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UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON 

FRANCIS  GALTON   LABORATORY   FOR   NATIONAL   EUGENICS 


EUGENICS  LABORATORY  MEMOIRS.    IV. 


ON  THE  MEASURE  OF  THE  RESEMBLANCE 
OF  FIRST  COUSINS 


BY 
ETHEL  M.   ELDERTON, 

GALTON   RESEARCH   SCHOLAR   IN   NATIONAL   EUGENICS, 
UNIVERSITY  OF   LONDON 

ASSISTED  BY 

KARL  PEARSON,   F.R.S. 


LONDON : 

PUBLISHED   BY   DULAU   AND  CO.,  37,  SOHO  SQUARE,  W. 
1907 

Price  Tliree  Shillings  and  Sixpence 


THE   FRANCIS  GALTON   EUGENICS  LABORATORY. 

University  of  London,  University  College,  Gower  Street,  W.C. 
The   Laboratory  is  under  the  supervision  of  Professor   Karl   Pearson,   F.R.S., 
in  consultation  with  Mr  Francis  Galton,  F.R.S. 

Francis  Galton  Fellow  in  National  Eugenics :    David  Heron,  M.A. 

Francis  Galton  Scholar  :    Miss  E.  M.   Elderton. 

Computer :    Miss  Amy  Barrington. 

Advisory  Committee. — The  following  have  kindly  consented    to    aid  the   Staff 
of  the  Laboratory  in  special  forms  of  enquiry : — 

W.  Palin  Elderton.  E.  Nettleship. 

J.  Macpherson,  M.D.  Edgar  Schuster,  M.A. 

F.  Mott,  M.D.,  F.R.S.  Lieut. -Colonel  R.  J.  Simpson,  R.A.M.C. 

J.  F.  Tocher. 


National  Eugenics  is  the  study  of  agencies  under  social  control  that  may 

improve  or  impair  the  racial  qualities  of  future  generations, 

either  physically  or  mentally. 

It  is  the  intention  of  the  Founder,  Mr  Francis  Galton,  that  the  Laboratory 
shall  act  (i)  as  a  storehouse  for  statistical  material  bearing  on  the  mental  and 
physical  conditions  in  man  and  the  relation  of  these  conditions  to  inheritance 
and  environment,  (ii)  as  a  centre  for  the  publication  or  other  form  of  distribution 
of  information  concerning  National  Eugenics.  Provision  is  made  in  association 
with  the  Biometric  Laboratory  at  University  College  for  training  in  Statistical 
Method  and  for  assisting  research  workers  in  special  Eugenics  Problems. 

Short  courses'  of  instruction  will  be  provided  for  those  engaged  in  social, 
anthropometric;  or  medical  work  and  desirous  of  applying-  modern  methods  of 
analysis  to  the  reduction  of  their  observations. 


UNIVERSITY  OF  LONDON 
FRANCIS  GALTON   LABORATORY   FOR   NATIONAL   EUGENICS 


EUGENICS   LABORATORY  MEMOIRS.     IV. 


ON  THE  MEASURE  OF  THE  RESEMBLANCE 
OF  FIRST  COUSINS 


BY 
ETHEL  M.   ELDERTON, 

GALTON   RESEARCH  SCHOLAR  IN   NATIONAL  EUGENICS, 
UNIVERSITY   OF   LONDON 

ASSISTED   BY 

KARL  PEARSON,   F.R.S. 


LONDON : 

PUBLISHED   BY  DULAU  AND  CO.,   37,  SOHO  SQUARE,  W. 

1907 


^v*V^ 


70709 
Some  reconstruction  of  the  Francis  Galton  Laboratory  having  taken  place,  it 

seemed  desirable  to  provide  the  workers  associated  with  it  with  a   direct   channel 

of  publication  of  their  own,  in  which  their  more  extended  memoirs  should  appear. 

It  is  hoped  that  the  present  sei'ies  may  be  issued  at  short  intervals.     Subscribers 

should    notify   their   intention    of  taking    in    the    memoirs   as   they    are    published 

to    Messrs    Dulau   &    Co.     Requests    to    exchange   with    similar    publications,    with 

archives   and    journals    dealing   with    demographic    and    sociological    problems,    or 

with   census    reports,    should   be    directed    to    The    Editor,    Eugenics    Laboratory, 

University  College,  Gower  Street,  London,   W.C. 


On  a  Measure  of  the  Resemblance  of  First  Cousins  in  Man. 

J 

By  Ethel  M.  Eldertox,  Galton  Research  Scholar  in  National  Eugenics 
in  the  University  of  London ;   assisted  by  Karl  Pearson,  F.R.S. 

1.  Introductory.  While  a  very  large  amount  of  data  has  been  collected, 
reduced  and  published  relating  to  the  degree  of  resemblance  in  physical  and  psychical 
characters  of  a  considerable  number  of  pairs  of  relatives  in  man — especially  in  the 
direct  line  and  between  collaterals  of  the  first  degree — but  little  has  yet  been  done 
with  regard  to  collaterals  in  higher  degrees.  As  far  as  we  are  aware  tbe  only  quanti- 
tative measures  yet  determined  are  those  for  eye  colour  in  man  between  uncle  or 
aunt  and  nephew  or  niece*.  No  measure  of  resemblance  has  yet  been  determined  for 
cousins.  Yet  it  is  precisely  among  collaterals  of  the  second  degree  that  the  question 
of  consanguineous  marriages  becomes  in  practical  life  of  great  importance,  inequality 
of  age  being  bere  less  marked,  and  thus  the  degree  of  resemblance  between  such 
collaterals  has  not  only  scientific  but  eugenic  value.  According  to  local  law  and 
religious  custom  cousin  marriages  are  permitted  or  forbidden ;  thus  it  would  appear 
that  we  are  here  concerned  with  divergent  human  experiences,  unconsciously  formu- 
lated, as  to  the  relative  value  of  endogamy  and  exogamy.  If  we  take  a  character 
whicb  is  detrimental  to  tbe  individual,  it  will,  at  least  in  primitive  communities, 
be  in  the  bulk  of  cases  a  hindrance  to  mating.  Hence,  as  a  rule,  we  must  classify 
such  a  detrimental  character  as  recessive  in  the  Mendelian  senset,  otherwise  selection 
would  have  weeded  it  out.  Now  consider  for  a  moment  a  population  of  dominants 
with  notation  DD,  and  suppose  one  of  these  to  mate  with  an  individual  of  detrimental 
attribute  and  constitution  RR.  The  result  will  be  the  hybrid  sibship  marked  by  DR, 
in  which  the  recessive  character  R  will  be  latent.  If  brother-sister  mating  is  for- 
bidden the  next  generation  will  be  obtained  (assuming  the  recessive  individuals  RR 
to  be  extremely  rare)  by  mating  with  the  population  of  dominant  character,  and  the 
result  will  be  equal  numbers  of  DD  and  DR.  Thus  the  generation  of  cousins  would 
consist  of  50  p.  c.  of  dominants  and  50  p.  c.  apparent  dominants  with  the  detrimental 
character  recessive.  '  It  therefore  follows  that  it  would  be  as  detrimental  for  some 
cousins  to  marry  as  for  all  brothers  and  sisters  of  the  first  hybrid  sibship.      That  is  to 

*  Pearson  and  Lee  :  Phil.  Trans.  Vol.  195,  A,  p.  114  et  seq. 

t  Thus  albinism  and  the  tuberculous  diathesis  are,  if  not  true  and  complete  recessives  in  the  Mendelian 
sense,  still  more  nearly  recessive  than  dominant  characteristics.  But  there  are  other  abnormalities,  e.g. 
certain  digital  deformations,  which  are  nearer  to,  if  perhaps  not  true,  dominants. 

1—2 


4  ETHEL  M.   ELDERTON 

say  while  a  brother  and  sister  marriage  would  lead  to  25  p.  c.  of  the  offspring  having 
the  harmful  character  patent  and  another  50  p.  c.  having  it  latent,  the  intermarriage 
of  the  cousins  of  the  DR  class  among  themselves  would  lead  to  the  same  baneful 
results  as  this  brother-sister  marriage,  while  the  intermarriage  of  the  DR  class  of 
cousin  with  the  DD  would  also  lead  to  50  p.  c.  with  the  latent  detrimental  character. 
In  other  words  endogamy  as  far  as  brothers  and  sisters  are  concerned  would  lead  to : 

25  p.  c.  hale.  50  p.  c.  latent  evil.  25  p.  c.  patent  evil, 

while  endogamy  in  the  cousinship  would  give  us: 

56"25  p.  c.  hale.  37"5  p.  c.  latent  evil.  6-25  p.  c.  patent  evil. 

The  explanation  therefore  of  the  wide-spread  social  feeling  against  endogamy  in 
the  first  degree,  even  between  apparently  hale  individuals,  is  on  the  surface  of  it 
explicable  on  the  Mendelian  theory  ;  also  we  see  that,  whether  we  look  upon  cousin 
marriage  as  producing  on  the  average  more  than  six  per  cent,  of  patent  evil,  or  in 
the  other  aspect,  that  some  cousin  marriages  are  as  detrimental  as  brother-sister 
marriages,  reasons  can  be  found  for  their  all  being  forbidden  by  tribal  custom  or 
religious  ordinance.  But  this  is  after  all  only  to  look  on  one  side  of  the  picture, 
because  the  RR  characteristic  might  be  a  patent  good  quality  suddenly  introduced 
from  outside  into  a  population  ;  in  such  a  case  cousin  marriage  is  distinctly  to  be 
commended,  and  brother-sister  marriage  would  be  more  effectual  still.  In  this  way 
the  endogamy  of  many  early  communities  receives  its  due  sanction.  As  long  as  a 
species  is  likely  to  vary  advantageously,  endogamy  between  collaterals  of  the  first 
degree  will  produce  75  p.  c.  with  patent  or  latent  good  quality,  and  between  collaterals 
of  the  second  degree  62  5  p.  c*  ;  even  endogamy  of  ascendants  and  descendants  may 
be  advantageous.  It  is  probable  that  whenever  selection  is  extremely  stringent  the 
relative  advantages  of  endogamy  become  apparent  and  are  emphasised  by  tribal 
custom.  But  the  Mendelian  theory  cannot  be  considered  as  demonstrated,  and  if  it 
were,  we  could  hardly  at  present  apply  it  to  man.  We  have  no  means  of  separating 
the  DR's  from  the  DD's,  short  of  that  experimental  breeding  which  the  Mendelians 
tell  us  is  the  only  reliable  guide  to  the  gametic  constitution.  We  cannot,  however, 
afford  to  bring  defective  children  into  the  world  to  test  where  the  endogamous  union 
will  be  an  advantage,  where  a  failure.  The  somatic  characters  of  the  individual  and 
of  his  or  her  ancestry  are  at  present  our  sole  possible  guide  to  his  or  her  gametic 
constitution.  From  this  standpoint  we  may  ask  what  is  the  quantitative  value  of 
the  cousin  in  the  problem  of  inheritance  ?  In  predicting  the  probable  offspring  of  an 
individual  is  the  cousinship  of  more  or  less  importance  than  the  parents'  brothers  and 
sisters  ?  Is  a  knowledge  of  the  grandparents'  characters  of  greater  value  than  that  of 
the  cousin  ?  It  will  be  clear  that  the  cousinship  while  generally  less  accessible  than 
the  sibship,  is  often  far  more  accessible  than  the  grandparentage,  or  in  the  case  of 
orphans  than  even  the  parentage  ;  and  for  the  special  purpose  of  medical  diagnosis 

*  This  supposes  that  endogamy  in  the  first  degree  is  forbidden. 


MEASURE   OF   RESEMBLANCE  OF   FIRST  COUSINS  5 

may  be  of  great  relevance.  The  existing  state  of  doubt  as  to  the  quantitative  value 
of  cousinship  may  be  illustrated  from  such  a  vital  problem  as  that  of  the  hereditary 
predisposition  to  mental  disease  where  some  medical  authorities  would  exclude  entirely 
evidence  drawn  from  the  cousinship*,  while  they  retain  the  inquiry  as  to  the  direct 
line  and  as  to  collaterals  in  the  first  degree.  As  the  cousinship  often  combines  many 
lines,  it  requires  of  course  careful  handling,  but  its  size  and  relative  accessibility  may 
be  factors  which  give  it  equal  importance  with  the  grandparentage  or  the  parental 
sibships. 

2.  With  the  object  of  throwing  light  on  the  value  of  the  record  of  cousinship,  an 
inquiry  as  to  the  physical  and  psychological  resemblance  of  first  cousins  was  set  on  foot 
by  Karl  Pearson  some  five  years  ago  and  a  grant  obtained  from  the  Government 
Grant  Committee  to  assist  the  investigation.  The  assistance  derived  from  this  source 
is  here  gratefully  acknowledged.  The  plan  followed  was  twofold.  Two  independent 
collections  were  started.  The  first  part  of  the  investigation  was  based  upon  very 
general  inquiries  as  to  the  physical  and  psychical  characteristics  of  families.  At 
present  about  300  families  have  supplied  very  full  particulars  of  ancestors  and 
collaterals  as  far  as  the  personal  knowledge  of  the  recorders  extend.  These  Family 
Records  supply  the  material  upon  which  the  bulk  of  the  present  paper  is  based,  and 
provide  sufficient  pairs  of  cousins  to  give  a  fair  idea  of  the  general  intensity  of  re- 
semblance in  cousins.     The  family  schedules  asked  for  the  following  information: 

(1)  Present  Age  or  Age  at  Death  of  each  individual. 

(2)  Ailments  in  Life. 

(3)  Cause  of  Death,   if  dead. 

(4)  General  Health  under  the  Categories :  Very  Robust,  Robust,  Normally 
Healthy,  Delicate,  and   Very  Delicate. 

(5)  Ability  under  the  categories  : 

A. — Mentally  Defective. — Capable  of  holding  in  the  mind  only  the  simplest 

facts,  and  incapable  of  perceiving  or  reasoning  about  the  relationship 

between  facts. 
B. — Slow  Dull. — Capable  of  perceiving  relationship  between  facts  in  some 

few  fields  with  long  and  continuous  effort ;  but  not  generally  or  without 

much  assistance. 
C. — Slow. — Very  slow  in  thought  generally,  but  with  time  understanding  is 

reached. 
D. — Slow  Intelligent. — Slow    generally,    although    possibly    more    rapid    in 

certain  fields ;    quite  sure  of  knowledge  when  once  acquired. 
Ex. — Fairly  Intelligent. — Ready  to  grasp,  and  capable  of  perceiving  facts  in 

most  fields  ;  capable  of  understanding  without  much  effort. 

*  Bucknill  and  Tuke  :  Psychological  Medicine,  2nd  edn.  p.  266. 


