Full text of "Ohio and Pennsylvania reminiscences : illustrations from photographs taken mainly in Mahoning, Columbiana and Beaver Counties, 1880 to 1916"

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UNIVERSITY

OF PITTSBURGH

LIBRARY

vjj^ H3M28

THIS BOOK PRESENTED BY

Juniata College

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2009 with funding from

University of Pittsburgh Library System

http://www.archive.org/details/ohiopennsylvaniaOOmans

I. F. MANSFIKLI)
Orderly Serjeant, lOSlh O. V. I., 1862

OHIO AND PENNSYLVANIA

REMINISCENCES

Illustrations from photographs taken mainly in

Mahoning, Columbiana and Beaver

Counties, 1880 to 1916

PRINTED BY

THE TRIBUNE PRINTING COMPANY

BEAVER FALLS, PENN'A

1916

IRA F. MANSFIELD

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MEMBER I

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American Philosophical Society I

National Geographical Society [

The Luther Burbank Society 1

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Historical Society of Pennsylvania |

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PREFACE.

T is not so nmch what has taken ]:ilace and what wc know and
own as what we leave posterity. Even science crnnnt tell how

we got into the world, what we are here for and Ikuv we are goin^.; j

to get out of the world. Historic events are interesting and when i

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illnstrated are valnahle. and the ohject of pnhlishing these I'ictnres |

and these reminiscences is to erect a monument, not onlv t;) oin- i

j iriany clul) memhers, but to our fathers and mothers who wrouglu j

1 faithfullv that we could enjov our lives. In the past seventv vear-, s

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j there has been germs of man}- historical societies, but with um J

1 buildings or money to sustain a society. Gradualh- the men ar.d £

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I V, omen are i^assing awav, taking with them manv interesting facts.

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' ( )ur clul) members have enjoved cur c:mp life, Xature studies and I

I lielped secure historical events. There should he established a i

z Historical Society of loyal and generous friends, that would be a |

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{ memorial for C)hio and Pennsvlvania. |

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TRINITY EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

BIRTHDAY.

On June 27th, 1842, I. F. Mansfield was born in Poland ami
baptised in the Trinity Episcopal Chnrch at Pjoardman. and re-
ceived the followino- ]ioem written b}' Lncy Hall lioardman :

Dear little baby, thon hast come
To cheer thy mother's heart.
And to fill the void that was left by one
Who early did dej^art.

How closelv will th\- father cling.
Around his infant child
And thou wilt like the opening spring
His cares of him beguile.

How fondly will thy mother press
Her lips upon thy brow,
.\nd bless the hand who kindly did
The much prized life bestow.

And thon wilt round them gather
Life's purest, choicest flowers,
And happily spend together
Th\- future joyous hours.

—THY COUSIN.

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SYCHAAIURE, AlIDDLE BEAN'ER.

POWDER HORNS.

ODERN inventions have robbed warfare of its romance

and the soldier of the old-time pictnresqueness. Powder

I horns came into use with gnnpowder, and nothing- better or cheaper

j lias ever been found than the horns of an animal. Such horns were

' easilv obtained, wouldn't rust and could he carried in the rain and

1 through the streams without the ])owder in them setting- wet. Thoy

' were worn under the left arm. held by a strap. There was a sto])-

pie in the small end, and the powder could l^e poured into the right

I hand and thence into the gun. Many were engraved with pictures,

maps of forts, old trails and waterways. C )ne secured by Caj^tain

i Mansfield, bears date of 1757 and shows Fort Niagara and th.e

i river Niagara, with Lake Cham])lain to Quebec. This interestmg

I powder-horn was captured at battle of Quebec, and has been placed,

j in Library of Beaver College with other relics. In the Revolution

1 th.ere was distributed over iS,ooo powder-horns ar.d during the

j Civil War many Confederate i>risoners carried them ; some beauti-

1 fullv carved with names of southern forts and names of Generals.

i Several showed the "Irunnie Blue Flag" of the Confederacy.

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CAMP FOOD. !

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ly yC ANY years experience in campino- in all parts of our conn- I

■^ -*- try, discloses many changes in our camp living-. Tbe f

earh- years disclose a Dutch oven, supplying corn-bread, roasted 1

fish, eggs and potatoes. Later years we have ground-hog, turtle, j

strawberries and ice creams. liut let no one have faith in the '

prophesies of pessemisms as to starving or waste. While less than |

half of the lands along our streams are under cultiavtion, farmers i

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always had a surplus of fruits, chickens and milk products for |

every one. We fountl settlers that utilized chestnut flour mixed '

with wheat. Synthetic chemistry is delving into the mysteries of |

Nature's laboratory developing the roots, stalks and fruits of the
plant world. A census of our rivers show more food to a square
mile than the land. As meat consumption goes down, better wheat |

and corn products appear. Xapoleon Bonaparte developed the
canning of fruits and toda}- with canned fruits, melons and honey
the schoolmarms have secured life certificates valid in every coun-

ty. America disclosed the potato, that has become the apple of tlie I

earth ; also providing an Alcohol to supply power to all motors.

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WATER POWER.

HAN'IXG camped alongside of the many dams on our several
streiim-, much study given to the conservation of water
power, ddieir development demands great risks, one must possess
hope and skill and must often jeo])ar(lise large sums of money he-
fore having success. On the Big and Little Beaver there has been

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over one hundred mill dams, giving financial failures. Still landi j

owners claim a mill site adds value, as a water power once con- 1

structed, costs litile to maintain same. Imin-cvements in steani. |

gas ai';d motor erxgines is a keen comp.'titor to all water wheels, and |

some better system must be devised for the development of water |

powers. Com]:)etition has driven the price of st?am and gais power =

lower and lower, and today steam powers show a ])rofit of about I

five per cent and water powers two jier cent. The public should |

insist on laws iraking water power more attractive by lower taxes I

to those making dve?. fertilizers and much needed chemicals, in- I
stead of dependmg upon toreign countries as we have, thus shov.-
ing a i^reparedness for peace as well as war.

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BATHING.

THI'l waters of the leaver in June st:in(l at C>^ dei^rees. and a 1

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I mornini;- liatli stimulates ever_\' nerve, inviiJ'oratin'^ the i

f whole frame, (lualifvinu- hoth hrain and muscle for their uttermost i

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I activity and clearin.;.^' alike the features and the fancv from clouds |

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I and gloom. W atch the schoolmarms — not i^radually wadinjj^ in — I

1 thev junii) in with a scream and jump out again ; they are invigora- |

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I ted, refreshed and cheer_\-, feeling as if tlie_\' could jumj) over the i

1 moon. From the creation evervthing in nature enjovs a daih hath.. j

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' \\ ilh the retreating ice in spring, one of th.e first liathing hirds is |

I Mr. Duck, alias Hell-cli\er. On Sunday after church services were I

1 over the Cannelttju priest, learning- of a fluck of ducks, took his '2Un f

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I and expended twelve shots on the Hell-divers, securing none. Tlie i

i general verdict was, Sunday not over with closing of church serv- I

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I ices at 12 o clock. Each year cranes may h:' noted wading in search ?

J of tadpoles and fish, often making a run and dive for their prev. i

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I The white Heron on account of its extreme vigilance is seldom T

J seen. Twice while out hass fishing, v.'e have noted a iiair near 1

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1 T'ainters Knob. The}' devour mice, snakes, fishes and insects, j

f Teachers and scholars would do well to studv and cet into touch 1

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i with the bathing birds. Trulv in these davs the birds are coming j

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j into their own as never before yet they need new tnends, as man\- I

i destructive agencies are alwavs at work.
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CHURCHES.

I'KIXCi the last fift\- \e;irs the C()untr^• churehes have slow-

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i -*-^ 1\- (h'ifted a\va\- int'i "inncuous desitude."" Lack of at-

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I tendance, the increa.sed exi)enses, di.sbehef in niuTow creeds ; an 1 i

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1 th:e cduntrx' chnrcli has emigrated to the towns, leavin'^- majority i>i |

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I farmers churchless. 1 he Cannclton peojile have set a cheerin;.;- ex- s

1 ample by the Xazarines. Pr^'slixterinns, na])tists, Methodists, Kpis- |

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I copalians and L. P. I'resb_\ terians, uniting- as the Independent =

' I nion Churcli, qnverned 1)\- deacons and deaconesses. Tlie first I

i settlers were l'resb\teri?ns, EiHscoi)alians and baptists, h()!(lin!j- s

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I services under forest trees, tents and in houses. Bcardman has th.e I

1 honor of the oldest Episco]ial church in ( )hio ; Frederick Board,- =

I man, an excelent sin;er, leading the choir for sixtv vears. In 1

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s Poland the Duncans, Arreis and \\ alkers looked after seatinjj^ the \

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I wayward children. Revs. Hughes, \ allandigham and hrancis |

I Reno administered the first sacraments of the Lord's Supper. Dur-

? Yankee soldiers, and during tlie three \ears soldiering- in Ken- 1

1 tuckw Tennessee. Georgia, the Carolinas and \ irginia. only (jnce at j

I Savannah was the writer invited to a service, and here the rector I

i omitted the ritual pravers for the President. j

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g the Civil War all the Southern churches were closed to the t

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UPPER CANNEL COAL FALLS.

1 EARLY INHABITANTS.

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I t I APIE earliest evidence of man's existence on the Beaver

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I -■- rivers is shown in the graves of Indians among the gran-

1 ite boulders and the pecnliar lines of fortifications at Bouqnet's

j Knob, Frederick and Milford. The literature of the subject is

1 extensive and stands as a monument of our ignorance, but the

I findings of skulls are not conclusive evidence of man's existence

i here before the Ice Age. What adds interest and is evidence if
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I man's existence previous to the Indians is that in these granite

= boulder graves, we find clay idols, shells, beads and copper spears,

I buried below the markings made by the Ice Age. All these

I implements only confuses the theory that men floated here from

j Asia, as the cultures of tlie prehistorical people, bears no traces

i of foreign nations. Our earlv inhabitants disclose some carvings.

I mounds and fortifications, but they failed to grasp the idea of

1 communication, using metals in cold state, transporting everything

I on their backs, and spent their time in petty warfare and in the
grossest superstitions. There is a fascination in studying him
even as a savage, and in investigating his remains, which attests
his occupancy of all our territory.

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:\1URXL\G .MILK MAID.

MILK MAIDS.

T X the early mornino- our first vision is the eanip milk maid

-*- with neck yoke carrying- supply of milk. Instead of drink- 1

ino- hot water, try a i^-lass oF warm milk, which contains thrice ?

the nourishment of h.ot water, and should he strained through 1

hemlock sprigs placed in the funnel, purifying- and imi)arting- an J

aromatic flavor favorable to its keejung. Milk is used evervwhere i

■ that man lives, being secured from many different kinds of ani- i

mals. Around the Arctics the Laplanders milk the reindeer. 1

In Asia the natives drink the milk of camels and donkevs. Durin >■ *

"Sherman s r\ larch to the Sea," man)- soldiers at Savannah were |

I confined in hospitals with typhoid fever. Everv jiatient restricted '

1 to goat's milk was restored to health. In our extended camps, |

i often isolated froni outside world, we could always secure milk =

and butter fron-i farmers. Science has discovered among the I

n;any wonders that th.e patier<t cow has put a "punch" in the j

milk that requires no further addition of the still. After a day 1

s]>cnt in. nature studies, followed bv an evening of amusement f

and song, drink a dipper of fresh evening's n-iilk — sleeping' with 1

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face facing the "Great Dipper — there will be a subtle psvclio- |

l')gical effect — n-iental poise restores, nervous strains relieved, '

calming e\'ery experience, better than any medicine in the world. |

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ANIMALS AT HOME.

UK nniskrats are residents of all our inland streams, pre-
ferino- holes in the banks about a mill-daui. and in win-
ter harbors in eone sha])ed huts, made of sticks, Qrasses and mud,
often raised six feet in height above the ground and water in
the swamps. They are peculiar to America and extensively dis-
tributed, being acjuatic in its habits, swimming and (li\'ing with
I great facility, feeding en the roots, stenis and leaves of water

I plants, or on fruits and vegetables which grow near the margin

I of the stream it inhabits. ( )nc year in our cam])ing we built an

I ice-chest against the Ing cribbing of null race, ^lissing several

I melons, eggs and fish, a j^air of steel traps captured the two

I robbers. ]Muskrats sleej) through the day and are active at niglit,

f carrving their plunder into their dens, which open under the

1 water. The odor of the rat is so ])enetrating as to give a musl^v

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1 flavor to beer, wine or whiskey when stored in the campers' caves.

i The fur is an important article of commerce resembling the

beaver; when par-boiled and roasted, the flesh is held in high
esteem by our city campers. The flesh so tender and delicious
our hungry campers eat them raw with mustard dressing. They
have a pleasant taste, favoring raw crabs and oysters.

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THE HORSE.

T X the earliest records of the human family we find notices of
-*- the horse. \\'here Xoah landed after the ficod, was the
primitive home of the horse and is still the country where the"
best breeds are found. In the plagues of Pharoah, the horse is
mentioned amouQ- those to suffer. A'ery strange the horse is
never mentioned amonc;- the stores of Abraham, Isaac and Esau ;
nor is it alluded to in the fourth and tenth commandments. Queen
Elizabeth was an accomplished rider, riding horse-back in state

= to St. Paul's church on a pillion. Oueen Anne was a noted rider

I and greatly interested in the importation of Arabian Stallions. In

s racing all shapes have won. Eor some years in Poland the writer

I bareback on "Old Dulce" won prizes over Edwin Ptettis and Jack

J ]\lasten, owners of Arabian race horses. The schoolmarms iu

i camps soon become ex])erts, out-riding their trainers. Among

f many of the farmers on the Little Peaver, the horse is their

i intellectual companion, occupying a large share of their affections ;

the wife and children holding a second place. They thus respect
the immemorial ]3roverb of the Arab that "He who forgets the
beauty of horses for the beauty of women will never prosper."

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CHIEF WHITE-EYES.

fT~^PiE Indians did not possess that ])n)nd loftiness of char-
-^ acter which commands our admiration. They were degen-
erated, chscoKra£;ed and ready to ahscrb any vice with which they
came in contact. A passion for stron;^" drink obtained a mastery
over them and was a prcvaihng" cause of ah their later crimes. In
1/97 ^ ^"2^^' families moved across the ( )hio river anrl settled
within its limits. One of them named Carpenter made a settle-
ment on the upper forks of the Little Heaver. Shortly after
Chief White-Eyes stopped at the lo;^' dwelling;'. I]ein;2,' intoxicated.
he got into some diiTficulties with Carpenter's son, and threatened
to kill him unless furnished more whiskey. The youno- man upon
tin's turned and ran to cross th.e creek, ]Airsned by the Indian
chief with uplifted tomahawk. iMuding- that the chief was gaining;"
on him in fording the creek, the young man turned and shot him.
As this was in time of peace, Carpenter was arrested, tried at
Steubenville and the jury ac(|uitted him, hi)lding that he onl\-
acted in self defense. The death of Chief \\ bite-Eyes created
great excitement and hostilities averted by ])resents to all the
Indians and the chief's wife received three hundred dollars. Th.is
was the last Indian blood shed b_\- white men along the Little
Beaver.

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OHIO SQUIRREL HUNTERS.

IN 1862, Maj. Gen. Kirby Smith, C. S. A., tlu'eatened ca]Hnr(-
of Cincinnati. In response to call of Gov. David Tod, Po-
l:;nd, ( jhio. sent the following coni])any, fnlly armed with sqnirrel
rifles, powder and 100 l)ullels to each:

Captain — C. F. Kirtland.
1st Lieut. — John Gr.st.
2nd Lieut. — W. D. Johnson.
1st Serg't — H. K. Morse.
2nd Serg't — W. D. Jones.
3rd Serg't — E. Stoddard.
4th Serg't — Wm. l^ogan.
5th Serg't — Henry Leslie.
Private — S. B. Augden.
Private — P. Brew.
Private — L. Beclier.
Private — Jno. Brownlee.
Private — Jas. Brownlee.
Private — J. H. Barnes.
Private — E. Cook.
Private — B. Cole.
Private — B. F. Cover.
Private — J. H. Carth.
Private — J. M. Davis.
Private — Jno. Dubes.
Private — J. E. Duncan.
Private — G. Eame.
Private — Thos. Frame.
Private — J. Godlip.
Private — J. Guthrie.
Private — F. Gulice.
Private — H. Gouge.
Private — J. Hester.
Private — R. Hotham.
Private — J. C. Houstan.
Private — G. Hamilton.
Private — A. Hont.
Private — T. Jacobs.
Private — J. Koons.
Private — Geo. Kirtland.
Private — D. Kiester.
Private — H. Kemmel.
Private — R. Lowrie.
Private — T. Livingston.
Private — J. H. Leslie.

