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I
THE
ORDNANCE MANUAL
THE USE OF THE OFFICERS
CONFEDERATE STATES ARMY.
PREPARED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF COL. J. GORGAS, CHIEF OF ORDNANCE, AND
APPROVED BY THE SECRETARY OF WAR.
FIRST EDITION,
CHARLESTON :
EVANS A COGSWELL, NO. 3 BROAD STREET.
1863.
Ktamb t Cogswell, PujfTnu,
No. S TtWOAlt 8TBUT, ClARUSTMt. 8. C.
Hi
^JLt^uj-iJ<^ Cler^
PREFACE.
Tliis Manual ik adopted, with some necessary changes, omissions, and
alterations, from the Ordnance Manual of the United States service of
1861, prepared under the immediate direction of Major Laidi.ky. The
material of the two 8erA*ices is. of course, nearly identical, differing only
in the shape of the new Columbiads and the Rifle (inns, and the addi-
tion to our service of the Mountain Rifle of 2.25 inch.
It may be added that the labor of Ordnance ofiicers now in the ser-
vice of the Confederate States, has contributed to this new edition of
the United States Manual.
Ordnance Office,
Richmond, Va., 1862.
i
#
^43859
Digitized by tine Internet Arciiive
in 2010 witii funding from
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littp://www.arcliive.org/details/ordnancemanualfoOOconf
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAOB
Chapter I. — Orpnance 9
II. — Shot and Shells 29
III. — Artillery Carriages 38
IV. — Machines, etc., FOR Sieob and Garrison Service 104
V. — Implements and Equipments 121
VI. — Artillery Harness and Cavalry Equipments 136
VII. — Paints, Lackers, etc 162
VIII. — Small Arms, Swords, and Accoutrements 170
IX.— Gunpowder 223
X. — Ammunition and Fireworks 242
XI. — Equipment op Batteries for Field, Sieob and Garrison
Service 316
XII. — Mechanical Manceuvres 358
XIII. — Artillery Practice 367
XIV.— Materials 389
XV. — Miscellaneous Information 428
*
:^43859
LIST OF PLATES.
PLATB
OUNS 1
Field Gcn-carriaoe 2
Caisson and Limber 3
Travelling Forge 4
Battery-wagon 5
Moi'NTAiN Artillery 6
Siege QuN-rARRiAGE « 7
Mortar-wagon 8
Barbette Ghn-carriage (wooden) 9
Casemate Gin-carrtage " 10
Casemate Gin-carriage for 24-pdr. Howitzer (wooden) 11
Parts of Garrison and Sea-coast Carriages (iron) 12
Barbette Carriages, Front-pintle (iron) 13
Barbette Carriages, Centre-pintle " 14
Casemate Carriages (iron) 15
Field Gin Ifi
Casemate Gin 17
Sling-cart 18
Machines 19
Artillery Saddles 20
Artillery Harness 21
Parts of Cavalry Equipments 22
Cavalry Equipments 23
Parts of Muskets 24
25
Small Arms 2fi
Packing Small Arms 27
Swords and Sabres 28
Apparatus for Proving Gunpowder 29
Lightning Conductors 30
Ammunition 31
Ammunition Chests 32
Knots 33
ERRATA AND REMARKS.
Page 20. FirKt paragraph — No iteel guns have yet boon made in the Coofederat«
StatcB.
" 30. Third line from bottom, for "wj^ich" read "with."
" 149. Not« — The uao of the "Jenifer" tree ia discontinued.
" 170. The calibre .677 baa been adopted for all infantry arms of the C. 8. ser-
vice.
" 171. Third line from bottom — The Manaal of 1891 is simply a republication
of the r. S. Manual of 1S50.
" 176. Twelfth lino— Fill up blank with "204."
" 217. Tbc cavalry Fubrc belt, and all other designs involving the xxfe of the
eagle, coiiiipiruously. arc fi>r the present omitted.
" 265. For •'23-pdr." read " 32-pdr."
" 285. Fifth lino from bottom — read "scoured" for "secured."
" 368. First paragraph, la«t line — " Heavy Artillery" of the U. S. serrioe.
ORDNANCE MANUAL
Chapter First.
ORDNANCE.
All ordnance for the land acrvice is made by private contractors, under the direc-
tion of artillery officers on ordnance duty. The kinds and calibres used are as fol-
lows:
KIND OF ORDNANCE.
Guns.
Mountain Rifle
Field ,
Siege and garrison.
Sea-coast
Columbiads
' Mountaih .
Field
Howitzers
Mortars
Garrison and siege.
Sea-coast
Siege
I Sea-coast
[ Coehorn
2.25-in
3-inch (rifled)..
6-pounder
12-pounder
12-pounder
4.62-inch (rifled).
12-pounder
18 "
24 "
32 "
42 "
8-inch
10 "
10 "
15 "
12-pounder.
12 "
12 "
24 "
24-pounder.
8-inch . . . .
10 "
S-inch . . . .
10 "
10 "
13 "
24-pounder.
MATERIAL.
Bronze . .
Cast-iron
Bronze . .
Cast-iron
Bronze . .
Iron
Bronze ..
Cast-iron
Bronze.
MODEL.
1862
1861
1841
1841
Napoleon.
1862
1839
1839
1839
1841
1841
1844
1861
1844
1861
1862
1841
1862
1841
1844
1841
1841
1841
1841
1841
1841
1844
1841
1841
There are, in some of the forts, guns of an older model than the above. The
42-pounder gun, and the 8 and 10-inch sea-coast howitzers, are suppressed by order
of February 9, 1861.
10 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Some of the R and 10-inch columbiRilo hare been riflp<l : the fir»t to a (•■lihre r>f
6.8 inch; the second, 6.4 inch. Their fre(|uent bnrsting hag caused thiw clans of
rifle gun to be discontinoed. A few of the 8-inch siege h«wit»ers were alto rifled,
for experiment, with a bore of 4.ft2 inch.
Tlic formn of the several pieces of ordnance are shown in the Plates 1, 2. «, 7, »,
10, 11 and 14.
Ounx and howitzers take their denominations from the weights of their solid shot
in round numbers, including the 42-pnundcr ; larger pieces, rifle gvns, and mortars,
from the diameter of the bure.
DEFINITIONS.
Cateable. — The knob on the end of the breech of a gun ; it is composed of the
Arno6 and the ncc A'; sometimes the_^//ff.
Breech. — The mass of solid metal behind the bottom of the bore, extending to
the cascable.
lime of the hrrech. — The rear surface of the breech.
Base-line. — A line triwcd around the pun in rear of the rent.
Bate-riiKj. — A projecting liand of metal adjoining the base of the breech, and
connected with the body of the gun by a concave moulding.
Reinforce. — The thickest part of the body of thi- gun, in front of the base-ring
or lino: if there is more than one reinforce, that which if next to the base-ring i«
called the /ir«t reinforce ; the other, the second reinforce.
Reinforcc-hand. — A band at the junction of the fir-'t and second reinforces.
Chute. — The conical part of the gun in front of the reinforce.
Aitraijal and filletJi. — The moulding at the front end of the chase.
Chaic-riny. — A band at the front end of the chase.
Neck. — The smallest part of the piece, in front of the chase,
Sicell of the muzzle. — The largest part of the gun, in front of the neck.
Muzzle-hand. — A band which takes the place of the swell of the muzzle in some
guns.
Fact of the piece. — The plane terminating the gnn at the mnizle.
Trunnions. — Two cylinders, near the centre of gravity of the gun, by which it is
supported on its carriage. The axes of the trunnions are in a line perpendicular to
the axis of the bore, and, in our guns, in the same plane with that axis.
Rimhase. — The shoulder at the base of the trunnion.
Bore. — All the part bored out, including the chamber, and the junction of the
bore with the chamber.
Chamber. — The small part of some bores; it contains the charge of powder.
Gomer chamber. — A conical chamber which is joined to the cylinder of the bora
by a portion of a spherical surface.
True icindage. — The difference lietween the true diameters of the bore and of the
ball.
Lock-piece. — A block of metal at the outer opening of the vent, to facilitate
attaching a lock to the gun.
NOMENCLATURE. H
Kntural lin' of tight. — A line drawn in a vertical plane through the axis of the
piece, from the highest point of the bape-ring to the highect point of the swell of
the musszle, or to the top o'f the sight, if there be one.
NnturnI angle of sight. — The angle which the natural line of sight makes with the
axis of the piece.
Di^jiftrt.— The difference of the semidiameters of the base-ring and the swell of
the mnz/.le, or the muzzle-band. It is, therefore, the tangent of the natural angle of
sight, to a railius equal to the distance from the rear of the base-ring to the highest
point of the swell of the muzzle, the sight, or the front of the muzKle-band, as the
case may be.
Preponderance. — The excess of weight of the part in rear of the trunnions over
that in front: it is measured by the weight which the breech bears on a balance,
the point of support resting at the rear of the base-ring, at the base-line, or at
the bottom of the ratchet, the gun being suspended freely on the axis of the
trunnions.
HaniUet. — Flat rings cast on some bronze pieces: they are placed with their
centres over the centre of gravity of the piece.
Ear. — A lug of metal cast on some mortars: it is attached to a clevis by a bolt,
and constitutes a handle.
NOMENCLATURE.
Guns of the Model of 1861.
PartK. — The bore, a cylinder terminated by curved surfaces, the chamber. The
breech: the caacable, the knob, the neck. The body of the gnu: the reinforce, the
chase, the muzzle, the face, the trunnions, the rimbases.
3foiildings. — None.
CoLUMBiADS. — Add to the above the ratchet ; the sight-jyiece.
The vent is in the vertical plane of the axis, perpendicular to it, and enters the
bore at the termination of the cylinder of the bore, or in front of it.
Guns of the Model of 1841 and 1844.
The same as for guns of model of 1861, with the following exceptions:
Parts. — The bore is terminated by a plane perpendicular to the axis, united with
the sides (in profile) by an arc of a circle, the radius of which is one-fourth of the
diameter of the bore at the bottom. The vent is in the vertical plane passing
through the axis, and makes an angle of 80° with it. It enters the bore at a dis-
tance from the bottom equal to one-fourth the diameter of the bore.
Add the second reinforce, the swell of the muzzle.
Mouldings, — Add the filet of the cascable, the base-ring, the lock-piece, the chatte-
ring, the muzzle-mould tugs, ttvo echinus. The rimbases are cylindrical.
Field Guns. — The same as above, except as follcws: Omit the se-ond reinfone,
lock-piece, chase-ring, two echinus, and add vent-p>ifC€, wrought-coppur, screwed in,
for bronze guns. The astragal, the fillets, the lip, the fillet, the handles for ti.c
12-pounders.
12
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
CoLUMBiADS. — Same as guns of the model of 1841 and 1844, except as follows:
Bore, add the chomber cylindrical, terminated by a hemisphere ; the junction of tht
bore with chamber conical; add the ratchet, the tight-piece ; omit the lock-piece.
Sea-coA8T HowiTZEua. — Same as guns of model of 1844, except as follows:
Bore, add the chamber cylindrical, ih^ junction of the bore with chamber conical.
Moulding!. — Add the reinforce^hand.
SiKQK Howitzers. — Same as sea-coast howitzers, except as follows: for the^rtt
reinforce, substitute the recesi; the base of breech is the frustum of a cone ; omit
the chase-rinff, the »trell of the muzzle; add the muzzle-band, the fillet.
FiKLD Howitzers. — Same as sea-coast howitzers, except as follows: Bate of
breech, a frustum of a cone; omit lock-piece, reinforce -band, itotU of muzzle; add
muzzle-blind, JxUet, handlen, except for the 12-pounder, which has none; vent-piece,
wrought-coppcr. screwed in.
Mountain Howitzers. — Same as field 12-pounder, except for reinforce read
recent.
Sea-coast Mortars. — The bore, the chamber conical, terminated by a hemii-
phcrc ; the junction of the bore with chamber (in profile), the arc of a circle. The
body of the mortar, the breech, portion of a sphere; the fruniiion*, at the end of the
breech ; the rimbases, the muzzle, the face, the muzzle-band, the ear. Vent at right
angles to the a.rit of the bore, in the vertical plane through it.
Siege Mortars. — Same as the sea-coast, except the rhamhtr, which is " Oomer,"
terminuted at the bottom by a plane, the angles rounded by arcs of circles. Add
tnuzzle-Jillel ; no ear.
Guns of the Model of 1839.
Same as those of 1841, except the muzzle-mouldingi, which consist of an erhtnut,
& fillet, and a cavctto.
Grooves of the Rifled Guns.
Number of grooves
Width
Depth "
Twist "
Width of lands
I
62-inch rifled guns 7
3
4.62
3
62
4.62
3
" 0.5 inch.
" 0.4 "
" A.. 0.1 "
" 0.07 "
" 1 turn in 19 feeC
" 1 " 14 "
" 1.87 inch.
" 1.5 "
to designate a piece of ordnamck.
State the kind, the calibre (in inches if it be foreign ordnance), the material, the
weight, the inspector's initials, the number, the country in which it was made, the
date, the place of fabrication, the founder's name, the name inscribed on it, iti
condition for service, the kind of chamber, if any : whether it has a vent-piece, a
lock-piece, handles; the ornaments, and any particular marks which may serve to
identify it.
PRINCIPAL DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF GUNS.
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ORDNANCE MANUAL.
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ORDNANCE MANUAL.
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MATERIALS FOR ORDNANCE. 17
MATERIALS FOR ORDNANCE.
Bronze.
Bronze for cannon (commonly called brass), consists of 90 parts of copper and
10 of tin, allowing a variation of one part of tin, more or less. It is more fusible
than copper, much less so than tin, more sonorous, harder, and less susceptible of
oxidation, and much less ductile tlian either of its components. When the mixture
is well made, the metal is homogeneous : the fracture is of a> uniform yellow color,
with an even grain. The specific gravity of bronze is about 8.700, being greater
than the mean of the specific gravities of copper and tin.
Pure cojtper is of a red color, inclining to yellow ; it has a fine metallic lustre.
The fracture of cast-copper is even grained ; that of a forged bar exhibits a short,
even, close grain, of a silky appearance; it is strong, very ductile ami very mal-
leable. The greater the purity of copper, the more malleable it is, and the finer
the grain. Specific gravity, from 8. COO to 9.000. The copper of commerce is
impure, freijucntly containing oxygen, silver, iron, lead, tin, zinc, antimony and
arsenic. It should be rejected, for the manufacture of guns, if it contain sulphur
in an appreciable (luantity ; more than one-thousandth of arsenic and antimony
united; more than about three-thousandths of lead, iron, or oxygen ; if it contain
more than about five-thousandths of foreign substances altogether; or if, near these
limits, it give bad results when subjected to the mechanical tests of hammering,
rolling and wire-drawinj^.
Pure tiv is of a white color, a little darker than silver: it is very malleable, and
susceptible of being rolled into thin sheets; it is not very ductile; it is soft, and
when in rods or bars is bent backward and forward, it gives a peculiar crackling
sound, the distinctness of which is in proportion to the purity of the tin. Specific
gravity, 7.290 to 7..320.
Tin, for gun-metal, should be rejected, if, when run into elongated drops, it have
not a smooth and reflecting surface, without any considerable sign of rough spots;
if, when analyzed, it contain more than about one-thousandth of arsenic and anti-
mony united; more than about three-thousandths of lead or iron; or more than
four-thousandths of foreign substances.
All bronze ought to be rejected which contains sulphur in an appreciable amount;
which contains more than about one-thous.andth of arsenic and antimony united ;
more than about three-thousandths of lead, iron or zinc; or, in all, more than
about five-thousandths of foreign substance^.
Notice should bo taken of the appearance of the fracture of specimens : it some-
times gives indications sufficient to authorize the rejection of certain bronzes full
of sulphur or oxides.
Analysis of Bronze.
Tin. — Nitric acid dissolves the copper, and converts the tin into an insoluble per-
oxide. Put into a small glass matrass 10 parts (say 100 grains) of bronze, in small
18 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
parlieleg, and 80 parts of very pure nitric a«id, at 22° Beaumo's hydrometer (spo-
cific gravity, 1.180); beat it gradually to cl>\il!itiou, and continue that heat »intil
red vaporB ceaso to come over. Let it settle ; jiour off the lif|uor, and add to the
oxide of tin 20 parts of nitric acid; let it boil ten minutes; decant the liquor
again, and repeat the same operation ; dilute the first portion decanted with 2 ui- 3
time? its volume of water, and pass it through a filter ; do the same with the second
and third portions. Then throw the oxide of tin on a double filter, tlie two parts
of which are equal ; wash the precipitate on the filter until the water that comea off
no longer gives a blue color when heated with ammonia, and due* nut change the
color of litmus paper. Sproad the filt .r on paper, and dry it perfectly in a stove or
a sand-bath. Weigh it, adding the exterior filter to the weights, in order to ascer-
tain the quantity of peroxide of tin which remains on the upper filter; 127 parts
of peroxide give 100 parts of pure tin.
CopPEn. — Collect the nitric acid solutions obtained in the process described
above: evaporate them to dryness; calcine and weigh the black rcsi<luum ; it is
the oxido of topper; 100 grains of oxide of copper contains 79.82 gr.<. of copper.
Or, dissolve in a large matrass with a narrow neck, about 1.1 gr. of bronze in pure
aqua regia, adding to it about 0.1 gr. of lead. Pour ii\to the solution an excess of
ammonia; then, keeping the liquid constantly boiling, pour into it from a gradu-
ated vessel a solution of monosulphuret of sodium, until the liquid becomes entirely
colorless. From the volume of sulphuret used, the amount of copjier in the liquid
can be determined.
SuLPHTR. — In boiling bronze in nitric acid or aqua regia, a jiart of the sulphur
is converted into sulphuric acid, whic'h remains in the solution : the rest collects on
the surface in yellow globules. These globules are collected and weighed.
The sulphuric acid is precipitated as a sulphate of baryta by the chloride of
barium, and is weighed after being washed and dried: 100 grains of the sulphate
of baryta contains 13.797 grs. of sulphur.
Mechanical Tests.
Chemical analysis is not sufficient to give a correct estimate of the qualities of
all bronzes. In other words, good bronzes according to the results of analysis may
be very inferior, deficient in strength, on account of oxides interspersed between
the molecules, or want of homogeneitjt
Bronzes should be subjected to fusion in a close crucible ; to hammering into
thin plates, and to wire-drawing, both before and after fusion ; if it improves in
these particulars by the fusion, a comparison with the analysis will show whether
the improvement is due to the volatilization of certain metals or to the decomposi-
tion of oxides. The results obtained by hammering and wire-draning, should be
compared with those made on bronze known to be- of tLe best quality.
MATERIALS FOR ORDNANCE. 19
Cast-iron.
(See also Chapter XIV.)
Iron for making cannon should be smelted with the greatest possible care, with
charcoal, and a blast of a constant temperature of 125° to 300°, depending upon
the ore used. All the materials which enter the smelting furnace should be of the
be.'rt and purest quality, should be kept drj', be supplied at regular intervals of
time, be regularly and uniformly mixed together in the sraelting-furnaee, and, as
far as practicable, rendered independent of the vicissitudes of the weatlier, that the
gi"catest possible uniformity in the iron produced from day to day may bo obtained.
The most important quality of gun-iron, after a medium strength of 25,000 to
30,000 pounds per square inch, is loiiformity, without which, no two guns can bt
made alike or any idea formed of what kind of guns are being made.
The quality of iron in the pig is generally judged of by its strength, and by the
appearance and feel of the freshly-fractured surface. It should be soft, j'ielding
easily to the file or chisel ; its fracture should present a rough, jagged surface, of
uniform appearance, a dark gray color, a brilliant aspect, and crystals under
medium size, angular, and sharp to the touch.
But iron for making guns requires to be still further tested before it can be
known, even by the most practiced eye and judgment, to possess all of the essential
qualities of a good gun-iron. These qualities are tenacity, elasticity, extensibility
and incompressibility : that iron will be the best which has them all to the greatest
degree, and the absence of any one will render the iron unfit for guns. The exist-
ence of these qualities is best determined by actual experiment on specimens cut
from castings of the size of the gun to be made.
The density is indicative, to some extent, of the tenacity, elasticity and incom-
pi-essibility of the iron ; but the density will increase after the tenacity and exten-
sibility have reached their maximum.
When cast into cannon, iron should be above medium in hardness, but yielding
readily to the file or chisel, and offering no groat difficulty in turning and boring.
Its color should be a bright, lively gray, showing incipient mottle in small guns,
and becoming more marked as the size of the gun, and time of cooling, increase.
The structure should be uniform, close and compact; crystals small, with acute
angles, and sharp to the touch; the fractured surface uneven, rough and jagged,
with many fragments strongly adhering.
Before making guns from an iron which has never been tried for this purpose, a
sample-gun of the calibre of the gun to be made should first endure a satisfactory
proof with service charges.
The mean specific gravity of gun-iron is about 7.248, and the average tenacity
about 30,000 per square inch.
20 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Wroxight-iron and Steel.
Experimental guns have been made of wrought-iron and steel, giving satisfactory
results, and an order has been given for guns, to be made of the former material.
The superior strength of these materials, and the evenness, smoothness and hard-
ness of surface of which they arc susceptible, render it probable that these are the
materials of which our field rifle guns will soon be made, exclusively.
INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE.
Instruments.
1 &'l<ir-yau</e. — This is an instrument for measuring the diameter of the bore of a
gun, at any part.
The head is of brass, with four steel sockets for the measuring-points. Two of
the sockets are soldered fast into ^the head ; the other two are movable. The
uiMvable sockets and points are pushed out by moans of two inclined cylinders,
which are fastened to a stem, forming a conical slider. This slider tapers 0..35
inches in a length of 2.2 inches ; so that by pushing the slider the 35th part of this
length (about .06 inches), the distance between* the movable points is incrcai>od
.01 inches.
The slider is connected with a square steel rod, consisting of three parts, which
arc screwed together, according to the length of bore to be measured. This rod
slides through a brass tube, which is also made in three pieces.
The tube is graduated, m inches and quarters, commencing at the measuring-
points, so as to indicate the distance of the latter from the muzzle of the gun.
The handle is of wood, attached to a brass cylinder, or socket, through which the
sliding-rod passes. In the tube of the handle there is a slit, on the side of which a
scale is marked, to indicate the movements of the measuring-points. Each joint of
the long tube has a mark, made on a small plate of silver, which shows the place of
the zero on the scale when the measuring-points are adjusted to the true diameter
of the bore. In this position the handle is fixed on the sliding-rod by means of a
screw-clamp.
A riiig-i/aiige, for each calibre, is used for adjusting the instrument for use.
A >•(-»«, in the form of a T, is placed in the mouth of the gun, to keep the instru-
ment in the axis of the bore. This rest has three slides, which can be adjusted to
the diSFerent sizes of bore; the upright branch is movable, for convenience of
pa^^king.
The star-gauge, its points and rest, are packed in one box, and the ring-ganges in
another.
2. The cyJinder-stnff. — This is a round staflF, made of mahogany-, or other hard
wood. It is in two parts, which are joined together by brass sockets and screws;
each part has also a brass socket and screw at the outer end, to receive the cylinder-
gauge, guide-plate, and measuring-point. The staff is graduated, in inches and
tenths, on a strip of brass let into it, on one side. These graduations are arranged
INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE. 21
to read the distances from the extremity of the measuring-point, when it is screwed
on the staff.
The cylinder-staff is supported, at the muzzle of the piece, by a hulf tompion of
wood, having in the centre a groove of the size of the staff. The rent for the star-
gauge may be used also for this purpose.
3. The cylinder-yawje is a hollow cylinder of wrought or cast-iron, turned to the
exact minimum (or true) diameter of the bore. The length of the cylinder is equal
to its diameter. It has cross-heads, at right angles to each other: one with a smooth
hole of the same diameter as the cylinder-staff; the other tapped for the screw of
the staff-socket. Weight for 8 in., 27 lbs. ; for 10 in., 40 lbs.
4. The guide-plate is a circular iron plate 0.2 inch thick, and of the minimum
diameter of the bore; it has a hole in the centre, with a thread by which it is
screwed to the cylinder-staff j it serves to direct the measuring-point to the centre
of the bottom of the bore.
6. The nteaaurinij-pi)int is screwed on the end of the cylinder-staff, over the guide-
plate, to measure the depth of the bore : it is of iron, cylindrical in shape, so far
as it screws on the end of the staff, and tapering down to the diameter of 0.75 inch.
6. The trnnnion-iinnije is an iron ring of the diameter of the trunnions, which
must pass over them and fit closely. The exterior diameter of this gauge serves to
verify that of the rimbases.
7. The tnninioii-nqurtre is a double square of wood, the distance between whose
branches is the same as that between the rimbases of the gun; in the centre is a
pointed slidiug plate, with a thumb-screw to fasten it; the lower edges of the
branches, which are shod with iron, are in the same plane, parallel to the upper
edge of the connecting piece, so that when the square is placed with its l)ranches
resting on the truuuions. the upper edge of the connecting piece is parallel to their
axis. Each branch has also an iron plate projecting perpendicularly from one side to
rest on the top of the trunnions. It is used to ascertain the position of the trun-
nion^B in relation to the axis of the bore and to each other.
8. The trunnion-rule, for measuring the distance from the rear of the base-ring to
the rear of the trunnions.
9. Callipers, to measure diameters.
10. A standard scale, for verifying other instruments.
11. A wooden rule, to measure exterior lengths.
12. The vent-gauges are two pointed pieces of steel wire, 0.005 in. greater and less
than the true diameter of the vent.
\?>. The veiit-scarchcr is a hooked steel wire, about half the diamctur of tht
vent.
14. A rammer-head, shaped to the form of the bottom of the bore, and furnished
with a staff, is used to ascertain the interior position of the vent.
15. A mirror; siyerni candles ; beeswax.
16. Rammer, sponge, and priming-unre.
17. Figure and letter stumps, to affix the required marks.
22 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Inspection of Ordnance.
Cannon proscntud for inspection and proof are placed on skills for the conve-
nience of turning and moving tlicni easily. They are first examined carefully on
tlio exterior, to ascertain whether there be any flaws or cracks in the metal, wlictlier
thoy be finished as prescribed, and to judge, as well as practicable, of thc()unlity of
the metal. They must not be covered with paint, lacker, or any other composition,
ir it be HHcertained that an attempt has been made to conceal any flaws or cavities
'j.V plugging, or filling them with cement or any substance, the gun is rejected with-
out further e.xamination. After this preliminary examination, the inspector pro-
coeds to verify the dimensions of the piece. The interior of the hare is first
examined by reflecting the sun's rays into it from the mirror; or, if the sun bo
obscured, by a lighted candle or a lamp placed on the end of a rod and inserted into
the bore. The cylinder-gntigc, screwed on the stafl", is then jtushed gently to the
bottom of the cylindrical part of the bore and withdrawn; it must go to the bottom,
or the bore is too small.
The hnre of the piece is then measured with the star-gauge. The measurements
should bo made at intervals of I inch in the part of the bore occupied by the shot;
at intervals of 1 inch in the rest of the bore in rear of the trunnions, and of about
1 calibre from the trunnions to the muzzle.
The position of the triitinioiig, with regard to the axis of the bore and to each
other, is next ascertained.
To verify the poeition of the axis of the trunnions. — Set the trunnion-square on the
trunnions, and see that the lower edges of its branches touch them throughout their
whole length ; push the slide down till it touches the surface of the piece, ami secure
it in that position bj- the thumb-screw: turn the gun over, and apply the trunnion-
square to the opposite side, and if, when the point of the slide touches the surface of
the piece, the lower edges of the branches rest on the trunnions, the axis of the
trunnions is in the same plane with the axis of the bore; if they do not touch the
trunnions, their axis is above the axis of the bore by half the space between ; and if
the edges touch the trunnions, and the point of the glide does not touch the surface
of the piece, their axis is below the axis of the bore. ' If the nlii/nment of the trun-
nions be accurate, the edges of the trunnion-square will fit on them when applied to
different parts of their surface: their diameter and cylindrical form, and the diam-
oier of the rimbases, are verified with the trunnion-gauge.
To ascertain the length of the bore. — Screw the gnide-plute and weaturimj-point on
the cylinder-staff, and push them to the bottom of the bore : jilace a half tompion in
the muzzle, and rest the staff in its groove; apply a straight-edge to the face of the
muzzle, and read the length of the bore on the staff. The exterior lengths are
measured by the rule, or by a profile, the accuracy of which is first verified. The
exterior diameters are measured with the callipers and graduated rule. The position
of the interior orifice of th^ rent is found from the mark made on the rammer-head
INSPECTION OF ORDNANCE. 23
by the veiit-gauf/e inserted in the vent, \7hile the rammer-head is held against the
bottom of the bore ; two impressions are taken. The position of the exterior orifice
of the vent is also verified. The rent is examined with gauges, and with the vent-
Hcarcher, to ascertain if there arc any cavities in it.
All bronze ordnance should be bored under size from .04 to .06 inch, and after
proof, reamed out to jthe exact calibre. Whitish ipntx show a separation of the tin
from the copper, and, if extensive, should condemn the piece. A great variation
from the true weight, which the dimensions do not account for, shows a defect
in the alloy.
In mortars, the dimensions of the chambers, and the form of the breech, may be
verified with patterns made of plate-iron.
After the powder proof, the bore is washed and wiped clean, and the bore and
vent are again examined, .and the bore remeasured. The results of each of the
measurements and examinations are noted on the inspection report against the
number of the gun.
A proper discretion must be exercised in the inspection of ordnance ; such slight
imperfections as do not injure a piece for service may be disregarded, whilst the
instructions should be strictly enforced with regard to defects which may impair
its utility.
34
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Variations allowed in the Dimensions of Ordnance.
In the bork
More than the pre?cribeil dijiraeter
Less than the preserilicd diameter
T r Where turned, more or lc!>s
In exterior J (more
DIAMETERS. ... 1 Where not turned. . j , .".'.''..'.*"..'...!!!
f Of the bore, more or less
From rear of base-line to face of muzzle, morel
or less I
Of the breech, including cascable, more or less. '
In THE LENGTH . ■{ Of the base-ring, more or less |
Of the reinforce, more or less j
Of the chase, including the muzzle, more or less]
From rear of trunnions to base-line, more or less, i
in different pieces |
I Above the axis of the bore
OF THE AXIS OF j g^j^^ ^^^ ^^j^ ^f ^^^ l,^^^ ,
THE TRUNNIONS (,
_ f more '
In THE LENGTH OF THE TRUNNIONS.. < . i
Diameter of trunnions, less !
In the distance between the rimbases, less I
In the position
In the same gun, no variation is allowed in the position or in the
alignment of the trunnions.
In the VENT. .
Depth
TIES.
Diameter. . ^ ,
,' ( let-6
j Position of exterior orifice, more or less.
[ Position of interior orifice, more or less.
f In the bore or vent
I On the exterior surface
■{ On the trunnions, within one inch of the rim-
bases
[ On the trunnions elsewhere
Inches
0,02
.00
.04
.10
.05
.10
.10
.15
.05
.10
.10
.10
.(10
.20
.10
.05
.03
.05
.00;
.00
.05
.20
.00
.20
.10
.20
GAR-
RISON,
ETC.
Inches
0.03
.00
.05
.20
.05
.20
.25
.20
.05
.20
.15
.20
.00
.20
.10
.05
.04
.05
.005
.00
.05
.20
.00
.25
.10
.25
The whole exterior surfaces of guns, except mortars, are turned in the lathe, or'
dressed smooth in the parts which cannot be turned.
PROOF OF ORDNANCE.
Gunpowder for proving ordnance should be of the best quality, giving not less
than the standard Initial velocity ; it should be proved immediately before being
used, unless it shall have been proved within one year previously, and there be no
reason to suspect that it has become deteriorated.
PROOF OF ORDNANCE — MARKS. 25
The caitridf/e-haija are made of cotton or paper, the full diameter of the bore or
chamber. They arc filled by weight; and, if not filled at the place where the
guns are proved, each bag should be enveloped in a paper cylinder and cap,
marked with the weight of powder and its proof qualities.
The shot must be smooth; free from seams and other inequalities that might
injure the bore of the piece, and they must be of Uie true diameter given in the
tables.
Guns and howitzers are laid with the muzzle resting on a block of wood, and the
breech on the ground, or on a thick plank, giving the bore a small elevation.
Jironze pieces are mounted on appropriate carriages or beds.
J/oit((r8 are mounted on strong wooden frames or iron beds, at an elevation of
45°, supported by the trunnions.
In proving iron ordnance, after pricking the cartridge, prime with powder, or a
tube, and place over the vent a piece of port-fire, set in clay or putty, long enough
to permit the man who fires it to reach a place of safety before the charge ex-
Each piece shall be fired three rounds with the following
Proof -charges.
15-iiicl) colunibiad 50 lbs. of powder and 1 slioll.
10 " " IS •' " " Ishot.
8 " •' 12 " •' " 1 "
32-pdr. gun 9 " " " 1 "
24 •• •• .< 8 •' '• '• 1 '•
18 " " 6 •' '• •• 1 "
12 '• •' 4 " " " 1 "
8-iiicli siogo howitzer 4 " " '• ] "
24-pdr. howitzer (iron) 3 •■ ' '• '• 1 " strapped.
All field fiiins (bronze) '^ weight of shot •' 1 " "
24-pdr. howitzer, " 2.5 lbs. of powder " 1 " '•
12 '• •• " 1.25 " •' '• 1 " "
12 " " mountain (bronze) 0.25 '• •' " 1 '■ •'
Cochorn mortar (bronze) 0.5 " " ■■ 1 shell.
13-iuch S. C. mortar (ironj 20 " '' " 1 "1
10 " '■ " '• 10 " " '• 1 •' I Filled
10 " " " "lTi„i,t (5 •■ „ u 1 "f with sand.
8 '• " " j^'SM 1 2.5 " '• " 1 "J
4.62" rifled siege gun 4.5 " '• " 1 shot of 36 lbs.
3 ■' " tield '• 1.5 "• " " 1 •' of 11 "
214" niountain rifle 6 oz. " " 1 " of 2]!/^ "
Should any of the guns proved at one time fail to sustain the above proof, the
rem.ainder shall be rejected if made of the same metal treated in the same manner.
The bore, vent, and the exterior surface of every piece which is approved should
be well covered with sperm oil immediately after the inspection.
MARKS.
All guns arc required to be weighed, and to bo marked as follows, viz: the num-
ber of the </nn, the initials 0/ the inspector's name and that of the foundry, the year of
fabrication, and the weiyht of the piece in pounds, on the face of the piece, in a
circle concentric with the bore, in letters and figures at least one inch long ; the
26 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
numbers in a separate series for each kind and calibre at each foundry ; the foun-
dry number, in smiiU figures, ou the end of t!ie right rimbase, above the trunnion;
the letters C. S., in large characters, on tho upper surface of the piece, iu rear, but
near the trunnions. *
The highost point of metal at the base-line and at the mu7.7,le, when the axis of
the trunnions is horizontal, .should be marked, with a fine line cut into the metal,
whilst the piece is in tho trunnion-lathe.
Guns rejected on inspection are marked X C, on the face of tho muzzle; if con-
demned for erroneous dimen.sions, which cannot be remedied, aild XI); if by
powder proof, X P.
INJURIES CAUSED BY SERVICE.
Bronze guns are little subject to external injury, except from the bending of the
trunnions sometimes, after long service or heavy charges.
Internal injuries arc caused by the action of tho gases developed in the combus-
tion of the ptiwrlcr, or by tho action of tho shot in passing out of the bore. These
elTects generally increase with tho calibre of tho piece.
Of the first kind, the principal one is the cutting away of the metal of the upper
surface of the bore over the scat of the shot.
Those of the second kin<l arc : tkf lodijmmt »/ the ihoi, a compression of the
metal on the lower side of the bore, at the scat of the shot, caused by the prcsenre
of the gas in escaping over tho top of the shot. There is a corresponding burr in
front of the lodgment, and the motion thereby given to the shot cuuses it to strike
alternately on the top and bottom of the bore, pruducing other rulai-gvment*, gen-
erally three in number; it is chiefly from this cuui^) that bronze guns bocoLi^o unser-
viceable. Scratehcn caused by the fragments of a broken chot, or the roughness of
an imperfect one.
Tke durahiUty of bronze guns may be much increased by careful use, and by the
precautions of increanhig the length of the cirtri'dge, or that of the tabot, or using a
tcad over the cartridge, in order to change the place of the shot; by irrnjiping the
shot in trootleu or other cloth, or in paper, go as to diminish the windage and the
bounding of the shot in the bore. In lield g>in>, both bronze and iron, the paper
cap, which is taken off from the cartridge, should always be put over the shot.
Iron ijun» are subject "to tho above defects in a less degree than bronie, except the
corrosion of the metal. The principal cause of injury to iron guns is the rutting of
the metal, producing a roughness and enlargement of the bore.
The service to which an iron gun has been subjected may generally be deter-
mined by the appearance of the vent. After about 500 rounds the vent becomei
enlarged to .3 inch, and should not be longer used.
In rifled guns, the wear of the vent is about twice as great as in smooth-bored
guns.
Replacing vent*. — In bronze field pieces, the vent-piece is taken out and a new
one is screwed in. In other guns, the vent is filled up by pouring in melted rinc,
SPIKING AND UNSPIKTNG GUNS. 27
the vent being closed on the interior by means of clay placed on the head of a
rammer and pressed against the upper surface of the bore, and a now vent is bored
at a distance of two or three inches from the first.
Spilling and unspiking guns, and rendering them unserviceable.
To fpiJce u piece, or to render it unserviceable. — Drive into the vent a jagged and
hardened steel spiko with a soft point, or a nail without a head ; break it off flush
with the outer surface, and clinch the point inside by means of the rammer.
AVcdge a shot in the bottom of the bore by wrapping it with felt, or by means of
iron wedges, using the rammer or a bar of iron to drive them in ; a wooden wedge
would be easily burnt by means of a charcoal fire, lighted with the aid of a bel-
lows. Cause shells to burst in the bore of bronze guns, or fire broken shot from
them with high charges. Fill a piece with sand over the charge to burst it. Fire
a piece against another, muzzle to muzzle, or the muzzle of one to the chaSe of the
other. Light a firo under the chase of a bronze gun, and strike on it with a sledge
to bend it. Break off the trunnions of iron guns; or burst them by firing them
with heavy charges and full of shot, at a high elevation.
When guns are to be spiked temporarily, and are likely to be retaken, a spring
spike is used, having a shoulder to prevent its being too easily extracted.
7'o unspike a piece. — If the spike is not screwed in or clinched, and the bore is
not impeded, put in a charge of powder of J the weight of the shot, and ram junk
wads over it with a handspike, laying on the bottom of the bore a strip of wood,
with a groove on the under side containing a strand of quick-match by which fire
is communicated to the charge : in a bronze gun, take out some of the metal at the
upper orifice of the vent, and pour sulphuric acid into the groove for some hours
before firing. If this method, several times repeated, is not successful, unsci'ew
the vent-piece, if it be a bronze gun, and if an iron one, drill out the spike, or
drill a new vent.
To drive out a shot wedyed in the bore. — Unscrew the vent-piece, if there be one,
and drive in wedges so as to start the shot forward, then ram it back again in order
to seize the wedge with a hook; or pour in powder and fire it, after replacing the
vent-piece. In the last resort, bore a hole in the bottom of the breech, drive out
the shot, and stop the hole with a screw.
To use a piece which has been spiked. — Insert one end of a piece of quick-match
in the cartridge, allowing the other to project out of the muzzle of the gun. Apply
the fire to the quick-match, and get out of the way.
When quick-match of sufficient length is not at hand, insert one end in the cart-
ridge, the other projecting in front of the shot, and, after ramming the cartridge
home, throw two or three pinches of powder into the bore. Place another piece of
match in the muzzle, the end projecting out. The piece may bo fired in this way
without danger. Quick-match in the cartridge may be dispensed with by piercing
three or four holes in the cartridge-bag. In this manner the gun may be fired with
great rapidity.
28 ORDNANCK MANUAL.
PRESERVATION OF ORDNANCE.
Cannon Fhould be placed together, according to kind and caliliro, on skids of
stone, ircjn or wood, laid on hard ground, well rammed, and covered with a layer of
cinders or of some other material to prevent vegetation.
Guim and bnnj howitzers. — The pieces should rest on the gki<l.« in front of the base-
ring and in rear of the astragal; the axis inclined at an angle of 4 or b degrees
with the horizon, the muzzle lowest; the trunnions touching each other; or, if
space be wanting for that arrangement, the trunnion of one piece maj rest on the
adjoining piece, so that the axis of the trunnions is inclined about 45° with a hori-
zontal lino; the muzzle closed with a tompion or a plug of dry wood, well saturated
with oil or grease ; the vent down, stopped with a greased wooden plug, or with
]>utty or tallow. If circumstances require it, the pieces may be piled iu two tiers,
with skidding placed between them, exactly over those which rest on the ground;
the muzzles of both tiers in the same direction and their axes preserving the same
inclination.
i)/ii>ri howiJzcra and moriarn. — On thick planks, standing on their muzzles, the
trunnions touching, the vcuts stopped.
Iron ordnance should be covered on the exterior with a hickcr impervious to
water (see Chap. VII); the bore and the vent should be greased with a mixture of
oil and talluir, or of tiillotc and beemnix melted togclher, and boiled to expel the
water. The lacker should be renewed as often as required, and the grease at least
once every year.
The lacker and grease should be applied iu hot weather.
The cannon should be frequently inspected, to see that moisture dues out collect
in the bore.
SHOT AND SHF.LLS.
29
Chapter Second
SHOT AND SHELLS.
NOMENCLATURE. DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS.
Shot, shells, grape and canister shot, take the name of the gnn or howitzer in which
they are used. The size of grape and canister shot is so regulated that a certain
number shall chamber in the bore.
The ears of a shell are holes for the points of the shell-hooks, 0.5 inch in diame-
ter, bored on opposite sides of the fuze-hole, their axes perpendicular to the axis of
the fuze-hole. The metal is cut out above them at the distance indicated in the
table, in a direction perpendicular to the axes of the holes, which must remain
0.25 inch deep, with a thickness of 0.25 inch of metal above them, at the thinnest
part.
Shot.
Diameter in.
Weight lbs.
13-in.
12-in.
10-in.
8-in.
7.88
65
42
(
6.84
42.5
32
6.25
32.4
24
5.68
24.3
18
5.17
18.3
12
9
4.10
9.14
6
3.58
6.1
4
3.12
4.07
3
2.84
3.05
12.87
282.84
11.87
222
9.87
127.5
4.62
12.25
1.95
1
Shells.
Di.ameter
Tliicknessof CTnie
sides and < Greatest ...
bottom. (Least
Thickness at fuze-hole
Diameter of f Exterior
fuze-hole. '( Interior
Distance between ears....
Weight lbs,
1
For Colum-
biarisaudS.C.
Howitzers.
10-in.
8-in.
In.
In.
9.87
7.88
2.
1.5
2.1
1.58
1.9
1.42
3.
2.25
1.45
1.338
1.
1.
6.
5.
101.67
49.75
13-in.
10-iu.
In.
In.
12.87
9.87
2.1
1.6
2.25
1.7
1.95
1.5
2.1
1.6
1.8
1.75
1.485
1.51
7.
6.
197.3
88.42
8-in.
In.
7.88
1.25
1.33
1.17
1.25
1.3
1.113
6.
44.12
For Guns and Howitzers.
42
32
24
18
In.
In.
In.
In.
6.S4
6.25
5.68
5.17
1.2
1.
0.9
0.9
1.25
1.05
0.95
0.94
1.15
0.95
0.85
0.S6
1.8
1.35
l..'5o
1.35
1.
0.9
0.9
0.9
0.73
0.698
0.698
0.698
31.3
22.5
16.8
13.45
In.
4.52
0.7
0.74
0.66
1.05
0.9
0.743
8.34
The 8-inch mortar-shell is used for the siege howitzer. The 15-inch shell is 14.85
in. diameter. It has two ears at the extremities of the diameter at right angles to
the axis of the fuze-hole. Thickness of shell, 2.5 inch. Thickness of the 13-inch
shell, 2.5 in.
30
ORDNANCE MANUAL
Spherical-cnse Shot.
• —
8-In.
42
32
2«
18
12
6
In.
In.
In.
III.
In.
In.
In.
".S8
U.84
0.26
6.6K
5.17
4.52
3.68
0.7
0.05
0.00
0.65
0.5
0.45
0.36
0.725
0.676
0.626
0.575
0.52.')
0.475
0.386
0.676
0.635
0.675
0625
0.475
0.426
0.!J36
1.5
1.25
1.26
1.1
1.1
0.9
0.9
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
.4
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
1.62
.75
.76
.75
.75
.75
.76
.76
30^
ao.7s
16.13
12.32
0.27
6.22
3.22
Diainotor
I True
Tliickiii«R iif metal at the sides -^ Oi<«te«t
TliirknoNN of nietnl at the fuze hole
Uejitli of rcce*8 fur fii/.o
_. , , , u 1 f Kxtorlor
Diameter of fuze-hole. | ,,„^rior
llMtn weight > Itw
The tliicknoss of inctul at the fiicc-hole is »u|(|>ogcd to be mcugurvl in tbo axil of
tlie fuf.c-holc, between the spherical «urf»ee« of the obeli and of the reiiif'ircc.
Sphcricul-ca8c shot of the old pattern miy be used with the Bormunn fuzos.
The fuze-boles of shells and »plicrical-oa»c shot for the fuie-i)lug taper 0.13 Inch
to 1 inch.
Diameter of Gauges for Shot and Shells.
134n.
12-in.
In.
11.90
11. S4
10-in.
Ma.
42
It.
3S
I..
S4
1.,
18
1..
12
1..
9
III
•
4
8
In
1
In.
11! 90
12.K4
12.80
In.
9.90
tf.K4
0.80
f ..
In
'^-"-ir;::::
■-
• The gauges for 8 Inch $olid thf>( are T.85 and 7.80 incIiM re»pectiToly.
For the manner of using ibe^c };auget>, »ee page 33.
Ciise Shot for Rifled Guns.
DIMENSION'S.
4.63-
Dcb.
3-incb.
HEMARU.
Iron.
Copper
Wac.
Iron.
Copper
Diameter in.
Len^h in.
ThickneiiS of metal at sides... in.
'•'•'• bottom. ..in.
*««*«* fose-bolcin.
4.57
10.90
.776
1.
1.6
4i7
.836
7.16
.6
.6
2.95
.63
Leriptl] <.f ;
thirkn.-^ •
dish. >^Mti r
of 4.8 incliee (ji i.
of 2.5 inches.
-
ZJ
.25
rtt-iiua
:r'L
SHOT — LEAD BALLS.
31
Grenades.
Six-pounder spherical-case shot may be used for hand c/i-euades, and shells of
any ciilibrc for rampart grenades.
Grape Shot.
8-in.
In.
3.60
3.54
6.1
42
32
In.
2.90
2.86
3.15
24
18
12
Diameter of large gauge
Diameter of small gauge
Mean weight Ihs.
In.
3.17
3.13
4.2
In.
2.64
2.60
2.4
In.
2.40
2. 36
1.8
In.
2.06
2.02
1.14
Canister Shot.
NATURE OF ORDNANCE.
c
5
c
In.
c
0-
to
c
uco.-t:
1-11
i
c
12-pdr. how-
itzer.
Field.
Moun-
tain.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
niaincter of large giugo
2.26
2.06
1.87
1.70
1.49
1.35
1.17
1.08
.69
Diameter of small gauge
2.22
2.02
1.S4
1.67
1.46
1.32
1.14
1.05
Musket
Mean weight lbs
1.5
1.14
0.86
0.64
0.43
0.32
0.21
0.16
ball.
Lead Balls.
DIAMETERS OF LKAD BALLS FKOM 1 TO 32 TO THE POtTND.
u
s^
u
^^
No. of
3
No. of
No. of
No. of
balls to
B
balls to
balls to
a
ball.'* to
a
1 lb.
lib.
a
1 lb.
OS
1 lb.
cj
ft
P,
/
ft
o
In.
In.
In.
/
In.
1
l.f.70
9
0.803
17
0.650
25
0.571
2
l.;526
10
.775
18
. 638
26
.564
3
1.157
11
.751
19
.626
27
.557
4
l.O.H
12
.730
20
.615
28
.550
5
.977
13
.710
21
.605
29
.544
6
.919
14
.693
22
.596
30
.637
7
.873
15
.670
23
.687
31
.531
8
.835
16
.663
24
.579
32
.626
For the mode of fabrication of lead balls, see Chapter X.
32 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
niAMETRRS OP CA8T-IR0X BALLS FROM i POOWn TO 50 PODNnS WRIGHT.
Weight
Diamoter.
Weight.
Diameter.
1
Weight.
Diameter.
Weight.
Dittinetcr.
LbK.
07,.
In.
Lbs.
1
In.
Lbs.
In.
Lbs.
In.
4
1.231
9
4.065
23
5.531
37
6..M2
6
1.403
10
4.211
24
5.631)
38
6.570
8
1.551
11
4.310
25
5.714
39
6.627
10
1.665
12
4.474
26
5.789
40
«.«84
12
1.701
13
4.595
27
5.862
41
fi.73S
14
1.S65
1 ^*
4.710
28
5.930
42
6.793
1
1.9i4
15
4.819
29
6.004
43
0.S46
2
2.462
16
4.924
30
6.06S
44
6.S9S
3
2.819
17
5.025
31
6.140 1
45
6.951
4
3.104
18
5.121 ,
32
6.205 1
46
7.002
5
3.341
10
5.215 1
33
6.268
47
7.052
0
3.551
! 20
b.ZOi
34
6.330 I
48
7.101
7
3.7.38
21
5.393 1
85
6.393 j
49
7.145
8
S.tfOS
22
6. 476
i
3«
6.442 1
50
7.198
The specific gravity of shot is 7,000 ; sbells, 7.1.
To find the treight iif n cfft-iron tjk«f or ihell :
Multiply tlic cul)0 of the diameter <if the shot in inches by .1326^, and the iliffer
cncc of the cubes of the exterior au>l interior diauictcrs of the 8hcll by O.I.J 158, for
the weight in pound.".
For /«■«</ Ixll; the multiplier is 0.2142, for a density of 11.301.
7*0 fiiiii the dinmi-trr of a rn*t-ir,iu ihni <>/ a yi'tn irtiijhl : »
Divide the weight in pounds by 0.134, and the cube root of the quotient will be
the diameter in inches.
To find the (/Krtwfify tif putrdfi- trkick a ihell trill contnin :
Multiply the cube of the interior diameter of the shell in inches by 0.01741, for
the weight of powder in pounds.
General directions in the fabrication of shot and shells.
All shot and shells, except canifiter shot for mountain howitiers, are made of
cast-iron. It should be gray or mottled iron, of good quality. (PeoChap. XIV.
Catt-iroH.) They must be cast in sand, and not in iron moulds : the shot from the
latter are generally not spherical in form, nor uniform in sue : they are also full of
cavities, and arc cracked by being heated.
Sp)iericnl-cn»e "hot must be made with peculiar care, of the best quality of iron,
in order that they may not be liable U> break in the gun.
Grnpe and eaninier »hui should be made of a soft. ;:ray iron : it ought to be vary
fluid. They are smooth, and polished by rolling in a barrel for that purj.ose.
A sample bar, 1.5 inch square and S inches long, with a head 4 inches long, is
cast, on end, from the same meul th.it sh<a and shells are made of, to be tested as
to its strength and the character of the metal.
i
INSPECTION OF SHOT AND SHELLS. 33
INSPECTION OF SHOT AND SHELLS.
Shot.
Inspecting Instruments. — One large and one small gauge, and one cylinder-
gauge, for each calibre : the cylinder-gauge has the same diameter as the large
gauge ; it is made of cast-iron, and is 5 calibres long. The gauges should be veri-
fied from time to time, and when they have become .008 larger than their true
diameter, they should no longer be used. One Aammer, weighing half a pound, and
having a flat face and a conical point. Steel punches.
One searcher, of steel wire, No. 20, with a handle.
The shot should be inspected before they become rusty ; after being well cleaned,
each shot is placed on a table and examined by the eye to see that its surface is
smooth, that the metal is sound and free from seams, flaws, and blisters. If cavi-
ties or small holes appear on the surface, strike the point of the hammer or punch
into them, and ascertain their depth witli the searcher; if the depth of the cavity
exceed 0.2 inch, the shot is rejected ; and also if it appear that an attempt has been
made to conceal such defects by filling up the holes with nails, cement, etc.
The shot must pass in everj' direction through the large guage, and not at all
through the small one ; the founder should endeavor to bring the shot up as near
as po.ssible to the large gauge or to the true diameter.
After having been thus examined, the shot are passed through the ci/linder-gauge,
which is placed at an inclination of about 2 inches between the two ends, and sup-
ported on blocks of wood in such a manner as to be easily turned, from time to
time, to prevent its being worn in furrows. Shot which slide or stick in the cylin-
der are rejected : the latter must be pushed out from the lower end with a wooden
rammer.
Shi)t are proved by dropping them, from a height of 20 feet, on a block of iron, or
rolling them down an inclined plane of that height, against another shot at the
bottom of the plane.
The average weight of the shot is deduced from that of three parcels of 20 to 50
each, taken indiscriminately from the pile : some of those which appear to be the
smallest should be also weighed, and they are rejected if they fall short of the
weight expressed by their calibre more than one thirty-second part. They almost
invariably exceed that weight.
Grape and Canister Shot.
The dimensions are verified by means of a large and a small gauge attached to
the same handle. The surface of the shot should be smooth, and free from seams.
Shells and Hollow Shot.
Inspecting Instruments. — A large and small gauge for each calibre, and a
cylinder-gauge for shells of 8 inches and under.
Callipers for measuring the thickness of the metal at the sides of the shell.
3
34 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Cnllipern f^ measure the thirUmsH al the '^ ■ 'm of the shell.
• (laiitffii for the diincnsioDc of the fuzc-holc, ;i..'l for the ihickncfs of metal at the
fiir,e-h<ile.
A pair of hand-heUowii ; a wooden plug to 6t the fuze-bolc, aiid bored through to
receive the rauKzlc of the bcUowa.
A hiimiiifr ; a trnrchrr ; a colii-rhiirl ; utrel punrhcu.
The furfHoe of the fhell and it8 exterior dimeii!ioni< are examined as in the case
of f<hot, particuiar attention bein;; ]>uid to tin' hemisphere rippfiiiiie the fuxe-hole.
CavilieH and imjierfeelionei in casting are generally fouml about '.U\° from the top of
the dholl, when in the position in which it waj cast. KhelU lihould l>c rejected for
rough casting, projecting seami!, sand-flaws, a collection of dross, cavities or honey-
combs of more than two-tenths of an inch in depth, whatever their diameter, or a
number of small holes giving the projectile a apongy appearance.
The shell is next struck with the hummer, t4i judge by the hound whether it be
free from cracks; the position and dimensioni of the cars arc verified : the thick-
ness of metal is then measured at several points on the great circle iterpcndicular to
the axis of the fur.e-hole, and at the bottom, and at the fute-hole. The diameter of
the fnnc-holc, which shouUI be accurately reumed. is then verified, and the sound-
ness of the metal about the inside of the hole is ascertained by inserting the
finger.
The shell is iinw ]daced on a trivet, in a tub containing water deep enough to
cover it nearly to the fute-hole: the bellows and plug are inserted into the fucc-hole
and the air forced into the shell ; if there be any holes in the shell, the air will rise
in bubbles through the water. This test also gives another indication of the sound-
ness of the metal, as the parlK containing cavities will dry more slowly thas^fc*
other parts.
The mean weight of shells is ascertained in the same manner as that of sliot.
Shot and shells rejected in the inspection are marked with an X, made with the
cold-chisel : on shut near the gate, and on shells near the futc-hole.
PRESERVATION AND PILING OF BALLS.
Balls should be carefully lackered as soon as possible after th«y ure received.
The ncir 8-iiirA eiilid '■hot are painted red, to distinguish them from the old, which
will not answer for hot-shot firing. All tpkerieal-aitr »hot are also painted red.
Other projectiles arc lackered hl<uk. For the composition of lacker and the manner
of apjilying it^ see Chap. VII.
When it becomes necessary to renew the lacker, the old lacker should be remored
by rolling or scraping the balls, which should never be heated for that purpose.
Balls are piled according to kind and calibre, under cover if practicable, in a
place where there is a free circulation of air. to facilitate which, the pile' should be
made narrow if the locality permits; the width of the bottom tier may be from 12
to 14 balls, according to the calibre.
PTLING OF RALLS. 35
Prepare the grour-l '■ r the base of the pile by raising it above the surrounding
ground so as* to throw oil' the water ; level it, ram it well, and cover it with a layer '
of screened sand. Make the bottom of the pile with a tier of unserviceable balls,
buried about two-thirds of their diameter in the sand; this base may be made per-
manent: clean the base well and form the pile, putting the fuze-holes of shells
downward, in the intervals, and not resting on the shells below. Each pile is
marked with the number of serviceable balls it contains.
The base may be made of bricks, concrete, stone, or with borders and braces of
iron. Good and imperfect b.alls should not be used in the same base : and, to avoid
confusion, the unserviceable should be left unpainted, or painted of a different
color from the serviceable.
Grape and canister shot should be oiled or lackered, put in piles or in strong
boxes, on the ground-floor or in dry cellars, each parcel marked with its kind,
calibre and number.
To find the number of balls in a pile.
Multiply the sum of thv three parallel edges hy one-third of the number of halls in a
triangular face.
In a square pile, one of the parallel edges contains but one ball ; in a triangular
pile, two of the edges have but one ball in each.
The number of balls in a triangular face is ^-~~^; n being the number in the
bottom row.
The sum of the three parallel edges in a triangular pile is n -f-2; in a square
pile, 2 »( -f 1 : in an oblong pile, 3 TV-f 2 n — 2 ; iV being the length of the top row,
and n the width of the bottom tier: or, 3 »i — h + 1 ; m being the length and n the
width of the bottom tier.
If a pile consist of two piles joined at a right angle, calculate the contents of one
as a common oblong pile and of the other as a pile of which the three parallel
edges are equal.
To find the length of a jnle ivhich shall hold a given number of
balls, the width of the base being fixed.
■ A = the number of balls to be piled.
n = the number in the width of the base of the pile.
m = the number of balls in the length of the base of the pile; then
_ 6.1+n(»-f l)(n + l)^
"'"" 3«(n + l)
In the following Table of the number of balls in a pile, the second line shows the
number iu a triangular pile, the base of which is the corresponding number in the
first line.
The other numbers show the contents of square and oblong piles; the length aud
width of the base being in the upper line and in the left-hand column respectively
36
ORDNANCE MANUAL
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PILING OF BALLS.
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38 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
C 11 A 1' T K » Till U It
ARTlLLEin' (A i: HI A(i KS
NOMKNCLATURi:.
The nomcnclnluro nnd the tiiblcs of wcijjhti' aiul (iiintMiHiniiii givin in iliis t'!in|itcr
apply to the latest patterni: a(lo|iti-d.
The parts aro ciiuiiuTiiteil ^'cncrally in Iho order in wiiich thoy iirc put together.
The wheels lire dosignuteil )iy iuinil«w» referring to special description given after
•he carriages.
The nxle-treei!, watshers, linchpinc, navc-hoxes, bolts, nuU, ete., are designated
by letl«re and uunibers which refer to the forms and dimensions luid down in the
tables.
Fiel'l (iun-carruiges. (Plate 2.)
There are fonr gun-carriageii for field service, tIi :
One for the 6-pounder gun and I2-pounder howilter. Jt^
One for the 2-1-pounder howitzer. ^^P
One for the 12-pounder gun, NH]>oleon.
One for the 12-pouuder gun and the 32-poundcr howitzer.
The parts of tbo!>c carriages' nre all similar, differing only in their dimensions.
The parts which are common to all arc marked with an asteri'k (•).
The carriages for the 24-pounder howitzer ami 12-poundcr Napoleon gun, differ
chiefly in the length of the eheeks and the position of the elerating-scrcw.
Wood. — 1 itock in two pieces, assembled with 2 dotceU ; 2 ehrt-kt ; 1 <iJ-lf-bo<iif.
Iron.—* 2 trail-handles, fastened by 2 hnlu No. .1 A, and 2 uuii.
1 lock-rhain (page 62); 1 lork-chain boll A ; 1 irniher ; I ntil.
1 liitieitt for the trail: the under side of the front part of the circumference ia
plated with steel.
1 Irail-plotf, plate-iron No. 6. fixed to the lunette by 2 rireu No. 3 B. The lunette
is fastened to the stock by 6 nniU No. 2 C, and the trail-plate by (5 natU No. 2 C. and'
both by the pointing-ring bolt«.
1 laty pointitiff-riny and plat r : the plate is fastened to the trail by 2 Imltt No. 3
H, and 2 nnti, octagonal.
1 tmall pointing-rittg ; 2 bolt* No. 3 H, and 2 nnU, octagonal.
LIMBER. 39
* 2 wheel-ffunrd p/atrs, fastened to the sides of the stock by 10 nails No. 2 C.
* 2 proloii(/c-lioo/,-s, fastened on the top of the stock by 8 nails No. 2 C.
1 sto]) for rammer head, fastened to the under side of the stock by 4 iiailn
No. 1 C.
*1 ear-plate for worm, fastened to the under side of stock by 2 naih No. 2 C.
*1 ear-plate key and chain of 6 links No. 1, and 2 rintjs No. 1 B, attached to the
stock by 1 eye-pin No. 1.
2 chains and hasps for sponges and rammers, united to 1 eye-plate, which is fast-
ened to the under side of stock by 2 screws No. 20, 3-in.
*2 turubnc/clcs (brass), riveted on the studs of 2 stud-plates, which are fastened
to the sides of the stock by 4 nails No. 2 C.
2 trunnion-jtlates, fastened to the cheeks by 6 cheek-holts A, 4 washers, 6 nuts ; by
2 chin-bolts, 2 hevel-irashers, 2 nuts ; by 2 key-holts, 2 nuts, and by 28 nnils (16 No. 2
D and 12 No. 2 C) for the 12-poundcr carriage, and by 20 nails (12 No. 2 D and 8
No. 2 C) for the others.
2 cap-squares; 2 eye-pins No. 1, riveted into the cap-squares ; 2 cap-square chains,
each consisting of 5 links No. 2 and 2 rings No. 2 B.
2 eye-pins No. 2, screwed into the outside of the cheeks; 2 cap-square keys; 2
key-chains, each 5 ^ihA-» No. 1 and 2 r/ni/* No. 1 B; 2 eye-pins No. 1 for key-chains,
screwed into the outside of the cheeks.
*2 D-rtmjs for handspikes, fastened near the head of the cheeks by 4 staples.
6 rondellen (east-iron), placed between the cheeks and stock.
3 assewblinij-holts, for the cheeks and stock; 3 washers; 3 nuts, 1 of them
octagonal.
*l washer-hook for lock-chain, under the head of middle assembling-bolt on the
right cheek.
2 washer-hooks for handspikes, held by the rear assembling-bolt.
1 axle-tree No. 1. (See page 61.)
2 understraps : the front ends hold the implement-hooks.
1 axle-strap has an eye for the sponge-bucket, 3 bolts No. 4 B, 3 nuts; 1 bevel-
washer for the 6-pounder.
2 axle-bands on the end of the axle-body, fastened by 6 nails No. 1 C.
*1 box for eleratinff-screw (brass): 2 bolts No. 3 C; 2 washers; 2 nuts.
* 1 elevating-screio.
*2 shoulder-washers No. 1, shrunk on the axle-tree; *2 linch-washers No. 1; *2
linchpins No. 1.
2 wheels: No. 1 for the 6-pounder; No. 2 for the other carriages. (See page 60.)
Limber.
The same limber is used for all the tield carriages, including caisson, forge and
battery-wagon.
Wood. — \ axle-body ; 2 hounds ; \ fork ; 1 splinter-bar; A foot-boo rd brackets;
2 foot-boards ; 1 pole; \ p<>le-proj>.
40 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Iron. — 8 trrewK for foot-buard brackets No. 16; 20 nnlh for foot-boardn No. 1 C.
4 ricetK No. 2 B, 4 burrt, one at each end of the hound.
4 tpa»hfr-plnlet for stay-pinfi. let in and fastened on upper and under side of
boundi< by 8 iiaiV* No. 1 C.
1 tij-l'-trre No. 1 (see page CI): 2 nhoulder-waiiherit No 1 ; 2 linrh-imiiheni No. 1 ;
2 h'lirhping No. 1.
I pinlli-hook : the inside of the cylindrical part is plated with steel ; 3 Ixdtn No. 4
C ; 2 trathrri; 3 nuts No. 4.
1 Htny. plait for ammiiuition-cbcst, fastened on the under Fide of the fork with 2
naiU No. 2 C. and held by the pintle-hook bolt.
1 pinth-l-py, attached to the rear of the axle-body by 1 kcy-chfiiu of 8 link* No. 3,
and 2 rings No. 2 A, and 1 eye-pin No. 3.
1 tar-liiiekft hook, fastened to the front of the axle-body by 2 iiaiV* No. 1 C.
2 liollH No. 3 E ; 2 wanhrm ; 2 tiuff No. 3, to connect the axle-body and hounds.
2 undiiKlropg ; A holln No. W U ; 4 nult.
2 arle-brtndg, shrunk on the ends of the axle-body, and fa.''tcnc<l by 0 uaiU
No. 1 C.
2 end bands for splinter-bar, having 2 trace-hooks, fastened by 4 ricels No. 2
(wire) ; 2 bolts No. 3 D for bounds and cplinter-bar ; 4 icnthers ; 2 nuti.
1 eyc-pliitc for pole-prop socket, let in the under side of cplinter-bar.
2 middle bands for splinter-bar, baring 2 trace-hook*.
1 fork-Mfrap.
2 bolts No. 3 D for dpiintor-bar and fork ; 2 nuts Now 3.
I pole-prop socket, hooked in the eye-plate; 1 rivet No. 2.
1 pole-prop ferrnle ; 1 riret No. 2.
2 stay-pins for ammunition-chest ; 2 Avy*; 2 key-chains, 5 /i;iA:« No. 1 and 2 riWt
No. 1 B; 2 eye-pins No. 1.
1 mW No. 3 B and 1 burr, for largo end of the pole; 1 poU-bolt No. 3 D; 2
Hfoshers ; 1 nut.
1 pole-pad bolt.
1 pole-yoke, composed of 1 tniiff; 1 co//ar, in 2 parts : 2 branches; 2 slidinj-rings ;
2 6o/f« No. 3 for collar ; 1 crasher for muff; 1 A-«y.
2 .rAfc^ No. 1.
Leatber. — 1 pole-prop strap, with 1 buckle No. 10, held by 3 serctri 1-inch,
No. 12.
1 Ammukition-chest.
Caisson. (Plate 3.)
Wood.— 1 middle rail ; 2 side rails; 1 cross-bar, framed into the rails ; 1 boUttr
for front foot-board; \ front foot -board ; 1 rear foot -board ; \ ajcle-body ; \ stock.
Ibon. — 1 middle assembling -bar, fa«t«ned to the rails by 2 bolts No. 3 A; 2
feathers; 2 nuts.
1 carriage-hook, let in on the under side of the middle rail.
CAISSON. 41
1 renv aHsemhling-hnr, fastened to the side rails by 2 hoJu No. 3 D; 2 washers;
2 nntH.
1 bridle for rear of middle rail, fastened to .sides by 4 i}aih No. 1 C.
1 «2>arr.-ir>heel axle, consists of 1 hody ; 1 washer ; 2 ribs, fastened to the body by 3
rieets ; 1 chain and toggle ; 2 stays ; 2 nuts.
1 stay-bolt No. 3 D : \ foot-bolt No. 3 D ; 1 niit.
i foot-board bolts No. 3 D; 2 washers ; 4 nuts ; 2 nails No. 1 C, fastening the front
foot-board to the side rails ; 6 nails No. 1 C for the rear foot-board.
2 loih-rhain bridles, fastened under the front end of the side rails by the four
foot-board bolts.
2 lock-chains (sec page 62).
2 lock-chain hooks, fastened to the outside of the side rails by 4 nails No. 1 C.
1 a.rlc-trce No. 1 ; 2 shoulder-icanhcrs No. 1 ; 2 linch-washcrs No. 1 ; 2 linchpins
No. 1.
2 understraps ; 4 bolts No. 3 B ; 4 nuts.
2 axle-bands, fastened on the ends of the axle-body by 6 nails No. 1 C.
2 rivets and 2 burrs No. 3 B for the stock.
1 lunette: the lower side of the ej'e is plated with steel. The plates are fastened
to the stock by 2 bolts No. 3 D ; 2 nuts; 12 naj7» No. 2 C.
1 key-plate for spare pole, fastened to the under side of the lunette by the front
lunette-bolt ; 1 key for the same, attached to the left side of the stock by 1 key-chain
of 11 links No. 1 and 2 rings No. 1 A, and 1 eye-pin No. 1.
2 tnheel-guard plates, fastened to the stock by 10 nails No. 2 C.
1 stock-stirrup, held by 2 bolts No. 3 I), which pass through the front foot-board ;
2 washers ; 2 nuts.
1 axle-strap, fastened to the middle rail by 3 bolls — one, No. 3 D, and two, No. 3
B ; 3 nuts.
1 spare-pole ring, held by the axle-strap, in rear of the axle-tree.
4 stay-pins, like those for the limber, except in length ; 8 washer-p)lates for same,
let in the top and bottom of side rails, and fastened by 16 nails No. 1 C j 4 keys for
stay-pins ; 4 chains ; 4 eye-pins, the same as for the limber.
1 ring-bolt for spare handspike, on the right side of the middle rail ; 2 washers;
1 JIM*.
1 key-plate for spare handspike, fastened on the right side of the middle rail by 2
nails No. 1 C : 1 key ; 1 key-chain ; 1 eye-pin, same as those for ammuuition-chest
stay-pins.
1 key-plate for the shovel handle, fastened on the inside of the right side rails by
2 nails 'No. 1 C: 1 key ; 1 key-chain; 1 eye-pin, the same as for spare handspike.
2 staples for tool handles, driven into the top of the axle-body.
2 wheels No. 1.
Leathf.r. — 1 pole-prop strap, with one buckle No. 10, held by 3 screws, 1-inch
No. 12.
2 ammunition-chests, like the one on the limber. (See page 46.)
42 ORHNANCK MANIAL.
TrnveUing Forge. (Plate 4.)
DUDY Alin BKM.0W8 H0I'8K.
Woot). — 2 KiVr milt; 1 front rront-biir, fuftfiicd t<i the jiclc rail* by 2 irnodtn
pin» ; 2 uiiddlf crimt-hnri, faxtcncd to llic Hide fuils by 6 irondrn pint ; 1 rrnr rroti-
hnr, riif<tco(<l li> the oifle rail* ]>y 2 imutim pint ; 1 middh mil, the euJn rutcncd to
the middle rr'iKg-lmr by 4 trmm No. 14 ; 1 nj-lt-hndy ; 1 »u,rh.
4 fliiur-hiiitrdii. Tautened Ifl Ibo middle cronH-barc by Ifi irmct N<j. 14.
4 corner ttudt, joined hy Icnono to the iiiile raiU, anil Tautened by 8 piHM.
1 front rnd board, morlivcd into front Htuds, and fa«t4.-ned by 'J pin:
2 tide ttiidt, fuslcned to side rail* and platv* with tenons and 4 pint.
2 plnlet, framed on the upper coda of the atudi.
\ front end »tud, mortii<ed into the front end buarda.
2 rnd bonrdm for roof, fai«tcned to the pliitt-n and corni-r -tii i- n_v i. .. r. u- .\o. 12
and 4 temn No. 14.
2 roof-linirt, fattened to the platei by 4 trreirt No. 14.
2 tide /ininijt for iron room, fastt-ned to the (tud« by 12 nniU, 8-peuny.
1 rear end for iron room, dorelailed into the aide liningg.
2 groor«-rhiiit for cover of iron room, fa^t^ned to the stud* by 6 trmrt No, 14.
1 tlidinij rorrr for iron room, ronaiala of 6 boardt, faatened to 2 huticnt by 36 uaiU
wrought).
2 braret for the bidlowa-arma, framed into, and faatened Xa>, the corner aide ituda
by 6 tcreVt No. 14.
1 enp for coal-bojr, let in and faatcned to the rear end board of roof by b tertwt
No. 14.
10 boardt for hidea of bellowa-houae, lit into rabbetn in the corner ttuda, ride raila
and platen, to which they arc fa^tcDcd by 4-peDny nailg.
7 bonrdt for tke roof, faatoDed t«i the rouf-bowi and eud board by 4 -penny
cut-naila.
I prop for the ctoelc. lilce the pole-prop for the limber.
1 bellotrt-polr (hicl(ory, oali, or a»h).
Ibon. — I axle-tret, the aame mt for the ((-pounder gun-carriage.
5 ojcle-bandt. fastened oD the cndi> of the axle-body by 6 nailt No. 1 C.
2 underttritpt, fastened to the »ido raila by 4 holu No. 3 D, 4 icatkert, and 4 Hula.
2 rireti. 2 bnrrt for the front end of Ituelc.
1 Inmettr, like that for the caiaaon, except the aite of the rear bole, and 1 addi-
tional b«ilt-hole: 1 middle bolt No. 3 D; 1 prup-boli No. 3: 1 viie-boU No. 3; 3
n\it* ; 12 nailt No. 2 C.
1 pole-prop tocLrt ; 1 ferrule.
1 ttock-itirrup, fastened to the front croaa-bar by 2 boltt No. 3 B ; 2 nutt.
1 boll No. 3 B for the middle cri'-'i^-bar aod atock ; 1 tratker ; 1 nut.
1 axle-ttrap, fa«t«ued to the mi<ldk- rail by 2 buUt No. 3 B ; 2 nuft.
2 Kkeel-yuard plalet, like those for the caiaaon, faateoed by 10 nai7« No. 2 C.
TRAVELLING FOIKJK. 43
2 atiid-pldtcs for coal-box. let in the rear corner studs, and fastened by 2 screen
No. 16 and 2 n'refi No. 2 I?.
2 kei/s ; 2 key-chnim ; 4 ^nii;* No. 1 and 2 /■iH^<t No. 1 B: 2 cy>:-pins No. 1,
screwed into the two rear corner studs.
2 lock-cliniii h«nJ:8, fastened to the side rails by 4 iiaiVo No. 1 C.
1 bellowg-pole hook, like the lock-chain book, fastened on the right of the front
corner stud by 2 nails No. 1 C.
1 alaple for bellows-pole, driven into the rear corner stud, to carry the bellows-
pole when travelling.
2 front Htny-platcH for bcllnws-arms, fastened to the braces by 6 xcrorx No. 14.
2 rear stay-p/atpn for bellows-arms, fastened to the braces by 4 bults No. 1 D ; 4
thumh-niitK.
I front for bellows-house (sheet-iron No. 24), fastened to the front studs and roof-
boards with 12-('2. larks (iron).
1 sheet-iron cover for cross-bar (sheet-iron No. 24), fastened to the cross-bar with
\2-oz. iron turks.
1 (jnard for stock (sheet-iron No. 24), bent over the top, and fastened on the sides
of the stock by 18 iron tackn (12-oz).
1 stay and stud for bellows-pole, fastened to the front roof-board and to the front
middle cross-bar by 4 screira No. 14.