6  ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 

E... — Distinctly   Capable. — A   mind   quick   in   perception  and   in   reasoning 

rightly  about  the  perceived. 
F. — Very  Able. — Quite  exceptionally  able  intellectually,  as  evidenced  either 

by  the  person's  career  or  by  consensus  of  opinion  of  acquaintances. 
During  a  part  of  the  investigation  E,  and  E2  were  classed  together  as  E,  but 

a  large  number  of  D,  E  and  E,  F  entries  (i.e.  'Betwixt'  entries)  occurring, 

this  category  of  E  was  divided  as  above  into  Ej  and  E.,. 

(6)  Temper  under  the  categories  :  Sullen  Temper,  Quick  Temper,  Even  Temper, 
Weak  Temper  (not  '  even,'  but  weak  good  nature). 

(7)  Temperament — under  three  divisions  (a)  Reserved,  Expressive  or  Betwixt  ; 
(b)  Sympathetic,  Callous  or  Betwixt ;  (c)  Excitable,  Calm  or  Betwixt. 

(8)  Success  in  Life  under  the  categories  :  Marked  Success  :  An  individual  who  is 
not  only  marked  above  his  family,  but  above  his  fellow  citizens  for  achievement  in 
life.  One  who  has  made  a  name  which  would  find  a  place  in  the  Dictionary  of 
National  Biography.  Prosperous  Career:  An  individual  who  has  advanced  beyond  his 
family  level  but  not  necessarily  marked  among  his  fellow  men.  An  active  successful 
life  or  career.  Average  Career:  An  individual  who  has  not  fallen  below  the  family 
standard  of  life,  whether  in  profession,  trade  or  craft.  Difficult  Career  :  An  individual 
who  has  found  it  difficult  to  maintain  the  previous  family  standard.  One  who  has  had 
a  struggling  and  unprosperous  career.  Failure  :  An  individual  who  has  more  or  less 
failed  in  life  ;  a  bankrupt,  or  ne'er-do-well  ;  this  letter  (F.)  may  be  used  to  cover  the 
black  sheep  of  a  family. 

Considerable  care  was  taken  in  distributing  the  schedules*  among  those  likely  to 
be  interested  in  the  investigation  and  having  a  sense  of  responsibility  for  the  frank- 
ness and  fullness  of  the  information  provided.  A  considerable  number  of  schedules 
were  returned  to  the  recorders  for  corrections  or  additions  which  were  at  once 
supplied.  In  less  than  two  per  cent,  of  cases  was  it  needful  to  reject  a  schedule 
as  untrustworthy,  or  so  incomplete  as  to  be  useless.  Each  Family  Record  contains  on 
the  average  particulars  of  about  40  individuals  and,  as  it  is  hoped  to  raise  the  total 
number  of  records  from  the  present  300  to  1000,  we  shall  then  possess  an  account  of 
a  fairly  random  sample  of  the  general  population  of  about  40,000  persons. 

3.  The  various  types  of  cousinship  distinguished  in  the  schedules  are  : 
(^4)  Cousins  are  sons  of  two  brothers.  (B)  Cousins  are  sons  of  two  sisters.  (C) 
Cousins  are  sons  of  a  brother  and  a  sister.  (D)  Cousins  are  daughters  of  two  brothers. 
(E)  Cousins  are  daughters  of  two  sisters.  (F)  Cousins  are  daughters  of  a  brother 
and  sister.  (G)  Cousins  are  son  and  daughter  of  two  brothers.  (H)  Cousins  are  son 
and  daughter  of  two  sisters.  (/)  One  cousin  is  daughter  of  a  brother,  the  other  is  son 
of  a  sister.     (K)  One  cousin  is  daughter  of  a  sister,  the  other  is  son  of  a  brother. 

*  They  provided  for  information  with  regard  to  four  generations  in  the  direct  line,  and  three 
generations  of  collaterals. 


MEASURE    OF    RESEMBLANCE   OF    FIRST   CO.USINS  7 

A,  B  and  C  are  types  of  male,  D,  E  and  F  are  types  of  female,  G,  H,  I,  A' of  male 
and  female  cousins.  There  are  thus  ten  types  of  simple  first  cousins.  It  was  con- 
sidered desirable  to  keep  these  ten  types  distinct  in  order  to  ascertain  how  far 
resemblance  was  modified  by  change  of  sex  in  descent  from  a  common  ancestor. 
Special  cases  of  abnormal  cousinship  in  the  first  degree  were  not  included.  All 
individuals  dealt  with  were  adults.  The  four  characteristics  :  General  Health, 
Ability,  Temper  and  Success  in  Life,  providing  5,  7,  4  and  5  categories,  admitted 
at  once  of  tables  of  contingency  being  formed  of  at  least  4x4  groups,  and  these  were 
at  once  reduced  by  the  method  of  mean  square  contingency.  This  was  done  for  all 
the  ten  types  of  cousinship.  In  the  case  of  Temperament  there  were  only  the 
alternatives  and  the  '  Betwixt '  groups.  We  were  thus  compelled  to  use  either  con- 
tingency on  a  3  x  3-fold  grouping  or  else  assume  the  material  to  have  a  Gaussian 
distribution  and  apply  fourfold  table  divisions.  In  the  latter  case  the  results  will  vary 
somewhat  according  to  the  alternative  with  which  the  '  Betwixt '  group  is  associated. 

The  Temperament  results  are,  however,  in  our  opinion  the  least  reliable  of  the 
series.  We  believe  this  to  be  due  to  the  fact  that  the  ability,  success,  health  and 
to  some  extent  the  temper  of  an  individual  are  matters  of  common  knowledge  or 
repute  ;  but  that  temperament  as  we  have  classified  it  is  less  generally  realised. 
There  is  little  doubt  that  some  of  the  recorders  had  not  previously  formed  a  general 
estimate  of  temperament,  and  have  taken  that  of  a  particular  individual  as  a  standard 
to  classify  other  members  of  the  family  by.  We  should  not  be  inclined  accordingly 
to  place  much  stress  on  the  Temperament  results  as  proving  anything  beyond  the 
basal  principle  that  temperament  is  an  inherited  charactei\ 

In  the  second  series  of  investigations,  it  was  considered  that  it  would  not  be 
without  interest  to  deal  with  an  entirely  novel  physical  character,  i.e.  novel  from  the 
standpoint  of  inheritance,  and  accordingly  the  hand  was  selected  as  easily  accessible 
and,  at  any  rate  for  some  characters*,  capable  of  fairly  accurate  measurement.  Other 
physical  characters  readily  ascertainable  were  eye  and  hair  colours  and  general  health. 
Accordingly  a  cousin  schedule  was  issued  with  the  directions  for  measurement  noted 
below.  See  Appendix  A,  p.  21.  Much  time  and  energy  had  already  been  spent 
over  an  endeavour  to  reproduce  in  a  cheap  manner  the  eye  and  hair  scales  used  as 
standards  in  the  Biometric  Laboratory.  Ultimately  we  had  to  content  ourselves  with 
an  admittedly  imperfect  chromolithograph  of  hair  coloursf.  For  the  eye  scale  we  used 
a  hand-painted  scale.  Miss  Mary  Beeton  kindly  painted  on  a  printed  blank  the 
irides  of  24  eyes,  painting  one  eye  at  a  time  in  about  100  copies  from  a  standard 
glass  eye.  To  these  scales  was  added  a  cheap  but  quite  efficient  hand-spanner 
prepared  by  the  Cambridge  Scientific  Instrument  Company.  The  scales,  spanners, 
directions  and  schedules  were  circulated  in  the  same  manner  as  the  similar  material 

*  R.  S.  Proc.  Vol.  65,  pp.  126—151  :  "Data  for  the  Problem  of  Evolution  in  Man.     A  First  Study 
of  the  Human  Hand."     By  M.  A.  Whiteley  and  Karl  Pearson, 
t  Reproduced  Biometrika,  Vol.  v.  p.  474. 


8  ETHEL   M.    ELDEKTON 

for  the  Family  Measurements  of  six  years  ago*  :  they  were  loaned  to  College  students, 
personal  friends  of  members  of  the  Biometric  Laboratory  and  others.  It  was,  however, 
soon  obvious  that  we  had  miscalculated  the  ease  with  which  pairs  of  cousins  could  be 
found  and  measured.  The  work  went  forward  extremely  slowly,  most  investigators 
sent  in  only  two  or  three  pairs ;  and  when  the  question  of  repeating  or  verifying 
a  measurement  arose,  the  delay  or  even  the  impossibility  of  supplementing  the  data 
was  much  more  common  than  in  the  case  of  the  Family  Records.  In  fact  cousins  are 
not  like  brothers  and  sisters,  or  pai'ents  and  offspring,  in  daily  touch  with  each  other; 
and  at  the  end  of  three  or  four  years,  we  are  far  from  having  reached  a  sufficient 
supply  of  cousin  pairs.  Hardly  indeed  have  300  pairs  been  yet  measured.  Accord- 
ingly this  side  of  the  enquiry  is  incomplete  and  will  only  be  used  as  a  control  series. 
We  need  scarcely  say  that  we  shall  be  very  glad  indeed  to  loan  spanner  and  scales  to 
any  reader  of  this  memoir  who  will  undertake  to  measure  pairs  of  adult  cousins. 

4.  We  now  turn  to  the  analytical  methods  by  which  the  material  was  reduced. 
We  have  already  pointed  out  that  contingency  was  used  throughout  the  whole  of  the 
first  series,  but  that  in  the  case  of  Temperament  the  3  x  3-fold  tables  were  not  finely 
enough  grouped  to  make  contingency  thus  obtained  really  comparable  with  that  found 
from  higher-fold  tables.  Accordingly  the  temperament  tables  were  only  worked  out 
by  3  x  3-fold  contingency  in  the  case  of  the  three  groups :  male  cousin  pairs,  female 
cousin  pairs,  and  male  and  female  cousin  pairs.  The  fourfold  table  methodt  was  used 
on  the  same  material  in  thirty  cases,  namely  the  three  classes  of  temperament  in  the 
ten  classes  of  cousins. 

The  mean  value  of  the  degree  of  resemblance  between  cousins  as  found  from 
40  contingency  tables  was  "271  +  '009  with  a  standard  deviation  of  "083  +  "006.  The 
mean  value  of  the  degree  of  resemblance  in  temperament  as  found  from  30  tables  by 
fourfold  process  was  -258  +  -014,  but  the  variability  in  this  case  was  35  p.  c.  greater, 
the  standard  deviation  being  •115  +  'OrO. 

The  temperament  tables  worked  by  contingency  with  three  types  of  cousins  gave 
the  result  -238  ±"010,  with  the  reduced  variability  indicated  by  -045  + -007.  These 
results  are  collected  in  Table  I.  They  suffice  to  show  that  mean  square  contingency 
methods  give  more  uniform  results  than  the  fourfold  tables i.  But  the  mean  found 
from  contingency  for  Health,  Ability,  Temper  and  Success  does  not  sensibly  differ 
from  that  found  for  the  three  divisions  of  temperament  by  fourfold  tables  leading  to 
the  coefficient  of  correlation.     If  we  combine  the  results  of  both  methods  so  as  to 

*  Directions  and  form  of  schedule  for  this  case  are  reproduced  in  Biometrika,  Vol.  n.  pp.  359-60. 

t  The  fourfold  tables  were  worked  for  two  groupings  for  the  alternatives  Excitable  or  Calm ;  the 
Betwixts  being  thrown  first  into  one  group  and  then  into  the  other,  the  average  value  of  the  correlation 
coefficient  is  that  given  in  Table  III.  In  the  case  of  the  alternatives  Reserved  and  Exjjressive  the  Betwixts 
were  thrown  into  the  Reserved,  and  in  that  of  the  alternatives  Sympathetic  and  Callous  into  the  latter 
group.  This  was  done  after  some  consideration  and  enquiry  as  to  the  popular  weight  of  terming  an 
individual  '  reserved  '  or  '  callous.' 

\  The  corresponding  nine  fourfold  tables  were  somewhat  erratic  and  gave  a  mean  of  only  -19. 


MEASURE   OF   RESEMBLANCE   OF  FIRST   COUSINS 


obtain  a  general  average  degree  of  resemblance  between  the  ten  types  of  cousins  for 
seven  characters,  we  find  for  the  whole  seventy  tables  : 

Mean  value  '267  ±  '008.  Standard  Deviation  =  -093  +  -006.  Accordingly  we  may 
conclude  that  the  average  degree  of  resemblance  of  cousins  lies  between  -25  and  "30, 
say  at  '27. 

Table  I.     Mean   Results  by  Different  Methods. 


Characters 

Method 

No.  of  Cases 

Mean 

Standard 
Deviation 

Three  Phases  of  Temperament 

Ditto 

Health 
Ability 

Temper 
Success 

Whole  Series 

Fourfold  Division 
1  Mean  Square  Contingency 
\           3  x  3-fold  Table 

Mean  Square  Contingency 
4  x  4-fold    and    higher- 
fold  Tables 

'  Contingency 
Fourfold  Division 

:  ■ 
1- 

40 
30 

•258±-014 

-238+ -010 

•271  ±-009 
|  -267*  ±  -008 

•115±-010 

•045  ±  -070 

•083  +  -006 
•093  t  -005 

Diagram  of  Frequency  of  Coefficients  of  Resemblance  in  Cousins  and  Brethren. 


325"     375     425     475     525     575     625     675 

Cousinships  Sibships 

Mean  from  grouped  values  ;  ungrouped  value  =  -265. 

2 


LO 


ETHEL   M.   ELDERTON 


The  fluctuation  is  no  doubt  considerable  in  our  results.  But  we  think  that  it  lies 
far  more  in  the  difficulty  of  estimating  psychical  characters,  than  in  any  real  variation 
in  the  degree  of  resemblance.  The  fluctuation  is  greatest  precisely  in  those  characters 
where  personal  bias  and  sex  bias  make  the  judgment  more  difficult. 

We  are  now  in  a  position  to  compare  the  intensity  of  resemblance  between  cousins 
with  that  between  brethren.  Diagram  I,  p.  9,  shows  graphically  the  distribution  of 
the  degree  of  resemblance  of  the  70  cases  of  cousins  in  this  first  series  and  of 
65  cases  of  brethren,  physical  and  psychical.  The  cases  were  numerically  distributed 
as  follows  : 

Table  II. 


o 

i 

o 

3 

I 

I 

1 

IN 

I 
1 

1 

1 

I 

! 

1 

1 

1 

Totals 

Cousinsbip 
Sibship 

2 

i 

9 

10 

18 

11 

10 
2 

6 
•5 

1 

14-5 

2 
22 

15 

8 

3 

70 
65 

Mean  Cousinship  :    '27 
Mean  Sibship  :  '51 


■008.     Standard   Deviation  :    -093  ±  -005. 
•006.     Standard  Deviation  :    -068  +  -004. 


An  examination  of  the  graph  shows  that  the  cousinship  group  clusters  at  25  and 
the  sibship  group  at  '5.  These  may,  we  think,  safely  be  taken  as  working  values  for 
cousinship  and  sibship  resemblance  for  either  sex,  and  we  may  safely  assert  that 
brethren  are  on  the  average  twice  as  closely  related  as  cousins.  This  halving  of  the 
degree  of  resemblance  corresponding  to  the  fact  that  normal  first  cousins  have  two 
common  grandparents,   whole  sibs  have  four. 

