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ORCHIDS OF PERU
Photograph by Louis O. Williams
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
A Continuation of the
BOTANICAL SERIES
of
FIELD MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
VOLUME 30
CHICAGO, U.S.A.
1958-1961
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-1 05 46
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS
DiULUUL
ORCHIDS OF PERU
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 3
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
JUNE 13, 1960
!E LIBRARY flF THE
UL 1 3 1960
ORCHIDS OF PERU
ORCHIDS OF PERU
CHARLES SCHWEINFURTH
Research Fellow, Ames Orchid Herbarium
Botanical Museum of Harvard University
FIELDIANA: BOTANY
VOLUME 30, NUMBER 3
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
JUNE 13, 1960
PRINTED WITH THE ASSISTANCE OP
The Frederick R. and Abby K. Babcock Fund
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 58-1054.6
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS
F6
v, 30
pt. 3
Bio/
o lo
CONTENTS
Genera Included in Volume 30, Number 3
Cattleya 533
Laelia 536
Brassavola 537
Scaphyglottis 541
Orleanesia 551
Isochilus 553
Polystachya 554
Galeandra 560
Bletia 562
Chysis 566
Bulbophyllum 567
Buesiella 569
Eulophidium 571
Eulophia 572
Cyrtopodium 574
Warrea 576
Govenia 579
Mormodes 581
Catasetum 583
Cycnoches 592
Lueddemannia 594
Eriopsis 595
Sievekingia 598
Ly comormium 600
Peristeria 602
Houlletia 603
Polycycnis 605
Stanhopea 606
Gongora 612
Coryanthes 619
Xylobium 627
Bifrenaria 638
Lycaste 639
Anguloa 649
Koellensteinia . 650
Aganisia 653
Zygopetalum 654
Batemannia . . 662
Stenia 664
Chondrorhyncha 664
Maxillaria 668
Pityphyllum 749
Mormolyca 750
Cyrtoglottis 752
Trigonidium 754
Cryptocentrum 757
Trichocentrum 761
Diadenium 766
lonopsis 768
Rodriguezia 770
Neokoehleria 773
Scelochilus 776
Comparettia 780
Sutrina 783
Trizeuxis. . . 784
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TEXT FIGURES
PAGE
Brassavola nodosa 539
Brassavola ovaliformis 540
Scaphyglottis propinqua 547
Epidendrum vesicicaule, Scaphyglottis punctulata var. Summersii . . 549
Orleanesia peruviana 552
Polystachya foliosa 557
Polystachya luteola 559
Galeandra pubicentrum 563
Buesiella pusilla 570
Eulophia alta 573
Cyrtopodium punctatum 577
Catasetum coniforme 587
Catasetum pusillum 589
Sievekingia peruviana 599
Lycomormium elatum 601
Stanhopea Wardii 613
Gongora maculata 616
Coryanthes alborosea 621
Coryanthes trifoliata 626
Xylobium elongatum 630
Xylobium latilabium 633
Xylobium subintegrum 637
Lycaste longisepala 647
Zygopetalum acuminatum 657
Zygopetalum Klugii 659
Zygopetalum rhombilabium 661
Chondrorhyncha pusilla 667
Maxillaria angustibulbosa 679
Maxillaria Camaridii 686
Maxillaria cornuta 689
Maxillaria cuzcoensis 691
Maxillaria fasciculata 697
Maxillaria funicaulis . .701
PAGE
136. Maxillaria grandimentum 703
137. Maxillaria Klugii 707
138. Maxillaria linearis 711
139. Maxillaria loretoensis 715
140. Maxillaria parvibulbosa 721
141. Maxillaria rotundilabia 729
142. Maxillaria spathulata 733
143. Maxillaria tenuis 736
144. Maxillaria trigona 737
145. Maxillaria unicarinata 741
146. Maxillaria verrucifera 743
147. Maxillaria Woytkowskii 747
148. Mormolyca peruviana 751
149. Cyrtoglottis gracilipes 753
150. Cyrtoglottis peruviana 755
151. Cryptocentrum inaequisepalum 758
152. Cryptocentrum pseudobulbosum 759
153. Trichocentrum brevicalcaratum 763
154. Trichocentrum panduratum 765
155. Diadenium micranthum 767
156. lonopsis utricularioides 769
1 57. Neokoehleria paniculata 777
158. Scelochilus latipetalus 779
159. Comparettia falcata 782
160. Stanhopea Wardii 786
VI
Orchids of Peru
CATTLEYA Lindl.
An American genus of showy epiphytic orchids with a more or less elongate
creeping rhizome. Stems thick-cylindric or clavate to strongly pseudobulbous,
covered by several evanescent, scarious sheaths, bearing 1 or 2jeaves at the sum-
mit. Leaves coriaceous or fleshy, oval to oblong. Inflorescences terminal, laxly
racemose and few- to several-flowered above, with the peduncle more or less con-
cealed by a conspicuous, conduplicate spathe. Flowers commonly large and showy,
with spreading segments. Sepals free, subequal, the lateral ones lightly oblique.
Petals commonly much broader than the sepals, rarely subequal to them. Lip free
from the column but more or less surrounding it below and forming a tube, simple
or more commonly 3-lobed. Column rather long, stout, arcuate; anther terminal,
opercular, incumbent, 2-celled, with 4 waxy, compressed pollinia.
An important horticultural genus extending from Mexico to
Brazil, Bolivia and Argentina.
Al. Pseudobulb diphyllous; lip sharply 3-lobed C. riolacea (C. superba)
A2. Pseudobulb monophyllous; lip simple or obscurely 3-lobed I
la. Flowers relatively small, dorsal sepal 4.5 cm. or less long, petals subequal to
the sepals C. luteola
Ib. Flowers large and showy, dorsal sepal 6.5 cm. or more long, petals 2 or 3 times
wider than the sepals 1
la. Sepals and petals ivory-white or cream-color; lip with the lateral lobes yellow
streaked with red C, rex
Ib. Sepals and petals lilac or rose; lip pale rose or purple-crimson with a narrow
median yellow band C, maxima
Cattleya luteola Lindl. Card. Chron. (1853) 774; Reichb. f. Xen.
Orch. 1: 209, t. 83. 1856; Hook. Bot. Mag. 84: t. 5032. 1858. Cattleya
Meyeri Regel, Gartenfl. 5: 116, text fig. (1856). Cattleya flavida Kl.
Allg. Gartenz. 24: 73. 1856. Epidendrum luteolum Reichb. f. Walp.
Ann. 6: 313. 1861. Cattleya epidendroides Hort. ex Reichb. f. Xen.
Orch. 1: 209. 1856. Cattleya luteola Lindl. var. Roezlii Reichb. f.
Gard. Chron. n.s. 15: 782. 1881. Cattleya sulphured, Hort. ex Gard.
Chron. n.s. 24: 10. 1885.
Plant relatively small, with a creeping rhizome. Pseudobulbs more or less
approximate, ellipsoid to clavate or clavate-cylindric (furrowed in age), lightly
compressed, up to 15 cm. long, monophyllous at the apex. Leaf oblong to oblong-
elliptic, obtuse and often bilobulate at the apex, clasping at the sessile or subsessile
533
534 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
base, up to 22.5 cm. long and 3.8 cm. wide, thickly coriaceous. Inflorescence
terminal, shorter than the leaf, racemose and several-flowered above, the peduncle
concealed by a large, scarious, evanescent, conduplicate spathe. Pedicellate ovary
slender, up to 3.5 cm. long. Flowers very small for the genus, with spreading seg-
ments, green to yellow, with crimson spots or streaks on the lip. Dorsal sepal
oblong or narrowly oblong, acute, about 4.5 cm. or less long. Lateral sepals dis-
tinctly shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal, obliquely elliptic-oblong, abruptly
acute. Petals narrowly elliptic-oblong, lightly falcate, obtuse or subacute, about
as wide as the dorsal sepal. Lip about as long as the lateral sepals, with the sides
involute below in natural position, suborbicular when expanded, commonly retuse
at the apex, simple or very obscurely trilobulate in front with the anterior margins
crenulate-undulate, about 2.8 cm. long and broad; disc densely short-pubescent
above the middle. Column short, about half as long as the lip, arcuate, bialate.
Peru: Habitat unknown, Roezl s.n. (type of C. luteola var. Roezlii).
Amazonas and Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9:
154. 1921. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200 meters, Schunke 537,
1140 (large flowers). La Merced, about 600 meters, Macbride 5559.
Colonia Perene, about 680 meters, in dense forest, Killip & Smith
25096. Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, King 10103, 10104.
San Martin: Chazuta, Rio Huallaga, about 260 meters, in forest,
Klug 4070. Also Brazil (type of C. luteola), Ecuador and Bolivia.
Cattleya maxima Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 116. 1831; Bot. Reg.
32: t. 1. 1846; Hook. Bot. Mag. 82: t. 4902. 1856; Cogn. & Goos.
Diet. Ic. Orch. Cattleya 1. 13. 1896. Epidendrum maximum Reichb.
f. Walp. Ann. 6: 316. 1861. Cattleya Malouana Lind. & Rod. 111.
Hort. 33: 102. 1886, nomen nudum.
Pseudobulbs subapproximate, stout, clavate, furrowed in course of develop-
ment, compressed, up to 30.5 cm. tall. Leaf solitary, oblong (often broadly so),
obtuse to rounded and minutely bilobulate at the apex, sessile at the clasping base,
up to 25.3 cm. long and 7.6 cm. wide, fleshy-coriaceous. Inflorescence terminal,
loosely few- (up to 7-) flowered above, the peduncle mostly concealed by an oblong,
scarious, compressed spathe which is about 12 cm. or less long. Flowers very large,
with spreading segments; sepals and petals pale rose or lilac, lip pale pink veined
with dark purple and with a central yellow band. Dorsal sepal narrowly elliptic-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, up to 8.5 cm. long. Lateral sepals a little shorter
and broader than the dorsal sepal, elliptic-lanceolate, oblique. Petals oblong-
elliptic, slightly oblique, about as long as the sepals but twice as broad or more,
with undulate margins. Lip 5.5-7 cm. long, with the sides of the lower half invo-
lute and forming a tube in natural position, retuse at the apex, ovate-subquadrate
and subcordate at the base when expanded, lightly 3-lobed above the middle, up
to 4 cm. wide below the middle, with the anterior margins crisped-undulate.
Column slender, arcuate, 3-toothed at the apex, about 2.5 cm. long.
Amazonas and Cajamarca, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9:
154. 1921. Also Ecuador (type) and Colombia.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 535
Cattleya rex O'Brien, Card. Chron. ser. 3, 8: 684. 1890; Cogn.
& Goos. Diet. Ic. Orch. Cattleya t. 22. 1899; Rolfe, Bot. Mag. 137:
t. 8377. 1911.
Plant very similar to Cattleya maxima but differing markedly in the color of
the flowers. Pseudobulbs approximate, cylindric-clavate or fusiform-clavate, some-
what compressed, up to 35 cm. high, monophyllous at the apex. Leaf oblong or
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, clasping at the base, up to 35 cm. or more long and 6 cm.
wide, coriaceous. Inflorescence shorter than the leaf, up to 20.3 cm. high, loosely
3- to 8- (10-) flowered above, the peduncle being more or less concealed by a con-
spicuous, oblong, conduplicate spathe up to 12.7 cm. long. Flowers very large and
showy, with spreading segments, the sepals and petals being cream-color or ivory-
white and the lip parti-colored, with yellow lateral lobes and rose-colored anterior
portion, the central part (entire throat) yellow lined with red. Dorsal sepal nar-
rowly elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, up to 8 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar, sub-
oblique, slightly shorter. Petals elliptic or rhomboid-elliptic, obtuse or subacute,
as long as the sepals but nearly three times as wide, with strongly undulate mar-
gins. Lip about as long as the sepals, with the sides of the lower half involute to
form a tube, when expanded subquadrate-oval or obovate and 4-5 cm. wide, retuse
at the apex, cuneate-rounded at the base, entire or subtrilobed above the middle,
with the anterior margins crenulate-undulate. Column stout, clavate, up to 3.5
(4) cm. long, slightly arcuate, 3-toothed above.
Loreto: Near Moyobamba?, Bungeroth s.n. (type). Also Colom-
bia, probably.
Cattleya violacea (HBK.) Rolfe, Card. Chron. ser. 3, 5: 802.
1889; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 216. 1901. Cymbidium vio-
laceum HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 341. 1816. Cattleya superba
Schomb. ex Lindl. Sert. Orch. t. 22. 1838. Cattleya Schomburgkii
Lodd. ex Lindl. I.e. Epidendrum violaceum Reichb. f. Walp. Ann.
6: 318. 1861. Epidendrum superbum Reichb. f. Xen. Orch. 2: 32.
1862.
Rhizome creeping. Pseudobulbs approximate, clavate or clavate-cylindric,
lightly compressed, furrowed in age, diphyllous at the apex, up to 30 cm. long.
Leaves suborbicular-oval to oblong-elliptic, broadly rounded and sometimes bilob-
ulate at the apex, clasping at the sessile or subsessile base, up to 16.5 cm. long and
8.6 cm. wide, coriaceous. Inflorescence stout, subequaling or more commonly
exceeding the spreading leaves, usually loosely 2- to 6-flowered above, up to 25 cm.
long, the peduncle more or less concealed by a stout, conduplicate spathe which is
10.5 cm. or less long. Flowers rather large, with spreading segments, rose-purple,
the lip darker purple washed in the center with white and yellow, very fragrant.
Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-oblong, acute, up to 6.9 cm. long, fleshy.
Lateral sepals similar, but noticeably shorter and slightly broader, oblique and
falcate. Petals subequally long with the dorsal sepal but broader (often nearly
twice as broad), rhombic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, more or less undu-
late on the margins, membranaceous. Lip nearly as long as the lateral sepals,
5-5.5 cm. long, 3-3.5 cm. wide, deeply 3-lobed above the middle, with the lateral
lobes incurved and surrounding the column in natural position, fleshy; lateral lobes
536 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
semiovate-aliform with the apical portion triangular, obtuse or subacute; mid-
lobe subsessile, suborbicular-obovate to transversely oval or reniform, truncate or
lightly retuse, with a minutely crenulate-undulate margin; disc finely multicostate.
Column stout, arcuate, white, up to 3 cm. long.
Loreto: San Isidro, along the middle Maranon River at the
mouth of the Pastazza, 135 meters, Tessmann 3780. Also Colombia,
Venezuela (Colombian -Venezuelan boundary; type of Cymbidium
violaceum), British Guiana (type of Cattleya superba) and Brazil.
LAELIA Lindl. (including Schomburgkia Lindl.)
Stout, epiphytic orchids of the American tropics, extending from
Mexico through Central America to Brazil, Peru and Argentina.
Rhizome creeping. Stems fleshy-thickened to pseudobulbous (often myrme-
cophilous in the Central American species), concealed by evanescent, scarious
sheaths, bearing 1 to 3 (rarely 4) leaves at or near the summit. Leaves coriaceous
or fleshy, broadly oval to oblong, not plicate. Inflorescence terminal, commonly
racemose (rarely paniculate) above, usually much surpassing the leaves. Floral
bracts short and inconspicuous to narrow, elongate and subequaling the long
pedicellate ovary. Flowers medium-sized to large, showy. Sepals subequal, the
lateral ones oblique, sometimes undulate. Petals varying from much broader to
narrower than the sepals, more or less undulate. Lip free from the column or
slightly adnate to it at the very base, simple or commonly 3-lobed, sometimes much
shorter than the other segments. Column much shorter than the lip, arcuate;
anther incumbent, 2-celled; pollinia 8, in two series of 4, strongly flattened.