1 cover for roof (sheet-copper No. 24), fastened to the edge of the roof-boards by
315 copper taeks (12-oz). *
1 fireplace : consists of 1 back plate, made of 2 pieces ; 2 side plates; 1 front plate,
placed parallel to the back plate ; I bottom plate, resting on flanges formed by the
2 side plates and the back and front plates. The upper back plate is No. 11, the
others No. 8. The plates are riveted together where they lap by 59 rirets (0..3 inch),
1 air-back (east-iron) : consists of 1 box and back plate, ]om&^ air-tight by 4 bolts
No. 2 E : the air-back is fastened to the back plate of the fireplace by 5 holts No. 2
E ; 5 nuts, octagonal.
1 hook for forge-bucket, like the lock-chain hook, riveted to the back of the fire-
place by 2 rivets No. 2.
3 plates for side rails and cross-bar, bent down on the inside of the rails and
cross-bar, and riveted to the sides and front of the fireplace; the plates arc fastened
to the side rails and cross-bar by 10 bolts No. 2 D : 8 uashers and 10 nuts.
2 lock-chain bridles, like that for the caisson, except size of the holes, fastened by
the 4 front bolts in the side rails.
2 lock-chains. (Sec page 62.)
1 brace for fireplace, fastened to the back of the fireplace and the front end board
of roof by 2 rivets No. 2 ; 2 rivets No. 2 B.
1 bellows-jwle strap, fastened to the pole by 2 i-irets No. 2 and 3 screws No. 14.
1 bellows-jjole chain : 2 links, one of which is fastened in the hook.
2 wheels No. 1.
44 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bellows.
Wood. — 3 lf!!iiir»-p1nnk», each miulc of 2 picocs joined by a tongue of huril wood.
2 rro*»-hrtidii, fastened to the middle plank by 12 tcreim Xo. 20.
2 riht: each consigtR of 2 auleji, 1 emi, 1 i-ro»»-h»r, glued and fa9t<!ned by 16 cloiit-
uiiils.
2 ralre* ; 2 ballrtm, fastened by 10 tiiiiU.
4 rifiil* for the bellowe-arms. fastened to the middle plunk by 16 »i-rric» No. 14.
Ikon. — 0 bun-hingm ( wrought-iron), let into the upper and lower bcllowa-pluiki
and croes-hcads, and fastened by .'iO trmrt No. 14.
2 armt, fuBtc-nod to the middle plank by 4 riVrf* No. 2 B and 8 gcreirt No. 1-i.
1 hook, fastened to the lower |)lank by .'{ rirrtt No. 2 B and 4 mrnrt No. 14.
1 teintlpijir : conBiHts of I tlhuir (bra(ii<) screwed into the wind-hole of the bel-
lows; 1 collar (hrass) screwed to the elbow; I joini-pipt (hrAea); 1 It nt pipe ((beat-
copper No. IS), riveted and soldered to ibc joint-pipe.
Leatukk. — 4 hingri for the ribs.
2 hingci for the valves (bag-leather or deer-skin with the hair on).
2 valrr-itrapn.
392 copptr i»cl» for hinges.
1 hrltoic»-hiitli<r for the sides, fastened to the adgw of the planks with bellow*'
tinilt and to the ribs with cl.>ut-naiU.
617 brIlotrt-tiaiU : tii/e* U> go under the heads of the nails.
To put ihe bfllijiri in ill pliirt ; Remove the ooal-box from the back of the bel-
lowii-huuse ; take out the two stay-plates at the lower ends of the rabbets in tho
braces : put the projecting ends of the upper bellows-arm in the rabbets, and slide
them up until the ends of the lower arm come into their places; put on the tUkj-
platcs, and fasten them down with the thumb-nut4. Screw tho brass elbow-pip«
into its place, through the hole iu the sheet-iron front of the bellows-house; put io
the copper pipe, and si-rcw up the collar which connects it wilb the elbow-pipe.
C(Mil-l/ojc.
Wood. — 2 i!dc», 2 tnJ», and 1 bottom, rabbeted t<'^ciher and fastened with fjO cul-
fiaiU (6-penny).
1 top piece, fastened by 7 tcretr* No. 14.
I lid ; 2 clampn, framed on eat'h end.
Iron. — 4 comer platt$ (sheet-iron No. 13), fastened by 60 »ereirt No. 12.
1 end ttrapi. fastened to the ends of the box by 2 riret* and 4 terete*.
2 kandlen, fastened inside of the box by 2 tcfuhert and 2 nut*.
1 itvd-plnte for turnbuckle, fa«teued to the front of the box ; 2 rirtU No. 2 B.
1 tHmbuckle (brassl. riveted on the stud.
1 hn*p and itrap, fastened on the inside of the lid by 1 riret No. 2 B and 3 icreict
No. 14.
BATTERY-WAGON. 46
1 cover (sheet-copper No. 24) in 2 piece?, fastened on the top of the box and lid
by 185 copper tacks (12-07,j.
2 hinges, fastened on the outside of the copper covering by 4 rivets No. 2 B and 16
screws No. 14.
Battery-ivagon. (Plate 5.)
The battery-wagon carries tools, spare parts of carriages, spare harness, and
other stores required for the service of the battery in the field and for repairs.
WAGON-BODV.
Y^'ooD. 2 lower side rails; 5 cross-bars, fastened to the side rails with tenons and
10 wooden pins; 3 floor-hoards, fastened to the cross-bars by 36 nails No. 1 C; 1
axlc-hurhj ; 2 ujiper side rails ; 2 sides ; 2 ends ; 1 stoekti 2 cleats, 1 bottom, and 1
side for till ; the cleats are fastened to the ends of the body by 6 screws No. 14 ; the
side is fastened to the edge of the bottom by 11 cut-nails (8-penny) ; I foraije-rack,
composed of 2 «i'rfe« and 3 bars, fast«ncd to the sides by 6 u-ooden pins.
Iron.— 2 rivets No. 3 B ; 2 burrs, through the rear end of the lower rails.
8 side studs, fastened to the sides by 14 rivets No. 3 D.
2 chains, for the forage-rack, each consisting of 1 rintj, 32 links, and 1 lioidc welded
in an eye in the rear studs.
1 spare stock-hook, fastened to the roar stud, on the right side, by the assembling-
bolt and groove-bolt.
1 button for spare stock, fastened by the middle groove-bolt.
1 spare stock-stirrup, fastened to the front stud by the two lower groove-bolts.
4 grooves for wagon-ends (sheet-iron No. 7), fastened to the sides by 12 bolts No. 1
C ; 12 nuts.
2 assembling-holts for lower side rails, pass through the end cross-bars : 2 nuts.
3 bolts for middle side studs ; 3 washers; 3 )ii(««.
1 turnbuckle-bolt ; 1 turnbuckle (brass), riveted on the head of the bolt; 1 imsher ;
1 nut.
1 hook for cover-prop ; 1 burr : passes through top of forward middle stud.
1 eye-pin for cover-hasp ; 1 burr : passes through the top of the rear middle stuil.
2 stays for the upper rails, fastened by 4 screu-s No. 14.
2 end studs, fastened to the ends of the body by 6 rivets; 1 bolt No. 3 B ; 1 nut
for the front stud, and 1 nut and 1 washer for the rear stud.
1 mortise-plate, fastened to the front of axle-body by 8 screws No. 14.
1 axle-tree like that for 6-pounder carriage; 2 shoulder-washers ; 2 linch-u^ashcrs ;
2 linchpins.
2 understraps ; 4 bolts No. 4 B ; 4 nuts.
1 holt for front end of right side rail; 2 washers ; 1 nut.
2 lock-chain bridles, like those of the caisson, at the front end of the side rails;
2 bolts No. 3 D and No. 3 B ; 1 washer; 2 nuts; 2 lock-chains. (See page 62.)
2 lock-chain hooks, fastened to the side rails by 4 nails No. 1 C.
40 o[n)NANCK MANUAL.
2 rirrtt No. 3 B ; 2 hurr' for front end of Ft^ick.
1 lunette, like that for caiHiion : 2 hoU» No. .3 1> : 2 nuti ; \2 nnil* No. 2 C.
2 icheel-tfuard platen, like tbo^o of the caision, fastened by 10 nniU No. 2 C.
1 itorle-»tirniji ; 2 fc»i/M No.*4 B: 2 nr/f*.
2 hoUn No. 1 B for dock and erocis-bar ; 2 uut» ; 2 iranhm.
2 tratfier-jihitri for side rail*, fastened by 4 irrrtr* No. 14.
2 foragr-rnck hiindt, faFtcned to the raek by 2 rtrr»» No. 2 and 22 tcrrtrt No. 14.
4 trnnher-phitr* for fornjte-rark, sideji fai>len<-d by 4 riret* No. 2 I).
2/'>rn;frrark holf No. 4 ; 2 irn»Arr» ; 2 iiiif*.
2 irhctln No. 1.
WAOOX-COVKR.
Wood. — 2 «iVr rnt7« .■ 2 r>ii/ rnih, dovclailcd into the lide rails : 2 rM</ *tu<i; fast-
ened to the end rails by i tr<,n<lrn pin$, and t4i Ihc end boards l)y 4 r!rtit.
2 enii huoriiii, fastened to the side and end rails by 8 icmr* No. 12, and to the and
."tuil by 6 «crr»r«r No. 12 : 1 riilyr-pule ; 0 corer-bonrd; fastened to the end boardf by
'.',(\ iiin'lt (i-\Hsan\), and (o the end bow* by 3A rirrf* No. 1 II, and to the middle
bows by .36 teretci No. 12.
luos. — I cortirr »^ti<i;r«, fastened on the inside of the frame by Ifl trmrt No. 14.
2 end Itiiirt.
4 joiiit-liitlti for eorer-frami-. pa-^s through the rails and end bowe : -i nut* No. 1.
2 middit hoirt. fast4.'ned in mortiset in the rails by 4 rirrU No. 3 B.
2 pI'itrK niid finpirt for covi-r-|ir<p|i and hasp, fattened to the left eover-rail bjr 3
lirrtu No. 3 B and 2 rcmet No. 12; 1 curer-prop, fastened in the front itaple; 1 Aa4tp,
faslened in the rear staple.
^ hinijm, fastened to the rail by 0 rirrtt No. 3 B, and to the body-rail by 6 6oto
No. 1 B ; 6 II Mf*.
The roof is covered with xiron;; linen oaorasa, which is fastened by 264 copp«r
nnilt (I2-or..). with ^trips of U,ahtr under tb«ir heada.
Am m unition-rhest.
The same ammunition-chest is adapted to the limbers of the different field gan-
cnrria;;es and to their eaii^fons. The interior diricions rary with the different kindt
of ammunition. (Sec Chap. XI.;
Wood. — 2 mdt, 2 tidet, dovetailed and fastened by 16 evt-maiU (S. penny);
1 principal ftartitiuH ; 1 bottom, fastened by If* eul-naili ((*-penny) and 4 icrew0
No. 16.
1 cor«r, consisting of 1 /ram* of 4 pieces, 1 panel, and 1 lininy fastened by 60
copper taeki.
Iron. — t romcr plntet for ends and sides — 2 corner plate* for ends and bot-
toms— 1 corner plat r for side and bottom — sheet-iron No. 13, faateoed by V6 sereiM
No. IS.
I tuiemhling-hoU No. 2 ; 1 turnhmclcle (brass), attached to the aesembling-bolt.
1 Kotker-plate for assembling-bolt, fastened by 2 tcreir* No. 12.
PRAIRIE CARRIAGE. 47
1 bacJc-stni/, fastened to the hack and bottom by 6 "crews No. 14.
2 /ronf-8t(ii/s, fastened to the front and bottom by 4 n'refg No. 2 B and 8 scrcw.t
No. 14.
2 hinges, 4 rivets No. 2 B, 20 screws No. 14; 2 hiiige-plafcs, fastened on the back
edge of the cover by 4 screirs No. 14.
1 hasp, fastened to the cover by 1 rivet No. 2 B and 5 screws No. 14:1 hasp-plate :
2 screws No. 14.
2 hmidUs; 8 »v"rei!8 No. 3 B.
14 coj>2)cr washers (sheet-copper No. 24), to cover heads of rivets: 56 copper
tacks.
1 eot-cr (sheet-copper No. 24). fastened to the edges of the wooden cover by 216
copper tacl-s.
2 leather straps for the tarpaulin, 5 inches long, with 2 buckles No. 6, fastened to
the edges of the cover of the limber-chest by 4 screws No. 14.
2 leather straps for the tarpaulin, 29 ftichee long, fastened to the hasp side of the
cover of the limber-chest by 4 screws No. 14 ; 4 copper washers.
Limber-chest for the Travelling Forge and Battery-wagon.
This chest differs from the ammunition-chest in the following points, viz :
It has no principal partition; and, instead of the assembling-bolt, with the
washer-plate and turnbucklc, it has a hasp-staple and plate, fastened by 2 rivets.
The backstay is fastened by 1 rivet and 6 screws. The heads of the rivets are not
covered with copper washers.
For the interior arrangement of the chest, see Chapter XI.
Prairie Carriage for the Vl-ponnder Mountain Howitzer and Moun-
tain Rifle.
Woon. — 1 stoci- in 2 pieces, put together with 2 doivels. The stock is hollowed
out on top at the head, leaving the sides to project and form the cheeks. 1
axle-body.
Iron. — 2 usscmhUng-bvlt'i No. 4 D ; 2 washers ; 2 washer-hooks for the front bolt;
2 nuts.
2 trail-handles ; 2 bolts No. 2 A ; 2 nnfs.
1 lunette: the under part of the ring is plated with steel; 1 trail-plate (plate-iron
No. 8) is riveted to the lunette by 2 rivets No. 2 B. The lunette is fastened to the
stock by 6 nails No. 2 C, and the trail-plate by 6 nails No. 1 C, and both by the
pointing-ring holts.
1 large pointing-ring and plate ; the plate is fastened to the stock by 2 holts No. 2
H ; 2 nuts, octagonal.
1 small pointing-ring ; 2 bolts No. 2 H; 2 nuts, octagonal.
48 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
2 prolongr-honk; fast'.'ned over the middle line of the Btock hy 8 m<ii7« No. 1 C.
1 keji for bmndvpike; 1 rhain ; 1 rge-pin.
2 trherl-ijiinrJ )>lt$lr; fit!<tcni'd to the Ctock l).V 10 iiniV* No. 1 C.
2 trunnum-filaUi, fiulcDed to the utock hy 2 chin-bolu and 2 kry-hulli No.>4 A, 2
Iriinnion-pliitr hullt No. 4 D: A nut* ; G uaiU No. 2 C.
2 cnp'tifuarrt ; 2 tyt-ptH*, rivetpd to the cap-»quarct : 2 ekain», 5 link* No. 1.
2 rj/r.fiint, iiervwed into the fiilo* of the nlork: 2 rap-tquart tey» ; 2 chain*, .T
liiiki Nu. 1 ; 2 rge-pitu, ncrcwcd into the tidcp of the ttook.
2 impUmrnt'kuok; »crcwe<l into the top i(f the axlo-hody.
2 impUmenl-ka»k», rucrewed into the *idei of the rturk near the trail.
1 oj-lr-lrcf No. .'J; 2 tktiuliirr-fifkm; 2 liitck-tnitkrr* ; 2 tinrhpin*.
2 uudcr*lrap», faatcnod by the rhin and kry bull*.
1 ipongc-bucket hool ; paaaea lbruui;b the axlv-body from the front ; 1 wifkrr^
1 nor.
2 axU-ban<it, put on (h« axle-body kui, aad fa«ten*d by 8 »niU No. I C.
I hiix ftir tUviiiing'tcrtw (ca«t-bra««) ; 2 ln'li* No. 2 C; S ttamkert ; 2 mml*.
1 rlrrutimf-trrrtr,
Limbrr.
Wood. — 1 ajrlt-body : 2 knumdt : \ fork ; I 0plimt*r-hitr ; i /oot-bonrd hrnrktU ; 2
/<n>l-b<Mtrdt ; I pulr ; 1 polr-prop.
Irom. — I *frett0 No. Ifl; 4 trrrtrt No. 14 for bracket*; JO naiU for foot-board ; 4
f 1 1<«/« No. 2 B : 4 hurrt for end* of hoand*.
I nxir-trre No. .t : 2 »hi>utder-trnahtr» ; } limek'tt^ttkrn ; S limrkpim*.
1 pintli-kuok : 3 6'</r« No. 3 C; 3 traikm ; i ■•>« ; 1 pimtU-kry ; I rAai'n, 9 fial-*
No. 2 and 2 riny* No. 1 A : I rye-pio No. I, fa«trned to the roar of tlie azl«.--)M<dy.
1 lar-burkri ko»k, fajilened )>y 3 nm/* Nu. I C.
2 frofff No. 2 E to ouonect the axie-bwdv bu.I houu.lk : 'J K.i'At-/-* ,■ 2 nut.
3 nndrritrapt ; 4 (*off« No. 2 B: 4 •■■/•
2 ajtU-bands ; 6 Nai7« No. I C.
2 end hatidt for »pliul«r-bar ; 3 tract-kook* ; 4 rw*ta No. 3 vir«.
2 middlt band* for vplintcrbar; 3 /ra<«-&ooA« ; 9 ^oUa No. 3 D; 3 ■»(*.
1 /ork-tirap : guppurtf the tonjnte. and U bald kj tha bolt* of the middle baada.
2 bolt* No. 2 D for fplinter-bari and hoaad*: 4 »m»ktr» ; 2 ■■/«.
I poU-prop tockti ; I ftrmU ; I poU-prvp ttmd driraa into the •pliutcr-bar.
1 eyf-pin, riveted; 1 burr,
4 utttjf'pin* : 4 it<it7« No. 1 C : 4 k*y ; 4 <-i««a« of & /»a^ No. 1 and 2 rtnyi No. 1 A,
earh.
4 eyf-pins Np. 1 ; 1 »tny-ptnlr ; 4 r^rrrrr.
1 ri'rrl in large end of |>ole : 1 y ? D ; 3 iraxftrrt ,- I an/.
\/trru1t ; 1 hnrklt, fastened uu ; .d of the pole by I rtrel.
1 fn'U-yi'ke, composed of 1 M«y. 1 cuUar in two parta, 2 krauckf, 2 »Udimfr4m§H
3 ^o<r« for collar ; 1 «<««A«r for mulT : 1 kry.
GUN-CARRIAGE FOR MOUNTAIN HOWITZER. 49
1 pole-prop strap (leather), fastened to the splinter-bar by 3 scretoa No. 12; 1 buckle
No. 10.
2 ammunition-chcslg ; 2 wheels No. 3.
Amviunition-chests.
Wood. — 2 fnth ; 2 sides, dovetailed and glued to the ends.
1 bottom, rabbeted into the sides and ends, and fastened with 30 cut-nails
(C-penny).
1 cover, made of I panel and 2 end clamps, mortised, glued, and fastened with 4
pins.
4 bolsters ; 8 cleats, fastened — the first to the bottom, the second to the sides on
the inside — by 48 copper nails (4-penny).
Iron. — 1 brace, fastened on the inside to the back by 1 screw, and to the front by
the stud-plate rivet.
1 turnbuckle (brass) ; 1 stud ; 1 stud-plate, fastened to the front by 1 rivet No. 2 B
and 1 screw No. 9.
4 corner plates (sheet iron No. 17): 40 screws No. 9.
1 back stay ; \ front stay ; 6 scretos No. 9; 3 rivets No. 2 B.
2 hinges, fastened to the under side of the cover by 8 screws No. 12, and to the
back and bottom by 9 screws No. 12 and 2 rivets No. 2 B.
2 handler, fastened to the bottom and end by 1 rivet and 4 screws No. 12.
1 hasp: the strap let into the under side of the cover, and fastened with 5 screwt
No. 12 and 1 rivet No. 2 B.
1 canvass cover, secured to the edges of wooden cover by 12 copper tacks.
1 tarpaulin to cover the carriage.
Pra irie Am mv n if ion -en ri.
This is a two-whccled cart, with shafts, carrying four ammunition-chests and on«
implement-chest like those used for the mountain howitzer ammunition.
The chests are held in place by stays and a bar fastened with a spring catch
behind, so that they may be easily detached.
The wheels are like those of the gun-carriage, and have the same track.
The shafts have hooks at their front ends for the purpose of attaching another
horse if necessary, though one horse is sufficient for the ordinary draught.
Gun-carriage for the Mountain Howitzer and Mountain Rifle.
(Plate 6.)
The gun-carriage is adapted to transportation on a pack-mule; but for occasional
draught, when the roads permit, it is furnished with a thill, which is used with the
same saddle that carries the pack.
4
50 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Wood. — 1 0tork in 2 pieces, put together with 2 doireh. The stock is hollowed
oat on top, forming the check from the sides of the stock.
1 nrle-trrr, in 2 pieces bolted and riveted topetlier with an iron skcnn Itetwoon.
Irox. — 3 ntfemhling-hnltn No. 4 D for the stork : 2 trnnher-hookn for the front bolt;
4 wniiherii ; 3 nutt.
2 trunn\on-plate» ; 2 chin-holt» No. 4 : 2 key-holln No. 4; 2 tninuion-plntr holtn No.
4 D: 6 natV* No. 1 C.
2 eap-»quare» ; 2 eye-pinn, riveted to the cap'-'juareR ; 2 ehnino, 5 ^'mJI-it No. 1 and
2 r»n«7« No. 1 B, each; 2 i'^-y* .• 2 kry-rhuiim, .3 /i"nA-» No. 1, 2 riiig», Nu. 1 B ; 4 rye-
/>»n« No. 1, screwed into the sides of the stock.
2 hnndxpike-honkii, screwed into the sides of the stock near the head.
2 tiaplei for handspike-straps.
1 luiirtte, fastened to the stock by fi nntU No. 2 C.
1 trail-plate, fastened to the stock by 6 nniU No. 1 C, and to the luncttp-plate by
2 rirrlH No. .3 C.
1 handfpike-ftnplr, driven into the stock through holes in the trail-plate.
2 friction-platra for shaft: 4 »iai7« No. 1 C. ^
1 box /or rltvatirxj-trrtir ; 2 bolts No. 1 C; 2 ttnshfri ; 2 nntU ; 1 rlrrati'ntf-teretc,
1 ajrle-gkcan ; 1 /.o/f No. 2 D : 2 trathrrt ; 1 fiuf ; 2 riVff* No. 3 B ; 4 f;irr».
2/errulei, fastened to the end of the axle-tre« by 2 rirrtt No. 2; 2 linrhpifu.
2 arle-haud', put on hot; 4 iini7* No. 1 C.
2 undemtrapn, fastened by the ohin, k«y and trunnion-plate bolta.
2 fchtfU No. 4.
8RAPTR.
Wood. — 2 shaft* ; 1 ero$»-bar, Joined to the shafts by t«non and mortise.
Iron. — 1 cros$-bar platr, fastened to the shafts by 2 bolt* No. 2 D, 4 riret* No. 2
B, 4 tcrews No. 14, and 2 nti(« ,■ and to the cross-bar by 7 screw No. 14.
1 supporting-bar ; I kry ; 1 chain of 8 Zinit* No. 1, 2 riii</f No. 1 A ; 1 ryr-pin No.
1, riveted to the cross-bar plate.
2 staples for the shafl« : 4 burrs for same.
In attaching the shafts to the gun-carriage, the snpporting-bar is laid on the
trail-plato, near the handspike-staple, and the knee in rear of the lunette rests on
the cross-bar plate, the holes for the key in these two pieces corresponding with
aach other.
Ammunition-chests.
Wood. — 2 endf ,• 2 »irf*«, dovetailed and glued to the ends ; 1 bottom, let into the
sides and ends, and nailed : 1 corer, made of 1 panel and 2 clarnpn, joined by tenons,
glued and fastened with pins; 2 brackets for handles, fastened with 4 *<~r»-if» No. 12
and 4 fcretrs No. 14: 16 cleats, glued and fastened by 8 tcreuis No. 7; 48 nails
(3-penny).
Iron. — 1 brace, fastened on the inside to the back by 1 «creie No. 12, to the front
by the stud-plate rivet.
TOOL-CHESTS. 51
1 tiirnhwHc (brass): ! '•)"J ; 1 stitd-jyfnte. let into the front and fastened by 1 riwet
No. 2 and 1 scretc No. 9.
4 corner plates (shcot-iron No. 18) ; 40 sercws No. 7.
2 fiinr/m, let into the under ?ide of the cover, and pass under the bottom : 26
nrrewe No. 9.
2 laxhiiig-chains, 4 ^//iZ-s each; 1 bridle, held by 4 n'tv^g No. 2 B passing through
the hinge-strap.
1 hasp, let into the under side of the cover; 4 tcrewn No. 9.
1 covering of stout linen, painted ; 1 leather strip ; 160 copper tacks.
2 handles of l-i»icA rope.
Portable Forge.
Iron. — 1 frame, made of 3 pieces welded together.
I fireplace (sheet-iron No. 13), composed of ,1 bottom, bent into a hollow form and
riveted to the frame; 1 back plate, in 2 pieces, the lower piece bent under the bot-
tom and riveted to it; the 2 plates are joined by 2 brass Jiinges, \f\uch are riveted to
each plate by 4 screirs.
1 border, bent round the back and riveted to it and to the frame.
2 reinforces to the back plate, riveted to the edges of both pieces.
1 air-back (sheet-iron No. 7), made into a convex shape when hot : is riveted to
the upper back plate.
1 button ; 1 stud, riveted to the outside of the upper back plate : is used to fasten
ilown the back plate in packing.
1 iron pipe, attached to the rear of the lower back plate by means of 1 bridle.
which is fastened by 2 bolts j 2 nuts.
1 front leg, forked ; 2 eye-pieces, riveted to the sides of the frame : the leg is
joined to the eye-pieces by 2 bolts ; 2 nuts.
2 rear legs; 1 cross-bar, fastened to the rear legs by 2 nuts; 2 bolts, to join the
rear legs to the frame.
1 bellows handle : a bent bar of iron with a wooden head is fastened to the handle-
fork by 1 rivet; 1 sliding-catch ; 1 ihiimb-ficrcw on the lower end.
1 handle-fork fits in a square hole in the cross-bar.
BELLOWS.
Wood. — The same parts as the bellows for the field forge.
Iron. — 1 nozzle (sheet-iron), inserted into the cross-head.
I journal-rod, fastened to the middle plank.
1 fop plate, fastened to the upper plank by 9 screws.
1 handle, attached to the plate by 3 staples riveted under the plate.
1 bellows-weight (lead, 1 pound weight), fastened on the inside of the lower plank.
1 bellows-leather, fastened by bellows-nails.
Tool-chests.
' Two chests are used to pack the forge and smiths' tools. They are alike except in
their interior divisions and the socket-plates, which are attached only to theforgc-
ehest. For contents^ sec Chapter XI.
52 ORDNANCK MANUAL.
Wood. — 2 rn<1« ; 2 »iV«», dovetaileil nml glued to the eii'l." ; 1 holtom, let into the
«nd8 and sidec, and fastened l>y .S2 nnili (6-ponny): 1 cover, made of 1 pnml and 2
end clnnipt, morticed, glued and factened liy 4 pinn.
Iron. — 4 corner plntei (f>heot-iron No. 18); 18 icreirt No. 7.
2 handler, turned under the l)ott<im of clvcgt, and fastened by 2 riiets and S
2 liiufjcK, fastened to the inside of the cover with 2 n'rrtK and fi ncretoM, and to the
bottiim and back with 6 rivcln and 22 terete* ; 2 hridlcK for lai^hing-cbaina, held by
the hinge-rivets.
1 lidHp, let into the inside of the cover: 4 »rretr».
1 himp-itnple and plate : the staple ip riveted to the plate, which is fastened to tiie
c.bcst by 2 rivelt.
3 «oc/.-cf-/>/nfc«, with holes in them to receive the legs of the frame, fastened to the
dack of the forge-chest by 12 tcretn.
1 liucn corering, like that of the ammunition-chest.
SIEUE CARRIAGES.
Gun-carriage. (Plate 7.)
There are three gun-earriagee for sicfjc artillery, vir. :
One for the 12-pounder gun ;
One for the 18-poundcr gun ;
One for the 24-pounder gun and the 8-inch howitzer.
These carriages are constructed in the same manner, differing only in their dimcn-
iiions.
When the S-inch howiticr is mounted on the 24-pounder carriage, a, quoin is used,
instead of the elevating-screw, the howitter being too short to rest on the screw.
Wood. — 1 atock in 2 pieces, put together with 2 duteeli ; 2 cheek* ; 1 axir-body ; 1
hreech-hohter.
Iron. — 1 a»*cmbling-boll for the stock No. 7 A; 2 irat/im ; 1 nut.
1 manacuvring-bolt No. 7 ; 2 etdlari ; 4 %rn»\*T» ; 2 hu/* No. 5.
6 rondellci (cast-iron I: 2 (utembling-boltt No. 7 A ; 4 wathert ; 2 nutt.
\ asgeuiblintj et/e-bolt for the lock-chain No. 9: the ring of the lock-chain is
welded in the eye of the bolt, which is on the left side of the carriage; I teanher
No. 9 ; 1 teacher and 1 nut No. 7.
1 loci-chain (See page 62); 1 ikoe ; 1 icy for the shoe, to keep the wheel from
slipping off.
2 trunnioH-platt* ; 2' chin-lolH No. 7; 2 berel-teasheri ; 2 niiti ; 2 key-boll* No. 7 ; 2
tnU* ; 4 cheek-bolt* No. 7 A ; 4 tca*her* ; 4 nut*.
2 trunnion-plate bolt* No. 3 E: 2 nut* ; 2 travelling trunnion-bolt* ; 2 ica*hert ; 2
mmt*.
2 eap-tquarc* ; 2 cap-tquare chain*, 6 link* No. 3 and 2 ring* No. 2 A, each; 4 eye-
pin* No. 3 — 2 riveted into the cap-squares and 2 screwed into the sides of the
LIMBER. 53
cheeks; 2 cap-square keys ; 2 key-chains, each 5 links No. 2 and 2 rintjs No. 2 B ; 2
eye-pitis No. 2 for key-chains.
1 axle-tree No. 5; 2 shoulder-washers ; 2 linch-washers ; 2 linchpins.
2 nndcrstraps, held by the eye, chin and trunnion-plate bolts.
1 axle-strap, held by 2 toZfs No. 5 B, connecting the stock and axle-body; 2 mtt».
2 axle-hnnds, put on hot, and fastened to the axle-body by 3 nails No. 1 C.
1 lock-chain hook, passes through the axle-body on the right side ; 2 washers ; 1
nut.
I hook for the shoe, screwed into the right side of the cheek.
1 check-plate, to protect the cheek from the friction of the shoe in travelling.
1 box for the elevating-screw (brass) ; 2 bolts No. 4 C; 2 washers ; 2 «uM.
1 elevating-screw ; 4 handles, screwed into the head of screw.
1 strap-staple, driven into the middle of the stock on the under side.
2 wheel-f/tiard plates, fastened to the stock by 12 nails No. 2 C.
1 lunette, reinforced at the pintle-hole by 1 rondeUe, fastened to the upper side of
the lunette-plate by 3 rivets No. 3 C ; 2 holts No. 4 C ; 2 washers ; 2 nuts.
1 trail-plate, reinforced by 1 guard-plate fastened to the trail-plate by 6 rivets No.
3 C ; 29 nails No. 3 C.
2 bolster-bolts No. 4 B, the heads hollowed out; 2 washers ; 2 nuts.
2 wheels No. 5.
Limber.
Wood. — I fork; 2 hounds; 1 splinter-bar ; 1 pole ; 1 leading-bar.
Iron. — 1 fork-bolt No. 4 D; 2 washers; 1 nut.
1 axle-tree No. 5 ; 2 shnulder-icashcrs ; 2 linch-washers ; 2 linchpins.
1 pintle-plate, fastened to the fork by 7 7)ails No. 3 C and by 2 of the axle-strap
bolts.
1 sweep-bar : the ends are fastened to the hounds by 2 bolts No. 4 C; 2 washers,
2 nuts.
1 axle-strap, fastened to the fork by 6 bolts — 4 No. 4 C and 2 No. 4 D. Two pass
through the pintle-plate, two through the sweep-bar, and two through the fork. 2
washers ; 6 nuts.
1 lashing-ch(iln of 4 rings and 1 hook : the first ring is welded into the eye of the
axle-strap.
2 undcrstrapis, fastening the hounds to the axle-tree; 2 holts No. 4 D; 2 bolts No.
4 C ; 2 iciashers ; 4 tints.
1 pintle, fitted accuratelj- in the mortises of the pintle-plate and fork ; 1 nut.
2 end bands; 2 trace-hooks, put on the end of the splinter-bar with 4 rivets No. 2.
2 middle hands ; 2 trace-hook", fastened by the bolts connecting the splinter-bar
and fork.
1 bridle for the front end of the fork, fastened b}' the bolts connecting the fork
and splinter-bar.
2 bolts No. 4 D for the splinter-bar aud fork ; 2 nuts.
2 bolts for the splinter-bar and hounds, No. 4 D ; 4 washers ; 2 nuts.
54» ORDNANCE MANUAL.
1 bridle for the middle of the fork, fastened to the fork by 1 uniU No. 2 C.
1 riVff for the rear end of the ixde; 1 burr.
1 fye-platc for the front end of the pole ; 2 bnltt No. 2 U ; .3 maihert ; 2 nul«.
2 poh-chnini, each 9 liu/eii No. Ci. 1 co-link-, mid 1 riim. woIiIcmI into a hole in tin'
eyo-plate.
1 frrruU for the end of the poU'.
1 pnle-olaap, fastened hy the eye-plnle bolt and-l bolt No. 2, hexagonal head.
2 Ao/rit for the pole and fork, No. 4 D ; 4 imKhfru ; 2 »"/«.
1 iin'dillr band for the leading-bar, fa8t«ned by 2 rivetn No. 2 : 1 Aoo/.- ; 1 douhir
tracr-hook, "
2 eiirf bnndit and Inire-honk-n fir leading-bar, like tho.«f for the uplintcr-bar ; 2
riiM'f* No. 2.
2 tr/iefi» No. 5.
Morfnr-icngon.
This wagon is designed for the transportation of siege mortars anil their beds, or
of guns, or large shot and shells.
The limber and the wheels arc the same as those of the gun-carriage.
Wood. — 2 middle raiU; \ front traHtom, fastened between the middle rails by 2
doweli ; I middle transom botwecn the middle rails; 1 rmr Irnnnnm between the
middle rails; 2 »ide rail*; 1 rear rro»»-Aar, let into the middle and side rails; 6
middle cro»ii-btir* between the middle and side rails, and let into both ; 2 /rout erof-
ban, let into the middle and side rails ; 2 bottom planks, fastened to the middle oroM-
»
bars by 12 uniU No. 2; 1 ajcle-bodg ; 1 vindlams ; 1 muxxU-buUler ; 6 ntuhit; 2 katid-
spikri for working the windlass. When used for carrying bulls. 1 friiine, made uf 4
planks dovetailed together and strengthened by iron corner plates.
Iron. — 1 uiiembling-bar, passes through the middle rails into the side rails.
2 handipike-hoiikt, fahtened to the outside of the middle rails by 4 iiai7« No. 2 C.
1 atteviblinij-bolt No. 4 A : 2 trathrrs ; 1 ntU.
1 cye-phite for the laishing-chain, placed between the middle rails.
2 boltt No. 4 A, for the front ends of the middle rails; 4 irnthert; 2 nuts.
2 maufpiirrin^-staples, driven into the under side of the middle rails.
2 crong-bar plates, fastened to the front and rear cross-bars by 12 iollt No. 4 C ; V
ttmskers ; 12 nuts.
1 lock-chain and nhoe — 1 kry : 1 bridh. fasit^ined under the left side rail: 1 bolt No.
4 B ; 1 n%tt — like those on the gun-carriage.
1 trail-plate, fastened under the front end of the middle rails by 11 nai7« No. 3 C.
1 lunette ; 1 reinforce, fastened to the lunette by 4 rirrtt No. .3 C ; 1 bridle ; 3 bnUt
No. 4 C ; 3 nut*.
2 tcheel-guard plates, fastened t^i the middle rails by 12 nails No. 2 C.
1 axle-tree No. 5.
2 underntrapt, fastened to the side rails by, 4 thtUs N<). 4 B : 4 nu/«.
2 axle-*trap», fastened to the middle rail.« by 4 bolts No. 4 B ; 4 nut*.
4
BARBETTE CARRIAGES. 55
1 breech-hiirter, \e^^ into the middle rails and fastened by 4 naiis No. 2 C.
6 stake-socketK, bolted on the outside of the side rails by 10 bolts No. 3 D ; 10
washers ; 10 nuts.
2 lock-chain hooks take the place of 2 stake-socket bolts on the left side; 2
washers ; 2 nuts.
1 tar-bucket hook, fastened on the outside of the left side rail by 2 naila No. 1 C.
4 roller-plates, fastened on the S(iuarc part of the windlass by 32 »iai7« No. 1 C.
4 roller-bands, let into the ends of the roller, and fastened by 6 nails No. 1 C.
2 Journal-boxes (brass), let into the ends of the windlass.
2 Jonrnals'ioT the windlass, riveted at one end into 2 Journal-plates, which are fast-
ened to the inside of the rails by 4 bolts No. 3 C; 4 nuts.
2 circular Journal-plates, fastened by the bolts last mentioned and by 4 nails No. 1
C.
2 roller-hooks, driven into the windlass 5.5 inches from the middle.
2 handspike-straps, fastened to the small end of the handspike by 2 rivets No. 2.
2 shoulder-washers for the axle-tree,
2 linch-xoashers,
2 linchpins,
2 wheels No. 5,
like those for the gun-carriage.
GARRISON AND SEA-COAST CARRIAGES.*
The garrison and sea-coast carriages are all made of wrought-iron. They are o
four different kinds, viz :
1. The Barbette, front-pintle, carriage.
2. The Barbette, centre-pintle, carriage.
3. The Casemate carriage.
4. The Flank-casemate carriage.
Each carriage is composed of a chassis and top carriage.
The inclination of the chassis-rails is the same in all the carriages — 3°. The
trough-beam braces, transoms and angle-iron sub-braces vary only in length, the
flank-casemate carriage excepted. The thickness of the cheek-plates is the same in
all. The barbette rails diflor both in length and depth from the casemate, which arc
also diflferent from the flank-casemate.
BARBETTE CARRIAGES.
Barbette carriages are divided into front-pintle carriages and centre-pintle car-
riages. The top carriage is the same for both kinds.
Of the front-pintle class there are three carriages, which are similar to each
other : one for the 10-inch columbiad, one for the 8-inch columbiad and 42-pounder
* Some carriages bavo already been made of wrought-iron, but in consequence of tlie scarcity
of labor and material, the carriages for garrison and sea-coast service will bo of wood, as pre-
scribed farther on.
56 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
ffun, and ono for the 32 and 24-pfiiiniicr guns : the latter two difler only in the
lenjithp of the transoms and axle-tncH.
Of the centri'-jiintlc claKO there are two carriages : one fur the 10-inch columbiad,
And one for the 8-inch columbiad.
Top Carriage.
The parts marked with an asterisk (*) are common to all carria;re.«.
2 rhrrk-ptntt*.
2/rnHl hrnrfo — 2 middle brarrt — 2 rrar brneri, fastened to the chock-platcs, each
by 4 IiiUk No. 4 E and 4 nutu,
2 front tuh-brarft, faftonod to the check-platos by 4 bollt No. 4 E and 4 nut*.
2 rrar iiib-bracm, fastened to the cheek-platen by 6 holtn No. 4 E and C iiii(».
2 thnrn, each fastened to the front brace by 1 bolt No. 4 E and 1 nut, to the rear
brace by 1 b»li No. 4 E and 1 nut, to the front sub-brace by 2 bolts No. 4 H and 2
nnl«, and to the rear ."ub-brace by .3 bolti No. 4 H and .3 iiuis.
2 trunnion-plalei, fastened to the front braces by 2 boll* No. 4 E and 2 tintt, and
to the rear l>raco by 2 bolt» No. 4 E and 2 nut*.
♦2 axle-hoxin (brass), held in place by *2 ojrU-box ttankfrB (cast-iron), fastened
to the cheek-plates each by 4 boliM No. 4 E and 4 ntiU.
•1 handspikr-fulcrum, fastened to the U/t rear brace by 2 rirrtt No. 5 C. *2 arc
tupports, fastened to the right rear brace by 2 bolls No. 1 D and 2 rirru No. 3 D.
•1 lanyard-rolUr, brass, fastened to the right rear-brace by 1 nut, .375 in.
2 tran*omi, fastened to the front brace by the 4 bolts which hold the braces to
the cheek-plate.
1 rear trannom, composed of 2 pieces, 5-inch trough-beams, with pieces welded
in the ends; each piece fastened to the cheek-plat«a by 4 boUt No. 4 E and 4 nutt.
2 brace-4raii*omt, fastened to the middle brace by the 4 bolts which hold the
braces to the cheek -plates.
2 diagonal bracet, fastened to the shoes by 4 bolu, which bold the shoes and
sub-braces, and to each other by 1 boll No. 4 E and 1 nut.
1 axle-tree; *2 linrhpins: *2 truck teheeds.
1 elcraling-bed, fastened to the rear transom by 4 b"ln No. 4 E and 4 nutt; 1
elevating-tcreic: *1 elrrating-iereie box (brass), fastened to the rear transom by 4
bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts; *1 bcrel-vherl and nut, fitting on elevatin>.'-screw ; •!
brass pinion, mounted on •! eUvatiag-seretr arbor; •! arbor-box (brasf), fastened
to the cheek-plate by 2 bolls No. 1 E and 2 nuts. .375 inch (hexagonal): 1 nrbor-
kandle; *l nut, .375 inch; 1 patcl ; 1 patel-porl ; 1 elerating-arc (brass;.
The carriages for the 42-pounder and smaller guns hare no elevating-bed. pawl,
or pawl-port. The rear transom is made of a single piece of 5-inch trough-beam.
The S-inch carriage answers for the 42-pounder gun by adding 2 trunnion-platM,
removing the elevating-bed, and adding a longer elevatiog-ecrew. The S^-poondar
carriage answers for smaller guns, by the addition of trunnion-plates.
I
CHASSIS — CENTRE-PINTLE. 67
' Chassis — Front-pintle.
2 rath (I-shape), 15 inches deep.
1 hurter-bar, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 ttuta.
2 couuter-hurters, fastened to the rails by 8 rivets No. 5 D, countersunk on top.
1 front transom, composed of 1 transom-plate and 2 cant-iron transom-holsters:
the transom is fastened to the rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E, which pass through the
bolsters and keep them in place; 16 >ii(^«; 4 bevel-washers.
0 transoms, fastened to the rails by 12 bolts No. 4 E and 12 nuts — 2 of them
having hook heads.
2 dia<jonal braces, fastened to the front transom by 4 holts No. 4 H and 4 nuts,
and to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts.
2 side steps, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts.
2 rear steps, fastened to the rear transom by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts.
2 rear traverse wheel-fork^, fastened to the rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E, 16 nuts; 2
traverse-wheels; 2 travcrse-vhecl bolts 1.75 inch, 2 nuts.
4 implement-hooks, fastened to the rails by 4 nuts No. 4; 1 key in the pintle.
Wood. — 15 planks, 6 inches wide, li inches thick, placed across the chassis, on
the lower flange.
Note. — The ends of the front transom must have a firm support on an iron
friction-bar, resting on the masonry around the pintle; and the transom must be
held down, and be prevented from rising oflF the pintle, by a key passing through
it, or by a nut screwed on the top.
Chassis — Centre-pintle.
2 rails, I-shaped.
1 hurter-bar, fastened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E; 4 nuts.
2 countor-hurters, fastened to the rails by 8 rivets No. 5 D, countersunk on top.
4 transo7ns, fastened to the rails by 16 bolts No. 4 E — 6 of them have hook heads;
16 nuts.
1 middle transom, fastened to the rails by 16 bolls No. 4 E; 16 nuts: this transom
is composed of 1 transotn-plate and 2 transom-bolsters, fastened together by 16 bolts
No. 4 H; 16 nuts: the transom-bolster is made of 2 pieces, fastened together by 4
rivets No. 4 D.
4 diagonal braces, fastened to the middle transom by 8 bolls No. 4 II (8 nuts), and
to the lower flange of the rail by 8 bolls No. 4 E ; 8 nuts.
2 transom and rail braces, fastened to the rails by 2 bolts No. 4 E, 2 nuls, and to
the bolster of the middle transom by 2 bolls No. 4 E ; 2 mits.
2 front traverse-wheel forks and 2 rear traverse-wheel forks, fastened to the rails
by 32 bolts No. 4 E; 32 nuts; 2 front traverse-wheels (cast-iron); 2 rear traverse-
wheels (cast-iron); 2 front traverse-wheel bolts (2-ineh); 2 nuts; 2 rear traverse-
wheel-bolts (1.75 inch) ; 2 nuts.
2 implement-hooks, fastened to rails by 2 bolts No. 4.
58 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Wdiii). — \h },l<iiikK,^ inches wide, l.j inch thick, iiliiLod across the chassis, resting
on the lower flanj;c.
The railc of the centre-pintle carriages for the platforms ii««- laid are 9 iuchos
in depth : for new platforms not yet laid, the depth of rails will bo 15 inuhos.
The iiintle-plii.tc of now platforms is to be raised 2\ inches, which will obviat«
tli« noccsfity of bolsterM to the middle trunsomfl : simple wedges will replace them.
I)II*I.EMKNT8. — 2 manoeuvriuy-bam ; 2 jitnch'hari ; 2offiet-irrtitche» ; I mauiravrimj
hiDiilKfiil.r.
1 pointhig-hnr for columbiads.
CASKMATE CARRIAGES.
There are two carriages, one for the .S-inch and 42-poundcr guns, the .ti,. i i'«r llm
.12 and 24 -pounders.
Top Carriage.
2 ekeek-pliilm.
2 /rnHl lir<tcc» ; 2 ,iiidille htacf* ; 2 rrar hraeej, the rear ends filled up by a piece
welded in each brace; each fastened to the cbttck-plato by 4 L<ilt» No. 4 K and
4 null.
2 front luh-bracei, fastened to the cheek-plate by 4 bollt No. 4 K; 4 nuli.
2 rear lub-bracei, fastiincd to the chcek-plutcs by 6 bull* No. 4 E ; 6 nut:
2 thoti, each fastened to the front brace by 1 boh No. 4 E and 1 f|Ht ; to the rear
brace by 1 boll No. 4 E and 1 nut; to the f^unt ■ub-braco by 2 bulls No. 4 H and 2
nuit ; and to the rear ^^ub-bra<.•e by 2 btUit No. 4 II and 2 nul:
2 tiuniiioii-jjlairt, fastened to the front brace by 2 bulit No. 4 E ; 2 nuU ; and to
the rear brace by 2 bulu No. 4 E : 2 n«(«.
2 tijcU-bcxti (brasB). held in place bj 2 axlt-box teathrrt, each £MU:aed to the
cheek-plate by 4 bulla No. 4 E ; 4 tut:
1 hnndftike-fulcrum, fastened to the left reax brace by 2 liveU No. 5 C ; 2 urc-
»i'liport$, fastened to the right rear brao« by 2 bolu No. 1 D, 2 nut* and 2 rirtit
No. 3 D.
1 lanyard-ruUfi-, bra.-^s, fastened to the right rear brace by 1 nut .37i inch.
2 trantuiiit, fastened to the front br*ccs by the 4 &i///« whieh bold the bracee lo the
cheek-plates.
1 rear iningom, 5-inch trough-beam, with a piece welded in each end, fasteDcd U>
the cheek-plate by 4 bult$ No. 4 E : 4 nutt.
2 brace-iraiifioiiit. fastened to the middle brace by the 4 bolts which hold the
braces to the cheek-plates.
2 dia^viinl bracm, fastened to the shoes by 4 bolts, which hold the shoe aud sub-
brace, and to each other by 1 bolt No. 4 £ ; 1 mtO,
1 axle-tree; 2 linckpin* ; 2 truck-uheeU.
1 elepating-tcrtic box, brass, fastened to the rear transom by 2 boll* No. 4 E, 2
Muf»; 1 elfvallng-tcretc: 1 btnl-ickfel and nut, fitting on elerating-screw ; I brats
pinion, mounted on I eUrating-»cretc arbor; 1 arbor-hox (brass), fastened to the
cheek-plate by 2 bidu No. 1 £, 2 nuU ; 1 arbor kandlr ; 1 iiur; 1 eUratiiig-nr>: i brass).
BEDS FOR SEA-COAST MORTARS. t)»
Chassis.
2 rails, I-shaped, 9-inch.
1 hurtcr-bnr, fa.stened to the rails by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 nuts.
2 connter-hurters, fastened to the rails by 8 rivets No. 5 D, countersunk on top.
1 front transom, fastened to the rails by 8 holts No. 4 E and 8 nuts.
.3 transorns, fastened to the rails each by 4 bolts No. 4 E and 4 niits—i of them
hook heads.
1 tongue, fastened to the front transom by I bolls No. 4 E and 4 nuts.
2 front traverse-wheel forks (each in 2 pieces), fastened to the rails by 12 holts No.
4 E and 12 nuts, and by 4 bolts, which hold the front transom.
2 rear trnverse-uhecl forks (each in 2 pieces), fastened by 16 bolts No. 4 E,
16 ?I«Y8.
2 front trarcrse-ieheels ; 2 front traverse-whctl bolts (1.75 inch), 2 nuts; 2 rear trar-
erse-whcels ; 2 rear travcrsc-wheel holts (1.75 inch) and 2 nnts.
2 diagonal braces, fastened to the under side of the rail by 4 bolts No. 4 E, 4 wits,
and to the front transom by the 4 bolts which hold the tongue.
The carriage assembled for the 8-inch gun answers for the 42-pounder by the
addition of 2 trunnion-plates. The carriage assembled for the 32-pounder answers,
in the same way, for the smaller guns.
24-poun(Icr Howitzer-carriage for Flank-casemates.
The details of this carriage have not been suflBciently arranged for insertion here.
The embrasures of the now flank-casemates have been changed from the plan
formerly used, by pl.icing the pintle-hole 24 inches farther to the front. This
requires the addition of an iron tongue, with a pintle-hole, to the wooden chassis.
Other flank-embrasures are made without a tongue-hole; for these, the iron tongue
is placed above the upper pintle-plate, and held by the same 3 bolts, which are made
stronger.
Beds for 8-inch and lO-iiich Siege Mortars.
Wood. — 1 bolster for the quoin, fastened to the front transom by 2 bolts and
2 nuts.
Iron. — 2 checks : 1 middle transom, I front transom, in one piece (cast-iron).
4 manoeuvrinij-holts, wrought-iron, cast in place.
2 cap-squares, fastened to the cheeks by 4 straps, held by iiboUs and 4 keys.
Beds for 10-inch and IS-inch Sea-coast Mortars.
Wood. — \ front transom ; 1 rear transom.
Iron. — 2 c/teei-s (cast-iron); I middle transom {hmss).
2 manauvriny-bolls No. 10 ; 4 nuts No. 9.
G assemblinij-bolts 'No. 10 ; & nnts.
4 transom-strajis ,• 16 screws. ,
1 elevating-screw bed, fastened to the front transom by 2 bolts No. 5 A ; 2 nut*.
1 elevating-screw box (brass) ; 1 elevating-screw.
60
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
COEHORN MORTAR.
Woon. — 1 hitl, in 1 or 2 piccci!.
Ill0!». — '2 a*»rmUin<i-holli No. .H A : 4 trnahm ; 2 HMt».
2 I itp-»<ffinrri, fajtenoil to the bed by 4 fxilln No. 2 B anil 4 iiiif*.
1 hiindlii, fiu<tono<l to the RidcK by 4 hnlu No. 3 A and 4 >iuf«.
I'RESERVATION OF CARRIAiJES.
WixxliMi rurriafft-a arc ])rc*i'crTcd in woll-vcotil«l«d Rtorobouset, protected from
the weather. If the timber be not purfectly dry. and the exijfcnrieii of the iervico
will ixrmil, they arc left unpainted: Uic ironx are tirxt coat«d with lin»C4^'d oil, and
painted oDe coat.
Iron carriages require especial rare to pre«erre them from oxidation. When tb«
parti of a carria>;c are comi>lctcd and n-aily to be aiiKombled, all ruxt that iniiy have
formed is ncraped olT. and tlic part* are placed in a kettle eontaininf; liuaecd oil,
which ia raided to its boiling-point. When the iron ha« become ar warm as the oil,
it is tAken out and placed on the side of the vessel to drip. When dry, the carriafe
is asKemblod and painte<l with two coats of iron paint.
The carriages arc pretterved in dry buildings, on the ground-floor, tAkeu to pieoea
and pileil nway. PieoeH <if the same kind arc put in a pile by them»elve«.
Carriagei) that are mounted xliould hare the paint renewed from time to time, aa
it is worn oflf; and if rust sbuuld arrumulate, it must be removed, and a roat of oil
first applied and the carriage then painted.
No. 1.
Naves
Spokes
Fellies
l>owel«
Wedge* f">r spokes. .
12 brow-bands. . .in.
2 end bands in.
Nails for banda . . . .
{ Tire in.
Tire-bolt.<, nuts and
washers
NaT*-box
I
14
7
14
1 ;^x.?«>
14
1 5SX.15
• 25
1 C.
...A. .824
No. S.
No. 4.
No. 5.
1
11'
1
I
14
G
12
1X15
MX •'.
12 N . I C.
2.0X.5
u
.75X.18
1X.2
12 Xo. 1 C.
2X.38
7
14
1.5X.S8
l.riX..'58
12 No. 1 C.
4X.75
7 No.2
I
7 No. J U. « No. 2 H. « No. 1 H.
I I I I 1
7 No. 4 H.
1
Wheel No. 1. for the 6-pdr. gun-carriage, caiaaon, forge, battery-wagon, and the
limbers of all field carriages.
No. 2, for the 24 and 32-pdr. howitzers, and the 12-{>dr. gun-carriAges only.
No. S. for the prairie carriage.
No. 4, for the mountain howitier.
No. 5. for all siege carriages and their limben.
AXLE-TREKS — NAVE-BOXES.
Dimensions and Weights of Axle-trees.
61
' tlifi body on the under side
tlio middle piece of body
Length of-! tlio arm to the linch-wtisher
the round end. including the hole ,
1 Total ;
( -11- • lit fat the middle
I ^"'"' tat the shoulder
■)_,,. , fat the middle
Diameter Jat the shoulder
ofthearm (at the linch-washor ,
Tlie body.
Weight lbs. 116.
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No. 5.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
45.5
45.5
34.35
18.68
42.
15.5
22.
13.85
1.3.85
8.55
7.55
16.1
2.07
2.07
1.275
2.15
2.3
78.84
78.84
54.
38.3
81.8
2.5
3.5
2.
4.32
3.5
3.
3.
2.
4..32
3.5
1.5
3.
2.
3.54
3.5
3.
3.
2.
3.94
3.5
3.
3.
2.
3.5
3.5
2.005
2.005
2.64
2.5
116.
122.
...
232.
2.8
3.0
2.8
3.0
2.9
2.9
No. 1, for 6-pdr. gun-carriages, caissons, forge and battery-wagons.
No. 2, for 12-pdr. gun-carriages, 24-pdr. and 32-pdr. howitzer-carriages.
No. 3, for prairie carriages.
No. 4, for mountain howitzer-carriages.
No. 5, for siege carriages.
No. 6, for iron carriages.
Nave-Boxes.
f the whole
Length of i cylindrical part . . . . .
(grease-chamber
f r i • f large end
Interior. < ",, ,
T»:»^«*„_ small end
Diameter, -l \ , ,
-ci 4 • I large end
tixterior. < '^,, ,
[ ( small end
Depth of grease-chamber
f Length of
Flange •• • I Width of, at base. . .
( Projection of
No. L
No. 2.
No. 3.
In.
No. 4.
In.
In.
In.
13.75
8.0
8.26
16.5
2.0
....
....
2.0
4.59
3.0
3.26
5.6
3.05
2.0
3.55
3.55
2.05
1.5
2.6
2.55
3.85
2,5
4.05
4.4
2.85
2.0
3.1
3.4
.125
.1
.1
.15
13.75
8.0
1.0
16.5
.45
.45
.25
.4
.4
.4
.25
.4
No. 5.
In.
3.0
2.1
3.0
3.0
5.0
5.0
...\
No. 1, for field a.xle-trees.
No. 2, " prairie "
No. 3, " mountain howitzer axle-trees.
No. 4, " siege axle-trees.
No. 5, " iron carriage axle-trees.
Nos. 3, 4 and 5 of bra.?s ; the rest iron, cast.
62
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Linchpins.
Stem
Head . -I
j Length
( Diameter
Length
Breadth at toji
" iit bottom . .
Thickness at toii
•' at liottoni. .
" under chin.
WciRbt,
No.l.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
In.
In.
In.
In.
.•i.86
2.35
4.
4.2
.62
.5
.5
.7
1.75
1.4
1.37
1.8
.8
.5
.6
.9
1.4
....
1.1
1.7
.8
.85
.8
1.0
.75
....
.5
8.5
.«5
.55
.45
.5
11.68
4.62
8.01
14.26
In.
3.9
.5
1.75
.75
1.36
.8
.4
.4
5.24
No. 1, for field axle-trees.
No. 2, " prairie "
No. 3, " mountain howitzer axle-tree?.
No. -1, " siege axle-trees.
No. 5, " iron carriage axlo-trecs.
Washers.
Shouldcr-waflherfi.
Linch-wuhen.
No.l.
No. 2.
No. 3.
No. 4.
No.l.
In.
4.
2.05
.375
15.00
No. J.
In.
3.25
1.6
.35
15.54
No. 3.
In.
5.5
3.05
.375
28.97
In.
4.
2.
.25
12.15
In.
6.
3.5
.5
40.32
In.
6.
6.
2.
544.
In.
5.
2.55
.5
Weight oz.
55.22
No. 1, for field carriages, axle-trees, No. 1 and 2.
No. 2, for prairie carriages, axle-tree, No. 3.
No. 3, for siege carriages.
No. 4, for iron carriages.
Lock-chains for Field Carriages.
The lock-chain is the same for all field carriages, except in the number of the
links. It consists of 1 toggle, 7.7 in. long, 1 link, 1 long link, 4.9 in. long, With 1
LOCK CHAINS.
63
htnuc 7-iiifj, 1.5 in. diam., — number of links, 1 ruif/, 2.56 in. diam., with 1 loose n'nc/
of same size, and — number of links to the eye-plate. The links are all No. 5.
Number of links from the long link to the ring.,
" " " " '• ring to tho eye-plate .,
c ?
S ^ s
Sjj: m
c
c. "
cJi-). "
aiss
3
>-l c^
o
16
16
18
13
6
7
'
'
These chains should be made of a new kind of chain, known as the. loop-link
chain, which is stronger for the same weight.
For Siege Carriages.
Tho lock-chain consists of a chain of 4 links, No. 7, and 1 toggle, 't.lb in. long,
with 1 loose ring, 3 in. diameter on the first link, which is attached to the ring in
the lock-chain bolt by 1 ring, 3i in. diam.; of a second chain of the same sized
links, to which the shoe is attached, composed of 14 liukB for the gun-carriage, and
18 links for the mortar-tvagon, and 1 ring 3 J diam., which is joined to the ring in
the lock-chain bolt by 15 links, No. 5.
■ These chains are to be made of the loop-link chain.
64
ORDNANCK MANUAL.
6
B
M
1.5
3.25
3.75
3.'
^ •
e<i >o M 1-
lU -). -H O
O « C^ CC CC
CO 1-1 ■* -N eo
•n
.<0 1(0 ifl C4
t^ M CS 1—
■* * ' '
CO
6
S
l-l
CO .« . 1- .
.
-1< 1- lO
M n 1^ t~
40 -)<
ifl t- ■<t l~ 'O
t- M CO >» e< in
M -^ ' « -^ es
I- «0 O M
CO M N ^
rH M ec e>
--
1-1 e^
-*
o
d
o> •
M M O 00
■o — -t «o
O N CO O O O
C^ w' ' « .- M
•n CO M
M M j-N
1-1 M CO M
^ M
-*
to
6
M ■« lO
rH iTJ t~ . M .
00 .
•rs
oo c4 m
M ^ M 00
•O 94 00 CO
6» .- M — O ■»!"
ei ,4 ' -i ^ ^
•n ^ ^ ^
^ M M M
— M
eo
6
I2i
HH
n >ri to
•n
• O CO ^5
M CC -yj o
.(0 o» to
1-1 M M i-H M
1-1 M
CO
6
a
M
t~ «^ oo e^ o .
to -T
— i- •r> o
•A » c< a>
o t» »- — «o •«
•o o» to
•» '-< ^ rH
pi ' * '
O r^ rH .-. ^
"
CQ
d
d
O
O -# O O CS •
to M .O
— «C W CC
•fl M « t^ to 1-
CJ O — 1- O «■«
CI e4 te
— — o
ci ' * *
='--'--
'-
6
in
a
1— 1
•n
O — C-J OO -fl
M — eo .o
•O F^ •« .^ ,H
lO
O 1-1 r-< O •- •-
o
6
d
1— (
ec 00 r>. 1- .-1
^ w t» ec
•a 04
t- M F- O so O
— ■ o
•A
•AN <0
ej i-« rHO
« o
o — o .-
o
1=1 : -
_: < = i: K
5 - -:--^
o o
S a
a 5
-■3
.22' =
RIVETS — CHAINS.
65
In the preceding table the number indicates the size of the bolt, and the letter
the form of the head, as follows :
A. Bolt with round (cylindrical) head, chamfered ; square under the head.
B. Round head, not chamfered ; to be let into wood ; square under the head.
C. Countersunk head ; bolt square under the head.
D. Convex, or rose head j square under the head.
B. Square head, chamfered ; round under the head ; nut let into wood.
F. Round head, chamfered ; applied to wood ; round under the head.
G. Round head, not chamfered ; to be let into wood; round under the head.
H. Countersunk head ; bolt round under the head.
Rivets.
Diameter of body.
B
Diameter of head ■{ C D
H
B
Thickness of head -| C D
n
f Diameter
T, Thickness
Burrs. • s t^ . • ,• , r ^ ■ i
Exterior diameter of countersink.
[ Depth of countersink
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. No. 4. No.5.
In.
0.2
.75
.125
.75
.125
.3
.1
In.
0.25
.75
.5
.2
.2
In.
0.375
1.125
.25
.25
1.125
.25
.6
.17
In.
0.5
1.5
.875
.375
.3
.5
.375
.7
.25
In.
0.625
1.875
1.0
0.5
.375
1.875
.5
.87
.375
B. Head not chamfered ; to let into wood.
C. Countersunk head; to let into iron.
D. Rose head; resting on iron.
H. Rose head ; resting on wood.
Chains.
Thick-
ness of
iron.
LINKS.
Proof
weight.
Remarks.
No.
Kind.
Length.
Width.
In.
In.
In.
Lbs.
1
0.15
] ' f
1.1
0.6
400
All chains arc welded.
2
.2
1.25
.75
800
3
.25
i ^ i
1.(5
1.1
1,200
4
5
6
7
.25
.375
.5
.625
Straight.
2.
3.
3.
3.4
1.
1.5
1.75
2.25
1,500
2,500
5,000
6,500
66
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Eye-Pinr. .
No. 1.
No. 2.
No. 3.
Id.
0.3
.25
In.
0..375
.3
In.
0.5
.375
Mings.
Designation.
Thickness
of
wire.
Exterior
diameter of
ring.
Remarks.
No.ii^:
No.2{^;
In.
0.2
.2
.25
.25
In.
, 1.4
1.
1.5
1.25
n l!i 1 These are the rinjrs most com-
Coldshut. ^ monly used in fkkl and siege
Wplfipd carriages, with the chains
Coldshut.J Nos. I,2and3.
Wrought-Nails.
Body; diameter or thickness . ,
Diameter
Heads CD.
Thiclsness
In.
.25
No. 2.
In.
.3
.6
.25
In.
.375
.7
.25
In.
.5
.875
.3
C. Square nail, with coun-
tersunk head.
D. Ptound nail, with rose
head.
Cut-Nails.
Length
Number in 1 lb. .
2d.
In.
2d.
id.
6d.
8d.
lOd.
12d.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
1
1.25
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
550
450
340
150
100
60
40
20d.
In.
4
25
S2nkes are large nails, torovght or tut: the size is designated by the length in
inches.
Bellows-nails and chtit-nails are short wrought-nails, with large heads, slightly
convex; they are used chiefly for nailing leather, canvas, etc., on wood.
Bellows-nails are 1.13 inch long, 0.1 inch thick, with heads .75 inch to 1 inch in
diameter ; should weigh about 120 to 1 lb.
DIMENSIONS OF F1ET,T) rAURIAdES AND L1.M15KRS.
67
Principal Bimmx^nna and Wt^iyhts of Field Gun-carriages and
Limbers.
Distance between the inside of tlio tninuion-plalofi
Diameter of the trunnion-holes
' Di'ptli of the centre of trunniou-liole below the upper face
of t)ie trunnion-plate
Distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axle-tree.
the piece being in battery on horizontal grounil
Distance from axis of trunnions to axis of axle-tree
Height of axis of tniniiions above the ground
Vertical field f*^"''" ♦'"^i^'rizontai Hue. {fj^':^^:^-;;;:-;;;;;;;
"*" ^''^ (below the horizontal line. | HXit'zer'"".'.'.'.'.".'.'
Distance between the points of contact of trail and wheels
with the ground line
Distance from front of wheels to oiid of trail, the piece
being in battery ;
Distance of the muzzle of] Oun. in front of wheels ■...
the piece in batterv from > „ ,^:,„„,. f front of wheels
the front of the wheels, j ""W"'*-' ■- \ rear of wheels..
Length of gun-carriage without wheels
Length of limber without wheels
liCngth of limber without wheels or pole
Length of limber with wheels and pole „
Distance between the centres of the axle-trees of gun-car-
riage and limber
Length of the carriage limbered up
Distance from the muzzle of the piece, (Gun
when limbered, to the front of pole. (Howitzer
Whole length of the axle-tree
Track of the wheels*
Height of wheel
Dish of finished wheel
OW
Inches. Inches. Inche
11.65
4.25
WEIGHTS.
tiun-c.arriage, without wheels
Limber, without wheels or ammunition-chest
Ammunition-chest, without divisions
^"-heehj^-;:;;;!';';:^-;;;;;::;:;::::::::;:::::;;::;;-
(lUn carriage complete, withoJit implements
Limber complete, without implenicnts
(iun-carriage and limber, without implements
1.09
104.4
161.2
52.85
173.08
209.08
279.1
272.1
78.84
60.
57.
1.5
Lbs.
540
.335
165
180
180
900
860
1,760
Lbs.
736
335
165
196
ISO
1,12S
860
1,988
c'l t
70.8
113,5
101.2
52.85
173.08
78.84
54.0
60.
42.5
57,
42.0
1,5
1.0
Lbs.
Lbs.
783
257
335
163
165
190
69
180
69
1.175
363
860
343
2,035
72(f
Inches.
7.
2.75
3.46
10.4
30.5
8045'
4°
48.0
83.0
7.0
68.0
141.0
37.5
152.0
64.0
216.0
Note. — The 12-pounder Napoleon gun is mounted on the same carriage as the 24-pounder how^
itzer. The cheeks are a little shortened, and the elevating-scrow brought forward. The distance
of axis of trunnions in rear of axle-tree, 0,2.'i in. Weight of trail on ground. 210 i>ound8. The
G-pounder carriage is also used for the .3-in. rifle.
68 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Dimensions and Weights of Gun-Carriage anl Equipment for
I'l-pounder Mountain Hoicitzer.
DIMENSI0X8. llirhi'K.
Distance between the inside of trunnion-plates 7.
Diani'tter of fninnion-lioles '*-75
Depth of axiH of tniiinions below upper face of trunnion-plate 0.02
DiBt.iTii e of iixis of trunnions in rear of axis of axle-tree, the piece beinR in biitterv. on
horizontal groiind 2.6
Distance from axi.s of trunnions to axis of axle-tree "•»
Hoiglitof axis of trunnions above tlu^Kronnd 27.
,, '. ,«,,,« ( above the liorizontalline r
Vertical field of fire. -J ,^^,,,,^,, „,^. i,.,,.!,.^,,,,,^! n,,,. 7»
Distance between the points of contact of wheels and trail with the ground line 43.7
Distance from front of wheels to end of trail the piece lieing in battery 71.8
Distance of the muzzle of the piece, in battery, in rear of wheels 4.8
Lennth of ):un-uarriage, without wheels M.
LoMgtli of thill 73.
Whole lenf^th of the axle-tree 38.26
Trivck of the wheels 80.2
Height of wheel M-
Dish of (inislied wheel 2.
Ammunition-cliest, ("Interior length „ 82.S
or < ■■ width 4.76
Oirriage-malcer's Tool-chest. I •■ depth W.36
Forge-chest, f Interior length 32.8
or ■<. " width 7.H
Smith's Tool-chest. ( " depth 16.1
WEIGHTS. I'ound*.
Howitzer *14
Oun-carriage, without wheels 157
One wheel 00
Handspike 6
Sponge and rammer 3
Onn-carriage complete, with implements 2H7
Thill 30
Bridle 3
Halter 3.5
Pack-saddle and harness 47
Livsliinir-girth and rope 3
Ainmnnitiou-chest, or carriage-maker's tool-chest, empty 20
Forge-cliest or smith's tool-chest, empty 42
Amumiiit ion-chest, packed 112
I'orge-che-st. packed 116
SniitliV tool-chest, packed 117
Goal sack. fiUed with charcoal >. 26
f A 48
B 45
Carriage-maker's tool-chests..
Dimensions and Weights of Prairie Ammunition- Cart.
Inchea.
Whole length of cart 127.
Length of implement-chest 31 i
Width '• '• : 6.0
Depth " •• in front 7.25
'• '■ •• in rear 9.
Pouadii.
Weight of cart, empty, without wheels 296
'• •' packed with ammunition 802
•' two wheels 138
DIMENSIONS OF SIEGE CARRIAGES AND LIMBERS.
69
Principal Diw.ensions and Weights of Siege Gnn-Carriages and
Limbers.
mMF.NSIOXS.
Distance bctwi'pii the inside of the trunnion-plates
Diameter of the trunnion-holes ; ,
Depth of centre of trunnion-hole below the upper face of trunnion-
plate
Distance of axis of trunnions in rear of axis of axle-tree, the piece
being in battery on horizontal ground
Distance from axis of trunnions to axis of axle-tree....
Height of axis of trunnions above tlie ground
Vertical field f"*^^^'^ *''" ''"n'-ontal line. {fiXitzer
(below the horizontal line
e /0"n
(Howitzer
Distance between the points of contact of the wheels and trail with
the ground line
Distance from the front of the wheels to the end of the trail, the
piece being in battery
Distance of the muzzle of the ■) ,, • , ^ ^ ', ,
piece in battery from the ^ t>un.m front of the wheels
front of the wheels j """'t^er, in rear of wheels
I-ensfh of gun-carriage, without wheels
Leii.i;th of limber, without wheels
Length of limber, witho\it wheels or pole
Length of limber, with wheels and jiole
Distance between the centres of the axle-trees of gun-carriage and
limber
Length of the carriage, hmbered up
Distance from the muzzle of the gun, in its travelling position, to
front end of pole
Whole length of the a.\le-tree !.....!.!.!
Track of the wheels } !.........!
Height of wheels , ..!.!..!!!..!...'!!
Dish of finished wheels
14.95
4.65
1.1
3.
22.45
52.2
13°
4°
100.
141.
30.74
(inn-carriage, without wheels
Limber, without wheels
One wheel
Oun-carriage, complete, without implements....
Limber, complete
<iun-carriage and limber, without implements ,
1.30.
176.65
59.8
184.9
94.
27S.9
285.15
S1.8
60.
60.
Inches.
16.95
5.35
1.2
2.5
22.85
52.6
12°
4°
142.
35.35
1.440
1.542
5S5
685
404
404
2.24S
2.0.50
1,393
1.393
3,641
3,743
133.
176.05
59.8
184.9
96.
280.9
291 .4'2
81.8
60.
60.
*Thi8 carriage is also used for the 4.62 in. rifle.
70
OR D.N ANT i: MAMAIi.
Field and iSu-gt: IVayons.
DIMBNSI0.N8 AND WBI0HT8.
mMKNSIOXS.
CaiBBOD. Forge.
Battery-
Mortar-
Wogon.
111.
125.5
Lcn lith ]
Dist.uioe l)etwitn tbc axlc-trous of cnrriup"
anil iimljcr : 92.
Wh'.le longth. when limbtrcd up i 271.7
Height, above the ground I 58.75
WKKiHTS. I Lb«.
I
Oarria^c-body, without wlieelc , •132
Limber, withoutwheels orchcst ' 335
One wheel 18«l
Oarriage and limber, eoinjdeto without iuiplu-
nieiits or .s[iare part^ l,fl!'2
Id.
In.
lu.
130.
154.
i43.e
97.8
270.
70.5
n2.U3
393.13
^ 73.55
102M)5
287.86
60.
Lb«.
Lhi..
hhn.
»97 •
335
1X0
itIO
3.! 5
ISO
984
58&
404
2,117
2.iap
8,18ft
INTERIOR niMEKSIONS.
Length. I Widlii.
Ammiinition or limbor-chcst, with^m aivi.--
i>ns 40.
m 11 • <• * Iron room 4U.
Travellint' forire... i ^ , , 7
'^ " ( Coal-box :; 1 .
Battery-wagon, body i)s>
Mortar-wagon, floor A3. 85
lu.
IS.
S2.
13.
36.
40.
Depth.
In.
Weight.
Lbi.
I U.75 I 165
7.5
17.
22.
100
SJegc.
MOnXARBEDS.
8-inch. lO-ineb.
Coehom.
In.
l-ength 4J_
Exterior width, including manoeurring-bolts.' 34.
Weight pounds ; 920
Id.
51.S
1,830
In.
31.
15.
132
DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF BARBETTE CARRIAGES.
71
•«
t-
m rH in
to CO o
•an 9 -jpd-gt
1— 1 ^t-.r-l-rf'-ij^-^ l-liOe^CCtC.CtsirtOJMO'rf
C^ -^i:^^ T-H 0»CO<:0 CC'O X^C<J50
rH 1-1 rH
•O i>- lCi«0 COC35DCCO
•jaz^iAiojj "ni-g
C ."t .'"I^'^"? .0 0*^"-2 . .'»'^>nt~M«^>'2
pai! uno -jpd-gg
C'' -^l— 'rjic^i— 1 oa«DCC ceo ±^cs«oo
i-t rH^
■o in lo
■ ifS «0 O CO (N CO OJ *
•uno upd-^g
■ "-; «j . . . t "^
'oo*^*^'": .^ loe^coN *
l2 00 O i— -* C^ ft -*
l-H.ftOoih^t^COiOCJ-5jicicO •
^ -t 1:- -t
•1-1 0> lO lO CO I* t^ <M 50 •
i--^ 5C
CO O 50 CO O ■
•uno upd-SL
CT- M _ Oi CC 1- in
'o O "1'T'T . '~'. ."^=OCOi-' I
lS eOirtrHOlT-ii-J-*
r-iinoit-^inin-tic-ioj-^oco •
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72
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
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DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF CASEMATE CARRIAGES.
73
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74
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
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DIMENSIONS OF COLU.MBIAI) IJARBKTTE CARRIAOKS.
(N ec (M (X
rtl CQ <X> _.
n <o if c^
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55
p^ a> o a) 3j
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
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BILLS OF TIMBER.
Bills of Timber for Field Carriages.
