of interest to the general
reader.
"Of this literature twelve hundred and fifty pieces have
been sold during the year, and it is a safe assumption that this
literature will increase information and interest in the archaeo-
logical work of the Society. This literature has been circulated
without expense to the Society, it being sold at a price to cover
the printing and selling costs.
'"We take the liberty of again calling the attention of the
Society to the value of the Museum that has been installed in
the Shelter House. While only a beginning has been made, the
results in the way of interest of visitors fully justifies a larger
collection as soon as, the Society can provide funds for the neces-
sary cases for the protection of specimens.
"Our Curator informs us that a large collection could be
made from the numerous duplicates belonging to the Society
without in any way impairing the parent JMuseum.
"During the year there has been erected at the entrance to
the Park two modest but somewhat imposing pillars, two and a
half by six feet. These pillars were constructed of concrete,
the material for the same being hauled by the Custodian, who
also assisted in the labor of construction. The cost of these,
together with some work on the Shelter House, was $94.18.
"The driveway up the hillside to the plateau, being some-
what steep and subject to frequent washings of the soft material
used in its construction, should be replaced as soon as possible
by some kind of firmer material that will make it more per-
manent.
522 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
"During the year our Custodian, Mr. Guy Wallace, has
married a wife, left the Park and turned the care of it over
to his brother, Denver, who has been associated with him in its
care and who now seeks the appointment as Custodian.
"In view of the fact that in some of the properties owned
by the Society there are cultivatable lands that yield income,
and that the Society is paying stipulated sums for the care of
these properties, would it not be well for Custodians to account
more specilically for the labor performed in the upkeep, and for
the receipts from lanas under cultivation?
"Respectfully submitted,
(Signed) "W. H. Cole,
"Wm. C. Mills.
"Committee."
On motion of Mr. Heer the report was received and placed
on file.
Mr. W. J. Sherman, Chairman of the Committee on
FORT MIAMI, FORT MEIGS AND FALLEN TIMBERS
being unavoidably absent. Secretary Galbreath read his report,
as follows:
"Your Committee on Ft. Miami, Ft. Meigs and the Battle-
field of Fallen Timbers respectfully submit the following report:
FORT MIAMI
"The full committee paid a visit to this historic site Novem-
ber 4, IQ20. and made a very careful and thorough inspection of
the present condition of the earthworks. It may not be generally
known that these old works are still well and clearly defined and
in an excellent state of preservation. They occupy one of the
most commanding sites to be found on the West or left bank of
the Maumee River. The state monument at Ft. Meigs, some
two miles away, is plainly visible. It is the unanimous opinion
of the committee that this beautiful and historic spot should
belong to the Society. We regret to report the property is still
in the hands of owners who state that they do not wish to sell
the property, though their reason is not apparent, for Ft. Miami
is not a source of revenue to its owners.
BATTLE FIELD OF FALLEN TIMBERS
"Your committee has been working for a long time past in
an effort to secure from the owners with practically no cost to
Thirty- fifth Annual Meeting. 523
the historical society a suitable site for the monument to com-
memorate the Battle of Fallen Timbers. We are pleased to re-
port that a beautiful spot has been selected by your full com-
mittee and the representative of the owner, complete typograph-
ical surveys and maps have been prepared, as has also a descrip-
tion of the property for incorporation in the deed. The owner
is an elderly lady whose brother, a local real estate agent, is
representing her in the transaction. Though we are not able to
report as yet that the deed to this beautiful property is resting
in the vaults of your Society, nevertheless we have been re-
peatedly assured by the representative of the owner that we
may expect to receive the deed to the property within a very
short time. The owner asks no compensation whatever and
promises to insert no conditions save such as any prudent busi-
ness man would require.
FORT MEIGS
"The conditions at Ft. Meigs remain practically the same
as they were one year ago. Some ten thousand dollars have
been expended during the past season in improving the water
supply for the Fort and the rest house. Your full committee
had the pleasure of inspecting this property on the 4th of last
month and unite in reporting it to be apparently in fine condition.
"Very respectfully yours,
(Signed) "W. J. Sherman."
The report was ordered received and placed on file, on
motion of Mr. Cole.
The Committees on Fort Laurens and Campus Martins
made no report, on account of the fact that the Chairman. Mr. E.
O. Randall, is now deceased.
NECROLOGY.
Curator Mills reported that during the year the Society
has lost, by death, the following members:
Mr. E. O. Randall, for many years Secretary of the Society.
Mr. Aimer Hegler.
Dr. J. C. Reave, of Dayton.
Mr. Louis P. Schaus, for many years a member of the
Board of Trustees.
Mr. Wood moved that the Secretary be requested, at his
earliest convenience, to prepare an abstract of the recommenda-
524 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
tioiis made by the several committees in their reports, and sub-
mit them to the Board of Trustees for action. Carried.
On motion of Mr. Heer the meeting adjourned.
OPEN MEETING OF THE SOCIETY.
Society Building, Columbus, 0.,
2:00 P. M., December 15, 1920.
President Campbell called the meeting to order, stating that
it was called for the purpose of receiving a number of interest-
ing and valuable — almost priceless — donations.
Tlie chairman then called upon
MR. JOHN G. DESHLER,
who read the following letter:
"Columbus, Ohio, Dec. 10, 1920.
Hon. J.^mes E. Campbell,
President, The Ohio State
Archccological and
Historical Society.
Columbus, Ohio.
Dear Sir: —
"I take pleasure in presenting, through you, to The Ohic
State Archjeological and Historical Society, a cane that once
belonged to my father. It bears the inscription :
'Salmon P. Chase "Merrimac."
to April 1864.
Wm. G. Deshler 88/64.'
"The intrinsic, historic value of this cane rests upon the
fact that the wood is a part of the celebrated Confederate con-
verted ram, the Merrimac, which for a time struck terror to the
North during the War. Its metal — the handle and the ferrule
— is made from material taken from the guns of the Merrimac.
"The historical association of the cane, why it was made
and the occasion of its presentation, is likewise of great interest.
My father in his lifetime, when he was seventy-three years old,
wrote out a full history of this cane, which I have in my posses-
sion, and from which I will summarize the events which led to
the circumstances of its presentation.
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 625
"On the 14th of April, 1864, my father received the follow-
ing telegram from Washington:
'Confidential.'
'Am going to New York tonight. If you can, meet
me at Fifth Avenue Hotel on Friday night or earlier. Come
^' °''''- -S. P. Chase.-
"In his memoirs, from which I shall quote quite extensively,
my father says:
"This call did not surprise me, as from the beginning of
Secretary Chase's administration of the United States Treasury
Department, I had frequent conferences with him, through cor-
respondence and in person, so that I was familiar with the new
condition of his Department required by the wide extension of
its operation in consequence of the breaking out of the rebellion.'
"He was in New York the next day, and when he went to
the hotel desk to register the clerk said : "Mr. Deshler your room
has been secured — thirty-six Parlor floor — you will find a
gentleman awaiting for you in the next room, as they connect.'
The gentleman was Secretary Chase, and apparently he was very
much concerned about the financial situation of the government.
In this conversation Mr. Chase said:
" ■ We are confronted here in New York, on every side, by
the rankest treason. Men professing loyalty — with our flag
at their desk — are secretly engaged in trying to break down
the credit of the government by speculation in stocks and gold.
They have a chain of operations, reaching from here to Rich-
mond, by way of Montreal and by way of Louisville. They have
given the State Department great trouble in our strained foreign
relations. The thing I am interested in directly, and which has
worried me, is that they have thwarted my negotiations with a
syndicate of German bankers for a loan of two hundred million
dollars.'
"As he related the details of his negotiations his eyes
snapped, his tone was bitter, his feelings intense to the point of
vengeance. He said with emphasis "That conspiracy must be
crushed and the gang punished. I want you to take the matter
in charge, make your own plans, which we will talk over this
evening.'
"Handing my father a paper he said: 'Here is a list of that
gang, and you will be surprised to see some of the names on it
— honorable men, forsooth,' he said bitterly, 'yet that list is re-
liable, as I am assured by the Secret Service Department.'
526 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society FuhUcations.
"Mr. Chase left, saying he would return in an hour.
"Quoting my father's memoirs again, he said : 'As I looked
over the list I was surprised, as I knew some personally, others
by reputation, as among the best business men in New York.
To myself 1 said, "Here is a job; he wants me to crush this
gang; why don't he shoot them, as do our boys down South?"
William G. Deshler.
I thought over the general situation, and the outlook was not
pleasant; our army massed to protect Washington (the battles
of the Wilderness were fought a few days later) ; copperheads
rampant throughout the North ; gold going up ( which was green-
backs going down) ; speculation in stocks wild, so much so that
every evening the lobbies of the Fifth Avenue Hotel were
crowded with a mob of howling brokers plying their trade; the
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 527
issue of bonds and paper money to pay war expenses ; many
soldiers called out and in the field ; the ultra democratic papers
objecting to the draft ; the taxes and the flood of bank circula-
tion on top of the greenbacks. Indeed it was not a healthy con-
dition.'
"After dinner Mr. Chase and my father met in the former's
room, and to the Secretary of the Treasury he outlined a plan
of operation which, in his mind, was sufficient to check the dis-
astrous financial condition. He said to the Secretary : 'If I can
sell a few millions of gold a little under the market rate, to be
paid for in greenbacks, no checks on the banks or certificates of
deposit to be taken, greenbacks will become scarce, the banks
will be alarmed, they will call in loans or demand increased
margins as the market for gold and stocks declines. Then I
will find out the 'specialties' protected by the men in this list
and look after them in the Stock Exchange; also I will ofTer
a premium for greenbacks to be paid for with checks on the
banks. In other words my gold business will be done on a
money basis only. Of course I must employ brokers and pay
their commissions, but I will get the right kind of brokers — and
all of their operations in stocks will be by bank checks. Thus the
government will be buying its debts in the shape of greenbacks
and paying them in gold, which it has in the Subtreasury ; the
law certainly allows that, but it don't allow government funds
to be used in stock operations. The gold and stock operations
must not be mixed, but can be cooperative in producing the
result desired. The stock part I must handle myself, and it
must be left to me. The gold business will be done through the
Subtreasury where secrecy must be maintained for a short time
at least.'
"The Secretary approved this plan of operation, and it was
agreed that they should meet at Mr. Cisco's office, who was the
Subtreasurer of the United States.
"The rest of the evening was spent in gossip about home.
Reference was made to the early associations in and around
Columbus. My father says that he asked him if he remembered
his first speech. The Secretary inquired 'Do you mean the slave
girl case?' 'No,' said my father, 'long before that. It was at
your uncle's, the Bishop's school near Worthington, upon the
occasion of the examination just before vacation when you and
Joseph Sullivant were school-boys together.' He remembered
SuUivant's story and laughed heartily. After a few stories of
Ohio times they parted with the understanding that they would
meet at the Subtrcasurer's office at lo o'clock the next morning.
528 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Satiety Publications.
■*\Vhen my father entered Mr. Cisco's private office he found
Horace Greeley there, and upon being introduced as from Ohio
Mr. Greeley said : 'Great state, but too many copperheads in it.'
"IMy father in his memoirs gives a passing description of
the great editor. He speaks of him as 'standing there, a rare
picture, his big loose coat, with its pockets stuffed with news-
papers, his necktie shifted around with its knot under his ear,
and the big-brimmed hat set back on his head, making him look
like a belated cherub with a misfit glorj- on.'
"After a few remarks about Greeley, Secretary Chase said to
Mr. Cisco: 'Mr. Deshler will want to use some money during
the next few days, and you will let him have what he wants,
taking his receipt, which will be your sufficient voucher.' Mr.
Cisco said: "Why, Mr. Secretary, we have a great deal of
money here, and do I understand that your order is unlimited?'
'Yes,' replied the Secretary, looking at my father with a twinkle
in his eye. Mr. Cisco, somewhat surprised, said: 'Will you
kindly put your order in writing, Mr. Secretary?' Mr. Chase sat
down as Cisco's desk and wrote the order, and handed it to him.
He carefully read it, looked at Chase, then at my father, 'some-
what dazed.' I quote again from my father's memoirs: 'Mr.
Chase then left. As the door closed Mr. Cisco said: "Is the
Secretary a relative of yours?" "No," I replied. "How much
gold have you on hand?" He looked over a little book and told
me the millions, as he muttered to himself, "Remarkable."
"Well," I said, "I don't think I will need it all ; have you a con-
siderable sum in bags, ready for delivery?" "Yes," he replied,
and again muttered "Remarkable." I left, telling him I would
call soon again.'
"My father then went to the American Exchange Bank, to
Mr. George S. Coe, its President, at that time one of the most
prominent and influential bankers in New York. They were
business and personal friends of many years' standing, and he
was known as one of the most conservative of bankers, actively
and thoroughly loyal to the government, and one of the advisors
of Secretary Cliase when his advice was asked. From Mr. Coe
my father received a general letter of endorsement, practically
guaranteeing any contracts that he should make. Armed with
this letter and the backing of the Treasury of the United States,
and with his own individual means used in the purchase of
stocks, he went upon the market to sell gold, which he did at a
price below the market price, and bought greenbacks at a price
above the market price. The result was that after expending
several million dollars in gold in the purchase of greenbacks,
and selling several million dollars of gold below the price of the
Thirty- fifth Annual Meeting. 529
raiders, the projects of the gold conspirators were defeated. He
kept feeding the market with gold and purchasing greenbacks
at higher prices every day. The purpose desired by Mr. Chase
was accomplished. Greenbacks rose and gold went back. The
financial condition of the government was such that Mr. Chase
readily disposed of his war bonds, but for four days there was a
merry time on Wall Street. Its gamblers in gold discovered
on the second day that it was government gold that was being
thrown on the market, and of course that created a tremendous
panic as they well knew that with the government as a com-
petitor their end was in sight.
"]\Iy father was called to New York on April 14; the
Ohio State Journal in its New York "Stock Report" of April
1 8th, says:
'Money market much disturbed by stock panic — no regular
rate of interest — at public board the panic became intense, and
blocks were thrown overboard at almost any price. One per cent
a day interest is paid — the banks are not paying out greenbacks,
and legal tenders are worth two per cent premium more than
certified checks — a large number of bull operators have broken
down.'
"The operators that broke down were members of the gang
who has conspired to cripple the United States government at
its most critical period. While all this was going on and the
end of the gold orgy was approaching, my father went to Wash-
ington and reported to Secretary Chase what he had done. The
Secretary was greatly pleased.
"He declined to receive any pay for his services, and re-
ceived a draft on the Assistant Treasurer of the United States
for his expenses, $123.93. In sending this draft to my father,
Mr. Chase's private secretary said, in a letter in my possession :
T am directed by the Secretary to enclose draft on Assistant
Treasurer, New York, for $ii3.93. He would write himself
but for pressure of public business. The fidelity and success
with which you conducted the important duties imposed upon
you in New York met his hearty approval, and he directs me to
assure you of his thanks.
"Very truly yours,
"J. W. SCHUCKERS."
"After my father had completed his labors in New York
he received the following letter from Mr. Chase:
Vol. XXIX — 34.
530 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
'Treasury Department
"April 26, 1864.
'My Dear Sir ; —
'I am sorry that you go home unwell, but hope that home
and its affectionate cares for your well being will soon give you
perfect health.
'Accept my thanks for your services to the public and
especially to this Department, in New York — you must allow
me at least to repay the expense you incurred. Please state the
amount.
'I beg you to receive my thanks, and as a slight mark of
my personal appreciation, a cane, all the materials of which are
from the wreck of the Mcrrimac, blown up by the order of her
rebel commander the morning after the capture of Norfolk.
The cane was made for me by Norfolk mechanics, and may be
received as genuine and authentic. I received it and another
because having been a volunteer aid to General Wood on the
Norfolk expedition, and pretty active in the whole affair, which
was immediately followed by the suicide of the Mcrrimac, I was
thought to take special interest in the wreck.
'Your friend,
'S. P. Chase.'
'To \V. G. Deshler, Esq.'
"I am presenting this cane with the original telegram and
letters, for its historic value and as a memento of my father's
patriotic service to his country. I have felt that I owe it to his
memory to make this explanation of its history, and at the same
time I have, out of a sense of filial duty, left this written report
of his conduct in one of the most crucial periods of our nation's
history.
"Very truly yours,
"John G. Deshler."
Mr. Deshler stated that the cannon on this cane is an exact
duplicate, in miniature, of the cannons on the Merrimac, and
that when a boy he frequently shot it. In reply to a question he
said that the inscription "88/64," means that gold went to 88 in
1864; the plan of the conspirators was to send gold to 200, and
greenbacks down to fifty cents.
President Campbell stated that four of the "Merrimac"
canes were made, one of them was presented to Mr. Lincoln,
one to the Smithsonian Institute, and two to Mr. Chase.
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 531
Mr. Cole: As a fitting expression of our appreciation I
want to make a motion that the thanks of this Society be ten-
dered Mr. Deshler, not only for the cane, but also for the inter-
esting letter and memoranda. Carried.
Chairman Campbell stated that two gifts are to be presented
through Governor James M. Cox. The first a library, the second
a trust fund of $47,424.69. Governor Cox will tell you how
this fund was raised, and why it is to be given to this Society
to build an addition to the Museum and Library Building, the
addition to be known as "The Memorial Building to the Soldiers,
Sailors and Marines of the Great War."
GIFT BY MR. CLAUDE MEEKER.
Hon. Daniel J. Ryan explained that Mr. Meeker, the donor
of the library, being unable to attend the meeting has requested
him [Mr. Ryan] to represent him. Mr. Ryan then read a letter
from Mr. Claude Meeker, as follows:
"Columbus, Ohio, December 4th, 1920.