Private — Jno. Long.
Private — J. McGee.
Private — J. McLanc.
Private — J. Marquit.
Private — H. R. Moore.
Private — J. Miller.
Private — W. D. McBride.
Private — A. McClurg.
Private — W. I. McFarlane.
Private — I. C. McConnell.
Private — L. B. McNab.
Private — A. G. McNab.
Private — W. McNab.
Private — J. H. McCombs.
Private — R. McCall.
Prvate — J. Pollock.
Private — J. Park.
Private — J. Reed.
Private — H. Robinson.
Private — Geo. Rice.
Private — J. W. Reed.
Private — H. B. Reeves.
Private — A. L. Reeves.
Private — L. S. Reed.
Private — H. Stewart.
Private — J. H. Shields.
Private — Geo. Smith.
Private — L. W. Seckles.
Private — Thos. Sanderson.
Private — R. S. Smith.
Private — H. L. Stevens.
Private — J. F. Stevens.
Private — Clark Stough.
Private — J. H. Smith.
Private — J. Scudder.
Private — Jno. Tuck.
Private — K. Hamden.
Private — 1. N. Russel.
Private — Jno. Ai-rel.

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OAKS, CANNELTON.

I OAK TREES.

' 1 ^OR p^eneral use the oak excels all other species for building',

I -^ mine use and fences. In age, the circles disclose manv tliat

f are over four hundred }ears. Mother Foulks claimed the oaks

1 bv their "leaves, fruit, bark ar.d wood vielded as man\' uses as

I there are days in the year. The earliest writings show that tlie

1 trees under which Abraham received his heavenlv visitors were

I oaks ; and under an oak Deborah was buried ; also in an oak

' Absolum was hung. The chair of St. Peter in the Vatican is

' made of oak. It is not an accident that so many events in English

I tradition should have oaks for their mniuments — as the C)ak of

I Robin Hood ; Lackland's oak in Slierwood's Forest ; Heme's oak

i at \\'indsor. The superstitious claim the large holes in oaks are

I the doors through which spirits pass and repass. The first settler,

i at Cannelton, Esquire Foulks, became engaged to an Indian girl,

I but instead of a lovel} bride, he embraced an oak tree. There are

i man\- old oaks along our creeks held as sacred. — the ( )wl tree a*"

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I Watt's dam, the Cross tree at Cannel mines and the fantastic

' Devil's tree held in great regard to this dav. whose branches

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I have power to drive away evil spirits.

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CEMETERIES.

^nr^HEY are sleeping places, subliire in their solitude and
-*- sini]:)]e grandeur. Many plan extravagant last resting
places, claiming a mistake not to bestow and adorn the homes
where we sh.all reside the longest. Yet in the "Silent Land"
there arc bowers of bliss, wdiere the birds mav carol "at their
outing along our creeks, flowers knew which way the wind l)lows,
croons to the weei)ing-willows. Of rll the beautiful cemeteries

visited none presents an appearance m re in conformity with the j

character of the ])lace, than at Savannah, Ga., v. hich we visited =

on Christmas, 1864. The water oaks draped with pendant festoons I

of moss, with a wealth of flowers, lent imj^ressiveness to the j

solemn quietness of the scene. But scul; turcd art has reached 1

tlie limit in the stone coflins in Saint I'aul's cemeterv. Can couch 1

more n:agmhcent be sought for than this green cathedral of the j

woods, whose cloisters are pervaded by the in.cense of Howers,
where the strains of the choir are the chant of the birds and
winds, and where the graves are ornamented with rare llowers.
Iri these welkkej^t grounds the rec(Trds showed soldiers n^et com-
rades, lawyers finding a tribunal from which there is no a])peal .
the physician will see patients he has sootlied bv anocKnes ; and
the pastor will find the most unruly of his parishioners observing
the Christian virtues of meekness and humilitv.

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CAMP SUNDAYS. 1

OBIN Hood camp ()ccn])ics a I'mj;- row of tents between 1

1 "^ the mill race and. the Little lieaver, near Canneltnn, with j

I a charniini'" view of the town, staticn and churches. The wall-.^ i

1 around this camp were as delightful as its outlook, deep giens, j

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I banked with historic trees, flowers, mosses and orchids. Sunday

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' morning at six o clock the reville vv'as sounded, ending the happv |

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I dreams and na])s. L ]) spring the schoolmarms, toilets are made, |

that inchule breakfast presents of gold and dianinnds; coffee I

with rolls, eggs, fish and "peas on trenches" ; and the innocent !

call breakfast a luxury. At nine o'clock the club arra_\-ed in silks I

and jewels are escorted to front seats in Saint Rose's church. f

After pravers, reading ritual and coronation hymns, the priest 1

gave us a fraternal, patriotic and religious exhortation. The after-- I

noons in cam]) are spent in reading magazines, exchanging ex- jj

periences and enjoying roast groundhog dinners, followed by a 1

dessert of melons and ice cream. The camp puts on its liveliest |

air in the evenings, with man\- visitors. (jra[ihophone sacred 1
songs, all joining in the chorus. At ten o'clock a delicious lunch
is served, when taps are sounded to the verdict, "These conse-
crated hours in, the deep camp woods are paradise regained."

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NATURE.

NATURE is the o-randest of all advertisers, s'i^'in.U" ^^^ things
a name, an identity and a ijurpose: so once havinjj;
learned }'on mav ?lways know them. l''ver_\lhin;4- in natnre dis-
|)la\s scnsil)ilities, beinq- more than alive. True they all do not
t;dk words, but everxthinq- talks things. Everything- kmnvs what
it wants, leaves turn up, roots reach into richest soils and tendrils
rcvach su])i)ort, (lis])layin<:;- ni)t stn])idit_\- hut sensibility. Take an
o itin^tJ^ along our creeks, fiowersknow which way the wind l)lows,
some open in fair weather, closing- in pr(Tspect of rain, ^"(m may
tell the time of day from ilowers, some open at three o'clock,
another at four and one at five o'clock, remindin;^' you the canip
sui:)per is read\-. Ihrds are everywhere. Some fly strai^lit like
arrows, scjme describe circles, others in wavin;^- circles. What
one bird cannot do, another can. Cranes have lone le^i's to wad-e :
ducks have -paddles and n:oles hsve spades on their fore-lej^s,
all ])rovided with the leejs they want. The siuiu^in;;- of th.e birds,
mark perfect time, witli concerts filling- our camps with melodiy.
There are harnionies mt only in sound but in colors, in s])ring.
w liites, deeijenin;^' to i)ir,k-, blue and crimson. A stud)- of nature
awak-ens intellect, educ'^tino- the head, the heart and the soul.

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GLACIAL SWAMPS.

The Robin campers to many swamps did speed,

Their patlis were rugged and sore.

Through water lillies and beds of reeds

And hummoclts of ferns, where the sei-pent feeds

Not even a woman's foot ever trod before.

REAIARKABLE fact as to Little Reaver shows twentv

)ranches h?.vin,Q" their source in "i:i"t-hole" swamps, on i

hit;h ^roimd owning' Lheir origin to the ice from the Glacial Ag"e. |

Gradnally these swamps are reclaimed, heing' rich in ])eat and 1

fertilizers. r)nt we have never fonnd Rip \'an A\'inkle asleep, |

fiowers are in hloom, lilies, orchids, azalias. with giant ferns. |

extending- a hearty welcome to everv lover of natnre. A day's |

tramp in one of these swamjxs is like the tramp and heatings !

of sleep and death as they hore away Sarpedon's hody. So yoti |

need the cheer of fortv schoolmarms, with their hearty langlis I

over trouhles, their exclamations of delight in finding' Lady Slii)- f

pers, Calla Lilies and Ritcher Rlants, as thev realize the dreams i

of chddhood. Rine swamp is noted for Osmnnda ferns, lihes j

and orchids ; Johnson's swamp for Stanantheums, extended gold- [

en hloom of marigolds and wild game. Tamarack swaiiip hael a |

large row of tamaracks extended throngh the center for several i

niiles. A water company hy dams has changed this vast swamp |

into a reservoir to snpply water to Strnthcrs and Yonng'sto\\n. s

The water is dark like French brandy, yet it is healthfnl. pleasant j

to the taste and will keep pnre for a long time. s

I 39 I

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SCENERY— LEGENDS.

THE p. L. and \^^ railway has opened the valley of the
1 leaver rivers, al)'>nn<iinL;' in the >;rand wnrks ot nature.
Cieoro-e Foulks l;:cated tlie first mill in 17(^7 and A\as n:arried
]-.ere to Miss L'llery hy an Indian chief. Xearby was tlie l^lders"
factorv and distdlery with its fanions si^n "Come in an.d have a
tooth full." Xegley covers the site of an Ino'an huryiiV:;- qronnd
and Gen. Bonquets' can:p with over 300 Indian prisoners. ( )ne
woman or.t,2Ci:eraled her Scotch Tli.'^hLinder guards and escajjed
back t3 her Indian husband. Frederick is noted lev ra])ids. trai:-
edies and Hamilton Fails, eighty feet in heiglU. enwra])t with
legends of witclies and ])icturesque cliffs. ( )n the upper waters
of Middle IJeavcr Gen. jdm H. Morgan, with his Confederates
surrendered, bein.L;- the farthest pcint north attained by the C. S.
A. in the Civil War. SprucL^ vale marks ber^utiful troves of white
pines. Little Grttchcn's Cache and Stinie Mill where F.ster Hale,
still in visior.s appears each year. The Fnsk Canal Lock, v.ith
double win lino- st:ars, lare,e st";nes and eiglitcen forst lift is a
famous picnic and campin^^ re ort. Xearby is Round Knob 14CU
feet elevation carrying- a moun 1 buiblers" stme f.:rt. At Frederick
all the branches unite fornrin;^- the Little Heaver and the canycn
throu.s:h to the Ohio river displays many v/onders in nature au'l
art, that is truly sublime.

41 I

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INDIAN SUMMER.

THIS delicious season always folows the "Squaw Winter,"
of first snow storms in Xovember, with hazy atniospheit
i;-, which the sun rises and sets like a gdobe of fire. It is often
colled "The summer of old men." St. John's summer, "the Re<i
Leaf," and the sylvan display furnished the scene in Shakes-
peare's "As You Like It." The first explorers of America notcl
the Indian Summer and ever since it has excited the fancy of
many minds. Gen. Louquet, in his campaign along- the Little
Beaver in 1764, speaks of the beautiful scenery, with a seconA
time overdue. In our orchard work we completed the gathering
of fruit before the squaw winter and marketed the Kieffer pears.
Smock and Heath peaches in Indian Summer, also enjoying a late
fishing campaign. Large black bass are more easily found, hav-
ing settled in deep pools. In ic;o8 with Henry K. Morse, we
started to fish at W^st Point in a snow storm followed b_\- charm-
ing warm weather. At \'onder Green's pool we captured several
three and four pound bass, two pound Sunfish and a number of
Jack Salmon. This proved to be the last fishing trip of the Robin
Hood club. The next spring ^forse and Donnelly were called
to another world. While the tinted beauties and luxurious tem-
peratures are richly enjoyed, nature has a higher purpose than
luxury or ornamentation of autumn foliage.

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XAX'CY KIRTLAXD'S SAMl'LER.

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! RELICS.

1 /''^^ -^'^ local museiiiris are furnished frmn the ^IouikI Build-

I ^>^ ers, Indiians, wilh war relics. Fcr over half a century

1 Captain Mansfiehl has secured unt'dd numhers, mmintinp; them in

I frames for (lis])la} . Latel_\' six cases with spinnin;.;' wheels, war

' shells and ancient Ijuoks were iu"esented to Historical Societ\- at

1 '

Youn*;'stown. and ftur cases with Civil War Ijjrks ];resented to

i
1

reaver College. In this last collection is a handsome Powder |

Horn cajtured at (Juclicc, when Montcalm and Wolff fell in
i/S'J'- 3l^o the L;old e])aulets worn 1)\- .Maj. Cjcu. Merman, ^^hen

4 5

I h^' UMrried his second wife in the old state capit'd at Murfrees |

f l:oro, Tenn. A case of ]n:lian relics and another of hirds was =

I i;iven to Henry B. Mansfield witli several frames of war relics I

I - i

I and mv four armv swords and puns retained in n:\ l^omes. Candh.;- !

1 . '

T Sticks are among tb.e most ancient. A marble one from Pompei, 1

' I

i '/y, anel a brass one from General Mcintosh pl'Mitati-n, 1742, have !

? often graced our camp tidjles at night. Through the sight of 1

! these old war relics the old soldiers in memor\' figb.t over the f

! ■ '

j old battles. 'Jdiis })ictiu\' of Sampler worked b\' our grandnv ither,

' Nanc_\- I\. Morse, is now in ])ossession of Mary K. Moody.

HEALTH.

N June the days and nij;hts are pleasant and dry, luit it is the

purity of the air here which accomphshes the g'ood resuh>.

1 Pine, balsam ami hendock aliound and the atmosphere is heavi^.y

f laden ^vith the resinous odors, separating- them from the impuri-

! ties of the outer world. Tri selecting camps, choose sites near

} cliff terminals, that catches a breeze, avoiding the insect nuis-

1 anxe. Beaver creeks enjoy running water, with deep i)Ools, al-

I low ing exercise and pleasure in beating. Several wall tents

1 12x1 6 with a double one 20x?o should be used, the inside floor

I covered with new mown ha_\ and largs rugs. They are preferable

5 tc; wooden tioors, can be aired and shaken each da}-. A long log

I tire, basted w-ith Cannel coal should be kept burning for warmtli,

f . . " I

i drying clothes, also brightens and cheers evening socials, with I

I I

I music, dancing, charades and refreshments and you will secure |

1 ... I

I health through subtle pleasures of a sleep with delicious dreams. s

"Sweet sleep be with lis one and all !

And if upon its stillness fall

The vision of a busy brain.

We'll liavc our pleasures o'er again.

To warm the hearts, tO' charm the sight.

Gay dreams to all! good night, good night!'

I
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I 47 I

I
DOCTORS. I

DL'KLXG the years 1865 to 1880 we enjoyed the visits of |

Doctor iUiitchcr in our cam])s. He claimed fresh air a j

panacea for most ills and mankind suffered more mentalK- than !

physically and that i)ills, powders and s_\rups have no effect tm j

mind or spirits. Home duties, with a lack of fresh air and sun-

1
shine, is laroel}' the cause of the sickness which doctors are calldi |

upon to treat. Those who wish to have strong healthy bodies 1

living' to ninetv and one hundred years of age. must early learn |

tiiat there are laws of health. Xo health builder constructed by
n-an has a fraction of the tonic qu:dities of fresh air, sunshine
and romps in our creeks. Fcir the delicate anaemic person, let
them ]ndl off their shoes, stockings and hats and have a daily
romp out of doors, which will give a zest for food, when all
ether resources have failed. Doctor lUutcher also claimed that
tuberculosis was a curable disease, but the best cure was preven-
tion. A general rule for health was fresh air, sunlight, ripe fruit,
famil}- gardens, with all vegetables cooked over hot fires, without
a cover, until thev can be mashed with a fork. In preparing
food aim not only to make same attractive Init palatable and }0U
will have discovered the secret to health and beautv.

I 49

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FORESTRY.

y^^RIGlXALLY the forests extended almost unbroken. Gen.

^-^ \\'asliingt( n on his first visit here in 1753 speaks of the
nnHmited suppl_\- of exeellent timber trees. But our forests have
b^een sacrifieed to make way for a'^rieuUural crops. The best
trees taken for himlDer. fences, mines and cord woocb Tlie re-
maining- wood kjts are brgely hillsides and ravines, recovering
by natural growth. The demand for cord wood has passed away.
Ties for railway in great demand, but cMily limited sales of oak-
lumber antl fence ]50sts. Slowl_\- owners of farm lands are waking
up to forestry ; too many trust to natural growth. On the Can
nelton Isnds large renewals have been planted yearly, pines, oaks
and catal]:as ; the last is rapid in growth and for ties brings double
the price of oak. Coal and cla}- mines are now worked on the
long-wall system, leaving no pillars. The increased royalties
more than ])ays damage to the surface and mines now use small
an:ounts of timber. Locusts soon reach maturit}-, making fence
posts that last fifty years, ^^'alnuts are easil}- raised b}- planting
the nuts where wanted in the fall. We have found oaks and pines
do better by letting all varieties grow and all grazing with cattle
should be iirohibited as stock destro\ s so manv voung trees.

