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OLD
LONDON SILVER

ITS HISTORY, ITS MAKERS
AND ITS MARKS

MONTAGUE HOWARD

WITH TWO HUNDRED ILLUSTRATIONS,
AND OVER FOUR THOUSAND FACSIMILES
OF MAKERS' MARKS AND HALL-MARKS

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
NEW YORK: B. T. BATSFORD
94 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON

1903

7230

Published October^ ipoj

PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES BY
THE DE VINNE PRESS

<:>■

^
N

THIS BOOK IS AFFECTIONATELY DEDICATED TO MY FATHER

?odepb platt 1>owat&

AS A TRIBUTE DUE HIM FOR HIS KNOWLEDGE OF ANTICIUE SILVER,

AND AS A MARK OF APPRECIATION FOR
THE VALUABLE ADVICE AND GREAT ASSISTANCE
THAT HE HAS RENDERED IN THE PREPARATION OF THIS WORK

M. H.

PREFACE

This handbook on Old London Silver is presented to the
public after many years of study and practical experience
in this fascinating department of antiques.

The literature on antique silver is limited, and is mostly
found in old books which have occasional references to the
subject. We have been fortunate in having had access to
many ( some two hundred and fifty) which contain allusions
to old silver. We are, of course, indebted for much valu-
able information to the works of Mr. Chaffers, and especially
to "Old English Plate" by Mr, Cripps.

It is perhaps not generally known that the terms silver-
smith and goldsmith are used synonymously in England;
they are so employed in this book ; also that the word

"plate" does not mean "plated ware," but describes an
article of gold or silver.

A short history of the silversmiths' art in England is given,
illustrated by portraits of distinguished silversmiths taken
from old engravings that were procured after much research.

Articles of ecclesiastical plate have not been considered,

Vll

viii PREFACE

but only those pieces of silver that one finds on a well-
appointed table. An historical sketch of each article is given,
in which the changes of style are noted and pictured by
over two hundred examples. To secure some of these
illustrations was a matter of difficulty, and they have, with
a very few exceptions, never before been published.

As nine-tenths ot the desirable antique silver that exists
is of English manufacture, descriptions are confined to that
alone, and as nearly all of this silver was made in London,
entire attention has been devoted to the London hall-
marks. These are given in the most complete and accurate
table yet published. Unique and simple in its general plan,
it is possible by its use for any one to determine the exact
date ot any piece with the London hall-marks.

The list of makers' marks is also the most elaborate
ever compiled. The marks have been gathered from
every available source, and are arranged alphabetically so
that reference and comparison can be made without refer-
ring to an index.

The present wardens of the Goldsmiths' Company hav-
ing refused us permission (which for the earlier dates had
previously been accorded to others) to copy from their
books the marks and names of the silversmiths registered
during the nineteenth century, we have, in a measure, sup-

PREFACE ix

plied this information by compiling from the London direc-
tories, for the fifty years from 1801 to 1850, the name and
address of every London silversmith of that period, thus
bringing the list of makers up to modern times.

The difficult question of frauds is considered, and the pit-
falls for the amateur pointed out. We have endeavored, as
far as possible, to indicate the proper place tor the hall-
marks on the different articles. This has not been at-
tempted before, but it is important, for the position of the
marks frequently aids one in determining the genuineness
of an article when there is a question of doubt.

As this book was written primarily for the amateur, tech-
nical language, in most cases, has been avoided.

Many thanks are due to the owners of the valuable ex-
amples illustrated in this work for the privilege of photo-
graphing their silver. All uie articles to which no name
of owner is given are from the collection of Howard & Co.
We are indebted to Mr. C. G. Moller, Jr., for taking many
of the photographs; to Mr. G. L. Crowell, Jr., for artistic
assistance in preparing the illustrations ; and to Messrs.
Crichton Bros., of London, for information about the early
examples and the hall-marks thereof. Mr. Charles H.
Comyns, of London, has read most of the chapters, and his
kindly criticism has been much appreciated.

"St. Dunstan, as the story goes,
Once pull'd the devil by the nose,
With red-hot tongs, which made him roar,
That he was heard three miles or more."

" The legend of St. DunsUn relates many miracles of him, the rnott popular of which is to thi»
effect ; that St. Dunstan, as the fact really was, became expert in goldsmiths' work ; it then gives
as a story that while he was busied in making a chalice, the devil annoyed him by his personal
appearance, and tempted him ; whereupon St. Dunstan suddenly seized the fiend by the nose with
a pair of iron tongs, burning hot, and so held him while he roared and cried till the night was
far spent." (Hone's " Every-day Book.")

CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE

Introduction. A Short History of the Silversmiths'
Art in England, with References to Some of the
Noted Silversmiths i

I Spoons, Knives and Forks 53

II oALTS . . . . . . • . .03

III Cups 91

IV Tankards 125

V Bowls, Cisterns, Wine-coolers and Punch-ladles i 37

VI Candlesticks, Sconces AND Candelabra . . .145

VII Kettles, Urns, Coffee-pots, Jugs, Tea-pots, Creamers,

Sugar Basins and Baskets, Tea-caddies . .159

VIII Salvers 177

IX Cake-baskets AND Epergnes 181

X Cruets, Muffineers AND Wine-funnels . . .187

XI Meat-dishes, Plates, Sauce-boats, Coasters, Butter-

dishes, Mustards, Braziers, Dish-crosses . . 193

XII Frauds 201

Makers' Marks and Tables 211

London Silversmiths, from 1801 to 1850 . . .329
London Hall-marks and Tables .... 366

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FULL-PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS IN SILVER-GILT

SiLVER-GiLT Tankard Frontispiece

FACING PAGE

SiLVER-GiLT Knives 76

SiLVER-GiLT Two-handled Cup, by Paul Lamerie . . . .118

SiLVER-GiLT Two-handled Cup 122

Silver-gilt Candelabrum 158

SlLVER-GlLT EpERGNE 1 86

illustrations in the text

FIGURE PAGE

1 Portrait of St. Dunstan 3

2 Portrait of Henry Fitz Alwyn 11

3 Portrait of Sir Thomas Gresham 19

4 Portrait of Nicholas Milliard 23

3 Portrait of Sir Hugh Middleton 27

6 Portrait of George Heriot 31

7 Portrait of Sir Robert Vyner 35

8 Portrait of Alderman Edward Backwell 39

9 Portrait of Sir William Benn 43

Goldsmiths' Hall of the Eighteenth Century 49

Present Goldsmiths' Hall 50

Dining-room of Goldsmiths' Hall 51

Grand Staircase of the Goldsmiths' Hall 52

10 Coronation Spoon 55

1 1 Apostle Spoons 56

12 Maidenhead Spoon S7

13 St. Nicholas Spoon S7

« « •
Xlll

■ ""^

xiv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE

14 Diamond Point Spoon 57

1 5 Acorn Spoon 59

16 Lion Spoon 59

1 7 Seal-top Spoon * 59

18 Six-squared Spoon 6\

19 Puritan Spoon 61

20 Rat Tail Spoon 61

2\ Marrow-spoon 6}

22 Wavy End Spoon 63

23 Perforated Spoon 6}

24 Drop-backed Spoon 65

25 Fiddle Back Spoon 63

26 Onslow Pattern Spoon 67

27 Old English Pattern Spoon 67

28 Kings Pattern Spoon 67

29, 30 Caddy-spoons 7^, 71

31 Pistol-handle Knives 74

33-35 Three-pronged Forks 79

36 Dessert Service of Knives, Forks, and Spoons 80

37 Pedestal Salt 82

38 Bell Salt 84

39 Steeple Salt 8^

40 Round Salt 86

41 Hexagonal Salt 86

42, 44 Salts with Three Feet 87

43, 45-47 Oval Salts 87, 88

45, 47 Pierced Salts 88

48, 49 Round Salts .89

50 Drinking-horn — The Way the Horn was Used 96

51 Ostrich Egg Cup 97

52 Cocoanut Cup 98

53 The ''Anathema" Cup 99

54 Tudor Cup 100

55 The Howard Cup loi

56 Melon Cup 102

57 The Cockayne Cup 103

58 Hanap or Standing Cup 104

59 Standing Cup 105

60-62 Drinking-cups 106

63 Beaker 108

64 The Burleigh Cup 109

65 A Nest of Tumbler-cups no

66, 67 Caudle-cups 112

68, 69 Porringers. 113

70, 71 Black-jacks 115

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE

72 Two-handled Cup with Cover

73 Two-handled Cup with Strapwork

74 Two-handled Cup, by Paul Lamerie

76 Two-handled Cup with Cover

77 Two-handled Vase-shape Cup

78 Two-handled Urn-shape Cup

80 The Earliest Hall-marked Tankard Known

81 Tankard of 1673

82 Tankard of 1 59 1

83 Tankard of 1681

84 Tankard of 1722

85 Tankard of 1703

86 Tankard of 1781

87 Tankard of 1748

88 Tankard of 1784

89 Engraving on Tankard by Hogarth

91 Mazer Bowl

92 Monteith Punch-bowl, 1704

93-95 Bowls, 1695, 1728, 1752

96 Silver Punch-bowl of 1682, belonging to the Duke of Rutland . . .

97 Wine-cooler, Pattern of Warwick Vase

98 Punch-ladles

99 Gloucester Candlestick

100 Candlestick of 1665

loi Candlesticks of 1698

102 Candlesticks of 1 7 14

103 Candlesticks of 1759

104 Candlesticks of 1772

105 Candlesticks of 1774 '

106 Candlesticks of 1791

107 Candlesticks of 1836

108 Chamber Candlestick

109 Sconce of 1690

110 Candelabra of 1754

m Set of Silver-gilt Candelabra of 1865

113-115 Kettles 161,

1 16-121 Coffee-pots 165,

122 Tiger Jug

123-125 Jugs

126-129 Tea-pots

130 Tea-pot, by Paul Storr

131-137 Creamers

138, 139 Sugar Basin and Basket

140 Tea-caddies

141-144 Trays 178,

PAtiK

'7
18

19
20

26
27
28
29

30
31
33
34
35
38
38
40

47
48

49
50

5>
5'

55
56

58
62
67
68
69

7>
72

74
75
76
80

xvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

FIGURE PAGE

145-147 Cake-baskets 182, 183

148 Epergne, belonging to King Edward VII 184

149 Epergne, Openwork, Grape Pattern 185

151 Warwick Cruet-frame 188

152 Pierced Cruet-frame 188

153-155, 158 Muffineers 189, 191

156, 157 Peppers 191

159, 160 Wine-funnels 191

161 Meat-dish, by Paul Lamerie 193

162-165 Sauce-boats 196

166-168 Coasters 197

169 Butter-dish 198

170, 171 Mustard-pots 198

172 Brazier 199

173 Dish-cross 199

Example of Fraudulent Silver 209

OLD
LONDON SILVER

OLD LONDON SILVER

INTRODUCTION
A Short History of the Silversmiths' Art in England

THE art of working in the precious metals was practised
by all the nations of the past that reached any degree
of civilization. Therefore it is not surprising that excava-
tions have disclosed Saxon ornaments made of gold and
silver, which were wrought by our ancestors over a thou-
sand years ago. The ring of King y^thelwulf (836-858) is
in the British Museum, and the jewel of King Alfred (871-
90 may be seen in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford.

Alfred received the title of Great not only because he
drove the Danes from his native land, and founded England's
navy, but also for his energies in disseminating education
and creating a love for the arts. He greatly encouraged the
making of gold and silver articles, and is supposed to have
taken a personal interest in their production. On the edge
of the jewel of King Alfred, already referred to, are engraved
these words: "Alfred mec heht gevve can" ("Alfred or-
dered me to be wrought ").

In Saxon times the abbeys and monasteries encouraged

2 OLD LONDON SILVER

the silversmiths' art, and the monks made ecclesiastical
silver for the embellishment of the churches. At the Abbey
of Glastonbury, in England, St. Dunstan (925-988) pro-
moted the making of silver-plate, and was himself a prac-
tical silversmith. He was of noble birth, and for some
time lived at the court of King Athelstan (925-940), but
being disappointed in love he decided to become a monk.
His advancement was rapid, and did not cease until it had
placed him in the most exalted office of the English Church
— the Archbishopric of Canterbury.

The versatility of Dunstan was remarkable, for he became
a musician, a painter, a carver in wax, wood and bone, and
a silversmith. In the twelfth and thirteenth centuries bells,
crosses, and censers which he had made were exhibited at
Glastonbury. In the wardrobe account of Edward 1 (1272-
1307) appears the following item: "A gold ring with a
sapphire, of the workmanship of St. Dunstan (de fabrica
St. Dunstani)." Small wonder that the goldsmiths of
London should have chosen "Seynt Dunstin" to be their
"blessed patron, protector and founder." At one time
the Goldsmiths' Company had an image of the saint made
of silver-gilt and set with gems, also a large vessel called
"St. Dunstan's Cup." At the time of the Reformation,
when much plate of an ecclesiastical nature was destroyed,
"the image of Seynt Dunstan" and the "Crete Standyng
Cup" were "broken and turned into other plate."

ST. DUNSTAN

No. I (925-988)

INTRODUCTION 5

Dunstan's ecclesiastical prestige was equaled only by his
secular power, and for a number of years he was the great-
est man in England, ruling both Church and State. His
refusal to shake hands with King Edgar, when the latter had
sinned, and his defiance of a papal mandate, are instances in
his career that show to what power and position he attained.
He was canonized, and remained the most popular saint in
England until the advent of Thomas a Becket (i 1 18-1 170).
Nineteen churches in England bear his name, the one in
Fleet Street being best known to us. St. Dunstan died in
988. "Seven Kings had reigned in England during his
life, and he had been the friend and adviser of four of
them."

The portrait of our saint (No. i ) is taken from an old engrav-
ing. A bishop's crozier will be seen in one hand, and
in the other a pair of tongs, which play an important
part in the famous legend of his encounter with the devil.
In regard to this legend Bishop Stubbs says : ' ' This story
is so famous that one can hardly doubt but that it had some
foundation. The version in which the devil took the form
of a woman is comparatively modern. It seems not unlikely
that Dunstan might have taken some one by the nose, and
that the identification was an after thought." During the
Middle Ages six lives of the saint were written in Latin.
We have translated into English the legend, as given by
Osbem (eleventh century) in his biography of Dunstan .

6 OLD LONDON SILVER

"Therefore the Devil, when he had put on the deceitful mask of a man, sought
the cell of the young man in the dusk of the evening, put his head through the
window, leaned in, observed him busy with the work of a mechanic, and asked
him what work he was doing. But Dunstan, paying no attention to his stratagem,
and not bearing his insolence, turned his own attention to the work about which
he had been asked. . . . Then, indeed, the wrestler of Christ, knowing who he
was, bravely heated the tongs, with which he was accustomed to hold the iron,
and called upon Christ with set lips. And when he saw that the tongs were
white hot to their very ends, driven on by a holy indignation, he quickly drew
them from the fire, seized the masking face with the tongs, and pulling with all
his might, dragged the monster in. Now Dunstan had been using up his strength,
by standing fast, when he who was held, tore down with his hands the wall of
the man who was holding him and fled away uttering such yells and outlandish
howls as these: *0h, what has that bald head done! Oh, what has that bald
head done!' For his hair, though beautiful, was thin, and on that account the
Devil was shouting these things about the man. . . . The renown of his name
passed through this whole region so that the hearts of all were stirred to come
and see this man of God. Every age and both sexes, the distinguished and the
obscure, the poor and the rich, the private citizen and the man in authority, all
without exception speak of Dunstan, praise his wisdom, extol his virtue."

ELEVENTH CENTURY

In the eleventh century the monasteries continued to pro-
duce silver and gold articles for the churches. Edward the
Confessor ( 1 042- 1 066) sought the companionship of monks,
and encouraged learning and art.

Mr. Pollen, in his "Gold and Silver Smiths' Work,"
gives us some idea of the valuable possessions of the
church in this century. He says: "Turning homewards
to our own country" (England), "we find Brithnodus,
Abbot of Ely, among the known artists of his time. Four
images by him, covered with silver-gilt and precious
stones, were stripped to appease the resentment of Wil-
liam the Conqueror. Leo, a contemporary, worked after

INTRODUCTION 7

his teaching. Elsinus, his successor, made a reliquary for
the bones ot St. Windreda. The abbey was able to offer
William a thousand marks obtained by the sacrifice of gold
and silver ornaments of the cathedral after the resistance
made in the island by the Saxons. Two remarkable reli-
quaries of the eleventh century covered with images of gold,
the work of Richard, fifteenth Abbot of St. Albans, are
mentioned by Mathew Paris along with other examples of
his skill as a goldsmith."

The coming of the Normans was a stimulus to the sil-
versmiths' art, for new ideas and new forms were adopted,
and neither William the Conqueror (1066- 1087) rior his
barons interfered with the increasing production of ecclesi-
astical silver.

The silversmiths of the Middle Ages borrowed many of
their designs from the Byzantine architecture, in which the
cross, the circle, the dome, the round arch, mosaics and
geometrical forms were employed.

TWELFTH CENTURY

The all-absorbing movement of the twelfth century was
the crusades. The sacred relics from the Holy Land,
brought back by the returning crusaders, created a great
demand for costly and precious receptacles in which to place
them. These repositories were called shrines and reliqua-
ries, and were generally of silver and gold, often decorated

8 OLD LONDON SILVER

with precious stones. Shrines were made to hold the bodies
or bones of saints, and in churches were placed near the
altar. They were frequently of architectural designs and
resembled miniature churches. Reliquaries, sometimes
called phylacteriums when of a portable nature, were
small receptacles for relics. Altars, candlesticks, candela-
bra, and chandeliers, richly decorated with gold and silver,
were to be seen in many of the churches.

Henry Shaw, in his " Dresses and Decorations of the Mid-
dle Ages," says: "The twelfth century may be considered
as the most brilliant period of the arts in England during ,
the Middle Ages. . . . The favorite kind of ornament was
scroll-work with foliage."

The power and wealth of the church was greatly en-
hanced under Thomas a Becket, and the splendor of that
archbishop's household rivaled that of his king — Henry II
(i 1 54-1 189). To quote Shaw again, "In the latter half of
the twelfth century, the English Ecclesiastics were remarkable
for the costliness of their apparel, and for their expensive and
magnificent style of living."

It would be difficult to appreciate how extensive was the
knowledge of the silversmiths' craft, as practised in the mon-
asteries, did we not possess a very interesting book de-
scribed by Lacroix in "Arts in the Middle Ages." This
work was written by "a simple monk, Theophilus, an
eminent artist who wrote in Latin a description of the Indus-

INTRODUCTION 9

trial Arts of his time (Diversarum Artium Schedula), and
devoted seventy-nine chapters of his book to that of the
goldsmith. This valuable treatise shows us, in the most
unmistakable manner, that the goldsmiths of the twelfth
century must have possessed a comprehensiveness of knowl-
edge and manipulation, the mere enumeration of which sur-
prises us the more now that we see industry everywhere
tending to an almost infinite division of labor. At that
time the goldsmith was required to be at once modeler,
sculptor, smelter, enameler, jewel-mounter, and inlay-
worker."

In the year 1 1 80 the Goldsmiths' Guild was fined for
being without a license. This is the first reference to the
Guild that was afterwards to become the Goldsmiths' Com-
pany of London. The existence of this Guild shows that the
silversmiths' art was no longer exclusively practised by the
monks.

In the latter part of the century a vast quantity of the
valuable and beautiful plate, that had been accumulating for
years in the churches, was melted up to pay the huge ransom
demanded by the Emperor Henry VI (i 190-1 197) for the
release of England's king — Richard Coeur de Lion (i 189-
1199).

Distinguished silversmiths of this century were: Leof-
stane. Provost of London in the time of Henry I (1100-
1135); Ralph Flael, Alderman of London in the time of

10 OLD LONDON SILVER

Henry II; Henry Fitz Alwyn No. 2), Mayor of London;
and Anketil. Herbert's ''Livery Companies of London"
has the following information about this notable silversmith :

''In the time of Henry II, the demand for highly finished trinkets was so
great, that many additional artists resorted here from Germany. Anketil, a monk
of St. Alban's, had some years earlier acquired such reputation for his works in
gold, silver, gilding, and jewelry, that he was invited by the King of Denmark to
superintend his works in gold, and be his banker or money-changer. A pair of
candlesticks made of silver and gold, and presented by Robert, Abbot of St.
Alban's, to Pope Adrian IV, were so much esteemed for their exquisite workman-
ship, that they were consecrated to St. Peter, and were the principal means of
obtaining high ecclesiastical distinctions for the Abbey."

THIRTEENTH CENTURY

The continuation of the crusades in the thirteenth cen-
tury had the effect of broadening the minds of the crafts-
men. The crusaders returning from the East brought with
them the opinions and the ideas of the different nations
with whom they had come in contact.

Shrines and reliquaries continued to be made in great
numbers, and we know from descriptions, and from the
few that exist, that they were very beautiful in design and
workmanship.

All through the thirteenth century the pyx (a receptacle
for the consecrated wafer) , and the triptych (an ornamented
religious picture composed of three jointed panels) were
made in the precious metals.

The goldsmiths and other merchants of the city of London
became so rich and powerful that they received many char-

HENRY FITZ ALWYN

No. 2 (Tweffth Century)

«« I •!

» •••

INTRODUCTION 13

ters from the kings in return for their contributions to the
exchequer. It is possible that these merchants may have dic-
tated the twentieth article of Magna Charta, for we there find
this remarkable clause, ' ' that no merchant shall be deprived
of his merchandise," a law which was eventually modified.

By the time of Edward I (i 272-1 307) secular plate for
kings and princes was being produced in large quantities.
In his "Livery Companies of London," Herbert says:
"Many of the gold and silver vessels made for the sideboard
of Edward I are stated, in the enumeration of that prince's
plate, to have been the work of Ade, the king's goldsmith.
They comprise, with the rest of the household plate, almost
every species of utensil, in gold, silver, or silver-gilt. Among
them are thirty-four pitchers of gold and silver, appropriated
to hold water or wines ; ten gold cups, from ;^ 142 to ;^292
value each ; ten other cups of silver-gilt, and silver-white,
some having stands, and enameled; and more than one
hundred cups of silver, from ;^4 to ^^ n 8 value each ; also
cups of jasper, silver plates, silver and silver-gilt dishes,
gold and silver salts, alms-bowls, and numerous other ves-
sels, all of the precious metals. The list of jewelry is of
the most costly and splendid description."

The Gothic, or pointed style of architecture, that reached
its highest development by the middle of this century, had
great influence on the silversmiths' art, especially in eccle-
siastical plate.

14 OLD LONDON SILVER

The art having passed from the clergy to the laity, reli-
gious models were no longer thought to be necessary,
although they were often employed ; but a great variety of
decoration is now to be seen in which the animal world and
nature are depicted, as well as man in all his pursuits.

Prominent goldsmiths of this century were : Ade, referred
to above ; William Fitz Otho and William of Gloucester,
goldsmiths to Henry 111 ( 1 2 1 6- 1 272) , and the following, who
became Mayors of London: Ralph Eswy, Sir Thomas de
Frowick, Sir William Faryngdon, and the well-known
Gregory de Rokesley, who held the office eight times be-
tween 1275 and 1285.

FOURTEENTH CENTURY

The monstrance and ciborium were added, in the four-
teenth century, to the large list of ecclesiastical articles.
The monstrance (made of a precious metal and glass) was
used to display the consecrated host to the people at the
festival of Corpus Christi, which did not become general
until the first part of the fourteenth century. The host was
kept in a covered vessel which was called the ciborium.
Other objects connected with the religious worship ot the
times are the silver statuettes of saints which were made in
this century.

The salt and the nef were prominent articles of plate on a
nobleman's table. The nef, as its name implies, was in the

INTRODUCTION 15

form of a ship ; it was a large, decorative article, and served
as an epergne, besides containing the knife, spoon, napkin,
and spices used by the host. Later on in the Middle Ages
it was called a cadenas, and took the form of a casket,
having a lock and key. Piers Gaveston, the favorite of
Edward II (i 307-1 327) had a silver nef on four wheels, and
Edward III (i 327-1 377) owned a very elaborate one, orna-
mented with gilt dragons.

In this century the colleges and municipal corporate
bodies commenced to acquire plate, in most cases by gifts
from wealthy members.

In the year 1 527 the Goldsmiths' Company of London
received its first charter from Edward III, and a short time
after that the first Goldsmiths' Hall was built. It was about
the year 1 300 that the mark of the leopard's head was first
put on silver, and the maker's mark was made compulsory
by statute in 1363.

We do not imagine that the Hundred Years' War, com-
mencing in 1337, was as detrimental to the goldsmiths' art
as was the "Black Death," that frightful plague of the
fourteenth century.

Seven goldsmiths became Mayors of London in this cen-
tury. Of these. Sir Nicholas Faringdon held that oifice four
times from 1308 to 1323, and the wealthy and prominent
goldsmith, Richard de Bettoyne, as mayor, made a great
display at the coronation of Edward III. To quote from

i6 OLD LONDON SILVER

Hazlitt's "Livery Companies of London ": "In his official
capacity he claimed, and was allowed to serve, the office of
butler, and appeared with 360 valets, all clothed in the
same livery, and each carrying in his hand a silver cup ;
and at the conclusion of the ceremony, as his fee, he received
a gold cup and cover, and an enameled gold ewer."

FIFTEENTH CENTURY

During the Middle Ages there might often be seen in a
nobleman's banquet-hall what was called a "dresser." It
was a large and elaborate piece of furniture, sometimes made
in the form of steps, and on it were placed the vessels of
gold and silver. There were several reasons why the no-
bility put some of their wealth into the precious metals; the
opportunities to invest money were limited, and the display
of plate served to impress their friends as well as their
enemies.

Rivalry among the nobles to possess magnificent and large
collections of silver tended to increase the business of the
goldsmiths. In the middle of this century came the Wars
of the Roses (1455-1485). As we know, this was a civil
contest among the nobles, the rich and the powerful. The
common people of England did not take part in it to any
great extent, nor were they especially concerned as to its
outcome, being satisfied as long as they were left unmolested.
One result of this war was the wholesale destruction of the

INTRODUCTION 17

vast and costly collections of plate owned by the adherents of
both sides, and in consequence scarcely any of the secular
pieces of silver of that period are in existence. While the
nobles were losing their lives and their possessions, the mer-
chants and lawyers of England, especially of London, were
becoming very rich, and their surplus wealth was frequently
invested in plate, not of such splendor as that owned by the
noblemen, but still of sufficient quantity to keep the gold-
smiths of London occupied to their advantage and profit.

According to Mr. Cripps, the date letter was probably first
used in hall-marking plate in the year 1478.

In this century six silversmiths became Mayors of London.
Of these, Sir Drugo Barentyne, who held the office twice,
built the second Goldsmiths' Hall in 1 407 , and Sir Edmund
Shaw, Mayor in 1482, was court goldsmith to Richard III
(1483- 1 485), and endowed a free school in Cheshire. Solo-
mon Oxney was a member of Parliament in 1 4 1 9. Thomas
Wood, a very wealthy goldsmith, says Price, in "London
Bankers," * ' was Sheriff of London in 1 49 1 . He built Gold-
smiths' Row, in Cheapside, which was then considered to
be a magnificent series of houses, between Broad Street end
and the Cross in Cheap. Stow thus describes them : ' It
containeth in number ten fair dwelling houses and fourteen
shops, all in one frame, uniformly built, four stories high,
beautified towards the street with the Goldsmiths' Arms and
the likeness of woodmen, in memory of his name, riding on

i8 OLD LONDON SILVER

monstrous beasts, all which is cast in lead, richly painted
over and gilt : these he gave to the goldsmiths, with stocks
of money, to be lent to young men having those shops, ' etc.
"Wood Street, Cheapside, was named after him. Stow
says : ' His predecessors might be the first builders, owners
and namers of this street.' He was an especial benefactor to
the Church of St. Peter-in-Cheap. In the great fire of 1 666
these houses were all destroyed, and the goldsmiths there-
after settled in Lombard Street."

SIXTEENTH CENTURY

By the first quarter of the sixteenth century the nobles had
regained some of their wealth lost in the Wars of the Roses.
Henry Vll (1485-1509), by means of his " Benevolences,"
became the richest king of England up to that time, and
some of his wealth he invested in plate. When Prince
Arthur married Catharine of Aragon in 1502, the wedding
feast was served from a gold service, set with jewels, valued
at twenty thousand pounds. Henry Vlll (i 509-1 547)
added considerably to the large quantity of plate inherited
from his father.

The greatest rival of this king, not only in power, but in
possessions, was the brilliant and unfortunate Cardinal Wol-
sey (1471-1530). His palace at Hampton Court contained
a household ot several hundred distinguished persons, and
a large retinue ot servants. It was necessary to employ five

SIR THOMAS GRESHAM

No. 3 (1519- 1579)

.••

• ••
•••

* •••

• *•«

INTRODUCTION 21

men to care for his vast and magnificent collection of plate,
which is described in " Collectanea Curiosa," published in
1 78 1 . The list comprises about sixty pages of the book.

Hans Holbein designed for goldsmiths during Henry VIII's
reign. A design by him for a cup given to Jane Seymour is
in the British Museum.

When Queen Mary (i 553-1 558) was married to Philip of
Spain in 1554, the plate she received filled ninety-seven
chests, and twenty carts were employed to move it.

In Elizabeth's time (i 558-1603) enormous sums of money
were invested in the works of the goldsmiths. She annually
received and disbursed many presents, amounting in value
to thousands of pounds. In the year 1572 she gave away
almost six thousand ounces of silver in various articles.
The purchasers of plate were now found in all classes of
society. Mr . J . Starkie-Gardner writes : "It was only in the
days of Elizabeth that silver plate began to displace wooden
and pewter utensils in the houses of the people, but before
the close of the century in which she died, lustres, standards,
tables, jars, andirons, sconces and mirrors were fashioned
in silver."

in the middle of this century, while secular plate was being
produced by the bushel, ecclesiastical silver was being de-
stroyed by the cart-load. The Reformation was the cause of
this destruction. Thomas Cromwell (died 1540), under
orders from Henry VIII, demolished more than eight hun-

22 OLD LONDON SILVER

dred monasteries and nunneries, seizing ail the plate they
possessed.

In the time of Edward VI (1547-1553) commissioners
were appointed to visit the churches and confiscate almost
all the plate they could find, for the order went forth from
the crown, "that all monuments of superstition should be
destroyed." Under the catholic Mary the demolition of
church plate was discontinued. The protestant Elizabeth
had not been on the throne very long before new commis-
sioners were appointed to destroy the few remaining "monu-
ments of superstition." In consequence of the iconoclasm
of the sixteenth century, very few of the ecclesiastical pieces
of silver made prior to Elizabeth are in existence to-day.

We might here make the observation that before the
Reformation, ecclesiastical silver and plate made for the royal
family were not always hall-marked. The mark of the
lion was first used on plate about the year 1 545.

In the first part of the century engraving was much em-
ployed in decorating silver. About the middle of the century
the Renaissance influence on the goldsmiths' art was felt in
England, and elaborate decoration was employed. Later in
the century a common decoration was flat chasing.

In this century five goldsmiths became Mayors of London.
Of these, Sir Martin Bowes occupied the office five times,
and was a member of Parliament from 1 546 to 1555. He
occupied the position of butler at the coronation of Queen

NICHOLAS MILLIARD

No. 4 (1547-1619)

<>t*r In IS&l. BtEinnlni

b,p.

INTRODUCTION 25

Elizabeth. The great queen patronized Affable Partridge
more than any other goldsmith of her time.

The distinguished Robert Amades, of the early part of the
century, made most of Cardinal Wolsey's plate. The fa-
mous Sir Thomas Gresham (No. 3) and the artistic Nicholas
Milliard (No. 4) lived in the sixteenth century.

SEVENTEENTH CENTURY

During the reign of James I (1603- 1625) the nobility and
the rich merchants of London became large customers of the
goldsmiths. Elaborate swords, for presentation purposes,
were made, the hilts of these being of precious metals, and
jeweled. One of this description, valued at ;^7ooo, was
given to the king by Prince Christian of Denmark. The
tankard, introduced in the seventeenth century, became an
important article of manufacture, increasing in popularity as
time went on. The possession of plate was no longer a
luxury exclusively enjoyed by the wealthy. We read in
* * Philocothonista ; or, Drunkard Opened, Dissected and Anat-
omized " ( 1 635) : " Come to plate, every taverne can afford
you flat bowles, French bowles, pronnetcups, bearebowles,
beakers ; and private householders in the citie, when they
make a feaste to entertain their friends, can furnish their
cupboards with flaggons, tankards, beerecups, wine bowles,
some white, some percell guilt, some guilt all over, some with
covers, others without, of sundry shapes and qualities."

26 OLD LONDON SILVER

When Charles I (162 5- 1649) came to the throne there
was a great deal of plate in existence. The Cavaliers were
noted for their luxurious living, and were fond of jewels and
the precious metals. The extravagance of the English court
was never so great as under Charles I. The king could not
get money from Parliament, and therefore one of the ways
of filling the exchequer was the disposition of the royal col-
lection of plate, which was exceedingly fine and of enormous
value. In " Hone's Year Book" we read : " By a special
warrant of Charles I, dated at Hampton Court, December
7, in the first year of his reign, 1625, a large quantity of
gold plate and jewels of great value, which had ' long con-
tinued, as it were, in a continual descent with the crown
of England,' were transferred to the Duke of Buckingham
and the Earl of Holland, Ambassadors Extraordinary to the
United Provinces, who were thereby authorized to trans-
port and dispose of them ' beyond the seas,' in such man-
ner as the king had previously directed these noblemen in
private."

Both sides engaged in the Civil War were forced to melt
up their plate, in order to provide funds for carrying on the
contest.

During the Commonwealth ( 1 649- 1 660) little secular or
ecclesiastical plate was made, as the Puritans were opposed
to extravagance and display.

The coronation plate, with a few exceptions (of which the

SIR HUGH MIODLETON

No. 5 (1560-1631)

KM lOld in iBBg f<

„ •• •

• •• •

• m

INTRODUCTION 29

spoon is one, see page 55), and the crown jewels, were
broken up and sold by the parliamentary commissioners,
after the execution of Charles I. It will be remembered that
Cromwell took the silver mace of the House of Commons
and gave it to one of his soldiers, calling it a "bauble."

In this century the goldsmiths added to their trade the
business of banking, borrowing the custom from Holland.
In a pamphlet published in 1676 called "Goldsmiths or
Bankers Discovered " we find the following interesting infor-
mation : ' ' Much about the same time — the time of the civil
commotion — the goldsmiths (or new fashioned bankers)
began to receive the rents of gentlemen's estates remitted to
town, and to allow them and others who put cash into their
hands, some interest for it if it remained but a single month
in their hands, or even a lesser time. . . . The conse-
quence was that it quickly brought a large quantity of cash
into their hands, so that the chief, or greatest of them was
now enabled to supply Cromwell with money in advance,
on the revenues, as his occasions required, upon great
advantages to themselves." The late Mr. Chaffers in his
"Gilda Aurifabrorum " gives us some idea of the profitable
business of the banker-goldsmiths. He says: "The old
goldsmiths and bankers advanced money upon pledges, just
as pawnbrokers do now, choosing, of course, the most
valuable articles as security. In the early ledgers of Alder-
man Backwell, and Blanchard and Child's accounts may be

30 OLD LONDON SILVER

seen under a separate heading of Pawms, to which all in-
terest and profits arising from 'money lent' on pledges, or
more marketable security, was placed. In the days of
Charles 11 the bankers charged as. much as twenty or thirty
per cent, for money, while they never appear to have allowed
more than six per cent, on deposit." The goldsmiths' busi-
ness in banking commenced to decrease on the founding of
the Bank of England in 1694.

Charles II (i 660-1 685) and the nobility were good patrons
of the goldsmiths. Parliament voted the king large sums of
money. The tremendous bribes that the sovereign and his
ministers accepted from Louis XIV (1643-17 15) were spent
upon themselves and invested in luxuries. King Charles
gave many maces to corporations and towns. During this
reign most elaborate toilet services were made. They con-
sisted of mirrors, basins, boxes, candlesticks, and silver
tables on which to place them. Sets of this description can
be seen.at Knole and Windsor Castle. In the time of
Charles II three disastrous events proved very detrimental to
the goldsmiths' trade, namely: the Plague (1665), the Fire,
(1666), and the closing of the Exchequer by the king in
1672, which ruined many of the banker-goldsmiths.

The closing of the Exchequer (or state treasury), where
many goldsmiths had large deposits, was in reality the sus-
pension of payments. By this high-handed measure the
crown secured a large amount of money, but at the same

GEORGE HERIOT

No.6(1563-l624)
Goldimith >nd jiwil<i to Jtmn < of En(

.•••

'••

• •••

• •

•••

• •* «

INTRODUCTION 33

time it caused a financial panic, in wliich the goldsmiths
were great sufferers.

In the time of William 111 (1688- 1702) a law was passed
that proved very destructive to plate. The mint could not
get sufficient silver for coinage, on account of the scarcity of
the metal at that time. To remedy this state of affairs the
following law was enacted : * ' That any person who shall
bring any sort of wrought plate between the i st of January
1 696, and the 4th of November 1 697 into any of His Majesty's
mints, shall be paid five shillings, four pence an ounce for
the same." As this was more than silver was worth at the
market price, many took advantage of this opportunity to
convert their silver into money. King William, having
turned this vast quantity of plate into coin, had to devise
another law to prevent the melting of coins to be fashioned
into plate, as had often been done in the past. The following
law was therefore passed: "That from and after the 25th
of March 1 697 , no silver plate should be made of less fine-
ness than that of 1 1 oz. 10 dwts. of fine silver in every pound
Troy." In other words, every pound Troy of silver plate
must contain 8 dwts. more of pure silver than a pound of
coin, or sterling silver.

Up to this time, plate had been made of the same standard
as the coin ; that is to say, 11 oz. 2 dwts. of pure silver
mixed with 18 dwts. of copper in every pound Troy, or, ex-
pressing it another way, ^ fine. This combination of 925

34 OLD LONDON SILVER

equal parts of pure silver with 75 equal parts of copper has
been found by experience to be the best standard for coin
and plate ; but, for the reason explained above, William III
raised this standard of silver plate to 1 1 oz. 10 dwts., or
f^ fine. This new standard, called Britannia, was not
compulsory after 1720. (See chapter on Hall-marks.) There
is some doubt as to whether this law really prevented the
melting of coin to be made into plate, for it was a simple
matter to add a little pure silver to the coins after they had
been melted, and thus obtain the Britannia standard.

During the reign of James 1 engraving and flat chasing
were often employed. Within this period the covers of
cups and salts were sometimes made in the forms of steeples.
(See No. 39.)

Under Charles I, and throughout the Commonwealth,
plate was made generally without decoration, but always of
substantial weight. During this period a little ornamenta-
tion, consisting of an engraved wreath (as a rule surround-
ing a crest or coat of arms), was occasionally seen on articles
which otherwise were perfectly plain. At this time large
plain tankards were common.

In the first half of Charles Il's reign a popular form of
decoration consisted of tulip leaves, animals and birds (see
No. 67). Throughout the whole of this reign a much used
ornamentation was the acanthus leaf (see No. 83), familiar
to us from its use on friezes and cornices in architecture. A

SIR ROBERT VYNER

No. 7 (1631-1686)

• m

• •«•

INTRODUCTION 37

style in vogue during this period has been termed "cut
card." It is thus described by Mr. Starkie-Gardner : "Be-
tween 1660 and 1690 circles of leaves cut from sheet metal,
without embossing or engraving, called ' cut card ' by Mr.
Octavius Morgan, were applied to the bases and covers of
porringers and other vessels." This writer gives us a con-
cise description of another popular fashion. " About 1670
an excessively rich decoration came in, lasting not more than
ten years. This consisted of an elaborate basket or casing
of scrolled acanthus ornaments, cupids, emblems, etc., in
cast frosted silver, chased and pierced, within which the
plain gilt vessel was seated."

During the reign of James 11(1685-1688) and William
and Mary ( 1 688- 1 702) Chinese figures and scenes were often
engraved on plate. The elaborate toilet services made in
the latter part of Charles II's reign, and during that of James
II, were of most florid style. From the accession of William
and Mary, ornamentation was discarded, and silver articles
were made severe and simple in style ; giving us a foretaste
of the Queen Anne period, noted for its purity and sim-
plicity of design.