"Gov. James M. Cox,
"Executive Office,
"Columbus, Ohio.
"Sir:—
"It is my pleasure to present through you, to the State of
Ohio, a collection of books and pamphlets relating to Ohio. I
intend this as a heritage to the people of the State, upon the
following conditions:
First: — They are to be held forever in the custody of and
under the exclusive control of The Ohio State Archaeological
and Historical Society.
Second : — They are to be preserved, maintained and in-
dexed as a separate library unmixed with any other books or
library except such of a kindred nature as may be added to it
from time to time.
Third: — Said collection of books shall be known as "The
Meeker Collection of Ohioana."
Fourth : — Said collection shall be used as a reference
library, free to the use of all scholars and students.
"This library specialized on the State of Ohio, is the result
of intelligent and discriminating collecting for a period of forty
632
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications
years. It was selected with a view of preserving for the future
the history of the people and manners, the evolution and accom-
plishments of our State as recorded in the literature covering a
period of from 1750 to the present.
"Its card index shows that it contains two thousand one
Claude Meek
hundred and ten ( Jiio) volumes, of which about three hundred
(300) are in pamjihlet form, bound separately.
"It can be said with certainty, and without qualification,
that there is not in this country, under private ownership, a
library as complete and comprehensive on its subject matter,
Tliirty- fifth Annual Meeting. 533
and as numerous in its titles. It is very largely composed of
literature of the nineteenth century ; the dates of publication
throughout that period ranging from one hundred and fifteen
years ago to the present time.
"The value of this library as a collection can only be ap-
preciated by a personal examination and study, but its scope
may be realized by the following summary of the character of
its contents.
"i. Pertaining to the physiography of the State, being the
literature relating to the fauna and flora ; its geology and its
rivers and water-sheds; the histories of its floods and flood pre-
vention.
"2. The literature of the prehistoric or mound-builder
period of Ohio, containing all that has been written upon that
subject.
"3. The publications relating to the Indians of Ohio, and
the period of their occupation, including those treating of the
Indian wars in the settlement of the State.
"4. Numerous histories of the pioneer occupation and
early settlement of Ohio. In this are also included the histories
and lives of the pioneers, both autobiographical and biographical,
as well as local histories of cities, towns and counties.
"5. Travels through, and tours into Ohio, commencing
with Rev. David Jones' Journal of 1772- 1773. and including
Forman (1789), Walcott (1799), Michaux (1803), Ashe (1806),
Cuming (1810), Melich (1812), and others of later dates. This
literature, composed of original editions, narrating experiences
of those early travelers and their comments upon the new
country and its people, is extremely interesting and valuable,
rare and out of print.
"6. The literature pertaining to the Ordinance of 1787,
the Northwest Territory and Ohio when a part of such territory.
"7. A complete collection of all the histories of Ohio as a
State, commencing with that of Thaddeus M. Harris, published
in 1805, to Randall and Ryan's in 1912.
"8. Biographies, autobiographies, speeches, addresses and
writings of distinguished Ohioans — statesmen, lawyers, min-
isters, physicians, soldiers, literary men, poets and politicians.
"9. The historical literature of Ohio relating to the War
of 1812; with special reference to the battle of Lake Erie, the
siege of Fort Stephenson, the battles in the Northwest and Gen-
eral Harrison's campaigns.
"10. Official documents, writings and histories relating to
the construction, development, and operation of the Ohio Canal
System.
634 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publicotions.
"ll. Proceedings of, and literature pertaining to the Con-
stitutional Conventions of 1851, 1871 and 1912, including the
current publications composed of pamphlets, brochures and mag-
azines relating to the questions before the people at the time
of their submission.
"12. The magazine literature published in Ohio including
complete sets of the official publications of the Western Reserve
Historical Society (1877-1917), the Firelands Historical Society
(1858-1915), the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical So-
ciety {1887-1917) and the Old Northwest Genealogical Society
(1898-1912). Among the magazines are complete sets of the
Hesperian (3 Vols. 1S38-1839), The American Pioneer (2 Vols.
1842-1843), and the Cincinnati Miscellany (2 Vols. 1845-1846) ;
all of which are out of print and extremely rare.
"13. The educational literature of Ohio; being a collection
of the histories of its colleges and universities ; histories relating
to the establishment and growth of the common school system
and institutions of higher education ; the official reports, pre-
sented to the Legislature, providing for the establishment of a
common school system (1825), and general educational addresses
of a historical nature.
"14. The ecclesiastical history of the state; being histories
of the growth and religious progress of the leading denomina-
tions; numerous anniversary sermons relating to the foundation
and development of individual churches, and the history of
various religious movements, together with memoirs and remin-
iscences of pioneer preachers of Ohio.
"15. Official publications of the state, bearing upon, and
recording historic events, and having a distinct value for that
purpose. These are entirely out of print and are now only to
be found in institutional libraries.
"16. The political literature of the state; embracing com-
plete histories of the Democratic and Republican parties ; political
addresses, platforms and biographies of the prominent political
leaders of Ohio.
"17. The Civil War literature of Ohio; composed of (a)
the writings of Ohio authors upon the Civil War; (b) the writ-
ings of authors concerning Ohio in the Civil War; (c) the
official records and literature of the state for that period, and (d)
the histories of Ohio regiments and other army organizations.
To those may be added (e) Publications of the Ohio Com-
mandery of the Loyal Legion, (f) the Grand Army of the Re-
public of Ohio, (g) speeches, addresses and sermons on the
war, and (h) miscellaneous military literature of that period.
This collection of Ohio Civil War literature is the most complete
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 585
of its kind in this country, not excelled in number and complete-
ness by the Congressional Library or the War Department
Library. This division of the library alone contains seven hun-
dred and twenty-eight (728) volumes.
It is well known among librarians and book collectors that
the historical literature of Ohio is becoming scarcer year by
year. The great public libraries of the state universities and
colleges have been collecting so industriously that it is practical-
ly removed from the private collections. Indeed it has become
impossible to secure the publications printed in the first half of
the nineteenth century. Therefore, so far as duplicating by col-
lection at this late date, such a library as this, neither money nor
search can accomplish what years of patient work have done.
"Such a library should be within free and easy access of
students and scholars, and to this end I have thought that its
place is in the building of the Ohio State Archseological and
Historical Society, and I have therefore made this donation so
that that purpose may be accomplished.
"Very respectfully,
"Claude Meeker."
Mr. Ryan : Governor, I am authorized by Mr. Meeker to
say in addition that it is his purpose to create a foundation, or
fund, the resources of which will be used to keep up this library
and purchase hereafter any rare works pertaining to the history
of this state, whenever the opportunity to do so may arise.
(Applause.)
GOVERNOR JAMES M. COX
was presented and spoke as follows:
"Mr. President, Members and Guests of this Society:
"I am very happy that the last days of my incumbency of
the executive office bring circumstances which enable me to come
here, and in my official capacity make a presentation of two
substantial things to this very historic historical society.
CHECK FOR MEMORIAL BUILDING.
"Acting on the suggestion of your distinguished president,
I will give you, briefly, the history of this fund which was as-
signed to my care. Soon after the selective-service law became
operative in this State — speaking now, when the hours of stress
have passed with a confidence that wouldn't have been prudent
at that time — I might say to you that we had some misgivings
536
Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
in this state, as they had doubtless in some other states, as to
just how this law would work out. When the first realization
of the stern fact of war came, young men, of course, were leav-
ing their homes and were taking trains for the training camps.
General Glenn, then in command at Camp Sherman, very iiappily
MEs M. Cox.
conceived the idea of making a moving picture out of the daily
life of the boys in camp. I remember very well that the first
part of the film was made up of the entrance into camp of
sundry contingents in citizens clothes, carrying their traveling
bags and belongings ; every process of physical examination ; the
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. '537
drilling of the boys ; the precautions taken as to health and sani-
tation, the provisions that were made for food, in fact every-
thing that entered into the day of the young soldier was shown
upon the canvas by means of this picture, and in consequence of
it the law, as we continued to administer it, seemed to have
very much less severity to it.
"When the picture was first exhibited, a small admission fee
was charged to bear the cost, because there was no governmental
fund available for that purpose, and its finally developed that
there was such a demand for the picture that three or four
distinct outfits were provided.
"When General Glenn went over seas, he advised me that
he had the fund in his possession, and he was very much in the
position of the man having hold of the cow's tail — he didn't
quite know how to let go of it — He wanted to place it in charge
of some state authority. I told him there would be a great im-
propriety in permitting it to pass into the general revenue fund
of the state ; that it ought to have a great historic value and ap-
plication, and I agreed that if the whole enterprise from its
outset were audited by acknowledged experts, I would become
the custodian of the fund. After it was given to me, the money
was turned over to the State Treasurer, and placed on interest.
We disbursed a few thousand dollars in order to get under way
the vocational training of soldiers. This left a sum aggregating
$47,424.69. Governor Campbell in some way discovered that
we had the money, and in his enthusiasm in behalf of this
organization, so well known to you that there is no need of men-
tion of it by me, he requested the money and persisted in it until
the hour came when I realized there was to be no peace of mind
until I gave it to him. Then the task was in ascertaining just how
the transfer might be made and the fund administered so that
there would be no trespassing upon propriety, and we finally
agreed that the money would be used and the donation made upon
the definite specification that it would be employed in buiUIing,
in whole or in part, an addition to this structure, into which
would pass, exclusively, collections and data, historical and other-
wise, bearing upon the Great War.
"Now I conclude my responsibility, and very happily, by
presenting the check to this organization.
MEEKER LIBR.\RY OF OIIIOANA.
"The collection of books presented by Mr. Meeker is, be-
yond any question, the most important one of its kind in exist-
ence. I will not permit the modesty of Mr. Ryan to be respon-
sible for your leaving this room without knowing who it was
538 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
that made, in the first instance, this collection. It was Mr. Ryan
— Daniel J. Ryan himself. The question of purchasing this col-
lection and making it a part of some private library was under
consideration by a number of individuals in this state, but those
of us who gave it thought were all agreed in this, that no selfish
ambition should be permitted to interfere with this unusual col-
lection of books being made a part of the great historical prop-
erty of the great commonwealth of ours.
"Now I take great pleasure in presenting this library as it
comes from Mr. Claude Meeker, than whom there is no prouder
citizen of this Commonwealth, no man, I mean, who is prouder
to be an Ohioan and to have come from the flesh and bone of
Ohio people. He is himself Ohio born. He had a long and
distinguished career in journalism, and his golden hearted qual-
ities and unselfish spirit generally are so well known to most
people in this community that it would be almost inappropriate
for me to elaborate upon them.
"I lay down the cares of office now in a little while, after
having served longer than any man in the history of Ohio as
Governor of the State, and somehow it seems to rae that I would
be a little ungracious if I did not leave some observations with
reference to and in behalf of the departments of government
with which I have come into more or less close contact. Acting
upon that thought, I am going to make a suggestion in behalf
of this association. It must be something more than a coinci-
dence that in the main people don't give much attention to the
history of their own state until they have at least entered or
passed through middle life. There must be something which
joins to our physical and mental transformation which does not
make the history and traditions of a state or a nation of appealing
interest to humanity until old age is in sight. It seems to me
that we ought, in this state, because it is a commonwealth of a
wonderful history both in men and in events — no state is her
superior in war or in peace [applause] — encourage study along
these lines. If you will consult the current text books in the
schools, you will be very lucky, I believe, and I am speaking not
critically of the school text books, but you will be very fortunate
if you find three pages, or possibly two pages, devoted to the
early history of Ohio. My suggestion is that three or four times
a year, and perhaps once every month, the schools, public and
private, in Ohio, be called upon in their history courses or in their
general courses, to set aside a day for the study of the early
history and the traditions of this state, and that some one con-
nected with this organization prepare for the year a definite
course of study to that end. I am quite sure, Mr. President, that
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 539
you will have the most enthusiastic co-operation of the University
presided over by that great executive and educator, Dr. Thomp-
son. I am happy to see with my retirement from office that his
spirit is undimmished, that his strength goes on just as it did
when I came eight years ago, and that his sympathetic interest
continues in behalf of our ambitious boys and girls seeking
higher education. I hope his shadow will never grow less.
"I now formally present you witli this check, accept the gift
tendered by Mr. Meeker's representative, and tender this collec-
tion to you also, at the same time take my official leave of this
organization, and submit my recommendation for what it is
worth." (Applause.)
General Keifer: "I arise to move, on behalf of the So-
ciety, the tender of our warmest thanks to our distinguished
Governor, James M. Cox, and also to Mr. Claude Meeker, for
the services they have rendered to the people of Ohio, and par-
ticularly to this Society." The motion was carried.
President Campbell: "I think the necessity for the addi-
tion to this building is not altogether understood. You see here
six or eight tons of material. There are in this building fifty
tons of material, relating to the State of Ohio in the World War,
which we have no place to exhibit. It relates to every phase of
activity — the soldier papers ; thousands and thousands of their
letters ; every newspaper published in Ohio during the war ; the
activities of the Red Cross, Y. M. C. A., Jewish Relief, Knights
of Columbus and every institution of every character that had to
do, either at home or abroad, with the war. So that to erect a
building to house this material, where it can be classified and.
placed together, not only appeals to the patriotism of the men
who won the war, but equally to those of us at home who did
everything in our power to make the war a success. I know
of no possible way that this money could be better expended than
in preserving the history of the soldiers and patriots of this
state. I am a thousand times gladder than I was before that
1 pestered the Governor until we got it."
Dr. W. O. Thompson, President of Ohio State University,
being called upon for remarks, spoke as follows :
540 Ohio Arch., and Hist. Society Publications.
DR. W. O. THOMPSON.
Mr. President:
I wish to say that so far as the University is concerned,
and so far as I can help, we shall be most happy to inspire in the
coming generations a love of onr commonwealth, where your
chairman was born, where we live, love and labor; and if the
University can do anything more to make the history, the early
history, of Ohio sacred and beloved by the coming generations
1 am quite sure we shall do our utmost to that end.
I am intensely interested this afternoon. 1 attended a while
this morning, and returned this afternoon. These two exer-
cises I have enjoyed.
The details concerning the cane displayed with filial devo-
tion by Mr. John Deshler, the account of the great events in
which his father participated, let us know what hundreds of
thousands of people of Ohio have not known, and may never
know, that in men like William G. Deshler and others of his
kind the commonwealth has always had its most valuable asset
in patriotism, in devotion and in love of country. This makes a
country like ours .imperishable. It has made me feel anew my
interest in Ohio and her history.
I have been so long associated with the gentleman who made
this collection of books presented this afternoon, and have
respected him so sincerely, that it would be family history, al-
most, if I should tell you he spent forty years of his life in the
making of this collection. Moreover his association with his
colleague in the preparation of Randall and Ryan's "History
of Ohio," and my own intimate relation with both men. have
brought me into close association with this Society and have in-
creased my mterest. I realize the benevolence of Mr. Meeker,
who made this presentation here today a possibility — I am
grateful to him, and I am also grateful to Mr. Ryan for the
services he has performed for so many years. I congratulate
this Society on the acquisition of this wonderful collection.
Being the President of the University, which has a great
library in the making, of over two hundred thousand volumes
now, I feel that I can speak in defense of the Ryan collection
being here, rather than in the library of the University. 1 want
to say as President of the University, although I might not
speak for a majority of the faculty, I am glad it is here and not
there ; it will give it a distinct place in the study of the history
of Ohio that it might not have in the State House or any place
else.
I may say that there is a long history concerning the bring-
ing of this building to the campus. Twenty years ago I took
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 541
a great interest in bringing your collections here. We housed
them in our buildings as best we could. However, the coming
of this Society to the campus was a matter of serious distress
to some people, but after long years of endeavor the state pro-
vided this building for our Society. It was located here, and,
as I think the testimony now shows, it has been of great educa-
tional value. When Sir William Ramsey came from Scotland
to study our archaeological exhibition, once and again he demon-
strated what I think we did not always appreciate, that a man so
interested in history or archaeology as to travel thousands of
miles is not especially interested in what street corner it is
located on ; but I think he is interested in its location where are
present the human interest and factors that make history. So
while the word "archaeology" may remind us of human bones,
I wish you to remember that this building houses a human so-
ciety, and the most human thing about it is the devotion to our
history and the history of what makes men.
We are located between the Ohio and the Lakes, with as
great a variety of resources as any state in the Union, a great
state in material wealth, a great variety of resources in what is"
under the ground, what is in the ground and what may be taken
out of the ground. We have great assets in common business
and transportation, and are so located that the world cannot get
away from us, but must come to us and buy from us. President
James said he regarded Ohio State University as the greatest
competitor the West had in education. I want to say of our
state, that in my opinion, as time goes on there will be an in-
creasing population and wealth ; that no less in fundamental edu-
cational than in other advantages will there be a great increase
in the development of things worth while.
Speaking of Ohio citizens, climate or location is very un-
important. The quality of this state is determined by the char-
acter of her men and women. Here, from this day on, with
thirty languages spoken in the city of Cleveland, will be one of
the greatest melting pots in the greater melting pot of America.
We hope there will be wrought out here the great problem of
real Americanization. We must secure in some way the means
by which the people who come into this commonwealth can
grasp the spirit of Ohio, which I think is the spirit of the
United States. We must do something that will make people
when they come here become a part (}f us ; we must have no
traitors in Ohio. [Applause.] We welcome immigrants, but
when they come they must begin at once to become Americans.
