On Algonkin names for man

ON ALGONKIN NAMES FOR MAN

TRUMBULL

pri605

T8e

ON ALGONKIX NAMES FOR MAN.

By J. HAMMOND TRUMBULL.

(From tlie Transactions of the American Philological Association, 1871.

ON ALGONKIN NAMES FOR MAN.

The Indian speaker never generalize»L His language sup-
plied him with specific names for all known objects, qualities,
and relations, and its marvelous possibilities of synthesis en-
abled him to frame new terms as often as new distinctions were
required. It grew by progressive differentiation, — from genera
to species, from species to varieties and indivicinal peculiarities.
There is not, perhaps, in the Indian mind — certainly not in
the structure of Indian languages — absolute incapacity for
generalization, but the scrupulous avoidance, of it as a defect,
whether in thought or speech, is a characteristic of the race.

Though the Algonkin languages are poor in general names,
yet we find in all of them certain elements of synthesis which
may be regarded — from one point of view, or another, — as
rudiments, or as vestiges, of such names. These are not used
as independent words, but in composition they take the place
of the ground-word, or principal root — their denotation being
limited or directed by the attributive prefixed. Such, for
example, is the (Chip.) terminal -abo (after a vowel, -malo ;
Abnaki, -a'ha), -coahm^ denoting " drink," found in many spe-
cific names, but never without a prefix : as in Chip, wiiass-
abo (meat-drink) broth, ishkote-coabo (fire-drink) whiskey or
other ardent spirit, mashkiki-maho (herb-drink) liquid medi-
cine, totosh-abo (breast-diink) milk, etc. In a few instances,
such a generic expression which in one dialect is inseparable,
in others has attained — or has not yet lost — independent
|)Osition as a specific name. In the Massachusetts language,
-?wm, denoting " small fruit " (berry, nut, or grain), does not
appear to have been used without an attributive, e. g. ivuttahi-
min (Chip, odeimin) heart-fruit, a strawberry, weno-min, twine-
fruit, a grape, womjd-min white-fruit, a chestnut, etc. : in the
Delaware and in some western Algonkin languages, -min is
similarly employed in composition, but is also used inde-

On Algonkin Names for Man. 3

pendently as the name of a single species — the bilberry or
huckleberry.

Other grammatical devices by which the deficiency of these
languages in general names is compensated need not here be
pointed out. That such a deficiency exists is indisputable,
yet it has been often disregarded in the selection of words for
comparison of different languages and dialects. No one has
recognized more clearly than did Mr. Gallatin " the extreme
precision of tlie Indian languages," and their poverty in " ge-
neric designations or words,"* but of the first twenty English
words in his " Comparative Vocabulary of fifty-three tribes "
(in Trans. Am. Antiq. Society., vol. i., pp. 307 and after,) fif-
teen are relative and general names not one of which can be
accurately translated by a single word in any Indian language.
Every Algonkin dialect has names for an " elder brother," a
"youjiger brother," a "twin-brother," a " son of tlic same
father," and a " son of the same mother," and has moreover
two forms of some or all of these names, one used exclusively
by men, the other by women. But in no dialect can there
be found the precise equivalent of the English " brother," in
its largest denotation. The nearest approximation to it is,
perhaps, by a term which, in some languages, designates
" one of the other sex, born of the same parents ;" spoken by
a woman, this word means " brother," — by a man, " sister."

Tbe names by wliich Man has been designated, by different
tribes, or, more accurately, which most nearly correspond to
the English appellative in its two meanings, " an individual
of the human race" (homo), and "one possessing in a high
degree the distinctive qualities of manhood" (vir), have occa-
sioned much perplexity to vocabulary makers. Mr. Hale,
in a note to his Vocabularies of North America {Trans. Am.
Ethnol. Society, ii. 74), remarks that "in general, there was
no means of ascertaining with precision the existence of this
distinction." He has, however, nearly indicated its true
character by the suggestion that, in vocabularies, the term
" answering to vir will usually be found under man or hus-

* Transactions of the Am. Ethnological Society, vol. ii., p. cxxxi.

4 J. H. Trumbull^

hand,'''' and the " term answering to homo, under ' Indian, na-
t'ive y The truth is, it is as impossible to find an Indian
equivalent for homo as for man. By resorting to the Latin,
we only lialve the difficulty, not remove it. There is not in
any American language any single name applicable alike to
tlie red man and the white, to native and foreigner, to ally
and enemy, to chief and counselor and to prisoner and slave,
and in its largest sense common to both sexes. For vir a
term nearly correspondent may be found in every dialect —
thougii seldom, if ever, as a primary word ; but homo is un-
translatable by an Indian.

In Algonkin languages — and the same probably is true of
all others spokenby North American nations — we have three
classes of names for Man, into the composition of which enter
three or more different roots. These are indicated, not very
clearly, by Roger Williams, in the introduction to his Key
into the Language of Amej'ica (1643) :

" I cannot observe that they ever had (before the coming
of the English, French or Dutch amongst them) any names
to difference themselves from strangers, for they knew none ;
but two sorts of names they had, and have, amongst them-
selves. First, general, belonging to all natives, as Ninnuock,
Ninnimissinniiwock, Eniskeetompauwog , which signifies men,
folk, or people. Secondly, particular names, peculiar to the
several nations of them amongst themselves, as Nanhiggane-
uck, 3Iassachuseuck,^^ etc.

Of the three " general " names, the second, rdnni-missinnu-
tvock, is formed from missin (with indef. suffix, missin-nin,')
a derivative of missi great, much (jnultus'), and comprehends
all homines who are not viri, corresponding etymologically
and in its denotation to the Greek o'l. ttoXXoi, or the Latin mul-
titudo. It was a general name for tributaries, captives, slaves,
— that is, for all mankind, the speaker's nation and its allies
excepted. The prefix ninni-, however, limits it to inferiors
of the speaker's own race, as will presently be sliown. Eliot
employs missinnin for " man " {homo') in Gen. vi. 7, and in the
plural, missinninymog , for " people," Exod. xxiv. 2, 3, Deut,
iv. 33, etc. In Jonah, i. 8, howae missinnin ken? " of what

On Algonkin Namea for Man. 5

people art thou ?" would couvey to au Indian the meaning of
" what kind of slave (or, whose servant) art tliou ?"

In Williams's other names, ninnu-ock (ninnu-og, Eliot) and
(•nukeetompaii-tvog, both plurals, we find two roots common to
all Algonkin languages. They vary in pronunciation (and in
the phonetic notation employed by ditferent writers), one as
m'», nen, enin, aren, len, ilHn, etc.; the other as onip., a he, ale,
dpe, dp, etc. These two roots are combined in the Abnaki
aren-a^be and the Delaware len-dpe, and the former is repeated,
as a prefix, in the Delaware tribe-name lenni lendpe.

