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L161 H41
ORCHIDS OF PERU
Photograph by Louis O. Williams
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
A Continuation of the
BOTANICAL SERIES
of
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME 30
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
1958-1961
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-10546
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS
BIOLOGY
o
I
ORCHIDS OF PERU
^
*JJ
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
APRIL 9, 1958
ORCHIDS OF PERU
ORCHIDS OF PERU
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
Research Fellow, Ames Orchid Herbarium
Botanical Museum of Harvard University
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 1
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
APRIL 9, 1958
THE LiBKAHY Or I;.-
r\DD '? - "" ~ ^
Mr i\ t* -j tcoo
PRINTED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OF
The Frederick R. and Abby K. Babcock Fund
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-105^6
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS
CONTENTS
Genera Included in Volume 30, Number 1
PAGE PAGE
17 Pseudocentrum 106
21 Pterichis 107
36 Cranichis 110
39 Baskervilla 117
42 Ponthieva 118
44 Buchtienia 127
47 Spiranthes 128
68 Erythrodes 150
Wullschlaegelia 78 Stelis 163
Gomphichis 78 Physosiphon 222
Stenoptera 84 Cryptophoranthus 223
Altensteinia 92 Masdevallia 224
Prescottia. . 104 Lepanthes 248
Phragmipedium
Habenaria
Chloraea
Pogonia
Vanilla
Epistephium . . .
Elleanthus
Sobralia . .
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Map of Peru 3
TEXT FIGURES
1. Phragmipedium caudatum 20
2. Habenaria parvicalcarata, H. pumiloides, H. avicula var. peruviana
and H. dentifera 25
3. Habenaria repens 35
4. Chloraea densipapillosa 37
5. Chloraea multilineolata 37
6. Pogonia Vargasii 41
7. Elleanthus capitatus 54
8. Gomphichis Macbridei 82
9. Stenoptera ciliaris 87
10. Stenoptera laxiflora 89
11. Stenoptera montana 90
12. Altensteinia elliptica 95
13. Altensteinia longispicata 99
14. Cranichis longipetiolata 114
15. Ponthieva bicornuta 120
16. Ponthieva lilacina, P. similis 123
17. Spiranthes costaricensis 133
18. Spiranthes curvicalcarata, S. pumila 135
19. Spiranthes elata 137
20. Spiranthes orchioides t 143
21. Erythrodes marmorata, E. lobatocalcar 155
22. Erythrodes multifoliata 158
23. Erythrodes querceticola 161
24. Stelis affinis 172
25. Stelis ascensor 175
26. Stelis breviracema 177
27. Stelis concaviflora, S. grandibracteata 181
28. Stelis curvicarina 183
29. Stelis diffusa, S. minuta 185
30. Stelis dupliciformis 188
vii
PAGE
31. Stelis Endresii 189
32. Stelis gracilispica 195
33. Stelis leucopogon 200
34. Stelis punoensis 208
35. Stelis rhombilabia 212
36. Stelis triangulisepala 218
37. Stelis uninervia 221
38. Masdevallia grandiflora 235
39. Masdevallia pandurilabia 241
40. Masdevallia Vargasii 246
41. Lepanthes caudatisepala 251
42. Lepanthes longipedicellata 253
43. Lepanthes minutipetala 256
44. Lepanthes pubicaulis 257
45. Lepanthes pumila, L. alticola 259
via
Orchids of Peru
INTRODUCTION
This treatment of the orchids of Peru was prepared in the Orchid
Herbarium of Oakes Ames, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, at the
suggestion of J. Francis Macbride of the staff of the then Field
Museum of Natural History, as a part of his comprehensive Flora
of Peru. It constitutes the first attempt at a detailed description
of the orchids of any Andean region, and, as such, will necessarily
show the limitations and shortcomings of any pioneer work. Except
for the neighboring Republic of Colombia, Peru has the greatest
number of orchid species recorded from any Andean country.
It is needless to mention anything about the varied phyto-
geography of Peru, for this has been adequately covered by the
detailed publications of A. Weberbauer extending from 1911 to 1930
and particularly by the account given by him in the Flora of Peru
(Field Mus. Nat. Hist., Bot. Ser., 13, pt. 1: 13-81. 1936).
Since the last part of the eighteenth century, when Ruiz and
Pavon published the results of their explorations (in Florae Peru-
vianae et Chilensis Prodromus, 1794-1802, and Sy sterna Vegetabilium
Florae Peruvianae et Chilensis, 1798), there have been numerous
collecting expeditions to Peru and adjacent regions, but no compre-
hensive flora of that country had been attempted for over 130 years.
In 1936, the first part of Macbride's monumental work appeared.
To be sure, numerous Peruvian species, including orchids, were
published from time to time together with those of neighboring
regions in Presl, Reliquiae Haenkeanae (1827), in Humboldt,
Bonpland and Kunth, Nova Genera et Species Plantarum (1815-16),
and especially in Poeppig and Endlicher, Nova Genera ac Species
Plantarum (1835-38). These were usually accompanied by line
drawings of a more or less inaccurate and misleading nature, but
they were often amplified by the more clear-cut descriptions of
A. Cogniaux in K. von Martius, Flora Brasiliensis (1893-1906).
The elaborate descriptions by Professor Oakes Ames and Dr. D. S.
Correll and the accompanying plates in the Orchids of Guatemala
2 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
(1952-53) have been of frequent assistance in the interpretation of
the Peruvian material.
It may be of interest to refer to the recent botanical explorations
in Peru, for we are indebted to sundry collectors who have dis-
covered many orchids that have proved to be new to science.
The first recent botanical expedition to Peru, under the auspices
of Marshall Field, was made by Macbride, assisted by the young
student William Featherstone, in 1922. The initial trip of six
months was an attempt to visit the areas of central Peru which had
been botanized by Ruiz and Pavon. Macbride followed the Peru-
vian springtime by rail to Cerro de Pasco and Matucana near Lima
at about 8,000 feet altitude, making headquarters near the classic
collecting ground of Huanuco. The next year Macbride and G. S.
Bryan followed a similar route, collecting at elevations of 8,000-
15,000 feet, then crossing the mountains and visiting the lower
altitudes of Pozuzo at 2200 feet and La Merced in the Department
of Junin, in the company of an old resident of Peru, Carlos Schunke.
From 1900 to 1929, the great German botanist, A. Weberbauer,
explored various regions in Peru, from the southern Departments of
Ayacucho and Huancavelica through central Junin to the coastal
Departments of Piura and Tumbes in the northwestern part of the
country.
In 1925, F. W. Pennell, of the Academy of Natural Sciences of
Philadelphia, collected extensively in the neighborhood of Arequipa
and Cuzco in southern Peru, as well as in the region northeast of
Lima in the west-central portion.
Intensive collecting on the wet tropical mountains of southern
Peru was done by F. L. Herrera of Cuzco, who published a Flora of
Cuzco in 1941.
During 1929 and 1930, Llewellyn Williams, of Field Museum,
spent a year botanizing in the lowlands of northeastern Peru, in the
Department of Loreto, with headquarters at Iquitos. He followed
the tributaries of the Amazon to the Brazilian border and thence to
the eastern Cordillera of the Andes.
From April to October, 1929, the Smithsonian botanists, E. P.
Killip and A. C. Smith, made a very rich collection, starting in the
sterile coastal region of La Libertad, proceeding south to Lima, then
inland to the more productive Tarma and Huancayo in the Depart-
ment of Junin, again southward to Huanta in the Department of
Ayacucho and northward through La Merced in Junin to Iquitos
.PEBAS
TPONGO DE
MANSERpHE
TABACONAS 5 !
IHUANCABAMSA-, ,'POMACOCHA
KEY TO DEPARTMENTS
GAMITANACOCHA
IOUITOS
SAN ROOUE
BALSAPUERTO
ZEPELAcfo
BONGARA ' . MOYOBAMBA
CHACHAPOYAS
1 TUMBES
2 PIURA
3 LAMBAYEQUE
4 CAJAMARCA
5 AMAZONAS
6 SAN MARTIN
7 LIBERTAD
8 LORE TO
9 HUANUCO
10 ANCASH
1 1 JUNIN
12 LIMA
13 HUANCAVELICA
14 ICA
15 AYACUCHO
16 APURIMAC
17 CUZCO
18 MADRE DE DIOS
19 PUNO
20 AREQUIPA
21 MOOUEGUA
22 TACNA
PERU
PRINCIPAL LOCALITIES
of
ORCHID COLLECTIONS
CITED IN THIS FLORA
17
VANAHUANCA
LA MERCED
tSAN RAMON
CHANCHAMAYO " HUACAPISTANA
TARMA HUASSA-HUASSI
I MATUCANA HUANCAYO '^
' LIMA r^HUA..,- CONVENCION , 8
' ^ ^s < ^ ^OLLANTAITAMBO
PARIAHUANCA \ CALCA . URUBAMBa
I.HUANCAVELICA- MACHU- PICCHU K^
, 13 /' [VfX
, A8ANCAY"-, OUISPICANCHIS
AYACUCHO ,
"-... l5 '
' AINA
16
SANDIA,
19
4 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
at the extreme northeast, ending with several months of botanizing
in the lowlands of the Department of Loreto.
One of the most extensive botanical explorations was the series
of trips taken by Ramon Ferreyra of the Natural History Museum
of Lima, from 1946 to 1954. He covered the entire coastal region from
Tumbes in the northwest to Arequipa in the south, then the so-called
Sierra or uplands from Puno to Huanuco (through the "backbone"
of Peru), and lastly the upper Amazon Basin or forested region
from Tingo Maria to Tarapoto.
Last but not least of the recent prominent collectors is Ce"sar
Vargas, whose botanical activities began in 1934 and are still con-
tinuing. Since 1941, his chief goal in collecting has been the Orchi-
daceae, in which group he has furnished the material for almost
fifty new species and varieties. His most intensive activities have
embraced the southern Departments of Apurimac, Puno and Cuzco,
the localities of especial interest being those centered in the latter
department in the Paucartambo and Urubamba River valleys, at
Marcapata, Ollantaytambo and the classic Machu-Picchu.
Other collectors who have made considerable contributions to
our knowledge of Peruvian orchids are the late G. Klug, who worked
near Iquitos, 0. Haught of Piura, Sawada and Kanehira of Japan,
the late C. Sandeman of London, J. Soukup, C. Bues, G. Tessmann,
H. E. Stork and O. B. Horton, J. West, E. Asplund and especially
the enthusiastic F. Woytkowski of Lima, who has furnished material
for several new species.
As a framework for this undertaking, we took the enumera-
tion of the orchids of Peru by R. Schlechter. 1 This work consists
of a list of all the orchid species previously recorded from that
country, preceded by a detailed account of the distribution of many
of those species in the life-zones outlined by Weberbauer, in the
altitudinal, climatic and geographic sections of Peru.
The Orchid Herbarium of Professor Oakes Ames, the largest and
most up-to-date collection of its kind in the world, formed the
nucleus of our efforts. In addition, extensive series of Peruvian
orchids were available as loans from the Gray Herbarium, the
Herbarium of the New York Botanical Garden, the United States
National Herbarium and Field Museum of Natural History (now
Chicago Natural History Museum).
1 Die Orchideenfloren der Siidamerikanischen Kordillerenstaaten, IV. Peru
(Fedde Repert. Spec. Nov. Reg. Veget., Beih. IX, 1921).
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 5
In the event that any species recorded from Peru was not repre-
sented among the available collections, we secured a record of the
type (a photograph or drawing or both) from the Lindley Herbari-
um at Kew or the Reichenbach Herbarium in Vienna. Thus we
have had a visual representation of every orchid described from
Peru, and in many cases a minute examination of these records has
revealed characters and measurements not mentioned in the original
diagnosis. These features have proved of inestimable value in
constructing the keys, as well as in writing the descriptions.
The key to the genera follows the framework proposed by R.
Schlechter (Notizbl. Bot. Gart u. Mus. Berlin-Dahlem 9 [1926] nr.
88, pp. 567-590), with a few additions and modifications, mostly
for the purpose of simplicity and completeness. This "system"
appears to be the most workable of any scheme proposed up to the
present, since it has the virtue of being strictly dichotomous through-
out and includes most of the recent orchid concepts. Since our
primary object is "to facilitate the ready determination of Peruvian
plants," to quote Macbride, our specific keys are often more artificial
than natural, the more obvious characters being used even if the
true relationships are apparently neglected. Occasionally, for the
purpose of clarity, a genus or species is repeated under two con-
trasting branches of the key.
The species are arranged alphabetically. Their descriptions,
while guided by the type diagnosis, were compiled by an examination
of all of the available specimens of the species throughout the known
range. Since many of the species accredited to Peru lack any
mention of size in their description, and for the consideration of
uniformity, we have not deemed it necessary to give in any case
more precise floral measurements than are required to identify the
particular entity. However, in every case, so far as possible, the
length of the dorsal sepal and the measurements of the lip have
been given, the exact shape of all of the floral parts and the state-
ments concerning their relative size being considered sufficient, with
the help of the key, for the identification.
It has been our intention following the rule laid down for the
entire Flora of Peru to include all of the binomials credited to the
Peruvian orchid flora. The single exception to this practice occurs
in the genus Stelis, where several species collected by Jameson
(who worked chiefly in Ecuador) are cited from Peru on the photo-
graphs of the types in the Lindley Herbarium; but in no case have
these species been included in Schlechter's enumeration of Peruvian
orchids.
6 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
We have tried to follow the method of citation of references and
the general format employed in other parts of the Flora of Peru.
It has been our policy to cite all of the name-bringing synonyms
and all of the names that have been associated with Peru, as well
as many of the concepts which have previously or recently been
shown to be referable to the accepted name. Again to conform with
the editorial policy of the Peruvian Flora, the frequently large
amount of synonymy not intimately associated with Peru has been
omitted.
In the citation of collections, the first place has been given to
"Peru: Habitat not recorded." Thereafter, the Departments (not
mentioned as such), Provinces (when given), and the exact localities
are listed chiefly in alphabetical order and are followed by remarks
on the extralimital ranges. The altitudes are always given in meters
for the sake of uniformity, scientific preference, and general utility,
although many of these data were cited in feet. In the citation of
specimens, foreign languages are translated into English.
This work, which is the product of many years of interrupted
effort, has made it evident that many concepts overlap the adjoining
countries and that the entire Andean region should be treated as
a unit. Consequently, this book should be regarded as a starting
point for work on the floras of neighboring countries. The system-
atic treatment and the viewpoints herein expressed are the result
of my long association with Professor Oakes Ames, the great Ameri-
can orchidologist.
To my Harvard colleagues, Dr. A. F. Hill and Dr. R. E. Schultes,
I wish to express my deep appreciation for their advice and as-
sistance in the interpretation of the data and other help. There
remains for me the pleasure of recognizing with gratitude the valu-
able taxonomic work and checking, particularly in the Pleurothallis
group, done by Mr. Leslie A. Garay, Assistant Curator of the
University of Toronto Herbarium.
ORCHIDACEAE
The Orchidaceae is a vast family of plants comprising between
15,000 and 35,000 members (the number ever changing and de-
pending upon the opinion of the monographer) and is represented
in every part of the world except the two polar regions, with the
greatest concentration of species in the highland tropics of both
hemispheres. With the possible exception of the Compositae, it is
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 7
the largest family of flowering plants and is regarded as the most
highly developed group of the monocotyledons. From Peruvian
territory we have recorded about 120 genera and 900 species.