Al. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-oblong, about 2.3 cm. long; petals acute; lip rose,
1.5 cm. long L. moyobambae (Schomburgkia moyobambae)
A2. Dorsal sepal oblong, about 2.8-3 cm. long; petals broadly obtuse; lip white,
2 cm. long L. Weberbaueriana (Schomburgkia Weberbaueriana)
Laelia moyobambae (Schltr.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 11: 180. 1944. Schomburgkia moyobambae Schltr.
Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 97. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57:
t. 123, nr. 482. 1929.
Plant epiphytic. Pseudobulbs and leaves not seen. Inflorescence erect, strict,
with peduncle (more than 30 cm. long) entirely invested by close, pale, tubular
sheaths. Raceme densely many-flowered, with the rachis up to 13 cm. long. Floral
bracts spreading, linear, acute, rose-colored, equaling or slightly exceeding the pedi-
cellate ovary. Flowers with slightly spreading segments. Sepals brown with yellow
margins. Dorsal sepal " oblong" or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, with undulate mar-
gins, about 2.3 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar, oblique. Petals " narrowly oblong"
or elliptic-oblong, acute or "apiculate," with crisped-undulate margins, somewhat
shorter than the sepals. Lip rose-colored, about 1.5 cm. long and 9 mm. wide when
expanded, arcuate and longitudinally concave in natural position, "oblong" or
ovate-oblong, shortly 3-lobed above the middle; lateral lobes very short and broad
with abbreviated, obtusely triangular apex; mid-lobe short, ovate-suborbicular or
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 537
"broadly oval," obtuse to rounded at the apex; disc gibbous-convex at the base,
finely 4-keeled, with 5 low, verrucose keels on the mid-lobe. Column arcuate,
dilated above, about 1.3 cm. long.
Loreto: Near Moyobamba, Filomeno s.n.
This description was compiled from the original diagnosis and
the subsequent floral analysis.
Laelia Weberbaueriana (Kranzl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Lean 1 .
Harvard Univ. 11: 180. 1944. Schomburgkia Weberbaueriana Kranzl.
Engler Bot. Jahrb. 37: 527. 1906.
Plant large and stout, up to 1 meter high. Pseudobulb apparently about 37 cm.
or less high, cylindric from a slightly thicker base, deeply sulcate in the dried speci-
men, entirely concealed by several close, whitish, acute, evanescent sheaths, bifoliate
near the apex. Leaves oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, clasping at the complicate
base, thickly coriaceous, up to 26 cm. long and 6.5 cm. wide. Inflorescence ter-
minal, up to 75 cm. tall including the raceme. Peduncle about 56 cm. or more
long, almost entirely concealed by close, tubular, acuminate, whitish sheaths.
Raceme densely several- to many-flowered, subcorymbose. Floral bracts linear-
lanceolate, convolute, acuminate, nearly equaling the pedicellate ovary, up to
7 cm. long. Sepals and petals yellowish-brown streaked with darker lines. Sepals
oblong, abruptly acute or apiculate, with undulate margins, about 2.8-3 cm. long.
Petals similar but somewhat shorter, truncate-obtuse, with undulate margins.
Lip white, much shorter than the sepals and petals, arcuate with upcurved sides
in natural position, about 2 cm. long and 1.3 cm. wide near the base when expanded,
broadly ovate in outline, obscurely 3-lobed near the middle, lightly retuse and
apiculate at the apex, umbonate near the base; disc with 4 or 5 elevated lines
which are undulate toward the front. Column short, arcuate, broadly winged,
about 1-1.3 cm. long.
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, below Hacienda Idma near Sta.
Anna, 1300 meters, on boulder in a stream, Weberbauer 5026 (type) .
Aobamba to Huadquina, 1450-1800 meters, on rocks, Vargas 8146.
This description was prepared partly by means of a photograph
of the type collection supplemented by the original diagnosis and
partly from a collection referred to this concept.
BRASSAVOLA R. Br.
A small genus of American epiphytes with a branching rhizome bearing more
or less approximate, thickened, cylindric stems which are loosely sheathed and
bear one or two leaves at the apex. Leaves very fleshy, subterete to narrowly
oblong and channelled. Inflorescence a 1- to several-flowered raceme, at the
summit of the stem, commonly shorter than the leaf. Flowers showy, 1 to several,
long-pedicelled. Sepals and petals similar, spreading, linear or linear-lanceolate,
sometimes setaceous-acuminate, free. Lip sessile at the base of the column, with
the base shortly or long-narrowed and surrounding the column, then more or less
abruptly expanded into an acute or acuminate, often large, more or less flat lamina.
538 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Column small; clinandrium with 3 prominent, subequal lobes. Anther opercular,
incumbent, 2-celled. Pollinia 8, compressed, 4 in each cell, superposed. Ovary
sometimes with a long neck.
Extending from Mexico through Central America and the West
Indies to Brazil and Argentina.
Al. Basal part of the lip a narrow, erose-margined tube B. nodosa
A2. Basal part of the lip a broad, entire-margined tube B. ovaliformis
Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 114. 1831.
Epidendrum nodosum L. Sp. PI. ed. 1 : 953. 1753. Cymbidium nodo-
sum Sw. Nov. Act. Ups. 6: 73. 1799. Brassavola (as Brasavola)
grandiflora Lindl. Bot. Reg. 25, Misc. 16, no. 14. 1839. Brassavola
(as Brasavola) venosa Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26: t. 39. 1840. Bletia nodosa
Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 437. 1862. Bletia venosa Reichb. f. Walp.
Ann. 6: 438. 1862. Figure 103.
Plant low but stout and showy, with a stout nodose rhizome. Stems erect or
ascending, more or less approximate, thick-cylindric, up to 14.5 cm. long (but
usually much shorter), 1-leaved at the apex, entirely concealed by loose, tubular,
scarious, evanescent sheaths. Leaf subterete and channelled to narrowly oblong,
acute and apiculate, very fleshy, clasping at the sessile base, up to 23 (very rarely
32) cm. long and 2.3 cm. wide. Inflorescence terminal, shorter than or exceeding
the leaf, rarely with one branch above, up to 23.7 cm. long, 1- to loosely several-
flowered above. Floral bracts very small, triangular-ovate, concave. Flowers
commonly large and showy, with spreading segments, long- and slender-pedicelled.
Sepals and petals commonly green or greenish yellow, lip white. Sepals very sim-
ilar, linear, long-acuminate, 4.5-10 cm. long. Petals similar but narrower. Lip
more or less shorter than the sepals and petals, showy, 3.5-7.5 cm. long, with the
basal part (about one half the entire length) convolute into an erose-margined
narrow tube, then more or less abruptly dilated into an elliptic-ovate or deltoid-
ovate lamina which is acute to long-acuminate, 1.6-5 cm. broad and more or less
flat when expanded. Column very small, 3-lobed at the apex, surrounded by the
tube of the lip.
Piura, fide Schlechter, Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 155. 1921. A wide-
spread and variable species extending from Mexico through Central
America (type of B. grandiflora and B. venosa) to Panama, the West
Indies (type of Epidendrum nodosum) and northern South America.
Brassavola ovaliformis C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 14: 60, t. 17. 1949. Figure 104.
Plant medium-sized, with showy flowers. Rhizome creeping, nodulose, con-
sisting of the swollen bases of the stems. Stems approximate, up to 12.7 cm. or
more long, several-jointed, entirely concealed by tubular, scarious, evanescent
sheaths, 1-leaved at the apex. Leaves very slender, subterete, channelled, arcuate
in the dried specimen, about 27-38 cm. long and 3 mm. in diameter, sessile at the
base. Inflorescence terminal, exceeding 2.5 cm. in length (incomplete in the type),
FIG. 103. Brassavola nodosa (L.) Lindl. Flowering and fruiting plant; X
539
BRASSAVOLA
FIG. 104. Brassavola ovaliformis C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X % 2, column from
side; X 2. 3, column from above; X 2. 4, lip expanded, from the front; X J^.
540
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 541
with 2 approximate flowers at the apex. Floral bracts very small, lanceolate-ovate,
many times shorter than the elongate pedicellate ovary. Flowers large, with wide-
spreading segments which are white, and pale green within. Sepals very similar,
lanceolate-linear, long-narrowed to an acute tip, up to 5.9 cm. long and 5.9 mm.
wide. Petals very similar to the sepals, but slightly smaller. Lip much shorter
than the other segments, ovate-oval when expanded, acute or short-acuminate,
about 4.8 cm. long and 2.9 cm. wide in the middle, ecarinate, the lower half grad-
ually inrolled about the column, with entire margins. Column minute, with an
erect, 3-lobed wing at the apex.
Amazonas: La Peca, northeast of Jaen, 1000 meters, on dwarf
trees in dry desert filled with cacti, Woytkowski 37016.
SCAPHYGLOTTIS Poepp. & Endl.
This complex American genus consists of small to large, inconspicuous epi-
phytic plants, now often regarded as including the concept Hexadesmia. Stems
slender-cylindric or stem-like to fusiform (sometimes stipitate below), commonly
superposed with the younger (shorter) members placed on the apex of the older
members, each member commonly sheathed at the base or mostly throughout and
often rooting at the nodes. Leaves fascicled and usually in subopposite pairs at
the apex of each stem-member (often alternate on the stem-members also), narrow
or linear, more or less spreading. Inflorescences (in the Peruvian species) abbrevi-
ated, 1- to few-flowered, axillary, single or several and fascicled. Flowers small
or very small. Dorsal sepal ovate or oblong to elliptic-oblong. Lateral sepals
similar but strongly oblique, forming with the column-foot a more or less promi-
nent mentum. Petals commonly much narrower than the sepals (rarely broader),
more or less oblique. Lip joined with the column-foot, usually contracted toward
the base, either simple or obscurely to sharply 3-lobed, sometimes bilobed near the
apex, commonly more or less arcuate or geniculate in natural position. Column
short and stout, or elongate and slender, either winged or wingless, often with a
pair of subapical teeth, produced into a more or less distinct foot. Pollinia 4 or 6.
Al. Leaves several fascicled at the summit of the stem-members; lip ovate-
cordate or oblong-ovate, distinctly broader near the base.
S. affinis (Ponera affinis)
A2. Leaves solitary or in pairs at the summit of the stem-members and some-
times distichous on the stem-members also; lip not ovate-cordate I
la. Lip prominently callose below with the thickening extending into more or
less distinct verruculose lines, geniculate near the base 1
Ib. Lip not prominently callose below, nor with verruculose lines above 2
la. Stems subsimple, distichously leafy; lip sessile, cuneate below; column
5-6.6 mm. long S. punctulata (Ponera punctulata)
Ib. Stems commonly much branched with the distichous leaves confined to the
lower portions of the stems or stem-members; lip distinctly clawed, lamina
rounded to subcordate at the base; column 4.9 mm. or less long.
S. punctulata var. Summersii (S. Summersii)
2a. Leaves commonly solitary; inflorescences 1- to 4-flowered; petals cuneate-
obovate S. Reedii (Hexadesmia Reedii)
2b. Leaves in pairs; inflorescences 1-flowered; petals not cuneate-obovate 3
542 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
3a. Lip broadest near the middle 4
3b. Lip broadest above the middle or near the apex 6
4a. Column wingless on the sides; mentum short and inconspicuous.
S. propinqua
4b. Column prominently winged on the sides; mentum conspicuous 5
5a. Lip prominently bilobulate at the apex S. Antonii* (S. loretoensis)
5b. Lip abruptly acute or obtuse to lightly retuse at the apex.
S. violacea (Ponera violacea)
6a. Leaves short, the lower blades 7.5 cm. or less long 7
6b. Leaves elongate, the lower blades 10 cm. or more long 8
7a. Plant large, stems 30-60 cm. long; lip simple, with strongly revolute margins.
S. conferta (Ponera conferta)
7b. Plant small, stems up to 10.5 (rarely 20) cm. long; lip subsimple to trilobulate,
without revolute margins S. cuneata (S. prolifera)
8a. Flowers sessile, 4-6; lip apparently ecallose, mid-lobe short, broad, retuse.
S. graminifolia
8b. Flowers slender-pedicelled, commonly 1 or 2; lip with a pair of more or less
distinct semiorbicular calli above, mid-lobe semiorbicular to broadly ovate,
acute S. Huebneri
Scaphyglottis affinis Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 59,
t. 99A. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 12. 1898. Ponera
affinis Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 22. 1854.
Plant large, epiphytic, pendulous, up to 3 meters high. Stems numerous, form-
ing dense mats, dichotomously branched, with stem-members long, slender, sheathed.
Leaves several, clustered at the joints of the branches and articulated to short,
congested, distichous petioles; lamina spreading, elliptic-linear, 8-10 cm. long, up
to 5 mm. wide, long-attenuate above and below, with an acute entire apex. Inflo-
rescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, 2-3 in the leaf axils. Flowers small, white,
membranaceous, short-pedicelled. Dorsal sepal oblong or lanceolate-oblong, acute,
concave, 4-5 mm. long. Lateral sepals oblong-deltoid, lightly oblique, subequally
long and a little broader than the dorsal sepal. Petals subequaling the sepals,
oblong-lanceolate, rather long-acuminate, lightly oblique. Lip a little shorter than
the sepals, simple, from a distinct narrow claw abruptly oblong-ovate or cordate-
ovate, acute, strongly concave with upcurved, finely crenulate margins, 3-3.5 mm.
long. Column slender, about half as long as the sepals, thickened above, obscurely
bidentate at the apex in front.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Pavdn s.n. Huanuco: Near Cuchero
(Cochero), on branches of trees in dense montane woods, Poeppig
1726 (type).
No example of this species was available.
Scaphyglottis Antonii Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 78. 1921;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 115, nr. 453. 1929. Scaphyglottis
* This species may prove to be referable to S. violacea Lindl.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 543
loretoensis Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 79. 1921; Mansf. Fedde
Repert. Beih. 57: t. 116, nr. 454. 1929.
Plant variable in size, caespitose, 8-40 cm. in height. Stems approximate,
usually superposed and dichotomously branched, stout or slender, each member
provided with several distichously imbricating, evanescent sheaths below, the
longest (basal) member up to about 19.5 cm. long. Leaves subopposite in pairs,
linear or lanceolate-linear, up to 12 cm. long and 7.5 mm. wide, slightly narrowed
to an obtuse, minutely bilobulate apex, spreading. Inflorescences abbreviated,
axillary, 1-flowered, solitary or commonly numerous and capitate; pedicels short,
entirely concealed by imbricating bracts. Flowers very small, deep pink or deep
blue, often paler at the base. Dorsal sepal obovate-oblong, acute or obtuse, con-
cave, 3-3.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals shorter than the dorsal sepal, broadly oblong
or obovate-oblong, very oblique, acute or obtuse, forming a prominent mentum
with the column-foot. Petals obliquely oblong-spatulate to linear-oblanceolate,
rounded and often acutish at the apex, more or less falcate, slightly shorter than
the dorsal sepal. Lip a little shorter than the petals, arcuate and upcurved in
natural position with the sides incurved, obscurely 3-lobed or subpandurate near
the middle, up to 3.1 mm. long when expanded, from the base gradually dilated
to a rounded central portion, anterior part subquadrate or obovate-subquadrate,
bilobulate at the rounded or truncate apex. Column shorter than the lip, dilated
upward, laterally winged, produced below into a prominent foot.