There were many wealthy and distinguished goldsmiths
in this century . John Acton made many articles for Charles I .
Sir William Ward, a prosperous goldsmith, was jeweler
to the queen of Charles I. Richard Croshaw left ;^4ooo to
the Goldsmiths' Company, to be devoted to charity. Sir

38 OLD LONDON SILVER

Jeremiah Snow and John Colvill were among those who
lost large fortunes by the dosing of the Exchequer. Sir
Thomas Vyner, Mayor of London, the father of Sir Robert
(No. 7), was made a baronet by Charles II. Sir Charles
Dunscombe, who at one time was apprenticed to Alderman
Backwell (No. 8), and afterwards held the office of mayor,
became immensely wealthy and bought the estate of the
Duke of Buckingham in Yorkshire for ;^9o,ooo. A famous
goldsmith of this century was George Heriot (No. 6). Sir
Hugh Middleton (No. 5) was a very prominent citizen.

EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

The next hundred years witnessed the El Dorado of the
silversmiths' art in England. In this period the quantity
of plate manufactured was very large, far exceeding that of
any former century, while the beauty and gracefulness of
the designs were, as a rule, superior to any that had ever
been produced in that country. During this time England
was almost continuously at war, but her advancement in
population, power and wealth was uninterrupted.

The introduction of tea and coffee into England, during
the latter part of the seventeenth century, soon created a
demand for the large number of articles that go to make up
tea and coffee services. Sugar tongs and sifters, toast-racks,
tureens, sauce-boats, coasters, braziers, dish-crosses, dinner
services, cruets, wine-labels, egg-frames, shells, salvers.

ALDERMAN EDWARD BACKWELL
No, 8 (died 16B3)

t •
• •• •

• •• »

• • ■

INTRODUCTION 41

inkstands, and even silver toys were added to the list of the
goldsmiths' wares. Of these articles, inkstands and salvers
were manufactured in large quantities from the time of
George II (1727-1760).

Most of the illustrations in this book are examples of
eighteenth-century workmanship, and the various changes
of form and decoration are described in detail under the
separate articles. However, it is possible, in a general way,
to divide the century into three periods, each having a
characteristic style. (I) The Qyeen Anne period, com-
mencing just before her accession (1702), and lasting for a
few years after her death (17 14). (II) The Lamerie
period, from early George I (17 14-1727) to early George III
(1 760- 1 820). (Ill) The classical period, from early George
III to the first few years of the next century.

The silver in the Qyeen Anne period was noted for its
massiveness, simplicity, and freedom from ornamentation.
Form, not decoration, was the ruling idea. The Lamerie
period (so called after the famous silversmith) showed a
gradual improvement in form, and an increasing addition of
ornamentation. At first it was applied sparingly (see No.
73), but as time went on it was more profusely used until
about the middle of the century was seen the acme of orna-
mentation in florid and ornate designs. (See No. 75.)

The classical period was influenced by the revival of Greco-
Roman ideas, disseminated by the increasing "finds" at

42 OLD LONDON SILVER

Pompeii and Herculaneum. The classical designs of the
Wedgwood pottery were copied by the silversmiths. John
Flaxman (175 5- 1826), the sculptor, designed for Josiah
Wedgwood (1730- 1795), and also for Rundell & Bridge,
the well-known silversmiths. Thomas Stothard ( 1 7 5 5- 1 834),
the painter, executed designs for the same firm . The Adams
Brothers, architects, also worked for silversmiths, introdu-
cing classical forms. "Their style partly followed the
French 'Louis Seize' artists, who produced furniture and
gilt metal work during the last days of the French monarchy
of matchless excellence." From each of these three periods a
selection can be made that will appeal to the most fastidious,
but the silver produced in the Lamerie period perhaps has
the greatest number of admirers. As a general rule, plate
made prior to 1700, when put upon the market, com-
mands an exorbitant price, more on account of age than
for its beauty or desirableness. On the other hand, the
cost of a piece of plate of the eighteenth century depends
upon the usefulness of the article, and its esthetic merit.

Throughout the second half of this century beautiful de-
signs in fancy and plain piercing appeared on many articles
of silver. (See No. 1 45 .) This style was probably borrowed
from the Dutch silversmiths.

In the year 1784 plate was taxed, and a new hall-mark
appeared in the form of the sovereign's head, which was
placed on an article to indicate that the duty had been paid.

SIR WILLIAM BENN

No. 9 (eighteenth century)

INTRODUCTION 45

If we except some beautiful pieces of Renaissance plate,
made in the time of Elizabeth, it may be said that, everything
considered, the eighteenth century produced the greatest
artistic triumphs of the silversmiths' art in England.

In the early part of the century the following were dis-
tinguished silversmiths : Anthony Nelme, Francis Nelme,
Pierre Platel, Humphrey Payne, John Payne, Thomas Snow,
David Willaume, Andrew Drummond, John Hugh Le Sage,
Benjamin Pyne, the Pantin family, William Gamble, and
Pierre Harache. These artisans produced a great deal of
plate, and many pieces made by them are still in existence.

Sir Richard Hoare was Mayor of London in 1 7 1 3 , and the
second Sir Richard Hoare also held that office in 1745. Sir
Francis Child was mayor in 1732. Hoare, Child, and also
James Coutts, were originally banker-goldsmiths. (See No.
96 for example of Child's work.) Their successors are still
carrying on the banking business in London. Coutts & Co.
have been bankers to the royal family for many years.

About the middle of the century the following goldsmiths
were much patronized: William Plummer, Paul Crespin,
Peter Archambo, Thomas Harache (successor to Pierre,
mentioned above), goldsmith to royalty ; Simon Le Sage
(successor to John, already noted). Sir William Benn (No.
9), mayor in 1747; John Blachford, mayor in 1750; Sir
Richard Glyn, also Lord Mayor, and Charles Sprimont.
The latter is distinguished ' ' as being the founder of the

46 OLD LONDON SILVER

Chelsea Porcelain Factory in 1750, under the patronage of
the Duke of Cumberland and Sir Edward Fawkener, of
which, in 1755, he became sole proprietor." (Chaffers's
"Marks and Monograms on Pottery and Porcelain.")

G. M. Moser (1707-1783) was both a goldsmith and an
artist. "He wrote some works on the goldsmith's art and
on painting. He was the founder of the Academy of
Painters in 1768, of which Sir Joshua Reynolds was the
first president." (Chaffers's "Gilda Aurifabrorum.")

William Hogarth (1697-1764), the artist, was appren-
ticed to Ellis Gamble (son of William, mentioned above)

from about 1712 to 17 18. He was chiefly employed in
engraving plate (No. 87). " Of the many works that were
necessarily produced by Hogarth, in the course of his ap-
prenticeship with Mr. Gamble, few, comparatively, have
appeared, that are decidedly of his hand. We are told he
was so industrious and attentive to the interest of his mas-
ter, during his servitude, as to have been, in the latter part
of it, his chief support, as well as that of his own family.
This industry must have produced innumerable works, and
the only reason to be assigned for their scarcity, is their
having been principally done on pieces of plate, from which
either no impression was taken, or if taken, was merely for
the use of the artist, in the course of his business. " (" The
Works of William Hogarth," by Rev. John Trusler, pub-
lished in 1821.)

INTRODUCTION 47

The most famous silversmith of this century was Paul de
Lamerie. He was in business forty years, and died in
175 1. This noted artist was patronized by the nobility
and the royal family. He produced a very large quantity
of plate which was always beautifully made, graceful in
form and with original and exquisite ornamentation. He
seldom duplicated his designs ; that was left to the unscru-
pulous forgers of modern times. Genuine Lamerie plate is
much sought after, and commands a very much higher
price than that made by any other silversmith. We are
fortunate in being able to show the reader examples of this
famous goldsmith's work. (See Nos. 74, 75, 152, 159.)

In the latter part of the century the noted firm of Rundell
& Bridge was organized. Paul Storr made most of their
plate, on which was placed the well-known mark of P. S.
Plate with this mark upon it is frequently very desirable.
(See Nos. 107, 128, 129.) The firm afterwards became
Storr & Mortimer, and finally Hunt & Roskell.

NINETEENTH CENTURY

Within the first quarter of the nineteenth century many
beautiful pieces of silver were made, notably by Paul Storr ;
but from the time of the accession .of Queen Victoria to
about the middle of the century, a gradual deterioration was
evident in the silversmiths' art. However, within the last
twenty-five years a continuous improvement has been

48 OLD LONDON SILVER

observed, and the most artistic patterns of the present time
are those that have been copied from eighteenth-century
models.

Much of the modern silver is now stamped in dies, a
process which is rapid and inexpensive, and when the metal
is thin and light, as is usually the case, this process com-
pares most unfavorably with the old-style, solid, hand-
made article. Production is greatly increased by the use of
elaborate machinery, and hundreds of ornamental, useful
and useless articles are made.

During the last quarter of the century the interest in col-
lecting old silver has steadily increased; in consequence,
desirable pieces are becoming most rare, and the prices
correspondingly high ; but, provided one has the inclination
and the wherewithal, it is always possible to procure desir-
able specimens, especially of the eighteenth century. That
prices for old plate are on the increase was exemplified by
the recent Dunn-Gardner sale in London, and, to a certain
extent, by the Marquand sale in New York.

In England there are many valuable collections owne d by
private individuals: in this connection the following from
the "World of Fashion," September, 1835, is interesting:

"Apsley House.— Few persons are acquainted with the splendours of this
noble mansion. The rooms present the most magnificent appearance that can be
imagined, and never were they set out to such advantage as recently, when the
King dined with the Duke of Wellington. The following brief description of the
grand banquetting room, upon that great occasion, is from the pen of one of the
visitors: — ' Anything more superb I never saw, nor could have formed any con-

INTRODUCTION 49

GOLDSMITHS' HALl, OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

ception of. Fancy a room 200 feet by 80 lined throughout with yellow silk, and
covered with pictures of the old masters; the cornices and ceiling profusely gilded,
yet relieved by oblong plates of plain ground glass. At either extremity an oaken
sideboard with six silver gilt shields of immense magnitude, emblematical of the
Duke's conquests, and presented to him by the crowned heads of Europe. On
the dining-table, spread to 70 of his companions in arms, and His Majesty, stood
two marble tripods for lights, of about seven feet high, passing through the table,
and supported by griffins elaborately carved in ormolu; three others of gold,
though of smaller dimensions, but particularly magnificent (the gift of the citizens
of London) representing in bold relief and as large as life a foot-soldier (with his
standard) of each company that signalized itself on the field. A solid gold vase
the tribute of the noblemen of England, beautifully pourtraying the Guards form-
ing 3 square. Between every second guest there was a wine-cooler of Dresden
china, with an exquisite painting of some engagement, or some general officer
that was in it, going through the entire series of his victories, and those who par-
ticipated in them, in India, the Peninsula, and Waterloo. The value of the plate is
estimated at 300,000/. The table on which it principally stood was held up by
thick wooden levers from head to foot. The earthenware, perhaps, struck me
most, save that at the bottom of his staircase stood a gigantic figure of Napoleon,
in Parian marble, under a dome of painted glass: but the tout ensemble was so
unique, so splendid, from the soup-tureens and candelabra down to the salt-cellars
(for these were supported by silver elephants) that I could scarcely believe but

50 OLD LONDON SILVER

PRESENT GOLDSMITHS' HALL

thut it w:is the effect of enclijntment by which I had been transported from litis
dingy metropolis into the fairy palace of Aladdin,' "

Corporations, the Livery Companies of London, the col-
leges at Oxford and Cambridge, the museums, and the
churches have most of the earliest pieces. The largest pri-
vate collection is owned by His Majesty, Edward VII, and is
valued at ;£■!, 000,000. The most important collection of
old silver, and one that represents many countries, is at the
South Kensington Museum. There are also large and valu-
able collections in the United States. One of these that we
have in mind numbers many pieces and is of very great
value.

We have already seen how the vandalism of the Refor-

INTRODUCTION 51

DINING-ROOM OF GOLDSMITHS' HALL

mation deprived the cathedrals and churches of England of
an Immense amount of wealth in the form of plate. When
we consider the artistic beauty, the historical interest, and
the fabulous value of those ecclesiastical collections, we are
inclined to paraphrase the well-known lines, and remark:
O Religion 1 Religion ! how much beautiful plate has been
wantonly destroyed in thy name !

Grand staircase of the Goldsmiths' Hall

CHAPTER I
Spoons, Knives and Forks

SPOONS

BEFORE considering this subject, the author would lii<e
to express his indebtedness to Mr. W. J. Cripps and Mr.
C. J. Jackson for the information they have given him in
their interesting and scholarly articles on spoons. Mr. H.
O. Westman in the year 1845 wrote a very instructive book
entirely on the subject of spoons, and the present writer has
carefully perused that work and taken advantage of the valu-
able knowledge it contains.

Inasmuch as the interest in the spoon, from the collector's
standpoint, is perhaps greater than that of any other piece of
plate, we think it is pardonable to diverge a little from our
subject in giving a short history showing its development
into the silver article.

From the knowledge we possess ot primitive man, it is
safe to assume that he used shells to convey hot liquids
or food to his mouth; hence the shell may be considered the
forerunner of the spoon. As the arts gradually developed

54 OLD LONDON SILVER

among the races of men and something more artistic than
the shell was sought after, the horns of various animals were
cut into spoons. Examples of such made of buffalo horn
can be seen in the Philadelphia Museum.

The next material used was probably wood, and this per-
haps accounts for the derivation of the word spoon, for in
Old English "spon"was a splinter of wood. An Indian
spoon of wood is in the Philadelphia Museum.

Old Egyptian spoons are extant made of wood, stone,
ivory and bronze, examples of which may be seen in the
British Museum. They are of fantastic designs, animals,
fishes and mythological subjects entering into their
decoration .

The earliest mention in literature of spoons made of a
precious metal is that in Exodus 25 : 29, where the Lord
instructs Moses to make some golden spoons for the Taber-
nacle. There are other references in the Bible, and it is
known that the early Christians had silver spoons, examples
of which are in the British Museum. Little anointing-spoons
used at the baptismal service in the early church have been
found ; they were probably used in the third or fourth cen-
turies. The eucharistic spoon, or labis, is used in the Greek
Church to administer the elements.

It will be remembered that in a.d. 79 the lava and ashes
from Vesuvius submerged Herculaneum and Pompeii.
More than sixteen hundred years elapsed before excavations

SPOONS 55

were made and the treasures of these cities were discov-
ered. Among these treasures were found silver spoons.

The custom of using a spoon for anoint-
ing sovereigns at the coronation ceremony
dates from a very early period. In the
Bible we read of Nathan, the prophet, anoint-
ing Solomon as King of Israel. The spoon
(No. lo) used at the coronation of Edward
VII is a very interesting antique. There is
a good deal of controversy as to its date,
but experts are inclined to the opinion that
it is about six hundred years old. It is
used in the coronation ceremony to hold the
oil with which the Archbishop of Canter-
bury anoints the sovereign.

A silver spoon found in a grave, and of
the Anglo-Saxon period (449- 1066), is in the
Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. Spoons
made in the early fifteenth century exist, but
the earliest perfect hall-marked spoon is ot
the year 1488. A hall-marked spoon exists "L"lM.°.„r°"
that is earlier than the one just mentioned, no.'i"

but it has on it only one hall-mark, the
leopard's head, and hence it is impossible to determine its
exact date.

In a will of the year 1446 mention is made of a maiden-

56 OLD LONDON SILVER

head spoon, so called because on the end of the handle was
a bust of the Virgin Mary (No. 12). This style was com-
mon in the sixteenth century.

A very popular spoon during the Tudor time (1485-1603)
was the apostle spoon, which is found as late as 1660. This
gets its name from the fact that it has a figure of an apostle
on the handle, and each apostle has his emblem, as St.
Peter with the key. The Master spoon has the orb with
across. In No. 13 we have a fine example. On the han-
dle is the figure of St. Nicholas bringing the children back

58 OLD LONDON SILVER

to life. The inscription is easily read — "St. Nicholas
Pray For Us." This spoon was sold at Christie's, in Lon-
don, on April 30th, 1902, for ^^690 ($3,450), the record
price for a spoon.

A perfect set of apostle spoons consists of thirteen, the
Master spoon having the figure of Christ. All should also
be of the same date and by the same maker. Few of such
sets exist. One (No. 1 1 ) was sold at Christie's on March 28th ,
1903, for ;^i,o6o; but an earlier set of the date of 1536,
sold at the same place on July i6th, 1903, brought the
enormous amount of ;^4,900.

Apostle spoons were generally given by sponsors at a
christening. Where a set includes as many as six, eight or
more spoons, and where these are of the same date, it has
been surmised that the sponsors were wealthy. This may
be so in some cases, but inasmuch as the early church per-
mitted a very large number to act as sponsors, the num-
ber of spoons in a set may represent the number of sponsors,
each one bringing a spoon. It is true that the church in the
second half of the sixteenth century limited the number of
sponsors to three, but perhaps these later church laws would
account for the small sets of this period.

In the sixteenth century the handles were of various
designs and often terminated in the following forms : dia-
mond point (No 14), acorn (No 15), maidenhead (No. 12),
seal (No. 17), lion (No. 16), apostle (No. 13), strawberry,

?^p

No. 15

No. 17

6o OLD LONDON SILVER

bird, shell and ball. Frequently the end of the handle was
without any of these ornamental devices. In this case the
handle was cut off diagonally at the end (No. i8) and was
sometimes spoken of as being "slipped in the stalk." The
handle was generally hexagonal in form, or, as it was then
called, "six squared," and the bowl was pear-shaped, a
form that existed from the fourteenth century to the time of
Charles 1 (162 5- 1649). A spoon that was common in the
seventeenth century had a flat handle and was perfectly
plain. It became popular with the Roundheads, and hence
was called the "Puritan spoon " (No. 19).

In the seventeenth century the shape of the bowl gradually
changed from the pear shape (No. 18) to the oval (No. 20).
After the Restoration ( 1 660) we find the following changes :
(I St.) The handle is flat and bent forward, terminating in
three points, sometimes called "split end." (2nd.) Back
of the bowl appears a tongue; this style is called a "rat
tail spoon" (No. 20). About the time of William and
Mary (1688- 1702) the end of the handle is shaped, often
termed "wavy end " (No. 22).

It must be remembered that before the Restoration they
used as a rule what we would now call table-spoons. The
dessert-spoon, which in size is between the tea-spoon and
the table-spoon, was not popular until after the Restoration.

Tea-spoons were introduced in the late seventeenth cen-
tury; they were then very small like the modern after-

No. 18

No. 20

62 OLD LONDON SILVER

dinner coffee-spoon , and were gradually made larger, so that
by the time of George 1 (17 14-1727) they had reached the
proportions of the modern tea-spoons.

In the time of Queen Anne (1702-17 14) a new pattern
was introduced ; the end of the handle is rounded and a
little ridge appears and the top of the handle is still bent
forward (No 24). About this time a very small snuflf-spoon
was made which was carried with the snuff-box and used
for removing the snuff from the box to the hand. Also at
this time was first made the marrow-spoon (No. 21), used
for extracting the marrow from bones. Sometimes the
handle of a table-spoon was made like a marrow-spoon, and
in this way could serve a double purpose, but generally the
marrow-spoons are double, one end being used for small
bones and the other for large.

Another eighteenth-century invention was a spoon with
a pointed handle and a perforated bowl. There is much
speculation as to the use of this spoon, but it was probably
used to remove floating tea leaves from a cup of tea and the
pointed handle to clear the straight-pointed spout of the tea-
pot (No. 23).

In the South Kensington Museum there is a collection of
about one hundred spoons of the eighteenth century ; in
this collection the date letter of nearly every year is repre-
sented. It is interesting to observe that in this series of
spoons the last "split end " spoon is of the year 1699; the

No. 22

No. 21

No. 23

64 OLD LONDON SILVER

last "wavy end" spoon is of the year 1707; the first
rounded top spoon is of the year 1 7 1 1 ; and the last * ' rat
tail " spoon is of the year 1 730. From this time on, in place
of the "rat tail," we often find a miniature reproduction of
the design of the end of the handle (No. 24) ; this continued
for about thirty years, when in place of the design just men-
tioned, we frequently find what is termed a "drop" (No.
25). The first spoon with this feature, in the collection
referred to above, is of the year 1758. Spoons with the
' ' rat tail " and * * drop " have been made up to the present fime.

In the fime of George II (1727- 1760) appears what is
termed the "Onslow " pattern. The end of the handle is
grooved and turned back (No. 26). About 1750 there was
introduced what is usually called the "Old English" pat-
tern. In this the end of the handle is rounded, but bent
back, generally perfectly plain, although sometimes with a
little ornamental border (No. 27).

There was another feature of the eighteenth-century
spoon which we have not yet considered, and that is the
form of the bowl, which gradually changed from oval
(No. 24) to egg shape (No. 25). The latter form was firmly

established about the middle of the century and has con-
tinued up to the present time.

Early in the nineteenth century the "Fiddle back " spoon
.was introduced (No. 25); also the celebrated "Kings pat-
tern " (No. 28). These two styles are still in vogue.

No. 24

No. 25

66 OLD LONDON SILVER

The tea-caddy spoons first appeared in the latter part of
the eighteenth century. They are varied in designs and
shapes, as will be seen in the interesting collection of about
one hundred, all of different design, in the South Kensing-
ton Museum, which are represented in Nos. 29 and 30.

The nineteenth century has produced the salt-spoon, the
after-dinner coffee-spoon and the ice-cream spoon, the
orange-spoon and innumerable large and small serving
spoons.

The position of the hall-marks on spoons varied in differ-
ent periods. Prior to the Restoration and for a short time
afterwards, the leopard's head is on the inside of the bowl
and near the handle, while the other marks are placed on
the back of the handle near the bowl . A short time after
the Restoration the leopard's head (with a few exceptions)
was placed with the other marks. Mr. L. Crichton, through
whose hands many hundreds of old spoons have passed,
and whose authority on antique silver is unquestioned, in-
formed the author that the earliest spoon he ever saw with
the leopard's head on the handle was of the year 1666.
The latest spoon known to him having the leopard's head
in the bowl is one of the year 1679. Therefore we can say
that from about the year 1666 it had gradually become
the rule to place all the marks on the back of the handle
and near the bowl. The marks when in this position
appear longer and narrower than on other articles : this is

68 OLD LONDON SILVER

owing to hammering and finishing after they are stamped ^

at the Hall — all pieces being sent there in an unfinished

condition. We continue to find the marks in this position

until about the year 1781 , when they appear on the back of

the handle, but near the end instead of near the bowl.

After the introduction of the duty-mark, which was the

sovereign's head, the following sequence in the marks is '

usually found : lion, leopard, date-letter, sovereign's head,

and the maker's mark appearing before or after this sequence.

No. 30

Collict'sn ol Ciddr Spuoni il Seuth Kimington Muii

•

•••

• •

KNIVES

The earliest knives were made of flint or stone, later of
bronze, iron or steel. The Jews and the Eastern nations
did not use knives at their meals ; the Greeks cut the meat
into small pieces with a large knife, and ate the portions
with the fingers.

In the early days of England each man carried a knife
in a sheath. We find this kind of knife often with an
ornamental silver handle, and we know that it was used
both at meals and for defence. Chaucer (died 1 400) speaks
of a Sheffield whittle, the old word for knife. From this
reference we know that even in the fourteenth century Shef-
field was famed for its cutlery. He also speaks of silver
sheaths in which the knives were carried at the side. This
custom of carrying a knife continued up to the seventeenth
century. In the sixteenth century most beautiful sheaths
were made of silver studded with precious stones. Often
the sheaths contained two knives, and, in the seventeenth

century, a knife and fork.

\)^^iliiiWJ/

mull

No. 31. Pistol-handle Knives

KNIVES 75

In the seventeenth century the custom of using the
sheathed knife at table gradually fell into disuse, and in the
latter part of the century the rich man's table was set with
silver-handled knives. In the time of Qyeen Anne the
shape of the handle gave the name of "pistol-handle"
knives (No. 31).

In the early George III period (1760-1820) we find the
dessert-knife, with a silver blade and ivory handle, the ivory
frequently being colored green.

The blades of the early knives being made of steel, the
hall-marks appear on the handles. When the blades and
handles are of silver, the marks generally appear on both,
or, if made of one piece, on the blade only.

SILVER-GILT KNIVES

No. 32(1839)

Part of a set of seven dozen, all different
Owner, Rev. Alfred Duane Pell, New York

FORKS

The Hebrews, the Greeks and the Romans did not have
table-forks, but a two-pronged serving-fork was often used.

We find in inventories of the twelfth century references
to the fork, but it was not until the sixteenth century that
it was widely used by any nation. In that century it
became quite common in Italy, and in Venice, Florence
and Rome no sumptuous feast was complete without a
fork at each plate.

.At the end of the sixteenth century the fork was a
novelty in France and in England. Qyeen Elizabeth (1558-
1603) possessed two or three, but she probably looked
upon them as curiosities, for it was quite proper in those
days, except in Italy, to convey food from the dish to the
mouth by means of the fingers.

Thomas Coryat, an Englishman, visited Italy in 1608,
and there saw the Italians using silver forks. He adopted

the custom himself and on his return to England brought

78 OLD LONDON SILVER

a fork with him. In his book, " Crudities," published in
1 6 10, he mentions the Italian custom of using the fork at
meals. Some of the rich people took up the new custom,
but there was great opposition to it at first. It was con-
sidered sinful to use a fork, and one clergyman of the day,
preaching a sermon against this custom, declared that it
was ' * an insult to Providence not to touch one's meat
with one's fingers."

Before the introduction of forks, the hands were washed
after each course ; for this purpose a towel and a dish filled
with rose water were passed to each guest.

Silver forks grew in favor slowly, and it was not until
the end of the seventeenth century that we find them used,
and then only by the wealthy. The rich, however, did not
possess many, hence it has been suggested that the custom
of serving sherbet in the middle of a dinner was introduced
to give the servants time to wash the forks.

The first table-forks were two-pronged. Among the
Corporation plate of the city of Liverpool are some two-
pronged forks that were made in the early eighteenth cen-
tury. In the South Kensington Museum are many examples
of Italian and German two-pronged forks of the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries.

The oldest three-pronged forks known were made in the
year 1 667 ; this new style came into general use about the
commencement of the eighteenth century, and was popular

8o OLD LONDON SILVER

for about fifty years (Nos. 33, 34, 35). Four-pronged forks
were first made about 1726, and by the middle of the cen-
tury they had superseded those with three prongs.

The handles of forks followed the same designs as spoons
of the same period, and what has been said in regard to the
hall-marks on spoons applies also to forks.

No. 37. Pedestal Saft, with Cover (1566)

CHAPTER II

SALTS

IN the Middle Ages the salt-cellar was the most important
article on a nobleman's table. It was very large and
decorative. At this time the feudal system had divided
society into many classes, and the distinction between
them was carried out even at the feast. The salt was
placed on the table in such a way that it was the line of
demarcation between the noble and inferior guests, and was
kept covered to protect it from any poisonous substance.
The expression " to sit above the salt" is found in the old
literature of Scotland, England and France, and whenever
this quaint phrase is used it signifies that those who sat
above the salt-cellar were of high rank as compared with
those below. Bishop Hall (i 574-1656) in one of his
satires thus alludes to this old custom :

"A gentle squire would gladly entertain
Into his house some trencher-Chaplain :
Some willing man that might instruct his sons,
And that would stand to good conditions.
First, that he lie upon the truckle-bed,
While his young master lieth o'er his head,
Second, that he do, on no default,
Ever presume to sit above the salt."

84 OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 36. Bell Salt (1591). ?;{ Inches high

Said Mthl Dunn-GirdniT Sllf. Apiil, ipm. ta' ittB

We know from descriptions that exist of tliese salts ttiat
they must have been very imposing articles of plate, often
being made of gold and set with jewels. For example, when
Charles I came to the throne in 1 625 he sold a good deal of
the gold and silver plate that belonged to the royal collec-
tion. Among the articles was a gold salt that weighed over
one hundred and fifty ounces. It was ornamented with the
following jewels ; nine sapphires, six large pearls, one hun-
dred and fifty-nine little pearls, ninety-nine rubies, and fifty-
one diamonds.

No. 39. StBsple Salt (1626). 10 inches high

86 OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 40 (sbout 1680)

In the first half of the sixteenth century a salt was made
In the shape of an hour-glass, and It sometimes had a cover.
Christ's College, Cambridge, has one of this character, hall-
mark of the year 1 507 . At least half a dozen of these
salts exist. About the middle of this century the pedestal
salt first appears. It varies in size and is sometimes a foot
high, ornamental In style, and in shape square or cylindrical,
but generally the latter. On the cover frequently appears
a statuette or other ornament. No. 37 represents one of this
description, which although somewhat bent, probably from
long usage, is nevertheless a good example.

SALTS 87

Near the end of the century
a new style was invented, which,
owing to its shape, was called
the "bell salt" (No. 38). It
is, in most cases, on three feet,
and has a domed top, which is 110,42(1778)

removable, and which is used as a pepper caster. This
bell salt is divided into several compartments which fit
into each other, so that it could hold spices as well as
salt. This kind was popu-
lar only for a short time.
A salt, called the " steeple
salt," was made in the first
part of the next century ;
it was on feet and had a
short pedestal upon which

No. 43(1778)

was an ornamental pointed
top held up by four posts. Few of these were made.
(See No. 39, which was exhibited at the Burlington Fine
Arts Club in 1902.)

During the seventeenth century l^BJJ^^i> ♦-». ^
a low salt without a cover, in form ^r'ZJ%~£X^*^
square, circular or octagonal, was
common (see one made about 1 680
in No. 40). This style often had n„,44(i798)

supports upon which a napkin was placed to cover the salt.

88 OLD LONDON SILVER

Earlier than the sixteenth century
the small individual salts appeared.
They were made round, triangular
or square, and are called "trencher
No. 45 (1770) salts." In the last part of the sev-

enteenth century a plain, low, hexagonal salt (No. 41) was
much used, and continued in popularity up to the early
part of the eighteenth century.

In the time of George II
(1727-1760) a round salt on
three feet was introduced (Nos.
42 and 44), a form that is still
made, A style that has always

No. 46 (1809)

been very popular is the oval

pierced gallery salt (Nos. 45 and 47), with a glass lining
and on four feet, which came into use about the middle
of the eighteenth century. At the end of that century the
oval form on a foot (No. 43), with-
out piercing, and frequently with
two handles, was prevalent. Some-
times we find the oval ones oc-
tagonal in form, as the one hall-
marked 1809 (No. 46). The other
forms (Nos. 48 and 49) are of nineteenth<entury manu-
facture.

SALTS 89

Concerning the position of the hall-marks on salts, no rule
can be given for the early ones, but for the last one hun-
dred and fifty years the marks have generally been placed
on the bottom.

CHAPTER HI

CUPS

FOR thousands of years drinking<ups have been made
of many different kinds of material and formed into
countless shapes. Cups of gold or of silver were made
from the earliest times. As far back in history as the time
of Joseph we read of the "cup, the silver cup" that was put
in Benjamin's sack (Genesis 44: 2).

In the Middle Ages the wine-cup was an important article
of plate, made, as a rule, of some rare or costly material,
it was frequently of great size, with an elaborate cover.
When it stood on a foot it was called a hanap. The
chief guest at a feast was served from the hanap by the
cup-bearer, who held an important place in a nobleman's
household, for it was he who, before serving, tested or
"essayed" the wine, to determine whether it contained
poison. This office of cup-bearer is of great antiquity,
for we read in Nehemiah r. 2 : "I was the king's cup-
bearer."

Mr. Cripps says in his "Old English Plate": "The splen-

92 OLD LONDON SILVER

dor of the cup marked the consequence of him who used it;
. . . they were often known, not only in the household of
the owner, but even in the district in which he lived, by
special names, and the custody of the cup has signified the
ownership of an estate."

The grace-cup in the Middle Ages was handed around
the table after grace had been said at the end of a meal.
Our ancestors said grace both before and after eating. The
origin of the grace-cup is thus accounted for: Margaret
Atheling, the English consort of Malcolm ill of Scotland (died
1093), was so disgusted with the way in which the royal
guests would leave the table as soon as their appetites were
appeased that she promised those who remained to
hear grace a draught ot choicest Rhenish wine from a
large golden cup, which was thereafter called the grace-
cup.

Robert Burton, in his "Anatomy of Melancholy," pub-
lished in 1 62 1 , says : " As a corollary to conclude the feast,
and continue their mirth, a grace cup came in to cheer their
hearts, and they drank healths to one another again and
again." More than a century later Robert Lloyd (1733-
1764) writes:

' ' A draught from this cup,
And dinner, grace, and grace cup done,
Expect a wond'rous deal of fun."

This custom is still practised in colleges, at the Lord
Mayor's feast and at state banquets, in drinking from the

CUPS 93

grace-cup, two persons rise, and while one drinks the other
stands by his side to protect him.

The "wassail bowl "Was used by the Anglo-Saxons, it
was a bowl, or cup, filled with spiced ale, and on New
Year's day was partaken of by all. After the introduction
of Christianity the monks adopted this old custom, but
called the vessel "poculum caritatis" (or cup of love), and
this term is still used in the London Livery Companies. This
is the probable origin of the expression "loving cup." A
distinction was made at one time between a two-handled
and a three-handled cup. The former was called a parting-
or stirrup-cup and the latter a loving-cup. To Lord Lyons
( 1 8 1 7- 1 887) is credited the following anecdote :

"King Henry of Navarre (i 533-1610), whilst hunting, became separated from
his companions, and, feeling thirsty, called at a wayside inn for a cup of wine.
The serving maid on handing it to him as he sat on horseback, neglected to pre-
sent the handle. Some wine was spilt over, and His Majesty's white gauntlets
were soiled. While riding home, he bethought him that a two-handled cup would
prevent a recurrence of this, so His Majesty had a two-handled cup made at the
Royal Potteries and sent it to the inn. On his next visit, he called again for
wine, when, to his astonishment, the maid (having received instructions from her
mistress to be very careful of the King's cup), presented it to him, holding it to
herself by each of its handles. At once the happy idea struck the King of a cup
with three handles, which was promptly acted upon, as His Majesty quaintly re-
marked, ' Surely out of three handles 1 shall be able to get one.' Hence the Loving
Cup."

Whether this pretty story be true or false we are not pre-
pared to say, but the fact remains that there are very few old
silverthree-handledcups in existence. We haveonly seen one,
and that was in the Dunn-Gardner collection . At the present
day a cup with two or more handles is called a loving<up.

94 OLD LONDON SILVER

We now come to the consideration of the different kinds
of cups that were made in England from time to time. On
account of the large number of examples that we desire to
illustrate and describe, this chapter will be a pictorial one to
a great extent ; but the description of each style will be found
either below the illustration or on the page facing it. As tar
as possible the illustrations are chronologically arranged.

The hall-marks on the early cups were very often on the
side, but this was not always the case. In George Il's time
(1727- 1 760) and during part of George Hi's reign (1760-
1820) they were placed in almost all cases underneath.
During the early part of the nineteenth century they no
longer appear on the bottom but usually on the side, near
the handle, or occasionally on the outside rim of the base.
At present they are put on the side.

HORN CUPS

Drinking-horns were used in the fourteenth and fifteenth
centuries, but only a few have come down to us. The one
illustrated (No. 50) is the oldest known, it is made of
buffalo horn, and is silver-mounted, but the mountings are
probably of Elizabethan date. John Goldcome, alderman,
presented this horn cup to the Guild of Corpus Christi,
about the year 1347. This guild was instrumental in
founding the college of the same name, and the horn even-
tually became the property of the college.

From remote antiquity came the superstitious belief in
horn as an antidote to poison. The horn was supposed
to vibrate if it touched a substance containing poison.
This superstition prevailed as late as the sixteenth century.

The horn of the fabled unicorn was especially prized, and
enormous prices were paid for it. Thomas Dekker, in the
"Gull's Horn Book, "published in 1609, speaks of "the uni-
corn, whose horn is worth a city." A medieval prince who
possessed a small piece of this horn would attach it to a
chain, dip it into the wine before partaking, and thus make
the poison test.

The horns of the narwhal and rhinoceros were sold by
the unscrupulous medieval merchants as genuine unicorn.
The form of this fabulous animal of India, with the body of
a horse and one horn, is well known as the sinister sup-
porter of the royal arms of England.

No. 50 (middle of fouiteenth century)

THE WAY THE HORN WAS USED

Frwn '^Th* ConnoiHiur"

CUPS 97

No. 51. Oltrich Egg Cup (fou

During the Middle Ages ostricli eggs were believed to be
the eggs of the griffin, a fanciful creature, half lion and half
eagle, whose form is familiar as it appears in architecture and
heraldry. The cup above was probably given to Corpus
Christi Guild, in 1342, by Henry Tangmer. The egg is
now broken, being held together only by the silver mount-
ing which was made in 1593. Ostrich egg cups, some-
times all of silver, were made as late as the seventeenth cen-
tury, but only a few are in existence.

98 OLD LONDON SILVER

No S2. CocoanutCup (etrly fifteenth century)
At N.» Colligt, Oiford. Hfight. B Incho

Cocoanuts were blown across the Indian Ocean from Sey-
chelles, where the cocoanut palm flourished, and before
their source was known, marvelous stories were recounted
as to their origin. They were much prized and often
mounted with silver into cups. There are but few in exist-
ence, and the earliest known is the one shown above, which
is beautifully mounted in silver parcel gilt. One of the
seventeenth century in the Dunn-Gardner collection was sold
for ;^96o. Cocoanut cups have been made entirely of silver.

CUPS 99

No.53. The "Anathema" Cup (1481)

W Ptmbrtk. CbIIi<>. CvKbndi*. Mtight. BJi mch,,

This cup derives its name from the inscription which it
bears — Qui alienavent anathema sit (Cursed be he who
steals this). It was formerly enameled, and the foot
is removable. It is interesting as being the earliest
hall-marked cup thus far found and the second earliest
hall-marked article known. It was given to the college in
1497 by Thomas Langton, who was appointed Archbishop
of Canterbury in 1 500.

OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 54(1521)

Fisn>ChMttil'>CtUl0|

Very small cups were peculiar to the early sixteenth cen-
tury. The one of this kind which we illustrate was sold at
the Dunn-Gardner sale for ;^4ioo, or about £i')o per
ounce, probably the highest price ever paid for any single
piece of English hall-marked silver. Considering the size
and weight, and that others of as early date exist, the price
seems extraordinary. At the same sale another bowl-
shaped cup, of about the same date (i 525), of less weight,
but almost as desirable, brought only ^^880, which was
considered a fair price. An explanation of the ;^4ioo bid
for the little Tudor cup is perhaps to he found in the fact
that England and America were competing for it, and Eng-
land, in the person of Mr. J. A. Holms, won.

CUPS

No. 55. The Howard Cup (1525). Halehl, 13X inches

This cup of ivory and silver is decorated witli pearls and
gems. On tlie cover is the figure of St. George and the
dragon. It once belonged to Baron Berl<eley, who died in
1532. His grandson married a daughter of Henry Howard,
Earl of Surrey, and the cup has probably been in the family
ever since. English cupsof ivory and silverare seldom found.

OLD LONDON SILVER

>. 56. Melon Cup (1563). Height, lOJi inches

Melon, calabash, or gourd cups were so called from their
resemblance to the dried shell of the gourd. They were
first made in the middle of the sixteenth century. The one
shown above is the earliest hall-marked example known.

CUPS 103

No 57. ThsCockaynB Cup (1565)

Hiight, 1«M ir>ch... W.ighl, 71 01.
0»n>r,lh« Compiny ar Skinnari. From lionmong...' HtH CtUlogg.

This cock cup is one of a set of five, all of wliich are silver-
gilt. Its form has a punning significance — the donor's
name being ]V1r. William Cockayne. He bequeathed them
to the company in his will dated October 24, 1 598. When
in use the head is removed. Silver cups in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries were made in the form of various
birds and animals, a style borrowed from the Augsburg and
Nuremberg silversmiths, and the custom spread even to
Italy. It will be remembered that Baron Bradwardine, in
Scott's " Waverley," had a drinking-cup in the form of a
bear.

104 OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 58. Hanap or Stinclin£ Cup (1616)
*I SI. John'! CDlKia, Ci^bridgf

A radical departure was made in the form of the standing
cup of the second half of the sixteenth century.