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EELS.

A T Sprucevalc on the Middle l)Caver. is a lono;, deep and f

-*- -^ rocky pool where we have captnred the lamprev-eel on I

night lines year after year. They leave late in the tall for the sea j

waters, retnrning in the spring" to sj^aw'n, nesting near the roots of i

Sag'gitaria's and Arrow-head plants. They adopt tactics of an en- j

gineer, dis])laying intelliger.ee in transj^orting stones. ( )ften the '

stone nest will cover three to fonr feet, heing oval and compact. |

Onlv once were we favored with a sight of the newl\- hatched.

shows our success the first mornino; from nis^ht lines. ( )ne hand-

Strange little fellows they are, heing ahont fonr inches long; hav- j

ing no teeth, were blind, easily handled, hut rather shy, kee])ing j

under layers of stones in their nests. Unseen we ])la\ed the spy I

upon their domestic doings, but Uiuable to discover u])on what the f

}Oung eels fed. During the year i88y Henrv Mansfield nine years f

of age had his tirst outing with us to Gaston's dam. The photo I

some eel weighing a trifle over five pounds. Small hooks on hang- i

ers to the night lines are favorites, baited with minnows, crabs and j

helgamites. In the dressing, remove outer skin in one ]iiece, ami '

when slowly broiled over hot wood coals, that cooks out strong
surplus oils, they are delicious eating.

..u—.^

F( )L'R P()i;XDS.

BLACK BASS.

TIIRRE are many reasons fcr giving the black 1)ass the title
of "gamest fish of fresh water." For his size and weiglit |

they ])ut up a charniing contest, requiring all your fishing knowl- j

edge to match their keenly developed instinct. For many years I

Kirtland, Alorse, Hine and Mansfield waded and fished all the |

waters from the Ohio river, covering all the Little leaver l)ranches. [

At man\- ])laces securing three and four pounders. The early set- T

tiers of 1800 are positive as to extended sup])ly of bass, while the i

Indians depended on the fish su])ply for food. In the old Indian
camp sites, their fires disclose fish bones double the size now
caught. The Irulian sc|uaws and children were expert in using
spears, bone hooks with lines and nets, twisted from the fibre of
wild hemp found growing along all our streams. ( )ften in moon-

1
1

light nights the bass can be seen jumping up out of the waters, J

[
1

across pools of water a two-pounder would spring over into the I

shallow waters, returning (juickl}- to the deeper waters, dning n";ost I

like kids in the old "swimming" hole." ( )ccasionall\- when rowiivj

boat, liass can often be seen making a dash for minnows inti

f their fee(lir,g Itelow rapid riffles.

A. „„ u„ ,,„ uu u„ „„^„„__„,, H,, I,., Hii III! mi— 1111 iin II >. mi_iiii ini iii. uii iiii im mi tin iiii iin «'i— ii4*

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1 '-

CLUBS.

UAiK of the objects for which the ladies' Roljin Ho(h1 Ch.i])
was formed have been reaUzed. b_\' a disi)lay of their wits
and attaining' such knowledge as would j)lace the ladies on an
ec|nality with man. Looking at the matter seriously, there is nc
doubt that a faithful history of the club, would be a history of
( 'hio and Pennsylvania manners ; throwing light on sonie queer
traits of the great men and women who have made the timc^.
( )ne loves to picture the teachers in their cam])s, under a bright
Jime sunset, ])roud of dij^jiing a finger and thumb into a silver
"snuff-box" filled with candies, plums and jMnzes. while they
argued it was too hot, too cold, too wet and too dry. Still not
all the ])rofitable days were spent in cam])s, monthly sucials were
hield in homes, reunions in iUitler, with Laura l>ailey, refreshed
with an excellent dinner, driven over the city and introduced to
70,000 people ( one half who were not Americans. .Another da\'
I on Alonaca heights looking over ( )hio and iJeaver rivers; visiting-

Count De Leon homes and Phoenix Glass AWorks, where we blev/
glass into walking canes. At Lisbon, judges Farr, Moore and
liillingsley gave us an insight to the courts, jail and churches,
and another in Columbiana, with Stella Kuegle, who introduced
us to Columbus and Queen Anna, after whom the tmvn was
named.

"Thus when our pleasures die.
Some new ones still is night
Oh, fair varietv !""

'Si

ENEMIES OF FISH.

FOR several ycprs we have collected all reliable data possible
on the subject. One of our assistants in camp was Solo-
men Wise, with lung white hair, eighty years of age. From all
investigations as to damages from animals or birds, the loss is
si> smill, not worth considering. The illegal taking of fish when
spawning and their capture by city campers in nets, baskets nn^l
lvn:im;te covers largest destruction. Most birds of prey subsist
on animal food, mice, beetles and grasshoppers. Some ducks
build their nests in grasses and largely live on fish and frogs, one
species called "Hell-divers," capturing fish under the waters.
Cranes, herrons and bitterns, as waders capture fish, crabs and
beetles. Kingfishers, always around, but shy and from their per-
ches dart down, seldom fail in securing a fish, and occasionally
tliev become entangled trying to capture minnows on the nigh.t
lines. Occasionally a bird has been noted, choked unable tc
svv'allow too large a fish. The loss from all feathered fishermei !

is not a source of danger to tlie increase of the best varieties o.' i

fish. Tlie worst enemy of fish, is the defect in our laws, in nO' T

aliowinq- the \\ ardens and Constables one-half the mcnev realiza.' i

from illegal fishing.

OHIO kl\ KR. MOL'TH LITTLE BEAVER.

INDIAN CARVINGS.

T N many places in our counties on rocks are picture carvings
-*- dating Ijack to the Indians. They represent men, animals,
birds and fish. Above Milford, on tlie West-fork, are several ; on
Leslie's run were two groups ; on Long's run and near Cannelton
were several, but at the mouth of the Little Beaver on the bed
rocks of the Ohio river we find the greatest variety, including
figures of Lidians with arms, birds, animals, and their tracks.
On the corner-stones of th.e old ^lound Luilders' fort on Bald
Knob were several animals pictured. These earl}- carvings prove
that man was here at a very early period, dating back to the
Glacial period. One boulder in Darlington township, having the
features of a man's face, is still known as the Sun-God, marking
an Indian burying ground. Tliese carvings raises the questions
whence came man? Geological observations show uplift uniting
America and Europe, resulting in finding men in the same stage
of culture, and these carvings indicate neither civilization nor any
approach to it.

IModern science has settled the primitive man, but tliere is a
fascination in studying him as a savage and mvestigating iIksc
picture carvings.

61
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FLOWER CLUCKS, BALD KNOB.

SENSIBILITY.

TX nature c^■ervlhillg• shows sensihilit}-, hcin;^- affected l)y other
-*- thin_£^s around thern. Look at a tree, its leaves turned to
tlie sky ; turn some of those leaves upside down, slowl_\- they turn
on their stems back, the polished surfaces to the sun and the under
o])en mouths to the ground for drink. Is the tree stu]iid? So
roots dive under stone walls and turn t^'- rich jiasttu-ai^e. Let any
one s]XMid a weel\- with Xature alon^^,' our creeks and they will
tread upon flowers that know which way the wind blows ami
wdiat o'clock it is. Some open in fair weather and shut up when
rain is con:in;2,". There is net an hour of the day that is not the
beloved hour of some blossom, which to it alone opens her heart.
Linneas conceived a flower clock ; instead of a metal bell to thump
the hour, a flower bell opened at three o'clock. A iiower star
will shine forth at four, and a dower cup apj^ears at tive to
ren'ind you of tea-time. Loraine the painter was so familiar with
nature, could at any time know the time by observing- the tiowers
cl the field. W'ho will now undertake to say that a plant is not
sensible, and should a study of them be excluded from the disci-
pline of schools? Have they no power to awaken ir.tellect to
educate the head, the heart and the soul.

X
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COLLIES.

HTST( )R^' i-fcrrds that the faithful hound of Ulyses, was 3
ci-lhc ciud cx])erience shuws he is of all (Ings the most
intellij^ent, faithful and r.-.ost useful. There is a tine natural fresh
f.eedom that sugi^csts grace and proi^crtion. Indeed the collie is
too heautiful, too noble and too intelligent to spoil and 1r)th art
and nature would revolt at any attempt to artiticialise its body
or mind.

As sheep dogs thev have been sold up to four hundred dol-

I
lars. as ompanions one thousand dollars. The highest price was j

?,r-,500, for iMuerald. and was shipped to An^erica, holding the !

supreme jiosition of honor for many years. Two collies have been j

owned bv ^lanslields, b ;th from registered stock. Captain was |

a verv handsome collie, many stopped to look him over. He was
not iuclired to make friends with strangers, watchful and under-
stood every word spoken to him. Sancho. showed all the remark-
alile traits of Captain. Iloth dogs faithful, knowing what and
when to do anything; graceful in every movement, high spirited
and devoted. Th.ey loved to chase cats especially, also rabbits,
rc.ts and would r.iark a mouse in any room in the house. Captain,
lived to be twelve vears old : Sancho. was poisoned, passing away
at our feet in peaceful sleep.

"Collies I remember and will ne'er forget."

OLD LETTERS.

THE following- list of letters are from ancestors of the Alans-
lield and Morse families, all preserved with many others
in Album in the IMansheld Library:

I,etter 1S05, from Jonathan Fowler, who was drowned near
New Jjrighton, while rafting supplies to the Aaron IJurr expech"-
tion.

Letter 1807, to Col. C. CL Mygatt, from Danbur}- Church,
I Connecticut, to the Church at Cantield, Uhio.

Letter 1807, from Stale Sec. Sam Huntington, to Turhand
Kirtland, appointing him Trustee and Agent in the Ohio State
Lottery Ccmpanw

License dated 1812, from I'rumbull Count}- to fared Kirt-
land to kee]) Public Tavern in Poland, for one year. Costs and
fees, six dollars and fifty cents.

In 1816 and 1817 we have twelve letters of Proposals of
?\larriago from merchants and lawyers to Nancy Kirtland. Li
1818, she was eighteen and married lUkanah Morse. Cirand-
father Elkanah always claimed there was "nothing unlucky in
thirteen, as he w^as the thirteenth to propose to Nancy Kirtland.
and was accepted."

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CHICKENS.

WE have ex])eriniente(l witli man\- varieties resulting" in
secnrin!^- 1)cst results from the I'.rnwn I.e,::i"horns. They
are classed as non-setting and yet set early, often bringing ont a
brood by Good Friday, that give pullets laying through th.e first
winter. The niothers careful of their young ; alert, active and
watchful of hawks and crows while cut foraging in wood lots.
They are good layers, often running u]) to two hundred eggs per
hen per year. They delight searching for insects, requiring on,'-
half less home feeding than other varieties. The cockerels out-
sell all others, h.aving a large breast, very tender, with a wild
ilavor like nr.ts, wild turkev ar.d ])heasants. Samu.el Caske\' and
L!en Franklin, who resided in Cannelton orchards, iutroduced the
first Leghorns, liaA'ing stolen a crate of twenty-six in Pittsl)urgh.
i'hey were arrested, ])lead t;uilty and fin^d sixty dollars. Tliey
paid th.e fine in silver dollars, of their own make, that had m:;
silver in them, escaping furth.er trouble. When P>en h'ranld.in
died, we discovered his moulds, ladles and some mone\- in a secret
cave under his Leghorn chicken houses, and they were burie>i
with him, in the old Foulk's graveyard across the Leaver creel<
from W^att's Mills.

w
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PAINTERS.

GRANDMOTHER XANX'Y KIRTLAXD IMORSE came
to Poland in 1800 and is remem,lxM-ed as the tirst painter
on the Western Reserve. Several of her water color ]:)ictnres,
preserved, made when only ten years old. She was married when
eig-hteen. having received thirteen proposals of marriage. Ten
of these written proposals grace the same Alhum with her paint-
ings. She left one daughter, Lois iMorse Mansfield, who inherited
h.er mother's talents. Wdiile residing in ]*hiladel])hia, Mrs. Mans-
field received sjjccial instruction and her copy of a Madonna hy
Raphael, won a prize and was sold for thirtv dollars. ]\[oving
hi'.ck to Poland in 1848, she continued painting until past eight v.
Many of her oil paintings secured prizes in Pittshurg and Cleve-
land exhihitions. One of her paintings. Grey's Elegv illustrated
on shells, was presented to the Historical Societv at Youngstown,
and many are kept in the A Foody and Mansfield homes. Among
the list of eminent ])ainters in America are Col. John Trumbull,
Rcmbrant Peale, Prof. Morse, Alston and Peale. Thanks to one
and all, An";erican jiaintings now rivals that of anv European
nation in variety and excellence, giving promise of greater
triumphs in the future.

MERCHANTS.

^ I ATTE merchant's functinn. in the Inroad sense in which tlK
-*- Wiird is used, nmst l)e nnderstnod to provide for the com-
munity. All true men hcU'e a work to be done. ai)])lyin^- sa;;i'acit\-
and en.ero-y to the jirocnrinLi' and distribnting' foods and g'oods at
the cheapest ])cssible ])rice. The writer served as partner in stores
with David Hall in Poland. Samuel Ahiody at Cannelton arid
Ivochester ; also with Samuel Henr\- in Darlington. In 1870
opened a general store in Cannelton, appinnted ]30stmaster l)y Alaj.
Gen. D. ]\1. Ke\'. who was the Postmaster General and a (V'^-
tinguished officer of the Confederate army. That a ^'anl^•ec
soldier should be authorized to hold office by a "Johnny Reb"
shows the magnimity of the Xorth. in the greatest of the world"-
great wars. Storekee])ing" has greatly advanced. su])])lying all
binds tropical fruits, clothing, fresh bread, cakes and ])ies.
Tobacco's have come into general use, all kinds of eatables in cans
or packages. The general introduction of telephones has brought
in delivery of all goods, letters, daily ])apers with i)arcel post.
Formerly a great event was the arrival of spring and fall new-
goods ; now the>- come daily. Now tlie merchant must fearlessly
meet ever^■ demand for everything, from dancing boots to Palm
Beach suits.

f*:.

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™P**^|

WEEDS.

1\ /T -^'^'^^ dcnne weeds cTs ]ilants tronljlesome or a ])lant out of
■^ -*- place. Farmers will destroy the lovely mountain lanrel.
or the aristocratic rhododen(ir(!n, calling- them weeds. The Robin
Hood Chib went into ra])tures over the extended supi)lv of ox-
eyed daises, makino- long- flower chains, yet the owners cnt, hnrn
and destroy them with all flowers. M?>nv in passino- the Little
Beaver meadows, said the owners were not farmers, bnt florists.
At several farms on the Little Leaver are cable brido-es. Secnrin.o-
permission to cross, the owner said we wonld find nnthin"^ Imt
weeds. The jjicture discloses masses of heni]), ])hlox, stenan-
thiums, lillies, festoon-o-ronnd-])ine, with two new species of wild
flowers. The Elder's cable bri(l,u,e on which we danced across to
this paradise of weeds, is rich in history : ( )il and g^as wells, the
old loo- (lam of the Lartram, trii)dian:mer mill, built in i8i^, that
manufactured all kinds of farm tools, also made the officers'
swords and bayonets for the early militia troops. Floods broke
open the dam, fire damaged the works, thev became unprofitable
and to-da>- the Lartram for_Qe mill is spoken of as a weed, a plant
out of place.

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FORTUNE-TELLING.

N our animal camps, tl'cre has always been displayed a strong
desire to pry into the future. Charmed rings of Indian

liad many expert wizards to visit our camps. .Vnnie Laury. h\'
reading the lines in our hands disclosed each one's charms 3nd
futures. She not only charmed hut entranced us, with the hril-
liancy of her revelations, ending with many a good laugh at the
coincidences. Each line has its peculiar meaning and revealevl
the secret of one of our active memher's marriage, as a learned
Doctor, mingled with destiny, said the two became one. At the
Mud-bridges on the Little IJeaver, noted for Gypsy camps, the
women on Sundays, from the large crowds that gathered, secured
nice sums of money. In listening to their destiny revelations, the
Gypsies clearly disclosed they have no religion, and when hard
pressed as to the future, claimed "deaths ends all." !Many have
compared notes over their talks, leaving us puzzled as to what
they do wdth their dead. They hold no funerals and no sculptured
stone is erected to a fortune-teller's memory in any of our ceme-
teries.