NAMES OF PARTS.
GlIN-CAIiniAnES.
For C)-p<lr. r/iin ( Stock
tiixl -'i Cheeks. . . .
\2-]nlr. howitzer. (Axle-body.
For \2-pdr. <jun, ("Stock ....
24-p<h-. and < Cheeks . . .
o2-p(/r. howitzers. ( Axle-body
WHEELS, Nos. 1 and 2.
Nave
Spokes
Fcllius
LIMBER. '
Axlc-bodv
Hounds.".
Fork
Splinter-bar
Brackets
Fron t foot-board
Rear foot-board
Pole.. J Larf^eeud |
( Small end j
Pole-prop
AMMUNITION-CHEST.
Ends
Sides
Principal partition
r, r ( Sides
Cover-frame . . ^ -r, j
( Ends
Bottom
Panel for cover
Cover lininff
nONGH DIMENSIONS
OF EACH PIECE.
Long.
In.
100
40
60
108
50
50
50
56
40
72
9
46
46
132
30
22
44
22
69
44
42
42
Wide.
In.
9.25
1.3.5
14.
3.5
7.
Thick.
Each
piece.
In. ISup.ft.
4.5
3.5
6.
5.75
Round
2.
3.5
9. 6.
4.5 3.25
9.25 4.
4.25 3.5
2.3 1.6
8.75 1.13
5. |l.l3
4.5 4.5
3.2513.25
2.25:2.25
17.
17.
17.
3.75
20.
17.5
20.
1.31
1.31
1.31
1.31
2.
0.5
28.90
13.12
14.58
47.44
22.22
17.01
17.09
1.55
4.59
18.75
5.6S
10.27
7.43
3.14
1.86
14.11
1.05
3.40
6.80
3.40
3.59
8.00
10.21
5.83
Total.
Sup.ft.
57.80
26.24
14.58
98.62
94.88
44.44
17.01
156.33
17.09
21.70
32.13
70.92
18.75
11.36
10.27
7.43
3.14
1.86
14.11
1.05
67.97
6.80
13.60
3.40
7.18
8.00
10.21
5.83
55.02
Kind of
wood.
Oak.
Cuttings.
Oak.
Oak or ash.
Hickory.
Walnut.
Oak.
Poplar.
OUDNANn-: MANUAL.
/?///.< nf Tiiiih-r fnr Field Carriaifc^.
IK rcii I'ntKNsroNS
OK KACII PIKCK.
Long. Wide. Thick.
coxti;nt.s.
Each
pioco.
TuUL
Kin.l of
wood.
CAISSON.
Mi<ldli- mil j 1
Side rail.s } 2
Stoeli
Axlu-body
('ro.«s-bar
Foot-bonrd lii*li>tci
Front foot-board.
Hcarf..ot-l.o!ir.l..
■ IIOK. — Il'-i/i/.
Shk- mils
Middle rail I 1
Stoc-k 1
Axlc'-body j 1
Front cross-bar 1
lli'iir middle cross-biir 1
Front middle cross-bur 1
Rear cTo.-is-bar 1
Fl(i(ir-boards j 4
Ro.'f-bows 2
Corner studs I 4
Side studs 2
Plates I 2
Front end stud [ 1
Front of iron \\>um j 1
Roar of iron room I 1
Lining of iron roimi | 2
2
2
1
1
1
10
rrooves
Cleats for
Braces
Front end of roof
Rear end of roof.
Cap for coal-box.
Boards for sides .
Boards for roof j 7
Boards for sliding-cover .... 6
Prop for stock 1
Bellows-pole 1
In.
76
78
84
50
40
14
42
42
96
50
90
50
40
40
40
40
48
42
36
36
46
22
40
36
44
44
48
42
42
36
42
46
36
30
57
In.
5.75
5.
6.
6.
I.
4.
4.7
4.7
6.
7.2
3.5
3.5
10.
3.
8.
9.
3.5
3.
3.
6.
9.5
3.
8.5
4.
10.
12.
2.5
7.
7.
8.
2.25
2.
In.
4.75
3.25
4.75
6.
1.25
2.13
1.25
3.75
4.25
4.75
6.
3.5
5
5
3
3
3
1
1
2
2
2
J
1
1
1.
1.
2.
1.75
1.75
1.25
0.75
.75
.75
2.25
2.
Sup.n.jpup.ft.
14.41
8.791
10.02
12.5tl;
3.331
.481
4.65
1.821
I.
Onk.
11.8
7.0li
17. SI
la.lOl
3.40
3. 40 1
9.72{
2.50
3. 33 1
3.281
2.19|
1.88
2.m
1.14
3.301
0.94
2.59
0.61
2.67
5.10
6.13
0.78
2.04
2.23
2.00
1.05
1.58
71.30
23.74 Oak.
7.01 ..
17.8]' ..
15.10 1 «
3.4U{ ••
3.40 ..
'.*.72
2.. 0(1 ..
13.32 I ..
0.66 I ..
H.7J. •.
3.75| •.
4.78J ..
1.14 I <•
3.30 ! ..
.94
5.1s ..
1.21' ..
5.34; "
^•ll'jWalDUt.
6.13| -
.78; I u
20.40'!whitepine.
15. CI
12.00
l-»4l|Hickorv.
1.581 " '
BILLS OF TIMBER.
79
Bills of Timber for Field Carriages.
NAMKS OF PARTS.
Force. — Bcl/oim.
Upper and lower planks. . .
Middlo plauk
Cross-licads
f Sides
Ilibs. < Ends ,
( Cross-bars
Cleats
Valves
Battens for valves
Coal-bo.r,
Sides and top piece ,
Ends
Lid
Clamps for lid
Bottom
Batteuv- Wagon. — Hofljij
Lower side rails
Upper side rails
Stock
A,\lc-body
Front cross-bar
PVont middle cross-bars . . .
Rear middle cross-bar
Hear cross-bar
Floor-boards
Sides of body
Side of till
Bottom of till
Cleats for till
Ends of body
Forage-rack sides
Forage-rack bars
Cfn-er.
Side rails
Ridge-pole
End rails
End studs
End boards
Roof-boards
V
o
o
"S.
"o
6
ROUGH DlMEN.SlftNS
OF EACH PIECE.
CONTENTS.
Kind of
1
1 Long.
Wide.
Thick.
Each L ,
i piece, j Total.
wood.
In.
In.
In.
Sup.ft.
Sup.ft.
i
34
15.
2.
7.08
28.32 iPoplar.
2
44
15.
2.
9.17
18.34i "
2
.32
3.5
3.
2.33
4.66
4
36
3.
1.
0.75
3.00
2
32
3.
1.
0.67
1.34
"
2
32
2.25
1.
0.50
1.00
a
4
2
7
9
2.75
9.
.75
.75
Cuttings.
Walnut.
0.55
1.11
2
9
4.5
.75
0.27
.55
T8T32
«
2
36
24.
1.38
8.28
le.'^a
Walnut.
2
16
24.
1.38
3.68
7.36
"
1
36
14.
1.25
4.37
4.37
"
o
14
2.5
1.25
.30
.60
«
1
36
15.
1.31
4.91
4.91
"siiTso
Oak.
2
116
6.0
4.
20.94
41.88
Oak.
L'
lOS
3.
3.
6.75
13.50
"
1
108
6.
6.
27.00
27.00
"
1
50
6.25
6.25
13.00
13.56
«
1
40
5.5
5.
7.64
7.61, "
2
40
4.25
4.
4.72
9.44; «
I
38
4.
2.5
2.64
2.64
<(
]
40
4.
3.5
3.88
3.88
"
3
106
11.5
1.25
10.58
.•!1.74
White pine.
2
108
21.5
1.38
22.25
44.50
"
1
104
11.5
1.25
10.38
10.38
"
1
104
in.
1.25
9.02
9.02
ii
2
10
1.25
1.
Cuttings.
2
40
24.
1.38
9.20
18.40
Walnut. .
2
36
5.5
2.
2.75
5.50
Oak.
3
46
3.5
1.
1.03
1.03
240TTl
2
108
3.
3.
0.75
13.5
Oak.
1
108
3.
3.
6.75
6.75
"
2
42
3.
3.
2.63
5.25
((
2
18
2.5
1.5
0.47
.94!
<i
2
42
13.5
1.25
4.91
9. 82|| Walnut.
9
108
7.
0.75
5.25
47.25| White pine.
T3T5I
80
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bill of Timber for Mountain Howitzer-Carriage, etc.
a
o
.£
'£.
o
6
DIMENSIONS OF EACH
PIECE (rough).
CONTENTS.
Kind of
Length
Width
Thick-
ness.
Each
piece.
Total.
wood.
(lUii-rarriaijc Ixxly.
Stock
2
2
2
24
12
2
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
In.
66
U
11
20
21
72
23
44
36
66
50
20
14
42
20
50
In.
9.
5.
9.
2.5
5.5
3.
3.5.
11.
7.
8.
12.
12.
6.
12.
1.5
2.5
In.
7.
3.
Round
1.5
2.5
1
2.25 '
2.25 i
1.
1.
1.
1.25;
1.75 I
1.25 1
0.75
1.5
2.5
i
28.84
4.56
4.86
.52
2.0'
3.37
l.SO
3.. 36
1.05
3.67
5.21
2.«0
.72
3.5
.31
2.1J
57.68
9.12
66780
Oak.
Younj;,
touj;h
hifkorv.
A.\le-treo
Niivc
9.72
12.48
24.0
Oak.
Spokes
Fdlics.
One tInU.
46.20
Shafts
6.75
1.80
Ash.
Cross-biir
One (iminuiiilioii-clic»t.
8.55
iSiilcs and ends
6.72
1.05
3.67
Poplar.
Bottom
("over and partitions
«
11.44
5.21
2.9(1
.72
3.5
.62
Ash, or
be««h.
Transoms
Cross-bar
Side bars
Round bars
Hickorr.
One Imndiipihe. ....
12.95
2.15
Uickoiy.
BILLS OF TIMBER.
Bills of Timber for Siege-Carriages.
81
NAMES OF PARTS.
ROUaH DIMENSIONS
OF EACH PIECE.
Long.
Thick.
Total.
GUN-CARRIAGES.
Stock
I2-PDR.
* Cheeks
i A.\le-body
Bolster.
18-PDR.
Stock . . . .
Cheeks. . .
Axle-body
Bolster. . .
Stock
„. I Checks...
24-rDR -( . , , ,
Axle-body
Bolster.. .
ONE WHEEL.
Nave
Spokes
Fellies
LIMBER.
Fork
Hounds
Splinter-bar
Pole.... P'^'"S<' ^°''
\ small end
Leading-bar
MORTAR-WAGON.
Middle rails
Front transom
Middle transom
Rear transom
Side rails
Rear cross-bar
Middle cross-bars
Front cross-bars
Bottom planks
Axle-body
Windlass
Muzzle-bolster
Stakes
Handspikes ; • . .
In.
In.
In.
Sup. ft.
Sup.ft.
2
130.
11.5
*7.
72.67
145.34
2
55.
19.5
5.5
40.96
81.92
1
48.
9.5
8.5
26.92
26.92
I
14.
6.5
6.5
4.11
4.11
2
132.
11.5
8.
84.33
258.29
168.66
2
60.
20.
5.75
47.92
95.84
1
48.
9.5
8.5
26.92
26.92
1
14.
6.5
6.5
4.11
4.11
295.63
2
132.
11.5
8.75
92.24
184.48
2
60.
20.5
6.25
53.39
106.78
1
48.
9.5
8.5
26.92
26.92
1
16.
6.5
6.5
4.70
4.70
322.88
1
19.
16.
Round
26.53
26.53
14
32.
4.25
2.5
2.36
33.04
7
28.
8.
4.5
7.
49.00
1
60.
11.
7.25
33.23
108.57
33.23
2
60.
6.
3.75
6.51
13.02
1
70.
4.
3.75
7.29
7.29
V
1
142.
(5.5
|4.
4.
5.5
4.
3.75
22.25
22.25
70.
7.29
7.29
2
142.
8.
5.75
45.36
83.08
90.72
1
28.
7.
3.75
5.10
5.10
\
4
4.
3.12
.. . . )
\
4
6.7
7.5
5.9
I
2
92.
5.
23.96
47.92
1
42.
4.5
3.
3.94
3.94
6
16.
4.5
3.
1.5
9.00
2
14.
4.5
2.5
1.09
2.18
2
78.
8.
2.
8.67
17.34
1
48.
9.5
8.5
26.92
26.92
1
36.
6.5
6.5
10.56
10.56
1
12.
6.5
6.5
3.52
3.62
fi
20.
3.5
3.25
1.58
9.48
2
56.
4.
4.
6.22
12.44
239.12
82
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bills of Iron for Field Carriages.
Kind of carriage.
6-PDR. Gun-
Carriage.
Width.
Thick-
ness.
Length.
Weight.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
0.15
Round.
2.81
0.18
0.2
Round.
8.50
.90
0.25
Round.
1.1
.18
0.375
Round.
18.
6.62
0.5
Round.
7.2
4.70
0.625
Round.
4.10
4.18
0.75
Round.
10.86
15.96
0.875
Round.
0.65
1.30
1.
Round.
2.58
6.73
1.5
Round.
2.17
12.78
2.
Round.
1.46
15.28
0.25
0.25
2.21
.46
0.3
0.3
7.87
2.36
0.75
0.375
1.33
1.25
1.0
0.375
0.23
.29
1.0
0.5
1.5
2.52
1.0
1.0
0.68
1.94
1.25
0.5
2.16
4.53
1.25
0.625
0.84
2.20
1.25
0.75
0.7
2.20
1.375
0.05
3.0
.70
1.375
0.25
0.33
.38
1.5
0.25
3.75
4.72
1.5
0.375
.46
.86
1.5
0.5
1.16
2.92
1.5
0.625
1.66
5.22
1.5
0.75
3.3
12.47
1.5
1.5
.59
4.46
1.75
0.25
.93
1.36
2.0
0.125
.33
.27
2.0
0.75
.93
4.68
2.0
1.
.5
3.36
2.0
1.25
.38
3.19
2.5
0.188
1.66
2.60
2.5
0.875
.33
2.42
2.5
1.25
1.5
15.75
2.5
1.5
1.66
20.91
2.5
1.75
.5
7.35
2.75
0.5
10.23
47.26
3.25
0.375
0.39
1.23
3.75-
0.15
.5
.95
3.75
0.2
.44
1.11
3.75
0.25
0.38
1.19
5.
0.25
.83
3.48
Remarks.
For chains No. 1.
2.3 feet for chains No. 2.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Hammered.
[Hammered; or 2 drafts for cap-
I squares.
I Hammered; or 2 drafts for trun-
I nion-plates.
Hammered.
BILLS OF IRON.
88
Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued.
1
Kind of carriage.
1
Width.
Thick-
ness.
Length.
Weight.
Remarks.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
t)-PDR. GUN-
5.5
0.2
1.5
5.53
Cakriage.
136.00
2 drafts for axle-tree.
Continued.
1.0
0.375
0.21
28.00
1 draft for lunette.
404.93
.26
Steel for lunette.
17.00
4 small rondelles, ]
2 large rondelles, J cast-iron.
13.00
30.00
8.00
Brass box of elevating-screw.
.42
Brass for turnbuckles.
8.42
•24-PDB. How-
0.15
Round.
2.81
0.18
For chain No. 1.
itzer.
0.2
Round.
9.80
1.03
2.3 feet for chain No. 2.
0.25
Round.
1.08
.18
0.375
Round.
19.6
7.21
0.5
Round.
7.54
4.93
0.625
Round.
4.50
4.59
0.75
Round.
1.42
2.08
0.875
Round.
0.65
1.30
1.0
Round.
15.83
41.32
1.5
Round.
0.5
2.94
2.0
Round.
3.58
37.48
Hanamered.
0.25
0.25
2.21
.46
0.3
0.3
7.88
2.36
0.75
0.375
1.33
1.25
Hammered.
1.0
0.375
0.23
.29
1.0
0.5
1.5
2.52
1.0
1.0
0.58
1.94
1.25
0.5
2.16
4.53
1.25
0.625
0.84
2.20
Hammered.
1.25
0.75
0.71
2.23
1.375
0.05
4.0
.92
1.375
0.25
0.33
.37
1.5
0.25
4.0
6.04
1.5
0.5
1.08
2.72
Hammered.
1.5
0.625
1.66
5.22
Hammered.
1.5
0.75
0.37
1.39
Hammered.
1.5
1.5
0.59
4.46
Hammered.
84 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued.
Kind of ctirriago.
W"^t»»- ™t" ^^"e*»'-
Weight
Remarks.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
t
24-i'i>n. HowiT-
1.75
0.26
0.93
. 1.36
7,br-Carriage.
1.75
0.375
3.5
7.70'i
Continued.
2.0
0.125
0..33
.28' Hammered.
2.0
0.75
0.92
4.63
2.0
1.0
4.0
26.88 Hammered.
2.0
1.25
0..38
3.19 Hammered.
2.5
1.75
0.5
7.35 Hammered.
2.75
1.
0..33
3.04 1
3.0
0.5
11.23
56.59 I
3.0
1.25
1.84
23.18 [Hammered; or 2 draft* for cap
squares.
3.0
1.5
2.33
35.22
Hammered; or 2 drafts for trun-
nion-plates.
3.25
0.188
2.57
5.24
3.25
0.375
0.30
1.22
3.75
0.15
0.5
.94
3.75
0.2
0.57
1.43
3.75
0.25
0.38
1.19
5.0
0.25
0.83
3.48
6.0
0.2
1.5
6.04
200. Draft for axle-tree.
1.0
0.375
0.21
37. j
Draft for lunette.
567.10
Steel for lunette.
4 small rondelles, . .
2 large rondeUes, [ <'*«»-"°''-
Brass for box of elevating-screw.
0.26
17. 1
13.
30.
8.
.421
Brass for 2 turubuckles.
8.42
0.18,
For chains No. 1.
12-PDR. (jrUN-
0.15
Round
2.81
O.VRniAGE.
0.2
Round
9.80
1.03' 2.3 feet for chains No. 2.
0.25
Round
1.08
.18
0.375
Round
19.60
7.2ll
0.5
Round
7.54
4.93I
0.625
Round
4.73
4.82!
0.75
Round
1.42
2.081
0.875
Round
0.65
I.30I
•
BILLS OF IRON.
85
Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued.
Kind of carriage.
Width.
Thick-
ness.
Length.
Weight
Remarks.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
12-PI)R. GUN-
1.0
Round
15.83
41.32
Carriage.
1.5
Round
0.5
2.94
Continued.
2.0
Round
3.58
37.48
Hammered.
0.25
0.25
2.21
.46
0.3
0.3
7.88
2.. 36
0.75
0.375
1.33
1.25
Hammered.
1.0
0.375
.23
.29
1.0
0.5
1.5
2.52
1.0
1.0
.58
1.04
1.25
0.5
2.16
4.53
1.25
0.625
0.84
2.20
Hammered.
1.25
0.75
0.71
2.23
1.375
0.05
4.00
.92
1.375
0.25
0.33
.37
1.5
0.25
4.00
5.04
1.5
0.5
1.08
2.72 iHammered.
1.5
0.625
1.66
5.22
Hammered.
1.5
0.75
.37
1.39
Hammered.
1.5
1.5
.59
4.46
Hammered.
1.75
0.25
.93
1.36
1.75
0.375
.5
1.10
2.0
0.125
.33
.28
Hammered.
2.0
0.75
0.92
4.63
2.0
1.0
4.00
26.88
Hammered.
2.0
1.25
0.38
3.19
Hammered.
2.5
1.75
0.5
7.35
Hammered.
2.75
1.0
0.33
3.04
3.25
1.25
1.84
26.12
Hammered; or 2 drafts for cap-
squares.
3.25
1.5
2.33
38.16
Hammered; or 2 drafts for trun-
nion-plates.
3.25
0.5
7.23
39.47
3.25
0.188
2.17
4.42
3.25
0.375
0.30
1.22
3.25
0.5
5.00
27.30
3.75
0.15
0.5
.94
3.75
0.2
0.57
1.43
3.75
0.25
0.38
1.19
5.0
b.25
0.83
3.48
6.5
0.2
1.5
6.54
200.
Draft for axle-tree.
1.0
0.375
.21
42.
Draft for lunette.
Steel for lunette.
574.08
0.26
S6
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued.
Kind of carriage.
Width.
Tliick-
nesB.
Length.
Weight
Romarkii.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
I2-PDR. QXJS-
17.
4 small rondellcs, ) . .
2 large rondellc«, ) c"**'""-
Carkiaoe.
U.
C\nntini\(^^
v>wu btuuvu.
30.
8.
Brass for box of elevating-aorew.
.42
Brass for 2 turiibuckles.
8.42
Wheel No. 1.
0.5
Round
2.93
1.91
0.25
0.25
1.63
0.34
1.0
0.5
0.58
0.97
1.25
0.25
5.83
6.12
1.5
0.25
4.67
5.88
1.625
0.125
1.00
0.68
2.75
0.5
15.00
69.30
In one piece ; for tire.
85.20
15.5
Cast-iron for nave-box.
Wheel No. 2.
0.6
Round
3.15
2.06
0.25
0.25
1.63
0.34
1.0
0.5
0.58
0.97
1.25
0.25
6.29
6.60
1.5
0.25
5.33
6.72
1.625
0.125
1.00
0.68
2.75
0.625
15.00
86.55
In one piece ; for tire.
103.92
15.5
Cast-iron for nave-box.
LlUBER.
0.15
Round
2.08
0.13
For chains No. 1.
0.2
Round
3.67
.38
2.3 feet for chains No. 2.
0.25
Round
4.95
.80
2.33 feet for chains No. 3.
0.5
Round
1.30
.85
0.625
Round
1.80
1.83
0.75
Round
4.75
6.98
0.875 Round
0.30
.60
1.0 Round
2.69
7.02
1.25 Round
1.08
4.41
1.625 Round
0.75
5.18
0.25
0.25
2.3
.48
1
BILLS OF IRON.
87
Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued.
Kiud of carriage.
Width.
Thick-
ness.
Length.
Weight
Remarks.
In.
In.
Feet,
Lbs.
.
Limber.
0.3
0.3
1.19
.35
Continued.
0.5
0.25
0.17
.07
0.5
0.5
0.95
.80
I.O
0.25
0.93
.78
1.0
0.5
3.33
5.59
Hammered.
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.68
Hammered.
1.25
0.25
4.19
4.40
Hammered.
1.25
0.5
2.67
5.60
1.25
0.625
1.15
3.01
1.25
0.75
0.71
2.23
Hammered.
1.25
1.25
1.0
5.25
1.5
0.125
1.0
.63
1.5
0.5
2.17
5.46
Hammered.
1.5
0.625
2,12
6.67
Hammered.
1.5
0.75
.38
1.43
1.75
0.375
1.0
2.20
1.75
0.5
0.5
1.47
2.0
0.125
1.33
i.n
2.5
0.188
0.54
.85
2.5
0.5
3.84
16.12
2.75
0.5
0.54
2.49
3.0
0.625
0.5
3.15
3.5
2.5
0.84
24.69
Hammered ; middle piece
for axle-trcf
4.25
0.25
0.75
2.67
120.
2 drafts for axle-tree.
1.0
0.375
0.21
25.
Draft for pintle-hook.
Steel for pintle-hook.
272.36
0.26
Ammunition-
0.375
Round
1.5
0.55
Chest.
0.5
Round
3.16
2.06
0.75
Round
4.13
6.07
1.0
Round
0.25
.65
1.0
0.5
0.08
.13
1.0
1.0
2.00
6.72
1.5
0.375
1.73
3.26
1.5
0.75
4.58
17.31
1.5
1.0
0.2
1.00
1.5
1.5
1.0
7.56
1.75
0.75
0.33
1.45
15.5
0.1
4.0
20.50
67.26
s«
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued.
Kind of carriage.
Width.
Thick-
DeSH.
Length.
Weight.
Remarks.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
Ammcnition-
25.0
No. 24.
4.
9.50
Sheet-copper for cover.
Chkst.
Continued.
0.21
Brass for turnbucklc.
For chains No. 1.
Caisson.
0.15
Round
8.53
0.50
0.2
Kound
4.08
0.43
0.25
Round
0.71
.11
0..375
Round
15.04
5.53
0.5
Round
0.63
.41
0.875
Round
1.02
2.04
1.0
Round
4.49
11.71
1.25
Round
2.61
10.67
0.25
0.25
2.92
.61
0.3
0.3
6.23
1.87
1.0
0.25
1.75
1.47
1.0
0.5
1.5
2.52
1.0
1.0
2.79
9.37
Hammered.
1.125
0.25
0.19
.18
1.25
0.5
3.18
6.68
1.25
0.625
3.1
8.12i
Hammered.
1.25
0.75
0.70
2.20|lIIammorcd.
.
1.5
0.125
2.0
1.26
1.5
0.25
3.0
3.78
1.5
0.5
0..33
.83
1.5
0.625
.83
2.61
Hammered.
1.5
0.75
1.33
5.02
Hammered.
1.5
1.5
1.33
10.05
2.0
0.125
1.67
1.40
2.0
0.5
0.75
2.52
2.31
0.25
0.69
1.33
2.6
0.5
7.0
29.40
3.0
0.5
6.46
32.55
3.5
0.25
0.5
1.47
3.5
1.0
3.17
37.27
Hammered ; or 2 drafts
for lunette.
4.0
0.25
0.84
2.82
4.25
1.25
1.5
26.77
5.75
0.5
0.48
4.63
6.00
0.5
0.5
5.04
136.
2 drafts for axle-tree.
For chain No. 1.
369.17
Forge.
0.15
Round
1.5
0.09'
0.2
Round
3.75
.38
2.3 feet for chain No. 2.
BILLS OF IRON.
89
BiUs of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued.
Kind of carriage.
Width.
Thick- L .,
nc88. \^<^^St'ii.
Weight
1 Remarks.
1
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
Forge.
0.25
Round
0.57
.93
Continued.
0.375
Round
19.48
7.17
0.625
Round
0.24
.24
0.5
Round
.3.51
2.29
0.75
Round
4.58
6.73
0.875
Round
0.58
1.16
1.0
Round
1.88
4.90
1.25
Round
■3.48
14.23
1.5
Round
0.3
1.76
2.5
Round
0.67
10.96
0.25
0.25
1.32
.28
0.3
0.3
6.23
1.88
0.5
0.25
.17
.07
0.625
0.375
.79
1.89
0.75
0.75
1.0
.63
1.0
0.25
1.25
1.05
1.0
0.375
0.84
1.06
1.0
0.5
2.75
4.62
1.25
0.25
0.5
.52
1.25
0.375
0.88
1.38
1.25
0.5
4.31
9.05
'
1.25
0.625
1.56
4.08
Hammered.
1.25
0.75
0.7
2.20
1.25
1.0
1.0
4.20
Hammered.
1.25
1.25
0.5
2.62
1.5
0.25
3.17
4.00
Hammered.
1.5
0.375
1.88
3.55
1.5
0.5
5.66
14.26
1.5
0.75
2.42
9.14
Hammered.
1.5
1.0
0.66
3.32
Hammered.
1.625
0.125
1.25
.85
1.75
0.75
0.33
1.45
Hammered.
2.0
0.125
1.17
.98
2.0
0.15
0.84
.84
2.0
0.25
0.67
1.12
2.0
0.5
1.5
5.04
2.0
1.0
0.83
5.58
Hammered.
2.0
1.375
2.17
20.03
Hammered.
2.25
0.15
0.33
.37
2.5
0.5
7.5
31.50
2.625
0.25
1.0
2.20
3.0
0.625
0.5
3.15
Hammered.
3.5
1.0
3.17
37.27
Hammered ; or 2 drafts for
lunette.
4.0
0.25
0.84
2.82
10.
No. 12.
3.4
12.5
Sheet-iron.
90
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued.
Kind of carriage.
Width.
Thick-
ness.
Length.
Weight
Remark!.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
Forge.
1.3.25
No. 11
2.58
14.25
Sheet-iron.
Continued.
27.
No. 8
7.5
122.00, jSheet-iron.
28.
No. 24
5.
11.85 !, Russia sheet-iron.
0.75
0.5
0.67
136.
2 drafts for axle-tree.
530.44
0.84
Cast-steel.
1.0
0.25
0.33
.271
1
Spring-steel.
Cast-iron air-back.
Brass for windpipe.
36.5 i
1
6. i
22.5
No. 24
7.33
15.75 1 Sheet-copper; in 2 sheeU 44 iaekM
long.
18.5
No. 24
3.04
5.25
Sheet-copper.
20.
No. 18
0.50
1.90
1
Sheet-copper.
22.901
Battery-
0.25
Round
26.08
4.25
24.7 feet for chains No. 4
Wagon.
0.375
Round
20.3
7.47
0.5
Round
6.92
4.52
0.625
Round
1.92
1.95
0.75
Round
6.22
9.14
1.0
Round
1.38
3.60
1.25
Round
2.60
10.63
1.5
Round
3.11
18.31
0.25
0.25
0.44
.09
0.3
0.3
6.23
1.88
0.75
0.375
1.38
1.29
1.0
0.125
6.25
2.62
1.0
0.25
8.41
7.06
1.0
0.375
5.92
7.46
1.0
0.5
1.5
2.52
1.0
1.0
2.84
9.54
Hammered.
1.125
0.25
1.12
2.11
1.25
0.25
0.38
.40
1.25
0.375
1.71
2.68
1.25
0.5
2.18
4.58
1.25
0.625
0.73
1.91 IHammered.
1.25
0.75
0.71
2.23 1 Hammered.
1.5
0.25
11.25
14.17 1
1.5
0.375
1.5
2.83
1.5
0.5
0.33
.83
BILLS OF IRON. 9%
Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued.
Kind of carriage.
Width.
Thick-
ness.
Length.
Weight
Remarks.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
Batterv-
1.5
0.75
2.47
9.32
Hammered.
Wagon.
1..5
I.O
0.93
4.18
Continued.
1.625
0.5
16.67
45.50
2.0
0.125
0.83
.70
2.0
0.75
0.5
2.52
2.5
0.188
1.67
2.62
2.5
0.5
5.33
22.38
3.5
1.0
3.17
37.27
Hammered ; or 2 drafts for lunette.
3.75
0.15
8.48
16.02
4.0
0.25
0.83
2.79
5.26
0.25
0.65
2.87
5.5
0.375
1.66
IL.'jO
136.00
2 drafts for axle-tree.
417.74
0.21
Cast-brass for turnbucklc.
In.
In.
In.
Lbs.
Mountain
0.15
Round
25.
0.13
Cap-square and key-chains No. 1.
Howitzer-
.25
Round
54.
0.73
Rivets No. 2, nails No. 1, and staples.
Carriage.
.3
Round
18.
0.36
Nails No. 2.
.375
Round
44.
L35
Handspike-staple, bolts No. 1, and
rivets No. 3.
.625
Round
11.
0.94
Implement-hooks, and bolt No. 3.
.75
Round
84.
10.30
Bolts No. 4.
.875
Round
7.
1.16
Eye-pins No. 1.
1.75
Round
11.
7.34
Elevating-screw.
0.75
0.375
1.6
0.12
Nuts No. 1.
1.
0.5
16.
2.24
Handspike-strap and linchpins.
1.25
0.125
2.5
0.11
Washers No. 1.
1.25
0.2
34.
2.38
Axle-bands.
1.25
0.25
3.
0.26
Cap-square keys.
1.25
0.625
1.25
0.27
Nut No. 3.
1.25
0.75
16.
4.20
Heads of key and chin-bolts.
1.5
0.75
11.
3.47
Nuts No. 4.
2.
0.25
15.
2.10
Ferrules for axle-tree.
2.
0.375
8.
1.68
Washer-hooks.
2.
0.5
36.
10.08
Understraps.
2.
1.25
5.
3.50
Handles for elevating-screw.
2.25
1.
42.
26.46
Trunnion-plates and cap-squares.
92
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bills of Iron for Field Carriages. — Continued.
Kind of carriage. Width, ''^'ck- Length. Weight
Remarks.
In.
In.
In.
Lbs.
•
Mountain
2.5
0.188
10.
1.31
Washers No. 4.
HOWITZEU-
2.5
1.
4.
2.80
Kuee of lunette.
Caukiage.
4.
0.2
12.5
2.80
Trail-plate.
Continued.
4.
0.375
38.
15.9fi
Axle-skean.
4.
0.5
18.
10.08
Lunette.
112.13
Two toheel-g.
3.0
0.65
Box for elevating-screw.
Band-nails No. 1.
0.25
Round
•is!"'
0.375
Round
42.
1.29 Tire-bolts No. 1.
■ 0.15
0.125
96.
2.o0 Brow-hands.
0.75
0.375
10.
0.78
Nuts No. 1.
1.
0.2
82.
4.59
End bands.
1.26
0.125
15.
0.65
Washers No. 1.
2.00
0.375
240.
50.40
Tires.
60.86
Thill.
10.0
0.06
Navc-boxcs.
0.15
Round
12."
Key-chain No. 1.
0.25
Round
12.
0.16 Rivets No. 2.
0.375
Round
26.
0.80: Staples.
0.5
Round
7.
0.3JS
Bolts No. 2.
0.75
Round
4.
0.49i
Key.
1.
0.5
48.
6.72
Supporting-bar.
2.75
0.25
0.25
Round
30.
43.
5.78
Cross-bar plate.
14.39
Ammunition-
0.60
Chains, and rivets No. 2.
chest.
1.
0.375
.38.
4.00
Hinges and hasp-strap.
•
1.
0.5
4.
0.56
Bridles and brace.
1.
0.625
3.5
0.61
Hasp.
1.5
0.1
3.5
0.15|
Turn'.uikle-plate.
2.4
No. 18.
40.
1.35
7 27
Cornci plates.
I ixcJc-Bciddle.
1 .*(
0.10
0.16
Turnbuckle.
0.25
Round
12.
Staples and rivets.
0.375
Round
37.
1.13
Bolts.
0.75
0.375
1.25
0.10
Nuts.
1.25
0.2
36.
2.52
Arc-plates.
3.91
BILLS OF IRON.
Bills of Iron for Siege Gun- Carriages.
Thick-
ness.
12-pounder.
18-pounder.
24-pounder.
Remarks.
In.
Feet-
Lbs.
•
Feet.
Lbs.
Feet.
Lbs.
Round
2.29
0.24
2.29
0.24
2.29
0.24
Round
5.17
.84
5.17
.84
5.17
.84
Round
9.03
3.32
9.03
3.32
9.03
3.32
Round
.62
.40
.62
.40
.62
.40
Round
1.3.05
13.31
13.05
13.31
13.05
13.31
Round
1 7.40
10.88
7.46
10.96
7.62
11.05
Round
3.
7.83
3.
7.83
3.
7.83
Round
" 2.17
7.18
2.17
7.18
2.17
7.18
Round
18.57
75.95
17.12
70.01
18.11
74.07
Round
2.18
12.84
4.64
27.33
4.91
28.92
Round
.5
5.23
.5
5.23
.5
5.23
Round
1.58
23.32
1.58
23.32
1.58
23..32
Round
2.04
33.37
2.04
33.37
2.04
33.37
Round
.33
7.77
.33
7.77
.33
7.77
1 0.25
1.33
.28
1..33
.28
1..33
.28
0.3
3.17
.95
3.17
.95
3.17
.95
0..375
8.75
4.11
8.75
4.11
8.75
4.11
0.5
.38
.64
.38
.64
.38
, .64
0.625
.21
.55
.21
.55
.21
.55
1.25
1.67
8.77
1.71
8.97
1.73
9.08
0.125
.5
.31
.5
.31
.5
.31
0.375
5.0
9.45
.5.0
9.45
5.0
9.45
0.625
2.42
7.62
2.42
7.62
2.42
7.62
0.75
1.71
6.46
1.71
6.46
1.71
6.46
0.5
.58
1.70
.58
1.70
.58
1.70
0.75
.68
2.92
.58
2.92
.58
2.92
1.0
.67
4.50
.67
4.50
.67
4.50
0.188
1.67
2.62
1.67
2.62
1.67
2.62
1.25
5.33
55.95
4.42
46.41
4.42
46.41
1.5
0.625
.93
.93
12.89
5.86
.93
.93
12.89
5.86
"'.93'
5.86
0.25
.58
1.70
.58
1.70
.58
1.70
0.375
.58
2.56
..58
2.56
.58
2.56
0.625
.96
7.04
.96
7.04
.96
7.04
2.
.29
6.82
.29
6.82
.29
6.82
2.
.38
9.57
.38
9.57
.38
9.57
0.25
4.33
14.54
4.33
14..54
4.33
14.54
0.5
1.23
8.26
1.23
8.26
1.23
8.26
0.625
0.75
6.34
6.12
53.25
61.69
0.625
0.75
7.00
6.26
61.76
67.04
0.25
".40'
1.60
.40
1.60
.40
"l'.6o'
0.625
0.75
0.625
3.38
6.26
.42
33.70
74.92
4.41
* .42
4.41
1
.42
4.41
For chains No. 2.
3 feet 6 inches for
chains No. 3.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Hammered.
In one piece.
In one piece.
In one piece.
In one piece.
In one piece.
In one piece.
In one piece.
94
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bills of Iron for Siege Gun-Carriages. — Continued.
Width.
Thick-
nesB.
12-pounder.
IS-ponnder.
24-pounder.
Remark*.
lu.
5.75
6.5
9.0
5.75
In.
0.5
0.25
0.5
0.375
Feet.
.75
1.08
3.25
0.79
Lbs.
7.24
5.89
49.14
26.3
16.
222.
16.6
21.5
793.71
Feet.
.75
1.08
3.25
0.79
1
Lbs.
7.24
5.89
49.14
29.2
17.7
222. 1
16.5
21.6
•
Feet.
.75
1.08
3.25
0.79
Lbs.
7.24
5.89'
49.14
1
36.14
20.45
252.
16.5
21.5
In one piece.
Steel for shoe.
Drafts
2 trunnion-platM.
2 cap-f(|uarc».
1 axle-tree.
1 lunette.
1 shoe.
817.4
839.72
Cast-iron.. •
43.5
52.5
43.5
52.6
43.5
52.5
2 rondclles.
4 rundelles.
.
96.
15.37
96.
96.
Cast-brass . . .
16.37
16.37
i
Box for screw.
Bill of Iron for one Siege Carriage Wheel.
Width.
Thickness.
Length.
Wei^t.
Rmnark*.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
0.75
Round
4.. 13
6.36 j
0.25
0.25
2.12
.44
1.6
0.375
7.66
14.48
1.6
0.75
.87
3. '29
1.75
0.375
6.08
13.37
2.5
0.188
1.46
2.29
4.
0.75
15.5
156.24
Tire : in one
Nave-box.
piece.
196.47 1
24.
Cast-bras
BILLS OF IRON.
95
Bill of Iron for one Siege Carriage Limber
Width.
Thickness.
Length.
1 Weight.
1
Remarks.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
0.25
Round
2.92
0.47
0.5
Round
14.83
9.70
0.75
Round
15.58
22.90
1.0
Round
1.5
3.91
1.25
Round
2.71
11.08
0.3
0.3
1.04
.31
0.375
0.375
1.83
.86
1.0
0.5
.17
.28
1.125
0.25
.09
.08
1.5
0.5
0.5
1.26
1.5
0.625
2.42
7.62
1.5
0.75
3.21
12.13
1.75
0.5
1.33
3.91
2.
0.2
.83
1.11
2.
0.5
1..S3
4.46
2.5
0.188
3.33
5.23
2.5
0.5
.83
3.48
Hammered.
2.5
0.625
6.08
31.92
Hammered.
2.5
1.25
.21
2.20
*
2.5
2.5
.96
20.16
Hammered.
2.75
0.625
5.33
30.75
3.0
0.625
3.
18.90
3.5
0.625
.96
7.05
Hammered.
4.0
0.75
4.
40.32
5.5
1.
.83
15.34
222.00
36.50
Draft for axle-tree.
Draft for pintle-plate.
513.93
90
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bill of Iron for one Mortar- Wagon.
Width.
Thickness.
Length.
Weight.
Remark*.
In.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
0.25
Round
0 42
0.06
0.375
Round
8.79
3.23
0.5
Round
.62
.40
0.625
Round
17.46
17.81
0.75
Round
17.87
26.27
1.
Round
2.92
7.62
1.25
Round
.83
3.39
15
Round
2.75
16.20
1.625
Round
1.08
7.46
0.25
0.25
8.03
1.68
0.3
0.3
8.40
2.53
0.375
0.375
3..32
1.56
1.
0.25
.42
.35
1.
0.5
.37
.62
1.25
0.2
2.89
2.43
1.25
0.625
1.67
4.37
1.5
0.375
1.08
2.04
1.5
0.5
.58
1.46
1.5
0.625
2.42
7.62
1.5
0.75
4.21
15.91
2.
0.125
2.
1.68 !
1
1
2.
0.75
.58
292
t
2.
2.
.50
672
2.5
0.188
3.12
4.90
j
2.5
0.375
6.
18.90
!
2.5
0.5
1.07
7.01
1
2.5
0.625
.60
2.02
Ilatninered.
2.75
0.5
5.17
23. S8
1
3.
1.5
.29
4.38
3.375
0.5
7.33
41.56
3.5
0.625
.92
0.56
.3.75
0.75
3.21
30.33
4.
0.75
.42
4.23
5.
0.3
.92
4.63
5.5
0.3
3.58
19.83
6.
0.3
1.
6.04
6.
0.75
.75
11.34
6.5,
6.5
0.25
l.OS
5.89
0.3
.60
3.93 •
8.
0.5
.80
10.75
222.00
21.50
Draft for axle-tree.
Draft for shoe.
584.61
5.72
5.75
0.375
0.79
Steel for shoe.
•
3.5
Brass for two journal-boxes.
BILLS OF IRON.
97
Bilh of Iron for one S-inch Barbette Carriage.
TOP CARRIAGE.
No. of
pieces.
NAMES OF PARTS,
Cheek-plates (see drawings) . .
Front braces
Middle do
Rear do
J front
I rear •
Ends for rear brace
Diagonal braces.
Sub-braces, angle-iron
Shoes shapes, or ]
Fulcrum for handspike
Transoms
Brace-transoms
Rear transoms (.5-in. trough-beams).
Rear transom cuds
Trunnion-plates
Axle, hammered shapes, or
Axle-stops
Linchpins
Axle-boxes (brass : see drawing) . .
Axle-box washers (cast-iron : see draw-
ing)
Arc-supports
Elevating-arc (brass!)
" bed (cast-iron)
" screw, stem
r body ,
Pawl. . < collar and handle
(pin •
Pawl-port (oast-iron)
Elevating-screw box (brass)
"' " arbor
Arbor-box (brass)
" handle
Wheel and pinion (brass)
Bolts for axle-box
sub-braco and shoe
Dimensions of each piece.
In. In. In.
74.0
.38.8
39.75
65.25
20.0
42.8
6.0
48.5
32.0
47.0
6.0
38.0
40.0
10.0
29.5
6.0
34.0
38.0
4.25
3.5
6.0
30.
12.0
10.0
10.0
4.5
18.0
6.0
24.0
4.0
3.5
2.5
1.75
37.5
6.0
6.0
6.0
3.25
3.25
3.0
3.5
3.5
3.25
2.5
4.5
4.5
5.5
6.5
3.25
3.25
3.125
1.0
1.25
1.75
2.625
3.0
1.25
.75
1.5
2.5
.75
.75
.875
.75
.4
2,75
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
0.5
.6
2.25
1.0
1.5
.75
.75
.75
5.0
1.5
.75
Round
Round
.6
.2
Round
2.5
Round
Round
Round
875
Round
Round
Round
Round
.875 Round
Total
length.
• 10.46
1.0
8.01
5.33
7.83
0.5
6.33
6.66
1.66
4.91
1.0
5.66
3.16
.70
.59
1.0
1.0
.83
.8;!
.37
1.5
0.5
2.0
2.66
1.25
Total
weight.
Lbs.
468.00
432.00
93.26
5.04
47.09
1.38.86
85.40
6.30
71.78
76.52
23.00
lo8,71
16.38
46.35
80 77
1.83
1.24
2.20
18.03
20.92
3.39
.54
.83
3.67
2.94
3.91
1.84
98
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bills of Iron for one H-inch Barhdte Carriage. — Continued.
TOP CARRIAGE.
No. of
pieces.
4
1«
2
2
75
3
NAME8 OF PARTS.
Bolts for diagonal lirucc and shoe . .
" front lirace and shoe
" rear brace and shoe
" trunnion-]da(cg
" tnuKioinc
" brace and cheuk-platcs ...
" diufconal brace
" e1o\ utiii^-bod
" I'lfviitinfT-ccrew bfix
" arbor-liox
" arc-8Ui'portp
Rivets for arc-!iU|)]>orts
" fulcrum
Nut« (hexapcmal, .75-in.)
" (hexagonal, .376) .
Truck wheels (cast-iron) 12-in. dia.
Dtmenaions of each piece.
Total
length.
Total
wei(ht.
In.
In. ! In.
Feet.
LiM.
3.0
.75
Round
1.0
1.47
2.0
.875
Round
2.6
1.5
1.5
.42
s.ir
2.5
.75
Round
.42
«.or
1.76
.875
Round
2.25
1.5
1.5
.75
6.67
2.75
1.5
1.6
3.06
27.67
2.25
1.5
1.5
4.8t
36.82
2.0
1.5
1.5
.10
1.21
2.25
1.5
1.5
.76
6.07
2.75
1.5
1.5
.*%
S.48
2.5
.375
Round
.41
0.1»
3.5
.5
Round
0.69
.ts
3.5
.5
Round
.58
.M
1.6
.625
Round'
.26
.36
1.6
1.5
.75 1
8.1
80.03
.75
.75
.375
.36
.3S
1941.01
Ca«t-ir
C&itbr
aaj . . .
BILLS OF IRON.
99
Bills 'if [ran for one S-inch Barbette Carriage.
CHASSIS, CENTRE-PINTLE.
4
2
2
16
8
8
16
2
2
32
6
NAMES OF PARTS.
Rails (9-inch I-beams).
Hurter-bar
Counter-hurters
rivets .
Transoms
Middle transom . . .
Bolsters (2 pieces).
Diagonal braces
Forks for front traverse- wheels
(shapes) or
Forks for rear traverse-wheels (shapes)
Bolts for transoms
" diagonal brace
middle transom
front traverse-wheels .
rear traverse-wheels . .
traverse-forks
hooks for handspikes.
Nuts (hexagonal, .75-in.)..,
" for fork-bolts
Front traverse-wheels (cast-iron).
Rear traverse-wheels (cast-iron). .
Manoeuvring-bars
"I
Dimensions of each piece,
Elevating-bar .
Pair wrenches.
Amount. .. .
In.
171.
36.0
7.0
3.0
40.0
43.25
18.0
62.0
46.0
64.0
2.76
3.25
2.5
2.0
6.5
6.5
3.0
4.0
4.0
2.0
1.6
2.75
4.6
9.0
42.9
9.0
21.0
18.0
In.
6.375
6.0
5.25
.876
or .75
5.5
18.0
15.5
14.6
4.0
5.6
6.6
1.5
.75
1.5
.75
1.6
3.26
1.5
2.5
2.26
1.0
In.
9.0
1.0
1.0
Round
.75
0.5
0.5
.625
1.25
1.25
1.6
Round
1.5
Round
Round
Round
1.5
Round
0.5
Round
.75
.75
Round
1.25
Round
1.0
1.0
Round
Total
length.
Feet.
28.5
3.00
1.16
2.0
13.33
3.60
6.0
17.33
7.66
9.0
3.66
2.16
1.66
2.66
1.08
1.08
8.0
2.0
10.75
.91
Total
weight.
Lbe.
1412.00
60.48
20.46
4.00
184.75
108.86
151.20
145.57
176.95
207.90
27.67
3.17
12.55
3.91
21.37
17.67
60.48
8.18
40.63
5.15
45.12
20.47
20.61
6.3
13.23
3.91
2723.59
100
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bills of Iron for one H-inch Barbette Carriage.
CHASSIS, FBOST-PINTLK.
NAMES OF PARTS.
Rail.'* (l.')-inch I-beamc).
Hurter-bar
Couiitcr-burtiTw
rivet."
Front traimoni
" " collar
'• '• bolsttTS (cast-iron). .
Transoms
Diagonal braces — one 58 in., the other
C4 in. long
Traver.si'-wbcf'l forks (("hapes) .....
Side steps
Rear stoi)?
Bolts Tor transoms.
" hook-heaiis
front transoms . . . .
" '• " and diagonal
brace
'* diagonal brace
" hurter-bar
" traverse-forks
" traverse-wheels
" steps
" front transom and rails. .
Hooks for handspikes
Nuts (hexagonal) ,
Nuts for traverse-wheel bolts
Traverse-wht.'.< ^^east-iron). .
Manoeuvring-bars
Elevatinj:-bar
Pair wrenches — 1 single, 14 in. long;
1 double, 18 in
Amount
Dimenaions of each pl«c«.
In.
171.
36.
7.
3.
or3
36.
7.
In.
0
0
0 i 5.25
6.375
6.0
40.0
0.875
.75
18.0
7.0
5.5
5.5
5.5
1.5
6.0
2.0
2.0
3.5
1.5
1.25
1.5
.76
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.5
In.
9.
1.0
1.0
Round
Round
0.6
.75
.75
.75
1.5
.76
.25
• 75
.75
.25
1.5
Round
1.5
Round
1.5
1.5
1.5
1.5
Round
1.5
1.25
Round
0.5
Round
.75
Round
1.25
Round
1.0
1.0
Round
Total
length.
Keet.
28.5
XO
1.16
2.0
3.05
1.58
10.0
10.19
8.0
4.6
1.75
7.?«
4.5
2.66
2.3
0.8
1.5
1.75
0.64
1.37
1.0
4.0
0.92
0.83
3.33
1.33
9.6
0.4«
7.M
1.5
3.5
.75
1.75
1.6
BILLS OF IRON. 101
Bill of Iron for one 10-inch Barbette Carriage.
TOP CARRIAGE.
No. of
pieces.
NAMES OF PiRTS.
Cheek-plates (see drawings)
Front braces
Middle braces
Rear braces
c. , <. / • \ f front
Sub (ang.iron). j^^^^
Ends for rear brace
Diagonal braces
Shoes (shai)es) or \
Fulcrum for handspike
Transoms
Rrace transoms.
Rear transoms, 5-in. trough-beams.
Rear transom ends
Trunnion-plates
Axle, hammered (shapes) or
DimensioDS of each piece.
In.
74.0
41.25
39.25
65.0
21.0
41.75
6.0
54.75
16.0
69.0
6.0
44.0
40.75
10.0
35.5
6.0
33.0
44.0
In.
39.6
6.0
6.0
6.0
3.25
3.25
3.0
3.5
3.75
4.25
2.5
4.5
4.5
5.5
6.0
3.25
3.25
3.125
In.
.4
2.76
2.75
2.75
2.75
2.75
,5
.5
2.25
1.0
1.5
.75
.75
.75
2.75
.5
.75
Round
Total
length.
Feet.
24.25
Total
weight.
LI.B.
472.00
436.60
10.46! 93.26
1.0 5.04
9.12 53.62
2.66{ 75.41
11.5 164.22
.5 6.30
7.33
82.97
6.8
76.97
1.66
22.01
5.91
191.70
1.0
16.38
5.5
45.04
3.66; 93.56
The remainder of the bill the same as for the 8-ineh columbiad.
CHASSIS.
The samfe as S-inch, except as follows :
The length of the hurter-har is 43.25 in. ; of the 4 transoms, 46.00 in.
A'1-pounder Barbette Carriage.
The .same as the 8-inch, with the addition of 2 pieces, 12 in. long, 4.875. wide, S)
in. thick ; omit one piece of the rear transom of top carriage.
'S'2-pounder Barbette Carriage.
The same as the S-inch. e-\cept as follows :
TOP CAKKIAGE.
The length of the 2 transoms is 33 inches ; of the rtar trannom, 24. •'i inches (omit
<ine piece) ; of the axle, 33 inches,
CHASSI.S.
The length of the linrter-hur is 31 inches; of the front transom, 31.6 inches: of
the 3 tra)i8<)ms, 35 inches.
'lA-pounder Barbette Carriage.
Add to the bill of iron for a 32-pounder, 2 pieces. 12 inches long, 3.25 inches
wide, 1.25 inches thick.
102
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bills of Iron for one S-inch Casemate Carriage.
TOP CARRIAGB.
NAMES OF PARTS.
Dimensions of each piece.
Total
length.
In.
Feet.
Total
weight.
LbH.
Cheek-i)lates .
Front braces,
Middle braces, ^1 | beams
Rear braces,
Sub-braces (anRle-iron).. •!
^ " ' \ rear . . . ■
Ends for rear brace
Diagonal braces
Sbues sba)ic8, or j
Fulcrum for baDd.'<pike
Transoms
Brace transoms \
Rear tran.«om (5-in. truugh-beam).
" ends
Trunnion-plates
Axle (hammered) shapes, or
" stops
Linchpins
Axle-boxes (brass: see drawing)...
" washers (cast-iron) ....
Arc-supports
£lerating-arc (brass)
'* screw
" " box (brass)
64.0
32.0
0.4
33.5
6.0
2.75
32.5
6.0
2.75
54.75
6.
2.75
16.5
3.25
2.75
36.5
3.25
2.75
6.0
3.0
0.5
42.0
3.5
0.5
32.0
3.5
2.25
38.0
3.25
1.0
6.0
2.5
1.5
38.0
4.5
.75
S8.0
4.5
.75
10.0
5.5
.75
30.5
6.0
5.0
6.0
3.25
1.5
34.0
S.25
.75
38.0
3.125
Round
4.25
1.0
Round 1
3.5
1.25
.5
6.0
1.75
.375
.30.0
....
.2
13.0
2.375
Round
20.12
8.83
1.0
7.0
5.33
6.3.3
.5
6.33
6.33
0.83
2.54
1.0
5.66
3.16
0.71
0.58
1.0
1.08
Total..
Cast-iron
Cast-brass
\363.00
362.25
78.76
5.04
11.16
1.30.03
69.12
0.30
71.65
71.65
11.50
82.35
16.38
46.. 3»
80.77
1.83
1.24
2.20
15.54
1585.70
The rest of the bill is the same as for the 8-iuch barbette, omitting 4 transom-
bolts, 4 elevating-bed bolts, and 8 nuts.
-i'Z-pdr Casemate Carriage.
The same us the 8-inch, with the addition of 2 pieces, 12 inches long, 4.875 wide,
and 0.5 thick.
H2-pdr. Casemate Carriage.
The same as the S-inch. except the lengths of the following pieces:
TOP CARniAGE.
2 transoms, 33 inches: 1 rear transom, 25.5 inches; 1 axle, 33.0 inches*.
BILLS OF IRON.
103
Bills of Iron for one S-i7ich Casemate Carriage.
NAMES OF PARTS.
Dimensions of each piece.
Total
length.
Total
weight.
In.
Feet.
Lbs.
1
12
8
4
4
4
28
4
68
4
2
Rails 9-inch H beams.
Hurtcr-bar
Counter-hurters
" " rivets.
Front transom
Transoms
Diagonal braces
Front traverse-wheel forks, shapes. .
or
Rear traverse- wheel forks, shapes..
or
Tongue shape, or
Bolts for transoms
" " front transom
" " diagonal brace
" " hurter-bar
" " tongue and tran.«om
" " traverse-fork
" " traverse-wheel
Hooks for handspikes
or ]
Nuts (hcxagonjil)
Nuts for traverse-wheel bolts
Front traverse-wheels (cast-iron) ..
Rear traverse-wheels (east-iron) ..
Manocuvring-bars ]
Pair wrenches.
162.0
5.375
9.
36.0
4.0
I.O
7.0
5.25
1.0
3.0
.875
Round
3.0
.75
Round
36.0
6.0
1.0
40.0
5.5
.75
57.0
4.0
.625
11.5
5.5
1.5
16.0
5.5
1.25
38.0
5.5
1.25
65.0
6.5
1.0
2.75
1.5
1.5
3.25
1.5
1.5
2.5
1.5
1.5
3.0
1.5
1.5
3.25
1.5
1.5
3.0
1.5
1.5
5.5
2.5
Round
4.0
1.25
Round
4.0
1.75
.75
2.0
.75
.75
1.5
1.5
.5
2.75
2.25
Round
46.0
1.5
Round
9.0
3.25
1.25
21.0
2.25
1.0
18.0
1.0
Round
27.0
3.0
1.16
2.0
3.0
lO.O
9.5
1.91
2.66
6.33
5.41
2.75
2.16
.83
1.0
l.OS
7.0
1.83
2.66
8.5
0.46
1.5
1.75.
1.5
1338.00
13.44
20.46
4.00
20.16
138.60
79.80
52.94
61.45
145.22
118.15
20.79
16.33
6.27
7.56
8.16
52.92
29.94
10.88
32.13
2.60
45.12
20.47
13.23
3.91
Amount, 2262.53
o2-pdr. Casemate Carriage.
The same as the 8-inch, except the lengths of the following pieces :
CHASSIS.
1 hurter-bar, 31 inches; 1 front transom, 31 inches; 3 transoms, 35 inches.
2-i-pdr. Casemate Carriage.
The same as the 32-pdr., with the aJdition of 2 pieces, 12 inches long, 3.25 wide,
1.25 thick.
104 ORDNANCJi MANUAL.
Chapter P^ o u r t h .
MACHINES, ETC., FOR SIEGE AND GARRISON SERVICE.
Field and Siege Gin. (Plate 10.)
Woon. — 2 Jcijn ; 1 pry-j)ole ; .3 hracm ; 6 aimriiihling-piiis ; 1 icimllaiis ; 5 hand-
»pike8.
Iron. — C rireti and burm No. 2 B, for the tenons of the braces.
1 tongue, fastened to the head of the left leg by 3 rirels.
2 hetid-stiaps, fastened over the head of tlic legs by t i-irets No. 3, 8 ncrewi 2-iDcb
No. 14.
1 nssemb/hiff-bolt No. 4 A, for the head of the legs; 2 washers, fastened on the
outside; that on the left leg by the tongue-rivets: that on the right by 2 screws IJ-
inch No. 14.
2 sAfarra (cast-brass); 1 Khiacc-bolt ; 1 kei/ ; '2 uval washers, fantened to the lege
by 4 srrews IJ-inch No. 14.
1 ket/-bolt for pry-pole; 1 rhain, 8 litiks No. 2 ; 2 rtngs No. 2 A.
1 eyc-piti No. 2, screwed in the right side of the right leg.
2jourual-boxcs (brass): 4 bultv No. 4 A; 2 scretcs 2i inches; 2 pawls, held by th«
upper journal-box bolt ; 4 washers : i nuts.
2 gudfftuna, let in the ends of the windlass, fastened by 2 iron pins.
2 bands for windlass, fastened by 6 screirs.
2 haudspHe-suckets (brass) ; 2 pawls ; 2 springs, held in place by 2 plates fastened
to the socket by 6 screws. The socket turns freely on the gudgeons.
2 ratchet-wheels, fastened to the gudgeons by 2 keys.
2 bands for the foot of the legs: 4 n«i7« No. 1 C.
3 bands for the pry-pole — I on the foot, 2 on the head; 6 noi7« No. 1 C.
3 points, driven into the lower ends of the legs and pr^-pole.
1 handle for the pry-pole; 2 washers, let in and held by 6 screws 1^ inches No. 14.
1 tongue for the pry-pole, fixed in the head by 2 rivets and burrs No. 3 B.
Single Pulley arid Block.
1 sheave; 2 straps ; 1 cross-head ; 1 hook, connected by 2 bolts No. 4 A, and J
bolt No. 6 A; 3 nuts.
SLINC-CART. 105
Garrison Gin.
AVooD. — 2 leys; 1 prrj-ptih ; 11 cleats for pry-pole, fastened by 22 naila No. 2 C ;
1 windlaKs.
Iron. — G handu, one for each end of the legs and prv-pole, fastened by IS nails
No. .3 C.
2 braces, fastened to the legs by 4 bolts No. 5, and 4 k-ei/s ; 8 wuxhcrs, fastened to
the legs by 32 nails ; 4 key-chains, each of 4 linlis No. 1, and 2 jv'ii^s No. 1 B.
4 eye-pine No. 1, screwed into the legs above the bolt-holes.
1 cleris ; 1 clevis-bolt No. 10, fastened to the head of the pry -pole by 1 iron pin ;
2 keys ; 2 chains ; 12 links No. 1, and 2 /-inj;* No. 1 B each ; 2 eye-pins No. 1.
2 journal-boxes (brass), let into the legs and fastened by 2 bolts No. 4 A, and 2
holts No. 4i A; 4 washers ; 4 n«;» y 4 screws 2\ inches.
2 pawls, hold by the upper journal-box bolts.
2 (jnd(/eons, let into the ends of the windlass ; 2 iron jjnis.
2 bands for"windlass ; 6 screws, ,
2 handspike-sockefs, ] ct xi. r ^i c i j •
'^ ' \ Same as those for the field gin.
2 ratchet-tvheels, J
Z points, driven into the lower ends of the legs and pry-pole.
1 handle for the pry-pole ; 2 washers, let in the pry-pole and held by 8 screw* li-
ineh No. 14.
Pulley-Blocks.
They are made with one, two, three, or four sheaves.
Iron. — 2 straps ,• the ends are bent over the cross-hemls.
2 cross-heads ; 2 eyes, riveted in the cross-heads : the ends of the cross-heads are
cut with a screw-thread; 4 nuts.
1 hook, welded into the eye of one of the cross-heads.
The partition has two tenons on each end, which are lot into the cross-heads.
The shcares, of cast-brass.
1 sheave-bolt No. 5 A; 1 nut.
Casemate Gin. (Plate 17.)
It is made like the garrison gin, ditfcring from it only in the dimensions of some
parts. Tho pry-pole has but 6 cleats for steps. The handspike-socket, ratchet-
wheel, pawl-bolt, and prj'-pole handle are the same as those of tho ;/arrison gin.
Sling-Cart. (Plate 18.)
Wood. — 1 axle-tree; I bolster ; I pole ; 2 hounds ; I pole-prop.
lR<ftf. — 1 lower axlc-skean ; 2 tipper axlc-ekeans, let into the a.\le-tree and axle-
arms, and fastened by 6 rivets No. 3, and 2 bands on the ends of tho axle-arms.
2 washer-plates for axle-hooks, let into the rear of the axle-tree, and fastened by 8
lOG , ORDNANCE MANUAL.
>i«i7« No. 3 C, 2i inches: 2 n.rlc-hoo/cn pass tbrougli the axle-lroe from the rear; 2
nutt ; 2 tcnsliers.
2 wnnhcr-phiirt for bolctcr-liooks, let into the front of the bolster and fastened by
8 »iai7» No. 'A C. 2 inches; 2 holntfr-hookn* pass through the bolster from the front ;
2 HHi» and 2 wnnhcn.
2 Htirnipi, let in the bolster and a.xle-trcc, which they hold logi-tlier by 2 hn'dlet
and 4 niitx No. 4.
1 bi:d-pl<He for the screw (cast-iron), let into the top of the bolster and held by 2
bolu No. 4 C ; 2 nuU.
1 hointiiiij-tcrew : the lower end is square, and has 2 hooks.
1 nut for the screw (brass), round, with 2 square feathers on opposite sides.
1 hitndlc for the screw, fits on the nut, and has 2 round hranchcu.
2 riveU and burrs No. 3 U, for the small end of the pole.
1 pole-e(r(tjt, fastened to the en<l of the pole by 12 nai7» No. 3 C, 2 inches, and .')
bolts No. 2 A; 3 nut*. The strap forms an eye for attaching the pole to a limber.
2 lolls No. 5 B, for connecting the hounds with the bolster and axle-tree; 2 unts.
3 bands for the hounds aud pole, fastened bj 18 fiai7« No. 3 C, 2} inches.
2 bolts No. 4 A, for the houn<ls and pole ; 4 leathers; 2 nuts.
1 pole-staple passes through the pole fr«)m the under side, and is held by 2 nuts
No. 7; 2 washers ; and, at its middle, by 1 eye-bolt No. 4; 1 nut.
1 cascable-chain ; 16 /iiiA-« No. 5; 1 ring ; 1 hook: the ring traverses on the bar
of pole-staple.
1 eyc-piii for pole-prop socket, passes through the pole from the under side, and
held by 1 tcasher and 1 nut No. 3; 1 pole-prop socket ; 1 J'errulr, fastened to the
jirop by 2 rivets No. 2.
1 poie-prop chain ; IC linkn No. 1 ; 1 rln<j No. 1 A; 1 tnij<jl-- ; 1 >i/tpin No. 1,
screwed into the pule.
2 shoulder-iranhers for iixle-trce.
2 liftch-iFashers, with drag-hooks.
2 linchpins.
1 sling-chain ; 2 trunniun-chniits.
Sling-Cart Wheel. (Plate 18.).
Wood. — 1 nave ; 16 spokes ; 8 fellies ; 8 dowels.
Iron. — 4 nave-bands, fastened by 12 nails No. 3 C, 2 inches long.
1 tire, made in one hoop ; 8 tire-bolts No. 4 C; 8 xcashers ; 8 nut*.
2 nave-boxes (cast-iron).
The sling-cart is capable of transporting a 10-inch colambiad. It is used with a
field limber.
t
* The axle and bolster-hooks serve for fastening the laHking<baina or ropea to relieve the
(train on the screw when the weight is slung.
HAND SLI NO-CART. 107
Trunnion-Chains. (Plate 18.)
The trunnion-chains are three in number, for light or heavy weights. They are
made of the patent looped-link chain. A pair is required to carry a gun. One is
passed under each trunnion and hooked on the head uf the screw of the sling-cart.
No. I. Composed of 1 chain .59 inches long, the ends joined by 1 ring.
No. 2. Composed of 2 chains, each 59 inches long, the ends joined by 1 ring.
No. 3. Composed of 2 chains, each 47 inches long, the ends joined by i ring,
having 3 branches : two for the ends of the chains composing the pair, and the third
for the hook of the screw.
Thickness of the iron composing the link. .5 inch.
Length of iron for the connecting-ring, 23 inches for No. 1, 24 inches for Nos.
2 and 3.
Size of iron for connecting-ring, 1.375 inch, round.
AVeights.— No. 1, 27 lbs. ; No. 2, 53 lbs.; No. 3, 61 lbs.
Sli7ig- Chain.
The sling-chain is composed of 69 links, I ring at one end, and 1 hook at the
other. The links are made of .75-iuch round iron, and are 5 inches long. The
ring is of 1-inch iron, and 6 inches diameter (exterior). Whole length of chain,
256.25 inches.
Hand Sling-Cart.
This cart is convenient for the transportation of light weights to short distances.
It should not be used habitually for weights of more than 4,000 lbs.; but a 24-pdr.
or 32-pdr. gun may occasionally be transported a short distance. It is made
entirely of iron, except the pole, which is of oak.
BODi'.
1 axle-tree; 1 vp^ter pole-straj), welded to the middle of the axle-tree.
1 understrap for the pole, fastened to the axle-tree by 1 bolt No. 2 E
3 bolts No. 3 D, for connecting the pole with the upper and lower strap; 3 nuts.
2 rivets No. 3 B, for the rear end of the pole.
1 pole-strap and cyr,* fastened to the small end of the pole by 6 rivets No. 3.
1 handle, held in place in the hole by a shoulder on one side and 1 key on the
other.
2 braces, fastened to the pole by 1 holt No. 2 A and 1 nnt. and to the axle-tree by
2 nuts No. 3.
1 hook, fastened to an eye in the axle-tree by 1 bolt No. 4 A ; 1 nut.
2 shoulder-rvashcrs ; 2 linch-icashers ; 2 linchpins.
*The eye is used for connpcting tho sling-cart occasionnlly with a limber, or for attaching a
Uorse to it, whilst the pole is hold up by hand.
108 ORDNANCK MANUAL.
WRKEI,.
1 iiavf; (cact-irou) : 10 spukm, with a mund tcnun for the iiavc, and a flat bearing
'.''IT the tin-.
1 i:,>. cliriiiik liii thf ( iiiU '.f the .>.|.okc.s and fastened l>y |i> rl.-.-u No. .■•.
( 'ascmate Truck.
'l"he cahcmato truck ia dc-8i);ned for truDHportiiif; guns in (•a.^ematc gjillcrici" ">r
lhr(iu)(li puslerns.
AVooD. — 'i rn\l» ; 3 trnumimii, framed to llic ruili* b_v tenons and luortincii. 1
hit mile.
Ihon. — I rear Irautnm-plaU and ring fur drag-ropci:, let into the nnilur side of the
trnneiou and raiU, and foKluncd by 4 na(7« No. 2 C, .3J-in.
1 /riittt Irantom-ptnte und ring for drag-ropeg, fiutcne^ by ti naih No. '2 V, 3i-in.
A ball* for the rails and Iransoinfi, No. 4 H ; A iiulg.
'2 rrnr fitrk-platet, futitoned to the under side of the raili* by 4 »iiii7» No. "2 <', SJ-ii).
2 forka ; 2 lioltt for rear wlieelc; barbette chasMim travcrsc-whecl forks.
1 furk-iockei for front wheel ; is rouud, and let in tbe front tranfum.
\ fork ; 1 holt for front wheel, the same as for"the rear whccic, the up]»or \mT\ of
tho stem made eonieal.
I furk-pltilr for front wheel : it hu." an eye to connect it to the tongue.
1 tongue ; 1 luiigiic-bnlt No. 4 A; 1 nut.
'.\ truck frheeU : the traverse-whocls of the barbette cha.-si?.
JIand-Cart.
It is ufed for the transportation of lig'it stores to short dirtaneec
Wood. — I luhter for axle-tree; 2 I'licrr tide rails: ^ cront-bari, framed into the
•side rails : the front bar iii round, and serves for a handle ; 2 upper tide rail* ; 2 rtnl
ruilH, halved into the side rails and fastened by 4 trrcic*; 0 tldt: ttiidt; 6 end itada,
framed into the rails and cross-bars, und fastened by wooden plus; 0 board* fvr
bottom, sides and ends.
luON. — 18 gcreirs, No. 14, IJ-inch, to fasten tl'C "I'.ttom boards to bolst4;r Mid
cross-bars: 48 *c/-<-(r« to fasten the side and ends to tuo tituds.
1 axle-tree, fastened to the bolster by 2 lolt» No. 2 B ; 2 itutt.
Q props, fastened to the side rails by 4 holts No. 1 D; 4 nuts.
2 sfioiddir-icashers, let into the ends of the naves.
2 lineh-tcaihers ; 2 linchpins.
WHEEL.
Wooi>. — 1 iKirf/ 12 spokes ; 6 fellies.
luoN. — 2 nnre-baudt, fastened by 6 nail*.
1 tire, held by 6 tire-bolts No. 1 C: 6 urathtrrs ; 6 nuts.
1 nave-bojr, wrougbt-iron, welded.
HYDRAULIC JACK. 109
>SYore Truck.
This fnick i= used for moving boxes iu storehouses and in embarking ami dis-
embarking stores.
Wood. — 2 raih, rounded at the end.s for bandies.
4 cross-barn, framed into the rails and fastened by iroodeii pinn.
2 bolsters, nailed to the under side of the rails.
Iron. — 1 shoe, fastened to the upper side of the rails by 4 bolts No. 1 C; 1
washers ; 4c nuts.
1 axle-tree, fastened to the rails by 2 bolts No. 1 C; 2 nuts.
2 guard-plates, let into the rails under the shoe and held by the axle-tvce bolts.
2 truck wheels (cast-iron).
2 shoulder-washers.
2 Ihich-washers.
2 screws with square heads for the ends of the axle-tree, to hold the wheels on.
2 props, fastened to the rails by 4 bolls No. 1 B ; 4 uptn.
Lifting-Jack.
The lifting-jack is a geared screw with a projecting foot at its lower end, for lift-
ing heavy weights.
Wood. — 1 bed; 1 handle.
Iron. — 2 rivet-bolts No. 2 A, to strengthen the bed; 4 washers; 2 nuts.
2 eye-plates for the braces, let into the ends of the bed, and fastened by 4 ncreirs,
2-inch, and 1 screw, 1-inch, No. 16.
1 stand (cast-iron) : 4 steadying-points, screwed into the bottom of the stand.
2 brneex, listened to the stand, at the upper end, by 2 bolts No. 2.
I screw, same size and pitch as the elevating-screw for casemate carriage; 1 foot ;
1 plate, fastened to the foot by .'5 screws, IJ-ineh, No. 14.
1 tint ; 1 pinion for the hoisting-.screw (brass), like those for the casemate elevat-
ing-screw.
1 shaft for pinion : is kept in place by 1 screw-pin, let in the stand.
1 crank, held to the shaft by 1 nut No. 4; 1 woodmi handle, fastened by t waither ;
1 nnt No. 2.
1 cap-plate, let into the head of the stand one-eighth of an inch, and fastened by
4 bolt-screws No. 1.
Hydraulic Jack.
The hydraulic jack is used for the same purposes as the lifting-jack, and maj'
replace it to great advantage, being much more powerful, more portable, and more
convenient in use. Being a patented invention, it is procured ready-made. The
most convenient size is that of 7 tons capacity, of which the following are the
Dimensions: Height, 25.5 inches; lift, 10 inches; largest diameter, 9 inches
length of foot, 4 inches ; length of lever, 26.5 inches.
Weight of jack, without lever 112.-5 pounds.
" lever 4.75 "
no ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Lever .Lirl;.
Tho Icrer jack is an adju8tAl>lc fulcrum, with a long lever.
Wood. — 1 aland; coDsists of 2 iiprii/htii framed into 1 li<<l, and fastened by 2
wooden pin K ; 1 t ran nam ; 1 long lerer, 15 feet long.
InON. — 1 triinnom-bull No. 4 A cc.nnccts the transom and upright*; '2 imthert ; 1
uul.
1 fulcrum -pin, inserted in holes in the uprights at any rei|uiri'<l height.
1 rhain, 15 liukt No. 4 and 3 ringt No. 2 A : 1 eye-pin No. 1 fantens the fulcrum-
pin to the stand.
2 Iricr-plitiei (cMt-braM), fastened to the large end of the lever l>y 6 irrewi No.
16, 2J-inoh, to jircvent the lever from slipping on the fulfrum-j«in.
Platform for Siege Mortars.
Wood. — 6 *lerper$ ; lb deck-plank$ held together by 72 doirelt. There arc 4
dowels in one edge of each plank, fitting into 4 holes in the edge of the next plank.
The dowels are held fast hy /ox-iredye*.
IfiQjt. — 12 ryr-bnlii fit into holes in the front and rear planks, pasiting through
the sleepers, to prevent the planks from slipping on the sleepers.
Platform for Siege Guns.
Wood. — 12 tlcrpv ; 36 dvrk-plank; held together by 174 doicrU; I )turUr ;
fi ttakei.
Iron. — 12 eye-bolu fit into holes in the front and rear plunks, ]>a86ing through the
sleepers, to prevent the planks from slipping on the sleepers.
Hand-Barroic.
\7ooD. — 2 tide rail* : the ends are rounded and form the handles.
Rope neltiny joins the side rails, passing through holes in the side rails.
Pintle-cross, for Temporary Batteries.
Wood. — 2 croti-picre*, halved into each other in their middle at right angles to
each other; 1 pintlc-buUter, fastened to the cross by 4 octagonal pint, 1 inch thick.
Iron. — 1 boUter-plate (cast-iron), fastened to the bolster by 4 bolti ; 4 irathrrt ; 4
nutf ; 1 pintle.