The above, though later in date, is a beautiful example of
a typical Elizabethan design. It is richly ornamented in
Renaissance style, and of a form copied from the German
cups of the same period.

CUPS 105

No. 59 Standing Cup (early sever

The early seventeenth century was the period of the in-
verted cone-shape cup, but there are a few in existence known
to have been made about fifty years later.

Instead of a statuette on the cover, a steeple generally ap-
pears, in this respect resembling the steeple salts of the same
era. (See No. 39.) A cup of this fashion, made in 1604,
nineteen inches high and weighing 66 ■ oz., was sold in the
Dunn-Gardner sale for ^4,000.

io6 OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 60 (early seventeenth century) No. 61 (1619)

These three cups, which in form resemble the Venetian
glass cups of the same period, are very good specimens of
the different styles of small drinking-cups used in England
from about 1550 to 1700. No. 61 was sold for ;^52o in
the Dunn-Gardner sale.

A cup shaped like No, 60 was used as a communion
cup in Scotland during the first half of the sixteenth century.
No. 60 resembles in form the cup from which Charles 1 took
his last communion just before his execution. That sad
relic was made in 1629, and is the property of the Duke of
Portland, who permitted it to be exhibited at the Ormond
Hospital Loan Collection in July, 1902.

BEAKERS

Beakers are of cylindrical form, and, as a rule, taper a little
towards the spreading foot. They have no handles, and
seldom are found with covers.

The " Founder's Cup " at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, is a
beaker, and it was, perhaps, made in the fourteenth century ;
but it was not until the last half of the sixteenth century that
any number were produced. They were quite common in
the first quarter of the seventeenth century, and those of
small size were used as drinking-cups. But the increasing
manufacture of glass drinking-vessels in England during the
seventeenth century soon put the silver beaker in the back-
ground. Horn was a very common material for making
beakers.

One seldom meets with a large English beaker such as
the fine example on the following page (No. 63), but Holland
and Germany have produced many large as well as small

ones.

107

CUPS 109

). M. The Burleigh Cup<t6a4)

*.ight, UJi inciiu. W.iBM, ^SiC 01.

A large goblet-shaped cup on a baluster stem was intro-
duced in the early part of the seventeenth century, and con-
tinued in vogue for about seventy-five years. They were
sometimes elaborately chased, as in the case of the Pepys
Cup (1677) at Clothworkers' Hall. The cup illustrated
above derives its name from the donor, who was the fourth
Earl of Salisbury.

OLD LONDON SILVER

No.65. A NestofTumblsr

In the seventeenth century these quaint little drinking-
cups were first made, and became popular In the colleges.
The bottom was heavy and rounded, so that the cup would
rock at the touch, but right itself eventually — hence the
name tumbler. It was the custom to empty the cup by a
single draught before putting it down ; for if placed on the
table with any liquor in it, it would, at the slightest touch,
be true to its name and tumble over. One of the cups is
smaller than the other, and fits into the larger when not in
use, which accounts for the expression, " nest of cups."

CAUDLE-CUPS

Caudle-cups, which were used for a warm drink, com-
posed of ale, sugar, eggs, bread and spices, were first made
early in the seventeenth century. They are always of the
same general form, bulging out at the foot and tapering
towards the top.

At first they were quite plain with ring handles. In
Charles II's time (1660- 1685) the handles were larger and
decorative. The chasing of the cup, cover and salver was
very ornate, with animals, birds, and acanthus or tulip
leaves, a popular decoration at that time. No. 67, on the
opposite page, is of the fashion we have described. It is
rare to find these cups complete — that is, with cover and
salver.

The silver caudle-cup, also called posset-cup, was the
first two-handled cup ever made in England. Posset in
the time of Charles II was a popular and luxurious bever-
age composed of hot milk, curdled by the infusion of liquor.
Mr. Cripps says: "The curd floated above the liquor, and
rising into the narrow part of the cup, could be easily re-
moved, leaving the clear fluid at the bottom."

"After supper to dancing and singing till about twelve at niglit ; and then we
had a good sack possett for them, and an excellent cake."

Pepys' Diary, Jan. 6, i66y.

1 1 1

No. 66 (1690)

'fom th* Ounn.acdn.r C>l

CUPS 113

Porringers, for porridge or soup, were first made in the
last half of the seventeenth century. They differ from caudle-
cups in that the sides are straight and not curved. The
acanthus leaf decoration is often seen on them. No. 68 is
engraved with Chinese figures. No. 69 is a' typical Queen
Anne style, with fluting and a shield.

"And often after sunset, sir,
When it is bright and fair,
I lal<e my little porringer.
And eat my supper there."

IVilliavi WordsKorlh, " iVe j^reSeven" liygj).

BLACK-JACKS

Black-jacks were common all through the seventeenth
century. They were made of leather, and often with silver
mountings, as in Nos. 70 and 7 1 . Some were of moderate
size, others very large, in which case the model was the jack-
boot, reaching above the knee, such as are now worn by
the Life Guards. We read in Heywood's " Philocotho-
nista ; or, Drunkard Opened, Dissected and Anatomized,"
published in 1 63 5 : " Small jacks we have in many ale-
houses ofthecitie and suburbs, lipt with silver: blackjacks
and bombards at the Court ; which when the Frenchmen
first saw, they reported at their return into their countrey
that the Englishmen used to drinke out of their bootes."

In the time of Cromwell, on account of the scarcity of
silver, this form of cup became quite common.

" But oh, oh! his nose doth show

How oft Black Jack to his lips doth go."

'* Simon the Cellarer."

At the present time we sometimes meet with jacks made
of tin japanned black, the edge being left bright, in imita-
tion of the old leather ones with silver rims.

114

No. 70(1673)
Owntr. M'. Robtn Koa, N*.

Ii6 OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 72(1701)

In Queen Anne's time (1702-1714) the two-handled
cup stood on a low, spreading base. The handles were
without decoration, and the body of the cup was generally
perfectly plain — the one illustrated above being an excep-
tion in this respect.

CUPS 117

lo. 73. Cup with Strapwork (1715)

In George ll's time ([727-1760) more ornamentation
was used ; and what is called the strap decoration, with
a plain encircling band around the middle of the cup, was
much employed. The above illustration is a typical exam-
ple of this fashion, which lasted until the more florid style
of the same reign was introduced.

n8 OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 74. By Paul Lamerie (1739)

The silversmiths of George Us time, inspired by their
leader, Paul de Lamerie, produced cups with fancy handles,
and of very ornate design, consisting of masks, flowers,
birds, insects, elaborate scrolls, etc.

The illustration (No. 74) shows one of Lamerie's most
important examples.

SILVER-GILT TWO-HANDLED CUP

No. 75. • By Paul Lamerie (1742)
Owner, Rev. Alfred Ouane Pell, New York

In No. 75 we have another Lamerie cup, in which we see
two distinct changes. The handles are quite different from
those used heretofore, and resemble those found on wine-
coolers. The form of the body of the cup is more pear-
shaped, a style first used in George ll's time and popular
for about twenty-five years.

CUPS 119

The prevailing form for cups in the early part of the
reign of George 111 (1760-1820) seems to have been like
the above; they were sometimes plain, but more often had
chased flowers or scrolls, and large ornamental handles.

OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 77 (1774)

The last quarter of the eighteenth century produced the
vase-shaped cup. Wreaths, medallions, scrolls, flutes and
acanthus leaves were employed in their decoration.

CUPS

Near the close of the eighteenth century the urn-shaped
cup, modeled after classical designs, became the ruling
form. It will be seen that the handles are now more
extended, reaching to the base — a fashion introduced about
1780, and lasting well into the nineteenth century.

SILVER-GILT TWO-HANDLED CUP

No. 79(1811)

In the nineteenth century the forms of the eighteenth-cen-
tury cups have been reproduced, especially the vase and urn
shapes. In this may be seen the grape-vine decoration, fre-
quently employed during the first quarter of the century.

fe < • <..

• k

No. 80 (1561)
THE EARLIEST HALL-MARKED TANKARD KNOWN

F'Drti Ihi BuTlinglgn Fini Alti CiIiIdeu*

CHAPTER IV

TANKARDS

ORIGINALLY the name "tankard" meant a vessel for
carrying water, but about the middle of the sixteenth
century it came to denote an article that was principally
utilized for holding beer. It superseded the beaker, and
was an improvement upon that article in that the tankard
had a lid and a handle. Tankards are scarcely ever found
except in beer-drinking countries ; that is why so many old
German, Norwegian and English are in existence.

The earliest hall-marked tankard known is of the year
1561 (No. 80), and is made of bone and silver, the bone
being used in order to detect any poisonous substance
present in the beverage. It was believed that the bone or
horn would become agitated on coming into contact with
the poison. Tankards were also made of crystal and silver.
The crystal was supposed to show the presence of poison
by becoming clouded. In those days poison was greatly
feared, and the wealthy were consequently very cautious
about eating their food unless it had been tested ; and they

were equally particular about what they drank.

125

126 OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 81 (1673)

Id brChiilttlltoS.reiJ'nundbu',

Tankards, at first, were small, holding about a pint;
they generally tapered toward the top, and were often
chased or elaborately engraved, as in No. 82.

In looking at the tankard just mentioned two encircling
bands will be observed. These are " survivals" of the old
crystal or bone tankard, on which they were necessary in
order to attach the handles to the body. Bands are often
seen on tankards of later date; frequently only one band
appears, as in No. 84. Even at the present day tankards
are often made with the encircling band, although it no

No. 82 (15?1)

Enfilirtd with fruit and flo'al icroll Mgrk. At Ssud Kcilifipon

128 OLD LONDON SILVER

No.B3(1681)

lacoritiox. SoJiJ ■! 1K> I

April, l^oipfar^jM

longer serves any purpose, as it generally does not touch
the handle, but to the connoisseur it remains as a vestige
of ancient time.

At the commencement of the seventeenth century tan-
kards were made much larger, sometimes a foot in height,
with the sides straight, and often chased with sea monsters,
flowers, fruits and strapwork. During the Commonwealth
(1649-1660) a new style was introduced. This tankard
was low, holding about a quart; the handle was large, and
the lid flat and projecting over the sides (No. 81). There
was often a crude sort of whistle at the lower end of the
handle for summoning the waiter. No. 84 has this feature.

TANKARDS I2g

Sometimes an acanthus leaf pattern appears on this type of
tanl<ard (No. 83), but it is, as a rule, without ornament.

A peculiar feature of some of the tankards of this period
was the pegging of the inside. The pegs were placed at
equal distances, to determine each man's portion. The
number of pegs varied according to the size of the tankard.
The early English pegged vessels are supposed to have been
invented by St. Dunstan (925-988), the celebrated church-
man and silversmith whose portrait maybe seen on page 3.

Many quarrels arose in the inns at this time, when the
liquor was served in one vessel, as to the portion each
man was entitled to receive. To remedy this difficulty,
St. Dunstan induced King Edgar to demand that the drink-
ing-vessels should be pegged, and to punish each one that

130 OLD LONDON SILVER

imbibed more than his portion. Like many prohibitory
laws, the opposite result was obtained. The law was con-
strued to mean that if one drank short of his peg, or beyond
it, then it was incumbent on him to drink once more, and still
again, if necessary, until the liquor was on a line with some
peg, or perchance had disappeared. Therefore we find in
Archbishop Anselm's Canons, made in 1 102, that " priests
were enjoined not to go to drinking bouts, nor to drink to
pegs." The expression, " to be in a merry pin," undoubt-
edly originated from the jovial custom of drinking beyond
or just short ot the peg; and the saying, "to take a person
a peg lower," or, as it sometimes appears, " to take one

TANKARDS 131

down a peg or two, "is likewise traceable to thetanl<ard, for
to jiumble a person is lil<e diminishing tiie liquor peg by peg.

In Hone's " Every Day Book " there is pictured and de-
scribed a peg tankard made of oak, that was taken from the
ancient Abbey of Glastonbury. The writer after describing
it states that it was probably used ' ' before the Norman
Conquest." St. Dunstan, who was the Abbot of Glaston-
bury about 950, perhaps had this tankard made as a sam-
ple to show King Edgar.

About the time of Queen Anne (1702-1714) the tankard
was made higher than the one of the Commonwealth
period, the handle smaller, the body quite plain as a rule,
the lid domed, and a band frequently encircled the body
part (No. 84). Tankards of this period were not always
without decoration, as may be seen in No. 85.

132 OLD LONDON SILVER

In "The History of Signboards" we are informed that
silver tankards were very common in the taverns about the
time of Queen Anne, and that at the " Bull's Head " "every
poor mechanic drank in plate." The tankards varied in
size, and were distinguished by different names; thus at
the " Sweet Apple" tavern there were the "Lamb," the
"Lion," the "Peacock," etc. We imagine the "Lamb"
represented a drink that was less alcoholic than "the Lion."
At the "Raven," in Fetter Lane, each tankard was named
after some victory. These tankards are thus described in
"Vade Mecum for Maltmorms," published in Queen Anne's
time:

"Massy tankards form'd- of silver plate,
That walk throughout his noted house in state ;
Ever since Eaglesfield in Anna's reign,
To compliment each fortunate campaign.
Made one be hammer'd out for every town was ta'en."

"The History of Signboards" remarks : "We may sup-
pose each tankard named after a victory — the greater the
victory, the greater the tankard."

On account of the large plain surfaces of many of the
tankards made in the first half of the eighteenth century we
frequently find them engraved with large monograms, crests,
inscriptions, and occasionally with elaborate scenes. No.
89 is copied from an old print. It is an impression from a
silver tankard, and was engraved on the metal by the artist
William Hogarth for a society composed of artists, who used
to assemble once a week at the "Bull's Head" in Clare

TANKARDS 133

No. B7. Chased Tankard (1748)

Market. Hogarth was a member of this club. We have
seen in the Introduction how lie was apprenticed in his
early life to a silversmith, and although he must have en-
graved much silver, we do not know of any piece of plate
that one can say, with certainty, was engraved by him, ex-
cept the silver tankard here mentioned. This engraving has
been highly praised.

In the first quarter of the eighteenth century a new form
was introduced ; in this the sides are no longer straight, but
there is a swelling out of the body near the foot. See the
one hall-marked 1781 (No. 86). We sometimes find tan-
kards, made in the eighteenth century, that are very ornate

IM OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 88. Tankard (1764)

in their cliasing, and with elaborate covers (No. 87). They
resemble the German tankards of that period.

in the last quarter of the eighteenth century still another
style was developied. It was straight sided, often with two
sets of lines, one at the top and one at the bottom, and
resembled a beer-mug in its form (No. 88).

Many of the forms that we have considered in this article
were reproduced in the nineteenth century, especially the
two shapes represented in Nos. 84 and 86.

Tall tankards, very elaborately decorated with figures
and weighing over a hundred ounces, have been made for
presentation purposes (No. 90).

TANKARDS 135

As a general rule the hall-marks on the early tankards
were placed to the right of the handle and also on top of
the lid. In the time of George II (1727-1760) the marks
were often on the bottom and inside the lid, and in the
late George 111 period (1760-1820) they were seldom found
in any other place, a rule that has been observed up to
the present time.

No. 89. Impression fiom a Silver Tankard

CHAPTER V

Bowls, Cisterns, Wine-coolers and Punch-ladles

THE earliest bowls were known as mazers, and were of
wood, with silver mountings (No. 91). In various col-
lections, at colleges and elsewhere, are examples covering
three centuries. Mr. Cripps in his " Old English Plate " has
an exhaustive chapter on this subject, with many illustra-
tions, and enumerates over sixty references to them in various
books, wills and other documents, from 1253 to 1592.

The Monteith Punch-bowl, so called after a gentleman of
that name who was in the habit of wearing a scalloped coat,
is peculiar in that the rim, which had scallops in which to
hang the glasses, was removable, and could be taken off
when the bowl was in use. They were first made in the
early Britannia period, and were usually of a fluted pattern,
with two ring handles hanging from lions' mouths. Our
example, however, though one of the earliest, is of another
pattern, and without handles (No. 92).

Reference to the illustrations (Nos. 93, 94, 95) will show
that at one period bowls were ornate and somewhat shallow,
but later became plainer in pattern, deeper and more capacious.

'37

I. 91 (fifteenth century)
South Ktmlngtan Mumrifl

BOWLS, CISTERNS. ETC. 139

No. 95 is one of a set of four that were presented by the
Prince of Wales (afterwards George Hi) to the Beefstealc
Club. They are engraved with the royal arms and "Long
Live the King" on one side, and on the other with the
arms of the club and " Beef and Liberty."

There seems to have been no limit to the size of some
punch-bowls, which were sometimes made to be used at
the celebration incident to the coming of age of the heir in a
noble family.

No. 96 is called a punch-bowl, but it is more like the
immense oval bowls which were known as cisterns, and of
which notable examples exist, made from the time of Charles
11 ( 1 660-1 685) to George 11 (1727-1760). The most im-
portant specimen known, made by Charles Kandler in
1734, and weighing about 8000 ounces, with a capacity of
sixty gallons, is at the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg. An
interesting allusion to these wine-coolers is in the following
from Greville's Journal :

"August 31, 1830, Sefton gave me an account of the dinner in St. George's
Hall, at Windsor, on the King's birthday, which was magnificent, excellent and
well served. Bridge, (the silversmith, of Rundell and Bridge), came down with
the plate, and was hid during the dinner behind the great wine cooler, which
weighs 7000 ounces, and he told Sefton afterward that the plate in the room was
worth ;^20o,ooo. There is another service of gold plate, which was not used at
all. The King has made it over to the crown. All this plate was ordered by the
late King, (George IV) and never used; his delight was ordering what the public
had to pay for."

Another from Fitzgerald's "Life and Times of William IV":

"The royal plate made a splendid show at the Coronation banquet. ... It
includes a gold service ordered by George IV, which will dine one hundred and

No, 95 (1752)
on of Mr. H*b(i R. Biihop, N«* Yorl

BOWLS, CISTERNS, ETC. 141

fifty persons, and one of the finest wine coolers in the world, added to the collec-
tion by the same monarch. . . . And thirty dozen plates, worth ;£ 10,000."

The comparatively modern wine-cooler for a single bottle
is always of some vase form ; one of the best being the copy
of the celebrated Warwick Vase (No. 97).

The hall-marks on bowls are usually on the bottom, but
on the earlier ones often on the side. We would here note
a caution in regard to bowls with marks on the sides,
when the marks are upside down, or very close together,
or in any other way irregular. Such bowls have been made
over from other articles, generally from dish-covers, which,
having gone out of use, are being turned into something
more salable.

We give an illustration of a collection of punch ladles
(No. 98). A few years ago they were quite abundant, and
we should infer that at one time every household must have
had one, but now they are rather scarce. They often have
a coin, sometimes of gold, set in the bottom, and almost
always handles of whalebone or infrequently of wood.

The older ones are usually hall-marked, but in no partic-
ular place, and in later examples the hall-mark does not
always appear.

r Pjnch-Bowl Belongmg to the Duke of Rutland

No. 98, Punch-Ladlss at South Kensington Museum

CHAPTER VI
Candlesticks, Sconces and Candelabra

CANDLESTICKS

THE date of the introduction of the candlestick is some-
what of a mystery, but it was undoubtedly first used
in the Christian era. The Old Testament speaks of the
golden candlestick, but the lights of that sacred object
were lamps, and not candles.

The Romans had a crude sort of candle which resem-
bled the modern torch, but it was not until the third cen-
tury that candles, in the present sense of the word, were
first used, and then only in the church.

We are inclined to the belief that the institution of Can-
dlemas Day was the occasion, if indeed it was not the cause,
of the adoption of the candlestick. This festival was insti-
tuted by Pope Gelasius in the fifth century, to commem-
orate the presentation of the child Jesus in the Temple.

it will be remembered that when Simeon beheld the
child he broke out in a song of thanksgiving, in which he
used the words, ' ' A light to lighten the Gentiles, and the
glory of thy people Israel." This text was the basis of

Candlemas Day, and, as the name implies, candles were an

145

146 OLD LONDON SILVER

important feature in the ceremony, which consisted of a
procession of the clergy, who blessed and distributed the
candles that were to be used throughout the year. Hence
the origin of the old English couplet :

"On Candlemass Day
Throw candle and candlestick away."

The large number of candles used on this occasion neces-
sitated something to place them in, and to this need, there-
fore, we trace the origin of the candlestick.

At first the candlestick was probably made of wood, the
word " candlestick" suggesting that it was a pointed stick
upon which the candle was placed ; but in a short time the
precious metals were used to make both candlesticks and
candelabra, with which to adorn the altar and make the
service more impressive.

In the year 1 548, during the reign of Edward VI, the fes-
tival of Candlemas Day was prohibited as a Popish institu-
tion, but it continued to be observed in the Catholic churches.
It was not until the end of the thirteenth century that can-
dles were in general use in England ; they were then for
the first time made of tallow ; before that time they were
of wax.

Pricket candlesticks were the earliest. The pricket was a
sharp point on the top of the shaft to hold the candle, and
was usually surrounded by a saucer to catch the drippings.
These were probably first made during the middle ages, but

CANDLESTICKS 147

it was not until the twelfth century that they were used
on the altars of churches. The oldest in existence is the re-
nowned Gloucester candlestick, made
early in the twelfth century and given
to the Church of St. Peter at Glouces-
ter. This most ornate piece is now
in the South Kensington IVluseum,
having been purchased in 1861 for
^651.

Many of the English cathedrals had
pricket candlesticksin the Middle Ages,
but in the sixteenth century they
came to be considered ' ' monuments
of superstition" and were destroyed.

It was probably in this same cen-
tury that the next form appeared
— the style that is in use to-day.
The pricket has disappeared and in
its place is a socket which holds
the candle. G.....,.!'c..d,„,.»

That socket candlesticks were •<•'•-<, •,•->«

known in the sixteenth century is proved by a painting in
Munich by Schorea), who died in 1 560. From this picture,
which is reproduced in Shaw's " Dresses and Decorations,"
it is evident that the candlesticks were of some gilt metal, and
judging from the appointments of the room, probably a

148 OLD LONDON SILVER

No. ]00<about 1665}

f,om Ouilingtsn FintAitl Cltltocut

precious metaL No. loo is one of the earliest specimens
known of table candlestick ; it is a rather short fluted
column, in a saucer-shaped depression in a square base.

The next form (No. loi), of the time of William 111(1695-
1702), shows more decoration in form and fluting. The
pair illustrated are from the famous Dunn-Gardner collection,
for many years loaned to the South Kensington Museum,
and sold in April, 1902.

About the time ot Queen Anne (1702-1714) there was
quite a departure from the previous form of the candlestick,
and the stem or shaft was made in a baluster shape. This
general form continued for some time ; at first they were

CANDLESTICKS

•49

im\\\

'«'«iS«*i»>

y//##Miaiiiiiuv'

7/##iitiiaiil%%%v

No. 101 (1698)

made quite plain, but later more ornamentation appears.
No. 102 is a good example of this style.

After this, and principally during the time of George II
(1727- 1 760), a heavier and more massive style was made.
They were cast, in distinction from being hammered, and
this is indicated by an unfinished roughness underneath.
The hall-marks are on the inside edge of the base, not to-
gether, but in separate places, and, owing to the rough sur-
face, often difficult to distinguish. Some of this kind were
quite plain ; some had a simple shell ornament (No. 103) ;
others were more elaborate, with flowers, scrolls, heads of
animals, etc. The plainer patterns had generally a square
base, with rounded corners, while in those with much detail
of ornament the base was usually round.

Early in the reign of George III (1760- 1820) another design
was introduced ; it was taller and patterned after the Co-

150

OLD LONDON SILVER

No. 102(1714)
Owner, Rev. Alfred Duane Pell. New York

rinthian column (No. 104). These almost always had noz-
zles or socket pans to catch the melting wax or tallow.
Prior to George 11 nozzles were seldom used. If found on
candlesticks made in the seventeenth century, they have
most likely been added at a later date.

No. 103(1759)

At South Kensington Museum

CANDLESTICKS

151

In the latter part of the eighteenth century, Josiah Wedg-
wood's designs, ornate with flowers, festoons or masl<s, were
adopted. Nos. 105 and 106 are of this period.

At this time sod<ets were made in the form ot an urn,
carrying out the classical idea then predominant in all works

152

OLD LONDON SILVER

of art (No. 106). In the nineteenth century many of the
styles mentioned have been reproduced. Those by the
celebrated silversmith Paul Storr, illustrated in No. 107,
are most elaborate in detail and workmanship.

CANDLESTICKS 153

Small oindlesticks for holding tapers for sealing, and clip
andlesticks for holding a coiled taper for the same purpose,
were made as early as the Queen Anne period.

Hand or chamber candlesticks are frequently met with.
No. 1 08 shows a good example, with the extinguisher on the
handle and the snuffers in an opening in the stem. It is
seldom that they are found complete, as the snuffers have
generally been lost. Many chamber candlesticks can be
found of the time of George 11! and a few exist of the time
of William 111.

The old custom of auction sale "by inch of candle" is
interesting. A small piece of candle was lighted and allowed
to burn itself out, and the last bidder before the flame ex-
pired was the successful purchaser. For this purpose spe-
cial candle-holders have been made of silver. The custom

154 OLD LONDON SILVER

is of medieval origin, and was common in England and
Scotland for many years. About twenty-five years ago it
was still practised in some towns north of the Tweed. Foi
over five hundred years sales ' ' by inch of candle " were
held in the city of Bremen on every Friday afternoon. In
the year 1 883 the municipal authorities of that city abolished
the custom.

In Townsend's " Manual of Dates " the interesting infor-
mation is given that "in excommunication by inch of can-
dle, the sentence was not passed upon the offender if he
repented before the candle burnt out."

We do not know when

"The butcher, the baker, the candlestick-maker,"

was written, but it is evident, from the connection, that the
last-mentioned was one of the important members of the
community ; in fact, there have been many English silver-
smiths who never made anything but candlesticks.

Silver sconces are quite rare. Good examples, made in
1685, can be seen at Lord Sackville's historical mansion,
Knole, at Seven Oaks, in a room entirely furnished with
silver.

No. 109 (about 169a)

156 OLD LONDON SILVER

No 110 1754)

CANDELABRA

The ancient Romans had candelabra, but when in Latin
writers we meet with the word candelabrum, we must un-
derstand it, in most cases, to mean a support for a lamp or
lamps. The candelabra were made of different materials,
including the precious metals. Most of those that have
been excavated, and that we find in museums, are of bronze.
They are from twelve inches to ten feet in height, and gen-
erally of the same form — the base composed of three spread-
ing feet, usually those of some animal, the shaft fluted, and
the lamps suspended from or placed upon the arms. On
the top of the shaft there was sometimes a statuette. Those
found at Pompeii do not all follow this form, but are of
varied designs.

CANDELABRA 157

In 1869 some German soldiers, while near the city of
Hildesheim in Hanover, found parts of a Roman silver can-
delabrum. It was probably made in the first century, per-
haps earlier, and is now in the museum at Berlin. The
early church possessed many candelabra patterned after the
Roman form, but few, if any, examples exist. Silver can-
delabra made prior to George III are rare. No. 1 10 dates
from the previous reign.

The uprights of most candelabra are simply large candle-
sticks, which can be used separately, when desired.

The nineteenth century has produced many very elabo-
rate specimens, sometimes consisting of one centre and two
end pieces ; and, where the detail and workmanship are
elaborate, they are often heavily gilded, as in No. 1 1 1. It
is a decided advantage to have such important pieces gilded,
as the gold does not tarnish like silver.

The finest pair of candelabra we have ever seen are shown
in the following illustration (No. 112). The proportions are
perfect ; the width of the branches is just twice, and the
total height just three times the width of the base; the
distance from the lower part of the branches to the table
is also just twice the width of the base. They are very
massive, of remarkable workmanship and are heavily
gilded.

The hall-marks on the early candelabra and candlesticks
were usually underneath, but from the time of George III

rjS OLD LONDON SILVER

they have been put on the outside edge of the base, except
when, in making, the metal has been cast ; then the marks
are on the inside edge.

SILVER-GILT CANDELABRUM

No. 112(1847)

Height, 42 inches. Weight, 1700 ounces
Owner, Mrs. W. D. Sloane, New York

« - • _•-

• ,*

CHAPTER VII

Kettles, Urns, Coffee-pots, Jugs, Tea-pots, Creamers, Sugar Basins

and Baskets, Tea-caddies

BEFORE considering the different articles that go to
make up a service, it is well to say a few words about
the introduction of tea itself, in determining the genuine-
ness of a seventeenth-century silver article that is used in
serving tea, one must be careful that it post-dates the intro-
duction of tea into England.

Tea was brought to England about the middle of the
seventeenth century and was used at first for medicinal pur-
poses. In the year 1658 it was advertised as being for sale
at a certain coffee-house. Pepys in his diary of the year
1 660 speaks of drinking a cup of tea, and adds that it was for
the first time. It was in this year that a tax was imposed
on it. in 1684 the East India Company, in ordering some
tea, writes: " Thea is grown to be a commodity here." By
the end of the century it was imported in large quantifies
and the price had fallen from ^^lo to 16/- a pound. When
Qyeen Anne ( 1 702- 1 7 1 4) ascended the throne, tea was freely
consumed by the well-to-do classes, and silver tea articles
were every year being made in larger quantities.

110

KETTLES

The Anglo-Saxon kettle (cytel) was very different from the
modern one. It was more like the three-legged pots in
which gypsies cook their food.

Some silver kettles were made in Queen Anne's time, but
they did not come into general use until the two succeeding
reigns. At first they were without ornamentation and were
octagonal or globular in form. No. 113 is of the latter
description, though of later date than the period we are
considering.

As the eighteenth century advanced they became more
ornamental and were made in several forms. Examples
Nos. 114 and 115 are styles of the latter eighteenth and
early nineteenth centuries, and might be called pear shape
and reversed pear shape. The' stands are generally with
three legs and often elaborately pierced and chased. The
stand holds a lamp. These lamps, when removable, should
have the same hall-marks as the kettles. When the mark
on the lamp is of a later date, it indicates that the original
lamp has been lost and replaced.

In addition to the stands, there were sometimes three-

160

i62 OLD LONDON SILVER

cornered trays, especially for the larger kettles — a wise pre-
caution, as the spirit-lamp often boiled over, and the
burning alcohol was caught in the tray instead of spreading
on the table.

The marks on the early kettles are found generally at the
right of the handle, but for over a hundred years have been
placed on the bottom in this order :

Lion Leopard

Maker
Date Sovereign's Head
The stand should also be hall-marked on the side when
the lamp is removable ; but, when the lamp is fixed, on the
bottom of the lamp only.

URNS

The increasing consumption of tea after 1750 brought into
use a larger article than the tea-pot, and the classical ideas
then prevalent suggested the shape and gave it the name of
urn.

Cowper, in "The Task," published in 1785, writes :

" Now stir the fire, and close the shutters fast,
Let fall the curtains, wheel the sofa round,
And while the bubbling and loud hissing urn
Throws up a steamy column, and the cups
That cheer but not inebriate, wait on each,
So let us welcome peaceful evening in."

Fifty years later, we read in the " World of Fashion" for
January, 1835 :

"John's wife and John were tSte-il-tSte,
She witty was, industrious he.
Says John, I've earned the bread we've ate,
And 1, said she, have urn'd the tea."

Urns were almost always made in the form of a vase, and
both with and without handles. They were generally plain,
but were sometimes engraved and decorated with festoons
and medallions. Some were heated with a lamp, while
others had a receptacle in the centre to hold a hot iron.

The hall-marks were placed on the bottom.

163

COFFEE-POTS

Coffee was brought into England in the middle of the
seventeenth century, and soon after its introduction the
famous coffee-houses came into existence. They so in-
creased in number and popularity that in 1675 Charles II
(1 660- 1 68 5) tried to suppress them " as being resorts of
political agitators." He was, however, unsuccessful, and
for over a hundred years these coffee-houses were the clubs
of England.

As soon as a beverage comes into general favor, the silver-
smith produces a vessel in which it may be luxuriously
served; therefore one need not be surprised to find that
there is in a castle in Wales a coffee-pot of the time of
Charles II. The early coffees were tall, straight-sided,
usually plain and frequently of hexagonal form, with domed
covers. Most of the coffee-pots of the last part of the
seventeenth century and the early part of the eighteenth
have the spout at right angles to the handle (No. 116). in
the late George 1 period (17 14-1727) the spout appeared op-
posite the handle, and from that time it has almost always
been in that position. In the reign of George II {1727-

164

No. 118 (nsi)

AtSogth K*niin|tsii MuH

166 OLD LONDON SILVER

1760) the form of the coffee changed. From that time
it stood on a base with the lower part of the body slightly
bulged. No. 117 is of this description, although made
in George Ill's time (1760- 1820). As time went on it
became more shaped and decorative, as in No. 118. Some-
times they are vase shaped, as the one hall-marked 1789
(No. 120). During the late eighteenth century and for
some time after, the oval form predominated, like the one
hall-marked 1804 (No. 121). Coffee-pots seldom have
straight spouts (No. 1 19) but generally curved ; the handles
are almost always of ebony, but sometimes of ivory.

For the last one hundred and fifty years, the marks are on
the bottom when the coffee-pot is made of one piece of
silver ; but it made of two pieces (in which case the bottom
is said to be "let in"), the Goldsmiths' Hall places the
marks to the right of the handle. This rule does not apply
to coffee-pots made before 1750, as there was apparently no
rule then as to the position of the marks.

JUGS

Ordinary German stoneware jugs, often called tiger jugs
from their resemblance to a tiger's skin, were frequently
mounted with an elaborate neck and
cover, and sometimes with a foot,
by the English silversmiths of the
sixteenth century. They were used
for hot spiced drinks, and preceded
the tankard. Good examples exist
in many collections, and, when of-
fered for sale, bring high prices.
There were four in the Dunn-Gardner
sale that sold for from j£'i6oto ;^28o
each. The famous West Mailing
jug is of stoneware, with splashings
of purple, orange, green and other
^I.. 122 (1576) colors, and, in addition to the other

«is..«K...,.r.. ...... mountings, has four richly chased

vertical straps with a female figure at the top of each. This
jug was sold at Christie's in March, 1903, for ;£'i450, a
record price.

JUGS 169

Silver jugs for hot water are more recent. One of the
time of George I is known, but they were not common

until about 1770 (Nos. 123, 124, 125). They are more
frequently chased than plain, and are almost always shaped,
even the earliest. Jugs are generally without feet and the
handles are of ebony, silver covered with wicker, or of silver
alone. In the last case the handle is insulated from the
body by two ivory knobs.

What was said about the hall-marking of coffee-pots
applies also to jugs.

TEA-POTS

Silver tea-pots were made soon after the introduction of
tea into England, and some are extant of the time of
Charles II. The early ones were often hexagonal in form,
small, low and frequently chased with Chinese decorations.
As a rule the tea-pots that were made previous to 1750
were globular in form and plain (No. 126). In fact the
majority of antique tea-pots are without chasing, as are
many of nineteenth-century manufacture.

The bell-shaped tea-pot was first made in Qyeen Anne's
time and has never gone out of style (No. 127).

In the late eighteenth century many different shapes were
employed, the oval form predominating. No. 128 is of
this type; this tea-pot has the tray to match, as was often
the case with the oval style. Sometimes tea-pots had
straight spouts such as we see in No. 128, but generally
speaking they have been curved. In No. 130 we see a
melon-shaped pot, a form that has always been popular.
This was made by the celebrated silversmith Paul Storr,
who was also the maker of the elaborate service No. 129.

170

172 OLD LONDON SILVER

The hall-marks of the early tea-pots are usually found on
the bottom, but not always. For the past hundred and
fifty years the marks have almost without exception ap-
peared on the bottom.

No. 130 ( 1831 )

ir. Mn. W. Storr.W.Mi,

CREAMERS

The dainty and graceful little cream-jug, so necessary to
the tea-table, was first made about the time of Queen Anne.
It was generally plain, round, without feet, and low. In the
time of George II the creamer is found with a base ; later
on it has three feet (No. 132), but the base continues to be
found in most cases (Nos. 131, 133, 134, 135). The one
dated 1793 (No. 135) is called a helmet creamer, from its
resemblance to a helmet when turned upside down ; this
type was introduced in the time of George III. The oval
forms of the early nineteenth century are known as * ' squat
creamers " (Nos. 136, 137).

The hall-marks apf)ear on the bottom, the side, and the
front ; in fact there seems to be no rule for their position.

"73

SUGAR-BASINS 175

Sugar-basins were made to match the creamers, but
are now seldom met with. Sugar-baskets of openwork
with glass linings (No. 1 39) are also scarce, but are desir-
able if of good pattern and in good condition. The hall-
marks are on the bottom or in the piercing.

TEA-CADDIES

The earliest caddies were generally plain, and rectangular
or octagonal in shape ; they were filled by removing the
bottom, which was made to slide in grooves. All through
the reign of Queen Anne tea-caddies were made, and by the
time of George 11 they were quite common.

They were often in pairs, to hold two kinds of tea, with a
covered sugar-bowl to match (No. 140). Such sets of three
were usually kept in shagreen (shark-skin) cases.

The marks on the early caddies are found in different
places, but where the bottom slid out it was customary to
put the marks on the side and also on the bottom. For
some years the rule at the Goldsmiths' Hall has been to put
the marks on the side if the article is made of two or more
pieces of silver ; but should a caddy be made from one
piece, the Hall will mark the article in whatever place the
maker has put his mark.

CHAPTER VIII

SALVERS

UNDER this heading come trays and waiters. Trays
are of various forms and without handles. A waiter
is generally oval and has handles at the ends. Before forks
were introduced, the salver was often used to hold the ewer,
but by the end of the seventeenth century it was seldom
employed for that purpose, but was useful in another way,
namely, to hold the tea or coffee services, as well as other
articles of plate passed to the guests at table.

In Qyeen Anne's time (1 702- 17 14) we find plain salvers with
shaped edges and on three or four feet. Some of the round
trays of the time of George II (1727- 1760) and George III
( 1 760- 1 820) are often called ' ' Chippendale " because of their
resemblance to the tops of the round tables of that famous
furniture-maker (No. 141). While most of the eighteenth-
century salvers are round, some with and some without feet,
others are square, oblong, oval and shaped, and often flat,
chased or engraved. Beaded borders are ot the time of
George III, and the gadroon border, with and without shells,
dates from the same period (No. 142), as do the openwork or

"77

No. 141 (1743)

SALVERS 179

pierced borders, which were sometimes very elaborate (No.
143). Towards the end of the century, more ova! salvers
were made, the smaller without and the larger with handles.
The very large oval salvers with handles were used to hold
tea and coffee services, although they were principally em-
ployed to decorate the sideboard (No. 144).

The connoisseur in his search for antique silver will meet
with many six-inch trays of eighteenth-century manufacture.
At the present time such small salvers are used for cards,
but the question has arisen as to what was their use in the
eighteenth century. We are inclined to the belief that they
were used to hold tankards, jugs and other articles which
were apt to spill the beverage in serving. In support of this
theory we quote from Dean Swift's "Directions to Servants,"
published after his death (1745):

"Gather the drippings and leavings out of the several cups and glasses and
salvers into one."

We have already spoken of three<ornered kettle trays and
oval tea-pot trays in the chapter on kettles and tea-pots.

Some of the Queen Anne salvers have the hall-marks on
the top, but for over a hundred and seventy-five years
they have, in most cases, been placed on the bottom. In
the manufacture of the salver, when the border is made
separately and then attached, it also should be hall-marked.

No. 143 (1771)

No. 144 (1808)

i8o

CHAPTER IX

Cake-baskets and Epergnes

CAKE-BASKETS

IN the time of George II (i 727-1 760) oval pierced baskets
with handles were introduced. They were originally
bread-baskets, which accounts for the wheat-sheaves often
seen in their decoration. They are now used for fruit or
cake, and for some years have been called cake-baskets.
Those of the early George II period were rather low, fre-
quently pierced and quite heavy. Later they were lighter and
pierced like No. 1 45 . By the time of George III ( 1 760- 1 820)
the baskets were very elaborately pierced and chased, and
the stand was made to rest on four feet. No. 146 repre-
sents one of this description. Paul Lamerie produced some
very fine pierced baskets, which were decorated with flow-
ers, birds, insects, etc., in his peculiar style.

Towards the end of the eighteenth century there was not
so much piercing used, but the baskets were still oval shape,
sometimes very plain, and at other times engraved. They
were without feet, and had stands like the early ones. In
the early nineteenth century the oval shape was often aban-
doned, and the oblong or round form became popular (No.