Pipes ; amid burning clouds of perfume ; dressed as fairies, incan j

tations eave revelations desired. ( )thers bv cards, bumiis on 1

' 1

heads or interpretations of dreams, opened our future life. We |

I 77

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INDIANS.

t I WW. name of Indians had its orii;in b\- Cohimbus, in a letter
-*- written FelM-uai'}'. I4<J3. believini;" the islands discovere<!
\\ere a part of India, he ealled the n:!tives Indians. The Delewares
oceiipied for huntin;,;" and can"i]Mn;^' the lands covered b}* ^lahoninsj;,
Colnnil)iani and Heaver Counties. In \'](^. Gen Bouquet with
1500 soldiers caiii])ed near Xegley, having- over 300 white ca]i-
tives. mostly women, recovered from the Indians. On return
to Fort Pitt, many ])arents came to recover lost children. Among- ''

the number was a Mrs. Hartshorn. She could not recognize the |

lost child, cai;tured 20 yesrs ago. She told Gen. Bouquet how i

herself and child often sar.g together and the General ordered |

her to sing- : and she started to sing one of the old home lullabies ?

in I^ennsylvania Dutch. A tall, statel)- girl in forest garb and I

speaking the Indian tongue, can-ie forward with tears coursing !

down her cheeks and sprang into the mother's arms, crying \

aloud, ".Mother! Mother!" j

In 1753, (icn. Washington sent runners to the Candle Coal |

Camps for Chief Tanacharisson, and in 1782 occurred the W')U-
derful hand to hand battle between Adam Poe and Chief Big-
Foot. The Robin Plooders have cami)ed at the old Poe home,
and visited the battle iirounds on the ( )hio river.

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FLOWERS.

t I ^HE religions chronicles of the world are fnll of tradition
-*- of the religious natnres of flowers. They constitute a
floral calendar in their blooming and closing. When Joseph of
Ariniathea, laid down to sleep on the grass, his staff blossomed
into a ha^vthorn cluster and he erected a church on the spot.
I'he French call it Tepine. as it furnished the thorns which pierced
the brow of Christ. It is interesting to run over the names of
over four hundred wild flowers found along the Little Beaver
and trace the natural poetry of the human mind and its earliest
gropings after scientific description. Such are the ox-eyed
daisies, heart's ease, shepherd's warning, maiden hair, forget-me-
not, traveler's joy, virgin's bower, \'enus' looking glass, pheas-
ant's eye, that sprang from a drop of blood of Adonis. Moon
wort, that the swallows use to restore their sight, ox-eye or but-
ter-cup, on account of an old theory that the cows derive from ir
that which makes the butter yellow. An old writer, Gerarde.
says it is also called cuckoo cup because it flowers when the
cuckoo and whip-poor-will begin to sing their pleasant notes
without stammerhig.

I — I

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THE PICNIC.

IT was the morning of the Fourth of July and the belles of
Darlington came down to historic Watt's dam. As variet\
is the spice of life, they started in by fording the Beaver in their
bare feet. Boat rides, May pole dances, bathing, with capture
of a large Carj), which was baked in ashes, that gave a relish to
the basket dinner. It may be true country folks enjoy most the
sights of the city, but the picnic shows that city folks enjoy most
countrv life, with its primitive manners. In the afternoon photo-
graphs were taken of the beautiful scenery and rare flowers.
The heroes of history have needed numbers to give them fire and
material, but }* loses saw God in the burning bush, and before
Pharaoh, that he was moved to speak. Mahommed becam.e a seer
in the cave of Hera, but in Mecca he became a hero. Camps
favor meditation, society braces the will. A day's picnic once a
vear where the walks, rides, sails and the work is play, and the
plav is work, in a free and easy nature camp, will do wonders for
the health, spirits, grace and refinement for all our girls and boys.

Ifi

W
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I " '" '' "

RAINSTORMS.

JUNE nth, 1902, was the last day of the annual camp. TIk-
clouds promised rain, but the hope of enjoyini^ some histori-
cal scenery around Island Run and the State Line animated every
one. We studied extended masses of lillies, blue iris, lady-slip-
pers, walking" ferns, columbines, and we exchanged compliments
with E. K. ^lorse and his engineers surveying a railway route
Pittsburg to Lake Erie. To secure elevation of one hundred feet
over Ohio river, the survey shows "no grade" in the last twe've
miles. Passing rapidly over the State Line bridge we took shelter
under the overhanging cliffs. The lightning flashed, peals ot
tliunder shook the rocky roof ; gusts of wind, torrents of rain
tilled every one with awe, as each element strove for the mastery.
The storm over we spread a table for huich. Coffee, cake, t'ie
and candies, the decorations of rare flowers and wild strawl)erries
backed by the long tramp, furnished such an appetite that, like
r\ [other Goose, "we cleared the cloth and licked the platter clean."

The outing three miles back to onr camp at the burning gas

I well, was a delight, the deep woody banks revealed flowers more

i numerous than the stars of heaven ; for the rain had also nour-

j ished into bloom of daisies and pearly drops of water flashed

i like diamonds from everv leaf.

1 !!„_.„„_. . . . •

\VHIP-POUR-\\'lLL FALLS.

«^||^>— Hl^— -IIU IIH I1M llll II If IIU—— ' ~ "

CANNEL COAL FARM.

TAKE the P. L. & W. cars, within an honr from eitlier
tcrniinal, and von are there. Passing; Union Chnrcl^.
stores, opera house, nnpaved streets, we come to the liomestead.
liancroft's History relates that in 1753. here runners from Gen.
Washington found Chief Tanacharisson hunting" wild turkeys.
In the old home are collections of Indian and war relics. Xear hy
is the Weddin.fj Cave, that disclosed stolen varments and jewelry,
also 1/54 cannel o]:;enino- where IWarhara's ghost resides. I'assing
the two whip-poor-will falls, along rows of majestic white
pines, we come to Paid Knob at an altitude of 1.250, A. T.. giving
views across Pennsylvania int^ ( )hio and X'irginia. Alongside
are Indian burying grounds ; orchards over one mile in length,
and remains of McCaskey, Ben. Franklin and A k'A I asters' cabin.-^,
wdio were ex]u^rt thieves and counterfeiters. The only way to
them was bv the "Hell's hollow road." The thousands of pines in
the winter are often bowed to the ground with wreaths of snow
and columns of frozen mist, waving like enormous plumes, flashing
back the reflections of diamond gem.s in the rays of the setting
sun. Neither does it require much stiperstition to transform these
floating shadows into ghostlv characters of former years.

I 87 f

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l-H

GEORGE KIRTLAND. |

■ I
1
1

first settlers in Poland. ( )hio. Received a fair education. 1

E was the younoest sen of Tnrhand and Pollv Kirtland. ihe

startino- life as clerk and. with lulward P.otsford. opened a dru::^- j

and g-rocery store. Was a successful hunter and fisherman with I

pole, line or seine. In 1842. built the noted fish jxind at new f

cemeter\- ; invented the Kirtland Ink. Operated a fruit and orna- 1

mental nursery, was a ])artner in C'ommission House, PhiladeP |

phia. of Kirtland. Mansfield e^' Hall. Married fielen Cook, and I

I built th.e handson^.e finished home now owned bv Ellen Hine. j

i
i

Partner in purchase of Cannel farm and in 1858 ]:)artner with T.

F. Mansfield in purchase of Stacy Marsh in raising cranberries. 1

Louring- the Civil war took an active part in enlisting soldiers, j

serving with the "Scjuirrel Hunters" in defense of Cincinnati, j

and with anrther Poland company assisted in capture of C.en. I

John Morgan, at W'est Point. George Kirtland took jiart in all J

new enterprises, that often ])roved failures. Was an ardent !

Whig anil Reixiblican. and Governor David Tod. at a mass meet- |

ing. credited "George Kirtland. as the only honest enemy the '

Democrats had." Through ailments incident to old age. he fell j

asleep i8yo, aged 81. '

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WHO SHALL WE MARRY?

T lias been said the Americans are tlie most connnbiallv in-
clined and that if religion inculcated ])olvo^amy, our piet\- j

would rival that of David and Solomon. Tf we were buvino- un 1

' ^ I

the finest specimens, selecting perfect forms, the finest sculptured |

features, the most delicate complexions, with the highest grace of i

movement, there is no mart in the world shows as much beauty |

as among the Robin Hood Schoolmarms. The high standards 1

of living in our camps gives the excellence and the equality of I

privilege, with the natural result of our school system that gives 5

the excellent uniformity. Our schoolmarms charm bv study of I

nature, being Sunday School teachers, leading in society and they f

should charm the men. Too many men neglect camping, forget 1

the won:en, aiming to transform all into gold. When habits of 1

hfe were sin^.pler, easier to have a home and support a wife ; now j
requirements of living men unable to maintain homes, resulting in
divorces and ruined lives. The opportunities of self independence
for women, will not allow men to drop women into the grave of
affliction and we must still continue to ask, whom shall we marrv?

I I

I 91

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LOCOMOTIVES.

T( ) every one as they leather at railway stations there is
scniethin;^- attraetive in the exhibition of foree in aetion.
The engine simply ihes and is the horse of the present and fntnre
Everv country aims to own and use this beast of burden, and any
machinery competins; that does not ]iay is useless, because it does
not meet a human want. ( )ur first railroads were laid cheaply, the
Cannel Coal railway went up and down grades, arountl abrupt
curves, but time is now a great factor, requiring straight an<l level
tracks. Still the future locomotive must follow lines of hills an<l
V alleys. The Harmon)- Society jnirchased the Econoni}-. that
er;able(l them to double the business over use of horses. Thi.>
locomotive built in 1850, was set on springs, allowing wheels to
adjust themselves to tracks, to leave over around curves, and had
an upright boiler and no cow-catcher. The Pxonomy was first
housed in a dug-out, at Cannel Mines, that developed into a large
machine shop, saw mill and water tanks, that enabled the railroad
to build their own cars, also doing all kinds of railroad repair wor'c
In 1886, the Economy was dismantled and the brass bell with
fran";e was presented to the writer, still daily ringing in the orchard
works at 12 and 5 o'clock.

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I "

LETTER FROM 1849 GOLD HUNTERS.

Kelsy's Diggins, California,
February 3rcl, 1850.
DEAR ED. MORSE:

I rec'd your letter of ( )ct. 28th, when I was at Sacramento
City. A letter from home is really appreciated and you have no
knowledge how every one in our camp enjoyed yours. xAftf^r
Christmas, Cal. Haynes and myself went down to San Francisco.
The journey was through w^ater, rain and mud, and our journey
back was worse, often wading up to waist. The cheapest night
lodgings was at Gum Springs, supper, lodging and breakfast four
dollars each, reaching Kelsy's on the mountain worn out. At
Sacramento City received letters from heme. We found the
water on main street five feet dee]) and 400 have died there in one
week. Daniel Houck and myself keep our cabin in venison and j

sell a good deal to others. To-morrow will look over Rock creek I

for new diggins and soon as we can scratch out gold enough will I

break for our Ohio homes. William Morse is living with us. j

Alex Scroggs is here. To-day is Sunday and Daniel Houck is I

reading a S. S. 'Manual. Cal. Truesdale and son gone to town.
Boyd Hartley, making pies, Henry Sheppard missing but will turn
up at supper. David !\IcGill, having no doctor, died from cholera,
raving mad, drowned in "streams of gold." Its a desperate strug-
gle to get gold and live.

Yours, &c.,

C. F. KIRTLAND.

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MEXICAN AND CIVIL WARS.

cans, no (|narter was shown, that k'<l to the statement, "That more
^Mexicans were killed 1)\' ha\onets than b\' bnhets."" ATexico Cit\-

TN 184O the ])eaceable citizens of I'cnnsNivania and Ohio were j

-^ called on to take part in the ^lexican war. Robert Wilson. j

closing" his tailor shoi)s in Poland and Darlin;4ton. enlisted in a =

Pittsbttrg- re;^'iment. under Col. S. M. Plack. taking- p^rt in the 1

capture of \'era Cruz. Jan. 29th, 1846, under Cen. Scott. At Cerra f

Gordo, on Ai)ril 18th. the\' routed Gen. Santa .-Vnna, who escaped, i

capture, riding a mule, leavmg his wooden leg" and a large amount T

of silver coin behind — one dollar i)iece preserved Ijv Capt. Wilson. i

I Soon followed battle Molino-del-Rey in which the ^Mexicans j

i havoneted all the wounded. At the following battle, at Chau- '

1 ' ... I

pultepec, Scott's army, so maddened by the bayoneting oi Amen- |

was captured Se])t. 13th, 1847, ^^y l^ayonet charges, and articles I

of ])eace signed in the famous halls of Monetzuma. Within six f

n:onths Gen. Scott had ca])tured Mexico with only 12.000 men,
no reserves, an event unparalled in th.e history of war.

On return to l^oland. Robert Wilson, in 1862 raised Company

H, losth ( )hio, elected caiitain, and at the battle of Perrvville, re- 1

' 1

ceived three bullet wounds, and buried at midnight on the battle- j

fieltl, October 8th, 1862. 1

i
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'J,

WORM, FLY OR MINNOWS.

IJKliK elements combine to successful achievements:
o])i)ortunity, eciuipment, courage. A few persons get

through life unsuccessfully because the\- have no e(|uipment, a
great manv Ijecause with oppnrtunity and ecjuipment they hick
courage ; comlnne the three and you have the secret of all fishing
achievements. The honest fisherman who relies <m nature for
their bait, will only doff their hats with brotherly respect to fly
fishers. ( )nly the crackle of the fish in the frying pan will atone
for defects in. your method. To choose }our liait and then Ijring
back no fish is unforgivaljle. The I 'arable of the Talents illus-
trates our views after fiftv years of fishing. To make the most
of dull hours, to make the best of dull peojjle, to like a ]30or jest
better than none, wearing threadbare clothes like a gentleman, to
hitch }-our old wagon to the old horse, if no Star is hand}-, this
is the ])hilosoph_\- taught in using nature's baits. Don't pose be-
fore a camera, claimin^g fishing is eas}', the work needs a stout
heart and a wise patience. Ihit like the Psalmist's "river of God."
the streams are full of water and there is plenty of good fishing to
be had if one is neither afraid nor ashamed of wearing old clothes ;
persistent in wading rt^cky pools, using choice helgaiuites, or live
brook minnows.

i 99

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x

SAINT PATRICK.

AMONG the many noted Irishmen at Cannelton, was Pat-
rick Donnelly, Hn^ii McTage, I'atrick Donald and
other Patricks, who for forty }-ears were enthusiastic helpers in
making- Cannel Mines and orchards a success. The seed i)lantcd
by Saint Patrick has grown into a plant that cannot be withered.
Your Irishmen, women and children set us good examples in
cleaving to their spiritual armor that makes of all work a happ>
life and gives a peaceful death. So every St. Patrick's Da\- turns
tlieir thoughts and deeds into the duty of preparedness. Your
Irishmen never forgets the land of his birth, and A larch 17th is
especially devoted to their ideals, dwelling u])on the Emerald
Isle so celebrated in song and story, and if they possess a sprig
of the native shamrock feels himself doubly blessed. This day
awakens the best that is in him, helps to make a better citizen,
and renews a sentimental allegiance to the land of his birtli.
Honor the Irish among us for their ever-green affections iav old.
Erin, that does not diminish their lo\altv to America.

"To love Saint Patrick,
Is a taste of Heaven below."

101

""• ■ ' *

102

PASSING ON.

E\'ERV (loo- has its day," it is an old adaoc. That it has
lived so long-, is proof that it is trnc <" t everything'.
Dogs are passing away, there is a growing sentiment against
them. The writer has had several never to he forgotten com-
panions: 15en, a Xewfonndling ; Mage, a Basset honnd ; Dash,
an Irish setter ; Cai:)tain and Sancho, two English collies, all in-
telligent and faithful companions. Tn 1854, we cai)tured a hlack
hear near Poland, hut hears have passed on. In 1866, the writer
killed a wild turke\ ; another was killed from same flock near
Cannelton. Turkeys, too, have passed on. Nature is inexorahle,
the fittest onlv survive. Owls, Cranes, Geese, Ducks, Pheasants
and Quail seem to have fulfilled their mission. The passing of
the millions of Pigeons, is shrouded in more mystery. The fact
reiuains, however, that so many races of men, hirds and animals
have gone even to the uttermost. The early ages in the fossil
remains discovered disclose the same conditions as to the passing j

awav. Does it not mean that their mission has heen fulfilled and s

there is no longer any excuse for their remaining on the earth ? j

103

])cantiful ilowers. while nnriads of birds, l)ees and butterf.ie-^

WATER FALLS.