We have seen the day when Ohio was laughed at for her forty-
eight colleges. I have never laughed at it. I said a few days
542 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
ago there was more Americanization taking place on the foot-
ball fields in Ohio every fall than in any other place in the country
because we sing the same songs, experience the same emotions
and suppress all differences. 1 think that in our Ohio colleges,
in our Ohio homes, and in the hearts of our people there is
something we cannot lose. That is what I want the man who
comes into our midst to participate in. Our distinguished Presi-
dent said we did not ask anything for ourselves in this great
war, that we did not ask for others ; but I wish to say that we
do not have anything in Ohio that we are happy about that we
are not willing to share with any other man or woman in Ohio,
and thus enable them to become what we ourselves ought to be.
The spirit of Ohio is the desire for the development of that kind
of character in men and women. I should like to see the Uni-
versities, Colleges and Schools become the agency for that work.
Let me say that I believe the greatest characteristic of this state
has been the dependability of her citizenship. No man has ever
become a member of this society and lived in it a year and then
felt that here is a place where any ulterior or selfish purpose
could have a place. We ought to see that our colleges shall be as
far from that selfishness as it is possible to be in this world of
ours. It is with such men and women as I believe you to be
that Ohio is putting forth her supreme effort in the making of
men and women whose hearts are warm, whose conduct is above
reproach, whose patriotism will stand the test, whose citizenship
is a citizenship that will do honor to Ohio at home and abroad.
There is nothing small, or narrow, or provincial in the Ohio
people; albeit some people express it that way. They are mis-
taken. Ohio is a place of profound conviction, of calm con-
sideration, of religious liberty, of sound personal judgment. It
is a place worthy of our greatest endeavor in doing things that
are right, so that our commonwealth may throughout the years
be proud of its manhood and womanhood. I trust we shall hold
these high ideals, so that, just as our grandfathers one hundred
years ago helped to make Ohio what it is, we shall help to make
it a better place — so that we shall be better Buckeyes and bet-
ter Americans.
GIFTS OF CH.^RLES F. KETTERING.
President Campbell: "Speaking of the University, I have
a letter from an alumni, a resident of Dayton. In this letter he
explains that he is unable to be here today. Had he been here he
would have presented to our Society, first, an archaeological
collection which he purchased at a great price; and, second, the
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting.
543
Miamisburg Mound. To obtain tbis mound be had to buy a
farm of more tban two hundred acres. He has set aside the
mound, which has been deeded to this Society, and is spending
Charles F. Kettering.
a large amount of money to make it a park. It will be a pleasure
ground and park for the people of Ohio forever. I would
suggest that some one oiifer a resolution thanking Mr. Charles
F. Kettering, the donor of these gifts."
644 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society PubUcations.
Mr. Wood : "I move that we express, by a rising vote, our
appreciation and thanks to Mr. Kettering for his splendid gifts;
and that we also empower the President and Secretary of this
Society to prepare appropriate resolutions to Governor Cox, Mr.
Meeker and Mr. Kettering for their great gifts." Carried.
JOHN BROWN RELICS.
In the absence of Mrs. T. B. Alexander, of Put-in-Bay,
Ohio, granddaughter of John Brown, who had consented if
possible to be present and personally transfer the John Brown
relics to the custody of the Society, C. B. Galbreath, the Secre-
tary of the Society, read the following telegram from Mr. T. B.
Alexander and the greeting from Mrs. Alexander:
TELEGRAM.
"C. B. G.^LBREATII,
"Columbus, Ohio.
"Severe storm on lake since Monday. No small boats could
live in it. Regret my inability to be psesent. Please present our
regrets to Governor Cox and all and you act as our jjroxy deliv-
ering Mrs. Alexander's message to the distinguished guests.
"T. B. Alex.iiNder."
GREETING OF MRS. T. B. .^LEX.AXDER. GRANDD.\UGHTER
OF JOHN BROWN.
"My grandfather, John Brown, was concerned about the
legacy of reputation he should leave to his children. On Octo-
ber 31, 1859, while in prison awaiting execution he wrote to his
wife and family:
" 'I feel no consciousness of guilt in this matter, nor even
mortification on account of my imprisonment and irons ; and I
feel perfectly sure that very soon no member of my family will
feel any possible disposition to blush on my account.'
"A few days later he wrote :
" 'I can trust God with both the time and the manner of
my death, believing as I now do, that for me at this time to seal
my testimony for God and humanity with my blood will do
vastly more toward advancing the cause I have earnestly en-
deavored to promote, than all that I have done in my life before.
I beg you all meekly and quietly to submit to this, not feeling
yourselves in the least degraded on that account.'
Thirty-fifth Annual Meeting. 545
"On November 28, 1859, his son. John Brown, Jr., my
father, in a farewell letter to his father, my grandfather, written
from Ashtabula, Ohio, said among other things:
" 'We feel rich in the legacy of your life and your deeds
* * * and now, dear father, be cheered by our conviction
that your life furnishes the best vindication of your memory ;
that, even notn', your motives are appreciated by those whose
hearts are susceptible of generous and noble emotions.'
"With these legacies in mind, it seems to me that if the
spirits of my grandfather and his children could return, they
would be gratified to know with what marks of respect and
honor these relics and mementoes of the days in which they lived
have been received in the custody of Ohio — the state in which
he lived and in which fourteen of his sons and daughters were
born."
After reading the message from Mrs. Alexander Secretary
Galbreath at the request of President Campbell gave a general
description of the large collection of John Brown relics now on
exhibition in the museum of the Society. He stated that "these
include guns, swords, uniforms, surveying instruments, auto-
graph letters, photographs, daguerreotypes and other items rang-
ing from bullet molds to locks of the hair and beard of this
sturdy old anti-slavery warrior and a bronze replica of the gold
medal presented to John Brown's wife by Victor Hugo and his
associates. Mr. Galbreath's remarks are omitted here because he
expects to include a portion of what he said on this occasion in
future articles in the Quarterly.
Mr. Ryan presented the following resolution :
"Resolved, That in recognition of services and gifts to this
Society, The Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society
create life memberships in said Society as follows: Hon. James
M. Cox, Governor of Ohio; Mr. Charles F. Kettering, of Day-
ton, Ohio ; Mr. and Mrs. T. B. Alexander, of Put-in-Bay, Ohio,
and Mr. John G. Deshler, of Columbus, Ohio."
The resolution was adopted by a rising vote.
On motion of Mr. Wood the meeting adjourned.
Vol. XXIX— 35.
HISTORICAL SOCIETY BUILDINGS.
COMPILED BY THE EDITOR.
On the following pages are presented brief statements of
what Illinois, Wisconsin and Minnesota, all younger states than
Ohio, have done for their historical societies. Half-tone cuts of
the New Hampshire and O'lio buildings are also shown.
Other states and a number of cities have erected buildings
not less notable.
The Historical Society of Buffalo has a building of which
any state might be proud. The work of this society ranks high
and its publications are recognized as authoritative.
San Francisco, within the current year has received through
the generosity and public spirit of M. H. de Young a memorial
museum and buildings valued at over $5,000,000. The magnifi-
cent group of buildings in which the museum is housed is located
in the famous Golden Gate Park. Through years to come it will
speak of the triumph of American civilization and the crowning
glory that marks the westward course of empire on this conti-
nent. It is fitting that while Liberty Enlightening the World
stands at the port of our eastern metropolis, the muse of history
should look upon the ocean from her palace at the gateway of
the Pacific Slope.
No state west of the Allegheny Mountains has contributed
more to the service of American progress than has our own
Ohio. We are justly proud of the record. Our orators elo-
quently admit this on the platform and the hustings. Assuredly
Ohio will do her full share in providing for the preservation of
the relics, sources and monuments of her remarkable history.
ILLINOIS
The State of Illinois is erecting a Centennial Memorial
Building which will cost when completed and equipped over
$1,500,000. $950,000 has already been appropriated. This will
provide quarters for the Illinois Historical Society and its State
Museum, including a Lincoln Room, the Illinois State Library.
(546)
548 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society PiibUcations.
an auditorium and a few minor offices. The cut herewith
presented shows that the State of Illinois has entered the class
of New York m liberal manifestation of interest in her history.
"Growth and development beyond the prophet's most san-
guine expectations have thus far marked the progress of Ameri-
can life ; who is brave enough to predict that the mighty current
shows even the slightest signs of diminution? The problem
therefore is, while planning wisely and sanely for today to let
each step be a preparation for the marvelous unseen activities
of tomorrow.
"The Centennial Building will thus be seen to have a dual
importance — important not only as a monumental memorial
marking in enduring stone the completion of the first hundred
years of a great State's existence, but important also as a symbol
of greater achievements by that State and its people in the years
that lie before. A double vision has inspired and directed those
who have had the work in charge — a vision of the past and a
vision of the future.
"Not only with regard to the setting and surroundings of
the Centennial Building, but in planning the building itself, has
the idea of future development been kept firmly in mind, so that
the oft-repeated error of building a structure which becomes
outgrown and crowded after a decade or two might be avoided."
— Edgar Martin, Supennsing Architect.
WISCONSIN
Wisconsin, although admitted into the Union forty-five years
later than Ohio, has excelled all other states carved out of the
Northwest Territory, in collecting, arranging and safeguarding
the sources of local, state and national history. Ohio students
and authors, after they have exhausted the scattered resources
in their own state, must go to the Wisconsin Historical Society
to consult books, maps and manuscripts that cannot be found
elsewhere in the Mississippi Valley. So interested in the history
of their state have the people of Wisconsin become that they do
not wait for gifts and bequests. The state appropriated for the
erection of a building for her historical society, $650,000. Sub-
Historical Society Buildings.
549
m
■
„_ m
-Tjfc?';-- '*• F:^
. ^ *
"j
' „-
'1
^I ; im^ms^m
m
550 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
sequent appropriations have been made for equipment and the
value of this noble structure, to which the citizens of the entire
state contributed and in which they take an especial pride, is not
less than $1,000,000.
There is now in this building which is located near the state
university perhaps the most valuable collection on American
history to be found in any institution west of the Allegheny
Mountains. Students of local history from other states of the
Middle West must go to Wisconsin for their sources of informa-
tion. This state through a number of years has built up a living
monument in its library of books, documents and manuscripts.
In this respect Wisconsin has set a notable and noble example
for her sister states.
MINNESOTA
Minnesota, a comparatively young state, is following the
example of her adjoining neighbor, Wisconsin. The stately
building pictured above on May 11, 1918, was dedicated with
appropriate ceremonies. For it the state appropriated $500,000.
"The Minnesota Historical Society was organized in I849,
under territorial charter, and for many years has looked forward
to having a building of its own. A fund was gradually ac-
cumulated for the purchase of such a building, in the event of
the society having to build for itself. This, however, was not
a large sum, and it would have been many years before the
society itself could have built a proper home. When the present
Capitol was built, rooms were provided for the society in the
basement and these served our purpose for some years. In
1913 the legislature, recognizing the need, made a very generous
provision, an appropriation of five hundred thousand dollars,
for the building, the society agreeing to pay seventy-five thou-
sand dollars for the purchase of a site and for furnishing the
building. The site first selected by the board of control, and
approved by the society, was purchased from this fund at a
cost of thirty-five thousand dollars. The title was acquired by
the state, and the state still owns the property. Before plans
for the building had been perfected, it was recognized by the
board of control and the society that a mistake had been made
Historical Society Buildings.
551
552 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
in the selection of the first site, and the legislature was asked to,
and did, amend the bill, so as to provide for the erection of a
building upon a site to be selected by the society." — Charles P.
Noyes, at dedication of Minnesota Historical Building.
NEW HAMPSHIRE
This beautiful and substantial structure was erected at a
cost of over $600,000. New Hampshire has many creditable
library, educational and institutional buildings ; New Hampshire
has and will have only one historical society building. No other
structure will rise to rival it or share in its distinctive purpose.
By his generous gift Edward Tuck has erected an enduring
monument to himself as well as to his native state.
In recent years public spirited, patriotic persons with ample
fortunes have done much to encourage the preservation of local
and state history. Such citizens have erected substantial build-
ings for their historical societies. In some instances they have
been aided by the municipality or the state ; in others they have
provided without assistance for such buildings. A notable
example is seen in the splendid building that has been erected
for the New Hampshire Historical Society through the gener-
osity and public spirit of Edward Tuck.
Opportunities to do much in this line are still open to
wealthy, public spirited men of Ohio. Colonel Webb C. Hayes,
as will be seen by reference to the concluding page of this
circular, has presented to the Ohio State Archaeological and His-
torical Society the homestead of his father, Rutherford B. Hayes,
former President of the United States, and created trust funds
for the maintenance of this splendid property including the
Memorial Library Building at Spiegel Grove. The opportunity
remains for patriotic citizens of the state to contribute to the
collections of the Society, to provide funds for publications or
an additional building and thus to link their names permanently
with the incomparable history of the Buckeye State.
OHIO
Above is a small cut of the museum and library building
of the Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society. This
554 Oliio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
is really tlie High Street front of a structure which when com-
pleted will extend 250 feet hack on the grounds of the Ohio
State University. The present Iniilding awaits funds for addi-
tions in accordance with the original plan. $100,000 was appro-
priated for this building, and it has been so carefully expended
that perhaps no state building in Columbus exhibits a more
satisfactory return for the investment. It is well lighted and
thoroughly fireproof. It stands at the main entrance to the
Ohio State University grounds and continually invites students
from every section of the state to its museum, illustrating the
archjeology and history of Ohio, and to its growing library which
Museum and Library Building of the Ohio State Archaeo-
logical AND Historical Society.
in time will take rank with the historical libraries that have
been built up in other progressive states.
Within the past year the Ohio State Archaeological and
Historical Society has been greatly encouraged by the manifesta-
tion of an awakened public interest in its important work.
Within that period gifts in cash, real estate and relics valued at
not less than $70,000 have come to the Society through the
agency of public spirited citizens of the state. This includes
$47,000 earned by motion picture films of Camp Sherman and
transferred by Governor James M. Cox to the Society to be
used m constructing wholly or in part an addition to the present
building which shall be dedicated to the soldiers of the World
Historical Society Buildings. 555
War. This sum is now available if adequately supplemented by
appropriations from the Legislature and gifts from other sources.
The present building is already overcrowded. Ohio's share
of the relics of the World War will soon be transferred from
Washington to the custody of our state. Most of them will
come to the Society. Provision must be made for their care
and preservation.
In the October Quarterly is an address delivered by for-
mer Governor James E. Campbell, President of the Society. It
sets forth what Colonel Webb C. Hayes has done by the trans-
fer to the state in the custody of the Society property worth
over half a million dollars. If the state will do its part other
public spirited citizens will be encouraged to follow the gener-
ous and patriotic example of Colonel Hayes.
OHIO ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORICAL SOCIETY.
REVIEWS, NOTES AND COMMENTS.
BY THE EDITOR.
"KENTUCKY — MOTHER OF UNITED STATES SENA-
TORS AND REPRESENTATIVES."
This IS the title of valuable compilation by A. C. Quisen-
berry published in The Register of the Kentucky State Historical
Society for January, 1920. It appears from this that Kentucky
has given to other states sixty-one United States senators and
one hundred fifty-one represensatives in Congress, making a
total of two hundred twelve. Deducting names duplicated,
ninety-one in number, there remain one hundred twenty-one dif-
ferent persons from Kentucky who served otlier states in the
United States Congress. Those who served Ohio in the Senate
were Alexander Campbell, Thomas Corwin and William A.
Trimble. Those who served our state in the House of Represen-
tatives were Moses B. Corwin, Thomas Corwin, Tom L. John-
son, John McLean, William McLean, Wilson Shannon, Joe B.
Stevenson and James January Winans. All ,of the foregoing
were born in Kentucky except Shannon who was born in Ohio
and educated in Kentucky. It seems that that state claims to be
mother to all the Congressmen that lived any considerable time
within her borders and afterwards represented other states.
This makes the figures cjuoted appear somewhat less impressive,
but after a further deduction is made for those born in other
states than Kentucky the list is a long one and entitles Kentucky
to her claim of "Mother of United States Senators and Repre-
sentatives." A like contribution for the Quarterly setting forth
Ohio's claim to a similar distinction would be timely in view
of our approach to the distinguished title of "Mother of Presi-
dents."
(556)
Reviezcs, Notes and Comments. 557
"THE OHIO WORKMEN'S COMPENSATION LAW."
Since the publication of the Quarterly for January, 1920,
frequent complaints have been made by the representatives of
one of the dominant political parties in regard to the article en-
titled "The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law." It has been
charged that the author of that article, Mr. Mengert, is a par-
tisan; that he has not stated fairly the leading facts in regard
to the attitude of prominent public men toward the law ; that
the views of former Governor Frank B. Willis, now United
States Senator, and Governor James M. Cox are not fairly
presented ; that the article in fact is political propaganda in the
interest of a party and its prominent leader; that due credit-has
not been given former Governor Harmon for his influence in
the inauguration of workmen's compensation in Ohio; that
Governor Cox was not originally in favor of the state monopoly
feature of the present law ; that workmen's compensation was
not an important issue in the gubernatorial campaign in 1914;
that both Cox and Willis and their respective parties favored
workmen's compensation in that campaign; that the favorable
attitude of Governor Willis toward the law through his adminis-
tration has not been fairly shown in the article. The complaints
have come from individual Republicans and those connected
with the state organization of that party. They have said that
while they have not brought political discussion into this publica-
tion and do not desire to do so, they are unwilling, without pro-
test, to have the article on "The Ohio Workmen's Compensation
Law" written down for the perusal of the present and future
generations in a publication of the dignity and authority of the
Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Quarterly.
The Editor wishes to state in this connection that the article
in cjuestion was published in the interval between his appoint-
ment as Secretary and the death of his predecessor, Honorable
E. O. Randall. The Society was without a Secretary and the
Quarterly without an Editor when the article was published.