It  must  be  noted  :  (a)  that  our  data  for  cousins  are  not  drawn  from  the  same 
records  as  those  for  brothers  and  sisters.  While  the  Family  Records  here  used  for 
cousins  enable  us  also  to  deal  with  brothers,  these  have  not  yet  been  tabled  and 
reduced,  except  in  the  one  instance  of  Intelligence.  Here  the  adult  brothers  gave  "54 
as  against  the  average  of  three  cases  of  adult  male  cousins  giving  '34.  Schuster 
found  -56  from  adult  Oxford  graduates  for  ability.  Pearson  found  '52  for  brothers 
at  school  and  Schuster  for  schoolboys  "56.  The  half  of  these  fraternal  values  would 
be  -27,  which  agrees  well  with  the  general  cousin  average,  but  not  so  well  with  the  "34 
which  is  a  definitely  higher  value. 

(b)  that  our  data  for  cousins  and  sibs  are  neither  from  the  same  records,  nor 
for  the  same  range  of  characters.  In  the  case  of  the  sibships  21  values  were  for 
definitely  measurable  characters,  a  much  more  reliable  class  of  material ;  while  the 
consulships  of  the  first  series  do  not  present  a  single  measurable  character,  and  only 
one  definitely  physical  estimate,  that  of  Health.     The  characters  which  are  common  to 


MEASURE   OF    RESEMBLANCE   OF   FIRST   COUSINS 


I  I 


both  series  are  :  Health,  Ability  and  Temper  in  adult  cousins,  and  in  sibships  of  school 
children  ;  the  following  table  gives  the  results  for  three  classes  : 

Table  II  a. 


Type 

Intelligence 

Health 

Temper 

Cousinship 

Sibship 

Cousinship 

Sibship 

Cousinship 

Sibship 

Male  and  Male 
Female  and  Female 
Male  and  Female 

■34 

•34 

•34 

•40 
•47 
•H 

•31 
•33 

•30 

■52 

•51 
•57 

•      -18 
•19 
•25 

•51 
•49 
■51 

Mean 

•34 

•46 

■31 

•53 

•20 

•50 

Mean  Cousinship   "28.     Half  Mean   Sibship  -25. 

Treated  alone  these  cases  would  show  a  definitely  larger  degree  of  l-eseinblance  for 
the  cousinship,  than  for  half  the  sibship,  but  this  is  not  borne  out  for  the  whole 
material.  The  differences  also  of  the  ages  of  the  subjects,  adults  and  school  children, 
and  the  methods  of  recording,  by  relatives  and  by  school  teachers,  must  also  be  borne 
in  mind. 

We  consider  on  the  basis  of  this  first  series  that  "25  is  a  good  round  working 
number  for  the  cousinship.  This  denotes  on  the  assumptions  of  linear  regression  and  the 
equal  variability  of  the  cousins,  that  two  cousins  of  an  individual  selected  from  unrelated 
stocks  (i.e.  maternal  and  paternal  cousins)  will  give  the  same  probable  value  for  the 
character  of  an  individual,  as  a  brother  of  that  individual  with  the  same  character  as 
the  mean  of  the  cousins*.  On  the  other  hand  the  accuracy  of  the  estimate  will  not  be 
so  great.  In  the  first  case  it  is  o^  v  1  —  ('5)2  and  in  the  second  case  o^  v  1  —  (-25)2  —  (-25)2, 
which  measures  the  variability  of  the  array;  these  are  as  8'6G  to  9*35.  Thus  the 
prediction  from  the  brother  would  be  somewhat  better  than  from  two  mutually 
unrelated  cousins.  It  is  clear,  however,  that  a  knowledge  of  two  such  cousins  may  be 
very  useful  indeed,  especially  if  facts  as  to  the  sibship  are  not  forthcoming. 

If  we  turn  to  other  collateral  relationships,  the  avuncular  worked  out  for  the  eight 
possible  cases  in  eye  colourt,  is,  as  far  as  we  know,  the  only  one  yet  published.  The 
mean  value  of  the  eight  cases  is  *265.  We  should  accordingly  conclude  from  this  that 
for  purposes  of  inheritance  a  knowledge  of  the  cousin  is  equally  important  with  a 
knowledge  of  the  parental  sibships.  For  example,  there  is  no  justification  in  medical 
histories  of  lunacy  for  including  the  facts  as  to  the  parents'  brothers  and  sisters  and 

*  Regression  equation  for  1  on  2  and  3,  the  latter  being  independent,  is 


h,  =  'Ji^i  1H  +  'J^  h3  =  rnh2  +  ruh3 

<T.,  0-3 

t  Phil.  Trans.  Vol.  195,  A,  p.  114. 


if  o-, 


•50  x  J  {lh  +  A,),  if 


12  ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 

omitting  the  cousins  from  the  record.  On  the  same  ground  the  marriage  of  niece  or 
nephew  with  uncle  or  aunt  seems  to  be  a  marriage  of  exactly  the  same  degree  of 
kinship  as  a  marriage  between  first  cousins. 

The  only  grandparental  data  at  present  reduced  for  man*  are  those  for  eye-colour 
and  the  eight  cases  give  a  mean  value  of  "32 1.  This  is  somewhat  higher  than  the 
value  ("27)  for  cousins,  and  pigmentation  data  in  horses  have  given  an  almost  equal 
value.  Still  other  species  show  rather  smaller  intensity,  and  until  further  data  are 
reduced  for  the  case  of  man,  especially  for  psychical  characters,  we  are  not  convinced 
that  the  grandparental  relationship  is  definitely  more  important  than  the  cousinship. 
At  any  rate,  even  with  our  present  values  (-27  as  against  "32)  it  will  be  seen  that  it  is 
not  reasonable  for  the  purposes  of  medical  or  actuarial  diagnosis  to  neglect  the  cousins, 
and  make  a  considerable  point  as  to  the  grandparental  constitution.  The  grandparent, 
the  uncle  or  aunt  and  the  cousin  are  practically  on  the  same  footing  with  regard  to 
relationship  or  intensity  of  kinship  as  measured  by  degree  of  likeness  of  character ; 
and  it  seems  probable  that  any  scientific  marriage  enactments  would  equally  allow  or 
equally  forbid  marriage  between  grandparent  and  grandchild,  uncle  and  niece,  aunt  and 
nephew  and  between  first  cousins.  This  conclusion  is  reached  on  the  assumption  that 
the  undesirability  of  marriage  depends  on  the  closeness  of  likeness  in  the  gametic 
constitution,  and  that  on  the  average  the  i-esemblance  of  the  somatic  characters  may 
be  taken  as  a  measure  of  the  average  gametic  resemblance  between  any  two  classes. 

5.     We  now  turn  to  the  details  of  Table  III. 

We  first  ask  whether  there  is  any  sensible  difference  between  the  intensity  of 
inheritance  in  males  and  females.  We  note  that  the  probable  error  of  any  individual 
result  runs  from  about  -02  for  cousins  of  same  sex  to  "03  for  cousins  of  different  sexes. 
Our  table  shows  us  that  the  average  for  pairs  of  male  cousins  is  the  same  as  that  for 
pairs  of  female  cousins,  i.e.  "26.  If  we  could  lay  any  stress  on  the  difference  "02,  we 
should  assert  that  cousins  of  different  sexes  were  more  alike  than  cousins  of  the  same 
sex.  But  we  certainly  cannot,  and  thus,  as  far  as  our  data  go,  we  can  only  conclude 
that  difference  of  sex  makes  no  difference  in  degree  of  likeness. 

In  the  next  place  we  may  consider  whether  type  of  cousinship  makes  any  differ- 
ence in  the  intensity  of  resemblance.  Our  mean  values  for  all  the  characters  range 
from  '22  to  -31  according  to  the  type,  and  it  might  be  thought  that  this  offered 
sufficient  range  to  answer  the  question.  As  defining  the  types  there  are  two  considera- 
tions to  be  noted,  (i)  a  difference  of  sex  in  either  generation,  parental  or  cousinal,  and 
(ii)  a  change  of  sex  in  descent.     Neglecting  the  first  we  have  : 

No  change  of  sex  in  descent  in  :  A  (SO),  E  (-27)  or  K  (-29) ; 

One  change  of  sex  in  descent  in  :   C  (-23),  F  (-28),  G  (-24)  or  H  ('31) ; 

Two  changes  of  sex  in  descent  in  :  B  ('24),  D  ('22),  or  /  ('29). 

*  The  Family  .Records  of  the  present  series  provide  unreduced  material  for  seven  characters,  and  this 
will  shortly  be  dealt  with. 

t  Phil.  Trans.  Vol.  195,  A,  p.  115. 


MEASURE   OF   RESEMBLANCE   OF   FIRST   COUSINS 


13 


The  means  for  the  three  groups  are  '287,  -265  and  "250  respectively.  It  may 
possibly  be  therefore  that  change  of  sex  slightly  weakens  the  intensity  of  inheritance 
in  the  stock.  If  we  turn  to  the  first  consideration  the  change  of  sex  in  the  same 
generation,  the  connected  parents  are  of  the  same  sex  and  the  cousins  of  the  same  sex 
in  A  and  A.  but  in  K  the  connected  parents  are  of  different  sexes  and  the  cousins 
o\'  different  sexes.      A"  is  not.  however,  the  least  of  the  three.      In  C  and  /''there  is  a 

Table  III.     General  Results  of  First  Scries.     Characters  of  Cousins. 


Type  of  Cousins 

Health 

Intelligence 

Success 

Temper 

Temperament 

Reserved  or 
Expressive 

Sympathetic 
or  Callous 

Excitable  or 
Calm 

Method  -► 

Male.       Type  A 

„     B 

„    c 

M.S.C. 

M.  S.  C. 

M.S.C. 

M.S.C. 

F.  T. 

M.S.C. 

F.  T. 

M.S.C. 

F.  T. 

M.S.C. 

•34 
■32 
•26 

•-tl 
•30 
•32 

•24 
•15 
•19 

•23 
•16 
•15 

■38 

•06 
•23 

1  -20 

•31 
•36 
•30 

h 

■21 
•36 

•17 

!« 

•30 

•24 
■23 

Mean 

•31 

•34 

•19 

•18 

•22 

(■20) 

■32 

(•24) 

•25 

(•34) 

•26 

Female.     Type  D 
„      F 

•51 
•24 

•23 

•34 
■38 
•31 

•16 
•27 
■35 

•14 

•24 
•18 

•21 
■30 
•26 

}, 

•03 
•42 
•37 

1  -20 

■15 
•04 

•23 

|, 

•22 
•27 

•28 

Mean 

•33 

•34 

•26 

■19 

•26 

(•19) 

•27 

(■20) 

■14 

(•22) 

•26 

Male  &  Female.    Tvpe  G 
„    H 
„     I 

•23 
•32 
•29 

•37 

•36 
•27 
■38 
■34 

•19 
•33 
•27 
•26 

■20 
■30 

•24 

•25 

•23 

•28 

•42 

1,4 
I 

•52 
■44 
•19 

■24 

■24 

14 
■16 

■IS 

-•28 

•24 
•31 
•29 
■29 

Mean 

•30 

•34 

•26 

•25 

•29 

(•24) 

•34 

(•24) 

•18 

(•28) 

•28 

General  Means 

•31 

•34 

•24 

•21 

•26 

(•21) 

•32 

(■2.".) 

•19 

(•28) 

■265 

M.  S.  C.  =  Mean  Square  Contingency.  F.  T.  =  Fourfold  Table, 
difference  of  sex  in  the  connecting  parents,  but  not  in  cousins  ;  in  G  and  H,  there  is 
no  difference  in  the  connecting  parents  but  one  in  the  cousins.  We  might  therefore 
expect  no  difference  in  the  four  values.  But  we  find  C  and  G  contrasted  in  magnitude 
with  F  and  H.  In  cither  words  two  males  related  by  a  male  and  female  go  with  a  male 
and  female  related  by  two  males ;  and  again  two  females  related  by  a  male  and  female  go 
with  a  male  and  female  related  by  two  females.  We  can  throw  no  light  on  this  point, 
and  it  may  only  be  a  strange  result  of  random  sampling.  In  the  third  group  there  are 
no  sex  differences  in  the  types  B  and  D  for  either  parental  or  cousinal  generations. 


14  ETHEL   M.  ELDERTON 

For  /  there  are  such  changes  for  both  generations ;  and  yet  /  is  larger  than  B  and  D. 
We  must  thus  consider  that  a  difference  of  sex  in  the  same  generation  makes  no 
difference  in  the  intensity  of  resemblance  so  far  as  our  present  data  go.  Accordingly, 
if  change  of  sex  in  descent  does  to  some  extent  weaken  inheritance*,  it  does  not 
appear  connected  with  sex  differences  in  the  same  generation.  The  differences  noted 
are,  however,  too  slender  and  the  whole  system  of  values  too  fluctuating  to  build  up 
any  hypothesis  as  to  sex  influence  in  heredity. 

If  we  now  turn  to  the  separate  characters,  and  compare  irrespective  of  cousin  type 
the  general  means  of  each,  we  find  an  even  wider  range  of  results  ('19  to  '34).  We 
attribute  this  only  in  part  to  real  differences  in  the  intensity  of  resemblance  ;  we 
consider  it  more  due  to  (a)  difficulties  of  estimating  some  of  the  characters  dealt 
with,  especially  as  in  the  case  of  cousins  they  are  usually  not  in  daily  contact  with 
each  other;  (b)  differences  of  method  employed,  and  the  assumption  that  temperament 
follows  a  normal  distribution  of  frequency. 

Accordingly  we  shall  draw  no  conclusions  as  to  divergences  in  resemblance, 
believing  our  data  may  be  relied  upon  to  give  a  "  general  average  resemblance  "  of 
cousins,  but  cannot  be  pressed  beyond  such  a  result  to  discriminate  between  individual 
of  character. 


6.  We  now  turn  to  the  results  of  the  second  series  of  quantitative  measure- 
ments. These  measurements  as  we  have  already  noted  are  far  from  complete.  They 
give  for  the  four  measurements  107  pairs  of  female  cousins,  34  pairs  of  male  cousins, 
and  111  pairs  of  male  and  female  cousins,  the  two  first  sets  giving  214  and  68  pairs  in 
the  symmetrical  table. 

The  following  table  gives  the  statistical  constants  of  the  series  of  measurements. 
It  will  be  observed  that  we  have  two  series  for  each  sex,  but  not  all  the  individuals  in 
each  series  are  different. 