181

CAKE-BASKETS 183

147). Baskets of the latter description were often elabo-
rately chased. The George HI type represented in No. 146
is considered the most graceful and desirable basket that has
ever been made. We have seen a basket of this period
with an ornamental pierced separation like a fence across the
centre, one side marked "Fresh " and the other "Stale," to
indicate the place for each kind of bread.

Cake-baskets prior to George 111 are almost always marked
on the bottom, but since that time the marks of the pierced
baskets are, as a rule, inside, on the piercing and near the
handle. The handles are seldom marked, but occasionally
the lion appears on them. The baskets without piercing,
which were made in the late George 111 period, are marked
either inside and opposite the handle, or underneath on the
curvature ot the body.

6 (about 1750)

EPERGNES

The early eighteenth century produced the epergne, which
is a large centrepiece for a dinner-table. At first they
were rather low, and contained besides a centre dish for
fruit or flowers, small dishes for bonbons ; some of more
importance were furnished with candlesticks and casters.
In the time of George II they were higher and mounted on
elaborate stands (No. 148).

184

EPERGNES 185

In the second half of the eighteenth century the form and
ornamentation of the epergne changed very much. It was
not as massive and heavy as the earlier ones, but light and
with fancy piercing (No. 1 49) . Thecandlesticks and casters are
no longer seen ; the article now consisting of one centre dish
and a number of little hanging baskets, and small dishes
on stands, which can be removed at pleasure for serving
bonbons.

An epergne in the form of a Chinese pagoda was often
made in the eighteenth century.

In the nineteenth century the epergnes were high and often
consisted of a number of glass dishes of different sizes, which

i86 OLD LONDON SILVER

were detachable for serving purposes. Frequently epergnes
were merely ornamental and consisted of a group of figures.
Another style was a large vase, very richly decorated, some-
times pierced and with a glass lining for holding flowers.

Each separate piece of an epergne should be Hall-marked
following the rules that apply to the separate articles.

SILVER-GILT EPERGNE WITH EIGHT
HANGING BASKETS

No. 150(1768)

:,:,•:] ,." ■••> ::,

"» T

CHAPTER X
Cruets Muffineers and Wine-funnels

CRUETS

CRUET-stands are known of the time of Queen Anne
(1702-17 14), but the most important were made from
thirty to fifty years later. Some were quite small with
two or three bottles ; others were of great size with a double
set of ten or twelve bottles.

What was evidently the most popular pattern is known as
the "Warwick frame" (No. 151). It held an all silver
muffineer, pepper and salt, and two glass bottles with silver
tops, for oil and vinegar. There are two rings in the frame
in which to put the tops of the bottles when in use. The
three pieces, muffineer, pepper and salt, usually called
" casters," are often found separate from the frames to
which they originally belonged, and as a rule are very
desirable. The piercing of some of the round cruet-frames
made from 1770 to 1780 is most elaborate — more like lace
than metal work. No. 152 is of this description.

The marks are almost always on the bottom, and the

separate pieces should be marked also.

.87

No. 1S4 (1740)

MUFFINEERS AND WINE-FUNNELS

The name of muffineers is usually given to the sets of
three casters, which were made for sugar, pepper and salt.
It seems quite likely that most of these sets were originally
in Warwick frames, and the two glass bottles have been
broken and the frames destroyed, while the muffineers re-
main (Nos. 155, 158).

Nos. 153 and 154 are fine specimens by celebrated
makers.

Single pepper-pots or casters (Nos. 156, 157) of various
sizes date from the latter part of the seventeenth century
and were sometimes made in pairs. The hall-marks are
almost always on the bottom, but on the larger and earlier
muffineers are sometimes on the side near the top of the
lower section.

Wine-funnels with a strainer (No. 159) were used to fill
the decanters. Sometimes, but not often, they were on a
small round tray (No. 160). The hall-marks on these are
generally placed on the side.

IQO

No. 156 (1791) No. 157 (IBll)

• • •

• •• -••••!

••• •-• •

CHAPTER XI

Meat-dishes, Plates, Sauce-boats, Coasters, Butter-dishes, Mustards,
Braziers, Dish-crosses

IMEAT-DISHES AND DINNER-PLATES

THERE were gold and silver plates in the Middle Ages,
but it was late in the seventeenth century before meat-
dishes and dinner-plates were used to any extent. The
earliest were made with a simple gadroon border, a style
which seems to have prevailed all through the eighteenth
century. The example No. i6i is quite a departure from
the usual oval shape. Early in the nineteenth century orna-

194 OLD LONDON SILVER

mentation became more elaborate. Shells were combined
with the gadroon border, and scrolls and other ornaments
were in favor. Large quantities of soup- and dinner-plates
were made in the first half of the last century, many dozens
often belonging to a single person, with meat-dishes, tureens,
entree-dishes, vegetable-dishes, and sauce-boats to match.

The hall-marks on plates are usually on the under side of
the flat border.

SAUCE-BOATS

A Queen Anne (1702-1714) sauce-boat is a very rare
article, for it was probably during her reign that they were
first made. In the reign of George 1 (1714-1727) more
were produced, and by the late George 11 period (1727-
1760) they had become quite common. Some of the early
ones had two handles to facilitate the passing, and they also
had a lip at each side so that the server could pour to the
right or the left. Few of these double sauce-boats were
made. In the time of George II and the early years of the
reign of George III ( 1 760- 1 820) they were almost always with
one handle. Little or no chasing appears on them (No.
163). As a rule they were on three ball-and-claw feet, and
often had lion's heads appearing above each foot (No. 162).
It will be observed that the handle is joined only at one end.
In the later ones the handle is frequently joined at both ends.
By looking at Nos. 164 and 165 this feature of the George
III sauce-boat is now seen ; also, that the three feet are now
superseded by a base. The various forms referred to above
have been reproduced year after year, with no change or
improvement.

The hall-marks appear in most cases on the bottom.

"95

COASTERS, OR BOTTLE-STANDS . 197

Many coasters, or boftie-stands, were made in the time
of George III, and a few belong to a still earlier date. The
earliest are of light pierced work (No. 166) ; later they were
fluted (No. 167), and also of openwork, with grapes and
leaves (No. 168); the latter was a favorite pattern, as being
appropriate to the wine decanter which it held. The bot-
toms are usually of wood, but sometimes of silver. They
came in pairs, and in sets of four, six and eight. In the
Demidoff sale in 1881 there was a fine massive set of eight,
which had wheels underneath to pass around the table; in
fact, the coaster proper should be on wheels. One very fine
one, made about fifty years ago for an English bishop, had
three ruby glass decanters in a row, with gilded silver
grapevine mountings in stands like No. 168, all on wheels
like a wagon. The hall-marks are in most cases on the
lower front edge, and sometimes, when pierced, in the
piercing.

198 OLD LONDON SILVER

Butter-dishes are comparatively modern. No. 169 rep-
resents ttie usual pattern.

Mustard-pots were often made in pierced openwork with
a blue glass lining to correspond with the salts of the early
George 11! period. Those represented below are of a later
date (Nos. 170, 171).

BRAZIERS AND DISH-CROSSES 199

No. 172 (1716)

Braziers and dish-crosses were the predecessors of the
chafing-dish. Silver braziers were first made about the
time of Queen Anne, and before lamps came into use they
held hot coals, with a receptacle at the bottom to receive
the ashes (No. [72).

The hall-marks are on the bottom.

Dish-crosses, introduced in the time of George II, are
made with the bars to turn around the lamp, and the
holders to slide on the bars, so they can be adapted to hold
dishes of different sizes, either round or oval (No. 173).

The hall-marks are on the bottom of the bars, each bar
having at least one mark on it. If the lamp is removable,
it also should be marked.

CHAPTER XII

FRAUDS

THE Goldsmiths' Company of London was incorporated
in the year 1327, and ever since that time there have
existed laws against the making of counterfeit silver. This
company not only assays and hall-marks London-made
silver, but it also has the right to destroy spurious articles,
and inflict fines upon those who have done the counter-
feiting.

At one time, in England, to forge plate was punishable
with death, although we do not understand that this penalty
was ever enforced. However, we do know that in the
year 1597 two goldsmiths who produced some counter-
feit silver were put in the pillory, and each had one ear
cut off.

it is not proposed to enter into the consideration of the
penalties that are now imposed for counterfeiting, but to
state briefly the different modes of forging plate, and the
means whereby one can detect such frauds. In ancient
times base metals were sometimes plated and sold as solid
silver. This is seldom, if ever, done at the present time.

201

202 OLD LONDON SILVER

Prior to the ist of October, 1844, 22-carat gold wares and
silver articles were hall-marl<ed with the same marks.
This uniformity of marks on the two metals was taken
advantage of to defraud the public by gilding a silver piece
of plate and then selling it for gold. To remedy this, a law
was passed in 1 844 which changed the hall-marks on gold
— a crown with the figure 22 was introduced in place of the
lion.

For many years silver articles have been made below the
standard, and the hall-marks surreptitiously placed upon
them. From 1784 to 1890, when there was a tax upon
every piece of silver that was made, the Goldsmiths' Com-
pany collected the duty, indicating that it had been paid by
placing upon the silver the mark of the sovereign's head.
This duty at times was eighteen pence an ounce. To avoid
paying it, the scheming silversmith would place (by means
of counterfeit punches) the hall-marks on his own silver.
This temptation to avoid taxation was removed in 1 890 by
the abolition of the duty. Before this was done, it was
easier to convict a counterfeiter of plate, for then there were
two charges on which to proceed against him, namely, fraud
and the evasion of taxes.

Frauds may be considered under the following heads:
Subtractions, Additions, Transformations, Transpositions
and Counterfeit Marks.

FRAUDS 203

SUBTRACTIONS

By the term subtraction is meant the removal of a portion
of silver from an article after it has been hall-marked; as the
foot from a paten in order to make it into a salver, or a spout
from an urn to change it into a cup. Although in some
cases this is a form of deception, it is believed that no
prosecution at law would succeed where a subtraction has
been made.

ADDITIONS

Under this heading are classed hall-marked articles to
which additions have been made by the silversmith. The
law says that consent must be obtained of the authorities
before making an addition, and that if the change increases
the weight of the article to more than one-third of its original
weight the added silver must be hall-marked. But the
addition should not change the character of the article ; a
foot, a handle or a spout may be added, but not so that
it changes the use of the article; thus one must not alter a
tankard into a coffee-pot. The commonest forms of addi-
tions are as follows:

(i). An old and rare article is plated inside to increase
its weight, after which gilding is used to hide the newness
of the plating. Where an old piece of plate is worth
;^io ($50) an ounce (old silver is almost always sold by

204 OLD LONDON SILVER

the ounce in England), one can readily see the temptation to
increase the weight.

(2). A pierced border is often added to a plain salver in
order to make it more attractive and salable. When this is
done the designing silversmith does not have the border
marked by the Goldsmiths' Hall, because there they would
put on the modern marks, and the silversmith, of course,
wants only the old marks, which, in this case, would be on
the bottom of the salver.

(3). Frequently old tea-pots, jugs, kettles, etc., have
modern chasing or engraving on them, but this is per-
missible and can readily be detected by the expert. It is
generally done to please the owner of the article and not to
deceive or enhance the value; in fact, the chasing or engraving
in many cases renders the piece less valuable in that it alters
its antique character. On the other hand, this surface
alteration, if done in the style of the period when the piece
was made, sometimes increases the value of the article by
making it more decorative. A very common form of fraud
is to engrave an old piece of silver with the crest and coat-
of-arms of some celebrity, often adding an interesting in-
scription.

On a few articles made of one piece of silver, and which
could be easily affixed to some other article of plate, the hall-
marks for some time have been placed in the following rela-
tive positions :

FRAUDS 205

Lion
Maker's mark Leopard Date letter

Sovereign's head

It the marks apF>ear in the above positions on an article
made of more than one piece of silver, it is best to hesitate
before purchasing it, and consult some expert.

TRANSFORMATIONS

When a piece of plate is changed into another article it is
called a transformation. This form of forgery is practised to
make an article more desirable, and it is the commonest kind
of counterfeiting. Examples of transformations are as fol-
lows: Sauce-boats are made into three-legged basins —
chiefly Irish ones ; wine-funnels into pierced baskets ; meat-
dishes into waiters ; dishes, plates or waiters into bowls or
baskets ; pint mugs into jugs ; Queen Anne saucepans into
tankards ; spoons into forks; skewers into handles of spoons
or ladles.

When an article is transformed the marks are not touched ;
but in changing the form of the piece the marks often be-
come twisted or defaced, and frequently appear in the wrong
place, and sometimes upside down. In the chapters de-
scribing the different articles, much attention has been paid
to the correct positions of the hall-marks on the various
pieces.

2o6 OLD LONDON SILVER

TRANSPOSITIONS

A fraud is termed a transposition when a genuine mark
has been removed from an old piece of silver and inserted
into a new article made to resemble an old one, or put into
an old piece that has no marks on it, or inserted into an
old hall-marked piece after removing the original marks —
in the last case the inserted marks are much older than the
original. The genuine mark is taken from some small and
inexpensive article; for instance, an old spoon-handle with
the Dublin marks on it will be inserted into the rim of a
modern Irish potato-ring.

In order to insert a mark, solder, in most cases, must be
employed, and a cursory examination of the piece would not
detect the presence of the solder marks. But if suspicion is
aroused, the existence of solder can be discovered in one of
the following ways : by using a magnifying glass, by polish-
ing the surface of the silver and breathing on it, by apply-
ing sulphur fumes, or by means of the blow-pipe. The
solder is sometimes hidden by a little chasing.

COUNTERFEIT MARKS

A counterfeit mark is one that has been stamped by a
punch other than that of the Goldsmiths' Company, or it is
a genuine mark altered in one way or another. A forged
punch is made of the hall-marks of a hundred years ago ;

IWV^ ^ ■ ■ ■ TT^'^ I ■ ^- Jl

FRAUDS 207

this is used to marl< modern silver and in that way make it
appear old. Another way is to reproduce exactly an old
piece of silver, including the old marks, by means of the
electrotyping process. When this has been done, an expert
• can tell it at a glance by the appearance of the silver.

The mark of the Sovereign's head is sometimes removed
to make the marks appear older. Another way of altering
the marks is to remove an unimportant maker's mark and
substitute a much sought after mark, such as that of Paul
Lamerie, which advances the price of the article at least £2
($10) an ounce. Modern articles, made of Britannia Stan-
dard, are sometimes sold as Queen Anne's pieces, on ac-
count of the resemblance of two of the modern marks to the
old ones.

HOW TO DETECT FRAUDS

Having considered the principal methods of forging plate,
the question now presents itself, how can we determine
whether a piece of silver is antique or modern? We will
answer that question by explaining what an expert does
when his suspicions are aroused. He can have a portion
of the article assayed to see if it be of the proper standard .
He considers the style of the period that the hall-marks call
for ; frequently the counterfeiter does not pay much attention
to this matter. The expert looks carefully at the piece to see
how it was made — the ways of manufacturing silver have
changed from time to time. The appearance of antique

2o8 OLD LONDON SILVER

silver is very difficult to imitate, and although it is almost
impossible to describe just what this old appearance is like,
nevertheless it is quite real to one accustomed to examining
plate. While the price of an article of old silver does not
necessarily prove its antiquity, nevertheless if one is offered
by a dealer an antique much below the current price, it may
be an indication that something is wrong. Defects in an
article must not be taken as signs of age, for they are very
easy to produce. One must be careful that the article does
not antedate its introduction ; for instance, an expert would
not buy an Elizabethan tea-pot, or a four-pronged fork of the
time of Henry Vlll.

Articles made since the time of Elizabeth, with only a
maker's mark, should be avoided, although the unscrupulous
dealer will show you in some book of reference that it is the
mark of a celebrated silversinith. Such pieces are seldom
genuine. The forger escapes penalties by leaving off the
hall-mark, as there is no penalty for simply copying the
maker's mark. Of course, no such piece could be sold
openly in England, for, unless hall-marked, it is liable to con-
fiscation ; but in America, where there are no restrictions,
the opportunity for deception is easy, and forged goods are
specially made for this market.

Almost every country in Europe has made spurious silver
articles, or " duffers," as they are called in the trade. France
has perhaps produced the cleverest, Holland the worst, and

The above represents the most striking forgery in the way of additions that has
come to our notice. It was a large jug, some 18 inches high, of the Charles II
period, and weighed over 150 ounces. The workmanship was good and the hall-
marks distinct and genuine, but the targe round body, the batiiik, the cover and
spout, were all additions. All that was genuine was pari of an old tankard which
made the neck of the jug, and on which remained the original hall-marks.

210 OLD LONDON SILVER

England the most. America is the last sinner, and in New
York City " duffers " are being produced in small quantities.
They are very poorly done, and such stupid blunders are
made in the hall-marks that it is very easy to detect the
counterfeiting.

On account of the unselfish energy of a few prominent
silversmiths in London, backed up by the Goldsmiths' Com-
pany, some very heavy fines were recently inflicted upon
several well-known dealers in forged plate. This put con-
sternation into the camp of counterfeiters, and as a conse-
quence there is a temporary diminution in the supply of
spurious old silver.

MAKERS' MARKS

AND
HALL-MARKS

fm—sr

MAKERS' MARKS

Of the marks that appear on every piece of London-made silver,
that of the maker should first be considered. It was ordered by
statute in 1363, and is not a hall-mark, though usually spoken of
as one, for it is stamped by the maker himself, before the article
is sent to the Hall, it is essential, as a copy or impression of it
must be registered at the Goldsmiths' Hall, with the name and
address of the maker, before the other marks can be applied, and
it is the identification mark that shows the origin of the article on
which it appears.

The earliest makers' marks were simply emblems ; later, initials
with or without emblems ; from 1697 to 1720, the first two letters
of the maker's surname were used ; since then the initials have
been employed. A crown over the letters generally indicated that
the maker enjoyed royal patronage. Sometimes the emblem had
a significance in connection with the name, as a key with Nathaniel
Lock, and a bird with Andrew Raven.

All records were destroyed in the great fire of 1666, and all

that is preserved from that date to 1697 is a copper plate,

213

214 OLD LONDON SILVER

on which the makers' marks from 1675 to 1697 are stamped. This
has been frequently published, both as it appears on the plate and
with the marks in a sort of alphabetical order.

The records are preserved since 1697, ^nd Mr. Chaffers, in his
valuable work, ''Gilda Aurifabrorum," has compiled a complete
list from 1697 to 1800, having been allowed to copy the marks
from the records at the Goldsmiths' Hall.

In the comprehensive work of Mr. Cripps many of these marks
have been elaborated and additional information has been given in
regard to some of them. All the marks on record, that are pre-
vious to 1697, h^ve been taken at various times from actual pieces
of plate, and published in the two works above referred to, and in
making up our list we have availed ourselves of these sources of
information, both for the unknown and known marks, and have
added others taken by ourselves from various articles for this
purpose.

It will be noticed that the same name sometimes appears two or
three times ; this is generally the case when the address has been
changed, when a new registration was evidently required, and it
will be noticed that the mark was, in some respects, usually
changed also, and it must be remembered that all makers previous
to 1720 who continued in business after that date have two marks
— for instance, H. A. for Paul Hanet before 1720 and P. H. after-
ward.

There was an absolute change of all marks in 1739. Owing to
various causes, there was duplication and confusion previous to
that date, hence every maker was required to destroy all his old

I. .■■•

MAKERS' MARKS 215

punches and to adopt a new mark of his initials, and in a different
style of letter than he had used before, and it will be observed that
most of the marks registered in 1739, of which there are one hun-
dred and twenty, are in italics or old English, instead of in the
Roman letters that were used before that date.

It was our intention to make our list for the nineteenth century
as complete as Mr. Chaffers's is for the eighteenth, but our applica-
tion for this purpose was refused by the present wardens of the
Goldsmiths' Company.

We have, therefore, compiled the names of all the silversmiths
that appear in the London directories from 1801 to 1850, and have
arranged the list in alphabetical order, and as the maker's mark
was simply his initials generally in a plain oblong, square, or oval,
there will not be much difficulty in locating the maker of any
article when the date is known. In this connection the fact may
be mentioned that middle names are quite a recent addition, and
in the long lists which follow they will hardly be found at all.

In consulting the table it should be remembered that previous to
the nineteenth century the letter I is almost universally used
instead of J.

Our lists, in which the marks are somewhat enlarged, are in five
sections, the last four alphabetically arranged as the marks read —
that is, E. L. for Edward Lowe, will be found under E and not
under L ; this will be found a great convenience, and avoids the
necessity of referring to an index.

The first section is of emblems from 1491 to 1685, with the dates
of the articles from which they were taken. The second is of

2i6 OLD LONDON SILVER

unknown makers previous to 1697 ; these also have the dates of
the pieces on which they were found. The third shows the marks
from the copper plate previously mentioned. The fourth is a
complete list, with name, address, and date from 1697 to 1800.
The fifth gives the names of all the silversmiths in the London
directories for the first half of the last century.

In the names of the streets we have adhered to the spelling of
the period.

The list on page 217 is interesting, as it gives the marks of one
firm and its predecessors for over two hundred years.

MAKERS* MARKS

217

Emblems (1491 to 1569)

1491

1493

1494
1496

1496
1504
1506

1507

1607

1608

1609
1610

1614

1616
1516
1617

1524

1526

1527

1628

1632

1532

1634

1635.

1545

1546

1548

1648

1550

1551

♦

f^t

1661

1566

1659

1560

1562

1662

1562

1664

1667

1567

1667

1668

1669

2l8

OLD LONDON SILVER

Emblems (1570 to 1685)

dta

1570

1670

1570

1671

1672

1673

1676

1676i

1678

"f
^

@
^

1581

1681

1588

1684

1686

1690

1692

1694

1696

1697

1698

1699

1600

1601

leoft

1807

1608

1617

1618

1630

1631

1636

1637

1660

1663

1682

1686

^■"

■ ■■ ■- ^ J^

MAKERS' MARKS

Unknown Makers (A. to D. R.)

219

v*v^

1S64

1567
1682
1571

1602
1619
1661
1646
1652

1663
1677
1681

1622

U51
1674

1689
1678

enrr

1676

1603

1664

16S6

1638

1549

1628

1679
1609

■T:r«7a

9f>

1626

1661

1649

1606

155)

163r

ItE

1559

1670

1629

(5)

1673

1607

1679

1616
1676

1635
1674
1661

1607

1576
1586
1682

1685

1604
1630
1665

1674

220

OLD LONDON SILVER

Unknown Makers (D. T. to H. S.)

68S

630
640

6S6
671

682
616

699

670
662
668

636
686

649

688

686

691

(PSl

.-n^

660

607

608

676

611
666

664

681
606

687

674

682

686

668
668

670

676

!••

672

1661

698

613

.679

600

.673

650

1666

667

.692

689

[666

666

670

616

1684

MAKERS' MARKS

221

Unknown Makers (H. T. to I. M.)

1622
1563

1681

1627
1668

160i

1674
1696

1699

1608

1610
1631

1638
1669
1670

1679
1680

1528
1566
1669

1679
1668
1681
1688

1691
1698
1671

1699

1667
1671

1617
169]

1633
1660

1666

1661
1668

1670
1671

1697

1677
1619

1640
1681

1689

1608
1667

1679
1689

1694

222

OLD LONDON SILVER

Unknown Makers (I. M. to M. M.)

682

689

681

61i

662

669

666

61T

616i

662!

66r

694

688

608

6161

617

1676
1679
1686

1626

1641
1607

1663

1686

1660
1666

1682

1686

1690
1662

1606
1672
168«

<»

^■W.^

1499
1602

1681

1666
1666

1670

1676

1699
1669

1666

1672

1607
1693

1614
1691

1681

1666
1672

MAKERS* MARKS

223

Unknown Makers (M. V, to R. K.)

e§)

OLSJ

1688

1687
1094

1662

1646

1638

1671

167iS

1684

I 1624

1637

1668
1561

1678
1634

1626
1689

1683

1681

1683

1677
1670
1685
1562
1668
1684

1660

1618

1614
1616

1624
1686
1699
1614
1624

1639

1684

1503

1624

1668

1588

1658

1619

1076

1577

1634

1670

1680

1681

1687

1660

224

OLD LONDON SILVER

Unknown Makers (R. L to T. B.)

1M9

1680

1568

1690
1628

16S4

1676

1660
1661

1598

1617
1640

1688
1618

1619
1633

1637

i^Xi

16S1
1664
1691

1690

1681
1606

1606
1616

^s^
^

^•^

1618

1682

1646

1619

1662

1664

1688

1680

1686

1646

1608

1669

1688

1664

1636

1686

1586

1696

1610

1660

1669

•T^? I 1680

1684

1609

1567

(^ I 1627

MAKERS' MARKS

225

Unknown Makers (T. B. to W. F.)

1632

1613

1641

1665

1677

1684

1661

1662

1681

1698

1609

1676

1645

1660

1694

1617

•M

1639
1665
1609

1685

1667
1670

1693

1554
1676

1680

1639

1660
1669
1677
1680

1595
1662

QB3

iVfCi

1578

168]

1640
1533

1607
1557
1561

1586

1690
1562
1617

1633
1656

1661
1686

1683
1683

226

OLD LONDON SILVER

Unknown Makers (W. G. to Z.)

1613

1641

1648

1668

1662

1680

1663

1608

1625

MAKERS' MARKS

227

Unknown Makers' Marks from Copperplate 1675 to 1697 (A. to I. S.)

ffi)

iHCl

[01

iijpi

Its

228

OLD LONDON SILVER

Unknown Makers' Marks from Copperplate 1675 to 1697 (I. S. to Y. T.)

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mo]

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IKCI

IRWI

IS;t1

"V'

Cws

^ ^

MAKERS' MARKS

229

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2:

PAUL DE LAMERIE'S MARKS

So many mistakes have been made in reference to Paul
Lamerie's mark that we shall give a brief explanation. He began
in 1712, with the mark of the first two letters of his surname

, making the Britannia Standard only. He made no change
till 1732, when he registered his initials ffm ^^^ the Sterling

Standard, and when all the marks were changed in 1739, he

(Si

registered (Kg in italics. He died in 1751.

There were other marks of L A and P L of about the same
period, one ^^ of John Ladyman, a spoonmaker, registered in
1697, was mostly previous to Lamerie's time, as the last piece
known was of 1713. Another was JpS of John Laughton, also
registered in 1697, but the mark most often taken for Lamerie's
was ?^ of Pierre Platel. This was in use from 1697 to 1720,
but Lamerie's mark during that time was LA and not PL
Other marks were jj&y of Gabriel Player, 17CX), and ^^ of
Francis Plymley, 1715, but they were without the crown, which
is always found with Lamerie's mark, and were also not the
right letters for Lamerie at that time.

210

^mM

Makers' Marks

from 1697 to 1800
The date is In most instances, tlie year the mark was first registered.

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Andrew Archer
Arthur Annesley
John Abbott

Bride Lane
Heathcote St.

Birchin Lane

1710
1758

1706

r^'F.ii

III

Abraham Buteux

Green St.

Lester Fields

1721

Abel Brokesby

St. Anne's Lane

1727

lABl

Aaron Bates

Field Lane

1730

Robert Abercomby

8t. Martin's le Grand

1739

Alexander Bamet, Jr.

Woopen

1759

Abraham Barrier

Rathbone Place

1775

Abraham Barrier &

Louis Ducommfen

Anthony Calame

Rathbone Place
Exeter Change

1778
1764

L4£|

i^>i

Augustus Courtauld

Shandois St.

1739

Augustus Courtauld

Shandois St.

1739

231

212

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

r^Ti

AfU

&
^

Alex. Coats &

Edwd. French

Ann Craig &

John Neville

Chas Adam

Ann Farren

Andrew Fogrelberg

Andrew Fogelberg &

Stephen Gilbert

Anthony Jolland

Alex. Johnson

Ann Kersill

Andrew Killik

Thomas Allen

Abm. Le Francois

Aug. Lesage

A. Montgromery

Bennets Court
Morris St.

St. James

Foster Lane

Swithens Lane

Church St. Soho

Staining Lane

Panton St.

Foster Lane

Lillypot Lane

Gutter Lane

Porter St. Soho
West St.

Seven Dials

Great Suffolk St.
Cambridge St.

1734

1740

1702

1748

1776

1791

1721

1747

1740

1709

1740

1746

1767

1750

^m *■- - «i"

MAKERS' MARKS

253

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

'Lta^

CSS

William Andrews
Abm. De Oliveyra
Abm. De Oliveyra

Abraham Portal

Abm. Peterson

Abm. Peterson &
Peter Podie

Arnot &
Pocok

Fras. Archbold
Andrew Archer

Peter Archambo

Thomas Ash

AS
JS

Ambrose Stevenson

Aibt. Schurman

Alex. Saunders

Adey, Joseph &
Albert Savory

Mugwell St.
St. Helens

BIshopgate St.

Houndsditch

Rose St. Soho

Salisbury Court

Foster Lane

Ffoste Lane

Fleet St.

Green St.

Steyningr Lane

Barbican

Holborn

Noble St.

No address

1697

1726

1739

1749

1790

1788

1720

1697

1708

1720

1697

1720

1756

1757

1888

234

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Chr. Atkinson

Wm. Atkinson

Henry Aubin

Ay me Vedeau

Wm. Bainbridge

John Bathe

Wm. Barnes

J. Barbut

Mary Bainbridge

Edward Barnet

Richard Bayley

J. Barbut

Thomas Bamford

John Barnard

Foster Lane

New Fish St. Hill
Princess Court

Lothbury

Green St.
Whitechapel

Whitechapel
Lumbard St.

Without Ludgate
New St.

Covent Garden

Oat Lane

Tooley St.

Foster Lane
New St.

Covent Garden

Gutter Lane
Gutter Lane

1707

1725

1700

1739

1697

1700

1702

1703

1707

1715

1708

1717

1719

1720

MAKERS' MARKS

235

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

B€

law

Benjamin Bentley

Benjamin Blakeley

Benjamin Brewood

Bennell Bradshaw&Co.

Benjamin Cartright

Benjamin Cart right

Burrage Davenport

Benjamin Bentley

James Beschefer

Thomas Beraut

George Beale

Henry Beesley

Joseph Bell

Tooley St. 1728

Russell St. 1738

Russell St. 1739

Gough Square 1765

Oxford Chapel 1789

Bartholomew Close 1739

Smithfield 1764

Strand 1766

Foster Lane 1776

No address 1698

Lester Fields 1704

Foster Lane 1712

Distaff Lane 1713

Nicholas Lane 1714

Cannon St. 1716

236

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

(^)

William Bellassyse

William Bellamy

Bernard Fletcher

Blanche Fraillon

Benjamin Godwin

Benjamin Godfrey

fe ^ Benjamin Gurden

Benjamin Griffin

Benjamin Gignac

Joseph Bird

Fras. Billingsley

Richard Bigge

Monkwell St.

Foster Lane

Staining Lane
Lanchester Court

Strand

Gutter Lane
Hay market

Haymarket
Haymarket

Noble St.

Bond St.

Deans Court
Foster Lane

1716

1726

1727

1730

1732

1739

1740

1742

1741

1697

Foster Lane

Covent Garden

Sweethings Lane

1697

1700

MAKERS' MARKS

237

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

John Bignell

Anthony Blackford

Nathaniel Bland

Benjamin Blakeley

Benjamin Laver

Bowles Nash

Ishmael Bone

John Bodington

Michael Boult

George Boothby

Thomas Bryden

Jonathan Bradley

John Brassey

Benjamin Bradford

Stainer Lane

Lombard St.

Noble St.

Strand

Bond St.

Bruton St.

St. Martins le Grand

Abchurch Lane

Foster Lane

Cheapside

Strand

St. Martins le Grand

Carey Lane

Lumber St.

Lawrence

Poutney Lane

1718

1702

1714

1720

1781

1789

1721

1699

1701

1713

1720

1697

238

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

JSt

BV4

Moses Brown

Edward Brockes

William Brett

John Broake

Phillip Brush

George Brydon

John Brumhall

Benjamin Sanders

Benjamin Stephenson

Thomas Burridge

William Bull

Abraham Buteux

James Burne

Russell St.

Covent Garden

Derby

N orris St.
St. James

Gutter Lane

Lombard St.

Maiden Lane

Upper Moorfields

Staining Lane

Ludgate Hill

Foster Lane

Hay market
Green St.

Lester Fields

Bedfordsbury

1697

1699

1707

1720

1721

1737

1789

1776

1706

1717

1698

1723

1724

MAKERS' MARKS

239

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

B]^

€

ES3

Benjamin Watts

Bowyer Walker

Benjamin West

Christopher Cannu

Isaac Callard

Charles Alchorne

Charles Aldridge

Charles Aldridge &
Henry Green

Charles Bellassyse

Cornelius Bland

C. & T. W. Barker

Christopher Cannu

Christopher Claris

Fleet St.

Southwark

Carey Lane

Foster Lane

Gutter Lane

Maiden Lane

Kingr St. St. Giles

Foster Lane

Aldersgate St.

St. Martins le Grand

Eagle St., Lion Sq.

Aldersgate St.

No address

Foster Lane
James St.

Covent Garden

1720

1736

1787

1739

1697

1716

1726

1729

1786

1775

1740

1788

1800

1720

1727

240

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

l££l

Charles Clark

Charles Fox

Charles Gibbons

James Chadwick

John Chartier

LOCATION

Bunhlll Row

Charles Chesterman Clare Market

Charles Chesterman I Carey Lane

Charles Chesterman Fleet Market

No address

Christopher Gerrard Portgall St.

Maiden Lane

Hennings Row

Hennlngs Row

William Charnelhouse Gutter Lane

John Chamberlen

Pierre Le Cheaube

Charles Hatfield

Caleb Hill

Maiden Lane

Pell Mell

St. Martins Lane

Clerkenwell

DATE

1739

1741

1752

1771

1822

1720

St. Martins le Grand 1732

1697

1699

1709

1703

1704

1707

1727

1728

MAKERS' MARKS

241

MAKER

Christian Hilland

Charles Hatfield

Charles Hillan

Charles Hougham

Charles Jackson

Charles Johnson

Charles Kandler

Jonah Clifton

Richard Clarke

John Clifton

Henry Clarke

Niccolaus Clausen

Joseph Clare

LOCATION

DATE

Earl St.

1736

St. Martins Lane

1739

Compton St. Soho

1741

Aldersgate St.

1786

Cannon St.

1720

Swithins Lane

1739

Gunpowder Alley

1743

Jermyn St.

1778

Tower St.

1703

Minories

1708

Foster Lane

1708

Foster Lane

1709

Orange St.

Lester Fields

1709

Orange St.

Lester Fields

1716

Wood St.

1713

242

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

John Clarke

Foster Lane

1722

Charles Laughton

Bedford bury

1741

41A
@

Charles Martin

Field Lane

1729

(ea)

Charles Martin

No address

1740

Charles Mieg

Porter St.

1767

Robert Cooper

Strand

1697

Stephen Coleman

Little Brltian

1697

Edward Courthope

Bishopgate St.

1697

John Cole

Silver St.

1697

Lawrence Coles

•

Foster Lane

1697

John Cove

Bristol

1698

Henry Collins

Maiden Lane

1698

Georgre Cox

Carey Lane

1698

John Cooke

Strand

1699

John Cory

Fleet St.

1697

MAKERS' MARKS

243

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

@»

Thomas Corbett

John Corasey

John Cope

Matthew Cooper

Edward Cornock

Augustus Courtauld

John Corporow

Isaac Cornasseau

Matthew Cooper

Charles Peries

Charles Perrin

Jonathan Crutchfield

John Crutcher

Paul Crespin

St. Martins Lane

Foster Lane

Oate Lane

Foster Lane

Carey Lane

St. Martins Lane

Princes St.

Drewrey Lane

Minories

Macclesfield St.

Covent Garden

Garlich Hill

East Smithfield

Compton St. Soho

1699

1701

1702

1707

1708

1716

1722

1725

1727

1731

1697

1706

1720

1739

244

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

ESI

(£3

Charles Spragre

Constantine Teulings

Charles Woodward

Charles Wright

Christopher Woods

Louys Curry

Daniel Cunningrham

Isaac Davenport

Andrew Dalton

Isaac Dalton

Josiah Daniel

William Darker

Fleurant David

David Bell

William Denny &
John Bathe

Chapel Court

Dean St.

Tooley St.

Ave Maria Lane

Kingr St. Soho

Panton St.

Longracre

Gutter Lane

Ball Alley

Lombard St.

St. Martins Lane

Wood St.

Foster Lane

Green St.

Ironmongrer Row

Dove Court

Lombard St.

1734

1755

1741

1775

1703

1716

1697

1708

1711

1714

1718

1724

1766

1697

MAKERS* MARKS

245

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

»»X%i

(gc^

Daniel Cunningham

Daniel Chapman

Daniel Chartier

D. C. Fuetes

Daniel Denney

Samuel Dell

William Denny

Dinah Gamon

David Hennell

Daniel Hayford

David Hennell

David and Robert Hennell

Issaac Digrhton

John Digrgle

Arthur Dicken

Longacre

Bunhill Row

Hemings Row

Chelsea

St. Martins le Grand

Watlin St.

Swithins Lane

Staining Lane

Gutter Lane

Bartlemy Close

Cutter Lane

Foster Lane

Gutter Lane

Strand

1720

1722

1740

1763

1788

1897

1697

1740

1738

1739

1740

1763

1897

1697

1720

246

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

mfjii

OHS

Dike Impey
Dike Impey

John Delmestre
David Mowden
Dorothy Mills
John Downes
Daniel Piers

Daniel Pontifex

Dobson, Prior and Williams

Daniel Shaw
Dorothy Sarbit

Daniel Smith and
Robert Sharp

David Tanquery

Stainingr Lane
Noble St.

Whitechapel
Noble St.
Saffron Hill
Wood St.
Spur St.

Hosier Lane
Paternoster Row
Great Arthur St.

Saffron Hill

Aldermanbury

Westmorland
Buildings

Pall Mall

1727

1736

1755

1738

1752

1697

1746

1794

1765

1748

1763

1764

1777

1780

1720

MAKERS' MARKS

247

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Duncan Urquhart and
Napthali Hart

David Willaume
David Willaume
David Willaume
Dennis Wilks
Dennis Wilks
Dennis Wilks

Dennis Wilks and
John Foray

Edward Dymond
John Eastt

Edward Aidridgre

Edward Aldridge and
John Stamper

Edward Bennett
Edmund Bodington

Eraye Berthet

No address

St. James St.

No address

Old St.

Fore Lane

St. Mary Hill

Foster Lane

Lillypot Lane

Foster Lane

Little Britian

Foster Lane

Charing Cross

1791

1720

1728

1789

1737

1739

1747

1753

1722

1697

1739

1757

1727

1728

248

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

fEC]

£jfi

Elizabeth Buteux

Edward Bennett

John Eckfourd

Edward Cornock

Edward Conen

John Eckford

Ebenezer Coker

Elias Cachart

Richard Edwards

Edward Dymond

John Edwards

Edward Dowdall

Norris St.
St. James

1731

Noble St.

1731

on London Bridge

1739

on London Bridge

1768

Drury Lane

1720

Carey Lane

1723

Carey Lane

1724

Tun Court

1725

Clerkenwell

1738

Clerkenweli

1739

Long Acker

1748

Gutter Lane

1716

St. Mary Hill

1722

St. Swithins Lane

1724

Clerkenwell

1761

MAKERS' MARKS

249

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

£9

E-F

Edward Dowdall
Edward Dobson
Edward Darvill

Edward Dobson

John Edwards and
George Pitcher

Edith Flecker

Edward French
Edward Feline
Edward Fennell
Edward Gibbon
Elizabeth Goodwin
Elizabeth Godfrey
Edward Hall

Elizabeth Hartley
Edward Jennings

Clerkenwell
Fleet St.
Watlingr St.

Old St. Square
St. Swithins Lane

Foster Lane

Bennets Court
King" St.

Covent Garden

Foster Lane
Lad Lane
Noble St.
Haymarket
Maiden Lane

Mays Building

Little Britain

1751

1765

1767

1778

1723

1729

1734

1780

1723

1729

1741

1720

1748

1720

250

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Paternoster Row

1748

Strand

1757

Castle St.