Workmen's compensation in Ohio has been a subject of
partisan controversy since the year 1912. The literature issued
by the campaign committees of both parties teems with charges
558 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
and counter-charges on issues growing out of this subject. Those
interested are referred to this literature and the newspapers for
the attitude of men and parties toward workmen's compensation.
No good purpose can be subserved by the pubhcation in the
Quarterly of the views of representatives of political parties on
this subject. It should be sufficient to record here the fact that
a protest has been made. The Society desires the interest and
support of prominent Ohioans of all parties. The Quarterly
cannot afford to devote its space to matters of current political
controversy. If a mistake has been made in this matter in the
past it cannot be corrected now by repetition. We are sure that
upon mature consideration this will be the view of members of
our Society and of all persons interested in its work or in the
controversy to which we have felt it necessary to make this
reference.
JOSEPH S. BENH.-KM.
Joseph S. Benham was an eminent lawyer of Cincinnati at
the time of Lafayette's visit to that city. His fame preceded
that event by a number of years. It is celebrated in Horace in
Cincinnati which was published in 1824. In this poem he is re-
ferred to as follows:
With person of gigantic size,
With thund'ring voice, and piercing eyes,
When great Stentorius deigns to rise.
Adjacent crowds assemble,
To hear a sage the laws expound.
In language strong, by reasoning sound.
Till, though yet not guilty found.
The culprits fear and tremlile.
He was an orator of impressive power and personality.
Levasseur paid fitting tribute to the address of Benham on the
occasion of Lafayette's visit to Cincinnati. References to the
eloquent advocate are found in The Centennial History of Cin-
cinnati, page 629, in Carter's Reminiscences and Anecdotes of
the Courts and the Bar pages 38-41 and in Masfield's Personal
Memories pages 164-165.
Reviezi'S, Notes and Comments. 559
He was a Kentuckian by birth and his daughter became the
wife of George D. Prentice, the gifted editor and writer of
Louisville, Kentucky.
HONORS AWARDED TO OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY
MEN.
The following announcement in a local paper is of general
interest. We are pleased to note that our state archseologist is
included in the honor roll :
"Membership in the Ohio State University chapter of Phi
Beta Kappa, honorary scholastic fraternity, has been conferred
upon ten Ohio State alumni, distinguished for their literary,
artistic or humanitarian work. They include, Charles Magee
Adams, B. A. Milford, editor of The Valley Enterprise of Mil-
ford and contributor to national magazines although totally blind ;
Frank Bohn, Ph. D., New York, writer on socialism, member of
the foreign branch of the United States committee on public
information and representative of the Socialist party at the
Berne conference ; Thomas H. Dickinson, Pelham, N. Y., author
and dramatist; Thomas E. French, M. E., Columbus, professor
of engineering drawing at Ohio State and winner of prizes in
exhibitions of American Bookplate society ; Robert F. Griggs,
Columbus, Ph. D., explorer of the Valley of Ten Thousand
Smokes in Alaska, professor of botany at Ohio State and mem-
ber of staff of National Geographic magazine ; Dr. Roy D. Mc-
Clure, surgeon-in-chief of Henry Ford hospital, Detroit, and
autlior of articles on medical subjects; Charles F. Marvin, M.
E., Washington, chief of the United States weather bureau, in-
ventor of meteorological instruments and author of articles on
weather topics; William C. Mills, M. S., Columbus, curator of
Ohio Archaeological and Historical museum and author of works
on archa;ological subjects, and Dr. Harry H. Snively, M. A.,
Columbus, who served in Russia before the war, fought typhus
for American Red Cross in central Europe and served as major
in the United States Army."
The Southzvcstern Historical Quarterly for October, 1920,
contains a carefully prepared article on "The Hayes Adminis-
tration and Mexico." This is of Ohio interest because it sets
forth the attitude of an Ohio President pending the firm estab-
lishment of Diaz at the outset of his long domination over the
560 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Society Publications.
affairs of our sister republic south of the Rio Grande. We are
aU more or less familiar with the Mexican troubles under the
administration of President Wilson but the serious difficulties
that confronted our government in dealing with a distressing and
delicate situation in that quarter when Hayes was president have
been in a measure forgotten. It is worth while that they be
recalled at this time.
Mr. H. R. Mengert desires to have added to his article on
"The Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law" the followiflg note:
"The United States Supreme Court finally settled the case to which
reference has been made when a decision was rendered in tiie Thornton
litigation upholding the Ohio Supreme Court in a ruling that the initiated
act of 1917 is constitutional and that it prohibits continuation of indemnity
contracts for the repaj'ment of awards paid by insuring employers who
carry their own risks. The decision finally ended the business of a few
liability insurance companies protecting some (175 employers. It was a
final victory for the workmen's compensation law."
. The Secretary of the Ohio Historical Commission, Mr. W.
Farrand Felch, has prepared a very complete resume of his
work for the past year. The Civil War Historian, Colonel W.
L. Curry, has presented a brief report. In a future issue of the
Quarterly we hope to give a summary of the work of each.
INDEX TO VOLUME XXIX.
Abenakis. See Abinakis.
Abinakis, 336, 440.
Adams, Gilbert C, presentation of
archaeological specimens by, 507.
Advocate and Tribune, 153.
Akron Germania, attitude on peace nego-
tiations following the World War, 52,
53, 54, 61, 66, 69, 73, 75, 76, 78.
Alexander, T. B., telegram from, 544-545.
Alexander, Mrs. T. B., granddaughter of
John Brown, transfer of John Brown
relics by, 506; greeting from, 544-545.
Aliquippa, Indian queen at "Written
Rock", 351, 440.
Alleghany River, considered part of the
Ohio by Celoron and Bonnecamps, 435.
American Antiquarian Society, leaden
American Can Company, presentation of
trench shell by, 508.
American Friend, successor of American
Spectator.
American Legion, meeting in Cleveland,
321.
American Spectator, successor of Marietta
Register and Virginia Herald, 147.
Anderson, Colonel , aide to
Lafayette in Revolution, 205; guest at
reception of Lafayette, 213.
Antakaya, in legend of the firefly, 1S6-
188.
Armstrong, . Colonel John, report on
destruction of Kittanning, 383-384.
Arteganukassin, son of, 366.
Artisan, steamboat on which Lafayette
passenger,
190.
Assimine tree, 405.
Atique. See .\ttique.
"The Atlantic Cable" completed; from
Whippoor-^ill for September 1866, 129-
130.
Atlantic Monthly, quotations from con-
tribution in, entitled, "Since We Wel-
comed Lafayette", 164-166.
Attiga. See .\ttique.
Attigue. See Attique.
Attique, Indian village of, 349-350, 382-
384, 385, 420, 439.
Atwater, Caleb, 480; sends leaden plate
to Governor Clinton, 442.
Backus, Elijah, 147.
Bailey, Abby, extracts from journal of
relative to visit of Lafayette to Cin-
cinnati, 260-263.
Baker, Newton D., at Spiegel Grove Park,
328.
Balch, Colonel , at banquet to
Lafayette. 177.
Bareis, George F., at annual meeting of
Society: motions by, 485, 511, 613; ap-
pointed on nominating committee.
485; report of committee on nomina-
tions to fill vacancies on board of
trustees, 493.
Barge, W. D., 465.
Baril, Indian village. 373, 390; Indian
chief, 409.
Barque, M., 338.
Barry, Judge William T., guest at re-
ception of Lafayette, 213; toast by at
reception of Lafayette, 215, 218.
Barth, L. H., presentation of specimens
by, 508.
Bartilson, H., presentation of specimens
by, 508.
Croghan," 325, 326.
Bartley, Mordecai, votes for appropria-
tion for Lafayette, 243.
Bean tree, 405, 420.
Bears, in Scioto County, 289-290.
Beauharnois, Marquis of, orders Indians
taken to the Wabash, 350, 420, 440j
governor of New France, 415.
Beautiful River. See Ohio River.
Beaver, early extermination of, 291.
Beckett, D. H., on committee at unveil-
ing of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Beecher, Philemon, votes against ap-
propriation for Lafayette, 243.
Begg, James T., address by at unveiling
of soldiers' memorial tablet at Spiegel
Grove Park, 323.
Belle Island, 137.
Belmont Chronicle, successor of Ohia
Federalist, 161.
Vol. XXIX — 36.
(561)
Index.
Benham, Joseph S., address on occasion
of visit of Lafayette to Cincinnati,
231-238; Levasseur's tribute to oratory
of, 231; editorial note relative to, 55S-
559.
"Betsy Croghan," celebration in honor of
return of, 324-326.
Beverage, J. A., presentation of specimens
by, 508.
Bienville. See Celoron.
Big Beaver Creek, 387.
"Big Bone Lick," salt springs and ani-
mal remains at, 411; described, 422.
Big Sandusky, 325.
Bixler, George C, presentation o£
archxological specimens by, 507.
Blacksmith, English, Loups request
privilege to rei-m, 348.
Blainville. See Celoron.
Bledsoe, Judge Jesse, guest at reception
of Lafayette, 213; toast by at banquet
to Lafayette, 218.
Boeufs, River aux, 348, 3S2.
Bonaventure, courtyard of, 412.
Bond, Governor Shadrack, at reception
of Lafayette, 176.
Bonnecamps, Father, 283, 482; journal of,
references to, 331, 332; text of, 397-
415; notes on, 415-423; sketch of, 386;
map of between pages 334 and 335;
accompanies Joncaire to read writings
on rock, 351, 352; irregularity of com-
pass used by, 414; tribute to Celoron
and his officers, 415.
Book Reviews, Scioto Sketches, by-
Henry T. Bannon, 282-291; Rainbow
Memories, by Lieutenant Alison
Reppy, 291-293; Fighting the Flying
Circus, by Captain E. V. Ricken-
backer, 293-294; The Big Show, by
Elsie Janis, 294; The True Lafayette
by George Morgan, 461-463; With:
Lafayette in America, by Octavia
Roberts, 463-465.
Booth, J. H., letter by, 530.
Borgne, M., despatched to clear portage
road, 337, 429; biographical notice of
379, 392.
Borgue, M., 429; See also Barque and
Borgne.
Botsford, John K., surviving witness in
1898 of reception of Lafayette, 248.
Boucher, Jean Baptiste, sketch of, and two
sons, 421.
Boyd, James Harrington, Member of
Workmen's Compensation Commis-
Braddock's Field, Lafayette at, 249.
Bradford, John, welcomes Lafayette to
Transylvania College, 219.
Bradley, Cyrus P., 280.
Brandy, "milk of Onontio," 341, 381.
Breese, S., at banquet to Lafayette, 177.
Brinkerboflf, G. H., on committee at un-
veiling of soldiers* memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Broken Straw Creek, location of. 381.
Bronson, Mrs. Harriet Oviatt, marries
Rev. David Austin Randall, 118;
mother of Emilius Oviatt Randall, 118;
ancestry of, 118-119.
Bronson, Sherman, 118.
Brooks, B. T., presentation of specimens
by, 608.
Brosse, Paul de, leaden plates made by,
429, 477.
Brown, Ethan Allen, votes against ap-
propriation for Lafayette, 243.
Brown, John, relics of. 505, 506, 544-546.
Browne, John M., 148.
Brownsville, Pennsylvania, Lafayette's
visit to. 248.
Buckeye, The Ohio, 275-281.
"Buckeye State", origin of application of
name to Ohio, 279-280.
Buffaloes in Scioto County, 288-288;
hunt for, 369-360.
Burke, J. A., presentation of captured
German flag by, 508.
Burrows Brothers Company, 331, 476.
Butler County Democrat, successor of
Hamilton Intelligencer, 151.
liutman, V. D., on committee at unveiling
of soldiers' memorial tablet at Spiegel
Grove Park, 329.
Byrd, Charles Willing, 147.
Cahokia, 389.
Caldwell, Judge Alexander, Welcomes
Lafayette to Western Virginia at
Wheeling. 245-246.
Camp Convalescent, 133.
Campbell, James E., "Randall ,\rchsol-
ogist and Historian", 93-96; Chairman
Executive Mansion Board, 271; at un-
veiling of Soldiers' memorial tablet.
addr
memorial tablet, 306-315; at annual
meeting of Society, remarks by, 484,
485, 514, 624, 531, 539. 542-543.
Campbell, John W., votes against ai>-
propriation for Lafayette, 243.
Campus Martins, 147, 622.
Canada, conquest of, 447.
683
Cane, presented by Salmon P. Chase to
William G. Deshler, 530.
Canton Repository, 274.
Carner, Mrs. Ida E., presentation of
specimens from Barbados by. 508,
Carolina, letter to governor of, 357, 370.
Carr, General , meets Lafayette,
210; toast at reception of Lafayette,
215.
Carr, C. A., presentation of specimens
by, 608.
Carroll, Governor William, helps to
rescue baggage and supplies from Tlie
Mechanic, 201; guest at ball in honor
of Lafayette, 206; guest at reception
of Lafayette, 213; toast by at recep-
tion of Lafayette, 215; accompanies
Lafayette on visit to Kentucky, 215;
returns from tour with Lafayette, 221.
Castle Thunder, 137.
Catarocoui. See Catarocouy.
Catarocouy, 379, 413.
Cattle, Illinois, 407.
Cedars, Point of, 397, 414.
Ceganeis-Kassin and Saetaguinrale, chiefs
faithful to the French, 363.
Ccloron, Pierre-Joseph, sieur de Blain-
ville or Bienville, 283; sketch of, 393-
395, 416-417; Bonnecamps compliments,
415.
Celoron, Journal of, references to, 331,
332; manuscript of, 377, 425-426; text
of, 335-377, 481^83; notes on, 377-398.
Celoron, expedition of, number, char-
acter and equipment of, 336; starts
out from La Chine, 336; passes Point
Claire, Soulage, the rapids with loss
of one man, 336; proceeds by way of
Lake St. Francis, Thousand Rocks,
establishment of Abbe Piquet, Fort
Frontenac to Niagara; at Quinte met
Naudiere, 336; conference with
Sabrinois, 337; arrives at portage of
Chatakuin, 337; passes the portage to
Lake Chataquin, 338; natives flee at
approach of; council of officers and
allied chiefs; decided to send a depu-
tation to assure natives of peaceful
intentions, 339; Joncaire heads depu-
tation to meet natives at Cut Straw;
passes through the outlet of the lake
and enters the Beautiful River (.M-
leghany) ; buries first leaden plate,
340; meets Indians at Cut Straw,
341; quiets their fears; they welcome
the French with a speech, 343, to
which Celoron replies for himself.
Galissoniere and the French King,
344; the Iroquois of the village an-
swer, 345, and receive presents, 346;
Celoron proceeds to a village of Loups
and Renards which was almost de-
serted; at a village farther down the
river he speaks by appointment to
the assembled Indians; reply of the
Loups, asking that at least the Eng-
lish blacksmith be permitted to re-
main till spring; Celoron embarrassed
by reply, 348; leaden plate buried "op-
posite naked mountain and near im-
319; Jo
cedes expedition to Attique, 349;
Celoron addresses Indians at Attique;
passes ancient village of Chauenons
abandoned since 1745, 350; meets
English soldiers with horses and furs,
350; writes letter to "governor of
Philadelphia", 350, 351; passes village
of Written Rock, a village ruled by
an Indian queen, 351; more English
traders ordered to leave French ter-
ritory, 351; Indians report writings on
a rock which Joncaire and Father
Bonnecamps found to be English
names written with charcoal. 351;
proceeds to Chiningue, 352; Celoron
meets Indians from village and gives
them "milk of their father Onontio"
(brandy), 352; finds English flag in
village, 352; Celoron suspicious of
Indians in village and orders British
flag taken down, 352; pitches camp
363;
efs
present address, 353; I eloron replies,
354; prepares for eventualities in case
of attack, 354; Indians with rein-
forcements come to Celoron's tent
with pipes of peace, 355; address of
Celoron to Indians of Chiningue, 355;
message of Galissoniere, 356, 357;
Indians pleased, promise to answer
next day, 357; British merchants or-
dered to leave and letter written to
governor of Carolina, 357; Indians of
Chiningue return and present reply,
358: answer of Celoron, 359; contin-
uation of reply of Indians, 359;
Celoron leaves Chiningue, 359; meets
Englishman from St. Yotoc, 359; In-
dians hunt buffalo but they find only
a few deer, 359, 360; deposit of leaden
plate at mouth of the Kanonuara,
360; deposit of leaden plate at mouth
of the Jenanguekouan, 360; deposit of
664
Index.
Celoron — Concluded.
leaden plate at mouth of the Chino-
daista, 361; re-embarks and meets
Loup Indian returning from war with
Chien nation, 363; gets information
regarding St. Yotoc, 363; Celoron dis-
patches canoe to pacify Indians at
St. Yotoc, 363; Joncaire returns with
Indians under white flag and reports
St. Yc
proach of Celoron, 364; hostile at-
titude of Indians, 361; speech of
Iroquois chief and Celeron's reply,
364; Indians of St. Yotoc prepared
to resist approach of French but are
pacified, 365; Celoron reaches village
and Indians tire salute, 365; encamps
opposite village, 365; Indians approach
camp with arms and are censured by
Celoron, 365; pipes of peace brought,
365; parley held with Indians of vil-
lage composed of many nations, 366;
their address to Celoron, 366;
Celeron's reply, 366, 36"; message of
Galissoniere to Indians, 367, 368, 369;
Indians frightened at report of ad-
vance of enemies from Detroit, 369;
Celoron explains and quiets fears,
369; answer of Indians to message of
Galissoniere, 370; Indian traders re-
quested to withdraw and letter writ-
ten to governor of Carolina, 37a;
Celoron meets Ontarios sent by Sab-
rinois, 370; leaves St. Yotoc and ar-
rives at White River, 370; M. Devil-
lier sent to Indian village, 371; ar-
rangement for meeting of Indians at
village of the Demoiselle, 371; sixth
leaden plate deposited at the mouth
of Rock River, 371; Celoron reaches
village of the Demoiselle, 372; Indians
not disposed to return to Kiskakon,
372; message of Galissoniere to In-
dians of Demoiselle and Baril, 373,
374; Indians receive presents, 374;
reply of the Demoiselle and the
Baril to message, 374, 375; answer of
Celoron, 375; reply to answer, 376;
Indians promise to return to Kis-
kakon in spring, 376; Celoron has little
faith in promise, 376; proceeds north-
ward, 376; Coldfoot at Kiskakon de-
clares the Demoiselle "a liar", 377; at
mouth of the Maumee River, 377; ar-
rives at Point Pelee, at Fort
Frontenac, 481; burning of Piquette's
fort by Indians; arrival at Montreal,
482; Celoron ends expedition and re-
ports to Jonquicre in Quebec, 482;
Celeron's reflections on results of,
482-^83; notes on Celeron's journal
of, 377-396; Bonnecamps journal of,
397-115; Marshall's account of, 424-
449.