Plants perennial, consisting of herbs or shrubby growths (rarely vines),
ranging from an inch to eighteen feet in height, terrestrial (as usually in temperate
regions, where very rarely subterranean) or epiphytic (as frequently in tropical
habitats) but never parasitic, occurring on rocks, in shallow water, or as sapro-
phytes growing in decayed vegetable matter. Roots fibrous, tuberous, or corm-
like, solitary or fascicled (rarely adventitious). Stems commonly more or less elon-
gate, but frequently (as in the tropics) much abbreviated and often thickened into
a pseudobulb which varies from slender and stem-like to pyriform or subglobose.
Leaves solitary to numerous (rarely evanescent), or altogether wanting, usually
alternate or occasionally verticillate, nearly always parallel-veined (but feather-
veined in Epistephium). Inflorescence either terminal or lateral in origin, one- to
many-flowered, ranging from spicate to racemose or paniculate. Flowers zygo-
morphic, minute and inconspicuous to large and showy, unisexual, bisexual or
polymorphic (very rarely cleistogamous), consisting of three outer segments
(sepals) and three inner segments (petals), of which one (called the lip or labellum)
is normally more or less modified (sometimes deeply saccate or pouch-shaped)
and often provided at the base with a more or less elongate spur. Column in the
center of the flower, composed of united stamens and pistil, bearing at or near the
summit or laterally one or two rigidly attached or mobile anthers. One of the stig-
mas commonly produced in front to form the rostellum, behind which, resting in
a bed (called the clinandrium), is the anther that is one- or more or less two-celled.
Pollen powdery, granular, waxy or cartilaginous, often compacted into two to
eight distinct masses or pollinia. Fruit a dry capsule or fleshy pod containing
extremely numerous dust-like seeds.
KEY TO GENERA OF PERUVIAN ORCHIDS
Al. Flower with two fertile (lateral) stamens, one on either side of the column;
pollen not united into masses or forming bodies.
Subfamily I. Diandrae. Tribe Cypripediloideae.
Single Peruvian genus, Phragmipedium Rolfe.
A2. Flower with a single fertile (dorsal) stamen on the summit or back of
the column; pollen united into masses or bodies (pollinia).
Subfamily II. Monandrae.
la. Pollinia with caudicles or viscid disc at the base of the anther; anther
never deciduous Division I. Basitonae.
Single Peruvian genus, Habenaria Willd.
Ib. Pollinia either without appendages or developing these at the tip of the
anther; anther as a rule easily deciduous, more rarely persistent but soon
withering Division II. Acrotonae .... 1
la. Pollinia granular, delicate. Anther commonly persistent; inflorescence
normally always terminal Tribe Polychondreae 2
Ib. Pollinia waxy or cartilaginous. Anther commonly soon deciduous. In-
florescence terminal or lateral Tribe Kerosphaereae 21
8 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
2a. Anther more or less inclined, incumbent 3
2b. Anther more or less erect 9
3a. Leaves chiefly basal; if cauline, the stout stem commonly enveloped by
tubular, membranaceous sheaths Chloraea Lindl.
3b. Leaves all cauline, few or several, blades without long sheaths 4
4a. Leaves unjointed, persistent 5
4b. Leaves jointed or articulated, at length deciduous 7
5a. Perianth surrounded by a distinct toothed cup Epistephium HBK.
5b. Perianth naked without 6
6a. Plants scandent; stems elongate Vanilla Sw.
6b. Plants erect; stems relatively short.
Pogonia Juss. (including Cleistes Lindl.)
7a. Lip without a strongly saccate and differentiated basal portion; flowers
usually large or very large Sobralia Ruiz & Pav.
7b. Lip with a strongly saccate and more or less differentiated basal portion;
flowers always small 8
8a. Inflorescences axillary; peduncle more or less ancipitous.
Sertifera Lindl. 1
8b. Inflorescences terminal; peduncle not ancipitous Elleanthus Presl
9a. Roots fascicled 10
9b. Roots arising singly from the nodes of the lower part of the stem or from
the stem-like rhizome; lip with a distinct (usually elongate) sac or spur.
Erythrodes Bl.
lOa. Lip posterior, uppermost, commonly more or less cucullate 11
lOb. Lip anterior, lowermost, commonly channelled 20
lla. Lateral sepals very oblique and forming a galea or prominent spur, more
or less broader than long 12
lib. Lateral sepals, if oblique at the base, not forming a galea or prominent
spur, commonly distinctly longer than broad 13
12a. Plant stout, commonly leafy; raceme very dense; lip 3-lobed.
Pseudocentrum Lindl.
12b. Plant slender, leafless; raceme loose in course of development; lip entire.
Wullschlaegelia Reichb. f.
13a. Lip (and petals) noticeably inserted on the column above the base.
Ponthieva R. Br.
13b. Lip not inserted on the column above the base 14
14a. Lateral sepals connate below into a tube or neck to which the base of the
lip is attached 15
14b. Lateral sepals not connate into a neck, all of the sepals commonly free. . 16
15a. Sepaline neck more or less elongate and conspicuous.
Stenoptera Presl (including Porphyrostachys Reichb. f.)
15b. Sepaline neck short or obscure Prescottia Lindl.
16a. Column conspicuously recurved or reflexed above, usually pubescent.
Gomphichis Lindl.
16b. Column straight or nearly so, commonly short or very short and gla-
brous 17
1 S. virgata Reichb. f., the only member of the genus so far recorded from
Peru, is now considered to belong in Elleanthus.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 9
17a. Lip very broadly cordate-triangular or reniform-ovate with the terminal
portion narrow and recurved; disc with several more or less prominent
intramarginal warts Pterichis Lindl.
17b. Lip not broadly cordate-triangular; disc without intramarginal warts. .18
18a. Column at the base with a bifid petaloid appendage; lip abruptly saccate
at the base Baskervilla Lindl.
18b. Column at the base without an appendage 19
19a. Margins of the lip denticulate to lacerate (very rarely merely sinuate,
Altensteinia marginata Rchb. f., which has a very fleshy lip); lip galeate or
strongly cucullate Altensteinia HBK. (including Aa Rchb. f.)
19b. Margins of the lip entire or lobed (very rarely obscurely crenate-dentate,
Cranichis saccata Ames, which has a membranaceous lip) ; lip not strongly
galeate Cranichis Sw.
20a. Column with a more or less distinct foot Spiranthes L. C. Rich.
(including Brachystele Schltr., Coccineorchis Schltr., Cyclopogon Presl,
Pelexia L. C. Rich., Sarcoglottis Presl, Stenorhynchus L. C. Rich., and
Synassa Lindl.)
20b. Column without a foot Buchtienia Schltr.
2 la. Inflorescence terminal or very rarely in the axils of the upper leaves.
Series Acranthae .... 22
21b. Inflorescence lateral, rising from near the base of the pseudobulbs or from
the axils of the lower leaves of the stems Series Pleuranthae. . . .47
. 22a. Viscid disc of the pollinia rising from their apex, commonly irregular,
rudimentary or none 23
22b. Viscid disc of the pollinia distinct, rising from the apex of the rostellum,
regular, with well-defined margins 46
23a. Ovary conspicuously jointed to the pedicel; pedicel always persistent;
stems usually 1-leaved 24
23b. Ovary not jointed to the pedicel; pedicel deciduous with the flower 32
24a. Pollinia 8; sepals and petals very similar; stems always 1-leaved.
Octomeria R. Br.
24b. Pollinia 2-6; sepals and petals usually very different 25
25a. Pollinia 6; column with prominent side arms Brachionidium Lindl.
25b. Pollinia 2-4; column without side arms 26
26a. Column very short and stout, with widely separated receptive stigmas . . 27
26b. Column more or less elongate, with approximate or confluent stigmas . . 28
27a. Sheaths of the stem dilated above, with a hispid marginate mouth; petals
and lip membranaceous Lepanthopsis (Cogn.) Ames
27b. Sheaths of the stem not markedly dilated above, with a smooth, non-
marginate mouth; petals and lip generally very fleshy above or below.
Stelis Sw.
28a. Lip distinctly adnate to the lower or middle part of the footless column.
Lepanthes Sw.
28b. Lip free from the column or at most adnate to its very base; column
usually with a foot 29
29a. Dorsal sepal free (very rarely shortly adnate to the lateral sepals).
Pleurothallis R. Br. (including Barbosella Schltr., in part)
29b. All of the sepals more or less connate 30
10 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
30a. Sepals cohering at the base and apex, leaving two lateral openings.
Cryptophoranthus Barb. Rodr.
30b. Sepals free at the apex 31
31a. Flower tubular, with three short, broad, free apices. . . Physosiphon Lindl.
31b. Flower tubular or cup-shaped at the base, with the three sepals produced
into narrow, usually elongate, caudate appendages.
Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav. (including Barbosella Schltr., in part)
32a. Pollinia without any appendage, i.e., with neither caudicle nor viscid
disc 33
32b. Pollinia with an appendage, sometimes provided with a rudimentary
viscid disc, sometimes with a caudicle; leaves duplicative 35
33a. Leaves flat, jointed to the leaf-sheaths; flowers subfleshy in texture, with
the sepals and petals subequally broad; stem elongate, decumbent, not
bulbous-thickened below Vargasielleae
Vargasiella C. Schweinf.
33b. Leaves flat or equitant, if flat not jointed to the leaf-sheaths; flowers
commonly membranaceous, with the sepals distinctly broader than the
petals; stem usually short, often bulbous-thickened near the base.
Liparideae .... 34
34a. Column very short; anther erect . Malaxis Sw. (including Microstylis Nutt.)
34b. Column relatively elongate, more or less incurved above; anther incumbent.
Liparis L. C. Rich.
35a. Column entirely footless; flowers minute to very large and showy.
Laelieae. . . .36
35b. Column produced into a distinct (though often short) foot 43
36a. Pollinia 4 37
36b. Pollinia 8 42
37a. Lip adnate to the column or to the margins of the column, forming a
saccate or cup-like base 38
37b. Lip adnate to the column, but not forming a saccate or cup-like base .... 40
38a. Stems superposed, i.e., each young growth at the tip of the older, 1- or
2-leaved at the apex Hexisea Lindl.
38b. Stems not superposed, with each young growth at the base of the older,
several- to many-leaved 39
39a. Inflorescence an erect, many-flowered, divaricate panicle (rarely a raceme) ;
lip divided to the base into three narrow lobes; flowers very small.
Amblostoma Scheidw.
39b. Inflorescence a nodding, few- to several-flowered raceme; lip not divided
to the base into three narrow lobes.
Diothonea Lindl. (including Hemiscleria Lindl.)
40a. Cells of the anther divided by a transverse or oblique septum; pollinia
in two series, not compressed Lanium Lindl.
40b. Cells of the anther not divided by a transverse or oblique septum; pollinia
in one series, laterally compressed 41
41a. Lip more or less grown to the column (i.e., the claw of the lip more or less
adnate to the column); lamina of the lip mostly wide-spreading; flowers
very small to medium-sized Epidendrum L.
(including Encyclia Hook, and Hormidium Lindl. ex Heyn.)
41b. Lip merely adnate to the base of the column, mostly surrounding the
column below; flowers usually large and showy Cattleya Lindl.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 11
42a. Base of the lip gradually passing into the lamina; pollinia equal.
Laelia Lindl. (including Schomburgkia Lindl.)
42b. Base of the lip relatively narrow and claw-like, lip abruptly dilated above;
pollinia in two unequal series Brassavola R. Br.
43a. Lip elongate, sigmoid-flexed; stems slender, many-leaved. .Isochilus R. Br.
43b. Lip not sigmoid-flexed; stems commonly more or less robust, often few-
leaved 44
44a. Pollinia unequal, two large and two small; inflorescences many-flowered,
terminal, racemose or paniculate; stem robust Orleanesia Barb. Rodr.
44b. Pollinia equal 45
45a. Stems elongate, many-leaved with alternate blades; column short; pollinia
laterally compressed Ponera Lindl.
45b. Stems consisting of superposed members which are commonly 2-leaved
at the summit; column usually elongate; pollinia not compressed.
Scaphyglottis Poepp. & Endl.
46a. Lip spurred at the base; column rather long, footless; men turn absent.
Galeandra Lindl.
46b. Lip not spurred at the base; column very short, produced into a more or
less distinct foot Polystachya Hook.
47a. Plants forming a sympodium, i.e., with stems (separate or superposed)
terminated by the apical leaves Subseries Sympodiales .... 48
47b. Plants forming a monopodium, i.e., with an infinite growth at the apex;
inflorescences axillary Subseries Monopodiales . . . . 117
48a. Pollinia without a stipe; viscid disc commonly rudimentary or none. . . .49
48b. Pollinia provided with a distinct stipe, even if short; viscid disc dis-
tinct 52
49a. Rhizome abbreviated, bulbose and corm-like Bletia R. Br.
49b. Rhizome more or less elongate, with approximate or remote pseudo-
bulbs 50
50a. Pseudobulbs with several internodes, fusiform and 1- to several-leaved;
leaves rather membranaceous Chysis Lindl.
50b. Pseudobulbs with a single internode, 1- (or rarely 2-) leaved at the summit;
leaves coriaceous or fleshy 51
51a. Lip fleshy, very mobile; column with 2 wings or arms above, produced
into a distinct foot below Bulbophyllum Thou.
51b. Lip membranaceous, rigidly attached to the base of the column; column
without pronounced wings above, footless below. . . .Buesiella C. Schweinf.
52a. Pollinia waxy in texture, i.e., rather easily compressed 53
52b. Pollinia cartilaginous in texture, i.e., compressed with difficulty 57
53a. Pseudobulbs with a single internode, i.e., heteroblastic; lip spurred.
Eulophidium Pfitz.
53b. Pseudobulbs or stems with several internodes, i.e., homoblastic, usually
several-leaved 54
54a. Lip spurred or with a saccate base Eulophia R. Br.
54b. Lip spurless and without a saccate base 55
55a. Leaves usually two and subopposite (rarely solitary); lip always simple,
acute or obtuse; disc without any fleshy keels or calli Govenia Lindl.
55b. Leaves several; lip more or less 3-lobed, or bilobed in front; disc of the lip
with fleshy keels or calli 56
12 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
56a. Flowers large, fleshy; lateral sepals adnate to the column-foot by a broad
base; lip simple or lightly 3-lobed, retuse to bilobed in front; disc of the lip
with several narrow, approximate keels Warrea Lindl.
56b. Flowers relatively small, with membranaceous sepals; lateral sepals only
slightly adnate to the column-foot by a narrow base; lip sharply 3-lobed;
disc of the lip with a broad callus and often supplementary warts.
Cyrtopodium R. Br.
57a. Leaves convolute 58
57b. Leaves conduplicate 1 or equitant 80
58a. Pseudobulbs large, consisting of several members or internodes, i.e.,
homoblastic 59
58b. Pseudobulbs short, consisting of one member, i.e., heteroblastic 61
59a. Column twisted; flowers hermaphrodite or perfect Mormodes Lindl.