Mr. Heckewelder, who received with unquestioning faith
the legends of his chosen people, the Delawares, and was
convinced that theirs was the parent stock from which all
Algonkin nations were derived, found in this tribe-name
new evidence of their high antiquity and purity of race.
Lenni lendpe, he says (^History of the Indian Nations, p. 25),
'' signifies original people, a race of human beings who are
the same that they were in the beginning, unchanged and
unmixed.''' As to the analysis of the name, he is not quite
clear. Lenno, he says, signifies " a man ;" in the names
of quadrupeds," a male." Lendpe signifies man — "in a
more extended sense," — and "in the name of the Lenni
Lenape, it signifies people, but the word lenni which precedes
it has a different signification and means original, and some-
times common, plain, pure, unmixed.'''' " Under this general
description [and very general it is, certainly,] the Indians
comprehend all that they believe to have been first created in
the order of things." (^Corresp. with Duponceau, pp. 368, 412.)
Mr. Cass, in the North American Revieiv for January, 1826,
remarked the " confusion in Heckewelder's ideas of the name
in question," and offered another — and a worse — translation
of it. Lenee, he says, " generally and properly means ' male',"
and " the true meaning of lenaupe is ' common'." He was
as far as was Mr. Heckewelder from detecting the connection
between lenno " man" and a word meaning " original, com-
mon, plain," etc.

To discover the primary signification of each of the two
roots found in len-dpe, we will look first to the Massachusetts

6 J. H. Trumbull ^

language, where the materials for etymological research are
more abundant and, generally, more trustworthy than in the
Delaware.

Every savage believes in the superiority of his own tribe
and nation to all others. He and his are the real men : the
rest are servants, tributaries, missinninnuog. Whatever is
greater than himself passes out of his order of being and be-
comes to him manitou ' preternatural.' The Illinois, says
Marquette, call themselves The Men, " corame si les autres
sauvages au pr^s d'eux ne passoient que pour des hestesJ'^
This conviction of personal and tribal excellence stamps itself
on every savage language. In some of the North American
tongues its traces are very plainly marked. Notwithstanding
the want of a substantive verb, " I am " is a constant element
of Algonkin grammar. The demonstratives and relatives
which in Indo-European languages appear to have been de-
rived from the primitive pronoun of the third person are in
the Massachusetts and other eastern Algonkin dialects mani-
festly related to the pronoun of i\\Q. first person. The Indian
conception of man was as one ' like ' himself. Men of his own
nation were " such as I," nnstrates, and his was the "original,"
"common," normal, type of humanity.

The (Mass.) pronoun of the first person singular is nin ; as
a prefix, n'; plural ynn-awun. The demonstrative of inanimate
objects is ni ; of animate beings, nd Qrioh, Eliot) ; of place, na
there. The distributive ' some,' ' any,' ' of the kind of,'
is ^nni or un'ni. Resemblance or identity was expressed by
ni-unni Qneayie, Eliot) sucli as this, or nan same ; ni-nan the
same thing, nonan the same person ; ^nnih (Eliot), 'wmw (R.
W.), it is 60, or it is the same ;* nanwi {nanwe Eliot) commop,
usual, i. e. ' such as' ours, or 'of our kind,' hence, 'native,'
' indigenous.' Eliot wrote nanwe mhsmiiinnuog " common
people," Mark xii. 37 (= yiinnimissinnijiwock of Roger Wil-

* Comp. Chip, in-, ini-, prefixed to verbs, " to signify a certain way or manner
in which something is done or used," etc.; e. g. I's-dbi he so looks ; od 'jsabaman
he so sees him ; magode "it hangs so; nind iKowa " J 7-esenible him ; I'side "it
is cooked in a certain manner" {so); isigini "lie is .so large;" INO " it is so"
Baraga.

On Algonkin Names for Man. 7

liams, before quoted), and namve wut-epistle-um Jude for " the
general epistle" etc.*

'Nnin-u (enin}, pi. ninnuog, which Roger Williams gives as
one of the " general names Ijelonging to all natives" and " sig-
nifying men," was occasionally used by Eliot in the plural
and, with an attributive prefixed, in the singular, for ' man,'
' men ;' but the Indians restricted its denotation to men like
thenii^elves, of the common or native type, of the speaker's
kind (though not necessarily of his tribe or nation). It
is opposed to penwwi {Ahn. pirco'i) strange, foreign, of another
kind.

In other Algonkin dialects, the Massachusetts ^ninnu or
enin-u becomes (Abnaki) arenij (Quinnippiac) ren, (Dela-
ware) lenno, (Illinois) illini, (Cree) etkinu, etc., — meaning

* Sclileicher [Verr/l. Gramimitik, 2te Aufl. p. 642) considers the root of the 1st
sing, pronoun in IndoEuroj)ean hinguaj^cs — ma 'I,' 'me/ — identical with the
verbal root ma ' to think,' ' to measure,' and with the ma in Sansk. ma-nu, Goth.
nia-n 'the thinker,' 'man': for since "we must not a'^cribe to the ])rimitive
language the abstract conception of the Ego, — what," he asks, " should ' I ' be,
originally, but 'man'?" The likeness of the corresponding roots in Algonkin
languages is as noticeable — and the probability of their original indentity is at
least as great — as in the Indo European. Compare Chip, nin I, me, iN-i so, such,
1N1N-/ man, and nind' iVKyi-dnm (intrans.) I think, suppose, it seems to me, I am
(so) itiinded, nind' iNEN-rf«'« (trans, inanimate) I think of it, think it (so), nind'
isf.s-ima (trans, anim.) I think of him, think him (so). But I do not believe
that the Indian — of Asia or America — waited for the demonstration " cogito,
ergo sum," as a necessary preliminary to self assertion or to the vocal designa-
tion of his fellow-savage. Without rising to "the abstract conception of the
E(jo," he in some way discovered and expressed the distinction between ' this, —
mc ' and ' that, — my Like,' — alter ego. His mental t'tates and activities, — his
likes and dislikes, opinions, regards, emotions, — how he was affected by an exter-
nal object, Avhat he thought of it, how he estimated or measured '\t, — he would
naturally express by "it is so to me" (though perhaps not so to another); " I so
regard, feci, esteem, believe, think it." Of the same object, one might say nin
mino-f.sdan I well think it, it to me is good; another, nin jing-v.s-dan I hate it, it
to me is od'xous \ toward the same individual and with reference to the same act
one would cx])ress his emotion by nin-nishk-Rs-ima I am angry minded at him, an-
other by nin Ixip-iyE'S irn I am laugliter-minded, joyful ; what one remembers
{mihchtddn = mikoa-K's-dun finds in thought), another forgets (wanindan =
wani-E^-dan misses in thought, or bon-en-ddn ceases thinking of).

In Chip, inindam (= 'Del.elrndam, Ahn. erirdam, Mass. unantam), only ('n rep-
resents the root: -dam is the grammatical formative, and the prefixed in- is the
the adverbial ' so, ' in such manner,' which is dropped when the verb receives
any other prefix — as in minwKudam, nishkisiman, etc.