Ayacucho: Estrella, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, about
500 meters, epiphyte in dense woods, Killip & Smith 23063. Junin:
Chanchamayo Valley, Kohler brothers s.n. (type of S. Antonii) . Same
locality, 1500 meters, Schunke 1663, 2060. Rio Paucartambo Valley,
near Perene Bridge, 700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip &
Smith 25322. Rio Pinedo, north of La Merced, 700-900 meters,
epiphyte in dense woods, Killip & Smith 23591, 23635. Loreto:
Near Moyobamba, Filomeno s.n. (type of S. loretoensis).
This species appears to be similar to Scaphy glottis violacea Lindl.
and may be found to be identical.
Scaphyglottis conferta (Ruiz & Pav.) Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. ac Sp. 1: 59, t. 100. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 12.
1898. ?Fernandezia conferta Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil.
1: 241. 1798. Ponera conferta Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 22. 1854.
Plant large, straggling, from a short, woody rhizome. Stems numerous, slender,
elongate, more or less flexuous, superposed with spreading or recurved branches at
the nodes, 3-6 dm. tall, each member adorned below with several close, tubular
sheaths. Leaves subopposite in pairs at the apex of each stem-member, lanceolate-
linear, up to 7.5 cm. long and 6 mm. wide, long-attenuate to an acute or bifid apex,
cuneate below, semiamplexicaul at the sheathing base. Inflorescences abbreviated,
axillary, 1-flowered, solitary. Flowers small, white, membranaceous, subtended by
several bracts. Dorsal sepal lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, attenuate above,
acute, 6-9 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but somewhat broader, very oblique.
Petals linear-lanceolate, very acute, slightly shorter than the sepals. Lip simple,
544 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
obovate-oblong, narrowed to a slender base, broadly obtuse above, with strongly
revolute margins, slightly shorter than the petals, about 4 mm. long, purplish.
Column slender, lightly dilated and thickened above, obscurely bidentate at the
apex in front, as long as the lip.
Huanuco: Near Pampayaco (Pampayacu) and Cuchero (Co-
chero), on trees, Poeppig 1731.
I have seen no example of this species.
Scaphyglottis cuneata Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2:
398. 1918; C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 181. 1944.
Isochilus prolifer R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5 : 209. 1813, excl. synon. ;
Lindl. Bot. Reg. 10: t. 825. 1824, not Epidendrum proliferum Sw.
nor Cymbidium proliferum Sw. Isochilus proliferum R. Br. ex Lindl.
Gen. & Sp. Orch. 113. 1831. Scaphyglottis prolifera Cogn. Martius
Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 15. 1898. Tetragamestus gracilis Schltr. Beih. Bot.
Centralbl. 36, Abt. 2: 400. 1918. Ponera mapiriensis Kranzl. Fedde
Repert. 25: 22. 1928.
Plant relatively small, very variable, up to 20.5 cm. high, with an abbreviated
rhizome. Stems approximate, usually numerous, stout or slender, commonly super-
posed when mature, often dichotomously branched and sometimes rooting at the
nodes, the lowest stem-member up to 10.5 (rarely 20) cm. long, each stem-member
provided with several distichously imbricated, close, evanescent sheaths below.
Leaves subopposite in pairs at the apex of the stem-members, linear to linear-
oblong or lanceolate-linear, very slightly narrowed above to an obtusely bilobed
apex, slightly cuneate below, sessile, spreading, up to 7 cm. long and 6 (rarely 7)
mm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated, axillary, 1-flowered, 1 to several in a
cluster. Pedicellate ovary concealed by several distichously imbricated bracts.
Flowers small, membranaceous, greenish white to white, pink or yellowish, often
marked with deep pink or blue. Dorsal sepal oblong, lanceolate-oblong, elliptic-
lanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong, 4-5.9 mm. long, acute. Lateral sepals similar,
often a little broader, oblique, forming an indistinct mentum with the short column-
foot. Petals oblanceolate-linear to linear, acute to obtuse, a little shorter than the
dorsal sepal. Lip slightly exceeding the sepals, cuneate-spatulate, from a narrow
base gradually dilated to near the apex, subsimple to distinctly 3-lobulate in front,
broadly rounded to retuse at the apex, either smooth or with a more or less well-
developed callus in the middle, 5-6.9 mm. long. Column large, straight, without
auricles, slightly shorter than the sepals and petals.
Ayacucho: Rio Apurimac Valley, near Kimpitiriki, 400 meters,
epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 22886. Junin: Chancha-
mayo Valley, 1200-1600 meters, Schunke 532, 1312, 1682, 1706.
Colonia Perene, about 680 meters, epiphyte in thickets, Killip &
Smith 25059. East of Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-1300
meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 23996. Rio Pinedo,
north of La Merced, 700-900 meters, on rock in woods, Killip &
Smith 23589. San Ramon, 900-1300 meters, epiphyte in woods,
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 545
Killip & Smith 24904- San Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba,
1200-1600 meters, epiphyte in mountain forest, Klug 3542. A widely
distributed species occurring in Central America from Guatemala
(type of S. cuneata) to Costa Rica (type of Tetragamestus gracilis)
and Panama, in Grenada and Trinidad, as well as in Colombia,
Venezuela, British Guiana, Surinam, Brazil and Bolivia (type of
Ponera mapiriensis) .
Scaphyglottis graminifolia (Ruiz & Pav.) Poepp. & Endl. Nov.
Gen. ac Sp. 1: 59, t. 99 B. 1836; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5:
13. 1898. ?Fernandezia graminifolia Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl.
Peruv. et Chil. 1: 241. 1798. ?Ponera graminifolia Reichb. f. Bonpl.
2: 22. 1854.
Plant large, up to 6 dm. tall. Stems stout, elongate, fascicled, from an abbre-
viated rhizome, usually forking or few-branched at the nodes, provided through
the lower portion with several imbricated, evanescent sheaths, the basal stem-
member being up to 14 cm. long. Leaves subopposite in pairs at the summit of
the stems or stem-members, linear or lanceolate-linear, up to 12 cm. long and 7 mm.
wide, long-attenuate to an obtuse, minutely bidentate apex, slightly narrowed to a
sessile base, erect-spreading. Inflorescences abbreviated, axillary, 1-flowered, 4-6.
Flowers small, white, inconspicuous, sessile, membranaceous. Sepals similar, ob-
long or oblong-lanceolate, very acute, concave, 5-6 mm. long, the lateral ones being
oblique. Petals narrowly linear, subobtuse, almost as long as the sepals. Lip a
little shorter than the rest of the perianth, 4-5 mm. long, cuneate-obovate, long-
attenuate below to above the middle, lightly 3-lobed in front with rounded lateral
lobes and a short, broad, retuse mid-lobe. Column slender, about equaling the lip,
obscurely bidentate at the apex in front.
Huanuco: Pillao near Chacahuassi, on trees and rocks in woods,
Pawn s.n. (type of Fernandezia graminifolia), Mathews s.n. Near
Cuchero (Cochero), on branches of trees in dense woods, Poeppig s.n.
(type of S. graminifolia).
I have examined a photograph of apparently typical material of
this species from the Ruiz and Pavon Herbarium.
Scaphyglottis Huebneri Schltr. Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 42, Abt. 2:
95. 1925.
Plant variable, medium-sized to large, with an abbreviated rhizome. Stems
fascicled, commonly numerous, slender, provided near the base with several loose,
imbricating, evanescent sheaths, commonly superposed and more or less branched
at the nodes, the lowest stem-member up to 20.5 cm. high. Leaves subopposite
in pairs at the apex of the stems or stem-members, narrowly linear and grass-like,
attenuate to a bidentate tip, up to 24 cm. long and 7 mm. wide, strict to spreading
or arcuate. Inflorescences abbreviated, 1-flowered, axillary, commonly 1 or 2, with
the short peduncle concealed by several distichously imbricating, evanescent
sheaths; pedicel slender, conspicuously exserted. Flower rather small, greenish
546 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
or whitish to pale yellow often tinged with pink or lavender. Dorsal sepal oblong
or oblong-elliptic, apiculate or complicate-acute, concave or navicular, 4-6 mm.
long. Lateral sepals slightly shorter, very oblique, broadly oblong or ovate-oblong,
complicate-acute. Petals narrower than the sepals, oblong, abruptly acute to sub-
obtuse, lightly falcate, a little shorter than the dorsal sepal, sometimes slightly
narrowed toward the base. Lip about equally long with the sepals, cuneate-
obovate in outline, gradually dilated from the base to above the middle where
more or less sharply 3-lobed, 4-6 mm. long; lateral lobes semiobovate-rounded ;
mid-lobe longer, porrect, semiorbicular to broadly ovate, acute; disc more or less
thickened below, the thickening extended into a pair of parallel, semiorbicular,
indistinct calli. Column a little shorter than the petals, prominently two-winged,
the wing produced into a sharp tooth on each side near its apex.
Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, Tingo Maria, epiphyte on shore of
river, Asplund 12977. Junin: East of Quimiri Bridge, near La Mer-
ced, 800-1300 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 23843,
23944, 23974- Pichis Trail, Santa Rosa, 625-900 meters, epiphyte
in dense forest, Killip & Smith 26147. Rio Paucartambo Valley,
near Perene Bridge, 700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest, Killip &
Smith 25321, 25391 . Loreto : Gamitanacocha, Rio Mazan, 100-125
meters, on river bank, Schunke 222. La Victoria, Amazon River, on
tree trunk in forest, Williams 2953. Above Pongo de Manseriche,
right bank of Rio Santiago, 200 meters, on trunk of tall forest tree,
Mexia 6164. Region of the Maranon River from Iquitos up to the
mouth of the Santiago River at Pongo de Manseriche, about 77 30'
West, about 155 meters, Tessmann 4846. Vicinity of Iquitos, side
of river, 100 meters, on living tree, Klug 10011. Brazil (type).
Scaphyglottis parviflora Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 58,
t. 97. 1836 = Maxillaria purpurea (Spreng.) Ames & Correll, var.
parviflora (Poepp. & Endl.) C. Schweinf.
Scaphyglottis pendula Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 58,
t. 98. 1836= Maxillaria pendula (Poepp. & Endl.) C. Schweinf.
Scaphyglottis propinqua C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Har-
vard Univ. 17: 46, t. 18. 1955. Figure 105.
Plant large, straggling, epiphytic. Stems fascicled, superposed, slenderly cylin-
dric, commonly dichotomously branching above, the lowest stem-member up to
18 cm. long. Leaves in subopposite pairs at the apex of the stem-members, linear-
oblong or linear-lanceolate, obliquely bilobulate at the apex, sessile at the base,
spreading, rarely up to 10 cm. long and 1 cm. wide. Inflorescences abbreviated,
densely fascicled in the axils of the leaves, 1-flowered, numerous. Flowers small,
membranaceous, white to pinkish white. Dorsal sepal oblong, subacute, deeply
concave, about 3.7 mm. long. Lateral sepals similar but a little larger, forming an
indistinct mentum with the short column-foot. Petals linear-oblanceolate, apicu-
C.
FIG. 105. Scaphyglottis propinqua C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X M- 2, flower from
side, natural position; X 6. 3, column and lip from side, natural position; about
X 9. 4, petal; about X 9. 5, dorsal sepal; about X 9. 6, 7, lips, expanded; about
X 9.
547
548 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
late at the rounded apex, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal. Lip tubular-
concave in natural position, rhombic-obovate when expanded, with small rounded
lateral lobules at the middle, broadly rounded and apiculate in front, about 4 mm.
long and 2 mm. wide across the middle when expanded. Column stout, straight,
wingless, about 2.9 mm. long.
Junin: Pichis Trail, San Nicolas, about 1100 meters, epiphyte in
dense forest, Kittip & Smith 26061.
Scaphyglottis punctulata (Reichb. f.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus.
Lean 1 . Harvard Univ. 17: 47. 1955. Ponera punctulata Reichb. f.
Bonpl. 3:220. 1855.
Plant terrestrial or epiphytic, caespitose, up to 52 cm. high including the upper-
most leaf. Stems distichously leafy, mostly concealed by imbricating leaf-sheaths,
simple or with one or two short branches, the apical portion being short, naked and
terminating in two subopposite leaves. Leaves erect-spreading, linear or linear-
lanceolate, up to 12.9 cm. long and 9 mm. wide, obtuse or bilobulate at the apex,
clasping at the base. Inflorescence terminal on the stem or branches, abbreviated,
racemose, 1- or more commonly 2-flowered, issuing from a pair of erect, imbricating,
evanescent spathes. Pedicellate ovary long and slender, 1.6 cm. or more in length.
Flowers rather small, campanulate, lavender tinged with green, or green dotted
with dark violet or pink with a greenish white lip. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong,
concave, acute or short-acuminate, about 7-9 mm. long and less than half as wide.
Lateral sepals obliquely lanceolate-ovate, acute or short-acuminate, about as large
as the dorsal sepal, decurrent on the column-foot. Petals lanceolate-oblong or
elliptic-oblong, abruptly subacute to acute or apiculate, smaller than the sepals.
Lip slightly exceeding the sepals, articulated to the column-foot without a claw,
from a cuneate base obovate-pandurate in outline, truncate or very broadly rounded
and apiculate or lightly retuse and apiculate in front, arcuate-recurved below with
more or less incurved sides, about 7-8.5 mm. long when expanded and 3.4-6.3 mm.
wide across the front; disc below with a more or less prominent, large, fleshy, sul-
cate callus which is extended into verruculose lines above. Column conspicuous,
arcuate, prominently auriculate-dilated at the apex, about 5-6.6 mm. long, pro-
duced into a short foot.
Huanuco: Cierra Azul, on Pucallpa Road, 1077 meters, terrestrial
in moss of road cut, Seibert 2252. Junin : Pichis Trail, Enenas, 1700
meters, epiphyte in open sphagnum swamp, Killip & Smith 25675,
25690. Also Puerto Rico and Venezuela (type of Ponera punctulata}.
Scaphyglottis punctulata (Reichb. f.) C. Schweinf. var. Sum-
mersii (L. 0. Wms.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ.
17: 50. 1955. Scaphyglottis Summersii L. 0. Wms. Bot. Mus. Leafl.
Harvard Univ. 9: 14, t. 3, figs. 4-7. 1940. Figure 106.
Plant terrestrial or epiphytic, commonly much branched with fasciculate,
divaricate branches, up to 65 cm. tall. Stems or stem-members 2-leaved at the
apex, commonly with only the lower portions concealed by close, tubular, imbri-
cating leaf-bearing sheaths (sometimes the young growths are wholly concealed by
SCAPHYGLOTTIS
EPIDENDRUM .
vesicicaute <*. jlf
FIG. 106. Epidendrum vesicicaule L. O. Williams. 1, plant; X 1. 2, flower,
from front; X 1^- 3, lip; X 2}^ (text in pt. 2, p. 527). Scaphyglottis punctulata
(Reichb. f.) C. Schweinf. var. Summersii (L. 0. Williams) C. Schweinf., as S. Sum-
mersii. 4, plant; X 1. 5, flower, from front; X IK- 6, lip; X 3. 7, lip and column,
from side; X 1^.