1\( )-\i the earliest bei^inninq- dating' from the Mound Ihiild- 1

ers, the "Landmarks" on the Little Leaver are steeped i

in romance. Within her borders are maiiv l)eautifnl falls. KverN- 1

... ' 1

thing- around Diamond falls glows with life. How the great |

overhanging; rocks are adorned and how fine and reasm"ing tlie :

companv the\ keep : their feet and brows l)athed in thousands of |

give glad animation and fill the air with music. Nature has |

spared nianv interesting water falls: Dustan's, Wdiip-poor-W'ills', j

Foulk's, Glerm's and Frederick Rajjids. Camp an\where, there |

is choice scenerv. Fishing, yes; Llack Lass, Salmon and I'erch. f

Hunting, too: Ducks. I^heasants, Quails and Squirrels, liathin.g 1

in the deep ])ools, rapids, or a shower bath under the spraying i

f;ills, will charm, soothe and delight every one. The canyon is |

a little fairv land where fairies teach that that delights. So i

varied is she in her likings, i)leasures and occu])ations that it is J

impossible to reduce even her essences to the limits of these j

articles. Another laiidmark are the Llane or sychamore trees. I

( )ne that we examined, showed nearb; yoo rings. A curicnis !

thing inhered in this big tree, that it ke])t an accurate chart of 1

. . 1

the ]nilsations of the climate. In wet seasons adding larger rings, j

so a weather curve could be plotted back for a thousand vears. i

I .. i

WEDDED SOULS.

106

GIRLS AND BOYS.

s t I A HOSE cli.irmino- lassies of Cannelton, Catherine, Gertriule

I -*• and Lillian, came to our camp desirino- a photo, revealing

happy marriaj^e of all three. After twenty years as mothers
they are askin.Q-, shall we as mothers be more anxious for our
bovs or for our "iris ? So manv homes are animal households.

i
i

1 While manv thini< old clothes are .e;-ood enough at home, when

j out to call, or drive, or at a dance, nothino- is too prettv to wear,

i too sweet to say, no politeness too fine to display. Many talk

I of heliotror.es and roses, but domestic courtesv is but the breath

j of heliotropes and roses at home. Faults in every one are like

i mice, they scamper away when visitors come. Thev think our

I boys and oirl.s should be kinos and queens. Yes, it is the mother's

I part to be just as anxious for the boys as for the girls, bv training

I tliem not to make the house the rag-bag of ill humor, caprices

j and wretched moods. Homes should be sunny, gilded with

1 smiles in their kitchens, as well as in parlors. Domestic courtesv

I is not all. teach children to be intelligent, industrious, efficient and

1 whether they marry or not, their lives will prove serene and

j happy. It is the parents' part to take care that both girls and

I boys in what seems so fair, is so fair. Respect for each other

j in the house is the root of courtesy. A selfish man can never be

I respected by a woman, nor a pretty doll by a man.

I 107
4. ,_. ..^

CHRIST l^riSCol'AL Clll'KCH.

108

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I I

CHRIST CHURCH, PHHADELPHIA.

1
1

X 1847, when five vears old, Lois Mansfield and Marv Wick 1

Morse took Frank Mansfield to Christ L4)iscoi)al Church {

Snndav School. The lady teacher ])romised if Frank came regu 1

larl\-, they would make me a good hoy. The old church is j

huilt of hrick lirtnight from l^ngland. In 1751, a chime of bell.'- '

was purchased, the n:oney raised l)v a lottery conducted by |

lienjamin Franklin. ( )n Jul\- -|th, 177^), tliese chimes rang i^ut
loudly, s])reading the message far and near that the Declaration
of Independence h.ad l)een signed in Independence Hall. In

interest. The Church's building dates from 1727 to ^'J'S'J. Gen.
\\ ashington attended h.ere 1790 to 1797, and his pew and the pew

occupied by Betsy Ross, who made the first American flag, are
carefully i)reserved.

token of ai)prova!, the bust of King George III. was removed. I

which was followed bv the destruction of the ro\al crown in the f

spire of the Church bv lightning. Torv and Lovalist looked I

upon the circumstance as an omen for success. ( )n July 20th i

1775, Congress attended service here in a l^ody. Under its roof j

was perfected the organization of the E])isc(ipal Church ia '

America in 1785. Treasured in the Church's archives is King j

Edward \'I. Pra\er Book, tablets, ancient books, furniture and §

silver communion vessels, many possessing extreme historical |

1 I

! _ 22 i

HORNET NESTS.

Wrril [he fall frosts all the hornets are frozen to death,
with the exception of the Queen, hihjrnatintr througli
llie winter under moss and leaves, or Ijark of trees, and in s})ring,
startin;^^' a new nest on a limb of a tree. As the Queen has the
entire work to do in building- the tirst cells and feeding the larvae,
the work ])rogresses slowdy, onl_\- two or three cells completed
when tlie iirst new worker emerges. The foundations of other
cells are at once n^ade, in each of which the Queen places an egg,
which developes rapidl}-, and scon the mature new wasps appear
and join their mother and sisters. The nests vary in size and
shape, some often two to three feet in length. Some have nearly

flat roofs, others steeple pointed, with fluted tiles. Hornets make

an interesting studv ; they love to forage and active in gathering i

hbre for paper-n:achie in enlarging their nests. \\ bile building |

thev are watchful an.d ui) in arms against bovs. It's sting is '

^ ■ !

extremely venimous. Scm.e claim three stings will kill a man I

Wdien one of their babies die. the mother will stroke it and strive
to bring it back to life. Finally they carry the dead bodv off and
bury same in the woods. The entrance is always at lower end,
sheltered from wind and rain.

Ill

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POLAND.

XDER cessions made by Congress to cover war expenses

Connecticut secured a strip of land extending from

Pennsylvania to Lake Erie. The Connecticut Land Company

took over all this land and Turhand Kirtland with Polly, his

j wife, who located Poland on Yellow creek. Large tract was

! donated for Church, park, school and gravevard. In 179^,

j Jonathan Powder came and built the stone tavern. He was

1 drowned at Beaver Falls rapids, rafting supplies to the Aaron

Burr expedition. Rachel his daughter, first child born in Poland.

Jared Kirtland built the McGill tavern. He had seven daughters,

with many admirers, but only allowed the eldest to marry first.

Two iron furnaces operated on Yellow creek. They made stoves,

dutch ovens and kesttles. In the photo view is shown Presbyterian

Church, graveyard and Black Oak, where the college boys learned

to swim, fish and skate. In a spirited contest among teachers,

Ida Tarbell won out as being "handsomest of all applicants."

William McKinley, a graduate, was elected President of L'nited

States, and I. F. Mansfield, still held under college suspension for

attending a dance. The influences of good men and women never

dies and Poland has furnished the world in every business walk

its full share of these.

113

^m^m^■

BEAVER SANATORIUMS.

/^ I A 1 {F,R1{ are new standards of licaltb : Camps are located
-*- to enjoy drainai^e, ventilation and sccnerw E^ch mem-
ber's life is stud'cd as to physical dietary; followed by bathing^,
boatin;^- and historical tram])s, that bjnishes all medical advice and
treatment to every member and guest.

BREAKFAST .MEXT.

Sj)ecial I'late I'nzzles and (lems.

Coffee, Tea and Chocfdate

Minced P(^tatoes

Toast with l^-j^i; ( )melets

Citrus Fruits.

LUNCFI.

Iced Milk and Eemnnade

Beef F'lakes, Bdscuits and Honev

Cheese and Sandwitches

Cherries, Beaches and Blums.

DIXXER.

Turtle. Clam and Game Soups

Roast Goose and Groundhogs

Creamed \'egetables. Clover Honev

Buttermilk and Iced Tea

^Melton Juices and Cakes

Puddings. Melons, Candies and X^uts

115

UUTTERMILK FALLS.

116

BUTTERMILK FALLS.

/% T Summit Cut a sn^all stream of water starts, known as
^ ^ Clark's run, that meanders down through a broad valley
to Homewood. where it abruptly ])ours over the Alahonino- Strata,
thirtv-five feet into a deep gorge that leads to the Dig l-Jeaver
river. In earlv davs there was an iron furnace here that made
stoves and kettles from native ores. In the ruins of tlie (3ld fur-
nace was found a complete smugler's outfit for making Mexican
coins. In 1870 a number of Civil war veterans, with their ladies,
arranged for a jMcnic at tlie falls on the 4th day of Jnlw At the
station, veterans so busv assisting the ladies, o/erlooked baskets
and thev were carried west bv train. Conveyance secured and
from the farmers eatables and buttermilk obtained. The table
v/as spread under the cliff back of the falls, and everything en-
joyed. Several good s])eeches were made and war experiences
related, interspersed with songs bv the ladies. As they rose to
depart, each one handed a glass of buttermilk and the following
t(!ast proposed : Here's to the romantic picnic and we christen
same 'i)Uttern:ilk Falls." Amid shouts of laughter they drank
their approval. ()f the forty-six present all but two have passed
away, but the falls and name remain.

I 117 \

4: .„_.„ ._4

SPAXGLER'S FALLS.

118

PATRIOTIC CLUBS.

(H.VCKElvV asked. Win- does not some one write the

mysteries (;f the Chih Ilonse? In the answer t(.)o often

the i)rominence is ^iven to the men, with no mention of their

wives and (hm^hters. Diu"ing- the Civil war t)ver five hnndred

soUhers enhsted from near ]^oland ; one-half never retnrned. The

women were jnst as patriotic; Sewin^-. Chnrch Aid and Alnsical |

Cluhs all aimin<'- to aid and secure funds for hosi)itals and fcunilies 1

I I

of the dead and wounded. The oldest to start in the work- was the
h.verett J^adies Cadets of INdand and Mermaids huildin^' nu)nu-
ment in Darlington. Special funds secured In- all and interest
developed h\- relating- how same was earned, as the\- Hashed out
their wits :'nd the girls let loose their easy humor as thev talked
iri rhyn-ies. Alan\- places have in view cluh roonis, decorated
w ith war relics, military suits and war hooks. Several plans have
failed, owino- to some objectinj^," to include women ;uid ivicn. The
club rooms should he open to both sexes at all hours. There
sliould be no drinkiuj^' or smoking- and the rooms should be decor-
ated handsomely, bare walls have a melancholy look, and a club
house without l)olli sexes, is making" a universe without a central
sun.

119

120

4..-.
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BASEBALL.

t I AHE American boy ow^Ai always to have a smack of Colum-
I -*■ bus about him, he should pine to be a discoverer and

explore strange countries, that country which is bounded by his
own jacket and trousers. We had rowing-, fishing and skatin^-
clubs in our early days; but in i860 a Base Ball Club, C. F. Kirt-
land was pitcher, C. D. Hine. catcher, and I. F. Mansfield, captain.
George Tod, often secured us victory by a long bat and home run,
enabling Poland club to hold the championship of AfcKinley con-
gressional district. In 1880 Mansfield and Moody fathered Ro-
chester club, as the M. and W. club, having such success that a
brand of M. & M. cigars realized profits to cover expenses of the
Ball Club. The Base Ball Club at Cannelton has kept organized
for thirty years, winning victories over Darlington, Enon and
South Beaver year after year. In short, if mankind would only
realize the same fellowship in their minds and hearts that they
feel in their arms and legs the Millennium would be nearer. Still 1

members of the Cannelton Club have become members of the f

New Union Church, indicating a popular athletic pursuit, leads
one away from saloons and is conducive to citizenship.

121

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122

VOCATIONS.

f" I A HE stiuh' oi vacations in schools, with nit-ans to Hve is
■^ acquiring;- new ini])ctns each year. As (^iir echication has
broadened we have fonnd that there is a science as well as an art
of vocations and the sentiment has j2,ained gronnd that systematic
study of the science and art should b^- taught in the hioher school
.grades. ( )ne of the enccnira^gin;^- sisi^ns is the increased attendance
where lectures on food and home manai^ement with a round-table
conference is made a regular class study. The girls of to-dav will
be the mothers and home kee])ers of to-morrow, therefore anv-
thing which the .schools can do to prepare them, it owes as a
educational school. Teach the value of fresh fruits and vege-
tables from orchards and gardens, instead of from stores, and
that canning should absorb all sur])lus by the new "cold-pack"
luethod. 'Much can be gained by teachers selecting the readings
evenings at home. Have books that inspire, u])lift and ex])lain
betterment of a vocation. If bo(^ks suitable are not to be had, have
them read the Daily Xews])aper, or write compositions on birds,
nature or local historical sul)jects, that helves to develope the
mind, making it harder for the wolf to reachthe door, and putting
poverty further off.

123

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O
>

124

BOATING.

T T 7! mix the memory of every cue the art and style of boats
^ ^ have entirelv changed. Man}- can remember the use of
I)irch-l)'irk canoes, rafts, slabs, logs and barrel rafts. ^Jur first
experience in building was with Lieut, jared liotsford. in 1856,
building side wheels, n:oved by cranks, carrying three persons.
Mad speed tO' pass all college row boats on Poland mill dams.
I'loats are now largely built in factories, but in early days in boat
yards. Several \ar(ls were near the mouth of Big Beaver, along
the Mahoning and on the Little I leaver. During the life of Sandv
t.\: Beaver Canal Companv, thev built all of their own boats, with
n^any row boats for the thirty lock dams. At Cannelton we have
built several for campers and own use. Building boats is good
exercise for boys ; swinging a hammer is as invigorating as swing-
ing a golf club. It's a course in manuel training combining both
pleasure and profit, turning the same into a technical .school.
Boating is the best sport for everybody, young and old. It's
healthful, it's enjoyable, there's not a dull mom.ent in a trip in a
ir.otor boat. Tlie ri])ple of the waters, the thud, thud of waves at
the bow, the smooth even glide in quiet water, the lift and lurch
tossed by currents and waves, brings life, health and exercise, for
\ou and for evervbod\- who knows \ou.

125

•u
X

126

i
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I
i
i
1
i

PIANO MUSIC. I

WITH the introduction of the piano, a marked change has !

taken place in society. Private concerts are enjoyed I

bv all in our homes. Still only a few play with expression and j

touch, the thummers are a host. The waste of time and money is j

enormous, yet there is culture and pleasure, and out of "]\loney |

Musk an;l \'irginia Reel,"' the world is satisfied, thinking- the I

, . . , i

investment protitable. In 1840 came the hrst piano mto our home j

and in 1852, the writer played Fisher's Hornpipe at Poland com- 1

mencement. At the Peaver Centennial several pianos were resur- j

r^x^ted, swe})! free of dust, and under the rage for antique gave 1

value and novelty. Many noted military men were prominent |

performers. Frederick the Great, had a forte piano with ham- i

mers. costing two hundred guineas. In June, 1800, Thomas Jef- j

ferscn bought one for his daughter Martha, and placed it in his !

rvlonticcllo home. The piano is really a harp with dampers and
bv use of the pedals, comes the singing characteristics that are
so much lauded. The \'ictrolas are competitors, but come what
may, pianos will keep the leading place as the instrument of the

household.

127

128

OHIO RIVER.

ripMrJE name Ohio is derived from the Seneca word Ho-he-yu,
-*- which the French translated La Belle Rivere, or the
beautiful river. The early history of the Aborigines along the
Ohio is so recent and the people so immaginative, that only a few'
crude and disjoined traditions can be secured. With the year
1764, began the building of Pittsburgh as a town, before the land
had been purchased from the Indians. Large boat-yards were
established all along the Ohio. One steam and sail boat built at
Rochester, passed out at New Orleans, going through to Leghorn.
When the Master presented his papers, they said, "Sir, vour
papers are forged, there is no such a place as the Port of Pitts-
burg in the world." The Ohio river shows from annual records
a flood stage of over twenty-four feet every tw'o or three years.
These excessive rises are not occasioned by the cutting off of
timber, as the greatest tioods occurred in pioneer days. The
two most noted were in 1832 and 1884. Great manufacturing
firms are building all along the river and our Ohio river valley
promises to become the Workshop of the World.

129

SCHOOLS.

1^0\ ERTY can be abolished by education and organization;

■^ that is, by the right training of the young and the right

government of the mature. The first crying need is to change 1

radically the i:)rescnt ideals and methods. The ideal should be
to render every boy and girl efficient. It should not be to make
scholars cultured gentlemen and ladies, but pupils capable of
earning a living. Dro]:) the care of the backward child and pay
n;ore attention to the lit, by turning our energy to the fit, a race
would soon be bred in which the unfit would be eliminated. These
methods may seem Spartan, but they meet with success in all
other walks of life. A survey of our schools show little attention
to the training of the senses or acquiring skill of eyes, ears or j

hand. In all schools the elements of agriculture should have an
important place, and the jDupils should have share in some gar-
dens, lawns and fiower plots. In Ohio they have consolidated
schools, with hacks that reach out into all parts of each three dis-
tricts. Results show increased attendance, regularity, pride and
dependability, as evidenced by the respect show^n to teachers,
grounds, buildings, with better scholarshii)s ; making the country
school stand on an equal footing with the pupils of the best city
schools, and we are having a new citizenship growdng up out on
our farms.