Centinel of tlie Northwestern Territory,
first newspaper published within
present limits of Ohio, 145-146.
Chadakoin. See Chautauqua.
Channanous Indians, 353; See also
Shawnee Indians.
Chanougan, 432; See also Conewango.
Chaouanons. See Chaouenons.
Chaeuanous. See Shawnee Indians.
Chaouenous. See Shawnee Indians.
Chaouenous. See Shawnee Indians.
Chapline, Colonel Moses W., presides at
dinner to Lafayette, 248.
Chartiers town, 384.
Chase, Salmon P., telegram from to
William G. Deshler, 625; conference
with William G. Deshler in New York
City, 525-529; letter from to William
G. Deshler, 530.
Chatacoin. See Chautauqua.
Chatakouin, portage of 337, 400, 429; See
also Chautauqua.
Chatakuin. See Chautauqua.
Chataquin. See Chautauqua.
Chauchias. 367.
Chauenons, village of, 350. See also
Shawnee Indians.
Chautauqua, (Chatacoin, Chatakuin,
Chataquin, Chatakouin, Tchadakoin,
Tjadakoin, Yjadakoin). For other
variations of spelling see page 434-
435.
Chautauqua Creek, 430. See also
Chautauqua river.
Chautauqua Lake, 338, 339, 340, 379, 3S0.
401, 430, 431.
Chavenois Indians, 45. See also Shawnee
Indi:
Chii
Chiningue. village of, Indians Uec to, 3ol ;
deputation from, 352; noisy reception
at, 352; attack on Celoron planned,
353; speech of Indians at and answer.
353-354; speech of Celoron. 355; Celo-
ron answers request for "one of the
Joncaire", 359; reply of Indians. 359;
letter to Governor Hamilton not writ-
ten at, 384-385; Indian queen fiees to.
Index.
665
386; errors relative to, 387; location of,
387-388, 420, 440; description of, 40S-
407, 440-441.
Cliinodaliichetlia, 444. See also Chino-
daista.
Chinodaista River, leaden plate deposited
at mouth of, 361, 362, 3S9, 443. See also
Kanawha River.
Chinodiagon, village of, message of to
Galissoniere, 345-346.
Chinondaista. See Kanawha.
Christian Commission, aids Civil War sol-
diers, 133-134.
Chuachias, 367, 3S9.
Cincinnati, Centinel of the Northwestern
Territory published at, 145-146; La-
fayette's visit to, 221-242.
Cincitniati Abend Press, attitude on peace
negotiations following the World War,
55, 57, 59, 60. 62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75,
77, 78.
Cincinnati Commercial, combined with
Gazette. 151.
Cincinnati Freie Press, attitude on peace
negotiations following the World War,
52, 54, 58, 59, 60, 61, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71.
72, 74, 75, 76, 77, 78.
Cincinnati Gazette, founded, 148.
Cincinnati Volksblatt, attitude on peace
negotiations following the World War,
51, 52, 53, 57, 63, 66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73,
74, 75, 78.
CircleviUe Union, 152.
Cisco, John J., conference with William G.
Deshler and Salmon P. Ihase. 627,
628.
Civil War veterans, celebration in honor
of Twenty-third Regiment O. V. I. at
Spiegel Grove, 326-328.
Clarion creek, 382.
Qark, Rear .\dmiral Charles E., guest of
Twenty-third Regiment O. V. I. at
Spiegel Grove, 327.
Oark, George Rogers, 456.
Clarke, General M. G., meets Lafayette,
210; toast by at reception of Lafayette,
215.
Clay, Henry, tribute to by Lafayette, 220;
home visited by Lafayette, 220.
"Cleanliness", from Whip-poor-will for
September, 1S66, 130.
Cleveland, Grover, at funeral of President
Rutherford B. Hayes, 327.
Cleveland Leader, 152.
Clinton, Governor George, 426-427, 480.
Coggshall, William T., 149.
Coldfoot, chief of Miamis at Quiskakon,
warns Celeron against the Demoiselle,
377, 446.
Cole. W. H., read report of committee on
Serpent Mound, 620-522; motions by,
523, 531.
Coles, Edward, Governor of Illinois, in-
vites Lafavette to visit Illinois, 169-170;
delivers address welcoming Lafayette
to Illinois, 171-175; Levasseur's tribute
to, 1S9-190.
Columbus, Lafayette's proposed visit to
abandoned, 243.
Columbus Evening Dispatch, 142-144, 273.
294.
"Columbus Public Schools", from Wkip-
poor-will for April, 1866, 127.
Columbus Westbote, suspended in World
War, 149.
Comly, General James M., 149, 326.
Commercial Tribune, 151.
Conewango river, leaden plate deposited
at mouth of, 341, 342, 381, 432.
Connelley, William E., contributor of
"Origin of Indian names of Certain
States and Rivers," 451^54; acknowl-
edgments to, 474, 475.
Contrecoeur, M., sent to *'make the por-
tage" around falls of Niagara, 337;
leads left of expedition over Miami-
Maumee portage, 376, 446; notice of,
426.
Contributions, The Ohio Workmen's Com-
pensation Law, by H. R. Mengert.
1-48; Ohio's German-language press
and the peace negotiations, by Carl
Wittke, 49-79; Lafayette's X'isit to
Ohio Valley States, by C. B. Gal-
breath, 163-266; The Ohio Buckeye,
by C. B. Galbreath, 275-281; Unveil-
ing of the soldiers' memorial tablet
on the Hayes Memorial Building at
Spiegel Grove, by Lucy Elliot Keeler,
303-329; The Expedition of Celeron,
by C. B. Galbreath, 331-334. 477-180;
Origin of Indian Names of Certain
States and Rivers, by William E.
Connelly, 451-454; "The Centenary
of Sandusky County, by Basil Meek,
455-460. See also Randall, Emilius
Oviatt, tributes to.
Cooper, .Albert, presentation of pioneer
relics by, 508.
Cottonwood-tree, 405.
Cordes. Henry, author of constitutional
proposal for compulsory compensation,
15-16.
566
Index.
Cornell Era, edited by Emilius Oviatt
Randall, lu. 120.
Cornell University, 120.
Councils with Indians at Cut Straw, ai3-
346; Chiningue, 355-369; St. Yotoc,
366-370; Village of the Demoiselle,
372-376.
Courtemanche, M., notifies Celoron of ar-
rival of messenger from the Demoi-
selle, 372.
Cox, Ezekiel T., 119.
Cox, Governor James M., attitude toward
Workmen's Compensation, 18-26, 657;
message to the General Assembly,
18-19; calls conference at his home in
January, 1913, 19-20; favors compulsory
compensation, 20; hostility to liability
insurance companies, 27; favors com-
pulsory monopoly feature for Work-
men's Compensation in campaign of
1916, 34; amendment providing for
monopoly compulsory compensation
law enacted and approved, 35; nom-
inated for President of the United
States, 299; address by, presenting to
Society check of $47,424.69 and Meeker
library of Ohioana, 535-639.
Cox, Samuel Sullivan, 149.
Coy, John H., 121.
Coy, Mrs. Catharine A. Granger, 123.
Crabs, 411.
Cramer, J. C, presentation of specimens
by, 508.
Crevecoeur's map, represents the "Chata-
couin" as extending to the Allegheny,
449.
Croghan, Colonel George, Journal of
quoted, 440-441.
Croghan, Major George, at Fort Stephen-
son, 319, 324, 326; in Mexican War.
319, 320.
Croghansville, 458, 459.
Curry, Otway, 2S0.
Curry, Colonel W. L., appointed on nom-
inating committee, 485; "Kandall, Son
of the American Revolution," 97-102.
Custer, General George A., in grand re-
view, 141.
Cut Straw, village of, distant from Lake
Erie, 338; Indians flee to, 340; Celoron
invites Indians to meet him at, 311;
Council with Indians at, 343; departure
from, 346; location of, 381. See also
Faille Coupee.
Davis, Jefferson C, a prisoner at Fortress
Monroe, 136.
Dawson, Miles M., audits State Insurance
Fund, 41-43.
Dayton News, 152.
Decoigne, 465-468.
veiling of soldiers* memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Deer, in Scioto County, 290-291.
Deer Creek, Lafayette and fellow passen-
gers from The Mechanic land near
mouth of, 201.
Dclazvare Gazette, founded, 152.
Dellinger, Leonard, presentation of speci-
mens by, 508.
Demoiselle, The, chief of the Miamis at
Pickawillany, sends chiefs to meet
Celoron. 372; Celoron fails to induce
him and his chiefs to go to Quiskakon,
376; sketch and fate of, 389-390, 422;
The Baril requested to accompany Cel-
oron to village of, 409; Celoron meets.
410; residence of, 445.
Demoiselle, village of. See Pickawillany.
Dennison, William, at grand review, 141.
Desha, Governor Joseph, welcomes La-
fayette to Kentucky, 216; Toast by at
banquet to Lafayette, 218; Accompa-
nies Lafayette to Cincinnati, 221.
Deshler, John G., address by, 524-630.
Deshler, William G., quotations from
to
\\i
dered Salmon P. Chase
525, 526, 527.
Detroit, arrival of expedition at, 413; de-
scription of, 413.
Detroit River, 412.
Dietrich, Jacob, 148.
Dillon, Kent H., on committee at unveil-
ing of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Donahey, A. V., on committee to super-
vise audit of State Insurance Fund, 41.
Donnelly, Thomas J., on committee to
supervise audit of State Insurance
Fund, 41.
Doomsday Book, name of Randall re-
corded in, 117.
Downey, E. H., audits State Insurance
Fund, 41-43.
Drake, Dr. Daniel, on Ohio buckeye, 281.
Drinking of Indians delays Celoron, 377.
Du Coigne. See Panisciowa.
Ducoigne, Jean Baptiste, 465-468.
Duffy, Thomas J., 19, 29, 36.
Duncan, J. E., presentation of arch.Tcolog-
ical specimens by, 507.
Duquesne. See Fort Duquesne.
Index.
567
Du Quoin, 465-468; See also Panisciona.
Duval, Governor William P., guest at ball
in honor of Lafayette, 206.
Eagle, successor of Der Ohio Adler.
Echo (Socialist), attitude on peace nego-
tiations following the World War, 62,
63, 68, 72.
Edgar, General, Lafayette welcomed at
residence of, 170.
Editorial Notes and Comments, "Recol-
lections of Royalty," 154-1S8; literary
contributions of Emilius Oviatt Ran-
dall, 156-157; Wilson L. Gill, 15S; Ser-
geant Stanley Nagorka, 2W-297; Two
Generous Patrons, 297-298; Ne.xt Pres-
ident an Ohioan. 299; Memorial Day
at Spiegel Grove, 299; Panisciowa,
Jean Baptiste Ducoigne, 465-^68; Col-
onel Frederick W. Galbraith, Jr. 469-
472; Ohio — Origin and significance of
the name, 47a-475.
Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania, Lafayette
at, 249.
English and French, efforts to control
Ohio country, 334, 424-425.
English traders, summoned to depart from
Ohio country, 350, 357, 370, 404, 441,
483; found in all Indian villages, 409,
410.
Equity League, seeks referendum on com-
pulsory Compensation Law, 23-24.
Evans, B. F., on committee at unveiling
of soldiers' memorial tablet at Spiegel
Grove Park, 329.
Evans, Nelson W., 282.
Evans, Mrs. W. E., presentation of arch-
aeological specimens by, 507, 508.
Everett, David, 147.
Executive Mansion, purchased from C. H.
Lindenberg, 270-271; Buckeye tree for
lawn of, 271-274.
Exploration work of Society, 505-506.
Express and Advertiser, successor o
Muskingum Messenger, 149.
Fallen Timbers, site of battle of, 511; re-
port on battle field of, 522-523.
Fangboner, I. T., on committee at un-
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
"Farewell", from Whip-poor-will of De-
cember, 1866, 13-2-133.
The Farmer, founded, 152.
Farnham, Colonel J. H., presents welcome
and congratulations to Lafayette, 209;
toast at reception of Lafayette, 216.
Farrar, William M., 281.
Faulkner, James W., 19; "Randall the
Journalist," 112-115.
Ferguson, Chaplain. Invocation at un-
veiling of soldiers' memorial Ublet,
306.
Findlay, William L., 19.
Firefly, legend of, 186-188.
Fisher, Dudley T., presentation of speci-
mens by, 608.
Fletcher, Mrs. Sarah E., presentation of
plans of Sebastopol fortification and
siege by. 608.
Flickenger, Samuel J., 149.
Flint, James, account of wild animals in
Ohii
289.
Follett, Oren, 149.
Ford, Colonel , toast at reception
of Lafayette, 215.
Forest Trees, 401, 405, 420.
Fort Cataracoui, 398.
Fort Duquesne, Register of, 335, 379, 392.
Fort Frontenac, expedition sets out from,
336; location and name of, 379; arrival
at. 4S1.
Fort Loramie, built on site of village of
the Demoiselle, 445.
Fort Meigs, report on. 523.
Fort Miami, report on, 622.
Fort Miamis, located at Kiskakon, 423;
captured and named Fort Wayne, 423.
Fort Niagara, description of, 399; arrival
of expedition at, 429.
Fort Pontchartrain, 423.
Fort Stephenson, defense of, 324.
Fortress Monroe, 136.
Fossils of animal remains, 422.
Foster, James, 152.
Foster, J. E., 44.
Foster, Professor, , presentation
of specimens by, 608.
Francisco, A. W.. 149.
Frankfort, visit of Lafayette to, 215-219.
Franklin, Benjamin, 145, 146.
Frazer, John, 348, 382.
Freeman's Journal, successor to Centinel
of the Nortlmiestern Territory, 146,
147.
Fremont, General John C, 325-336.
Fremont, 469.
French and English, efforts to control
Ohio country, 334, 421-425.
French Creek, 382, 438, 443, 480.
Friebolin. Carl D., 19.
Fry, Margaret, 492.
568
Fulkerson. J. M., presentation of speci-
mens by, 508.
Funston, F. N., presentation of speci-
mens by, 508.
Fur trade, 482.
Galbraith, Colonel Fredenck VV. Jr., com-
mander of American Legion, sketch
of, 469-472.
Galbreath, Captain A. W., presentation of
World War relics by, 505.
Galbreath. C. B., succeeds Emilius Oviatt
Randall as Secretary of the Ohio State
Archa^ological and Historical Society,
160; "Lafayette's Visit to Ohio Valley
States." 163-266; at annual meeting of
Society; Secretary's report by, 485-
492; telegram from T. B. Alexander
and greeting from Mrs. T. B. Alex-
ander read by, 544-545.
Galissoniere, Marquis de la. portrait, 330;
sketch of, 330, 378; intentions made
known. 339; orders of, 340; message to
village of Iroquois Sonontuerna, 344-
345; message to Loups and Renards
and answer of Loups, 347, 348; mes-
sage to Indians of Chiningue, 356-357;
answer to message, 35S; message to In-
dians of St. Votoc. 367-369; message
to Indians of the nemoiselle and the
Baril. 372-374; term of office, 415; or-
der by, 481.
Gallagher, John M., 149.
Gallatin. Albert, welcomes Lafayette to
Uniontown, 248.
Gallia County Gasette, founded. 152-153.
Gallipolis, Lafayette's visit to, 213.
Ganaouagon, village of, at a distance from
Lake Erie, 338, 429; Celoron and In-
dians exchange salutes at, 341.
Ganaouskon. village of, Indians reply to
Galissoniere, 345.
Gates, Beman, 147.
Gazette and Commercial Register, founded.
152.
Gazlay. James, votes against appropria-
tion for Lafayette, 243.
General Pike, steamer which bore La-
fayette to Jeffersonville, 206.
Generals, (Union) in grand review, 140-
141.
Gill, Wilson L.. sketch of, 168.
Gist, Christopher, visit to Old Britian, 9.
Good. A. S., presentation of specimens by.
Goodwin, James H., '
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Gottron, Harry P., on committee at un-
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Goyoquin Indians, 481.
Gragg, J. R., presentation of archsolog-
ical collection by, 507.
Graham, Edward, entertains Lafayette,
248.
Graham, George, address to Lafayette at
Masonic lodge, 226, 258.
"The Grand Picnic/' from IVhip-foor-will
for July, 1S66, 127-129.
Grand Review, of Union armies in Wash-
ington. 135; described, 140-141.
Grant, General Ulysses S., in grand re-
view, 141.
Gray, S. C, presentation of specimens by,
508.
"The Great Flood," from ]Vhif-poor-will
for October, 1866, 130.
Great Meadows, battle of, 447.
Great Miami River. See Rock River.
Green, William, 19, 25.