1740

Mortlake

1777

Shoe Lane

1743

Foster Lane

1748

Long Acre

1726

Bow Lane

Cheapside

1714

Paternoster Row

1748

Pall Mall

1700

Strand

1720

Strand

1724

Foster Lane

1728

St. Annes, Soho

1731

High Holborn

1763

(e3

Elizabeth Jackson

Edward Jay

Edward Lamb

Edward Lowe

Edward Malluson

Edward Medlycott

Thonnas England

W. England and
Thomas Vaen

Elizabeth Oldfield

Stephen Ednnonds

Edmund Pearce

Edward Peacock

Edward Pocock

Etlenne Rougent

Emick Romer

MAKERS' MARKS

251

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

iSl

■ D4 ' * k

Elizabeth Roker

Ernest Sieber

Elizabeth Tuite

Edward Vincent

Thonnas Ewisden

Edward Wood

Edward Wakelin

Edward Yorke

William Fawdery

Hester Fawdery

John Fawdery

William Fawdery

Bishopsgrate St.

Crown St.

York Buildings

Dean St. Holborn

1776

1746

1741

1721

1789

St. Martins le Grand

Puddle Dock
Carey Lane
Carey Lane

Panto n St.
King St.

Westminster

Goldsmith St.
Goldsmith St.

Foster Lane

Goldsmith St.

1713

1722

1735

1740

1747

1780

1720

1727

1697

1698

252

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

William Fawdery

Thomas Fawler

Thomas Ffarren

John Farnell

Francois Butty and
Nicholas Dumee

Francis Crump

Fleurant David

Edward Feline

Francis Garthorne

John Field

Frederick Kandler

Goldsmith St,

Bull and Mouth St.

1700

1707

Sweethings Lane 1707

St. Annes Lane

Clerkenwell Close

Newcastle St.
Newcastle St.
Gutter Lane

Lester Fields
Rose St.

Covent Garden

Sweethins Lane

Maiden Lane

German St.
St. James

Harmon St.

1714

1759

1741

1750

1756

1724

1720

1696

1701

1735

1739

MAKERS' MARKS

253

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

fSa

Francis Nelme

Frederich Knopfell

Frederick Kandler

William Fleming-

John Fletcher

lEB

John Flight

Thomas Foikingham

William Fordham

Francis Pages

William Francis

Joshua Frensham

James Fraillon

Ralph Frith

Francis Spilsbury

Ave Mary Lane

Windmill St.

Jermyn St.

Cripplegate without

Silver St.

1739

1752

1777

1697

1700

Foster Lane

Sweethings Lane

Lumbard St.

Orang-e St.

Orangre St.

St. Martins Lane

Shoe Lane

Maiden Lane

Shoreditch

Foster Lane

1710

1708

1706

1729

1739

1697

1707

1710

1728

1729

254

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

lES

IJO

lESi

girl

Francis Spilsbury

Francis Stamp

Francis Turner

Frederick Vonham

Fuller White

Francis Way smith

Fuller White

William Gamble

Daniel Garnice

George Garthorne

Francis Garthorne

George Andrews

George Bryden

Foster Lane 1738

Cheapside 1780

St. Anns Lane 1720

George St. 1752

Noble St. 1744

Kings Arms Court 1767

Noble St. 1758

Noble St. 1762

Foster Lane 1697

Pall Mall 1697

Keyre Lane 1697

Sweethins Lane 1697

Sweethins Lane 1711

Red Lion St. 1768

Maiden Lane 1720

MAKERS' MARKS

255

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

C5JI1

(^^

George Brome

Georgre Baskerville

George Booth by

George Baskerville

George Bindon

George Bell

George Baskerville and
William Sampel

George Baskerville and
T. Morley

George Campar
George Cowles

Christopher Gerrard
Griffith Edwards

Griffith Edwards
George Fayle
George Gillingham

Fetter Lane

Shandoy St.

Temple Bar

Cock St.

Theobalds Court
Bell Court

Foster Lane

Clare Market

Albion Buildings

Cripplegate

Cornhill

Portgall St-

Hemlock Court

Wilderness Lane

Giltspur St.

1726

1738

1746

1749

1750

1755

1775

1740

1797

1719

1732

1739

1767

1721

256

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

(Ml

George Hodges

George Hind marsh

George Hindmarsh

George Hunter

George Heming and
Wm. Chawner

William Gibson

Edward Gibson

William Gimber

John Gibbons

George Gillingham

Richard Gines

Charles St.

St. Martins le Grand

Blackfriars

Glasshouse St.

Noble St.

Little Britian

Shoe Lane

Bond St.

Carey Lane

Bishopsgate St.

Ratcllff Highway

Foster Lane

Strand

1728

1731

1735

1739

1748

1735

1765

1774

1781

1697

Lumbard St.

1697

1700

1706

1717

MAKERS' MARKS

257

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

fBJi

Georgre Gillingrham

Edward Gibbon

Glover Johnson, Jr.

Georgre Jones

George Jones

Georgre Ibbott

Thomas Gladwin

Georgre Methuen

Georgre Morris

Gawen Nash

Georgre Natter

William Gossen

John Goode

Guilford St.

Aldersgate St.

Maiden Lane

Foster Lane

Plough Court

Lumbard St.

Hennings Row

Well Close Square

Foster Lane

Wood St.

Carey Lane

Fleet St.

Foster Lane

Hennings Row

1718

1719

1720

1724

1739

1753

1717

1748

1760

1751

1728

1789

1778

1700

1701

258

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

iSa

^Jii

James Goodwin

Meshack Goodwin

James Gould

Phillip Goddard

William Gould

Dorothy Grant

Nathaniel Greene

Henry Greene

David Green

Richard Greene

Samuel Green

Gundry Roode

Georgre Ridout

Foster Lane

Foster Lane
Fauster Lane

Gutter Lane

Fountain Court
Foster Lane
Southwark
St. Martins Lane

Gold St.

Foster Lane

Foster Lane
Ball Alley

Lombard St.

Stayningr Lane
Golden Lane
Lombard St.

1710

1722

1728

1734
1697
1688

1700

1701

1708

1721

1787

1743

MAKERS' MARKS

259

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

gEI

G. Rodenbostel

Georgre Squire
Gabriel Sleath

Gabriel Sleath
Georgre Smith

Georgre Smith
Georgre Smith

Georgre Smith, Jr.

Gabriel Sleath and
Francis Crumpe

G. & S. Smith

George Smith and
Thomas Hay ton

Georgre Smith and
William Fearn

John Guerrie

Nathaniel Gulliver

Georgre Wicl<es

Piccadilly

Fleet St.

Gutter Lane

Bartholomew Close

No address

Gutter Lane

Foster Lane

No address

Strand

Gutter Lane

Threadneedle St.

1778

1720

1739

1732

1739

1774

1799

1763

1761

1792

1786

1717

1722

1721

26o

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

George Weir
George Wickes
George Wickes

Hemings Row

1727

^■llJUJ^I

Panton St.
Panton St.

1736
1739

UMl

George Wintle

Angel St.

1787

George Young
George Young

Glasshouse St.
Moorfields

1722
1746

iBXl

George Young

Moorfields

1746

iSS)

Benjamin Harris

Temple Bar

1697

George Havers

Lillypot Lane

1697

(Q^

Sannuel Hawkes

Bishopgate St.

1697

ha|

Peeter Harrache

Suffolk St.

1698

<©

Peeter Harache, Jr.

Compton St.,

Soho

1698

(g»

Job Hanks

St. Martins Lane

1699

Paul Hanet

Great St. Andrews St.

1715

Paul Hanet

Great St. Andrews St.

1716

MAKERS' MARKS

261

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

iHCl

John Harris

Paul Hanet

Edward Hall

Charles Hatfield

Hugrh Arnell

Henry Bates

Henry Brind

Henry Bailey

Hester Bateman

Henry Clark

Henry Corry

Henry Cowper

Henry Chawner

Foster Lane

Great St. Andrews St.

Maiden Lane

St. Martins Lane

King St., Soho

Wideerate St.

Widegate St.

Foster Lane

Bunhill Row

Foster Lane

St. Anne's Lane

Aldersgate St,

Whitehall

Paternoster Row

1716

1717

1720

1727

1734

1738

1739

1742

1760

1774

1720

1722

1764

1782

1788

262

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Henry Chawner and
John Ernes

Amen Corner

1796

Henry Dell

Moor St.

1722

Henry Dutton

Green St.

1754

John Hely

St. Martins Lane

1699

Joshua Healey

Foster Lane

1726

Henry Greene

Gold St.

1720

Henry Green way

Giltspur St.

1775

|HG|

Henry Green

No address

1786

|H*H|

Henry Herbert

Lester Fields

1734

dES)

Henry Herbert

Lester Fields

1786

Henry Herbert

Lester Fields

1739

Henry Herbert

Henry Herbert
Henry Haynes

Dean St. , Soho
Dean St., Soho

Little Windmill St.

1747
1747

1749

prag

William Hinton

Red Cross St.

1704

MAKERS' MARKS

263

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Km?

Samuel Hitchcock

Gutter Lane

1712

(g)

Robert Hill

St. Swithings Lane

1716

Edmund Hickman
Henry Miller
Henry Morris

Foster Lane
Noble St.

Smithfield

1718
1720
1739

|HM|

IXJK\

Henry Morris

Fleet St.

1738

Hugh Mills

Saffron Hill

1746

Henry Nuttingr

Noble St.

1796

|HN|

Hannah Northcote

No address

1788

John Hodson

Wapping-

1687

Samuel Hood

Maiden Lane

1687

Francis Hoyte

Glostershire

1687

Samuel Hood

Maiden Lane

1687

Thomas Holland

Fleet St.

1707

(Ho)

Edward Holaday

Grafton St.

1708

264

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

John Holland

Sarah Holaday

Hodgrkis

John Hopkins

George Hodges

Humphry Payne

Harvey Price

Humphry Payne

Hugh Spring

Richard Hutchinson

R6ne Hudell

Samuel Hutton

Alexander Hudson

John Humphry

Foster Lane

Grafton St.

1711

1718

Dove Gourt

St. Brides Lane

Charles St.

Gutter Lane

Wine St.

Cheapside

Foster Lane

Colchester

Green St.

Noble St.

Bull & Mouth St.

1718

1720

1728

1720

1726

1738

1722

1688

1717

1724

1704

St. Martins le Grand

1710

MAKERS' MARKS

265

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Charles Jackson

Henry Jay

Jeconiah Ashley

John Alderhead

John Allen

John Aspinshaw

James Allen

Joseph Adams

Jonathan Alleine

A. J. Calame

Joseph Allen and
Mordecai Fox

John Buckett

John Bromley

John Betts

Cannon St.

Ball Alley,

Lombard St.

Green St.

Bishopgrate St.

Carthusian St.

Whitechapel

Chancery Lane

Walsall

Fenchurch St-

1714

1720

1740

1760

1761

1763

1766

1772

Exeter Change

St. S with ins Lane

St. Swithins Lane

St. James St.

Foster Lane

Holbourn

1764

1729

1739

1776

1720

266

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

§i

LOCATION

DATE

J. Burridgre

Joseph Barbitt

John Bignell

John Bathe

James Burne

Joseph Bird

Jannes Brooker

John Barbe

John Bryan

John Barrett

John Berthellot

Joseph Barbitt

John Bryan

John Barbe

John Barrett

Foster Lane
New St.,

Covent Garden

Stainers Lane

No address
Bedford bury

Foster Lane

Fleet St.
West St.,

Seven Dials

Fanner Alley,

Newgate St.

Castle St.

Peter St., Holborn
New St.,

Covent Garden

Bunhill Row
West St.,

Seven Dials

Fethers Court,

Holborn

1720

1721

1724

1734

1736

1737

1738

1739

1738

1739

MAKERS' MARKS

267

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

ic:

John Barbe

James Betham

Joseph Barker

John Berthellot

John Bayley

Joseph Bell

John Barry

J. Basingwhite

John Brown

John Broughton

John Belden

James and

Elizabeth Bland

Joseph B. Orme

John Corosey

Joseph Clare

West St.,

Seven Dials

Staining' Lane

Strand

Cow Cross

Wood St.

Carey St.

Paternoster Row

Russell St.

Bartholomew Close

Little Britain

Paternoster Row

Bunhill Row

Manchester

Foster Lane

Wood St.

1742

1743

1746

1750

1761

1756

1758

1770

1774

1778

1784

1794

1796

1701

1720

268

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

CP
^

Jonah Clifton

Joseph Clare

John Clarke

Isaac Cornasseau

John Chartler

Isaac Callard

John Chapnnan

Isaac Callard

John Cann

John Cafe

John Carman

John Collins

John Carter

Tower St.

Lumber St.

Foster Lane

Drewery Lane

Flemings Row

King St., St. Giles

Noble St.

Tatnum Court Road

Bridgewater Gardens

Foster Lane

New St.

Hind Court,

Fleet St.

Bartholomew Close

1720

1721

1722

1723

1726

1730

1739

1740

1742

1748

1762

1764

1772

MAKERS' MARKS

269

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

John Crouch and
Thomas Hannan

Isaac Duke
Jabez Daniell

John Darwall

John Deacon

Jane Dorrell and
Richard May

Thomas and
Jabez Daniel

Samuel Jeffreys

Thomas Jenkins

Edward Jennings
John Eckfourd

Edward Jennings

John East

John Edwards

John Eckford

Giltspur St.

Witch St.

Carey Lane

Red Lion Square

Greenhills Rents

Quakers Building

Carey Lane

Wapping, Oid Stayres

Essex St.

Tower St.,

Seven Dials

Drury Lane

Little Britain

No address

St. Swithins Lane

Tun Court

1766

1743

1748

1768

1776

1771

1772

1687

1708

1720

1721

1724

1726

270

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

(S3

I'E

John Edward

John Eckford

John Edwards

John Eaton

John Edwards

John Farnell

James Fraillon

Jacob Foster

John Flavin

John Ffawdery

John Fossey

John Fray

John Frost

LOCATION

DATE

Swithins Lane

1739

Red Cross St.

1738

Swithins Lane

1763

Gutter Lane

1760

Jewin St.

1788

St. Annes Lane

1720

Lanchester St.

1728

Southwark

1726

Maiden Lane

1726

Hemenes Row

1728

Gutter Lane

1733

Crown Court

1748

Field Lane

1766

Cornhill

1767

Cornhill

1767

MAKERS' MARKS

271

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

J. Fayle

John Fountain

John Fray and
Fuller White

John Fountain and
John Beadnell

James Gould

John Gibbons

John Gorsuch

John Gamon

John Gorham

Jeffrey Griffith

James Gould

John Gahegan

James Gould

John Gorham

John GImblett and
William Vale

Wilderness Lane

Aldersgate St.

Noble St.

1772

1792

1760

Aldersgate St.

Gutter Lane

Red Lion St.

Leetle East Cheap

Gutter Lane

1783

1722

1723

1726

1728

Gutter Lane

Stayningr Lane

Gutter Lane

St. Martins Le Grand

Ave Mary Lane

Gutter Lane

Birmingham

1730

1731

1732

1734

1741

1767

1770

272

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

a3)

SB)

IHJ

John Holland

John Hopkins

Joshua Holland

Joshua Healy

John Harwood

John Holland

John Harvey

John Hyatt

Jerenniah King

John Higginbothann

John Harvey

Joseph Heriot

John Hague

Bishopssrate St.

1720

St. Brides Lane

1720

Foster Lane

1720

Foster Lane

1726

Basingr Lane

1739

Bishopssrate St.

1739

Gutter Lane

1739

Little Britain

1741

Foster Lane

1742

Rosemary Lane

1746

Gutter Lane

1746

Gutter Lane

1746

Gutter Lane

1746

Gt. St. Andrews St.

1750

Noble St.

1768

MAKERS' MARKS

273

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

03)

James Hunt

John Hutson

John Harris

Joseph Hardy

Joseph Hardy and
Thomas Loundes

John Jones

James Jenkins

John Jones

John Jacob

James Jenkins

John Jacobs

James Jones

Jeremiah King

King St.,

Cheapside

St. John Square

Monkwell St.

Clements Lane

No address

1760

1784

1786

1799

1788

Maiden Lane

Rotherhithe

Gutter Lane

St. Martins Le Grand

Hemings Row

Aldersgate

Hemings Row

Noble St.

Carey Lane

1723

1729

1731

1733

1734

1738

1739

1766

1723

274

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

TK\

Jeremiah King

John Kineard

John Kidder

John King

Jeremiah King

John Kentenber and
Thomas Groves

John Lingard

John Ludlow

Isaac Liger

Jane Lambe

John Liger

Jeremiah Lee

John Luff

John Lampfert

Foster Lane

Orange St-

Piccadilly

Fore St.

Foster Lane

Red Lion St.

Maiden Lane
Ball Alley,

Lumbard St.

Hemings Row

Shandos St.

Hemings Row
Watling St.

Pemberton Square

Windmill St.
Windmill St.

1736

1743

1780

1785

1739

1757

1719

1720

1729

1730

1739

1748

MAKERS' MARKS

275

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

John Lavis

John Laithwait

John Lee

John Lam be

John Lias

James Langlois

John Lang:land and
J. Robertson

John Langford and
John Sebille

James Margas

James Morson

John Millington

John Millingrton

James Maitland

John Montgomery

James Manners

Bride Lane

Liverpool

Bunhill Row

Fetter Lane

No address

St. Andrew St.

Newcastle

St. Martin le Grand

St. Martins Lane

Foster Lane

Butcherhall Lane

Bishopsgate

Suffolk St.

Cambridge St

Strand

1749

1765

1782

1783

1799

1738

1780

1769

1720

1728

1729

1734

276

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

»M

EM]

Jessie McFariane

J. Mackfarlen

James Morison

John Montgomery

James Manners, Jr.

Jacob Marshe

James Manners, Jr.

John Munns

John F. Moore

John Moore

James Murray and
Charles Kandler

James Mince and
Wm. Hodgklns

John Newton

Cloth Fair

New St.,

Cloth Fair

Bartholomew Close

Silver St.

Villers St.

St. Swithins Lane

Villers St.
Gutter Lane

Fleet St.

Silver St.

St. Martins Lane
Bell Square,

Foster Lane

Lumbard St.

Staining Lane
Maiden Lane

1739

1740

1742

1745

1744

1745

1753

1758

1778

1729

1780

1720

1726

1739

MAKERS' MARKS

277

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

John Neville

Edward Jones

Lawrence Jones

Grover Johnson, Jr.

John Jones

Simon Jouet

John Owing

John Pero

John Pollock

James Paltro

John Pollock

John Pont

John

John Payne

Norris St.

Foster Lane

Old Bayley

Maiden Lane

Foster Lane

Maiden Lane

Noble St.

Suffolk St.

Long Acker

No address

Long Acker

Staining Lane

Salisbury Court

Cheapside

1746

1697

1687

1712

1719

1723

1728

1724

1732

1734

1739

1748

1761

278

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

John Perry
Joseph Preedy
Joseph Preedy
Parker & Wakeiin
Jonathan Perkins

Senior and Junior

John Quantock
John Quantock

Edward Ironside

Isaac Ribonleau

Jonathan Robinson

James Richardson

John Robinson

John Roker

John Rowe

Pauls Court

Westmorland
Buildings

Gt. Newport St.
Pan ton St.

Hosier Lane

Huggin Alley

Wood St.

Lombard St.

St. Martins Lane

Orange St.

Gutter Lane

Porter St., Soho

Lester Fields

Bishopsgate St.

Gutter Lane

1757

1777

1800

1769

1795

1734

1753

1697

1720

1723

1738

1739

1743

1749

MAKERS' MARKS

279

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

John Richardson

Sheffield

1752

[^ I John Robins

<$>

Thomas Issod

Joyce Issod

St. John St,

Fleet St.

Fleet St,

Joyce Issod's widow Fleet St

1774

1697

1708

sS*»*

John Sanders

James Seabrook

James Smith

John Smith

Joseph Steward

John Le Sage

Joseph Smith

James Savage

Joseph Sanders

James Slater

No address

Wood St.

Foster Lane

Little Britain

Maiden Lane

Old St.

Clerkenwell

Fetter Lane

Carey Lane

Gt. Trinity Lane

1720

1722

1728

1730

1732

28o

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

<©

m
m

<I3)

James Shruder

Joseph Steward

James Shruder

John Le Sage

Joseph Sanders

John Sprackman

James Smith

John Schuppe

John Steward

James Stamp

John Scofield

James Sutton

James Sutton and
Joseph Bult

John Hyatt and

Charles Semore

Wardour St.

Maiden Lane

Greel< St

Gt. Suffolk St.

Maiden Lane

Foster Lane

1737

1739

1789

1741

Monkwell St.

Old Baiiey

Deans Court

Grub St.

Cheapslde

Bell Yard

Cheapside

St. Martins Le Grand

1744

1746

1753

1765

1744

1778

1780

1782

1767

MAKERS' MARKS

281

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

fed

John Tayler

Gutter Lane

1728

John Tayler

Gutter Lane

1734

John Tuite

Blackfriars

1721

John Tulte

Litchfield St.,

Soho

1739

(111

Joseph Timberlake

Castle St.

1743

ILII

James Tookey

Noble St.

1760

Job Tripp
John Townsend
John Tayleur

St. Martins Lane
Grays Inn Road
Newgate St.

1764
1766
1766

|IT|

iT|

055

John Townsend

Bath

1783

luj

John Tweedie

Holywell St.

1783

HTi

John Thompson

Sunderland

1786

f^l

John Wisdome

Watling St.

1720

Iiw1

James Wilkes

Golden Lane

1722

John White

Arundaie St.

1724

282

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

0:21

li?j

urn

1ST

0*1

James Wilkes
Wichehaller

John White

James West
James Wllmot

John Wirgman
James Williams

John Wren

John Wakelin and
Robert Garrard

John Wakelin and
William Tayler

William Juson
J. Verlander
James Young

James Young and
Orlando Jackson

John Jackson

St. Mary Ax

Deptford

Green St.

Foster Lane

Strand

Bishopsgate St.

Panton St.

Panto n St.

Foster Lane

Artichoke Court

Aldersgate St.

Fleet St.

1728

1739

1741

1745

Paternoster Row 1765

1777

1792

1776

1704

1739

1775

1774

1697

MAKERS' MARKS

283

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

John Baker

John Denziiow

John Ernes

Jonathan Fossy

James Goodwin

John Gamon

James Gould

John Harwood

John Lambe

James Manners

John Pero

Isabel Pero

John Swift

Old Bailey

Westmorland

Buildings

Amen Corner

Wood St.

Noble St.

Staining Lane

Gutter Lane

Bunhiii Row

Fetter Lane

Strand

Orange Court

Noble St.

1770

1774

1798

1789

1721

1739

1743

1739

1791

1739

1741

1739

1767

284

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

(Ed

®i

James Wilkes
Charles Kandler
Frederick Kandler

Charles Kandler and
James Murray

William Keatt
William Keatt
Robert Kempton
John Keigrwin

Robert Kebie
Jonah Kirke
Jeremiah King
David Killmaine
John Laughton

Jonathan Lambe

John Ladyman

Fell St.

St. Martins Lane

German St.

St. Martins Lane

Foster Lane

East Smithfield

Foster Lane

Snow Hill

Foster Lane

Carman St.

Carey Lane

Snow Hill

Maiden Lane

On London Bridge

Sherborn Lane

1739

1727

1736

1729

1697

1710

1697

1723

1715

1697

MAKERS' MARKS

285

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Paul Lamarie
George Lam be
Thomas Langford

Jane Lambe
Louis Black

Louisa Courtauld and
Samuel Courtauld

Louis Dupont

Lewis Dupont

Louis De Lisle
Louis Ducommien

JoFin Leach

Timothy Ley

Ralph Leeke

George Lewis
Samuel Lee

Windmill St.

Hemings Row

Lumbard St.

Shandos St.

Haymarket

Cornhill

Wardour St.

Compton St.

Angel Court

Rath bone Place

Distaff Lane

Fenchurch St.

Covent Garden

New Exchange,

Strand

Newgate St.

1712

1713

1715

1719

1761

1777

1736

1739

1773

1775

1697

1699

1701

286

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Samuel Lea

Petley Lee

Louis Guichard

Lewis Hamon
Lewis Hamon
Lewis Hamon

Lewis Heme and
Francois Butty

Isaac Liger

John Lingard
John Lingard
Lawrence Johnson
Luke Kendall

Louis Laroche

Louis Laroche
Lewis Mettayer

No address

1711

Within Aldgate

1716

Kingr St.

1748

Gt. Newport St.

1736

Church St., Soho

1738

Church St., Soho

Clerkenwell Close

Hemingrs Row

Fish St.

Maiden Lane

Strand

Wood St.

Seven Dials

Lumber Court

Pall Mail

1738

1767

1701

1718

1719

1761

1772

1726

1738

1720

MAKERS' MARKS

287

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

(Onr

Lo:

Seth Lofthouse

Nathaniel Lock

Robert Lovell

Matthew E. Lofthouse

William Looker

Lewis Ouvry

Lewis Pantin

William Lukin

John Ludlow

William Mathew

Mathew Madden

William Matthews

Willoughby Masham

Jonathan Madden

Bishopsgate | 1697

Cripplegate 1698

Maiden Lane 1702

Temple Bar 1703

Carey Lane 1713

New St., 1740

Covent Garden

Castle St. 1733

Leicester Fields 1739

Gutter Lane 1699

Without Aldgate 1713

Foster Lane 1697

Lumbard St. 1697

George Alley, 1700

Lombard St.

Newgate St. 1701

Lombard St. 1702

288

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Jacob Margas

St. Martins Lane

1706

Mary Mat hew

George Alley

1707

<85>

Isaac Maiyn

Gutter Lane

1710

John Matthew

Ball Alley

1710

Wiiiiam Mathew

Minories

1711

Thomas Mann

Foster Lane

1713

ATOZ

Samuel Margas

St. Martins Lane

1714

12^

Thomas Mason

Sherborn Lane

1716

Michael Boult

Cheapside

1720

Matthew Brodier

Newport Alley

1761

(8S)

Matthew Cooper

Foster Lane

1702

iMCl

Matthew Cooper

Mark Cripps
Marmaduke Daintry

Marmaduke Daintry

Minories

St. James St.
Noble St.

Noble St.

1726
1767
1739
1739

|Me|

undA

MAKERS' MARKS

289

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

(ft

Lewis Mettayer

Pell Mell

1700

M. Arnot and

E. Pococke

Foster Lane

1720

Mordecai Fox

Swithins Lane

1746

<$>

Magdalen Feline

Covent Garden

1763

MbliStMl

Matthew Ferris
Mesliach Godwin

Lillypot Lane
Fauster Lane

17B9
1723

William Middleton

Leadenhall St.

1697

Henry Miller

Bow Lane

1714

ii<i]|

John Millington

Butcherhall St.

1718

Mary Johnson

Noble St.

1727

Mathew E. Lofthouse

Temple Bar

1721

Mary Lofthouse

Maiden Lane

1731

Ii«fl

Andrew Moore

] Mary Makemaid
Hezeklah Mountfort

Bridewell

Shoe Lane
Red Lion Court

1697
1773
1711

Mism

MiZd*:

290

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

W
^

/iiiIi^

(Sd

James Morson

John Motherly

Thomas Morse

Mary Pantin

Mary Piers

Michael Plummer

Mary Rood

Mathew Roker

Michael Ward

Francis Nelme

Bowles Nash

Nicholas Clausen

Nicholas Dumee

Anthony Nelme

Jonathan Newton

Foster Lane

Bullingmouth St.

Lomber St.

Green St.

Lester Fields

Gutter Lane

Maiden Lane

Greenwich

Cloth Fair

Ave Maria Lane

St. Martins le Grand

Orange St.

Clerkenwell

Ave Mary Lane

Lad Lane

1716

1718

1733

1768

1791

1721

1766

1760

1722

1720

1722

1776

1697

1711

MAKERS' MARKS

291

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

i-JC!/

]gi

Jonathan Newton

Nathaniel Gulliver

Richard Nightingale

Michael Nicholl

Nicholas Sprimont

Nicholas Winkins

Orlando Jackson

John Owing

Charles Overing

Philip Oyle

Benjamin Pyne

John Phillips

Thomas Parr

Mark Paillet

Humphrey Payne

Lumbard St.

1718

Gutter Lane

172S

Shoe Lane

1697

Staining Lane

1723

Compton St.

1742

Red Lion St.

1761

Wild St.

1770

Noble St.

1726

Gary Lane

1697

Gheapside

1699

St. Martins le Grand

1684

Foster Lane

1717

Wood St.

1697

Hemings Row

1698

Gutter Lane

1701

292

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

)-jfi\

Pla

PB
AB

PB
IB

Humphrey Payne

Simon Pantin

Thomas Parr

William Paradise

Peter Archambo

Peter Archambo and
P. Meuse

Pierre Bouteillu

Peter Bennett

Philip Brugruier

Peter and Ann

Bateman

Peter and Jonathan

Bateman

Gutter Lane

St. Martins Lane

1701

Castle St.

1717

Cheapside

1717

Lad Lane

1718

Green St.

17S2

Coventry St.

1744

Coventry St.

1749

Martins Court

1727

Little Britain

1781

Goswell St.

1789

St. Martins Lane

1788

Bedford St.

1762

Bunhiil Row

1791

Bunhill Row

1790

MAKERS' MARKS

293

(ED

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Peter, Ann and

Wiiliam Bateman

Bunhill Row

1800

Paul Crespln

Compton St.,

Soho

1720

Peter Le Chousbe

Glasshouse St.

1726

Paul Crespin

Compton St.,

Soho

■

1739

Paul Crespin

Compton St.,

Soho

1739

Paul Callard

Kingr St.

1761

Paul Crespin

Compton St.,

Soho

1767

Peter Castle and

Wm. Gwillim

Carey Lane

1744

Robert Peake

Noble St.

1697

William Penstone

Gracechurch St.

1697

Henry Penstone

Gracechurch St.

1697

Wiiliam Penstone

Foster Lane

1697

John Penford

Foster Lane

1697

James Pearce

Newgate St.

1698

William Petley

Blowbladder St.

1699

294

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Edmund Pearce

Thomas Peele

Jean Petrlj

William Pearson

Edward Peacock

William Penstone

William Pearson

William Petley

John Pero

Charles Perler

Phillip Freeman

Phillip Goddard

Phillips Goddard

Phillips Garden

Strand

Jewin St.

Pall Mali

Ball Alley

Strand

Foster Lane

Ball Alley

Blowbladder St.

Strand

Macclesfield St.

Bartholomew Close

Cheapside

Gutter Lane

1704

1707

1710

1713

1717

1727

1773

1774

1723

1739

1748

MAKERS' MARKS

295

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Phillips Garden

Peter Gillois

Pierre Gillois

Phillis Phillip

Paul Hanet

Israel Pinckingr

Matthew Pickeringr

Pere Pilleau

Pierre Platel

Gabriell Player

Francis Plynnley

Paul Lamerie

Paul Lannerie

St. Pauls Churchyard

Queen St.

Wardour St.

Cannon St.

St. Andrews St.

Gt. St. Andrews St.

St. Jannes St.

Mugwell St.

CHandois St.

Pall Mall

Ratcliff

Nicholas Lane

Windmill St.

Garard St.

1761

178S

1764

1720

1781

1721

1697

1703

1720

1698

1700

1716

173S

1738

296

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

(SI

Philip Norman

John Porter

Thomas Port

Benjamin Pyne

Peze Pilieau

Philip Platel

P6ze Pilieau

Paul Pinard

Edmund Prockter

Philip Rolles

Thomas Prichard

Philip Rainaud

Philip Roker

Philip Robinson

Philip Roker

St. Martins Lane

Strand

Queen St.

St. Martins le Grand

Chandois St.

York Buildings,

Strand

Chandois St.

Hogr Lane

St. Annes Lane

Strand

Drury Lane

Suffolk St.

Long Acker

Fleet St.

King St.,

Westminster

1771

1698

1713

1697

1736

1737

1739

1761

1700

1706

1700

1720

1723

1730

MAKERS' MARKS

297

LOCATION

DATE

[P-Sl

Philip Roker

Peter Simon

Paul Storr

Peter Tabart

Peter Taylor

Philip Vincent

Peter Werritzer

Benjamin Pyne

Thomas Pye

John Rand

Andrew Raven

Philip Rainaud

Richard Raine

Robert Abercromby

Bishopsgate St.

Earl St.

Church St., Soho

Windsor

Strand
Earl St.,

Seven Dials

Salisbury St.

St. Martins le Grand

Carey Lane
Lombard St.

St. Martins le Grand
Suffolk St.

Fleet St.

St. Martins le Grand

1776

1726

1792

1726

1740

1767

1760

1701

1738

1704

1697

1707

1712

1731

1739

298

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Robert Andrews

Gutter Lane

1746

R. Abercrombie and
G. Hindmarsh

St. Martins le Grand

1781

Richard Bayley

Foster Lane

1720

Richard Beale

Henrietta St.

1731

Robert Brown

Piccadilly

1736

Richard Beale

Henrietta St.

1789

Richard Bayley

Foster Lane

1739

(3^

Robert Brown

Piccadilly

1789

Robert Burton

Noble St.

1768

(§)

Robert Cooper

Strand

1694

RCl

Robert Cox

Fetter Lane

176S

{J^

Robert Cox

Little Britain
Little Britain

1766
1766

ef?i

(R.C)

Richard Crossly

Foster Lane

1783

(BO

Richard Cooke

Carey St.

1799

MAKERS' MARKS

299

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

lEB

U19

SI
EH

R. Carter, D. Smith

and R. Sharp

Joshua Readshaw

John Read

Richard Edwards

Ralph Frith

Richard Gines

Richard Green

Richard Goslingr

Richard Goldwin

Robert Gaze

Richard Gurney and

Thomas Cooke

Richard Gurney and

Thomas Coolce

Richard Gurney & Co.

Gurney & Co.

Westmorland

Buildings

St. Annes Lane

Lawrence

Pountney Lane

Gutter Lane
Shored itch

Lunnbard St.

Foster Lane

Barbican

Cornhill

Oxford St.

Shoe Lane

Foster Lane

1778

1697

1704

1723

1728

1720

1726

1739

1763

1796

1721

1734

1739

300

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

(3)

Gurney & Co.

R. Hutchinson

Robert Hill

Robert Hennell

R. and D. Hennell

Christopher Riley

Isaac Riboulau

John Richardson

Robert Innes

Robert Jones

Robert Jones and
John Soofield

Richard Kersill

Robert Lucas

Foster Lane

Colchester

St. Swithins Lane

Foster Lane

Strand

St. Martins Lane

Gutter Lane

Mays Buildingrs

Bartholomew Close

Foster Lane

Lonnbard St.

Bow Lane

17B0

1727

1739

1773

1796

1697

1714

1723

1742

1776

1778

1776

1744

1726

1739

MAKERS' MARKS

301

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

f^M

(g)

Ralph Maidman
Richard Mills
Robert Makepeace

Robert Makepeace and
Richard Carter

Robert and Thomas
Makepeace

Ann Roman
Hugh Roberts
Philip Roker

Alexander Roode

Phillip Rolles
Phillip Rolles, Jr.

Gundry Roode
Ebenezer Roe
James Rood
Philip Robinson

Noble St.

White House Alley

Serle St.

Bartholomew Close

Serle St.

Water Lane

Newgate St.

Sherborne Lane

Cannon St.

Strand

Staining Lane

Maiden Lane

Bow Lane

Fleet St.

1731

17BB

179B

1777

1794

1697

1698

1699

1704

170B

1709

1710

1713

}02

OLD LONDON SILVER

*P^

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Nathaniel Roe

Foster Lane

1710

Mary Rood

Maiden Lane

1720

Philip Roller

Long Aclcer

1720

Jonathan Robinson

Orange St.

1723

R. Phillip

Cannon St.

1720

Richard Pargeter

Fetter Lane

1730

Robert Pertt

Newgate St.

1738

Robert Pilkington

Savoy

1739

Richard Pargreter

New St., Shoe Lane

1739

Robert Piercy

Foster Lane

1776

Robert Rew

Greenhiil Rents

1764

Richard Rugg

Saffron Hill

1764

Robert Ross

Covent Garden

1774

Richard Rugg

St. John Square

1776

Richard Scarlet

Foster Lane

1720

MAKERS' MARKS

303

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Richard Scarlett

Robert Swanson

Robert Sharp

John Read and
D. Sleamaker

Robert Tyrrill
Richard Thomas

Bennett Bradshaw and

Robert Tyrrill

John Ruslen
Abraham Russell

Richard Watts
Robert Williams
Richard Zouch
Richard Zouch

Thomas Sadler
John Sanders

Foster Lane
Black man St.

Westmorland

Buildings

Lawrence

Pountey Lane

Angel Court,

Strand

Arms Yard
Oxford Chapel
Swithins Lane
St. Annes Lane

Gutter Lane

KIngr St.,

Westminster

Chequer Court

Charing Cross

Chequer Court

Foster Lane

Oringr St.

1723

1748

1789

1701

1742

1766

1737

1697

1702

1720

1726

1736

1739

1701

1717

304

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

John Hugh Le Sage
Hugh Saunders
Stephen Ardesoif
Stephen Adams
Samuel Blackborow

Samuel Bates

Samuel Bates
Sarah Buttall

William Scarlett
Richard Scarlett
Samuel Courtauld

Septimus and

James Crespell

Samuel Dellany
Samuel Davenport
James Seabrook

Long Acre 1718

St. Brides Lane 1718

Fountain Court, 1766

Strand

Lillypot Lane 1760

Mugwell St. 1720

Gutter Lane 1728

Foster Lane 1744

Minories 1764

Foster Lane 1687

Foster Lane 1719

Shandois St. 1746

Whitcomb St. 1769

New St. Square 1762

Lime St. 1786

Wood St. 1714

MAKERS' MARKS

305

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Samuel Eaton
Samuel Godbehere

Samuel Godbehere and
Edward WIgan

Sam. Godbehere, Edw'd
WIgan and James Bult

John Shepherd
Alice Skeene
Joseph Skeene
Thomas Sherman
Samuel Hitchcock
Sarah Holaday

Samuel Hutton
William Shaw

Samuel Hitchcock

Samuel Hutton

Hoggon Court

Cheapside

Gutter Lane

Lombard St.

Foster Lane

Gutter Lane

Grafton St.

Noble St.

Gerrard St.

Gutter Lane

Goswell St.

1769

1784

1782

1800

1687

1700

1710

1717

1720

1726

1728

1730

1734

1740

3o6

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

SSJ

Susanah Hatfield

Sarah Hutton

Samuel Herbert

Samuel Howland

Samuel Herbert & Co.

Francis Singleton
Peter Simon
Simon Jouet
Simon Jouet

Samuel Laundry and

Jeffry Griffith

Samuel Key
Daniel Sleamaker
Gabriel Sleath
Gabriel Sleath

Samuel Lea

St. Martins Lane 1740

Goswell St. 1740

Aldersgate St. 1747

Long Lane 1760

Foster Lane 1760

Foster Lane 1687

Earl St. 1726

Foster Lane 1738

Foster Lane 1747

Staining Lane 1731

Gutter Lane 1746

Sweethings Lane 1704

Gutter Lane 1706

Gutter Lane 1710

Newgate St. 1720

MAKERS* MARKS

307

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Samuel Lea

Samuel Laundry

Simon Le Sage

Simon Le Sagre

John Smithsend

Samuel Smith

John Smith

Joseph Smith

James Smith

Samuel Smith

Samuel Margas

Samuel Meriton

John Snelling

Hemnings Row

Gutter Lane

Great Suffolk St.

Minories

Swithings Lane

Holbourn

Foster Lane
Foster Lane

Gutter Lane
King St.,

Covent Garden
Huggin Alley

Holbourn

1721

1727

1764

17B4

1764

1687

1700

1710

1707

1718

1719

1720

1746

1687

3o8

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

William Soame

John Spackman

Thomas Spackman

William Spring

William Springr

William Spackman

Sarah Parr

Simon Pantin

Hug-h Spring

William Spackman

Simon Pantin, Jr.

Francis Spilsbury

George Squire

Samuel Roby

Friday St.

Charing Cross

Foster Lane

Strand

Lily pot Lane

Cheapside

Castle St.

Foster Lane

Lilypot Lane

Castle St.

Green St.

Foster Lane

Fleet St.