549
550 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
distichous leaves). Leaves linear or lanceolate-linear, similar to those of the spe-
cies, bilobulate at the apex, up to 16 cm. long and 10 mm. wide. Inflorescences
abbreviated, apparently 1-flowered. Flowers rather small, white, rosy white, gray
with rosy lip, pale violet or brownish tan. Sepals and petals similar to those of the
species. Lip distinctly clawed ; lamina obovate-pandurate or pandurate-subquad-
rate, rounded or subcordate at the base, broadly retuse in front, similar to that of
the species, 6.7-9 mm. long, 4-6.8 mm. wide near the apex. Column shorter than
in the species, about 3.2-4.9 mm. long.
Cuzco: Prov. of Paucartambo, between Tanamayo and Tambo-
mayo, 2000 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 5122. Huanuco: Prov. of
Huanuco, Carpish, between Huanuco and Tingo Maria, 2500-2900
meters, in dense evergreen woods, Ferreyra 1754- Carpish, about
2750 meters, on steep gravelly slope, Asplund 12675. Abra Gasca,
between Exito and Pte. Durand, 2500 meters, epiphyte, Vargas 5376.
A widespread and variable species, extending from Colombia and
Ecuador (type) to Peru and Bolivia.
Scaphyglottis Reedii (Reichb. f.) Ames, Am. Orch. Soc. Bull.
10, no. 2: 49. 1941. Hexadesmia Reedii Reichb. f. Saund. Refug.
Bot. 2, t. 113. 1878; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 18. 1898.
Plant slender, up to 7 dm. tall. Stems caespitose on a short creeping rhizome,
from a decumbent base fusiform, distinctly long-stipitate below, 7.5-20.2 cm. long,
the basal and swollen portions covered with close evanescent sheaths, commonly
unifoliate, sometimes superposed. Leaf narrowly linear, minutely tridentate at
the apex, 7-50.6 cm. long, 3-4 mm. wide. Inflorescences axillary, short, fascicled,
loosely 1- to 6-flowered, erect, arcuate or nodding, the pedicellate ovary long and
slender. Flowers small, light green often more or less tinged with brownish, finally
becoming yellowish white. Dorsal sepal broadly ovate, deeply concave, acute,
about 3.2 mm. long. Lateral sepals longer, obliquely triangular-ovate, acute, form-
ing a conspicuous mentum with the column-foot. Petals longer than the sepals,
cuneate-obovate, acute or apiculate at the abruptly rounded apex. Lip distinctly
exceeding the other segments, geniculate near the broadly rounded base, pandurate-
subquadrate when expanded, deeply bilobed in front with somewhat overlapping,
obliquely rounded lobules, when expanded about 8-10 mm. in greatest length and
4.5-6 mm. wide below and above. Column very short and stout, produced into
a long foot.
Huanuco: Prov. of Huanuco, Tingo Maria, epiphyte in forest,
Asplund 12984- Also Brazil (type) and Mexico (fide L. 0. Williams).
Scaphyglottis violacea Lindl. Bot. Reg. 22: 1. 1901. 1836; Hook.
Bot. Mag. 70: t. 4071. 1844. Ponera violacea Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2:
22. 1854.
Plant small to medium-sized. Stems caespitose, cylindric or fusiform-cylindric,
superposed, more or less branched at the nodes, rather slender, the lowest stem-
member up to 15 cm. long, each member concealed below by several close imbri-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 551
eating sheaths. Leaves in subopposite pairs at the apex of the stem-members,
linear or linear-lanceolate, slightly narrowed to an abruptly obtuse, bilobulate apex,
sessile, up to 16.7 cm. long and 6 mm. wide, spreading or lightly recurved. Inflores-
cences abbreviated, 1-flowered, fascicled in the leaf-axils, usually in pairs. Flowers
very small, pink or carmine to violet-purple. Dorsal sepal oblong or oblanceolate-
oblong, longitudinally concave or cymbiform, about 3.2-4 mm. long. Lateral sepals
obliquely and broadly oblong, decurved, acute, distinctly shorter and often broader
than the dorsal sepal, forming a prominent semiglobose mentum with the column-
foot. Petals obliquely linear-oblanceolate, subacute, long-narrowed below, slightly
narrowed on each side above the middle, somewhat shorter than the dorsal sepal.
Lip erect, parallel to the column and arcuate-recurved, with sides incurved in
natural position, slightly longer than the lateral sepals, oblong-obovate, obtuse and
apiculate to broadly rounded or lightly retuse at the apex, somewhat dilated on
each side and thus lightly lobulate near the middle, about 3.3 mm. long; disc more
or less thickened through the center of the lower half. Column stout, arcuate,
clavate, prominently winged especially above, about 2.2 mm. long.
Loreto: Region of the Maranon River from Iquitos to the mouth
of the Santiago River at Pongo de Manseriche, about 77 30' West,
160 meters, epiphyte in rain-forest, Tessmann 4539. Also British
Guiana (type) and Brazil.
ORLEANESIA B. Rodr.
Inconspicuous epiphytic medium-sized to large orchids of northern South
America. Stems thick-cylindric to fusiform (but not pseudobulbous), distichously
4- to several-leaved. Leaves linear or elliptic-linear to oblong or narrowly lanceo-
late, spreading. Inflorescence terminal, subumbellate or more commonly loosely
paniculate. Flowers numerous, rather small, greenish yellow, green, green and
purple-red or purple. Sepals oblong to oblong-ovate, acute, the lateral ones often
broader and somewhat oblique. Petals narrower than the sepals. Lip free from
the column but attached to the column-foot, simple, elliptic-ovate or broadly obo-
vate, rounded to subtruncate in front, more or less lightly retuse and apiculate
at the apex. Column somewhat dilated above, more or less 3-toothed at the apex,
extended into a short but distinct foot. Pollinia 4, in one series of 2 unequal pairs.
A small genus, occurring in Colombia, Venezuela, Peru and Brazil.
Orleanesia peruviana C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard
Univ. 15: 148, t. 46. 1952. Figure 107.
Plant medium-sized for the genus, stout. Stem about 18 cm. tall, entirely con-
cealed by about 11 tubular, imbricating sheaths which are largest in the middle and
mostly leaf-bearing. Leaves loosely distichous, narrow, widely spreading, lightly
decurved and conduplicate in the dried specimen, oblong-lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate when expanded, abruptly bilobulate at the apex, up to 13.3 cm. long
and 1 cm. wide when viewed from the side, rigid. Peduncle about 27 cm. long,
bearing about 15 close, tubular, scarious sheaths which are longer and imbricating
below and more distant above. Inflorescence nodding, loosely paniculate with 3
or 4 short, few-flowered branches. Bracts clasping, broadly ovate, concave, acute.
ORLEANESIA
FIG. 107. Orleanesia peruviana C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X Y^ 2, flower, without
lip, three quarters view; X 5. 3, petal; X 4. 4, dorsal sepal; X 4. 5, lateral sepal;
X 4. 6, lip; X 3.
552
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 553
Flowers small, "mignonette and dark violet." Dorsal sepal ovate-lanceolate or
oblong-ovate, short-acuminate, up to 7 mm. long, with revolute or recurved sides.
Lateral sepals shorter and broader than the dorsal sepal, obliquely oblong-ovate,
acute and apiculate. Petals obliquely linear, acute, about as long as the lateral
sepals. Lip adnate to the column-foot, broadly obovate, lightly retuse and apicu-
late at the subtruncate apex, cuneate at the base, ecallose, up to 6.9 mm. long in
the middle and 5.8 mm. wide. Column short, stout, broadly winged, concave,
lightly 3-toothed at the apex, produced into a short, stout foot.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, on a dead tree in clear-
ing, King 10021.
ISOCHILUS R. Br.
A small but perplexing genus of tropical American epiphytes con-
sisting of numerous concepts apparently referable to a very few
species (cf. Correll, Bot. Mus. Lean 1 . Harvard Univ. 10: 1. 1941).
Plants small to medium-sized, with a creeping rhizome, terrestrial or epiphytic.
Stems more or less approximate, numerous, slender, leafy throughout (with the
lower leaves often deciduous). Leaves numerous, distichous, linear, linear-lanceo-
late or oblong, erect or erect-spreading, obtuse or minutely bilobed at the apex.
Inflorescence a short terminal raceme which is loose or dense, few- to many-
flowered and distichous or unilateral, often arcuate. Flowers rather small, cam-
panulate, varying from white to reddish or rose-purple or rarely orange. Sepals
subequal, erect or recurved above, free or coherent almost to the apex, the lateral
ones gibbous at the base under the lip, more or less dorsally keeled, with the free
portion elliptic to lanceolate. Petals slightly shorter than the sepals, more or less
clawed, oblique. Lip subequal to the petals but narrower, from a short claw linear
to linear-oblanceolate, commonly sigmoid-flexed at the base and often above also,
sometimes constricted near the middle. Column slender, toothed at the apex,
footless or nearly so.
Isochilus linearis (Jacq.) R. Br. Ait. Hort. Kew. ed. 2, 5: 209.
1813; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 3, 1. 1. 1898; C. Schweinf. Bot.
Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 8: 44. 1940. Epidendrum lineare Jacq.
Select. Stirp. Amer. 221, t. 131, fig. 1. 1763. Isochilus peruvianus
Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 79. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih.
57: t. 116, nr. 455. 1929. Isochilus brasiliensis Schltr. Fedde Repert.
Beih. 9: 80. 1921; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 39, nr. 155. 1930.
Plant variable, 7-70 cm. tall, with a creeping (sometimes indistinct) rhizome.
Stems numerous, more or less approximate, slender, distichously many-leaved.
Leaves linear or linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, obtuse or minutely bilobed
at the apex, up to 6.5 cm. long and 5 mm. wide, strict or spreading. Inflorescence
terminal, racemose, 1- to many-flowered, loose or dense. Flowers rather small,
campanulate, white to rose-purple or orange. Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate to (rarely) ovate-oblong or oblanceolate-oblong, acute, concave,
6-11.5 mm. long. Lateral sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate (rarely oblong-
ovate), connate below the middle, about as long as the dorsal sepal or slightly
554 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
longer, with the free portions lanceolate or triangular-lanceolate to elliptic. Petals
elliptic or elliptic-oblong to linear-oblanceolate, sometimes shortly clawed, lightly
oblique, a little shorter than the sepals and either narrower or broader. Lip about
as long as the sepals but much narrower, linear-lanceolate to linear-oblanceolate,
acute, commonly sigmoid-flexed at the base and often above the middle also,
sometimes lightly constricted near or above the middle, up to 11.7 mm. long.
Column small, toothed at the summit on each side, footless or with an abbrevi-
ated foot.
Cajamarca: Valley of Rio Tabaconas, 950 meters, in thickets of
evergreens, Weberbauer 6159 (type of I. peruvianus Schltr.). San
Martin: San Roque, 1350-1500 meters, on trunk of petrified tree,
Williams 7385 (plant in fruit) .
A widespread and variable species extending from Mexico to
Costa Rica, the West Indies (type of Epidendrum lineare) and
through South America to Brazil (type of Isochilus brasiliensis) ,
Paraguay and Argentina.
POLYSTACHYA Hook.
Inconspicuous epiphytes of cosmopolitan distribution in the trop-
ical regions of America, Africa and Asia.
Rhizome abbreviated. Stems approximate, short, concealed by imbricating
leaf-sheaths, more or less pseudobulbous-thickened at the base. Leaves 2 to several,
distichous, oblong to linear (rarely oblong-elliptic, oblanceolate or obovate), many-
nerved but not plicate, articulated to imbricating sheaths. Inflorescence terminal,
bearing above a simple, few- to many-flowered raceme or a panicle consisting of few
to several, distant racemes. Flowers small (in the American species), rather dense.
Floral segments connivent or little spreading. Dorsal sepal free. Lateral sepals
broader, often very broad, adnate to the more or less elongate column-foot. Petals
narrower than the sepals. Lip uppermost, arcuate-recurved in natural position,
articulated to the column foot, subsimple to distinctly 3-lobed. Column short or
very short, produced into a more or less prominent foot. Anther terminal, opercu-
lar, incumbent, 1-celled or imperfectly 2-celled. Pollinia 4, in pairs.
Al. Men turn (formed by the lateral sepals and the column-foot) conspicuous and
elongate; callus at the base of the lip elongate, linear or oblong. . . .P. luteola
A2. Men turn (if present) inconspicuous, short and rounded; callus at the base of
the lip short, conical or rounded, sometimes indistinct I
la. Lateral lobes of the lip relatively abbreviated and more or less distinct.
P. foliosa (P. cerea, P. caracasana, P. minor, etc.)
Ib. Lateral lobes of the lip relatively long and distinct, more or less oblong-
spatulate P. boliviensis
Polystachya boliviensis Schltr. Fedde Repert. 12: 483. 1913;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 58: t. 47, nr. 187. 1930.
Plant small, epiphytic, up to 15 cm. high. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems
approximate, short, up to 3 cm. long, bulbous-thickened at the base, entirely con-
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 555
cealed by imbricating sheaths which are leaf-bearing above. Leaves distichous,
subapproximate, 2-4, linear or linear-oblong, recurved and commonly condupli-
cate in the dried specimen, up to 7.5 cm. long and 1 cm. wide when expanded,
minutely bilobulate and apiculate (rarely acute) at the apex. Inflorescence sur-
passing the leaves or more rarely subequaling them, up to 12.5 cm. long, above
racemose or more rarely paniculate with short branches; peduncle concealed below
by 1 or 2 complanate, elongate, scarious sheaths; raceme several- to many-flowered,
dense above, nodding when young. Floral bracts minute, acuminate. Flowers
very small, yellow or pinkish-brown, rather fleshy. Dorsal sepal suborbicular-
ovate or "oval," obtuse, concave, about 3 mm. or less long. Lateral sepals similar
but markedly broader, oblique, obtuse or minutely apiculate, forming a short men-
turn with the column-foot. Petals linear-oblanceolate, subobtuse to rounded at
the oblique apex, shorter than the sepals. Lip connate with the column-foot, deeply
3-lobed near the base with the lateral lobes erect and the mid-lobe recurved in
natural position, about 2.5 mm. long in the middle and 3-4 mm. broad across the
widely spreading lateral lobes when expanded, cuneate at the very base; lateral
lobes spatulate-oblong, oblique at the rounded apex, lightly incurved; mid-lobe
much larger, suborbicular-ovate, round-obovate or "quadrate," retuse; disc with
the very base callose-thickened as a continuation of the column-foot. Column
abbreviated, very stout.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, epiphyte in open woods, "segments pinkish-brown (with-
ered)," Killip & Smith 23162. Bolivia (type).
Polystachya foliosa (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 640. 1863;
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 316. 1895. Encyclia nana Poepp. &
Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 10, t. 113A. 1837-38. Encyclia polystachya
Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 10, t. 113B. 1837-38. Stelis
foliosa Lindl. Ann. Nat. Hist. 2: 330, t. 17. 1839. Polystachya cerea
Lindl. Bot. Reg. 26, Misc. 86, no. 208. 1840. Polystachya caracasana
Reichb. f. Bonpl. 2: 15. 1854. Polystachya nana (Poepp. & Endl.)
Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 638. 1863; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4:
319. 1896, not Kl. 1853. Polystachya minor Fawc. & Rendle, Journ.
Bot. 48: 106. 1910; Fl. Jam. 1: 49, t. 7, figs. 6-7. 1910. Polystachya
altilamellata Schltr. Fedde Repert. 10: 385. 1912. Polystachya ecua-
dorensis Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 8: 90. May 1921; Mansf. Fedde
Repert. Beih. 57: t. 95, nr. 370. 1929. Polystachya Poeppigii Schltr.
Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 155. Sept. 1921. Polystachya amazonica Schltr.
Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 42, Abt. 2: 77. 1925; Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih.
58: t. 47, nr. 186. 1930. Polystachya Huebneri Schltr. Beih. Bot. Cen-
tralbl. 42, Abt. 2: 112. 1925. Polystachya stenophylla Schltr. I.e., 113.
Figure 108.
Plant very variable, epiphytic, 7-60 cm. high. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems
approximate, often in dense clumps, short, more or less bulbous-thickened at the
base, up to about 12 cm. long, entirely concealed by imbricating sheaths which are
556 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
leaf-bearing above. Leaves distichous, more or less clustered near the base of the
plant, 2 to several, erect-spreading, narrowly linear to oblong-linear or oblanceolate
(rarely elliptic), obtuse to subacute and usually obliquely bilobed at the apex,
4-33 cm. long, 2.5 mm.-3 cm. wide, often recurved. Inflorescence much shorter,
or more commonly more or less surpassing the leaves, either a short, densely
flowered raceme or a panicle consisting of few to several, densely or sublaxly few-
to many-flowered racemes, the peduncle being lightly compressed and concealed
by long, imbricating, scarious sheaths. Flowers small to minute, more or less
fleshy, greenish to pale yellow or yellowish white (rarely orange), sometimes tinged
with purple, with slightly spreading segments. Dorsal sepal suborbicular or broadly
ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or obtuse, about 1.5-5 mm. long, concave. Lateral
sepals commonly more or less larger (especially broader), suborbicular-ovate to
triangular-ovate, forming an abbreviated mentum with the short column-foot.
Petals linear, oblong-linear or linear-spatulate, obtuse to acute or apiculate, sub-
equaling or a little shorter than the sepals. Lip erect and parallel to the column
in natural position, tubular-concave, often recurved above, distinctly 3-lobed about
at the middle (often somewhat below or above the middle), usually more or less
fleshy, suborbicular or broadly obovate to oblong-subquadrate in outline when
expanded, more or less cuneate below, about 1.25-4 mm. long and subequally wide
when expanded; lateral lobes small, obliquely ovate, subacute to obtuse or rounded
at the apex; mid-lobe more or less larger (commonly distinctly so), suborbicular to
elliptic-subquadrate or quadrate-oblong, broadly rounded to distinctly retuse in
front; disc with a rather prominent conical callus at the base, and with the central
longitudinal portion more or less covered with papillose or mealy hairs. Column
very short and fleshy.
Peru: Habitat unrecorded, Vargas 1817. Ayacucho: Estrella,
between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, about 500 meters, in dense
woods, Killip & Smith 23067. Huanuco: Between Huanuco and
Pampayaco (Pampayacu), Kanehira 335. Cueva Grande, near Po-
zuzo, about 1700 meters, on tree trunk, Macbride 4782. Junin:
Chanchamayo Valley, 1800 meters, Schunke s.n. Same locality,
1500 meters, Schunke 553, 1087. Same locality, 1200 meters,
Schunke 1236. Chanchamayo, Rio Blanco, about 1400 meters,
on coffee trees of the Hacienda Sta. Teresa, Kohler s.n. (type of
Polystachya altilamellata Schltr.). La Merced, about 700 meters,
epiphyte in wooded valley, Killip & Smith 23749. Rio Paucartambo
Valley near Perene Bridge, 700 meters, epiphyte in dense forest,
Killip & Smith 25357. Rio Pinedo, north of La Merced, 700-900
meters, on rock in woods, Killip & Smith 23590. Schunke Hacienda,
above San Ramon, 1300-1700 meters, in dense forest, Schunke A68.
Loreto: Balsapuerto (lower Rio Huallaga basin), 150-350 meters,
epiphyte in dense forest, Killip & Smith 28605. Mishuyacu, near
Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, Klug 1178. Same locality and altitude,
Klug 1445. Peiia Blanca, on Rio Itaya, about 110 meters, epiphyte
in dense forest, Killip & Smith 29650. Puerto Mele"ndez, below
Pongo de Manseriche, 455 meters, Tessmann 4751. San Isidro, at
FIG. 108. Polystachya foliosa (Lindl.) Reichb. f. Plant; X %. 1, flower,
spread out; about X 4. 2, flower from side; about X 4. 3, column and lip from
side; about X 6.
557
558 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
the mouth of Rio Pastazza, 135 meters, on Crescentia cujete, Tess-
mann 4954-
An extremely polymorphic plant extending from Mexico (Poly-
stachya cerea) through Central America (P. clavata), the West Indies
(P. minor) to South America: Venezuela (P. caracasana) , British
Guiana (Stelis foliosa), Ecuador (P. ecuadorensis) , Peru (Encyclia
nana, E. polystachya, and Polystachya altilamellata) and Amazonian
Brazil (P. amazonica, P. Huebneri, and P. stenophylla).
Polystachya luteola (Sw.) Hook. Exot. Fl. 2: 103. 1824; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 312. 1895; Ames and Correll, Orch. Gua-
tem. 469, t. 127. 1953. Cranichis luteola Sw. Fl. Ind. Occ. 3: 1433.
1804. Figure 109.
Plant small to large and stout, epiphytic, variable, often growing in large
masses, up to 60 cm. high. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems pseudobulbous-thickened
at the base, tapering upward, entirely concealed by imbricating, scarious sheaths,
up to about 10 cm. long. Leaves 2 to several, oblong-elliptic, linear-lanceolate or
oblanceolate (sometimes oblong), obtuse to acute, up to 31 cm. long and 4 cm. wide.
Inflorescence commonly more or less surpassing the leaves, few-flowered and simple
or many-flowered and branched, with the branches often unilateral, up to 55 cm.
long, with the peduncle compressed and more or less concealed by long, tubular,
scarious sheaths, the latter being glaucous and semi-translucent when fresh. Flow-
ers small, yellowish green, fragrant, with arcuate pedicellate ovaries. Dorsal sepal
ovate to ovate-oblong, acute or apiculate, shallowly concave, 2.5-5 mm. long.
Lateral sepals distinctly larger, obliquely and broadly triangular, acute or apicu-
late, adnate to the column-foot and forming a conspicuous mentum about 3-6 mm.
long. Petals linear-spatulate, more or less obtuse and apiculate, shorter than the
dorsal sepal. Lip erect and parallel to the column, recurved and tubular-concave
in natural position, obovate to broadly cuneate when expanded, deeply 3-lobed
above the middle, about 3-4.5 mm. long, up to 4 mm. wide across the lobes; lateral
lobes porrect and incurved, relatively small, obliquely semiovate or narrowly tri-
angular-oblong; mid-lobe oblong-quadrate to suborbicular, often slightly dilated
above, truncate or lightly retuse with irregular undulate margins; disc with a
prominent oblong-linear callus in the center of the lower half, entirely covered with
inconspicuous glandular hairs within. Column very short and stout, with an
elongate foot.
Amazonas: Prov. of Chachapoyas, near Sesuga, Mathews 3193.
La Peca, northeast of Jaen, 1100 meters, common on trees in "small
forest," Woytkowski 37017. Junin: Along Rio Perene, near "Haci-
enda 3," Colonia Perene, about 600 meters, epiphyte in forest, Killip
& Smith 25107 (fruiting). A very widespread and rather variable
FIG. 109. Polystachya luteola (Sw.) Hook. Flowering plant; almost X 1. Fruit-
ing inflorescence; XI. 1, flower from side; about X 4. 2, lateral sepals, spread
out to show their attachment to the column-foot, and column; X 4. 3, petal; X 5.
4, lip spread out, to reveal the lateral lobes and farinaceous callus; X 5.
_B -Artie* I9v3.
560 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
species extending from Florida (U.S.A.), through the West Indies
(type of Cranichis luteola), Central and South America to Brazil and
Peru. It also occurs in Madagascar, Mauritius, Ceylon, India, Indo-
nesia and the Philippine Islands.
GALEANDRA Lindl.
Medium-sized to large epiphytic or terrestrial orchids of tropical
American regions extending from Mexico to Brazil, Paraguay and
Argentina.
Stems elongate, either fusiform-thickened or abruptly contracted at the base
into a short tuber-like pseudobulb. Leaves distichous, narrow and more or less
elongate, plicate, articulated to scarious sheaths, more or less deciduous. Inflo-
rescence terminal, racemose or paniculate above, few- to several-flowered, the
short or elongate peduncle invested by one or more elongate, scarious sheaths.
Rachis loosely flowered. Flowers commonly rather large and showy (more rarely
small), with spreading segments. Sepals subequal, free, usually slightly nar-
rowed toward the base, with the lateral sepals somewhat oblique. Petals similar
to the sepals or a little larger. Lip produced at the base into a spur which is com-
monly elongate and infundibuliform or more rarely shortly conical; lamina broad,
subsimple or more or less distinctly 3-lobed, adorned with swollen lines, keels or
tufts of hairs. Column short to elongate, often produced into a short foot, glabrous
to villous in front. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent. Pollinia 4, or 2 and
deeply sulcate.
Al. Pseudobulbs small or minute, tuberiform-conic or ovoid; flowers small.
G. juncea
A2. Pseudobulbs or swollen stems slender and elongate, commonly fusiform;
flowers medium-sized to large I
la. Disc of the lip mostly glabrous, with a pair of small but conspicuous more or
less arcuate keels in the middle G. Baueri var. piloso-columna
Ib. Disc of the lip more or less pubescent with a conspicuous median band of
hairs and 3 inconspicuous keels below G. pubicentrum
Galeandra Baueri Lindl. var. piloso-columna C. Schweinf.
Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ. 11: 187. 1944.
Plant epiphytic. Stem slender-fusiform, about 19.4 cm. or less high, entirely
concealed by scarious, imbricating, leaf-bearing sheaths. Leaves deciduous (often
not present), distichous, lanceolate-linear, acute, plicate but more or less condupli-
cate, 14.4 cm. or less long, up to 1 cm. wide. Inflorescence paniculate with short
branches (often congested above) which are slightly arcuate. Racemes loosely
about 4-flowered or less, with a fractiflex rachis. Flowers rather large with spread-
ing segments, yellowish-brown with the inner parts (petals) lighter and the outer
parts (sepals) darker. Dorsal sepal oblanceolate-oblong, acute, 1.5-1.8 cm. long,
up to 5 mm. wide above. Lateral sepals similar but with a broader base, lightly
oblique, a little larger than the dorsal sepal. Petals very similar to the dorsal sepal,
often slightly larger. Lip much larger than the other segments, long-spurred at
the base; lamina tubular-concave, broadly rhombic-ovate or suborbicular-rhombic
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 561
when expanded, obscurely 3-lobed, deeply retuse in front, 2.2-2.5 cm. long (on
each side of the retuse apex) and about 3.4 cm. wide when expanded; disc with a
pair of semiobovate, more or less arcuate keels in the middle; spur prominent,
about 2.8 cm. or less long, broadly infundibuliform below, very slender-cylindric
above. Column about 8 mm. long at the back, glabrous or pubescent, produced
into a short foot at the base, terminating above in an abrupt, pubescent, recurved
tooth, with the sulcate anterior surface more or less long-pilose, unlike the species.
Junin : Chanchamayo Valley, Schunke 534 (type) . Same locality,
1800 meters, Schunke s.n. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, about
1200 meters, Macbride 5599.
Galeandra juncea Lindl. Sert. Orch. (1840) sub t. 37; Reichb. f.
Walp. Ann. 6: 649. 1863; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 4: 306. 1895.
Plant terrestrial, slender, up to 90 cm. tall. Pseudobulb small, ovoid, up to
2.5 cm. high. Stem terminal, slender, strict, terete, concealed by the long-sheathing
leaf-bases. Leaves several, distichous, with the free portion narrowly linear, strict
or slightly arcuate, acuminate, commonly conduplicate in the dried specimen, up
to 36.5 cm. long and 7 mm. wide, the uppermost blade surpassing the inflorescence.
Inflorescence simple to trifurcate and loosely 2- to 7-flowered above, up to 10 cm.
long. Flowers small, membranaceous, pinkish white with purple-margined lip.
Dorsal sepal elliptic-lanceolate to oblanceolate-oblong, acute, 1.2-1.4 cm. long,
4.2 mm. or less wide. Lateral sepals similarly large, oblong-lanceolate, acute or
short-acuminate, lightly oblique. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but commonly
broader, elliptic-lanceolate, oblong-oblanceolate or oblong-cuneate, acute. Lip
spurred; lamina tubular-concave in natural position, broadly ovate or suborbicu-
lar in outline, more or less obscurely 3-lobed, lightly retuse in front, 1.3-1.6 cm.
long in the middle, 1.6-1.8 cm. wide when expanded, with the undulate margins
subcrenulate; disc wholly minute-papillose, with 4 small, semielliptic, pilose keels
in the middle and with a tuft of numerous hairs arranged in 4 lines near the front;
spur rather short, variable, infundibuliform, rather abruptly narrowed above, 8.2-
15 mm. long. Column small, glabrous, 6-8 mm. long, produced into a short foot.
Cuzco: Habitat not recorded, Bues s.n. (Herb. Field Mus. No.
659999). Also Panama, Venezuela, British Guiana (type), Surinam,
Brazil and Bolivia.
Galeandra pubicentrum C. Schweinf. Am. Orch. Soc. Bull. 11:
429, t. 12. 1943. Figure 110.
Plant epiphytic, medium-sized, up to 29 cm. high. Stem slender-fusiform,
about 15 cm. high, entirely invested by scarious, imbricating sheaths which are
leaf-bearing except near the base. Leaves 6-8, distichous, erect-ascending, nar-
rowly linear to oblong-linear, acute, sessile, up to 16 cm. long and 1 cm. wide.
Inflorescence terminal, a little shorter than the leaves, panicled above with 3 short,
loosely flowered, mostly erect branches. Flowers few (up to 7) to a branch, rather
large, membranaceous, brownish green, with a cream-colored lip tipped with lilac.
Dorsal sepal oblanceolate or oblong-oblanceolate, acute or apiculate, about 1.85 cm.
long and 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate-oblong,
lightly falcate, acute, apiculate, somewhat longer than the dorsal sepal. Petals
562 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
oblanceolate, acute, very similar to the dorsal sepal but somewhat larger. Lip
much larger than the other segments, prominently spurred ; lamina tubular-concave
in natural position, broadly subquadrate-obovate when expanded, very broadly
rounded above with a lightly retuse apex, rounded on each side above the middle,
then contracted to a cuneate-subquadrate base, about 2.3 cm. long in the mid-
dle, up to 2.9 cm. wide when expanded; disc with 3 narrow, more or less conspicu-
ous, smooth keels at the base and a central pilose band in front; spur up to 2.7 cm.
long, from an infundibuliform base slender-cylindric. Column short, terminating
in an abrupt, linear tooth, about 6.3 mm. long at the back, biauriculate in front
near the apex. Pollinia sessile on a semilunate viscid disc.
Loreto: Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, Klug 10095 (type)-
Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in forest, "fls. yellow and
red-brown," Klug 882.
BLETIA Ruiz & Pav.
A small genus of tropical American, erect, terrestrial or epiphytic
orchids.