8 J. H. Trumbull,,

always, a * common man,' of the speaker's kin or kind. Used
as an adjective, the Mass. nancoi, Abn. areni, Del. lenni, de-
notes the 'common,' 'usual' or 'native,' as distinguished
from penooivi, Abn. pirw'i, the ' strange,' ' foreign,' of ' other
kind': e. g. Abn. areni mdama" common or native tobacco,
aren-adme he speaks Abnaki (comp. pira)-a"dme he speaks a
foreign language) ; Del. len-achpoan., common (i. e. Indian)
bread, lenna-meek common-fish (the sucker, found in almost
all streams), len-ehum. common or Indian dog, (distinguished
from the species introduced by Europeans), etc. Zeisberger
translates " Lennape, an Indian; Linni lenape, Indians of the
same nation.''^

In lendpe, we liave this adjective in synthesis with an in-
separable generic. Heckewelder {Oorresp. with Dnponceau,
411) says that the termination ap or ape " belongs to animals
walking in an erect posture ; hence, lenape man." It is
found in all pure Algonkin languages (Mass. -omj), Abn. -a''be,
Penobscot -ombe, Chip, ahe, etc), but nowhere as an inde-
pendent word. As a generic suffix it denotes ' an adult male.'
With a demonstrative prefixed (w') it designates ' the male,'
or as an adjective, simply, ' male.' The primary meaning of
the root may have been nearly that which Heckewelder sug-
gests. It aj)pears in the Mass. OMPa-, Chip, ombi-, a prefix
to verbs of lifting, raising, erecting, etc.: e. g. Mass. OMPa-
ndeu " he lifts himself up," from a stooping position, John viii.
7 ; Chip. OMBinan " he lifts or raises it up," OMBdbate " the
smoke ascends," ouBashin " the bread rises," etc. (comp.
Abnaki ABdsi a standing tree) ; as an adjective, in Mass.
noMPads male, 7iompos/iim male beast, pish noupaii/eua} hah
sqiiaii/.eua) there-shall male-be and female-be (Gen. vi. 19) ; ^
in Chip. WA15E male, 7iin-7iKBEm " my husband " (Baraga), etc.
The dependence of the Indian warrior and hunter on his how
is expressed in its designation as " belonging to the adult
male," and by transferring it from the class of inanimate
(' ignoble ') objects to the animate or ' noble ' : Mass. ohtoup,
Abnaki '^a''bi, Powhatan attAWP or auhtkB.

Len-dpe (= Abnaki aren-a"be, mod. Penobscot aln-ombe,^

On Algonkin Names for Man, 9

denotes " a common adult male," i. e. an Indian man ; lenno
len-dpe, an Indian of our tribe or nation, and consequently,
vir, " a man of men." The roots, len and a"/?, correspond
more nearly to nostras and mas than to homo and vir ; but
the former is as exclusively masculine as the latter, and can-
not be prefixed to a feminine noun-generic.

Recurring now to Roger Williams's division of names into
" general, belonging to all natives," and " particular, peculiar
to the several nations amongst themselves," we will first
trace these two principal roots, under their dialectic modifi-
cations, throtigh the several Algonkin languages, and after-
wards notice some of the names for men ot inferior race, —
for enemies, strangers, and foreigners, — into the composition
of which neither of these two roots may enter.

1. 3fAX of the ' common' or ' native ' type ; of the speaker's
kin or kind ; tioslras. Root, 'nen, 'ren, 'len, — from an ear-
lier ix ? with a demonstrative prefix, or reduplication. As
an adjectival, it denotes 'common,' 'indigenous,' sometimes
* mere.' Formed as a verb, ' to be a man (like ourselves),'
hence, in many dialects, ' to live.^

Old Algonkin (Nipissing), inini: nin-ininyii "I am a man." Howse.

Chippeway, intni, pi. {nim'-wak. Ottawa, anini.

Massachusetts, -min, pi. -minnuog ; nintiu " male," Eliot (Mark x. 6.)

Narragansett, ^nnin, inin ; pi. ninmiog. R. W.

Menomini, inln. Potawatomi, nini (Lykins), enin n (P. Jones).

Saki (Sauk), ncenni. Maximil. Musquaki (Foxes), nini.

Montagnais, irini-ou [he is] man; iriniou-in "life." Lc Jcune, 1634.

Abnaki (Kennebec), aren-i; as adjective 'simple,' 'plain,' 'mere.*

Quinnippiac, ren (pi. renewak) man, Peirson, 1658.

New Sweden, " rhenus, Mann : renappi, Menniskia." Campanius.

Delaware, lenno, pi. lennowak, Zeisb.

Shawnee, Uini "man," linAwai " Indian ;" lindwai-ioi " he lives," Howse.
delnoieh " Indian." Whipple.

Illinois, illini.

Miami, elatiiah (Volncy), aklanuah (Barton).

Micmac, el'na, I'nooi (Maill.), al'nu (Howse).

Montagnais of Labrador, il'no.

Cree, etkin'u " man, an Indian," Howse ; Western Cree, hiyenu, Maximilian.
fCorap. 1st pcrs. pronoun nitha I, and net'etin I do so, I so act. Howse
remarks that " the th is so softly uttered that a nice ear only can detect
it," and, among the western Crees, it " is lost in the t or y ; nitha becomes
ni^a {= ni'ia], cOiinu is iyinu. The western Crees call themselves

2

10 J. H. Trumhull.

Neayaorj which Dr. Hayden translates : " those who speak the same
tonijiie." Of iVeAef/io««/,;, the equivalent in the dialect of the Hudr-on
Bay Crees, Howse makes "exact beings, or people," and Sir John
Richardson, "exact or complete men."]

Shyenne, ita'ni (adj. male, of man) ; eta'nio "people." Hayden.

Atsina, nithin'a. Comp. nathani i'niia " to live." Hayden.

Arapaho, inen', ])1. ine7i'a. Comp. inineh'tina " to be alive."

1 Blackfeet, ninrtow, nenow. Howse. Hayden has nin'a " chief," bnt for In-
dian, ni-i''tsata'-pi. Comp. nistu'a [= Cree nitd\ I, nitsinan mine.

Powhatan. The generic name appears in such compounds as Strachey's
rawEUVNSvivh " an old man." For " man," John Smith has nemarough
(by a misprint, probably, for nematough), and Strachey, nimatewh. This
is the equivalent of nemat (Strachey; and so in the Mass.Tchusetts dia-
lect,) "my brother," my mate, with the verbal formative (= Mass. ne-
mat-ou he is my brother, or mate).

Nanticoke, ihn, iin, " Indian." Wohaclci, for "man " in Gallatin's vocabu-
lar\% means 'his body,' ' himself,' = Mass. ivuhhogki (Eliot), ISarrag.
wuhhock (R. W.).