A circular platform of planks is required for the wheels of the chassis to trav-
erse on.
Pent-Houses for Barbette Carriages.
The pent-house is a covering of thin boards, framed together, to protect the
wooden barbetto carriages from the weather.
It is made in several separate pieces, which can be readily put together or taken
apart.
PENT-HOUSES. HI
The pent-houses for the columbiad barbette carriages are similar to each other,
differing only in their dimensions. Those for the other barbette carriages are of a
different pattern, but similar to each other.
Pent-Houses for the Columbiad Carriages.
Woon.— 1 body, composed of 2 aiUs, 2 i^ides, 1 roof, 1 rear and \ front end.
1 front chassis-cover and 1 rear chassis-cotter, each in one piece.
Iron. — 8 eye-pins ; 8 eye-pin washers; 8 keys; 8 chains; 8 luire stajiles ; 4 lony
hooks; 14 Aoo/-« (short); Z6 staples; 4 handles for ends.
Pent- Houses for the other Barbette Carriages.
Wood. — 1 body, composed as for the columbiad barbette.
1 chassis-cover ; 1 tongue-cover.
Iron. — 4 long hooks; 2 short hooks ; 12 stnjyhs ; 8 rye-pins; 8 eye-pin washers; 8
chains; 8 keys ; ?> wire staples ; 4 handles {ot ends.
TO PUT ON THE rENT-HOUSE.
On the columhiad-carriage. — Place the gun over the pintle; depress the muzzle
about five degrees, so that the chase shall fit in the circular cut made in the front
end and roof. Lay the sills across the chassis in front and in rear of the top car-
riage ; place the tenons of the sides in the mortises of the sills ; put on the roof and
hook it to the sides : place the ends and key them ; put on the chassis-covers and
hook them.
On the other barbette carriages. — Run the gun "in battery ;" remove the wheels;
place them upon the chassis in rear of the axle and resting against the top carriage ;
chock them with their linchpin and washer, and proceed to put on the body as on
the columbiad-carriage.
112
ORDNANCB MANUAL.
PIUXCII'AL DIMKNSIONS AM) WKIOHTS OF MAf'iirNKS. KTC. FOH
SIKiJK OR GARRISON SERVICE.
Sliiuj-Carts and Trucks.
li
?l
i
c
— £
Xc
§
ll
K
a.
-
®
Length from rear of wheel to front end of
p«)lc in.
L(>n|;th of axle-tree in.
Ilciifhl (if whreln in.
I>isl!iiicu lii'twocn thv whocU on the ground, in.
one wheel ll>».
budv Iba.
eirri'W lbs.
handluf lbs.
Weight of •! ciirt roniplet«\ without nling-
ebiiini> lbs.
trtinnion-chAin and rings
sliDg-chain
lbs.
lbs.
242.4
92.
«6.
62.75
714
700
98
77
2,302
i «»
I 63
84
ir.o.7.'i
75.60|
72.0
60.4
440 ,
240 I
1,115
27
•74.76
•141.5
45.5
t42.5
.10.5
15.0
;{6..15
29.6
34.
113
181
800
H
•66.5
24.15
12.0
19.75
18.6
4S.
80
* WhoU- IpnprtI' of Uuily KiiJ hanilte
i WMth of hi^f.
Gin/t.
Sic^e.
Length uf Xeps
(1 iir
1 pry-poll-
1 windlass
braces.. . .
oak
Weight of -J pin, complete 11
1 sinjrle block
1 double block lbs
1 triple block lbs.
[IfaU lbs,
in.
175.5
lbs.
148.
lbs.
71.
lbs.
187.
II..-..
.33.
lbs.
615
lbs.
35
lbs.
32
256
•^ 1
172
280.
272.1
213<
293.'
292.
208
310.1
310.
M4
104. 1
104.
83
1267.
1250.
979
Ash
Pine
72
90
*110
• 120 feet. 5-incb henip rope.
t83
tWfoet
DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF PLATFORMS.
Tiifting-Jack and Lever Jack.
113
UFTINO-JACK.
LEVER JACK.
Lever.
Length inches.
Breadth "
Hei£;ht "
Weight lbs.
20.
24
12.
U
29.2
30
60.
100
180,
5.5
150.
DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS OF PLATFORMS.
For Guns and Hoxoitzers.
SIEQE.
RICOCHET.
NAMES OF PIECES.
00
'5.
o
d
i
c
3
-3
1
H
2
'5.
O
c
.c
Mi
c
o
h9
j.
5
is
1
12
36
In.
108
108
108
In.
5.0
5.0
5.0
In.
3.5
3.5
3.6
Lbs.
61
tt08
1854
1
3
2
1
1
18
4
In.
96
108
128
84
30
48
32
In.
8.
5.5
13.
13.
13.
1.25
2.0
In.
8.
5.5
2.25
2.25
2.25
1.2.
1.0
Lbs.
174
147
Planks
166
Plank
60
21
Stakes (securing)
Stakes (implements) ...
6
4
4
4S
32
14
3.5
2.0
0.75
2.0
1.0
Round
70
10
8.5
2601.5
32
10
600
For Mortars.
NAMES OF PIECES.
SIEOE.
!
RAIL.
(r
1
m
o
X
c
a.
^
3J
^
O.
^
a
<_•
^
J3
^
v.
^
-S
d
3
-3
H
^
d
C
•:3
is
2
Sleepers
Deck-planks ,
Rails
Stakes (securing) ....
St.^ke8 (pointing) .^.
Eye-bolts
Platform, comjilete..
In.
In.
In.
Lb.s.
In.
In.
In.
6
96
5.0
3.5
230
3
60
11.5
.86
18
108
5.0
3.5
927
2
14
84
48
10.0
3.5
10.0
3.0
6
48
3.5
2.0
70
4
,12
48
11
1.0
0.75
1.0
Round
4
48
1.0
1.0
Wooden platform for columbiad-carriages weighs 3,904 lbs.
114
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Traverse- Circles.
no. or
PICCE8
IM THI
BIZB OP PIECE.
WEIOIITH OP
OCTER OR j IKWEK OB
REAR. PROMT.
For Imrliotle riirriacr, I , „
ccnlrc-pliitlp f I
Kor bnrlM'ltP rAiTia((«, I
front-plntU- f •"
For caaeniAl« cmtUko i S
In.
2.25
•« %t -t as
LtM.'Lbc.'LlM.
I
No. 4 II. \bi &47 23. 722.
I
... 146 i«.6 161.5
»7 Ui U. IM.
Dimensions and Weights of Blocks, Rollers, etc., for Manoeuvres.
No. Lenftli. Width
Thlck-
noM.
^•-•^"^ /e",St
Remaiiu.
LonfT roller
Short roller .. . .
Half roller
Block
Half bK.ck
Quarter lilock.. .
Guu-ehocks
Wheel-chocks • ..
Roller-chocks . . .
Skid
Shifting-plank . .
Trace-rope
Trunnion-loops . .
In.
42.
12.
46.
20.
20.
20.
S.6
7.
72.
67.
360.
18.
Id.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
6.
Round
Round
25.0
12.0
50.0
36.0
6.
8.
8.
8.
2.75
6.
8.
4.
2.
2.5
31.0
2j5.0
13.0
6.5
0.375
62.0
416.0
78.0
13.0 ,
2.25 1
1
«.
3.
2.25
13.5
5.
8.
i.
8.
1.0
97.
6.0
194.
1 12.
2.25
48.
48.
' 2.25
1.5
Round
Round
7.5
7.5
j A groove .25 in.
•' dcfp in the
( middle.
Top rounded 3 in.
Wedjfe chaped.
f Section a triangle.
<. Top rounded
( 1 in.
(Ends bevelled on
opposite sidec
End spliced.
BILLS OF TIMBER.
Bills of Timber for Gins and Sling-Cart.
115
KAUES OF PARTS.
i
■p,
6
BOCOH DIMERfilONS OF
EACH PIECE.
CONTENTS.
Long.
Wide.
Thick.
Each
piece.
Total.
Kind of wood.
FIELD AND SIEGE GIN.
I^egs
Pry-pole ■
Windlass
( Upper. .
Braces < Middle .
( Lower. .
GARRISON GIN.
Legs and J Large end
pry-pole | Small end.
Two bevel-blocks . . . .
Windlass
Cleats
CASEMATE GIN.
T f Large end )
I^'^eM Small end j"-'
Pry-pole I ^'''f, ^"^l ]
•' ^ { Small end j
In.
2
180
180
68
48
72
102
Windlass
Cleats ■
SLING-CAUT.
Axle-tree
Bolster . .
Hounds. .
Tongue ji"''"g^«° J }
'' { Small end J
rp ( Naves .
Two „ ,
wheels i Spokes
wneeis j^j^eHigg.
264
40
104
12
180
180
101
12
102
66
80
198
21
48
.39
In.
6.5
5.5
9.
4.75
4.75
4.75
6.5
10.
11.
4.25
9.0
6.5
9.
6.5
11.
4.25
11.
9.
9.
7.5
5.
19.
5.25
9.
In.
5.5
5.5
9.
2.75
2.75
2.75
9.
6.5
9.
11.
3.
9.0
6.5
9. '
6.5
IL
3.
9.
5.
6.
5.
Round
2.75
5.5
Sup.ft.
44.69
37.81
38.25
4.35
6.53
9.25
113.21
25.
87..39
1.06
100.33
77.03
84.88
1.06
70.13
37.13
25.
48.13
41.34
4.81
13.4
Sup.ft.
89.38
37.81
38.25
4.35
6.53
9.25
185.57
I Spruce or
j ash.
Oak.
Oak plank.
339.63 Spruce
25.00
87.39
11.66
463.68
Oak.
Oak plank.
200.66
77.03
84.88
6.36
368.93
70.13
37.13
50.
48.13
82.68
153.92
214.4
656.39
> Spruce.
Oak.
Oak plank.
Oak.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Oak plank.
Bills of Lumber for Platform for Siege Guns and Mortar.
For one siege gun or howitzer, yellow pine or oak :
49 pieces, 114 in. long, 6 in. wide, 4 in. thick, 19 ft. each 931 ft.
For one siege mortar, yellow pine or oak :
6 pieces, 102 in. long, 6 in. wide, 4 in. thick, 17 ft. each 102 ft.
18 " 114 " 6 " 4 " 19 ft. " 342 ft
Total... 444ft.
116
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bill of Iron for Field and Siege Giji.
Length,
Weight.
Chain, No. 2
Rivets and nails
Bolts, No. 3, and keys for
gudgeons
Key-bolt
Bolts, No. 5, eye-pin, and
handle
Sheave-bolt
Bolts for pulley-block . . . .
Cross-head for pulley-block.
Nuts, No. 3
Bands
Nuts, No. 4
Hook for pulley -block- .. .
Washers, No. 3
Bevel washer
Gudgeons and points
Oval washers
Head-straps
Straps for pulley-block...
Pry-pole tongue
Journal-boxes -
Tongue-plate
Journals
Bands for windlass
Pry -polo handle
Pawls
Batchets
Three sheaves for pulleys.
In.
0.2
.375
.625
.76
1.
1.25
1.5
2.5
1.25
1.5
1.5
1.75
2.
2.
2.
2.5
2.5
2.5
3.5
3.5
5.5
3.0
4.0
1.125
1.25
8.0
In.
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
.625
.25
.75
1.75
0.125
.625
2.
0.125
.31
.5
1.
1.75
0.5
Round
0.375
Round
1.25
1.25
In.
42.
129.
71.
10.
27.
16.
8.
3.,
10.
212.
5.
12.
18.
3.
14.
13.
32.
30.
12.
24.
16.
18.
64.
22.
24.
16.
Lbs.
0.36
3.95
6.03
1.22
5.87
5.45
3.92
4.77
2.18
22.26
1.57
10.29
1.26
1.05
15.68
1.14
7.
10.50
11.76
41.16
12.32
35.34
26.88
6.07
10.50
44.80
24.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Or 2 round shapes, ham-
mered.
Brass.
BILL OF IRON.
117
Bill of Iron for one Garrison or Casemate Gin.
Thick-
ness.
Length. Weight.
Remarks.
Key-chains, No. 1
King!:
Rivct-bolt,«i, No. 1
Pin for clevis-bolt
Eye-pins
Bolts, No. 5
Bolts, No. %, for pawls. . . .
Braces and clevis
Clevis-bolt ,.
Bolt-heads.No. 5, and points
for legs
Nails, No. 3
Nuts, No. 1
Kevs for braces
Nuts, No. 3
Eyes for pulley-blocks and
pawls
Keys for clevis-bolt
Nuts, No. 4
Hooks for blocks
Washers. No. 3
Collars for points
.Fournals
Washers for handle
Washers. No. 5
Bands for windlass
Lower bands for lejjs
Cross-beads for blocks....
Upper bands for legs
Partitions for blocks
Straps for blocks
Pry-pole handle
Two ratchets
In.
0.15
0.2
0.5
0.75
0.875
1.
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.
0.375
1.
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.5
1.5
1.75
2.
2.
3.
3.
3
4
4
4
6
1.125
8.0
25
Two journal-boxes.
Five sheaves
In.
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
0.375
0.5
0.125
0.625
1.25
0.125
0.75
1.75
0.125
1.
Round
0.188
0.188
0.375
0.25
1 . 25
0.25
0.25
0.37
Round
1.25
Feet.
7.5
2.5
1.66
0.41
0.83
3.33
0.70
22.5
2.25
4.
9.41
0.16
1.16
2.54
4.
1.16
0.75
1.83
0.33
2.
1.5
0.5
2.16
5.33
5.08
2.33
4.12
2.75
5.
1.8
1.33
Lbs.
0.52
0.27
1.08
0.60
1.66
8.
2.86
132.. 52
18.02
41.88
4.42
0.26
0.60
6.65
21.0
0.73
2.83
18.83
0.27
13.44
35.34
0.94
4.40
26.86
17.06
39.14
20.76
18.48
.50.40
5.96
44.80
541.37
13.
60.
73.
This bill includes the ma-
terials for one double
and one triple pulley-
block.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Or 2 round shapes, ham-
mered.
Cast-brass.
118
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bill of Iron for one Sling-Cart.
Width.
Thick-
ness.
Length Weight.
Kemarka.
Pole-prop chain, No. 1
Rings, No. 1
Rivete, No. 2
Chain, No. 5, and rivets, No. .3
Pole-rivct9
Bolts, No. 4
Eye-pin, No. 1
Bolts, Nos. 2 and 5, and rings
Pole-staple
Bolt-heads, No. 4, and eye-pin* .. . .
Screw-hundlc
Bolt-heads, No. 6
Nails. No. .3
Toggle for pole-proj) chain
Axle-washers, u]iper skcans, nuts,
No. 2, and chain-hook
Burrs for i)ole-ri vets
Nuts, No. 3
Bolster-hooks
Axle-bands
Nuts. No. 4
Hook for .sliug-chain
Axle-hooks
Pole-prop ferrule
Linchpins
Washers. No. .3
Bands for hounds and pole
Brow-bands for naves
Lower skean and stirrups (in part). ■
Bridles
Stirrups and pole-straps
Nuts, No. 5
Upper skcans
Nuts, No. 7
Washers, No. 4
End bands for naves
Lower axle-skean — body
Hoisting-screw (in one piece)
Washers, No. 5
Pole-prop socket >
Socket of screw-handle ■
Washers, No. 7
Washers for axle and bolster-hooks ,
Two wheel-tires
Lower axle-skean — middle part. . . . ■
Bed-plate for screw
N»Te-boxe8 for two wheels ,
Nut for hoisting-screw
In.
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.375
0.5
0.75
0.875
1.
1.25
1.5
1.75
2.
0.375
0.5
1.
1.125
1.25
1.25
In.
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
Round
0.375
0.25
0.5
0.25
0.625
1.25
0.2
0.75
1.
1.5
0.375
0.625
0.125
0.25
0.375
0.5
0.625
0.75
1.
0.5
1.25
0.188
0.375
0.5
3.
0.188
0.625
2.25
0.25
0.375
0.875
0.5
Feet.
3.75
0.31
0.50
9.06
0.50
4.42
0.14
9.91
4.5
1.
5.33
0.50
12.04
0.16
11.25
0.33
10.
16.33
10.
1.58
4.83
0.66
0.66
0.37
4.58
13.82
3.41
3.83
0.54
1.25
1.
0.66
2.33
50.
1.
Lbs.
0.26
0.03
0.08
3.. 33
0.32
6.50
0.28
25.86
18.41
5.86
42.69
6.23
5.66
0.06
18.90
0.17
0.26
12.23
2.17
12.28
6.70
18.90
1.45
3.04
0.27
16.80
41.00
33.60
6.63
24.34
4.43
2.49
3.49
7.19
43.52
17.18
115.81
1.10
9.18
25.88
2.21
13.18
661.00
10.08
1230.04
42.
_60.
"1027
~ii7
*Pole-prop.
Hammered.
Hammered.
Hammered.
In 4 piecet.
Cast-iron.
ICast-iron.
Cast-brass.
BILL OF LUMBER.
119
Bill of Lwnber for one B2-pdr. Gun or S-in. Sea-coast Howitzer
Pent-House.
NAMES OF PARTS.
ROUGH DIMENSIONS OF
EACH PIECE.
Long. Wide. Thick.
Each
piece.
Kind of wood.
MAIN nOUSE.
Sides
Roof
Front door
Rear door
Side and roof strips. . . .
Door strips
Rafters
Roof front piece
Roof back piece
Fascias
Axle-poeket sides
" " fronts
" " caps
Sills
Front posts
Back and middle posts.
HEAR HOUSE.
Sides
Roof
Back
Roof strips
Back strips and braces
Front rafter
Rear rafter
TONGUE-COVEU.
Sides
Side strips .
Roof
Rafters . .
Back ,
74
25
68
49
87
62
39
42
39
86
26
24
11
62
78
60
57
34
66
56
120
61
62
50
120
51
14
19
In.
6.
6.
6.
3.
3.
7.
18.
6.
7.
6.
10.
8.
3.
3.
3.
9.5
17.
In.
.75
.75
.75
.75
1.5
1.25
1.5
1.25
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
4.
3.
3.
.75
.75
.75
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
.75
1.25
1.
1.25
1.25
Sup. ft,
3.08
1.04
2.83
2.04
2.72
1.61
2.84
6.56
1.67
4.18
1.08
1.66
.61
5.17
4.87
3.75
2.37
1.41
2.75
1.94
3.12
4.76
8.61
2.08
3.12
.^19
1.15'
2.80
Snp.ft.
98.56
33.28
33.96
20.40
24.46
6.46
8.53
6.56
1.67
8.36
4.33
3.33
1.22
10..34
9.75
15.
286.21
23.70
31.02
13.75
7.77
(i.24
4.76
8.61
95.85
16.64
3.12
6.37
2.31
2.80
31.24
White pine
or cy|)ress.
Yellow
pine,chest-
nut, or oak.
White piiie
or cypress.
[ White pine
I or cypress.
120 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Bill of Lumber for one 8-m. Columbiad Barbette Pent-House.
RAMES OP PARTS.
MAIX HOfSE.
Sidc!)
Roof
Doors
Side (itrips
Roof stri]>8
Door strips
Rafttrs
Fronts
Fascias
Sills
End posli'
Middle posts
FRONT ASn UKAIl IIOLSES
Sides
Roofs
Ends
Roof strips
End strips
Side strips
Braces
Front roof rafters
Back roof rafters and ends
RODdH DIHEKSIONS
OF BACH PIECE.
iong
Wide
In.
In.
75
6
31
6
49
6
86
3
86
4 1
62
3 '
62
9 '
54
12 '
86
7
66
3
62
3
80
3
28
6
37
6
70
6
45
4
32
3
28
3
45
3
72
3
66
17
66
12
In.
.75
.75
.75
1.5
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.
1.
4.
3.
3.
.75
.75
.75
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
CONTESTS.
Each
piece.
Total.
Sup.ft.
Sup.ft.
3.12
99.84
1.29
41.28
2.04
48.96
2.69
16.13'
2.99
11.94
1.61
5.45,
4.06
12.18
4.5
9.
4.18
8.36
5.5
11.
3.875
15.5 1
5.05
10.10
289.74
1.17
42.12
1.54
55.44'
2.91
.34.92
1.53
12.23,
1.10
2.20
.94
11.25!,
1.56
6.25,
2.50
5. :
9.74
19.47:
6.87
41.25
2.30.13!
Kin.1 of
wood.
White pine or
cypress.
S Yellow pine,
> chestnut, or
J oak.
I White pine or
I cypress.
NoTK. — An allowance of J should be made for waste, and | for small bills.
BUI of Iron for one Barbette Pent-Mouse.
SIZE OF IROK.
Number
of
Len^h
of each
Total
LeiiKtb
Weight.
Remarks.
Wide.
Thick.
pieces.
piece.
required.
In.
In.
In.
In.
Lbs.
1.25
..375
8
4.5
36
4.71
Eye-bolts.
2.
.125
8
•>
16
1.12
Eye-bolt plates.
.625
Round.
8
7.25
58
4.92
Door handles.
.375
«
6
7.
42
1.29
Long hooks.*
.375
"
2
5.
10
.31
Short hooks.
.25
«
16
4.
64
.92
Staples.!
* 8 additional pieces for columbiad-carriages. f 1^ additional pieces for columbiad carriage*.
ARTILLERY IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 121
Chapter Fifth
AETILLERY IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS.
NOMENCLATURE, DIMENSIONS, WEIGHTS.
Rammer-Heads.
Rammkr-heads are made of ash, maple, birch, beech, elm, gnm, or other tough
woods ; the head is bored S of its length with a hole 0.25 inch less than the diame-
ter of the staff, which enters with a tenon. The staff is driven into the head and
fastened with a, pin of hard wood 0.3 inch diameter: the neck has a copper band 0.5
inch wide and 0.05 inch thick, fastened with 3 copper nails. For dimensions, see
page 132.
Sponge-Heads.
Sponge-heads are made of elm or poplar, etc. The head is bored 5 of its length
with a hole 0.25 inch less than the body of the staff, which is inserted in a tenon and
fastened by 2 hard wood pinit 0.3 inch diameter.
Rammer, ladle, and sponge-heads should be saturated, when new, with linseed oil,
to prevent splitting from alternate wetting and drying in service.
For the woven woollen sponge the diameter of the head is 1 inch less than the
calibre of the piece.
Sponges.
Sponges are made of coarse, well-twisted woollen yarn, woven into a warp of
strong hemp or flax thread, after the manner of Brussels carpet; the loops are 0.75
iuch long.
They are woven in webs with selvages between them, which being cut, the
sponges are sewed to fit formers of the same dimensions as the sponge-heads. One
end of the sponge is drawn together with strong twine, and a tuft of woollen yarn is
inserted at the centre of the gather or folds; a circular piece of strong canvas is
stitched inside of the bottom; the other end, after receiving the sponge-head, is
nailed to it around the staff with 6 copijer nails, 1 inch long; 3 copper nails should
also be driven into the bottom of the sponge, to secure it to the head.
122 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Similar sponges are made by working the yarn with needles into canvas bags ;
but the wove sponges are equally good, and less expensive.
Sponges are likewise made of sheep-skin alum-dressed, with the wool on ; but
they arc inferior to those made of yarn.
For dimensions of sponges, see Table of spouge-heads, page 132.
Sponge- Covers.
They are made of Russia duck.
The interior diameter is equal to the calibre of the piece. A hem 0.5 inch wide
around the top, receives a cord 0.2 inch diameter, by which the mouth is drawn
together and tied aroun<l the sponge-staff: a loop of canvas 0.75 inch wide is sewed
on the end of the cover, to draw it off by.
The covers are marked in black with the calibre of the gun.
Ladle- Heads.
Ladle-heads are made of the same kinds of wood, and arc fastened to the staves
in the same manner as rammer-heads.
Ladles.
Ladles are used for siege, garrison, and sea-coast guns only. They are made of
sheet-copper No. 18.
Toward the mouth of the ladle, the copper is spread a little, so as to increase the
diameter of the ladl* 0.,3 inch : the corners are rounded with a radius of from '2
inches to 3.5 inches. To stiffen the ladle, the copper is planinhed after being bent
and brazed. The ladle is attached to the head by 6 to 10 copper nuiU, 1 inch long,
driven in two rows around the l^ody, about 1 inch apart.
Worms.
There are two sizes of worms, one for siege or garrison guns, and the other for
field guns. They are fastened to their staff by 2 iron riiets, .25 inch in diameter.
Staves.
Staves for implements are made of tough ash.
The diameter of the tenon is 0.25 inch less than that of the staff; its length, 5 of
that of the head into which it is inserted. For worms it is pointed to fit the conical
form of the socket.
For field guns, field, siege and mountain howitzers, and mortars, the rammer
and sponge heads are on the same staff; for other pieces, on separate staves.
For the Coehorn mortar, the body of the staff forms the rammer and sponge-head.
For lengths of staves, see page 132.
For other cannon than those of the patterns described in Chapter I, staves may
IMPLEJ4ENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 123
be made of such a length that the finished implement shall bo 18 inches longer than
the bore of the piece.
Anvil-block, for portable forge, is of tough oak or other hard wood: it has I band,
8 inches wide around the top ; 1 iron pin fastens the anvil to the block : 2 r»ii^»
fastened by 2 stajilrs serve for handles. Dimensions, 19 inches high, 4.4 inches
diameter at top; 10.5 inches by 7.5 inches at bottom. Weight, 19 lbs.
Axe, felling : — blade with steel edge, length 7.25 inches ; width of top 3.5 inches,
of edge 4.75 inches; thickness at top 0.75 inch, at the eye 1.25 inch ; size of the
eye 2.25 inches by 0.75 inch ; handle (hickory) 27 inches long. Weight, 6 lbs.
Basket, for mortar-implements ; of strong wicker-work, 18 inches in diameter, 12
inches deep. Weight, 4 lbs.
Breech-sight : the base is a plate of brass 4.5 inches long, 0.6 inch wide, curved
to fit the base-ring; the scale and slider are similar to those of the pendulum-
hausse, except that a hole .05 inch diameter is made in the plate instead of a notch
to sight through; the brass is .1 inch thick when finished, made of No. 10 or 11
sheet-brass; the sights are graduated for no dispartn, n, front sight equal in height to
the dispart being screwed into the swell of the muzzle ; in columbiads, into the seats
provided for the purpose between the trunnions ; the scales are computed for the
patterns of guns having a base-ring; in the 24, 32, and 42-pdrs. mounted in case-
mate (a muzzle-sight being inadmissible) the scale is computed for a sight placed
at the front end of the second reinforce. Weight, 0.3 lb.
Bill-hook (iron, with steel edges) ; blade, whole length, S.25 inches ; width in the
middle, 3 inches, near the shank, 2.7 inches; thickness, 0.25 inch; hook, 1 inch
long; shank, 8 inches long; handle (hickory), 7.5 inches long. Weight, 2 lbs.
Broom, for mortar batteries (hickory or birch). Weight, 3.75 lbs.
Budge-barrel, for use in forts and batteries; staves (oak), 0.4 inch thick; bottom
(oak), in 1 or 2 pieces, 0.4 inch thick ; 4 hoojps (sheet-copper No. 18), 48 inches long,
1.1 inch wide, and confined to the barrel each by 5 rivets 0.2 inch diameter; they
are joined by 2 rivets, or brazed together; height of barrel, 20 inches; exterior
diameter — at ends, 13 inches, at bilge, 15 inches ; cover (bag leather), 18 inches high
and 40 inches wide, secured to the barrel under the upper hoop by 5 nails and by
the 5 rivets through the hoop; 2 cords 0.6 inch diameter, 6 feet long, passing
through holes in the cover at 1.5 inch from the top, to draw the mouth together;
the ends of the cords pass through a cap or hood 9 inches deep, sliding on the
cords. Weight, 15.5 lbs.
Coal-sack, for portable forge, is made of strong leather; it is closed at the top by
a leather strap passing through slits in the sack; diameter 14 inches, height 18
inches.
Chock, for casemate carriage; small wedge, with a handle on one side. Weight,
1.4 lb.
Brag-ro2)e: 4-inch rope, 2S feet long, with a thimble worked in a loop at one end,
and a thimble and hook at the other end; 6 handles, wood, 12 inches long, 1.5 inch
in diameter, fastened in the rope at the distance of 4 feet apart, and at the same
distance from the ends of the rope. Weight, 16.5 lbs.
191 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Forge-huckit, for the portable forge, is of sheet-iron stiffened at top by 1 band .5
inch wide: it is furnished with 1 handle fastened into 2 ears 1.6 inch long ; 7 inches
high, 6.8 inches diameter.
Fuze-cutter : a steel chisel, with wooden handle, for cutting the Bormann fuze.
Fuze-extractor : the inner screw and its Ktem arc made of steel, and riveted into
the handle, which is of iron ; the stem is contained in a ho/low tcrew of steel, which
is worked up and down by means of an iron )ih< with 2 hiindlen — the screw being
prevented from turning by a slot and & /rather in the frame; the nut is kept in
place by 4 iron set-nrrcirg, the points of which enter into a groove in the nut; the
frame is of cast-brass. Weight, .'',.5.3 lbs.
In using this fuze-c.xtractor. the inner stem is screwed into the fuf-e or jdug to he
extracted, by means of the upper handle, and it is lifted out by turning the nut of
the hollow screw.
Fuzc-settcr {hmas) : the handle, upper end slightly rounded; the cup 2.1 inches
diameter; depth 0.3 inch; whole length 5 to 6 inches. Weight, 2.GG lbs.
Fuze-mallet (dogwood or oak), jn one piece; hfad 5.5 inches long, 4 inches
diameter; handle 7.5 inches long, 1.25 inch diameter. Weight, 2.75 lbs.
.f'iize-«(i»/' (tenon-saw) : 10-inch blade. Weight, 0.75 lb. '
Funnel, for filling shells (copper or tin) : diameter of funnel 3.3 inches : diameter
of pipe 0.7 inch ; length of jjipe 2 inches. Weight, 0.32 lb.
Ounner'g gimlet: iron wire, 0.175 inch diameter, formed with a ring 2 inches
diameter at the head ; the other end terminating in a gimlet point. Weight,
0.08 lb.
Gunner's callipers : made of Wjcet-braas, with steel points; the graduations show
the diameters of guns and of shot, linear inches, degrees of the circle, etc. Weight,
0.5 lb.
Gunner's hatersack (bag leather) : 2 tides 13 inches high, 13 inches wide at bot-
tom, 14 inches at top of flap: end and bottom gussets 5 inches wide: /lap 8 inches
deep, with a strap 7 inches long passing through a buckle sewed to the front side ;
shoulder-bdt 1.5 inch wide, one part 12 inches long, with a buckle No. 4 and loup ;
the other 36 inches long. Weight. 1.S6 lb.
Gunner's perpendicular : this is made of eheet-brass ; the lower part is out in the
form of a crescent, the points of which are made of steel; a small spin -level is
fastened to one side of the plate, parallel to the line joining the p.i.ms of the
crescent, and a slider is fastened to the same side of the plate, perpendicular to tbo
axis of the level. The instrument is useful in marking the points of sight on siege
guns and mortars, when the platform is not perfectly leTel. Weight, 0.6 lb.
Gunner's pincers: made of iron, with steel jaws 1 inch wide; whole length 10.5
inches. Weight, 0.S5 lb.
(runner'* quadrant (wood): a graduated quadrant of 6 inches radius, attached to
a rule 23.5 inches long ; it has a plumb-line and bob, which are carried, when not
in use, in a hole in the end of the rule, covered by a brass plate. Weight, 0 84 lb.
Gunner'* quadrant (brass): a graduated quadrant, 6 inches radius, attached to a
IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 125
rule 22 inches long; it has an nrm carrying n npirtt-Ieiel at its middle, and a vernier
at its movable end ; the other end is secured to the centre of the quadrant by a rivet,
around which the arm moves. Weight, 2.25 lbs.
Gunner's sleeve, for mortars (serge or flannel). Weight, 0.25 lb.
Lanyard : the lanyard, for pulling oflF the primers, is a piece of strong cod-liuo
(about .2 inch diameter), 12 feet long; to one end is attached a small iron hook,
with an eye for tjie line, and to the other end a wooden toggle .75 inch diameter,
and 4 inches long. Weight, 0.1 lb.
Maul, for driving pickets; head (elm or hickory) C inches diameter, 8 inches long;
handle (ash) IJ inch diameter, 24 inches long, with an iron band on each end, 1 inch
wide, i inch thick. Weight, 10 lbs.
Men's harness: 4-inch rope, 18 feet long, with thimbles and a hook like the drag-
rope; instead of handles, 10 loops made of strips of bag leather 5 feet long, 2 75
inches wide, are fastened to the rope in pairs, each pair being secured in place by
two knots worked on the rope; the first pair of loops at 3 feet frum the hook, the
others at a distance of 3i feet apart. Weight, 23 lbs.
Pass-box (white pine 0.75 inch thick) : interior dimensions 7 inches square by 14
inches long; one side turns on 2 hinges, and is fastened with a brass hook, and
staple; a wooden handle is set diagonall}' on one end. Weight, 7 lbs.
Pickaxe: iron, pointed at both ends with steel; length of each blade G.5 inches;
width of edge of axe 3 inches ; handle (hickorj-) about 1.5 inch by 1.25 inch, and 30
inches long. AVeight, G.5 lbs.
Peiiduliim-hitufse.
The scale is made of sheet-brass No. 13. At the lower end is a brass bulb, filled
with lead. The slider is of thin brass, and is retained in any desired position on
the scale by means of a brass set-screw with a milled head. The scale is passed
through a slit in a piece of steel, with which it is connected by a brass screw, form-
ing a pivot on which the scale can vibrate .laterally ; this slit is made long enough
to allow the scale to take a vertical position in any ordinary cases of inequalit}' of
the ground on which the wheels of the carriage may stand. The enels of this piece
of steel form two journals, by means of which the scale is supported on the seat
attached to the gun, and is at liberty to vibrate in the direction of the a.vis of the
piece.
The seat is of iron or brass, and is fastened to the base of the breech by ?> screws
in such a manner that the centres of the two journal-notches shall be at a distance
from the axis equal to the radius of the base-ring.
A muzzle-sight, of iron, is screwed into the swell of the muzzle of £,inis, or into
the middle of the muzzle-ring of howitzers. The height of this siglit is equal to
the dispart of the piece, so that a line from the top of the muzzle-sight to the pivot
of the haussc is parallel to the axis of the piece; consequently, the veitii'al piano
of sight passing through the centre lino of the scale and the top of the muzzle-sight
will be also parallel to the axis, in any position (jf the piece; the haus.se will, there-
fore, alw.ays indicate correctly the angle which the line of sight makes with the
axis.
126
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
The seat for puspending the hausse on the gun is adapted to each pieee, accord-
ing to the varying inclination of the liase of the breech to the axis. The hausso,
the seat, and the niuzz.le-sight, are marked for the kind of gun to which they
belong. The huussc, when not in use, is carric<l in a leather pouch suspended to a
shoulder strap.
The graduations on the scale are the sines of each quarter of a degree, to a
radius equal to the distance between the muzzle-sight and the centre of the journal-
notches, which are, in all ca.sc8, one inch in rear of the base-ring. Weight of
haussc and case, .65 lb.
Graduations.
roR nowinnu.
12-Pdr,
12-Pdr.|
M.xlcl I 12-Pdr.
1K57. I
24-IMr.
12-Pdr.
Moun-
t«in.
I In.
Radius of base-ring. . ■ 5.15
Height of muzzle-sight J 1.025
Distance between the muzzle- ') I
sight and the centre of the > 59.7
journal-notches j
1° 1.042
2° 2.0S4
3° .1.124
4° 4.164
5° 5.203
In.
«.5
1.33
77.S
In.
5.5
1.25
80.0
1.340
2.098
4.046
5..392
6.737
1.152
2.31 3
3.454
4.6«4
5.752
In.
5.0
O.U
53.35
In,
6.0
1.125
85.2
0.931 1
1.802'
2.792'
3.722
4.650!
1.138
2.276
3.412
4.548
5.683
Id.
6.9
1.3
75.05
In.
3.8
0.35
33.41
1.310
2.619
3.928
5.235
6.541
0.583
1.188
1.753
2.331
2.912
Primiiig-trire : iron wire 0.175 inch diameter, formed with a ring 2 inchei diame-
ter at the head, and ]>ointed ; length of stem, for siege and garrison gum, 14
inches; length for field guns, 8 inches. Weight, 0.08 lb. for garrison guns.
Poicder-meaturei : they are made of sheet-copper, from No. 16 to No. 20. The
bottom is made with a flanch .1 inch deep, turned downward, and it is brazed or
Boldered to the sides.
IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS.
127
Interior Dimensions.
Contents.
Diameter
and hciglit.
Weight.
Contents.
Diameter,
and height.
Weight.
Lbs. oz.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs. oz.
In.
Lbs.
0 1
1.337
, ^
2 0
4.240
0 2
1.685
2 8
4.571
0 4
2.122
0.3
3 0
4.857
1.6
0 8
2.673
0.5
4 0
5.346
1 0
3.368
0.75
4 8
5.560
1 4
3.628
6 0
6.120
1 8
3.855
••
8 0
6.736
Prolonge: 3.5-inch hemp rope of 4 strands; on one end, a toggle and 3 round
links in a thimble; on the other end, a ring-link and thimhle ; whole length of rope
18 feet; the toggle of round iron 0.75 inch diameter, 7.5 inches long, with an eye
in the centre; toggle-rings of 0.5-ineh round iron; the ring that enters the thimble
is 3 inches, the other two 3.1 inches exterior diameter; thimbles 1.1 inch interior
diameter ; prolonge-rings of 0.6-inch round iron, 4.5 exterior diameter ; the link 3
inches exterior diameter; the iron for link is 0.5 inch diameter. AVeight, 12.5 lbs.
Plummet, for mortars ; line and boh. Weight, 1 lb.
Pointing-trire, for mortars (iron wire No. 7) 20 inches long. Weight, .08 lb.
Quoin, for siege mortars (oak) : length, 19.5 inches; height, 7.85 inches; handle, 6
inches long. Weight, 7 lbs.
Scraper, for siege mortars (iron): handle, 0.5 inch by 0.3 inch square, 27 inches
long; one end formed like a spoon; the other, a scraper. Weight, 2.3 lbs.
Spatula, for mortars (a.sh or hickory): handle 16.5 inches long; blade 6 inches ;
square end 3 inches long. Weight, 0.75 lb.
Shell-hooks (iron): 2 branches 0.5 inch diameter, in shape of an S, joined by a
rivet; upper end of the branches connected by 2 small rings, 1.25 inch diameter,
and 1 large ring 3.4 inches diameter; straight points, to insert into the ears of the
shell, 0.5 inch diameter, 0.75 inch long; whole length of branches, 12.48 inches.
Weight, 2 lbs.
Screw jack, for field service: the stand (cast-iron); the hoisting-screto : the nut;
2 handles: the cap-plate, fastened on the top of the stand by 4 screws ; height of
the stand, 19 inches; length of screw, 15 inches; handles 7.25 inches each. Weight,
25 lbs.
Shovel: blade sheet-iron, pointed with steel; length, 12 inches; width, 10.5
inches; handle (ash) 1.5 inch thick at bottom, and 1.25 inch at top; length, 45
inches; ring 1.5 inch diameter, secured by a strap to the handle at 9 inches from
the upper end. Weight, 4.75 lbs.
Sponge-bucket, for field gun-carriages ; it is made of sheet-iron No. 13 ; the top
128 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
and bottom arc turned over the sides and fastened each l>y 4 rivetK ; diiimctcr, 7.8
inches; height, 9 inches.
The floni is of wood, fastened by 2 rucf« to a cross-bar; it is put in before the top
is fastened on : the hnndir of the float is fastened to it with 2 rivetn, and it is con-
nected with the bail of the bucket by a rhnin; the bail is fastened to the bucket bj
2 Mm, each held by 3 rivet d ; a togijle, which is fastened to the bail by 2 links and a
urivcl, serves to attach the bucket to the eyo of the axle-strap on the gun-carriage.
Weight, 10 lbs.
Tar-lmrhft ; the bucket is made of sheet-iron No. 13, like the sponge-bucket; the
eorcr is fastened to the top by % rivet on which it turns, and it is kept closed bj
shutting over a stud riveted into the top; the ear* are fastened to the bucket each
by 3 riretn ; a riny, for suspending the bucket on its hook, is connected with the
ears by 2 oAniiic .• diameter of bucket, 7.2 inches; height, 8 inches. Weight, 7 lbs.
TarpnuliHH are made of cotton duck, not painted; they are of three sizes; large,
15 feet by 12 feet : small, 6 feel by 10 feet, and 5 feet square. Weight, 35.7.^ lbs.,
and 12.2.') lbs., and O.J.'i lbs., respectively.
Tompious, for S-inch siege howiticrs and mortars, and 10-iiicli mortar.
Tliiiiiibiliill (buck-skin) ; luiliioii, stuffed with hair, 2..'j inches long, 1 inch thick ;
the Ktnip 3 inches long : the tlrin;/ 12 inche.s. Weight, .003 lb.
Totc-hoiik (iron): hiimUn 0.4 inch diameter, 13 inches lo:ig: hunk 1 inch; the
other end forms a hammer 0.6 inch diameter, 2 inches long. Weight, 0.6 lb. Used
for unpacking iimmuuitioii-ehests.
Tufie-pouch : the sides 4.25 inches high, 7 25 inches long: '2 endi 0.9 inch wide
at bottom, 2 inches at top; the inner rover; the jlap, 8 inches deep, with its ilrap,
and brass buitmi attached to the bottom of the pouch : 2 loupt for the belt to pass
through ; the belt 1.37 inch wide and 42 inches long, with a buckle No. 6 and loop at
one end: the priming-wire aud gunner's gimlet are carried with the tube-pouch in
the loops, attached by a twine, or in small loops on the inside of the flap. Weight,
0.95 lb.
Vent-cover, for field-pieces without locks (leather) ; 6 inches long, 4 inches wide,
with Acnpper pin riveted to it, 0.175 inch diameter, and 2inche8 long; 2 *trap$ 1 inch
wide, with buckh* : the length of the strap varies with the size of the piece; in per-
manent batteries sheet-lead may be used for vent-covers. Weight, 0.6 lb.
Vtnt-pMuch: the fcoi/y (steel wire) 0.175 inch diameter, 4.3 inches long: head
0.175 inch thick, 1 inch ocUgonal, with a hole 0.2 inch diameter in the middle.
Weight. O.OS lb.
Watering bucket, for field service, made of sole-leather; the bottom is of two
thicknesses, fastened to each other with 25 copper rivets, and to the sides with 61
rirett; the side seams fastened with 2^ riVef», all 0.5 inch long; a rim of sheet-copper
No. 24, is fastened on the upper edge with 14 copper rivets; 2 ears for the bail,
fastened each with 4 rivets 0.62 inch long ; the bail is of round iron 0.5 inch thick;
interior diameter of the bucket at top 12 inches, at bottom 10 inches; height, 9
imches. Weight, 8 lbs.
HANDSPIKES.
tk
Wnttr-hiic/.-ct, for the travelling forge; the stavea and the hottom are of\»ak; there
are Iti staves, aud the bottom is made of not more than 2 pieces; 3 huopi, made of
hoop-iron No. 16; each hoop is joined together with 2 n'rets No. 1, and fastened to
the bucket with 2 rirets ; 2 earn let into the sides, and fastened each by 1 rivet ; the
bail has a linl,- connected with it by a swivel; diameter at top 11 inches, bottom,
10.2-') inches ; height, U inches Weight, 10 lbs.
Water-biieh-ei, for garrison service : it is made in a similar manner with the pre-
ceding, except that the bail has no link and swivel attached to it; diameter at top
10.25 inches, bottom 13.5 inches; height, 11 inches. Weight, 10 lbs.
Wi}Hr, for the chambers of mortars; tow cloth, 1 yard square.
Handspikes.
Handspikes should be made of the best hickory, or, where it cannot be had, of
the toughest j-oung oak ; it should be free from knots.
Trail handxpike. — [roii^ : 1 slop, passing through the lower end, clinched and
filed down smooth — it projects 0.3 inch ; 1 Kirap, carrying 1 ring No. 2 A, fastened
near the small end by 1 rirct.
Shod handsjiikc. — Irons : 1 shoe, fastened to the lower end by 3 rivets. It is par-
ticularly useful in the service of mortars.
Mnnopuvriuff handn2)ike is used for garrison and sea-coast carriages. For me-
chanical manoeuvres it is 84 inches long, and weighs 12 lbs.
Gin handspike is used in the service of gins. The large end is round, and fits
into the socket of the windlass.
For Mountain howitzer. — Irons: 1 stop, like that for field carriages; 1 strap, fast-
ened at the small end by 2 rivets, forms a loop on the end; 1 loop of rope, 15 inches
long, passing through 2 holes in ^he middle of the handspike, is useful in placing
the gun on the pack-saddle.
9
130
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Handspikes.
SnCEIfSIONS.
For I For Mount
Field Prairie How-
Carr'ge jCarr'gc iUer.
Shod.
Lcnpth of
whole
8(|tiarc part
ronii-al ]iart
Distance of fnrtlK-ft .'•ido of stop from
Ibf largi- etui
Distance of middle uf strap from the
small end
I upper cn<l
_.. . lower end
Diainotcr ■ , ,
lar^i'st
I lower end of round
SiJio of lower end of nquare part . . . .
Site of upper end of square part
Weijrht lbs.
In.
In.
in.
i *"•
In. '
?!■..
36.
45.58
66.
19.
62.
9.7.') ,
9.6
....
....
' 35.
38.25
9.0
8.9
9.0
I
1 1.5
1.3
1.65 n 1.8
1.75
2.2
....
1.65
1 . . . .
3.0
1.8
2.0
.... 1
3.0
1 2.36
3.0
2.5* "
3X2.5
SX2.5
7.25
2.25
5.0 ,
8.25
12.0
In.
66.
IS.
1.0
2.78
8.S9
IIJS
Bars.
DIIIE!(»IO.<IS.
I .1, f f whole
Length of ^ ^^^^^^ j,^^j
... . , ( small end
Diameter of ■ . ,,„ „„.
I larf;c end
Width at larpe end
Thickness at large end . .
Length of heel
For Iron CmrrUgcs.
rnng.
In.
58.5
12.
1.
1.
1.25
Weight lbs. 30.75
In.
63.
12.
1.
!9
1.5
19.
In.
54.
6.
1.25
1.25
2.0
3.5
27.5
>»• atd
KleratiDg. Pinch. I' Truck. Roller.
In.
42.
1.1
l.I
18.5
In.
S4.
0.85
1.
*tefl|te*,«M' f »>''S,.,i! *('tt*-.
132
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Dimensions and Weights of Implements.
KIND or IMPLEMENT.
OOLDMBUM.
10-ln.
8-ill.
llliplcllK-lltN.
Ppoiigo mill Htad...
llniiiiiKT mill HtafT
( lotiRth In.
'( Wfilfllt II>H.
I lcii|;tb in.
'{ weiglit Iba.
I^iillc mill xtanr
Wiirni an
Planiotor.
LfiiK'Mi fiT.
( IniKtli in.
I wfiKlit IIm.
1 . #r li-nntli in.
in.
nininirr in.
ii|Ming« in.
luilll'l...
1 worm
Rammer- ( '-"P'h .-
headH. i UiMnii-tcr.
('
in.
I body
"■■ I nwk in.
_ , , ( IriiiClli In.
BponKO-beadH |,luuiiet«r ...._ in.
Spongra, wivullcn. weight Il».
„ < leuKth Jn.
SpimK*.<-oven. , ^^l^j,,, H^
Duck. 30 inclimi wide, requimd for HiO coverm. yds.
I Wliole Icngtli in.
. ., , . ( iilxivr iihoulder in.
l^dle Lead*. , dj„„^.,„ l,,,„^ Hhouldcr -Jn.
I (nwk Jn.
I Wliiili- l«?ii)rlli in.
, ., I Ix-nirtb of band. devcUtliol in.
''*"'*■ "I Wi.lib of .c^Kip. d.-v,-lo|K-,l in.
I Width uf band iiuclud><d in whole length) iu.
Height of fr-m si;;lit in.
{ Kail.iiM of baM^-ring in.
Breecb-eiKlii lln^lit forU° - in-
•• 1° In.
118.
12.
128.
9.76
128.
11.
1.75 1.7.'i
\2i.W 12&.H6
116.331 126.33
7.
6.13
3.
8.
9.
for giinit of
model of-; S-
1841 and
18U.
6°.
lO-in.
3.
16.
1.75
0.91
2.73
' 4^
8>in.
3.
18.
1.78
0.86
2.6
4.33
118.
10.25
128.
M
1.75
126.80
U6J3
9A
6.6
a.
8.
7.
128.
10.
1.75
126.80
126 .S3
8.
O— emate.
32-pr.
42-pr.
S.8
12.2
1.85
2^
4.81
3.5
11.7
L16
0.9«j 0.94
4.71
DIMENSIONS AND AVEIOHTS OP IMPLEMENTS. 133
«
Dimensions and Weights of Implements. — Continued.
HOWITZERS.
FIEI.I> GUNS AND
HOWITZERS.
C
a
c
1
c
S
1
i
s
•c
B
C
C
B.
d
c
c
5
5
£
u
c
4
§1
0 i
3°
©a
11
128.
10.25
128.
9.75
128.
1.3.75
128.
7.5
1.75
125.6fi
125.3.T
111.66
123.
7.
6.13
3.
8.
6.0
0.7
12.
0.28
35.
7.
6.7
6.6
3.
16.5
20.75
14.
25
128.
10.
128.
8.4
128.
13.15
128.
7.5
1.75
125.86
125.33
113.01
123.
6.4
6.6
3.
8.
5.4
0.65
12.
"32.""
6.4
6.1
6.
3.
15..35
18.85
12.8
9.<i
128.
9.66
128.
8.15
128.
12.4
128.
7.5
1.75
126.07
125.:J3
113.47
123.
5.8
5.1
3.
8.
4.8
0.5
12.
""5.8"
5.5
5.4
3.
14.1
16.95
11.6
2.5
24-pr.
2.9
10.7
0
1.94
5.82
9.71
128.
8.7
128.
8.
128.
10.
128.
7.5
1.75
126.23
125.33
115.43
123.
5.3
4.64
3.
8
4.3
0.4
11.
""5.3"
5.
4.9
3.
13.1
15.4
10.6
2.5
18-pr.
2.94
9.88
0
1.95
5.85
e.76
128.
128.
128.
8.5
128.
7.0
1 .5.-:
80.
6.
■J
49.0
7.8 ; 10.25
128. 12s.
I 96.
83.6
J 5.8t
77.
4.5
7. .35
128.
7.8
128.
7.5
1.75
126.17
126.5
117.36
123.
5.6
4.
2.5
7.5
3.6
0.35
11.
""4.6"
4.3
4.2
2.5
11.2
13.2
9.2
2.0
10-in.
S.C.H.
3.125
13.25
0
1.91
5.74
9.68
9.75
87.
4.26
1.5
(91.67
178.17:
72.
3.6
1.6
73.17
"'i".75
126.66
125.33
1.75
106.86
105.33
1 61.67
""I'b
75.67
1 65
40.0
.82.5
69.+
5.5*
4.*
2.5*
7.6*
3.6*
0.36
11.
""zi,""
67.5
"i'.f"
3.24t
2.6t
7.5-
2.7- ■
0.26
9.
0.14
20.
7.
6.13
3.
8.
6.
6.4
5.6
3.
8.
5.4
5.5
4.
2.5
7.5
3.6
5.5
4.
2.5
7.5
3.6
4 0
.3?4
2 6
6
2 6
Barbette.
8-in.
S.C.II.
2.86
11.1
0
1.61
5.03
8.4
8-in.S.
0.9
9.125
0
0.886
2.64
4.44
24-p<ir.
liow'r.
1.06
6.9
0
1.07
3.21
5.35
12-pr.
1.33
6.5
0
6-p(lr.
1.025
5.15
0
12-pr.
how.
0.9
6.0
0
24-pr.
46
10.7
2.7
93
42-pr.
3.8
12.2
0
2.0
6.02
10.06
32-pr.
3.5
11.7
0
1.96
5.87
9.8
2.8
4.68
4.046
6.737
3.124
6.203
2.792
4.65
*Tlio Bauic for 13-in. and 10-in. mortars, heavy,
f The same for 10-in. and 8-in. mortars, light.
J For the 12-pdr. gun, model 1857.
134 ^■TjfVl.t^DBDNANCE MANUAL.
r
Worms.
i>Tl«l»i
*iH^^i*'
DIMEHSIONB.
Siege and
QarriRon.
Field.
In.
Lcnpth of gDckot and neck ' 5.5
Li-ujrth of ono liranch from neck to point (developed) j 16.
Depth of («>ckct 4.5
Ext<Ti(>r diunietcr of socket at top j 1-75
DinnioUr of neck I O-**
Thickniss of tlii' iron of the f<ookct 0.125
l>ianiitir of brunches ut the nock (tapering to a point) | 0.6
l.i'H^lh of socket and worm, comi)lcte i 9.5
Diaiucter of worm, comiilcto (exterior circle) j 4.
f Li-njcth i 7.
Siio of iron for worms . . < Width 3.
(Xbicknesi 0.5
Weight of worm lb»| 1.76
In.
5.5
13.
4.6
1.5
0.7
0.125
0.6
0.
S.
8.
3.
0.6
l.ft
Spo7iges for Mortars.
d9
a
2
^1
•o
c
•o >>
m
s;
a
Sa
2
Length of finished sponge »nd rammer inches
Wcijrlit " ••l'"'
Length of staff, including tenon inches
Diameter of staff inches
|44.
34.
3.2
2.
39.67
30.17
i 1.5
1.5
18.
0.8
18.
l.S
Preservation and Arrangement in Store.
Implementi collected together according to kind and calibre, in a dry pl««e
arranged on shelves or rackt<, in bundles or bunches, or in boxes, according to their
n.iture. with marks and labels showing the kind and number of the articles.
Sponge*, ramtnert, l,idUi and irurmt, complete, placed on pins in a vertical frame,
or suspended vertically or horisontally. by racks or hooks, from the joisu, sup-
ported so as not lo bend. When in separate parts, the hr'jdt piled on shelves or on
the floor, and the ttave* tied up in bundles, according U> kind and calibre.
The woollen tpoH^e* should be preserved from moths by means of camphor, pep-
per, etc., or by being sealed up in strong paper bags.
Hank*pike$ in square piles, beads and poinU alternating.
TIMBER FOR IMPLEMENTS.
135
Leather equipmentu, hung on pins or hooks, in dry and cool rooms.
All wood jiaintcd, except tool-handles ; iron either painted or oiled. See Chapter
VII.
Bills of Timber for 100 Implement-Heads.
RAMMER HEADS.
8P0NOE-HEADS.
LADLE-HEADS.
KIND.
a
c
CO
a
O
2
a
3
s
o
c
"a
8
i
ji
to
B
1
1
In.
Feet.
Sup. ft.
In.
Feet.
Sup. ft.!
In.
Feet.
Sup. ft.
42-pounder.. . .
6.625
66
241.40
6.5
72
253.5
7.25
66
289.09
32-pounder. . • •
6.125
60
187.58
6.
72
216.0
6.5
60
211.25
24-pounder. . . .
5.75
53
146.02
5.25
72
165.37
6.
53
159.0
18-pounder. . . .
5.125
50
109.44
4.75
72
135.37
5.5
50
126.04
12-pounder. . . .
4.5
60
84.37
4.125
68
96. J 2
4.75
50
94.01
6-pounder. . . .
3.75
40
46.87
3.25
68
59.85
Plank for 100 Implement- Staves.
■D a
DIMENSIONS.
Width.
Length
Each
plank.
Siege and garrison •
Field . I 12-pounder
( 6-poundcr
In.
In.
In.
1
Sup. ft.
17
14.
9
132
25.66
17
12.5
1.75
102
15.49
17
12.5
1.75
84
12.76
Sup. ft.
436.22
263.33
216.92
136 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
( ' II A 1' T E u Sixth.
ARTILLERY HARNESS AND CAVALRY EQUIPMENTS.*
ARTILLERY IIARXKSS. (Plate 21.)
The poni'truption of tho field carrisfteii re(|uiroB u harnoii(i difforpnt, in jnine
roKpeftfi, frmn liiat <»f ronimoii wa;r<>iii). The liiDlier havint; no Hwecp-har, the pole
ill «up|)orte(l directly hy the wherl-horseii, liy nic&ni< of a chain which connectj) the
haineK with the pole-yoke of the limber; and, in order to diminish the weight at the
end of tho pole, the leadrn;;-bnrr are dispensed with, the truceii of tho leaders being
attached to those of the wlieel-horscs.
The Fame harnes!< ii" perfectly adapted also to the ^icgc carriages; hut, aa theae
arc arranpol for driMi;;ht in the ordinary manner, eouuion wugou harness may be
used with them if necesfiary.
Leather.
Leather i^ generally <lirided into two kinds: let, that which is tanned an<l under-
gftpg no further ]ircparation : and. 2d. that which io tanned and is afterward curried-
The former iudiides all made from the heavier skins of the larger animuU. m buf-
faloes, oxen, and cows, into thick, strong §i>le-lr<tlher, and the latter that made from
the thinner skins of horfcf. cows, calres, sheep, etc.. into liuriift, bri(iU,up/>rr,h4tg,
or punch leather, which differ fr..in each other only in thickncsc, the first being the
thickest. There arc other kinds besides these, designated from the mode of prepa-
ration, as ffur»(/ leather, such aa white kid or sheep-skin, prepared with alum and
salt: huck-nklH and bujT leather, so called from the fact that the buffalo and deer-
skins were first most commonly dressed in this way: pntent Uather, that which bM
been varnished. It is sometimes distinguished by its color, as Hack.fnir. or rtutet
le.ither. Leather which ha,« been a long time in tanning is to be preferred to that
wbich has been produced more rapidly. The quality is judged of by its appear-
ance : a cross-section should be glistening and marbled, without any white streak*
in the middle. It should be firm, compact, and pliant.
The actual strength of leather depends more on its quality than on its thickneas.
That made from bulls' hides should be rejected: it is thick and supple, but. like
• TUU style of barncM will be conformed to aa toon as pro|ier Mddle-treec cao be obtained.
,«|* HEAD-OEAR. 13T
that made from the legs and flanks of other skins, it is spongy, without strength or
endurance, and, if only slightly rumpled, the hair side presents a shrivelled appear-
ance, which it retains.
The different parts of harness, except straps and the like, are cut out by means
of patterns. The seams arc made with strong waxed thread, in double stitch, with
about eight stitches to the inch : those along an edge are from 0.1.''i to 0.2 inch from
the edge. The ends of the threail should be securely fastened before they are cut
off. The awl used should be small for the thread.
Buckles, Loops, etc.
The buckles of the bridle and stirrup leather, and the loops for the cloak and
valise-straps on the driver's and valise-saddles, arc cast-brass, with rollers; and
the book and loop on the pommel of the valise-saddle is brass-plated. They are
designated by numbers. (See table, page 157j. All other buckles, loops, and
staples are of wrought-iron, japanned (black). The iron buckles are all made with
rollers; the tongues are the same size as the sides of the buckles.
Straps, or other pieces which have buckles or iron loops attached to them, aro
doubled on a length generally equal to twice their width, to receive the buckle or
loop, which is fastened by two seams. The double end is shaved down.
Standing-loops are placed close to the buckles. Their ends arc shaved down,
brought together, and fastened between the two parts of the strap, if it is doubled,
by the same seam. These loops arc usually of the same leather as the strap.
The tongue-holes for buckles are made with a punch corresponding to the size of
the tongue. Their distance apart is generally equal to the width of the strap, and
the first hole is at double that distance from the end of the strap. This end is
shaved down and reduced in width, to facilitate its entrance into the buckle.
Note. — A laucr is a piece of leather sewed upon another piece, to strengthen it.
A chiijie is a piece used to fasten a buckle or loop to a strap or other piece of
leather.
A billet is a strap which enters a buckle.
A «rt/c is a piece of leather placed under a buckle, etc., to prevent it from chafing.
Composition. — A complete set of artillery harness is composed as follows:
Head-gear. Driver's saddles, the same for all the near horses. Valise-saddles
and valise, common for all the off horses. Draitf/hl harness, differing according as
it is intended for the wheel or lead-horses. One ivhij) is allowed to each driver, and
one leg-guard to each driver of wheel-horses.
Head-Gear.
The head-gear is made of strong, black bridle leather, not less than 0.1 inch thick.
The buckles of the bridle are brass-plated or cast-brass ; of the halter, iron.
Bkidle of the near house. — It is composed of the headstall, hit and pair of
reins.
138 ORDNANCK MANUAL.
V
IIeaiistai.l. — Our rrntrn-picce : the ends split form 2 hiUrti for the liucklos of the
cheek -gtrapi! ami 'i billru for the buckles of the throat-lanh.
1 btiiir-linnil : the cixls, doubled mid hpwcmI, furin 1o<i|ib for the orowii-picco to
j>a8« (hr(iu)(h : 2 nrnamenti (brasf), circles l.S inch in diameter, raised in the centre,
on a circle of leather 2.25 inches in diameter, fojtcnod on the loop of the brow-b&nd
by puHfinf; the end of the brow-bnnd, before beinj^ oewcd, throuf^h an iron wire
loop Foldered to the ornament, the iron loop pa«sin;{ l>olwecn the two billets of the
crown-piiTc.
1 ihroiit-lanh, with 1 liwlU No. Iti H, and I n<inilin^-liii,p at each end. 2 rheet-
atrajtt : each has 1 biirkir No. 8 H and 1 hHIrt newod to the lower end, flesh side to
flesh side, with 2 «r<iiii/iHf/-/<>o/>«, to att«cb it to the bit; at the upper end 1 bncklt
No. 8 IS, with one ^tninling uiid one rlidiug-loop to fasten it to the crown-jiiecu.
Bit (iron forged uiul brass-plate<i). — 2 cheek-ijiref, curved in sha|>c of S, and
pierced at top with an ri/r, lo receive the chock-billet and a Imte for the curb-chain :
lit itN lower end an ryr for the reins, and near the mouth-piece a irix/, through
which is inccrlcd a rhnj No. 2 for the rein*; 1 uKiulh-pi>cr : its ends (lans through
the check-pieces, and are rivoteil and roundc<l : 1 eroti-bnr, riveted lo the choek-
piecet: : 1 rurb-rhnin (iron. tioDcd), uf 1.3 li>iL», diminishing in site from the middle
toward the end ; it is attached to the right ehock-piece by an CO-culdshut, and to
the left cheek -piece b_v a kixik.
Bits arc made of three sites, in the width between the ehifk-jiieccs — vli., H
inches, 5 inches, and i>i inches : about three-fifths being of the medium site.
Rki.<(8. — 2 reiHi : each reiu has a bucktr No. ^ B and a bHUt sewed to one end,
flesh side to flesh side, with 2 ttundiny-l»up; fur attaching it to the bit; the reina
are united by a bucklr No. S B, with I ttandituj and 1 iUdtHtj-loup on the short rain,
to receive the billet of the other : the near rein is shorter by 12 inches than the oflT
one.
Bridle run the ovv iiouse. — The same aj the bridle for the near horse, with the
addition of 1 r,»i]il\H<j-itrap. which ha« 1 billn and 1 burLU No. 8 B sewed on each
end. with 1 riaiidinij-loop at one end and 2 iinndiny-ltMjpi at the other ; it is attecli>d
to the ofl' riug'of the bit, :iud pasfrcs ibruugli the near ring.
IIalteii. — 1 croicM-pirrr, having a billet at each end for the buckles of the cheek-
straps; 2 cheeL--»lrajn — each ha« 1 buet/e No. 6; 1 ttauding and 1 ttidiifj-l'top at
one end, the other cud i» hewed to 1 iron loop No. 3 ; 1 bruvt-bund, the ends doubled
and ."-ewcd, form loops for the eruwu-ijiecc and throat-lash to pass through ; 1 !!«•«•
laud, the ends sewed to the same lui-ps as the cheek-straps ; 2 ckiH-»trup» : each ia
made of one piece doubled and sewed together with two seams the whole length : it
holds in the fold at one end the square iron loop of the cheek-strap, and at the other,
the rear. 1 tifnarr iron Imip No. 3: 1 thrtiat-»liap, made of one piece doubled and
sewed together with two seams the whule length, forming at the upper end a loop
!i) receive the ihroat-la»h, and holds in the fold at the other end the square iron
loop of the chin-straps : 1 tkronl-la*h ; 1 bncUr No. 8 ; 1 Handing and 1 tliding-
Ivop at the end, on the near side: it passes through the loops in the brow-band aud
throat-strap.
DRIVER S SADDLE.
Wv
1 hitching-itrap, 6i feet long; 1 buckle No. 6; 1 standing-loop; 1 billet, sewed to
the buckle end by the same seam which holds the buckle.
Driver's Saddle.
It is composed of 1 saddle-tree; 1 seat; different parts of leather, etc., of the body
of the saddle; 2 saddle-skirts; 2 stirrups; 1 girth.
Saddle-tree — Wood (beech or ash). — The saddle-tree consists of 1 pommel,
made of two pieces, notched or halved together at the top of the hollow of the
pommel, and glued; 1 cantle, formed of two pieces in the same manner; 2 side
bars, with notches to receive the pommel and cantle, to which they are nailed with
8 nails, each, 4-penny.
Before the irons are put on the tree, it is entirely covered with raw hide, applied
green, sewed on with thongs of the same, and through the side bars near their
junction with the pommel and cantle, in front and rear of each.
Grooves are made in the under side of the side bars to receive the thongs, that
they may not project and chafe the horse's back.
Iron. — 2 stirrup-bors, the front end riveted to the pommel and the rear end to
the side bar; 2 iron staples No. 1, driven through, one from the front of the pom-
mel, and the other from the rear of the cantle, and clenched.
Seat. — 1 girth-webbing, the middle of its length nailed double on the pommel
over the hollow: the two ends separated and stretched strongly, and nailed on the
front of the cantle. 1 caiivas (strong hemp), to cover the webbing, stretched
across the girth-webbing, the ends nailed on the side bars and on the edge of the
pommel and cantle; 1 cotton drilling, drawn over the canvas and nailed in the
same way; cotton batting, stuffed between the linen and the cotton drilling; 1
leather lining, pasted underneath the webbing and canvas.
Parts in leather, etc., of the body of the saddle. — The front of pommel
and rear of cantle are covered with leather, glued to the wood and nailed close to
the side bars. The ends of the side bars are covered with harness leather, which
is fastened by nails close to the pommel and cantle, and by two finishing nails on
each end of side bar, driven through from the upper side; 1 seat of goat-skin
morocco, lined with sheep-skin, stuffed with cotton, quilted, and bound round the
edges with light morocco, fastened to the side bars by three finishing nails on each
side; 1 pommel-cover (bridle leather), sewed to the front of the scat, tacked to the
lower part of the pommel, glued on the upper part, and sewed to the leather on the
front of pommel by a seam along the top edge of pommel ; 1 cautle-cover, sewed to
the rear end of the seat, the lower part tacked to the side bars, the upper part
glued to the cantle and sewed to the leather, on the rear part of the cantle, by a
seam around the edge of the cantle; 1 pommel moulding (brass), covering the seam,
fastened by 2 iron and 2 brass nails; 1 cantle ornaraent (brass), shape of a shield,
fastened by 3 brass nails; 1 pommel ornament (brass), shape of a shield, fastened
by 3 brass nails; 2 loops No. 7 B, for cloak-straps, driven through the side bars in
14® ORDNANCE MANUAL.
rear of the cantle, and riveted ; 2 hilhii for trace-loop puss through the gkirtg, and
arc nailed to the upper side of the side hars: 1 rollnr-ntrnp billet, fovied to the loop
on the front of (lie ponimcl.
6KIIIT8. — 2 »kirt» (thick harness leather), fastened to the under side of the side
bars with glue; the ujiper end is turned over (he side liars, and sewed at frmt and
rear to the covering of ends of side bars.
Stiiibii's. — 2 »tirrii])» (cast-lirass) ; 2 »tirniji-i>trii]>* p8J<s over the slirrui)-bHrs; 1
hurkie No. 4, with 3 itnnditifi-loopK, sewed to the thin end of the strap, which ii
doubled and stitched on a length of 8 inches, where it passes through the eve of
the stirrup
(liitTHH. — 1 ijirth (light bridle leather I. made in two parts of unc<|ual lengths:
each part is made of doul)le thickness by fidding the leatlier in the"diric»ion of
its length, bringing the two edges together in the middle, and fastening them with
a seam the wh<dc length. The long part has a burle/r No. 4, and rhn/.r, with 8
»lini</iii</-l(>(ij>H; it i»asses through the skirt from nnderneath. and is nailed to the
upper side of the side bars, on the off side. The short part has a billet ^ewed to
it; it is nailed, in the same luunner as the long part, on the near side.
Valise-Saddle.
The ralise-Ba<ldle, placed on the off horse, is used to carry the driver's rallte,
but in coso of emergency can be used to ride upon. It is composed of 1 »nddU-
Iff*: 1 teal; different part* of Italker, rie., of the body of the taddU ; 2 iiiddU-
ikirli; 1 (firth.
Sapdi-k-trkk. — Woop. — The sanu- uf that of the driver's sadtlle, exceiit in the
dimensions.
Iron. — 1 himh for the reins ( br as o- plated), with loop for billet of the collar-strap
attached, is driven through the ]jommel from the front, and clenched ; 1 iron ttapU
No. 1. for the crupper-strap, driven in the cantle from the rear, and clenched.
4 hriitii htopg No. 7 IJ, for valise-straps, driven one iu each end of the side ban,
and riveted.
Srat. — 1 leather tent, stretched an<l nailed to the pommel, cantle, and ^ide ban;
1 cotton drUliuij, drawn over the leather seat and nailed in the same w.iy ; eottoii
fxiiiiiiif, stuffed between the cotton drilling and leather seat.
Parts in i.rathkk, etc., of the body op thk saddle. — The same as for the
driver's sadille. with the addition of 2 rnH»>-ittrnp; each has 1 hurkie No. 8, 1
ttiiiidiiirf and 1 tlidiiiff-lunp .- ] cmpper-ttrap, made of two thicknesses, stitched,
embracing in the fold at one end the iron loop on the cantle, and at the other end
an iron loop Xo. T), with roller for the back strap of the crujiper. The same crupper
answers for either saddle.
Ski«ts. — The same, except in dimensions, as those for the driver's saddle.
Girths. — 1 ^inh (leather), has 1 buckle No. 6, and .3 ttandiwf-loopt, fastened te
a lajfer ; the girth is sewed to the near skirt of the saddle ; 1 billet sewed to the off
skirt.
DRAUGHT HARNESS. 141
Valise.
The valise is cylindrical, IS inches long, with a flat bottom.
Valise (thick bridle leather). — 1 hodif ; 1 hndy lining (cotton ticking), pasted to
the body: 2 rndu, made of 2 thicknesses of leather, sewed together with one seam
near the outer edge; 2 cud lininr/n (cotton ticking), pasted to the ends; 1 initrr flap,
with 6 slits for wire staples sewed to the body, covering the mouth of valise ; 1
Htrap, 1 chnpe and buckle No. 9, sewed to the opj)ositc ends of body ; the strap passes
through the iron staples and holds down the inner flap; 6 iron wire Htnplen No. 3
pass through the body, are bent and held in place by a strip of leather sewed
over their ends; 3 chapen and bitcHcg No. 9, and 3 standiiig-loopn, sewed to
the body for the billets on the cover; 2 handles (leather, rounded), sewed into the
ends between the two thicknesses; 2 loops, 1 inch wide, sewed to the bottom of the
body, for the valiso-straps to pass through; 1 cover ; 1 carer lininrj, larger than the
cover, sewed to it around its outer edge, forming a pocket : it has an opening in the
middle, which is closed with strings: 1 bindinij, thin leather, sewed around the
edge of cover; 3 biUetx, sewed to the cover to fasten it down.
Draught Harness.
The Coli.au. — Collars are made of two sizes — 17 inches and 20 inches; the
measure taken on the inside of the breast.
1 rim (bridle leather), sewed to the bell,v, stuffed with uncut straw. 1 belly (upper-
leather), made in two pieces, which lap and arc sewed together at bottom, stuffed
with straw -cut into pieces not more than \ of an inch long; 2 chapex and buckles No.
8, 2 billets, .sowed to the open ends of the collar and used only to vary the size of
the collar; ] pad (black sheep-skin), stuffed with deer's hair, to protect the horse's
nock from being chafed by the collar-straps ; 3 loops, sewed to the pad ; two pass
over the ends of the collar, and the collar-strap passes through the other.
The Hames, iron (painted black). — Two branches, curved; 2 double-joint loops
for trace-tugs, attached to the branches by means of a bolt passing through a stud
forged on the branch: they turn freely on the bolt, and also admit free motion in
the opposite direction; 2 links, for holding up the breast-strap, welded into the eyes
of the joint-loop bolts; 2 rings No. 3, for trussing-straps, welded into the rect-
angular eyes at the upper ends of the branches ; 1 claup, made fust to the off
branch, connects the branches at their lower ends ; 1 chain and toggle (3 links No.
4), welded into the eye of the clasp, connects the pole-yoke to the hames; 2 loop-
rings, 1.75 inches diameter, sewed in the trace-tugs, for the trace-chains to pass
through.
Leather. — Tico safes, sewed round the branches under the joint-loops, to protect
the collar from being chafed by the trace-tugs; 2 trace-tugs, 0.C3 inch thick, made
of four thicknesses of leather stitched together with three seams, embracing in the
fold the joint-loop at one end and the loop-ring at the other. ^ . ., , . ,.,
142 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Tiro frumting-itrapt, each with 1 buckle No. 8, 1 standing and 1 tliding-loop.
They pass through the rings in the rectangular cjes of the branches to truss up the
harness.
1 hamci-itrap, with 1 buckle No. 6 and 2 ttauding-loop$, connects the two branches
at the top ; 1 cullar-itrap, having 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 ttanding-loop, pacscs round
the liames-strap and is buckled to the billet on the pommel of the caddie, to keep
the ciillar in place.
Traces.
Traces arc composed of a leather trace with a chain and toggle attached to each
end. They differ only in the length of the leather trace.
Leather trace, 0.63 inch thick, made of three thicknesses of leather sewed together
their whole length, with two scams; 2 iron loopt riveted to the ends of the leather
trace with 3 rtiet$, each 0.25 inch diameter. Front traee-ehaiit made of iron .3 inch
diameter, 6 liukt and 1 toggle, attached to the leather trace by the iron loop.
Jiear trace-chain. — Thirteen tinki, /our riiigi (oval), and one toggle, of the aamo
•ir.cd iron and attached in the same manner as the front trace-chain.
Bei.i.v-banh. — Tiro trace-loops, made by doubling the leather and sewing the
branches together near one end; 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 ttanding-loop embraced in the
Stitched end of the trace-loop; 1 iron loop No. 5, embraced and playing loose on
the bottom of the trace-loop; 1 belly-itrap with 1 b%iekle No. 6 and 1 standing-loop,
sewed to the iron loop of trace-loop on the off side; 1 belli/strap billet sewed to
the iron loop of trace-loop on the near side and buckling to the belly-strap; 1 /o»i»-
ttrap, each end passes into the buckle <jf the trace-loop to hold up the traces. The
loin-strap for the wheel-horse has 1 layer sewed under its middle, forming a loop
through which passes the back-fctrap of the crupper: it is shortvr than the loin-strap
for the lead-horse ; 2 trace-loops with 1 buckU No. 6 and 1 standing-loop, formed M
above described.