Plants rather tall, with abbreviated, subglobose or ovoid pseudobulbs or corms
which bear several elongate, elliptic-lanceolate or linear-elliptic, plicate leaves
(sometimes early deciduous). Inflorescence lateral, erect, shorter or longer than
the leaves, simple or loosely paniculate above. Flowers rather small to medium-
sized, showy, commonly red to purple, with more or less spreading segments.
Sepals similar, free, the lateral being often broader at the base. Petals similar to
the sepals or much broader. Lip attached to the base of the column, free, com-
monly 3-lobed, narrowed to rounded or subcordate at the base; lateral lobes in-
curved; mid-lobe obtuse to bilobed; disc adorned with thickened lines or high,
thin, entire or crenulate keels. Column elongate, commonly arcuate, often bialate
throughout and shortly biauriculate at the footless base. Anther opercular, incum-
bent, 2-celled. Pollinia 8, 4 superposed in each cell.
Al. Petals much broader than the sepals, rounded or rarely shortly acute at the
apex; disc of the lip traversed by 3-5 thickened nerves.
B. catenulata (B. sanguined)
A2. Petals slightly broader than the sepals, sharply acute or acuminate; disc of
the lip traversed by 5-7 high thin keels B. Mandonii
Bletia catenulata Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
229. 1798; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 350. 1901. Bletia san-
guinea Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 1: 56, t. 95. 1836. Bletia
Sherrattiana Batem. ex Hook. f. Bot. Mag. 93: t. 5646. 1867. Reg-
nellia purpurea Barb. Rodr. Gen. et Sp. Orch. Nov. 1: 82. 1877.
Bletia Watsoni Hort. ex Orch. Rev. 2: 298. 1894. Bletia Rodriguesii
Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 351, t. 74. 1901.
Plant large, terrestrial, variable. Pseudobulbs ovoid to depressed-subglobose,
up to 6 cm. long, bearing 1 to several leaves above. Leaves elliptic-lanceolate to
linear-elliptic, acuminate at both ends, 20-90 cm. long, 0.5-8 cm. wide, plicate,
GALE^ANDR^A
FIG. 110. Galeandra pubicentrum C. Schweinf. 1, plant; X Vs. 2, flower, with
parts spread out; XI. 3, lip, spread out to show keels, pubescent band and spur;
XI. 4, lip from side, natural position; XI. 5, column from side, with anther
removed; X 3. 6, anther, oblique view; X 5. 7, pollinia, showing viscid disc; X 5.
563
564 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
distichous, deciduous. Inflorescence lateral, erect, simple (rarely once branched),
more or less longer than the leaves, 60-192.5 cm. high, more or less stout, below
with mostly remote, close, short, tubular sheaths and above loosely several- to
many-flowered. Flowers rather large and showy, membranaceous, with spreading
segments, blood-red to pink or purple, commonly with a central streak of whitish
or yellow on the lip. Dorsal sepal ovate-oblong or oblong-elliptic, commonly acute
or subacute, about 3.4 cm. or less long and 7-12 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar,
sometimes smaller. Petals round-ovate, rounded to abruptly short-acute at the
tip, about twice as wide as the dorsal sepal or more, suboblique, thinly membra-
naceous, sometimes with irregular or lobulate margins. Lip about as long as the
rest of the flower or slightly surpassing it, suborbicular in outline, deeply 3-lobed
near the middle, concave below with incurved lateral lobes which are separated
from the anterior portion by a deep, narrow sinus; lateral lobes broadly and
obliquely deltoid-ovate or suborbicular-ovate, broadly obtuse to rounded at the
apex; mid-lobe shortly and transversely rhombic-suborbicular or obovate-reniform,
distinctly emarginate, narrower than the expanded basal portion; disc with 3-5
approximate, thickened nerves extending through the center (sometimes only
through the lower half) and with angulate lateral nerves. Column lightly clavate,
arcuate, narrowly bialate, up to 2 cm. long.
Ayacucho: Aina, between Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 750-1000
meters, on open hillside, Killip & Smith 23109. Ccarrapa, between
Huanta and Rio Apurimac, 1000 meters, on wooded hillside, Killip &
Smith 22469. Cuzco: Below Machu-Picchu, 2300 meters, in "joints
of steep granite slopes, in humus and silty soil," West 6470. Prov. of
Convention, Quellomayo, 1300 meters, "steep clay banks, open brush,
and among rocks," West 8018. Santa Ana, about 900 meters, Cook &
Gilbert 1631. Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero) in subandine woods,
Poeppig s.n. (type of B. sanguinea) . Along the Maranon River (this
station may be in Loreto), Warscewicz s.n. El Boqueron, 1600 me-
ters, in reddish clay loam, Seibert 2071. Same locality as the last,
about 460 meters, common on rocky, sunny slopes, Horn s.n. Prov.
of Huanuco, Chinchao, 1850 meters, Scolnik 1078. Above Chinchao,
about 2400 meters, on open rocky and grassy slopes, Hodge 6275.
Puente Durand, north of Huanuco, Valley of Rio Chinchao, 1100
meters, in open spaces at edge of jungle in rich black loam, Stork &
Horton 9436. Same locality as the last, 1050 meters, Scolnik 1105.
Piedra Grande, near Rio Santo Domingo, about 1500 meters, on
steep grassy hillsides, Macbride 3681. Pozuzo and Chaclla, toward
S. Domingo and Llamapanaui, in woods and clearings, Pavdn s.n.
(type of B. catenulata). Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1000 meters,
Schunke s.n. Colonia Perene, about 680 meters, in thickets, Killip &
Smith 25038. Colonia Perene, along Rio Perene, near "Hacienda 3,"
about 600 meters, in clearing in forest, Killip & Smith 25131. East
of Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-1300 meters, thickets in
dense forest, Killip & Smith 23935. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke,
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 565
about 1200 meters, on open grassy slopes, Macbride 5663. Schunke
Hacienda, above San Ramon, 1300-1700 meters, in dense forest,
Schunke A67. Near Pariahuanca, Mathews 1077. Prov. of Tarma,
Utcuyacu, 1800 meters, on the slope of mountain covered with grass-
steppe, Woytkowski 37001. Vitoc (13 km. from San Ramon), Soukup
2480. Also Colombia (type of B. Sherrattiana) , Brazil (type of Reg-
nellia purpurea and Bletia Rodriguesii) , Ecuador and Bolivia.
Bletia ensiformis Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil.
1: 230. 1798.
Huanuco: Pozuzo, on trees and rocks in open woods, toward
Chenico and Tramo, Pavon s.n.
This concept appears to be referable to Epidendrum.
Bletia Mandonii Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 10: 48. 1922;
Mansf. Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 139, nr. 546. 1929.
Plant terrestrial, stout, up to 54 cm. high. Pseudobulbs obliquely depressed-
globose, up to 1.7 cm. high and somewhat wider, subterranean, moniliform, pro-
ducing 2 (rarely 1) erect leaves at the summit on a slender stem. Leaves very
unequal in size, lanceolate-elliptic or linear-elliptic, acuminate at both ends, up to
41 cm. long and 3.8 cm. wide, plicate. Scape lateral, shorter than or surpassing
the leaves, simple or rarely with a short, strict, lateral branch above, loosely few-
to several- (rarely 10-) flowered in the upper portion, provided below with few
remote, short, close, tubular sheaths. Flowers rather large, campanulate, membra-
naceous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-elliptic ("oblong"), acute or short-acuminate,
about 3.3 cm. or less long and 1.2 cm. wide. Lateral sepals similar, lightly oblique,
shortly acuminate, carinate especially toward the apex. Petals similar to the sepals
but slightly broader, subacuminate, somewhat oblique especially at the apex. Lip
much broader than the other segments, suborbicular-obovate ("cuneate-oboval")
when expanded, deeply 3-lobed above the middle, about 3 cm. or less long and
2.8 cm. or less wide across the lateral lobes when expanded; lateral lobes semi-
obovate ("semioblong") with a broadly rounded, irregular free apex; mid-lobe
suborbicular or round-obovate from a very short isthmus, obtuse to retuse with a
more or less prominently apiculate apex; disc adorned with about 5 approximate
central keels which are dilated in the center and on the mid-lobe, often with an
additional slender or enlarged lateral keel. Column elongate, arcuate, narrowly
clavate, thinly bialate, about 2.2 cm. long.
This species is altogether rather variable and is apparently closely
allied to Bletia Wageneri Reichb. f., with which it was confused by
Reichenbach.
Cuzco: Prov. of Quispicanchis, Marcapata Valley near Chile-
chile, 2200 meters, "grassy places between shrub woods," flowers
purple, Weberbauer 7860. Machu-Picchu, on dry slope, Hunnewell s.n.
Prov. of Urubamba, Tuncapata, Santa Rita, 2400-2800 meters, on
open grassy slope, Vargas 2669. Bolivia (type) and perhaps Ecuador.
566 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Bletia parviflora Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
231. 1798. = obscure species.
Peru: Near the fortress of Palca, on mountains, Pavdn s.n.
Bletia repanda Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1 :
229. 1798.= obscure species; the terminal inflorescence indicates that
the concept is not a Bletia.
Junin: Prov. of Tarma, near the town of Vitoc, at the margin of
the Maraynioc River, in sandy and rocky places, Pavdn s.n.
Bletia uniflora Ruiz & Pav. Syst. Veg. Fl. Peruv. et Chil. 1:
230. 1798.= obscure species.
Junin : Prov. of Tarma, near Vitoc, on trees in woods, Pavdn s.n.
CHYSIS Lindl.
A small group of tropical American, showy epiphytes.
Stems fusiform-thickened or subclavate (rarely ellipsoid), often loosely branched,
entirely concealed by evanescent sheaths which are scarious below and leaf-bearing
toward the apex. Leaves several, distichous, usually crowded near the apex, lan-
ceolate-elliptic or elliptic-oblong, plicate, acuminate at the apex and base. Inflo-
rescence lateral, racemose, loosely few- (up to 12-) flowered. Flowers showy, white,
yellow or rose-colored. Sepals free, spreading, about equally long, but the lateral
sepals broader, oblique and forming a mentum with the column-foot. Petals sim-
ilar to the dorsal sepal or a little longer, oblique, commonly more or less oblong-
spatulate. Lip affixed to the column-foot, recurved and tubular-involute in natural
position, 3-lobed near the middle; lateral lobes erect in natural position, incurved;
mid-lobe spreading or reflexed, entire or lightly bilobed in front; disc with callose
veins or calli. Column stout, arcuate, bialate, produced into a short foot. Anther
opercular, incumbent, 2-celled. Pollinia 8, 4 in each cell.
Chysis Bruennowiana Reichb. f. & Warsc. Bot. Zeit. 15: 157.
1857.
Vegetative parts not described. Peduncle loosely several- (about 8-) flowered.
Floral bracts ovate, acute, concave, equaling the pedicelled ovary. Perianth prob-
ably rose-dotted. Dorsal sepal broadly oblong or ovate-oblong. Lateral sepals
broadly falcate-ovate, oblique. Petals slightly longer than the sepals, obliquely
oblong-spatulate. Lip 3-lobed near the middle, strongly recurved in natural posi-
tion, with the basal portion ("claw") forming an angle with the column-foot and
with the anterior portion of the lip; lateral lobes broadly semiovate ("semifal-
cate"), porrect, about equaling the mid-lobe, erect in natural position; mid-lobe
ovate, obtuse (cochleate?); disc with 3 keels before the mid-lobe. Column very
short and stout, produced into a subequally long foot.
Peru: Habitat not given, Warscewicz s.n.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 567
This description was compiled from the original citation, ampli-
fied by a rather obscure floral analysis from the Reichenbach Her-
barium on which the attributed origin is Costa Rica.
BULBOPHYLLUM Thou.
A very large cosmopolitan genus centered in the tropics of the
Old World, but represented also in the tropical regions of America.
Plants very small to large and showy, with a creeping, often elongate rhizome
producing numerous sessile, crowded or distant pseudobulbs. Pseudobulbs sub-
globose to elongate-pyriform (sometimes abbreviated), bearing 1-3 leaves at the
summit. Leaves linear to suborbicular, generally coriaceous or fleshy. Inflores-
cence lateral, simple, either at the base of the scape or on the rhizome between
the pseudobulbs, 1-flowered, racemose or subumbellate above. Flowers minute to
large, loose or dense. Dorsal sepal free. Lateral sepals subequal or longer, more
or less dilated at the base, which is adnate to the column-foot to form a distinct
mentum, free or more rarely connate. Petals commonly much shorter than the
sepals, often pubescent or fimbriate. Lip movably articulated to the column-foot,
arcuate-recurved with the basal part erect in natural position, simple or 3-lobed,
often callose-thickened or bilamellate. Column rather small, with a pair of por-
rect arms or wings above, produced into a distinct foot. Anther opercular, incum-
bent, more or less distinctly 2-celled. Pollinia commonly 4.
Al. Plant small; scape 10 cm. or less tall; raceme erect, loosely few- (10- or less-)
flowered; lateral sepals connate nearly to the apex B. Weberbauerianum
A2. Plant larger; scape about 21 cm. or more long; raceme nodding to arcuate,
densely or subdensely many- (20- or more-) flowered; lateral sepals free. . .1
la. All sepals ovate-lanceolate, arista te; petals ciliate; lip about half as long as
the sepals B. meridense
Ib. All sepals linear-lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute to acuminate; petals not
ciliate; lip nearly as long as the sepals ?. incarum
Bulbophyllum incarum Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1: 86. 1905.
Plant large. Rhizome stout, long-creeping, branching, producing many roots.
Pseudobulbs ovoid, rugose-sulcate in the dried specimen, up to 2 cm. high, 2.5 cm.
or less distant, monophyllous at the apex. Leaf broadly oblong or elliptic-oblong
("ligulate"), obtuse and short-apiculate, sessile with a rounded-cuneate, complicate
base, up to 6 cm. long and 1.8 cm. wide. Scape arising from the base of the pseudo-
bulb, tall; peduncle up to 24 cm. long, suberect, with about 6 remote, short, tubular
sheaths; raceme abruptly reflexed at the base, densely many- (about 20- or more-)
flowered, about 7 cm. long (including the upper flowers). Floral bracts large, ovate,
acute, about half as long as the flowers. Flowers white with rose-colored spots.
Dorsal sepal linear-lanceolate, gradually acuminate ("acute"), about 1.5 cm. long.
Lateral sepals free, about equally long, linear-oblong, acute. Petals much smaller
than the sepals (about one fifth as long), triangular-linear, neither fimbriate nor
pilose. Lip about 1.3 cm. long, up to 4 mm. wide above, 3-lobed; lateral lobes
short, rounded, basal, setose without and on the margin; mid-lobe oblanceolate-
oblong, rounded at the apex, gradually much narrowed toward the base; disc sul-
568 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
cate and thickened between the lobes. Column very short, angled in the middle,
furnished above with a pair of linear arms.
Puno : Sandia, 2200 meters, Weberbauer 951 .
The description was prepared from an excellent photograph of the
type, supplemented by the type description.
Bulbophyllum (as Bolbophyllum) meridense Reichb. f. Lin-
naea 22: 836. 1849; Walp. Ann. 6: 251. 1861. Didaclyle meridensis
Lindl. Fol. Orch. Didactyle 3. 1852.
Plant large, epiphytic. Rhizome long-creeping, stout, producing numerous
roots. Pseudobulbs ovoid or pyriform (sometimes thick-cylindric), 4-cornered and
striate-sulcate in the dried specimen, up to 2.7 cm. high, unifoliate at the apex.