13x

132

jL„ ,,u „- .u -^_-,j -K u- -d -- -- Nil Htl ** »* NN i« «i HH ii Hri HH HH Hit HI. hK H. » » M 4*

W «ir I.S NM HR UN RN *■ »■ » >■ — ^

GASOLINE AND DYES.

r I "A HERE promises a new industry at Cannelton. The in-
■*■ creased demand for gasoline and dyes has started two
companies to making dyes, and securing cannel coals and shales.
The coal and shales when heated is converted into oils and dyes.
Sooner or later the course of supply in Cannel will be utilized
to supplement increased demand. There was formerly large I

plants at Cannelton, with revolving retorts, but large oil wells, ?

with low prices, closed the mills. The Cannel shales yields on [

an average 15 per cent of gasoline, 30 per cent of kerosene, coal |

tars for dyes and parafine. With the improved methods as to ',

refining, the amount of gasoline has doubled. Lately the Geologi- |

cal surveys have examined mines and coals and report that coals

yield two barrels oil to the ton. The same coal runs from six to

fourteen feet in thickness and expert estimates show there is shale

enough for many million barrels of gasoline and unlimited supply

of by-products for dyes. The mines are open with tracks to

railway switches, with cars for loading. The gas in the coal is j

sufficient to furnish all the heat required to distil the oil and by- 1

products. I

133
•!•> — «■ — .. — ■< — •" — ■■ — ■• — •. — .. — » — ■• — •• — » — ..— « — .. — » — .. — .. — .. — ..-_. — .. — „ — .. — .. — „ — „ — „ — ,^

134

CURIOUS FLOWERS AND BIRDS.

Xl^: of the oldest s:ttlers who often visited our c-imps, t jld 1

us, "I don't keer nuthin' l);)Ut yarljs, but when I sees a |

]n-eH;y one, I can teh whar it l)e.'" Wdiile all Howers require some 1

l)rctection, some are self-protective; not onlv curious hut carni- j

vorous, capturing and eating insects. Sucli are the Titcher-phnits : s

not content with sunshine, air and rain, they nuist have animal |

food. The pitchcn- leaves are lined with a sweet suhstance, which s

acts as a lure, and the insects reap the wages of their foUw \\ hile I

some druggists secure rootlets for medicine, others claim njots |

edible, oroducing pleasant emotions like wine and spirits. Among I

curious birds that come with early flowers, are the Clnmney j

Swifts. They live entirely on insects caught while flying. For j

years colonies of Swifts have lived in. the hollow Sychamores on
the Little P.eRver. The nests are loosely woven, glued fast with
the birds" saliva to the inside of trees or chimneys. They raise
two broods of four or five ; feeding their young largely at night.
You may observe them about sunset wheeling and iioating in and
out the hollow tree or chiiv.ney tops. They never ])erch or roost
in the open and fruit trees in vicinity do n.it suffer from insects.
Extended rains often soften the glue saliva attachment to nests
and "down comes cradle, haliies :md all."

135

-.1

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]

WHITE PINES, CANxXELTON.

4..-.

EVERGREENS.

^^OXSERN'ATK )X of our forest trees has becoir.e an cduca-
^^ tional problem. Precedents set by our early settlers in
selling^, burning and grubbing- out all new growth to secure new
ground to farm has developed so much waste ground, that over
cne-half of all farms are j^jroducing nothing. There should be
required of every member of a farmer's family to jilant each \car
a tree. Even though you may never enjoy its shade, vou can
enjoy some comfort in "'counting your chickens before thev are
hatched." We want owners of farms with wider visions ; too
many cutting our mighty oaks to obtain a rail or post. In 1870,
v.-e planted one hundred Locust and in twenty years had posts for
own use and to sell. In kjoo we sold the timber on Canne! farm
for $2,000. and to-day through care could secure ancUher $2,000.
\\'e have each year sown acorns and have set out several thousand
AVhite Pines. Nature discloses that Conifers grow faster, taller,
free of limbs, when grown with other timber. Success has been
obtained with Rhododendrons. Their wealth of flowers and in
winter the masses of green leaves backed with dee]) snows, charms
every one. The problem as to "'What we are here for," can
profitably be settled by planting trees, bringing cheerv shade,
restful souls, needed funds and true greatness.

137

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138

HISTORIC LANDMARKS.

TX October, 1778, Gen. AlclntDsh. with a force of 1.500 rcoulat*
-*- and militia, luuking- to capture of Detroit, reached the mout\
of the Heaver ; where for want of siippHes and lateness of season
on the present site of Beaver, erected Fort ^^Iclntosh. The
f(5rt was l)uih under su])ervision of Eno'ineer Le Chevaher de
Cand^rav, witli liewed logs, having two bastions overlooking the
Ohio river. An im])nrtant treaty was held here in 1785 with
\\'\ andot and Delewares ; also meeting of Commissioners from
X'irginia, ( )hio and Pennsylvania in settling Meridian Lines. In
1788, Fort ]\lcIntosh was abandoned and the remaining troops
removed to the lUockhouse. at New HrighttJU. Many special
efforts have been started in ^^lahoning, Columbiana and P.eaver
Counties, looking to prominent markers for Historical Sites.
With exception Monuments to Soldiers and Ikiulder Monument
cit Gen. Alorgan's surrender, p(ditics, with local herisies, has out-
generaled every effort. Each section in each county requires a
special organization for each n^arker. There should l)e marker:;
for Fort Mcintosh, Brighton TUockhouse, Gen. \\'ayne"s Camp,
Scout Brady, military roads and Indian trails. Each Count}'
shiould also have a Museum to preserve war relics and an extended
librarv of war histories, covering all the wars relating to America.

139

^—,

STATL'E OF HOPE.

140

.—^

AFTER DEATH.

T T 7I{ do not know just what may haj) when we go tumb-
' ^ Hn;;- out of Robin Hood Camps, into the other world,
but we all hope to have a pair of wings, a erown. harp, robe and
in the pleasure gardens along the river of life we shall always'
continue to "Find tongues in the trees, books in running brooks,
sern:ons in stones and good in everything." lUit the members o'
our many clubs are not worrying about the things that shall befal!
us after death, in spite of Religious tangled dogmas and conflict'
ing texts, by sages splitting hairs ; we believe that if we have only
accepted Christ, are just and kind, will be a credit to this world
and will exchange for snowy robes, our workworn hand-me-
dow^ns and climb the golden stairs.

"Eye hath not seen it, my gentle boy !
Ear hath not heard its deep songs of joy ;
Dreams can not picture a world so fair.
Sorrow and death may not enter there ;
Time doth not breathe on its fadeless bloom,
For be}ond the clouds, and beyond the tomb,
It is there, it is there my child!"

141

BLUEBEARD'S WIVES.

r U "y 11 1'^KE was a man who had fine houses, farms, mines.
■^ silver and i^'old plate, furniture gilded all over with gxjld,

]iut so unlucky as to have a blue beard, which made him so ugly
that all the women ran away from him. 15ut to engage their affec-
tions he took them on visits to his country seats, there enjo}-ing
(i.'incing, mirth and feasting, that W(^n the hearts of all the ladies
and they thought he was a grand gentleman. About a month
after his first marriage, he departed on a business journey, leaving
tlie keys of his castle with his wife, desiring her to make good
clieer wherever she was, but forbid her looking into one long
closet. ])Ut curiosity overcame her and taking the gold key,
tren:bling she unlocked the closet, and there lay several murdered
bodies, she thought she would ha^'e died for fear, and the gold
key fell to the floor into a pool of blood. ( )n the return of iUue
I'-eard, he asked for tlie keys, when the blood revealed the un-
faithful wife and she was condemned to beheading. In tlie course
of years there w^as eleven more unfaithful wives and tw^elve heads
liungs in the closet by their hair. The thirteenth behaved the
same way, but she begged a short time to say her pravers and
just as Blue Beard took hold of her hair with one hand and lifting
the sword whh the other to take off her head, her two brothers
arrived for a visit, and hearin.g her scrcan\s, rushed in and Anne,
tl'.e thirteenth wife, v;as saved.

I 143

*,_,„ „„_„„_,„,_„„_..._.—.„_.„_.„_.„_„„_.„_u„_,„.

Mylacris mansfleldi. Scudder. Mem. Boston Soc. Nat.

/5-

Scudder. \m
Cordaites costatus. CLesquereux. Proc

pi. 5.

Kittaiuiing

01 n J Coal bed, at
' ^ ^^- Oannelton,

Ini. im

from which Mr. Mansfield has mined his superb collections
Eurypterus mansfleldi. [DolichojHerus luansfieldi^ C.
XIII,

KURYPTEniS Mansfieldi.

H a 1 ; . GCO.'j. ?c: .???. Y^f

FOSSILS FROM XU. 4 \H1X, CAXXELTOX.

144

-•*

COAL FLORA AND INSECTS.

Z' I A HE fossil ])lant> found in connection wiili the \o. 4 Cannel

■*■ Coal vein, show tlie Cordaites are al)orescent plants of

great size of trunks. There are some marked differences, leading-
to muUi]Mying- sj^ecies, yet they all merge into a simple original
type. Many deny tiowers to the Coal Age. l)ut large s])ecimens
found at Cannelton disclose leaves, llowers and fruits attached
to same trunk and stems. Tlie photo-plate issued ])\- I'ennsvlvania
Geological Survey, discloses relation of flowers and fruits.

The uniformity of temperature of the Coal Age, with an
atn^osphcre bathed in fogs and clouds, develo})ed ferns into trees,
but counted unsuited for air breathing animals. Cannel Coal
fossils have shown thousands of fossil batrachians, winged insects,
lishes, birds and other air breiithers that lived and grew through
t\ery ])crio(l of the coal epoch. ( )ur fossil specimens are largelv
found in the Mother beds under the vein, some in the coal, also
in the roof shales, thus covering every period of time.

145

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<
<

0:1

146

A, ,

FAIRIES.

EVERY locality where we have camped disclosed persons
who had eves to see and ears to hear ontside of dreams,
the fairy folks, elves and water spirits. The fairies seem to avoid
our towns, live and show themselves in the glens along our creeks.
In our childhood days in Poland, ventriloquists entertained us by
incantations and revelations. Old Mrs. Cory explained how
fairies have no birth, living forever, not often seen, but their
influence powerful and all pervading. Solomon Wise, who spent
manv evenings with us, explained as to water spirits, that are
often seen dancing on the waters. Their bodies made of matter
subtler than the air, their life free of sorrow or suffering. Charley
Foulks held that fairies are departed spirits, holding affection to
old friends and places. With proper ^lediums, there was inter-
course between the living and the dead. Their usual method of
repelling unbelievers was by playing unwelcome tricks. Foulks
disclosed to us that the early pioneers had guardian spirits, and
that the head and spirit of Barbara, as shown in the photo cut
was a realty and often seen.

"What are these, ,

So wither'd, and so wild in their attire ;
That look not like the inha1>itants o" th' earth.
And yet art on't?"

I 147

'J',

148

STAGE COACHES.

THERE was no other man superior to the jolly driver in
position, cultnre and training-, to whom we 1)oys offered
imstinted homage, as they galloped into town, blowing- his horn,
cracking" his longdashed whip over his six in hand. These old |

stage drivers still glcw with excitement and exalt it in recalling- I

t'"age(lies. Thev tell ns there never was such landlords, such
taverns, such dinners and such whiskew with sucii an array of
business. Idle coaches often so numerous the leading- horses
having their noses in the boot of the coach ahead, with droves of
cattle, sheep and turkies along- the way. There were taverns
ever\' two or three miles and every tavern its pretty table maids.
The cookery of wild venison, quails, pheasants and squirrels was
excellent. There were rival lines that led to fast driving, while
tlie i^assengers and drivers related stories of robbers, also how
thev carried General Jackson, Henry Clay and President Harri-
son. General Jackson was the most popular ; greeting" every one ?

and extend a shake of the hand. In the forties, while still a small |

boy. with m\- parents, had an extended ride in stage coaches from T

Poland to New York City, returning" home b\' way of Niagara i

Falls. It is questi(M"iable whether our travels to-day in palace |

cars are preferable to a coach in luxury with the good dinners,
pleasant companions that never fade away.

149

HEATON'S Fl^RXACE. POLAND.

150

IRON FURNACES.

IN 1803 the first furnace in Ohio, on Yellow creek near Poland,
was commenced by David Heaton and completed in 1804.
In 1806 the Striithers furnace was built near by. They were
operated bv water power, using- charcoal, ores and limestone from j

their lands. Thev averaged three tons per day and the n:etal was I

I
moulded into kettles, ovens, flat-irons and stoves. The war of j

1812 drafted all their working men, that entirely closed both !

1
furnaces. In 1808, Gideon Hughes erected a furnace? one mile j

above Lisbon on the Little Beaver. They largely made plate !

stoves, on the sides were the words "Rebecca of Xew Lisbon," i

which was the name of the furnace, in honor of his wife. An- l

other furnace was built on Hazel run, near Frederick, blowing

out with the closing of S. & B. canal. In Beaver County a furnace

was built just below Buttenuilk Falls at Homewood. Two others

v,'ere built on the Connoquenessing, then in Beaver County. The

first furnace to use Block Coal was built at Lowell, Ohio, in 1845.

The beds of iron ore are all associated with the coal seams, and

are generally known as Black Band ore, Limeston ore. Black ore

Kidnev ore, and Bog ore. All are used by admixture with Lake

Superior ores, for making special grades of iron.

151 I

BOULDERS.

^ I A 1 n{ earliest history of man in this part of the world l)c\Qins
■^ with the close of the g"lacial age. The i^iaziers invaded

eastern Ohio and Pennsylvania and can be easily tracked by three
signs: Scratches on the bed rocks; Till, with granite lionlders.
Till and I'.oulders are fonnd thonghly mixed like mortar all along
the line of the IMorain, often on the highest i:ioints of land. The
granitic mountains from ^\•hich these bonlders are derived C(^n-
stitute the Adirondacks, extending through Canada. Ilonlders
are found in great abundance across our three counties. The
terraces disclose all \'ariet_\- of Till, and the mixst interesting thing
in connection with them, is that the earliest traces of man in the
v.orld are found in them, with their early im])lements. Enough
has been discovered to show that early man followed the retreat-
ing glacial ice, and the Eskimos are the descendants of the early
race in Pennsylvania. So the manv animals of this region are
much like those found in the far north. Recent discoveries show
the glacial age closed about 10,000 years ago, and man to have
overcome the climate, and the animal life ; called for energv and
skill, which few of this generation possess. IJoulders show great
variety, some contain pebbles of red jasper, others show Lake
Superior copper.

153

I. F. IMAXSFIELD, SECOND LIEUTENANT, 1863.

154

.-^4.

BATTLE PERRYSVILLE, KY.

THE 105th Ohio, with Army of the Cnn-;berland, under Gen.
Buel, ;;tarted from Louisville, Ky., on the first day of
October, 1862, inarching bv Taylorsville to ]\lackville. On Sun-
day we rested, liaving eaten our five days' rations and the wagon
trains delayed. Secured parched corn and little dirty water to
drink. On October 8th our regiment ordered on the double quick
to support Terril's Battery. Reaching the position, three lines
of the rebel army m plain view moving toward us. Orders came
quickly : Commence firing. Fix Bayonets, Charge ! and the fight

was on hot and furious. Captain W^ilson, standing close behind

me, received three bullets through his bodv and called on Sergeant |

Mansfield to commantl the Company. Lieuts. Hartzel and Clark, 1

absent on detail. We delivered several volleys and our Battery F

firing Grape and Canister. Our soldiers dropping rapidlv with
groans ; when the order C2me to "fall back," but was too late,
all of the Batteries 120 horses and 238 of our regiment killed and
wounded, we fell back. Gen. Jackson, our Division commander,
was shot dead irom his horse and Gen. Terrill, commanding the
Brigade, killed by a shell, both falling close by our regiment,
trying to save the Battery of six guns — we recaptured the guns
next day. Trains also arrived and issued rations of pork, crackers
and coffee, having lived two days on parched corn and water.
Following the battle. Sergeant Alansfield was promoted to Second
Ijeutenant. The picture shows him in his new uniform, with
the Sword presented to him by Co. H, 105th O. Y. I.