59b. Column straight, not twisted; flowers very often unisexual, dimorphic or
rarely trimorphic 60
60a. Column of male flowers very long and slender, strongly arcuate, without
antennae; pollinia 2 Cycnoches Lindl.
60b. Column of male flowers short to rather long, stout, suberect, very often
bearing a pair of antennae; pollinia 4 Catasetum L. C. Rich.
61a. Lip continuous with the base of the column, without articulation to it . . 62
61b. Lip articulated to the tip of the column-foot 72
62a. Lip turned upward with relation to the axis of the inflorescence 63
62b. Lip turned downward with relation to the axis of the inflorescence .... 64
63a. Dorsal sepal and petals about equally long, not strongly adnate to the
column above the base Lueddemannia Reichb. f .
63b. Dorsal sepal much larger than the petals; both organs commonly strongly
adnate to the column above the base Gongora Ruiz & Pav.
64a. Perianth segments more or less converging or connivent, sepals and petals
rather similar 65
64b. Perianth segments widely spreading or reflexed 68
65a. All three sepals grown together at the base; lateral lobes of the lip (if lip is
3-lobed) much surpassing the middle lobe Lycomormium Reichb. f.
65b. Dorsal sepal free; lateral lobes of the lip (if present) not surpassing the
middle lobe 66
66a. Lip with a prominent, relatively narrow claw at the base; disc of the lip,
between the lateral lobes, with a conspicuous subquadrate or triangular-
ovate callus Acineta Lindl.
66b. Lip very shortly clawed or sessile at the base 67
67a. Column short, stout, produced into a foot; lip biauriculate at the base,
terminal lobe jointed Peristeria Hook.
67b. Column elongate, slender, footless; lip not auriculate at the base, terminal
lobe (if present) rigidly attached Sievekingia Reichb. f .
68a. Lateral sepals much larger than the dorsal sepal and petals, strongly
oblique; terminal lobe of the lip large and strongly galeate.
Coryanthes Hook.
1 Frequently, as in the following groups, it is difficult to determine whether
a leaf is convolute or conduplicate, but the ancipitous leaf-sheaths in the dried
specimen and the distinctly folded or V-shaped appearance of the leaf in the
living plant indicate that the leaf is conduplicate.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 13
68b. Sepals, and often petals, rather similar; mid-lobe of the lip not galeate. .69
69a. Lip sharply divided into a lower portion or hypochile and an anterior
portion or epichile, or if not so divided the whole lip strongly calceiform. .70
69b. Lip not sharply divided into a hypochile and epichile. . . .Eriopsis 1 Lindl.
70a. Hypochile of the lip deeply concave or saccate . . Stanhopea Frost ex Hook.
70b. Hypochile of the lip not deeply concave or saccate 71
71a. Column relatively stout; hypochile of the lip with a pair of retro rse or
widely spreading horn-like appendages, or oblong or oblong-obovate lobes.
Houlletia Brongn.
71b. Column filiform ; hypochile of the lip without a pair of horn-like appendages
or oblong to obovate lobes, these lobes (if present) narrowly lanceolate to
obliquely oblong-ovate or triangular Polycycnis Reichb. f.
72a. Inflorescences truly basal, i.e., rising close to the base of the pseudobulb;
lip commonly with a depressed, longitudinal callus 73
72b. Inflorescence near the base, i.e., rising from the axils of the lower (some-
times leaf -bearing) sheaths; lip with a transverse callus or flabellate
crest 77
73a. Column-foot short Eriopsis Lindl.
73b. Column-foot usually well developed 74
74a. Pollinia attached to 2 very short or elongate, separate stipes; column-foot
elongate Bifrenaria Lindl.
74b. Pollinia attached to one common stipe 75
75a. Inflorescence several- to many-flowered, racemose; flowers small.
Xylobium Lindl.
75b. Inflorescence 1-flowered; flowers commonly large to very large 76
76a. Parts of the perianth connivent into a subglobular form.
Anguloa Ruiz & Pav.
76b. Parts of the perianth (especially the sepals) spreading Lycaste Lindl.
77a. Column-foot relatively elongate; petals long-decurrent on the foot.
Batemannia Lindl.
77b. Column footless or produced into a short foot; petals not long-decurrent
at the base 78
78a. Rhizome elongate; pseudobulbs distant Aganisia Lindl.
78b. Rhizome more or less abbreviated; pseudobulbs (if present) commonly
approximate 79
79a. Lip with a bilobed, retrorse callus; claw of the lip usually prominent and
abrupt Koellensteinia Reichb. f .
79b. Lip with a simple or variously lobed and plurisulcate callus; lip sessile or
gradually passing into a claw below Zygopetalum Hook.
(including Warscewiczella Reichb. f.
80a. Rostellum not produced; column commonly extended into a foot and
forming a mentum with the base of the lateral sepals 81
80b. Rostellum markedly produced, often triangular-lanceolate to subulate
or bifid 87
1 Since it is not clear whether the lip is continuous with the tip of the column-
foot, as assumed by Schlechter, or is adherent by an articulation, as considered
by Cogniaux and Pfitzer, this genus is entered on both branches of the key.
14 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
81a. Callus of the lip transverse; pseudobulbs much reduced or rudimentary,
commonly apparently non-existent; lip saccate Stenia Lindl.
81b. Callus of the lip, if present, commonly longitudinal; pseudobulbs usually
well developed; stems rarely elongate, many-leaved, and often lacking
pseudobulbs 82
82a. Sepals with the lower portion connivent into an abrupt top-shaped tube,
or the lateral sepals connate into a narrowly cylindric spur 83
82b. Sepals not connivent or connate below, more or less spreading from the
base 84
83a. Lateral sepals and lip produced into an elongate spur, that of the lip
enclosed by the spur of the lateral sepals; pollinia 2 ... Cryptocentrum Benth.
83b. Lateral sepals and lip spurless; pollinia 4 Trigonidium Lindl.
84a. Column with a distinct foot, more or less movably joined with the lip or
continuous with the lip Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav.
(including Camaridium Lindl. and Ornithidium Salisb.)
84b. Column without a distinct foot 85
85a. Sepals and petals similar 86
85b. Sepals and petals very different, sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate and petals
much smaller and linear; lip without any callus Cyrtoglottis Schltr.
86a. Plants medium-sized to large, simple; leaves lorate to elliptic-oblong; lip
with a prominent callus Mormolyca Fenzl
86b. Plants small to minute, much branched; leaves filiform, pine-like; lip
ecallose Pityphyllum Schltr.
87a. Stigma excavated, parallel to the axis of the column 88
87b. Stigma protuberant, cushion-like, commonly horizontal, often setose;
petals and lip often with prominent veining; column very short and
stout 115
88a. Anther incumbent; rostellum porrect or deflexed (cf. Macradenia R. Br.
and Cryptarrhena R. Br. on other branch, 88b) 89
88b. Anther erect, on the back of the column or at its very apex beneath the
cucullate clinandrium 113
89a. Column produced into a distinct, though short, foot 90
89b. Column always footless or nearly so 91
90a. Lip provided with a large, transverse, plurisulcate crest; anther 2-celled.
Zygopetalum Hook, (including Warscewiczella Reichb. f.)
90b. Lip not provided with a large transverse, plurisulcate crest but with a flat
or depressed, apically bidentate or tridentate callus; anther 1-celled.
Chondrorhyncha Lindl.
91a. Flower distinctly spurred or saccate at the base, either the lateral sepals
saccate below or the lip produced into one or two distinct spurs 92
91b. Flower not spurred or saccate at the base, neither the lateral sepals nor the
lip produced below 99
92a. Lip not spurred; lateral sepals saccate at the base 93
92b. Lip produced into one or two spurs 94
93a. Leaves elliptic or oval; lip subequaling the sepals, rounded at the apex;
column relatively elongate, with two falcate arms Sutrina Lindl .
93b. Leaves linear-oblong or narrower; lip more or less exceeding the sepals
(commonly much so), bilobed at the apex; column very short, without
arms lonopsis Kunth
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 15
94a. Lip with a single spur; lateral sepals not truly spurred, though sometimes
concave below 95
94b. Lip with a double spur enclosed by the spur formed by the connate lateral
sepals 96
95a. Lateral sepals deeply connate; spur (in the Peruvian species) solid; in-
florescences several- to many-flowered Rodriguezia Ruiz & Pav.
95b. Lateral sepals free; spur hollow; inflorescences 1- to rarely 5-flowered.
Trichocentrum Poepp. & Endl.
96a. Spur formed by the lateral sepals elongate and slender, many (5 or more)
times longer than broad 97
96b. Spur formed by the lateral sepals short and stout, not many times longer
than broad 98
97a. Lip much surpassing the sepals; mid-lobe very broad, emarginate; in-
florescence simple or slightly branched Comparettia Poepp. & Endl.
97b. Lip subequaling the sepals; mid-lobe not broad, rounded to acute; in-
florescence loosely and divaricately panicled. . .Diadenium Poepp. & Endl.
98a. Leaves narrowly linear or linear, fleshy-thickened; lip with a pair of broad,
spreading plates extending through the lower half; spurs of the lip relatively
long, curved and capitate Neokoehleria Schltr.
98b. Leaves oblong to elliptic; lip without a pair of broad plates below; spurs of
the lip short (commonly), straight, not capitate Scelochilus Kl.
99a. Pollinia 2 100
99b. Pollinia 4; rostellum and anther produced into a long beak; leaves equi-
tant 112
lOOa. Clinandrium low, lightly excavated, not hyaline-margined, with the
margin entire; column near the stigma wingless; low plants with equitant
leaves and minute, congested flowers Trizeuxis Lindl.
lOOb. Clinandrium with a high margin surrounding the anther, or the column
provided near the stigma (except in Brassia and most of Sigmatostalix)
with more or less prominent spreading wings or arms 101
lOla. Leaves jointed at the base 102
lOlb. Leaves unjointed; stems elongate, densely covered by numerous equitant
leaves; inflorescences lateral, commonly short Lockhartia Hook.
102a. Lip clasping the column at the base and shortly adnate to it below;
margins of the clinandrium denticulate to lacerate.
Trichopilia Lindl. (including Leucohyle Kl.)
102b. Lip not clasping the column, though sometimes adnate to it below. . .103
103a. Stigmas or stigmatic cavities 2, distinct, situated near together.
Cochlioda Lindl.
103b. Stigmas or stigmatic cavities solitary 104
104a. Lip with the basal portion erect and parallel to the column, anterior
portion reflexed-spreading 105
104b. Lip spreading from the base of the column 106
105a. Lower half of the lip adnate to the column; petals adnate to the lower part
of the column Symphyglossum Schltr.
105b. Lower portion of lip at most slightly adnate to the column at the base;
petals free Odontoglossum HBK.
106a. Sepals and petals long-acuminate, usually caudate; lip commonly simple,
often pandurate Brassia Lindl.
16 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
106b. Sepals and petals not long-acuminate or caudate (except in the Brazilian
Oncidium phymatochilum Lindl.) 107
107a. Lip not narrowly clawed or having a conspicuous, abruptly narrowed basal
portion 108
107b. Lip truly clawed or having a conspicuous, abruptly narrowed basal
portion 110
108a. Column short and usually stout, prominently 2-winged or auricled
above 109
108b. Column more or less elongated and slender, commonly not 2-winged above.
Sigmatostalix Reichb. f.
109a. Lip relatively large, simple, pandurate or prominently bilobed in front;
disc naked or lightly lamellate at the base Miltonia Lindl.
109b. Lip commonly not large in relation to the other segments, usually 3- or
more-lobed; disc prominently crested or tuberculate at the base.
Oncidium Sw.
HOa. Column slender and elongated, commonly strongly arcuate.
Sigmatostalix Reichb. f.
HOb. Column short (or very short) and stout, straight Ill
Ilia. Inflorescence racemose; floral segments widely spreading; petals similar
to the sepals Solenidium Lindl.
lllb. Inflorescence paniculate (very rarely racemose); floral segments cam-
panulate-connivent; petals markedly wider than the dorsal sepal.
Neodryas Reichb. f.
112a. Petals closely similar to the sepals, lanceolate-linear; column well-de-
veloped, with a pair of conspicuous wings at the base.
Hofmeisterella Reichb. f.
112b. Petals usually very different from the sepals, commonly obovate to
flabellate or suborbicular and larger than the sepals; column minute,
wingless Ornithocephalus Hook.
113a. Lip simple, triangular or hastate; anther erect, on the back of the column.
Notylia Lindl.
113b. Lip sharply 3- or more-lobed 114
114a. Plants with pseudobulbs; mid-lobe of the lip simple, narrow, lanceolate
or linear Macradenia R. Br.
114b. Plants without pseudobulbs; mid-lobe of the lip 2- or more-lobed, broad.
Cryptarrhena R. Br.
115a. Pseudobulbs present, though often concealed by the surrounding leaves;
lip almost always 3-lobed or with retrorse linear or oblong auricles.
Trichoceros HBK.
115b. Pseudobulbs absent 116
116a. Flowers minute; lip 3-lobed, with small retrorse lateral lobes; petals much
narrower than the sepals Stellilabium Schltr.
116b. Flowers medium-sized to large; lip always simple; petals commonly much
broader than the sepals Telipogon HBK.
117a. Lip without any spur 118
117b. Lip prominently spurred; clinandrium low, not enlarged or petaloid.
Campylocentrum Benth.
118a. Pollinia 4; inflorescences always 1-flowered; column with a short or very
short foot; clinandrium not enlarged or petaloid Dichaea Lindl.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 17
118b. Pollinia 2 (each one sometimes deeply divided); column footless; clin-
andrium very large, petaloid, cucullate, altogether surrounding the
anther 119
119a. Stipe of the pollinia unparted; inflorescence racemose, few-flowered
(rarely 1-flowered); flowers commonly very small . . . . Pachyphyllum HBK.
119b. Stipe of the pollinia more or less deeply 2-parted; inflorescences usually
1-flowered; flowers medium-sized to relatively large . . Centropetalum Lindl.
(including Nasonia Lindl. & Fernandezia Ruiz & Pav., in part)
PHRAGMIPEDIUM Rolfe
A member of the Cypripedium tribe, widely spread in the
tropical regions of Central and South America.
Plants terrestrial or epiphytic. Leaves elongate, not jointed, thick, duplica-
tive. Raceme or panicle terminal, commonly several-flowered. Perianth showy,
deciduous. Lip pouch-shaped. Fertile anthers two. Ovary 3-celled, with axile
placentation.
Al. Petals very elongate, 20 to about 75 cm. long; scape without sheaths.
P. caudatum
A2. Petals up to 15 cm. long; scape (in specimens examined) sheathed at the
base I
la. Horns between the claw and pouch of the lip absent; leaves about 1.3 cm.
or less wide P. caricinum
Ib. Horns between the claw and pouch of the lip present; leaves (in specimens
examined) 2.5 cm. or more wide 1
la. Lip half as long as the lamina of the lateral sepals. .P. Czerwiakowianum
Ib. Lip equaling or little shorter than the lamina of the lateral sepals 2
2a. Margin of the petals strongly crisped -undulate; staminode transversely
reniform-oval, cordate P. Boissierianum
2b. Margin of the petals flat or nearly so, not strongly crisped-undulate ;
staminode transversely elliptic and obscurely 3-lobed P. Hartwegii
Phragmipedium Boissierianum (Reichb. f.) Rolfe, Orch.