Bell Court,

Foster Lane

1723

1697

1700

1701

1714

1720

1721

1723

1728

1731

1739

1720

1740

MAKERS' MARKS

309

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Samuel Smith

Samuel Siervent

Joseph Stokes

Ambrose Stevenson

John Stockar

John Martin Stockar

William Street

Joseph Steward

Samuel Taylor

John M. Stocker and
and Edward Peacock

Thomas Sutton

John Sutton

Samuel Welder

Starling Wilford

Foster Lane

St. Martins Lane

Southwark

Barbican

Strand

Staining Lane

Maiden Lane

Strand

Mugwell St.

Lombard St.

Gutter Lane

1764

1766

1697

1706

1710

1717

1719

1744

1706

1711

1697

1703

1720

310

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Samuel Welder

Foster Lane

1729

Starling Wllford

Gutter Lane

1728

Samuel Wood

Gutter Lane

1783

Samuel Wood

Gutter Lane

1789

Samuel Wells

Stainingr Lane

1740

urn

Samuel Wheat
Samuel Wheat
Samuel Wintle

Maiden Lane
Maiden Lane
No address

1766
1766
1783

mci^m

Richard Syng

Carey Lane

1697

Ita]

David Tanqueray

Green St.

1713

Anne Tanquery

Pell Mell

1717

tPA)

Peter Tabart

Windsor

1726

Thomas Arnold

London Wall

1770

Thomas Brydon

St. Martins le Grand

1697

Robert Timbrell

Sherborne Lane

1697

MAKERS' MARKS

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

2
©

ilT^I

Thomas Bamford

Thomas Beare
Thomas Beezley

Thomas P. Boulton and
Arthur Humphrey

Thomas Bumfries and
Orlando Jackson

Thomas Clark
Thomas Cooke

Thomas Causton

Thomas Carlton
Thomas Collier

Thomas Cong-reve

Thomas Chawner

Thomas Doxsey

Gutter Lane 1720

Foster Lane 1739

Drury Lane 17B1

London Wall 17BB

Poultry 1780

Little Trinity Lane 1766

Ball Alley 1726

Foster Lane 1787

Foster Lane 1731

Old Bailey 1744

Foster Lane 17B4

Borougrh 1766

Paternoster Row 1773

Ave Mary Lane 1783

Bishopsgrate St. 1766

312

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

ni4

Thompson Davis

Theophilus Davis

Thomas Dealtry

Thomas Daniell

Thomas Daniell and

John Wall

Thomas Devonshire

and William Watkins

Thomas Pearle

Thomas England
Thomas England

Thomas Evans

Thomas Ellis

Thomas Folkingham

Thomas Ffarrar

Holborn

King St.,

Seven Dials

Royal Exchange

Carey Lane

Foster Lane

Paternoster Row

Foster Lane

Long Acre

Fleet Ditch

Barbican

Cow Lane

Sweetings Lane

Swithing Lane

1767

17B7

1768

1766

1774

1782

1781

1766

1719

1726

1739

1774

1780

1720

MAKERS' MARKS

313

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Thomas Farren
Thomas Foster

Thomas Freeman and
James Marshall

Thomas Gladwin
Thomas Gilpin
Thomas Gilpin
Thomas Graham
Thriscross
Samuel Thome

Thomas Heming-

Thomas Hemingr
Thomas Howell
Thomas Holland

Thomas Hannam and
John Crouch

Thomas Hannam and

John Crouch

Sweethingrs Lane 1739

Fetter Lane 1769

Bartholomew Close 1764

Marylebone St. 1737

Lincolns Inn 1739

Bath 1792

Smithfield Bars 1697

Cannon St. 1697

Piccadilly 1746

New Bond St. 1767

Bath 1791

Temple Bar 1798

Giltspur St. 1766

Giltspur St. 1798

314

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Robert Timbrell

Sherboume Lane

1697

Georgre Titterton

Temple Bar

1697

John Tiffin

Watiing St.

1701

Thomas Jackson

Noble St.

1786

Thomas Jackson

Paternoster Row

1739

Thomas Jeanes

Lombard St.

1760

<S)

Thomas Jackson

Mutton Lane,

Clerkenwell

1769

Timothy Ley
Thomas Lawrence
Thomas Mason

Fenchurch St.
Golden Lane
Sherborn Lane

1727
1742
1720

l»lL'!l

(tmI

Thomas Morse
1 Thomas Mann

J Thomas Merry

Lomber St.
Foster Lane
St. John St.

1720
1720
1781

iCiEn

iZiii

Thomas Mason

Sherborn Lane

1788

^ Thomas Mann

Clerkenwell

1786

MAKERS' MARKS

315

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

1 Thomas Mason

Thomas Mann
Thomas Mercer

Thomas Moore

Fish St. Hill

Albemarle St.
West St., Soho

London Wall

1739

1738
1740

17B0

tSUIll

Mi^^

C2^

Thomas Northcote
Thomas Northcote

Shoemaker Row
Berkeley St.,

Clerkenwell

1776
1784

ITHI

Itn
Igb.

Thomas Northcote and
George Bourne

Berkeley St.,

Clerkenwell

1791

<©

Edward Townsend

Cripplesrate

1697

ESI

Thomas Ollivant

Manchester

1789

fPSI

Thomas Potts

Bolt Court,
Fleet St.

1728

Thomas Potts

Bolt Court,

Fleet St.

1728

Thomas Parr

Cheapside

1733

Thomas Parr

Cheapside

1739

Thomas Powell

Bolt Court

1766

|££|

Thomas Powell

St. Martins le Grand

1768

3i6

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

©E3

ton

Thomas Pye

T. B. Pratt and

Arthur Humphrey

Thomas Payne and

Richard Payne

Benjamin Traherne
William Truss

William Truss

Thomas Rush

Thomas Rowe

Thomas Renou

Thomas Sadler

Thomas Smith

Thomas Shepherd

Thomas Streetin

Thomas Terle

Carey Lane

Poultny

Cheapside

St. Martins Lane

Foster Lane

Reading

Fetter Lane

Aldersgate St.

Cannon St.

St. John St.

Foster Lane

Wood St.

Aldersgate St.

Plough Count

Foster Lane

1739

1780

1779

1697

1710

1721

1724

1789

1768

1792

1720

1760

1786

1789

1720

MAKERS' MARKS

317

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

i3?ii

^MVI

Frwl

TWi

Pfwl

ff&wl

Thomas Townsend

Thomas Tearle

Thomas Towman

Thomas Tookey

William Twell

Thomas Wright

Thomas Whipham

Thomas Wynne

Thomas Wallis

Thomas Willmore

Thomas Wallis

Turner & Williams

Thomas Whipham

and Charles Wright

St. Martins Lane

Russell St.

Dolphin Court

Silver St.

Gutter Lane

Maiden Lane

Foster Lane

Bath

Little Britain

Monkwell St.

Birmingham

Clerkenwell

Staining Lane

Ave Mary Lane

1738

1739

17B3

1773

1709

1721

1737

1739

1764

1768

1778

1790

1792

1763

1767

3i8

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

Thomas Whipham and

W. Wiiliams

Francis Turner

Edward Turner

William Turbitt

Joseph Ward

Benjamin Watts

White V/alsh

Samuel Wastell

Theodore Waterhouse

William Warham

Thomas Wall

Joseph Ward

Richard Watts

William Atkinson

Foster Lane 1740

St. Annes Lane 1709

St. Annes Lane 1720

Foster Lane 1710

Water Lane 1697

Carey Lane 1698

No address 1698

Finch Lane 1701

Silver St. 1702

Shear Lane 1708

Chancery Lane 1706

Lombard St. 1708

St. Pauls Churchyard 1717

Maiden Lane 1720

New Fish St Hill 1726

MAKERS* MARKS

319

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

E23

CTA5

ffiE

e^^y

rrm

'«

ffiE

GJD

William Alexander

William Abdy

William Bayiey

William Bellassyse

William Bagnail

Walter Bri

William Bond

William Bell

William Bromage

Walter Brind

William Basnett

Wood St.

Ote Lane

Noble St.

Aldersgate

Holbom

West Smithfield

Foster Lane

Monkwell St.

Strand

Foster Lane

Bath

1742

1766

1767

1784

1780

Date

1723

1744

1748

1763

1764

1768

1770

1781

1784

320

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

ffiE

COS

iYiO

.^fl5

imi5

William Bennett

William Bond and

John Phipps

William Cripps

William Caldecott

William Cafe

Wescombe Drake

William Darker

William Day
William Dorrell

Matthew West

James Wethered

Samuel Welder

Samuel Welder
Georgre Weir

Aldersgrate St.

Foster Lane

1706

1764

Compton St.

Silver St.

Gutter Lane

Norton Folgate

Strand

Red Lion Court,

Greek St.

Smithfield Bars

Foster Lane

Catherine St.

Gutter Lane

Hemingrs Lane

1743

1766

1767

1724

1721

1731

1768

1763

1697

1709

1714

1717

1727

MAKERS' MARKS

321

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

VSil

cia.3

®&

Wiliiam Eley and
Geo. Pierrepoint

Wiliiam Eiey and
William Fearn

William Fearn

W. L. Foster

William Fennell

William Frisbee

William Fountain

William Frisbee and

Paul Storr

William Fountain and

Daniel Pontifex

William Fisher and
John Fisher

William Gamble

William Gould

William Garrard

William Gould

Bartholomew Close

Clerlcenwell Green

1778

1797

Wood St.

Blue Anchor Alley
Foster Lane

Cock Lane
Red Lion St.

Red Lion St.

Cock Lane,

Snow Hill

Hosier Lane

Little Britain
Foster Lane

Gutter Lane
Stain ingr Lane

Foster Lane

1774

1776

1782

1784

1792

1781

1783

1692

1732

1736

1739

322

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

vTC«i

C3D

f^^

{frj?{

William Garrard

William Gwillim

William Grundy

William Gould

William Garrard

William Gould

William Grundy

William Grundy and
Edward Fernell

William Hopkins

William Hunter

William Homer

William Howard

William Holmes

William Hall

William How and
William Clark

Noble St.

Carey Lane

Goff Square

Foster Lane

Shorts Buildingrs

Old St.

Fetter Lane

Hatton Garden

Kingr St., Soho

Foster Lane

Clerkenwell

Finsbury St.

Spittle Square

1739

1740

1743

1748

1763

1777

1779

1739

1760

1776

1796

1777

MAKERS' MARKS

323

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

i^Al

(SB

iffi)

William Holmes and
Nicholas Dumee

Charles Williams

Wimans

John Wisdome

David Willaume

Richard Williams

Stardingr Wilford

John Wisdom

John White

William Justus

George Wickes

Robert Williams

David Willaume

William Justus

W. and J. Dean

Clerkenwell Green

Lamb Alley

Foster Lane

Watlin St.

Pall Mall

Gutter Lane

Watlinsr St.

Arundale St.

Stainingr Lane

Threadneedle St.

Kingr St.,

Westminster

St. James St.

Staynin Lane

1773

1687

1704

16S7

1712

1717

1718

1721

1726

1728

1738

Ironmonger Road

1762

324

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

iMji

\^3r^

[S3

Stephen Abdy and
Wiiiiam Jury

William Le Bas

William Kidney

William Kersill

William Kingr

William Looker

William Lukin

William Mathew

William Matthews

William Mackenzie

William Moody

Edward Wood

William Owen

William Petley

Lilypot Lane 1768

Red Lipn St., 1773

Bell Court

Foster Lane 1734

Foster Lane 1739

Gutter Lane 1748

Cross St., 1761

Hatton Garden

St. Annes Lane 1720

Strand 1726

Mfnories 1720

Clerkenwell 1728

Windmill St. 1748

Berwick St. 1766

Puddle Dock 1722

Cheapside 1723

Blowbladder St. 1720

MAKERS' MARKS

325

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

William Pearson

Ball Alley

1720

William Paradise

Lad Lane

1720

William Peaston
t William Plummer

William Penstone
1 William Pitts

St. Martins le Grand

Foster Lane

Noble St.

St. Martins St.

1746
1756
1774
1781

tw-p:

k'^rii

[®

) William Potter

1 VEVill*^^ ^ ^^Sj.^.^

Wild St.
Litchfield St.

Gutter Lane

1777
1786

1789

•jlJ^

William Pitts
1 William Plummer

|w?

7) William Pitts

Little Wild St.

1788

IVtfP

William Playfair and
William Wilson

Portland Road

1782

|Vt*^P

W. & R. Peaston

William Priest and
James Priest

St. Martins le Grand
Whitecross St.

1766
1764

rti^tj

li!£l

William Pitts and
Joseph Preedey

William Reeve

Litchfield St.
Minories

1791
1731

iCTE

326

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

mil

iSXii

OT^

C5:>»

iam Robertson

iam Reynoldson

iam Scarlet

iam Street

iam Spachman

iam Shaw

iam Soame

iam Scarlett

iam Shaw

iam Soame

iam Solomon

iam Shaw

iam Sheen

Porter St.

St. James Market

Foster Lane

StaininfiT Lane

Lily pot Lane

Gerard St.

Friday St.

Foster Lane

Gerard St.

Cheapside

Church St., Soho

Maiden Lane

Old Belton St.

1753

1757

1720

1738

1723

1725

1727

1732

1738

1747

1748

1766

MAKERS' MARKS

327

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

c?e

rws

6SS

C23

William Sanden

William Sampel

William Sheen

William Simons

William Sumner

William Sheen

William Sutton

William Stephenson

William Shaw and
Wiillam Priest

Sumner & Crossley

William Truss

William Toone

William Turner

William Tuite

Walter Tweedle

St. Martins le Grand

Baldwins Garden

Cow Cross

Lambeth

Clerkenwell

Well St.,

Falcon Sq.

Cheapside

Lombard St.

Maiden Lane

Clerkenwell

Readingr

Cripplegrate

Addle St.

Kingr St.,

Golden Square

Holywell St.

1766

1776

1782

1783

1784

1786

1749

1773

1721

1726

1764

1766

1776

328

OLD LONDON SILVER

MAKER

LOCATION

DATE

CSS

fi^l/^

Jim

mra

William Vincent

William Woodward

William West

William Williams

William Woodward

William Wooller

William Watkins

William Young

William Young"

Edward Vincent

Daniel Yerbury

Edward York

St. Annes Lane

Fenchurch St.

Lester Fields

Foster Lane

Fenchurch St.

Cloth Fair

Paternoster Row

St. Andrews St.

Kings Arms Court

Bread St.

Holborn

1774

1731

1789

1742

1743

1750

1766

1736

1739

1713

1716

1706

London Silversnniths

from 1801 to 1850

This list has been compiled from ali the London Directories of the first

half of the last century. As it is for reference in regard to makers'

marks, the alphabetical arrangement is as the marks read—

that is, John Ashley will be found under J and not under

A. The makers' marks of firms were generally the

initials of all the partners; the names of the

firms that appear in the directories without

initials, will be found at the end of the list.

Theae name* Include tlioae of both makera and atorekeepera, aa aometlmaa the latter had a reglatered mark
which waa put on allver that had been made for them by aome working alloeramlth.

Aifred Barton

27 Hatton Garden

1841 to 1844

Andrew Batchelor

19 Clerkenwell Green

1848 to 1850

Andrew Beaton

110 Whitechapel High Street

1847 to 1848

A. B. Savory & Sons

14 Cornhiil

1889 to 1850

Abraham Dry

17 South St, IVIanchester Square

1819

A. D. Fleming

105 Whitechapel High St.

1824 to 1837

Abel Garnham

1 Lincoln Inn Fields

1819

Alexander Gordon

336 Strand

1816 to 1818

A. G. Priestman

19 Princes St, Leicester Square

1814 to 1815

A. & G. Burrows

14 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell

1816 to 1818

A. Hewat & Co.

12 King St, Goswell St.

1816 to 1829

A. H. Dry

32 St. Martins Lane

1822 to 1823

A. Lee & Co.

161 Old Gravel Lane

1814

A. L. Newton

4 Bury St, St. Mary Axe.

1839 to 1840

Absalom IVIarsh

6 Aldgate St.

1806

A. M. Simons

60 Bishopsgate Within

1839 to 1840

A. & M. Stracy

3 & 4 Duke St, Smithf ieid

1819

Alexander Purse

70 London Wall

1821 to 1830

Alexander Smith

3 Bedfordbury, Covent Garden

1841 to 1850

A. Tate

1 Cambridge St, Golden Square

1820 to 1837

A. Thos. Parsons

21 Houndsditch

1822

Benjamin Cole

54 Barbican

1801 to 1810

Banks Farrand

48 Cheapside

1814 to 1832

B. Massey

116 Leadenhall St.

1807 to 1840

Benjamin IVIoses

23 Han way St.

1822

329

330

OLD LONDON SILVER

Benjamin Preston

41 Coppice Row, Cierkenwell

1840 to 1850

Benjamin Smith

12 Duke St, Lincoln Inn Fields

1824 to 1850

Bernoni Stephens

9 Camomile St, Bishopsgate

1835 to 1843

B. T. Hopgood & Son

202 Bishopsgate Without

1833 to 1835

B. T. Walter

93 High Holborn

1831 to 1838

Charles Bigge

62 Torrington Square

1839

Charles Bishop

14 Upper Rosoman St.

1850

Charles Boyton

26 Wellington St, Goswell St.

1840 to 1850

Clement Cheese

40 Kirby St, Hatton Garden

1829 to 1833

Charles Chesterman

62 Fleet Market

1802 to 1814

Charles Cording

118 Minories

1806 to 1827

C. Eley

2 Lovers Court, Paternoster Row

1826 to 1840

Charles Fox

139 Old St, St. Lukes

1819 to 1842

Crispin Fuller

3 Windsor Court, Monkwell St.

1804 to 1827

Charles Garraway

13 Queen St, Westminster

1822 to 1823

Charles Gibson

71 Bishopsgate Within

1840

Charles Harson

260 High Holborn

1834 to 1840

Charles Hollingshead

13 Cierkenwell Green

1808 to 1814

C. &J. Blake

15 Charing Cross

1820

C. J. Willis

81 Bishopsgate Without

1836 to 1837

Charles Kelk

70 Castle St, Leicester Square

1840 to 1843

Charles Kelk

20 Denmark St, Soho

1844 to 1848

Charles Lias

65 Crown St, Finsbury

1840 to 1850

Charles May

8 Curtain Road, Shoreditch

1838 to 1840

C. Mosley

20 Aldgate

1828 to 1829

C. &G. Mullins

12 Staverton Row, Newington

1843 to 1850

Charles Needham

55 Piccadilly

1822 to 1823

Charles Norton

12 Ludgate Hill

1814

C. Peirson

78 Fleet Market

1803 to 1804

Charles Plumley

43 Ludgate Hill

1829 to 1832

C. Randall

6 East Harding St, Fleet St.

1836

Chas. Shaw

11 Gough Square, Fleet St.

1836 to 1850

Charles Taylor

9 Chiswell St.

1819

C. AT, Grey

120 High Holborn

1824 to 1825

Charles Vaughan

39 Strand

1839 to 1843

Charles Watson

16 Norton Folgate

1844 to 1848

C. W. Auber

116 Great Portland St.

1809

Charles W. Shipway

82 Nicholas St, Hoxton

1840 to 1844

D. Sutton

43 Fore St, Cripplegate

1814 to 1818

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

331

David Cameron

318 Strand

1817 to 1838

D. & C. Houle

24 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell

1846 to 1860

David Ellis

2 John St, Oxford St.

1840

David Farrow

73 Fleet Market

1819

Daniel Folkard

7 London Road

1819

Daniel Fox

101 Bermondsey St.

1819

David Cass & Sons

166 Regent St.

1841

Daniel Hockle

9 Brook St, Holborn

1814 to 1815

David Jennings

132 Fenchurch St.

1819

David Jones

30 Broad St, Bloomsbury

1819

David Jones

186 High Holborn

1830 to 1837

David Lamb

50 Red Lion St, Holborn

1811 to 1815

D. & L. Phillips

12 Wilson St, Finsbury

1840 to 1842

David Phillips

12 Wilson St, Finsbury

1848 to 1849

D. Pontifex

8 St. John St, Clerkenwell

1801 to 1811

D. Solome

2 Bridge St. Row, Lambeth

1819 to 1822

David Trail

14 Amwell St, Pentonvllle

1840

David Windsor

139 Minories

1801 to 1813

D. W. Stephenson

27 Lombard St.

1827

Edwin Alderman

41 Barbican

1824 to 1839

Edward Barnard

39 Claremont Square

1841 to 1843

E. Barnard & Sons

34 Paternoster Row

1829 to 1837

E. Barnard & Sons

Angel St, St. Martin's le Grand

1838 to 1850

E. Barton

36 Charles St, Hatton Garden

1824 to 1840

Edward Barton

27 Hatton Garden

1825 to 1846

E. Bay lis

1 Mortimer St.

1829 to 1838

Edward Beauchamp

14 Holborn

1801 to 1810

Edward Benton

224 Strand

1835 to 1841

Edward Calver

44 Cowper St, City Road

1840

Edward Clark

Fleet St.

1814 to 1818

Edward Dale

7 Bishops Court, Chancery Lane

1840

Edward Dry

22 High Row, Knightsbridge

1837toiaS9

Elizabeth Eaton

16 Jewin Crescent

1847 to 1850

Edward Edlin

37 New Bond St.

1804 to 1823

Edward Edwards

1 Bridgewater Square, Barbican

1819 to 1824

Edward Edwards

48 Banner St.

1827 to 1829

Edward Edwards

52 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell

1839 to 1849

Edward Farrell

4 Bridges St, Covent Garden

1828 to 1837

Edward Farrell

24 Bridges St, Covent Garden

1838 to 1850

332

OLD LONDON SILVER

Edward Fernell

119 Fetter Lane

1801 to 1807

Edward Fleming

78 Fleet Market

1807 to 1809

Edward Fleming

90 Newgate St.

1819

Edward Follgno

12 Bury St, St. Mary Axe

1841 to 1850

Edward Francis

161 Shoreditch

1801 to 1810

Edward Frears

4 Little Pulteny St.

1815

Edward Gibson

71 Bishopsgate Within

1817 to 1818

Edward Jenkins

51 Crawford St, Portman Square

1822 to 1823

E. & J. Clark

St. Dunstans, Fleet St.

1804 to 1813

Edward Lamb

43 Ludgate Hill

1834 to 1838

Edward Lees

4 St. James St, Clerkenwell

1809

Edward Marshall

61 Cannon St, Ratcliff

1819

Edward Marshall

Mare St, Hackney

1840

E. Morley

7 Westmorland Buildings

1806 to 1818

Elizabeth Morritt

124 Long Acre

1816 to 1819

Edward Pry or

20 Gracechurch St.

1834 to 1840

Elizabeth Ramsay

17 Liquorpond St.

1828 to 1835

E. S. Sampson

53 Greek St, Soho

1820 to 1826

E. Souttin

3 Coventry St, Piccadilly

1815

Edward Stammers

99 Strand

1819 to 1850

E. Thompson

1 London House Yard

1824 to 1830

E. Thomas & Co.

13 New St, Covent Garden

1828

Francis Cotton

90 Shoreditch

1821 to 1838

Frederick Dear

3 Kings Square, Goswell Road

1845

Frances Douglass

13 St. James St, Clerkenwell

1840 to 1850

Francis Harrison

185 Tottenham Court Road

1831 to 1840

Francis HIggins

20 Cursiter St, Chancery Lane

1822 to 1835

Francis Higglns

40 Kirby St, Hatton Garden

1840 to 1850

Francis Jones & Son

62 Cornhill

1839 to 1842

Francis Pearce

9 Newington Causeway

1833 to 1850

Frederick Seagood

59 Borough

1816

Francis Sims

Gray's Inn Passage, Hoiborn

1809

Francis Steele

71 Oxford St.

1819 to 1838

George Barker

91 Houndsditch

1819

George Barker

17 Aldgate High St.

1822 to 1827

George Beck

94 Blackf riars Road

1836 to 1837

George Benson

244 High Hoiborn

1822

George Bissmire

36 Pear Tree Court, Clerkenwell

1844 to 1850

G. & B. Blogg

8 Jewin St.

1808

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

333

George Burrows

14 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell

1820

George Burrows

24 Felix Terrace, Liverpool Road

1848 to 1849

G. Corrie & Co.

84 Long Acre

1840 to 1844

George Dobree

68 Oxford St.

1801 to 1819

George Drury

32 Strand

1840

G. E. Cooke & Co.

5 Jewin St.

1824 to 1826

George Farmer

32 Tavistock St, Covent Garden

1819 to 1823

George Fisher

44 Blackman St.

1822

G. F. Pinnell

18 Red Cross Square, Cripplegate

1835 to 1850

G. Grainger

75 Holborn Bridge

1801 to 1815

George Hennell

5 Snow Hill

1822

G. H. Cleeve

143 Blackfriars Road

1820 to 1828

G. R. Hennell

5 Snow Hill

1831 to 1833

G. & H. Watson

31 Duke St, Oxford St.

1846 to 1850

George Ivory

53 Compton St, Clerkenwell

1845 to 1850

George Jump

14 Broad St, Bloomsbury

1819 to 1833

George J. Ricliards

26^^ Sekforde St.

1845 to 1849

George Knapp

36 Barbican

1839 to 1842

George Knapp

14 High St, Islington

1843 to 1844

George Knight

7 Westmorland Building

1821 to 1837

Gregory Kirby & Co.

4 Crane Court, Fleet St.

1840

George Lane

185 High Holborn

1816 to 1829

George Like

16 Chiswell St.

1806 to 1811

George Like

9 Tabernacle Walk, Finsbury

1812 to 1813

George Mander

18 Upper East Smithfield

1838

George Marshall

61 Cannon St.

1840

George Morris

119 Minories

1807 to 1818

G. Newson

1 Commercial Road, Whitechapel

1836 to 1837

George Pickett

265 Oxford St.

1827 to 1839

George Purse

448 Strand

1802 to 1832

George Reid

18 Cross St, Hatton Garden

1839 to 1844

George Richards

1 Sherrard St, Golden Square

1816 to 1819

George Richards

28 Maryiebone St, Golden Square

1820 to 1821

G. R. Chatterton

2 Peters Court, St. Martins Lane

1838 to 1847

George Sellars

21 Cross St, Hatton Garden

1822 to 1823

George Smith

16 Hosier Lane

1814 to 1815

George Steel

105 Strand

1827

George Turner

1 Lower John St, Golden Square

1819

George Turner

74 Long Acre

1840

334

OLD LONDON SILVER

G. & T. Farmer

29 Bridges St, Covent Garden

1815

G. T. Pinnell

21 Well St, Jewin St.

1831 to 1834

George Unite

16 Thavle's Inn, Holborn

1845 to 1850

George Webb

36 Great Russell St.

1843 to 1847

George Webb

207 High Holborn

1848

George Wheeier

Bartlett's Buildings, Holborn

1840

Godfrey Zimmerman

48 Albany St, Regents Park

1840

H. Abrahams

77 Leadenhall St.

1840

Herman Ball

8 Lisle St, Leicester Square

1839 to 1843

Henry Baron

6 New Bond St.

1829 to 1832

Hugh Beavan

34 Marylebone St, Golden Square

1819

Henry Bird

40 Poultry

1825 to 1827

Henry Bird

109 Cheapside

1829 to 1844

Hugh Brodie

9 Crescent, Cripplegate

1810

H. B. Wheatley

31 Charlotte St.

1819

H. Co wen

3 Sidney Alley, Leicester Square

1819

Henry Dempster

160 Blackfriars Road

1836 to 1838

Henry Dobson

30 City Road, Finsbury

1809 to 1813

H. Effex

224 Strand

1807 to 1823

Henry Fleming

54 High St, Bloomsbury

1809

Henry Freeth

26% Little Sutton St, Clerkenweil

1848 to 1850

Henry Fuller

18 Ludgate Hill

1838 to 1840

Henry Glover

58^^ Gracechurch St.

1842 to 1845

Henry Glover & Co.

144 Leadenhall St.

1830 to 1832

H. G. Ive

10 Finsbury Place

1830 to 1839

Henry Hall

284 High Holborn

1837 to 1840

H. Holland

13 Low Smith St.

1840 to 1850 1

Hyam Hyams

5 Castle St, Houndsditch

1824 to 1850

H. Lambert

36 Ludgate St.

1822 to 1823

H. Lazarus

112 Upper East Smithfieid

1819

Henry Lee

10 Shoreditch

1801 to 1810

H. Lewis

126 Regent St.

1826 to 1827

H. L. Cavalier

17 Bartletts Buildings

1841 to 1842

Henry Marshall

3 Forest, Limehouse

1817 to 1818

H. J. Nlblett

81 Farringdon St.

1838

H. Nutting

38 Noble St.

1810 to 1816

Henry Perrin

129 Holborn Hill

1838 to 1843

Henry Radclyffe

68 Frith St, Soho

1846 to 1860

Henry Solomon

63 Strand

1829 to 1837

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

335

H. T. Ellis

Henry Walker

H. Wright

H. W. Wilson

H.W.Fleming

I. Foligno

I. Perry

I. Robinson

I. Rogers

Jannes Aldous & Son

James Andrews

John Angell

John Angell Sl Son

Joseph Angell & Son

John Ashley

J. Ashman

J.A. Muddell

Joseph Ball

John Banfield

John Bannister

John Barber

James Bassett

Joseph Bates

Joshua Bayles

John Beauchamp

James Beebe

J. Behrends

John Bennett

John Blake

John Booth

Joseph Boyd

Joseph Brasbridge

Joseph Brookes

John Brown

Joseph Browning

11 King St, Covent Garden
131 Fetter Lane, Fleet St.

7 Beaufort Buildings, Strand
26 Tothill St, Westminster

1 Vigo Lane, Swallow St.
78 Farringdon St.
16 Finsbury Circus
284 High Holborn
34 Blackman St.
20 High St, Bloomsbury
67 Berwick St, Soho
10 Bull and Mouth St.
55 Compton St, Clerkenwell
51 Compton St, Clerkenwell
54 Compton St, Clerkenwell
25 Panton St, Haymarket
45 Gloucester Terrace
462 Strand
114 Leadenhall Street

8 Lisle St, Leicester Square
36 Cheapside

24 Shadwell High St.
168 Borough High St.

53 Great Sutton St, Clerkenwell

32 Great St, Lincoln's Inn Fields
174 Oxford Street
127 Great Portland Street
147 Holborn Hill

94 High Holborn

67 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell
236 High Holborn
156 Fenchurch St.
16 Long Acre

8 Albemarle St, Clerkenwell
312 Oxford Street
lOO Fleet St.

24 Charing Cross

76 St. Paul's Churchyard

69 Leadenhall St.

1838 to 1840
1819

1881 to 1837
1811 to 1819
1811 to 1822
1831 to 1837
1840 to 1850

1802 to 1836
1811

1803 to 1804
1838

1840 to 1850
1816 to 1837

1841 to 1850
1841 to 1843
1843 to 1850
1807 to 1810
1807 to 1819
1838 to 1840
1838

1819

1807 to 1817

1845 to 1850

1836 to 1839

1809 to 1817

1819

1809 to 1832

1840

1840 to 1847

1835 to 1840

1829 to 1830

1804

1819

1826 to 1834

1801 to 1822

1809 to 1811
1819

1810 to 1817

336

OLD LONDON SILVER

James Bruce

5 Cranbourn St, Leicester Square

1808 to 1839

Jas. Bult, Son & Co.

85 Cheapside

1840

J. Bullard

37 High Holborn

1821 to 1827

John Burch

92 High Holborn

1840

John Butt

6 New Bond St.

1807 to 1829

J. B. Cole

54 Barbican

1806 to 1817

John Carter

8 New St, Covent Garden

1822

James Catchpole

120 Regent St.

1836 to 1839

Joseph Chapman

50 St. John St, Clerkenwell

1826 to 1828

John Clarke

12 Clerkenwell Green

1809 to 1811

James Cockerell

56 Newington Causeway

1830 to 1831

John Coles

48 Strand

1802 to 1803

John Coles

198 Strand

1807

James Collins

66 Long Acre

1816 to 1826

James Collins & Son

66 Long Acre

1829 to 1835

James Collins

115 Regent St.

1835 to 1850

Joseph Cording

21 Holborn Hill

1808 to 1809

John Cording

232 Strand

1840

James Cordy

79 Snow Hill

1816 to 1818

Jane Cotton

90 Shoreditch

1816 to 1818

John Cowie

7 Noble St, Foster Lane

1815

John Cowie

5 Silver St, Wood St.

1818 to 1819

J. Cradock

3 Carey St, Lincoln's Inn.

1827 to 1833

J. Crouch

43 Fore St.

1807 to 1813

John Cuff

151 New Bond St.

1819 to 1823

John Cuff

106 Regent St.

1823 to 1828

James Cuff

70 St. Paul's Churchyard

1822 to 1823

John Cuisset

40 Blackf riars Road

1839 to 1840

J.C. Edington

23 Leicester Square

1838 to 1850

J. C. Grey

120 High Holborn

1819 to 1833

J.C. & G.Mullins

12 Staverton Row

1842

J.&C. SImonds

3 Southampton Row

1840

Joseph Daniel

214 Oxford St.

1815 to 1822

John Denziloe

146 Aldersgate St.

1802 to 1803

John Denziloe

29 Bread St. Hlil

1807

John Dobree

3 Charing Cross

1807 to 1832

John Dobree

39 Strand

1838 to 1834

Joseph Dodds

12 Aldersgate St.

1801 to 1811

John Douglass

52 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell

1819

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

337

J. Dyer

9 Bishopsgate Without

1803 to 1811

J. & D. & C. Houle

24 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell

1844 to 1846

John Edmonds

14 Strand

1839 to 1840

James Edwards

36 Jewin St.

1841 to 1850

James El ley

52 Rathbone Place, Oxford St.

1819

J.Ely

8 Soho Square

1820 to 1839

J. Elliott

4 Denton St, Highgate Road

1819

John Evans

111 Bunhill Row

1842

J. E. Terry & Co.

11 Foster Lane

1818

J. E. Terry & Co.

31 Hatton Garden

1820 to 1849

John E. Wilson

53 Houndsditch

1813

J. Falrbrother

21 Aldgate Within

1815

John Farmer

127 Oxford St.

1801 to 1830

Joseph Farmer

32 Tavistock St, Covent Garden

1804 to 1809

John Foligno

7 Mount St, Whitechapel Road

1819

Joseph Folkard

32 Great Surrey St.

1809 to 1815

Joseph Foikard

142 Great Surrey St.

1819 to 1820

James Fontaine

17 Middle Row, Holborn

1811 to 1815

James Franklin

14 New St.

1829 to 1836

James Franklin

5 Tottenham Court Road

1837

John W. Figg

5 Wellington St, St. Lukes

1841 to 1848

John W. Figg

6 Denmark St, Soho

1849 to 1862

J. Galloway

8 May's Buildings, Covent Garden

1840

John Garnon

109 Newgate St.

1822 to 1823

James Gattey

64 Tooley St, Borough

1819

James Godwin

304 Holborn

1803 to 1840

J. Gramshaw

259 Oxford St.

1880 to 1831

John Grant

70 London Wall

1881 to 1834

John Gray

5 Billiter Square

1838 to 1850

John Guest

64 Fleet Market

1819

J. G. Clark

15 King William St.

1840

John Hargrave

76 Houndsditch

1884

James Harris

2 Rathbone Place

1806 to 1807

J. Harris, Jr.

119 Minories

1819 to 1824

John Harris

27 Nelson St, City Road

1842 to 1846

John Harris

29 Kirby St, Hatton Garden

1847 to 1850

Judah Hart & Co.

31 Bevis Marks

1835 to 1840

John Harvey

1 White Hart Court, Lombard St.

1819

John Hatton

38 Alfred Place, Bedford Square

1838 to 1840

338

OLD LONDON SILVER

J. Hawkes

13 Blackman St, Borough

1831 to 1834

J. Hawkes

150 Fleet St.

1836 to 1837

J. Hawkins

17 Red Cross Square

18d6 to 1830

John Hayne

16 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell

1822 to 1837

John James Hill

49 Lombard St.

1801 to 1808

John Hobbs

1 Bridge Row, Lambeth

1822 to 1825

James Hobbs

Coades Row, Lambeth

1826 to 1833

James Hobbs

142 Great Surrey St.

1830 to 1834

Jeremiah Hodgkins

23 King St, Covent Garden

1811 to 1814

John Houle

24 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell

1815 to 1843

James Hull

30 Broad St, Bloomsbury

1841 to 1842

John R. Harris

29 KIrby St, Hatton Garden

1843 to 1850

Joseph Jacobs

1 High Hoi born

1840

Joseph Jacobs

44 Chichester Place

1844 to 1850

John Jones

338 Strand

1817 to 1840

John Jupp

168 Boro' High St.

1838 to 1840

J.& J. Aldous

67 Berwick St, Soho

1820 to 1837

Joseph & John Angell

54 Compton St, Clerkenwell

1838 to 1839

John J. Austin

109 Oxford St.

1804 to 1814

John J. Kembler

22 Park Side, Knightsbridge

1819 to 1837

John & James McRae

17 Ave Maria Lane

1844 to 1860

Jos. & John Wright

4 Spicer Row, Goswell St.

1814 to 1816

John James Keith

59 Britannia Terrace

1846 to 1850

John Lacy

1 Commercial Road,Whitechapel

1825 to 1828

John Law

Commercial Road, Whitechapel

1825 to 1836

J. Levy

20 Carter St, Houndsditch

1819

Joseph Lewis

21 Aldgate High St.

1810 to 1813

John Lias

8 Finsbury St.

1811 to 1840

John Lias & Son

8 Finsbury St.

1841 to 1843

John Lias & Son

7 Salisbury Court

1844 to 1860

James Lloyd

427 Oxford St.

1813 to 1817

Joseph Lomax

9 Holborn l^ars

1840

J. L. Simonds

129 Holborn Am

1806 to 1820

J. L. Simonds

20 Holborn Hill

1822 to 1823

J. L. Simonds

19 Holborn Hill

1824 to 1839

John Martin

9 Carey Lane

1802 to 1804

Joseph Martin

59 Borough

1806 to 1814

Joseph Marston

38 Seward St, Goswell St.

1819

Joseph Miller

7 Broad Court, Drury Lane

1848 to 1849

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

339

John Murray

63 St. Mary Axe.

1833 to 1884

J. Murray

99 Upper East Smithfield

1816 to 1829

J. Murray & J. Hall

22 Upper East Smithfield

1830 to 1832

J. Murray

18 Upper East Smithfield

1833 to 1837

J. & M. Johnson

Camberwell Green

1840

John M. Wintie

9 Church St, Trinity Square

1841 to 1842

John M. Wintie

54 Drury Lane

1848 to 1850

John Nichols

38 Castle St, Leicester Square

1830 to 1848

James Overan

5 Compton St, Cierkenwell

1840 to 1846

John Parlcer

2 Rathbone Place

1801 to 1804

Josiah Parker

68 Mortimer St, Cavendish Square

1806 to 1816

John Paul

386 Strand

1814 to 1816

James Peachey

38 Goswell St.

1827 to 1840

J. Peppin

22 Grevilie St, Hatton Garden

1818

John Perkins

7 North Place, Gray's Inn Lane

1844 to 1846

J. Perry

40 Oxford St.

1840

John Pierson

93 High St, Whitechapel

1840

John Pratt

48 Newington Causeway

1819

Joseph Preedy

6 Great Newport St, Soho

1806 to 1808

J. Prior

11 Newingrton Causeway

1812 to 1817

1 J. P. Acklam

423 Strand

1822 to 1823

J. Ramsay

17 Liquorpond St.

1824 to 1828

J. Read

71 London Wall

1812

John Reeve

60 St. Paul's Church Yard

1814 to 1815

Joseph Roberts

217 Tooley St, Borough

1819

James Roberts

95 Regent St.

1833 to 1838

J. Robins

37 St. John Square, Cierkenwell

1824 to 1830

John Robinson

52 Bishopsgate St.

1820 to 1821

John Robinson & Son

153 Leadenhall St.

1820 to 1837

James Robinson

21 Bow St, Covent Garden

1822 to 1823

John Rose

1 Valentine Row,Blackfriars Road

1819

John Rose

96 Fleet Market

1826 to 1835

James Ruel

lO Little Wild St.