The characteristic n of the pronominal root is constant
throughout. The prefixed demonstrative, or reduplication,
varies, with changes of dialect, as w, /, r, and (rarely) y ; is
lost in strong aspiration of tlie following vowel ; becomes a
soft, scarcely audible th in the speech of the eastern Crees
and the Atsinas of the northwest, and among the Shyennes
is represented by t.

Without intending to follow the Algonkin name beyond
the presumed limits of the Algonkin group, I may be permit-
ted to allude to the fact that the Crees and Atsinas are neigh-
bors of Athapascan tribes, suggesting the possibility of rela-
tionship between the Cree ithi'nu, Atsina nithufi'a, and
Shyenne ita'ni, — and the Chepcwyan dirinie, Takulli tenni,
Umkwa tune, Navajo iennai and Apache ri'de, all having the
same meaning, " man, native." The likeness of the east-
Algonkin ''nnin-u, inin-i, to Labrador-Eskimo innuk, pi. innuit,
man, innu-wok alive, vna lie, tliis, ingna the same, etc., is not
less noticeable.

II. An adult male: designated by the inseparable noun-
generic -a"he, -dp, -amp, or other dialectic modification of the
root A^B. With w' demonstrative prefixed it designates ' the
male,' or as an adjectival, simply, ' male.' With a pronomi
nal prefix, it may mean ' husband,' — e. g. Chip, ne-nabem
[the final m is possessive,] my husband ; but Baraga in his

0)1 Algonkin Names for Man. 11

Otehipive Btcfionari/, marks this use of the word as " impo-
lite." With the prefix 'neu (ren^ len,) it denotes a 'common
man,' i. e, an Indian adult male. With other attributives, it
forms class-names and tribe-names.

1. With the demonstrative prefix, designating ' the male' ;
and, with the possessive suffix Q-oni, -em, -w), ' husband' : —

Algonkin and Chippeway, ndbe ; ni-mlbem [my male,] my husband.
Ottawa, ndpe ; nl-nd-hom.

Menom., naupe-om, ndpinm, " husband." Dr. James.

Potawat., nawbam; nin-nawham "my husband."

Miami, \tiApem husband,] nenapema my husband. Volney.

Illinois, nampche.man husband. Gallatin.

M<)nrni::nais, napiou "man," ndpen "husband" {naapen. Gabriel).

Naskajji (ScofRe), naaboiih "man," naahpen "husband."

Abmiki, nu"he-, prefixed to names of male animals.

Massachusett-!, nomp nils male, a male ; nomp-oshim, nomp-oshimwus a male
quadruped; nompai-ijeum [he is] male. Gen. vi. 19. Eliot. Ro<rer Wil-
liams does not use omp- or nomp- as a prefix ; but lor a male beast has
enewiishim, = Del. lenno-wechuin (Zeisberger).

CvcQ, ndpayoo n\Ai\, \A. napeywuk : ne-nabem "my husband." Howse.

Nantieokc, ««<</). Heckw. Paraptico, nw/jp/n " Indian." Lawson.

2. With the prefix 'nen, (ren, len,') ' common,' ' native,' ' of
our kind ;' designating an Indian adult male :

Abnaki (Kennebec), aren-a"be "homo " Rasles.

(Penobscot), a/rtomte; alnambaij. Vetromile.
Delaware (N. Sweden), renappi, Carapanius — who has, incorrectly, piri
renappi for " strangers."
(Unami) len-dpe "an Indian," pi. len'dpewak. Zeisb.
Musissaa'^a, li nip? [" li7ineep." Barton.]

3. With other attributives, forming class and tribe names :
Mass. Nilomp, Narrag. nitoj), Abn. nida"be, Del. (N. Swed.)

nitappi, Powhatan netah^ pi. netapeich (^trachey), nitoppu
(J. Smith), — the familiar '■'■ netop" of the early colonists,
sometimes translated " brother," but by Roger Williams,
more accurately, "friend," — denotes a brother by adoption or
affinity, one who is regarded as a brother ; literally, ' man of
my family,' or ' my kinsman.' The prefix (Mass. nU-~) may
be translated ' of the family,' 'domestic'; as in Chip, w/^a
"my brother-in-law" (Baraga), Mass. and Narrag. nitassu
(netassu, El.) a domestic animal.

Mass. Ket'omp (Jcehtomp, El.) chief man ; from ketti (kelite,
El.) chief, greatest.

12 ■ J. H. Trumhull,

Mugwnmp great man, captain ; from mog-M great, powerful.

Kinomp {Ahn. Kina''be '■'■homme courageiix, brave, gen^
reux," Rasles), a " brave "; Eliot uses it for " captain " iu
John xviii. 12, where Mayhew (1709) substitutes mukquomp
= mugioomp ; Micmac keeimp " warrior, hero," Rand.

Nonkfomp young-man ; literally, light or slender man, from
nonk'i, levis.

Pi'nomp {penomp, El.; Del. pildpe "a big boy," Zeisb.) a
new (i.e. a chaste) man : from piyiu (Del. pili., Chip, bini-,^
new, strange, unused, chaste. Perhaps the most curious mis-
take in Eliot's version of the Bible is the use of penomp for
" virgin," e.g. in Gen. xxiv. 16, Isaiah vii. 14, 1 Kings, i. 2,
and Matt. xxv. 1, where the parable is of the ten penompaog,
i.e. chaste young men. With the Indians chastity was a mas-
culine virtue, and it is easy to see how Eliot's interpreter,
misunderstanding his question, gave him nescius vir for neseia
viri.

Delaware Kigdpe (Zeisb.), Abn. kigahe, a young unmar-
ried man, is in those dialects the equivalent of Mass. pinomp.
The corresponding feminine appellation in the Delaware
(Unami) is kikocJigue, Zeisb., Ottawa gigang " virgin, maid,"
Baraga. Blackfoot asit'-api = Del. kigdpe.

Abnaki (Kennebec) see'na"be, modern Penobscot senomhi,
Mass. sannvp (Wood, 1634), was the common designation of
an Indian man, in the vigor of manhood, married, or master of
his lodge. Rasles translates it by " vir." The signification
of the prefix is not quite clear. The word is not found in
Eliot or Mayhew, but was much used by the English colon-
ists, who understood " sannup and squaw " to mean " Indian
man and woman." Possibly, the former name is a contrac-
tion of anisinahe — whicii, in other Algonkin dialects, has
nearly the same meaning, but is not found in the Massachu-
setts of Eliot or the Abnaki of Rasles.

Old Algonkin (Nipissing) alisinape, Lahontan ; mod. Alg.
and Chip, anishm-ahe (" Indian ") Baraga ; Ottawa nishan-
dha; Fotawnt. nishinape ; Penobscot oolisenombi^'' good man."
The same prefix, with irini (= inini) as the generic, is found
in Montagnai's arichi-irini-ouak (pi-)? "^cn (Le Jeune, 1634),

On Algonkin Names for Man. 13

modern arrishirini (Vetromile). Compare Blkf. niitsatdpi
"Indian" (Hayden). The prefix signifies 'good,' 'well-
doing'; Mass. wunnesu, Del. wulisso, Alg. and Chip, oniji.shi
"he is (air, beautiful, fine, good." (Bar.)