Rev. 4: 332. 1896. Cypripedium Boissierianum Reichb. f. Bonpl.
2: 116. 1854. Selenipedium Boissierianum Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 116.
1854, and Xen. Orch. 1: 3, 176, t. 62. 1854-56. Cypripedium grandi-
florum Pav. Ms. ex Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 1: 177. 1856. Paphio-
pedilum Boissierianum Pfitz. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 19: 41. 1894.
Phragmopedilum Boissierianum Pfitz. Engler Pflanzenr. IV. 50
(Heft 12): 50. 1903. Phragmopedilum cajamarcae Schltr. Fedde
Repert. Beih. 9: 41. 1921.
Plant caespitose, large and stout, up to 15 dm. tall (P. cajamarcae form).
Leaves 6-8, distichously clustered on lower part of stem, lorate, acute, 50-100 cm.
long, up to 4.5 cm. wide in the middle. Scape about as long as the leaves, with
several (up to 6) distant sheaths below, terminating in a lax, 3- to 15-flowered
raceme. Flowers large, yellow-green commonly reticulated with darker green,
18 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
the petals margined with white or brown. Dorsal sepal oblong-lanceolate, nar-
rowed to an obtuse apex, undulate on the margin, up to 5.5 cm. long and 1.4 cm.
wide. Lateral sepals connate into an oblong-ovate or subelliptic lamina which is
somewhat shorter but more than twice broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals
widely spreading, lanceolate-linear, much longer than the sepals, much twisted,
with undulate margins, 7 cm. or more long. Lip pendent, obovate-saccate, clawed,
about equaling the lamina of the lateral sepals or a little shorter, with a pair of
conical horns between the claw and the pouch of the lip. Staminode transversely
reniform-oval.
Peru: Near Pillao, Ruiz & Pavdn s.n. Cajamarca: Valley of
Tabaconas River, 950 meters, Weberbauer 6158 (type of P. caja-
marcae Schltr.). Huanuco, near Muna, Davis s.n. Cueva Grande,
near Pozuzo, about 1076 meters, on grassy and sparsely bushy, clay
slopes, Macbride 4801. Puente Durand, north of Huanuco, Valley
of Rio Chinchao, 1100 meters, open space in rich black loam near
edge of jungle, Stork & Horton 9437. Loreto, fide Schlechter, Fedde
Repert. Beih. 9: 119. 1921. San Martin: Along Rio Huallaga, about
20 km. from Tingo Maria on road to Huanuco, 625-1100 meters,
Allard 21972. Boqueron Pass, 92 km. from Tingo Maria, on high-
way to Pucallpa, at abandoned rock tunnels, about 410 meters,
Allard 21744- Also Ecuador.
Phragmipedium caricinum (Lindl. & Paxt.) Rolfe, Orch.
Rev. 4: 332. 1896. Cypripedium caricinum Lindl. & Paxt. Paxt.
Flow. Gard. 1: sub t. 9. 1850-51; Batem. Bot. Mag. 90: t. 5466.
1864. Selenipedium caricinum Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 116. 1854; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 12. 1893. Selenipedium Pearcei Reichb.
f. Fl. des Serres 16: t. 1648. 1866. Paphiopedilum caricinum Pfitz.
Engler Bot. Jahrb. 19: 41. 1894. Cypripedium Pearcei Hort. ex
Veitch, Man. Orch. PI. pt. 4: 60. 1889. Phragmopedilum caricinum
Rolfe ex Pfitz. Engler Pflanzenr. IV. 50 (Heft 12): 46. 1903.
Rhizome creeping. Plant 30 cm. or more tall. Leaves in clusters of 3-6,
imbricating in basal tufts, narrowly linear and sedge-like, about 28-50 cm. long
and 1.3 cm. or less wide. Scape about equaling the leaves, with scattered sheaths
below, short-pubescent, loosely 3- to 7-flowered above. Sepals and petals pale
green or whitish with green veins and scattered madder spots on lip. Dorsal
sepal lanceolate-ovate to broadly lanceolate, obtuse, about 3-4 cm. long and
1 cm. or less wide. Lateral sepals connate into a broadly oblong-ovate lamina,
slightly shorter but distinctly broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals pendent,
lanceolate-linear from a falcate base, twisted, with undulate margins, about
5.5-12.7 cm. long. Lip calceiform or obovoid, about as long as the lamina of the
lateral sepals, without horns between the claw and pouch of the lip.
Loreto: On the Maranon River from Iquitos up to the mouth of
the Santiago River at Pongo de Manseriche, 160 meters, in rain-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 19
forest, Tessmann 4143. Near Tarapoto, on inundated rocks in
streams, Spruce 3955. Puno, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih.
9: 119. 1921. San Martin: Rio Cainarachi, Pongo de Cainarachi,
tributary of Rio Huallaga, about 230 meters, on tree in forest,
Klug 2634- Chazuta, Rio Huallaga, about 260 meters, on rock in
forest, Klug 4099. Also Bolivia (type).
Phragmipedium caudatum (Lindl.) Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 4: 332.
1896. Cypripedium caudatum Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 531. 1840;
Lindl. & Paxt. Paxt. Flow. Gard. 1: t. 9. 1850-51. Selenipedium
caudatum Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 116. 1854. Paphiopedilum caudatum
Pfitz. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 19: 41. 1894. Phragmopedilum caudatum
Pfitz. Engler Pflanzenr. IV. 50 (Heft 12): 51. 1903. Figure 1.
Plant caespitose. Leaves about 6, distichously clustered at the base of the
stem, broadly lorate, up to about 60 cm. long and 5.5 cm. wide, coriaceous. Scape
velutinous, naked, more or less surpassing the leaves, very loosely 1- to 4- (6-)
flowered above. Flowers the largest of the genus. Sepals whitish to greenish
yellow. Dorsal sepal lanceolate, narrowed to an obtuse tip, up to 18 cm. long
and 2.8 cm. wide below. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate-lanceolate lamina
which is slightly shorter (rarely longer) but distinctly broader than the dorsal
sepal. Petals pendent, from a falcate-lanceolate base, elongate-linear, 20-75 cm.
long, twisted, mostly purplish brown. Lip calceiform, about 5-6.5 cm. long,
green at the base to purplish brown above, with purple spots on the white infolded
margins.
Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Machu-Picchu, 2040 meters, on
rocks, Vargas 3365. Huanuco: Mufia, Lobb, Davis. Junin: Prov.
of Tarma, Utcuyacu, 1900 meters, on tree in low forest upon steepest
hill slope, common name "Zapatito," Woytkowski 35351. Lima,
fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 119. 1921. Puno: Prov. of
Sandia, 2-6 km. from Oconeque, 1800-2100 meters, on trail, in both
shaded and open places, on granite mountain-side, in much fog and
rain, Metcalf 30633. Also Mexico to Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
and Ecuador.
Phragmipedium Czerwiakowianum (Reichb. f.) Rolfe, Orch.
Rev. 4: 332. 1896. Selenipedium Czerwiakowianum Reichb. f. Bonpl.
2: 116. 1854. Paphiopedilum Czerwiakowianum Pfitz. Engler Bot.
Jahrb. 19: 41. 1894. Cypripedium Czerwiakowianum Kranzl. Orch.
Gen. et Sp. 1: 49. 1897. Phragmopedilum Czerwiakowianum Rolfe
ex Pfitz. Engler Pflanzenr. IV. 50 (Heft 12) : 50. 1903.
Plant apparently large, described only from the rachis of the inflorescence
and one or two flowers. Portion of the rachis present about 23 cm. tall, apparently
FIG. 1. Phragmipedium caudatum (Lindl.) Rolfe. Flowering plant; about
X M- Drawn by D. E. Tibbitts.
20
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 21
loosely 3-flowered. Flower rather large, greenish yellow. Dorsal sepal ovate-
oblong ("oblongo ligulatum"), undulate on the margin, about 5.5 cm. long and
1.6 cm. wide. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate lamina which is about as long
as the dorsal sepal but much broader. Petals decurved-spreading, linear-lanceo-
late, with the lower three fourths strongly undulate on the margins, about 10 cm.
long. Lip obovate-calceiform, clawed, about half as long as the lamina of the
lateral sepals, with a pair of rounded, retuse horns above the claw.
Peru: Habitat not recorded; fide Reichenbach f.
I have examined a record of this concept from the Reichenbach
Herbarium in the Ames Herbarium.
Phragmipedium Hartwegii (Reichb. f.) L. O. Williams, Ann.
Mo. Bot. Gard. 26: 280. 1939. Cypripedium Hartwegii Reichb. f.
Bot. Zeit. 10: 714, 765. 1852. Selenipedium Hartwegii Reichb. f.
Bonpl. 2: 116. 1854, and Xen. Orch. 1: 3, 70, t. 27. 1854. Paphio-
pedilum Hartwegii Pfitz. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 19: 41. 1894. Phragmo-
pedilum Hartwegii Pfitz. Engler Pflanzenr. IV. 50 (Heft 12) : 48. 1903.
Plant apparently caespitose, about 60 cm. tall. Leaves broadly lorate,
narrow below, strongly attenuate above, about 60 cm. or more long. Peduncle
60-90 cm. tall, glabrous, with several (4) spathaceous, red-brown sheaths at the
base. Raceme loosely 7- to 9-flowered. Flowers rather large, greenish yellow.
Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong or "oblong," attenuate above, about 5 cm. long and
1.8 cm. wide, undulate on the margins. Lateral sepals connate into an ovate-
elliptic lamina which is about equally long with the dorsal sepal but nearly twice
as broad, undulate on the margin. Petals pendent, linear-lanceolate, attenuate
above, lightly twisted, obscurely crisped on the margin, about 8.5 cm. long. Lip
obovate-calceiform, clawed, about equaling the lamina of the lateral sepals, with
a pair of retuse, subquadrate lobes or horns above the claw. Staminode trans-
versely elliptic, lightly 3-lobed in front.
Cajamarca: Fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 120. 1921.
Ecuador (type).
HABENARIA Willd.
Terrestrial, erect plants. Stems simple, commonly leafy or leafy-bracted.
Leaves linear, lanceolate, oblanceolate or elliptic (rarely orbicular), not jointed
to the sheath. Racemes terminal, 1- to many-flowered, loose or dense. Flowers
leafy-bracted. Dorsal sepal broad, concave. Lateral sepals usually longer, nar-
rower and more or less reflexed. Petals simple to deeply bilobed or bipartite.
Lip simple or 3-lobed, always provided with a spur which is commonly elongate-
cylindric to clavate. Column short and stout. Stigmatic processes (in tropical
species) usually conspicuous.
A very large, polymorphic and cosmopolitan genus of both
hemispheres, ranging from the subarctic regions to the tropics.
22 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Al. Lip simple or with a pair of basal teeth or very short lobes I
A2. Lip deeply 3-lobed or 3-partite, with the lateral lobes commonly half, or
more than half, as long as the mid-lobe 9
la. Ovary with 6 prominent, more or less crisped wings H. hexaptera
Ib. Ovary without prominent crisped wings 1
la. Raceme densely flowered or with the large foliaceous bracts commonly
exceeding the flowers and giving the appearance (at least in the dried
specimen) of a stout rachis 2
Ib. Raceme lax or loosely flowered (rarely subdense in H. re-pens); the usually
spreading floral bracts commonly shorter than the flowers and revealing
the rachis 3
2a. Spur little surpassing the lip H. ligulata
2b. Spur elongate, about three times or more surpassing the lip H. obtusa
3a. Petals simple, subquadrate-oblong, bilobulate at the truncate apex and
fleshy on the anterior half H. floribunda
3b. Petals not subquadrate-oblong 4
4a. Plant dwarf, about 18 cm. high; leaves linear-lanceolate, about 2.5 cm.
long; petals ovate H. linifolia 1
4b. Plant tall, 30 cm. or more high; leaves lanceolate, elliptic-lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, the larger ones 6.4 cm. or more long; petals not
ovate 5
5a. Petals lanceolate, linear-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes with
a small tooth at the base in front 6
5b. Petals not lanceolate, either simple and rhombic-obovate or deeply bi-
lobed; lip with lateral angles, teeth or divaricate lobules 7
6a. Raceme 10 cm. or more long, many-flowered; sepals prominently sharp-
apiculate; petals merely angled at the base in front H. parvidens
6b. Raceme about 5-6 cm. long, 4- to 8-flowered; sepals obtuse to acute; petals
with a prominent tooth at the base in front H. laxiflora
7a. Petals simple, rhombic to subquadrate-obovate H. autumnalis
7b. Petals conspicuously bilobed, with divaricate lobules 8
8a. Posterior lobe of the petals ligulate H. avicula var. peruviana
8b. Posterior lobe of the petals subquadrate, 3-dentate at the apex.
H. dentifera
9a. Spur abbreviated, about 2.2 mm. long H. parvicalcarata
9b. Spur elongate, linear-cylindric or clavate 10
lOa. Petals entire, ligulate-pandurate; lateral lobes of the lip ligulate-quadrate
or subquadrate and relatively broad H. corydophora
lOb. Petals deeply bilobed; lateral lobes of the lip linear or filiform 11
lla. Anterior division of the petals bifid; lateral lobes of the lip about one half
as long as the mid-lobe H. abortiens
lib. Anterior division of the petals not bifid, linear; lateral lobes of the lip
commonly nearly as long as the mid-lobe or longer 12
12a. Stems and leaf -sheaths more or less conspicuously dark-maculate; leaves
with a prominent, narrow, scarious margin H. monorrhiza
12b. Stems and leaf-sheaths not maculate; leaves without a scarious margin . . 13
1 See note under this species.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 23
Leaves linear, linear-oblong to triangular-lanceolate or narrowly oblong-
lanceolate (commonly with subparallel sides) 14
Leaves ovate to oblong-elliptic (rarely lanceolate) with more or less
rounded sides 19
Flowers relatively large, dorsal sepal about 10 mm. or more long 15
Flowers much smaller, dorsal sepal about 4-7 mm. long 17
Inflorescence few- (1- to very rarely 6-) flowered; stigmatic processes
inconspicuous H. pauciflora
Inflorescence many- (commonly 12- or more-) flowered; stigmatic processes
large and conspicuous 16
Sepals 12 mm. or less long; mid-lobe of the lip markedly surpassing the
lateral lobes H. uncatiloba
Sepals 15 mm. or more long; mid-lobe of the lip shorter than the lateral
lobes H. Sartor
Raceme narrow with appressed flowers, about 1.75 (rarely 3) cm. in
diameter H. repens
Raceme relatively broad with spreading flowers, about 2 (rarely) to 4 cm.
in diameter 18
Spur 1.7 cm. or less long, prominently clavate, rounded at the apex.
H. Paivaeana
Spur 3-4 cm. long, slender and not prominently clavate H. caldensis
Racemes few- (1- to very rarely 6-) flowered H. pauciflora
Racemes commonly many- (9- or more-) flowered 20
Plant dwarf, up to 19 cm. tall (excluding rooting portion); lobes of the
petals parallel to each other or slightly diverging H. pumiloides
Plant 20 (rarely) or more cm. tall; lobes of the petals and of the lip more
or less diverging 21
Anterior lobe of the petals much shorter than the posterior lobe; lateral
lobes of the lip shorter than the mid-lobe H. rupestris
Anterior lobe of the petals about equal to or longer than the posterior
lobe; lateral lobes of the lip about equaling or longer than the mid-lobe . . 22
Leaves prominently 3-nerved; stigmatic processes short and inconspicuous.