Greene, General Nathaniel, Lafayette gives
toast to memory of, 214.
Greiner, John, 149.
Griggs, Robert F., presentation of ethno-
logical specimens by, 507.
Grob, George, on committee at unveiling
of soldiers' memorial tablet at Spiegel
Grove Park, 329.
Gross Daytoner Zeitting, attitude on peace
negotiations following World War, 51,
52, 56, 58, 60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72,
73. 74, 75, 76, 77, 78.
Gwathmey, Samuel, toast at reception of
Lafayette. 215.
Hall, James, welcomes Lafayette to Shaw-
neetown, 191-194.
Hall. Captain Wyllys, directs salvage of
baggage and food from The Mechanic.
201; absolved from all blame for sink-
ing of The Mechanic by Lafayette
and other passengers, 202-203; remin-
iscences of Lafayette and sinking of
The Mechanic, 250-256.
Hamilton. Colonel William S. (Son of
Alexander Hamilton) accompanies La-
fayette from St. Louis to Kaskaskia,
169-170.
Hamilton. Governor James, letter of Cel-
oron to, 350, 384-3S5; Governor Clinton
sends copy of inscription on leaden
plate to. 42S.
Hamilton Gazette, contemporaneous with
the Spy.
Index.
569
Hamilton Intelligencer, first issue. 151.
Hammond, Charles, sketch of, 151.
Hammond, M. B., 25.
Hampton Roads, scene of battle between
the Merrimac and the Monitor, 136.
Hancock, General Winfield S., in grand
revii
140.
Hanna, Senator Marcus A., 327.
Harding, Senator Warren G., nominated
for President of. the United States.
299; at unveiling of soldiers' memorial
tablet, 305, 306, 317; address at un-
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 317-323.
Harmon, Governor Judson, appoints
Workmen's Compensation Commission,
8, 9; attitude toward workmen's com-
pensation, 8-16; message on state board
of awards, 17-18; member of Executive
Mansion Board, 271; influence in the
inauguration of the workmen's com-
pensation law in Ohio, 557.
Harms, William P., 9.
Harvey, J. E., presentation of specimens
by, 508.
Harrison. William Henry, 147; welcomes
Lafayette to Cincinnati, 224-225.
Hastings. Russell, 326.
Hatton. Mrs. Edgar M., tribute to Emi-
lius Oviatt Randall, 116-117.
Hay, A. P., toast at reception of Lafay-
ette, 215.
Hayes. Rutherford B., 152; ninety-eighth
anniversary of birth of observed, 303-
487; tributes to, 311. 319; favored name
of Fremont for Lower Sandusky, 325;
entertains Twenty-third Regiment, O.
V. I., 326. 327; commander-in-chief of
Loyal Legion, 328; diary and letters
of, 491. 492.
Hayes, Colonel Webb C, work at Spiegel
Grove, 299; sketch of, 302; presents
memorial tablet, 305; presents property
to the State of Ohio valued at over
$500,000, 313; filial devotion of, 313;
"as modest as good", 315; chairman of
committee at unveiling of soldiers'
memorial tablet at Spiegel Grove
Park, 329; expiration of term as trus-
tee, 485; gifts to the state by, 467; re-
elected trustee of the Society, 493.
Hayes. Mrs. Webb C, unveils memorial
tablet. 305.
"Hayes Administration and Mexico", ar-
ticle relative to. 559-660.
Heer, Fred J., at annual meeting of
Society, motions by, 522, 624.
Hegler. Mr
Henderson. J. .\'. and Mills, E. C,
collection of early dental to
by,
607.
Henry County Demokyat, attitude on
peace negotiations following World
War. 51. 57.
Herald, bears Lafayette and party from
Cincinnati to Wheeling, 242-245.
Herald, founded. 152.
Herrick. Governor Myron T.. approves
Williams Act, 6; member of Executive
Mansion Board, -271.
Hickson,.W. H., presentation of specimens
by, 508.
High School News, edited by Emilius
Oviatt Randall, 114, 119.
Hildreth. S. P., letter of Captain Wyllys
Hall to, 250-256; description of cere-
monies attending opening of court at
Marietta. 279.
Hilhboro Gacette, founded. 152.
Hirsch. Leo, 149.
Historical sites, report on. 511.
Historical society buildings, 492; of Illi-
nois, Wisconsin, Minnesota, New
Hampshire and Ohio, 516-555.
Hogan, Timothy S., 19, 25, 31.
Hooper. Osman C, "Randall. Our Presi-
dent" (of the Kit Kat Club). 85-87.
Horse Chestnut, distinction between Ohio
buckeye and, 276-278.
Hough, Colonel Benson W., sketch of,
292-293.
Howells, William Dean, 149.
Hudson, David, founder of Hudson, Ohio,
118.
Hudson, Lelia, presentation of specimens
by, 608.
Hunter, General David, in grand review.
Hlinois, Lafayette's visit to, 168-190, 191-
194.
Illinois, Centennial Memorial building,
546-648.
Illinois cattle, 407.
Illustrations:
Emilius Oviatt Randall, 81.
Emilius Oviatt Randall (1.S7S). 120.
Fac-simile reproductiun from Whip-
foor-7iHl, 124. 131.
Emilius Oviatt Randall (1866), 131.
Lafayette, Gilbert Motier de, 163, 175.
15i5, 247.
670
Index.
Illustrations — Concluded.
Triumphal Arch (In honor of Lafayette
in New Orleans), 167.
Edward Coles, ITl.
James B. Ray, 211.
Joseph Desha, 216.
Jeremiah Morrow, 222.
Executive Mansion, 270.
Planting a buckeye tree, 271.
Ohio buckeye, 276.
Horse chestnut, 277.
Colonel Benson \V. Hough, 292.
.Stanley Nagorka, 295.
Remnant of leaden plate deposited at
mouth of the Muskingum, -i?!-.
Probable full text of leaden plate de-
posited at mouth of the Muskingum,
479.
General J. Warren Keifer, 515.
William G. Deshler, 526.
Claude Meeker, 332.
Governor James M. Cox, 536.
Charles F. Kettering, 543.
Centennial Memorial Building (Illinois).
647.
Building of the Wisconsin Historical
Society, 649.
Building of the Minnesota Historical
Society. 551.
Building of New Hampshire Historical
Society, 553.
Museum and Library Building of the
Ohio Stale Archaeological and His-
torical Society, 554.
Independent Chronicle, edited by Nathan-
iel Willis during American Revolution.
146.
"Indian God," the, 64, 120.
Indiana, Lafayette's visit to, 206-215.
Indians, Were their ancestors the Mound
Builders? 143.
Indians, troublesome in vicinity of Ports-
mouth, 283-285; Celoron's expedition
through country occupied by, 331, 450;
Indian names of certain states and
rivers, 451-454.
Industrial Commission of Ohio, law pro-
viding for, 24; commissioners ap-
pointed, 25; Attorneys-General of
Ohio support, 25; attacks on, S2-33.
Intelligencer, successor of Marietta Ga-
zette, 147.
Iowa, origin of name of. 451^52.
Iroquois Indians, 348, 349, 353, 364, 366, 407.
Israel, lost tribes of, were they ancestors
of the Mound Builders? 143-144.
Jackson, General Andrew, entertains La-
fayette. 190-191; pilots boat carrying
Lafayette and party, 252.
James, John Hough, extracts from jour-
nal of relative to visit of Lafayette to
Cincinnati, 256-259.
James River, appearance of six weeks af-
ter capture of Richmond, 136.
Jamestown, Pennsylvania, advance of
Celoron to present site of, 431.
Janis, Elsie, author of "The Big Show,"
294.
Jarvis. Charles E., presentation of relics
from war zone by, 508.
Jeffersonville, Lafayette received at as
guest of Indiana, 206-215.
Jennings, Malcolm, on committee to su-
pervise audit of State Insurance Fund,
41.
Jenuanguekouan River. See Muskingum
Jesuit Relations, references to, 331.
Johnson, I'resident Andrew, at grand re-
view, 140.
Johnson, Arthur C, elected trustee, 493;
thanked for support to Society, 509.
Johnson, Judge James G., writes opinion
of Supreme Court on Workmen's
Johnson, Colonel Richard M., toast by at
banquet to Lafayette. 218.
Johnson, W. H., on committee at unveil-
ing of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329; receives me-
morial tablet for American Legion,
305.
Johnson, Colonel William. Indians send
him leaden plate 427; sends copy of
inscription on leaden plate to Governor
Hamilton, 428.
Joncaire, M., sent to quiet fears of In-
dians. 340, 432; brings chiefs to Celo-
ron, 341; dispels terror of Indians and
sets out for Cut Straw. 343. 402; re-
lates experience at Attique. 350; ac-
comp.inies Bonnecamps to read writing
on rock, 351, 352, 405; discovers Indian
plot. 353, 354; reports conditions at St.
Yotoc, 364, 365, 407; sketch of, 381,
392. 416, 437; not identical with Jon-
caire met by Charlevoix and Washing-
ton, 449.
Jonquiere, Marquis de la, Governor-Gen-
eral of New France, 415, 482.
Judge. Mrs. James, presentation of Alas-
kan specimens by, 608.
Index.
571
Kachinodiagon, village of, another name
for Cut Straw, 343.
Kaiser, Robert, presentation of archarolo-
gical specimens by, 507.
Kanaaiagon. See Kanaouagan.
Kanaauagon. See Ganaouagon.
Kananouangon, village of, description of,
419; leaden plate deposited at, 432.
See also Conewango.
Kanaouagon, village of, Celoron ap-
proaches, 341; joins Indians of Cut
Straw in address to Celoron, »13;
leaden plate buried near, 432.
Kanaougon River, leaden plate deposited
at mouth of, 341, 342, 432, 433. See
also Conewango.
Kanawha River, leaden plate deposited at
mouth of, 361, 366, 3S9, 443; traders
Kanonouaora. See Kanonuara.
Kanonuara River, leaden plate deposited
at mouth of, 360, 421, 441.
Kanououara. See Kanonuara.
Kaskaske, Indian village, location of, 422.
Kaskaskia, Lafayette's visit to, 170, 1S9.
Kautzman, Colonel Worthington, presen-
tation of Filipino relics by, 508.
Keeler, Lucy, contributions to Quarterly,
299; "Unveiling of soldiers* memorial
tablet on Hayes Memorial Building
at Spiegel Grove," 303-329.
Keifer, General J. Warren, address by,
514-518; military service of, 514-518;
motion by, 539.
Kekionga. See Quiskakon.
Kelley, Bugler Hubert, poem by, 296-297.
Kennedy, Robert P., 326.
Kentucky, Lafayette's visit to, 203-206.
Kentucky, origin of name of, 453-454.
"Kentucky — Mother of United States
Senators and Representatives," 556.
Kercher, Henry, presentation of archaeo-
logical specimens by, 507.
Kettering, Charles F., gift of Miamisburg
Mound, 298, 506; of H. J. Thompson
collection of archsolcgical specimens
by, 506; gifts to Society by, 542-543.
Kilbourne, Colonel James E., founder of
M'estern Intelligencer, 149.
Kiskakon. See Quiskakon.
Kiskiminetas River, location of Attique
with reference to, 383, 420, 439.
Kiskiminitas River. See Kiskiminetas.
Kit Kat Club, memorial services in honor
of Emilius Oviatt Randall, 82-109.
Kittanning. on site of Attique, 382-384,
420.
Knabenshue, S. S., 148.
Kornfeld, Dr. Joseph S., benediction by at
Randall memorial meeting, 109.
Labor organizations, greet Lafayette in
Cincinnati, 228-229.
La Chine, 336, 397.
Lacroix, Andrew- encounter with a bear,
Lacroix, John P., manuscript account of
killing buffalo, 288.
La Demoiselle, or Old Britian, killed and
eaten, 333, 389-390, 422.
Lafayette, George Washington, (son of
General Lafayette) at Kaskaskia, 176;
on sinking steamboat, 197, 199, 200; at
Wheeling, 247.
Lafayette, Gilbert Motier de, portraits of,
162, 175, 235, 247; gratitude to in-
fluenced America in World War, 164-
166; Contribution to Atlantic Monthly
quoted, 164-166; southern and western
tour of in United States, 166; visit to
Illinois — Kaskaskia, 168-190; invita-
tion by legislature, 168-169; acceptance
of invitation, 169-170; welcome address
by Governor Coles, 171-175; reply to
addn
of
ined
at Colonel Sweet's tavern, 175-177;
meets Mary, daughter of Panisciowa,
189; visit to Tennessee, 190-191; Re-
turn to Illinois — Shawneetown. 191-
194; welcome address by Judge James
Hall. 191-194; reply to address of wel-
come, 194; sinking of The Mechanic
and rescue of passengers, 195-202; visit
to Kentucky— Louisville, 203-206;
welcome address by Solomon P. Sharp,
203-204; reply to address of welcome,
204; welcome address by Judge Rowan,
204-205; reply to address, 205; ball in
honor of, 206; visit to Indiana — Jef-
fersonville, 206-215; invitation by leg-
islature, 206-209; invitation by commit-
tee, 209; reply to committee, 209-210;
welcome address by Governor James B.
Ray, 210-212; reply to address, 212-213;
entertainment in honor of, 213-215;
visit to Kentucky— Shelbyville, Frank-
fort, Lexington, 215-221; welcome ad-
dress by Governor Joseph Desha, 216;
reply to address, 216-217; banquet in
honor of at Frankfort, 217-219; wel-
come to Transylvania University, 219-
220; reply to welcome address. 220;
visit to Ohio— Cincinnati, 221-242;
welcome address by Governor Jeremiah
572
Index.
Lafayette — Concluded
Morrow, 221-223; reply to address,
223; welcome address by William
Henry Harrison, 224-225; reply to ad-
dress, 225-226; honored at Masonic
lodge, 226; Welcomed in behalf of
schools by Rev. Ruter, 2-27-228: reply
to address, 228; procession through
city, 228-229; exercises at pavilion,
229-238; ball in honor of, 238-242; poem
in honor of, 238-242; visit to Ohio —
Gallipolis, 243; visit to Ohio — Ma-
rietta, 244-245; visit to Western Vir-
ginia—Wheeling: 245-248; welcome
address by Judge Alexander Caldwell,
2',5-246; reply to address, 246-247; ban-
<iuet in honop of, 248; visit to Western
Pennsylvania. 248-249; Captain Hall's
narrative of sinking of The Mechanic,
250-256; extracts from journal of John
Hough James relative to visit to Cin-
cinnati, 256-259; extracts from journal
of Abby Bailey relative to visit to Cin-
cinnati, 260-263; reminiscences of Mrs.
W. L. Ralston and Mary Loving Wil-
liams, relative to visit of, 263-264; ac-
count of visit to Marietta by George
Woodbridge, 265-266; tributes to. 267-
269; origin of his interest in the
American Revolution. 462; reply to
those who voted against appropriation
to pay him for expenses incurred in
American Revolution. 464.
Lake St. Francis, 3.36.
Lambing, Rev. .-\ndrevv Arnold, translator
of Celoron's journal. 331, 332; varied
spelling of proper names, 334; intro-
ductory note to journal, 335; notes on
Celoron's Journal, 377-396.
Lanaudiere, sketch of, 395-396; See also
Naudiere.
Lancaster, Lafayette's proposed visit tn
abandoned. 243.
Levasseur, Auguste (Secretary to La-
fayettel, at Kaskaskia, 176-189: ac-
count of reception of Lafayette, 176-
179; account of meeting Mary, the
daughter of Chief Panisciowa. 180-189;
tribute to Governor Coles at Cincin-
nati, notes on reception of Lafayette,
228, 231.
Lancaster Volksfreund, 149.
Langlade, Charles, plundering expedition,
333, 334, 390, 422.
LaSalle, 424.
Leaden plates, deposited along the Ohio,
332, 426^29, 478; at the mouth of the
Muskingum. 360-361, 389, 421, 442. 477-
480; at the mouth of the Great Ka-
nawha, 361, 388, 407, 421, 442; at the
mouth of the Conewango, 341, 342, 402,
419, 433, 435, 436; below mouth of River
aux Boeufs, 349, 419, 438-439; at the
mouth of the Kanonuara, 360, 407, 421,
441; at the mouth of Rock River, 371,
421, 445; character of inscriptions, 432-
434; burial of plates peculiar to French,
381.
Lee, Alfred E., 152.
Lee, General R. E., home of visited. 135.
Lee. Samuel M., sings ode at reception of
Lafayette. 229-231.
Legend of the firefly, as related by Mary,
the daughter of Panisciowa, 186-189.
Legowski. t'ather F. S., address at un-
veiling of soldiers? memorial tablet,
315-316.
Lentil-Tree. 405, 420.
Leonard. Theodore, appointed on nomi-
ing
485.
Lexington, visit of Lafayette, 219-221.
Liability Insurance Agents, oppose com-
pulsory workmen's compensation law.
20; suit to oust in Supreme Court, 31-
32.
Libby Prison, 137.
Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Mercury,
founded by John M. Browne, 148.
Library, presented to Society by Claude
Meeker, 531-535.
Library work and policy, 488, 489.
Lindenburg. Mrs. C. H., presentation of
shells and fossils by, 508.
Lins, P. A., on committee at unveiling of
soldiers' memorial tablet at Spiegel
Grove Park, 329.
Little Miami River, 389.
Little Sandusky. 325.
Logan Elm Park, report on, 518-519.
Logstown, 420.
Loudenslager, Mrs. William, presentation
of specimens by, 508.
Louisville, Lafayette's visit to, 203-206.
Loup Indians, 346, 347, 348, 319, 350, 351.
353, 363, 366, 381, 402, 403, 404, 437, 439,
440.
Lower Sandusky, 325.