Narrag. enisketoynp contr. hkilomp [^skeetomp, R. W.]
"man"; Quinnip eansketambe "an Indian," ivusketawbaug
(pi.) " men," " people"; contr. sketamhaugh, Peirson ; Mass.
tvosketomp^l^Woi, Mayhevv, and Cotton, for "man"; Etche-
min oakitap, uskidab, "man," n'oakilapaim "my husband"
(comp. uskUch-inu " Indian man," Vetromile, = ouskejin^
Barrett, and Micraac uskiginu " Indian man," Vetromile) ;
Naskapi (Scoffie) of Labrador, nashkapou [he is] Indian (Ga-
briel), naskvpi and " nasqvapee,^^ which, says Mr. Hind {Ex-
ploration of Labrador, ii. 96), they translate, " people stand-
ing upright.''^ The prefix appears to be the equivalent of
Chip, onishk-, in onislika " he rises, stands erect," particip.
wenis/ik-ad " one who stands erect," etc. — repeating and em-
phasizing the meaning of the generic -amp, -dp* In May-
he w's version of John's gospel (1709), unasliketomp, pi. -paog
(not found in Eliot,) is used for "officers," ch. vii. 46, xvii.
12,22, — and in Wood's vocabulary, Mass. (1634), sasketupe
is translated " a great man."

Blackfoot mal.dpi " man " (Hayden) belongs to this class.
The prefix may be from ma'tsi " brave." The generic affix,
for "male," is found also in ad'tAVi "young man," sako'tk'Pi
" boy," nii'lsatAFi " Indian," and in the names of Blackfeet
bands, e. g. A'petupi " Blood people," Miunilvivio (pi.) " Fish
Indians," etc. Comp. Blkf. et\m " to live " (Hayden).

The Micmac designation of an adult male is peculiar. Gal.
latin's vocabulary gives (from Maillard) Micm. tchinem '•'' mmi
(vir)": tc/ienem-emool " husband ;" [^em is possessive, and -ool
is an affix of the 2d and 3d person sing., ' thy' or ' her'.]
Rand's vocabulary (in Schoolcraft) has n'cheenum-oom " my
husband"; wubaika-cheenum "white man" (but this last is
probably white man's Micmac, of modern formation). Only
in nilhelop " my friend " (Gal.) = Abn. nila"be, Mass. nitup,

* Coinp. Del. lAiyni LKxape, and (in an other group of languages) the Pawnee
tribe-name Cha'-hiksi cha'hiks " men of men.

14: J. H. Trumbull,

do I find the generic suffix for ' male ' which is common to
all Algonkin languages. The tribe name — the true vir —
corresponding to the Alg. and Chip, anishinabe, Del. lenno-
lenape, Naskapi nasquapi etc., does not appear in the Micmac
vocabularies. The etymology of tchinem is obscure. It may
be a dialectic corruption of Abn. seena'be (Mass. '•'' sannup "),
with the loss of the p by the nasalization of the preceding
vowel.

III. Man inferior in degree or kind ; not ' of us ' or ' such
as we are ':

Mass. missininnuog, 'Narw- missinnuwock, "folk, people"
(R. W.), — if of the speaker's nation, ninni-missinnu-wock, —
has been previously noticed. Literally, " the many," ol iroXXol :
Abnaki mesairwak " ils sont plusieurs" (Rasles). From tlie
same root, Mass. mussi (and redupl. mdmussi) wholly, of tlie
whole; Narr. missi-su "tlie whole of him"; Da], messisu;
Abn. messiooi "tout entier"; Chip, misi, misiwe, "every
where," " all," etc.

Mixsa. 2^6^(0 i (^penowe El.) strange, novel, different, — whence
peno'jwot stranger, foreigner; p\. pencowohtedog strangers, is
used by Eliot for " the heathen," Ezek, xxxvi. 3, 4, and else-
where, and for " gentiles." Abn, pirw'i-arenabe " homme
stranger" (Rasles), jt>m " de nouveau," = Del. joiYi, Chip.
bini, etc. The Chip, maia^^ has nearly the same meaning,
— "foreign, strange, changed" (Bar.); 77iaiasi--anishinabe
" a strange Indian from another tribe ; in Scriptural lan-
guage, pagan, gentile," maiag-isi " he is a foreigner " (Bar.).

Mass. hoivdn, amvon ; pi. liowanig, somebodies, any-bodies,
or interrogatively, who is this ? who are these ? (Narr. awdiXn
" there is somebody," awdlin ew6 ? " who is he ? " R. W.)
As an adjective, huwae any, some kind of. Abn. aooenni,
Micm. men, Del. auiveen; Cree, owena who? \>\. oiveneki >'
ow'euk some one, any one ; Cliip. awenen who ? Hence one
of the designations of Englishmen by the Indians of New
England, — ^usually written awannux or owaniix ; Narrag.
" awaunagus-suck English-men, ... as much as to say, These
strangers" (R. W.), Pequot waunnuksuk (Stiles). Abn.
aooennmts "Frenchman " (Rasles) has the same etymology.

On AlgonJdn Names for Man. 15

IV. Nations of different language, enemies, and Europeans,
were usually designated by a verb or participle in the ani-
mate-plural, without affixing a noun-generic. The principal
tribe of the Iroquois, for example, was called by the Algon-
kins of New England " Mohowavg-snck or Mauqudu-og, canni-
bals or men-eaters " — as Roger Williams explains {Keg, p.
16) — " from 7ndho to eat.* Eliot writes this verb, mwwhau'- he
eats what lives (or an animate object) ; noh moohhukque " he
tliat eateth me," John vi. 57 ; mwivhanqua-og they who eat
what lives, etc. Hence, the name " Mohawks " adopted by
the English, and the Dutch 3la/iakuaas, contracted to 3Ia-
guas* (Comp. Abn. ne-ma)ha"a)k niegmak " I eat the Iro-
quois," Rasles.) The French and northern Algonkins may
have derived the same name, " Maquas," from Alg. makwa a
bear, — G-anniaga)ari, the national name of the Mohawks, sig-
nifying " a she bear "; but it is nearly certain that to the In-
dians and English of New England, the " Mohawks " or
" Mauquauogs " were, by name, " cannibals."

A Mohican tribe in eastern Connecticut received from their
enemies (Narragansetts and Niantics) the name of Paqua-
tauog, or PequUoog (R. W.), destroyers, ravagers, and passed
into history as " Pequots," only a small band, which had de-
serted the main tribe, retaining the national name of Muh-
hekanneuk (Wolves) corrupted by the English to " Mohe-
gans."