H, Paivaeana
Leaves with 5 rather prominent nerves; stigmatic processes lanceolate-
ellipsoid and conspicuous H. Guentheriana
Habenaria abortiens Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 306. 1835.
Stem about 60 cm. high, densely leafy. Leaves lanceolate. Raceme elongate,
many-flowered. Dorsal sepal dwarf, orbicular-ovate. Lateral sepals relatively
large, obliquely semiorbicular, reflexed. Petals very small, divaricately bilobed,
with the broader anterior lobe bifid. Lip tripartite; lateral lobes subulate, about
half as long as the linear mid-lobe, recurved at the tip. Spur narrowly cylindric-
clavate, acute or acuminate, exceeding the lip.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Haenke. Huanuco, fide Schlechter,
Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 120. 1921.
I have seen only a floral analysis of this species from the Lind-
ley Herbarium.
24 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Habenaria autumnalis (as "auctumnalis") Poepp. & Endl.
Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 44, t. 75. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4:
99. 1893.
Plant about 10.5-18 dm. tall. Stems stout, densely leaved. Leaves oblong-
lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate, up to 20 cm. long and 5 cm. wide, sessile, am-
plexicaul, long-acuminate, 5-nerved. Raceme up to 60 cm. long, loosely many-
flowered. Flowers green. Dorsal sepal deeply concave, suborbicular, retuse,
5-6 mm. long. Lateral sepals nearly twice as long, very obliquely semiorbicular,
obtuse, reflexed. Petals small, simple, rhombic to subquadrate-obovate, some-
what shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip simple, linear, obtuse, sometimes with
a pair of obtuse angles at the base, a little longer than the lateral sepals, about 10
mm. long. Spur about twice as long as the lip or more, slenderly cylindric or
clavate-cylindric.
Huanuco: Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cassapi (Casapi), in
primeval woods and shaded rocky places, Poeppig s.n. (type).
Near Cuchero (Cochero), in shady woods, Poeppig 1072. Junin:
Pichis Trail, Yapas, 1350-1600 meters, in dense forest, Killip &
Smith 25527.
Habenaria avicula Schltr. var. peruviana C. Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Lean 1 . Harvard Univ. 9: 45, fig. 4 (p. 51). 1941. Figure 2.
Plant up to 10.5 dm. tall. Stem leafy above; basal portion (up to 32 cm.
long) provided only with tubular sheaths. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate or lanceolate-
ligulate, acute or acuminate, clasping at the narrowed base, up to 12.5 cm. long
and 3.4 cm. wide. Raceme loosely many-flowered, 22 cm. or more long. Flowers
greenish white. Dorsal sepal deeply concave, suborbicular, about 5 mm. long.
Lateral sepals twice as long, very obliquely semiorbicular. Petals small, divari-
cately bilobed, with the posterior lobe linear-ligulate and the anterior lobe nar-
rowly triangular. Lip 3-lobed, up to 11.5 mm. long; lateral lobes reduced to
short, spreading, triangular or linear-triangular teeth; mid-lobe elongate, linear.
Spur more than twice longer than the lip, up to 28.5 mm. long, narrowly clavate-
cylindric.
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, about 100 meters, in dense
forest, Killip & Smith 29880 (type). Quistococha, vicinity of
Iquitos, on sandy ground in forest, Asplund 14660.
Habenaria caldensis Kranzl. Engl. Bot. Jahrb. 16: 128. 1893;
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 70, t. 13, fig. 2. 1893.
Plant up to 10.8 dm. tall. Stem rather slender and loosely several-leaved.
Leaves linear to narrowly oblong-lanceolate, more or less acuminate, long-sheathing
below, suberect, up to 15 cm. long and 1.4 cm. wide. Raceme short or rather long,
few- to many-flowered, up to 16.5 cm. long. Flowers green, often with white
petals and lip. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, strongly concave, apiculate, up to
6.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals somewhat longer and narrower, falcate, elliptic-
ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acute. Petals deeply bipartite, with the divisions
FIG. 2. Habenaria parvicalcarata C. Schweinf. 1, flower with pedicellate
ovary, from side; X 6. 2, petal; X 6. H. pumiloides C. Schweinf. 3, petal; X 6.
H. avicula Schltr. var. peruviana C. Schweinf. 4, petal; X 6. H. dentifera C.
Schweinf. 5 and 6, petals from different flowers; X 6.
25
26 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
subparallel; posterior division ovate-oblong; anterior division linear, shorter or
longer than the posterior division. Lip tripartite nearly to the base; lateral lobes
linear, spreading, up to 11 mm. long; mid-lobe a little shorter and almost twice
as broad as the lateral lobes. Spur elongate-cylindric, much exceeding the other
segments, slightly clavate above, 3-4 cm. long. Stigmatic processes short. Ovary
distinctly pedicelled.
Loreto: Iquitos and vicinity, about 100 meters, clearing in woods,
Killip & Smith 27214. Same locality, Williams 1516. Same locality,
120 meters, Williams 3750. Iquitos, among Homolepis aturensis in
pasture, Asplund 14023. Also Brazil (type), British Guiana, and
Venezuela.
Habenaria corydophora Reichb. f. Linnaea 41: 30. 1876.
Plant small, 15-30 cm. high. Stem slender, with 4 to 7 scattering leaves.
Leaves lanceolate to lanceolate-ovate ("oblong"), up to 5 cm. long and 1.5 cm.
wide, acute or acuminate. Raceme short, very loosely few- (2-6-) flowered.
Dorsal sepal suborbicular to ovate-oblong, deeply cucullate, about 5 mm. long.
Lateral sepals a little larger, obliquely semiorbicular or triangular-ovate, falcate.
Petals entire, narrow, ligulate-pandurate, slightly oblique. Lip deeply 3-lobed
near or below the middle, about 11 mm. long; lateral lobes obliquely subquadrate,
extrorse to lightly retrorse, more or less crenulate on the outer margins; mid-lobe
lanceolate-linear, porrect. Spur very narrow, clavate-cylindric ("filiform"),
about equaling the lip, but shorter than the pedicellate ovary.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Lobb s.n. (type). Cuzco: Prov. of
Convention, "Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc," 2200 meters, in
forest humus, flowers white, Vargas 2562. Also (from drawing of
the type in the Reichenbach Herbarium at Vienna) "Sandillari,
7-8000', white, G. Pearce."
Habenaria dentifera C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 9: 46, figs. 5, 6 (p. 51). 1941. Figure 2.
Plant tall, 79 cm. or more high. Stem leafy except in the basal portion which is
provided with 3 close, tubular sheaths. Leaves lanceolate or elliptic-lanceolate,
up to 21.5 cm. long and 5.3 cm. wide, acuminate, clasping below. Raceme very
loosely many-flowered, up to 38 cm. long. Dorsal sepal relatively small, strongly
cucullate, suborbicular, obtuse, about 6 mm. long. Lateral sepals larger, about
8.5 mm. long, semiorbicular, falcate, obtuse, reflexed. Petals deeply bilobed;
posterior lobe subquadrate, unequally 3-toothed at the slightly dilated apex;
anterior lobe smaller, at right angles to the posterior lobe, triangular-ovate to
lanceolate. Lip linear, 3-lobed (rarely merely angled) at the base, fleshy; lateral
lobes minute, dentiform, reflexed, sometimes uncinate; mid-lobe many times
larger, up to 11.5 mm. long, rounded at the apex. Spur very slenderly cylindric,
up to 3.1 cm. long.
Junin: East of Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-1300 meters,
in dense forest, flowers light green, Killip & Smith 23841 (type).
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 27
Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1217
(immature). Quistococha, at edge of forest, Asplund 14169. San
Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters, in moun-
tain forest, flowers yellow-green, Klug 8691 .
Habenaria floribunda Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 316. 1835.
Vegetative parts lacking. Raceme very long, more than 30 cm. in length,
lax. Dorsal sepal round-ovate, strongly concave, abruptly acute. Lateral sepals
somewhat longer, falcately ovate-oblong, spreading. Petals simple, subquadrate-
oblong, unequally bilobed at the truncate apex, fleshy on the anterior half. Lip
simple, linear, subacute. Spur linear-clavate, somewhat exceeding the lip, equaling
the ovary.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Haenke s.n.
Description largely taken from a floral analysis in the Lindley
Herbarium.
Habenaria Guentheriana Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 25: 18. 1928.
Plant 30 to over 70 cm. tall. Stem leafy. Leaves elliptic, elliptic-lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate (sometimes oblanceolate or obovate), acute or acuminate,
up to 14 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, decreasing in size above and below, 5-nerved.
Raceme rather loosely many-flowered, 8-30 cm. long, sometimes nodding at
the apex. Dorsal sepal very broadly ovate or suborbicular, deeply cucullate,
about 5 mm. long and nearly as wide, rounded and sometimes slightly retuse-
apiculate at the apex. Lateral sepals somewhat longer, about 7 mm. long, obliquely
semiorbicular. Petals bipartite; posterior lobe linear, recurved, almost equaling
the dorsal sepal; anterior lobe narrowly linear, much longer than the posterior
lobe. Lip tripartite; lateral lobes linear, spreading or incurved, 9-11.5 mm. long;
mid-lobe similar, slightly broader and shorter than the lateral lobes. Spur slenderly
fusiform-clavate, about equaling the pedicellate ovary. Stigmatic processes long,
decurved.
Cuzco: "Mercedes," 900 meters, Bues s.n. Quillabamba, Sou-
kup 141. Prov. of Convencion, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc,
2200 meters, on open grass slope, perianth yellow-greenish, Vargas
2541. Also Bolivia (type).
The Peruvian collections cited above consist of three specimens
which are considerably lower plants than the type, but have some-
times slightly longer leaves which are frequently somewhat oblanceo-
late or obovate in outline. The racemes are also shorter and fewer-
flowered than typical.
Habenaria hexaptera Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 316. 1835; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 101, t. 14, fig. 2. 1893.
Plant up to 80 cm. high. Stem leafy except near the sheathed base. Leaves
ovate-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, 6-12 cm. long, up to 3.5 cm. wide, acute or
acuminate. Raceme elongate, up to 20 cm. long, rather loosely many-flowered.
28 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Flowers greenish. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate or suborbicular, obtuse and apiculate,
7-8 mm. long. Lateral sepals a little longer and much narrower, obliquely ovate-
lanceolate, acute and apiculate. Petals simple, linear-oblong or oblong-ligulate,
obtuse or subacute, bluntly angled at the base in front. Lip linear or linear-
ligulate, 6-8 mm. long, at the base on each side very shortly and acutely dentate.
Spur cylindric-clavate, up to 11 mm. long, more or less surpassing the lip. Ovary
with 6 undulate or serrulate, membranaceous wings.
Puno (ex Kranzlin), fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 120.
1921. Also Brazil (type) and Colombia.
Habenaria laxiflora Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 46,
t. 78, figs. a-d. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 36. 1893.
Stem up to 35 cm. high, sparingly leafy throughout. Leaves elongate-
lanceolate, acuminate, sheathing below, 6.4-9 cm. long, up to 10 mm. wide,
gradually diminishing upwards into bracts. Raceme 5-6 cm. long, loosely 4- to
8-flowered. Flowers rather large. Sepals green. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate,
obtuse, about 12 mm. long. Lateral sepals apparently a little longer and nar-
rower, obliquely ovate-lanceolate, reflexed, about 15 mm. long. Petals yellow,
bipartite; posterior division lanceolate, acute; anterior division much smaller,
reduced to a triangular tooth. Lip yellow, tripartite above the base, up to 24 mm.
long; lateral lobes short, linear, subparallel to the mid-lobe; mid-lobe linear, 3 or 4
times as long as the lateral lobes. Spur linear-cylindric, equaling the mid-lobe
of the lip.
Huanuco: On dry rocks near Cassapi (Casapi), fide Poeppig.
No example of this species was available.
Habenaria ligulata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 9:47. 1941.
Plant up to 90 cm. tall, from a more or less decumbent base. Stem stout,
leafy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate-elliptic, acute or short-acuminate,
ascending, more or less imbricating, up to 13 cm. long and 2.8 cm. wide, decreasing
above and below. Raceme densely many-flowered, up to 22.7 cm. long and nearly
5 cm. in diameter in the dried specimen. Flowers medium-sized, green. Dorsal
sepal ovate, strongly cucullate, broadly obtuse, 12-14 mm. long. Lateral sepals
oblong-lanceolate, a little longer and much narrower than the dorsal sepal, slightly
oblique, obtuse. Petals narrowly triangular-lanceolate, slightly falcate, acute,
with the anterior half thickened. Lip simple, linear or linear-lanceolate, about
15 mm. long, obtuse, fleshy. Spur subequaling or slightly exceeding the lip,
slender below, prominently flattened-clavate above. Ovary ribbed, but not
prominently winged.
Ayacucho: Ccarrapa, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 1500
meters, terrestrial on open hillside, Killip & Smith 22341 (type).
Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Tuncapata, Sta. Rita, 2500 meters,
on open grassy slope, Vargas 2668 (type). Also Bolivia.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 29
Habenaria linifolia Presl, Rel. Haenk. 1: 91. 1827.
Plant about 18 cm. high. Stem sheathed. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute,
2.5 cm. long. Raceme about 5 cm. long, loosely about 18-flowered. Sepals [and
petals] ovate, suboblique, obtuse, about 7 mm. long. Lip linear-oblong from a
broader base, obtuse, produced into an angle on each side at the base. Spur
linear [filiform], curved, as long as the* ovary.
Peru: Near Huanocco (Huanuco), fide Presl.
This diagnosis was compiled from the type description.
After this manuscript had been prepared, the type specimen of
this concept became available, and, while notably incomplete, the
flower proved to be referable to the widespread North American
Habenaria dilatata (Pursh) Hook. For a discussion of this matter
see C. Schweinfurth, Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 17: 211. 1956.
Habenaria monorrhiza (Sw.) Reichb. f. Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ge-
sell. 3: 274. 1885. Orchis setacea Jacq. Enum. PI. Carib. 28. 1760,
not Habenaria setacea Lindl. Orchis monorrhiza Sw. Prodr. Veg. Ind.
Occ. 118. 1788, in part. Habenaria speciosa Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. ac Sp. 1: 44, t. 76. 1836. Habenaria maculosa Lindl. Gen. &
Sp. Orch. 309. 1835.