Cruim'kr. — 1 dock, formed of a tingle piece 3.5 inches wide and 14 inches long,
doubled lengthwise and made round, not stuffed: it has 1 buckle No. 9 and 1 stand-
ing-loop sewed to each end; 1 body, the rear end is split into 2 bilUu for the buckles
of the dock, the other end is sewed to the end of the back-strap; 1 layer 10 inckta
long, 1 buckle No. 6, and 4 standing-loops sewed on the front end of the body, learinf
an opening in rear of the back-strap for the hip-strap to pass through : 1 short layeTp
inserted under the long layer and in rear of the opening for the hip-strap; 1 bach'
ttrap, sewed in between the body and the long layer, passes through the loop of loio-
strap of wheel-harness, through the iron loop on the saddle, and returns to the
buckle on the body of the crupper; 1 sliding-loop holds the two parte of the back-
strap together near the saddle.
Breeching.
1 hreeck-ttrap (thick harness leather): 1 layer, thick leather, sewed to the breech-
W^tp it? whole length with 2 seams : 1 buekU No. 3 and 3 standing-loops at each end
NOSE-BAG. 148
sewed in the fold of the breech-strap and layer; 2 iron loops No. 5 and chapes sewed
to upper side of breech-strap ; 4 Utgs for hip-straps, made of two thicknesses of
leather, sewed together with 2 seams : each has 1 buckle No. 6 and 3 standing-loops,
and embraces in the fold at the other end the buckle orloops of the breech -strap; 4
safes sewed on the inside of the tugs; 1 hip-strop, split at each end into two billets,
which buckle into the tugs of the breech-strap; 1 breast-strap, 0.63 inch thick in the
middle, S) inch at the ends, made of three thicknesses, sewed togct*her with 3 seams:
it passes through the iron links on the hamcs and the trace loops attached to the
saddle, and buckles to the brecch-strap ; 1 pole-strap, 0.5 inch thick, made of three
thicknesses of leather sewed together with two seams ; 1 buckle No. 3, and 3 stand-
inrj-loops, sewed in the folds at one end.
Pole-Pad.
It is placed on the end of the pole to prevent the lead-horses from being injured
by the pole.
Iron. — 1 ring, 2..3 inches diameter, 1 inch wide, 0.2 inch thick, with 2 holes for
feolt; 1 bolt with small hole for key.
Leather. — 1 cylindrical body, 1 end, circular, with hole for pole sewed to the
body; 1 end, pressed convex, sewed to the other end of body after it is stuffed; 1
t;i)ier cylinder, the open end sewed in the hole of the circular end; 1 timer cylinder
end, 1 reinforce cylinder and cud sewed together and slipped over the closed end of
inner cylinder; 2 stay-straps, sewed to the body, near the bolt-hole, and nailed over
the end of inner cylinder; hair stuffed in between the inner cylinder and body. The
body is pressed in against the iron ring where the bolt passes through it.
The pole-pad should be taken off from the pole and placed under cover, when the
carriage is not in use.
Whip.
1 stock (raw hide,) about 30 inches long. The raw hide is first covered with
India-rubber cloth ; 1 leather cover, sewed over the India-rubber covering, with a
loop in the end well secured ; 1 lash (thread), tied to the leather cover ; 1 loop for
the hand, nailed to the butt of whip with 2 tacks.
Leg- Guard.
1 body (strong kip leather); 2 layers, sewed to the upper and lower part of the body
with four seams; 4 leg-straps, 4 buckles No. 10 and 4 standing-loops, sewed to the
body: the billet-ends pass through slits in the body; 1 foot-strap, sewed to the bot-
tom of the body, at both ends; 1 plate (iron), 0.1 inch thick, riveted to the body
with five rivets.
Nose-Bag.
1 body (strong linen or cotton duck); 1 bottom (harness leather), 6 inches diam-
eter, 4 inches deep, pressed in a mould, sewed to the body; 1 head-strap, with 1
t4t ORDNANCE MANUAL.
biicile \o. 8 and 1 Ktandiiig-loop, sewed to top of the bottom, and fastened by 2 cop-
per ritet* No. 1 ; sewed to the top of the body and to an inside leather washer by
the same seam, and fastened by 1 mpper rivet No. 1 ; 1 heud-^lrup liillct, sewed to
the top of the bottom, and fastened by 2 copper rivets No. 1 ; sewed to the top of the
body and to an inside leather washer by the same scam, and fastened by 1 copper
rivet No. 1. Width of bag at top, 15 inches ; whole height, 15 inches.
PACK-SADDLE AND HARNESS FOR MOUNTAIN ARTILLERY.
The mountain howitzer ami its carriage are either carried on puck-mules, or the
gun is mounted on the carriage and drawn by ipules harnessed to it.
The ammunition, forge and tool chests arc carried on pack-uiulcs; or, when the
roads are good, may be carried in common carts.
The equipment is the same whether the gun and carriage are packed or drawn,
except that the liishing-girth and lashing-repc are not required for draught.
Composition. — The harness complete is eomi>osed of the hcod-ijenr, the pnck-
taddle — which is common for packing the gun-carriage or chests — the crupper, the
breechiiKj, the breanl-gtrajt, and the hmhiittj-ijirlfi and rope.
Head- Gear.
The head-gear is made of black bridle leather. The buckles and loops are iron,
japanned (black).
BniDi.K. — 1 crotru-picee : one end is split into 2 hiUct*, and the other into 1 lltlet
Bnd 1 buclkle-ittrnp, for the cheek-pieces and throat-lash; 1 bnc/clr No. 10, and 1
ttandimj-ltuip, sewed to the throat-lash; 1 buckle No. 10 and 1 Dinudiuij-loop, sewed
to the top of the crown-piece for the billets of the winker-straps.
1 brotr-biiiid : the ends, doubled and sewed, form looj)* for the crown-piece to pass
through.
2 chcek-»triip» : each has 2 bucklet No. 8, and S ttanding-luopn ; one end buckles to
the billet of the crown-piece, and the other to the bit.
2 icitikert, made of two thicknesses of leather, sewed together by a seam around
the edge; 2 iriiiker-stnipn, sewed to the top of the winkers, and fastened to the
buckle on top of the crown-piece.
1 lcodiii;/-rilii : made of a single strap: one end is sewed to the ring on the right
end of the bit. the other end passes through the left ring, and has 1 trooden toggU,
sewed in a loop at its extremity, and 1 leather tcather on the inside of the toggle.
The Bit. — It consists of 1 bar and 2 rinyi, 2.25 inches, made of wrought-iron,
and tinued.
Halter.— The halter is the same as that used for field artillery (page 138).
Pack-SMi<Ile.
It is composed of the tree, the parts of Uather, etc., of the body, the pad and girth*.
SAorLC-TREE. — WooD (ash, oiled). — 2 arc*, each made of three pieces, haired
145
into each otlier. jjliuJ and fastened together with 6 screws, No. 14, 1-inch, in the
front arc, and 8 screws No. 1-4, 1-inch, in the rc.ir arc : a circular notch is cut in the
top of the arcs, for tlie gun ; 2 transoms, fastened to the arcs by bolts, which pass
through their entire length : each transom has a circular notch cut in it for the
trunnions of the gun ; 1 cross-bar, let into the transoms, and fastened to them by 2
screws No. 16, 2i-inch, in each end: a circular notch is cut on top of the cross-bar,
for the gun ; 2 inner side bars, let in flush with the inside of the arcs, and fastened
by 3 screirs No. 14, IJ-inch, in each end, 2 outer side bars, mortised into the arcs,
2 round bars : a round tenon on each end passes through the lower end of the arcs,
and is fastened by 1 screw No. 1(5, 2J-inch, which also strengthens the bearing-
notcli for the ammunition-chests.
IiiON. — 1 front arc-plate, with hooks on the ends, fastened to the front of the
front arc b,y the assembling-bolts and by 2 rirets No. 2 B; 1 staple, riveted to the
middle of the front arc-plate; 1 rear arc-plate, with hooks on the ends, fastened to
the rear of the rear arc by the assembling-bolts and by 2 rivets No. 2 B; 1 staple,
riveted to the middle of the rear arc-plate; 2 assemblintj-bolts No. 1, octagonal head's
and nuts, connect the front and rear arcs: 4 staples for tashing-straps, fastened to
the arcs by 2 rivets, each No. 2 wire.
Parts of leather, etc., op the body. — 2 pieces of hemp webbing, 2J) inches
wide, stretched from the front to the rear arcs at the top of the hollow, and nailed
to the inside of the arcs with tacks; I cover (black bridle leather), stretched over
the hemp webbing, the inner side bars and round bars, and nailed to the inner side
of the arcs: a strip of thin leather is put under the heads of the tacks j 2 /laps,
(harness leather), folded round the round bars, and sewed to the lower ends of the
cover and arc-lining; 2 arc-liuiiigs (harness leather), nailed to the side of the front
and rear arcs, the lower end sewed to the flaps; 4 lining-straps, nailed to the inner
side bars and round bars; 2 thill-straps, with 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 standing-loop, pass
over the round bars and form loops for the shafts of the gun-carriage.
6 girth-billets, sewed to the inside of the flaps : three on each flap ; they pass
through slits in the flap to the outside; 4 iron-loops No. 4, for breeching and breast-
straps, embraced in the leather loops, sewed to the inside of the flaps and passing to
the outside through slits ; 4 lashing-straps, with I buckle No. 8, and 1 standing-loop,
fastened to the inside of the lower end of the arc by 1 screw No. 14, 1-inch, 4 billets
for lashing-straps, fastened to the outside of the arcs, near the top, by 1 screw No.
14, 1-inch, and 1 staple, each; 2 shoidder-strap tugs, with 1 buckle No. 6 and 1 sliding-
loop each, fastened to the front of the front arc by 1 screw No. 14, 1-inch, and 2
nails, 10-oz.; 1 loop and toggle, fastened with 1 leather thong to the iron loop on the
front arc-plate; 2 safes, nailed to the outside of the outer side bars.
Pad. — 1 top (sheep-skin); 1 side and end (sheep-skin), sewed to the top and lining;
1 lining (strong canvas), stuffed with straw and hair, and quilted. It is fastened to
the arc-lining and flaps, with 10 leather thongs.
Girth (hemp webbing), 7i inches wide. — 6 buckles No. 8, and 6 standing-loops,
embraced in the,ends of leather loops, sewed to the girths.
10
14(3 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Crufper.
1 dork with 1 hurhh No. 10, and 1 ninnding-loop, sewed to each end: it is made
of a single piece of Icatber, rounded ; 1 body, split at one end into 2 hilU-tn for the
dock ; 1 bark-ntrap, scwcd to the body at one end, wilh 2 9eam!<, leaving an open
space for the jiai'snge of the loin-strap : the other end passes through the .itaple on
the rear arc-plate, to 1 buckle No. 6, and 3 ttandhnj-loopH, sewed in between the
body and back-strap ; 1 gltdiny-loop on the back-strap, near the saddle.
1 lotii-Dlrdp passes between the body of the crupper and the back-strap, to the
buckle of the tugs on the brccch-strap.
Breeching.
1 hrcrrh-ntrap ; 2 lidf-ftrapn, Bcwcd at one end to the breech-strap, the other rnd
passes through iron loops on the pack-saddle, or through the staples on the shafts
when the harness is used for draught, into 1 buckle No. 4, and 4 niaiid-limji^, sewed
between the brccch-strap and side-strap; 2 tiigt, for l<jin-strap.i: each tug has 1
buckle No. 6, and 3 glnndiiiij-liiopn, sewed to one end — the other end embraces 1 iron
loop No. 5, which is fastened to the breech-strap by 1 chape; 2 ta/et, sewed to the
under side of the tugs, with 2 seams, the length of the tug.
Breast-Strap.
I /rout strap; 2 side straps, one end sewed to the front strap: the other endv^osses
through the iron loop on the flap of the pack-saddle, or through the staples on the
shafts, when the harness is used for' draught, back to 1 buckle No. 4, and 3 standing-
loops, sewed between the front strap and side strap ; 2 shoulder-straps, sewed at one
end tu the front strap, the other end passes to the tugs on the front arc.
Lashing-Girth and Rope.
1 girth (thick Icatber), the ends folded and sewed with 3 seams ; 2 iron hooks, the
bar embraced in the loop formed at the end of the girth.
1 lashing-rope (2i-inch rope), 10 feet long: it is used in connection with the girth,
to secure the pack to the saddle : weight, 1.06 lb.
Packing the Mountain Howitzer.
The howitzer is placed on the pack-saddle, the muzzle to the front, in the
recesses cut in the bows and transoms: it is lashed with the lashing-rope. The
shafts are placed upside down on the same pack-saddle, the cross-bar on the neck
of the cascable: the shafts are lashed with the bow-straps.
The carriage is placed on the pack-saddle, the axle-tree against the front face of
the front bow : it is fastened by the lashing-rope. The wheels are placed on the
some pack with the carriage, one on each side, the small end of the care against the
PACKING THE MOUNTAIN HOWITZER. 147
pack between the bows, one of the spokes resting on the arm of the axle-tree : they
are lashed with the bow-straps.
The ammunition-chests are suspended with chains, on hooks, on each side of the
pack, and lashed with lashing-ropes.
TO PLACE THE HOWITZER ON THE SADDLE.
Three men load the howitzer on the mule. Introduce the rammer-head into the
bore; place the loop of the hankspike over the cascable ; carry the piece to the sad-
dle, approaching by the croup ; raise it and place it in its bed. Three men load
the carriage, taking hold of it by the arms of the axle-tree and by the end of the
trail.
Four men load 2 ammunition-chests, and hook the 4 chains at the same time.
The load ought to be fastened securely, so as to form, as it were, a part of the
animal, and should be raised as little as possible above the mule's back.
148 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
HORSE EC^UIPMENTS FOR THE C'AVALIIY SERVICE.
A cnmplcio !<ct of burse equipment'' for cavalry troops consist* of 1 bridle, 1
walerini/'brtdle, 1 haltev, 1 Kiiiillr, 1 pnir of »addlt-hn'f», 1 tnddle-hfnnket, 1 mr>
rfiiy/r, 1 fiitir of fpiiri, 1 riirry-ciimb, 1 horie-bniiih, 1 pirkrt-pin, and 1 tiiriat (1 li^le
and 1 uotr-hiiij, when specially required.)
Jlead-Gear.
All the leutlicr is black bridle leather, not lesis than H.l inch tlii<'k. iiinl ilir
buckles arc uiullcublc iron flat bar-buckles, blued.
BRIDLK.
Il if composed of 1 hend»tall, 1 bil, 1 pair uf rriim.
Hk ADSTAi.i.. — I critirn-pirrr, the ends Split, forming 1 chrrk-tliap and I ikmai-
lanh billrt on one side, and on the other 1 cheek-*ir<ip and 1 ikruut-lntk, with I
buckle No. 11 A: 2 rhnprn, and 2 bncklft No. 10 A, xewed to the end* of cheek
piece.-* to attach the bit; 1 brow-band : the ends, d<iubled and sewed, form 2 luopii
ou each cml, through which the cheek-straps, throat-la»h, and thruat-lasb billet
pa«s.
Bit (shear steel, blued). — 2 lironchn, g-shaped, pierced at toj) witii an ry for
the chcck-slrap billet, and with a small bole near the eye for the curb-chain, lurmi-
natcd at the boitum by 2 buUmtii, into which are welded 2 rimjt No. .') for tbo reins.
The lower curve of the branch is tangent to the line through the axis of the mouth-
piece and the centre uf the eye. 1 muuth-piece, curved in the middle: its end> pass
through the brunches, and are riveted to them; I crom-bar, riveted to the braoches
near the lower ends : 2 bumr* (cast-brass) bearing the number and letter of the
regiment and the letter of the company, riveted to the branches with 4 rireli ; 1
eurb-chaiii hovk. Steel wire No. ]U, fastened to the tirar branch: 1 eurb-rhain, steel
wire No. 11, curb-chain links O.T inch wide, with 1 looir ring in the middle, fast
ened to the ojf branch by an S-bouk, coldsbut ; I curb-ntrap (leather) faatcned to
the curb-chain by 2 niaiidiug-luopt.
1 curb-n'ny for bit No. 1 replaces the curb-chain and curb-strap. Tbey ara of 2
sites: No. 1, interior diameter 4 inches; No. 2, 3.70 inches — the number marked
on the outside of the swell. Three-fourths of the bits of this kind to hare the
large ring, one-fourth the small ring.
There are j'uur varieties of bits : Ihcy are all alike below the mouth-piece.
No. 1. No. 2. No. 3. Ko 4
Height of arch 2.25 2. 1.5 0.5
Opening of arch I'. 8 1.1
Distance of eye from axis of mouth-pioce 1.5 2.25 2.25 2.25
Diameter of mouth-piece at shoulder 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.65
Distance from axis of mouth-piece t« axis of cross-bar, 5 inches.
Distance from centre uf button to the axi£ of cross-bar, 0.5 inch.
SADDLE. 149
Length of moutli-piccc in all bits, 4.5 inche?: square tenon of mouth-piece, .35
inch.
At centre of arch, .325 inch vertical thickness, 0.45 inch horizontal. Thickness
of branch at mouth-piece, 0.2*25 inch.
t Rbins. — 2 reina, sewed together at one end — the other ends sewed to the rings of
the bit.
■WATERING -BRIDLK.
The watering-bridle is composed of 1 hit.and 1 pair of rcinn.
Bit (wrought-iron, blued). — 2 mouth-piece sides, united in the middle by a loop-
hinge : their ends are pierced with 2 holes to receive 2 riiic/s No. 1 for the reins ; 2
flinins and toggles, 3 links, each 1 inchX.55 inch, welded into the rein-rings.
Reins. — 2 reins, sewed together at one end — the other sewed to the rings of the
bit.
HALTER.
2 cheek-pieces, sewed, one end to 2 square-loops No. 2 A, and the other to 2 cheek-
rings No. 1 A ; 2 standing-loops for the toggles of the watering-bridle, sewed to the
cheek-pieces near to the square-loops; 1 crown-piece, sewed to the off cheek-ring:
1 buckle No. 7 A and chape, sewed to the near cheek-ring; 1 nose-hand, the ends
sewed to the square loops ; 1 chin-strap, the ends sewed to the square loops, and
passing loose through the hitcbing-strap ring; 1 throat-strap, folded on itself,
making two thicknesses, and forming at top a loop for the tbroat-band to pass
through, and embracing in the fold at the other end 1 bolt, which holds 1 hitching-
strap ring; 1 throat-hand passes loose through the loop in the throat-strap, and
sewed to the cheek-rings; 1 hitching-straj), 6-} feet long ; 1 buckle No. 6 A, and 1
"tanding-loop ; 1 billet, sewed to the buckle end by the same seam which hold.s the
buckle.
Saddle*
All the leather is black bridle or harne.=s leather, and the buckles are malleable
iron, blued.
The Saddle is composed of 1 tree, 2 saddle-skirts, 2 stirrups, 2 stirrup-leathers, 1
girth and girth-strap, 1 s^ircinglc, 1 crupper.
Saddle-tree. — Wood (beech). — 1 pommel, made of 2 pieces framed together at
top and glued; 1 entitle, formed of 2 pieces, like the pommel ; 2 side bars (poplar),
each made of 3 pieces glued together: they are glued to the pommel and cantle,
and fastened by 2 rivets No. 1, 2 burrs, and 4 nails — the burrs let in on the other
side ; 1 strap-mortise in the pommel ; 3 strap-mortises in the cantle.
There are three sizes of trees, varying in the length of the scat:
No. 1, 11 inches length of seat, 1 -'^ per cent., ")
AT 2 11^ " "' '• ""O " '- *'° ^'^ m.arked on the pommel orna-
No. i \2 " " " 35 " j ™°"*-
♦The sadillc used will conform to that known as .Tenifor's saddle.
150 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Iron. — I pommel-arc, .1 inch Ibirk, with three small holes on top. fastened to the
side Itars by 4 rivetK No. J ; 1 pommil-plnte, .1 inch thick, scini-circulnr, fiiFtenod to
the front of iho ]>otunicl hy 4 riveU No. 1 ; 1 cantlc-arc, .1 inch thick, with '6 Hmull
holed on lop fanl^nud t,o the side burs by 4 rirett No. 1 ; 1 caiitle-plale, .1 inch thick,
faaleued to the rear of the cautle by 4 riictn No. 1 ; li itirrup-luopt, hinged in 2 iron
ttrnpn, which arc fa^tencd to tiic siilc bars by 6 riirtu No. 1.
The tree is ]juiutcd with one coat of while lead. It is covered with raw hide, put
on wet and sewed with thongs of the same, and held in place by stitches through the
wood along the junction of the pounx^ and cantlc with the side bars. The se*uia
are made on the udgcs of the sidu bars, where they will not chafe the horse Dor
rider.
y ri'(i_f;« held by staples driven into the front ends of side bars ; '2 /uot-ilnph» for
roat-siraps, fastened to the front of the pommel by 4 briin-»cre\ei No. 6, } inch; '2
crxijiprr-riiiijK (japanned black), fastened by staples driven into the rear ends of side
bars; 2 /oui-»lnj)lc», fastened to the rear of cuntle by 4 brant crrir* No. 6, j inch; 1
rjvard-philf ; 1 pommel urnamriit, shield-shaped (shect-brass), fastened to the pom-
mel, each by ',i ItraMt tcrrir-pint ; 6 yiiard-ptnlei, faftcncd to the cantlc by 12 icreie-
pin* ; 2 foot-»taph-», fastened on the back strap by 4 tr(i»»-«cmrt No. 6, j-inch; I
$itddlc-baij Hind, fastened on the back strap to the cantle-arc by 2 copper rip«t» No.
iC. , ■
2 SADDLK-SKiiiTS (thick humess leather), fastened to the side bars by 38 bra—
icreirs No. 6, j-inch ; 2 ita^-loupt for the saddle-bag straps, sewed to the rear edge
of the skirts.
2 STiRKcrs (hickory or oaic), made of one piece bent, the ends separated by 1
trautum and fastened by 2 iron rirelt No. 2 B, 4 bum each ; 2 leather hood* (thick
harness leather), fastened ih the stirrups by 12 copper rirtti No. ^ and bum—du-
tauce of hood from nar of stirrup, 6 inches; 2 etiri-vp-itrapt — 2 bud-let No. 5 A; 2
tUdiiiy-loopt — pass through ihc ^(i^^up-loops and through a hole cut in the skirt; 2
Mirrttp-leiUhert (thick harness leather); 2 ttaHdiny-luop*.
(iiUTU. — 2 girth-ttrapt pass over the pommel and cantlc-arcs, to which they are
fattened by 4 copper rirett No. ^ C and 4 burr*: they are fastened to the side bars
by 4 train terete* No. 6, j-iuch : the ends are sewed into 2 V-riuyt No. 1 A; 2 girtk-
hiUett, sewed to the straight side of the U-riogs; 1 girth, 4.S inches (blue woolleD
webbing); 1 chape, 1 buckie No. 2 A, 1 itanding-loop, and 1 *a/e on the off end, and
1 chape, 1 bnckle No. 4 A, 1 D-ri'ii^ No. 1 A, 1 itand tug-loop, and 1 lo/t on the near
aad : 1 *to tiding -lt><>p, on the middle.
6 coAT-STRAi-s, 6 buvkUii No. 11 A, 6 tiop*: they pass through the mortisea in tbe
pommel and cantle and the foot-stuples.
Cakbink-thimdlij:. — 1 ttrap ; 1 l.uvkle No. 10 A, sewed to the socket: the tbimUe
is buckled to the D-ring on the off side of the saddle.
SiBCixGLE, 3.25 inches (blue woollen webbing;. — 1 chape, 1 buckle No. 4 A, and 1
ttandiug-loop on one end, and 1 billet on the other; 1 billet-lining, sewed over the
end of webbing to the billet ; 2 itattdiHg-loop* near the buckle end.
SADDLE-BLANKET. 1*51
Crupper. — 1 dock, made of a single piece and stuffed with hair, the ends sewed to
the bodj' of the crupper; 1 body, split at one end, has sewed to it 1 chaj^e and 1 ring
No. 3 A; '2 back afrapx : each has 1 biirkle No. 10 A and 2 sliduirj-hnpa : they pass
through the rings of the side bars and the ring on the body of the crupper.
Saddle- Bags.
The saddle-bags are composed of 2 pouches and 1 grat, the ends of the scat sewed
to the pouches. Each pouch has 1 bark, sj wed to the gusset and upper part of inner
front with a welt; 1 gKsset, sewed to the back and to 1 outer and 1 inner front with a
welt; 1 jJttp, sewed to the top of the back and to the seat by 2 senms ; 1 flapt-billet,
sewed to the point of the flap; 1 chupc and 1 buckle No. 11 A, sewed to the outer
front; 1 hillet and 1 buckle No. 11 A, sewed to the chape. The scat is sewed to the
pouch by the same seams which join the flap to the back of the pouch. It has 2
holes for the foot-staples, and 1 hole for the saddle-bag stud ; 2 key-strnps, sewed to
the seat near its ends ; 4 lacing-thongs for the pouches.
Saddle- Blanket.
To be of pure wool, close woven, of stout yarns of a dark gray color, with a red
border .3 inches wide, 3 inches from the edge. The letters C. S., 6 inches high, of
orftnge color, in the centre of the blanket. Dimensions, 75 inches long, 67 inches
wide. Weight, 3.1S75 lbs.; allowance in weight, 0.1S75 lb.
Spurs (brass).— 2 spurs; 2 rowels; 2 rivets; 2 spur-slrops, 19 inches long; 2
roller-buckles No. 11 B; 2 standing-loops.
Length of heel— for No. 1, 3i inches; for No. 2, 3i inches, 1 . . ,
Width of heel " l,3i " " 2,3 « j '°«><i« 'measure.
Length of shank to centre of rowel, 1 inch.
Diameter of rowel, 0.85 inch.
Weight of pair of spurs and straps, .57 lb.
Horse-brush.— 1 body (ma]>le); Russia bristles; 1 cover, glued and fastened to
the body by 8 screws No. 3; 1 hand-strap (fair leather), fastened to the sides of the
body by 6 screws No. 5; 2 leather washers under the heads of screws.
Bimeu'iions.— Body, 9.25 inches long, 4 inches wide, .5 inch thick ; cover, 0.1
inch thick : bristles project .9 inch ; hand-strap, 2 inches wide. Weight, .57 lb.
Currycomb (iron, japanned black).— 1 body (sheet- iron, 0.4), the top and bottom
edges turned at right angles, forming 2 rows of teeth ; 3 double rows of teeth riveted
to the body by 6 rivets; 1 c»-o«8-6rtr,. riveted across the top by 2 rivets; 1 handle-
shank, riveted to the body 'by 3 rivets; 1 handle (wood), turned and painted,
passes over the shank, and is held by the riveted end of the shank; \ ferrule, sheet-
iron.
Z»iweMs/ows.— Length, 4 inches: width, 4.75 inches; thickness, .75 inch; length
of handle, 4 inches. Weight, .75 lb.
163 ORDNAXCK MANUAL.
PicKKT-PiN (iron, pnioted black). — The parts arc; the hodi/, the neck, the head, the
ttccll, the point, 1 Inriui-riuij around the neck, 8-Fhapeti, the larj^cr ojiening for the
lariat,
Dimentiun: — Length, 14 inches; diameter at ewcll. 4 inches from point, .75
inch ; at ni>ck, Sy inch ; at heacl, 1 inch. Lariat-ring, .yinch wire, welded. Interior
diameter, 1 inch. Weight of piii, 1.25 pounds.
Lahiat. — Best hemp li-inch rope, 30 feet long, of 4 strands, an eye splicod in
one end, the other end whipped with small twine. Weight, 2.3n lbs.
Link. — 1 nlmp, embracing in the fold at one end 1 spring-hook, and at the other
1 buckle No. 10 A and 1 billet. Weight, .2 lb. •
Nose-bag, same as that described page 143.
Inspection of Harness and Horse Equipments.
The inspection is made before the parts arc assembled. For the conrenicnce of
the inspector, the diflTorenl parts are arranged in 8e]>arate piles.
Materials. — The quality of the materials is first examined.
The leather should he firm, elaitic and plinhlr, and should be smcoth and shaved
to a firm surface on the flesh side. If it feel hard and horny to the hand, or, being
bent, it cracks in the grain, or, when cut, it exhibits a hard an<l i-hining texture, it
is an indication that the leather ha« not been tanned sufficiently, and it should ^le
rejected. Leather which bos been tanned with hemlock should not be received.
The traces, the breast-straj) and pole-strap, and straps generally, should be made of
tho strongest leather, and the saddle-skirls of the thi<'kest leather.
The nialltahlf iron parts should be tested by taking some jiieees and bending them
back and. forth to see that they have the requisite toughness.
WoiiKMANsnii'. — Tho saddle-trees should be inspected before they are covered,
that it may be seen that the proper kind and quality of wood has been used, that
the framing of the parts is well done and secured, that the surface ie smooth, the
angels rounUcd, and that the irons arc properly fastened.
No old or brash wood should be used.
Examine tho edges of the different parU of leather, that they are well blacked
and rubbed smooth ; that the seams are at the proper distances from the edges,
according to the width of the parts: that the splices and laps are. of the proper
length: that the stitching is neatly done with a uniform length of stitch : that the
thread is well waied, and the ends, whenever they occur, secured with a double
knot.
Examine the collars, that they are stuffed compactly. Especial care is to be
taken to see that no lumps or irregularities occur on tne belly, or part which comes
against the shoulders of the horse.
See that the billets pass freely through the loops, that the holes are punched at
the proper distance from each other in the central line of the billet, and that they
just admit the tongue of the buckle with ease and no more.
IIORSESUOES AND NAILS. 153
Observe the rollers of such buckles as have them, that they work freely, and are
sufficiently stiff not to be flattened.
See that the seams of the raw hide covering the tree are well made and will not
chafe the horse or rider; that the skirts arc thinned down where they are fastened
to the trees, the screw-heads are well sunk, and there is as little unevenness at this
place as possible : that the stirrups are well riveted at top, and the wood is not split
by the rivet.
Examine the bits, that tbey are ma<le of the proper materials: that the mouth-
pieces are forged solid ; that they and the cross-bars are firmly fitted to the chcek-
j)ieces; that the curb-rings work freely and are properlj' shouldered to keep them
in place; that the watering-bits are free from cracks or ilaws at the joint of the
mouth-piece.
Sec that the blueing is, in all cases, of a uniform dark blue color, free from any
yeHow tinge.
The general characteristics of all the work should be neatness and strength.
All the parts are fiuallj' measured and verified, to see that they conform in shape
and dimensions to the established patterns.
Preservation of Harness in Store.
The storehouses should be well ventilated, not too dry, but free from dampness.
The different articles should be arranged according to kind and class, separated or
in bundles according to their nature, so placed as to touch each other and the walls
as little as possible, having a free circulation of air about them : — saddles on trestles
or bars — collars hung on pins — hames witb'their straps, and traces with chains and
hooks, hung up; the traces hanging vertically — side pipes and lielly-hands piled on
the floor or on shelves — surcingles and brenst-strapa stretched on racks — halters,
bridleSf reins, etc., hung up in bundles of five or ten — hames-sfraps, collar-strains, etc.,
hung up in bundles of ten or twenty — bits, curb-chains, trace-hooks, in boxes.
All these articles should be examined and cleaned at least fpur times a year.
The leather articles are brushed and greased with neat's-foot oil, as often as their
condition requires : if they have a reddish hue, mix a little lampblack with the oil.
First brush the leather carefully, then pass over it a sponge wet with lukewarm
water; grease it slightly on the hair-side, applying the oil with a soft brush before
the leather is quite dry. In general, new leather is not greased until it has been
in store three years, unless it should be found to require it. Iron parts which are
not japanned or tinned, or from which the coating is rubbed off, are greased with
tallow.
Horseshoes and Nails.
The principal parts of the shoes are the two fuces ; the two edges, the inner and
outer; the toe, the front part; the quarters uniting the too with the heels — the ful-
lering, the crease in which the nail-holes are made: there are generally eight holes;
the calls, projections at the extremities of the heels on the lower face: they serve
154 OUDNANCK MANUAL.
principally to prevent the horse from slipping: they ghonid be used with osntion ;
the rlip, A kind of olaw on the outer C(l>;o of the shoe, gt-ncrnlly on the toe of the
hind fool, HometinieK on the outer quarter, in which case a pmiill one is made on the
inner one: they are used to keep the shoo in place and to guard the hoof; thr bevrl,
the concavity of the upi)er face, that the iron may in no case rest on the arch of the
sole of the foot.
The hind shoes are generally a liitle thicker and broader at the toe than the front
shoes. The front shoes are punchcil nearer the toe, the hind shoes nearer, the
heels.
The principal parts of the nail arc the hcod, the body, and the poini. The heaik
onght to fit into the fullering: the blade near the head should not be too thin: it
hu a slight curve near the point, that it may turn out instead of going into the
foot Reject those nails that are split or have flaws.
Soft iron is best adapted for horseshoes.
Horseshoes made by machinery are gonerally furnished to the artillery. There
ure four niies, viz :
Dimcntioii' ■••••I Wi iijhti uf Uor»c»hort.
In. In. Lbs.
fNo. 1. lAiigth, i.75 Width, 4.5 Weight, 0.S76
,, , , 2. " 6 0 " 4.75 •' 1.0
Iront sLoc j 3 .. j 35 " 5.75 " 1.1«75
[ A. " 6.6 " 5.1 " 1.4:175
I 1. " 5.25 " 4.0 " 0.875
,,. , , 2. " 5.5 " 4.2 " 1.0
"'"^ *''"^" I 3. " 6.5 " 4.25 " 1.1 K75
( 4. " 6.1 " 5.75 " 1.4376
_ . ., (2. 112 naiU • 1.0
Horseshoe nails < „ ..„ „ ."10
General Directions for Shoeing Horses.
The shoe should be forged to fit the form of the foot: it should project on the
outside at the end of the heel about its thickness, beginning at the lart bole; should
be flush with the hoof at the toe and on the inside; the heels generally short and
thin. The holes in the outer quarter should be farther from the edge, and in the
inner quarter nearer the edge; in the front shoe nearer the toe, and in the hind
shoe nearer the heel. Make the lower face of the shoe perfectly flat, and try it on
an iron table. The shoe should bear equally all around on the wall of the foot, and
not at all on the sole.
A judicious preparation of the foot for the shoe is 01 the greatest importance,
strict attention being paid to its peculiarities.
Cut away the wall no mure than is necessary to make the eh<je fit; pare the sol*
and the frog ^ery sparingly; in using the buttress, place it flat on the fuot, and cut
oflT the hoof evenly. The whole thickness of the wall should be left perfectly flat
SHOEING HORSES. 155
or the bearing of the shoe, which should never rest on the sole. The bars should
nevQr be pared except in cases of contracted feet, and then with judgment.
Do not apply the shoe to the foot when too warm; keep it there but for a short
time. Drive the nails in the sound hoof and rivet them solidly, all at the same
height.
In rasping the rivets, do not touch the wall of the foot : it weakens the foot.
When a nail binds, draw it out and take another. If the horse suddenly jerks his
foot after a blow of the hammer, withdraw the nail immediately.
Shoes .should not be allowed to remain on more than five weeks, when they should
be removed, the useless hoof pared off and the shoe replaced if it be still good.
This should be regulated by the length of the hoof rather than by the wear of the
shoe. In removing shoes, take caro to raise the clenches first, that the crust may
not be torn or portions of the nail left in the hoof. It is better to remove the shoes
one at a time as the new shoe is ready to be put on.
Rough shoeing differs from ordinary shoeing only in the form of the nails, the
heads being longer and more pointed.
The shoe used in all other services is to be preferred to that in use in ours. It
has no fullering, but each hole is countersunk to receive the head of the nail, which
is less apt to be broken off, as it is well supported on all sides : the shoe is not
weakened by fullering.
1 r.fi
ORDNANCE MA N HAL.
Harness required for each Morse.
i
1
WUEKUSa.
1
New
Sido.
Off
Bide.
NMir
Side.
Pair of traoos.
lliilt«r
ItridK-
('"iiplinp-strap
I*rivcr"c Huchlle
Viitiffp-taddic
VHlidc
("'illiir iinil collarntrai)
Humes and 8lra[> iiml 2 (urninf^-straps. .
( Whoi-l
( Lcitilin^
Trace-loops and bcllv-l'aiiil
, . . 1 . I < Wheel ..
Loin-strapi' and trace loctpi". • , ,. _
' ' ( Leading..
Crupper
nrocohinj; iind hip-ftrnp
I<rcai<l-Rtra)>
l.ejf -jjuard
Whip
N iiKi'-liap
r<ile-8trHp (on the carriapc-pole)
I'olc-pad " "
Weight
■{
For each horse
Set for 2 horsei.
Lbi.
59.82
Lbs.
.'.4.0
113.82
Off
Bide.
L
60 47,
»9..17
(Wtiikt.
Lbt.
8.0
S.0
0.»
16.2ft
T.rs
4.S
4.25
9.75
lL7ft
1.
0.7ft
0.87ft
0.7S
3.6
4.76
2.00
O.Sft
1.12
2.
1.0
HARNESS.
Buckles, Loops, Rings, and Staples.
157
DE8IGSATI0S.
INTERIOR
DIMENSIONS.
THE FRAME.
Widtli. Length.! Width.
Thick- \- .2i
Buckles..
No.
1 B
No.
2 A
No.
a
No.
4
No.
4A
No.
4U
No.
6A
No.
6
No.
7 A
No.
8
No.
8B
No.
9
X(i.
10
N...
10 A
No.
10 B
No.
11 A
No.
HB
Loops.
D-riugs
No. IB
No. 2 A
No. 3
No. 4
No. 4 B
No. 5
No. 6 B
No. 7 B
(No. lA
••\No. 2B
fNo. 1
No. 1 A
I No. 2
Rings ■; No. 3
I No. 3 A
No. 4
No. 5
Staples.... J
No. 1
No. 2 A
No. 3 •
Halter-bolt
Saddle-bag stud
Link-hook
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
Inches.
2.5
1.3
.4
2.0
1.1
.25
Round.
"".'25"
1.75
2.5
.4
Round.
1.5
0.9
.2
Round.
1.5
1.0
.25
Round.
.25
1.5
1.6
.3
.18
.24
1.375
2.0
.325
.175
.25
1.25
.8
.2
Round.
1.125
2.0
.3
.175
.25
1.0
.8
.16
Round.
1.0
1.2
.25
.125
.2
.88
.7
.10
Round.
.75
.6
.15
Round.
.75
1.35
.225
.125
.2
.75
.9
.2
.r.
.14
.625
1.15
.2
.125
.175
.625
( 1.9 1
1 1.6 f
1.6
.185
1.4
Round.
1.2
.3
.25
1.5
1.25
.25
Round.
1.4
0.9
.175
Round.
1.4
1.1
.185
Round.
1.25
.8
.2
Round.
1.126
.5
.185
Round.
1.0
1.85
.45
1.85
.2
.325
Round.
.25
1.125
.8
.185
Round.
1.7
Round.
2
Round.
1.7
Round.
!25
Round.
1.3
1.25
Round.
Round.
.15
.13
Round.
Round.
1.25
Round.
.2
Ronud.
1.1
Round.
.18
1.0
Round.
.21
1.25
2.3
.2
Round.
Diam'r
of Foot.
.9
.3
.2
.4
.88
.6
.1
Diam'r
of Head.
1.2
.25
Round.
.4
Diam'r
Foot.
of Knob.
0.4
1.
.225
Round.
.4
Eye.
1.1
.2
.4
1.75
For the oarbino-sling.
With roller.
Those marked A are made of
malleable iron; B, made
of brass.
Size of round for strap, .3 .\ .2
inch.
With roller.
Cast with a shank.
Plated with brass.
Foot-staples, held by screws.
Made of iron wire doubled.
158
("UKNANCE MAM AL.
/tintrnsions of the Principal Leather Parts of ArtHlrrif Unrnrsa.
irifh the \umher and Size of Burkles.
' rrown-pi<«<»«« I
II M r I II
i( ^irii|>
Thr<>at-liu<b.
ItHini.R.
rr<>wn-i>irro
Tlirout larli
]tri>«r.l<iiii<l
( heck -Ftrap*
Uilli-t* f<ir rb(«k-»trap»<
I ^ll<>rt
Hillcl* for rcinii
Cou|ilinf:-i>lr«pt
Billelj for do l'""K'
io. j '""«•
{ fbfirl
Dritkk'i
Saddlk.
Skiru
Billrt for rollar-ttrap
Ptirrup-lcBtlicri
{ Tr»cfl.M.|. I.il|pi»
I ifirtb-bilUl
Girth. .' f*^"^' P*''-
I ( long pari .
Valisk-
8 A ••LB.
f SkiiU
Oirth
<;•-' ' " •
■I
h
Cruppcr-Mrap
ValiM-rtrapt .
■trap
fBodv ,
Ends
Inner flap
Vauss. •{ Strmp fur flap ,
I Cover
Buckle-ftrapt
BiU*U for buckle-atrapt ,
Cat.
riii-
n*.
WlMk.
In.
I.S&
1.2.'.
1 . 1'.'.
1.2i
1.2&
1.16
1.
i.n
.T6
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
14.
1.S5
l.h
l.tb
1.&
i.9
S.8
i:
1.
1.
1.2S
l.li
I.U
1.
18.
«.U
4.
.88
10.
.86
.88
In.
30.
12. i
21.
IX. &
12.
13. &
44.
26.
23.
23.
12. &
10.
68.
46.
11.
26. 1
M.
10.
10.
24.
24.
14.
12.
66.
&6.
18.
18.
22. )
20.
38.
38.
88.
21.
30.
20.
16.
14.
10.5
48.
26.
r.i&
16.
18.
20.3
4.
7.5
la.
.to.
8.
16.
14.
6.26
6.36
42.
26.
IV. 6
16.
8.6
10.
64.
44.
11.
16.
12.
4.6
46.
18.
la.
1.26
1. •
.74
I.
1.
I.
1.
1.6
1.6
1 1.26
u
HARNESS.
169
Dimensions of Leather Parts of Artillery Harness. — Continued.
i
Cut.
No. Width.
Leg-Giahd.
Body
Foot-strap .
Leg-straps.
f Collar-billets . . •
r, I Tracc-luffs
Collar and ~ . * .
Hames. Truss.ng-.straps
ilarness-strayp. .
;^ Collar-strap ...
Traces
AND
Straps.
f Wheel-traces. . .
Leading-traces.
Trace-loops. . . .
Bellj'-band
Loin-straps
f wheel. .
leading.
I
' I layer
loops
Crupper.
f Dock
] Body
I Layer for body.
[ Back-strap . . . .
Breeching. -
Breech-?trap
Layer for breech-strap.
Tugs
Safes
I Hip-strap
[ Breast-strap
In.
In.
In.
1
17.
20.5
1
.88
14.
14.
4
.75
26.
24.
4
2
•1.
11.
11.
2
2
1.75
17.
7.
2
1.
34.
32.
2
1
1.25
21.
18.
1
1
1.25
15.
9.
1
2
J. 75
^0.
50.
2
1.75
96.
96.
2
1.25
21.
9.
2
fl
1.25
31.
25.
1
M
1.25
16.
13.
1.25
4«.
48.
1.25
60.
60.
1.25
6.
6.
1.25
23.
10.
2
3.5
14.
14.
2
1.75
20.
20.
1
1.25
10.
10.
1.25
31.
31.
2.5
48.
42.
2
1.75
50.
42.
1.25
13.
6.
4
2.25
6.
6.
2.5
48.
48.
1.75
In.
0.75
1.
1.
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
1.25
.88
1.25
1.75
1.25
Leather, etc., required for 1 set of Wheel and 1 set of Leading
Harness, for 2 Horses each.
Harness leather 7 sides.
Bridle " 4 "
Collar " 2 "
Goat (morocco) skins 1
Sheep-skins, russet 2
" black 1
Hemp webbing 3 yds.
Cotton ticking 3 "
" drilling 2 "
Tow linen 1 ydl
Cotton batting 2 lbs.
Deers' hair i "
Rye straw 24 "
Tacks, assorted 4 M.
Finishing nails h gross.
Shoe thread 2 lbs.
One side of collar leather
makes 14 whips.
IGO
OKDNANCE MANUAL.
n
SB
n
1^
■}ac oao
JO Jaqinil)(
lli^
•<•<
O"
16
ji
i.
1 13 I *
Ik!
K
Ok -4 C2^<^e'vf'*'e'Ae4ieW«^eJ<rf«
* ?t ic •« 4 ti
3S
S: ^,5£
» if-=-^ =
* ! !
2 :i^
I- — 2 t t -
C sisCC^- C C^ <K- y Pss-aSx -xxxl w 5
DIMENSIONS OF PARTS OF CAVALRY EQUIPMENTS.
161
e E.
•J9S 3UO
.loj sj.iiid
JO .laqiunj^
5
•^ 00 c« to ■^' irj O C^ i-^ O W CO W "C t-^ -jJ irj CO CC CC M -t X O CJ C^ I- ci I* »o O r4 to c^
-; ^ ,-1 rt CO i-< in CO i-H d —ir-lrl
<C^(M(N<NC^lMe'>C^C^(N«
^ 3 IB » « *j ^
11
162 ORDNANCE MANUAL. !>r»n\v
C 5 A p T E R Seventh
PAINTS, L A C Iv i: R S , ETC
COMPOSITION AND PREPARATION.
The proportions arc given for 100 parts by weijrht of prepared colors, etc., when
not otherwise designated.
A gallon of linseed oil weighs 7.6
" spirits of turpentine 7.25
" Japan varnish 7.
" sperm oil 7.12
" ncat's-foot oil , . . . . 7.43
Boiled Oil.
Raw linseed oil 103.
Copperas '• 3.15
Litharge 8.3
Pat the copperas and litharge in a cloth bag and suspend it in the middle of the
kettle. Boil the oil 4^ hours, with a slow, even fire, so that it may nut be burned;
then let it stand and deposit the sediment.
•
Dryings.
Mixture of copperas and*litharge taken from the boiled oil 60
Spirita of turpentine 56
Boiled oil 2
The mixture taken from the boiled oil to be ground, and mixed with the turpea-
tine and oil.
Putly.
{For fiUintj craclcM in toood.)
Spanish whiting, pnlrerited Sl.tf
Boiled oil 20.4
Made into a stiff paste. If not intended for immediate use, raw oil should be (
aa the puttj made with boiled oil hardeos quick Ij.
OLIVE PASTE. 163
Aiiofher kind of piitli/ for the same piir;ii.s\' is made by mixing fine sifteil oak saw-
dust with linseed oil which has been boilod until it assumes a glutinous consistency.
White Paint.
For inside work. For outside work.
White lead, ground in oil 80 80
Boiled oil 14.5 9
Haw oil 9
Spirits of turpentine 8 4
Grind the white lead in the oil, and add the spirits of turpentine.
New wood work requires about 1 lb. to the square yard for three coats.
Lead Color.
White lead, ground in oil '...75.
Lampblack 1.
Boiled linseed oil 2?>.
Litharge 0.5
Japan varnish 0.5
Spirits of turpentine 2.5
The lampblack and the litharge arc ground separatclj' upon the stone, in oil, then
stirred into the white lead and the oil; the turpentine and varnish are added as the
paint is required for use, or when it is packed in kegs for transportation.
• • Black Paint.
Lampblack ., 28
Litharge 1
Japan varnish 1
Linseed oil, boiled 73
Spirits of turpentine 1
Grind the lampblack in oil; mix it with the oil, then grind the litharge in oil and
add it, stirring it well with the mixture. The varnish and turpentine are added last.
The paint is used for the iron work of carriages.
Olive Paste.
Yellow ochre, pulverized 68.
Lampblack 1.1
Boiled oil 37.
Spirits of turpentine 0.4
Make a thick paste with the ochre and oil, in a paint pot, and with the lampblack
and oil in another; grind them together in small portions, and keep the mixture in
a tin vessel.
164 ORDNANCE MANUAT-.
Liquiff Olive Color.
OHre pa!<f« 61.5
H..il.d ..il 29.5
RpirilK of turponlinc 5.5
DryinK* ^-^
Japan varnish 2.
Slirrod together in a paint pot.
Liquid Olive Color.
Yellow ochre (French) <".
Boiled oil (raw, 45) 40.
LithHrRo 5
Lampblack J
Spirit!" of turjiontinc 5
Jnpiin viirninh 1
liroirn Paint for Iron Carritigis.
Iron paint.
Ppirit.s of turjicntino.
Jirainard's Paint.
Diitgolrc 10 lbi>. of rhrllac in 10 f^a. of boilinj; water, addinf; SO oi. of tal vrmtiu.
Mix thix solution with an e<|ual quanlitj of paint prepared in the utnal maonvr.
This paint is ecuuuuiical and durable.
Paint for WindoiQ^Glass.
Add .25 01. of beot ehromt grren to 1 lb. tngnr «/ Uad, ground fine, in sufficient
linseed oil to moisten it : mix \o the coofiitency of common paint, and apply it with
a soft brush. No drying material is required. The glass should be well cleaned
before the paint is applied.
The above quantity is sufficient for about 200 feet of glass.
Whiting and Pru.^sian blue may be used for the same purpose.
Gray or Stone Color for Buildings.
Ist coat. 2d coat
White lead, in oil 7S 1 00.
Boiled oU 9.5 20.
Raw oil 9.5 2«.
Spirits of turpentine 3.
Turkey umber 0.5
Lampblack 0.25 0.25
Yellow ochre 3.
Mixed like the lead color.
LACKER FOR IRON ORDNANCE. 165
A aquaro yard of new brick work requires, for two coats, 1.1 lb. ; for three coats,
]..^lb.
Cream Color for Buildings.
Ist coat. 2d coat.
White lead, in oil 66.66 70.
French yellow 3. ."•.''> 3. .33
Japan varnish 1.33 1.33
Raw oil 2S 24.5
Spirits of turpentine 2.25 2.25
A square yard of new brick work requires, for first coat, 0.75 ; for ,«econd coat,
0.3 lb.
Yellow- Wash for Buildings.
Dissolve 1 lb. of pulverized copperas in 8 gals, of water ; let it stand twenty-four
hours, stirring it two or three times from the bottom; use this for .slaking the lime,
and thinning it to the consistency of ordinary whitewash; add h3'draulic cement
equal in quantity to the lime used, and of clean sand i gal. to 15 gals, of wash. Stir
it frequently, to prevent the sand from settling.
The walls should be first well cleaned of dust and thoroughly wet from the rose
of a watering pot, and the w.ish applied immediately after, beginning at the top,
laying on the coat horizontall}' and finishing it vertically.
Before leaving the work, at any time, finish the course to a joint in the wall, to
prevent making a mark in the color where the two courses join.
This wash has been known to last for fifteen years without requiring renewal.
For a, gray or stone color, add lampblack previously deadened with whiskey.
Lacker for Iron Ordnance.
1. — Black lead, pulverized 12
Red lead 12
Litharge 5
Lampblack 5
Linseed oil 66
Boil it gentlj' about twenty minutes, during which time it must be constantly
stirred.
2. — Umber, ground 3.75
Gum shellac, pulverized 3.75
Ivory-black 3.75
Litharge 3.75
Linseed oil 78.
Spirits of turpentine 7.25
The oil must be first boiled half an hour. The mixture is then boiled 24 hours,
poured oflF from the sediment, and put in jugs, corked.
166 OUDNANCE MANUAL.
3. — Toal t«r (of good quality) 2 fiJ«.
SpirilH lurpt'iiiinc 1 pint.
Tho liirpcntiiic to he added iu small ijuantitics during tbc apfdication of the
lacker.
Ill npplyinj; lacker, the Riirfacc of the iron nni»t he first elenncd with a aerapor
and a wire l)rui<li, if iieppuxary, and the lacker a]i)>lied hid, in two thin coat), wkb a
puint briisb. It in bci<t done in utimincr, when the metal in heated by the inn'p
rays, with gloves made of vheep-skin, the wool turned outward, cut .4 inch long,
tho thumb alone being free.
Old lacker should be removed with a scraper, or by scouring, and not by heating
tho guns or balls, by which the metal is injured.
About 5 gallons of lacker are reipiircd for 100 field guns and 1,000 shot; about
1 quart for a sea-coast gun.
Lacker for Iron Ordnance (iiHod in tlio Hritinh service).
Anti-corrosiun 40 lbs.
Grant's black, ground in oil 4 "
Ucd lead, a» a dryer 3 '•
Lini<ccd oil 4 gals.
Spirits uf tur]>cDtino 1 pint.
This mixture, when well stirred and incorporultd. will be fit for use; but as br
long keeping in this stale it becomes hard, no more should b« mixed than uay b«
required for immediulo use.
A Hti-corroiitin. — Slag from iron foundries, pounded 12
(' lialk 12
Soot, eommoo • 1
Lacker for Small Anns, or for Water-proof Paper.
Beeswax 13 lbs.
Spirits turpentine 13 galls.
Boiled linseed oil 1 gall.
.\ll the ingredients thould be pore and of the best quality. Heat them together
iu a cupper or eurlheu vessel, over a gentle fire, in a water-bath, until they arc well
mixed.
Lacker for bright Iron Work.
Linseed oil, boiled M.5
Litharge 5.5
While lead, ground in oil 11.25
Rosin, pulverised 2.75
.\dd tho lithar;;c t<> the oil: let it simaaer over a slow fire 3 hoars : strain it, aa^
VARNISH FOR HOLSTERS, SCABBARDS, ETC. 167
add the rosin and white lead; keep it gently warmed, and stir it until the rosin is
dissolved. Apply it with a paint brush.
Planto7i's Composition for Wood or Iron.
Rosin, pulverized • 48
Shellac, " 2
Charcoal or cannel coal, pulverized 16
Spirits turpentine 1
The shellac may be replaced by double the quantity of beeswax. The rosin and
shellac are melted in an iron vessel over the fire; the charcoal is then added and
stirred briskly until the whole is well inttrmixed, after which the turpentine is
added and stirred until it is well incorporated with the other ingredients.
Black Stain for Wood.
Copperas ] lb.
Nutgalls 1 "
Sal ammoniac 0.25 lb.
Vinegar 1 gall.
Stir it occasionally, and it will bo ready for use in a few hours.
Clean and make smooth the surface, filling the cracks with black putty, which
should be allowed to harden. Apply the stain two or three times, and leave it a
day or two to dry; then rub it with boiled oil until it is polished.
The stain will be of a bluish color till the oil is applied.
This forms a cheap and durable preservative for wood.
Varnish for Holsters, Scabbards, etc. (or Patent Leather).
{For first and second coats.)
Prussian blue, in lumps 4.
Sugar of lead 0.7
Aqua fortis 0.7
Linseed oif, boiled 70.
Spirits turpentine 24.6
The ingredients, except the turpentine, are boiled together in an iron kettle eight'
hours, when the mixture will assume a brilliant black color. When the varnish is
nearly cool, stir in the turpentine. The kettle in which the varnish is made should
be of a capacity to hold double the quantity of varnish to be boiled.
{For the third or fnlshing coat — CoPAL Varnish.)
Gum copal (in clean lumps) 26.5
Boiled linseed oil 42.5
Spirits turpentine 31.
This varnish is made in a cop2)cr vessel, smallest at top, in the form of a still.
yn ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Put the copal in Iho vessel, set it on a rbarcoal fire for one hour, in which time it
will melt, and all the watery particles will evaporate. Add the oil while the eupal
ii warm, hut not boiling hot. When nearly cool, add the turpcntiuc, which will
giro it a proper cuoiiiKleDry for Uf>e.
For f) Ihn. copal and the jiroper proportions of oil antl turpcntiuc, the vessel
should hol.i n gallons.
■Jiipan Varnish.
Lithar(;e 4
Boiled oil »7
Spirits turpentine 2
Rod lead 8
V mbcr 1
Gum shellac H
Sugar of lead 2
White vitriol ' 1
Japan varnish is genaraily |iurcba«ed from the paint pellem. It is made by boil-
ing over a slow charcoal fire, for fiva hours, all the ingredients, except the turpen-
tine and a small purlinn of the oil; the latter is added ax rc<|iiired, to check the
ebullition and allay the froth which rises to the surface. It must bo continually
•tirred with a wooden spatula, and great cure is necessary to prevent it from taking
fire.
The turpentine is added after the varnish is nearly cool, and it is litirrcd well in.
The vurniiih uiu^t bo ]>ut in demijohns, or close cane, and kept tightly corked.
Dye for Blacking Belts.
Extract of logwood 2 Iba.
Broken nutgalls 0.5 lb.
Pyrolignate of iron 0.5 pint.
Soft water 1 gall.
The logwood and nutgalls are boiled in the wak«r till the logwood is dissolved.
When cold, add the pyrolignate of iron. Stir it well and let it settle. When clear,
decant it free from sediment and keep it well corke^^
The pyrolignate of iron is made by dissolving iron filings in pyroligneoas acid —
as much as the acid will take up.
The addition of the logwood is not essential.
A solution of copperas may replace the pyrolignate of iron, but it is not so good.
Kit.
Compotition. — 9 rosin, 6 pitch, 6 beeswax, 1 tallow. To be melted together and
poured into water; then worked with the hands until it becomes soft and pliable.
QUANTITY OF PAINT FOR A CARRIAGE.
169
Pitch Cement. >
Lbs. Oz.
Bee?wax - 0 3
Pitch 2
Rosin 1
Turpentine 1
Brick dust 0 9
The materials for the cement are melted successively over a slow fire, and the
brick dust is stirred in last.
Grease for Carriage ^Vheels.
Iloffii' lard, softened (if fresh) by working it.
If this cannot be procured, tallow or other grease may be used ; if hard, it should
be melted with fish oil.
About 1 lb. of grease is required for four wheels.
Booth's Patent Grease for Railway Axles.
Water 1 gall.
Clean tallow 3 lbs.
Palm oil 6 "
Common soda i lb.
Or, Tallow 8 lbs.
Palm oil 10 "
To be heated to about 210°, and to be well stirred until it cools down to 70°.
Quantity of Paint required for a Carriage.
KIKD OF CARRIAGE.
Lead
color.
Olive.
Black.
Field gun-carriage and limber, with implements-
Caisson, with limber and implements, etc
Forge, with limber
Battery-wagon, with limber
Casemate carriage and chassis, wooden
Barbette carriage and chassis, wooden
Lbs.
Lbs.
6
10
8
15
6
10
7
13
7
14
6
11
Lbs.
0.75
0.8
1.
0.9
0.75
1.
A priming of lead color and two coats of olive color are applied to new wood
work, and 1 coat of load color and 1 of black, to the iron work.
170 ORDNANCE MANUAL. HTf.fc'iv'
C II A P T K R E I G II T II .
SMALL ARMS, SWORDS, SABRES & ACCOUTREMENTS.
SMALL ARMS.
The i-mnll arms addjitoil for ccrvice are :
Thf rifle musket, model 185.0.
The rifle musket, model 1842.
The rifle, model 1&.')5.
The Rifle, model 1S42, reamed out to .5S inch.
No model has yet been adopted for a carbine for the cavalry service; screral
different patterns are now in the hands of the troops.
A rtpeating pittol is issued to th« cavalry.
Rijie Musket, model 1855. (Plates 24, 25, 2G.)
NOMENCLATURE.*
Barrel. — Mutzle; l)ai/<>iirl-$fiid ami front tight, breech, flats, bevels and OTal,
cone-seat, vent, vent-screw, cone-screw thread, vent-screw thread, rear-^ight mor-
tise, rear-side screw-hole, bore, grooves, lands. The exterior phape of this barrel
tapers with a gentle re-ciilcring curve from the breech to the muztle. That portion
of the flat in rear of the cor.e-seat is parallel to the axis of the bore.
Breccli-gcreir. — Plug with threads (16 to the inch;, tenon, shoulders, tang, tang-
screw hole, bevel.
Itenr eiijht (steel). — liatr ; fence, offsets, ears, screw-hole, joint, groove for barrel,
steady-pin ; 1st lenf: body, cars, screw-holes, sight-notch, graduation-mark ; 2d
leaf: body, tenon, screw-hole, sight-notches, graduation-marks; joint-icrew : item
head, slit, and thread.
Bane-screw. — Stem, head, holes, thread.
Tanif'tcreir. — Shoulder.
Cotie (steel). — Screw-thread, shoulder, square, nipple, vent.
Bai/unct. — Blade (steel): point, face flute, back flutes, edges of back and blade,
bevels, elbow, neck ; socket (iron) : muzzle end, bridge end, bridge, mortise, shoulder
for clasp, stop-pin ; clatp (iron) : body, stads, bridge, groove, stop, clasp-screw.
• The Maynard primer having been abandoned, all that relates to the magazine is intended to
be omitted.
RIFLE MUSKET. 171
Lock. — Lnck-plate ; front and rear ends, sides, cone-seat notch, bolster, main-
spring notch, chamfer, bevel, 5 holes for the jiivots of the main spring and bridle,
arbor of the tumbler, 7 screw-holes, mortise for sear-spring stud; hammer: body,
crook, heail, comb, checking, countersink, cutter, slit, tumbler-hole; tttmh/cr (steel) :
body, friction-shoulder, arbor, square, pivot, swivel-arm, swivel-slot and pin-holes,
half-cock notch, cock notch, screw-hole ; bridle : body, eye, pivot, 3 holes for tum-
bler-pivot, sear-scrCw, and bridle-screw : Iridle-scrcw ; Bear (steel) : body, eye, nose,
tang, screw-hole ; scar-screw; sear-spring (steel): blade (upper and lower branch
and elbow), eye, stud-screw hole; sear-sprinij screw; main spring (steel): blade,
upper and lower branch and elbow, hook, pivot, tang; swirel (steel): body, axis, 2
holes for tumbler-pin and finger-pivot; tumbler and swivel-pin.
2 side screws.
In all the screws the parts are: the stem, the head, the slit, and the thread.
The bottom of the slit of the larger screws is concave; the base-screw of the rear
sight has 2 holes in the head, instead of a slot, in order that it may not be removed
by the ordinary screw-driver.
Monntimjs. — Upper and lower bands: body, creases, letter TJ to designate the
upper from the lower edge; middle band: body, creases, letter U, stud, hole for
swivel-rivet; middle band swivel: wire, eyes, rivet; band-springs (steel): stem,
wire, shoulder; aide-screw washers: counter-sink, hole for screw; guard; guard-
plate : body, bolsters, trigger-stud, 2 holes for guard-bow, 2 for wood-screws, and 1
for trigger-screw ; guard-bow : bodj% pillars, stems with their screw-threads, swivel-
stud, piece and hole, 2 nuts for stems, swivel, and rivet; trigger: blade, tang or
finger-piece, hole for screw; trigger-screw : 2 icood-screws for guard-plate ; butt-plate :
body, toe, heel, hollow, corners, tang and screw holes ; 2 wood-screws for butt-plate ;
box-plate: the lid and the strap joined hy a, hinge and rivet ; screics : 3 box-plate
and 1 for spring; 3 springs; 1 for box-plate; catch: 1 for box-plate; rivets: 2 for
catch.
Ramrod (steel). — Stem, swell, head, cup. screw; stop (iron): for rod.
Stock (black walnut). — Butt: comb, handle, head, facings, first and second rein-
force, chase, shoulders for bands and tip; grooves for barrel and ramrod; beds for
tang and tenon, lock, washers, guard-plate, nuts for guard-bow and trigger-stud,
butt-plate, and band-springs and tip; mortises for the trigger, and stop; rod-holes
for the rod, the side screws, tang-screws, guard-screws, butt-plate screws, band-
springs, and tip-rivet.
Tip (malleable iron). — Recess for stock, groove for rod, rivet-hole, and shoulder.
Ihe patch-box was added July 9, 1S59.
The muskets made at this time have not the self-priming lock nor the patch-box.
Rijle Musket, model 1842. (Plate 26.)
(For nomenclature see Ordnance Manual, ISfil.)
This arm differs from the original model in the following particulars: — The boro
is grooved ; it has a rear sight similar to that for the new musket.
172 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Rifie, model 1855. (Plate 26.)
Harrfl. — Muzzle : bai/onet-itud, front »i<jlit (brass), breech, flats, bevels auJ oral,
conc-Bcat, vcut, vent-screw, cone-screw thread, vent-screw thread, rear sight mortise,
rear sight screw-hole, bore, grooves, bands. The exterior of the barrel has a uni-
form taper from the breech to the muz/.lc. That portion of the flat in rear of the
cone-seut is parallel to the axis of the bore.
lirccrh-dcreic. — Plug with threads (16 to the inch), tenon, shoulders, tang, tang-
screw hole, bevel.
Jiear nujht. — Similar to that of the rifle musket, IS-OG.
Tantj-»rrev. — Shoulder.
four. — Same as for rifle musket.
SwoHi) iiAYo.NKT. — Jiliide (stcel), shoulder, back, edge, bevel, ji'/mt, curvature,
gr< ove — laiiff, rivet-hole, rivet.
Hil( (brass). — Gripe: ridges, back, beak, slot for stud, slot for guide, hole for
finger-piece, hole for spring-screw, hole for rivet (tang), mortise for tang. Fingrr-
picre: head, notch. Fiti<jer-picce utrimj : blade, screw-hole, bofs. Fimjrr-pieet
ipriuij-icrew. Gunrd-riret, yiiard : long and short branch, knobs, muzzle-socket.
Luclc. — The same as the rifle musket, lS5.j. (Maynard primer omitted.)
ilonntingi. — Similar to those of a rifle musket, ISOS.
Uamrod. — Similar to that of the rifle musket, lh55.
Stock and tip. — Similar to that of the rifle musket, 1&55, except the 'Jd reinforce
of stock.
Ei4e, model of 1842.
(For nomcnclat'irc see Ordnance Manual, 1S61.)
To Make the Barrel.
The barrel is made from a short, flat bar of iron, which is first formetl into a hol-
low cylinder, and then welded and drawn out to the required size, length and
taper, by passing it through a series of rolls for that purpose.
Matkiuals. — Best refined iron, free from slag and other, impurities, of uniform
texture, without hard spots: in plates 14 inches long, 5^ inches wide, .oG25 inch
(hick; the edges are so bevelled that they shall form a close joint when the plate iii
formed into a cylinder. English iron. Marshall brand, is generally used. Best
bitumitwHt coal for the reverberating furnace (Cumberland, Broad top.) Best
anthracite coal for the forgo (Hazleton, lump). Pure tand for the bottom of the
furnace.
Utensils. — 1 pair of rolh for bending the plates into cylinders. They have b
grooves, of different sizes ; 3 of them have tongues, 2 are open.
1 pair of rollt for welding and shaping the barrel. They have 9 grooves, of dif-
ferent sizes. 2 of them parallel and 7 taper : it has an iron frame to hold the end of
the mandrel. The rolls make 36 revolutions per minute.
RIFLE. 173
2 «cM of gteel mandrels, of 8 each set, with an egg-shaped bulb on each end, vary-
ing in size from .71 inch to .46 inch in diameter.
1 aynall mandrel, 3 feet long, 1 mandrel, 6 inches long.
1 straightening table, iron. 1 straightening machine, with 2 dies the length and
the shape of the barrel, worked by an eccentric which opens the dies i inch, and
makes 60 revolutions per minute.
2 trip-hammers, with dies.
To form the cylinder. — The plates are put into the furnace and raised to a white
heat, and then passed through the rolls, each groove in succession. The first groove
forms the plate into a trough shape ; the second and third grooves contract it gra-
dually : the fourth turns the two edges inward, and the fifth completes the cylinder.
The operation is performed at one heat.
A day's work. — 3 men can form 450 cylinders in 10 hours.
To weld and shape the barrel. — The fireman places two cylinders in the furnace,
and brings them to a welding heat; the foreman thrusts the largest mandrel
through one of them while yet in the furnace, and, taking it to the rolls, puts the
mandrel through the frame, introduces the end into the first groove, and the cylinder
is drawn over the bulb of the mandrel, which is held by the collar.
The first assistant, standing on the opposite side of the rolls, catches the barrel
as it passes through, with a pair of tongs, and hands it to the second assistant, who
stands on the same side as the foreman, and receives it with a small, short mandrel,
which he thrusts into the barrel, and straightens it by striking it twp or three times
on the flat table. lie then replaces it in the furnace, and it is raised to a welding
heata second time. The foreman takes out the other cylinder, and proceeds with
it in the manner just described. When the barrel is brought to a welding beat the
second time, the foreman takes it with the next smaller mandrel and passes it
through the second groove, b}" which the barrel is reduced in diameter and length-
ened : it is straightened as before, and returned to the furnace.
The third and remaining grooves taper so as to give the barrel the shape of a
frustum of a cone, each succeeding groove reducing the size of the barrel and mak-
ing it longer. The rolls are of such size that a single revolution takes the barrel
through ; as they continue to revolve without stopping, it requires caro and dex-
terity on the part of the foreman to insert the barrel in the groove at the proper
time, bringing the end against the shoulder in the large part of the groove.
The barrel is so much chilled by passing over the mandrel, that it is necessary it
should be straightened and reheated before passing it through the next groove : a
high red heat is required.
After the barrel has been passed through the first eight grooves with their corres-
ponding mandrels, it is taken with tongs and passed twice through the last groove,
for the purpose of making it round and smooth.
To straighten the barrel. — The foreman inserts the muzzle end of the barrel in the
dies and turns it around gradually, when the dies are open, pushing it farther into
the dies until its whole length is embraced by them. The barrel then receives the
pressure of the dies from ten to fifteen times, when it will bo found to be straight.
174
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
To attach the roiip-«e«f.— The cone-seat is swaged to the proper shnpc under the
Irip-hiiinincr, and then welilcd to the barrel : the dies of the trip-liaininer and the
short mandrel in the end of the Itarrel preserving the form of the liarrel and the
cone-seat.
A day'H work. — 4 men can form an<l »vcld from 75 to 80 barrels in 10 hours.
The barrel is next bored, turned, Htruightened and proved.
The Ktock is turned, the lock and fruard-bow are let in, and the grooves for tire
rammer and barrel are cut by machinery, and made ready for the other mountingii.
Principal Dimensiotis, Wtighfs, etc., of Small Arms.
KIFLB MCSKETS.
18J5.
1842.
1855.
1842.
DIMBM8I0.18.
HiRREL..
Diameter of boro
Viiriiitiiin ulliiweJ, nmri'
Diaiiietcr iit niiizzle ,
UiumetiT at bii-ccli between flilta...
Length willioiit brtn-cli-icrew
Batonet— Leniitli >'f blade
KamkoI) — LeiiKtb
Stock, with tmtl iilate ami tip— Lcng^lli. ,
iictli without lin.vnuet
xeii
Arm.
complete
( bi'iictli without
■} Witli ba.vonet tij
■ (Witli lull t piece.
N umbel
i Twist, uniform. 1 turn in .
Grooves ..■{ Width
I Depth at inuyzle
(^ Depth lit breech
R.ARREL. without breccb-screw.
Lock, with siJe-screws
Bayonet
HlTT-l'LATK
I AVithout bayonet .
■I With bayouet
^Witli butt-piece...
Arm
complete..
In.
In.
In.
0.68
0.09
0..'i8
0.0025
0.015
0.0025
0.78
0.85
0.90
l.U
1.26
1.14
40.
42.
33.
18.
18.
21.7
38.«0
41.70
33.00
52.85
55.85
57.80
49.3
73.85
75.80
71.8
3.
3.
3.
Oft.
eft.
Oft.
o.:io
0.36
o.;«)
.005
.005
.005
.015
.015
.ou
Lbs,
Lbs.
Lbs.
4.28
4.19
4.8
.81
95.
.81
.72
0.64
2.15
.375
9.18
9.51
9.93
9.90
10.15
12.08
In.
0.58
0.0036
0.90
1.16
33.
21.7
33.00
48.8
71J
0.
flft.
o.ao
.006
.018
Lbs.
4.8
.66
2.15
9.68
11.83
INSPECTION OF S.MALL ARMS.
All the materials used in the manufacture of arra< must be of the best quality,
and they should be tested by the inspectors, according to the methods indicated in
Chapter XIV.
The wood for gun-stocks should be seasoned at lea=t three years, and kept in a
dry place two years before being worked ; it mui^t be free from knrts and sap, and
no woiid which is brash, or light, or wnrm-eaten. or in any degree decayed, or which
is cut across the grain at the handle of the stock. '>r which is kiln-dried, should b«
used or received.
INSPECTION OF BARRELS.
175
The following rules for inspection apply to all small arms,, whether made at the
national armories, or by contract at private establishments.
The attention of the inspecting officers should be directed as much as possible to
the o])erations of the workmen in the course of the fabrication of arms.
Each component part is first inspected by itself, and afterward the arm in a
tinishcd state.
The materials and the forms and dimensions of all the parts must conform strictly
to those of the established patterns; the workmanship and finish must be equal to
those of the model arms, and the several parts must be browned, l)lued, ease-hard-
ened, or polished as in the standard model.
The forms and dimensions of the parts are verified by means of the standard
gauges. (See p. .)
Inspectioti of Barrels. »
The Jii-Kt inspection of the barrel is made in the forged or cone-seated stage; the
second in the 3d bored stage ; the third in the <jround stage ; thd fourth in the proved
stage; the fi/lh in the fled stage; the si'jrth in the 6th bored stage; the acicnth iu the
rifed stage ; and the eir/hth in the breeched stage.
In these inspections, the inspector will vcrifj' the barrel with proper gauges for
each stage; he will see that the thread for the breech-screw in the barrel is well cut,
and the bayonet-stud firmly brazed on ; that the exterior and interior dimensions of
the barrel arc correct; that there are no interior hammer-marks, ring-bores, cinder-
holes, flaws, cracks, or other defects which will not disappear in the finishing; and
that the thread of the breech-screw is accurately cut.
The barrels rejected for defects that cannot be remedied will be stamped on the
upper side, in a line with the vent, with the mark of condemnation, which will be
in all cases the letter €. If the defect is of such a nature as not to prevent the use
of the barrel for a shorter arm when cut off, the mark will be made on the defective
part.
Proof. — The barrels which pass this inspection will then be proved by being fired
twice, with the following charges :
KIND OF BARREL.
1st charge.
2d charge.
SIZE OF BALL.
SIZE OF
WAD.
U
«
S
4.3
^
is
.2
■?
_WJ
s
3
&
n
pf
^
m
^
^
5
Ki
Rifle musket, model
1855
Kiflc, model 1855 .
Grs.
No.
No.
Grs.
No.
No.
Grs.
In.
In.
280
1
2
250
1
2
600
0.57
32.
280
1
2
'250
1
2
557U
278^
0.57
32.
176 > ORDNANCE MANUAL.
One wad is placed oo the powder and the other on the ball, and the charj^e is well
rammed with a copper rod. The wad occupies, when rammed, altout J inch in the
length of the barrel.
The barrels arc closed for proof with proving -phir/n having vents in them.
Musket powder will be used for proving the barrelfi of muskets ; tho powder must
be of the bcft i|Uftlit\-, giving not less than the standard initial velocity: it must
Iw proved inimediutoly before being used, unless it shall have been proved within
one year, and the inspector has no reason to suppose that it has become deterior-
ated.
The measures for the proof-charges should bo of a conical form, with tho mouth
aa Biuall as may bo convenient, in order that there may be less variation in the
quantity of powder.
Before commencing the proof of barrels, tho inspector will satisfy himself as to
tho quality and proof of the powder, the siie of the balls and of the wads.