Lower Sandusky. 459.
Lyon, William S., 326.
Madison, military company from, greets
Lafayette, 228.
Magley. R. A., presentation of specimens
by, 508.
Index.
573
Mahoning Creek, 382.
Manahella, in legend of the firefly, 1S6-1SS.
Mansfield Shield, 153.
Map of Father Bonnecamps, opposite page
334.
Marietta, Lafayette's visit to, 2J4; Lafay-
ette's tribute to pioneers of, 244.
Marietta Gazette, successor of American
Friend, 147.
Marietta Register and Virginia Herald,
first issued in Campus Martins Stocii-
ade, 147.
Marks, Clara, presentation of archaeologi-
cal specimens by, 507.
Marks, Sheldon, presentation of speci-
mens by, 508.
Marshall, Orsamus Holmes, account of
Celoron's expedition to the Ohio in
1749, 331, 332, 424-450.
Mary, the daughter of Panisciowa, at Kas-
kaskia on occasion of Lafayette's visit,
17&-189; story of her life, 180-185, 189;
letter from Lafayette to her father,
179; legend of the firefly, 186-188. See
Massie, Nathaniel, 147.
Massillon Independent, 273.
Matthews, Associate Justice Stanley, 326,
327.
Maumee River, origin of name of, 390-391;
condition of forts on, 411, 423.
Maurer, Rev. Irving, invocation by, at
Randall memorial meeting, 84.
Maxwell, Nancy, 145.
Maxwell, William, Editor of Cenlinet of
the Northzvestern Territory, 145, 146.
McArthur, Duncan, votes for appropria-
tion for Lafayette, 243.
McClure, Samuel G., 149.
McGhee, Joseph, 25.
McKee, Alice B., presentation of speci-
mens by, 608.
M'Kee's Rocks, 386.
McKinley, William, 151, 326, 327.
McKinley Oaks, 327.
McLean, John, 148.
McLean, Nathaniel, 148.
McLean, William, votes against appropria-
tion for Lafayette, 243.
McMaken, General W. V., address at un-
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet
at Spiegel Grove Park, 316.
McNeill. Henry, presentation of archaeo-
logical specimens by, 507.
McPherson, General James B., from San-
dusky County, 319.
Meade, General George F., 135; in grand
review, 141.
Mechanic, The, sinks with Lafayette and
party on board, 195-202; sinking of
related by Captain Wyllys Hall, 250-
236.
Medical Profession, attitude toward
Workmen's Compensation Law, 26-27.
Meek, Basil, contributor of "The Cen-
tenary of Sandusky County," 455^60.
Meek, George B., first American killed in
war with Spain, 319.
Meeker, Claude, presents library of Ohio-
ana to Society, 297-298; letter from,
conveying gift of library to Society,
531-535.
Memorial Day, celebrated at Spiegel
Grove, 299.
Memorial Library and Museum Building,
celebration of completion of at Spie-
gel Grove Park, 328.
Menard, Pierre, in procession to welcome
Lafayette, 176; adopts Mary, daughter
of Panisciowa, 182, 185.
Mengert, H. R., "The Ohio Workmen's
Compensation Law," 1-48; presents
problems of workmen's compensation:
(1) rehabilitation of injured work-
men, 45^6; (2) safeguards against
raiding state insurance fund, 45-47; (3)
adjustment of individual premiums to
losses sustained, 47; (4) better protec-
tion against accidents, 47-48; 557, 560.
Merritt, General Wesley, in grand review,
141.
Miami Indians, at village of the Demoi-
selle, 372; assure Celeron that they will
return to Quiskakon, 376; location of
village of, 422, 423.
Miami River. See Maumee River.
Miamisburg Mound, presented to Society
by Charles F. Kette'ring, 298. 543.
Michaux, F. Andrew, description of Ohio
Buckeye, 275-278.
Milk of Onontio, brandy, 341, 381, 437.
Mills, Helen, 492.-
Mills. William C, at annual meeting of
Society, report as curator, 504-509; ex-
ploration of mounds at Camp Sher-
man. .505-506; motions by, 513, 520; on
committee on Serpent Mound, 622; re-
port on necrology by, 523-524.
Minerville, M., retained as Indian hos-
tage. 364, 407; returned to camp, 365;
sketch of, 421; See also Niverville.
Minnesota, historical society building, 650-
Index.
Mississippi, Origin of name of, 452.
Missouri, Origin of name of, 451.
Moats, Lydia, presentation of archaeologi-
cal specimens by, 507.
Montagnes Indians, 379.
Montreal, return of expedition to. 413.
Moore, Waldo C, on committee on Fort
Ancient, 512.
Morgan, laptain J. T., presentation of
specimens by, SOS.
Morrison, William, welcomes and enter-
tains Lafayette at Kaskaskia, 176, 177,
189.
Morrow, Governor Jeremiah, welcomes
Lafayette to Ohio, 221-223.
Mound Builders, who were they? 142-144;
similarity of their relics to those found
in the ruins of ancient Troy, 143: theo-
ries in regard to origin of, 14.3-144;
Book of Mormon on, 143-144; descent
from, lost tribes of Israel, 143-144;
from Japan and China, 144; from Tol-
tecs and Aztecs, 144.
Mo
Museum of Society, present condition of,
504^05.
Muskingum Messenger, first newspaper
published in Zanesville, 149.
Muskingum River, leaden plate deposited
at mouth of, 360-361, 3»». 421. 442, 477-
Nagorka. Sergeant Stanley, service and
death of, 294-297.
Notches, carried Lafayette and party up
the Mississippi, 251.
National Republican and Ohio Political
Register, successor of Hamilton Ga-
zette, 147.
Naudiere, M., Celoron acts on his advice,
337; sketch of, 395-396.
■'Nearer, My God, to Thee," 108-119. '
Necrology, report on, 523-.524.
Neville, Morgan, ode by in honor of La-
fayette, 226, 258; poem in honor of
Lafayette, 238-242; sketch of, 238.
New Geneva, Pennsylvania. Lafayette en-
tertained at, 249.
.Vew Hampshire, historical society build-
ing, 552-053.
News, 152.
Newspapers, edited by Emilius Oviatt
Randall, lVhip-foor-ii.nll, 95, 119; ex-
tracts from, 123-139; High School
News, 114, 119; Philo Mirror, 114, 119;
Cornell Era, 114. 120; Saturday Ga-
zette. 114-115, 120; Columbus Evening
Dispatch, 115; "Newspapers Read by
the Ohio Pioneers" By Emilius Oviatt
Randall, 145-153; In Ohio followed
lines of settlement, 148; number pub-
lished in Ohio prior to 1825, 153; col-
lection of, 489, 490;
(English):
Nation, 56, 69.
New Republic, 67, 69.
(Belgian):
La Libre Belgique, 59.
German (Ohio):
Attitude prior to the entrance of the
United States into the World War,
49-50.
.\ttitude toward: (1) President Wilson,
51, 53, 54, 57, 69-72, 74; (2) German
Republic, 52; (3) sessions of territory,
55, 56, 59; (4) Allies of United States,
68, 59, 60, 61; (6) The Yellow peril, 59;
(6) League of Nations, 63-69, 73; (7)
Alliance of England, United States
and France, 72-74; (8) Building up
pre-war influence and prestige. 74-78.
German (Ohio) and peace negotiations:
Akron Germania, 62, 53, 64, 61, 66, 69,
73, 75, 76, 78.
The American Monthly, 67.
Cincinnati Abend Press, 65, 57, 59, 60,
62, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 77, 78.
Cincinnati Freie Press, 52, 54, 58. 59, 60,
61, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 74, 75-76, 77, 78.
Cincinnati VotksblatI, 51, 52, 53, 57, 63,
66, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 78.
Echo (Socialist), 62, 63, 68, 72,
Gross Daytoner Zeitung, 51, 52. 56, 58,
60, 61, 66, 67, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75,
76, 77, 78.
Henry County Demokrat, 51, 75.
Sandusky Demokrat, 60, 70, 72, 73, 77.
Siebenburgisch-Amerikanischer Volks-
blatt, 56, 61, 72.
Toledo Express. 51, 52, 66, 69, 70, 74, 75,
76, 78.
Waechter und Anseiger 55, 57, 59, 60, 61,
62, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, T5,
76, 77, 78.
(Ohio);
Advocate and Tribune, 153.
American Friend, 147.
American Spectator, 147.
Belmont Chronicle, 151.
Butler County Democrat, 151.
Canton Repository. 274. 151.
Centinel of the Northwestern Territory,
145-146.
Cincinnati Commercial, 151.
Index.
576
Cincinnati Gazette, 148, 151.
Circleville Union, 152.
Cleveland Leader, 152.
Columbus Evening Dispatch, 142, 273,
294.
Columbus Westbote, 149.
Commercial Tribune, 151.
Dayton News, 152.
Delaware Gazette, 152.
Der Ohio Adler, 148.
£agii?. 149.
Express and Advertiser, 149.
The Farmer, 152.
Freeman's Journal, 146.
Gallia County Gazette, 153.
Gallipolis Journal, 153.
Gazette and Commercial Register, 162.
Hamilton Gazette, 147.
Hamilton Intelligencer, 151.
//«ra/rf, 152.
Hillsboro Gazette, 152.
Independent Chronicle. 146.
Intelligencer, 147.
LaHCai(iT Volksfreund, 149.
Liberty Hall and Cincinnati Mercury,
148.
Mansfield Shield. 163.
Marietta Gazette, 147.
Marietta Register and Virginia Herald.
147.
Massillon Independent, 273.
National Republican and Ohio Political
Register, 147,
A^fjfi, 152.
0/iio Federalist. 151.
0;..o Political Register, 149.
O/ilo Repository, 151.
O/iio Republican, 149.
0/ir<; Branch, The, 152, 153.
Register, 148.
Republic, 152.
Republican, 153.
Register Leader, 148.
5'(. Clairsville Gazette, 151.
Saturday Gazette, 150.
i'ciofo Gazette, 146, 147.
Springfield News, 152.
Springfield Republican, 152.
7"ni»i/. o^ Fame, 150.
C/miom HcroM. 161, 152.
^faj/Mng/onioii. lis.
Western Intelligencer, 149.
WeJlern Intelligencer and Columbus
Gazette, 149.
Western Reserve Chronicle. 150.
Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette, 147.
W'eJicrn 5«ar, 148.
ir/iig, 147.
Newton, Eunice, 119.
Newton. Isaac, 119.
Niagara, 336, 381, 400, 413.
Nichols, Hugh L., 19; "Randall and the
Ohio Supreme Court," 87-93.
Nicholas, Indian chief, 423.
Night watchman, provided, 509.
Niverville, 407, 421; See also Minerville.
Nonnenbin, mountains of, 418.
Ogontz Point, 325.
Ohio, visit of Lafayette to, 221-245.
Ohio, Why called the "Buckeye State,"
279-280.'
Ohio, Origin and significance of name of,
472-174, 452-453.
Ohio, Museum and library building of
Ohio State Archjeolocical and Histor-
ical Society, 552-555.
Ohio Adler. Der. first foreign language
paper in Ohio, 148.
Ohio Federalist, founded, 161.
Ohio Magazine, 281.
Ohio Manufacturers Association, 27. 31.
Ohio Political Register, combined with
Western Intelligencer and Columbus
Gazette, 149.
Ohio Repository, founded, 151.
Ohio Republican, successor of Express
and .'Advertiser.
Ohio River, origin of the word Ohio, 380,
392, 418, 436; name applied to the
Alleghany, 435.
Ohio State Journal, formed by combina-
tion of Western Intelligencer and Co-
lumbus Gazette with The Ohio Politi
cal Register, 149.
Ohio State University, honors awarded
to men of, 559.
Ohio Valley, changes in, 446-447.
Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law, pur-
pose in writing history of, 1-2; gene-
sis of, 24; first steps, 4-7; Williams
bill, 5-6; progress and commission
study, 7-16; Norris and Metzger acts,
8; commission appointed by Governor
Harmon, 8-10; enactment of elective
compensation law, 10-11; constitutional
amendment providing for compulsory
law, 15-16; enactment of compulsory
compensation law, 16-21; provisions of
compulsory compensation law, 21-23;
first year's experience, 24-26; law in
peril, 26-32; ambiguity in the section
ijf the law, 30; test of monopoly of law
Index.
Ohio Workmen's Compensation Law —
Concluded,
in Ohio Supreme Court, 31-32; "law
saved," 32-37; "another danger avert-
ed," 37-iO; decision of Lucas County
courts reversed by Supreme Court,
37-39; workmen's compensation fund
solvent, 40-43; editorial note relative
to article on "The Ohio Workmen's
Compensation Law," 557-558; note on
decision of United States Supreme
ganiz;
31.
See Demoiselle.
Olden Time, The, 480.
Olive Branch, The, founded, 152.
Onanguisse Bay, 412.
Onontio, Indian title for Galissoniere and
other governors-general of Canada;
Milk of (brandy). See Milk of
Onontio.
Ontario Indians, arrive with letter from
Detroit. 370.
Ontario Lake, 337.
Orr, Charles H., 108.
Orr, William, at banquet to Lafayette, 177.
Orton, Edward, presentation of auto-
graphed photo of William McKinley
by, 507.
Osbom, A. C. presentation of archaeolog-
ical specimens by, 507.
Otters, 482.
Ottawa County, creation of, 458.
"Our Paper," from Whip-poor-will for
November, 1866, 181.
Overmyer, .A. W., at unveiling of sol-
diers' memorial tablet, 306. 328.
Oviatt, Benjamin, 118, 119.
Oviatt, Harriet Eunice, 119; ancestry of,
118-119.
Oviatt, Herman, 118, 119.
Oviatt, Thomas, 119.
Oyo, The. See Ohio River.
432, 436, 437;
Paine, Thomas, 215.
Panisciowa, Indian chief known to Ameri-
cans as lean Baptiste DuCoigne. ISO.
465-468; Mary, daughter of, 179-189.
Paragon, takes on board Lafayette and
other passengers rescued from The
Mechanic, 202.
Paroquets, in Scioto County, 286-287.
Passenger pigeons, in Scioto County, 286.
Patterson, John, votes against appropria-
tion for Lafayette, 243.
Patterson, Rev. Joseph, recognized by
Lafayette at Pittsburgh, 249.
Peacock, William R., 9.
Pecos, 482.
Pelee, Point, 413, 446.
Pemberton, Rev. Ebenezei, Pastor of Old
South Church, Boston, 118.
Pemberton, Joanna, 118.
Pemberton, Patrick Grant, IIS.
Pennsylvania, Western, Lafayette's visit
to, 248-249.
Perks, George W.. member of Workmen's
Compensation Commission, 8.
Petersburg, appearance six weeks after
falling into the hands of the Union
army, 137-138; appearance of battle
field near, 138-139.
Philadelphia, letter addressed to governor
of, 350, 331.
Phillips .Vademy, 119.
Philo Mirror, edited by Emilius Oviatt
Randall, 114, 119.
Piatt, John James, 149.
Pickawillany. significance of destruction
of, 334; village of the Demoiselle, 372;
arrival of Celeron at, 372; answer of
the Demoiselle and the Baril to mes-
sage of Galissoniere, 374-375; Answer
of Celoron to the Demoiselle and the
Baril, 375-376; Location of, 445.
Pictured Rocks, 403-404, 419.
Pioneer history of the Ohio Valley, 480.
Piquet. Francois, establishment of. 336,
i 398, 413; sketch of, 378-379, 417-418.
Piquette, M., 481. See also Piquet.
Pittsburgh, Lafayette's visit to, 249.
Poin
Cla
336.
Atle
at Spiegel
Pomerene, Senato
Grove Park, 328.
Pontiac, Indian chief, conspiracy of. 448.
Potomac Guardian, established at Mar-
tinsburg. Virginia, 146.
Pressler. Carl, on committee at unveiling
of soldiers' memorial tablet at Spiegel
Grove Park, 329.
Price, Harry, on committee at unveiling
of soldiers' memorial tablet at Spiegel
Grove Park. 329, 305.
Price. Jack, contributes buckeye tree for
Executive Mansion lawn, 271-274.
Price, John G., 25, 43, 272, 273.
Prince. B. P., report of committee on Fort
Ancient by, 611-512.
577
rugh, John J., "Randall and the (Colum-
bus) City Library," 92-99.
Putnam, Israel, 319.
Quail, in Scioto County, 287-2SS.
(Juebec, Return of e.\pedition to, 414.
Queen of Indians (.Miquippa) at Written
Rock, 351.
Raccoons, 482.
Raimond, M.^ requested to send inter-
preter to Celoron, 371; fails to send
interpreter on time, 372; interpreter
from arrives, 376; meets Celoron at
Quiskakon, 377, 411.
Ramage printing press, 145.
Randall, Rev. David Austin, father of
Emilius Oviatt Randall, 118-119; edits
the Washuigtonian at Medina, Ohio,
118; account of Grand Review at
Washington, 140-141; contributions to
Whip-poor-will, 159-160.
Randall, Emilius Oviatt, memorial to, Sl-
160.
Tributes to, by Kit-Kat Club, 82-109;
Introductory address, Henry A. Wil-
liams, President of club, S3; Randall,
our President, Osman C. Hooper, Sec-
retary of club, 85-87; Randall and the
Ohio Supreme Court, Hugh L. Nich-
ols, Chief Justice of the Supreme
Court, 87-93; Randall, Archxologist
and Historian, James E. Campbell,
President of the Ohio State Archso-
logical and Historical Society, 93-96;
Randall and the City Library, John J.
Pugh, Librarian Columbus City Li-
brary, 97-99; Randall, Son of the
American Revolution, Colonel W. L.