The "Eskimos" bear an Algonkin nickname which describes
them as " eiters of raw flesh "; Cree eskwa-mmago), Abnaki
eski-mcoha"^ he raw-eats (animal food).

The name Algonkin — Algoumequin and Algonquin of the
French — has been extended over a great family of nations
and languages. " Tlie Algonquin was the mother tongue of
those who greeted the colonists of Raleigh at Roanoke, of
those who welcomed the Pilgrims to Plymouth. It was heard
from the Bay of Gaspe to the valley of the Des Moines ; from
Cape Fear, and, it may be, from the Savannah, to the land of
the Esquimaux ; from the Cumberland River of Kentucky to

* " Tlie Mauquawofjs or Mohowawogs, which signifies men-eaters." R. W. in
Letter to Winthrop, 4 Mass. Hist. Collections, vi. 239.

16 J. H. Trumbull^

the southern branch of the Missinipi."* Yet the origin of the
name has, I believe, never been pointed out, and scarcely two
authors agree in fixing the locality of the tribe to which it
originally belonged. f Mr. Gallatin (^Synopsis of the Indian
Tribes, p. 24) found it " difficult to ascertain whether this
name did belong to any particular tribe, or was used only as
a generic appellation." Etymology removes the difficulty.
An Algonkin was, eo nomine, removed from all " local habi-
tation." No tribe ever called itself or was known to neigh-
boring tribes by the name. It was not even a " generic
appellation," until the French and English adopted it as such.

We first meet with the " Algoumequins " in Champlain's
narrative of his voyage to Canada in 1603 (^Lcs Sauvages, etc.
repr. Quebec, 1870, pp. 6, 8, 9). He was in company with
M. du Pont-grave and had as interpreters two Indians of
some Algonkin-speaking tribe — probably Montagnez from
Tadoussac, — whom Pont-grave had carried to France on
his return from a former voyage to the St. Lawrence. At
Pointe de Saint Matthieu (now Pointe aux Allouettes) at
the mouth of the Saguenay, opposite Tadoussac, they found
a war-party of Indians " of three nations, the Estechemins
[Etchemins], A/goumequins, and Montagnez," returning from
a successful expedition against the Iroquois. The Montagnez
were already at home, on the north bank of the St. Lawrence ;
the Etchemins and their country were well known to the
French, but the " Algoumequins " were new acquaintances.
Their name — or what Champlain understood to be such —
must have been learned from themselves or their allies, and
must belong to one of the dialects which we call Algonkin.:}:

The I is clearly an interpolation, for it does not belong to

*Bancroft's History of the United States, iii. 237.

tSee, in Shea's Charlevoix, vol. ii., p. 8 (note 3), a collation of the princi-
pal authorities — exhibiting, as the editor remarks, " most remarkable differen-
ces of opinion " on this point.

J The learned author of Etudes Philologiques sur quelques Langues sauvnges, in
a later work (Juqernent Errone de M. Ernest Renan, etc. 2me 6d. Montreal, 1869)
Avhich did not come in my way until after this paper was presented, derives the
name " Algonquin " from the Huron, a dialect of the Iroipiois. The Hurons and
the Algonquins were allies, he remarks : the former, impatiently awaiting the

On Algonkin Names for Man. 17

the Montagnais, Etchemin, or any other Algonkin language
at that time known to the French. The termination -m, or as it
was afterwards occasionally written -ain, is that of the French
adjective (as in Mexiquain, or-cam), but it perhaps represents,
as in some other tribe-names of French adoption (e. g. Champ-
Iain's Quenongehln, Ochataguins, Otaguottoueinin, etc.), an
original -inin 'man,' or its plural. In Champlain's later pub-
lications ( Voyages, editions of 1619 and 1632, and the Map,)
he writes " Afgommekins " for " Algoumequins.'''' We have
then as the base of the name, A'goumek or A^gommek — and
recognize an equivalent of the Virginian Accomac, the Nar-
ragansett J-mwwm-oa/ce "land on the other side" ov acdw-
muck (R. W. Key, pp. 3, 4), Mass. o'ghomuk and ogkomuk
(Eliot), Abu. agom'mek "en dela," " au-dela," and Aga"-
vienm'ki "France" (Rasles), Cree akdmik (Howse), Chip.
agdming (Baraga). Among the Montagnais at Tadoussac, or
by the Etchemins of I'Acadie, — anywhere, indeed, east of the
Ottawa River, — the original Algonkins would have naturally
been designated by their eastern confederates as men from
" the other side," from " the beyond-river country." The
editor of the Quebec reprint of Champlain's voyages, in a
note to the account of the first meeting with the "Algoume-
quins " in 1603 (Xes Saiivages, p. 9), suggests, unconsciously,
tlie derivation of the name, by the remark that they lived on
the Ottawa River " et au-dela."*

coming of their friends, used to ask one another, iako-kenI which is Huron for
' Est-on arrive ? " And lako-ken, at first " une sortc d'appel niilitairc," came to
be the recognized designation of a tribe and nation, and finally was corru^jted to
Al(joti(/nin! That the " Algoume(iuins " whom Champlain met on the lower St.
Lawrence in IGO.'i, years before he visited the country of the Hurons or promoted
the Algonkin-IIttron alliance, made themselves known to him by a name bor-
rowed from an "appel militaire" in a foreign language — and which required an
interrogation mark to give it meaning — is, to say the least, improbable. With-
out raising the (juestion whether even French ingenuity could extract " Ahjon-
quins" from " /ako keii^" — is not such a derivation of a tribe-name as al)surd
as the worst of the etymological blunders of Schoolcraft and Duponceau which
the author of /•Jtudcs Philolo(/i(jues has so gleefully exposed 1

* The " Algoumequins " encountered at Tadoussac in 16» 13, appear to have be-
longed to tlic tribe which afterwards became known to the French as Klche-
sipiriiiiaick (i. c. C!reat-river men) and " Sauvages de I'lsle." These occupied the
He des All0ilettes (as it is now called) in Ottawa Kiver — the "Great lliver of

3

18 J. E. Trumbull,

In the Jesuit Relations, the name changes from " Algomme-
kins^' to '•' Algonquains ^'' and, finally, " ^/^o/i^wms." This
change was perhaps effected by the influence of the Huron
name for the same tribes. The Hurons, who spoke a dialect
of the Iroquois, designated tlieir "Algommekin" allies as
'■'■ Aquannaque,^'' i.e. "of a different language," " foreigners"
(Sagard). " Our Hurons " — writes Father Lallemant in the
Relation for 16-11 (Quebec edition, p. 72), — " call the Neutral
Nation Atticoandarotik* that is to say, ' people of a slightly
different language'; as for tlie tribes which speak languages
which they (the Hurons) cannot at all understand, they call
them Akmanake [ = Aqiiannake of Sagard], of whatever na-
tion they may be, that is to say ' strangers.' " Tlie Huron
name became more familiar to the French than that by which
the tribes on Ottawa River liad first been called, — these tribes,
when at home, could not properly be designated as "• from the
other side," — and there was sufficient resemblance between
a^gmamek and a'kmanake to make the transition from Algomme-
Mfi to Algonquin easy.