155

C-h"
Oh

156

t'-'-

WILD LIFE.

/" I A ( ) iiian_\ in our caiii])s, the birds, insects and animals of
-*- wild life are not welcome, and yet, they are all helpers
to oin- lives. There is an aversion especially to snakes; like the
six-foot l)lack ^nake m the picture. In just wdiat w'av snakes
are helpful in the economy of nature requires studw In our
orchard work, where snakes are found, we are not troubled with
mice that eat off the bark of _\ouni;- trees, nor locusts, or the fly.
that stin;js the ])lums. ( )thers have an aversion to old wartv
toads, but a close ac(|Ui!intance gives pleasure and amusement.
'Jdiey live to a great age and a remorseless destroyer of bugs,
flies and garded pests. Toads enjoy our company, also in having
children anumd. They exudate a bitter secretion, that is a de-
fense against dogs and cats. In the front of friends to destroy
enemies on our farms, are the skunk, foxes and snakes, bounties
for fur animals are slowly exterminating foxes ar.d skunks. The
black snake persecuted by the superstitious and thoughtless, but
they are our friends in the wiping out of the copperhead and rat-
tlesnake ; also in riddance of rats. But the superstition of Chris-
tianized people seeni destined to destroy toads and snakes. Hope
comes from Boy Scouts who have joined hands with the farmers
for protection to all wild life.

157

POLAND STAGE COACH.

BEAX'ER SCHOOL HOUSE

153

PIONEER SCHOOLMA'MS.

IT is now conceded that women are better fitted than their
brothers to instruct the minds of our children. President
IMillard iMlhnore, one of God Ahuii^-hty's i^'entlemen. while in
r>eaver looking- after his lots, now occupied by jail, visited several
schools taught bv men and said "they reminded him of families
of widowers." Electa Smith opened the iirst pay school, corner
of Second and College streets, of which a view is given. Another
school was kept by l\lrs. j)r. Catlett. In 1828 five pupils from
Poland came by Stage Coach ; they were nine and ten years old,
remaining three years. They registered as Mary and Lucy Hall,
Lois Kirtland, Lois ?\lorse and ]\Iary Kirtland. Mrs. Catlett
taught theiu music, painting, embroidery and how to rai.se the
I\j ay-apple, now known as tomatoes, ]Miss AlcLaughlin taughj
the Forest Hill school in Columbiana County. She had seven
sons, every one becoming prominent teachers. Eliza Blakelee
taught the first pav school in Mahoning Count}'. When we con-
sider that the public school is the only one reached by the masses,
\\G can see what a responsi1)ility rests upon women and their I

opportunities for scatteri-ig blessings are unbounded, and the
votes of the schoolma'ams are deposited in every ballot box by
ever}- manl}- hand that has been led by feminence intiucnce at
home or school, to love justice and pi-H'ity in high places.

159

i^IiA'ER CORXET 1]AXD. 1872.

160

CORNET BAND.

ABOUT 1872, all the mines at Canncltoii were crowded
with orders and the miners prosperous. At a general
meeting a silver cornet band was organized with 1. F. Mansfield
as leader. All members securing- silver instruments, a teacher
from Pittsburg employed giving lessons two nights each week.
At their first Picnic on July 4th, money enough was realized to
purchase uniforms for the thirty-eight members. When the Saint
Rose Catholic Church w^as dedicated, the band being newdy
started, unable to play church music, but entertained them with
a "Little More Cider, l!oys." Some objectors, but r>ishop
Domonec, of Pittsburg, who was presiding, said. "Xo criticisms,
this popular music will bring the peo])le, and I will put something
good into every visitor."" Later the I'.and played the same music
at dedication of Catholic Church near Reck Point, realizing funds
to pay their delits. The Priest in thanking us, laughlingly said,
"The ends justifies the means, in giving cider music." The Jjand
has been resurrected about every ten years, still keeping an
organization with an orchestra, playing several evenings for the
schoolmarm.s. in their summer camps on the Little P.eaver.
Simeon Donaldson and Komer AlcCowin, followed as leaders in
the Band.

161

*..

162

FIRES.

I ^ \'ERY one in the night hours has Ijecn aroused h\- the cry
■^ — * of fire, re-echoed by tohng bells or bra\s of horns. How
often have we followed the half dressed firemen with their engines
to the burning- of our childhood academy, with homes in Poland :
U) the burning" of JJeaver College, the ^Methodist Church, and
homes in Beaver ; also the State Capitol in Harrisburg. and lately
to the night burnin.gs of \\'att"s historic mills, with the White and
Elder's barns on the Little Beaver. On our farms they carr\
little insurance, no lightning rods, and no water protection, fam-
ilies lose everything. History records there is no destruction like
that that comes from fires. In 1400 B. C, Joshua burnt Ai,
making it a heap of runs. Alexander, amid a life of slaughter,
destroyed many cities by fire. The Romans appalled the world
by the burning of that beautiful city Carthage, sealing the fate
of her rival forever. Xero played the Harp, but Rome was re-
duced to ashes. Constantinople, of all places, has suffered the
most notorious fires, resulting in the police being required to
carry telescopes and examine every smoke. The onlv cheerful
view of a fire was given by an old settler, "Take awav stoves and
furnaces, restore the fire place with logs of wood, that gives
safetv, warms the bndv and brings comfort to the soul."

163

— .-4

OFFICERS 105TH O-HIO, DEC. iiTH, 1863,
ON TOP LOOKOUT MOUNTAIN, TENN.

164

BATTLE CHATTANOOGA, TENN.

TlWi I)attlc <->f Chickamaiii;"a unparalleled, beiny,' a soldiers'
fi.^bt. not a generals' battle. Over 30,000 were killed I

and wounded, wben ddiomas witbdrew, and ISraiii^" b<)])ed to !

starve us out of Cbattanoogu. Rosecran's failure caused bis I

[ . I

removal. Grant was placed in command, wbo brougbt up Slier- j

man's Army from X'icksburq-, witb Hooker's iTtb and I2tb Cor]:is 1

from Mrginia. ( )n Xovember 24tb, Hooker attacked Lookout j

r\lountain. liaird's Division, wbicb included TO^tb ( )bio, cover- '

i
ing' left flank, until sunset, wben a rift in tbe clouds disclosed tbe |

Stars and Strines on to]) of tbe ^b>untain. ( )n tbe 25tb our :

Division moved to Citico creek, covering Sberman's rigbt Hank j

j
(^n bis attack en ?\iission Ridge. At noon our Division again J

movetl to cover Tbomas' left and at tb.e signal of six cannon sbots I

we all cbarged forward tbrougb sbot and sbedl. capturing rebels ;

Urst line at tbe foot, also second line on side, and witbout orders j

captured all tbe rebel works on top, including Tunnel Hill. We 1

secured fiftv cannon and several tbousand rel)el prisoners. ( )n j

tbe 2ntb, Tbanksgiving Day, we pursued (icn. Lragg to Ringold. |

taking part in final bayonet cbarge on Taylor's Ridge. Tbe ^tb j

C'bio alongside of us, lost every officer, killed or wounded, in tbis |

cbarge. Lieut. Mansfield was promoted to A. A. O. M., witb I

rank of Captain. December iitb. witb officers of lostb Obio, |

rode to tbe top of Lookout Mountain and enjoved views of battle 1

I
grounds, also distant views across Georgia and Alabama, into j

Tennessee, Nortb and Soutb Carolinas. 1

165

^._.,_.„_.„_.._„u_.„_»„_.,,_«»_.,,_,,„_.._,, », , „_„„_„„_,„ , , . ^

FIRST NATIONAL BANK, ROCHESTER.

166

PARKS.

COLUMBIANA County has secured Shelton's grove on the
Middle Beaver, near Lishon, with groves, flowery hills
and excellent boating. Beaver County, at the terminals of Butler
and Beaver street car lines, have ]\[orado park, with romantic
cliffs and grottos, also extended boating on the Big Beaver, giv-
insf varietv with much local historv. Mahoning Countv excels
with Mill Creek park, near Youngstown. The park has over 500
acres within its boundaries and there has been expended on im-
provements $400,000.

The first grist mill was erected in 1799 at top of Lantcrman's
falls, by carpenters brought from Darlington. They broght with
them a key of whiskey, and on the way killed a large black bear.
These two articles of food and drink, refreshed one and all in
raising the heav}- log mill. The park covers a wild, deep gorge
of a picturesque stream, including the mill and high falls, extend-
ing some two miles to where Mill creek empties into the Mahoning
river. The gorge has cascades, steep bluffs, to over one hundred
feet in height, clothed with sylva and flora, exceedingly rich in
variety and beauty. ]\lill Creek Park, with Lake Cohasset. the
"Place of Pines," never disappoints an intelligent, appreciative
visitor.

The Kirtland grove at Poland has been changed to a resi-
dence park, with driveways along- Yellow creek.

169

*._.,

LAXTERMAXX'S FALLS. Y()UXCxST( )WX.

168

— ^

BANKS.

THE Malionin^- County liank was organized in 1S50. I)einj4"
a great ])lessing- when iron industries were struggling
for a foothold. When the National hanking- law was passed the
old hank closed and started again as the First National Bank of
Youngstown. The ^lansfields were among the first stockholders
in both banks. The first Bank organized in Columbiana County
was at New Lisbon, under a charter granted by Act of the ( )hio
Legislature. I. K. Mansfield of Poland, was general agent in
securing- subscribers for the bank stock. The bank opened in
1814, soon closing its doors and reopened in 1835, but was never
very successful. The B>ank of Beaver, the first in Beaver County,
was organized in 1814. It was a bank both of issue and deposit;
having James Allison as president and Samuel Lawrence as
cashier. Many other banks have started in all our boroughs,
among them the First National of Rochester in 1883. The officers
are H. C. Fry, as president; L F. Mansfield, vice-president, and
J. H. Mellor, cashier. This bank has a capital stock of $150,000,
v.ith $1,000,000 deposits and loans of $600,000. The directors
are H. C. Fry, L F. Alansfield, Al. F. Mecklem, H. P. Hartley,
J. M. Pfieffer, A. K. B. Wilson, H. Ailes, J. H. Fry and J. PL
Mellor.

167

ijn^— u-

W
<
<
O

170

.— 4.

GRIERSBURG ACADEMY.

OUR first ministers, all interested in education of the youth
for the ministry, and the meeting of Erie Presbytery in
Mt. Pleasant Church. April. 1802. they resolved to give aid to
building Academy in Darlington. Work was started and build-
ing completed same year. The cap stone hearing date 1802.
Rev. Hughes, on horseback, traveled as far as Boston, ^lass.,
soliciting aid. In 1806, a charter was secured from Penn'a Legis-
lature, with an appropriation of $600. Rev. Thos. E. Hughes
was the teacher up to 183 1. The old minute Record Book gives
the Academy bill of fare: "Breakfast, bread with butter, or meat
and coffee ; dinner, bread, meat and same ; supper, bread and
milk." Quite a number of the pupil's became ministers: \\'m.
H. AfcGuffey. author of famous Reader book : \\'alter Forward,
Sec. U. S. Treasury ; John \\'. Geary, Gov. of Pennsylvania and
I\Iajor General in Sherman's Army : John Brown, whose soul
still goes marching on ; and C. L. \'allandigham, a noted Con-
federate sympathiser. In 1880 the Stone Academy was sold to
the P. M. & C. Ry., and still used as station with Lena Crawford,
agent. The Trustees in 1880 built a new brick Academy, and
after the death of Rev. Samuel Patterson, I. F. Mansfield was
elected President and Rev. H. X. Potter, continued as trustee
emeritus ; with ^^^ J. Imbrie as Secretary and General Manager.

171

— •— +

Al. E. CHURCH, POLAND.

172

POLAND Mo E. CHURCH.

THIS church was organized in 1834. their first meetings
were held in the school house on the pul)Hc park and at
Cook's Corner. ^^'. Logan, Mrs. Barclay, H. Blackman and his
sister Sahie. the first niemhers. ( )n the Mansfields return from
Idnladel[)hia in ^849, the writer attended Sunday School for one
^•ear. Sheldon Haynes was our teacher. In the class were Henry
Leslie, Charles Long, Joseph Cracraft, Seth Truesdale, George
Littel and 1. I'. Mansfield. During several years the church con-
tested memhers ])la\ing cards and diincir.g. B. F. Lee, W'm.
Littell, hdiza Twiss withdrew ; uniting" others to do better work,
also advertising the church. In 1862, meetings were held in the
ch.urch to secure soldiers for Robert \\'ilson"s company. Judge
C.lidden was the speaker. L F. ?\lansfield was the first recruit.
followed bv twent\'-eight others, and Dr. Fowler, who was ap-
jiointed Surgeon of the 105th ( )hio. This church, with theii"
ministers, controlled College school for several years, but good
teaching depending alone on tuitions from scholars brought
failure. Latelv the church secured funds and rebuilt, naming the
cliurch McKinley ?\lem()rial. The faithful early members have
all passed away, their children taking their places. Inspiring
l:\-mns are still sung and the gospel truths still proclaimed to
eaccr throngs.

173

— ♦

■Si

^
pq

174

SPORTS.

y^^ UR picture discloses a situation older than the Book of
^-^ Genesis ; yes, we are mysteriously created male and
female for each others delight. Each year in our camping- we
have developed new bathing spots. Here at Watt's Spill, in this
leafy Eden, the art requires poise with skill, giving- pleasure in
mastering spray and foamy waters. At Williamsport, bathing
was in an extended pool, abounding in a world of witchcraft ;
banks of flowers, tassled water weeds, having an iridescent hum
and rapture and resistless riot of beauty. But there never was
such summer days as those spent at Island Run. The West
Fork, Middle Fork and North Fork, now united forming Little
Beaver, gives a swift current over the oily ledges of flat rocks.
P>ery one enjoyed a new Robin Hood magic bath. Each School-
marm dropp'd into swift current at head of gorge and magically
floated through Sherwood's forests of flowers perfumes, raptur-
ously enjoying this witchcraft bath, filled with sunlit glory, magic
and fairy shapes.

In other camps, the bath sj^orts were varied with an expert
plunge an.d scream into the crystal sparkling waters, each one
being received with shouts of welcome from the Schoolmarms.
In our camps, there was

"Xo eye to watch and no tongue to wound us,
All earth forgot, and all heaven arounds us."

175

FOVNXER'S TAVERN, POLAND.

17a

TAVERNS.

^ I A HE first tavern in Poland was built of qnarried sandstone
-*■ by Jonathan Fowler, becoming- for many years the

favorite resting- place for travellers and stage coaches. When
Aaron iJurr attempted to found a new Empire on Mississippi
river, Fowler contracted to deliver supplies at old Sharon, and in
rafting the goods over the rough Heaver rapids at Xew l^jrighton,
was washed overboard and drowned. Another old tavern in
Poland claims first honors, built by Jared Kirtland. known as
the "Didy Did AlcGill Hotel." Among- the early popular taverns
in Columbiana county was the Ferrel Hotel. They served wild
game meals day or night, had excellent wines and whiskies with
"feathers in every bed." In 15eaver county claimants for first
honors have developed in ever\- borough. Among the earliest
was the red-front-tavern, in Sharon, operated by the Darrahs.
Being on the stage line of coaches and near the steambot wharfs,
gave them a large business. Here Aaron Burr, with his agents,
made their headquarters, wdiile buildings boats and receiving food
.supplies. They also claim to have had several of the Presidents
of the Ignited States to lodge with them over nights. Count De-
Leon and Harmony seceders also held Court here, while rebuild-
ing New Philadelphia.

171

'A
O

\ — I

178

NAMESAKES.

T X the fifty-one }ears spent in Beaver county, the following
-■- children have been christened after Ira FrankHn Mansfield
and their names recorded in his will, to receive his becjuest :

Ira Fraxklin Manskicld Booth.
New Castle, Pa.

Franklin ]Mansfih:ld White;,
New Galilee, Pa.

Ira Franklin Rhodls,
Achor, O.

Ira Franklin Bradford,
Rochester, Pa.

Ira Franklin Heckatikirn,
New Brighton, Pa.

Ira C. Bi-:rrlsfori),
Cannelton, Pa.

Ira \Y. Rlaglk,
Cannelton, Pa.

Franklin Rlagle,
Cannelton, Pa.

Ira J. AViIlTTENBLRGER,

Darlington. Pa.

179 t

i , . . . . „ i

180

^„_„._«._. — ». — . — . , „»_„._». — . — . — „ — ,. — - — . — ._„._„« — . — , — ._,„_.._.._.._.4.

SIMON GIRTY.