The inspector will observe the greatest caution in having the bnrreli properly
loaded; for which purpose, after they arc placed on the proving-bcd, he will i)ass a
ramrod into each barrel, to verify the accuracy of the charge.
After the discharge he will again pass tho ramrod into each barrel, and those
which have missed fire will be pricked and primed and discharged, before proceed-
ing to tho second proof-charge.
After the second proof-charge, the inspector will examine the barrels which have
burst, and note the cause of defect, whether in the materials or workmanship.
He will then examine those which have not burst, and lie will mark, as cod-
dcmned. any which are evidently <lefective; tho others will rcciivc the proof-stamp.
Til: V for viewed, P for proved, with the eagle's head under them, placed on the
loft square of the barrel, opposite the cono-seat. The barrels will be immediately
washed clean, in hot water, and dried, after which they will be again carefully
examined.
They will now be insjiected in the interior and on the exterior; the inspector
will reject such as arc ton large in the bore, and such a« have holes, cross-cracks,
scales, seams, or ring-bores; he will examine the braiing of the bayonet-stud, and
see that the barrel is not mitched too deep, or indented inside.
The barrels, having been reduce<i to their ultimate dimensions, straightened, and
oomplelely finished, are again strictly inspected, to verify the straightnesi of the
bore, the exterior and interior diameters, their weight (which should not Tary
more than 1 ounce from the standard weight), the taps for the breech-screw and
cone, the sire, position, and direction of the vent.
The siraightness of the barrel may be ascertained by holding it up to the light
and reflecting a straight-edge on the different parts of the bore, by which means an
experienced eye readily detects any inaccuracy in the bore. The small or ninndard
plug should pass freely through the whole length of the barrel, including the
threads for the breech-screw, and the bore should not admit the large or limit plug.
LOCKS. 177
The (jroiweit shnuM be carefully examined to sue that they arc formed according
to the pattern, and that they are even and uniform throughout.
The breec'i-screws will be examined to sec that they are of the proper dimensions,
are sound in every part, and have good threads ; they are case-hardened. The
screw must be tried in the barrel, to see that it occupies all the threads in the tap
of the barrel, and that it is not loose after entering three threads.
The vent should enter the bore of the barrel clear of the end of the breech-screw.
JInrlcs. — Barrels condemned for defects detected after proof or at any time in the
course of inspection, arc marked with the letter C, struck in deeply; those finally
received are stamped, in addition to the proof-mark, with the year of fabrication on
the top of the barrel, in the direction of the axis of the barrel, ending at .25 inch
from the breech.
Cones.
Verify the dimensions, exterior and interior, and the thread of the screw. See
that the upper part of the cone is properly hardened and free from cracks or flaws.
Locks.
Examine all the limbs, to sec that they are soundj well filed, and of the proper
form.
Httmmcrn. — Verify the dimensions and form carefully with the proper gauges;
see that they are properly case-hardened, especially in the head, knife edge, and
cup for the cone.
Tumblers must be verified separately, with great care, and their hardness tested.
Sprinija. — The strength of the lock-springs, as indicated by the weights they
require to bend them up to the cock-notch without causing them to belly or bend
beyond a straight line, is as follows:
Alain-spring of riffe musket, 1S.55 7f) to 75 pounds.
Sear-spring of each, about 20 "
Sprinff-pronf, No. 1. — Shows when the main-springs- are evenly tempered, and
will weigh from 70 to 75 pounds without bending beyond a straight line-, setting, or
breaking, by bringing them to the standard mark.
Spring-proof, No. 2. — The main-springs are all required to stand in the position
of full cock, in a spring-proof which holds 35 at one time, in the same position as
they are held in the lock, for twelve hours, to test their strength and soundness.
Scrcicn. — Examine the forms of the stems and heads of all screws and the cutting
of the threads, and gauge them ; see that they are properly hardened.
Lock-jilntes. — Verify with the proper gauges the form and dimensions, the
accuracy of the position of the holes, and the threads of those which are tapped;
see that the plate is sound and free from cracks and flaws, especially about, the
tumbler-hole, and that it is well hardened.
Fiuuhcd loci-ii. — The locks having been put together, gee —
1. That they are clean in the inside.
12
178 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
2. That the scar works freely when the scar-screw is driven ns far as it will g*|
ami that, the nuse is sufficientlj' strong and falls properly into the notches of the
tumbler.
3. That the bridle has no cracks or flaws about the holes for the tuiublcr-pivot
and screws.
4. That tiic springs are well bent and of good proportions, that the fixeil branches
fit close to the loek-platc, and that the moveable branches swing clear of it, without
having too much play.
6. That the slits of the screw-heads are not defective.
6. That the arbor and pivot of the tumbler fit accurately in their holes.
7. That the hook of the tumbler does not fall below the edge of the lock -plate
when the cock is down.
8. That the notches of the tumbler are sound and smooth, ami that tlio tumbler
fits and turns well.
9. That the main-spring swivel is sound, by snapping the hammer several times
on the bare cone.
10. That the hammer fits well on the scjuare of the tumbkr, and that it does not
rest on the lock-plate when screwed up tight, and that it has the proper set in rela-
tion to the cone.
11. That all the i>arts work well together.
Marks. — The place and j'car of fabrication are stamped on tiic face of the lock-
platc — the year in rear of the hammer, and the name of the place in front.
Finished arm. — The initials of the finish inspector and of the master armorer
arc stamped on the rear end of the face of the stock, opposite the lock, with italic
letters.
Mountings.
The forms and dimensions are verified with the appropriate gauges and patterns.
The trigger should be well fitted to the guard-plate, with as little lateral play as is
consistent with its free movement. The form, size, and threads of the screws
should be carefully examined. The letters C. S. are marked on the tang of the
butt-plate.
Ramrods.
The temper of the rod is tested by springing it in four directions, with the point
resting on the floor. The musket ramrod should bend 6 inches from a right line
joining the ends: the rod should spring back perfectlj- straight, without setting.
Its soundness and freedom from flaws and cross-cracks are ascertained by the sound
it gives when suspended by one end and gently struck with a piece of metal, and by
passing it over the edge of a block of wood or the closed jaws of a vice, pressing
down the ends at the same time aad turning the rod. so as to present every side
successively to inspection. Rifle and pistol rods are subjected to the last tests only.
The diameter of the rod and the tap of the screw for the wiper are rerilied with the
proper gauges. The length is also verified.
STOCKS. 179
Baijonets,
The form and dimensions of the baj'onet'are verified with the proper gauges; the
temper is tried by springing the bayonet attached to the barrel, the point resting on
the floor. In case of doubt, the temper of the bayonet is definitely proved in the
following manner :
Two iron staples arc fixed in a piece of oak plank on a workbench, 16§ inches
apart; one of them serves as a bridge, and has notches to receive the blade — the
other serves as a staple fpr holding the point of the bayonet close to the plank : the
bayonet is fixed on a barrel, to the butt of which is fastened a brass ball weighing 6
pounds : so that, by inserting the point of the blade in the staples, the face and
back resting alternately on the bridge, the blade sustains a weight of 9 pounds,
which springs it about § of an inch. In this situation the blade is also examined
to detect flaws and croas-cracks. It should not remain bent after this trial.
The inspector then seizes the blade near the point and strikes the elbow smartly
on the workbench, to ascertain that the welding is sound.
If the proof shows no defects, he verifies the dimensions and bore of the socket
and the accuracy of tho channels. He examines the dimensions of the clasp, to
see that it fits well to the shoulder ; that it turns evenly, without binding in any
part ; that the stop is well placed and firmly set; that the clasp-screw and its thread
in the stud of the clasp are well cut; that the elbow has the proper form and
dimensions.
Marks. — Bayonets are marked on the face of the blade, near the neck, with the
letters C. S.; those rejected for defects that cannot be remedied arc marked with
the stamp of condemnation.
Stocks.
■ The examination of the stock will be directed —
1. To the quality of the wood: that it has good, straight grain, is well seasoned,
and free from sap and worm-holes.
The degree of seasoning is indicated by the smell of the wood at a fresh-cut
place; by the appearance of the lock and barrel, etc., when removed from the
stock; they will be rusted by unseasoned wood; by rolling a thin shaving between
the fingers : it will crumble if the wood be well seasoned, otherwise it will be tough
and will bend.
The medium weight of a well-seasoned musket-stock is 2 pounds ; a stock made
of good walnut will not weigh less than 1 pound 13 ounces.
2. To the workmanship: that it is free from splits, especially about the barrel-
groove and heading ; that it has not been split and glued up; that the grooves and
beds are of the proper forms and dimensions; that the roundings for the bands are
smooth and accurate; that the handle and comb are of the proper size and form;
that tho stock has the proper fall or crook, and is of the right length ; that tho
holes arc well drilled, and that those for the wood-screws have good threads.
In examining the bed of the lock, see —
1. That all the edges are sharp and smooth.
180 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
2. Tliiit tlic beds of the scar-screw ami seiir-spring screw arc not bored down to
the friRger or to the breech-screw.
3. Tliut tlio beds of the niuin-sprin;; and main-spring screw do not penetrate to
the barrel.
4. Tliat the hole for the tang of the sear is as small as possible, so that the soar
shall not be wood-bound.
f). That the wires fit well in their holes,
Mitrkii. — That the stocks inspected arc marked on the left .«idc with the stamp of
approval (the initials of the inspector's name) or of condemnation, as tho coao
may bo.
Appendages.
litiU-iirrfwii and viprrn are examined by screwing them on a piece of runirod
furnished with a handle, to verify the accuracy of the screw-thread; the temj>er of
tho branches is tested by prc.';^:ing the points on a piece of hard wood, in which
proof they should spring back to their proper form.
Scrrw-drircm, by inserting the blades in a vice, or in a slit made for the purpose,
and twisting them with the hand. Test the strength and size of the cone-wrench
by putting it on a square socket and wrenching it by hand.
Other implements are examined by applying the appropriate patterns, etc.. and
their soundness may be further tested by striking them a smart blow with a ham-
mer.
Finished Arms.
Finished arms offered for inspection must bo taken entirely to piecei, and each
part must bo examined ns above directed; if the parts have been previously in-
spected, see that they have suffered no suljsequent injury. This being d'>ne, the
arms will be put together and examined in their complete ^tate. Some of the arms
in every lot should be put together by the inspector himself.
The inspector will examine the finished arms on every side, to see that the parts
are well fitted together: he will verify the principal dimensions and forms by
means of the appropriate gauges and patterns.
Jiarrel. — The diameter of the bore must be verified with the standard and limit
gauges. Tho barrel should enter the groove of the stock to the depth of half its
diameter, and should bear well in the whole length of the groove, particularly at
tho breech. The vent should be accurate in its dimensions, position, and direction,
and a wire should be passed into the vent through the cone and cone-seat, to see
that they are free. The cone should be examined, to see that it is sound. The
shoulders of the breeeh-screw should fit close to the end of the barrel, and it must
be free from cracks or flaws about the tang-screw hole : the tang-screw should be
perpendicular to tho tang. The bore of the barrel should be clean and bright.
Ramrod. — The fitting of the groove is ascertained by drawing and returning the
rod smartly several times, to see that it holds well and does not stick too tight ;
FINISHED ARMS. IgJ
the pistol-carbine ramrod should hold more firmlv than that of the musket • the
ramrod must bear on the rod-stop, and in that position its head should not project
beyond the end of the barrel : it should fill the groove well ; the open part of the
groove should be in the centre of the stock, the covered part in the middle of
the thickness of the stock, between the outside and the bottom of the barrel-groove
and the rod should not interfere with the front side screw. '
f{aj,onct.-The socket of the bavonct should be a little below the muzzle of the
barrel at the upper end. Work the clasp, to see that the ramrod does not interfere
with ,t, that it bears well on the shoulders, that the clasp-screw holds well, that the
stock ,s firmlv fixed, and that the clasp moves evenly, without binding: the blade
of the bayonet should set outward a little toward the point. To try the strength
and temper of the bayonet when fixed, spring it smartly in four directions, toward
the back and face and each edge, resting the point on the floor, and grasping the
butt of the stock with the right hand and the middle of the barrel with the left
Examine the fitting of the bayonet to the barrel, and see that the inside of the
socket IS clean and free from rust, and that the bayonet-stud is well bra/.cd and of
tlie right dimensions.
/.oc/..-Examine carefully the action of the lock: snap the hammer on the cone,
to see that it fits well. Let the hammer down several times, to judge of the working
of the lock. See, also—
1. That the interior parts are not wood-bound.
2. That the hammer stands ofl!' (0.02 inch) from the lock.
^ 3. That it does not go ofl^ at half-(*)ck when the trigger is.pulled hard.
^ 4. That it goes neither too hard nor too easily when cocked.
.. 5. That it docs not stop at half-cock.
6. that the trigger is steady at cock and half-cock, and free when the hammer is
down.
7. Th-it the fall of the hammer is not stopped by the heel of the tumbler before
It touches the cone.
8. That the hammer has sufficient sweep : that it falls evenly, without a jerk, and
that the knife edge passes freely over the plate.
Exjimine the soundness of the hammer at the tumbler-hole.
In examining a finished lock by itself, observe the rules laid down above; see
that the lock-plate fits accurately in its bed, and that the wood around it is full and
sound.
Mount{ny.,.-The front part of the trigger at half-cock should be nearly perpen-
dicular to the surface of the guard-plate; the slit for the trigger should be of the
exact width, so that the trigger shall have no lateral motion.
It is important that the guard-plate should bear firmly on the wood in every
part; as, otherwise, by driving the tang-screw too hard, the trigger might be
brought too close to the sear and the action of the lock be thus interfered with.
The butt-plate should be well fitted in the centre of the stock.
The bands should fit sm..othly at (he shoulders and closelv to the stock and
182 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
barrel, but not no tight as to require a great effort to remove them. The band-
ipringR should not l>e too deeply .set : they should spring hack freely when prcoKcd
down ; the holes lor the wires ishoiiid not interfere with the liarrel or ramrod
jfTooveg.
All the mountings should fit smoothly to tho stock. The stock should hare the
proper fall or crook, which is ascertained by applying tho |)attcrn and by trying
the piece in the position of ainiins:.
By sighting along the barrel, i: will be seen whether it is well stocked, wlietbar
the bands, the front and rear sights and the bayonet are well set.
Hit. also, InnpeetiitH of arm it in lerri're.
General Directions.
The inspector is not restricted to the particular examinations above mentioned;
be will make any other examinations which he may deem necessary to ascertain the
quality of any |iart of the arms and their confirrmity to the standard models ; if be
discover or suspect any attempts on the part of the workmen to cover or ccmcea)
serious defects, he will subject the arms to the most severe scrutiny, in order to
detect such defects.
In tho inspection of contract arms, the inspector will judge of the quality of
materials and workmanship by the rules which govern in like cases at tho national
armories; that is, he will reject such arms or parts of arms as would be condemned
at the national armories, and ho will recoire such as would be approred at the
national armories — without exacting, in any case, more rigid conditions than are
enforced at thoi^c establishments.
The ordnance officer charged with tho inspection of arms, or the master armorer
at a national armory, will cause at least one in ttrmiy of each lot of arms passed by
a 8ub-in8pect<ir to be taken to pieces in his presence, anil he will examine them
strictly, agreeably to the foregoing directions, before affixing his stamp of approral
on the finished arms, all of which must be examined by him.
Mnrkt. — As a general rule, every part condemned on inspection will be indelibly
marked with the letter (', and every principal part ajiproved will be marked with
the initials of the inspector's name. C.ire must be taken that the marks of approval
arc not stamped so deep as to be injurious.
Finished arms approved in inspection will be marked on the left face of the stock
with the initials of the name of the principal inspector, and the year of inspection.
Report of Inspection of Barrels.
After the inspection of each lot of barrels, the inspector will make a slaicmeDt,
showing —
1. The number of barrels offered for proof. ^
2. The number rejected before proof. •^
i. The number burst in proof.
BROWNED ARMS. 183
4. The mimber rejected after proof, for flaws, cross-crack?, or other defects.
6. The number received after the proof and inspections.
6. The number rejected on inspection of the fisished arm.
These statements furnish the materials for the reports of inspection required by
the Ordnance Regulations.
Broinied Arms.
The barrels of rifles are browned at the armories before being received fof the
service; the locis, ramrods, hraid-Dpriiiys, trir/r/erg and semes are not browned.
The parts of these arms should be thoroughly inspected before browning, and the
finished arm after being browned.
INSTRUCTIONS FOR BROWNING ARMS.
Materials for Browning Mixture,
li oz. spirits of wine.
IJ oz. tincture of steel. y
i oz. corrosive sublimate,
li oz. sweet spirits of nitre.
1 oz. blue vitriol.
3 oz. nitric acid.
To be mixed and dissolved in 1 quart of soft water; the mixture to be kept in
glass bottles, and not in earthen jugs.
Previous to commencing the operation of browning, it is necessary that the
barrel or other part should be made quite bright with emery or a fine, smooth file
(but not burnished), after which it must be carefully cleaned from all greasiness; a
small quantity of pounded lime rubbed well over every part of the barrel is the best
for this purpose. Plugs of wood are then to be put into the muzzle of the barrel
and into the vent, and the mixture applied to every part with a clean sponge or rag.
The barrel is then to be exposed to the air for twenty-four hours ; after which time
it is to be well rubbed over with a steel scrateh-eard or scratch-brush, until the rust
is entirely removed; the mixture may then be applied again, as before, and in a
few hours the barrel will be sufficiently corroded for the operation of scratch-brush-
ing to be repeated. The same process of scratching off the rust and applying the
mixture is to be repeated twice or three times a day for four or five days, by which
time the barrel will be of a very dark brown color.
When the barrel is sufficiently brown and the rust has been carefully removed i
from every part, about a quart of boiling water should he poured ov«r every part
of the barrel, in order that the action of the acid mixture upon the barrel may be
destroyed and the rust thereby prevented from rising again.
The barrel, when cold, should afterward be rubbed over with linseed oil or
sperm oil. It is particularly directed that the steel scratch-card or scratch-brush.,
be used in the place of a hard hair-brush, otherwise the browning will not be
durable nor have a good appearance.
184 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
The browning mixture is applied to other parts <>{ anns in the same manner ai
to the ImrreU.
About fi <|iiurti< of browning mixture arc required for l,(Mi(i liarrvlg.
Varnish for Broicned Iron.
Phellao 1 «>».
Dra(;nns' blood 0.1 S76 oi.
Alcohol 1 quiirt.
Tn rrmnir old liroirniiKj : Pluj; tlie vent and the mur.r.le of the barrel*; immerse
Ibo browned parts for one hour in boilinf; lime-water or lye, to remove tlio Tarnish
or grease ; wipe them, and put them in rinegar, in a wooden trough, for half aa
hour or an hour, when the browning may be rubbed off with a rag.
PACKIXtJ P.MALL ARMS.
Box for 20 Jiifte Muskets. (Plate 27.)
I
The box !!• made of well Maioned yellow pine, or eypress boards 1 inrh thick;
the sides and bottoms lap over the ends. 4 corner piece* (yellow pine), 7.2b inches
wide, 1.25 inch thick: the width of the corner piece is placed a):aiosl tho end of the
box; a rabbet is rut in each piece to receive the ends of a board •I.S inches wide
and .125 inch thick, which forms the inner lining of the implement-pocket. 2 enit
liningr, between the corner pieces, 8.75 inches deep, leaving vacant spaces above
ibem, between the corner pii*cc«, 4.5 inches deep, for the implements. They arc
fastened to the ends, each with two nails.
Interior dimen$i»nt »/ the l>or. — Length between the end linings, 59.25 inches;
width, If) inches: depth, 13.25 inches.
The end* are fastened with nine 8-{>enny nails in two rows, in each corner pie««P
Bach fide is fastened with five 12-pcnny nails in each end, three 10-penny nails, and
one 2-inch screw No. 14 (above tho nails j, in each corner piece. The boit.m is
fastened to each end and lining with twelve 10-penny nails, and to each side with
ten 10-penny nails and two 2-inch screws. The top is fastened with two 2-inch
screws to each end and four to each side. Two holes are bored iu each en<l. H inches
apart and 8 iuchcs from the bottom, to receive rope becket*, .5 iuch thick and 18
inches long, which are inserted and fastened by a knot couute:i-unk iu the end,
before the linings are nailed on.
4 bayoHet clamp; each 1 inch thick : two of them are 1 inch deep : the others, 1.5
inch. They have each ten notches on the under side to receive the blades of tb«
bayonets, and they are fastened to the bottom of the box each with 2 screws, except
when the box is lined with tin. The small clamps are placed 6 inches apart, in
the clear; the large ones, 12.5 inches apart for the model of 1855, and 5 inches
apart for the model of 1$42.
4 mutxlt elampt, I inch thick and 2.25 inches wide, 16 inches long; each clamp
has 5 holes for the muxLles of the barrels and 5 for the beadc of the ramrods.
PACKING-BOX FOR RIFLES. 185
4 btitl clamp/', each 1.&5 inch thick and 2.20 inches wide: each clamp h:is f)
sloping notches, 1 inch deep. 1. .').'') inch wide at the top, and 1.8 inch at the bottom
for the model of 1&J2, and 1.4.') inch wide and 1.7 inch at the bottom for the model
of IS.'J.'), to receive the butts of the muskets.
On the back of the upper corner a rabbet, .^.O inch deep and .4.') inch wide, is cut
to receive a corresponding projection or tongue on the middle clamp: this serves
to hold the pieces together, and thereby save the nccessily of grooves on the sides
of the box.
2 middle clampg, each 1.S5 inch thick, 1.13 inch wide in front; a projecting
square lip, .'if) inch deep by .4.') inch wide, on the lower rear corner, to fit into the
rabbet of the butt clamp.
2 top rlampx, each 1.85 inch thick and 3 inches wide: the cover of the box
presses on them and keeps the muskets tight in place. A lip is made on these
clamps to fit into the butt clamps, as described in the butt clamps.
Note.— The rifle musket (model lb-').')) is l.b5 inch shorter than that of 1842.
For this reason an extra end piece, 1 inch thick, with cleats nailed upon each end,
2 inches wide, .8.') inch thick, is placed in one end of the box previous to putting
in the muskets. Tbis forms a pocket for the tompions.
To Pack a box of Jfuskets.
Unfix the bjiyoncts and let down the hammers.
The sm.all bayonet clamps being fastened down, place the points of the bayonets
in their notches, the bayonets lying on the edge of the bhade; then put in the large
clamps and screw them down.
Place the lower tier of ten muskets ; the muzzles and ramrods in the holes in the
lower end clamps, the butts resting on the opposite clamp ; put two lower butt
clamps in over the butts of the lower tier of muskets, and over them the two
middle clamps. Place the upper muzzle clamps in ; insert the upper tier of mus-
kets like the lower : put in the upper butt clamps .and the top clamps.
Put the implements in the pockets provided for them, and screw on the cover.
Packing-Box for twenty Rifles. (Plate 27.)
Rifles are packed in the same manner as muskets, the box being made like the
musket box, except in its dimensions, .and ch.anging the botjonet clamps, and adding
2 end cleats and 2 xteel springs; 1 rabbet in each side.
Interior dimensions of rifle 60a:.— Length between the end linings, 50.2 inches;
width, 16.5 inches ; depth, 13.5 inches.
When small .arms are to be sent on a long sea voyage, the packing-boxes are pro-
vided with tin linings securely soldered, so as to exclude all dampness.
The clam]}s for the bayonets are held down by tin loops soldered to the sides of
the tin lining, and bent over the clamps and screwed to them after the bayonets arc
in place.
186 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Two strips of wood, l.>5 inch wide and I inch thick, are placed on each side of
the V)ox, their ends resting in notches cut in the ends of the top clamps.
A tin cover is then placed upon these pieces, and the edges of the lining are bent
over it and soldered.
To open the box, a soldering-iron and thin knife are rccjiiircd to open the sol-
dered joint, and the cover is removed.
Weights of boxes of Arms pached.
20 muskets and appendages, model ISo."), 286 lbs.
20 " •' " " for sea voyage, 301 lbs.
20 " ■ " " 1842, 285 lbs.
20 " " " " for sea voyage, 300 lbs.
20 rifles " " 1855, 321 lbs.
Packing Arins with Straw.
In the field, or under other circumstances, when the proper arm chests arc not
on baud, it may sometimes be necessary to pack arms in this manner.
The interior dimensions of a box for 20 muskets may be the same as for the regu-
lar packing-box.
The straw should be long, perfectly dry, and free from dust ; rye straw is the
best; hay should not be used: about 25 pounds of straw are required to a box.
To prepare the miiakit for packiiiff. — Oil it; let down the hammer, pass the bay-
onet up to the socket into the guard-bow, on the right side, in front of the trigger.
MaJ{c a rope of about 40 straws, slightly twisted, and 40 inches long ; wrap it
about the musket, commencing on top of the hammer, going round the bayonet
below, again over the hammer and round the piece in front of the guard, then over
the socket of the bayonet near the neck, and wrapping the rest around the handle
of the stock.
Lay a bed of straw 2 inches thick in the bottom of the box : in the middle and
lit 6 inches from the ends, place three cushions of straw (J inches thick and 12
inches wide. Put in a tier of 10 muskets crossing each other, the butts resting
alternately against the ends of the box, the guards uppermost, and the hammers
bearing on the cushions. Put small trusses of straw under the upper and middle
bands, by raising the muskets at one end and then pressing them down between
the others. Pack, between the butts, wads of straw 8 inches long, made of a hand-
ful of straws folded in three ; cover the guards and guard-bows with the ends of
the straw that form these wads, which will be still about 12 inches long. Put in
another tier of 10 muskets in the same manner, making the cushions four inches
thick. Pack the implements in straw in the vacant spaces. Fill the box with
straw, so that the cover shall require strong pressure to keep it down. Put two
hoops around the box, at IS inches from the ends.
Other arm^, swords, etc., are packed in a similar manner.
PRESERVATION OF ARMS. 187
Arms should not he wrapped in paper, unless it bo oiled, as it attracts moisture
more readily than straw does.
PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN STORE.
Arrangement and Manner of Storing Ar7ns.
Arms are kept at the arsenals either in the boxes in which they arc received from
the armories, or in racks.
Those of each kind are kept separate, and they are arranged according to
the model, the place and j-ear of fabrication, and the time when they were last
cleaned.
New arms are kept distinct from those which have been repaired.
Each parcel should have a label, indicating the kind, number, model, date of
their receipt in store and of their being last cleaned.
The manner of keeping arms at the arsenals is determined by the chief of the
Ordnance bureau, according to the peculiar circumstances of each case, and racks
are constructed for them only in pursuance of special authority from the Ordnance
oflBoe; without such authority, they are kept in boxes. The form and arrangement
of the racks vary with those of the room in which they are placed, so as to use the
space to the best advantage and give light and air to every part of the room. The
usual arrangement of racks for muskets is to establish two rows of double racks,
two tiers high, perpendicular to the length of the room, leaving alleys around the
room next to the walls, and in the centre, if necessary. The bayonets are passed
through the middle band swivel, the socket covering the top of the ramrod. Other
racks of a similar kind may be made for rifles, carbines, etc. Pistols are suspended
by the guard-bows, on hooks driven into the faces of the musket racks, or iuto the
joists, or into strips attached to the walls of the building.
When there are neither racks nor boxes prepared, the arras are stored in dry
rooms, arranged in rows apart from the walls, standing on their muzzles and sup-
ported by frames to prevent them from pressing too much on each other. The
bayonet should be unfixed and passed through the swivel. They should be covered
with tarpaulins or cloths, if necessary, to protect them from dust.
Arms of peculiar kinds, and arms to be repaired, are kept separate from others ;
as also arms unserviceable or condemned to be broken up.
Limbs and spare parts intended for repairs of arms should be kept in store by
themselves, in a dry place, classed according to the kind of arms and to the model
and year of fabrication, and labelled accordingly.
Musket and rifle barrels and other long barrels, standing on their muzzles ; the
piles covered from the dust with tarpaulins supported so as not to touch the barrels.
Pistol barrels, bayonets, and other small jjarts, in drawers or boxes, properly labelled.
Stocks, in square piles, in the attic or upper story of the building.
m
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Care of Ar7ns iii Store.
Arms when received at an arsenal should be unpacked and carefully examined,
to detect anj' damage suffered in transportation ; they should be cleaned and oiled,
if they require it. Those arms which are not to be placed in racks should be
returned to the boxes, laid in looseh' but safely, and the cover slightly fastened
down, so that they can be readily examined.
All arms in store should be freijuently examined, to see that they do not become
rusty. Those which are found to be rusted should be immediately cleaned and
again oiled. Browned arms, if affected with specks of rust, should be rubbed hard
with linseed oil; and if the appearance of the browning indicate that the acid is
not neutralized, care should be taken to examine the arms a;:ain within a short
time, as it maj' be found necessary to remove and renew the browning: but this
operation should not be performed without special authority from the chief of the
Ordnance bureau, on the report of a duly authorized inspector.
Arms which are to be repaired should be oiled and taken caro of in the same
manner as serviceable arms. Irreparable arms, the parts of which can be used
for repairs, should be oiled. Similar remarks apply to spare parts for repair of
arms.
Sjirrm oil should be used for greasing arms.
Empty boxes, from which iln- arms in racks arc taJicn, should be kept, with all
the parts belonging to them, in the attics or other dry situations.
The storehouse for arms should be aired in clear, dry weather.
Issuing Arms.
The Ordnance regulations prescribe the manner of issuing arms to the troops
under the various circumstances of service, and to the slates, for arming the
militia.
All arms issued from an arsenal should be carefully examined before delivery,
cleaned, and put in good order; if intended for transportation, the.v should be
oiled, if necessarj', after cleaning, and carefully packed.
PRESERVATION OF ARMS IN SERVICE.
The officers, non-commissioned oflScers, and soldiers should be instructed and
practised in the nomenclature of the arms, the manner of dismounting and mounting
them, and the precautions and care required for their preservation.
Each soldier should have a screw-driver and a wiper, and each squad of ten a
band-spring and tumbler punch, and a spring-^ce. No other implements should be
used in taking arms apart or in setting them up.
In the inspection of arms, officers should attend to the qualities essential to ser-
vice, rather than to a bright polish on the exterior of the arms. The arms should
be inspected in the quarters at least once a month, with the barrel and lock separated
from the stock.
TAKING ARMS TO PIECES. 189
Taking Arms to Pieces.
To taJce apart the rijie jnusJcet, model 1855 —
1. Unfix the bayonet.
2. Put the totnpion iu the muzzle of the barrel.
3. Draw the ramrod.
4. Turn the tang-screw.
5. Take off the lock : to do this, first put the hammer at half-cock, then unscrew
partially the side screws, and, with a slight tap on the head of each screw with a
wooden instrument, loosen the lock from its bed in the stock; then turn out the side
screws, and remove the lock with the left hand.
6. Remove the side screws, taking care not to disturb the washers.
7. Take otf the upper band.
8. Take off the middle band.
9. Take off the lower band.
10. Take out the barrel.
In doing this, turn the musket horizontally, with the barrel downward, holding
the barrel loosely with the left hand below the rear sight, the right hand grasping
the stock by the handle; and if it does not leave the stock, tap the tompion in the
muzzle gently against the ground or floor, which will loosen the breech end from the
stock. This is preferable to lifting the barrel out by the muzzle, because if the tang
of the breech-screw should bind in the wood, the head of the stock would be liable
to be split by raising the muzzle first.
The foregoing parts of the rifle musket are all that should usually be taken off or
dismounted.
The soldier should never dismount the baiid-sj)r!ncfs, fjuard, side screw, washers,
hult-plate, rear sight, cone, and cone-seat screw, except when an otPicer considers it
necessary. The breech-screw should be taken out only by an armorer, and never in
ordinary cleaning. The lock should not bo taken apart, nor the bayonet-clasp taken
off, except wlicn absolutely necessary iu the opinion of an officer. If proper and
regular care he taken of the arm, this will he very seldom necessari/.
The parts which are specially assigned to be dismounted by an experienced
armorer will be stated in their regular order following No. 10, viz:
11. Unscrew the cone, keeping the wrench well down on the square of the cone,
to prevent the corners from being injured.
12. T.ake out the cone-seat screw.
13. Take out the upper, middle, and lower band-springs, using a wire punch of
proper size.
14. Take out the side screws.*
*The guard, butt-plate, and side-screw heads have concave slits, for which the screw-driver is
adapted: this lessens tiie danger of the stock being marred by accident or carelessness in letting
the screw-driver slip out while in the act of turning the screw. Great care should be observed to
prevent injury iu this particular.
100 ORDNANCB MANUAL.
\f). Take 'lilt the jfuird, ukidj; care to prevent injiirin;; the wood at ea<'h end of
the Knard-jilnte.
IPi. Tiikc out the hidi'-fcrcw wiislicri" with a drift-punch.
17. Take out the hutl-platc scri-ws with the largest hladc of the Hrrcw-clrivcr, and
remove the hutt-plat'e.
18. Keinove tlie rear oijjht by turning out tlie leaf-f>pring screw, which will release
the Bight from the barrel.
19. Turn out the hrceeh-screw by means of a " brcecli-ser''w wrench" ruitcd to
the tenon of the breech-Hcrew. No other wrench should ever be uned for this pur-
poHc, and llu' barrel hliould be held in clamps fitting neatly the breech.
onnKH IN WIIK II TIIR LOCK 18 TAKKN APAUT.
1, Cock the piece, and jiut the spring-vice on the main spring; give the thumb-
screw a turn ^'ufiIcient to liberate the spring from the swivel and main-ipring notch.
Remove the cjiring.
2. The s-ear-sjiring screw, lleforc turning this screw entirely out, strike the elbow
of the spring with tho scn-w-driver, so as to disengage the pivot from its mortiie;
then remove the screw and spring.
'^. The sear- screw and sear.
4. The bridle-screw and bridle.
5. The tumbler-screw.
6. The tumbler. This is driven out with a punch inserted in the screw-bole, which
at the same time liberates the hammer.
7. Detach the main-spring swivel from the tumbler with a drift-punch.
Assembling Arms.
The lock and the mu^kel are put together in the inverse order of taking them
apart.
THK LOCK.
1. The main-spring swivel. 2. The tumbler and hammer. 3. The tumbler-
screw, i. Bridle and screw, i. Sear and screw, ti. Sear-spring and screw.
7. Main spring.
Before replacing the screws, oil them slightly with good sperm oil, putting a
drop on the point of the screw; also, on the arbor and pivot of the tumbler;
between the movable branches of the springs and the lock-jdatc : on the hook and
Botches of the tumbler. After the lock is put together, avoid turning the screws in
so bard as to make the limbs bind : to insure this, try the motion of each limb
before and after its spring is mounted, and see that it moves without friction.
THE MrSKET.
1. The barrel. Drop the barrel into its place in the stock, and squeeze it down
with the band ; give the butt of the stock a gentle tap against the floor, to settle
the breech end of the barrel against the head of the stock.
CLEANING AND CARE OF ARMS. 191
2. Put on the lower band with the letter U upward, being careful not to mar the
stock or barrel in sliding it into its place ; apply the thumb to the band-spring, to
see that it plays freely.
.3. Put on the middle band ; and,
4. The upper band, in the same manner.
5. The lock. Half-cock the hammer ; take the lock in the right hand, with the
main spring and sear toward you, holding the stock with the left hand by the .'swell,
with the butt between the knees. Enter the lock fairly into the lock-bed, taking
care to keep the arm of the sear clear 'of the trigger: press the plate well down
into the wood, and then turn the musket over, holding the lock and stock together
/with the left hand.
6. With the right hand, turu in the side screws, after having touched their screw-
threads with oil. Observe that the point of the rear screw is flat, and should not
project beyond the plate, to interfere with the hammer. The front screw has a
round point.
7. Turn in the tang-scrcw, after having oiled the screw-thread. Be careful to sec
that each of these screws are turned firmly home, but not forced. Observe that the
lock plays freely, without friction, and that no limb is bound by the wood.
8. Return the ramrod.
9. Kcfi.x the bayonet, after having oiled the clasp and socket to prevent chafing.
10. Replace the tompion. Oil the stock well with sperm or linseed oil ; let it
stand a few hours, and then rub it with a woollen rag until the wood is perfectly
dry. Repeat this from time to time, and it will produce a polish which moisture
will not affect.
Linseed oil is the best for this purpose, and it should be used while the arm is
dismounted.
Cleaning and Care of Anns.
TO CLEAN THE BAHKEL.
1. Stop the hole in the cone with a peg of soft wood ; pour a gill of water (warm,
if it can be had) into the muzzle ; let it stand a short time, to soften the deposit of
the powder ; put a plug of soft wood into the muzzle, and shake the water up and
down the barrel well; pour this out and repeat the washing until the water comes
out clear ; take out the peg from the cone, and stand the barrel, muzzle downward,
to drain for a few moments.
2. Screw the wiper on to the end of the ramrod, and put a piece of dry cloth or
toic round it, sufficient to prevent it from chafing the grooves of the barrel ; wipe
the barrel quite dry, changing or drying the cloth two or three times.
3. Put no oil into the vent, as it will clog the passage, and cause the first cap to
miss fire ; but, with a slightly oiled rag on the wiper, rub the bore of the barrel and
the face of the breech-screw and immediately insert the tompion into the muzzle.
4. To clean the exterior of the barrel, lay it flat on a bench or board, to avoid
bending it. The practice of supporting the barrel at each end and rubbing it with
198 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
a strap or buff-ctick, or with the ramrod or any other instrument, lo hunn't'h it, In
pernicious, and should be strictly forbidden.
5. After firinj;, the barrel Hhould always bo washed as goon as practicable; when
the water comes olT clear, wipe the barrel dry, and pass into it a rag moistened with
oil.
Ah rust and dirt are produced by e.\|)loding caps or primeri^, ulthnu^^h no charge
be fired, the parts of the barrel and cone exposed should be carefully wiped and
oiled after such practice.
Fine Jlour »/ emery cloth is the best article to clean the exterior of the barrel.
TO CLKAN TllK I.OCK.
Wipe every part with a moist rag, and then a dry one; if any part of the interior
shows rust, put a drop of uil on the ])oint or end of a piece of soft woud dipped into
flour of emery ; rub out the rust clean and wipe the surf;ice dry ; then rub every
part with a slightly oiled rag.
When a lock has, from any cause, become gummed with oil and dirt, it may be
eleane<l by being boiled in soap-suds or in pearlasb or soda water, to luusen Ibe
thick oil : but heat should never be a]iplied to any part of it in any other way.
TO CI-KAN THE MOfNTINGS.
For the mountings, and all of the iron and steel parts, use fine flour of emery
moistened with <jil, or flour of emery cloth.
For brafs, use rotlen-st6ne moistened with vinegar or water, and keep free from
oil or grease. I'se a har<l brush, or a piece of soft pine, cedar, or crocus cloth.
Remove dirt from the screw-holes by screwing a piece of soft wood into them.
Wipe clean with a linen rag, and leave the parts slightly oiled.
In cleaning the arms, great care should be observed to prcunie the ifualiliei etten^
tial to territr, rather than to obtain a bright polish.
BurniihiHtf the barrel (or other parts) should be strictly avoided, ai it tends ta
orook the barrel, and also to destroy the uniformity of the exterior finish of the
arm.
It is not essential for the musket to be dismounted every time that it is cleaned ;
for, after firing it in fine weather, or when there has been no chance for the wet to
get between the barrel and the stock, it can be perfectly cleaned in the following
manner —
Put a piece of rag or soft leather on the t«p of the cone, and let the hammer
down upon it ; pour a gill of water into the muzzle, carefully, so that it does not
run down the outside: put a plug of wood into the muzzle, and shake the gun op
and down, changing the water rei'catedly until it comes out clear. When clear,
withdraw the leather, and stand the musket on the muzzle for a few moments ; then
wipe out the barrel (as given in the second rule for cleaning), and also wipe the
CLEANING AND CARE OF ARMS. 193
extcri..r of the lock and the outside of the barrel around the cone and cone-seat
first with a damp ra-, and then with a dry one, and lastly with a rag that has been
slightly o.led. In this way, all the dirt due to the firing may be removed without
taking out a screw.
If. however, the hammer be observed to work stiff, or to grate upon the tumbler
the look must immediately be taken off and the parts cleaned and touched with oil
To change the co„e, when it is broken or worn out.— After removing the old cone
enter the new one carefully with the fingers, before using the wrench, in order to
avoid bruising the thread in the barrel.
It is very important to use no other implenwnts than those before mentioned
By using nails to drive out the wires, their holes are enlarged. The main spring
should never be heated for the purpose of either raising or lowering its temper
this destroys the elasticity of the spring, and the lock no longer gives fire.
The notches of the tumbler, the main .spring, swivel, and in°general, all the joints
of the lock should be frequently oiled, after first wiping off the hard grease and the
dust.
Broiccd arms are cleaned by rubbing them hard with an oiled rag until the oil
is well incorporated with the browning, or by rubbing them with beeswax on a rae
or cork. °
Rifled arms should not have the ramrod spr,u,g in the bore with unnecessary
force. It batters the head of the rod, and wears injuriously the grooves. The
soldier should let the rod slide down gently, supported by the thumb and finger •
and the inspecting ofiicer can satisfy himself of the condition of the bottom of the
bore l,y gently tapping with the rod. The faca of the breech can be polished after
^washing, by means of a cork fixed on the wiper or ball-screw ; the polished surface
can be seen if the muzzle is turned to the light.
Besides all the precautions in dismounting, remounting and cleaning, which have
been pointed out in the foregoing pages, habitual care in handling the arms is
necessary to keep them in good and serviceable condition.
In ordering arms on parade, let the butt be brought gently to the ground, espe-
cially when the exercises take place on pavements or hard roads. This will save
the mechanism of the lock from shocks, which are very injurious to it, and which
tend to loosen and mar the screws and split the wood-work.
In sfac/nng arms, care should be taken not to injure the bayonets by forcibly
straining the edges against each other. The stack can be as well secured without
such force being used.
No cutting, marking, or scraping in any way the wood or iron should be allowed :
and no part of the gun should be touched with a file. Take every possible care to
prevent water from getting in between the lock, or barrel and stock. If any should
get there, dismount the gun as soon as possible, clean and oil the parts as directed,
and see that they are perfectly dry before reassembling them.
13
194 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
INSPECTION OF ARMS IN SERVICE. OR WHICH H Wr BEEN IN
SERVICE.
fmjilrniciitii. — Standard and limit-gauges for the bore, lirnit-guagcx for the exterior
of the barrel, and a gprcw-platc with taps for the holes of the lock-plate.
The following are the principal points to be aUcmUd to in the inspection of
arms —
The arms being taken to pieces and cleaned.
HAnitKI.. — DffrcU fur ichtrh tht barrel mtitt br eondeiniird a* nnjtt /or trrriee. Tho
large pnacc entering the whole length of the barrel. The email or standard gauge
not entering, unless the diminution of the bore be caused by the liarrel being in-
dented or bent — defects which may be remedied. A diminution of the exterior
diameter at the hreech or at the muzzle, so as to enter the'small receiving guagu :
this diminution is 0.1 inch at the breech; O.O.'l inch at the muzzle for arms with
bayonets, and 0.(t40 inch for arms without bayonets. A diminution of more than
0.25 in the length of a pistol barrel, or 0.5 inch in the length of other barreli.
Splits, cross-cracks, and other serious defects, caused either by bad workmanship or
by use.
Examine the barrel carefully, to see if it have any of the above defects, and, if
■o, mark them with a file, when not very apparunL See if the bayonet-stud be broken
or too much worn, if the cone-seat be perfect, and its thread in good order and the
▼ent unobstructed. If the breech-screw be not tight after entering 5 or C threads,
or if it can be screwed down by hand without the use of a wrench, if the thrcada be
not sharp and sound, if the plug *j not fill up the whole Ixix of the female screw,
if the tang bo broken or cracked at the screw-hole, or if, when the breech-screw u
in, the tang bo not even with the upper surface of the barrel, a new breech-screw is
required.
Conk. — Examine the chamfered end of the cone, to sec that it be not broken or
bruised ; examine abo the thread and the rent.
Bayonkt. — A bayonet is considered unserviceable if the blade be I inch too short.
Bee if it bo sound and perfect in all its parts, and if it fit the barrel ; also, if the
elasp be in good order and turn freely.
Lock. — See if the fixed branches of the gpriuga fit close to the ]«ck-plate, if the
movable branches be clear of it, and if any of tht parts be wood-bound.
Have the springs and the bridle of the tumbler renewed when their pivots are
hroken. There should be an equal space between the lock-plate and the scar, the
tumbler and the hammer.
If the »car rub on the plate, have it adjusted. The friction of the tumbUr may be
eansed by the bridle being badly pierced, in which case renew the bridle. If the
hammer rub on one side only, have it adjusted: if it rub everywhere, the arbor of
the tumbler does not project suflSciently, and the tumbler should be renewed. If the
not(htt di' the tumbler be broken, or the edges too blunt, have them dressed; if the
hook of the tumbler project beyond the edge of the lock-plate when the hammer is
REPAIRS OF ARMS AT ARSENALS. 105
let down, the tumbler should be renewed. The arbor and the pivot of the tumbler
should fit well in their holes. Examine ihc star closely, and have it renewed when
the nose is too thin or is worn on the side next the lock-plate, although it may be
perfect on the exterior. If the hammer be not steady, the tumbler should be renewed.
Try the action of the hammer, to see that it explodes the cap with certainty.
Renew the Inck-plaie when the holes arc too much worn to be dressed over. Renew
every limb that is broken or cracked, the screws which arc too much worn, or of
which the stems are bent or the slits too much enlarged.
Mountings. — See if the parts be complete and sound.
If the tantj-KcrcxB do not fit tight in the screw-hole of the guard-plate, renew
whichever part is defective.
Ramrod. — See if it be sound and have a good thread and be of the proper length;
otherwise, replace it.
Stock. — Examine carefully the bed of the lock, and the holes for the band-springs.
Press the thumb against the /uciiKjn, to see if they be split at the holes for the side
screws, and renew the stock if it be split there or at any other part to an injurious
extent.
The a7'm8 complete.
Are inspected according to the rules before laid down for the inspection of finished
arms ; due allowance being made for the necessary wear in service.
REPAIRS OF ARMS AT ARSENALS.
When arms which have been in the hands of the troops are turned into store at an
arsenal, they should be inspected by a master armorer, under the supervision of an
oflBcer, and classed as follows —
1. Serviceable arms.
2. Anna requiring repairs.
3. Irreparable arms.
Arms requiring repairs arc classified according to their kinds and models and
to the extent of the repairs required. Each arm should be marked with a number,
and the requisite repairs should be noted on the register of in.spettion, to guide the
workmen and to govern the is.sue of spare parts required for repairs.
Repairs prohibited.— Tho following repairs beiug always imperfect, the parts
requiring them should be replaced: Cutting oflf a barrel; brazing a patch on a
barrel; brazing a tang on the breech-scrcw ; brazing a bolster on a lock-plate;
reaming out the hole for the arbor of the tumbler; brazing a piece for a tumbler-
hole or a shoulder on the hammer; hammering iu the edge of the hole to make it
fit tighten the square of the tumbler; putting a pivot to a tumbler; twisting the
square of the tumbler to increase the sweep of the hammer; straightening the
arbor; brazing a ramrod; splicing a stock.
The spare parts furnished from the armories are iu soQ^:ra,\ filed, jiniehed, hard-
ened and tempered, including the breech-screw.
196 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Filtinp fifir part*. — To adjust n icir lock, the flat of the barrel should not
bo filed, but the bolsters of the lock-plutc should be ground.
The hnrrcl should not be touched with a file when it has been injured by rust.
fn rejilaring the hayonrt-ntnd, avoid cutting too deep into the barrel and proclucing a
j)rojcctiim inside; try the small gauge iu the barrel after the operation. In fitting
a new bayonet, dress out the groove of the socket and ream out the socket if
necessary.
lirnzc iiijhKi and bayonet -itudi only, and no other pieces; the solder is comjtosed
of two parts of brass and one of zinc, without any tin.
Irreparable Arms.
Arms arc considered irreparable when both the barrel and stock arc until for
service; or when the arms require very extensive repairs anil the part!« can be made
useful for repairs of other arms. They can be broken up only by special authority ;
and they should, therefore, be oiled and preserved, in order to be submitted to an
inspector, as prescribed in the Ordnance regulations.
When arms are broken up, the parts are classed either as lervieenble, reparnblr.,
or \in$erv\e.eable ; those of the last class should be turned into store as tcrap iron or
tieel, etc.
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF MUSKET BARRELS.
To test the strength of musket barrels, model 1855, they have been fired with an
increasing number of cartridges, until the force of the explosion of the first two
cartridges was unable to drive out the other charge.*, and the gas escaped through
the veut, leaving the barrel uninjured.
The strength of the barrel, therefore, furnishes every requisite" security against
the accidents of service and the want of care on the part of the soldier.
E.xpcricnce has shown that a musket barrel may be fired 'JG.OOO times without
becoming unserviceable.
Barrcl.s which are condemned in service are almost always the result of accident,
very rarely from enlargement of the bore or from the diminution of the exterior
dimensions.
The following trials of the strength and durability of the French musket barrel
are taken from the Aide-Memoire. They refer to the smooth bure musket : It is to
be observed that the charge of the French musket was formerly 1(32 grams Troy,
priming included (or 146 grains, exclusive of priming), and is, therefore, consid-
erjibly greater than our present service charge.
In experimeuts made in 1S06, barrels reduced 0.13 inch at the breech bore a
double and triple charge with one ball, or 2 cartridges placed one over the other.
Other trials were made in 1S29, at the manufactory of Mutzig, on arms sent
there for repairs^ which had been a greater or less time in the hands of the troops.
They furnished the following results —
STRENGTH AND DURABILITY OF MUSKET BARRELS. 197
Ist. When a musket barrel is charged with a single cartridge, placed in any part
of it, or with 2 or even with 3 cartridges, inserted regularly, without any interval
between them, there is no danger of bursting ; with 4 cartridges inserted regularly
over each other, or with 2 or even 3 cartridges placed over each other with slugged
balls (or balls driven in, as in a rifle), there is danger only in case of some defect
of fabrication, or some deterioration in the barrel ; with more than 4 cartridges
inserted regularly one over another, or with 2, 3 aud 4 cartridges with intervals
between them, it is not safe to firev
2d. No danger of bursting is occasioned by leaving a ball-screw in the barrel.
There may be danger from a plug of wood driven tight into the muzzle, whun the
barrel has been loaded with 2 cartridges; or from a cork rammed into the barrel to
a certain distance from the charge, with another cartridge over it.
Snow, clay and sand, which may be accidentally introduced into the barrel,
are not dangerous, if they lie close to the charge; but they are so when there is a
space between thcni aud the charge ; in this case sand is the most dangerous, then
clay and snow.
Balls or pieces of iron inserted over the charge were not attended with danger
when placed close to the charge, even when their weight amounted to 11 lb.; but
there is danger from a piece of iron, 0.0 inch square, weighiug i lb., if placed 20
inches or more from the breech.
3d. A barrel with a defect which might have escaped the inspector at the armory,
bore the explosion of 3 cartridges, regularly inserted. After mutilation, which
may have caused a reduction of metal in some parts, it may still bo used with-
out danger.
Finally, the diminutions of exterior diameter which may be produced in ordinary
service are never sufficient to be dangerous. In these trials, barrels oiiginally 0.272
inch thick at the breech did not burst when loaded with 2 cartridges, until the
thickness was reduced to 0.169 inch, and with 1 cartridge to 0.091 inch.
m
OUDNANCE MANUAL.
Spare Parts required for the repai
one year in
r of 1,U00 Rifie. Muskets, du
the field.
ring
Tip for stocks
Tip-rivets
Hamrod-tttupH . . . . .
6to(k8
nUtl-plutC8
liutt-pliitu .Mfruws .
Guard-plali'S
QunriM)o\ts
Quard-bow swivels
riveta
DUtH . .
TrlgRcrs
TriRger-porews. . . .
Quaril-.«crL'ws . . . .
Higlit-bascs
Sigb (-leaves
Sigbt-leuf gpriiif^.s
Bight-joint piuD . .
Sight-slides
" spring's
" rivets . •
Leaf sigiit basu . .
First leaf
Second leaf
Joint-seiow
Baso-sorow
Front sif^bls
Breech-screws . . . .
Cones
Vent-screws
Barrels
Tang-screws
Upper bands . . . .
Nm.
10
2U
10
50
5
25
10
10
75
IflO
00
a.')
•23
7')
100
100
100
100
l.')0
100
150
300
50
r>o
50
50
100
25
20
\ 75
125
2
50
50
Middle banils
Lower bunds
Upper band sprinf^s
Middle band springs
Lower band .•i])rinps
Miiidle band swivels
" " " rivets
Lock-platci'
Main-spring swivels
" " rivets ....
Uanimcrs
Tumblers
Tumbler-screws
Bridles
Bridle-screws
Sears
Sear-screws
Scar-springs
" screws
Main springs
Side screw washers
Side screws
Ramrods
Bayonets
Bayonet-clasps
'• screws
APPKNDAGE8.
Wipers
Screw-drivers
Ball-screws
Spring-vices
Tumpions
Band-spring and tumbler-punch
— rr
Mas.
30
30
30
30
^0
75
100
8
20
SO
75
75
IV.'S
25
125
40
125
129
125
125
60
200
100
75
100
100
75
25
25
25
100
25
SPARE PARTS OF RIFLES.
199
Spare Parts for 1,0U0 Bijles {Model 1855) one year in the field.
Barrels
Vent-screws
Rear- sights
Breech-screws
Tang "
Cones
Locks
Lock-plates
Hammers
Tumblers
" screws
Bridles
" screws
Sears
" screws
Sear-springs
•' screws
Main springs
" swivels
" " rivets . .
Side screws
Upper bands with swivels. . . .
" band swivels and rivets
" band springs
Lower bands
" band springs
Side screw washers
Guard-plates
2
30
20
10
30
50
2
5
25
20
100
20
50
20
50
50
50
50
40
40
100
10
50
30
10
20
30
10
Guard-bows
" nuts . .'
" " swivels and rivets
Triggers
" screws
Guard-plate screws
Butt-plates
" screws
Box-plates with catches
" screws
" springs
" " screws
Ramrods
" stops
Stocks
Screw-drivers
Wipers
Ball-screws
Spring- vices
Tumbler and wire punches
Bullet-moulds
Swages for balls
Sword bayonets
Tompions
Sword-bayonet lock-pins
" " springs..
" " spring
screws
20
40
50
10
10
50
2
20
5
10
10
10
50
10
30
50
50
10
10
10
5
5
30
20
25
55
50
200
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Numhrr and hind f>f Armorers' Tools required for any nuinher of
workmen, from 1 to 12, at an Armory or Arsenal for Repairs, etc.
Nt'MBtll UV U'UKKMKN.
1
1
2 3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Awls', ftockcru' I 3
Axes, liiuxl I 1
Au|;crf>, urinurcrs' fl
AdviIh 1
Bending toolo I 2
BalanccH 1
Bayonet-i>ro<)f!! j 1
Bevels
Bifk-ironi'
Bit.s, assorted
" auffir
" Ktocktr;''
BraiH'i", iron
Braces and bits
Brnii.l8. C. S...
Brushes, dust
tool
Buff, sticks
Burrs
Cutter, boxes
•■ dies
" juin|>ers
Cutters, .>-'niiths'
" griuluuteil, maohinialg'
Callipers
Charters
Chisels, turning metal | ^
*' ■' wood 4
" cold 3
'• stockers' 6
" smiths' 2
Clamps, iron.. . .
Comlis, screw . . .
Comb, grinders'.
Couulersiuks . . .
Chucks, scroll. . .
Cutting-off tools
Crucibles
Cone-boxes
Cans, tin
3
3
3
3
3
6
6
A
«
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
I
6
1
6
1
1
I
8
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
4
4
6
20
20
24
24
24
28
28
28
30
30
SO
6
«
6
6
6
6
fl
6
8
12
IS
18
13
18
18
18
20
20
20
24
24
24
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
4
5
«
8
1
2
2
3
3
4
5
5
3
3
6
6
12
12
24
24
24
24
24
6
6
8
0
6
fi
6
6
8
8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
<)
2
•>
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
6
6
6
6
«
8
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27
30
33
38
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
6
6
6
6
6
6
«
6
8
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
fi
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
8
8
1
1
2
1
1
8
1
1
2
I
1
8
1
1
2
1
I
14
I
1
2
1
1
14
16
ARMORERS TOOLS.
201
Number and kind of Armorers' Tools, etc. — Continued.
NUMBER OF WORKMEN.
1 2
3
4 5 6
7
8
9 1 10
11
TOOLS.
Dies, screw-cutting. . .
" milling
" triinming
" shaving
" tilt-hammer....
Drilling-collars
Drill-presses, portable
Drill-stocks
Drills, pivot
" assorted
Dividers
Dogs, turning
Files, assorted
Formers, forgers' . . . .
Flatters, forgers'
Floats, stockers'
Fullers and sets
Furnaces, portable . . .
Gauges, scrcw-cuttiug
" graduating . .
" sliding
" assorted
" wire
Glue-pots
Gouges, stockers' . . . .
Grindstones, small . . .
" large . . .
Gravers
Hammers, set
" copper . . . .
" hand
Heading tools
Hods, iron
Jumper boxes
" dies
Jigs, drilling
" filing .
" tapping
" milling
*' shaving
Knives, drawing
" stocking
Ladles, iron
Levellers, iron
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
12
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
11
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
12
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
46
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
12
24
36
48
60
72
84
96
108
120
132
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
200
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
12
12
12
12
12
12
24
24
24
24
24
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
16
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
31
50
60
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
50
60
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
6
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
5
6
5
5
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
4
4
4
4
4
203 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Number and kind of Armorers' Tools, etc. — Continued.
NUMUKIt OK WOIIKMEN.
9 10 I 11 12
Measures, lapc
" tin
Mills
Mandrels, for;^cr8'
" assorlcil.
" l)<«ring
" band
Moulds, grind- wheel
" bullet
Oil cans
Oilers
Oil cups
Oil-stones
Pans, copjier vitrioling
" tin
" anncalin;;
" sheet-iron
Pincers
Pliers . .*
Planes, stookers'
Powder, can istor
Plugs, calibre
" proving
Punches, assorted
hiUldlcd
" spring
Pails, wood
" iron washing
Pots, water
Rods, wiping
" riding
Riflers
Reamers
Rules, carpcn ters'
Rests, filers'
Racks, movable
Stands, straightening barrels.
Scales, graduated
" standard •
Scales and weights
Saws, hand
" niotal circular
'• hack
" Blockers'
" whip
24
28
24
24
28
28
1
1
244
3
8
1
6
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
5
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
28
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
244
3
8
1
6
1
2
1
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
7
1
5
1
4
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
28
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
244
3
8
1
S
1
2
1
2
2
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
14
1
6
2
4
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
4
28
1
1
244
3
8
1
6
1
2
1
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
14
1
5
2
4
2
1
2
1
1
2
2
4
28
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
1
244
244
3
3
8
8
1
1
6
A
1
1
2
2
1
1
3
3
3
3
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2! 2
14
14
1
5
2
4
2
2
1
]
2
1
1
1
1
244
3
8
1
6
1
2
1
3
3
2
1
1
1
1
2
2
14
1
5
2
4
2
I
2
I
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
4
4
8
28
1
1
3
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
8
«
1
1
1
1
1
1
244
3
8
1
8
1
1
1
8
8
S
1
1
1
1
2
t
14
1
5
2
4
3
1
t
1
1
2
t
4
28
1
8
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
6
1
1
armorers' tools. 203
number and kind of Armorers' Tools, etc. — Concluded.
NUMBER OF WORKMEN.
10 11 12
Shovels, smiths'. . .
" steel
Screw-drivers
Screw-plates
Screw-stocks
Scribora
Sets, assorted
Saw-sets
Shears, band
" bench ....
Sledges
Sows, cast-iron . . .
Soldcring-copper. .
Spoke-shaves
Spring-proofs
Squares, 2-fcet . . .
" assorted .
" trying . . .
Stakes, iron
" lead
Stamps, letters . . .
" figures . . .
" eagles . . . ,
Straight-edges ....
Swages ,
Swage-boxes
" dies
" jumpers ...
" bullet ,
Trimmers
Taps, metal
Tongs, grinders' ...
" smiths' ....
Trowels, masons'..,
Tunnels, tin
Trucks, hand ,
Tool-cases
Target, iron
Vices, barrel ,
" bench
" hand ,
" foot
Wheels, polishing . .
Wrenches, patent . .
" assorted .
1
1
6
7
1
2
2
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
2
24
10
1
1
56
15
59
59
2
2
37
2
30
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
5
6
1
6
1
1
8
7
1
4
4
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
]
1
2
1
4
4
24
10
1
1
56
15
59
59
2
2
37
2
30
204 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
List of Verifying Gauges for the Rifle Musket, model of 1855.
Kach net of gauges ih distinguished by the term. "Riki.k Musket, C. S.,'" iind the
nuniher to c(irr<nj)ond with those contained in the following list, with deacrip-
tionB :
POK DAIIREI.S.
No. 1. Calibre (tiitit/e ;
Measures the size of the burc, .58 inch diameter.
No. 2. Groove Gnuyf, \o. 1 :
Meusureff the depth of the groove at the uiuzzle, .."iSS inch.
No. 'A. Groiive Gauge, A'o. 2 :
Measures the depth of the groove at the breech, .5V6 inch.
No. 4. Dimenaiun Gauge, ^Vo. 1 :
Shows the dislance between flats, vertical diameter, position of top, loft-
hand bevel and oval, site of tenon at shoulder, ends of the two flats, and
one bevel.
.No. b. Dimrntion Gauge, A'o. 2:
Shows the exterior diameter of the burrel at the butt, at 1.5 inch, 2.S
inches, 5.5 inches, 9.S75 inches, '21..') inches, 3.32^ inches, from roar cod
of barrel, an<l at top and bottom of bayonet-socket, and the length of
the bayonet socket.
No. 5 J. Caltiptr Qaug* :
Corresponding with No. 5.
No. 5J. Jlarrel Holder:
Holds barrel and marks the above points for measurement.
No. 6. Iteceivinij Gatige :
Shows dimeut^ions of barrel at butt, position and form of cone-seat, direc-
tion and position of tap for cone-screw, position of vent-screw, shape of
tang, and position of tang-screw hole.
No. 6^. Rear-tight .Vortite Gauge :
Shows the position, depth, width, and bevel of mortise, and the position,
site, and depth of rear-sight screw-hole.
No. 7. Gauge for Counterbore of Barrel :
Shows length and diameter of the counterbore.
No. 7J. Tap Gauge for Barrel Thread :
Shows length, depth, and width of thread.
No. 8. Bayonet Stud and Barrel ifutzle:
Shows the height of stud, distance of stud from muzzle, and diameter of
barrel at 3.03 inches from the muzzle.
No. 8. Pront-*igki Gauge:
Shows height, length, and form of sight
VERIFYING GAUGES. 205
No. 10. Barrel, Sight, and Rod Gavrje :
Shows pcsition and morti?c, screw-hole for rear sight, length of barrel,
position of front sight, length of ramrod.
No. n. Die Gaiige for Breech Scrcic :
Shows size and commencement of thread, length of body, diapicter of the
body.
No. llj. Limit Gavije/or Brr.ech Screw:
Shows maximum size of thread, limit of entrance of pin, diameter and
length of stem.
FOR LOCKS.
No. 12. Bereivinfj Gauge for Lock-phtte :
Shows the form of the lock plate, and thickness.
No. 13. Lotik-plntc Gauge :
Shows thickness of plate and bevel, thickness of plate, notch for main
spring, thickness of bolster and plate, height of bolster body, and height
at notch.
No. 14. Tumbler Gauge :
Has a receiving cavity to show the form of tumbler, diameter of arbor and
square, thickness of body, length of arbor and square, taper of square,
size of pivot, position of swivel-pin hole and swivel-slot.
No. 141. Tumbler Gauge, No. 2 :
Tests the thread in the tumbler.
No. 15. Bridle Gauge:
Shows the form of the bridle, position of the pivot and stud, thickness of
body, and thickness at eye.
No. 16. Sear Gauge :
Receiving cavity shows form of sear, height and form of tang, freeing of
scar, thickness of tang, width of nose, and width at eye.
No. 17. Hammer Gauge:
Shows form of hammer and position of hole for square of tumbler, with
a draft for size of tumhler-hole, and form of knife edge.
No. IS. Dimensiou Gauge :
Shows the thickness of body at tumbler-hole and bevel, thickness of body,
profile of comb, width of comb and shape of back, curve of front of
comb at start of body, thickness and curve of head, curve of top of
comb, depth and size of countersink, crook of body.
No. 19. Lock Screw-hole Gauge :
Shows po.sition of all holes on the inside of the lock-plate.
No. 20. Mdin-npriug Gauije :
Shows the curve of long branch, freeing of spring, sha])e of spring at
hook, position of pivot and relative position and thickness of the two
branches, length of short branch, shape of tang, width of hook, width
206 ORPNANCE MANUAL.
cpf long l>riincli njipositc extremity of short branch. wMth of ImhIv. curve
of bend, form of slot for swivel.
No. 21. Maiii-npring (iaugr. No. 2:
6bow» the tbickne(8 of ion); branch close to the book, oppoiitc the end of
fbort branch, dure to stud, thickness of short branch cloi>e to tang,
opposite lo stud, iind at centre of tang, and height above top of taag-
•loi>c.
No. 22. Srar-Kpritig (laiigr :
Shows Kpreud of spring, length of nrin. size of stud and freeing of iomU
brunch, position of stud and pin-holes, thickness of tnetal at eyv, width
at small end, widih of metal at body, width of body a<lj<>iuing rye.
No. 23. T>i)t (lauge fur l.<nk-»rrtic», Triijgfr, Vctil, and ffnifoHel-ela*p Serttrt;
Bhows the length, diameter, and thread of each.
I-KAK-SIGDT, M0D1;L OP iN.'i'J.
No. 1. (Inuge for Haic, \<>. 1 :
Shows the profile of side of base, thickness of fence and dislaarc bctWflMl
fences, length of base inside, width and form of curve at rear end, lenipth
of curve and position of screw-hole and stcady-piu on under side, thick-
ness of head, body, and diameter of the screw, length of screw.
No. 2. (inuijf far Itate, Su. 2;
Shows the position of the screw and steady-pin holes and «lu|, for the tenon,
as in the barrel.
No. 3. Guii'jefur Fimt Lmf :
Shows the length, width, and thickness, thickness of ears, dutaoee bstfPMft
ears, and position as assembled. ^^
No. 4. Oaui/r for Stcoini Ltuf:
Shows the form of the side of the lOO-yard range, form of the ride of 300-
yurd range, width of leaf, thickness, width of joint, an<i p<l^itioo •>
assembled: showing the form and position of notcbca, and the utigle of
inside and outside of leaf.
No. r>. Gouge fur Joint Scrac:
Shows the length, diameter and thickness of head, diameter of body, ■•4
size of thnaii.
MOUNTINGS. KTC.
No. 30. UvU-plnte Gauge, So. 1 :
Receives the plate and shows its form, position of screw-holes, position and
site of notch for patch box.
No. 31. liutt-plate Gaugr. A'o. 2 :
Shows thickness of heel, thickness of toe, thickness at comers, tbicknefi
of body, lateral curve across body, lateral curve across tang, longitudinal
curvature of b<:>ttom of plate.
VERIFYING OUAGES. 207
No. 32. Tiiilt-jdate and Gunrd-tcrcw Gauge :
Shows form of head and reinforce, diameter and length of stem, the shape
of thread.
No. 3.3. Band Gaiiffe :
Shows width and thickness of body, width and thickness of swivel-stud for
middle band and guard-bow stud, round of stud, thickness of swivel and
stud, size of swivel-wire.
No. 34. Jiand-maudrel Gauge, No. 1 :
Shows interior of upper band.
No. 35. Iland-mandrel Gauge, No. 2 :
Shows interior form of middle band.
No. 36. Band-mandrel Gauge, No. 3 :
Shows interior form of lower band.
No. 37. Guard-plate Gauge:
Receives the plate and shows its form, position of stud for trigger and slot,
position of screw-holes, position of guard-bow holes and tang-screw
hole.
No. 38. Guard-plate and Bow Gauge:
Shows diameter of trigger-stud, thickness of plate at bolsters, thickness of
^ body, shape of exterior, profile across bolsters, position and size of trigger-
slot, width and shape of upper and lower sides of bow, taken at the
middle, width of swivel-joint, diameter of collar, diameter of stem, thick-
ness at middle of bow, diameter between collar and swivel-stud, diameter
of nut, thickness of nut, relative position of swivel-stud, collar, stem,
and screw, screw-thread.
No. 39. Trigger Gauge:
Receiving-slot, showing thickness and shape of blade, curve of finger-piece,
position and size of pivot-hole, curve of under side of finger-piece, and
thickness of metal at finger end.
No. 40. Band-spriug Gauge :
Receiving-slot, showing size, form, and set of spring and position of wire
and shoulder, three gauges for lengths of wire, thickness at shoulder,
thickness of stem, width of stem, and diameter of wire.
No. 41. Washer Gauge:
Shows countersink for screw-head, size of the hole for screw, diameter of
washer, thickness of washer, and depth of countersink.
No. 42. Side and Tang-screw Gauge:
Shows diameter of head of side screw, diameter of stem, diameter of thread,
length of both side screws, countersink for the shoulder of tang-screw,
diameter of head, of stem, of thread, and length of screw.
No. 43. Rod-stop Gauge:
An iron pattern, complete.
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
BAYONET.
No. 44. Jt'riririnrf (I'nuifr :
Shnwii length, width and set of blade.
No. 4.'). Sock- f I dntigr, So. 1 : *
Showii exterior diftinctcr of socket below bead, and diameter of bead.
No. 4C. Surkrt (inugr, No. 2 :
Show* exterior diameter of socket at top and bottom.
No. 47. Mfifdrrt (iangr :
Shows form of socket at lower end, siie of cut for Ktud, length of socket,
sice of grooves, position of claop.
No. 4S. niniie Gnugt:
Shows curve of front flute, the thickness of metal at commcnoemanl of
front flute, at 7^ inches and 14} inches from widest point of bla<le.
No. A9. Dimrntiiin (imii/r :
(To be applied before the clasp is put on.)
Jflhown position and size of socket at clasp-stud, position and siie of claap-
ctud, relative position of bridj,'C-bead and cliijp-."tud, distance from top
of slot to top of socket.
No. r)0. .\rrk Gauge:
(To be applied before the clasp is put on.)
Shows lower curve of neck, upper curve of neck, diameter of neck, and
relative position of neck, bo<id and bridge.
No. .'>0i. .\eck- Uniigf, So. 2:
Shows curves of junction of neck and socket.
No. fll. Itla<ir Gauge :
Shows profile of back of blade at the commencement of back flutea, at
termination of bevel, at middle of blade, and 1 inch from point of blade,
and the width of blade at the above-mentioned points.
KAMnOD.
No. 52. Rod Gauge :
Shows profile of head, neck and swell for 6^ inches, diameter of bead,
diameter at 2.5 inches, diameter at 5 inches, diameter of bodj at T
inches, IS 5 inches, 30 inches from large end, diameter at start of thr—d,
and. form of cup: the thread same as in model of 1840; length, 39.62$
inches.
No. 52i. Hod Holder :
Marks points at '2..') inches. 5, 7, IS. 5 and 30 inches from large end, at start
of thread, and gives true length of rod.
No. 53. Profile Gauge :
Shows the curve or shape, length, position of bands, tip and shape of bnti.
VERIFYING GAUGES. 209
No. .')4. fiift/onrl-rltinj) Mandrel Gauge :
Shows exterior and interior size of clasp when the screw is in its place.
No. 55. (Jlusp-dimcniion Gauge :
Shows thickness of body, thickness at bridge, width of stud, width of body
at notch, position of screw-hole, round of stud, receiving tool for form
and size of finished clasp, with position of bridge and notch.
No. 56. Tip Gauge :
Shows circular cut for barrel, cross-section of base of tip, with cut for rod-
groove, profile of under side and barrel at end.
No. 56i. Tip Gauge, No. 2 :
Shows inside of tip.
No. 57. Cone Gauge :
Shows size and thickness of collar, thread for screw, size of body, size of
bottom of cone, size of tip, profile, size of top, throat and lower part of
vent-hole, upper surface, square and diameter of collar.
No. 58. Screw-driver Gauge :
Long branch : shows form of edge, form of end, width across centre below
rivet, size of wrench, thickness of head, of body, of wrench, of end of
blade.
Short branch: shows thickness of body, width of body, width of end.
thickness of end, size of rivet-hole.
No. 59. Wiper :
Shows the diameter of branches, thickness of head, form of head, size of
thread.
No. 60. Ball Screw:
Shows length and form of screw, diameter of collar, diameter of body,
size of thread for rod.
No. 65. Barrel Gauge :
Shows the number of threads and length of body for breech-screw, to be
applied in the barrel.
No. 66. Tip-screw Gauge :
Shows the length, size of head, body, thickness of head and thread.
No. 67. Stock Gauge:
Shows thickness across end of centre of butt and bed of lock-plate, at the
bands and tip, at flats near tang, and at end of box-mortise.
No. 68. Receiving Gauge:
Shows the form, size and length of the stock, the shoulders for the butt
end of the barrel, the bands and the tip.
Gauges for Rifle, Model of 1855.
Nos. 1 to 4, 6, 7, 11 to 27, 30 to 33, 35, 37 to 43, and 57 are the same as for the
rifle musket.
14
210 OEOMANCE MANUAL.
No. JJ. Tiarrtl (inn ye :
Sbowo the diftinetcr of tho barrel at tlio mur./.le and otlK-r |)<>ii)t8 indi(>ate<l
»..V Nc. 05.
No. 8. Ihni<i:,r(.»tu<l Gauge :
Sli'iwi" lonj^lli of (<tud, dictuiice from muzzle to lower cjid of «tud, thick-
necc and form of stud.
No. 9. Frnnt-'iijht Gaugr :
Sh'iwn height and form of front night.
No. 10. Sight (inu'jf, Sn. '2:
Phowd the pouiiion of the front sight ami of the mortice and screw-hole for
the rear sight.
No. .H4. Itanii-maiidrrl (Inugr, No. 1 :
Shows interior or upper band.
No. 36. linnd-mnndrel (laugr, Xo. .3:
Shows interior of lower band.
No. •'>2. Romrnd (iangr :
Shows profile of head, neck and swell. an<l diameter of head, neck, swell
and bo<iy.
No. 03. /'rojile-ttort Uaugr :
Shows length and curve of stock, and position of bands and tip.
No. M. Tip Gauge:
Shows length of tip and exterior form at upper and lower end.
No. 61. Hux-npriiiij Gniigr :
Shows length, width and thickness of spring, and poaition of rivet and
8crew-holc8.
No. C)'2. Box-eorer Gauge :
Shows profile of cover and position of scrcw-bole^ aii<i rivet-hole for spriof.
No. 6.1. Ror-eorer Gauge, A'o. 2:
Shows curve of top and thickness of cover.
No. 64. Jiamrud Holder:
Shows gauging-points for ramrod.
No. 05. Barrel Holder:
Shows gauging-points of barrel.
BWORD BAYO.NET.
No. 66. Shows profile of back of blade and back of hilt.
No. 67. Shows width and thickness of blade.
No. 63. Shows width and thickness of hilt.
No. 69. Shows profile of back and front of hilt and guard.
No. 70. Shows position and depth of slot in hilt.