The Chippeways call the modern Algonkins, Odishkiva-
gamig ' Lake-enders,' from ishkwa at the end of, and garni
lake (literally, water). Mr. Schoolcraft gives a translation
and analysis of this name — of which he seems to have re-
garded ^^ Algonquin'"' as a corruption or the equivalent.

The eastern tribes gave, as we have seen, the same name
to countries of Europe as to the region between the Ottawa
River and the great lakes : Narr. aeawmen-dake, Abn. aga"-
menoo'ki, Chip, agdming, ' land on the other side ' or ' over
the water.' To the Nipissings and the Montagnez, the French
and English were " Algonkins."

The French in Canada were called sometimes Amennmts-
ak^ somebodies' ( == Narr. awaunagussuck " these strangers,"
see p. 150, ante) ; but were usually distinguished as ' Wood
en-boats' — Alg. Mittigouchiouek (Lahontan, who translates,

the Algommckins " of Champlain's later voyages and Map of 1632. Perhaps the
a])pellation Kichesipiriniooek was originally given to all the trilies and bands liv-
in"- on or near the "great river" {kitchi-sipi), to distinguish them from the
"small-lake men " (Nipissiriinmek) dwelling near Lake Nipissing.
•* Whence proljably the modern Adirondack.

On Algonkin Names for Man. 19

inaccurately, " constructeurs de vaisseaux "), Chip, wemitigoji-
wag (Baraj^a) ; Cree Wem^stegoso-ak.

The EngKsh in New England were specifically described as
" Coat- wearing " (Narr. Wautaconduog, R. W.), but soon re-
ceived the appellation by which Anglo-Americans, and since
the separation of the colonies from Great Britain, the in-
habitants of the United States, have been designated by all
northern tribes, — " Big Knives." " They call Englishmen
Chduquaquock, that is, Knife-men," from chauquog knife (R.
W.). In other dialects, different names for ' knife ' are em-
ployed : e'. g. Alg. and Chip, ynokoman, whence Chip. Kitchi-
mokoman "an American " (Baraga), and Kitchi-mokomanaki
[great-knife-land,] the United States ; Cree, Ketsimohkoman.
Del. Mechati-schican, ^ Chaiischican (Heckw.), Miami Mitclii-
malsd (Volney), Blackfoot Omakstod, and Arikara Nelisikuss
all have .the same meaning, though formed from different
roots.

The Alg. Aganesha, Chip. Jaganash and Sagaiiash, Cree
Agdthdsu, ffakaiahsu, Miami Axdldchima (Volney), and pro-
bably Yengees — by double corruption, " Yankee," — represent
Algonkin imitations, more or less successful, of " English,"
" Anglais" or " ces Angiaises."

There are Algonkin names for " Avhites " and " blacks,"
but these are without any generic affix to restrict their ap-
plication to ' men ': e. g. Chip. Waidbishkiwed " a white man
or a white woman " (Baraga), a participle (subjunctive) from
ivabishkiivi to be whitish, pale, — and Miami Oudbkiloketa
" white skin " (Volney) : Cliip. Maketewi'ias and Cree Kis-
kitoiviias, " black flesh "; etc.

V. For Woman there are names corresponding nearly to
femma, mulier, and uxor. The first — which has been angli-
cized from east-Algonkin dialects, as " squaw," — as a gen-
eric suffix denotes one ' of woman-kind,' as a prefix signifies
' female,- without restriction to the human species. Eliot did
not employ it independently for " woman." In Gen. vi. 19,
he wrote ^ji-sA nompdi-yeu-co kali squdi-yeu-o) " they (animals)
shall be male and female," but in Gen. v. 7, ivosketomp kah
mittamwossls-soh ukkezheii/i '■^ malQ and female (man and wo-

20 J. E. Tnmhull,

man) created he them." With, a s'lfiir. denoting • living crea-
ture,' ' animal,' — squd-as (contractsd bj E,. Williams to
squdivs) is ' a female,' without distinction cf age cr condition.
So, sqndshim {squu-oshim') a female quadruped, Abn. skwes-
sem, Del. ocJiquechum. It has the p'ace of a noun-generic in
the Mass. nwik-squd young wom.au ; Narr. keegsquarj virgin
(R. W^.) ; sonHsqud, contr. sonsq^ (and Narr. saunJcs, R. W.)
mistress, sachem-squaw ; etc.

Though this general name is found either as an indepen-
dent word or as an element of synthesis in every Algonkin
language, it is not easily traced through the published vocab-
ularies, in which it is oftsn confounded vrith or represented
by n?.mes for mulier and uxor. It does not apDcar under
" Woman," in the Micmac, Etchemin, i.bnaki, Massachu-
setts, Mohican, or Miami vocabularies given by Mr. Gallatin,
but it occurs in some of these under " Girl" or " Wife."

Old Algonkin, icJcoiie, Lahontan. Chip, ikwe, Baraga, ecquoy, Long.

Ottawa, akwe, Bar., ekwa, Tanner. Potawatomi, okwe, ukquah, Gal., oqu&, que
Lykins.

Delaware, ocnque-u -vroman, Zeisb.; Vi'que'i wcina'n, qv.ai Hchitz (dir2.in.) girl.
Wliipple. New Sv/ed. aq(Bo ; as a suffix, -JqucB. Campanius.

Nanticoke, achquahike ; suffixed, inpccHQUAH girl. Gallatin.

Shawnee, equiwa, dimin. sqnithetha girl, Johnston ; s'sqiiawowdh, dimin.
s'sqiiaw the e thah girl, Whipple.

Powhatan, -usqua, in iviranausqiia " woman queen"; d'min. usquaseins " girl."
Strachey. [For "woman" ^trrchey Iia: cuiheneppo, cutssenevpo ; J.
Smith crenepo ; of which I can iraka nc'Jii:"g.

J.Iohican, -esgiiw ; in jjess^uasoo gii-1, Edwards ; peesqu ikuk, Jenl.'s.

Mass. and Narr. squa-, squf^, female ; squaas, El., squdws, R. W., a female.

Abnaki (Kennebec) skcoe- (prefixed) and insep. -s^-cof', female ; as in na"k-
skooe " fille," kmssihco-skcoe "vierge." Penobscot, kosiuskwe virgin,
Vetromile.