1819

Jacob Russell

lO Shored itch

1823 to 1837

J. Rutland

49 Mortimer St, Cavendish Square

1837 to 1840

John Salkeld

423 Strand

1801 to 1810

John Sanders

3 Holborn Hill

1808 to 1818

John Sari

210 High St, Borough

1833 to 1840

John Sari

197 Boro' High St.

1841 to 1842

340

OLD LO'NDON SILVER

John Sari & Sons

18 Cornhill

1844 to 1850

Joseph Savory

lO Poultry

1801 to 1808

Joseph Savory

48 Cheapside

1810 to 1817

James Sayer

68 Drury Lane

1849

John Shackelton

13 Old St, St. Lukes

1801

John Short

16 Lime St, City

1846 to 1868

John Simonds

3 Southampton Row, Russell Sq.

1834 to 1850

John Simpson

6 Middle Row, Holborn

1806 to 1823

John Smee

1 Minorles

1841 to 1848

John Smith

251 Borough

1807 to 1832

John Smith

38 Strand

1832 to 1840

John Smith

18 Pickett St, Strand

1826 to 1828

Joseph Smith

2 Little Bartholomew Close

1810 to 1816

John Steward

116 Bunhili Row

1802 to 1804

Joshua Storrs

106 Cheapside

1842 to 1845

J. Stroud

4 Burleigh St, Strand

1819 to 1823

J. Tapley & Son

4 Horseshoe Court, Ludgate Hill

1843 to 1845

J.Tapley &Son

40 Roupell St, Cornwall Road

1848 to 1850

John Tatum

53 Dorset St, Salisbury Square

1814 to 1823

John Taylor

St. Martins Churchyard

1811 to 1828

Joseph Taylor

2 Bouverie St, Fleet St.

1808 to 1824

Joseph Taylor

65 King St, Soho

1839 to 1846

John Tearce

86 Crown St, Tudor St.

1841 to 1847

John Tease

27 Penton Place

1848 to 1849

John Thomas

153 New Bond St.

1819

J. Thompson

Grosvenor Row, Pimlico

1834 to 1835

James TIdbury

95 Swallow St.

1801 to 1817

J.Troup

233 Tooley St.

1816 to 1818

James Turner

3 Old St.

1809

J. T. Bartram

Princes St, Leicester Square

1801 to 1837

J. T. Bennett

156 Fenchurch St.

1837 to 1839

J. T. Grey

68 Leaden hall St.

1840

J. T. Neale

40 Duke St, Manchester Square

1836 to 1848

J. & T. Perry

131 Oxford St.

1831 to 1834

John Wakefield

4 Pump Row, Old Street Road

1811

John Wakefield

2 KingSt, GoswellSt.

1819

J. Walker

47 Bishopsgate St. Without

1825

J. Wassell

9 Pickett St, Fleet St.

1813 to 1841

John Wells

6 Hammerswell

1819

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

34'

John Westlake
John Westlake
John White
John J. Whiting
Joseph Willnnore
Joseph Willmore
John Wilson
Jannes Wintle
Jacob Wintle
Joseph Wood
Jabez Woodhill
John Wort
John W. Denning
J. W. FIgg
John W. Pryor
Kensington Lewis
Lewis Abrahams
L. Franklin
Leonard Hill &, Son
Lawrence Notley
Mary Chawner
M. Crosswell
Mark Davis
Moses Emanuel
Mary & Eliza Sumner
M. Forristall & J. Bird
Margaret Gordon
Mary Harding
M. Hopgood
Mahala Jago
Michael Jones
Moses Levy
Montague Levyson
Montague Levyson
Matthew Lin wood
M. Moses
M. Mariott
Matthew Oliver
M. Phillips

33 Borough
41 Castle St» Borough
18 Aylesbury St.

107 Bunhill Row
136 Salisbury Square, Fleet St.
11 Thavies Inn, Holborn

55 Houndsditch

30 North St, City Road

21 Roupell St, Lambeth
6 Great Russell St, Bloomsbury

63 St. Paul's Churchyard
93 Bishopsgate Without
8 Red Lion St, Borough
Wellington St, Goswell St.
67 Newington Causeway

22 St. James St.
438 Strand

11 Camomile St, Bishopsgate
75 High Holborn
125 High St, Borough

16 Hosier Lane, Smithfield
31 Monkwell St.

49 London Road, Southwark

23 Hanway St, Oxford St.
1 Clerkenwell Close

1 Warwick Row, Blackf riars Road
336 Strand

1 Holies St, Cavendish Square
202 Bishopsgate Without

6 Tabernacle Row, City Road
18 Bury St, St. Mary Axe

34 Minories

17 Broad St. Building
5 New Broad St.

Anderton's Coffee House, Fleet St.

18 Bury St, St. Mary Axe
27 Fenchurch St.

134 High St, Whitechapel
121 Leadenhall St.

1824 to 1830
1881 to 1833
1814 to 1815
1848 to 1850
1814 to 1815
1883 to 1838
1815

1820 to 1828
1848 to 1850
1840

1829 to 1838
1808 to 1811
1842 to 1843
1840

1832 to 1840

1825 to 1830
1844 to 1869
1819 to 1830

1830 to 1840

1821 to 1837
1838 to 1844
1808 to 1837

1830 to 1840

1811 to 1815

1812 to 1814

1831 to 1832
1812 to 1814
1837 to 1838
1836 to 1850
1840 to 1845
1846

1804

1830 to 1833

1834 to 1830
1816 to 1817
1840 to 1849
1823 to 1829

1835 to 1840
1835 to 1837

342

OLD LONDON SILVER

Matthew Pry or

20 Gracechurch St.

1819

M. Spink & Son

2 Gracechurch St.

1801 to 1850

Mary Sunnner

1 Clerkenwell Close

1808 to 1811

Matthew Weed

13 Aldgate High St.

1842

Mary Willis

81 Bishopgate St Within

1810 to 1885 ,

N. Carter

24 Fleet St.

1801 to 1824

Nicholas Edwards

98 Leadenhall St.

1806 to 1807 1

Newson Garrett

1 Conn mercial Road, Whitechapel

1838

N. Hart

5 King St, Finsbury

1816 to 1817 1

Nathaniel Jeffreys

34 Pall Mall

1801 to 1804

Nathaniel Pryor

20 Gracechurch St.

1810 to 1833 '•

N. W. Morrison

143 Blackf riars Road

1831 to 1834

Obadiah Cooper

1 Well St, Wellclose Square

1815

Phineas Barratt

14 Strand

1801 to 1803

P. Lawton

21 Green St, Leicester Square

1819

P. Lindeman

134 Whitechapel

1813

Peter M. Gottheimer

99 Bridge Road, Lambeth

1844 to 1850

Peter Patmore & Co.

33 Ludgate Hill

1803 to 1821

P. R. Higham

42 Norton Folgate

1823

Robert Barker

135 High Holborn

1822 to 1823

Robert Beauchamp

147 Holborn

1812 to 1831

R. Booth

Church Hill, Woolwich

1816 to 1817

Richard Britton

46 Great Sutton St, Clerkenwell

1848

Richard Brook

1 Poultry

1816 to 1823

R. Brook &, Co.

1 Poultry

1840

Robert Chandler

8 Leicester Square

1801 to 1833

Richard Clarke Sl Son

62 Cheapside

1804 to 1823

Richard Cooke

29 Bell Yard, Temple Bar

1801 to 1803

Richard Cooke

3 Carey St, Lincoln's Inn

1806 to 1815

Robert Death

27 Wellington St, Gosweil St.

1842 to 1850

Robert Downes

28 Cowper St, City Road

1840 to 1849

Robert England

Near Town Hall, Southwalk

1834 to 1839

R. England

261 Borough High St.

1838 to 1839

Robert Essex

223 Strand

1824 to 1834

Richard Ewins

18 Ray St, Clerkenwell

1848

Robert Forrester

75 Aldersgate St.

1820 to 1822

Robert Gaze

71 Shoe Lane

1809 to 1819

R. G. Hennell

5 Snow Hill

1838 to 1839

R. G. King

9 Great Sutton St. Gosweil St.

1825 to 1826

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

343

Rowland Hastings
Robert Hennell
R. Hennell & Sons
R. Hennell & Son
R. Hennell
Richard Hoby
Robert Hufflin
R. H. Starcke
R. J. Baylis
Robert Lewis
R. Marohant
Robert Marohant
R. Marks
Robert Metham
R. Needham
Robert Needham
R. Peppin
Robert Roberts
Robert Rutland
Richard Sibley
Richard Sibley
Richard Sullivan
Robert Tallack
Richard Thomas&Son
R. T. Perkins
R. Urquhart
Robert Wallis
R. Westwood
R. W. & T. Hedges
Stephen Adams
S. A. Roberts &. Co.
S. Barrow
Sophia Bull
Samuel Cave
Samuel Clark
Samuel Clarke
Mrs. Sarah Clark
Samuel Cohen
S. Crespel

3 Angel Court, Skinner St.
36 Noble St, Falcon Square

3 Lancaster Court, Strand
14 Northumberland St, Strand
14 Northumberland St.

34 High Holborn
6 Oddy's Row, Islington Green
51 London Wall
41 Aldersgate St.
22 Oxford St.
20 Mortimer St, Cavendish Square
361 OxiPord St.

123 Oxford St.

57 Bartholomew Close
56 Piccadilly
NearTurnpikeBridge Road, Lambeth
22 Grevilie St, Hatton Garden

16 Norton Folgate

13 Lisle St, Leicester Square
30 Red Lion St, Clerkenweli
lO Dufour's Place, Golden Square

4 Deptford Bridge

17 Upper Ashby St, Goswell Road
3 Strand

King's Road, Sloane Square
74 Little Britain
6 President St, East
19 Princes St, Leicester Square
135 Drury Lane, Holborn
3 St. Ann's Lane, Aldersgate

5 Bridgewater Square
47 High St, Bloomsbury

124 Leaden hall St.

18 High St, Marylebone

62 Wynyatt St, Clerkenweli
16 Thavie's Inn, Holborn
16 Thavie's Inn, Holborn
226 High St, Shadweil

White Hart Court, Leicester Sq.

1816
1811 to
1818
1829 to
1836 to
1814 to
1830
1811 to

1826 to

1827 to
1822 to
1840
1839

1809 to

1801 to
1814 to
1824 to
1841 to

1810 to
1814 to
1841 to
1841 to
1845
1820 to
1835 to

1802 to
1850
1822 to
1819
1801 to
1839 to
1821
1824 to

1838 to
1840

1839 to
1843
1825
1849 to

1817

1835
1850

1822

1816
1838
1840
1823

1816
1816
1815
1832
1842
1828
1839
1850
1844

1830
1837
1804

1823

1824
1852

1832
1840

1842

1850

344

OLD LONDON SILVER

Samuel Davis
Samuel Durant
Simon Emanuel
Samuel S. Edkins
S. Edkins & Son
Samuel Foster
Samuel Harding
Samuel Hawgood
Samuel Hennell
Samuel Jacobs
Samuel Jackson
Samuel Jackson
Samuel Jones
Susannaii Jupp
S. M. Charouneau
Samuel Nelme
Stephen Noad
Samuel Norman
S. &. Nicholas Latter
S. Peppin
Susan Peppin
S. Phillips & Co.
S. Purver
Samuel Roberts
S. Salmon
Samuel Skelton
Samuel Skelton
Samuel Solomon
Samuel Wheatley
S. Whitaker
S. Whitaker
S. Whitford
S. Whitford & Son
Thomas Austin
Thomas Austin
T. Askey
T. A. Parsons
Thomas Balliston
Thomas Burlton

17 Bartholomew Close
197 Tottenham Court Road
lO Marylebone Lane, Oxford St.
16 Salisbury Square, Fleet St.
16 Salisbury Square, Fleet St.

27 Hamilton Row, King's Cross
131 Oxford St.

28 Surrey Place, Old Kent Road
11 Foster Lane, Cheapside

5 Park Side, Knightsbridge
243 1^ Strand

8 Milford Lane, Strand
78 Cheapside
30 Broad St, Bloomsbury
11 Marylebone St, Golden Square
9 & lO Bishopsgate Without

23 Charles St, Hatton Garden
50 Prince's St, Leicester Square
80 Ratcliff Highway

22 Greviile St, Hatton Garden
20 Kirby St, Hatton Garden
10 Shoreditch
2 Clerkenwell Close
251 High Holborn

2 New St, Covent Garden
162 Bishopsgate Without
44 Albany St, Regents Park

2 New St, Covent Garden

3 Old St, St. Luke's

12 Long Lane, Smithfield

15 Denmark Court, Strand

4 Porter St, Soho
4 Porter St, Soho
4 Goswell St.

4 Ratcliff Terrace, Goswell Road
121 Leadenhall St.
Houndsditch

24 Banner St, Old St.

16 Beckford Row, Walworth

1811
1800 to
1810 to
1838 to
1850
1840

1813 to
1842 to
1817 to
1846 to
1830
1841
1840
1834 to

1815 to

1816 to
1830 to
1824 to
1810
1823
1840
1811
1810
1810
1812
1830
1840
1806 to

1814 to
1828 to
1814 to
1840 to

1840 to
1810 to
1828 to
1832 to
1810
1810

1841 to

1811
1840
1841

1828
1846
1818
1850

1830
1810
1810
1840
1840

1813
1815
1838
1815
1848
1850
1827
1887
1834

1850

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

345

Thomas Burwash

91 Bishopsgate St Without

1825 to 1827

Thomas B. Gamson

4 Beauvoir Plaoe

1845 to 1851

T. B. Sowerby

78 Chiswell St.

1881 to 1837

T. Carr

18 Bridge St, Westmister

1802 to 1812

Thomas Carter

2 Walbrook Place, City Road

1819

Thomas Clark

Exeter Change, Strand

1819

T. Cook

20 Kirby St, Hatton Garden

1841 to 1846

Thomas Cording

21 Holborn

1804 to 1806

Thomas Cording

37 Aldgate High St.

1828 to 1831

Thomas Cotterell

99 Shoe Lane, Fleet St.

1819

Thomas Cotterell

163 Oxford St.

1826 to 1838

Thomas C. Savory

54 Cornhiil

1829 to 1850

Thomas Davis

5 Middle Row, Holborn

1840

Thomas Dean

80 Minories

1801

T. Dennett

2 New St, Covent Garden

1801 to 1806

T. Dexter

125 Whitechapel Road

1833 to 1836

Thomas Diller

1 Richmond Buildings, Soho

1839 to 1850

Thomas Dobson

35 Chiswell St.

1804 to 1807

Thomas Dockwray

15 Princes St, Soho

1810 to 1814

T. S. Seagars

54 Rahere St, Goswell Road

1849 to 1850

Thomas Freeman

15 Castle St, Holborn

1842 to 1845

Thomas Fisher

98 Newgate St.

1821

Thomas Fisher

75 Holborn Bridge

1816 to 1817

Thomas Gardner

33 Maiden Lane, Covent Garden

1815

Thomas Goode

102 Goswell St.

1828 to 1839

T. Gosler

31 Fore St, Moorgate

1807 to 1822

T. Guest & Son

67 Red Lion St, Holborn

1806 to 1809

Thomas Hamlet

1 Princes St.

1801 to 1840

Thomas Hastings

131 St. John St Road

1841 to 1843

T. H. Headland

15 Great Sutton St, Clerkenwell

1840 to 1850

Thomas Hoby

34 High Holborn

1801 to 1813

Thomas Holland

167 Fleet St.

1811 to 1815

T. B. Hopgood

202 Bishopsgate St Without

1824 to 1832

Thomas Hunt

151 Tottenham Court Road

1839 to 1840

T. Imnes

9 Princes St, Bedford Row

1827 to 1832

Thomas James

98 Newgate St.

1817

Thomas Jenkinson

20 High St, St. Giles

1807

Thomas Johnson

184 Bishopsgate Without

1836 to 1838

T. J. Bartram

22 Princes St, Leicester Square

1802 to 1812

346

OLD LONDON SILVER

T. & J. Bartram

26 Princes St, Leicester Square

1832 to 1833

T.J. Bennett

166 Fenchurch St.

1831 to 1836

Thos. & John Stevens

82 Wardour St, Soho

1824 to 1833

Thomas Layton

83 Wardour St, Soho

1806 to 1822

Thomas L. Vinton

6 Park Side, Knightsbridge

1837 to 1845

T. L. & J. W. Thomas

163 New Bond St.

1840

T. Martin

246 Tooley St.

1816 to 1817

Thomas Miller

1 Goad's Row, Westminster

1811 to 1819

T. M. SIcrymsher

120 Oxford St.

1838 to 1839

Thomas Pace

128 Whitechapel

1806 to 1822

Thomas Page

Sherrard St, Golden Square

1807 to 1815

Thomas Parlcer

63 Mortimer St.

1807 to 1810

Thomas Payne

96 Wardour St, Soho

1810

T. Peirson

90 Shored itch

1812 to 1813

T. Price Jones

8 Bridges Row, Lambeth

1832

Thomas Perry

131 Oxford St.

1840

T. Pllklngton

27 Goppice Row, Glerkenwell

1820 to 1828

T. Pill<infirton

39 Percival St, Northampton Sq.

1829 to 1837

Thomas Potter

26 Newcastle St, Strand

1840

Thomas Remett

16 Frith St, Soho

1815

Timothy Renou

46 St. Johns St.

1801 to 1804

Thomas Richard &Son

3 Strand

1821

Thomas Roberts

63 Gheapside

1810 to 1813

T. Robins

36 St. Johns Square, Glerkenwell

1807 to 1820

Thomas Ross

19 Green St, Leicester Square

1823

T. R. Furness

182 Strand

1830 to 1833

Thomas Savage

36 Paradise St, Lambeth

1839

Thomas Shepherd

38 Gonduit St, Regent St.

1845 to 1847

Thomas Sherborn

1 St. James St.

1814 to 1815

T. Skrymsher

86 Gharlotte St, Fitzroy Square

1836 to 1840

Thomas Sowerby

35 Ghiswell St.

1816 to 1830

Thomas Stephens

82 Wardour St, Soho

1835 to 1838

Thomas Streetin

34 Great Sutton St, Glerkenwell

1840 to 1843

T. Tate

1 Gambridge St, Golden Square

1838

Thomas Thomas

314 High St Borough

1819 to 1826

Thomas Thomas

7 Blackman St, Borough

1828 to 1836

Thomas Thresher

304 Oxford St.

1840

Thomas Vincent

146 High Holborn

1811 to 1822

Thomas Wallis

64 Red Lion St, Glerkenwell

1806 to 1815

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

347

Thomas Wheeler

287 High Holborn

1819

Thomas Wiltshire

46 Lombard St.

1801 to 1817

ThomasWlltshlre&Sons

36 Cornhill

1839 to 1840

Thomas W. Barker

6 Kirby St, Hatton Garden

1815 to 1819

T. W. Mathews

105 Minories

1804

T. & W. Vespers

4 Grosvenor PI, Commercial Road

1840

William Abdy

5 Oat Lane, Falcon Square

1819

William Allen

35 Noble St, Falcon Square

1808 to 1810

William Allen

29 Rahere St, Goswell Road

1844 to 1847

William Baker

11 Upper George St, Portman Sq.

1819 to 1823

William Bannister

6 Algate Within

1807 to 1811

William Barrett

18 Redcross Square

1824 to 1830

William Bartram

26 Prince's St, Leicester Square

1838

William Bateman, Jr.

108 Bunhill Row

1840

William Bell

6 Clements Lane, Lombard St.

1814 to 1817

W. Bellchambers

270 High St Borough

1828

William Bennett

49 Little Bartholomew Close

1806 to 1823

William Bennett

38 Castle St, Finsbury

1839

William Best

16 WimpoleSt.

1840

William Bishop

170 New Bond St.

1840 to 1860

William Boustred

161 Oxford St.

1801 to 1809

W. Bradford

93 Bishopsgate Without

1802 to 1809

William Brown

53 Bartholomew Close

1838 to 1844

William Burwash

14 Bartholomew Close, Smithfield

1819 to 1823

William Butland

38 Whitechapel Road

1837 to 1839

Wm. Butland &, Walker

38 Whitechapel Road

1842

W. B. Tomlinson

11 Upper George St, Portman Sq.

1834 to 1837

William Chaulk

106 Strand

1827 to 1828

William Chawner

16 Hosier Lane, Smithfield

1819 to 1837

William Chinnery

23 Wellington St, Goswell St.

1840 to 1843

William Crambrook

379 Strand

1838 to 1839

William Christmas

52 King Square, Goswell Road

1848 to 1858

W. Clarke

8 Sun St, Bishopsgate

1801 to 1807

William Cochran

266 Regent St.

1839

William Cooper

39 Kirby St, Hatton Garden

1839 to 1850

W. Cording

118 Minories

1802 to 1804

W. Cording

161 Ratcliff Highway

1819

William Cording

39 Aldgate High St.

1822 to 1823

William Cordy

79 Snow Hill

1801 to 1814

348

OLD LONDON SILVER

W. Cumming

74 Mortimer St, Cavendish Square

1848 to 1850

William Davis

124 Newgate St.

1806 to 1828

William Day

9 Horseferry Road

1840

William Dobree

68 Oxford St.

1820 to 1838

W. Easterbrooke

9 Brownlow St, Drury Lane

1836 to 1841

William Eaton

30 Addle St, Wood St.

1810

William Eaton

16 Jewin Crescent

1827 to 1846

William Edwards

5 Percival St, Goswell St.

1819

William Edwards

19 Sekforde St, Clerkenweil

1846 to 1850

W. Eley

3 Level's Court, Paternoster Row

1826 to 1830

William Elliott

25 Compton St, Clerkenweil

1810 to 1844

William Else

35 Burlington Arcade, Piccadilly

1840

W. Esterbrooke

20 Hanover St, Long Acre

1829 to 1837

W. E. Weatherley

186 Fleet St.

1824 to 1832

W. E. Weatherley

162 Fleet St.

1833 to 1836

William Fawdington

no Leadenhall St.

1822 to 1823

William Fenner

7 Skinner St, Somers Town

1843 to 1844

William Fitchew

400 Oxford St.

1839 to 1859

William Flemming

105 Whitechapel

1812 to 1821

William Fleming

79 Fleet St.

1822 to 1823

W. Folkard

142 Gt. Surrey St, Blackfriars Road

1822 to 1828

William Forrest

34 Strand

1836 to 1839

William Foster

134 St. Martins Lane

1817

William Fountain

47 Red Lion St, Clerkenweil

1807 to 1812

William Fountain

King St, Goswell St.

1815 to 1819

William Frisbee

Bridewell Hospital, New Bridge St.

1811 to 1815

William Cording

37 High St, Aldgate

1819

William Gordon

92 St. Martin's Lane

1807 to 1810

William Grissell

7 King St, Clerkenweil

1847 to 1848

W. G. Cockerell, Jr.

46 Biackman St, Borough

1828 to 1832

William George Ring

114 Fleet St.

1819

William Hall

93 High St, Marylebone

1819

W. Harris

145 Fleet St.

1801 to 1807

W. Hatton

15 Store St, Bedford Sq.

1837

William Heath

62 Mortimer St, Cavendish Sq.

1840

W. Hewitt

9 Great Sutton St, Clerkenweil

1835 to 1847

William Holden

81 Quadrant

1835 to 1836

William Holmes

10 Clerkenweil Green

1801 to 1807

William Hunter

13 Myrtle St, Hoxton

1843 to 1850

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

349

W. Hunter

156 Fenchurch St.

1801 to 1803

W. H. Fleming

78 Fleet Market

1810 to 1830

W. H. Jones

35 Cranmer Place, Waterloo Road

1843 to 1850

W. H. Osborn

115 Great Russell St, Bloomsbury

1840

William and >
Henry Papprill i

53 Bartholomew Close

1845

W. H. Sharpe

16 Redcross Square, Crlpplegate

1821 to 1828

William Ingrram

3 Little Russell St, Russell Square

1819

William &Jas.Birkett

16 Prince's St, Soho

1807

W.J.Blake

16 Long Acre

1831 to 1834

William J. Fryer

50 Cheapside

1841 to 1843

W.& J. Marriott

27 Fenchurch St.

1830 to 1840

William &Jno. Oliver

19 Holborn Hill

1841,

William J. Prior

67 Newlngton Causeway

1825 to 1831

W.&J.Yates

103 Oxford St.

1836 to 1837

W. King

34 High Holborn

1824 to 1838

William King

9 Great Sutton St, Goswell St.

1827 to 1834

William Kingdon

3 St. Johns Square

1813

William Kirkham

8 Bridge House Place, Borough

1829 to 1831

William Knight

15 Bartholomew Close

1819 to 1830

William Knight

7 Westmoreland Bldtf , Aldersgate St.

1839 to 1852

William K. Reid

5 Bream's BIdg, Chancery Lane

1830 to 1850

W. Makepeace and \
Rob. Henry i

5 Searle St, Lincoln's Inn Fields

1834 to 1837

William Marriott

27 Fenchurch St.

1841 to 1846

William Marshall

3 Wellington Terrace, Clapham Rise

1850

Wm. Matthews & Smith

128 Minories

1819

William Mitchell

63 St. Mary Axe

1819

W. Moon

4 Holborn Hill

1819

Walter Morrlsse

52 Aldersgate St.

1835 to 1842

Walter Morrlsse

5 Jewin Crescent

1843 to 1850

William Mote

2 Little Warner St, Clerkenwell

1841

William Mott

121 Bishopsgate Within

1822 to 1840

W. Mott

7 Pickett St, Temple Bar

1827 to 1835

W. Mott

252 Strand

1836 to 1839

W. & M. Fillmer

Kent Road

1819

W. M. Smellle

90 Ratcliff Highway

1819

William Neal

41 Clerkenwell Close

1839 to 1850

William Neate

3 Sweeting's Alley, Cornhlll

1814 to 1832

350

OLD LONDON SILVER

William Newby

43 Drury Lane

1819

William Page

17 Liquorpond St.

1813 to 1818

William Parker

74 Little Britain

1808 to 1819

William Parr

20 Strand

1807 to 1813

William Peirce

188 High St, Shoreditch

1840

William Phillips

3 St. Johns Square

1848 to 1850

William Pincher

1 Up. Ashby St, Northampton Sq.

1842 to 1843

William Plumley

43 Ludgate Hill

1804 to 1828

William Potter

17 Craven St, Strand

1840 to 1860

William Pulleyn

110 Leadenhall St.

1818 to 1819

William Purse

336 Strand

1801 to 1806

William Ralfs

69 Great Queen St.

1843

William Rlckards

54 Drury Lane

1842

William Rt. Smiiy

9 Camomile St, Bishopsgate

1844 to 1860

William Sanford

15 Conduit St, New Bond St.

1819

William Schofield

2 Clerkenwell Close

1825 to 1831

William Skegrers

355 Rotherhithe St.

1840

Waller Smithson

233 Tooley St, Borough

1830 to 1831

William Sowerly

81 Cable St, Wellclose Sq.

1819

William Squire

12 Ludgate Hill

1801 to 1813

William Stephens

9 Fish St Hill

1806 to 1814

William Stevens

91 Bishopsgate Without

1849 to 1850

William Stevenson

27 Lombard St.

1801 to 1826

W. Sumner

1 Clerkenwell Close

1801 to 1810

W. S. Haynes

58 Farringdon St.

1840

W. &S. Muilins

12 Staverton Row, Newington

1819

Walter Tarrant

8 Vigo St, Regent St.

1850

W. Theobalds & Co.

7 Salisbury Court, Fleet St.

1841 to 1844

William Thomas

lO Strand

1836 to 1838

W. Thos. Barker

6 Kirby St, Hatton Garden

1822

W. & T. Rowlands

92 Quadrant, Regent St.

1839 to 1840

William & Thos. Tyas

36 Barbican

1825

W. T. Wilcox

139 Aldersgate St.

1832 to 1834

William Usherwood

19 Strand

1830 to 1833

William Wakefield

149 Whitechapel Road

1807 to 1813

William Wakefield

153 Whitechapel Road

1816 to 1828

W. Wattson

42 WatlingSt.

1801 to 1809

William Wheatcroft

32 Poultry

1848 to 1849

William Williams

223 Oxford St.

1846 to 1847

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

35'

W. Windsor

105 Whitechapel

1809 to 1810

William Wriglit

9 Great Sutton St, Clerkenwell

1848

W. Young

88 Newgate St.

1830 to 1832

William Yates

103 Oxford St.

1833 to 1835

William Young Fox

55 Goswell Road

1845

Names of Firms which have no distinguishing Initials.

Albra & Co.
Arrowsmith & Co.
Alston & Lewis
Anderson &, Post
Atkins & Somersall
Angell & Son
Angell, Son & Angell
Ash & Sons
Ashman & Son
Aldred & Tooke
Aldred & Tooke
Barker & Co.
Bates & Doggett
Barber & J upp
Barber & Lancaster
Banting & Muncaster
Brent & Peppin
Barnard & Sons
Barnard & Sons
Blake & Son
Brassbridge & Son
Brown & Somersall
Burrows & Son
Burwash & Sibley
Chawner & Co.
Cotton & Head
Chaffers & Mills
Camper & Rutland
Craddock & Reid

9 Chiswell St.

70 St. Pauls Churchyard

30 Bishopsgate Within

20 Cursitor St, Chancery Lane
11 Bridgewater Square

25 Panton St, Haymarket

55 Compton St, Clerkenwell

64 St. James St.
462 Strand

18 St. Johns Square, Clerkenwell

30 Hatton Garden
142 Leadenhall St.
174 Oxford St.
168 Borough

42 Old Compton St, Soho

14 Skinner St, Snow Hill

2 Greville St, Hatton Garden
34 Paternoster Row

Angel St, St. Martins le Grand

16 Long Acre
no Fleet St.
53 Bartholomew Close

14 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell

14 Bartholomew Close

16 Hosier Lane
73 Wood St.

10 Greek St, Soho
38 Whitechapel Road

3 Carey St, Lincoln's Inn

1808
1820
1816 to
1822 to
1839
1841 to
1840

1814 to
1820 to
1822 to
1824 to
1840
1801 to
1819 to
1807
1819
1816 to
1830 to
1841 to
1819
1819
1840 to
1801 to
1806 to
1840 to
1811
1823
1828 to

1815 to

1827
1828

1842

1823
1880
1828
1833

1808
1837

1823
1837
1850

1843
1819
1824
1850

1836
1826

352

OLD LONDON SILVER

Clothier & Tarrant

8 Vigo St, Regent St.

1848 to 1849

Clark & Weatherley

186 Fleet St.

1819 to 1832

Dobson, Glover & Co.

144 Leadenhall St.

1827 to 1829

Dockwray & Norman

16 Princes St, Soho

1816 to 1821

Ernes iL Barnard

34 Paternoster Row

1819 to 1828

Emanuel Bros.

1&2 Bevies Marks

1840

Ellis & Collins

52 Strand

1802 to 1803

Eley & Fearn

1 Lovel's Court, Paternoster Row

1804 to 1811

Eley, Fearn & Eiey

1 Lovel's Court, Paternoster Row

1815 to 1823

Ede & Hewat

12 KingSt, GoswellSt.

1810

Elliott & Storey

25 Compton St, Clerkenwell

1811 to 1815

Forristail & Bird

1CX) Biackf riars Road

1833 to 1835

Fleming & Hornblow

5 Bishopsgate St Within

1820

Furness A Mosley

182 Strand

1829

Farmer & Son

32 Tavistock St, Covent Garden

1811

Gresham & Barber

Blackman St, Borough

1817 to 1820

Greenwood & Co.

12 Hanway St, Oxford St.

1822 to 1823

Griffin & Co.

142 Leadenhall St.

1819 to 1823

Guest & Cradock

67 Leather Lane

1809 to 1812

Gordon & Foster

134 St. JMartins Lajie

1811 to 1816

Grainger & Fisher

75 Holborn Bridge

1822 to 1823

Griffin & Hyams

22 Cornhiil

1835 to 1840

Grayhurst & Harvey

65 Strand

1807 to 1816

Gass & Sons

166 Regent St.

1886 to 1839

Glover, Shelley &, Carter

144 Leadenhall St.

1835 to 1841

Green, Ward & Green

1 Ludgate St.

1819

Horn & Ash

64 St. James St.

1801 to 1814

Harris Bros.

2 New Court, Bow Lane

1846

Holdsworth & Boyce

27 Theobald's Road

1823

Hopkinson & 1
Brassbridge ^

1CX) Fleet St.

1823

Harris A Co.

82 Charlotte St, Bedford Square

1822 to 1823

Hart & Co.

31 Bevis Marks

1827 to 1834

Hayne & Co.

16 Red Lion St, Clerkenwell

1837 to 1850

Harvey, Denton & Co.

64 Strand

1840

Hart & Harvey

5 King St, Finsbury

1818 to 1825

Hunt& Roskell

156 New Bond St.

1846 to 1650

Hennell & Son

3 Lancaster Court, Strand

1823 to 1828

Jupp & Barber

169 Borough

1821 to 1827

LONDON SILVERSMITHS

353

Jones & Moxon
Kent, Avery & Vincent
Kirkham & Harrison
Lowdell & Dempster
Lawton & Motley
Lewis, Solomon & Co.
Morritt & Lee
Mann & Muddill
Malcepeace & Waif ord
Mills & Whalley
Moulston & Williams
Needham & Dobson
Nutting & Hennell
Nickolds & Roberts
Neate & Son
Parker & Birkett
Pearce & Burrows
Pearce & Co.
Purse &, Catchpole
Page & Gordon
Pitts & Preedy
Page & Ramsey
Patmore & Routledge
Pemberton & Scott
Piercy & Son
Pemberton, Son & Co.
Robinson & Brown
Reid & Cradock
Roberts Sl Co.
Robinson & Co.
Rutland & Co.
Reynolds & Field
Rawlins & Summer
Read & Son
Reily & Storer
Salkeld & Acklam
Savory & Co.
Storr & Co.
Storr & Co.

17 South St, Manchester Square

63 New Bond St.
143 Blackf riars Road
155 High St, Borough
125 Borough

2 New St, Covent Garden
93 High Holborn
114 Leadenhall St.

5 Serle St, Lincoln's Inn Fields
179 Strand

White Hart Court, Leicester Sq.
56 Piccadilly

38 Noble St.

5 Upper Conway St.

39 Duke St, Manchester Square

16 Princes St, Soho

12 Banner St, St. Lukes
12 Banner St, St. Lukes
120 Regent St.

1 Sherrard St, Golden Square
8 Great Newport St, Soho

17 Liquorpond St.
33 Ludgate Hill

64 West Smithf ield

17 Bartholomew Close

6 Thavies Inn, Holborn
153 Leadenhall St.

67 Leather Lane

5 Bridgev/ater St, Barbican
153 Leadenhall St.

67 Oxford St.
4 Stone End Borough
10 Great Marlborough St.
51 London Wall

6 Carey Lane
425 Strand

48 Cheapside
53 Dean St, Soho

18 Harrison St, Gray's Inn Road

1822 to
1822 to
1830
1833 to
1819

1816 to
1822
1830 to
1838 to
1804
1846 to

1817 to
1808

1816 to
1823
1801 to

1829 to
1841 to
1833 to
1801 to
1801

1817 to
1822
1827 to
1814 to

1818 to
1888 to
1813
1840
1840
1822 to
1882 to
1840
1810

1830 to
1808 to
1812 to
1810 to
1821 to

1823
1823

1835

1824

1837
1849

1860
1818

1817

1804
1840
1851
1835
1804

1821

1830
1823
1826
1839

1823
1840

1850
1815
1825
1817
1837

354

OLD LONDON SILVER

Stephenson & Farrow

27 Lombard St.

1
1822 to 1824

Storr & Mortimer

13 New Bond St.

1824 to 1840

Stonestreet & Ploiie

163 Oxford St.

1821 to 1824

Sharp & Son

30 Fish St. Hill

1840

Smith & Sharp

14 Bartholomew Close

1801

Smith & Son

Lovell's Court, Paternoster Row

1801

Theobalds & Co.

7 Salisbury Court, Fleet St.

1840

Tobias & Co.

68 Wapping

1801 to 1815

Thomas & Evans

16 Staining Lane

1801 to 1807

Tobias & Levitt

31 Minorles

1823 to 1824

Taylor & Perry

2 BouverieSt.

1830 to 1838

Taylor & Son

St. IVIartin's Churchyard

1819 to 1823

Tidbury & Son

207 Oxford St.

1819 to 1836

Urquhart & Whalley

179 Strand

1806 to 1807

Watson & Chaffers

42 Watling St.

1810

Watson & Co.

6 Crane Court, Fleet St.

1819

Watson & Cooper

29 King St, Soho

1838 to 1848

Wheatley & Evans

3 Old St, St. Lukes

1811

Wolsencroft & Leete

179 Union St, Borough

1844 to 1849

Wassell & iVIarriott

9 Pickett St, Strand

1819

Watson & iVIcDowall

111 Newgate St.

1806

Wrangham & iVIouIson

White Hart Court, Leicester Sq.

1841 to 1845

Whitford & PIzey

15 Denmark St, Strand

1811

Wise & Page

12 Long Acre

1819

Wiltshire & Sons

36 Cornhill

1822

Widdowson & Veale

73 Strand

1839 to 1850

HALL-MARKS.

Of all the antique articles that interest the collector, there is
none of which there is such definite and positive knowledge, in
reference to period and date, as Old English Silver. Not only
should every genuine piece have its marks, but the system of
these marks is so complete, and has been in operation for so
many years, (some five or six hundred), that to any one familiar
with the subject, it is not a question of opinion, but of almost
absolute certainty, and a knowledge of these marks is very easy
to acquire.

As explained previously, the maker's mark is not a Hall-
mark, but in this chapter we shall treat it as one, for owing to
its connection with the other marks they have to be described
together.

The object of Hall-marking is to secure to the purchaser
a uniform and good quality of silver, and to prevent frauds, and
before any article can receive the Hall-marks, it is tested by
assay and is not stamped unless the quality is of the Sterling
or Britannia standard. The authorities of the Goldsmiths' Com-

3^5

• • ••• ••• •• •

•••••• ?••

• • • . • ! •

356 OLD LONDON SILVER

pany are empowered by various acts of Parliament to impose
fines and penalties for selling any silver that is not Hall-marked,
also for forging or imitating any of the marks which can only be
legally stamped at the Goldsmiths' HalL

In considering the Hall-marks separately, we shall not go
into their early history, as that subject has been amply dealt
with by others, but shall take them from the time our tables
commence, that is with the reign of Elizabeth.

To make what we have to say more readily understood, we
have prepared an enlarged list, showing all the changes from
1558 to the present time, and reference to this list will be

found a convenient method of solving any doubt that may arise,
as it includes every London mark that has been used for the
last three and a half centuries.

Special attention has been given to the lion and leopard's
heads- Our examples are not copied from any previous publica-
tion, but have been carefully reproduced from well authenticated
pieces of plate, with every detail of change brought out, which,
to the expert, is as important as the date letter.

The lion, which was first used in 1545, has not been subject
to much change, except for slight variations in the'' shape of the
shield. One detail, however, seems to have escaped previous
notice, that is, that for many years, in fact from the beginning,
he was a " lion passant guardant " SS] with his head turned

•• •

•V

>.. «•« • •

•1% • • •

• • • •

HALL-MARKS 357

towards you, but since 1822 he has been simply a "lion
passant" (^^ looking straight ahead in the direction he is
going.

The leopard's head has been subject to many changes, as
can be seen by a glance down the list, the pattern of the crown
changes often, at one time he has whiskers, etc., etc., but about
the only mention we have before met with, in reference to the
changes in this mark was in relation to the fact that before
1822 the head was crowned ^w and was without a crown
afterwards.

The first table of date letters was prepared and published
by the Rev. Octavius Morgan, in 1853, and he is entitled to
great credit, for it must have involved much labor and research
to get them together. Mr. Chaffers made a great . addition, by
giving the shapes of the shields. Mr. Cripps claims that his list
is the most accurate, and therefore it is his that we have adop-
ted. They cannot be very much out of the way under any cir-
cumstances, as they are simply the letters of the alphabet, in
their regular order, in several usual styles, but omitting J V W
X Y and Z, and using twenty letters in each cycle or series.

The sovereign's head or duty mark, so called as it repre-
sented the payment of a tax, which at times varied from six-
pence to eighteen pence an ounce, appears first in 1784 and was
discontinued in 1890 when the tax was abolished. George III.

358 OLD LONDON SILVER

George IV. (oj and William IV. ifj/ have been
represented in some publications by the same head and that not
like any of them. Since 1786 the kings all look to the right
and Queen Victoria n^ to the left.