Plant very variable, up to 12 dm. tall. Stem leafy, together with the leaf-
sheaths more or less distinctly dark-maculate. Leaves ovate-lanceolate, elliptic-
lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, with a narrow scarious
margin, up to 13.5 cm. long and 4 cm. wide. Raceme more or less elongate (up to
22 cm. tall), dense, commonly many-flowered (rarely few-flowered). Flowers
white or cream and white, variable in size. Dorsal sepal ovate or suborbicular-
ovate, deeply concave, 5-13.8 mm. long. Lateral sepals subequally long or a little
longer, obliquely ovate or oblong-ovate. Petals deeply bipartite; posterior division
ovate-oblong, elliptic-oblong or ligulate; anterior division linear, equaling or
shorter (very rarely longer) than the posterior division. Lip deeply tripartite;
lateral divisions filiform, spreading or retrorse, subequal to or longer than the
middle division; middle division linear, about 16 mm. or less long. Spur slenderly
cylindric, slightly broader above, about 2-3 times longer than the lip.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, in open woods, Killip & Smith 22557. Cuzco: Prov. of
Quispicanchis, Chaupichaca, Marcapata Valley, 1800 meters,
"mixed formation consisting of shrubwoods and grass steppe,"
A. Weberbauer 7833. Same locality, 2000 meters, "macrothermal
grass steppe," Weberbauer 7833a. Prov. of Urubamba, Machu-
Picchu on rocky slope, 2000-2600 meters, Vargas 188 If. Huanuco:
Between Huanuco and Pampayaco (Pampayacu), Kanehira 329,
331. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 1257.
La Merced, about 615 meters, on brushy banks, Macbride 5301.
30 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Same locality, about 700 meters, in wooded valley, Kittip & Smith
23511, 23701*. Rio Paucartambo Valley, near Perene Bridge, 700
meters, in dense forest, Kittip & Smith 25390. Prov. of Tarma,
Quimiri, near La Merced, 800-900 meters, in evergreen forest, Fer-
reyra 3700. Utcuyacu, 1800 meters, in shady forest, Woytkowski
35365. San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters,
in mountain forest, King 3608. Also Guatemala to Panama, West
Indies (type), Colombia, Venezuela, Brazil, Ecuador and Bolivia.
Habenaria obtusa Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 315. 1835; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 95, t. 16, fig. 1. 1893.
Plant stout, up to 9 dm. tall. Stem leafy, with leaves soon decreasing in size
above. Leaves ovate-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate (or the lowermost elliptic),
acute or subacute, long-sheathing at the base, up to 13.5 cm. long and 4 cm. wide.
Raceme more or less elongate, up to 25 cm. long, loosely or subdensely flowered
(the erect foliaceous floral bracts simulating a stout rachis). Floral bracts large,
ovate-lanceolate, commonly exceeding the flowers. Flowers white or white and
greenish. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate or suborbicular, deeply concave, obtuse
(often apiculate), up to 10 mm. long. Lateral sepals oblong-ovate to semiorbicular,
strongly oblique, reflexed, somewhat longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals simple,
falcate-oblong with the anterior margin extended into a minute lobe or tooth
at the base. Lip simple, linear, obscurely angled-dilated at the base on each side,
12-18 mm. long. Spur much longer, slenderly cylindric-clavate, about 4-5 cm.
long.
Cuzco: "Mercedes," 900 meters, Bues 3 (Herb. Field Museum
659983). Also Brazil (type), Surinam, Venezuela and Paraguay.
This stout and variable species probably includes H. Lindenii
Lindl.
Habenaria Paivaeana Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 3: 17. 1878.
Habenaria chloroceras Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 89. 1905.
Plant up to 60 cm. high. Stem very leafy. Leaves elliptic, oblong-lanceolate
or lanceolate-elliptic, up to 17 cm. long and 3.3 cm. wide (the upper and lower
blades much reduced), more or less convolute, acute or acuminate, long-sheathing
at the base, with 3 conspicuous nerves. Raceme more or less elongate, up to 12
cm. long, commonly many-flowered, rather laxly flowered when mature. Dorsal
sepal broadly ovate, acute, concave, 5-6 mm. long. Lateral sepals "triangular"
or obliquely semiovate, distinctly longer than the dorsal sepal, conspicuously
apiculate, reflexed. Petals bipartite, with linear-falcate lobes; anterior lobe sub-
equaling or longer than the posterior lobe. Lip deeply tripartite, about 7-13 mm.
long; lobes linear, fleshy, spreading, nearly equal, with the middle division some-
what shorter than the laterals. Spur slender-cylindric below, clavate above,
rounded at the apex, markedly surpassing the lip, 7.5-17 mm. long. Stigmatic
processes rounded, fleshy, not conspicuous.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 31
Cuzco: Paso de Tres Cruces, Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 3800-3900
meters, on open grassy paramo, Pennell 13888a. Surroundings of
Acomayo, natural fences of Fourcroya, 3050 meters, Vargas 245.
Huanuco: Ambo, about 2100 meters, on river-canyon slopes, in
yucca hedge, Macbride 3149. Junin: Mountains east of Palca,
3000-3100 meters, on high grassy plateau with scattering shrubs,
Weberbauer 2424 (type of H. chloroceras). Puno: Prov. of Caraba-
ya, Ollachea (below), 2500 meters, Vargas 6946. Also Bolivia (type)
and Argentina.
A rigid comparison of the type collections of H. Paivaeana and
H. chloroceras shows that these concepts are synonymous.
Habenaria parvicalcarata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean". Har-
vard Univ. 9: 49, fig. 1 (p. 51). 1941. Figure 2.
Plant small, about 25 cm. high, with a central, tuberous swelling terminating
the base of the stem. Stem leafy, except at the sheathed base. Leaves more or
less strict, lanceolate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, loosely
sheathing at the base, up to 7 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, much smaller above.
Raceme about 7 cm. long, about 9-flowered, rather dense. Floral bracts relatively
large. Flowers small, green. Dorsal sepal ovate, strongly cucullate, obtuse,
mucronate, about 7.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals somewhat larger, obliquely
lanceolate, concave, obtuse, mucronate, spreading. Petals deeply bipartite;
posterior lobe falcate, lanceolate-linear; anterior lobe linear, longer than the
posterior lobe, strongly incurved toward the apex. Lip tripartite with subparallel
lobes; lateral lobes narrowly linear, about 8.2 mm. long; mid-lobe linear, obtuse,
a little shorter than the lateral lobes but about twice as broad. Spur very small,
cylindric, about 2.2 mm. long. Stigmatic processes abbreviated. Ovary slender,
6-sulcate.
Cuzco: Paso de Tres Cruces, Cerro de Cusilluyoc, 3800-3900
meters, on open grassy paramo, Pennell 13888.
Habenaria parvidens Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 317. 1835.
Plant about 46 cm. tall. Stem leafy. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate, channelled, acute or acuminate, long-sheathing below, up to 9.5 cm.
long and 2.2 cm. wide. Raceme more or less elongate, loosely several- to many-
flowered, up to 17 cm. long. Floral bracts commonly shorter than the flowers.
Dorsal sepal ovate, concave, acute, apiculate, about 11 mm. long. Lateral sepals
obliquely oblong-ovate, acuminate, apiculate, reflexed, a little longer and nar-
rower than the dorsal sepal. Petals simple, linear-oblong or linear-lanceolate,
falcate, with a blunt angle at the base in front. Lip trilobed at the base, about 13
mm. long; lateral lobes very short, linear or linear-triangular; mid-lobe linear,
many times longer than the lateral lobes. Spur very slenderly clavate-cylindric,
arcuate, distinctly surpassing the lip, about 3-3.5 cm. long.
The description of this species by Cogniaux, in Fl. Bras. 3,
pt. 4: 95. 1893, specifies that the lip is not dilated or at most ob-
32 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
scurely angled at the base and that the ovary is broadly six-winged
with crisped wings. This characterization, which is at variance with
the material examined, suggests either that Cogniaux confused
H. hexaptera with this species, or that the two concepts are synony-
mous.
It appears that Habenaria hexaptera Lindl., H'. parvidens Lindl.,
and H. ligulata C. Schweinf. form a rather closely allied and con-
fusing group of which the components may, when more material is
available, prove to be conspecific.
Cuzco: Machu-Picchu, in damp thicket, Hunnewell 159^3.
Huanuco: Near Cassapi (Casapi), Mathews 1885 (type).
Habenaria pauciflora (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 10. 1854;
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 37. 1893. Bonatea pauciflora
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 329. 1835. H. setifera Lindl. Ann. & Mag.
Nat. Hist. 4: 381. 1840; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 62. 1893.
Plant slender, very variable, up to 8 dm. high. Stem provided toward the
base with tubular sheaths, loosely few-leaved above. Leaves oblong-lanceolate
(rarely narrowly elliptic) to linear-lanceolate or linear, appressed or erect-spread-
ing, channelled and often conduplicate, frequently incurved, acuminate to long-
attenuate (rarely acute), up to 15 cm. long and 2 cm. wide. Raceme very loosely
1- to (very rarely) 6-flowered. Flowers rather large, green, white or cream-colored.
Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, concave, acute, apiculate, about 10-13 mm. long.
Lateral sepals slightly longer, obliquely oblong-ovate, acute or acuminate, apicu-
late, reflexed. Petals bipartite; posterior division erect, obliquely oblong-lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate (rarely ovate); anterior division linear, falcate, about as
long as, or a little shorter than, the posterior lobe. Lip deeply tripartite, up to
15 mm. long; lobes linear, fleshy, subequal, the lateral lobes diverging and often
recurved. Spur elongate, slender-cylindric below, clavate above, rounded at the
tip, about 2 to 6 times longer than the lip.
Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, Rio Alto, 900 meters, Bues 31 (Herb.
Field Museum 659998) . Junin, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert.
Beih. 9: 120. 1921. Loreto: Near Tarapoto, on grassy plains,
Spruce 4953. Also Mexico to Panama, Trinidad, Colombia, Vene-
zuela, British Guiana, French Guiana, Brazil (type of Bonatea
pauciflora), and Argentina.
Habenaria pumiloides C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 9: 53, fig. 3 (p. 51). 1941. Figure 2.
Plant low, erect, up to about 19 cm. high, terminating below in a stout tuber-
oid. Stem sheathed at the base, densely leafy above, 4-10 cm. high up to the
raceme. Leaves 3 to 5, mostly imbricating, ovate or ovate-lanceolate to lanceolate-
elliptic, up to 4.5 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide, acute or acuminate, apparently con-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 33
volute or conduplicate. Raceme 4-10.5 cm. long, few- to several-flowered, densely
flowered above. Flowers yellowish green, small. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, up to
8 mm. long, cucullate, obtuse or acute. Lateral sepals obliquely ovate-lanceolate,
reflexed, obtuse or acute, somewhat longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal.
Petals bipartite; posterior lobe much the larger, lanceolate-oblong, obtuse or
acute; anterior lobe shorter to subequally long, linear, incurved and overlapping
the posterior lobe or spreading, obtuse. Lip deeply tripartite, up to 9.5 mm. long;
lateral lobes filiform, shorter than the mid-lobe, obtuse, often slightly incurved
at the apex; mid-lobe linear-ligulate, obtuse, a little longer but much wider than
the lateral lobes. Spur exceeding the lip, about 15 mm. or less long, more or less
clavate.
Apurimac: Prov. of Abancay, upper Rio Marino, 3000 meters,
in humus of grassy area between shrubs, Stork, Horton & Vargas
10645. Cuzco: Ollantaytambo, about 3000 meters, Cook & Gilbert
709 (type). Junin: Huancayo, 3400-3500 meters, Soukup 2998.
Same locality, about 3317 meters, Soukup 3980.
Habenaria repens Nutt. Gen. N. Am. PI. 2: 190. 1818; Kranzl.
Orch. Gen. et Sp. 1: 317. ?1901; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4:
91. 1893; Correll, Native Orch. N. Am. 103, t. 36. 1950. Platanthera
foliosa Brongn. Duperr. Bot. Voy. Coquille, Phan. 195: t. 38B. 1829.
Habenaria maxillaris Lindl. Hook. Journ. Bot. 1: 5. 1834; Gen. &
Sp. Orch. 310. 1835. Figure 3.
Plant widespread and variable, stout or slender, leafy, 1-90 cm. high. Leaves
linear to lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, sheathing the stem
below, about 5-24 cm. long, up to 2.6 cm. wide. Raceme more or less densely many-
flowered, about 3.5-28.5 cm. long, rarely up to 3 cm. in diameter. Floral bracts
commonly exceeding the flowers at maturity. Flowers small, greenish. Dorsal
sepal ovate to suborbicular-ovate, apiculate, concave, 3-7 mm. long. Lateral
sepals somewhat longer and narrower, ovate to ovate-oblong. Petals deeply
bipartite; posterior division linear-lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acute; anterior
division linear or filiform, about equaling or slightly exceeding the posterior
division. Lip tripartite nearly to the base, strongly reflexed; lateral lobes filiform,
5-11 mm. long; mid-lobe linear to linear-oblong, about 4-7 mm. long. Spur
slender, about as long as the pedicellate ovary.
Peru: Lima (type of H. maxillaris). Near Callao (type of
Platanthera foliosa), fide Brongniart. This concept extends from
North Carolina (U.S.A.), through the West Indies and Central and
South America to Paraguay and Argentina.
Habenaria rupestris Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 45,
t. 78. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 89. 1893.
Plant variable, 30-50 cm. tall. Stem sheathed near the base, distantly leafy
above. Leaves ovate, elliptic-ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
amplexicaul below, 3-7.5 cm. long, 15-28 mm. wide. Raceme more or less elon-
34 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
gate, laxly flowered especially toward the base, 15 cm. or less long. Floral bracts
as long as the ovary or surpassing the flower. Flowers rather numerous, dull
yellow. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, concave, acute, about 10 mm. long. Lateral
sepals obliquely oblong-ovate or semiovate, acute, slightly longer and narrower
than the dorsal sepal. Petals bipartite; posterior lobe triangular-lanceolate or
obliquely oblong-ovate, subfalcate; anterior lobe much smaller, linear or linear-
lanceolate, spreading, more or less arcuate. Lip tripartite, up to 20 mm. long;
lateral lobes linear, more or less diverging, about one-half as long as the mid-lobe
or less; mid-lobe ligulate-linear, markedly broader than the lateral lobes. Spur
cylindric-clavate, arcuate, about equaling the mid-lobe of the lip. Anther canals
elongate, ascending.
Huanuco: In rocky woods near Cassapi (Casapi), Poeppig s.n.
(type). Rocky woods near Cuchero (Cochero), Poeppig 1613.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 5J$. (This
collection, of two variable plants, differs from the typical form in
having often larger leaves (up to 7.5 cm. long), floral bracts markedly
exceeding the flowers, and more or less longer lateral lobes of the lip.)
Habenaria Sartor Lindl. Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. 2: 662. 1843;
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 32, t. 5, fig. 1. 1893. H. dolicho-
sceras Barb. Rodr. Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. 1: 153. 1877. H. fastor
Lindl. ex Warm. Vidensk. Meddel. nat. Foren. 90, t. 8, fig. 4. 1884
(Symb. Fl. Bras. pt. 30: 90, t. 8, fig. 4. 1884).
Plant up to 12 dm. tall. Stem stout, leafy from the middle up to the raceme.
Leaves linear-oblong or triangular-lanceolate, acuminate, long-sheathing below,
channelled, erect-spreading, up to 27 cm. long and 2.5 cm. wide, gradually dimin-
ishing upward into bracts. Raceme more or less elongate, up to 25 cm. long,
subdensely many-flowered. Flowers large, white, greenish white or yellow-green.