HIS father was an army contractor, and married an Indian
Squaw. Simon was a roving- character, afterward mar-
rying Catherine ]\Ialot. known as "the white savage." Simon
enhsted ^^ith Penn'a troops and for meritorious services made
Captain. Here he fell in love with. Col. Crawford's daughter, and
on proposal of marriage, referred to her father, who said "Xo."
1'his so angered Capt. Girtv he deserted and joined a party of
Deleware Indians cam.ped on the Little Beaver, at site of Sand}'
and Beaver Canal Lock, as shown in jjicture. In 1782, Col. W'm.
Crawford, with 500 troops, started to capture Indian villages,
hut was defeated and taken prisoner. The Indians decided to hum
liim. Strij)ping him naked. the_\- scali)ed and cut off his ears,
and tied him to a stake. Girtys wife, "the white savage," led the
squaws and bo}s with burning brands and hot coals, so that he
had nothing but hre to walk on. In the extreme of excruciating
agony Crawford recognized Simon Girty, and in writhing agony
called out, "Girty! Girty! shoot me c[uick. Do not refuse me!"
Simon Girty stepped out in fnMit of the Indian warriors and said.
Col. Crawford, when I wanted your daughter in marriage, you
could say "Xo." Xow, when you want me to shoot vou through
the heart. I. too, can say "X'^o." Crawford's death only came
when his flesh was burnt off his bones, and sent a thrill of horror
thiroughout Penns\lvania.

181

&H
W

182

CAMP CONUNDRUMS.

Frank- — "\\'liat are we .e,"oin,o- to have for dinner?'
"Anoels."

Florence — "Are yon inviting- those liass to (Hne with ns?
"Yes, I'm (lro])pin,o- them a hne."

Alay — "How do these l)i«' lUack liass Hve in the waters?'
"\\'h_\', as poHticians do, the great eat up the httle ones."

Pearl — "Wdiat is the hest hait for the largest fish?
"Jonah's."

183 i i

184

SONG BIRDS.

"pjIRD lovers sliciild hike to the woods and fields (istenino- to
-*— ^ the l^rds morning- solos, which are elieerfnl, inspiring and
excel the vitroo-raj)h. Xo matter what Ijird, we should know
them all hy sight or identify them hy their songs. The Robin is
a companion to every one and every child lisps its name when
stories are told. Heedless is the car that does not hearken when
the robin sings so loud and clear. How the robin changes in
autumn ; their songs simply sharp calls, flying in flocks, looking
southward. In winter the robins that stay with us are emigrants
from farther north, are larger, with a deep red color. The summer
robins, smaller and paler. Another favorite is the house wren.
Bird lovers love to hang a gourd or box for nests with supplies
of food. The wren delights us with their songs and appreciate
our care. But tlie wren wliich we have alwa\s regarded as a
];lucky little angel has turned out to be a regular little devil.
Close study of their habits has convicted thern of hig-h treason.
They delight in poking holes in the newly laid eggs of other song-
birds, decreasing bird population more than our cat companions.
This picture discloses our B>eaver home, where this summer Rob-
ins, wrens, grackles, cat-birds and orioles all had nests and bathing
like ducks in our fountain, also delighting us with their cheerv
songs.

185

186

HEREDITARY MAJOR GENERALS.

IN the closino- days of Decenil)er, 1864, on Sherman's March to
the Sea, we passed the homestead of the Alclntoshes in
Georjcjia. We only have space to note six members of this illus-
trious family. John ^Tor Mcintosh, with one hundred Hi^^hland-
ers, came to Georgia in 1736. He was in command of the troops
fighting the Spaniards in Florida. His son Lachlan was made
iATajor General in 1776, building the fort at Beaver, as a military
base, hoping to capture Detroit. John, a nephew, defeated the
British at Sunbury, also serving under Gen. Andrew Jackson at
New Orleans and promoted to Major General. His son James
Simmons Mcintosh served under Gen. Scott against the Creek-
Indians and in Mexico, attaining to rank of r\lajor General. His
son James McQueen was a graduate of West Point, entered Con-
federate Army, arose to rank of General and killed at Pea Ridge.
Another son John luiillie entered the Northern Army, serving
under Gen. Sheridan, being promoted to Major General for
meritorious services. Such were the lives of six of the ^Mcintosh
family who were by talent and sheer merit made generals — one
I.achlan, who built the fort at Beaver — all six men whose united
services cover the first T30 years of American history. Will any
one g-ainsay that talents are not hereditary? The D. A. R., on
July 29, 1916. dedicated Granite Marker at site of Fort Mcin-
tosh, Beaver.

187

SYCAAIORE, MIDDLE BEAA'ER.

188

FLOODS.

IV /T*^'^'^' ^^ ^'^^ floods recall sad remcmljrances. also exciting
-^ * -*- every one by the mad plunges of the surf and the press
ci the current of waters, covering all lands bordering our rivers.
^\'ith each new flood many claim they never had seen such
waters; but the}- are almost yearly visitors. In 1810 we have re-
corded in Ohio river 7^2 feet: 1832, 35 feet; 1852, t^z feet. In 1861
the C. & P. bridge was swept away, also occasioning heavv losses
on the Little Heaver, covering lands of John White up around his
large barns and washing- awa}- wheat and oats in shocks. In
1884 with extended industries the losses were very heav\', with
the highest record the marks showing 2>7 feet. Having purchased
the Luckens' property in Rochester, Dr. !Mygatt and self spent
three days viewing the sights. Xo trains to Pittsburgh. Row
boats in great demand removing families from second storv win-
dows and securing logs and lumber. The Fallston, Pridgewater
C. & P. bridges all washed down against the P. & L. E. bridge,
tearing out several iron spans. Two men were drowned in their
homes on the Little Peaver. The picture discloses effects of the
rapid currents on roots of trees at Gaston's Mills in 1884.

189

—4

9 4^ ^pr ^€2^ '^er e

TITLE PAGE, C1\]L WAR DIARY

190

tin ■■ »■ ■■ I III wn nil riii----BW tin tin iin i nn nn nn iiii ■■_ ^_ ... ^_ ^. ^_ ^_ ^_ ^L

DIARY.

The followins;- notes are from my illustrated diarv ke])t and
earried through the entire Civil War :

Camp Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio

August 20th, 1862.
Under orders ten companies, making- the 105th, reported for
duty. All had to strip naked and be examined by three surg-eons.
Three from Co. H rejected. 20 from regiment mustered in and
amid great excitement broke camj) and left for Kentucky to pro-
tect Cincinnati from Kirby Smith's rebel army. Gov. David Tod,
present, bidding- us good-bye and said war would be over inside
of three months..

Camp Taylor, Cleveland, Ohio

June 8th, 1865.
After the Grand Review in W'ashing^ton, was nuistered out;
ordered to report here for discharge. ( )ut of 1020 who were mus-
tered in with 105th, only 355 present. Gov. David Tod came out
to camp and thanked us for helping- to preserve the Union. Col.
Geo. T. Perkins said farewell, when three cheers were given for
the old flag-, and at 3 U. M. left on. C. & P. train for home. Reached
Youngstown at 7 140 with extended crowds of people massed
around the station. Secured carriage and with Dr. Chas. X.
Fowler, drove to Poland and at 9 o'clock after absence of three
years was with loved ones in our home sweet home.

191

CAMP SONGS.

THE meaning of camp songs go deep. Who is there that
can tell the effect music has on us? As has been said,
songs lead us to the infinite and lets us for the moment gaze into
that. Captain Wilson, in 1862, aimed to have the 105th soldiers
sing evenings and Gen. Scott, in Mexico, claimed singing of
Pittsburgh Blues revived his 12,000 soldiers. Several of the
Forty-niners, worn and wear}- washing out gold dust on Sunday
evenings, gathered around their camp lires, singing childhood
songs that was antidote for heart joy. It is the history of all wars
that sickness kills more than bullets and every soldier looks back
upon those years as the greatest experience of his life. In 1864
we marched from northern Alabama, bm-nt Rome and Atlanta, and
under Gen. Sherman, made the "March to the Sea." At end of
Lwo months, having been cut off from outside world, captured
Savannah. On Christmas eve, several war vessels arrived loaded
with bags of mail. Xo sleep, no "Taps" were sounded ; soldiers
spent the night reading, dancing and crying over letters received
from home, and the recollection of that night remains a paradise.
From everv camp of Sherman's Army 60,000 soldiers could be
heard singing the grand old song, that told of a sweet love letter
from "The g^irl I left behind me.''

193

+._.,

194

BENEFICIAL SPORTS.

OXE of the simple ways to court the coy A'enus of heaUh
is to have extended pla^'s^ronnds that families may enjoy
active muscular plays. They invite cheerful activities, and es-
pecially should the girls, even women, be encouraged to assist in
tl'ie athletic sports for their own benefit. Rowing in a boat, wading-
the rapid currents, riding the horses, joining in all the calisthenics
and gymnastics that sends the rich red blood into the face. In
our early schools in Poland every scholar took long walks to
I. over's walk and Heaton's furnace on Yellow creek and the
scholars of Beaver college, with Dr. Taylor, paraded dailv along
Ohio river parks, often enjoying some playful sport at historic
places. Today walking is a lost art and its j^assing means a less
robust people. Dancing was one of our childhood sports, still
fascinates the old and yoiuig. The Catholics forbid dancing in
church entertainments; the Methodists forbid all dancing, while
the Protestants encourage the sport of dancing, being mentallv,
socially and physically beneficial. Little children take to dancing
as naturally as a duck to water. Jesus never forbade the sport
and regulation of the sport is better than prohibition, and it is
more in accordance with the liberty which belongs to the discii)les
of Jesus.

195

J
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196

.— .+

INDIAN CHIEFS.

FOR many years the Delaware and Seneca Indians extended
: their hnnting- villages along the upper branches of the
Little Beaver and their several Chiefs are remembered in our
local histories. Xetewatives. signer of Treaty at Lancaster, 1718,
died on Muskingdum, aged go, followed by Coquectheter or White
Eyes and Gelemond or Killbuck. Then ^lachengive or Big Cat,
rioted as mild and generous, while his parting with his adopted
white son is extremely touching. Simon Girty, a successful war-
rior, but often ruled by his wife, "the white savage." Telepachkei,
the glazed king, was pronounced by Tecumsah, a "witch," was
tomahawked and body burnt. Shingass, an implacable foe, but
said of him, "Xo Knight more scrupulous to perform engage-
ments." Cornplanter, born in New York, same date as Gen.
Washington, in a speech said "As a child I played with the but-
terfly, the grasshopper and the frogs, ate my victuals out of bark
and clam shell dishes and married me a wife, and she brought n:e
not even a kettle to cook wild game.." Cornplanter fought against
Gen. Braddock and Bouquet. Afterwards a warm friend of
L'nited .States, securing them many Treaties and Congress award-
ed him 1500 acres of land near Oil City. He was the original
temperance man of Pennsylvania, living to be 104. He often
hunted and fished on the upper branches of the Little P)eaver.
Several camps being named for him.

19'

♦-

198

BEAVER RIVER.

ly iCAPS of Beaver, Columbiana and Mahoning counties are
-^ ^ -*- required to reveal the extended courses of the Little
lieaver. with its three Xorth, Middle and \\'est Forks, that reveals
so man}- historic Indian, ])ioncer and fishing camps. The stream
empties into the Ohio river at Smith's Ferry, and passing north
crosses the Ohio and Penns}lvania state line at Smith's Ferry.
Island Run, Xegley and ( )1(1 Knr n. At Frederick, the stream
divides, the north fork dows ]^ast Cannelton, finding its h.ead in
]\Iahoning county in Tanarack Swamp. The Middle Fork ex-
tends past Lisbon, heading in the cranberry n^arshes north of
Washingtonvdle. At ^^'illiamsport tb.e Middle Fork divides,
forming the West Fork, that extends past West I'oint and scene
of Maj. Gen. Morgan's surrenfler, to the old reservoir of th-;
Sandy and Beaver Can:'l. These three n"a'n ff^rks How through
deep canyons, bmiked by hills three t-) hve hundred feet, witli
beautiful scenery ; also disclosing n"an\- historic mdl sites, with
deep pools of \\ater on all three forks, that has given hook and
liriC hshing for four pound black Bass, six pound Salnicn. twelve
pound blue Catfish and many Perch and jack Salmon. Xature
displays extended deposits of minerals, rare flowers, hire's, ani-
mals and scenery, so that c'\cry sclmkir ma_\- bi' benefitted by a
summer camp and outing en the Little Beaver.

10 9

CANNELTON VIEWS

200

i
!

WOMEN'S WORK.

THERE has been suggested a Museum for historical clothing,
quilts and embroidery, that includes woman's needle-work
of every race in American history. A nucles was started during
centennial of [leaver county, by the beautiful display of Indian
\\'am])um. Jackets and Bonnets, adorned with bead work, and
lace edgings, worked from plant fibre. Many interesting articles
are on record: Grandmother ^lorse's sampler worked in 1807:
Kate France's handsome picture of Ruth, done with home-spun
colored varus ; historic paintings made by George and Emma
Kirtland : Lois Afansheld's quilt of one hundred silk i^atches, each
patch carrving views of pioneer events ; also military cloaks

I woven and made in Beaver countv. that were worn in wars of I

I T

« 1812 and with Mexico. The Harmony Society displayed silk |

3 . . 1

I articles made from silk produced in Economy from their own j

silk worms and Mulberry trees. Lately a quilt elaborately de- 1

signed with 300 patches, each patch carrying names of that |

industrial environment, realized one hundred dollars for the Can- s

nelton L'nion Church. Several memoirs and monographs have j

been published of the prehistoric culture of ] leaver county and |

there could be a valuable collection secured pertaining to the j
v.'omen's work of Pennsvlvania and Ohio.

2 01 I

4. ♦

INDEX.

Animals at Home 2 3

After Death 141

Birthday 7

Bathing 15

Beaver River 199

Black Bass 5 5

Buttermilk Falls 117

Baseball 121

Boating 125

Blue Beard 14 3

Bouledrs 153

Banks 167

Beneficial Sports 195

Camp Food 11

Cannelton Views 200

Churches 17

Cemeteries 3 3

Clubs 57

Chickens 6 9

Cannel Coal Farm H7

Collies 6 5

Christ Church 109

Curious Birds and Flowers 135

Coal Flora and Insects 145

Cornet Band 161

Chattanooga 165

i Camp Songs 193 j

I Camp Conundrums 183 |

1 Doctors .... 49

1 Diary 191

I Early Inhabitants 19

I Eels 53

i Enemies of Fish 5 9

I Evergreens 137

i Forestry 51

1 Fortune Telling 7 7

I Flowers 81

I Fairies 147

I Fires 163

I Floods "... 1 8 9

I Glacial Swamps 39

1 Girls and Boys 107

1 Gasoline 13u

i Griersburgh Academy 171

I Health 4 7

I Horses 2 5

I Hornets Ill

J Historical Landmarlvs 139

: Hereditary Major Generals IHfi

1 Indian Chiefs 19 7

202

-. -»f«7*"<'H

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//r/r'.s- my hand.
^Aiid lunc farciccll.

t —

..— ^

INDEX— (Continued.)

[ndian Summer 43

Index 202-204

Indian Carvings 61

Indians 7 9

Iron Furnaces 151

Kirtland, George 8 3

I Locomotives 9 3

I Letter from Forty-niners 9 5

j Milk Maids 21

s Merchants 7 3

i Mexican and Civil Wars 9 7

1 Nature 3 7

I Namesakes 179

I Old Letters 6 7

I Oak Trees 31

I Ohio River 129

! Preface 5

: Powder House 9

I Painters 71

i Picnics 8 3

I Passing On 10 3

i Poland 113

I Patriotic Clubs 119

j Piano Music 127

I Perry ville 155

I Parks 16 9

! Poland M. E. Church 173

Pioneer Schoolma'ms 159

Relics 4 5

Rainstorms 8 5

Squirrel Hunters 2 9

Sundays in Camp 35

Scenery and Legends 41

Sensibility 6 3

Saint Patrick 101

Simon Girty 181

Sanatorium 115

Schools 131

Stage Coaches 149

Song Birds 185

Sports 175

Title Page 3

Taverns 177

Vacations 123

Water Power 13

White Eyes 2 7

Weeds 7 5

Whom Shall We Marry? .- 91

1 Worms, Flies or Minnows 9 9

I Water Falls 105

I Wild Life 156

I Women's Work 201

I 204

4. 4

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Full text of "Ohio and Pennsylvania reminiscences : illustrations from photographs taken mainly in Mahoning, Columbiana and Beaver Counties, 1880 to 1916"

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