Leaf elliptic-oblong or broadly oblong, apiculate at the obtuse apex, cuneate at
the sessile, complicate base, up to 12 cm. long and 3.1 cm. wide, coriaceous. Scape
arising from the base of the pseudobulb, much surpassing the leaf; peduncle sub-
erect, up to 39 cm. high, provided with 6-9 remote, short, tubular-cylindric,
acute sheaths; raceme abruptly reflexed or sigmoid-arcuate, more or less densely
many-flowered, up to 15 cm. long. Floral bracts small, ovate, acute, equaling less
than half of the flower. Flower small, campanulate, reddish bordered with violet
or green, purple-mottled inside, with a purplish black lip. Dorsal sepal ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate with a caudate or aristate apex which is recurved in natural
position, concave below, about 1-1.2 cm. long. Lateral sepals very similar but
slightly larger, free, oblique, navicular. Petals much smaller (about a third as
long), ovate-oblong, subacuminate, shortly but densely ciliate. Lip slightly longer
than the petals, in natural position oblong-pandurate with erect basal auricles or
lateral lobes, rounded at the apex, very fleshy, entirely pubescent, almost 5 mm.
long; lateral lobes small, semiovate-rounded; mid-lobe much larger, slightly nar-
rowed toward the base, long-fimbriate; disc mostly occupied by a relatively large,
oblong-ellipsoid callus which is sulcate toward the base. Column stout, shorter
than the petals, produced into a subequally long foot, bearing at the apex a pair of
porrect, elongate-linear stelidia and below them a pair of short decurved horns.
Junin: East of Quimiri Bridge, near La Merced, 800-1300 meters,
in dense forest, Killip & Smith 24009. Also Venezuela (type).
Bulbophyllum Weberbauerianum Kranzl. Fedde Repert. 1:
85. 1905.
Plant small, growing on cliffs. Rhizome creeping, producing numerous roots.
Pseudobulbs apparently crowded, mostly suborbicular, laterally compressed, up
to 1.5 cm. high, rugose in the dried specimen, unifoliate at the apex. Leaf elliptic-
oblong ("lanceolate or oblong"), acute, cuneate at the sessile, complicate base, up
to 4 cm. long and 1 cm. wide, coriaceous. Scape arising from the base of the pseudo-
bulb, about twice as long as the leaf, slender, erect or arcuate, up to 10 cm. long,
adorned with a few close, tubular sheaths through the lower half, racemose above;
raceme up to 3.5 cm. long, loosely few- (up to 10-) flowered, with the flowers often
secund. Floral bracts small, ovate, acute, concave, scarious, slightly surpassing
the ovary. Flowers large for the plant, brownish yellow, with slightly spreading
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 569
sepals. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-linear from a somewhat broader base, obtuse, about
1.4 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar but somewhat larger, linear, entirely connate
up to the biapiculate tip. Petals much smaller than the sepals, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, up to 5 mm. long, sparingly long-fimbriate. Lip nearly as long as the
sepals, up to 1.3 cm. long including the very short claw and about 0.25 mm. wide
above, biauriculate at the base (lateral lobes reduced to minute rounded auricles),
with the anterior portion linear-narrowed and longitudinally keeled (triangular in
cross section) ; disc fimbriate near the base. Column with a pair of short median
arms and with 2 slender, linear, biapiculate stelidia.
Puno: Sandia, 2100-2300 meters, on cliffs, Weberbauer 540.
Description compiled from the original diagnosis supplemented
by a photograph of the type.
BUESIELLA C. Schweinf.
Small, inconspicuous epiphytes, at present recorded only from
Peru.
Plants slender, with a creeping rhizome and relatively stout roots. Pseudo-
bulbs approximate, very slender, unifoliate. Leaves very narrow. Inflorescences
lateral, basal, loosely racemose and few-flowered above. Sepals oblong or elliptic-
oblong, cymbiform. Petals oval-ovate. Lip not fleshy, simple, pandurate, rigidly
attached to the column, bicarinate in the middle. Column conspicuous, clavate,
not winged, footless. Anther incumbent, galeate, 1-celled. Pollinia 2.
Buesiella pusilla C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus. Leafl. Harvard Univ.
15: 153, t. 48. 1952. Figure 111.
Plant small, slender, epiphytic, with an ascending, sheathed rhizome. Pseudo-
bulbs numerous, approximate, very slender, unifoliate, about 2-3.3 cm. long, sub-
parallel to the rhizome. Leaves narrowly linear, more or less conduplicate, acute
or subacute, gradually long-narrowed below, gently recurved in the dried specimen,
up to 19 cm. long and 4.5 mm. wide above the middle. Inflorescences lateral at
the base of the pseudobulbs, filiform, suberect, short, clothed with several imbri-
cating, foliaceous sheaths below, loosely few- (3-9-) flowered above. Flowers
minute, membranaceous, apparently campanulate. Sepals free, cymbiform, 1-nerved,
dorsally carinate. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong when expanded, subacute, about
3 mm. long and half as broad. Lateral sepals oblong, subacute, somewhat longer
and narrower than the dorsal sepal. Petals oval-ovate, acute, about equally long
with the sepals but broader. Lip subparallel to the column and adnate to it at
the base, longitudinally concave, simple, pandurate, with the anterior half trian-
gular-ovate and acute, and the slightly narrower lower portion rounded at the base,
about 2.7 mm. long and 1.4 mm. wide across the ovate portion; disc with a pair of
semirhombic keels in the middle. Column stout, clavate, wingless, footless, about
1.6 mm. high at the back.
Cuzco: Ccochapampa, summit of Ccochayoc, 100 meters, Bues s.n.
BUESIELIA
FIG. 111. Buesiella pusilla C. Schweinf. 1, plants; X %. 2, flower bud from
side; X 8. 3, flower, partially expanded, from side; X 6. 4, petal; X 6. 5, lip ex-
panded; X 12. 6, anther with pollinia, from below; X 20.
570
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 571
EULOPHIDIUM Pfitz.
A small group of terrestrial or epiphytic plants centering in trop-
ical Africa and represented in the New World by the single following
species.
Plants medium-sized to large. Stems reduced to ovoid or ovoid-oblong pseudo-
bulbs which are often numerous and densely congested, monophyllous (very rarely
diphyllous) at the apex, concealed by several large evanescent sheaths. Leaf large,
elongate, commonly oblong or oblong-elliptic, coriaceous. Scape lateral at the
base of the pseudobulb, erect, simple, longer than the leaf, loosely racemose above.
Racemes few- to many-flowered. Flowers small, pedicellate, with narrow, membra-
naceous floral bracts. Sepals subequal, free, with the lateral ones oblique and
adnate to the short column-foot. Petals similar to the sepals, but often broader.
Lip produced into a short spur at the base, distinctly 3-lobed in front, with the
lateral lobes erect in natural position and the mid-lobe truncate to bilobed; disc
commonly bilamellate. Column short, stout. Anther terminal, opercular, incum-
bent, usually 1-celled. Pollinia 2, unappendaged.
This generic description was prepared without reference to some
of the African species.
Eulophidium maculatum (Lindl.) Pfitz. Entwurf. Natiirl.
Anord. Orch. 88. 1887; Engler & Prantl, Natiirl. Pflanzenf. 2, 6: 188.
1888; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 6: 105, t. 36. 1904. Angraecum
maculatum Lindl. Collect. Bot. t. 15. 1821; Bot. Reg. 8: t. 618. 1822.
Limodorum maculatum Lodd. Bot. Cab. 5: t. 496. 1822. Eulophia
maculata Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 647. 1863, in part.
Plant rather large, terrestrial or epiphytic, with robust, fibrous, verruculose
roots. Pseudobulbs (often congested) ovoid to ovoid-oblong or thick-cylindric,
up to 4 cm. long, unifoliate at the apex, concealed and surpassed by several large
imbricated, evanescent sheaths. Leaf large, narrowly oblong to oblong-elliptic,
acute, long-narrowed to a complicate base, duplicative, coriaceous, up to 32 cm.
long and 5.5 cm. wide (usually about half as large or more), with darker green
transverse mottling. Scape lateral and arising from the base of the pseudobulb,
erect, surpassing the leaf, up to 50 cm. tall, racemose above; peduncle provided
with few remote, scarious, tubular, acute or acuminate sheaths: raceme (very rarely
with a short lateral branch) loosely few- to many-flowered. Flowers small, white,
pink and yellow, brownish, or wine-color, commonly with white markings, rather
membranaceous, in the axils of inconspicuous lanceolate bracts. Dorsal sepal
linear-oblong or linear-elliptic, acute, longitudinally concave and incurved in nat-
ural position, about 9-12 mm. long. Lateral sepals falcate, narrowly oblanceolate-
oblong, slightly shorter than the dorsal sepal. Petals obliquely elliptic-oblong,
acute, distinctly broader than the sepals. Lip shorter but much broader than the
other segments, spurred; lamina deeply 3-lobed, with the lower sides incurved in
natural position, subquadrate in outline, about 8 mm. or less long and subequally
wide across the lateral lobes when expanded; lateral lobes semiobovate, with a
broadly rounded apex; mid-lobe larger, broadly obovate or reniform, with an
abrupt, short, broad basal portion or claw, lightly retuse or broadly truncate in
572 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
front; disc with a pair of approximate, obliquely semiobovate, spreading lamellae
at the base; spur short and stout, oblong-clavate, 3-4.5 mm. long, broadly and
rather abruptly rounded at the apex. Column short, stout, with a very oblique
base or short foot, 4-5 mm. long.
Cuzco: Prov. of Convention, Hda. Potrero, Sapan-Sachayocc,
2200 meters, epiphyte in forest, Vargas 2525. Same locality as the
last, Potrero, Garabito, 1300 meters, in open shady woods, Vargas
7103. Also Brazil (type) and Paraguay.
EULOPHIA R. Br.
A large, cosmopolitan genus centering in the Old World (espe-
cially Africa and Asia) with very few species in the American tropics
and subtropics and but one in South America.
Plants terrestrial or rarely epiphytic, tall. Stems thickened below into a pseudo-
bulbous base, elongate and leafy above. Leaves several, distichous, imbricating
below, elongate, plicate-nerved. Scapes lateral at the base or lower part of the
pseudobulbous stems, elongate, several- to many-sheathed, racemose or less com-
monly loosely paniculate above, loosely several- to many-flowered. Flowers small
or medium-sized. Sepals free, subequal, the lateral ones lightly oblique and some-
times adnate to a short column-foot. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but sometimes
a little shorter and broader. Lip erect, shorter than the sepals, commonly 3-lobed,
concave, saccate or spurred at the base. Column rather short, bialate, often with
a short foot. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, bicornute or with 2 promi-
nent appendages, imperfectly 2-celled. Pollinia 4.
Eulophia alta (L.) Fawc. & Rendl. Fl. Jam. 1: 112, t. 22,
figs. 4-8. 1910. Limodorum altum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 2: 594. 1767.
Cyrtopodium Woodfordii Sims, Bot. Mag. 43: t. 1814. April, 1816.
Dendrobium longifolium HBK. Nov. Gen. et Sp. 1: 360. August, 1816.
Cyrtopera Woodfordii Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 189. 1833. Govenia
barbata Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 5, t. 107, figs. a-d. 1837-
38. Cyrtopera longifolia Reichb. f. Walp. Ann. 6: 668. 1863; Cogn.
Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 354, t. 76. 1901. Eulophia Woodfordii
Rolfe, Thistleton-Dyer Fl. Trop. Afr. 7: 68. 1897. Eulophia longi-
folia Schltr. Die Orchideen ed. 1: 347. 1914. Figure 112.
Plant tall, coarse, terrestrial or very rarely epiphytic, up to 1.7 meters high.
Stems leafy, arising from a pseudobulbous or corm-like base, above concealed by
the imbricating, long-sheathing base of the leaves. Leaves several, distichous,
elongate, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-linear, acuminate toward both ends, plicate,
up to 1.2 meters long and 10 cm. wide (often much less). Scape strict, much ex-
ceeding the leaves, up to 3 meters high (often much less), robust, provided below
with several remote, tubular, often evanescent sheaths, laxly racemose above;
raceme elongate, loosely or subdensely many-flowered. Floral bracts inconspicu-
J
FIG. 112. Eulophia alia (L.) Fawc. & Rendl. 1, plant; X Ve. 2, inflorescence;
X %. 3, lip and column from front, with lip spread out; X 1 %
573
574 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
ous, linear-lanceolate. Flowers medium-sized, yellowish green to red-brown or
purplish. Dorsal sepal elliptic-oblong, linear-oblong to oblanceolate-oblong, acute,
up to 20 mm. long and 5 mm. wide. Lateral sepals similar but somewhat larger,
slightly oblique and decurrent on the short column-foot, acute. Petals oblong,
elliptic-oblong or obovate-oblong, obtuse or rounded (rarely acute), shorter and
broader than the sepals. Lip much broader than the other segments, deeply con-
cave near the base, lightly but distinctly 3-lobed above, about 18 (rarely 25) mm.
or less long and somewhat narrower when expanded; lateral lobes with short,
rounded free apex; mid-lobe semiorbicular or rounded-ovate with undulate, in-
curved margins; disc with a pair of short, fleshy keels near the middle and with
lines of scattered papillae on the mid-lobe. Column rather short, produced into a
short foot, lightly clavate, arcuate, bialate, terminating in an acute point, up to
10 mm. long. Anther with a conspicuous, abrupt, oblong, usually emarginate
appendage.
Eastern Peru: Near Tocache Mission, in low woods, Poeppig 2064
(type of Govenia barbata). Loreto: Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, "Agua-
jal," 100 meters, epiphyte in forest, flowers red-brown, Klug 1^3.
Vicinity of Iquitos, 100 meters, terrestrial, "flowers brownish, green-
yellow, and garnet-violet," Klug 10091. A very widespread and
variable species extending from Florida and the West Indies (type
of Limodorum altum) through Mexico and Central America to most
of northern South America (type of Dendrobium longifolium) and
Brazil (type of Cyrtopodium Woodfordii) . Also in West Africa (per-
haps introduced).
CYRTOPODIUM R. Br.
Terrestrial or epiphytic plants confined to the American tropics,
extending from Florida (U.S.A.), Mexico and Central America
through the West Indies and South America to Argentina.
Stems commonly approximate, few- to several-leaved, developing into ovoid to
fusiform-cylindric, eventually naked pseud obulbs. Leaves commonly crowded,
distichous, elliptic-lanceolate or elliptic-linear, acuminate at both ends, plicate.
Scape lateral, arising from the base of the pseudobulbous stem, tall, distantly few-
sheathed below, either simply racemose or loosely and broadly paniculate above.
Floral bracts linear to broadly ovate or elliptic, often large, conspicuous, and undu-
late-crisped. Flowers small to medium-sized, often showy, with spreading seg-
ments. Floral segments free. Sepals similar, the lateral ones being lightly oblique
and adnate to the column-foot, often with the margins more or less undulate.
Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but often shorter and broader. Lip attached to
the column-foot, 3-lobed, commonly shorter but much broader than the sepals and
petals; lateral lobes erect or spreading; mid-lobe simple to bilobed; disc tubercu-
late, crested or callose in the middle or near the margin. Column stout, short or
somewhat elongate, lightly clavate, produced into a distinct foot. Anther termi-
nal, opercular, incumbent, imperfectly 2-celled, often with an abrupt horn on the
back. Pollinia 2 or 4.