Curry, Past President of Sons of the
American Revolution, 99-102; Randall,
the Man, Daniel J. Ryan, Past Presi-
dent of club, 103-109; Benediction, Dr.
Joseph S. Kornfeld, 109.
Tributes to:
Emilius Oviatt Randall, Professor of
Law, by Dr. W. O. Thompson, 109-
112; Randall the Journalist, by James
W. Faulkner, L. H. D., 113-115; Ran-
dall, "royal of mind and heart," by
Mrs. Edgar M. Hatton, Regent Daugh-
ters of the American Revolution, 116-
117; biographical sketch, by Walter W.
Spooner, 117-123.
Newspapers edited by. See newspapers;
editorials by in Columbus Evening
Dispatch, 115; Revolutionary ancestry
Vol. XXIX — *37.
of, 118; birth and boyhood, 119; edu-
cated at Phillips Academy and Cor-
nell University, 119-120; appointed
Supreme Court Reporter, 120; ap-
pointed Trustee of Ohio State Archso-
logical and Historical Society, 121; au-
thor of legal and historical works, 121-
122; political, leligious and domestic
relations, 122-123; "What I saw
South", contributions to IVhip-poor-
u'ill, 133-139; his last editorial in Co-
lumbus Evening Dispatch, 142-144; his
last contributed article in Ohio News-
paper, 145-153; literary contributions,
list of, 156-157; Recollections of Roy-
alty, 154-156; tribute of Clark County
Historical Society. 159.
Randall, James, 118.
Randall, John, born in Bath, England,
118; Revolutionary soldier, 118.
Randall, Mrs. Mary A. (Coy), 123.
Randall, Mathew, 118.
Ratltbun, S. B., Commander-in-chief of
Grand Army of the Republic at un-
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet at
.Spiegel Grove Park, 317; on committee
at unveiling of soldiers' memorial tab-
let at Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Rath-Merrill, Mrs. M. E., presentation of
rubbings of English memorial brasses
by, 507.
Rattle snake, 40S.
Ray, Governor James B., guest at ball in
honor of Lafayette, 206; welcomes
Lafayette to Indiana, 210-212; toast by
at reception of Lafayette, 215.
"Recollections of Royalty" comment on
paper by Emilius Oviatt Randall, 154-
158.
Red Bank Creek, 3S2.
Red Cross, presentation of rug with U. S.
coat-of-arms by, 508.
Reed, Kline, 281.
Referendum, sought
pensaticn law b)
24.
of Intelligencer, 148.
Liccessor of Register,
Register of Fort Duqiicsne, 335.
Reineik, John L., on committee at un-
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Renard Indians, 346, 381, 437.
Reppy, Lieutenant -Mison, author of
"Rainbow Memories," 291.
Index.
Republic, The. successor of The Spring-
field Republican, 152.
Republican, 153.
Reunion Oaks, at Spiegel Grove Park, 326.
Revolutionary soldiers, greet Lafayette at
Kaskaskia, 175; at Nashville; at
Frankfort. 217; at Cincinnati, 223; at
Pittsburg. 249.
Richardie, 423.
Richmond, appearance of six weeks after
capture by the Union army. 136-137.
Rickenbacker. Captain E. V., author of
"Fighting the Flying Circus," 293-
294.
Fiel,'
Riviere la Blanche, 370-371, 389. See s
White River.
Riviere la Roche, 371, 389, 410. See a
Rock River.
•■Rocher ecrite," 385.
Rock River, leaden plate deposited
410, 42
445.
Rohr
H., member of Workmen's
Compensation Commission, 8.
Rosecrans. General William S.. 326.
Ross. Thomas R., votes against appro-
priation for Lafayette, 243.
Rowan. Judge John, welcomes Lafayette
to Louisville and Jefferson County,
204-305; response of Lafayette to ad-
dress of, 205; guest at reception of
Lafayette, 213.
Royer. Joseph, 273.
Royer, Salome, 273.
Rubrecht, Franklin, tribute to Sergeant
Stanley Nagorka, 295-298.
Ruffed grouse, in Scioto County, 286.
Ruggles, Benjamin, votes against ap-
propriation for Lafayette, 243.
Russel, Sol Smith, 147.
Ruter, Rev. Martin, welcomes Lafayette
to Cincinnati in behalf of school chil-
dren and teachers, 227-228; I,evassuer's
reference to address by, 228.
Ryan, Daniel J., aids in formulating
Workmen's Compensation Law, 20;
"Randall the Man," 103-109; library
of Ohioaua collected by, 297-298; on
et at Spiegel Grove
annual meeting of So-
by, 484, 509; remarks
by, 509, 514, 531, 535; report of com-
mittee on publications, 504; tribute to
Colonel Webb C. Hayes, 513-514; col-
lection of Ohioana made by, 537;
resolution offered by, 545.
Park, 329;
Sabrevois de Bleury, sketch of, 396, 421;
See also Sabrinois.
Sabrinois, M., joined by Celeron. 337; to
provide canoes for return of Celoron,
370; sketch of, 379, 396. See also
Sabrevois.
Saetaguinrale Indians. See Ceganeis-
St. Clair, .'\rthur, 147; estimate of
Baptiste Ducoigne, 466^67; letter to
Baptiste Ducoigne, 467-468.
.S"(. Clairs-.-ille Gazette, founded, 151.
St. Frances Lake, 397, 398.
St. Yotoc, village of, Celoron seeks in-
formation in regard to, 363; plans to
pacify Indians at, 363; Joncaire sent
to visit, 363; inhabitants frightened,
364; Iroquois chief from addresses
Celoron; reply, 364; stone fort built
by Indians at, 365; hostile disposition
of inhabitants, 365-366, 408; Celoron
refuses to go to council house in,
365-366, 408; speech of Indians to Cel-
oron; answer, 366-367; answer of In-
dians to message of Galissoniere, 369-
370; departure of Celoron from. 370,
409; location of, 389, 409, 421, 444.
Salladay, Phillip, kills last buffalo in
Scioto County, 288-289.
Sandusky City, 325.
Sandusky County, centenary of, 464; for-
merly part of Virginia, 456-4g7;
aboriginal occupation of, 456-458; first
courts in, 458-159; growth in wealth
and population, 460.
Sandusky Demokrat, attitude on peace
negotiations following the World
War, 60, 70, 72, 73, 77.
Sames, Mrs. E. K., on committee at un-
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Saturday Gaselte, edited by Emilius
Oviatt Randall, 114-115, 120; brief
career of, 150.
Saussaye, S., 339, 431.
Saxton, John, 151.
Schaus, L. P., vacancy caused by death
of, 485.
Sciakape, 184, 188.
Scioto, Indian village, 389. See also St.
Yotoc.
Scott, Mrs. Charles, visited by Lafayette,
220.
Scammon, General E. P., 326.
Seip, John, presentation of archzological
specimens by, 507.
Index.
Serpent Mound, report of committee on,
520-522.
Shaeffer, Edward, 148.
Sharp, Solomon P., welcomes Lafayette
at Louisville in the name of Ken-
tucky, 20S-204; response of Lafayette
to address of, 204; guest at reception
of Lafayette, 213.
Shawanees Indians, 389. See also Shaw-
nee Indians.
Shawnee Indians, chief of addresses Cel-
oron, 365; chief disturbs council with,
369; deserted village of, 385; reception
by not "gracious", 407; pleasant loca-
tion of village of, 409.
Shawneetown, Lafayette's visit at, 191-194.
Shelbyville, visit of Lafayette to, 215.
Sheridan, Phillip, 326.
Sherman, Judge Charles R., reports per-
manent county seat for Sandusky
County, 459.
Sherman, W. J., on committee at un-
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329; report of
committee on Fort Miami, Fort Meigs
and Fallen Timbers, 522-523.
Sherraan, General William T., in grand
review, 140; quoted on impojitance of
defense of Fort Stephenson, 324.
Sherwood, Charles S., on committee at
unveiling of soldiers' memorial tablet
at Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Siebenburgisch - Amerikanisches Volks-
blatt, attitude on peace negotiations
following the World War, 56, 61, 72.
Silliman, Wyllys, 147.
Simms Hotel, Lafayette entertained at,
247-248.
Slessman, A. E., chairman Memorial
Parkway Committee, 305; on commit-
tee at unveiling of soldiers* memorial
tablet at Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Sloane, John, votes against appropriation
for Lafayette, 243.
Smith, M's. Ella May, presentation of
rare corals by, 508.
Smith, John P., member of Workmen's
Compensation Commission, 8.
Smith, S., at banquet to Lafayette, 177.
Smith, Sol. grandfather of Sol Smith
Russell, 147.
Soiihioto. See St. Yotoc.
S montouans, established at Cut Straw,
343; speech of to Celoron, and reply,
343-344; two cabins of at White River,
371.
Soaontuema Indians, (Iroquois), 344.
Soulange, 336.
Spelling of proper names, 475.
Spiegel Grove State Park, Memorial Day
at. 299; historic associations of. 308-
309, 318-319; typical American home
of Rutherford B. Hayes at, 3(19; pre-
sented to State of Ohio, 311-312;
celebrations at, 324-328; statement
relative to, 513.
Spooner, Walter W., "Emilius Oviatt
Randall, a Biographical Sketch," 117-
123.
Springfield, military company from greets
Lafayette, 228.
Springfield Neu's, successor of The Re
public, 152.
Springfield Republican, successor of The
Farmer, 152.
Sproat, Colonel Ebenezer, 279.
Stahl, F. A., presentation of specimens
by, 508.
Stanton, Edwin M.. at grand review, 140.
State Insurance Fund, committee to
supervise audit of, 41; audit of, 41-43.
Stewart, Andrew, introduces Lafayette at
Wheeling, 245.
Stimson, R. M., 148.
-Street, Joseph M., presides at dinner to
Lafayette, 194.
Strouf, Carl, on committee at unveiling
of soldiers' memorial tablet at Spiegel
Grove Park, 329.
Sutton, J. J., presentation of specimens
by, 608.
Sweet. Colonel, Lafayette entertained at
tavern of, 175-177.
Swift, B. H., calls meeting to order at
unveiling of soldiers' memorial tablet
at Spiegel Grove Park, 306; remarks
by, 306.
Taft, William H.. at Spiegel Grove Park,
328.
Taggart, Frank, commissioner of insur-
ance, ruling on Workmen's Com-
pensation Law, 30, 32, 33.
Tallmadge, Frank, remarks in presenting
gavels made from Logan Elm, 493;
report on Logan Elm Park by, 518-
619; read letter from Mr. H. J. Booth,
520.
Taylor. Captain Grant S., address at un-
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park. 317.
Taylor, Martha L., presentation of Indian
blankets by. 504-505.
Tchadakoin. See Chautauqua.
Index.
Tennessee, Lafayette's visit to, 190-191.
Tliompson, Harry J., collection of Indian
relics presented Society by Charles F.
Kettering, 2B8, 542.
Thompson, King G., presentation of
archaeological specimens by, 507.
Thompson, VV. O., Emilius Oviatt Randall,
Professor of Law, 109-112; expiration
of term as trustee, 485; remarks by,
492; re-elected trustee of Society, 493;
address by, 539-542.
Thousand Rocks, 336, 398.
Thrall, William B., 149.
Thwaites, Reuben Gold, 331.
TiiBn, Edward, 147.
Timmons. Mrs. F. P., on committee at
unveiling of soldiers' memorial tablet
at Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Tod, David, favors Workmen's Com-
pensation Law, 21.
Toledo Express, attitude on peace nego-
tiations following World War, 51, 52,
66, 69, 70, 74, 75, 76, 78.
Transylvania College, visit of Lafayette,
Treadway, F. W., oi
veiling of soldiers' memorial tablet
at Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Trees. See forest trees.
Trump of Fame, first newspaper of
Western Reser^'e, 150.
Turkeys, 81.
Turner, Edward C, 26, 31.
Turner, F. S., presentation of specimens
by, 508.
Tjadakoin. See Chautauqua.
Union Herald, founded as The Olive
Branch, 151-152.
Union soldiers, condition of, 133-135.
Uniontown, Pennsylvania, Lafayette's
visit to, 248.
United States, westward course of, 448-
449.
United States Navy Recruiting Band, at
unveiling of soldiers' memorial tablet
at Spiegel Grove Park, 306.
Upper Sandusky, 325.
Vance, Joseph, votes against appropria-
tion for Lafayette, 243.
Venango, 442, 4S0.
Vermilion River, 360, 420, 440.
Vevay, military company from greets
Lafayette, 228.
Villages of Loups and Renards, 23.
Villiers, M., 337, 338, 371, 429.
\'incennes, M., 52, 54, 72-73.
Vinton, Samuel F., Lafayette's visit to
home of, 243; votes against appropria-
tion for Lafayette, 243.
Virginia Hotel, ball to Lafayette at, 248.
"Virginia junta of Ross County," 147.
Virginia Land Company, 333.
Virginia, Western, Lafayette's visit to,
245-248.
Wabash River 350.
Waechter und Anseiger, attitude on
peace negotiation^ following the
World War, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 62, 66,
67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76, 77,
78.
Wall, W. D., report as certified ac-
countant, 495, 496.
Ward, Artemus, 244.
Ward, Nahum, entertains l^aiayette at
Marietta, 244.
Warren County Serpent Mound, report
of, 510-511.
Warren, Pennsylvania, 432.
Washington, George, 68, 129.
Washington. Pennsylvania, Lafayette's
visit lo, 248.
Washingtonian, temperance newspaper
edited by Rev. David Austin Randall,
lis.
Watson. E. E., Actuary of Industrial
Commission, 9, 29, 48.
Wayne. General Anthony, 423.
Wayne County, original limits, 456.
Webb, Joseph T., 326.
Webb, Thomas D., 150.
Western Intelligencer, founded at
Worthington, 149.
Western Intelligencer and Columbus
Gazette, successor of Western In-
telligencer, 149.
Western Reserve Chronicle, successor of
Trump of Fame, 150.
Western Reserve College, 118.
\\'estern Reserve Historical Society, pre-
sentation of specimens by. 508.
Western Spy and Hamilton Gazette,
founded in Cincinnati in 1799, 147.
Western Star, founded, 148.
"What I Saw South," by Emilius Oviatt
Randall, in Whip-poor-znll for June,
July and .August, 1S66, 133-139.
Wheeling, Lafayette's visit to, S45-24S.
Wheeling Creek. See Kanonuara.
Whig, successor to Western Spy and
Hamilton Gazette, 147.
Index.
581
IVhip-poor^vill, edited by Emilius Oviatt
Randall and Wilson L. Gill, 95, 119,
123-1S9; description of, 125; intro-
ductory editorials, 126-127.
White River, arrival of Celoron at, 370,
372, 445; Indians arrive at to accom-
pany expedition to village of the
Demoiselle, 371, 3S9-390, 409.
Whittemore, Frank E., 37, 43.
Whittlesy, Elisha, votes against ap-
propriation for Lafayette, 243.
Wickliffe, C. A., guest at reception of
Lafayette, 213.
Wild animals, 391-392.
Wild turkeys, abundant in southern Ohio,
285-286.
Williams, Dr. Charles Richard, tenders
his library to the Society, 303; at
Spiegel Grove Park, 328, 491.
Williams, Henry A., tribute to Emilius
Oviatt Randal], SS; remarks on intro-
ducing speakers at Randall memorial
meeting. 84, 85, 87, 93, 96, 98-99, 102.
Willis, Governor Frank B., attitude to-
ward Workmen's Compensation, 28,
557.
Willis, Nathaniel, founder and editor of
Scioto Gasette, 146, 147.
Wilson, E. S., 160.
Wilson, William, votes against appropria-
tion for Lafayette, 243.
Winans, William J., member of Work-
men's Compensation Commission, 9.
Wisconsin, historical Society building,
548-550.
Wiseman, O. N., presentation of
archaeological specimens by, 507.
Witter, Mary Ann, 118.
Wittke, Professor Carl, "Ohio's German-
language press and the peace negotia-
tions," 49-79; urges preservation of
German language, German press and
German societies in .America, 77-79.
Wolfe. H. E., donation of money for ex-
plorations by, 505, 509.
Wolfe, Robert F., donation of money by
for explorations, 505, 509.
Wolfe, S. H., investigation of state in-
surance fund, 44.
Wood, Edwin F., motions by, 492, 514,
518, 544, 545; report of treasurer for
year ending June 30, 1920, 493-503; re-
marks by, 513.
Wood duck, in Scioto County, 287.
Workmen's Compensation Law. See Ohio
Workmen's Compensation Law.
World War, check for memorial building
for collections and data relating to,
537.
Worthington, Thomas, 147.
Wright, Dr. G. Frederick, at unveiling of
soldiers' memorial tablet at Spiegej
Grove Park, 317; expiration of term
as trustee, 485; re-elected trustee of
Society. 493; report on Warren
County Serpent Mound by, 510-511;
report on historical sites by, 511.
Wright, Howell, 44.
Wriglit, John C, votes against appropria-
tion for Lafayette, 243.
Written Rock, village of, 351.
"Y. M. C. A.," organization of Young
Men's Christian ."Association in Co-
lumbus, from Whip-poor-will for
November, 1866, 132.
Yadakoin. See Chautauqua.
Yaple, Wallace D., attitude toward com-
pulsory compensation law, 19-20.
Yenanguakonnan. See Jenanguekouan.
Yenanguekouan. See Jenuanguekouan.
Yenanguekouan River, 480.
Yenuanguekouan. See Jenuanguekouan.
Younkman, James G., on committe at un-
veiling of soldiers* memorial tablet at
Spiegel Grove Park, 329.
Zane, Noah, rides in carriage with
Lafayette, 247.
Zanesville, Lafayette's proposed visit to
abandoned, 243.
pioneer relics by, 508.
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