No. 71. Finger-piece Gauge:
Shows the diameter and length of body, diameter, length and form of bead,
and thickness and length of finger-piece spring.
No. T2, Tompion Gauge:
Shows length of head and body, diameter of bead, neck, collar and body.
SWORDS AND SABRES.
SWORDS AX I) SABRES.
NOMENCLATURE.
Cavalry Sabre. (Plate 28.)
BLADE.-Shoulder, back, edge, be^el, point, curvature, large groove small
groove; tang, riveting.
*u"uf'~'^'""""' ^^'■*''^' '"'^''^ ^"^ ^^'^ S""''- ''"'''• '•ivet-eap, hole for the tang of
the blade; ^jHpe, wooden body (birch or maple), leather covering (calfskin
blackened), wires (brass), notch for the guard, ridges, shoulder, hole for the tan^
of the blade. °
GvAUr^.-Front branch, hook ; hark branch; middle branch ; plate, mortise for the
tang, flange, bead, lip.
ScABBAUD (sheet-steel).-/?c.</y, back, front, sides, holes for the rivets; month-
prece nm, springs, rivet-holes; 2 rivets; 2 band,, knob, eye for the ring; 2 rina, ■
tip, front branch, back branch.
Light Cavalry Sabre.
The nomenclature the same as the cavalry sabre.
This sabre differs from that above in being shorter and lighter.
Light Artillery Sabre. (Plate 28.)
The nomenclature is the same as the cavalry sabre, with the following ex
ceptions — "
Blade. — Has but one groove.
UiLT.-Guard, one branch terminating in a scroll; the plate has 2 counter
sinks— one for the gripe, the other for the scabbard.
Scabbard.— ^S^jrui^, fastened to the back by 1 rivet.
Foot Artillery Sword. (Plate 28.)
BLADE.-Straight, two-edged, narrower near the hilt than in the middle- body
(or blade proper), shoulder, shoulder-rounding, ridges, point, bevels, edges, tano it,
rounding and riveting, three holes for the gripe-rivets.
Hilt (brass, in one piece).-Cross, knob and panel of the cross, mortise for the
tang, gnpe, fillet, necks, swell, knob with an eagle on each side, bolster and hole for
the tang-nvet, grooves and ridges, three holes and bolsters for the gripe-rivets-
3 rivets (iron). '
Scabbard (harness leather, jacked, blackened and varnished).-i?o^y ed-es
inner and outer sides; monntings (brass); ferrule, stud, bead, cap; safes (buff-
leather) ; 4 nails for the ferrule and safes ; tip, bead, knob; 4 nails for the tip
212 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Non-commissioned Officer's Sword. (Plate 28.)
Blade (straight, cut and thrust). — I^itk, edge, groove, bevel, point.
H,i,x. — Pommel (brass), notch for the hook of the guard, rivet-cap, shoulder for
the ferrule, hole for the tang; 2 ferrules; gri})e, wooden body, hole for the tang:
covering (sheet-brass), grooves and ridges.
Guard (in one piece). — /?rancA, hook and its shoulder; j^late, flange, bead; knol.
Scabbard (leather). — Ferrule and hook (brass); tip (brass), body, front branch,
back branch.
This sword is for the non-commissioned officers of foot troopt.
Musiciati's Sword.
The same as the non-commissioned officer's sword, without the guard-plaU; and
with a blade six inches shorter.
Sabre for Staff and Field Officers. (Plate 28.)
Blade. Shoulder, back rounded, edge, bevel, point, tapering nearly equal from
edge and back, curvature slight; large groove, small groove; tang, riveting;
etched vine on back ; letters " C. S.," guns, drums, colors, and rays on left side ;
eagle, guns, colors, and rays on right side.
Hilt. Pommel (brass, gilded), notch for guard, scrolled back, rivet-cap, hole for
the tang of the blade ; gripe, wooden body (birch or maple), seal-skin covering
(blackened) wire, (fine brass, richly gilded), notch for guard, ridges, shoulder, hole
for the tang of the blade.
GOARD. Front branch, hook; back branch ; middle branch ; letters " C. S.," and
open scroll-work between branches; plate (brass, gilded), bead, flange, scroll, lip.
mortised for tang of blade and for strap of sword-knot.
Scabbard (sheet-steel, browned). — Interior lining well-seasoned bass wood :
hody, back, front, sides, holes for screws; mouth-piece (brass, gilded), rim; 2
bands (brass, gilded), knob, eye for the ring, screws, and screw-holes ; 2 ringn
(gilded) ; tip (gilded), screw, screw-hole, front and back branch.
Sword for Officers of the Staff and Staff Corps. (Plate 28.)
Bladb. — Straight, two edges, with an arris in the middle between the edges:
etched scrolls, colors, and shield on the left side; eagle, guns, colors, and scrolls
on the right side ; tang, riveting.
Hilt (brass, chased and gilded). — Pommel, an inverted frustum of a cone, with
an eagle chased on one side.
Guard. Principal branch, chased, mortise for the sword-knot, shoulder for the
lower ferrule ; fixed shell, bearing an eagle and flags, chased; movable shell, plain :
button for the spring; cross-bar. Gripe (black horn) wrapped spirally with gold
cord ; 2 /errule«, chased. Weight of sword, 1.2 lb.
PROOF AND INSPECTION OF SWORDS AND SABRES.
213
Scabbard (steel or leather). — The steel scabbard has 2 brass bands and ringg,
gilded and chased; tfp ; mouth-piece (brass). The leather scabbard has brass fer-
rtile and hook-tip. Weight of steel scabbard, 0.69 lb.
Sword for Foot Officers. (Plate 28.)
The nomenclature is the same as for the staff officer's sword, except as follows :
Blade. — Etched, guns, colors, and rays on the left side; shield, colors, and rays
(in the right side.
GtJARD. — It has no middle branch nor letters.
Scabbard (sole-leather, jacked, fluted, blackened, and varnished). — fiodi/, back,
front, sides, holes for screws ; mouth-piece and top band united (brass, gilded), rim,
band, knob, eye for ring, screw, and screw-hole; bund (brass, gilded), knob, eye for
ring, screw, and screw-hole ; 2 rings (gilded); tip (brass, gilded), flut€d, screw and
screw-hole, front and back branches.
Sabre for Cavalry Officers.
The same as the cavalry sabre, or light cavalry sabre, with gilt mountings.
Principal Dimensions and Weights of S^vords and Sabres.
1^
11 ^
iit
* t.
ia'i- «j
^a»
" 1- DC
l§»
-1^
DIMENSIONS.
Whole length of the sword or
sabre in its sc.abbanl | 4'.'25
Length of the blade proper
Length of the scabbard
Widtli of the l.lailo in the middle..
Versed sine of the curvature of the
blade in the niiddk-
Versed sine in tlie curvature of the
blade in proof
Weight of sword or sabre complete
Weight of the finished blade
Weight of the scabbard.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
«.25
36.
37.25
1.1
42.35
34.80
3b.05
1.
38.6
32.
33.
1.06
26.
19.
20.
1.8
38.75
32.0
32.8
0.72
32.75
26.0
29.0
0.72
39.4
32.4
32.2
1.1
1.5
1.42
2.32
0.4
7.5
7.20
6.5
6.5
Ibs.oz.
Ibs.oz.
Ibs.oz.
Ibs.oz.
Ibs.oz.
Ibs.oz.
lbs. oz.
4 8
1 5
2 2
3 7
1 6
1 4
4 1^
3 3
1 9
10
2 6
3 WA
1 9\i
^B^
37.85
32.2
313^433
0.4
lbs. oz.
3 0?^
2 15^
fl 0^
(1 0^
Proof and Inspection of Swords and Sabres.
1st. The dimensions and form of the blade are verified by comparing it with the
model, and by applying the appropriate gauges and patterns, for the length, width,
and thickness at several points, and the curvature, if any.
214 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
2(1. The hladf is then proved, as follows: I.«f. The point is confined by a staple,
and the blade is bent on each of the flat sides over a cylindrical block, the curva-
ture of which is that of a circle 35 inches diameter, the curvature of the part next
the tand bcinji reduced by inserting a wedjje 0.7 inch thick at the head and 14
inches long. 2d. It is struck twice, on each of the flat sides, on a block of oak
wood, the curvature of which is the same as the above. 3d. It is struck twice on
the edge and twice on the back across an oak block 1 foot in dianu-tor. 4th. The
point is placed on the floor and the blade bent until it describes an arc having the
versed sine indicated in the above table. After these trials, the blade i.-< examined
to Bee that it is free from flaws, cracks, or other imperfections, and that it is not
««/ — that is to say, does not remain bent.
The blade of the nrtilleri/ nword is proved by striking each of the sides and
edges twice on a flat block of hard oak wood.
The stamj) of approval or condemnatioti is placed on the side of the blade,
below the tang.
3d. The form, dimeUiSions, and workmanship of the mnuutingi are examined and
compared with the model. After the blade is mounted, the sword is again exam-
ined, and it is struck four times on a hard block of wood, to test the strength of
the mountings. The quality of the brass mountings may be tested by breaking a
certain number, not more than 4 in each hundred, which should be taken from th*
pieces rejected for erroneous dimensions.
4tb. The form, workmanship, and finish of the scnliLardii are examined and com-
pared with the model, and their titting to the blades tested. The sewing of leather
scabbards, and the fastening of the ferrules and tii)S, will be jiarticularly examined.
Steel scabbards are proved by letting fall on them, from a height of 18 inches,
an iron weight of two pounds, 1 inch square at the base: Ist, on one side, just
above the upper band; 2d, on the same side, 6 inches from the tip: 3d, on the
opposite side, just above the lower band. In this proof the scabbard should not
remain indented. The nature of the material (whether iron or steel) may be tested,
if there be any doubt, by using nitric acid, which will leave a black spot on the
steel but not on the iron.
Packing Swords and Sabres.
Packing-boxes for swords and sabres are made ou the same principles as those for
muskets and other small arms, being furnished with packing-boards, or partitions,
made with grooves to receive the scabbards near the hilt and near the point; the
swords are placed in their scabbards, with the hilts and points alternately toward
each end of the box — except the artillery swords, two of which are jilaced in the
length of the box, their points resting on a packing-board in the middle.
\iimber ]iacked in ti box.
30 cavalry sabres. 50 artillery swords.
50 artillery sabres. 50 infantry swords.
INFANTRY ACCOUTREMENTS.
215
Cleaning Sivords and Sabres.
The iron and brass parts of swords and sabre.-* are cleaned in the same manner as
those of muskets. When the oil on the blade of a sword is dried up, it will leave
a spot which may be removed by covering it with oil and rubbing it smartly, after
a short time, with a linen rag. When a leather scabbard has become wet, draw the
blade, and dry the scabbard slowly without heating it; wipe the blade dry, and
pass an oiled rag over it and the scabbard before returning the blade. Oil the
blades of arms in store, and also the scabbards, especially on the seams.
Spare Parts required for Repairs of 1,000 Swords or Sabres for
one year in the field. •
Cavalry
Sabre.
Light
Non
-coni.Officer'p
Artillery
or
Musician's
Sabre.
Sword.
50
50
50
50
60
50
100
Gripes
Gripes and ferrules
Heads ,
Guards ,
Bodies for leather scabbards
Mouth-pieces and springs. . .
Ferrules and stud-hooks ...
Upper bands and rings . . . . ,
Tips ,
Lower bands and rings ....
100
ACCOUTREMENTS.
Infantry Accoxitrements.
Cartridge-box,* for .5S-inch ball (black bridle leather), inner cover (light
upper-leather), with end pieces sewed to it to cover the ends of the box ; JJo}), with
a button-hole strap sewed near the bottom ; hraxe button, riveted to the bottom of the
box; iii>2)lement-poc]cei (light upper-leather), sewed to the front of the box, with a
flap, strap and loop ; 2 loops on the back of the box, near the top, for the shonldt-r-
belt to pass through : 2 iiprit/ht loops for the waist-belt to pass through, sewed and
riveted with 1 copper rivet No. 8 at each end ; 2 roller-buckles No. 9 (japanned
black), for the shoulder-belt, sewed to the bottom of the box; 2 /m«, each with 1
lower dii'ision, open in front, to contain 1 bundle of 10 cartridges, and 2 upp^i
divisions, one to contain 6 and the other 4 cartridges. The edges of the tin are
* New boxes have been ordered to bo made, with a view of substituting two small bo«e8 for
tbe one largo ono.
216 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
turned over and soldered down to prevent them from cutting the cartridges. All
the tin linings should be made to slide freely in the boxes.
CAJiTninoE-BOX for .69-inch ball. It is like the above, except iu dimensions, for
which sec page 219.
Cartkihok-box for .69-inch round ball. The same as the above, except in
dimensions.
CAKTninr.K-nox pi.atb (brass). — Oval, 3.5 inches by 2.2 inches, with the letters
C. S. stamped on it: 2 cycn of iron wire, for fastening the plate to the flap of the
box.
CAnTniDOK-nox bki.t (black bufT-leathcr). — Width, 2.25 inches ; length, 55.5
inches, clear of the 2 bUletn for buckles, which are each 4.25 inches long and 0.b75
inch wide.
Cautridge-box bklt-i'late (brass). — Circular, 2.5 inches diameter, .stamped
with an eaylc ; 2 eyeii of iron wire.
Cap-I'OUCH (black bridle-leather). — Length and depth, .3 inches; width. 1.25
inch ; inner cover, with end pieces : _fl"P> made of the same piece a.» the back, with a
button-hole strap at the bottom; brant button, riveted under the bottom of .the
pouch; 2 loopt, sewed to the back, 2.25 inches long, to admit a waist-belt (*f 2
inches; lining, a strip of sheep-skin, with the wool on, 1.5 inch wide, glued with
fish glue, and sewed to the back, at the mouth of the pouch.
Cone-pick (steel wire No. 18). — 1.5 inch long, with a ring handle 0.5 inch
diameter; it is carried in a loop in the inner left-hand corner of the cap-pouch.
Bayonet-scabbard (black bridle leather). — Length, including the ferrule and
tip, for the bayonets of the model of 1S55 and 1840, 19.5 inches ; for model WH), 18
inches; ferrule and tip, brass; frog (black buff-leather), sewed and riveted with 2
copper rivets No. 8 to a socket of black leather which is fastened to the top of the
scabbard ; the frog slides on the waist-belt.
Waist-belt (black buff-leather). — Width, 1.9 inch; length, 38.5 inches; a loop
at one end.
Waist-belt i-late (brass). — Oval. 3.5 inches long by 2.25 inches wide, stamped
with the letters C. S.; 2 etud» and 1 hook (brass).
Gi'N-SLiNG (russet bag leather). — Width, 1.25 inch : length, 46 inches ; 1 utanding
and 1 sliding loop; hook (brass), fastened to the sling with 2 brans riveti No. 15
wire.
Swoud shoildeu-belt, for non-commissioned oflBicers (black buff-leather). —
Width. 2.3 inches; length of short branch, 17 inches: long branch, 40 inches; J
^landing loop on long branch : frog for sword.
Shoclder-belt plate. — Like the cartridge-box belt-plate, except in having 3
hooks, instead of eyes.
Sergeant's and mcsician's waist-belt (black buff-leather). — Length, 36 to 40
inches; width, 1.9 inch; 1 bras* hook on one end, fastened with 3 brass trire riret*
No. 15; 1 bra*$ loop sewed to the other end, to connect with the plate.
Sergeant's waist-belt plate. — The same as the tabre-belt plate.
CAVALRY ACCOUTREMENTS. 217
Scabbard fou non-commissioned officer's sword (light bridle leather), jacked,
blacked and varnished.— 1 ferrule (brass), with 1 hooh (cast-brass) riveted to it by
2 hrma wire rivets No. 15, fastened to the scabbard with glue and 4 brass wire rivets
No. 15; 1 tip (brass), fastened to the scabbard with glue and 4 brass wire rivets
No. IT).
Scabbard for the mcsician's sword.— The same as that for the non-commis-
sioned oflScer's sword, except in length.
Jtijie Accoutrements.
The same as for the infantry accoutrements, except the waist-belt for the sword-
bnyonet and the sword-bayonet scabbard.
Waist-belt for sword-bayonet (shoe leather, dressed on the flesh side). —
Length, 42.5 inches ; width, 2.4 inches: 1 hillet, .9 inch wide, sewed on the inside
at each end to hold the clasps in place; 1 pair clasps, 2 parts (brass), to slide on
the belt; 2 loops, with eyes (brass), to slide on the belt; frog for sword-bayonet
scabbard, with 1 hillet ; 1 brass buckle No. 10, and 1 standing loop.
SwoED-BAYONBT SCABBARD (black bridle leather).— Length, including ferrule
and tip, 23 inches: 1 ferrule and 1 tip (brass), 1 loop (brass), on the ferrule for the
frog-billet to pass through.
^^ • Cavalry Accoutrements.
Cartridge-box for carbine. — Like the infantry cartridge-box, except in dimen-
sions. 2 loops are placed upright on the back of the box, to receive a 2-inch waist-
belt. Special boxes are made for the carbines now on trial in the hands of troops.
Cap-pouoh. I _^j^g g^jjjg ^g f^^ jjjg infantry.
CONE-PICK. \
Sabre-belt (buflf-lcather).— ll'oisf-Ac/?, length .36 to 40 inches, width 1.9 inch; 1
square loop No. 46, 2 D-rings No. 2 B (brass), for attaching the slings and the
shoulder-strap; 1 hook (brass), riveted on one end by 3 brass wire rivets No. IT); 1
loop (cast-brass), sewed on the other end to connect with the plate; 1 shoulder-strap,
41 inches long. 1.125 inch wide, with 2 hooks (brass) ; 2 sabre-slings 1.125 inch wide;
front sling 17 inches long, rear sling 34 inches ; 4 studs (brass) for slings ; 1 sabre-
hook (brass wire No. 7).
Sabre-belt plate (cast-brass).— Rectangular, 3.5 inches long, 2.2 inches wide,
with an eagle surrounded by a ureath (German silver); 1 slot at one end, to receive
the belt.
Sword-knot (buff-lcatbcr).— ,S'<;-07j 1 inch wide, 36 inches long ; one end of the
strap is fastened to a tassel 3 inches long ; the other end is passed through the tassel
after going round the guard of the sabre, and is fastened by one of the tags of the
tassel ; 1 sUding-loop>.
Carbine-sling (buflf-leather).— Length 5G inches, width 2.5 inches ; 1 buckle and
1 tip (brass), sicivel and D with roller, bright iron, 2.62 inches wide; link and hook,
iron ; guard-spring, steel.
218 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Artillery Accoutrements.
FOR LIGHT AUTILLERY.
Sabue-bklt (l)lack liuff-leather). — Length ;{6 to 40 inches, width 1.9 inch; 2
leather chapen sewed on the outside of the belt for attaching 2 bniHH loops No. 6, for
the slings : 2 nabrc-glimji and 4 brng» Hud», like those for the cavalry cabrc-belt ; 1
nabi-c-hook (brass wire No. 7) ; 1 loop (cast-brass) sewed on one end to connect with
the plates : 1 hook (brass) riveted to the other end with 3 brasn irire rivetn No. 15.
SaDUE-BELT 1'I.ATE.
V — Like the
, „ .jose for the cavalry.
t?WORI)-KNOT. '
FOR FOOT ARTILLERY.
Sword-belt (buff-lciither), made in three pieces, 1.9 inch wide, connected
together by 2 lonpn (brass) No. 1 B. Lonr) branch 2\ inches long ; />o«/-;jf'efe 4.5
inches; short branch 4 inches: \ frotj, 3.5 inches deep, 2.5 inches wide at top, and
2.3 inches at bottom, sus])ended to the loops by 2 diutjH 1.3 inch wi<k' and 3.5 inches
long; 1 loop (cast-brass), sewed on one end to connect with the plate; 1 hook
(brass), riveted to the other end with 3 brass wire rivets No. 15.
Sword-belt plate. — Like that for the cavalry sabre-belt.
Foot artillery sword-scabbard (light bridle leather), jacked, blackened and
varni.shed. Length, including the ferrule and tip, 20 inches; width, 2 inches:
ferrule (brass) has 1 stvd riveted to it, and is fastened to the scabbard by 4 bran'
wire rivets No. 15; 1 tip (brass) fastened to the scabbard by 4 brass iciie rivet* No.
15; 2 »n/<« (black buff-leather) placed on the sides of the mouth <pf the scabbard.^
Inspection of Accoutrements.
Examine the materials of which they are made.
The bridle, .shoe, sole, calf, and russet leather should be tunned witii oak bark:
reject all that has been tanned with hemlock, as such leather ."oon moulds, and the
blacking turns of a reddish color.
The leather s^hould be of the best quality, uniform in thickness, and free from
cuts and fly-holes. Flesh split-leather is not admitted. The buff-leather should be
soft and flexible, free from defects. When freshly cut, it should present a bright
yellow surface ; a brownish yellow color indicates that the hide has been burned by
the lime in tanning. It should be firm without being horny, and not spongy.
See that the hooks of cast-brass are free from flaws, and that the eves are firmly
fastened.
SPARE PARTS FOR ACCOUTREMENTS.
219
Dimensions of Cartridge- Boxes.
For .58- For .65
balls. balls.
For .69
round.
Carbine
r Length ,
Interior of box < Widtli
( Depth in front. .
Inner cover Width
Width at top
Width at bottom .
Flap.
f Wi(
I Wic
Implement-pocket \ -^ ^,
r Lower {Length
I ^^^^^ I Width .
Depth .
jength
idth .
Length
Tins, -i I c n f Len
- Upper.] ^'^'^'l--- I Wic
I Width
..Weight lbs
I
Bo.x, complete
Large
In.
6.8
1.4
5.2
3.8
8.0
8.3
In.
In.
7.8
7.2
1.6
1.6
4.7
5.8
4.0
4.0
9.0
8.0
9.4
8.5
7.0
6.0
3.7
3.5
3.8
3.3
2.7
3.0
1.9
2.7
2.2
1.35
1.5
1.35
1.5
2.0
1.5
1.35
1.76
1.76
In.
7.2
1.6
5.0
3.3
2.8
2.8
Copper Rivets.
Diameter. Thickness. | Length. Diameter.
No. 8.,
No. 12.
In.
.15
Spare Parts for Accoutrements for one year in the field.
For 1,000 infantry accoutrcmentg.
25 cartridge-box plates. 100 wai.st-belt plates.
60 " " belt-plate?. 100 cone-picks.
For 1,000 cai;alr\j carbinc-glings.
150 swivels. 150 swivel-springs.
220
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
19
34
34
26
200
15
15
20
20
20
70
MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR MAKING ACCOUTREMENTS.
Leather.
Infantry cartridge-box belts. ^
Waist-belts 1.9 iu. wide. I
Ntm-oninmissionotl officers' sword-belts. |
Shduldcr sword-belts. |
Bajonet-scabbard frogs.
Waist-belts for sword-bayonet.
Cavalry sabre-belts.
Liglit artillery sabrc-belts.
Foot artillery sword-belts.
Carbine-slings.
Sabre-knots.
Cavalry sabre-belts.
Waist-belts for sword bayonet.
Carbine-slings.
Gun-slings — out of one butt hide of bag leath
Infantry cartridge-bo.-ces, e.\cept pockets and
heavy bridle leather.
Bayonet-scabbards. ")
Sword-bayonet scabbards.
Non-commissioned officers' sword-scabbards. ■
Musicians' sword-scabbards.
Foot artillerj' sword-scabbards.
Pockets for infantry cartridge-boxes.
Inner covers for do.
Tops for cap-pouches.
Inner covers for cap-pouches.
Either of these can be cut out of
one hide of buff-leather.
Either of these can be cut out of
one side of heavy up)ier shoe
leather dressed on flesh side.
inner covers, out of one side of
Either of these can Ite cut out of
one side of light bridle leather.
Either of these can be cut from
one side of light uppcr-lcathcr.
Thread.
100 Infantry cartridge-boxes 1.25
100 Gun-slings 13
100 Cap-pouches 5
100 Bayonet-scabbards 3
100 Sword-bayonet scabbards 2
100 Non-comuiissioned officers' sword-scabbards .3
100 Musicians' or foot artillery do. .2
100 Carbine-slings 08
100 Non-couimissioned officers' waist-belts 08
100 Cavalry sabre-belts 4
100 Light artillery sword-belts 3
100 Foot artillery sword-belts 8
100 Sword-bayonet waist-belts 7
100 Non-commissioned officers' sword-belts 33
100 Waist-belts 08
100 Bayonet-scabbard frogs 3
lb. 1
b.l
No. 3. White shoe
thread, waxed with
rosin wax.
No. 3. Bh»k
thread, waxed
rosin wax.
shoe
with
lb.
No. 3. Black shoe
thread, waxed with
beeswax.
■r
METALS.
Metals.
For 100 nct8 of cavalry sabrc-hcU mountings.
100 Sabre-honks 4.5 lbs. brass wire No. 7.
100 Loops 4.65 " " " 7.
200 Rings 6.8 " " " 6.
100 Large hooks 7. "sheet-brass "11.
200 Small hooks 5- " " "14.
700 Rivets 48 " brass wire "15.
400 Studs 22.5 " cast-brass.
100 Belt-plates and loops (See below.)
For 100 infantry cartridge-boxes.
For tins. 125 sheets single tin, 1 lb. soft solder.
For buttons, 4.9 lbs. cast-brass. For burrs, .33 lb. .sheet-bras.<, 400 copper rivett*.
For 100 cavalry belt-platen.
25. lbs. cast-brass.
.2 " German silver No. 33.
.5 " soft solder.
For 100 infantry waint-belt plates.
4.5 lbs. sheet-brass No. 31, for plates.
8. " " " No. 14, for hooks.
.22 " brass wire No. 14, for rivets.
16. " soft solder.
For 100 infantry cartridiji -box plates.
4.2 lbs. sheet-brass No. 31, for plates.
.8 " iron wire No. 15, for loops.
14. " soft solder.
For 100 ferrides for bayonet-scabbards,
3.5 lbs. sheet-brass No. 25, for tips.
6. " cast-brass for knobs.
.14 " copper wire No. 16, for rivets.
200 copper rivets and burrs (i No. 8) to attach the frog.
.2 lb. spelter.
.3 " soft solder.
For 100 sets hooks and rivets for yun-siings.
2.8 lbs. sheet-brass No. 14.
.18 " brass wire No. 15.
222 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
For 100 neU of mountings of irnht-helt for strord -bayonet.
100 iiiiir,« rlasps. pact-brass, 21.25 lbs.
200 loojip for clasps, sheet-brass No. 14, 3.75 lbs.
200 sliders, cast-brass, 14.8 lbs.
Speller, .4 lb.
For 100 iitttonii and cone-pickt fur rap-ponrfif.
u-
3.2 lbs. cast-brass, for buttons.
.65 " sheet-brass No. 19. for burrs. 4 3f
.2 " st«el wire No. 18, for cone-picks. '
For 100 KrtH mountings for ttrorj-dayonrt srafihiird.
29 lbs. sbcct-brass No. 24. for ferrules and tips.
1.75 lbs. cast-brass, for loops for ferrules.
6.25 " " for knobs for tips.
1.4 " copjjcr wirt' No. 12, for 800 rivets.
.4 " spi'lt<-r.
.3 " soft solder.
WEKJHT OF ACCOUTREMENTS.
100 Infantry cartridge-boxes and plates for .69-in. ball 176 lbs.
100 Infantry cartridge-boxes and plates for .58-in. ball 167
100 Infantry cartrid-^e-box belts and plates 63
100 Cap-poucbes and cone-picks 13
100 Ihiyonet-scabbards and frogs 31
100 Wuist-bclts and plates, 1.9 inch wide 50
100 (Jun-sliugs IS
100 Non-commissioned officers' waist-belts and plates 49
100 Non-commissioned officers' sword-belts and plates (shoulder) 60
100 Rifle cartridge-boxes and plates for .54-in. ball 118
100 Rifle waist-belts and plates, for bayonet-scabbard 59
100 Rifle sword-bayonet scabbards 49
100 Rifle pouches 43
100 Rifle flasks 81
100 Rifle flask and pouch-belts 27
100 Cavalry sabre-belts and plates 120
100 Carbine-slings and swivels 110
100 Light artillery sabre-belts and plates 96
100 Foot artillery sword-belts and plates 81
SALTPETRE.
Chapter Ninth.
GUNPOWDER.
Gunpowder for the military service is distinguished as mnnkci, cannon, and mam-
moth powder. Thoy arc all made in the same manner, of the same proportions of
materials, and differ only in the size of the grain.
MATERIALS.
The materials required are saltpetre, charcoal, and sulphur. They should be of
the greatest possible purity, both for the quality of the powder and the prevention
of disastrous accidents in the manufacture.
Saltpetre.
Saltpetre (nitre, nitrate of potassa) is a transparent, white, crystalized salt,
inodorous, anhydrous, of a cooling, pungent, and slightly bitter taste. It generally
crystallizes in six-sided prisms terminated by six-sided pyramids, or in needles
deeply striated, and sometimes contains mother-water in fissures in the longer axis
of large crystals. It is composed of 53.45 nitric acid and 46.55 potassa. Specific
gravity, 2.099 to 2.1. Unalterable, in common air, it becomes deliquescent in an
atmosphere nearly saturated with moisture. It melts at about GB2° into a limpid,
oily-looking liquid, and may be cast into moulds, forming a white, compact mass.
It begins to decompose at about 716°, giving up its oxygen: at a white heat the
decomposition is incomplete, peroxide of potassium remaining. If thrown upon
burning coals, it melts and deflagrates violently. It is insoluble in absolute alcohol
and oils; soluble in water — more in warm than in cold: in dissolving it causes a fall
in temperature; it raises the boiling point of water, and increases its density by
about 0.0077 for each part of saltpetre contained in 100 parts of water.
100 parts of water at 32° dissolve 13.3'2 saltpetre, and tlie solution boils at about 213. S°.
" " 21y.fi°.
" " 219.2°.
" " " 222.8°.
" " " 228.2°.
« « " 236.4°.
" " " 2iU.S°.
A saturated hot solution will consequently lose, in cooling, the greatest part of
the salt dissolved.
68
31.75
104
63.80
140
110.70
176 "
170.80
212 "
246.60
240.8 ••
335.00
224 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
.Saltpetre occure naturally in great quantities, as au efflorescence on the surface
of the earth, in man}' of the warm countries, particularly in India, where there is
suflScieut to supply the wants of the whole world. It also occurs as a saline crust
in caverns in some parts of the globe; and in the vicinity of Monclova, Mexico, it
is found in great purity in veins or mines.
It exists in certain plants, and is formed spontaneouslj' by the decomposition of
animal and vegetable substances when mi.xeil with substances containing potash
and kept at an even temi>erature in moist situations. On this principle artificial
nitre becls are made, from which large quantities of nitre are obtained, in France,
(Jermaiiy, Sweden. Hungary, etc. Saltpetre obtained from any of these sources
may be separated from the greater part of the foreign salts and earthy matter by
lixiviation with wood ashes and evaporation. The nitrous earth of India yields
about one-fifth of its weight of nitre ; that of the nitre caves, from one to ton
pounds of nitre to the bushel. The best artificial nitre bed? afford annually about
a quarter of a pound of nitre to a bushel of earth. Saltpetre, for the manufacture
of gunpowder, is chiefly obtained from India, whence it is imported in a cryst-al-
iaed state, called crude taltpetre containing generally from 15 to lb per cent, of
foreign salts, earths, and water.
TKST OK cm DE S.il-TPKTRE.
Crude saltpetre was formerly tested by washing it with water saturated with
saltpetre, which dissolved the other soluble foreign 6alI^' without ilissolving any of
the saltpetre itself; the loss in weight by washing was taken as the weight of the
impurities contained. This process was found to occasion serious error, from the
fact that when water saturated with saltpetre has dissolved a portion of sea salt, it
acquires the property of dissolving an additional amount of saltpetre ; besides,
this mode of testing fails when there is present — as there is almost always — the
chloride of potassium. The process of testing now used in this country, as well
as in Knglaud and India, is that of analysis. The chlorides that the crude salt-
petre contains are precipitated in the form of the chloride of silver by adding the
nitrate of silver to the solution of a given weight of the sample to be tested. The
sulphates are precipitated in the form of the sulphate of baryta by adding the
nitrate of baryta to the solution of a given weight of the sample : the amount of
these impurities can now be calculated.
UEFI.VING SALTPETRE.
The purity of saltpetre used in making gunpowder i? of the greatest importance,
not only on account of the quality of the powder, but more particularly a« dimia-
ishing the chances of explosion in the powder mills.
Wash the crude saltpetre in a large shallow pan with about 40 per cent, of cold
water, stirring it well with rakes. At the end of 12 hours, withdraw the water,
which takes away with it a portion of the chlorides. To free the saltpetre from
•arthy matters and the chloride of sodium, dissolve it by means of heat, in the
TEST OF SALTPETRE. 225'
least possible anvmiit of water, in a large copper kettle. When ft is entirely dis-
solvta, clarify the liquid by pouring in the solution of glue in the proportion, of
1-lOth per cent, of glue dissolved in five times its weight of water. The glue is added
at two different times; and the liquid should be well stir?ed, and the scum removed
as it forms on the surface. When the scum has nearly ceased forming, check the
boiling by adding cold water saturated with saltpetre, to precipitate the chloride of
sodium, which is removed as it falls to the bottom. When the scum has ceased
forming and the chloride of sodium is no longer precipitated, the liquid becomes
limpid, and it is permitted to remain several hours, keeping up sufficient beat to
prevent it from crystalizing in the kettle.
Remove the liquid gently, while at a temperature of about 230°, to the crystaliz-
ing pans, and stir it continually with wooden scrai)ers to prevent tho formation of
large crystals. The scrapers in large establishments are moved by machinery.
Draw the saltpetre, as it forms, to the sides of the paas, and when the liquid falls
to a temperature of about 70" draw it off into other vessels; it will then have
given up nearly all its salti>etrc. Take the saltpetru from th€ crystalizing. pans to.
the washitig ttouglw, and wash it twice from the rose of a watering pot with 50 per
cent, of cold water saturated with pure saltpeire, the water being permitted to
remain on the salt each time about two hours, and then drawn off: sprinkl&it with
50 per cent, of pure water, which merely drains through and is carried off.
The saltpetre, after remaining in the washing troughs three or four days, i.<=
taken to the drying reservoirs, where it is dried, and stirred from time to time with
wooden shovels. It is then passed through a brass %ieve, to separate any small
lumps or foreign particles, and is ready for packing. It is now like fine sand, and
as white as snow.
A 100-lbs. powder cask will hold about 132 lbs. of saltpetre. The scum, mother-
water, washings, etc.,. are collected, and the saltpetre extracted from them.
TEST 0-r REFINED SALTPETRE.
In order to be used in the manufacture of gunpowder, saltpetre should not con-
tain more than l-3000th of chlorides. To test this, dissolve 200 grains of saltpetre
in the least possible quantity (say 1,000 grains) of tepid distilled water; pour on it
20 grains of a solution of nitrate of silver containing 10 grains of the mitrate to
1,033 grains of water, that being the quantity required to decompose 200-3000ths
of a grain of muriate of soda; filter the liquid, and divide it into two portions: to
one portion add a few drops of the solution of nitrate of silver; if it remain clear,
the saltpetre does not contain more than l-3000th of muriate of soda; to the other
portion add a small quantity of solution of muriate of soda; if it become clouded,
the saltpetre contains less than l-3000th. By using the test-liquor in very small
quantities, the exact proportion of muriate of soda may be ascertained. The salt-
petre used in our best powder does not contain more than 1-lSOOOth of chlorides ;
and that used in the best sporting powder is refined a second time,, and contains
not more than l-60U00th part.
15
--U ORItNANCE MANUAL.
Charcoal.
(Tor gpncrni remnrkfi on charcoal, see Chapter X.)
or fho three cuinpoBcnt materials of gunpowder, the charcoal has the gp-ntcpi
elTocl iippn it!< qualify^ "''^•Sf? •» "'« great difference in it, due to the kind of wood
from wljich it is madb, and to the mode of its preparation. Light, friable and
porouH charcoal, which h>irn» rapidly and leaves the iciist anhes, is the beft adapted
for milking gunpowder. Charcoal from willow and black alder — chiefly the former —
obtained by liislillation in cast-iron cylinders, is used for powder for the military
service.
The wood is cut in the y)iring, when the sap is running freely. Branches arc
selected of three In four year's growth, not more than thrce-f|uart«rs of un inch in
dinniVler, ptrippod of its bark as soon as cut, and piled in dry and airy places.
The larger l>ranches are split lengthwise. All dead wood is rejected.
The dried wood is put in ujiright cast-iron cylinders, which are then closely
luted. The heat is applied to the outside of the cylinder, and care is taken to
prevent them from getting too hot. The gaseous and li()uid [iroducts escape by an
opening near one end. The progress of distillation is judged of by the color of the
flanc and smoke, and ^om^imcs by tett »ttcke which are introduced through tubes
prepared for the purpose. When the distillation is complete, the charcoal it
reuioved into sheet -iron tubs.
About 35 per cent, of brown coal is produced, by this process, to 100 parts of
dried wood.
Charcoal should be made only as it is required for immediate use, as it absorbs
moisture reailily from the air.
Wheu freshly prepared, it absorbs and condenses gaaes: it heats and, if in a heap
of 30 lbs. or more, takes fire spontanconsly.
The specific gravity of freshly-burned charcoal is about .380 ; when triturated in
a moist state for a long time under heavy rollers, its specific gravity Le increased to
1.100 and 1.400.
Sulphur.
Sulphur is found i» abundance, in the native state, in the neighborhood of vol-
canoes, mixed merely with earthy matters. It may also be obtained from the
sulphurets of iron ond copper, and from other sources, but is not so jiure in this
case as the volcanic sulphur. The specific gravity of native sulphur is 2.072 : that
of sulphur which has be«n fused. 1.99 — which is still further diminished by tritura-
tion. Sulphur melts at i'M° into a transparent and nearly colorless liquid which it
Hn-htcr than the solid sulphur. As tkc temperature is increased, the sulphar
beciancs more yellow and loss fluid : ot 482° it is of a dark brown color, and ao
thick a* to flow with difficulty. From .'■)00° to its boiling point, 7S8°, it IweoMM
more flaid. 6ulpfaar takes fire at a temperature of bHO°, and bums wit* a Mil
blue flame and eufibcating fumes. It is soluble in oiJ of turpentine, and inaolaUa
in w.itcr and alcohoL
MANUFACTURE OF GUXTOWDER. 22t
The supply of sulphur for this country i? lirouglit principally from Sicily, in the
crude state. It contains about 8 per cent, of earthy matter.
It is refined by distilling it in cast-iron retorts, and collecting the vapors in a
large chamber, where they are condensed. The temperature of this chamber is kept
at about 248°, and the liquiil sulphur is drawn off, through iron pipe? iu the side of
the chamber, into wooden moulds.
If the temperature of the cliamber be kept as low as 180°, the vapors are con-
densed in a light dust, called flowers of sulphur : in this state the sulphur always
contains sulphurous and sulphuric a<;ids.
Pure sulphur should bo of a beautiful citmn yellow color, slightl}' transparent,
should show no acid reaction on test pajtcr, and should burn without any residuum,
Sulphur may be refined, but not so thoroughly, by being melted, skimmed and
decanted. •
Manufacture of Gunpowder.
The buildings in which the different operations arc carried on are separated from
each other, and protected by trees or traverses as far as practicable.
There is great diversity in the mauipulations of manufacture, not only in different
countries, but even in different powder mills of the same country — each having
some particular mode of its own, which is preferred to the rest. The principal
operations consist in pulverizing the materials ver}' finely, thoroughly incorporating
them, pressing them into a cake, reducing the cake into grains, glazing the grains,
drying and dusting the powder.
Pulverizing. — The saltpetre is usually pulverized sufficiently when it comes from
the refinery. The charcoal is placed in large cast-iron barrels with twice its weight
of bronze balls. The barrel has several ledges on the interior, and is made to
revolve from 20 to '.^5 times in a minute. It is pulverized in '2 or 3 hours. The
sulphur is placed in barrels made of thick leather stretched over a wooden frame,
with twice its weight of bronze balls from .3 to .■) inch in diameter, and the barrel
made to revolve about 20 times per minute.
The sulphur is pulverized in four to eight hours.
Pnqtortions of materials. — All powder for the military service must be composed
of the following proportions by weight, viz:
76 parts of saltpetre, 14 of charcoal, and 10 of suliilmr:
or, 75 parts " 15 " 10 "
Incorporating. — The ingredients having been weighed out in tlic proportions
above given, the charcoal and sulphur are put together in a rolling barrel similar
to that in which the sulphur is pulverized, and rolled for one hour. The saltpetre
is then added, and rolled for three hours longer. In some mills this operation is
omitted. It is now taken to the cylinder, or rol/iii;/ mill. This consists of two
cast-iron cylinders rolling round a horizontal axis in a circular trough ul' about
9 iteet diameter, with a cast-iron bottom. The cylinders are G feet in diameler, IS
inches thick on the face, and weigh about 8 tons each. They are followed by a
wooden scrai)er, which keeps the composition in the centre of the trough.
228 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
A cbnrpe of 75 lbs. in some mill", and 150 His. in others, is then spread in the
trough <>f the rolling mill, and raoisteiud witli 2 to 3 per cent, of water, aceordinjj
to the hy;.'roinctric state of the atmos]iluTC.
It is rolled slowly at first, and afterward from 8 to 10 revolutions of the roller
per minute-, for 1 hour for 50 lbs. and .3 hours for 150 lbs. of composition. A little
water is adiled, as the process advances, if the composition pets very dry — which in
judged of by its color.
When the materials are thoroughly incorporated, tlu- cake is of a uniform, lively,
brownish red color. In this stale it is called mill cukr.
The quality of the power depends much on the thorough incorporation of the
materials, and burns more rapidly as this operation is more thoroughly performed.
The mill cake is next taken to ^he press house, to be pressed into a hard cake.
Pfeisinij. — Tlie mill cake is sjirinkled with about 3 per cent, of water, and
arranged in a series of layers about '2 inches thick, separated by brass jdates. \
powerful preseurc is brought to bear on the layers, which are subject t<> the ma.xi-
nuini pressure for about 10 to 15 minutes, when it is removed. Koch layer is thus
formed into a hard cake about an inch thick.
(irantilaiiiig. — The cake is broken into pieces by means of bronse toothed roller^
revolving in opposite directions, their a.\es being parallel and the distance between
them regulated as required. I'lnted rollers are sometimes used. The pieces are
passed through a succession of rollers, each series being closer together, by which
the pieces are broken into others still smaller, which pass over a sieve to another
roller, the small grains passing through the sieve into a receiver below, until the
whole is reduceil to the required size. The various sized grains are separated by
the sieves between the different rollers.
Glazing. — Several hundred pounds of the grained powder, containing from 3 to 4
per cent, of water, are placed in the glazing barrel, which is made to revolve from
9 to 10 times per minute, and in some mills from 25 to 30 times per minute.
Usually from 10 to 12 hours are required to give the required glazing. In thii"
operation the sharp angles are broken off, therebj- diminishing the dust produced
in transportation, and the surface of the grain receives a bright polish.
Dri/ing. — The powder is spread out on sheets stretched upon frames in a rooui
raised to a temperature of 140° to 160° by steam pipes or by a furnace. The tejnper-
ature should be raised gradually, and should not exceed 160°, ventilation being
kept up.
Dusting. — The powder is finally sifted through fine sieves, to remove all dust and
fine grains. The dust obtained in this and previous operations may be worked
over to make other powders.
Packing.
Government powder is packed in barrels of lOfl lbs. each. Powder barrels are
made of well-seasoned white oak, and hooped with hickor)- or cedar hoops, which
should be deprived of their bark : the cedar is not so liable as hickory or white o«k
DIMENSIONS OF POWDER BARRELS. 229
to be attacked by worms, and it should, tberefoi-c, be used in preference; or llic
hoops may be prepared by immersion in a solution of corrosive sublimate. Tlie
hoops should cover two-thirds of the barrel. Instead of a bung on the side, a
screw-hole 1.5 inch in diameter is made in the head of the barrel, for mortar and
musket powder: it is closed by a wood screw with an octagonal head which must
not project beyond the ends of the staves; under the head of the screw is a washer
of thin leather steeped in a solution of beeswax in spirits of turpentine. Tins
screw-plug renders it unnecessary to take out the head of the barrel, and the l[i>ops
may, therefore, bo secured with copper nails; for transportation, a piece of doih
should be glued over the head of the plug. Some barrels have been made with 6
copper hoops, and others with 4 copper and 8 or 10 cedar hoops : the copper hoops
are 1 inch wide and J of an inch thick, fastened with 2 rivets, and nailed each with
3 copper nails O.Ci2r) inch long. Average weight of a hoop, 2J lbs.
Powder barrels made of strong sheet-iron, corrugated, the heads put in by folding
tlicm over with the metal forming the body, have been made, and are now on trinl,
with prospects of their answering a good purpo.«e.
It has been found that lining powder barrels with india-rubber cloth has an
injurious effect on the powder, in consequence of the affinity of the caoutchouc for
sulphur.
The heads of powder barrels are painted hhteh; in order to show the marl-ii more
jilainlj' in dark magazines.
Diincitfioiis of Powder Ihirrels.
Whole length '2*1.5 inches.
Length, interior, in the clear IS "
Interior diameter at the head '• II "
Interior diameter at the bilge 1'') "
Thickness of the staves and beads <)..') inch.
Weight of the barrel with cedar hoops S."") lbs.
The barrels have generally I'i hoops, 14 to IG staves, and 2 or 3 pieces in each
head. The above dimensions are calculated so that with 100 lbs. of powder there
shall be a vacant space in the barrel, allowing the powder tp shake, in order to
prevent its caking. The barrel would contain about 120 lbs. of powder settled by
shaking.
Round towdeu, for immediate use, may be made in an expeditious manner, as
follows : Fix a powder barrel on a shaft passing through its two heads, the barrel
having ledges on the inside ; to prevent leakage, cover it with close canvas glued
<in, and put the hoops over the canvas. Put into the barrel 10 lbs. of sulphur in
lumps, and 1.5 lbs. of charcoal, with 60 lbs. of zinc balls, or of small shot (down to
No. 4, 0.014 inch in diameter nearly). Turn it by hand, or otherwise, 30 revolutions
in a minute. To 10 lbs. of this mixture thus pulverized add 30 lbs. of saltpetre,
and work it two hours with the balls; water the 40 lbs. of composition with 2
quarts of water, mixing it equally with the hands ; granulate with the graining
2^)0 ORKXANCF. :\IANUAL.
sieve. The RraiiiH tli'ua inadf, not being pressed, are too soft. To mako tbem
harder, put tlicin into a barrel having T) or 6 ledges, projecting about 0.4 inch,
inside : give it iit first 8 revoliitinni-- in a minute, increasing gradually to 20. The
cuuiiiros.siun will be pniportionale to tlic charge in the barrel, which should not,
however, bo more than half full. Continue this operation until the density is such
that II cubic foot of the powilcr ."hall weigh ^■''>5 ounces — the mean dcn.-'ily of ru«ind
powder: strike on the staves of tiie barrel fri>ra time to lime, to jjrcvent the adhe
eion of the pow<lcr.
Sift the grains and dry the ]>owder as u.-ual : that which is too fine or too coarse
is returned to the pulverizing barrel.
Thi.< powder is round. an<l the grain is sufficiently hard on the surface; but the
interior is soft, which makes it unfit for kee])ing, and may cause it to burn slowly.
This defect may be remedied by making the grains at first very small, and by roll-
ing Ibcm on a sheet or in a barrel, watering them from time to time, anil adding
the pulverized composition in small portions ; iu this way. the grains will be formed
by successive layers; they are then separated according to size, glazed, and dried.
It aii])ears from experiments that the simple incorjioration of the materials makes
a powder which gives nearly as high ranges with field-pieces as grained powder;
the ineorpiirated dust from the rolliug barrel may therefore be used in case of neces-
sity. (Junjiowdcr burns at the temperature of 57.0° to fii)0° Fahrenheit.
Inspection and Proof of Powder.
Uefnre powder for the military service is received from the manufacturer, it is
inspected and proved. For this purpose, at least 50 barrels are thoroughly mixed
together. One liarrel of this is provtd by firing three rounds from a musket, with
service charge, if it be musket p<iwder ; if cannon or mammoth powder, from an
8-inch C(dumbiad, with 10 lbs. and a solid shot of H.j lbs. weight and 7.88 inches iu
diameter; if it be mortar powder, from an 8-inch mortar, with 1.25 lb. and a shell
7.88 inches in diameter, weighing 47. 0 lbs. The general character of the grain, and
il« freedom from dust, are noted.
(jkxeuai. yrAi.iTiKs. — liunpowder should be of an even sized grain, angular and
irregular in form, without sharp comers, and very hard. When new, it should
leave no trace of dust when poured on the back of the hand, and when flashed in,
quantities of IU grains on a copper plate, it should leave no bead or foulness. It
should give the required initial velocity to the ball, and not more than the maxi-
mum pressure on the guu, and should absorb but little moisture from the air.
SuK OK UHA1X. — The size of the grain is tested by standard sieves made of sbevt-
brass pierced with round'holes. Two, sieves are used for each kind of powder. Nos.
1 and 2 for musket, 2 and 3 for mortar, 4 and 0 for cannon, and 6 and 7 for mam-
moth powder.
Diameter of holes for musket powder : No. 1. 0.03 in. ; No. 2, 0.06 in.
'• cannon " No. 4, 0.25 in. ; No. 5, 0.35 in.
mammoth " No. G, 0.6 in. ; No. 7, 0.9 in.
INSPECTION AND TROOF OF TOWDER. 231
Jfuiikct powder.— in ODC should pass through sieve No. 1 ; all tlirough No. 2.
Cannon powder. — None should pass through sixive No. 4; idll through No. 5.
Gravimetric density. — Is the weight of a given measured quantity. It is
usually expressed by the weight of a cubic foot in ounces.
Tliis cannot be relied upon for the true density when accuracj' is desired, as the
shape of the grain may make the denser po*dcr seem the lighter.
Specific Gravity. — The specific gravity of gunpowder piust be not less than
1.75. It is important that it should be determined with accuracy. Alcohol and
water saturated with saltpetre have been used for this pwrpose; but they do not
furnish accurate results. Mercury, only, is to be relied upon. ,
Mercury Densimeter. — This apparatus was invented by Colonel Mallet, of the
French army, and M. Bianchi, and consists of an open vessel containing mercury,
a frame supporting a glass globe communicating by a tube with the mercury in the
open vessel, and joined at top to a graduated glass tube, which communicates by a
flexible tube with an ordinary air pump. Stop-cocks are inserted in the tubes
above and below the glass globe, and a diaphragm of chamois-skin is placed over
the orifice at the bottom of the globe, and one of wire cloth over the upper orifice.
The operation consists as follows: Fill the globe with mercury, to any mark of
the graduated tube, by means of the air-pump ; close the stop-cocks ; detach the
globe, full of mercury, and weigh it; empty and clean the globe; introduce into it
a given weight of gunpowder; attach the globe to the tubes ; exhaust the air till
the mercury fills the globe and rises to the same height as before; shut the stop-
cocks ; take oflf the globe and weigh it as before. If we represent by a the weight
of the powder in the globe, by P the weight of the globe full of mercury, by J" the
weight of the globe containing the powder and mercury, and by D the specific
gravity of the mercury, the specific gravitj' of the gunpowder will be expressed by
a D
the formula d = — ■
P—P'+a.
A mean of two or three results will give the true specific gravity.
The density of some samples of powder has been brought up to 1.831.
Initial velocity. — The initial velocity is determined by means of the Ballistic
Pendulum, or by Captain Benton's Electro-Ballistic Pendulum. For the method
of using this machine, see page 237.
Musket powder should give an initial velocity of not less than feet.
Cannon powder should give an initial velocity of not less than feet.
Strain upon the gun. — This is determined by Captain Rodman's Pressure
Piston. For the method of using this instrument, see page 238.
Cannon powder should not give a greater pressure than pounds on the square
inch.
Hyguometbic qualities. — If the powder bo made of pure materials and have
the required density, its hygroraetric quality follows as a matter of course. It may
be determined by exposing the powder to air saturated with moisture. For this
purpose, samples of about 1,500 grains weight may be' placed in a shallow tin pan, 9
1>3'2 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
inches by 6 inches, eet in a tub the bottom of which i? covered with water. The
pan of powder should be placed about one inch above the ."urfacc of the water, and
the tub covered over. In this manner any sample of powder may bo compared with
another of knows good quality. Good powder, made of pure materials, will not
absorb more than 2J per cent, of moisture in 24 hours.
Insi'Kction nKi'OUT. — The report of inspection should chow the pliin- and date
of fabrication and of proof, the kind of powder and its general qualities, as the num-
ber of >;rains in 100 grs.. whether hard or soft, round or angular, of uniform or
irregular cize, whether free from dust or not: the initial velocities obtained in each
fire: the amount of moisture absorbed: and, finally, the height of the barometer
and hygrometer at the time of proof.
Marks ok the barrels. — Each barrel is marked on both heads (in white oil-
colors, tl»€ head painted black) with the number of the barrel, the name of the
Manufacturer, year of fabrication, and the kind of powder — cannon, mortnr or
m««A-W— the mean initial velocity and tbe pressure per square inch on the prcssur*
piston. Kaeh time the powder is proved, the initial Telocity is marked below the
former proofs, and the date of the trial opposite it.
Analysis of Gunpowder.
Whatever may be the mode of proof adopted, it is essential, in judging of the
qualities of gunpowder, to know the mode of fabrication and tb« proportions and
degree of purity of the materials. Tbe latter point m.iy be asoertained by analysis.
* In the first place, determine the quantity of water that the powder contains, by
subjecting it to a temperature of 212=", in a stove er in a tube with a current of
warm air passing over it, until it na longer loses in weight. The difference in
weight, iHifore and after drying, giv^s the amount of moisture contained in tho
powder.
To (Icteroiin, the quoMtity of Saltpetre— In a vessel of tinned copper, like a com-
mon coffee-pot. dissolve 1.000 grains «f powder, well dried before weighing, in 2,000
grains of distilled water, and heat it until it boils; let it stand a moment, and then
.decant it on a piece of filtering paper, doubled exactly in the middle ; repeat this
operation four times; at the fourth time, instead of decanting, pour the whole con-
tents of the vessel on the filter; drain the filter, and wash it several times with
2,000 grains of water heated in the vessel, using in all these operations 10,000
grains of water. After passing through the filters, this water contains in solution
all the saltpetre, the quantity of which is ascertained by evaporating to dryneis.
Dry the double filter with the mixture of coal and sulphur, and take the weight of
this composition by ut^ing the exterior filter to ascerUin the weight of that on
which the composition remains: this weight serves to verify that of the saltpetre
and to estimate the loss in the process.
To determine the qunntiti/ of Charcoal dtreetly. — To separate the sulphar from the
chmrooal, subject the powder, either directly or after the saltpetre has been dissolved
PRESERVATION, STORAGE, AND TRANSPORTATION. 23;)
out, to the action of a boiling solution of the sulphide of potassium or sodium,
which dissolves the sulphur aud leaves the charcoal, the weight of which may bo
easily determined.
It is important that the sulphides of potassium and sodium used in dissolving the
sulpliur should contain no free potassa or soda; for each of these alkalies would
dissolve a part of the carbon — particularly of the brown coal.
Tiic sulphide of carbon also dissolves the sulphur contained in powder, and may
be used to determine the weight of charcoal which it contains.
The charcoal, separated from the saltpetre and sulphur, is dried with care and
weighed, and should then be submitted to analysis in an apparatus used for burning
organic matters. The composition of the charcoal may be judged of by comparing
it with the results obtained in the analysis of charcoal of known quality used in
the manufacture of powder.
To determine the quantity of Sulphur directly. — Mix and beat in a mortar 10 grains
of dry powder, 10 of subcarbonate of potash, 10 of saltpetre, and 40 of chloride of
sodium ; put this mixture in a vessel (capsule) of platinum or glass, on live coals,
and, when the combination of the materials is completed and the mass is white, dis-
solve it in distilled water, and saturate the solution with nitric acid; decompose the
sulphate which has been formed, by adding a solution of chloride of barium, in
which the exact proportions of the water and the chloride are known. According
to the atomic proportions, the quantity of sulphur will bo to that of the chloride of
barium used as 20.12 to 152.44.
Restoring Unserviceable Poivder. ♦
When powder has been damaged by being stored in damp places, it loses its
.strength, and requires to be worked over. If the quantity of moisture absorbed do
not exceed 7 per cent., it is suflBcicnt to dry it to restore it for service. This is done
by exposing it to the sun.
When powder has absorbed more than 7 per cent, of water, it is sent to the powder
mills to be worked over.
When it has been damaged with salt water, or become mixed with foreign matters
which cannot be separated by sifting, the saltpetre is dissolved out from the other
materials and collected by evaporation.
Preservation, Storage, and Transportation.
In the powder magazines the barrels are generally placed on the sides, three tiers
high, or four tiers, if necessary. Small skids should be placed on the floor and
between the several tiers of barrels, in order to steady them, and chocks should bo
placed at intervals on the lower skid, to prevent the rolling of the barrels. The
powder should be separated according to its kind, the place and date of fabrication,
and the proof range. Fixed ammunition, especially for cannon, should not be put
in the same magazine with powder in barrels, if it can be avoided. FireWoAr
should never be stored in powder magazines.
234 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
In a room 13 or 14 feet wide, the barrels may be arranged in a double row in the
centre, two alleys 2J feet wide, and 2 gingle rows 0 to ]2 inches from the walls; iii
this way, the marks of each barrel may be seen, and any barrel can be easily
reached. In a room 12 feet wide, an equal number of barrels may be place<l in two
double rows, with a central alley of 3 feet, and J side alleys, next the walls, of about
10 inches each. There should be an unincumbered space of 6 or 8 feet at the door
or dciors of the magaz.ine.
Should it be necessary to jiile the barrels more than 1 tiers high, the upper tiers
should be supported by a frame resting on the floor: or the barrels may be placed
on their heads, with boards between the tiers.
.Besides being recorded in the magazine book, each i)arcel of powder should be
inscribed on a ticket attached to the pile, showing the entries and the issues.
For the jircscrvation of the powder and of the floors and lining of the magacine.
it is of the greatest im])ortance to preserve unob-slructed the circulation of air, under
the flooring as well as above. The magazine should be opened and aired in clear,
dry weather, irAen the tempcrutnre of the air outaiilr in loirvr than that iu»i<le thv muija-
zi'ne. It should not be opened in damp weather if it can be avoided. The ventilators
mnst be kept free; no shrubbery or trees should be allowed to grow so near as to
protect the building from the sun. The magazine yard should be paved and well
drained. The moisture of a magazine may be absorbed by chloride of lime sus-
pended iu an open box under the arch, and renewed from time to time; quicklime i*
dangerous, and should not be used.
The sentinel or guard at a magazine, when it is open, should have no fire-arms.
%nd every one who enters the magazine shoubl take ofl" his shoes, or put socks over
them ; no sword, or cane, or anything which might occasion sparks, should be
carried in. .
The windows should have inside shutters of cojiper-wire cloth. Fire should never
be kindled near the magazine for the repair of the roof or lightning-rod.
Barrels of jjowder should not be rolled for transportation : they should be carried
in hand-barrows, or slings made of rope or leather. In moving ])owder in, the mag9^
zine, a dolh or carpet should be spread: all implements used there should be of
wood or copper, and the barrels should never be repaired in the magazine. When it
is necessary to roll the powder for its better preservation and to prevent its caking,
this should be done, with a small quantity at a time, on boards, in the magazine
yard.
In the spring an inspection of the barrels should be made, and the hoops swept
with a brush wherever they can be got at, t-o remove the insects which deposit their
eggs at this season.
In wagons, barrels of powder must be packed in straw, secured in such a manner
as not to rub against each other, and the load covered with thick canvas.
In transportation by railroad, each barrel should be carefully boxed, and packed
so as to avoid all friction. The barrels should have a thick tarpaulin under them.
Tht cars should have springs similar to those of passenger cars.
FRENCH GUNPOWDKR. 235
English Gunpowder.
En;.;li.«h gunpovvtler — particularly their sporting powder — has long been noted for
its excellence, which is due to the care taken in selecting the best materials, and
the skill in combining them.
The woods used for making charcoal for gunpowder are the black dogwood, the
alder, and the Dutch white willow.
The coal is made bj' distillation in iron cylinders.
The ingredients arc separately reduced to an impalpable powder and passed
through silk cloths or bolting machines, then mi.xcd in a tub in charges of 42 lbs.
Oach, moistened with 2 or 3 pints of water, and incorporated in the cylinder mill
for 31 hours. The iron cylinders of the cylinder mill are 6 feet in diameter, weigh
a'ljout 3 tons each, and make about 8 revolutions in a minute in a circular iron
trough 7 feet in diameter. The incorporated material is subjected to a pressure of
76 tons to the square foot by means of a hydrostatic press, forming it into pressed
cake, which is broken by toothed rollers and formed into grains as above described.
It is glazed by rolling in a canvas cylinder, or large cask, making 40 revolutions
per minute, for U hours. It i.>< dried in a temperature of 140° to 150°, raised by
means of steam.
French Gunpowder.
The charcoal used by the French in making gunpowder is obtained bj' the com-
bustion of hlack ahhr in the open air in iron pots.
At the powder mills at Saint Chamas, the charcoal is made by distillation, effected
by passing a current of steam raised to a temperature of 540° to 600° into the ir'bn
cylinder containing the wood. Charcoal of an excellent quality is said to be
obtained in this way.
The materials are pulverized separately in leathern barrels by means of bronze
balls, and passed through a sieve to separate any foreign matters which may have
accidentally fallen in and might cause explosions in trituration.
, Two and three-fourths pounds of sulphur and the same of charcoal arc weighed
into a tub, moistened with 1^ quart of water, and mixed by hand for 5 minutes. It
is then transferred to the composition tray, 16^ lbs. of saltpetre are added, and the
tray taken to the pounding mill. The contents are emptied into a mortar and well
mixed with the hand for several minutes, without further addition of water.
A pounding mill contains usually from 16 to 24 mortars and pestles, arranged in
two parallel rows. The mortars are hollowed out of a piece of oals, with bottoms
made of a harder wood. The pestle is made of beech, and has on its lower end a
bronze shoe with its angles well rounded. It weighs about 88 lbs., and falls through
a height of 16 inches.
Each pestle gives in the beginning of the pounding from 30 to 40 blows per
minute, and after 10 minutes tlje number of blows is increased to 55 or 60 per
minute. The pounding is continued in this way for labours, including the stop-
pages for shifting the charges from one mortar to the next — which is done every
hour. These changes are made to mix the materials more thoroughly, and to break
236 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
the cakes which form at the bottom of the mortars. From the 6th to the 8tb
• bange, about 1 pint of water is added, or as much as may be necessary to give to
the composition from 7 to 8 per cent, of moisture. During the last 2 hours no
changes are made, so as not to interrui)t the formation of cake. The composition
is taken out of the mortar and dried from 1 to ,3 days, till it contains only about 6
per cent, of moisture. It is then taken to the house for granulation. This o]iera-
tion is jicrformcd in a barrel made by stretching two pieces of wire cloth over a
wooden frame. The pieces of wire cloth are placed one over the other — the outer
one fastened on by cords so as to be removed at pleasure, and rejdaced by another
of different sized meshes, the meshes being of the size of the grain required, i)f
musket or cannon powder. The distance between the wires of the inner cloth is
.28 inch. Halls of hard wood 2 inches in diameter, and 50 or fiO in number, are
jilaced, with the composition to be grained, in the barrel, which is made to revolve
about .SO times in a minute. The caked composition is broken by the balls, and,
passing through the wire cloths, falls into a tub beneath.
The contents of the tub are sifted in sieves which permit the small grains and
dust to pass through.
The powder is moderately glazed by rolling it, while still containing from 6 to 0
per cent, of moisture, in a barrel from 10 to 30 minutes — depending upon the kind
of powder and the amount of moisture it contains. It is so comlucted that the
jwwdcr, when dry, should have a gravimetric density of between h20 and 860
ounces.
The powder is theu passed through a standard sieve of parchment, and is dried
either in the open air, spread out on sheets, on tables, or in a drying room, spread
on sheets stretched over the top of boxes, into the lower part of which heated air is
forced and escapes by passing through the powder.
After dryiug, the powder is again sifted, to remove all dust.
Proportions of Ingredients.
Saltpotrt'. Cliarcoiil. .«iil|ihur.
By the atomic theory 74.04 i:{.5I 11. S5
In the CoxFEnERATE States :
(76 14 10
75 15 10
f 78 12 10
V^ 10
In England : For the military service 75 15 10
For sporting | "^ ^^ *
(lb 17 «
In France: For the military service 75 12.5 12.5
For sporting 78 12 1(1
For blasting 62 18 20
In PRrssiA : For the military service 75 1.3.5 11.5
In Spain: For the military service 76.5 12.7 10. 8
For the military service j
For sporting .• <
I 77
ELECTRO-BALLISTIC PENDULUM. 237
Captain Benton's Electro-Ballistic Pendulum. (Plate 29.)
Detcnption. — This instrument consists of a vertical arc of brass graduated into
degrees *nd fifths, supported by a tripod with a thumb-screw at each foot. Levels
arc attached to the arc, that it may be kept in a vertical position. Two pendulums,
with their axis in the same lino passing through the centre, and perpendicular to
the plane of the arc, swing freely in front of and near to the arc. To the lower
extremity of each is attached a piece of soft iron. The bob of the outer pendulum
is adjustable. An electro magnet is attached to each end of the horizontal limb of
the are, and holds the pendulums horizontal, or at 90° from the 0° or lowest point
of the arc, when the soft iron of the pendulum is brought in contact with the mag-
net. The inner pendulum has at its lower extremity a movable point projecting
toward the arc, the head of which is struck by a blunt steel point on the outer
pendulum when the two pass each other, leaving a mark on the paper which is
clamped to the arc for that purpose. AVire conductors lead from the magnet to the
clamp-screws secured to the upright limb, where they are readily joined to the
wires leading to the batteries and targets.
The adjustments. — 1st. Level the instrument by means of the thumb-screws.
2d. See that the magnets are in such a position that each pendulum, when
brought up against them, is exactly 90° from the lowest point of the arc. The
magnets are held by clamp-screws to admit of this adjustment.
3d. Move the bob of the outer pendulum till the times of vibration of the two
are the same. This is done by connecting the wire of the magnet to the poles of
the battery, including the disjunctor in the circuit. Bring the two batteries to the
same strength. Break the currents by means of the disjunctor, and see if the two
pendulums meet exactly at the zero mark. The two batteries are known to be of
equal strength when the pendulums meet at the zero point, irrespective of the par-
ticular battery that works them.
The disjunctor is an instrument used to test the working of the batteries, and
tell when they are operating with equal activity. There are several forms of this
instrument, the essential point being to break the currents exactly at the same
time. It is so arranged that by setting the trigger the currents are formed, and by
pressing it they are broken. It should give the same point of meeting of the pen-
dulums in six or eight trials made in quick succession.
To use the pendulum. — Establish the wires as shown in Plate 29. Insert a piece
of drawing paper under the arc, and clamp it. Set the trigger of the disjunctor:
raise the pendulums against their magnets; press the trigger; if the point of meet-
ing is very near the 0°, set the trigger again : give the caution, " Ready;" raise the
pendulum, and "fire." Read o(f the angle, which must bo corrected, if the pendu-
lum on the trial did not meet at the 0°, by addinfj the angle between the 0° and
mark, if it be on the right, and by subtracting it if it bo on the left. The angle thus
corrected must be doubled for the time of passage of the projectile between the two
targets.
231? ORDNANCE MANUAL.
To dil<:rinine the iuitial rclocilt/.—het I be the length of the equivalent simple
jiondulum, and t the time of passing over any one degree beginning at an angle .r
from 0: then t= —
360 y 2glcos.x.
By substituting for x different values, we get the times of passing over the differ-
ent degrees, supposing the velocity to be uniform for the time of passing. In this
way a table is formed which should give the times for the different degrees and
tenths of degrees, and the sums of the times to each degree.
The value of / is determined by supporting the inner pendulum on the knife
edges, and noting the time required to make 500 or 1,000 vibrations. The length
of the c((uivalent simple pendulum is obtained from the relation l=^('V', t' being
the time of a single vibration as just determined, and /' being the length of the
8im])le second pendulum at the place of experiment.
The machine is placed on a solid foundation, about 100 yards from the cannon.
(5 rove's or Bunscn's batteries are best; Smcc's has been used with good results.
The power of the battery must be regulated according to the length and size of the
wire. Copper wire No. 10 is about the size required. If the wire be small and
long, the battery must be stronger.
The first target is placed about 20 feet from the muzzle of the gun, and the
second from 70 to 120, according to the velocity of the ]irojectile. The siie of the
target is no greater than is necessary to insure its being struck every shot, and the
distance between its wires is regulated in the same manner. For small arms a
much finer wire is used to form the target.
Captain Rodman's Pressure Piston. (Plate 21».)*
This iustrumenl is used to determine the pressure of the gas on the sides of the
bore of a gun. It consists of a hoiminy of wrought-iron, with a cylindrical nhank
at one end, chased with the threads of a screw, by which it is attached to the gun.
This shank has a cylindrical hole through its axis, .37 inch in diameter, into which
the piston fits tlosely. The head of the piston is terminated by a cutter, which is
forced bj' the explosion of the charge into a piece of wroughi-coppcr, leaving a cut
or indentation of greater or less length, according to the greater or less pressure on
the sides of the bore.
The cutter is made broad and thin, so as to make a loug cut compared with its
breadth and depth, that pressures which vary but slightly may be distinguished
more readily.
A strong «creic, at the opposite end of the housing to the shank, holds the disk of
copper on the cutter.
A ijns-check, made of thin copper, is set tip, by a die and punch, in the shape of a
hollow, shallow cup. It is placed against the lower end of the piston, the open eiui
toward the charge of powder. ,
* Ciit)t&in4 Benton ami Kodman art bold officers of the U. S. Ordnance Dejiartment.
LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS. 239'
A hole, .4 inch in diameter, is drilled into the bore of the gun at the seat of the
charge ; the outer part is counlcr-borcd and tapped so as to receive the housing.
To use the pfessiirc piston. — Clean and oil the piston and the hole in the housing
into which it works ; insert the piston in the housing ; put in the gas-check, press-
ing it down on the piston ; place a thin copper washer in the hole in the gun, and
screw the housing down firmly on it; place a disk of copper on the cutter; inter-
pose between this and the head of the screw a second disk, and press it down hard
on the cutter.
After each discharge, unscrew the housing, take out the gas-check, clean the hole
in the gun, the piston and the hole in which it works ; renew the gas-check as often
as required; see that the copper disk is pressed hard on the cutter.
The actual pressure in pounds is determined by placing the cutter in the dynamo-
meter, and applying a pressure until a cut is made of the same length in a similar
piece of copper.
LIGHTNING CONDUCTOES.
(Condensed from a "Circular Jleniorandum" issued by General Burgoync, In-
spector-General of Fortifications, British army, from the researches of Sir Wm.
Snow Harris, F. R. S., 1858.)
It appears to bo established —
That metal in a building, whether disposed in the form of a conductor or other-
wise, never attracts lightning.
That, provided the surfaces of metals are not interrupted by bodies possessing a
less conducting power, a building entirely of metal will be the safest of all, and
that such buildings require no further lightning conductors than connections with
the earth, over the masonry foundations on which they are often laid.
,That, with regard to a building of brick or stone, the object must be to establish
asufiScicnt number of lines of electrical conductors, extending from its most ele-
vated and prominent points to the ground, and further bring the building into a
condition similar to that of a metal building, by means of other conductors gen-
erally attached to more prominent lines of the building itself, such as the ridges,
angles and eaves.
There is no advantage, but the contrary, in endeavoring to insulate the con-
ductors from the building.
The best material for conductors is copper, either in tubes IJ to 2 inches
diameter, and .125 inch thick, or in plates 3.5 inches wide and .125 inch to .2
inch thick.
All metal surfaces, whether lead, copper, or iron, on ridges, roofs, gutters, or
coverings to doors or windows, to be connected by plates of copper with the con-
ducting system. Lead, on account of its low conducting power, cannot bo alto-
gether depended upon.
One or more solid copper rods, to project freely into the air, about 5 feet above
•Ho
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
fhf highest points of the building to which the main conductors are applied. Thi-
rumtnit of the rod to be pointed; but gold, gilt, or platinum tops are unnecessary.
The termination of the conductors below to l>c led into damp or porous soil, when
the building happens to stand upon it; but, when the soil is dry, two or three
trenches to be cut, radiating from the foot of the conductor, to a depth of IS
inches or 2 feet, and 30 feet in length, and either the conductor carried along
the bottom of the, trenches, or old iron chain laid in thera; carefully connected
with the foot of the conductor. The trenches to be then fillcil up to one loot in
depth with coal ashes, or other carbonaceous 8ub.stanco, and afterward with earth
or gravel.
If it be possible, in regulating the surface driunage, to lead a flow of water,
during the rain which generally accompanies thunder-storm.", oyer the sites of the
trenches, it will be an additional precaution.
Tanks arc ui«;les.<, except where the water flows freely into them fmm th« sur-
rounding soil ; and even then the}* arc .><uperUuous us appendages lo the conductors.
The conductors for a brick or stone magazine with slate roof should consist of a
sheet-copper strip 4 inches wide and .125 inch thick, covering the ridge and
securely fixed to it by wrought-coppcr nails. At each end of the ridge a solid
copper rod, .0 inch in diameter, is fixed to the conductor on the rid);c, and projects
about 6 feet above the highest point (jf the building : its upper end i» pointed.
Copjier strips, 3 inches wide, or copper tubes, 1 inch in diameter, paw down the
augles of the hip, and are firmly secured to the copper eaves gutter.
The descending w^j^ pipes, made also of copper, anil fastened to the face of the
buildiug by copper boldfasts, arc connected at their lower end to the uodergronud
conductor b}- a piece of copper, 3 inches wide, wrapped around the lower end of
the water ]iipcs and riveted to the underground conductor.
The underground conductor runs out from the building 4 feet, and then branchen
into two parts, each 8 feet long, 2 inches wi<le, and .12.') inch thick. These conduc-
tors are about 2.5 feet from the surface of the ground at the lower end, and are
covered with coal ashes and earth.
The copper shcathings on the doors and windows are connected with the lower
end of the water pipes by flat copper strips, 2 inches wide, fixed to the water table
by copper nails driven into wood plugs about 10 feet apart.
AVhen tubular conductors cannot be bad of sufficient length in one piece, they,
are connected by a union joint, and strengthened by a small pipe or femiU, about
4 inches long, inside the tube, and riveted to each end.
Buildings which have the eaves gutters and down-pipes made of tin or sine
should have a main conductor communicating directly with the ground : it should
also be connected with the eaves gutter, and the down-pipe should connect by a
metallic communication with the ground, running out some distance from the
building.
In case of buildings situate on a dry or rocky soil, especial pains must be taken
to lay down old chains or other conductors in various directions, to a distance of 10
LIGHTNING CONDUCTORS. 2-il
to 15 yards, and from 1 foot to 1.5 foot below the surface of the ground; and, if
possible, lead a flow of rain over the surface of the ground about or near the con-
ductor. Let the conductor terminate in a large surface of moist earth whenever it
can be effected.