This  table  shows  at  once  considerable  irregularities,  which  may  be  due  to  the 
paucity  of  data,  or  to  the  defective  handling  of  the  spanners.  While  the  finger  joint 
measurements  give  a  sex-ratio  for  the  absolute  lengths  =  '91,  very  nearly  the  usual 
11/12  of  stature  and  of  bone  measurements  in  man,  the  widths  of  hand  and  wrist 
(involving  a  good  deal  more  care  in  determination  and  allowing  of  more  personal 
equation)  give  ratios  of  about  H'5/12.  For  these  also  the  man  is  both  absolutely  and 
relatively  more  variable  than  the  woman.  For  the  joint  measurements  the  woman  is 
equally  variable  absolutely  with  the  man,  and  relatively  more  variable.  It  seems 
improbable  that  this  equal  absolute  variability  is  correct.  It  is  not  true  for  the 
majority  of  bone  measurements  in  man  and  woman.  It  is  further  to  be  noted  that  in 
the  Male  and  Female  Cousins  series,  where  there  was  a  much  larger  return  of  measure- 

*  The  influence  of  change  of  sex  has  been  very  elusive ;  it  would  appear  to  have  some  bearing  on  the 
inheritance  of  eye-colour  in  man  (Biometrika,  Vol.  II.  pp.  237-40),  but  we  have  failed  to  find  it  in  coat-colour 
in  horses  (Ibid.  Vol.  n.  pp.  229-34).  It  is  doubtfully  significant  in  the  cases  of  coat-colour  of  Greyhounds 
(Ibid.  Vol.  in.  pp.  257-8),  and  of  Shorthorns  (Ibid.  Vol.  iv.  pp.  449-51). 


MEASURE   OF   RESEMBLANCE   OF   FIRST   COUSINS 


15 


Hunts  made  by  male  students  than  in  the  case  of  the  Female  and  Female  Cousins 
series,  the  absolute  variabilities  of  the  women  are  in  every  case  less  than  in  the 
latter  series.  In  a  certain  number  of  cases  it  was  actually  found  that  the  user  of  the 
hand-spanner  had  read  from  the  sliding  edge  and  not  from  the  index  point,  but  the 
difference  amounting  to  about  20  mm.  was  obvious  on  the  face  of  the  measurements 
and  at  once  allowed  for  by  measuring  the  particular  hand-spanner  which  had  been 
used.  It  is  believed  that  no  residual  error  has  crept  in  in  this  manner,  but  the 
point  will  be  again  dealt  with   below. 

Table  IV.     Statistical  Constants  of  Measurements  of  Hand  in  Man  and  Woman, 


Sez 

Series 

Width  of  Hand 

Width  of  Wrist 

Joint, 

Index  Finger 

Joint, 

Little  Finger 

M. 

S.  D. 

C.  of  V. 

M. 

S.  D. 

C.ofV. 

M. 

S.  D. 

C.ofV. 

M. 

S.  D. 

C.ofV. 

Male 

Male  with  Male 
Male  with  Female 

83-2 
82-1 

6-20 
5-77 

745 

7-03 

58-2 
57-9 

3  90 
4-17 

6-70 
7-20 

62-5 
62  0 

2-87 
3-23 

4-59 
5-21 

51-0 
50-9 

2-72 
301 

5-33 
591 

Mean 

82-6 

5-98 

7-24 

58-0 

4-04 

7-00 

62-2 

3-05 

4-90 

51-0 

2-87 

5-63 

Female 

Female  with  Female 
Female  with  Male 

72-5 
71-4 

4-79 
3-64 

6-61 
5-10 

51-8 
51  0 

3-38 

2-78 

6-53 
5-45 

57'2 
56-3 

3-47 
3-06 

6-07 
5-44 

46-4 
46-1 

2-94 
2-70 

6-34 
5-86 

" 

Mean 

72-0 

4-21 

5-84 

51-4 

3-08 

5-99 

56-8 

3-26 

5-74 

463 

2-82 

6  09 

Sex  Ratio,  Male  and  Female 

•87 

•70 

•81 

•89 

•76 

•86 

•91 

1-07 

1-17 

•91 

■98 

1  -08 

The  measurements  are  in  mm. 

The  correlations  as  found  by  the  product  moment  method  without  grouping  are 
given  in  Table  V.  Now  if  we  looked  simply  at  the  general  mean  336  of  all  12  results, 
we  might  conclude  that  the  intelligence  and  health  characters  of  our  first  series  had 
given  us  the  more  reliable  results,  the  temperament  and  temper  being  more  difficult 
of  estimate,  and  thence  conclude  that  the  average  resemblance  of  cousinship  was  I  .",. 

Table  V.      Correlation  of  Measured  Characters  in  Pairs  of  Cousins. 


Character 

Male  and  Male 

Male  and  Female 

Female  and  Female 

Means 

Width  of  Hand 
Width  of  Wrist 
Joint,  Index  Finger 
Joint,  Little  Finger 

■3.3 

•17 
•19 
•29 

•21 
•26 
■34 
•37 

•40 
•43 
•49 
•56 

•314 
■286 
•340 

•404 

Means                            -245 

•295 

•470 

•336 

16  ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 

This  view  might  be  confirmed  possibly  by  noting  that  the  less  easy  measurements, 
those  on  hand  and  wrist,  gave  lower  results  than  the  joint  measurements.  But 
on  further  inspection  of  the  table  we  notice  that  it  is  the  female-female  series  which 
diverges  so  much  from  our  previous  results.  The  eight  cases  in  which  a  male  was  one 
of  the  pair,  and  presumably  worked  the  spanner,  give  a  mean  of  -270,  agreeing 
excellently  with  the  -267  of  our  much  larger  first  series.  It  is  the  pairs  of  female 
cousins,  with  their  excessive  variabilities,  which  give  an  intensity  of  resemblance 
equal  to  that  of  a  sibship,  and  raising  the  average  from  -270  to  "336. 

To  test  the  matter  further  the  following  steps  were  taken.  A  formula  has  been 
given  by  Pearson*  which  is  based  on  normal  distribution  of  frequency  and  gives  the 
correlation  coefficient  in  terms  of  the  sum,  S(x  —  y),  of  the  positive  differences  of 
correlated  variates  which  have  the  same  mean  and  s.D.  Now  this  is  precisely  the 
case  of  the  106  cousin  pairs  if  we  treat  them  as  a  symmetrical  distribution  of  212 
pairs.      The  formula  is  : 

,.-1    y{s(x-y)Y 

Applied  to  the  data  for  the  joint  of  the  little  finger  in  pairs  of  female  cousins,  we  find 
r  =  '5578,  while  found  by  the  product  moment  method  the  answer  is  "5579,  a  very 
close  agreement.  But  it  will  be  clear  that  if  the  measurer  had  a  personal  equation  of 
the  nature  of  a  constant  error  for  each  pair,  it  would  drop  out  in  the  difference  x  —  y 
for  that  pair.  Hence  the  formula  above  is  convenient  to  use  when  such  an  error  for 
the  individual  pair  is  suspected  to  exist,  and  the  variability  cr  can  be  found  from 
other  considerations.  If  in  this  particular  case  we  adopt  :  (a)  the  standard  deviation 
of  the  women  in  the  series  of  male  and  female  cousins,  (b)  the  standard  deviation 
found  for  the  women  on  the  assumption  that  the  coefficient  of  variation  for  the  women 
ought  to  be  (what  it  usually  is)  practically  the  same  as  for  the  men,  i.e.  if  we  take  the 
two  values  2701  and  2-474,  we  find  that  the  above  formula  gives  r=-48  and  "38 
respectively.  Thus  indicating  some  considerable  reduction  from  the  value  -56.  It  is 
therefore  possible  that  an  adding  or  subtracting  of  a  constant  difference  in  some  of 
the  measurements  is  the  source  of  the  exaggerated  values  of  the  female  cousins 
resemblance.  Such  an  error  would  not  only  have  exaggerated  the  standard  deviation, 
but  it  would  have  resulted  at  once,  if  a  wrong  correction  had  been  applied  to  the 
measurements  of  those  helpers  who  read  at  the  edge,  and  not  at  the  index  point,  of 
the  spanner.  It  is  believed  that  no  spanners  were  removed  from  the  numbered  boxes 
until  the  measurements  had  been  corrected  ;  but  the  doubt,  however  slight,  to  those 
who  had  the  control  of  the  instruments,  is  sufficient  to.  make  it  needful  to  repeat  as 
soon  as  possible  the  whole  series  of  measurements  on  female-female  cousins. 

We  are  able  to  use  this  second  series  as  a  control  series  also  for  the  characters, 
hair  colour,  eye  colour  and  general  health.     The  method  used  was  that  of  contingency 

*  "On  further  methods  of  determining  Correlation,"  Drapers'  Research  Memoirs,  Biometric  Series  IV. 
p.  4  et  seq.  (Dulau  it  Co.,  Soho  Square). 


MEASURE    OF    RESEMBLANf  'E    OK    FIRST    COUSINS 


17 


but  it  must  be  remembered  that  the  series  were  short,  i.e.  treated  as  symmetrical 
tables  we  had  only  68,  and  218  entries,  and  for  male  and  female  cousins  113.  The 
results  given  in  the  following-  table  were  reached. 

Table  VI.      Non-quantitative  Characters,  Second  Scries. 


Character               Male  and  Male 

Male  and  Female 

Female  and  Female 

Means 

Health 
Eye  Colour 
Hair  Colour 

•38 
■44 
•34 

■29 
•48 
•26 

•18 
•38 

•2G 

•282 

•434 

•286 

Means 

■3S6 

•343 

■273 

■33  1 

It  will  be  seen  at  once  that  (i)  the  preponderating  intensity  of  pairs  of  female 
cousins  no  longer  exists,  (ii)  the  eye  colour  values  are,  however,  very  high,  in  one  case 
at  least  approaching  the  intensity  of  the  resemblance  of  siblings,  and  (iii)  the  generally 
higher  value  obtained  in  the  case  of  the  measurable  characters  of  the  same  series  is 
maintained.  We  have  already  noted  that  eye  and  hair  scales  were  used  in  these 
observations,  24  eye  and  24  hair  tints  being  given.  There  were  6  categories  in  the 
Health  graduation,  but  the  "  Very  Delicate  "  and  the  "  Very  Robust "  categories  were 
only  very  slightly  represented,  so  that  for  Health  merely  3  x  3-fold  contingency  tables, — 
"  Robust,"  "  Normally  Healthy,"  "  Delicate  "  seemed  possible.  For  eye  colour  the  24 
eve  tints  were  first  classed  as  "  Pure  Blue,"  "  Blue  with  some  orange,"  "Pure  Grey," 
"  Grey  with  some  orange,"  "  Hazel-Green,"  "  Hazel-Brown,"  "  Brown  "  ;  the  two  greys 
were  then  clubbed  together,  as  also  the  two  hazels  to  form  a  5  x  5-fold  table  for 
contingency.  The  7  x  7-fold  table  seemed  far  too  fine  for  the  numbers,  68,  involved 
in  the  male  and  male  cousin  tables,  and  it  was  desirable  to  treat  all  three  tables  alike. 
The  24  tints  of  the  hair  scale  were  first  grouped  into  :  "  Very  Dark,"  "  Dark-Brown," 
"  Brown,"  "  Light-Brown,"  "  Fair,"  "  Red."  But  for  the  male  data  only  a  single 
"fair"  and  a  single  "red"  occurred  and  only  three  "browns."  Accordingly  the  2nd 
and  3rd  categories  and  also  the  5th  and  6th  were  grouped  together  and  a  4  x  4-fold 
table  used  for  the  contingency  of  hair-colour.  As  samples,  the  Eye  and  Hair  colour 
tables  for  pairs  of  female  cousins  are  given  in  Appendix  B  as  Tables  LXXX  and 
LXXXI.  Now  while  we  frankly  admit  that  this  Second  Series,  whether  of 
measurable  or  pigmentation  characters,  has  a  much  too  inadequate  frequency  to  be 
conclusive,  still  its  drift  is  undoubtedly  to  confirm  the  view,  that  the  average 
resemblance  of  cousins  is  higher  than  that  given  by  the  Family  Record  results.  It 
approaches  nearer  the  value  indicated  by  the  more  precise  of  the  "  Record  "  characters, 
and  the  more  accurate  of  the  hand  measurements.  The  numbers  in  the  first  series  are 
large  as  compared  with  those  of  the  second,  and  the  second  series  also  involves  several 


18  ETHEL   M.   ELDERTON 

points  of  doubt  and  difficulty  ;  for  this  reason  we  have  not  yet  modified  the  general 
average  of  the  First  Series  by  including  these  higher  results.  But  it  is  conceivable 
that  we  may  have  to  raise  the  general  measure  of  resemblance  of  cousins  from  "28  to 
•33,  when  other  large  series  already  observed  have  been  tabulated  and  reduced. 

7.  One  further  point  may  be  finally  touched  upon,  namely  the  inheritance  of 
disease.  We  cannot  in  the  least  hope  here  for  accurate  numerical  estimates,  but  the 
data  of  our  first  series  may  suffice  to  show  that  cousins  are  of  value  even  from  the 
standpoint  of  medical  diagnosis.  The  difficulties  of  accurate  determination  are  as 
follows  : 

((()  While  on  the  schedules  the  record  of  brothers  and  sisters,  of  children,  of  parents 
and  of  grandparents  is  fairly  complete,  that  of  cousins  must  necessarily  be  defective.  It 
is  quite  possible- — nay  not  infrequent— to  have  more  than  50  first  cousins.  And  while 
one  or  two  recorders  actually  were  patient  enough  to  enter  details  of  a  cousinship 
as  large  or  even  larger  than  this,  the  bulk  of  recorders  contented  themselves  with 
entering  a  much  more  limited  number,  10  to  12,  and  thus  we  have  the  first  limitation; 
our  cousins,  as  the  recorders  themselves  state,  are  a  selection.  It  is  probable,  also,  that 
the  selection  has  been  made  more  frequently  of  living  than  of  dead  cousins,  and  more 
frequently  of  accessible  than  possibly  inaccessible  cousins ;  thus  the  individuals 
suffering  from  phthisis  or  insanity,  or  having  died  from  these  diseases,  may  without 
direct  intention  to  deceive  have  been  more  frequently  omitted  than  in  the  case  of 
relatives  all  of  whom  were  included. 

(b)  The  cousins  in  our  family  record  schedules  are  those  of  the  subject.  In  order 
to  get  full  ancestral  information  a  young  adult  has  been  very  often  taken  as  the  subject 
and  the  cousins  belong  accordingly  to  the  third  generation,  and  are  themselves  often 
young  adults.  It  follows  accordingly  that  their  medical  history  is  in  many  cases 
incomplete.  They  have  not  passed  wholly  through  the  danger  zone  in  the  case  of 
either  tuberculosis  or  insanity. 

In  the  case  of  tuberculosis,  we  have  for  instance  among  males  only  206  tuberculous 
out  of  2990  individuals,  and  among  females  only  205  out  of  3242,  whereas  10  p.c. 
would  probably  be  affected  if  we  had  the  full  record. 