Dorsal sepal narrowly ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute, apiculate, strongly concave,
15-20 mm. long. Lateral sepals somewhat longer, obliquely ovate-elliptic or
ovate-oblong, acuminate. Petals deeply bipartite; posterior lobe linear-lanceolate
or linear-oblong, falcate; anterior lobe reflexed or spreading, very narrowly linear,
longer than the posterior lobe. Lip deeply tripartite above the entire base; lateral
lobes filiform and similar to the anterior lobe of the petals, up to 3.2 cm. long;
mid-lobe linear, shorter than the lateral lobes but broader, up to 2 cm. long.
Spur linear-cylindric, pendulous, up to about 12.7 cm. long, much exceeding the
ovary, with the apical part concealed by the foliaceous bracts. Stigmatic processes
very conspicuous.
San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 meters,
in mountain forest, Klug 3522. Also Brazil (type) and Dutch
Guiana (Surinam).
Habenaria uncatiloba C. Schweinf. Rev. Acad. Colomb.
Cie"nc. Exact. Fisic. y Natur. 5, no. 19: 348. 1943.
Plant about 38 cm. high, from a short decumbent base. Stem leafy except at
the sheathed base. Leaves 5 or 6, arcuate-spreading, oblong-lanceolate, con-
FIG. 3. Habenaria repens Nutt. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower, front view; X 2.
3, petal; X 3. Original drawing by Blanche Ames.
35
36 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
duplicate in the dried specimen, acute or acuminate, up to 9 cm. long and 1.8 cm.
wide, sheathing below. Raceme about 11 cm. long, subdensely many- (17-)
flowered. Flowers rather large. Dorsal sepal deeply concave, broadly ovate,
acute, about 10 mm. long. Lateral sepals reflexed, obliquely ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate, a little longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals bifid; posterior lobe
lightly falcate, triangular-lanceolate; anterior lobe much smaller, uncinate,
triangular-linear. Lip trifid, fleshy, about 12.5 mm. long; lateral lobes narrowly
linear, more or less spreading; mid-lobe much longer and broader, oblong-linear.
Spur very slenderly cylindric, about 2 cm. long, subequaling the plurisulcate
ovary.
Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, between Tuncapata and Puyupata,
2900-3600 meters, on open grassy slope, Vargas 2705.
CHLORAEA Lindl.
Terrestrial plants mostly confined to Chile and reaching a northern limit in
Peru and Bolivia. Stems simple, leafy or leafy-bracted. Leaves membranaceous,
often withering and destroyed in the course of development. Flowers in terminal
spikes or rarely solitary, medium-sized or large. Sepals and petals free. Lateral
sepals simple, not pinnate nor pectinate at the apex as in Bipinnula. Lip unguicu-
late, not sessile and biglandulose at the base as in Asarca.
Al. Disc of the lip mostly covered by a dense mass of fine papillae arranged
in crowded lines; lip distinctly 3-lobed C. densipapillosa
A2. Disc of the iip not covered by a dense mass of fine papillae I
la. Flowers green or green and white; sepals about 2 cm. or less long; disc of
the lip with numerous, usually clavate, papillae C. reticulata
Ib. Flowers pale yellow or yellow veined with green; sepals 2.5 cm. or more
long 1
la. Lip subsimple or obscurely 3-lobed, disc with a few, broken keels or
falcate, complanate teeth C. peruviana
Ib. Lip sharply 3-lobed, disc with numerous, verrucose, separated lines or
ridges C. multilineolata
Chloraea densipapillosa C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 9: 55, fig., 1941. Figure 4.
Plant robust, up to about 54 cm. tall. Stem stout, terete, leafy, entirely or
mostly concealed by the leaf-sheaths, about 1 cm. in diameter at the base. Leaves
numerous, ovate, elliptic-ovate or lanceolate-elliptic, amplexi caul below, extended
at the base into a closely clasping sheath; lamina up to about 9.4 cm. long and
4.7 cm. wide (often much smaller toward the base of the plant), gradually dimin-
ishing above into strict, foliaceous sheaths, acute or acuminate, membranaceous
in the dried specimen. Inflorescence loose to rather dense, about 19-flowered or
less, up to about 21.5 cm. long and 10 cm. in diameter in the dried specimen.
Flowers medium-sized for the genus, membranaceous in the dried specimen;
perianth segments closely reticulate veined. Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate,
acute, up to 2.63 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide below the middle, with 7 main nerves.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 37
Lateral sepals similar but a little larger, oblique, acuminate, with 6 to 8 prominent
nerves near the base. Petals oval, slightly oblique, broadly obtuse or rounded at
the apex, shorter than the dorsal sepal, with 7 prominent nerves. Lip clawed,
distinctly 3-lobed just below the middle, cuneate at the base; claw short and
broad, about 5.6 mm. long, fleshy below, membranaceous above, slightly dilated
and gradually passing into the lamina; lamina ovate-oblong in outline, up to about
2.1 cm. long and 1.1 cm. wide across the lateral lobes; lateral lobes small, semi-
obovate, with a rounded apex and irregular, thickened margins; mid-lobe ovate
FIG. 4. Chloraea densipapillosa C. FIG. 5. Chloraea multilineolata C.
Schweinf. Lip, X 2. Schweinf. Lip, X 2.
or oblong-ovate, up to about 1.2 cm. long and 1 cm. wide near the middle, irregu-
larly lobulate-apiculate, with irregularly crenulate and papillose-thickened
margins; the basal and central part of the disc entirely covered by a dense mass of
about 10 lines of crowded, fleshy, pustulose ridges of which the outer one or two
on each side spread onto the lateral lobes; in front the lines of papillae more
separated and diminishing into indistinct papillae near the apex; under surface
of the disc near the apex slightly pustulose. Column more or less broadly winged
on each side, arcuate, dilated above, up to about 1.3 cm. long, with the anterior
basal surface deeply concave.
Apurimac: Prov. of Abancay, on hillsides near Tuncapata, 2700
meters, Vargas 754 (type in Gray Herb. no. 7442; fragment of type
in Herb. Ames no. 55411). Prov. of Abancay, upper Marino Valley,
3000 meters, on gravelly soil in open shrubland, Stork, Horton and
Vargas 10636. Cuzco: Prov. of Urubamba, environs of Urubamba,
2880 meters, on rocky slopes, Vargas 11086.
Chloraea multilineolata C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har-
vard Univ. 9: 57, fig., 1941. Figure 5.
38 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Plant stout, lightly flexuous, leafy, exceeding 30 cm. in height (lowermost
portion lacking and upper part of raceme broken and imperfect in our specimen).
Leaves ovate, with sheathing base, gradually diminishing into sheaths above;
lamina membranaceous, up to 6.5 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, subacute to short-
acuminate, spreading. Raceme about 11-flowered, loose. Flowers large, pale
yellow, with spreading, membranaceous segments which are lightly retinerved.
Dorsal sepal broadly lanceolate, acute, about 2.8 cm. long and 1.25 cm. wide, with
3 longitudinal nerves. Lateral sepals narrowly oblong-lanceolate, oblique, acute,
4-nerved, slightly longer and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals oblong-oval,
rounded above with a retuse tip, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal, 7-nerved,
adnate to the base of the column. Lip broadly ovate in outline, deeply 3-lobed,
very shortly and broadly clawed, about 2.3 cm. long and 1.94 cm. wide across the
lateral lobes when expanded; lateral lobes semiobcordate with rounded apex, about
1.15 cm. long; mid-lobe suborbicular-ovate, rounded at the apex, with undulate,
irregularly papillose margins, about 1.4 cm. long and 1.3 cm. wide; disc sub-
cordate at the base, provided with about 13 approximate, verrucose ridges of
which the lateral ones on each side are sometimes broken into irregular series of
warts. Column slender, about 1.9 cm. long, abruptly dilated at the apex, narrowly
winged on each side with the wing lightly dilated below and forming a concave
base.
Apurimac: Prov. of Grau, Trapiche Canyon, Oropeza Valley,
2500-2800 meters, in stony, clay soil, Vargas 9793 (type in Herb.
Field Museum 1051164).
Chloraea peruviana Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37: 528. 1906.
Plant about 40-58 cm. high. Stem stout, very leafy. Leaves oval, ovate-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, approximate or imbricating in
the lower portion, about 7.5-14.5 cm. long and 3-5.6 cm. wide, diminishing into
sheaths above. Spike loose, up to 10-flowered, with the rachis about 20 cm. long.
Flowers rather large, yellow with green veins. Dorsal sepal "ovate" to elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, about 2.5-3 cm. long and 1.1 cm. wide. Lateral sepals oblong-
lanceolate, slightly oblique, about as long as the dorsal sepal and a little wider.
Petals shorter than the sepals, obliquely "oblong" or oblong-elliptic, obtuse. Lip
shortly and narrowly clawed; lamina "ovate" or ovate-oblong, subsimple or
obscurely 3-lobed below the middle, obtuse, 2-2.5 cm. long, about 1.4 cm. wide
below; disc through the central part with a few, short, broken keels or flattened
falcate teeth. Column relatively small, slender, arcuate, dilated at the apex,
about 1.3 cm. long at the back.
Lima: Amancaes Mountains, near Lima, 500 meters, in the Loma
Formation, Weberbauer s.n. (type). Matucana, about 2460 meters,
in the moister swales of eastern hillsides, flowers yellow, Macbride
and Featherstone 372 (this collection is somewhat larger than the
type, both vegetatively and florally).
Chloraea reticulata Schltr. Fedde Repert. 15: 210. 1918;
Hauman, Anal. Soc. Cient. Argent. 90: 108, fig. 9a. 1921.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 39
Plant stout, very variable, up to over 84 cm. tall (in Peru). Stem stout,
leafy except at the sheathed base. Leaves oval, elliptic or oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse to acute, clasping below, imbricated to subremote, commonly 6-7 larger
blades, up to 19 cm. long and 6 cm. wide. Racemes loose, 4- to over 20-flowered.
Flowers medium-sized, beautifully reticulated, commonly green and white.
Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong to elliptic-oblong, rounded to subacute at the
apex, 1.4-2 cm. long, 5-10 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar but more narrowed
above, acute to obtuse, oblique. Petals shorter and broader than the sepals,
oblong-elliptic to oval, broadly rounded to obtuse at the apex. Lip shortly
clawed; lamina from a cuneate base, pandurate-trilobed, 1.3-1.5 cm. long, 7-10
mm. wide across the basal dilation; lateral lobes more or less distinct, short,
semiobovate; mid-lobe oblong-ovate to suborbicular, much thickened toward
the margins, rounded or retuse; disc thickly adorned with clavate or pyriform
papillae which are less numerous and more rounded or absent on the mid-lobe.
Column slender, arcuate, dilated at the apex, about 1.3 cm. long at the back.
Cuzco: Prov. of Calca, below Lares, 2900-3000 meters, in
"shrubwood," Weberbauer 7900. Prov. of Calca, Hda. Paucartica,
3300 meters, on rocky slopes, Vargas 6078. "Valle de Paucar-
tambo," 3400 meters, Herrera 2338a. Urubamba, Soukup 221.
Puno: Prov. of Carabaya, between Juro and Ackopampa Bridge,
2900-3520 meters, on rocky slopes, Vargas 6862. Also Bolivia and
Argentina (type).
This variable species, heretofore recorded only from north-
western Argentina, occurs in the Department of Cuzco, Peru, about
850 miles northwest of its formerly known stations. It appears to
vary extensively in its vegetative height (about 26-96 cm.), in the
intervals, proportions, and size of the leaves, in the number of flowers,
in the short or elongate inflorescence, in the size and proportions of
the sepals and petals, in the termination of the sepals and petals,
in the proportions of the mid-lobe, and in the occurrence and precise
form of the papillae on the disc of the lip. In particular, the Peru-
vian form is characterized by having the sepals and petals usually
rounded (not subacute to obtuse) at the apex, and in the disc of
the mid-lobe of the lip having rather numerous papillae.
POGONIA Juss. (including Cleistes Lindl.)
Terrestrial, erect plants, varying from small and delicate to large and robust
species, native of temperate to tropical regions. Those of Peru suggest the
liliaceous genus Uvularia L. Roots fleshy, tuberous, or fibrous. Stems mostly
simple and leaf-bearing, rarely branched and provided only with bracts. Leaves
one to several, sessile, clasping. Flowers solitary to several, terminal, or terminal
and axillary, mostly large and showy in tropical species. Sepals free, narrow,
subequal, subparallel. Petals commonly shorter and broader than the sepals.
Lip free, spurless, sessile or contracted into a claw, simple or 3-lobed, mostly
40 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
tubular-concave in natural position; disc usually provided with callose, often
tuberculate, lines or bands. Column more or less elongate; pollinia 2, one in each
cell of the anther, granulose.
Al. Lip simple, oblong-elliptic or elliptic-obovate when expanded .. P. rosea
A2. Lip sharply 3-lobed near the apex, elliptic-ovate or ovate-oblong when
expanded P. Vargasii
Pogonia rosea (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 2: 89. 1865; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 128. 1893. Cleistes rosea Lindl. Gen. &
Sp. Orch. 410. 1840. Pogonia Moritzii Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 2: 89.
1865.
Plant large and stout, about 45-150 cm. tall, glaucous. Leaves few to several,
distant, more or less erect, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
clasping below, up to 12 cm. long and 3 cm. wide. Flowers 1 to 3, very loose, rose
or purple (rarely white), nodding, large and showy, subtended by a large foliaceous
bract. Sepals similar, linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, 4.5-7 cm. long, up to
12 mm. wide, the lateral ones lightly oblique. Petals shorter and broader, ob-
lanceolate or obovate-oblong to elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate. Lip in natural
position tubular-involute, simple, when expanded oblong-elliptic to obovate-
elliptic ("oblong or ligulate-obovate"), more or less acute, 4.5-7 cm. long, up to
2.6 cm. wide; disc with a broad, central, median keel or band which is sulcate
below and divided above into 5 or 6 serrulate or papillose ridges, and with a pair
of obovoid to clavate glands at the base.
Cuzco: Habitat not recorded, 9'00 meters, Bues s.n. (Herb. Field
Museum 660000; the single flower of this collection is so imperfect
that certainty of identification is impossible). Huanuco: Between
Huanuco and Pampayaco (Pampayacu), eastern Andes, Kanehira
325. Cogniaux (in Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 129. 1893) cites Peru,
1300-2700 meters, Warscewicz. Also Panama, Colombia, Venezuela,
Trinidad, and British Guiana (type of Cleistes rosea).
Pogonia Vargasii C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ.
15: 1, t. 1. 1951. Figure 6.
Plant strict, more or less slender, about 77 cm. or less tall. Stem up to about
69 cm. tall, with 2 to 4 remote leaves above. Leaves strict, oblong-lanceolate to
linear-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, clasping at the sessile base, up to 10 cm.
long and 1.3 cm. wide (the uppermost blade). Flowers 1 to 3 (commonly 2),
rather small for the genus, pink, up to 5 cm. apart, subtended by a strict bract
similar to the leaves but shorter and often broader. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-
oblong, acute, 3.6 cm. long, about 8 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar but a
little smaller, narrowly elliptic-oblong or lanceolate-oblong, lightly oblique.