The lion represents the standard or quality. The leopard's
head is now the mark for London. The alphabetical letter indi-
cates the date. The sovereign's head shows that the duty was
paid.

For twenty-four years, from 1697 to 1720, which included
all of the Queen Anne period, the lion and leopard's head were
not used, but were replaced by the seated figure of Britannia
and the lion's head erased rMl The quality of the
silver with these marks, known as the "new standard," was
finer than sterling, and is generally spoken of as the "Britannia"
standard. The makers' marks for this period were always the
two first letters of their last name as ^) for David Willaume
and not their initials.

In 1720 the old or •'sterling" standard was resumed and
the maker's mark was changed to initials, but the Britannia
standard was not prohibited, and some makers continued to use
it, in fact Paul Lamerie did not register his mark for the
Sterling standard (M| till 1732, his mark previous to that
date and from 1712 being

The Britannia standard, though still legal, was soon after-

HALL-MARKS 359

wards abandoned, but is occasionally made at the present time.
Pieces with this mark are sometimes sold as "Queen Anne."
but to be such, should have the peculiar court hand date letter
in a pointed shield with a straight top and not the
modern \^J or [C]

Probably the best way to explain the system is to take an
example and comment upon it. for instance,

from a tray made by John Emes in 1798. At the first glance
the fact that there are five marks indicates that it was made
since 1 784 and before 1 890, the fifth mark the sovereign's head,
only having been used between those dates. The next thing
to observe is whether the leopard's head is with wS or
without ^^ a crown, and the fact that it is crowned fixes
the date before 1822. The next reference would be to the date
letters, and as the only series of Roman capitals between 1784
and 1822 was from 1796 to 1815, the table for that period will
designate that l^j was the letter for 1798, and further
reference to the list of makers' marks will show that
John Emes was of the same period.

It is necessary to notice these minor details as there are

other series of Roman capitals and the same letter would occur

1C| in 1580, (O in 1718, (^ in 1798, ^ in 1878,

but each time in a different shield, in fact the shape of the

360 OLD LONDON SILVER

shield is most important in determining the date, and reference
to all changes of shield will be found in the table of Hall-
marks.

The repetition of the same letter continually occurs, for
instance, the small black letter nk in 1558, BH in 1638,
|5| in 1678, ^ in 1696, and [JT] in 1856. In three
of these the shield is the same, but reference to the table,
which gives all the marks for every year, will show that the
other marks for those years are entirely different. We would
mention here that the Hall-mark year commences in May and
the date letter really represents a part of two years, but the
single date, which is of the year the mark was first used,
answers for all practical purposes.

We shall now leave the reader to gain any further informa-
tion desired, by advising that the best way is to take the mark
found on any article of London make, and look for it in the
table till it is found, as knowledge acquired in this way is
seldom forgotten.

There is one series of marks, however, that we will refer
to, especially as good silver of that period is frequently met
with, that is the series from 1739 to 1755, in the time of
George II., the letter jCE '^ '" ^ shield with one indentation
in the top and two in the bottom, the lion ^^ and leopard's
head JjSl are also in indented shields, a shape which occurs

HALL-MARKS 361

in no other series — we mention this to refer to a forged mark
recently seen on quite an important article — it had a maker's
mark, and ^^| ^^ JfTi a combination that not only pro-
claimed it as a rank forgery, but also that the maker was not
familiar with his subject. It was probably made in New York.

It does not follow that every mark that is deficient or irreg-
ular, is not genuine, for in the many years that the Goldsmiths'
Company has existed, scores of people have done the stamping,
and some mistakes have no doubt been made, but on the whole
it is remarkable how thoroughly and carefully the work has been
done. At the end of the table of Hall-marks will be found a few
examples of irregular stamping, showing that, at times, there was
a carelessness as to how marks were placed.

We will give an example to show how a very trifling thing
can establish the period of an almost obliterated mark. It is
taken from an article in our possession y ^: . ^ |#
All that can be made out is one side of the leopard's head, and
as it has whiskers, it fixes the date between 1756 and 1775*

The additional mark, the Roman Capital fpj in an oval, is
not a date letter, but indicates that the article is of foreign make,
and has been assayed at the Hall, and found to be of sterling
quality— a regulation which is now obligatory in reference to all
foreign silver brought to England for sale, but not always com-
plied with. For reference to Provincial marks see Page 395.

362 OLD LONDON SILVER

A quick method of using the table to find a maric, for
instance this

is to commence at the last page of the table, and look backward

through the fourth column until the same date letter [T] of

the same character is found in the same shield, then compare the
other marks and if they all agree, the date will be found on
the same line, but if not the same, continue to look till the
same letter, in the same shield, appears with all the other
marks (except the makers' mark) to correspond.

In the above instance it would be first met with in 1834,

but all the other marks would not agree, for the leopard's

head would not have a crown: then it would be found in 1794.
which would be correct.

The object of looking backward instead of forward is that
most of the silver one is likely to come across, is of late, instead
of early date.

The maker's mark would probably not be the one in the
table, as there were many makers in every year.

Any recently made articles of the Britannia standard should

have these two marks f^V f4m with the same date letter in

the same shield, that, is used on sterling silver of the same year.

HALL-MARKS

363

Enlarged specimens of each series of London Hall marks from 1558
to the present time, showing the changes in shape of shields, style of
date letters, etc. Most of the series cover a period of twenty years.

Years included
in each series.

Particular year
of each mark.

1658
to 1577 (HW:

1664

1578
to 1587

1681

1588
to 1617

1606

1618
to 1637

1627

1638
to 1667

1661

1668
to 1677

1674

1678
to 1696

1689

364

OLD LONDON SILVER

Enlarged specimens continued.

Years included
in each, series.

Particular year
of each mark.

1696
to 1720

1721
to 1728

1729
to 1739

1739
to 1766

1766
to 1775

1708

1723

1738

1763

1768

1776
to 1784

1783

1784
and 1786

1784

1786
to 1796

1792

HALL-MARKS

365

Enlarged specimens continued.

Years included
in each series.

Particular year
of each mark.

1796
to 1821

1822
to 1833

1834
to 1836

1837
to 1855

1866
to 1875

1876
to 1895

1886

to dale

Britannia
Standard

1798

1826

1836

1840

1869

188a

1899

1902

Table of London Hall-Marks-

showingr all the marks for each year, and with each
year a maker's mark of the period:

Commencing with the reign of Elizabeth.

Maker unknown

1558

1559

1560

Maker unknown

Maker unknown )^

Maker unknowm \HSff]

Maker unknown jfm

Date letter for the first time,
in a regular shaped shield.

1660

Maker unknown li£K

Maker unknown

f^^Xdrj

^3&

1661

1662

1663

1664

1566

1666

366

LONDON HALL-MARKS

367

ryx

Maker unknown

Maker unknown ffiBj
Maker unknown lj(

Maker unknown

Maker unknown \^

Maker unknown

Maker unknown |AHI

f^^tdr^

^^^r^

m
m

1567

1668

1S69

1570

1571

1572

1573

1574

1576

1577

Date letter changes to Roman capitals.

Maker unknown

^^t2r^j

1578

1679

1680

368

OLD LONDON SILVER

Maker unknown

Maker unknown ^DJ

Maker unknown

Maker unknown [j]

Maker unknown \S^

Maker unknown

f^^tdr^

fe^tJ^j

^^t2rJ

iti

1581

1582

1583

1584

1586

1587

1688

1589

1590

1691

1592

1593

1694

1595

LONDON HALL-MARKS

369

Maker unknown

1596

1697

Date letter changes to Lombardic capitals.

Maker unknown

Maker unknown ^
Maker unknown I^
Maker unknown R^

Maker unknown [•jL]

&?CJ^J

1698

1599

1600

1601

160S

Accession of James I.

Maker unknown [SLJ
Maker unknown )I!S\

Maker unknown (&

Maker unknown

Maker unknown )^

Maker unknown

f^^tJ^j

1608

16M

1605

1606

1607

1608

370

OLD LONDON SILVER

Maker unknown

Maker unknown ^B^

Maker unknown

1609

1610

1611

1612

1613

1614

1615

1616

1617

Date letter changes to small italics.

Maker unknown

1618

1619

Two different date letters this year.

Maker unknown

Maker unknown W/

1619

1620

LONDON HALL-MARKS

371

Maker unknown

Maker unknown K

f^'Sr^

1621

1622

Accession of Charles I.

Maker unknown

Maker unknown y^

Maker unknown

fe?tj^j

s^e^

1623

1624

1626

1627

1628

1629

1630

1631

1632

1633

1634

572

OLD LONDON SILVER

Maker unknown

Maker unknown ^F

Maker unknown

^^^j

1635

1636

1637

Date letter changes to court hand.

Maker unknown

Maker unknown ^^^

Maker unknown \lTj

Maker unknown H^

John Ward law.

Maker unknown

Nichs. Wollaston

(f^

Maker unknown VH

Maker unknown

1638

1639

1640

1641

1642

1643

1644

1645

1646

1647

1648

LONDON HALL-MARKS

373

Maker unknown

Henry Greenway

Maker unknown

Stephen Venables [Sy]

iel Rutty?

Maker unknown

Commonwealth.

f^^tj^j

P*^

1649

1650

1651

1652

1663

1654

1656

1666

1667

Date letter changes to black letter capitals.

Maker unknown

Maker unknown (m)

1658

1669

Accession of Charles II.

Maker unknown

1660

374

OLD LONDON SILVER

Christopher Shaw {dfl

Maker unknown

Maker unknown iT)

Maker unknown

Maker unknown ITMI

Maker unknown

f^^tlr^j

f^^t^'j

^^tdT'i

1661

1662

1663

1664

1665

1666

1667

1668

1669

1670

1671

1672

1673

Maker unknown

• ••

Maker unknown U)5j

1674

1676

LONDON HALL-MARKS

375

Maker unknown (fs]

Maker unknown

1676

1677

Maker unknown

Benjamin Pyne?

Ralph Leeke?

Maker unknown

Geo Garthorne? r§§

Maker unknown

Benjamin Pyne.

Date ietter changes to black letter small.
Note change in shape of shields.

1678

1679

1680

1681

1682

1688

1684

Accession of James II.

Maker unknown

Lawrence Coles?

Nathaniel Greene @g)

1686

1687

376

OLD LONDON SILVER

Accession of William and Mary.

Maker unknown

Anthony Nelme. J>C

Robert Timbrell.

James Chad wick llC

Maker unknown U

Maker unknown

John Ruslen?

1688

1689

1690

1691

1692

1693

1694

William III.

John Jackson?

Maker unknown

1696

For 24 years after this a decided change in all the
marks. The makers mark instead of mitials, now has
the two first letters of the last name. The figure of
Britannia replaces the lion. The lion's head erased takes
the place of the leopard's head crowned. The date letter
changes to court hand.

The quality of the silver was also raised from sterling,
or ®25/,QQQ fine, to ®^®/iooo fine, and is generally known
as the Britannia Standard.

LONDON HALL-MARKS

377

Thomas Parr

Joseph Bird

Benj. Watts

Wm. Gamble

Anthony Nelme

Geo. Booth by

1696

1697

1698

1699

1700

1701

Accession of Anne.

Thomas Allen

Thomas Sadler

Wm. Andrews IAh

John Ladyman

P. Harrache

D. Willaume

Simon Pantin

John WIsdome

1702

1703

1704

1705

1706

1707

1708

1709

378

OLD LONDON SILVER

p. Rolles, Jr.

NathM Lock

Mat. Lof thouse

Thomas Port

Chas. Jackson

Thos. Langford

1710

1711

1712

1713

Accession of George I.

17U

1715

Date letter changes to Roman capitals.

Michael Boult

Paul Lamerie

Jonah Clifton

Sam.Margas

1716

1717

1718

1719

Old Sterling standard restored, with in-
itials for makers mark as before 1696— but
the Britannia standard also made for some
years longer.

Dav. Tanaueray

1720

LONDON HALL-MARKS

379

Simon Pantin

Nich. Clausen

Thomas Farren

M. Godwin

B. Fletclier

Wm. Atkinson

Paul Crespin

Ed. Cornock

Rich'd Scarlet

Wm. Petley

Wm. Darker

Paul Lamerie

Mary Pantin

Wm. Gould

1721

1722

1723

1724

1725

1726

Accession of George II.

1727

1728

1729

1730

1731

1732

1733

1734:

OLD LONDON SILVER

R. Abercrombie 1^^

1^36

Date letter changes to Roman small,

John LeSage

Louis Dupont

Benj. Godfrey

m it

1736

1737

F. Spilsbury

1738

1739

Up to this time all date letters have been
In plain pointed shields with a straight top;
they now change to a shield with one inden-
tation at top and two at bottom— the shields
for lion and leopard's head also change, and
every maker has now an entirely new mark.

Paul Lamerie

Jo'thn Fossy

D. Willaume

Chas. Hatfield

Edward Wood

J. Robinson

t^A,

M S

t<A,

"?!*?

rr<!^

^^'ff?

tr'jt.

t^X

739

740

741

742

743

744

LONDON HALL-MARKS

381

John Neville

Thomas Gilpin

Edw'd Wakelin

Andrew Killik

John Rowe

Elias Cachart

Gurney & Co.

William Gould

Simon Lesage

John Payne

IWel

Ay me Vechau (S-Vj

I*R

t<A,

t<A.

feyX

^<x.

^<J^

feyX

t^-A.

\<A,

t<A.

^^'ff?

1745

1746

1747

1748

1749

1750

1751

1752

1753

1754

1755

Note change in shape of shields.

Date letter changes to black letter capitals.
Leopard's head now generally has whiskers.

W. & R. Preston' K

Pierre. Gillois

1756

1757

382

OLD LONDON SILVER

Wm. Plummer fW'P

Robert Rew

1758

1759

Accession of George III.

Mordecai Fox

Fred. Kandler

Fuller White

William Shaw

D. & R. Hennell

Wm. Robertson

Peter Wintzer

Thos. Hemming

John Carter

Joseph Heriot

S. & J. Crespell

Ebenezer Coker [RC]

1760

1761

1762

1763

1764

1765

1766

1767

1768

1769

1770

1771

LONDON HALL-MARKS

383

Jo'thn Alleine

John Barry

George Smith

James Young II*YI

1772

1773

1774

1775

Date letter changes to Roman small.
After this date, leopard generally without whiskers.

Nich. Dumee

Walter Tweedle

T. Northcote

B. Davenport

John Scofield

E. Fennell

@
<©

Hester Bateman

Edward Jay

BenJ. Laver

1776

1777

1778

1779

1780

J 781

1782

1783

1784

384

OLD LONDON SILVER

Now there is a fifth mark, the king's head.
In the latter part of 1784 and for a while in
1785 it is in intaglio, in a square shield with
clipped corners, and looks to the left; after
that it is in relief, in an oval snield and looks
to the right.

Samuel Wintle (^)

Rich. Crossley [R«C)

John Lambe

John Harris

Henry Green

CS)

Henry Chawner (SB)

Croucn

& Hannan

Wm. Vincent

Iwvl

William Abdy t^ffl

Paul Storr

John Moore

1784

1785

1786

1787

1788

1789

1790

1791

1792

1793

LONDON HALL-MARKS

385

Pitt & Preedy

1794

John Thompson [it

1796

Date letter changes to Roman capitals.

Chawner & Ems

R. &. D. Hennell

John Ernes

Eley & Feam

P. A. & W.

Bateman

Timothy Renou (j^

Messrs. Hennell

Moses Levy

Henry Nuttingr

James Harris

^rir

JIB

William Sumner fi^

John Ashley

w t)

w d

1796

1797

1798

179d

1800

1801

1802

1803

1804

1805

1806

1807

386

OLD LONDON SILVER

James Cording JC

William Fountain ^^y

kVn:)

Wm Bannister

Crispin Puller

William Squire

Thomas Wallls

Thos Sherborn (0>

k2|;]

William Bennett

i\0 :

r^^/

1808

1809

1810

1811

1812

181$

1814

1815

Date letter changes to Roman small.

ITIR

Emes & Barnard

J. E. Terry

Hart & Harvey

William Elliott fwS\

1816

1817

(3)

1818

1819

Accession of George IV.

Richard Hoby |rh|

r^^/

1820

LONDON HALL-MARKS

387

William Baker (^S)

1821

After this, leopard's head without a crown
The Hon now looks to the left.

Robert Garrard

Crispin Fuller ^5)

Benjamin Smith

J. J. Kirber

Hyam Hyams

Saml. Hennell

B. Massey

Barnard & Sons

LMy

Accession of William IV.

William Eaton

^fA

E. Farrell

Charles Fox

®
®

1822

1823

1824

1825

1826

1827

1828

1829

1830

1831

1832

388

OLD LONDON SILVER

Pearce

& Burrows

E. Barton

J. & J. Aldous

1833

1834

1835

Date letter changes to black letter capitals.

Paul Storr

Accession of Victoria.

1836

W. K. Reld

v3:CD

Tlieobalds .& Co

Reiley & Storer |&|j

W. Easterbrooke (gg)

Mortimer & Hunt

J- Angel & Son

William Cooper

i'K^

William Brown WW

Thomas Diller

1837

1838

1839

1840

1841

1842

1843

1844

1845

LONDON HALL-MARKS

389

^WjH

George Barnard

Joseph Taylor G^fl

Charles Lias

J. C. Edingrton

Charles Gibson

Hyam Hyams

W. R. Smily

John S. Hunt

T. H. &

F. Francis

Charles Bishop ^^^

m
m

1846

1847

1848

1849

1850

1851

1852

1853

1854

1855

Date letter changes to black letter snnall.

John Eady

Robert Harper (gS)

W, Hattersly fWW

E- Barnard & Son

(S)

1856

1857

1858

1869

390

OLD LONDON SILVER

S. Whitford

Roberts & Brigrgs

George Evaiis

Smith &

Nicholson

George Fox

Hands & Son

Robert Harper

H. Holland

George Angeil (gS>

A. Sibley

lASl

Brownett & Rose

E- C. Brown

Stephen Smith

Hancocks & Co

Thomas Johnson (^^

I860

J 861

1862

CD
(E)

1863

1864

1865

1866

1867

1868

1869

1870

1871

1872

1873

1874

LONDON HALL-MARKS

391

F. Elkingrton

1875

Date letter changres to Roman capitals.

Note change in shape of shield

Alfred Ivory

Charles Mappin tcSS)

Richard Sibley

Stephen Smith

Louis Dee

C. S. Harris

£D

lajiii

W. & J. Barnard ^Vj

Grinsell & Son \J,Gtt8\

George Heath CGH]

J. W. Johnson

J. B. Hennell

R. Hodd & Son

HSO

^
^

1876

1877

1878

1879

1880

1881

1882

1883

1884

1886

1887

392

OLD LONDON SILVER

J. S. Beresford @SS)

Walker

& Tolhurst

J. H. Savory

B.T

^
^

1888

1889

1890

After this four marks only

D. <& J. Welby |DWJWl

J- B. Carringrton (^^

Jesse Earl

W- Hutton

& Sons

Charles Boyton

1891

1892

1893

1894

1895

Date letter changes to Roman smalL

Note change in shape of shields.

W. Comyns

& Sons

<g)

L. A. Crichton (LAC

C. S. Harris

& Sons

Heath

& Middleton

(5)

1896

1897

1898

1899

LONDON HALL-MARKS 393

Barnard & Sons WS ^ O^ fA] 1900

Accession of Edward VII.

Henry Brasted ,„„, ,«^^, ,^^, ,, , ^^^^

Alfred Clark (gS| 09 O (?) 1903

^ @ e (E

John Hall GJiD ^ O llil i903

Some explanation seems necessary in regard to the leopard's
head from 1756 to 1775, which is described in the list 2iS generally
with whiskers. It was evidently the intention to have this mark
with the whiskers for this series only, but we have seen it on

several articles dated 1755, and without the whiskers in other
years, notably 1759, 1766 and 1774, yet for each of these years
examples with the whiskers also exist. After 1775 and as late as
1784 the head with the whiskers occasionally appears, but not
often. There were apparently, in some years, two sets of punches
for this mark, and whether both were used with intention or by
inadvertence is now too late to inquire, but we notice that the
mark with whiskers is almost always on the larger and more
important pieces.

Examples of irregular stamping

1601

Coffee 1738

Pint cup 1728

made by Thomas Rush

made by Sarah Parr

Candlesticks 1698

College Cup 1688

394

PROVINCIAL MARKS.

As the similarity of some of the provincial marks to those
of London might be misleading, we will mention that for the
last hundred or more years the mark for Chester was the same
as for London, but with the additional mark of the city arms
^ since 1839 however, the leopard's head has been dis-
continued.

At Exeter it was the same, the city arms [^j being the addi--
tional mark ; here the leopard's head was discontinued about 1800.

At Newcastle-on-Tyne there was no change in regard to the
leopard's head, and the city arms was the additional mark

The Exeter and Newcastle-on-Tyne offices were both per-
manently closed in 1885.

Birmingham differs from London in that it has an anchor
instead of the leopard's head, and Sheffield has a crown
instead of the leopard's head, and the crown is often on
the same punch as the date letter.

The date letters at all these places are not for the same
years as for London, and the shapes of the shields also differ.

Complete tables of all the provincial date letters can be
found in Mr. W. J. Cripps valuable work, "Old English Plate."

395

INDEX

Abbey of Glastonbury, 131

Abbot of Glastonbury, i ? 1

Academy of Painters, 46

Acanthus leaf ornament, 34, 37, 11^, 129

Acton, John, goldsmith, 37

Adams Bros., architects, 42

Additions, a kind of fraud, 202, 203

Additions, fraudulent, striking example of, 209

Ade, goldsmith, 13, 14

Adrian IV, pope, 10

y^thelwulf. King, ring of, 1

Aladdin, fairy palace of, 50

Alfred, King, jewel of, 1

Alms-bowls, 13

Alphabetical letter, as date mark, 3s8

Altars, 8

Alwyn, Henry Fitz, silversmith, 10

Portrait of, 1 1
Amades, Robert, goldsmith, 25 .
America, spurious silver made in, 208
" Anatomy of Melancholy," 92
Andirons, 21
Anglo-Saxons, 93

Anketil, monk of St. Albans, silversmith, 10
Anne, Queen, 37, 62, 131, 148, 159, 160, 173, 176,

t77, 3'58
Period of, 41
Anselm, archbishop, 130
Apsley House, 48
Archambo, Peter, silversmith, 45
Archbishop of Canterbury, 99
Architecture, 34
Arms, royal, of England, 95
Arthur, Prince, 18
Articles at Apsley House, 49
Ashley, John, mark of, 329
Ashmolean Museum, 55
Atheling, Margaret, 92
Athelstan, King, 2
Auction sale by inch of candle, 153
Augsburg, 103

Backwell, Alderman Edward, goldsmith, 29, 38

Portrait of, 39
Baluster stem, 109

Bank of England, founding of, 30

Banker-goldsmiths, 45

Baptismal service, 34

Barentyne, Sir Drugo, silversmith, 1 7

Barnard, Edward, & Sons, marks of, 229

Basins, 30

Beakers, 25, 107, 108, 125

German and Dutch, 107

Horn, 107
Becket, Thomas a, 5, 8
Beefsteak Club, 1 39
Benn, Sir William, silversmith, 45

Portrait of, 43
Benn's Club, 43
Berkeley, Baron, 101
Berlin, museum at, iS7
Bettoyne, Richard de, goldsmith, 1 5
Bible, the, 54, 55
Birmingham, mark of, 395
Bishop, collection of Mr. Heber R., 86, 129, 140,

165, 176, 189
Blachford, John, silversmith, 45
Black Death, 15
Black-jacks, 114, 115
Blanchard & Child, goldsmiths, 29
Bombards, 1 14
Bottle-stands, 197
Bowes, Sir Martin, goldsmith, 22
Bowl of spoon, design of, 64

Egg shape, 64, 65

Oval, 60, 64, 65

Pear shape, 60

Perforated, 62, 63
Bowl, Monteith, 137
Bowls, 25, 137, 140
Bowls, hall-marks on, 141
Boxes, 30

Bradwardine, Baron, 103
Braziers, 38, 193, 199
Bread-baskets, 181
Bremen, 154

Britannia, figure of, as mark, 358
Britannia mark, resemblance of, to old marit.

207
Britannia period, 137

597

398

INDEX

Britannia standard, 33, 54, 230, 355, 358

Modern mark of, 362
Britannia standard still made, 358
British Museum, 21, 54
Brithnodus, Abbot of Ely, 6
Buckingham, Duke of, 26, 38
Buffalo horn, 95
".BuH's Head " tavern, 132
Burlington Fine Arts Catalogue, 85, 101, 102, 123,

148
Burlington Fine Arts Club, 87
Burton, Robert, 92
Butter-dishes, 193, 198
Byzantine architecture, 7

Caddies, 176

Cadenas, 15

Cake-baskets, 181, 182, 183

Cambridge College, 50

Cambridge Plate Catalogue, 96, 97, 109

Candelabra, 8, 51, 145, 146, 156

Roman, 157
Candle, auction sale by, 153
Candlemas Day, 145, 146
Candlesticks, 8, 10, 30, 145, 146

Baluster shape, 148

Chamber, 153

Clip, 153

Corinthian column, 149, 150

Gloucester, 147

Golden, 145

Pricket, 146, 147

Socket, 147

Table, 148

Taper, 153
Canterbury, Archbishop of, 55
Caskets, 15
Casters, 187, 190
Catharine of Aragon, 18
Catholic Church, the, 146
Cavaliers, the, 26

Chaffers, Mr. William, 29, 46, 214, 215, 557
Chandeliers, 8

Change in standard of silver, 37b
Charles 1, 26, 34, 60, 84, 106

Execution of, 29
Charles II, 30, 34, 35, 38, 39, 126, 164, 170
Chelsea Porcelain Factory, 46
Chaucer, 73
Chester, mark of, 395
Child, Sir Francis, 45
Childs, silversmith, 142
Chinese decoration, 37, 113, 170
Christ, figure of, 58

Christening, sponsors at, 58
Christian era, 145
Christian, Prince, of Denmark, 25
Christianity, introduction of, 93
Christie's auction-room, 58
Christie's Catalogue, 100, 106
Christ's College, Cambridge, 86
Church of St. Peter's, Gloucester, 147
Ciborium, 14
Cisterns, 137,139
Civil War, the, 26
Clare Market, 132, 133
Classical forms, 42

Period, 41
Clothworkers' Hall, 109
Coasters, 38, 193, 197
Cockayne, Mr. William, 103
Coffee-houses, 164
Coffee, introduction of, 38, 164
Coffee-pots, 159, 164, 1O5, 167
Coffee services, 38
Coin, plate turned into, 33, 34
*' Collectanea Curiosa," 21
Collecting silver, interest in, 48
Collections of old silver, 50, 51
Collections of spoons, 62, 66
Colville, John, silversmith, 38
Commonwealth, the, 26, 34, 128, 131
** Connoisseur, The," 96
Copper plate, table of makers' marks on, 227
Coronation banquet, 139

Ceremony, 55

Plate, the, 26
Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, 96, 97

Festival of, 14

Guild of, 95, 97
Coryat, Thomas, 77
Counterfeit marks, 202, 206

Silver, 201
Coutts, James, 45
Coutts & Co., bankers, 45
Cowper's **Task," 163
Croshaw, Richard, goldsmith, 37
Creamers, 159, 173, 174
Creamers, helmet, 173

Squat, 173
Crespin, Paul, silversmith, 4^
Crests, 132
Crichton, Mr. L., 66
Cripps, Mr. W. J., 17, 53, 9'i »» »i '37, 214, 357,

39';
Cromwell, Oliver, 29, 39, 114

Cromwell, Thomas, 21

Crown jewels, the, 29

INDEX

399

Croziers, 5
Cruets, 38, 187, 188
Crusades, 7, 10
Cumberland, Duke of, 46
Cup, the ** Anathema," 99

Bear, 103
Cup, beere, 25

Benjamin's, 91

Burleigh, 109

By Paul Lamerie, 118

Calabash, 102

Caudle, 1 1 1 , 112

Cock, 105

Cockayne, 105

Coco an ut, 98

College, 1 10

Communion, 106

Cone-shape, 105

Founder's, 107

German, 104

Goblet-shaped, 109

Gold, 91, 92

Gourd, 102

Grace, 92, 93

Hall-marks on, 94

Horn, 95

Howard, loi

Loving, 95

Melon, 102

Nest of, no

Of ivory, 101

Of love, 93

Ostrich egg, 97

Parting, 93

Pepys, 109

Poison, 95

Posset, 1 1 1

Pronnet, 25

Standing, 105

Steeple, 105

Stirrup, 95

Strapwork, 1 1 7

Three-handled, 93

Tudor, 100

Tumbler, no

Two-handled, 93, n 1

Urn-shaped, 121

Vase-shaped, 120

Venetian glass shape, 106

Wine, 91
Cup-bearer, 91
Cupboards, 25
Cups, I?, 16, ?4, 9>
Cut card ornament, 37

Date letters, first table of, 5s 7

First used, 17

In court hand, 359

Mark of, 356

Mark with indented shield, 560

Repetition of, 360

Table of, in shields, 357
Dekker, Thomas, 95
Demidoff sale, 197
Dies, 48
Dinner-plates, 194

Services, 38
Dish-crosses, 38, 193, 199
Dishes altered to bowls or baskets, 205
Dresser, 16

Drinking-horns, 95, 96
Drummond, Andrew, 45
Dublin marks, 206
*• Duffers," 208
Duke of Norfolk, 101

Portland, 106

Rutland, 142
Dunn-Gardner Catalogue, 1 1 2

Collection, 93, 98, 148

Sale, 48, 84, 100, 105, 106, 128
Dunscombe, Sir Charles, silversmith, 38
Dunstan, St., 129, 131

Archbishop of Canterbury, 2

Church of Fleet Street, 5

Cup of, 2

Death of, 5

Image of, 2

Legend of, 5

Patron saint of goldsmiths, 2

Portrait of, 3

Ring made by, 2

Silversmith, 2

Versatility of, 2
Dutch silversmiths, 42
Duty mark, the sovereign's head, 357

Earl of Holland, 26

Rutland, 142

Salisbury, 109

Surrey, 101
East India Company, 1 59
Ecclesiastical silver, 51
Edgar, King, 5, 129, 131
Edward I, 13

Wardrobe account of, 2

II, 15

III, 15

VI, 22, 146

VII, 50, 55, »84

400

INDEX

Edward the Confessor, 6
Egg-frames, 38

Elizabeth, Queen, 21, 22, 45, 77
Elizabethan designs, 104

Period, 95
Elsinus, silversmith, 7
Emblems, as makers* marks, 213, 215

Table of, 217
Emes, John, mark of, 359
Enamel, 9, n, 99

England, spurious silver made in, 208
Engraving, 22, 34

Modern, on old articles, 203
Entree- dishes, 194
Epergnes, 181, 184, 185

In form of Chinese pagoda, 18s
Eswy, Ralph, goldsmith, 14
Evelyn's Diary, 35
Exchequer, the, 30, 35, 38
Excommunication by inch of candle, 1 S4
Exeter, mark of, 395
Extinguishers, 153

F, as mark for foreign silver, 361

Faringdon, Sir Nicholas, goldsmith, 15

Faryngdon, Sir William, goldsmith, 14

Fawkener, Sir Edward, 46

Fetter Lane, 132

Feudal system, 83

Fire, great, of London in 1666, 18, 30, 126, 213

Fitzgerald's " Life and Times of William IV," 1 39

Flael, Ralph, silversmith, 9

Flagons, 25

Flat chasing, 22, 34

Flaxman, John, 42

Florence, 77

Forged marks, example of, 361

Forged plate, how to detect, 207

Forgers of plate, 47

Forging plate, methods of, 201

Punishment of, 201
Forks, S3, 77

Three-pronged, 78, 79

Two-pronged, 77, 78
France, spurious silver made in, 208
Frauds, 201
Frowick, Sir Thomas de, goldsmith, 14

Gamble, Ellis, silversmith, 46
Gamble, William, silversmith, 45, 46
Gaveston, Piers, 15
Gelasius, pope, 145
Gems, 101
Genesis, 91

Gentiles, 145
George I, 62

II, 41,64, 117

III, head as mark, 357, 358

IV, head as mark, 358
*'Gilda Aurifabrorum," 29, 214
Glastonbury, Abbey of, 2
Glyn, Sir Richard, goldsmith, 4^
Godfrey, Sir Edmundbury, 126

Gold, I, 2, 6, 7, 8, 10, 13, 16, 18, 23, 49
Goldcome, Alderman John, 95
Gold plate, 139
Goldsmiths' arms, 17
Goldsmiths as bankers, 29
Goldsmiths' Company, 2, 9, 27, 118, 201, 202,
206, 210, 355, 356, 361

Bequest to, 37

Charter, 15

Wardens of, 215
Goldsmiths' Guild, 9
Goldsmiths' Hall, 15, 17, 43, 49, 50, 166, 176,

2»3, 2»4, 356
Dining-room of, 5 1

Grand staircase of, 52
*' Goldsmiths or Bankers Discovered," book of, 29
Goldsmiths' Row, Cheapside, 17
Gothic architecture, 13
Grasshopper, sign of, 19
Greco-Roman ideas, 41
Greek Church, 54
Greeks, 73, 77
Gresham College, 19
Gresham, Sir Thomas, goldsmith, 25

Portrait of, 19
Greville's Journal, 139
Griffin, 97
" Gull's Horn Book," 95

Hall, Bishop, 83
Hall-marking, object of, 355

Empowered by act of Parliament, 355, 356
Hall-marks, blunders in counterfeiting, 210

Complete table of, 366

Counterfeits of, 201

Earliest, 99

Enlarged examples of, 356, 363

Examples of irregular stamping, 394

Explanation of, 355
Of example of, 359

On gold, 202

Position of, 205

Quick method of using table, 362

Stamped irregularly, 361

Year, period of, 360

INDEX

401

Hall-marks, table of, from 1 558 to 1903, 366, 393
Of Elizabeth from 1558, 366
James I from 1603, 369
Charles 1 from 1623, 371
Commonwealth from 1649, 373
Charles II from 1660, 373
James II from 1685, 375
William and Mary from 1688, 376
William III from 1695, 376
Anne from 1702, 377
George I from 1714, 378
George II from 1727, 379
George 111 from 1760, 382
George IV from 1820, 386
William IV from 1830, 187
Victoria from 1837, 388
Edward VII from 1901, 393
Hall-marks on caddies, 176
Cake-baskets, 183
Candelabra, 157
Candlesticks, 149, 157
Coasters, 197
Coffee-pots, \(y6
Creamers, 173
Cruets, 187
Dish-crosses, 199
Epergnes, 186
Jugs, 169
Knives, 7s
Muffineers, 190
Plates, 194
Sauce-boats, 195
Spoons, 66, 68
Sugar-baskets, 175
Tea-pots, 172
Trays, 179
Urns, 163
Wine-funnels, 190
Hampton Court, 18, 26
Hanaps, 91, 104
Hanet, Paul, mark of, 214
Harache, Pierre, silversmith, 45

Thomas, silversmith, 45
Hazlitt's " Livery Companies of London," 16
Hebrews, 77

Henry, King of Navarre, 93
Henry I, 9

II, 8

III, 14

VI, emperor, 9

VII, 18

VIII, 18, 21

Herbert's " Livery Companies of London," 10, n
Herculaneum, 42, 54

Heriot, George, silversmith, 38

Portrait of, 3 1
Heriot's Hospital, 31
Hey wood's " Philocothonista," 1 14
Hildesheim, Hanover, 157
Hilliard, Nicholas, goldsmith, 25

Portrait of, 23

Richard, 23
** History or Signboards," 132
Hoare, Sir Richard, silversmith, 45
Hoe, Mr. Robert, 105, 108, 112, 115, 116, 117,

13?, 156, 189
Hogarth, William, 46, 132, 133, 13s
Holbein, Hans, 21
Holland, Earl of, 26
Holland, spurious silver made in, 208
Holms, Mr. J. A., 100
Hone's " Every Day Book," 131

" Year Book," 26
Horn cup, the way used, 96
Howard, Henry, 101
Hundred Years' War, 1 s
Hunt &. Roskell, silversmiths, 47

1, used instead of J, 215

Images, 6, 14

India, 49

Indian Ocean, 98

Inkstands, 41

Inscriptions, fraudulent, 204

Ironmongers' Hall Catalogue, 103

Irregular stamping of hall-marks, 361

Italy, 77

Jackson, Mr. C. J., S3
Jacobean Society, 43
James I, 25, 34

n. 37
Jars, 21

Jesus, presentation of, in the Temple, 145

Jewelry, 10, 13, 26, 29, 35

Jewels, 84

Jews, 73

Jug, the West Mailing, 168

Jugs, 168

Stoneware, 168

Tiger, 168

Kandler, Charles, silversmith, 139
Kettles, 139, 160, 161, 162

Anglo-Saxon, 160

Hall-marks on, 160, 162
"Kings pattern," 64
Knives, 15, 53, 73

402

INDEX

Knives, dessert, 75

Pistol-handled, 74, 75
Knole, mansion of, 30, 154

Labis, 54

Lacroix's "Arts in the Middle Ages," 8

Ladyman, John, mark of, 235

Lamerie, Paul de, silversmith, 47, 118, 181, 193

Marks of, 207, 230, 358

Period of, 41, 42, 230
Lamps, 145

Langton, Thomas, Archbishop of Canterbury, 99
Laughton, John, mark of, 230, 394
Leo, a silversmith, 6
Leofstane, silversmith, 9
Leopard's head, mark of, 66, 356, 357

Crowned, mark of, 357

Without crown, mark of, 357, 359, 387

With whiskers, 357, 361, 393

First used, 15

The mark for London, 358
Le Sage, John Hugh, silversmith, 45
Le Sage, Simon, silversmith, 45
Life Guards, 114
Lion, mark of, 356
First used, 22
For standard, 358

Passant, mark of, 357

Passant guardant, mark of, 356

Head erased, 358
Livery Companies, 50
Lloyd, Robert, 92
Lock, Nathaniel, mark of, 213
Lombard Street, 18, 19
London directories, 215, a 16, 219, 228
London hall-marks, ^55

Enlarged examples of, 363
London Livery Companies, 93
London silversmiths from 1801 to 1850, 329, 354
Lord Mayor's feast, 92
Louis XIV, 30
Louis XVI artists, 42
Lowe, Edward, mark of, 215
Lustres, 21
Lyons, Lord, 93

Maces, 30

Of House of Commons, 29
Machinery, use of, 48
Magna Charta, 13
Makers' marks, 213

From 1697 to 1800, 216, 231, 328

Previous to 1720, 214

After 1720, 214

Makers' marks, initials, 2 1 5

In italics, 215

In old English, 215

In Roman letters, 215

All changed in 1739, 214, 215

Different styles of letters for, in 1 739, 2 1 5

Duplication and confusion of, 214

Earliest, 213

Emblems, 213

Made compulsory, 15

Not a hall-mark, 213

Ordered by statute, 213

On copper plate, 216, 227, 228

Several for same maker, 214

Unknown, 216, 219, 226

With crown, 213
Malcolm 111 of Scotland, 92
Marks, altering of, 207

Articles with single mark to be avoided, 208

Partly obliterated, example of, 361

Provincial, 395
Marquand sale, 48
Mary, queen, 21, 22

Mayors of London, 10, 17, 35, 38, 4;, 4^
Mazers, 137
Meat-dishes, 193, 194

Altered to waiters, 205
Medieval period, 95
Middle Ages, 83, 91, 92, 97, 147

Silversmiths of, 7
Middle names, quite recent, 215
Middleton, Sir Hugh, silversmith, 38

Portrait of, 27
Miniature-painter, 23
Mint, the, }}
Mirrors, 21, 30
Monograms, 132
Monstrances, 14

" Monuments of superstition," 147
Morgan, Mr. J. Pierpont, 56, 126
Morgan, Rev Octavius, 37, 357
Moser, Mr. G. M., 46

Moses instructed to make golden spoons, 54
Muffineers, 187, 189, 190, 191
Mugs altered to Jugs, 205
Munich, 147
Mustard-pots, 193, 198

Napoleon, figure of, 49

Narwhal, horn of, 95

Nathan, the prophet, 55

Nefs, 14, 15

Nehemiah, 91

Nelme, Anthony, silversmith, 45

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