In  our  records  for  example  there  are  in  the  case  of  women  130  cases  of  individuals 
classed  as  cousins  with  some  form  of  brain  disease  or  mental  defect*.  These 
130  individuals  have  6  insane  and  124  sane  cousins.  If  in  the  remainder  of  their 
lives  4  persons  out  of  those  124  sane  cousins  were  to  suffer  from  some  form  of  brain 
attack,  then  our  table  would  be  as  follows  : 

*  "Insanity"  for  the  purpose  of  this  investigation  has  been  taken  to  include  the  neuroses:  confirmed 
alcoholism  and  marked  hysteria.  These  were  not  included  by  Heron  in  using  Pearson's  Family  Records 
(Eugenics  Laboratory  Pali/iratiiut.i,  n.  p.  33).     Its  use  here  approaches  "want  of  mental  balance." 


MEASURE   OF   RESEMBLANCE   OF   FIRST   COUSINS 

First  Female  Cousin 

I 


L9 


Insane                   Sane 

Totals 

Insane 
Sane 

14                       120 
120                  2996 

134 
3116 

Totals 

134 

3116 

3250 

instead  of  the  actual 


First    Female  Cousin 


Insane                  Sane 

Totals 

Insane 
Sane 

i 
6                     124 
124                   2996 

130 
3120 

Totals 

130                  3120 

3250 

The  fourfold  table  method  gives  the  correlation  of  the  first  table  about  -33  and  that 
of  the  second  "03.  Now  it  is  not  suggested  that  four  additional  cases  of  insanity  are 
what  we  have  to  expect  in  the  case  of  124  persons  chiefly  young  adults  of  insane 
stock.  What  we  wish  to  point  out  is  that  with  a  disease  so  relatively  rare  as  this, 
the  transference  when  the  record  is  completed  of  comparatively  few  individuals  from 
the  sane  to  the  insane  category  is  sufficient  to  raise  the  intensity  of  resemblance  to  a 
value  quite  equal  to  that  which  we  have  found  for  other  characters  in  cousins. 

The  following  are  the  results  reached  for  insanity  and  tuberculosis  : 

Table  VII.      Inheritance  of  Pathological  Condition  in  Cousins  with 

incomplete  Record. 


Male  Cousins     Female  Cousins 

Male  and  Female  Cousins 

Means 

Insanity                   -18 

Tuberculosis  !          -07 

•03 
■12 

■08 
•19 

•10 
•13 

Means                  -12 

•08 

•13 

•11 

In  all  six  series — and  they  number  in  each  case  about  3000  pairs — we  have  a 
positive  relationship,  and  the  value  is  definitely  significant  in  all  cases  but  possibly 
that  of  insanity  in  female  cousins.  Yet  this,  owing  to  the  fact  that  a  considerable 
amount  of  insanity  in  the  case  of  women  is  connected  with  change  of  life,  is  precisely 
what  we  might  have  anticipated  considering  the  ages  of  our  cousins.  The  fact  also 
that  insanity  has  a  later  average  incidence  than  tuberculosis  may  explain  why  the 
average  value  for  tuberculosis  is  higlier  than  for  insanity.  We  should  conclude  that 
so  far  as  our  data  go  they  show  that  the  tendency  to  both  insanity  and  tuberculosis 
runs  in  stocks,  and  that  with  the  incompleteness  of  the  record  there  is  no  reason  to 


20  ETHEL   M.   ELDERTON 

suggest  that  disease  tendencies  are  not  inherited  at  the  same  rate  as  physical  and 
psychological  characters  in  cousins. 

8.  General  Conclusions.  Our  memoir  has  dealt  with  two  series  of  cousin 
records.  The  quantitative  measure  of  the  resemblance  of  cousins  is  of  great  importance 
— not  only  on  account  of  its  bearing  on  eugenic  marriages,  but  because  cousins  form 
often  the  principal  living  record  to  assist  medical  diagnosis.  Its  determination, 
however,  presents  considerable  difficulties.  It  is  not  hard  to  collect  data  as  to  the 
characters  of  cousins,  when  these  characters  can  be  judged  without  the  actual  presence 
of  the  cousins.  This  was  done  in  our  first  series.  But  when  we  come  to  the 
quantitative  measurement  of  cousins  our  experience  has  been  unfavourable  to  the 
rapid  accumulation  of  extensive  material.  The  passing  from  brethren  to  cousins — - 
although  the  latter  are  a  far  wider  group — has  more  than  trebled  the  difficulty  of 
obtaining  measurements.  Further  our  choice  of  the  hand  as  the  organ  to  be  dealt  with 
has  possibly  led  to  difficulty,  as  the  treatment  and  use  of  the  spanner  needed  more  care 
than  a  simple  measuring  tape.  It  was  possible  to  explain  and  illustrate  the  use  of  the 
spanner  to  all  the  male  students  to  whom  it  was  loaned,  but  in  the  case  of  women 
helpers  we  had  often  to  trust  to  written  directions.  This  may  be  the  source  of  the 
high  values  found  for  the  resemblance  of  women  cousins,  but  we  confess  frankly  that 
we  are  not  satisfied  that  it  is  so,  and  we  must  await  the  reduction  of  further  material 
before  settling  this  point.  If  we  turn  to  the  70  cases  dealt  with  on  the  basis  of  our 
first  series,  we  find  an  average  resemblance  of  about  -27,  which  tallies  with  the  average 
found  from  the  eight  quantitative  series  involving  male  cousins  in  our  second 
investigation.  If  this  value  be  confirmed  we  should  say  that  cousins  have  as  much 
significance  as  the  parental  brothers  and  sisters.  On  the  other  hand  an  examination 
of  our  table  shows  that  what  may  be  treated  as  the  more  easily  judged  and  reliable 
results,  show  a  rather  higher  value  than  '27,  approximating  rather  to  the  '33  of  the 
grand  parental  resemblance.  The  pigmentation  results  of  the  second  series  tend  to 
confirm  this  view. 

We  should  conclude  accordingly  from  the  present  results  that  for  the  purposes  of 
eugenics  cousins  must  be  classed  as  equally  important  with  uncles  and  aunts,  and  that 
they  may  eventually  turn  out  to  be  as  important  as  grandparents.  For  practical 
purposes  it  would  hardly  seem  possible  in  the  matter  of  marriage  restrictions  based 
solely  on  the  gametic  resemblance  judged  by  somatic  characters,  to  differentiate 
between  the  three  classes.  This  equality  of  resemblance  which  may  appear  at  first 
sight  paradoxical  will  be  confirmed  for  uncles  and  aunts  in  a  forthcoming  memoir. 
Its  physiological  bearing  appears  to  us  of  fundamental  importance  as  indicating  that 
a  determinantal  theory  of  heredity,  emphasising  alternate  inheritance,  must  take  pre- 
cedence of  any  theory  of  simple  blending  for  the  bulk  of  the  characters  here  dealt  with. 

We  do  not  consider  that  our  data  show  any  difference  between  the  inheritance  of 
physical,  psychical  and  pathological  characters,  which  could  not  be  accounted  for  by 
(a)  the  difficulty  of  appreciating  temperament,  and  (b)  the  incompleteness  of  the 
cousin  record. 


APPENDIX   A. 

HEREDITARY   RESEMBLANCE   OF  FIRST   COUSINS*. 

I.     OBJECT   OF   MEASUREMENTS    AND    GENERAL    INSTRUCTIONS. 

I.— The  present  state  of  our  knowledge  of  the  laws  of  inheritance  in  man  may 
be  summed  up  as  follows  : — 

We  know  well  for  a  variety  of  organs  direct  inheritance  from  parent  to  offspring, 
and  the  collateral  relationship  between  brothers  and  sisters.  We  have  less  complete, 
but  still  valuable  data  for  the  direct  line  in  the  case  of  grandparent  and  great-grand- 
parents, and  for  the  collateral  line  in  the  case  of  uncles  and  aunts.  To  supplement 
our  knowledge,  one  of  the  most  urgent  problems  is  the  determination  of  the  degree 
of  resemblance  between  cousins.  It  is  with  a  view  of  solving  this  problem  of  cousin 
relationship  that  I  appeal  for  cooperative  observations  and  issue  the  present  paper 
and  schedules. 

II. — For  the  purposes  of  the  present  investigation  we  are  to  understand  by  the 
word  cousin  ; 

(i)  Full  blood  First  Cousins,  that  is  children  of  two  whole  (not  half)  brothers, 
of  two  whole  (not  half)  sisters,  or  of  a  whole  (not  half)  sister  and  brother.  Such 
cousins  are  to  have  one  and  only  one  grandparental  pair  in  common,  and  we  term 
them  normal  cousins. 

(ii)     "  Abnormal  "  first  cousins  are  to  be  excluded. 

It  may  happen  that  two  brothers  of  one  family  have  married  to  two  sisters 
of  another  family,  or  that  a  sister  and  brother  of  one  family  have  married  a  brother 
and  sister  of  a  second.  The  issue  of  such  marriages  are  "doubly"  first  cousins  having 
all  their  grandparents  in  common.  Again,  a  brother  and  sister  in  one  family  might 
marry  an  aunt  and  a  nephew  in  a  second  family,  or  again,  might  marry  a  woman 
and  a  man  who  are  cousins  in  a  second  family,  or,  two  brothers  may  marry  two  half 
sisters  in  a  second  family.  Indeed  cases  of  abnormal  cousinship  occur  in  which  the 
abnormal  cousins  have  1,  2,  3  or  4  common  grandparents.  All  such  cases  are  excluded 
from  the  present  investigation,  which  is  concerned  only  with  normal  cousinship  as 
defined  under  (i). 

(iii)  Normal  cousins  for  the  purpose  of  this  investigation  must  be  between  18 
and  45  years  of  age. 

*  Issued  by  Professor  Pearson,   1902  and  onwards. 


22  ETHEL   M.   ELDERTON 

We  cannot  for  a  longer  period  consider  the  eye  and  hair  colour  to  remain  even 
approximately  constant.  With  a  shorter  period  we  might  fail  to  obtain  sufficient 
material  for  statistical  purposes. 

III. — There  are  ten  kinds  of  normal  first  cousins.  Let  A  and  B  stand  for  the  two 
cousins,  thus  : — 

Tiro     (A  and  B  may  be  sons  of  two  brothers. 
Male   -  A  and  B  may  be  sons  of  two  sisters. 
Cousins\A  and  B  may  be  sons  of  a  sister  and  brother. 

Two     (A  and  B  may  be  daughters  of  two  brothers. 
Female-,  A  and  B  may  be  daughters  of  two  sisters. 
(  husins\A  and  B  may  be  daughters  of  a  brother  and  sister. 
Male    I A  and  B  may  be  son  and  daughter  of  two  brothers. 
and     )  A  and  B  may  be  son  and  daughter  of  two  sisters. 
Female  \A  may  be  the  son  of  a  sister  and  B  the  daughter  of  a  brother. 
Cousins  [A  may  be  the  son  of  a  brother  and  B  the  daughter  of  a  sister. 
In  this  classification  in  the  last  group  of  "  male  and  female  cousins,"  A  is  taken 
as  the  male  and  B  as  the  female  cousin.     But  in  the  actual  schedule  provision  is 
made  for  the  case  where  the  observer  has  taken  A  for  the  female  and  B  for  the 
male  cousin. 

The  observer,  after  entering  his  or  her  own  name,  should  fill  in  the  names  of 
the  cousins  A  and  B  and  their  sex  by  putting  a  cross  under  male  or  female.  Next, 
under  type  of  cousinship,  a  cross  should  be  put  in  the  last  column  against  the  special 
type  of  the  two  cousins  observed.  This  is  very  important,  because  we  have  reason 
to  believe  from  the  grandparental  and  avuncular  relationships  that  the  degree  of 
resemblance  varies  a  good  deal  with  the  type. 

IV. — Any  individual  cousin  A  may  be  dealt  with  in  any  number  of  cases,  but 
it  is  not  desirable  to  compare  one  cousin  A  with  more  than  four  other  cousins  who 
are  brothers  and  sisters  to  each  other,  and  of  these,  not  more  than  two  should  be 
of  one  sex.  Subject  to  this  limitation  A  may  appear,  or  A's  brothers  and  sisters, 
in  any  number  of  cousinships.  A  fresh  schedule  should  be  used  for  each  such  cousin- 
ship.  It  is  not,  however,  necessary  to  fill  in  on  these  additional  schedules  all  the 
measurements  and  characters.  The  name  and  sex  only  of  the  repeated  cousin,  and 
the  type  of  cousinship,  need  to  be  inserted.  A  cross  reference  to  the  number  of  the 
observer's  series  in  which  the  cousin  is  fully  recorded  will  then  suffice.  A  blank 
is  left  for  this  reference  under  the  name  and  sex  of  cousin.  For  example,  if  P,  Q, 
R,  S  be  children  of  four  different  brothers  and  sisters,  we  first  fill  up  a  schedule 
of  P  and  Q,  then  one  of  R  referring  to  the  schedule  containing  P  ;  and  another 
schedule  referring  to  the  schedule  containing  R  and  to  the  one  containing  Q,  but 
giving  the  type  of  Q  and  R  cousinship.     Then  we  measure  S  and  refer  to  P,  and 


MEASURE  OF  RESEMBLANCE  OF  FIRST  COUSINS  23 

finally  two  more  schedules  give  merely  the  names  of  S  and  Q,  and  <S  and  R  with 
their  types  of  cousinship,  and  refer  to  the  proper  schedules  for  the  observations  on  S, 
Q  and  R.  Or  again,  the  observer  may  till  in  one  schedule  for  himself  or  herself, 
and  then  with  simple  reference  to  the  number  of  that  schedule  and  the  type  of 
cousinship,  till  in  separate  papers  for  twenty  or  thirty  of  his  or  her  cousins.  Then 
another  series  of  schedule  papers  may  be  filled  with  simple  references  to  the  indi- 
viduals among  these  twenty  or  thirty  persons  (without  repeating  their  measurements) 
who  are  cousins  among  themselves  apart  from  their  relationship  to  the  observer.  In 
each  case  the  type  of  cousinship  must  he  marked  on  the  new  schedule  paper. 

V. — Directions  for  recording  Observations. 

(1)  Hair  Colour. 

On  the  hair-colour  scale  in  the  box,  pick  out  the  number  of  the  hair  corresponding 
most  nearly  to  the  colour  under  observation.  If  the  hair  considered  falls  between 
two  tints,  so  exactly  that  you  cannot  say  that  it  is  nearer  to  the  one  than  the  other, 
give  both  tints,  thus  5 — 6.  If  the  hair  has  turned  grey  before  45,  say  so ;  and 
if  the  hair  is  of  tint  distinctly  not  on  the  scale,  fasten  a  very  small  sample,  sufficient 
to  show  colour,  on  the  data  sheet  with  the  border  of  a  sheet  of  postage  stamp,  or 
other  strip  of  gummed  paper. 

(2)  Eye   Colour. 