Petals slightly shorter than the sepals but distinctly broader, oblong-elliptic to
narrowly obovate-oblong, subacute. Lip tubular-involute in natural position,
elliptic-ovate or oblong-ovate in outline when expanded, sharply 3-lobed near the
apex, about 3.3 cm. long, up to 1.6 cm. wide; lateral lobes long, terminating in
POGONIA
araasn
FIG. 6. Pogonia Vargasii C. Schweinf. 1, plants; X M- 2, flower from
side, natural position; X % 3, lateral sepal; X M- 4, dorsal sepal; X %
5, petal; X % 6, lip, expanded; X %. 7, column with anther, three-quarters
view; X 1. Drawn by Dorothy H. Marsh.
41
42 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
a short, spreading, triangular, subacute apex; mid-lobe relatively small, sub-
orbicular-obovate, rounded or retuse at the apex; disc with a broad, central,
fleshy band which is more or less papillose above, and with a pair of minute glands
at the base.
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Sahuayaco-Cascarillayocc, 1700
meters, on grassy slopes, Vargas 6306 (type). Prov. of Urubamba,
Tuncapata, Sta. Rita, on open grassy slopes, 2500 meters, Vargas
2686. Puno: Prov. of Sandia, Sto. Domingo area, 1550 meters,
flowers rose-red tinged with blue (buds), McCarroll 102.
VANILLA Sw. 1
Long, climbing and generally stout plants, leafless or more frequently leafy,
with stems and branches emitting adventitious roots. Leaves remote, linear or
broadly elliptic, sessile or shortly petioled, generally coriaceous or fleshy. Racemes
generally axillary, short, sessile or peduncled. Flowers large and showy; perianth
campanulate. Sepals free, subequal, narrow. Petals more or less similar. Lip
larger than the sepals and petals, with the lower sides adnate to the column.
Al. Leaves obovate or broadly elliptic, rounded at the apex with a short,
broad hook or recurved apicule V. hamata 2
A2. Leaves linear, oblong, ovate-oblong or elliptic, narrowed at the tip I
la. Leaf -blades linear to oblong 1
Ib. Leaf-blades broadly oblong to elliptic 2
la. Leaves narrowly oblong or elliptic-oblong, mature blades 2.8 cm. or more
wide V. Ruiziana 2
Ib. Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 2.3 cm. or less wide V. odorata 2
2a. Lip distinctly 3-lobed; mid-lobe obtuse; disc apparently naked.
V. Weberbaueriana
2b. Lip subentire or obscurely 3-lobed, retuse to bilobed at the apex; disc with
a crest of retrorse appendages V. pompona
Vanilla hamata Kl. Bot. Zeit. 4: 563. 1846; Rolfe, Journ. Linn.
Soc. 32: 462. 1896.
Stem stout, flexuous, with the internodes 10 cm. or more long. Leaves
broadly obovate or round-elliptic, rounded at the apex with an abrupt, broad,
recurved apicule, slightly narrowed at the base, about 15-18 cm. long and 9 cm.
wide, very short-petioled. Racemes short, 9- or more-flowered. Sepals and petals
1 Two species which are natives of British Guiana, V. appendiculaia Rolfe and
V. bicolor Lindl., appear doubtfully to be represented by recent collections from
northeastern Peru (Dept. Loreto), but their imperfect lips make identity uncertain.
Accordingly, they are not included in this flora.
1 V. hamata Kl., V. Ruiziana Kl., and V. odorata Presl were originally de-
scribed from flowerless material; some of the sterile Peruvian collections here
referred to V. odorata appear, in respect to relative proportions, to approach
V. Ruiziana.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 43
oblong-lanceolate, subobtuse, about 7.6 cm. long. Lip subentire, crisped-undulate,
obtuse, about 5 cm. long; disc with 3 nerves crenulate-keeled above, and with
a crest of fringed appendages.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, in open woods, Ruiz & Pavdn s.n.
(in British Museum). Huanuco, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert.
Beih. 9: 121. 1921.
I have examined records of the type of this concept.
Vanilla odorata Presl, Rel. Haenk. 101. 1827; Ames, Sched.
Orch. 9: 1, t., 1925.
Stem rather slender, distantly leaved. Leaves linear-lanceolate, acute or
acuminate with a reflexed tip, coriaceous and fleshy, very shortly petioled, up to
22 cm. long (often much shorter) and 2.3 cm. wide. Racemes very short, densely
several-flowered. Dorsal sepal narrowly lanceolate, about 5.2 cm. long and 1.1
cm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, but a little shorter and broader. Petals sub-
equal to the sepals, narrowly lanceolate, obtuse. Lip 4.5 cm. long, adnate to the
column about to the middle; free portion obovate-flabellate, about 2.1 cm. long,
lightly tricarinate with the keels giving rise above to several retrorse, papilliform
emergences, coarsely fimbriate on the anterior margins; disc with a multilamellate
crest beneath the column. Capsules sessile, linear-cylindric, attenuate at the
base and apex.
The following Peruvian collections are sterile (as was the type),
and the leaves are often 10 cm. or less in length; but their identifi-
cation appears to be reasonably certain.
Loreto: Yurimaguas, lower Rio Huallaga, about 135 meters, in
dense forest, Killip & Smith 29065. Same locality, 155-210 meters,
on edge of forest, Williams 4539. Leticia, on the Amazon River,
Williams 3161. San Martin: Alto Rio Huallaga, Tarapoto, 360-900
meters, on edge of forest, Williams 6272. Also Bolivia, Ecuador,
and Costa Rica.
Vanilla pompona Schiede, Linnaea 4: 573. 1829; Cogn. Mar-
tius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 147. 1893; Rolfe, Journ. Linn. Soc. 32: 465.
1896. V. grandiflora Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 435. 1840. V. guianen-
sis Splitg. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, 15: 279. 1841, in part. V. surina-
mensis Splitg. ex Reichb. f. Nederl. Kruidk. Arch. 4: 321. 1858, in
part. V. lutescens Moq.-Tand. ex Dupuis, Rev. Hort. ser. 4, 5: 121,
fig. 24. 1856; Lem. Fl. des Serres 21: 115, t. 2218-19. 1875.
Stem stout. Leaves broadly oblong, oblong-ovate or oblong-elliptic, very
thick and coriaceous, acute, more or less abruptly contracted and subcordate at
the base, very shortly petioled; blade up to about 30 cm. long and 11.5 cm. wide.
Racemes commonly short, rarely up to 18.5 cm. long, with a stout rachis and
rather crowded flowers. Flowers large, greenish yellow or white (sepals and petals
44 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
greenish yellow, lip white or orange-yellow). Sepals oblanceolate, very obtuse,
7-9.5 cm. long, 12-16 mm. wide. Petals similar to the sepals, but a little smaller,
distinctly wing-carinate on the dorsal surface. Lip subequaling or slightly ex-
ceeding the other perianth segments, adnate to the column about to its middle,
subentire or obscurely trilobed, retuse and apiculate, undulate and crenulate on
the margins; disc smooth except for a crest of retrorse, cuneate, imbricated
appendages beneath the upper part of the column. Capsules thick-cylindric,
trigonous.
Loreto: Upper Rio Itaya, San Antonio, Williams 3399. San
Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters, in moun-
tain forest, "fls. white," Klug 3685. Also Mexico to Panama, Co-
lombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, British Guiana, French Guiana, Dutch
Guiana (Surinam), Brazil, ?Ecuador and Bolivia.
Vanilla Ruiziana Kl. Bot. Zeit. 4: 563. 1846; Rolfe, Journ.
Linn. Soc. 32: 470. 1896.
Plant described and known only from a sterile specimen. Stem stout, with
internodes up to 12.7 cm. long. Leaves lanceolate-oblong or narrowly elliptic-
oblong, acute or acuminate, cuneate-narrowed at the base, shortly petioled; blade
up to 19.5 cm. long and 3.8 cm. wide.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, in open woods, Ruiz & Pavdn s.n.
(type). Huanuco, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 121. 1921.
I have examined records of the type of this species.
Vanilla Weberbaueriana Kranzl. Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37: 395.
1906.
Stem apparently slender, long, flexuous, angled, leafy, with internodes 7-8
cm. long. Leaves elliptic or oblong-elliptic, abruptly acute, very shortly petioled,
thinly coriaceous, 15-18 cm. long, 5-6.3 cm. wide. Racemes short, axillary, rather
laxly flowered, 5-6 cm. long. Floral description from a bud. Sepals ligulate,
obtuse, apiculate, granulose on the outer surface. Petals oblong, obtuse, thinner
than the sepals, with a median fleshy line or keel. Lip trilobed, adnate to the
lower third of the column; lateral lobes small, oblong, rounded; mid-lobe ovate-
oblong, obtuse; disc beautifully reticulated.
Junin: Prov. of Tarma, near La Merced in the Chanchamayo
Valley, 1000 meters, in woods, Weberbauer 1849.
I have seen a photograph of the type of this species.
EPISTEPHIUM HBK.
Terrestrials of the American tropics. Plants tall, simple or branching, some-
times climbing, very glabrous. Leaves numerous, sessile or amplexicaul (rarely
short-petioled), ovate to oblong or elliptic-oblong (rarely suborbicular), commonly
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 45
prominently reticulate-veined, shining and blackened in drying. Flowers large
and showy, solitary or in loose terminal racemes, and sometimes axillary also.
Perianth rising from a small, dentate cup at the summit of the ovary. Sepals free,
subequal, narrow. Petals rather similar to the sepals but commonly broader. Lip
broadly obovate, simple or obscurely 3-lobed, with the basal part more or less
adnate to the column. Column elongate, semiterete, shortly dilated above. An-
ther affixed to the posterior lobe of the clinandrium, incumbent, distinctly 2-celled,
with 2 powdery-granular pollinia in each cell.
The treatment of this genus is seriously limited by the lack of
adequate herbarium material and especially by the lack of fresh
flowers.
Al. Leaves very membranaceous, without conspicuous nerves; flower solitary.
E. monanthum
A2. Leaves subcoriaceous or coriaceous, with conspicuous nerves and reticu-
lations; flowers several to numerous I
la. Petals narrower than the lateral sepals; column free from the margins of
the lip except at the very base E. amplexicaule
Ib. Petals broader than the sepals; column adnate to the margins of the lip
to above the middle 1
la. Flowers large, sepals nearly 6 cm. long; raceme elongate, many-flowered;
central, apical portion of the lip adorned with a band of retrorse appen-
dages E. Duckei (E. macrophyllum)
Ib. Flowers relatively small, sepals about 4 cm. long; raceme few- (commonly
8- to 15-) flowered; central, apical portion of the lip adorned with a band
of carunculate keels E. amabile
Epistephium amabile Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 42. 1921;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 142, nr. 556. 1929. Epistephium
datum HBK. sensu Kranzl. Weberb. Pflanzenw. Peru. Andes in
Veget. Erde 12: 289. 1911.
Plant robust, up to 16.7 dm. tall. Leaves ovate to elliptic-oblong or oblong-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, amplexicaul at the base, up to 20 cm. long and
7 cm. wide. Raceme laxly 8- to about 22-flowered, 28 cm. or less tall. Flowers
purple. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate-oblong, acute or subacuminate, 4-4.5 cm. long
and 1.4 cm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, lightly oblique. Petals obovate to
elliptic, oblique, obtuse, much broader than the sepals. Lip adnate to the column
from the base to about the lower half of the latter; free portion quadrate-ovate,
very obscurely 3-lobed, bilobed in front, about 2.3-3.5 cm. long; disc adorned
through the apical central part with 3 carunculate keels (the central one some-
times elevated) and below with retrorse, lacerate appendages.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, in open woods, "buds deep yellow-green," Killip & Smith
23183. Same locality, in thickets, "segments deep magenta; lip
white at center without/' Killip & Smith 22560. Junin: Pichis
46 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Trail, Enenas, 1700 meters, in open sphagnum swamp, "perianth
segments royal purple, 3 outer segments reddish-purple without,"
Killip & Smith 25672. Loreto: On mountains north of Moyobam-
ba, 1000-1100 meters, in open savanna woods, Weberbauer 4615
(type). San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, 1200-1600 me-
ters, in mountain forest, "fls. purple- violet," King 3550. Villca-
bamba: Hacienda on Rio Chinchao, about 1800 meters, on sparsely
shrubby slope. Herb "5 ft. high. Fls. dark purple-red, the fringed
band and lip within, white," Macbride 5009. (This determination
is questionable, as only imperfect buds are present.)
Epistephium amplexicaule Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp.
1: 52, t. 91. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 137. 1893.
Sobralia amplexicaulis Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil.
1:233. 1798.
Stem 9-21 dm. high, few-branched below. Leaves ovate-oblong or triangular-
oblong, acute or short-acuminate, cordate and amplexicaul at the base, up to
27 cm. long and 7 cm. wide, shining. Raceme loosely 8- to 12-flowered. Flowers
very showy, crimson, more than 5 cm. long. Dorsal sepal oblong, acute, 5-6 cm.
long, about 1 cm. wide. Lateral sepals obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse,
shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal, membranaceous. Petals obovate-
oblong, subacute, narrower than the lateral sepals. Lip free from the column or
nearly so, broadly obovate or subrotund, emarginate, undulate, shortly lacerate
and ciliolate on the margin, about 4-4.5 cm. long; disc through the longitudinal
center with a bearded crest of subulate appendages extending from the base
nearly to the apex and in front of this crest a cluster of numerous folds. Column
furnished with 3 pairs of wings near the apex.
Eastern Peru: Habitat not recorded, Mathews 1893. Huanuco:
Toward Chihuamecala, in the vicinity of Cuchero (Cochero) in
warm thickets, Poeppig 1601 (type). Also Colombia, and Bolivia,
fide Schlechter.
Epistephium Duckei Huber, Bol. Mus. Goeldi, Para 7: 287.
1913. Epistephium macrophyllum Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih.
9: 42. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 142, nr. 557. 1929.
Epistephium elatum HBK. sensu Kranzl. Weberb. Pflanzenw.
Peru. Andes in Veget. Erde 12: 280. 1911 (non HBK.).
Plant robust, surely over 1 meter tall. Stem stout, sparingly branched.
Leaves oblong to oblong-lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, amplexicaul,
shining, median blades 20-27 cm. long, up to 6.8 cm. wide. Raceme elongate,
laxly many- (about 20- to 25-) flowered, 30 cm. or more long at maturity. Flowers
large, showy, pink or purple. Sepals oblanceolate-oblong, more or less acute,
nearly 6 cm. long and 1.2 cm. wide. Petals narrowly obovate ("obliquely ellip-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 47
tic"), markedly broader than the sepals. Lip adnate to the lower half of the
column; free portion quadrate-ovate and very obscurely 3-lobed, bilobed at the
apex, crenulate-dentate on the undulate margins, about 3.5 cm. long and broad;
disc commonly with a central, longitudinal band of dense, retrorse, hair-like
appendages continued below (toward the base) by 3 parallel thickened lines.
Cuzco: Near St. Ana, above Hacienda Jelma, 1700-1800 meters,
on grass steppe, Weberbauer 5003 (type). Huanuco: Prov. of
Huanuco, Chinchao, about 2400 meters, in open rocky and grassy
area, Hodge 6274. Between Carpish and Chinchao, Ferreyra 1816.
Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1293. Prob-
ably also Venezuela and Bolivia.
Epistephi 