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 575
Al. Mid-lobe of the lip scarcely or not at all protruding beyond the lateral lobes,
strongly transverse (i.e., much broader than long), densely verruculose on the
anterior margins C. punctatum
A2. Mid-lobe of the lip much protruding beyond the lateral lobes, more or less
broader than long, not densely verruculose on the margin . . . . C. Buchtienii
Cyrtopodium Buchtienii Schltr. Fedde Repert. 27: 64. 1929.
Plant terrestrial or epiphytic, tall and stout, 1 meter or more high. Stems
short, stout, leafy, developing into a stout, oblong-ovoid pseudobulb which is
striate-rugose or deeply plurisulcate and concealed by the fibres of sheaths in
course of development, up to 20 cm. long. Leaves several, imbricated below, dis-
tichous, elliptic-linear or elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate above, long-narrowed below
with a conduplicate base, up to about 79 cm. long and 4 cm. wide, plicate. Scape
lateral, arising from the base of the pseudobulbous stem, very stout and tall,
apparently much surpassing the leaves, about 1 cm. in diameter near the base,
provided with few, close, remote, tubular sheaths, loosely paniculate above; panicle
large, spreading, loosely branched. Bracts of the inflorescence large, conspicuous,
ovate or elliptic-ovate to broadly lanceolate, commonly undulate on the margins;
floral bracts similar, smaller, petaloid and maculate. Flowers medium-sized, with
spreading segments, yellow or cream-color, spotted with brown or purple. Dorsal
sepal oblong-elliptic ("suborbicular-oval"), acute or obtuse, strongly undulate on
the margins, 1.5-1.9 cm. long. Lateral sepals similar but slightly narrower, elliptic-
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, lightly oblique. Petals distinctly shorter and a
little broader than the sepals, round-obovate or oval, broadly rounded (and some-
times apiculate) at the apex, lightly oblique. Lip erect and parallel to the column
in natural position with the lateral lobes incurved, long-clawed, up to about 1.3 cm.
long and equally wide or slightly wider across the lateral lobes when expanded;
claw cuneate-oblong, fleshy; lamina lightly cordate at the base; lateral lobes very
obliquely oblong-obovate, with the margins (except the anterior margin) minutely
undulate; mid-lobe broadly obovate or flabellate with an abrupt oblong-cuneate
base, more or less broader than long (sometimes nearly twice as broad), with a
very broadly rounded, minutely retuse anterior margin which is lightly undulate;
disc with a fleshy, suborbicular, plurisulcate callus between the lateral lobes.
Column small, clavate, about 6.5 mm. or less long.
Peru: Cuchiccha, Quebrada Versalles, Diehl 2416. Cuzco: Valley
of the Urubamba, Machu-Picchu, 2400 meters, Herrera 3306. San
Martin: Zepelacio, near Moyobamba, about 1100 meters, terrestrial
in mountain forest, "leaves absent at flowering time," Klug 3683.
Also Bolivia (type).
The type of Cyrtopodium Buchtienii, which came from Bolivia,
was described from a vegetatively incomplete specimen, and the
above description is therefore much more detailed than the original
diagnosis.
Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.) Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 188.
1833; Hook. Bot. Mag. 63: t. 3507. 1836; Ames, Orch. 1: 55, t. 15.
576 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
1905; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 358. 1901. Epidendrum
punctatum L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 2: 1246. 1760. Figure 113.
Plant large and stout, epiphytic or terrestrial. Pseudobulbs clustered, rigid,
elongate-fusiform, with numerous articulations, when young concealed by dis-
tichously imbricated sheaths, leafy above, rarely up to 10 dm. high. Leaves
crowded, distichous, linear to elliptic-lanceolate, acute to long-acuminate, long-
narrowed to a conduplicate base, plicate, erect-spreading, recurved above, up to
65 cm. long and 5.1 cm. wide. Scape lateral and arising from the base of the
pseudobulb, about equaling the leaves, paniculate above; peduncle stout, provided
with several large, loose, tubular, scarious sheaths which are imbricated at the base;
panicle ample, loose, many-flowered. Bracts subtending the branches and the
flowers large, oblong-ovate or elliptic-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute to acumi-
nate, commonly with strongly undulate margins, up to 12 cm. long, the floral
bracts smaller, and spotted and colored like the flowers. Flowers loose, numerous,
variable, with spreading perianth-parts, greenish yellow with irregular brownish
spots. Sepals strongly undulate, membranaceous. Dorsal sepal lanceolate-elliptic
(rarely oval), acute, or obtuse and apiculate, up to 28 mm. long and 14 mm. wide.
Lateral sepals very similar but a little smaller. Petals elliptic-ovate to round-
obovate, broadly rounded above and sometimes minutely apiculate, commonly
shorter and less undulate than the sepals. Lip much shorter and broader than the
other segments, deeply 3-lobed, erect and parallel to the column, with inflexed
lateral lobes in natural position, cordate at the base, articulated to the free column-
foot by a narrow cuneate-oblong claw, about 14 mm. or less long and nearly twice
as wide across the expanded lateral lobes; lateral lobes suborbicular-oval or ali-
form-ovate, lightly falcate, broadly rounded above; mid-lobe scarcely or not at all
protuberant beyond the lateral lobes, broadly flabellate-reniform, with the broad
anterior margin strongly undulate and verrucose within near the margin; disc
between the lateral lobes with a large, fleshy, verruculose callus which passes into
the abrupt claw. Column short, stout, clavate, up to 7 mm. long with a sub-
equally long, mostly free claw.
Peru: Habitat not recorded, Pavdn s.n., Haenke s.n. Source of
the Maranon River, Warscewicz s.n. Cuzco: Prov. of Paruro, epi-
phyte on rocky slopes of Arabito on the right bank of the Apurimac
River, 2400 meters, Vargas 1$1. Junin: Chanchamayo Valley, 1200
meters, Schunke 538. La Merced, Hacienda Schunke, 1200 meters,
Macbride 5668 (unusually broad sepals). Loreto: Iquitos, about 100
meters, on palm tree in clearing in woods, Killip & Smith 29833
(fruit only). Mishuyacu, near Iquitos, 100 meters, in clearing in
forest, Klug 766. A very widespread species extending from southern
Florida (U.S.A.) and Mexico, through most of Central America and
the West Indies (type of Epidendrum punctatum) and in South
America to Argentina.
WARREA Lindl.
A very small genus of terrestrial plants restricted to Central
America and northern South America.
FIG. 113. Cyrtopodium punctatum (L.) Lindl. 1, plant X K- 2, inflorescence
X H- 3, lip and column spread out, X 1^- 4, column, front-side view, X 4.
5, pollinia, much enlarged.
577
578 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
Stems short, leafy, at length thickened into short, ovoid or ellipsoid pseudo-
bulbs. Leaves few, distichous, approximate, elongate, commonly lanceolate-ellip-
tic, plicate. Scapes lateral, arising from the base of the immature pseudobulb,
tall, simple, with several remote sheaths, often surpassing the leaves, racemose
above; racemes more or less elongate, loosely few- to several-flowered. Flowers
rather large, showy. Sepals subequal, broad, concave, with the lateral sepals
lightly oblique below and adnate to the short column-foot. Petals similar to the
sepals, but a little smaller. Lip attached to the column-foot, simple or subtri-
lobed, concave, rounded or bilobed at the apex; disc provided below in the middle
with keels or fleshy elevated lines. Column rather long, stout, clavate, wingless.
Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, 2-eelled. Pollinia 4.
Al. Flowers reddish purple; sepals oblong; disc of the lip with 2 very short keels
near the base W. Hookeriana
A2. Flowers white or yellowish white, with a large purple spot on the lip; sepals
broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate; disc of the lip with 3 fleshy- thickened median
lines below and verrucose lines in front.
W. Warreana (W. tricolor, W. speciosd)
Warrea Hookeriana (Reichb. f.) Rolfe, Orch. Rev. 18: 360. 1910.
Phajus Hookerianus Reichb. f. Bonpl. 4: 328. 1856.
Leaves oblong, acute. Scapes erect, racemose above. Bracts cymbiform.
Flowers subglobose, reddish purple. Sepals and petals oblong, obtusely acute.
Lip cuneate and subsaccate at the base, then quadrate with obtuse angles; disc
with 2 very short keels near the base.
Peru: Pangoa, in moist shade, Ma,ihews(1) 1021.
This description was compiled from the two sources cited above,
and without having seen any specimens referable to this species.
Warrea Warreana (Lodd. ex Lindl.) C. Schweinf. Bot. Mus.
Leafl. Harvard Univ. 17: 55. 1955. Maxillaria Warreana Lodd. ex
Lindl. Gen. & Sp. Orch. 148. 1832; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1884. 1833;
Hook. Bot. Mag. 72: t. 4235. 1846. Warrea tricolor Lindl. Bot. Reg.
29, Misc. 14. 1843; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras. 3, pt. 5: 376, t. 81. 1901.
Warrea speciosa Schltr. Fedde Repert. Beih. 9: 98. 1921; Mansf.
Fedde Repert. Beih. 57: t. 123, nr. 483. 1929.
Plant large, terrestrial, up to 1 meter high. Rhizome abbreviated. Stems
short, leafy, at length enlarged to form an ovoid to ellipsoid pseudobulb which is
4-12 cm. long and at length naked. Leaves 3-5, distichous, approximate and im-
bricating below, lanceolate-elliptic, acuminate, long-narrowed below, up to 60 cm.
long and 10 cm. wide, plicate. Scape lateral, arising from the base of the pseudo-
bulb, erect, stout, longer than the leaves, up to 1 meter high, adorned below with
several remote, close, short, tubular sheaths, loosely racemose above; raceme 6- to
10-flowered, up to 15 cm. long. Flowers large, subglobose, fleshy, with concave
segments, white or yellowish white with a large purple spot on the lip. Dorsal
sepal broadly ovate or elliptic-ovate, acute or obtuse and apiculate, up to 3.5 cm.
long and 2.5 cm. wide (commonly smaller). Lateral sepals similar but very oblique
SCHWEINFURTH: ORCHIDS OF PERU 579
at the base. Petals similar to the dorsal sepal but slightly smaller. Lip subsessile,
simple or nearly so, with incurved sides in natural position, broadly obovate-
rhombic to suborbicular when expanded, obtuse or lightly emarginate at the apex,
cuneate below, 2.2-3.5 cm. long and 1.8-3.2 cm. wide when expanded; disc with
3 fleshy- thickened, median lines (the middle one a little longer) through the basal
half, with verrucose lines in front. Column rather long, stout, subclavate, up to
2.5 cm. long, with a short, stout foot.
Loreto: South of Moyobamba, 800-900 meters, between clusters
of bushes on the mountains, Weberbauer 4676 (type of W. speciosa) .
San Martin: San Roque, "Coto-Sisa," 1350-1500 meters, in forest,
Williams 7338. Also Brazil (type of Maxillaria Warreana and War-
rea tricolor) and Colombia.
GOVENIA Lindl.
A small genus of tropical American, terrestrial plants of most
perplexing similarity.
Rhizome abbreviated, often producing tuber-like pseudobulbs. Stems erect,
1- or 2-leaved, concealed by several imbricating sheaths, one of which is often
tubular-inflated. Leaves ample, elliptic or lanceolate-elliptic, acute or acuminate,
gradually narrowed to a petioled base, plicate. Inflorescence terminal, racemose
above; peduncle with one or several remote, close, tubular sheaths; raceme few-
to many-flowered, usually lax in course of development. Floral bracts small and
inconspicuous. Flowers medium-sized. Sepals free, subequal. Dorsal sepal erect-
incurved. Lateral sepals decurved-falcate, adnate to the column-foot, forming a
mentum. Petals similar to the lateral sepals but often broader. Lip much shorter
than the other flower-parts, attached to the column-foot, erect and recurved in
natural position, simple or nearly so. Column arcuate, bialate (especially above),
with a short foot. Anther terminal, opercular, incumbent, 1-celled. Pollinia 4.
Govenia tingens Poepp. & Endl. Nov. Gen. ac Sp. 2: 5, t. 107.
1837-38; Reichb. f. Bot. Zeit. 10: 835. 1852; Cogn. Martius Fl. Bras.
3, pt. 5: 380. 1901; Rolfe, Bot. Mag. 144: t. 8768. 1918.
Plant stout, up to about 90 cm. tall. Stem thickened at the base into a corm-
like pseudobulb, produced above into an elongate continuation which is enveloped
by a loose, tubular sheath, up to about 32 cm. long to the point where the leaves
are borne. Leaves usually 2, subopposite, oblong-elliptic to oval (rarely elliptic-
obovate), articulated, acute or acuminate, gradually narrowed into a shortly peti-
oled base, up to 47 cm. long (including the petiole) and 10 cm. or more wide,
plicate. Inflorescence terminal, subequaling or longer than the spreading leaves,
up to 60 cm. long, loosely racemose above; peduncle with 1-3 remote, close, tubular
sheaths; raceme several- to many-flowered, loose in course of development. Flowers
medium-sized for the genus, membranaceous, whitish or cream-color to pale yellow
or rose-brownish, often with spots or transverse broken bars of reddish or purple.
Dorsal sepal oblong or elliptic-oblong, obtuse or subacute, longitudinally concave,
15-19 mm. long. Lateral sepals much shorter, but slightly wider, strongly in-
580 FIELDIANA: BOTANY, VOLUME 30
curved-falcate, obovate-oblong or semielliptic, obtuse to acute. Petals obliquely
oblong-obovate, arcuate, subacute, shorter than the dorsal sepal but longer than
the lateral sepals, broader than either sepal. Lip much shorter than the sepals
and petals, arcuate-recurved with erect sides near the base in natural position,
very shortly clawed, simple, triangular-ovate or ovate-oblong when expanded,
rounded or subcordate at the base, abruptly acute or apiculate in front, up to
9 mm. long (including the abbreviated claw) and 5 mm. wide below; lamina often
with a pair of short longitudinal folds near the middle. Column short, arcuate,
bialate, about 7.7 mm. or less long at the back, extended into a short foot.
Peru: Habitat not cited, Pavdn s.n. Amazonas: Near Chacha-
poyas, Mathews 3188. Cuzco: Prov. of Calca, Hacienda Vilcabamba,
2600 meters, in humus on wooded slopes, Vargas 4000. Prov. of
Quispicanchis, Marcapata Valley near Chilechile, 2200-2300 meters,
"shrubwood in the shadow," Weberbauer 7855. Prov. of Quispi-
canchis, Hacienda Ttio, Marcapata, 2000 meters, in humid forest,
Vargas 8117. Huanuco: Near Cuchero (Cochero) and Pampayaco
(Pampayacu), in dense woods, Poeppig 1621 (type). Junin: Chan-
chamayo Valley, 1500 meters, Schunke 1686. Prov. of Litoral de
Moquegua, Churuhuasi, Soukup 479. The following collections,
which are in fruiting state, are doubtless referable to this species:
Huanuco: Muna, about 2100 meters, in dry rocky woods, Macbride
4042. Junin: Huacapistana, 1800-2400 meters, terrestrial on open
hillside, Killip & Smith 24224. Perhaps Venezuela, Bolivia and
Argentina.
The original description of this concept (especially of the lip) is
faulty, but inasmuch as Cogniaux had seen the Poeppig type and
thus furnished an adequate diagnosis (I.e.), I have decided to 