In  judging  eye  colour,  first  fix  the  attention  on  the  amount  of  orange-brown 
pigment  in  the  iris.  If  there  be  no  orange-brown  pigment,  the  eye  is  (l)  Dark  Blue, 
(2)  Blue,  (3)  Light  Blue,  (4)  Light  Grey.  With  hardly  visible  amounts  of  the  orange- 
brown  pigment  we  have  next  (5)  Blue-green,  (G)  Dark  Grey,  (7)  Hazel.  Lastly, 
with  clearly  marked  orange-brown  pigment,  we  have  (8)  Light  Brown,  (9)  Brown, 
(10)  Dark  Brown,  (11)  Very  Dark  Brown,  (12)  "Black."  Samples  of  these  eye  types 
are  given  on  the  eye-colour  scale.  Look  at  the  eye  with  the  light  upon  it  from  a 
distance  of  about  1 8  inches  and  compare  it  with  the  scale.  If  the  eye  falls  between 
two  types  on  the  scale,  give  the  numbers  of  both  types  ;  if  it  agrees  fairly  well  with 
any  type,  give  the  number  of  that  single  type  only.  Thus  G — 7  would  mean  that  the 
eye  in  question  fell  between  6  and  7  of  the  scale,  but  7  would  signify  that  it  was 
closer  to  the  7  than  to  the  6  of  the  scale. 

(3)  Health. 

Place  a  cross  against  the  category  under  which  the  general  health  falls. 

(4)  Measurements  of  Hand. 

These  are  to  be  made  with  the  hand-spanner  which  will  be  found  in  the  box. 
All  the  readings  are  to  be  taken  to  the  nearest  mark  on  the  scale,  and  the  observer 
need  not  give  fractions  of  the  units  on  the  scale,  if  the  length  falls  between  two 
marks.  If  in  any  case  the  observer  finds  it  quite  impossible  to  determine  which  is 
the  nearer  mark,  then  give  both  units,  e.g.,  34 — 35. 


24 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


Fig.  (i). 


Self-measurement  of  the  left  hand  by  means  of  the  hand-spanner. 

(i)    Width  of  Wrist.     See  Figure  (i). 

Feel  for  and  satisfy  yourself  as  to  the  positions  of  the  bony  protuberances  on 
either  side  of  the  main  joint  of  the  wrist.  They 
are  the  sides  of  the  ends  of  the  two  bones  of 
the  forearm.  The  space  between  the  outer  sides 
of  these  has  to  be  measured  with  tbe  spanner. 
Hold  the  spanner  in  the  right  hand,  resting  its 
fixed  jaw  against  tbe  breast,  and  manipulate 
the  movable  jaw  with  the  spare  fingers  of  the 
right  hand.  Lay  the  left  wrist  back  upwards 
between  the  jaws  of  the  spanner,  so  that  the 
bony  protuberances  come  against  the  jaws. 
Close  the  jaws  with  gentle  pressure  and  clamp 
the  movable  jaw  with  the  clamping  nut  under- 
neath. Repeat  this  at  least  once,  and  if  time 
will  allow  twice,  taking  the  reading  each  time 
and  entering  it  on  the  schedule.  Do  not  be 
surprised  if  your  measurements  are  not  exactly 
the  same.  Only  suspect  something  is  wrong, 
difference  in  your  results.  If  this  be  so,  test  carefully  again.  Do  not  fill  in  column 
marked  "mean,"  but  leave  this  to  those  who  have  to  reduce  the  observations. 

(ii)    Width  of  Hand.     (Left  hand,   as  before.)     See  Figure  (ii). 

Feel  for  and  satisfy  yourself  as  to  the  positions  of  the  outer  sides  of  the  knuckles, 
the  one  side  being  formed  at  the  joint  at 
the  base  of  the  little  finger,  the  other  at 
that  of  the  forefinger.  The  hand  is  to  be 
placed  with  the  fingers  close  together,  with 
the  palm  upwards,  and  all  the  knuckles 
t muLiug  the  spanner.  Measure  the  width 
between  the  outer  sides  with  the  spanner 
held  with  the  fixed  jaw  against  the  breast 
and  the  scale  horizontally  upwards.  Bring 
the  movable  jaw  without  pressure  against 
the  knuckle  at  the  base  of  the  forefinger. 
Clamp  and  read  the  scale.  N.B. — Take 
care  to  make  two  or  three  trials. 


you 


find 


two  units 


MEASUIiF    OF    ItFSFMRLAXOE    OF    FIRST   COUSINS 


25 


(iii)   Length  of  First  Joint  of  Index  and  Little  Fingei 

See  Figure  (iii). 

Close  the  fist  (thumb  outside)  and 
thumb  uppermost  and  spanner  hori- 
zontal— the  lengths  from  knuckle  to 
first  joint  of  (a)  the  Index  Finger ; 
(b)  the  Little  Finger.  The  outside  of 
first  joint  is  put  against  the  tixed  jaw 
of  the  spanner,  and  the  movable  jaw 
is  brought  against  the  outside  of  the 
knuckle  with  gentle  pressure.  Clamp 
and  read  as  before,  making  two  or  three 
trials. 

All  the  measurements  should  be 
made  with  care.  The  above  instruc- 
tions are  intended  for  self-measurement, 
but  it  is  easy  for  one  observer  to  measure 
both  of  a  pair  of  cousins,  or  him  or  herself  and  then  the  cousin 


Fig.  (iii). 


VI. — In  case  of  any  difficulty,  please  apply  at  once  to  Professor  Karl  Pearson, 
University  College,  London,  W.C.  The  Box  and  papers  should  not  be  kept  longer 
than  a  month,  unless  the  observer  finds  it  possible  to  undertake  a  large  series  of 
cousins.  About  a  thousand  pairs  of  cousins  of  each  type,  10,000  in  all,  will  be 
required.  Hence  every  co-operator  will  appreciate  the  necessity  for  rapid  circulation 
of  the  boxes,  of  which  only  a  limited  number  can  be  provided.  • 

The  name  of  the  observer  and  address  should  always  be  given,  in  case  it  is 
necessary  to  ask  questions  as  to  any  special  measurement  or  observation.  The 
cousins,  if  it  be  preferred,  may  be  simply  denoted  by  the  initials  of  their  christian 
and  surnames,  as  these  will  suffice  for  the  observer  to  identify  them*. 


*  Spanners  and  schedules  are    still    (November,    1907)    being    issued, 
measurements  will  be  gratefully  accepted. 


id    help    in    further    cousin 


26 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


II.     SCHEDULE. 


Kindly  make  no  attempt  to  fill  this  Schedule  in  until  the  General  Instructions 
have  been  carefully  read  through. 

Hereditary  Resemblance  of  First  Cousins. 

Ages  between  18  and  45. 


Observer 
Name 


Number  in 
Observer's  Series 

Number  in 
whole  Series* 

*  Leave  this  space  blank. 


against  Sex  of  Cousin.) 


1     Male 

Female 

Male      Female 


Cousin  B. 


Type  of  Cousinship.     (Place  cross  against  type  in  right-hand  column. 


Male  Cousins 

(i)         A  and  B  are  sons  of  two  brothers 
(ii)        A  and  B  are  sons  of  two  sisters 

r  A  is  son  of  brother,  B  is  son  of  sister 
1  A  is  son  of  sister,  B  is  son  of  brother 

Female  Cousins 

(iv)       A  and  B  are  daughters  of  two  brothers 
(v)        A  and  B  are  daughters  of  two  sisters  .. . 

f  A  is  daughter  of  brother,  B  is  daughter  of  sister 
^Tl'    \  A  is  daughter  of  sister,  B  is  daughter  of  brother 

Male  and 
Female  Cousins 

f  A  is  daughter,  B  is  son  of  two  brothers 
^V11'    \  A  is  son,  B  is  daughter  of  two  brothers 

.     J  A  is  daughter,  B  is  sou  of  two  sisters 
\VU1'   [  A  is  son,  B  is  daughter  of  two  sisters 

f  A  is  daughter  of  a  brother,  B  is  son  of  a  sister 

^'X'    t  A  is  son  of  a  sister,  B  is  daughter  of  a  brother 

1  A  is  daughter  of  a  sister,  B  is  son  of  a  brother 

^X'     1  A  is  son  of  a  brother,  B  is  daughter  of  a  sister 

A's  measurements  are  already  given  on  Schedule  No. 


B's  measurements  are  already  given  on  Schedule  No. 


only  to  be  used  if  A  and  B  have  already  been  scheduled  for  other  pairs  of  cousinships, 


MEASURE    OF    RESEMBLANCE    OF    FIRST    COUSINS 


27 


(1)  Hair-Colour. 

Insert  number  of  nearest  tint  on  hair-colour  scale 

(2)  Eye-Colour. 

Insert  number  of  nearest  tint  on  eye-colour  scale 


A 

B 

A 

B 

(3)     Health. 

Place  a  cross  against  the  category 
which  seems  best  to  describe  A's 
general  health  and  a  second  in 
the  last  column  for  B's  health. 


(4)     Measurements  of  Left  Hand. 

To  be  made  with   the  hand-spanner  as  described  in  the  General  Instructions. 


A 

B 

Very  Robust 

Robust 

Normally  Healthy 

Rather  Delicate 

Delicate  ... 

Very  Delicate     ... 

Measurement 

A 

B 

1st 
Trial 

•2nd 
Trial 

3rd 

Trial 

Mean 

1st 
Trial 

•2nd 
Trial 

3rd 
Trial 

Mean* 

(i)     Width  of  Wrist        

(ii)     Width  of  Hand         

(iii)    Length  of  First  Joint,  Index  Finger 

(iv)    Length  of  First  Joint,  Little  Finger 

*  This  column  is  to  be  left  blank. 

To  ensure  accuracy  it  is  desirable  that  two  or  three  trials  should  be  made  of  these  measurements, 
if  they  are  not  taken  by  an  independent  observer  who  has  measured  already  a  considerable  number 
of  pairs. 

Kindly  return  this  Schedule  when  tilled  in  to  Professor  Karl  Pearson,  University  College, 
London,  W.C. 


APPENDIX    B. 

TABLES   OF   DATA. 

Health.     Male  Cousins. 

Table  I.     Type  A. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Very 
Robust 

Robust 

Normally 

Healthy 

Rather 
Delicate 

Delicate 

Totals 

Very  Robust 

" 

21 

5 

2 

3 

31 

a 

3 

Robust 

21 

64 

77 

5 

22 

189 

1 

Normally  Healthy 

5 

77 

206 

17 

79 

384 

1 

Rather  Delicate 

2 

5 

17 

- 

2 

26 

Delicate 

3 

22 

79 

2 

26 

132 

Totals 

31 

189 

384 

26 

132 

762 

Table  II.     Type  B. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Table  III.     Type  C. 

First  Male  Cousin 


V.  R. 

R. 

N.  H. 

R.  D. 

D. 

Totals 

o 
U 

1 
-a 
o 
1 

V.  R. 

R. 

N.  H. 

R.  D. 

D. 

Totals 

V.  R. 

30 

31 

28 

1 

5 

95 

V.  R. 

18 

52 

45 

2 

18 

135 

o 

R. 

31 

98 

77 

5 

2.3 

236 

R. 

52 

156 

136 

13 

28 

385 

1 

N.  H. 

28 

77 

196 

13 

35 

349 

N.  H. 

45 

136 

314 

15 

70 

580 

o 
02 

R.  D. 

1 

5 

13 

- 

2 

21 

R.  D. 

2 

13 

15 

4 

2 

36 

D. 

5 

25 

35 

2 

14 

81 

D. 

18 

28 

70 

2 

28 

146 

Totals 

95 

236 

349 

21 

81 

782 

Totals 

135 

385 

580 

36 

146 

1282 

MEASURE    OF    RESEMBLANCE    OF    FIRST    COUSINS 


29 


Health.     Female  (  Iousins 


Table  IV.     Type  />. 

First   Female  Cousin 


Table  V.     Type  E. 

First  Female  Cousin 


V.  B. 

B. 

N.H. 

B.  D. 

D. 

Totals 

15 

Second  Female  Cousin 

V.  B. 

B. 

N.H. 

B.  D. 

D. 

Totals 

V.  E. 

24 

7 

10 

- 

4 

V.  B. 

- 

(i 
46 

15 

- 

6 

27 

■5 

0 

c 

R. 

7 

44 

99 

5 

is 

203 

B. 

6 

60 

1 

14- 

127 

Is 

a 

X.  H. 

10 

99 

2  7 1' 

9 

127 

517 

N.H. 

15 

CO 

200 

4 

78 

357 

I 

B.  D. 

- 

5 

9 

8 

3 

25 

B.  D. 

- 

1 

4 

- 

- 

5 

D. 

4 

48 

127 

3 

74 

256 

D. 

6 

14 

78 

- 

22 

120 

Totals 

45 

203 

517 

25 

256 

1046 

Totals 

27 

127 

357 

5 

120 

636 

Table  VI.     Type  F. 


First   F 

-male 

Cousii 

V.  E. 

E. 

N.H. 

B.  D. 

D. 

Totals 

V.  E. 

8 

31 

22 

- 

14 

75 

1 

E. 

31 

66 

123 

1 

66 

287 

1 

N.H. 

22 

123 

354 

17 

136 

652 

— 
a 

z 

I 

X 

B.  D. 

- 

1 

17 

- 

2 

20 

D. 

14 

66 

136 

2 

58 

276 

Totals 

75 

287 

652 

20 

276 

1310 

30 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


Health.     Male  and  Female  Cousins. 


Table  VII.     Type  G. 

Male  Cousin 


Table  VIII.     Type  H. 

Male  Cousin 


V.  R. 

R. 

N.  H. 

R.  D. 

D. 

Totals 

3 

O 

a 

V.  R. 

R. 

N.  H. 
22 

R.  D. 

D. 

Totals 

V.  R. 

4 

20 

8 

12 
22 

5 

27 

82 


2 
29 
145 

37 

V.  R. 

18 

6 

- 

2 

48 

.s 

R. 

10 

66 

85 

200 

R. 

19 

52 

45 

2 

21 

130 

o 

o 

"3 

N.  H. 

15 

86 

231 

436 

N.H. 

27 

63 

163 

14 

58 

325 

b 

R.  D. 

- 

7 

10 

21 
190 
884 

R.  D. 

1 

3 

4 

- 

1 

9 

D. 

10 

57 

92 

2 

D. 

16 

31 

84 

1 

33 

165 

Totals 

39 

236 

126 

38 

Totals 

SI 

155 

318 

17 

106 

677 

Table  IX.     Type  I. 

Male  Cousin 


Table  X.     Type  K. 

Male  Cousin 


V.  R. 

R. 

N.H. 

R.  D. 

D. 

Totals 

a 
o 
O 

c 

V.  R. 

R. 

N.H. 

R.  D. 

D. 

Totals 

V.  R. 

8 

8 

13 

- 

6 

35 

V.  R. 

14 

13 

9 

- 

5 

41 

p 

R. 

18 

55 

67 

0 

26 

168 

R. 

25 

46 

41 

2 

16 

130 

o 
O 

N.H. 