Etchemin, -sqiip. Pelsquxsis girl, Kellogg; noksQVE-ak "girls" [young
women], Barrett

Micmac, -shque)' [-chkooci, Maill.] insep. generic; contractdc, -ishk. [Na"xkw(\
naxkwe, Vetromile, the equivalent of Abn. na"k-skooe, Mass. nunksqud,
young woman, has been improperly used by some of the Catholic mis-
sionaries (I find it also in Mr. Rand's vocabularj' — as iwksow) for " vir-
gin." In Vetromile's " Indian Good Book," Naxiuhet Mali stands, in
the Creed, Rosary, etc. for " the Virgin Mary." The prefix (Abn.
na"k-, Mass. nunk-, nonk-, Chip, ridng-) means 'light' (levis) ; in this
connection, ' not full grown ': conip. Mass. nunkomp young man. Nax-
whet (Vetr.) is the participle oi na"xkiod.

Montagnais, schquow woman ; dimin. squasish girl : comp. tishquah [his]

On Mgonldn Names for Man. 21

wife. Gabriel. {^Tessarawi- and the participle tessarawit used for "vir-
gin" in the ^Moi.iagn. Prayers, Creed, Confitcor, etc., in Vetromilc's
Indian Good Tio' '.:, (c. g. Mari einpitsh tessarawit Maria semper virgo,)
to an Indian doii Us — like Eliot's penomp — a chaste iiiale. It becomes
feminine only by suffixing the generic -shqita. Comp.Alg. and Chip.
" nintessanaiv I am in a virginal state (a »i«fc speaking)," participle taics-
sanawid, and "n'lii lessanAn.'WEw I am a virgin (a female speaking),"
ptcp. taiessanxKyvitL Baraga.

Naskupi (Skofiic), scho,r woman, squash girl, teshquouet wife. Gabriel.

Crcc, iskwaji' a) [she is] woman, of woman kind. Howse.

Blackfoot, ski-, a fern, prefix to names of animals : but aki'ma woman, pi.
aklks ; aki'kuen girl. lii.yden.

In the far-off Arapoho isi' voman (and as fem. prefix), and the correspond-
ing Atsina ( Falls In Jian ) itk'a and ithe.'i, we nearly lose trace of the harsh
guttural oCH7«e-of the Di-lawares and the Alg. ikwe.

For mnlier we find in different Algonkin languages at least
three names :

(1.) Ahn. phcinem [p'/iamew], Rasles ; mod. Penobscot,
plianem (" sanoha ala p/ianevi man or woman," Ozunkh.) ;
Mohican lyghainoo^n, Jenks.

(2.) Micm. 6?^':, pi. epitgik^ Maill. ; aihit woman, aibitis
girl, n'faibit-em [my] wife, Rand.

(3.) Mass. mittamwosais, contr. mittamums El. (muttumwus
Mass. Psalter), used both for mvlier (Gen. ii. 22 ; iii. 2,) and
uxor (Gen. ii. 24, 25; iii. 8 ; Ephes. v. 22) ; Narr. mittdmus
woman, wife, R. W. ; Miami mctaimsah, Schooler. Vocab. ;
Chip, r/iindimoi^ old woman; mindimoiemis/i , always pre-
ceded by a possessive pronoun, " wife, [my] bad old woman.''
Baraga. The affix -ish is derogatory, but is not always to be
translated by ' bad.' ' My poor old wife' is better — if, as is
not certain, Baraga's analysis of the word be correct. The
Abnaki mana"-dagcoessa)^ which Rasles gives (with p'haineni)
for " fenime," is probably an equivalent of Chip, mindimoie-
mish. Comp. Powhatan ittumpseis, tumpsis^ old woman
(Stracliey) ; Menom. metamo woman (Schoolcraft) ; Shyenne
matunilia (Jrlayden).

The names for uxor need not be considered, in tliis con-
nection. For"my w^ife" the Indian usually said " my wo-
man," and in the second and third person the feminine gen-
eric {-8que, -kiL'e} suffiXed to ti man's name or title designated
his wife : e. g. Chip, ogima chief, oyimdkwe the chief's wife.

22 J. E. Trumbull,

The principal results of the analysis which has been at-
tempted in this paper may be briefly recapitulated, as follows:

1. There is no Algonkin name for Man ( = homo) com-
mon to botli sexes and to all varieties of the human species.

2. The name of largest denotation is one which designates
Man as a being of the speaker's race and language, his like, of
his kind or kin.

3. This name (Alg. iyiin-i, Mass. enin-u) is related to the
pronoun of the first person (Alg. nin, Mass. mw, prefixed,
n'), to the demonstratives animate and inanimate, to various
words expressing likeness, relation or identity ; when used as
an adjective, it distinguishes the common, usual, and native,
from the strange, unusual, or foreign ; and it is the theme of
a verb meaning 'to live ' i. e. 'to be a man,' to be such as
other men. The root of this name, if not identical with,
is not distinguishable from the root of verbs meaning ' to
think,' ' to be minded.'

4. Only the second n of the name belongs to the root (In
or in). This is constant in all pure Algonkin languages.
The prefixed demonstrative (or reduplication) varies in dif-
ferent dialects as in-, en-, a?'-, el-, eth-, et-, etc.

5. Names for Man = vir are formed by prefixing attribu-
tives to the inseparable noun-generic (-a"b, -ap, -omp) de-
noting an adult male. With a prefixed demonstrative, this
generic forms the adjectiye na" be, ndbe, nompe, ^inalo'': with
the adjectival inin- ( = aren-, leu-, etc.) it designates, as in
Del. len-dpe, ' a common male,' i. e. an Indian man : with otlier
attributives, it forms class, tribe, and specific names, e. g. Alg.
anishin-ab(^, Abn. seen-a'be, Mass. wosket-omp.

6. Inferiors, enemies, and Indians speaking a different
language, were designated as " slaves," " captives," " stran-
gers," or merely " somebodies "; collectively, as " the many,"
oiTToXkol. Names given to Europeans and to foreign tribes
were sometimes formed from mam'waie nouns, e. g. " Wooden
Boats," for Frenchmen ; " Big Knives," for Anglo-Ameri-
cans ; sometimes from verbs or participles animate, as " Eat-
ers of raw flesh," for the Eskimos ; "They who eat what
lives, or is alive," for the Iroquois ; " The Clothed " or " Coat-

On Algonkin Names for Man. 23

wearers," for Europeans. Kindred and friendly tribes were
often designated by their geographical position : the Ntpissirini-
wek, (Nipissings) and other tribes between the Ottawa and the
lakes were, to the Montagncz, A"<juumek " on the other side,"
the Indians of Maine were " of the east land " (^AbnaJci), to
western Algonkins.

7. For Woman, some modification of the root of Chip, z'kwe,
Mass. eSQUA, ' femina,' is found in every Algonkin language,
as an inseparable generic if not as an independent name. It
is the common appellation of both mulier and vxor^ and its
diminutive, of pnella : but there are distinct names for mulier
and uxor in every language, as there are also for juvencida and
virgo, though Eliot does not appear to have discovered in the
Massachusetts dialect either of the last two, and one has often
been mistaken for the other in the compilation of vocabu-
laries and by translators.

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