17 

82 

217 

13 

38 

367 

N.H. 

11 

95 

219 

18 

47 

390 

i 

R.  D. 

- 

4 

9 

4 

1 

18 

R.  D. 

- 

- 

5 

2 

- 

' 

D. 

7 

33 

55 

2 

18 

115 

D. 

17 

34 

81 

1 

24 

157 

Totals 

50 

182 

361 

21 

89 

703 

Totals 

67 

188 

355 

23 

92 

725 

MEASURE   OF   RESEMBLANCE   OF    FIRST   COUSINS 


31 


Intelligence.     Male  Cousins. 


Table  XL     Type  A. 

First  Male  Cousin 


F&E2 

E 

E,  &  D 

C,B*A 

Totals 

r  &  E, 

14 

42 

36 

5 

97 

E 

42 

208 

:,:, 

14 

319 

E,  AD 

36 

55 

L08 

20 

219 

C.B&A 

5 

14 

20 

18 

57 

Totals 

97 

319 

219 

57 

692 

Table  XII.     Type  B. 

First  Male  Cousin 


F&ES 

E 

Ej  &D 

C,B&A 

Totals 

F  &E„ 

26 

47 

31 

3 

107 

E 

17        246 

57 

23 

373 

E,  &  D 

31 

57 

54 

19 

161 

C.B&A 

3 

23 

19 

6 

51 

Totals 

107 

373 

161 

51 

692 

Table  XIII.     Type  C. 

First  Male  Cousin 


F&E2 

E 

E,  &D 

C.B&A 

Totals 

-. 

F  &  E, 

26 

87 

40 

8 

161 

3 

E 

87 

448 

147 

26 

708 

E,  &D 

40 

147 

118 

30 

335 

X 

C.BcfcA 

8 

26 

30 

30 

94 

Totals 

16] 

708 

335 

94 

1298 

32 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


Intelligence.     Female  Cousins. 


Table  XIV.     Type  D. 

First  Female  Cousin 


F&E2 

E 

Ej&D 

C.B&A 

Totals 

•1 

F&E, 

6 

23 

29 

1 

59 

o 

E 

23 

336 

133 

14 

506 

"c« 

£ 

e,*d 

29 

133 

198 

37 

397 

T3 

C.B&A 

1 

14 

37 

8 

60 

Totals 

59 

506 

397 

60 

1022 

Table  XV.     Type  E. 

First  Female  Cousin 


F&E2 

E 

Ej  &  D 

C.B&A 

Totals 

F  &  E.: 

8 

9 

17 

1 

35 

E 

9 

262 

97 

22 

390 

E,  &D 

17 

97 

56 

10 

180 

C,B&A 

1 

22 

10 

18 

51 

Totals 

35 

390 

180 

51 

656 

Table  XVI.     Type  F. 

First  Female  Cousin 


F  &  E., 

E 

Ej&D 

C.B4A 

Totals 

F&E, 

8 

37 

15 

4 

64 

E 

37 

606 

155 

21 

819 

El(fcD 

15 

155 

160 

24 

354 

C.B&A 

4 

21 

24 

8 

57 

Totals 

64 

819 

354 

57 

1294 

MEASURE   OF    RESEMBLANCE   OF    FIIiST   COUSINS 


33 


Intelligence.     Male  and  Female  Cousins. 


Table  XVII.     Type  G. 

Male  Cousin 


F&E. 

E 

E,  &  D 

C,B<S  \ 

Totals 

F&E, 

11 

30 

15 

56 

B 

3 
0 

E 

09 

266 

60 

31 

429 

"5 

= 

fa 

E,  ct  D 

63 

93 

124 

50 

330 

C.B&A 

•2 

12 

21 

13 

48 

Totals 

1  15 

401 

220 

97 

s.;:; 

Table  XVIII.     Type  II. 

Male  Cousin 


1    A    Es 

E 

Bj  .v-  D 

CB&A 

Totals 

P  &  )•:, 

13 

46 

12 

2 

73 

c 

3 
O 

O 

E 

29 

279 

74 

20 

102 

S 

E,  &  D 

25 

107 

50 

5 

187 

C.B&A 

4 

6 

10 

7 

27 

Totals 

71 

438 

146 

34 

689 

Table  XIX.     Type  I. 

Male  Cousin 


F  &  Ea 

E 

E,  &  DC,  BAA 

Totals 

F  &  E, 

9 

23 

13     '       5 

50 

c 

3 

s 

E 

55 

285 

67          17 

424 

1 
fa 

E1  &T> 

22 

60 

77            9 

168 

C.B&A 

4 

14 

12          13 

43 

Totals 

90 

382 

169          14 

685 

Table  XX.      Type  A". 

Male  Cousin 


FAE. 

E 

E,  &  D 

CB&A 

Totals 

F  &  E, 

17 

23 

9 

1 

50 

1 

E 

34 

334 

93 

19 

480 

"3 
fa 

E,  &  D 

12 

67 

70 

13 

162 

c.b&a 

6 

11 

8 

4 

29 

Totals 

69 

435 

180 

37 

721 

34 


ETHEL   M.   ELDERTON 


Success.     Male  CousrNS. 
Table  XXI.     Type  A. 

First  Male  Cousiu 


Marked  & 

Prosperous 

Average 

Difficult 

Failure 

Totals 

Marked  & 
Prosperous 

39 

102-25 

27-75 

15 

184 

Average 

102-25 

196-5 

40-25 

16 

355 

Difficult 

27-75 

40-25 

28 

6 

102 

Failure 

15 

16 

6 

10 

47 

Totals 

184 

355 

102 

47 

688 

Table  XXII.     Type  B. 

First  Male  Cousin 


M.  &  P. 

A. 

D. 

F. 

Totals 

■1 

M.  &  P. 

90 

96 

35 

14-5 

235-5 

0 

8 

0> 

A. 

96 

139 

47-5 

14-5 

297 

1 
£ 

D. 

35 

47-5 

22 

7 

111-5 

F. 

14-5 

14-5 

7 

, 

44 

Totals 

235-5 

297 

111-5 

44 

688 

Table  XXIII.     Type  C. 

First  Male  Cousin 


M.  &  P. 

A. 

D. 

F. 

Totals 

a 

M.  &P. 

79 

147-75 

47-25 

26 

300 

o 
O 

A. 

147-75 

272 

80-75 

24 

524-5 

D. 

47-25 

Si  1-75 

51-5 

6 

185-5 

1 

F. 

26 

24 

6 

10 

66 

Totals 

300 

524-5 

185-5 

66 

1076 

MEASURE   OF    RESEMBLANCE   OF    FIIIKT   COUSINS 


35 


SrccKss.      Female  ( 'oi  sins. 


Table  XXIV.      Typi    />. 
First    Female  I  lonsin 


M.A  P. 

A. 

D. 

F. 

roi  ii 

M.A  P. 

21 

5975 

6-25 

- 

87 

A. 

59-75 

450-5 

30-25 

8 

548-5 

D. 

6-25 

30-25 

- 

- 

36-5 

F. 

- 

8 

- 

- 

8 

Totals 

87 

548-5 

36-5 

8 

680 

I  \i;i.k  \\\        Type   I: 
Firsi    Female  Cousin 


Table  XXVI.     Type  F. 

First  Female  Cousin 


M.AP. 

A. 

D. 

F. 

Totals 

M.  &  V. 

64 

94 

6-5 

12 

176-5 

A. 

94 

604-5 

33-5 

4 

736 

D. 

6-5 

33-5 

5-5 

- 

45-5 

F. 

12 

4 

- 

16 

Totals 

176-5 

736 

45-5 

16 

974 

36 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


Success.     Male  and  Female  Cousins. 


Table  XXVII.     Type  G. 

Male  Cousin 


M.  &  P. 

A. 

D. 

F. 

Totals 

M.  &  P. 

20 

32-25 

23-75 

17 

93 

a 

A. 

104-5 

224-75 

83-75 

43 

456 

a 

D. 

6-5 

21 

8-5 

4 

40 

F. 

4 

1 

- 

- 

5 

Totals 

135 

279 

116 

64 

594 

Table  XXVIII.     Type  H. 

Male  Cousin 


M.  &  P. 

A. 

D. 

F. 

Totals 

M.  d-  P. 

23-5 

24-5 

5 

11 

64 

A. 

78-75 

1 18-75 

44 

10 

281-5 

D. 

6-25 

21-25 

24 

6 

57-5 

F. 

5 

6 

1 

2 

14 

Totals 

113-5 

200-5 

74 

29 

417 

Table  XXIX.     Type  I. 

Male  Cousin 


M.&P. 

A. 

D. 

F. 

Totals 

M.&P. 

20-5 

35-5 

31-5 

9 

96-5 

A. 

91-75 

228-25 

54-5 

9 

383-5 

D. 

8-75 

9-25 

5 

- 

23 

F. 

1 

- 

- 

- 

1 

Totals 

122 

273 

91 

18 

504 

Table  XXX.     Type  K. 

Male  Cousin 


M.  &  P. 

A. 

D. 

F. 

Totals 

M.  A  P. 

38 

24-75 

12-75 

9-5 

85 

1 

A. 

80-75 

191-75 

75 

17 

364-5 

1 

D. 

5-75 

7-5 

5-75 

1-5 

20-5 

F. 

3 

2 

4 

•2 

11 

Totals 

127-5 

•226 

97-5 

30 

481 

MEASURE    OF    KFSEMBLANCF    OF    FIRST   COUSINS 


37 


Temper.     Male  (  Iousinj 


Table  XXXF      Type  A. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Even 

Quick 

Sullen 

Weak 

Totals 

a 

Even 

239 

68 

28-5 

20-5 

356 

o 
O 

Quick 

68 

65 

1625 

12-75 

162 

a 
- 

Sullen 

28-5 

16-25 

c,.-. 

375 

55 

oa 

Weak 

20-5 

1H-7--. 

3-75 

4 

41 

Totals 

356 

162 

55 

41 

614 

Table  XXXI 1.      Type   11. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Even 

Quick 

Sullen 

Weak 

Totals 

_ 

Even 

202 

84-5 

17-5 

17-5 

321-5 

0 

O 

Quick 

84-5 

■_".i 

9-5 

7-5 

130-5 

C 

8 

V. 

Sullen 

17-5 

9-5 

- 

5 

32 

Weak 

17-5 

7-5 

5 

2 

32 

Totals 

321-5 

130-5 

32 

32 

516 

Table  XXXIII.     Type  C. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Even 

Quick 

Sullen 

Weak 

Totals 

Even 

419-5 

179 

43-5 

24 

666 

Quick 

179 

96-5 

22 

17 

314-5 

Sullen 

13-5 

22 

11 

8-5 

85 

Weak 

24 

17 

8-5 

5 

54-5 

Totals 

666 

314-5 

85 

54-5 

1120 

38 


ETHEL  M.    ELDERTON 


Temper.     Female  Cousins. 


Table  XXXIV.      Type  D. 

First    Female  Cousin 


Even 

Quick 

Sullen 

Weak 

Totals 

•i 

Even 

361 

118-25 

61-25 

18-5 

559 

o 
Q 

Quick 

118-25 

77-5 

27-75 

8-5 

232 

Sullen 

61-25 

27-75 

10 

5-5 

104-5 

as 

Weak 

18-5 

S-5 

5-5 

- 

32-5 

Totals 

559 

232 

104-5 

32-5 

928 

Table  XXXV.     Type  E. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Even 

Quick 

Sullen 

Weak 

Totals 

Even 

269-5 

75-5 

16-5 

6 

367-5 

Quick 

75-5 

64-5 

7-5 

4 

151-5 

Sullen 

16-5 

7-5 

3 

27 

Weak 

6 

4 

- 

10 

Totals 

367-5 

151-5 

27 

10 

556 

Table  XXXVI.     Type  F. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Even 

Quick 

Sullen 

Weak 

Totals 

.£ 

Even 

545-0 

194-5 

49-5 

11-5 

801 

6 

Quick 

194-5 

116-5 

22 

6-5 

339-5 

5 

Sullen 

49-5 

22 

4 

6 

81-5 

o 

1 

Weak 

11-5 

6-5 

6 

- 

24 

Totals 

801 

339-5 

81-5 

24 

1246 

MEASURE   OF  RESEMBLANCE   OF    FIRST   COUSINS 


39 


Temper.     Male  and  Female  Cousins. 
Table  XXXVII.     Type  G.  Table  XXXVIII.     Type  II. 


Male    ( 

ousin 

Even 

Quick 

Sullen 

Weak 

Totals 

Even 

265-5 

98-5 

500 

23 

137 

s 

6 

Quick 

104  23 

72-25 

•29-0 

19 

•224-5 

"3 
= 

Sullen 

33 

8-5 

9-5 

2 

53 

Weak 

12-75 

6-75 

3 

7 

29-5 

Totals 

415-5 

186 

91-5 

« 

744 

Male  C 

ousin 

Even 

Quick 

•Sullen 

Weak 

Totals 

Even 

206-5 

74 

25-5 

25-5 

33 1  -5 

o 
O 

Quick 

89 

49 

26 

7-5 

171-5 

ta 

Sullen 

13-5 

6-5 

6 

1 

27 

Weak 

■2 

1 

- 

5 

8 

Totals 

311 

130-5 

57-5 

39 

538 

Table  XXXIX.      Type  I. 

Male  Cousin 


Even 

Quick 

Sullen 

Weak 

Totals 

Even 

230 

78 

21 

11-5 

340-5 

o 
O 

Quick 

108-25 

64-75 

21 

9-5 

203-5 

X 

Sullen 

1  1-25 

10-75 

4 

2 

31 

Weak 

6 

5 

- 

- 

11 

Totals 

358-5 

158-5 

46 

23 

586 

Table  XI,      Type  K. 

Male   Cousin 


Even 

Quick 

Sullen 

Weak 

Totals 

Even 

2735 

65-25 

20-75 

12 

371-5 

a 

o 
O 

Quick 

100-25 

61-25 

11 

14-5 

187 

S 

Sullen 

14-25 

14:5 

5-25 

3-5 

37-5 

Weak 

10 

3 

1 

2 

16 

Totals 

398 

1  11 

38 

32 

612 

40 


ETHEL    M.    ELDERTON 


Temperament — Reserved  or  Expressive.     Male  Cousins. 
Table  XLI.     Type  A.  Table  XLII.     Type  B. 


First   Male   Cousin 


Reserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 

» 
o 
O 

1 

Reserved 

100 

47 

46 

193 

Betwixt 

47 

58 

31 

136 

1 

Expressive 

46 

31 

68 

145 

Totals 

193 

136 

145 

474 

First  Male  Cousin 


Reserved    Betwixt 

Expressive    Totals 

Reserved 

32 

44 

62 

138 

_0> 

1 

Betwixt 

44 

64            27 

135 

Expressive 

62 

27            50 

139 

Totals 

138 

135          139 

412 

Table  XLII1.     Type  C. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Reserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 

Reserved 

202 

105 

107 

414 

Betwixt 

105 

108 

68 

281 

Expressive 

107 

68 

112 

287 

Totals 

414 

281 

287 

982 

MEASURE    OF    RESEMBLANCE   OF    FIRST   CoUSlXS 


41 


Temperament — Reserved  or  Expressive.     Female  Cousins. 


Table  XLIV.     Type  D. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Table  XLV.     Type  E. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Reserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 

1 

<D 

-c 

1 

Reserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 

s 
•S3 

1 

Reserved 

94 

83 

100 

277 

Reserved 

32 

34 

53 

119 

1 

Betwixt 

83 

110 

62 

255 

Betwixt 

34 

74 

50 

158 

a 
o 
a 

Expressive 

100 

62 

122 

284 

Expressive 

53 

50 

134 

237 

Totals 

277 

255 

284 

816 

Totals 

119 

158 

237 

514 

Table  XLVI.     Type  F. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Reserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 

o 
O 

Reserved 

86 

111 

117 

314 

1=5 

Betwixt 

111 

120 

110 

341 

o 
a; 
02 

Expressive 

117 

110 

240 

467 

Totals 

314 

341 

467 

1122 

42 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


Temperament — Reserved  or  Expressive.     Male  and  Female  Cousins. 


Table  XL VII.     Type  G 

Male  Cousin 


Reserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 

a 

Reserved 

87 

50 

53 

190 

3 

Eetwixt 

57 

87 

41 

185 

& 

Expn  ssive 

106 

47 

96 

249 

Totals 

250 

184 

190 

624 

Table  XLVIII.     Type  H. 

Male  Cousin 


Reserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 

.2 

Ki-rni'd 

26 

26 

27 

79 

o 

a 

_2 

Betwixt 

72 

69 

33 

174 

£ 

Expressive 

105 

31 

89 

225 

Totals 

203 

126 

149 

478 

Table  XLIX.     Type  I. 

Male  Cousin 


Table  L.     Type  K. 

Male  Cousin 


Reserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 

5 
O 

1 

Reserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 

Reserved 

77 

35 

35 

147 

Reserved 

63 

59 

25 

147 

Betwixt 

64 

36 

61 

161 

Betwixt 

70 

72 

45 

187 

Expressive 

100 

29 

105 

234 

Expressive 

71 

27 

83 

181 

Totals 

241 

100 

201 

542 

Totals 

204 

158 

153 

515 

MKASrKK    OF    liFSFMIUAXOF    OF    FIliST    COUSINS 


l:: 


Temperament — Reserved  or  Expressive.     Cousins.     All  Types. 
Table  LI.     Male  Cousins. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Reserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 
71-") 

Reserved 

334 

196 

2  1  5 

Betwixt 

196 

■230 

126 

552 

Expressive 

215 

126 

230 

571 

Totals 

745 

552 

571 

L868 

Table  LII.     Female  Cousins. 

First   Female  Cousin 


Keserved 

Betwixt 

Expressive 

Totals 

Reserved 

212 

228 

270 

710 

Betwixt 

228 

304 

222 

754 

Expressive 

270 

222 

496 

988 

Totals 

710 

754 

988 

2452 

Table  LII  I.     Male  and  Female  Cousins. 

Male  Cousin 


1  Reserved 

Betwixt  Expressive 

Totals 

a 

Reserved 

253 

170 

140 

563 

o 
O 

<E 

Betwixt 

263 

264 

180 

707 

id 

Expressive 

382 

134 

373 

889 

Totals 

898 

568 

693 

2159 

41 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


Temperament — Sympathetic  or  Callous.     Male  Cousins. 


Table  LIV.     Type  A. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Table  LV.     Type  B. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

o 
O 

Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

Syrnp. 

91 

28 

■2 

121 

Symp. 

67 

33 

9 

109 

Betwixt 

35 

36 

5 

76 

"3 

3 

Betwixt 

24 

49 

5 

78 

Callous 

31 

15 

2 

48 

o 
0Q 

Callous 

6 

7 

10 

23 

Totals 

157 

79 

9 

245 

Totals 

97 

89 

24 

210 

Table  LVI.     Type  C. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

Symp. 

170 

67 

18 

255 

Betwixt 

74 

84 

19 

177 

Callous 

39 

20 

2 

61 

Totals 

283 

171 

39 

493 

MEASURE    OF    RESEMBLANCE    <  >F    MUST    COUSINS 


15 


Temperament — Sympathetic  or  Callous.     Female  Cousins. 


Table  LVII.     Type  D. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

Syrup. 

133 

59 

11 

203 

Betwixt 

102 

61 

8 

171 

Callous 

30 

12 

2 

44 

Totals 

265 

132 

21 

418 

Table  LVIII.     Typt   K. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

1 

Symp. 

151 

40 

7 

198 

o 

~ 

Betwixt 

26 

27 

1 

54 

r* 

5 

s 

Callous 

15 

7 

7 

29 

xn 

Totals 

192 

74 

15 

281 

Table  LIX.     Type  F. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

o 
O 

Symp.  !   321 

82 

14 

417 

Betwixt 

53 

46 

6 

105 

a 

o 

1 

Callous 

25 

11 

4 

40 

Totals 

399 

139 

24 

562 

46 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


Temperament — Sympathetic  or  Callous.     Male  and  Female  Cousins. 


Table  LX.     Type  G. 

Male  Cousin 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

Symp. 

257 

113 

- 

412 

Betwixt 

85 

87 

25 

197 

Callous 

28 

9 

2 

39 

Totals 

370 

209 

69 

648 

Table  LXI.     Type  H. 

Male  Cousin 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

Symp. 

205 

91 

15 

311 

"3 

c 

Betwixt 

41 

92 

12 

145 

3 

b 

Ph 

Callous 

13 

4 

12 

29 

Totals 

259 

187 

39 

485 

Table  LXII.     Type  I. 

Male  Cousin 


Table  LXIII.     Type  K. 

Male  Cousin 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

o 
O 

f2 

Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

.3 

Symp. 

293 

66 

43 

402 

Symp. 

225 

100 

33 

358 

o 
O 

Betwixt 

50 

53 

16 

119 

Betwixt 

70 

67 

9 

146 

Callous 

11 

8 

3 

22 

Callous 

14 

5 

1 

20 

Totals 

354 

127 

62 

543 

Totals 

309 

172 

43 

524 

MEASURE   OF    RESEMBLANCE  OF  FIRST  COUSINS 

Temperament — Sympathetic  oe  Callous.     Cousins.     All  Types. 
Table  LXIV.     Male  Cousins. 

First   Male  Cousin 


17 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Tola], 

Symp. 

656 

261 

105 

1022 

Betwixt 

261 

338 

71 

670 

Callous 

105 

71 

28 

204 

Totals 

1022      670 

204 

1896 

Table  LXV.     Female  Cousins. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

Symp. 

1210 

362 

102 

1674 

Betwixt 

362 

268 

45 

675 

Callous 

102 

45 

26 

173 

Totals 

1674 

r,::, 

173 

2522 

Table  LXVI.     Male  and  Female  Cousins. 

Male  Cousin 


Symp. 

Betwixt 

Callous 

Totals 

a 

Symp. 

980 

370 

133 

1  183 

o 
O 

Betwixt 

24G 

299 

02 

607 

3 

Callous 

66 

26 

18 

110 

Totals 

1292 

695 

213 

2200 

48 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


Temperament — Excitable  or  Calm.     Male  Cousins. 


Table  LXVII.     Type  A. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Table  LXVIII.     Type  B. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

o 
O 

"3 
1 

Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

o 
1 

Excit. 

48 

21 

60 

129 

Excit. 

40 

18 

42 

100 

Betwixt 

21 

68 

41 

130 

Betwixt 

18 

90 

34 

142 

o 

1 

Calm 

60 

41 

126 

227 

Calm 

42 

34 

94 

170 

Totals 

129 

130 

227 

486 

Totals 

100 

142 

170 

412 

Table  LXIX.     Type  C. 


First  Male  Cousin 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

o 
O 

1 

Excit. 

78 

56 

122 

256 

Betwixt 

56 

166 

93 

315 

CO 

Calm 

122 

93 

224 

439 

Totals 

256 

315 

439 

1010 

MEASURE   OF   RESEMBLANCE   OF    FIRST   COUSINS 


i:» 


Temperament  -Excitable  ob  Calm.     Female  Cousins. 


Table  LXX.     Type  D. 

First    Female  Cousin 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

= 

6 

Excit. 

58 

30 

110 

198 

Betwixt 

30 

70 

99 

199 

8 

Calm 

110 

99 

226 

435 

Totals 

198 

199 

435 

832 

Table  LXXI.     Type   E. 

First   Female  Cousin 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm      Totals 

Excit. 

70 

37 

73         180 

Betwixt 

37 

36 

47         120 

Calm 

73 

47 

82 

202 

Totals 

180 

120 

202 

502 

Table  LXXII.     Type  F. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

I 

= 
fa 

— 

a 
I 

Excit. 

136 

54 

163 

353 

Betwixt 

54 

110 

76 

240 

Calm 

163 

76 

322 

561 

Totals 

353 

240 

561 

1154 

50 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


Temperament — Excitable  or  Calm.     Male  and  Female  Cousins. 


Table  LXXIII.     Type  G. 

Male  Cousin 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

Excit. 

45 

39 

81 

165 

•- 

b 

Betwixt 

12 

70 

54 

136 

- 

H 

£ 

Calm 

47 

82 

1G3 

292 

Totals 

104 

191 

298 

593 

Table  LXXIV.     Type  If. 

Male  Cousin 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

Excit. 

48 

26 

76 

150 

"53 

o 

Betwixt 

31 

87 

66 

184 

~3 

£ 

Calm 

42 

31 

70 

143 

Totals 

121 

144 

212 

477 

Table  LXXV.     Type  I. 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

Excit. 

66 

27 

115 

208 

Betwixt 

23 

42 

49 

114 

Calm 

51 

41 

135 

227 

Totals 

140 

110 

299 

549 

Table  LXXVI.     Type  K. 

Male  Cousin 


Exeit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

Excit. 

44 

21 

87 

152 

Betwixt 

18 

65 

32 

115 

Calm 

60 

50 

152 

262 

Totals 

122 

136 

271 

529 

MKASIIJK    OF    IIESKMBLANCE    OK    FIRST    COI'SINS 


51 


Temperament — Excitable  oe  Calm.     Cousins.     All  Types. 
Table  LXXVII.     Male  Cousins. 

First    Male   Cousin 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

a 
1 

Exoit. 

166 

95 

221 

485 

Betwixt 

95 

324 

168 

587 

c 
q 
I 

Calm 

•J24 

168 

444 

836 

Totals 

is:, 

587 

836 

1908 

Table  LX  XVIII.     Female  Cousins. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

Excit. 

264 

121 

346 

731 

Betwixt 

121 

216 

222 

559 

Calm 

346 

222 

630 

1198 

Totals 

731 

559 

1198 

2488 

Table  LXXIX.     Male  and  Female  Cousins. 

Male  Cousin 


Excit. 

Betwixt 

Calm 

Totals 

_g 

Excit. 

203 

113 

359 

675 

3 

o 

Betwixt 

84 

264 

201 

549 

£ 

Calm 

200 

204 

520 

924 

Totals 

487 

581 

1080 

2148 

52 


ETHEL   M.    ELDERTON 


PlGMENT-ATK  >X    CHARACTERS. 

Table  LXXX.     Eye   Colour,  Female  Cousins. 

First   Female   Cousin 


Tints 

Pure  Blue 

Blue  Orange 

Pure  Grey 

Grey  Orange 

Hazel  Green 

Hazel  Brown 

Brown 

Totals 

c 

Pure  Blue 

9 

1-5 

8 

2-5 

4-5 

2-5 

4-5 

32-5 

o 

Blue  Orange 

1-5 

6 

7 

9 

3-5 

3-5 

8-5 

39 

(J 

Pure  Grey 

8 

7 

4 

5 

1 

2 

1-5 

28-5 

2 

Grey  Orange 

2-5 

9 

5 

6 

1 

6 

2 

31-5 

Ph 

Hazel  Green 

4-5 

3-5 

1 

1 

1-5 

4-5 

3 

19 

"3 

Hazel  Brown 

•2-5 

3-5 

2 

6 

4-5 

8-5 

5-5 

325 

tc 

Brown 

4-5 

8-5 

1-5 

2 

3 

5-5 

10 

35 

Totals 

32-5 

39 

28-5 

31-5 

19 

32-5 

35 

218 

Table  LXXXI.     Hair  Colour,  Female   Cousins. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Tints 

Very  Dark 

Park  Brown 

Brown 

Light  Brown 

Fair 

Red 

Totals 

-3 

Very  Dark 

9 

11 

3-5 

11 

1-5 



36 

o 
O 

Dark  Brown 

11 

13 

12 

10 

9 

1 

56 

•% 

Brown 

3-5 

12 

8 

9-75 

3-25 

3 

39-5 

ti 

Light  Brown 

11 

10 

9-75 

16-5 

9-25 

1 

57-5 

a 

O 

Fair 

1-5 

9 

3-25 

9-25 

1 

— 

24 

Red 



1 

3 

1 

_ 

_ 

5 

Totals 

36 

56 

39-5 

57-5 

24 

5 

218 

M.KASU11K    OF    RESKMBLANOF    OF    FIRST    COUSINS 


53 


Pathological  Characters. 


Table  LXXXII.      Tuberculosis. 

First  Male  Cousin 


Tuberculous 

Non-tuberoulous 

Totals 

Tuberculous 
Non-tuberculous 

18 
188 

L88 
2596 

206 
2784 

Totals 

206 

2784 

2990 

Table  LXXXII  1.     Insanity*. 

First  Mala  Cousin 


Insane 

Sane 

Totals 

Insane 
Sane 

38 
221 

221 
2510 

259 

2731 

Totals 

259 

2731 

2990 

Table  LXXXIV.      Tuberculosis. 

First  Female  Cousin 


Tuberculous 

Non-tuberculous 

Totals 

Tuberculous 
Non-tuberculous 

20 

185 

185 
2S52 

205 
3037 

Totals 

205 

3037 

3242 

Table  LXXXV.     Insanity*. 

First  Female  Cousin 


.5 

5 
O 

Insane 

Sane 

Totals 

Insane 
Sane 

6 
124 

124 
2996 

130 
3120 

0 

Totals 

130 

3120 

3250 

Table  LXXXVI.      Tuberculosis. 

Male  Cousin 


Tuberculous 

Non-tuberculous 

Totals 

Tuberculous 
Non-tuberculous 

20 
237 

148 
2698 

168 

2935 

Totals 

257 

2846 

3103 

Table  LXXXVII.     Insanity- 

Male  Cousin 


Insane 

Sane 

Totals 

Insane 
Sane 

12 
187 

128 
2791 

140 

2978 

Totals              199            2919 

3118 

Includes  marked  neuroses,  alcoholism  and   hysteria 


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