If copper be not used for conductors, zinc is the next best material of which they
can be made. If iron be used, it should be in the shape of galvanized wroun-ht-
iron pipe, not less than 2 inches in diameter, firmly screwed together in joints of
extra thickness. '
Copper tube, of a thickness of from .125 to .2 inch, is always to be preferred : it
has more than five times the capacity for conducting electricity that iron has, and
more than three times that of zinc.
16
^
t«nm-
242 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Chapter Tenth
AMMUNITION AND MILITARY FIREWORKS.
BUILDINGS.
In a liirfjc CBtabliahmonl for the preparation of ammunition and fircwurkb, four
•oparatc biiildingti arc required.
Nil. 1 nhuuld have a porch, and contain at Icaiit four roomfl, viz :
Ctiriiidijt room, for making pajter ami flannel cartrid^ros of all kind^.
Fillinij room, for filliiiR cartri<lKes for cannon anil sidhII armK.
Packitxj room, for puttiag up ammunition for tran.-portation or Htura;;e.
Storeroom, for materials and tools.
No. '2. FtiR.NArK OK SMITH SHOP should have three roums — two entirely out off
from the third hj n partition wall:
Driving room, for driviu;; rockets, fuzes, etc.
MfiriiKj room, for mising compositions.
Funnier room, for oMting fuzes or bullets, and making compositions requiring the
use of fire. The floors are laid with brick or flagging.
No. .'j. Carprntku's snoi'.
No. 4. MAOAfiNE, for powder, fixed ammunition, etc.
All these buildings should be at a distance from inhabited buildings, apart from
each other, and protected by trees or traverses of earth placed between them.
The size of the rooms must be regulated by the number of artificers to be accoin-
modated. In small establishments the number of rooms may be reduced, as the
•ame room may be used, at difi°erent times, for difl'ereDt purposes.
Fixtures and Furniture.
1. Cartridge room*. — A table for making cartridges for small arms, 12 feel loof
and 2} feet wide, for twelve men or boys to work at, and the length in that propor-
tion for any greater number; tables for cutting paper and flannel, and for rolling
oases on ; choker for rocket cases ; press for rocket and portfire cases ; benches for
cartridge tables ; Btools. Closets should be partitioned oS from these rooms, and
furnished with cases, drawers, racks and shelves for materials and tools.
2. Filling room. — A shelf, 2 feet wide, for weighing on ; other shelves, with
closets under them ; tables with raised borders, for filling, folding, etc.; budge-
FURNACES. 248
barrcils, or powder barrels with copper hoops and covers; stools for seats; foott
spools; a step-ladder; stands and gutters for cmptj-iiig powder barrels.
3. J\ic':iiig 7-(i(>,:i. — Tables, benches, and stools; |>latform balance.
4. Storeroom. — Shelf for weighing on; shelves, drawers, and closets: tables, scales,,
stools, seats, step-ladder.
5. Driving room. — Blocks set in the ground or pavement; benches and stools.
In favorable weather, a porch attached to the building, or a tent, may bo usedifor
a driving room.
6. Mixin(j room. — Tables with raised edges; sieves, etc.
7. Fnnincr room. — Furnaces; workbenches; platform balance, or large scales ; a
tinner's bi'neh and tools, with a vice, an anvil, and a chest for tools; a smith's forgo,
shovel and poker; stools, etc.
8. Carpenter's shop. — Turning-lathe and tools; carpenters' benches and tools.
9. Magazine. — Shelves and frames for boxes and barrels.
Furnaces.
Two kinds of furnaces are used in a laboratory ; in tho first, the flame circulates
around both the bottom and sides of the kettle; in the second, it comes in contact
only with the bottom : the latter are used for compositions of which gunpowder forms
a part.
Furnaces are built of bricks. The kettle is of cast-iron, about 2 feet in diameter
at the top, having a rounded bottom and a flange about 4 inches wide around the
top, or else strong handles, to set it by. The bottom is 0.75 inch thick and the sides
0.5'inch. By setting it in an iron plate pierced with holes, encircling the bottom,
a furnace of tho first kind may be converted into one of the second kind by stopping
the holes.
Furnace for rcdncinri the oxide of lead, or dronx. — This furnace is built in the open
air, on a stone or brick foundation. It is composed of a cjiindcr of sheet-iron, 16
inches by 30 inches, lined with refractory clay from 2 to 3 inches thick.
The interior has tho form of an inverted frustum of a cone, terminating below in
a basin, the bottom of which is inclined toward a tap-hole. The firo is made in the
furnace, and the draught supplied by a bellows, tho nozzle of which enters at tho
top of the reservoir. Tho dross, and the charcoal intended for its reduction, are
thrown on the fire from the top of the furnace. The metal, as it is reduced, flows
into the basin, and escapes through the tap-hole into an iron vessel, and is cast into
bars or pigs as desired.
In the (ielil, furnaces maybe built with sods or sunk in the earth, if bricks cannot
be readily procured.
Fvrnace built n-ith «of^«.— Let the kettle rest on a trivet, the feet of which may
stand on iiny piece of Hat iron, such as the bottom of a shot canister or stand for
grape, tlic bottom of the kettle about 1 foot from the ground; build round it with
sods. Tho door of the furnace is 10 inches square; the flue of tho chimney, oppo-
site to the door, 6 inches square, and commencing about 6 inches from the ground ;
244 ORDNANCE MANUAL. ,
the first part of the flue inclined at an angle of about IT)" — the rcf* T.rtieal. and
plaocil, If circuiDBtanpes permit, against a wall; the top of the door ii'.nl of the flue
may he iiup|)orlcd hy omall bars of iron.
Fitriiiire milk in llir rnrth. — The edge of the kettle shouhl be about 1 inch above
the groMinl, and the bottom 12 to 15 inches above the hearth of the furnace; the
earth is dug down vertically 1 foot from the kettle for the front of the furnace, and
the door is cut out ten inches square. The earth is removed and sloped out, so as
to give accotis to the door; the flue is bored out on the opposite side with a crowbar:
it ctinimenccs 6 inches above the hearth and comes out of the ground 18 inches
from the furnace, whence it is carried horizontally about 13 feel.
In furnaces of the second kind mentioned above, the trivet may be omitted, and
the kettle may rest on the sod or earth for about 1 inch all round, and the earth
rammed in against the sides of the kettle.
Precautions against Accidents.
Avoid, a« much as possible, the use of iron in the construction of the buildings,
fixture.>i, tables, benches, boxes, etc., of the laboratory ; sink the heads of iron nails
■if u.-ied, and fill over them «i;h putty, or paste several thicknesses of pajier over
them. Hefore the men go to work, cover the floor with cariiets cir tarpaulins, which
are taken up carefully after the men leave, and curried al least .'0 yards from the
building, and there shaken thoroughly and swept. I>uring the work, have the
carpets frequently swept.
Place the stores in cloth bags in the windows exposed t<i the sun. Prevent persons
from entering with sabres, swords, or canes, etc., or with matches about their persons.
Direct all who work where there is powder to wear moccasins or socks, and to lake
them off when they leave. Direct the men not to drag their feet in walking.
Make the doors and windows to open and close easily, without friction ; keep them
open whenever the weather permits.
Never keep in the laboratory more powder than is necessary, and have the ammu-
nition and other work taken to the magazine as fast as it is finished.
Let powder barrels be carried in hand-barrows made with leather, or with slings
of rope or canvas, and the ammunition in boxes. Let everything that is to be
moved be lifted, and not dragged or rolled on the floor.
Never drive rockets, portfires, etc., or strap shot or shells, in a room where there
is any powder or composition, except that used at the time.
Loading and unloading shells, driving rockets, pulverizing materials, the prepa-
ration of compositions requiring the use of fire and in which the components of
gunpowder ent«r, ought to be done in all cases, when possible, in the open air or
under a tent, far from the laboratory and magazine.
Never enter the laboratory at night, unless it is indispensable, and then use a
close lantern, with a wax or oil light carefully trimmed. Allow no smoking of
tobacco near the laboratory.
MATERIALS. 245
In melting lead, be sure that it contains no moisture; put the pigs in carefully,
and do not use more than will fill the pot two-thirds full.
Use the same precautions iu melting fatty substances.
Applications for Burns.
Exclude the air by applying to the burn frenh lard ; or bathe the part burned,
and cover it with linen soaked in a mixture of 8 parts of sweet oil and 1 of harts-
horn, well beaten together.
MATERIALS.
Saltpetre.
For use in the laboratory, saltpetre should be freed from all foreign substances
arid be reduced to a fine powder, or else to very minute crystnls. It is best pulver-
ized in the rolling barrels at the powder mills; but it may be pulverized by hand in
the laboratory, as follows: Put into a rolUmj hnrrel 50 lbs. of 'dry refined saltpetre
and 100 lbs. of bronze balls; turn the barrel for two hours and a half, at 30 revolu-
tions a minute, striking it, at the same time, with a mallet, to prevent the saltpetre
from adhering to the sides. Separate the balls by means of a brass-wire screen,
and the foreign substances with a hair sieve.
Saltpetre may also be pulverized by pounding it in a brass mortar, or by solution,
as follows; Put 14 lbs. of refined nitre, with 5 pints of clear water, in a broad and
shallow copper pan, over a slow fire, and, as the nitre dissolves, skim off the impu-
rities; stir the solution with a wooden spatula until the water is all evaporated,
when the nitre will be very white and fine. Should it boil too much, the pan must
be lifted from the fire and set upon wet sand or earth, and the saltpetre should be
stirred until it dries, to prevent it from adhering to the pan.
Charcoal
Is the residuum of the incomplete combustion or of the distillation of wood. Its
composition and properties vary with the kind of wood from which it is made, and
with the mode of carbonization used.
It is as much more dense and compact as the wood from which it is mnde is
harder and of a closer texture; its density is nearly proportional to that of the
wood, and its combustibility seems to be as much greater as its density is less.
The best charcoal for fireworks is that which is most inflammable and which
leaves the least ashes, such as coals from black alder, willow, poplar, hazel tree,
hemp stalks, etc. Hard woods, generally, give coals containing more ashes than
light, soft ones; old trees more than young; dead trees more than living; in the
same tree, the bark more than the sap wood — next the trunk, the roots, and, least
of all, the branches.
In some cases, where long trains of fire are desired, charcoal from hard woods.
OUPNANCE MANUAL.
«nch as oak, nuiplo, or beech, is used. Charcoal for fireworks is be<<t made in cl'><ied
TesselH. Tlio "liffcrentlirocesBcs of carbonization are only more or lusa rapid disiil-
latioDS of the vcKctablo substance carried to a greater or less extent. The volatile
matters wliii-h are disengaged, and the fixed substances which remain, vary at each
moment, but in such a manner that the character of the former indicates that uf the
latter.
In a slow distillation by a jirostrc^isiv'c heat not exceeding .070°, bluish vapors are
8rst di)<er,gaged, then carbonic and acetic acids, cmpyrcumatic oil, and soot in dark
olouds burning with a red flame. Carbonic oxide replaces, by degrees, the carbonic
aoid, the .smoke becomes clearer, and the flame takes a viulct lint. Afterward,
earburelled hydrogen is disonga\;ed; the smoke becomes translucent; the Uamo
passes from a violet to a yellow, then to a more and more shining white. Finallj,
the smoke disapjtears, and the flame grows shorter and goes uuu
If the operation bo sto]>ped when the flame of the gus becomes violet, about 40
per cent, of charcoal will be obtained. If the operation bo continued till the (lame
becomes yellow, there will be had not more than 30 per cent, of coal. Finally, not
more than la per cent, will remain after the flame goes out. In all of these rases,
with slow diiitillutiiin the carbonization is uniform frum the surface to the interior
of each piece of wood, and requires a longer time in proportion as tho temperature
ia lower.
In a rapid di.stillalion with a very strong heat, the gaseous products are disen-
gaged simultaneously; the distillation on tho surface of a piece of wood is finished
before it is har<lly begun on tho interior. To obtain uniform results by thift mctbud,
the distillation must be protracted till from 15 to 2U per cent, of coal only is
obtained. liy the rapid distillation a part of the incombustible matter is carried
off, and the coal remaining contains less asbos. The carbonization in boilers, pota,
pits, or heaps, is nothing more than a rapid distillation.
Charcoal obtained by stojiping the carbonization when the violet flame appears
has a brown ch,)eolate shade; its fracture is bri^'ht and even: it is flexible, in thin
pieces; reduced to a powder, it has a greasj* feeling and a velvety appearance; it
bnrn.s with a yellowish blue flame, bright and without smoke: it gives out a heavy
sound when broken, and dissolves almost entirely in potassa. Heated in a close
vessel, it yields tar, pyroligueous acid, and 40 per cent, of gas. It is composed of
earbon 0.7:55, hydrogen 0.28S, and ashes 0.007.
Charcoal obtained from a protracted distillation, when only 1.0 per cent, is had,
from dry wood, has a bluish black color, is hard and coarse; it breaks easily, gives
ont a clear sound, burns without flame, and is with difficulty reduced to a powder :
it is then dry to the touch, and docs not easily form a cake by pressure : it if
insoluble in caustic potassa. It is composed of carbon .906, hydrogen, .076, and
ashes OIS.
AH ch:ircoals are embraced within the two preceding kinds, and approach more
or less one or the other. Coal which ha« not reached the brown chocolate shade
bams with smoke : it is called smokv coal : it is not yet charcoal. Charcoal
MATERIALS. 247
fire at about 460°. Black charcoal, highly calcined, takes fire quickly, but is
easily cxiinguished ; red charcoal is longer in taking fire, but it keeps fire and
burns up rapidly. This combustibility is as much greater as the charcoal is lighter.
Charcoal at a red heat decomposes water to combine with its oxygen. Its absolute
density is at least 1.5; the apparent density is very variable.
Charcoal does not become a conductor of heat and electricity unless it has been
highl3' calcined at a white heat.
It absorbs moisture rapidly from the atmosphere — particularly when in a state of
fine powder. When freshly prepared and pulverized, it absorbs and condenses
gases; it grows warm ; and, if in a mass of more than about 30 lbs., it takes fire
spontaneously. Black charcoal, highly calcined, may be set on fire, when in pieces,
by a strong blow, or by friction.
To make a comparison between charcoals as to their action in compositions, make
an intimate mixture of 5 parts of saltpetre and 1 of the ch.arcoal to bo tried, both well
pulverized; drive a fuze with the composition, or press it in a metal tube of about
one-quarter of an inch bore ; take its weight and height, and determine the time of
burning by a watch or pendulum. The rapidity of combustion, or the length of
composition which burns in a second, measures the combustibility of the charcoal.
Note also the weight of the residuum.
The rapidity of combustion is independent of the diameter of the tube and of the
materials of which it is made: it varies very little with the greater or less com-
pression of the composition, but varies much with the degree of trituration of the
materials: it is, therefore, important, in comparing different coals, to mix the com-
positions precisely in the same way.
SuLPnnn. — When melted sulphur is to be used, care must be taken that it does
not become thick — which t.akcs place at about 320°. It is pulverized by being
rolled four hours in a rolling barrel with twice its weight of balls, or by being
pounded in a mortar and sifted. Roll brimstone is used for melting, and flowers of
sulphur m.ay be used instead of roll sulphur pulverized, but is not so good.
GuNPOWDEU. — For compositions, gunpowder is mealed, cither by rolling it for two
hours with once and a half its weight of balls, or by beating it an equal length of
time in a leather bag, or by grinding it with a mnller on a mealing table.
Mealed powder, and pulverized saltpetre, charcoal and sulphur, are generally
obtained from the powder mills.
SuLPHURET OP ANTIMONY is a gray solid, with a fibrous texture, very fusible, very
Tolatile, and easily reduced to a powder. Density, 4.6"2.
It is found in the natural state, and can likewise bo prepared by melting in a
crucible equal parts, by weight, of antimony and sulphur pulverized and mixed. It
is purchased in the state of a powder. Its purity is tested by treating a small
sample (l-'iO grs.) with concentrated warm hydrochloric acid. The residuum which
is not dissolved ought not to exceed the sulphuret used, by 12 per cent.
Chi-oratb op potassa is a white salt, crystalizcd in white scales, anhydrous, not
altered by exposure to the air. Soluble in water: more in warm than in cold;
248 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
insoluble in alcohol. Density, 1.989. Fusiible at about 6()2° ; it is tlecoini>osfJ at
about 720° into oxypen and chloride of potassium.
Thif chU if one of the most energetic of oxidizinp bodies, because it jiarts with
its oxyf^on readily, of which it contains a great quantity (..■191.') of its weight).
Thrown on burning coals, it melts quickly. It ex]>lodes by simple contact with
Bulphuric acid: mixed with a combustible body, the mixture may be exploded by
friction or by a blow. It should be purchasc<l crystaliz.ed, and should not contain
more than one-lhousandth of its weight of chloride of sodium or potassium. lU
purity is lesteil by means of the nitrate of silver dissidved in distillcl water — 73J
grs. in oiie-(|uartor of a pint. Dissolve 77 grs. of the chlorate in ;iOU grs. of warm
water, and let the solution get cold: the chlorate will be precipitated in crystals.
Add to the licpiiil about two drops of the solution of the nitrate of eilver. After
filtering, the liquid ought not to give a precipitate by the addition of more nitrate of
•ilrer.
Fi'LMiNATE oi" MKiiciitv is a white salt,crystali7.ed in fine, silky needles. Soluble
in water: more so in warm than in cold water.
The elements of this salt are held together so feebly that the least shock or
friction causes its decomposition with au ex]dogion. (For manner of making, see
page 285.)
Fi'LMiN'ATiNO Powi»KR8 are compositions that detonate with great force by
friction or by a blow. They are generally made of fulminate of mercury or s
mixture of chlorate of potassa and sulphurct of antimony. The preparation and
manipulation of these powders are very dangerous, and ought to be matie, with the
greatest precautions, far from the laboratory and magazines. The powder of
chlorate of potassa and sulphuret of antimony cannot be manipulated without
danger if it have not at least '20 per cent, of water with it. In this stale a blow or
friction explodes only the part struck or rubbed; the rest is dispersed without being
set on fire.
The fulminate of mercury, with 30 per cent, of water, cx]ilodes partially when
ground on marble with a wooden muller ; but the explosion is not communicated
to the rest. It should always be manipulated moistened with this amount uf
water.
Leap is a bluish white metal, bright, but tarnishes quickly in the air. Specific
gravity, when pure, II. ■lb : melts at 600°, and volatilizes at u red heat.
The purity of lead is judged of by its specific gravity. To determine this, aflor
ha> ing weighed the i)ig. suspend it with a wire in a vessel of water, so that it shall
be completely immersed, without touching the sides, and weigh it again. The
weight in the air, divided by the difference between the weight in air and water,
will give the specific gravity — which ought to be 11.35 for lead of commerce.
Lead melted in contact with air is soon covered by a coat of gray oxide, which
rapidly increases in thickness. The formation of this oxide, or dross, is prevented
by covering the lead with powdered charcoal or rosin.
To reduce tin oxide of lead. — Put in a kettle about 50 lbs. of lead, with 1-lOth of
MATERIALS. 249
its weight of powdered charcoal or grease; cover the kettle, and raise to a red heat;
stir the mass, and add {gradually more coal, as it assumes a yellow color, using in
all i of the weight of oxide; dip out the lead with an iron ladle, and pour it into
iron moulds or pans. After having obtained in this way two-thirds of the weight
of oxide, in lead, throw the dross into a tub of water, and wash it, to separate the
ashes and coal ; dry the remaining oxide and grains of lead, and put them in a
ladle with l-20th of their weight of rosin ; raise it to a red heat, set fire to the rosin,
shake the ladle, and pour off the lead. A further addition of rosin will produce
more lead; 1-1 4th of the weight of dross is generally used. Tallow may be used in
place of rosin.
AVhen the quantity of dross is considerable, it may be reduced, in a similar man-
ner, in a small cupola furnace.
Acetate op lead (Surjnr of Lead) is a white, efiBoreseent salt, of a sweetish
taste, soluble in three or four times its weight of cold water. Specific gravity,
2.345. It may be made by heating a mixture of litharge and vinegar. The solu-
tion being concentrated and set aside to cool, the salt crystalizes in white, brilliant
needles.
Plumbers' solder is an alloy of lead and tin, in the proportion of 2 parts of the
former to 1 of the latter.
Antimony {Rcgulufi of Antimony) is a grayish white metal, very brilliant, with a
highly lamellatcd structure. Specific gravity, 6.7; melting point, 809°. It is
easily reduced to powder, and by its combustion with sulphur produces a strong
light and heat, with a blue or white flame. Antimony is never found pure in the
shops ; that which is sold under the name of reffiiliis of aiilimony always contains a
little sulphuret of antimony, arsenic, and sometimes sulphuret of iron.
Copper is a red, brilliant metal, possessing great tenacity, ductility and mallea-
bility. Specific gravity, 8.9; fusible at about 1980°.
Copper, being but slightly acted on by saltpetre, is employed for powder
measures, utensils for refining saltpetre, etc. Copper vessels should not be exposed
to a great heat, or used for heating compositions containing sulphur, as the copper
would be rapidly oxidized.
In fireworks, copper filings are used to give reddish sparks and a greenish blue
flame.
Bronze is used in the laboratory for utensils and implements which receive
Wows, or act by percussion, and replaces steel and iron wherever there is danger of
an explosion from a blow or from friction.
Brass is an alloy of about 2 parts of copper and 1 of zinc. Brass wire is used
for ligatures, for screens and sieves.
Acetate of copper ( V< rdigris) is a green salt, used sometimes to make slow-
match, which burns with a strong coal and with a slightly green flame.
Zinc is a bluish white metal; usually brittle, and its fracture shows a crystalline
structure. Specific gravity, 6.9; melts at 680°, is volatilized at a red heat and takes
^ fire in the air, burning with a white flame. At 400° it is easily reduced to a pow-
250 ORItNANCK MANUAL.
der in a murfiir. (ininulated zinc is iisod to jjrodurc a blni,«h flame. An alloy of
nine an<l aiiliinony pulverized p;iv(;s bi-autiful blue drops. The oxide of zinc
(Jlowerx oj zinc) produces the appearance called fjold rain. It ouf^ht to be pur-
chased in scales, not in a powder, as in this latter case it may be mixed >¥ith foreign
oubstanccs.
TnoN. — Filings and thin chips give very brilliant ."sparks and stars, the effects of
which dijiciid on (he size of the particles used; the filin(;s must be made when
wantc'l, or be very enrcfully preserved from rust.
SnKKT-inoN. — Select the softest and most pliable. M'hen it is substituted for
tin, in strajtpin}; projectiles, it should be first annealed, by heating it to a dull red
heat, and letting it cool grailually under warm ashes, not exposed to the air.
Cast-iron. — Pulverized, it gives very large white sparks, in fireworks (Chinese
Are). Select the white cast-iron, or take the pieces of utensils with thin sides. To
pulverize it more easily, heat it to a red heift and throw it into cold water. \
Stkkl. — In fireworks, filings and small pieces give the most brilliant sparks.
Pai'kh. — Mniikct-cartridgf paper should bo homogeneous and without any trace
of stalks, well sized, even, pliable, with a good body without bt ing loo thick, free
from folds or rents.
The sheet, when moistened, ought to present a uniform hue, without spots or
marblings. Taken out of the water and suspended a moment by the extremiiic*
of the short sides, it ought not to tear from its own weight. The sheet crumpled
in the hand or pinched with the nails ought not to t«ar in the f<dd8, and when torn
the rent should be fibrous.
A strip of paper 4 inches wide ought not to break under a weight of 40 pounds,
in the direction of its least strength.
In testing the strength of pa]>er, the two ends are held >iy two vices of hard
wood. Each vice is comjiosed of 2 rectangular jaws, which can be brought against
each other and held firmly by means of screws, or bj- tenons on one jaw passing
through the other and keyed firmly to it. A strip of paper 4 inehes wide is cat
and iu.scrted in the vices, so that the length between them shall be exactly 12
inches. The jaws arc dosed tightly, and one vice is suspended from a fixed point
by means of a cord or hook, and to the other is made fast the pan of a bn!:ince.
It is loivdcd gradually, with care, until the paper gives way. The strij'-* r'lould
not be taken from the edges of the sheets only, but from all parts, and 'roui the
length and breadth successively, for in these two directions the strength is very
different.
Five sheets are generally Uikcn from each ream, in which only one sheet cai
have one-tenth less strength than that allowed. If this condition be not fnlfillod.
the ream is rejected.
Paper may be made by hand or by machine.
The other papers are tested in the same way, and should possess the same gen-
eral characteristics.
MATERIALS. 251
^izfi and Weiqht of Paver.
No- ■
, _ ut. of bundle. Proof wt.
1. For musket cartridges IT xlOiin 40 i^g.
^' " " " wrappers ...IS X20 •• :?(;11,«., loi '>'
3. Blank cartridges 15 x20 " nO '• ' .' " 67.' "
4. Portfires and rockets 19 ^o.S " fi5 .. ^<^^^ u
5. Fi.\ed ammunition 2:].JX24 " GO " '"'yf
6. Cannon e.irtridge.s 10X2.T " 70 - 315 <<
7. Fireworks ,3 ^iCi- 20 "'.'.'.'.','.'.'' 85 ••
The .several kinds to be packed in bundles: Nos. 1, 2, 3, in bundles of 1,000
sheets each, the others in bundles of 500 sheets; all without folding. The dimen
s.ons given above arc such as the sheets are required to have when (rimmed for use
Tow should be entirely of hemp or flax, clean, dry, sound, free from .talks and
lorcign substances.
Merino ou s,:ugk, for eartridge-bags. .should be made entirely of wool; it should
be strong, closely woven, twilled, and not frayed ; the width should be even in the
same piece ; that 3 yard wide i^ convenient and the most common. The colors are
to be preferred in the following order: green, gray, yellow, blue, red, white ; re-
ject black, which is almost alway.-< burnt and weak.
CANVAS.-Takc the strongest and clo.sest woven; u.sed for sacks for fire-balls.
Twin..; should be strong, smooth, and well twis(cd-0.03 inch thick for bundlin<r
cartridges, etc.. and for sewing fire-balls; from 0.06 inch to 0.08 inch for fixing
ammunition, etc.
TnuKAn.-For infantry cartridges, of unbleached flax, two strands, strong and
even.
Ron.: should bo even and well twiste.l; that most commonly used in the labora-
tory IS wmte hemp rope from 1 inch to 1..5 inch in girth
Thread and rope ought to be pliant, without being soft, made of hemp of good
quality, water rotted, and entireiy freed from stalks; of a silvery color, pearl Ly
green or yellow, not too deep, too black, nor stained with brown. Its siz.e should
be uniform throughout its whole length.
Gum ARABIC should be transparent, yellowish white, brittle, insipid, inodorous,
oluble in water and vinegar, insoluble in alcohol. It is used in solution to give
body and tenacity to compositions, or to make them burn more slowly. It should
be prepared as required, for when in solution it undergoes a decomposition.
GiUE should be bar,!, dry, transparent, of a brownish red color, and free from
smell.
WnisKRY ou Ai.conoi. is used in moistening compositions into which saltpetre
enters, as it docs not dissolve saltpetre. It should be stron-.
To prevent its being drunk, mix a little assafc«tida with U. When whiskey can-
not be had, vinegar may be used.
252 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
To prepare Pastes and Glue.
Flour Ptmir. — Sift the flour, and mix it with 8i times its weight of water ; heat
it geutly, stir it, and let it boil for three-quarters of an hour; when it I)ecome8
ropy, pour it into bowls, and pass it through a sieve before it is quite cold. The
flour yields 7 times its weight of paste. Time reejuired to make it, one hour and a
half. It is best made of rye flour.
Starch PiiMe. — Mix wheat starch with twice its weight of water: pour it grad-
ually into 6i times its weight of boiling water, and let it boil for ten miuutcs,
stirring it all the time; then i)roceed as before. Starch yields 8 times its weight of
paste. Time required, 1 Imur.
PaHtf for I'antrboard. — Mix the flour or starch with 12 times its weight of water:
this yields 9 times the weight of flour, and 11 times the weight of starch.
PoHte mixed trith (ilite. — The addition of 1-1 Oth of glue makes the paste fit for past-
ing sheets of parchment together, or for pasting jiapcr on wood. Dissolve the glue
separately, and pour it into the cold water with which the flour or starch is mixed.
Cliemc I'uHif is made of fresh white cheese ftOd quicklime. Pound the cheese in %
mortar with boiling water: let it stand, and decant it: repeat this operatinn three
or foUY times. Pound together 3 parts of tliis cheese thus prepared and 1 jjart of
quicklime, moistening it with pure water till the paste ro]ies like honey. Prepare
only a little at a time. It is used in pasting parchment and parchment paper.
These different kinds of paste should be used cold. A sujiply for not more than
2 or 3 days should be made at one time; but it may be preserved longer by adding
alum in the proportion of 1-lOth of the weight of flour. The depredations of rati
may be prevented by dissolving a like proportion of colocyuth in the water with
which the paste is made.
Ulur is dissolved in its own weight of boiling water A glue pot with a water
b&th should be used, to aroid burning the glue. Kemove the pot from the fire M
soon as the glue is entirely dissolved.
Trituration of Materials.
Materials intended for the preparation of fireworks are reduced to a powder by
rolling them in a leathern barrel with bronze balls ; or, if the barrel be not on hand,
leather sacks, or mortars and pestles, may be used, attaching the pestle to an elastic
rtd.
During the trituration with the barrel, strike the bars of the barrel from time to
time with a small mallet, to deta-h the materials which may adhere to the sides.
The materials taken from the barrel are first passed through a brass screen, to
separate the balls, and then through a sieve. For certain purposes, as for signal
rockets, the charcoal should not be an impalpable powder. The trituration is then
made in a leather sack.
The sack is filled and closed up: one man holds it by the mouth, lays it on an
even block, and turns it frequently, whilst another strikes it with a billet of wood.
BALL CARTRIDGES. 253
After five minutes, the charcoal is taken ont and passed over a silk screen, to get rid
of the dust: what remains is then separated into three numbers —
No. 1. That which passes through the screen No. 1 ;
No. 2. That which passes through the screen No. 2;
No. .3. That which passes through the screen No. 3.
AMMUNITION FOR SMALL ARMS.
There arc two kinds of cartridges used in service — the ball cartridge, made with
a single elongated ball, and the buckshot cartridge, made with fifteen buckshot.
Ball Cartridges*
Making balls. — Lead balls are made by compression, by means of machines for
that purpose. Balls thus made are more uniform in size and weight, smoother, more
solid, .and give more accurate results, than cast balls.
The lead is first east into round cylindrical bars, .58 and .6.3 inch in diameter for
the calibres .•'')8 and .69 inch respectively, and 21 inches long, and then rolled to .46
* and .56 inch in diameter for the same calibres respectively : length, 25 inches. These
bars are fed to the machine, which cuts off a part sufficient for one ball and transfers
it to a die, in which the ball is formed, with cavity and rings, the surplus metal being
forced out in a thin belt around the ball in the direction of its axis. The balls are
trimmed by hand, with a knife, and are then passed through a cylinder gauge of the
proper size.
A (lay's work. — One man can m.ike with the macliine .30,000 balls in ten hours,
the bars of lead being prepared for him. One man can cast \,-)0() bars in 10 hours,
and can trim and roll 2,000 bars in ten hours. A boy can trim and gauge 5,000 in
10 hours.
Bullet moulds are provided to cast l)alls, where the pressed balls cannot be had.
The mould is so constructed as to trim the balls by a single operation before they
are taken from the mould.
Buckshot are compressed by machines in a similar manner to balls. They are also
readily obtained from private shot works.
To GREASE THE BALLS. — Placc them on their bases on a tin frame capable of
holding about 50 balls, and immerse it in a melted mixture of 1 part of tallow and 8
of beeswax, kept warm, until the cylindrical part of the ball is covered. Remove
the frame, and let it stand until the grease hardens.
Three frames arc required for each boy.
TO CUT THE PAPER.
• WOUKMAN. — 1 cxitter.
Materials. — Paper and pencil.
Impleme.vts. — 1 cutting-board, 30 inches square; 1 iron rider, 33 inches long; 1
lever, 1 cord, 1 large knife, 1 sandstone, 1 trapezoid of hard wood or iron.
* A metUod of attaching the paper cartridge directly to the ball has recently been invented by
F. J. Gardner, iind is used in the Confederate Liiboriitoiy at Kidiniond.
254 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Cut the paper first into strips of a width e'|ual to the Icnjrth of a trapcxoid, and
then into tnipezoids, using the pattern as a gui<ie.
The paper and ruler are kept from moving by means of a lever, one end of which
is fixed and the other is moved by the foot by means of a cord and treadle.
The knife is held in both hands.
From C to 8 rcam.s may be cut at a time in lliis way.
A cutting machine, like that used by bookbinders, facilitates the operation when
many hands arc employed.
When only a knife and ruler are used, about 12 sheets arc cut at a time.
TO MAKK TIIK CAUTItlDGK.
WoRKMKN. — 1 mnslcr, 10 boi/i.
Imi'I.kmknts /or each boy. — 2 Itoxen to ludd cylinders, 20 inches long, 8 inches
wide, and 4 inches high, in the clear, made of i-inch boards, without a cover: they
are placed on their sides, their backs ineliueJ against the partition in the middle
of the cartridgB table, the front resting ou clcuts nailed to the table ; 1 former,
eyliudricul, of hard woimI, of the same diameter as the ball, 6 tu 7 inches long, one
end pointed, almost as much as the ball, and marked with a shallow groove 4.0
inches from the end ; I aabot or frame, lacked to the table, to hold balls, placed at
the left hand of the boy; 1 »pool of thread, turning on a vertical spindle fixed in
the table near the balls ; I choking-ntriiKj, made of 4 or '> -carlridgc threads twisted
together, about St inches long, with a wooden toggle at ihc onJ — fastened to the
edge of the table, at the right hand of the boy; 1 knif^ bludr, \\ ineh long, hooked,
driven into the 'front of the table below and near the chcike-string.
To KOUM THK cvLi.NOEn. — Lay the trapezoids on the table with the side perpen-
dicular to the bases toward the workman, the broad end to the left.
Take the former in the right hand and lay it on a trapezoid, the groove in the
former against the right edge of the paper, bringing the pointed end J imh from
the broad end of the paper; envelop the former with the paper; then, with the
fingers of the left hand laid flat upon the paper, turn the former and roll all the
paper upon it : hold it with the left hand, and, wiib the ehoking-atring in the right,
take one turn around the cylinder at about J inch from the end; h<dd the former
firmly in the K-ft baud, and draw gently upon the chokiiig-string, pressing at the
same time with the left forefinger upon the projecting end of the eyliudcr, thus
folding it neatly down upon the end of the ball. Having choked the cylinder
close, carry it to the right side, and, with the thread in the right hand, take two
half-hitches firmly around the part that has been choked; cut the thread on the
knife blade, and press the choke in a cavity in the table; place the former, with a
cylinder ou it, on a second trapezoid ; put a ball over the end of t! c former; roll
the paper on the former and the ball; hold the cylinder in the left hand and choke
and tic it as just described for the inner cylinder; withdraw the former, pressing
the eyliudcr with the left band, and i)lacc it in the box.
A di't/'g Hork. — A boy can make 800 cylinders in 10 hours.
BALL CARTRIDGES.
255
TO FILL THE CYLINDEn.
iMPr .,,r.NTS -1 charter, made of a cylinder of wood or brass pierced with two
ono end of the cyhndcr, and a discharge pipe to the other. The holes in the
cyluider are made to communicate and shut off, alternately, from the funnel holding
liven'T: r' "r T , ^''■f ''''^ ^^ ^''^ '^^^^ ^"^' ^^ ^ --Procatlog motion
given to the cylinder by the hands.
Fill the funnel with powder; in.sort the dischar.^e pipe in a cartridge, holding
he charger .n both hands, and turn the cylinder; the charge of powder i! deposited
m th cartridge : .nsert the pipe in the next, and turn the cylinder in ,he opposite
direction ; and continue in the same way for all the rest
Cartridges may be tilled with a copper charger made' to hold the cact charge
pouring the powder by means of a small funnel which is inserted in the cartrid-^e '
To PINCH THP. CAnrniDGK.-Take the cartridge in the right hand, strike it liglit'ly
on the table to settle the powder; flatten the empty part of the cylinder, and bend
t ush with the top of the powder, at right angles to the cartridge, the obli.ue Zl
of he trapezoid on top, the cartridge .standing vortical on the table; tild th
flattened part in the direction of its length with two folds from the exterior, meetin.
letus ' '"'''' '"' '•"' "° '"''' '^^^ ^^"'^'^ '' - '^^ »=^'''« to sel
TO KixDLK CAnrnincKS.
th7b.!irb?7/ '"" "''^'""^ '■"'^■^ "'■ '"P= -id,he,,„al to 5 times the diameter of
th ball height equal to twice that diameter, and length that of the cartridge It
.s tacked to the table, the sides parallel to and near the edge of the table
Put a wrapper in the box, the long side perpendicular to the edge of' the table
.Two tie t' '''"; " '''' ""''"'^ "' ^"^ ^^"^ ^ P'^^<^' ^«™"«' to ?he sides o
th7 n ne. "h r "' ' ""'' ^'^ ''^"^ "^^'^^"'^^'"^ ■' ^-'" the short ends of
he paper together. ..nd fold them twice close down on the cartridges; insert a
Package of caps lu the end of the bundle next to the ends of the lower tier ; fold
ZnuTZ T':' '"' ''° ''^ '""'"''' «'-^' '" ^^^ ^"-tion of the length
then Its breadth, with the twine fastened in a single bow-knot. The wrappers ar
of ditrerent colors, to distinguish the cartridges for the diflerent arms
Casks l-oh PKRCus.sioN-CAPs.-These are rolled on a former, .-04 inch in dia
meter, choked at one end -ind Ho,) t,., i .
, I one ena anrt tied. Twelve caps arc put in, and the case is closed
by twisting the open end of the case.
FiveT;'%?"7"""'-~^'^'''''''^°^ nro packed in boxes containing 1.000 each.
Five tiers of bundles are laid flat in a single row along one side of the box ; the rest
ai-e placed on edge, the caps alternately up and down.' m.nk .ar„,,,.. ar pL ked
. W. eonuining 2.000 each; the bundles are pla. ed on end, the ca^ altcLtely
to.Ctf "'''"*'r""~J'" ''"•"'' "■"" '""^^'^ "^ "'^"^ P'"° ^"»"^^^- dovetniled a.d nailed
to^ethc, and arc furnished with wooden brackets or handles nailed to the ends
256 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
with wrought nails, rlcnclicd on the iuside; the lids fastened with six 1.75-iQch
screws. They are painted difTcrent colors, to indicate the kind of cartridges. The
boxes shiiuld be lined with strong ])apcr, and the bundles of cartridges must be
packed cloi'ely, so as not to shake in transportation. Each box should be marked,
on each end, with the number and kind of cartridges, and on the in.xide of the cover
with the jilace and date of fabrication.
t
Blank Cartridges. ^
Matkhial.s. — Xo. 2 pnj)€r ; pante ; powder.
Cut the paper into trapezoids as foe ball cartridges; roll the trapezoid on the
former, one turn : fold down this much of the paper on tlic head t»f the former with
the left hand; roll the rest of thepai)er; fold down the rest of the paper; touch
the fold with a little jjaste on the finger; press the eml of the former on a ball
imbedded in the table for the purpose ; remove the cylinder from the former; place
it in a box to dry.
Fill the cylinders as described for ball cartridges.
A diijf'a work. — One boy can make 2,000 cylinders in 10 hours. -
Packing Musket Balls. '*
Balls are packed in boxes with tow or saw-dust, to prevent their bruising. The
boxe.'' are made of 1-iuch boards, and contain 1,000 balls.
They are marked on both ends with the number au.i kind of balls, and on the
inside of the cover with the place and date of fabrication. The cover is fastened
with six 2-inch screws, and the boxes must be hooped with iron for transportation.
They are not painted.
1
4^
CARTRIDGES FOR SMALL ARMS.
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258 ORDNANf'K MANUAL.
AMMUNITION FOR FIELD AND MOUNTAIN SERVICE.*
The iiiiirimnition for field and mountain service consists of —
Shitl for tiie 6 and 12-pdr. guns.
HhfllH for t ho 12-jjdr. guns, an<l 12. 24, and 152-pdr. howit/.cr and mountain howitzer.
Sjilieriml-rttiie ulioi for the 6 and 12-pdr. guns, and 12, 21, and .32-pdr. howitzer
and mountain howitzer. '
('(iiiiKlrrii for the f) and 12-pdr. guns, au^^ 12, 2'1, and .'?2-|)dr. howitzer ami moun-
tain howitzer.
The projiclilo is attached by strajts of tin to a wooden »<il>ot. to whicli is also
fastened the vnytiiiiijc-bnij containing the charge, for the gunc, the 12-pdr. howitzer,
and the mountain howitzer, making to;^ether <t round of fixed nmmunition. The
oartrid;;c for the 24 and .'<2-])dr. howit/.cr.s is not attached to the sabot, but to a
tarlridijc-btock, and is separate from the projectile.
Cartridge-bags.
The cartridge-bag is a cylindrical bag with a circular bottom, made of merino or
nergo. The material should be composed entirely uf wool, free from any mixture
of thread or cotton, and of suflSeiently close texture to prevent the powder from
sifting through: that wiiich is twilled is preferred. Flannel is used when the other
Ulaterialc cannot be conveniently uhtained.
TO Ct'T THE CLOTH. k
Implicmknts. — 2 lablcH ; jinttcrnn, of hard, well-scasoncd wood, or of sheet-iron
or tin, for the rectangles and bottoms: shfari ; chalk or colored crnyont.
A marker and assistant spread out the cloth on the table in two thicknesses, and
make it fast at each end of the table on three or four hooks driven in the ends of
the tabic, or by means of weights, drawing it suflBciently to lake out the folds, and
uo more.
They murk out the rectangles and bottoms with the patterns and ruler, so dispos-
ing and c<imbiuing them as to cut the clotii to the licsl aJvaiitag"-.
The length of the rectangle (development of the tylindtr) should be taken in the
direction of the length of the stuff, as it does not stretch in that direction. The
Bolvagc, if there be any, ought to be at the mouth of the bag. The cutter takes
a piece thus marked to another table and cuts out the rectangles and bottoms with
a pair of .*liears. The l)ottoms may be cut out with a hollow punch of the proper size.
Skwing. — Marks for the seam are traced on the rectangles and bottoms, by mi'ans
of patterns of the proper size. The seam should be at least a half inch from the
edge. The bag is sewed with woollen yarn, with a backstitch, 12 to the inch. The
edges are turned down on the same side of the seam and basted, to prevent the
powder from sifting through; the edges of the bottom are basted down upon the
sides. Bags may be sewed advantageously by the sewing machine. Bags fur fixed
* The ammiwition for rifle guns is nut ^ct fully Uecideii uo, and is, tlicrefore, uButted.
SABOTS AND CARTRIDGE-BLOCKS. 259
ammunition are gewed to within .'5 inches of t'l • mouth for 12-pihs.; to within 2.75
inches for 6-pclrs. ; all others, up to the mouth. A bag is given as a model to .sew by.
Cartridge-hags, when filled, should pass through the small shot-guage of their
calibre; those used for patterns should he thus verified. The empty bags should
be measured by laying tiic bag, flattened cut, between two marks ou a table, show-
ing the width of the pattern-bag; a variation of 0.1 inch, greater or less, is allowed.
Reject those sewed with too Inrge stitches.
Bags for practice or for blank cartridges may be formed i>y sewing together two
rectangular pieces with semicircular ends; the cloth is marked, for cutting and
sewing, with stamps made of 1-inch boards of the dimensions of the cutting slamp,
with a strip of tin or copper fastoned to the edge of the board, and projecting about
i inch perpendicular to the side; another strip parallel to the first is inserted in a
groove i inch from it: the edges of these strips are made rough, to retain chalk or
paint used in marking. A handle is placed in the middle of the face opposite to
the marking strips. Width of cutting stamp for ]2-pdr., 7.0 inches; for 6-pdr., 6
inches. Length, including semicircular ends, for 12-pdr., 10.5 inches; for O-jxlr.,
8.5 inches.
Packing. — Cartridge-bags are preserved from mnths by being packed with
pounded camphor and black pepper, or dipped in water with arsenic dissolved in
it, or a solution of sulphate of copper, I lb. of sulphate to 26 lbs. of water. Oj^-
they may be sealed up, in bundles of 50, in cases made of cartridge paper, carefully
closed with strips of thin paper pasted over the seams. Each bundle is marked
with the number and kind of bags.
Tliey may be preserved from moisture bj' being enveloped in water-proof paper.
Sabots and Cartridge-blocks.
Subot» and Caitridge-hhukg are made of poplar, basswood, or othdir light, close
grained wood: it must be well seasoned, and should be clear of knots and splits.
The assistant saws the scantling to the proper length for a sabot, roughs it out,
and marks its centre.
The turner puts it in the lathe, and turns, first the exterior and grooves, and then
the cavity for the projectile.
The holes for the handles .are bored with a bit, and countersunk on the inside to
receive the kuot on the end of the cord. Distance between them for shells is 1.5
inch; for canisters, 2.3 inches. Length of cord for handles, for shells, 12 inches;
for canisters, 20 inches. Diameter of cord, .15 inch.
The cartridge-blocks and sabots for shot and spherical-case shot for guns have
one groove. Sabots for gun canisters and for the 12-pdr. howitzer or mountain
howitzer shells, spherical-case shot and canisters have two grooves. All the
grooves are .3 inch wide and .15 inch deep. They are .8 inch apart, from centre
to centre, for guns, and ,5 inch for howitzers. The corners and bottoms of the
grooves are slightly rounded.
260 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
The dimensions of finished sabots and Mocks are verified with appropriate
gauges. For dimensions, cee page 2()0.
A dny'» wurk. — One man can make 3j0 sabots for 6 or 12-pdr. gun,
or 300 " " field howitzers,
or 600 cartridge-blocks, small charge, tn
or 700 cartridge-blocks, large charge. -"^ik
Straps.
Straps are made of sheet-tin. For nhot there arc two straps crossing at riirht
angles, one passing through a slit in the middle of the other. For nhrlh there are
four straps factcncd to a ring of sheet-tin, picrce<l with 4 slits, thr<iugli wliicb the
ends of tiic straps are i^nssed and foldeil down on the under side.
The sheet of tin is first cut to a length equal to that of the stra]>s. and if the
straps are for shot, a line is drawn, dividing it into two e(|iial parts, to mark the
place for the slit. The straps are cut with circular shears. If such be not at band,
the width of the strap is marked on the sheet, is cut with tinners" shearc, and
straightened on a bench with a mallet.
The slits arc made with a cold-chi.-'el on a bluck of Icail, and a str«|» not slit is
passed through, and .^et flat by a blow of the hammer.
Ring Si.
liivijH arc cut from sheet-tin by means of two punches: the first having the
diameter of the exterior and the other that of the interior of the ring. The slits are
made with a cold-chisel, and the required concavit}' to fit the ball is given by ham-
mering on a block of lead having a concave surface. The ends of the straps are
passed through the slits, folded down, and set flat. Dimeiition* of rings: exterior
diameter, 3. 'J5 ; interior diameter, 1.70.
Strapping Shot and Shells.
Impi.kments. — 1 hrtich ; '2 pani, containing natU O.-O.*) inch long, with f-troug, flat
beads 0.2 inch diameter; buxt and barrels, for straps and sabots: 4 /mmmrr*, for
strapping; 1 common hnmmrr ; A piinrhn ; ahot-gawjet, of each calibre; 1 g'lH'jf for
each calibre. 0.04 inch greater than the largest shot-gauge, through which the shot
should pass aft*r it is strapped; tine or ragt, for wi[iing balls; 1 trheelbarrote ; 1
tarpaulin, if the shop have not a plank floor.
A helper knocks ofl" the scales from the balls with a hammer, cleans and dries the
interior of the shells, if requisite, wipes the balls, and gauges them both before and
after they are strapped.
The workman, sitting astride the bench, places the shot or shell in the cavity of
the sabot, the roughest part of the shot down, the fuie-hole of the shell tm top, ia
th« axis of the sabot. The ball should rest on the bottom of the cavity (it can b«
told from the sound, by striking on the bottom of the sabot with a hammer) ; if it da
SPHERICAL-CASE SHOT. 261
not, the sabot is rejected. The workman places the junction of the straps in the
axis of the sabot, or the ring concentric with the fuze-hole of the shell ; beginning
with the strap which is not slit, he forces the end of it into the groove of the sabot
with the back of the hammer, punches it, and nails it; he then draws the other end
tight, punches it, and nails it, in the same manner. He disposes the other strap
perpendicular to the first, nails it to the sabot as he did the first, cuts off the super-
fluous length, and with the hammer and side of the cold-chisel sets the straps in
close to the ball at the top of the sabot.
The sabots for 32 and 24-pounder field howitzers having no groove, each strap is
fastened by 1 nail on the side and 2 under the bottom of (he sabot.
A day's tnirk. — Two men can strap, in 10 hours, 130 shot, or Tf) shells, cutting the
tin from the sheet.
Thk boxkr mode. — Uore a hole, .2 inch in diameter, .\-'> inch deep, in the shot;
enlarge the hole at bottom. Take a copper rivet .2 inch diameter, hollow out the
end, leaving the length of the rivet .25 inch greater than the least thickness of the
sabot; bore a hole in the centre of the sabot for the rivet, with a countersink for the
head; place the shot in the sabot, the hole down; insert the rivet in the sabot,
making it enter the hole in the shot; strike the head of the rivet a blow with
a hammer to upset the end of the rivet and fasten the sabot.
Another mode. — If tin or sheet-iron cannot be procured, straps may be made of
ttroiig cauvtif, 1 inch wide, sewed at the point of crossing. The part of the ball
which is to be inserted in the sabot is dipped in glue; the straps are also glued to
the ball ; the ends are doubled into the groove and secured by 2 nails in each end.
Another method is to wrap round the ball a band of canvas 1 inch wide, one half of
which is glued to the ball, the other to the sabot; or the shot may be kept in place
by merely tying the cartridge-bag over the top of it.
Charging Shells.
Matertai.s. — Ri'fe or mttuket powder ; pliigx ; fuzes; chnlk.
Imi'Lkmk.nts. — 1/iiniiel; powder measure, to hold the required charges : 1 wooden
sfrai(/lil-edi/e ; lurcfe howl ; fuze-wrench.
The shells, having been properly cleaned, dried, tapped to receive the plug and
the fuze, and attached to the sabots, are placed in two rows. The workman fills the
measure with powder, strikes it level with the straight-edge, and pours it in the
shell ; the assistant holds the funnel, and marks the shell with chalk when filled, to
prevent mistakes. The assistant screws in the plug. The workman puts a little
white lead on the threads of the fuze, punches 4 or ii small holes in the tin disk, and
screws the fuze firmly into the shell, the assistnnt holding the shell to prevent it
from turning.
Spherical-case Shot.
The shot leaving been cleaned and inspeete<l. the upper part of the fuze-hole is
tapped to receive the fuze; the small hole is tapped to receive the plug.
20:i ORDNANCK MANUAL.
TO FILL THE SHKLI,.
Matkrials. — Sphcn'ral, leaden balls, calibre .59 inch; nnlphiir ; Unbred oil.
Utknsils. — 1 kettle ; 1 ladle ; 1 iron funnel, the neck chiiseil with the threads of
jt screw, to fit the smiill part of the fuze-hole.
F'li.LiNf) THK siiKLL. — Corcf the lead halls with linseed oil, and fill the shell with
them, pushinp (he upper halls aside with the fingers or .a A'wV, to get in as many aa
poBsihle. Warm the shell gently, and screw the neck of the funnel into the fu«o-
hole : jioiir in the niclted sulphur, filling the shell.
To MAKK THP, CHAMBF.R KoR THK cnAKGE. — Chuck the shot in a lathe; screw tho
funnel into the fuze-hole, to protect the threads from being injured hy the auger, and
with a common screw auger bore a hole in the axis of the shell to tho bottom.
Diameter of the auger, .7.') inch.
Lacker the shot and strap it; paint the ring around the fuze-hcde red.
To cnAnoK tiik shot. — Fill the chamber with musket powder, ramming it slightly
with a wooden drift and light mallet: screw in the iron jdug, leaving its tf)p flush
with the bottom of the large portion of the fuze-hole, and lay over it a thin leather
washer with a hole in the centre; fill the lude in the j>hig and washer wiih rifle
powder; punch 4 or •') small holes in the tin disk in the bottom of the fuze; put a
little white lead on the threads of the fuze, and screw tho fuze firmly into the shell.
Fix the spherical-case shot the same as round shot.
Canisters. (Plate 31.)
A canioler for jield serrice consists of a tin cj'lindcr attached to a sabot and filled
with CHst-iron shot. For the dimensions of CaniKter Shot, see Chapter II.
Canisters fir the mountain howitzer are filled with lead balls.
Mateiuals. — Sheets of tin, 0.02 inch to .025 inch thick (double tin); soft solder;
rosin; culots of rolled iron, .2!) inch thick; carers of sheet-iron, 0.07 inch thick for
the guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, and .1 inch thick for the 24 and 32-pdr. howitzers;
sabots; tncks.
Uten'SILS. — Paltcrun ; tracinij point; shears; e</linder of hard wood; mallet /
gain/es; furnace; solderintj iron; hammer ; pnnch.
To MAKE THE CYLINDER. — The Workman marks out the rectangle on tjje sheet with
the ]iattern ; cuts it, aud traces the line for the lap : he draws a line parallel to the
long side of the rectangle, .4 to .5 inch from it, for the length of the slits. It ia
then bent round the /«rme*-, the edge brought to the line of the lap, clamjied and
soldered.
If lumps of solder be left, they arc filed down. The cylinder is made round, and
gauged on the exterior with the large shot-gauge of the calibre, and the interior with
a cylinder of a diameter 0.02 inch less than that given in the table, which should
enter the canister: if it be not of the right size, it is unsoldered and soldered over again.
The slits arc made, and the sabot inserted and nailed with 6 to 8 nails.
Before filling the canister, dip the tin cj'linder into a lacker of beeswax dissolved
in spirits of turpentine, to prevent it from rusting. Coat the balls and the plates
with paint or coal tar.
FIXING AMMUNITION. 263
Filling canisters. — The workman, sitting astride the bench, places the canister
upright in front of him, inserts the iron bottom and places it flat on the .sabot, puts
in a tier of balls, fills the interstices with dry, sifted saw-dust, packs it with a, pointed
stick so that the balls will hold by themselves, and throws out the loose saw-dust;
he places another tier of balls, each ball lying in the interval between two ball.s of
the lower tier, and proceeds in the same manner until the canister is filled; covers
the upper tier with saw-dust; puts on the cover, places on it one of the iron Ixittoms
furnished with a handle, and strikes it with a small mallet in order to compress the
saw-dust; then removes this bottom, and turns down the slit pieces of the canister
over the cover, with a hammer. In the canisters for the 6 and 12-pdr. guns the
centre ball of the last tier is omitted. When the canister is finished, verify it^«
diameter with the large shot-gauge of the same calibre.
' Cylinders and Caps.
For the greater security of field annnunitiou, the cartridges are covered with paper
cylinders and caps. The cap is drawn oflT at the moment of loading the piece, and
in using solid shot it may be placed over the shot, to diininisTi the windage. A
cylinder and a cap are formed together by folding the paper over & formn-, which
allows a lap of about 0.7.') inch for pasting. The requisite length for the cylinder i.s
cut off from the smaller end; the rest forms the cap, which is choked, at the end
from which the cylinder is cut, on a njlindrical former which has a groove around
it marking the length from the rounded end for cutting the cap. The former should
be bored throug^i the a.xis with a .5 inch hole to facilitate drawing off the cap.
The caps for shells are stained black ; for spherical-case shot, red ; for shot, not
colored.
Fixing Ammunition.
Imtlements. — /)'rt)-ci/j,- for jiowdcr ; 1 fiiinirl ; 1 set of powder measures; 1
straiyhtedye, to strike the measures with; barrels; ttibn, foi mod of barrels sawed
in two, or ioares for the cartridge-bags ; 2 trtrpaiillns ; 2 benches; }2 choking sticks,
6 with holes in them and G slit; 6 kiiiccs; 6 hand-barrows, with four legs and a
box, and tarpaulinis to cover them; calibre-gauf/es, for the cartridge-bags and for
fi.\e<l ammunition (they may be made of wool); 6 stools; 1 whcvlbarroic ; 1 mallet;
1 copper chixcl ; 1 copper drift, or a wrench, to open powder barrels.
Fixing shot, or sphkuical-cask, for field guns. — The bags should be filled
in the small magazine or filling room. The assistant holds the pipe of the funnel
in the mouth of the bag with both hands, the bag pressed close against the pipe.
The gauger heaps up the measui'c with powder, strikes it level with the straight-
edge, and pours it into the funnel. M'^hcu about '25 bags are filled, the gauger
takes a filled bag with one hand, squeezing the bag upon the powder ; he gives it a
blow with the other hand on the top and bottom of the bag, twisting the month of
the bag down upon the powder at the samn time ; ho then trios it with the amlVU
gauge, through which it should pass with not more than ().2.'J inc^h play; should it
not do this, the bag is emptied and rejected. These bags, filled and gauged, are
2(54 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
placed uprijrhf in a tub or box, and earrii-d by the araujjers into the finishinj^ room,
where the men iiro placed in pairs, sitting; astride on a bench, fai'in;j each other.
One of thctn opens a hag and level? the ])o\vilcr, the other inserts the cabof of a
strapped shot S'liiure upon the powder and draws up the end of the bag over the
shot; the first man parses about four feet of twine through the pierced stick, and
maken two turns and a double hitch with the end at the top of the sabot ; he makes
»knot ill the en<l of the twine, inserts it into the slit in the other choking stick,
and tightens the double hitch by rolling the twine on the sticks and bearing upon
the sabot : he then takes out the end of the twine from the slit, ties it in a hard
knot, which he tightens with the assistance of the choking stick, and cuts the
twine off near the knot. The second man turns down the muutb of the bag over
the sabiit, and the first makes a similar tic in the groove ; be makes another tie
below the sabot, the twine being lodged between it and the powder, to prevent the
latter from sifting in between the bag and the sabot ; he then runs the paper
cjlinder over the cartridge and sabot, leaving about two inches of the end of the
cartridge uncovered, and he makes a tie, similar to the others, in the groove of
the sabot. He now liolds the shot in the left hand and examines it, striking the
sabot with the right hand, if necessary, to bring it straight; if the shot be properly
fixed, the sabot and the bag will have the same axis ; the seams should be between
two straps, and the knots should be neither on the seams nor on the straps.
The assistants pass the cartridges through the large gauge, which is O.Ot inch
larger than the large gauge for the shot. If the size be correct, they put on the
paper cap, lay the cartri<lges on their sides in the box of the bnnd-barrow, and
carry them to the magazine. Those which will not |iass through the gauge are
banded back to the fixers, who cut the strings and put them up anew.
Can intent /or Fiilil Ouim are fixed in the same manner as shot, except that the
llrst tie is made in the upper groove of the sabot ; the cylinder is tied in the lower '
groove. The caps must be cut somewhat shorter than those for short cartridges.
For the \2-pilr. Field Hoiritzer. — The shells. Spherical-case, and canisters are
fixed in the same manner as the gun canisters.
For the Mountain Howitzer. — The sabots having but one groove, the first tie is
omitted, and the cartridge is covered with a cap only.
For the 3'2-pt/r. and 2i-p(ir. Hnwitzem. — The cartridge is not attached to the pro-
jectile. The cartridge-block is inserted with the grooved end next to the powder,
and a tie made in the groove ; the mouth of the bag is then turned down, and
another tie is made between the cartridge-block and the powder : the superfluoua
part of the bag is cut off, and the cartridge is covered with its cylinder and cap, a«
in other cases.
When the shot is attached to the sabot by a single band <>f canvas, or when if is
placed in the sabot without any strap, the cartridge-bag is drawn over it and tied
on'top; for this purpose, the bag should have ap additional length of from 2i to 3
inches.
When sabots cannot be obtained, place upon the powder a layer of tjw about 0.8 Jfe*'
PACKING AMMTTXITION-BOXES. 200
inch thick, forming a hcd for the shot : tic the hag over the shot and around the
tow; the bag requires to he 1 inch longer than for strapped shot.
Pdc/iiiKj Field Ammnnition.
Packing-Boxen for fiehl aninmnition are made of well seasoned stuff (generally
white pine), 1 25 inch thick, dovetailed, with the tenon on the ends. The top of
the box is fastened wilh six :2-inch screws; the l>ox has two handles of l^-inch
rope, attached to brackets at the ends.
The bo.xes are painted on the outside different colors, to indicate the contents of
the box. Those containing shot are painted olive; shells, black; spherical-case
shot, red ; and canisters, a litjhl di-uh. The kind of ammunition is marked on each
end, in large white letters. The place and date of fabrication are marked on the
inside of the cover.
Manner of Packing Ammunition- Boxes.
For Gi'NS. — Shot, Spherical -case, and VauiHters, Ji.red. — Laid in- two tiers across
the box, the shot or canisters alternating with the cartridges at each side. The shot
or canisters of the upper tier rest on those of the lower, and not on the cartridges.
Fob 2.'?-pdr. Ano 24-1'1)I{. nowirzERS. — Shells and Spherical-cane »S7tof. ^Placed
upright, the balls down, resting on strips of wood about .25 inch thick, placed
lengthwise of the box and nailed to the bottom, so as to prevent the fuzes from bear-
ing on the bottom of the box. Tbe balls are held down by small strips of wood
tacked with sprigs to the sides of the box, over the sabots. Tbe cartridges are laid
on the top of the sabots.
CnnititcrK arc packed in the same manner, omitting the strips of wood in the bot-
tom of the box. ^
For 12-PnR. FIELD and sroUNTAl.V howitzers. — Shells and Spherical-case Shot,
fixed. — Placed upright, the balls down, resting on strips of wood, as for the other
howitzers.
Canisters are packed in the same manner, resting on the bottom of the box.
For RiKi.En guns. — Case Shot, fjred. — Placed upright, the balls down, resting
on strips of wood, as for the howitzers. The iron part of the balls rests against
strips of wood 4 inches wide and .2.5 inch thick, nailed to the side and ends of the
box at the bottom, and similar strips placed between the rows of the balls, to prevent
the soft metal cujis from bearing against the box or against each other and being
bruised.
Canisters, ji.ved, are packed in the same manner as the case shot, omitting the
strips of wood on the bottom of the box.
In all the boxes, the small stores are placed in the vacant spaces on top of the
ammnnition.
A layer of tow is placed in the bottom of each box, and the whole coBtents are
well packed in tow, filling the box so as to be pressed down by the cover. About 3
lbs. of tow are required for a box.
Ammunition for Field
Cbamk or POWDER \ jy«.'K»'* '!"'•
t livlKllt III.
('AaTitincK
lyOAMNO flHKLLR AND
HI-HKHICAL-CASR...
Kadot
n.\o -i " 1 wKltli ...
(itottoiii. ilmnn'tcr ....
, ( Wi-iKht ..
■{ •• <.l
■■■ (^Numl>er i
I whole
< roiiinil pari
I rylilKlrit-ul
WiMKht of jMiwdcrt <>'•
-j •• of Kiil|iliiir "
(Numl>er uf balU
in
part "
" part '•
KrcalcNt '•
Ht lioltoni "
of cylindpr "
[ liott'otn of colli' » "
Ciivlly for I dcplli "
liiill ( rniliuH "
[ Didt. fr. mid. lowur uroo^-o of snii. to l»ot. "
( IltiKlil "
H.iKlit of
Diameter .
, / I-<>n(tth .
'••tWi<ltli
(
( From middle groove to bot...
Straps
Kl^(a.o ... -' Diamrtpr.
( exterior
( interior
Woifflit of Ballot. HirnpH. riiipt. naiU or..
Weight of Kliut or hIuOI. rt-ady for fixiiiK etc,.... lbs.
( leii;;lli. including lap., in
Cylinder .*■; heiuht "
( fnli-rior diameter '*
Dianii-ter of top ami iHiltoni plate .. "
Canihtkrs. { Tliirlineii* of hIii-cI iron rover "
v..~i . f ' shot in each tie"
^"■"l"'^"^! whole of Khot ...,
Whole height, inrlnding shot in.
Meicht. tiiiidhed. - " lbs.
Diameter of pauftesi for fixed animanition #. in.
I'apkr fur a cylinder ( LeTitrtli developed "
AND CAI" 'l Height "
Height of cylinder. Impe charge "
" small " "
( Lenifth handle excluded... "
Formers forctlin- I Width at larjie end "
DKRs AND CAPS ... | "' Small end "
(Thickness "
CrLIXDRlCAL rORMRII ( Length "
FOR CHOKING CAPS..') Diamrtur '"
Distance from end of f -rrner to proove "
fWliole height raj* includ'd "
PlXCD AMMUNITION-' Hei;rlil of charge. •'
(WeiKht of whole lbs.
... ,. Cleneth Id.
Tnteru.r .i-' i.,„, ..
n>ensK.ns... ^j,.|,„, ..
p*«.Ko-.ox:..^ Weight .{ ;Xd:.::.-.v.v::: '^"
Contents of Juiinilter of rounds ...
each bux... (friction-primers
Color
• One inch allowe.l f t the penm in length of rectangle and diameter of bottum: haif an loch
21 oniic-« tlie L!l-i.oiiii.lir. 1'" .>uiiccs: and the \i pounder, 8 oflnces. * One port-fire
, Six small and one large cartridges.
and Mountain Service.
HOWITZERS.
3.25
C.25
l-pounder,
.■>.■':'
6.2.1
14.2
10.0
5.25
1.4
22.
245
24 pounder.
2.4
2.4
.'i.li
4 5
4.5
1.5
3.12
2. or 0.75
4.15
0.4 or 3.75
10.5
.6
3.25
1.7S
10.
24.64 I 32.72
G.31
14 4
12.
5.25
5.
15.
6.71
6.6
0.15
10.
4.3
6.5
6.25
27.7
12.75
12.75
12.
23.
136.
6
blaqk
6.25
35.82
12.75
12.75
12.
23.
168.
4
6
red
5.0
31.6
12.75
12.75
15.5
25.
158.
drab
5.0
5.
21.5
27.
17.25
17.25
n.5
11.5
11.5
11.5
25.
25.
155.
190.
6
6
9
9
black
rod
4.
23.6
17.25
11.5
14.75
2f).
170.
drab
12-ponndcr.
■| cHsc. ter.
1.
3.25'
1.25 1
4.0
11.4
7.25
4.37
1.
10.6
82
3.2
2.
4.27
3.2
3.(i
1.3
2.26
0.4
7.5
.45
3.26
1.75
1.0
3.25
4.45
2.75
.5
4..52
3.2
4.47
3.6
0.4
12.5
, 10.8
.1 14.4
6.2
4.45
4.40
.07
12
48
8.75
10.8
4..57
11.0
s.
3.
3.
13.
5.25
5.17
0.15
10.
3.3
4.
10.
10.5
3.25
4.0
10.5
13.65
22.5
22.5
9.25
9.26
10.5
11.
27.
27.5
133.
165.
12
12
18
18
black
red
12.3
3.25
11.85
22.5
9.25
12 5
28.5
148.
12
18
drab
13-pdr.. inciuntniu.
Sliell iSpber.lCanig-
"" ■ case. ter.
I 0.5 '
2.25
10.42
5.0
4.0
7. I 1.
10.5
82
2.7
2.
4.2
2.8
3.24
1.3
2.20
0.55
7.5
.45
3.25
1.75
5.5
9..35 j 12.2
4.67
10.
4.55
none,
none.
6.
4.5
4.45
0.15
9.
2.9
3.75
2.65
.5
4.52
2.8
4.47
3.24
9.5
11.2
14.4
4.
4.47
4.42
.07
37
148
6.85
11.2
8.17
8.17
2.25
2.25
9.9
12.0
27.5
27.5
9.25
9.25
8.6
8.5
31.
31.4
154.
184.
1 i
12
V
18
black
red
9.4
2.25
11.8
27.5
9.25
9.5
32.
175.
12
18
dnib
allowed for the scam in Iiciglit.
and half" a yard of slow-match in oach box.
t Powder required to fill flic 32-ponnder sliell is
^ Four small and one large cartridges.
2()S ORDNANCK MANUAL.
\
AMMUNITION FOR SIFXt?] AND GARRISON SERVICE.
Ammunition for sicKC and parrison service consists of carlrtdf^cn, of sizes v;iry-
ing accoflitij; to circumstances, and the following projectiles, viz :
S/iol for 10 iind 8-incli columl.iads (model 1861), -12, 32, '2i. IS and "S-pdr. fruns.
Mhrl/x for 1(5 and S-inch cihiniVdads. 4'i, 32. '2\. IS and IJ-pdr. guns. l.'J, 10 and
S-incli morinrs. h-inch siege and S and 10-inch sea-coast liowit/.ers.
.V/''"'' "•"/-'■'""■ »*"' and cuntHter for 10 and 8-inch ccdumiiiads, 42, 32, 24, lb and
12-pdr. guns. 8 and 10-inch sea-coast and 8-inch siege howitzers.
The slielU and spherical-case shot (except for the 8-inch siege honitz.er) and the
S-inch siege and 8ca-coast howitzer canisters are attached to the sabota; the other
projectiles are not strapped.
Cartridges.
Tlie cliarge of pow<lcr for siege and garrison guns is cnclosod in a cartridge-bag
made of merino, serge, cotton, or paper, or of j)aper with woollen liottoms. Dags
made of wocdlen materials are i)referalik', as they are not so liable to leave fire in
the guns, and are more durable ; but they arc much more costly.
Merino or cotton bay are cut in two pieces in the form of a rectangle with semi-
circular ends, and sewed together to form the bag, as described in making bags for
field service. .See jiage 2i8 for the manner of making anti preserving them.
Paper botjK. — The paper is cut into rectangles to form the cylindrical part of the
bag — (be length of the rectangle being the development of the cylinder, allowing
.5 inch <in each si<le for the lap — and into circles for the bottoms. The sides of the
rectangle are lapped and sewed with woollen yarn ; one end of the bag is slit with
longitudinal cuts, I inch long, U.75 inch apart, and these strips are pasted on the
paper bottom over a cylindrical former: or a circular piece of merino is sewed in
the end of the paper bag, forming the bottom.
To close a juiper bag after being filled, the open end is foldeil d<<wn al>out .76
inch wide, and this fold is rolled on itself down to the powder, and the part which
projects beyimd the cylinder is turned in on the top of it. Two turns are taken
with strong twine around the cartridge in the direction of its length, \iii° apart,
and then tied. ,
For mortnri. cartridge-bags may be made in the same manner as for guns, their
dimensions corresponding to those of the chamber of the mortar. But, as the
charge is generally poured loose into the chamber, the bag being used only tor car-
rying it to the mortar, a gun cartridge-bag of any convenient size may he used for
mortar service.
For firing hot ihot, cartridge-bags are made double, by putting one bag within
another: care must be taken that the bags are free from holes.
For ricochet jiring. or other occasions when very small charges are required, a
cartridge-bag for a piece of an inferior calibre may be used. Or else, after the charge
is poured into the bag, place on it another bag filled with Lay, pressing it with the
CANISTERS.
^M
hands to reduce the diameter; after having shaken this bag down and rolled and
flattened the empty part of the two bags, tie them with woollen j'arn, like a bundle
of musket cartridges, placing the knot on top.
For proving ordnance, cartridge- bags are made of cotton cloth. They should be
of the full diameter of the bore or chamber.
Sabots.
Snbotii are required for the 8-inch canisters, for siege and sea-coast howitzers, and
all shells and spherical-case shot, except for S-inch siege howitzers. For canisters
and the smaller guns the sabots are turned in a lathe; for the larger calibres they
are sawed from thick pine or poplar planks, and the cavity cut in a lathe, or the
cavity is first cut by a tool of the proper curvature attached to the shaft of the
Daniel's planer, and the sabot afterward sawed out with a circular saw.
A dai/'s work. — One man can make 3.50 sabots for a 4'2 or 32-pdr. gun, or 10-ineh
columbiad, in 10 hours; or 400 sabots for a 24 or 18-pdr. gun or 8-ineh columbiad.
Cartridge-Blocks.
Cartridge-blocks are required for the columbiads, model 1844, and the sea-coast
howitzers, when firing with reduced chargei. They are made as prescribed for field
service (see page 259) — their length being such as always to make the cartridge fill
the chamber. The length of the block for any charge is easily deduced from the
length occupied by 1 lb. of powder, as given in the table. (See page 274.)
Strapping Shells.
The straps are cut and made as prescribed for nhot for field service, changing their
dimensions. Two rings or loops of tin, 0.38 inch diameter, are attached securely to
the slit strap of the howitzer and columbiad shells, for the purpose of attaching a
handle made of cord 0.1.') to 0.2.'i inch thick. A slit is made in the strap, through
which the ends of the tin loop are passed and soldered on the under side of the strap.
For the handle, pass a piece of marline through both loops and tie the two ends
together, leaving such length that the hand can embrace both branches.
The shells are placed in the sabot, and the straps put on in such a manner that the
fuze-hole may fall in one of the angles, between two straps, and that the axis of the
fuze-hole may stand at an angle of about 45° with that of the sabot. The eyes of
the shell should not be covered by the straps. The straps are fastened at each end
with 2 nniln in the side and 2 in the bottom of the sabot.
In loading the piece, care must be taken to place the fuze-hole in the upper part
of the bore.
Canisters.
They are made and filled like canisters for field service, except their dimensions,
and, instead of being attached to a sabot, the lower end of the cylinder is slit with
270 ORPNAXCK MANUAL.
longitudinal cuts .■'i inch long and from .2^1 to .38 inch apart, aorordin;j: to tho
calibre: (he nfrips thus formed are turned down over a cast-in.n boitum plate li..'>
inch thifk.
The cover Tir these eanintern is of aheet-iron. .1 inch thick : it has a hiiiidle n.7.'i
inches lonfr hy 1.7.'i inch wide, made of iron wire No. 9. fastened to the cover by a
Ktrap of sheet-iron. 2 inches long, 1.7') inch wide, secured hy V! rivets O.!.') inch thick.
C'lni'trrH for H-inrli mrf/i; ii)id Heaconut howitzem are attachol to sabots, the furmer
with 11 li: mi-}dierical bottom to fit the bottom of the bore.
Grape.
A nt.inri ../grape consists of 9 shot, put together by uieans of "2 eait-i >ni lUitm,
•2 rinij» and 1 holt and nut. (See Plate 31.)
The sfjuare of the nut is 2 diameters of the bolt; it' thickness, 1 diameter. The
head of the bolt is countersink flush with the bottom of the lower plate, which has
a tint to prevent the bolt from turning when the nut is screwed on. Each plate has
.on the inside 3 beds for the shot, of a depth c<iual to half the thickness of the plate;
they are made in the form of a spherical segment, the curvature of which is the same
as that of the shot; their centres are ou equidistant radii, midway between the edge
of the bolt-hole and that of the plate. In the ui.j.er jdate are 2 holes n.2r) inch
diameter, placed opposite to each other at 0..') inch from the edge of the plate, to
receive a rope haudle.
For llie 8-i/ic/i »ea-coasl howitzer the stand of grape mu.<t be attached to a conical
gabot. The sabot is 4.2.') inches long, 7.S.'3 inches diameter at the large ond, and 6.4
inches at the small eud. The sabot may be fastened to the lower pUtc with .•screws,
or the boll may be uiade long enough to pass through it, or else ihe sabot may be
iutfei ted iuto the piece separately from the stand of grape.
Filling Shells.
WonKMEN. — 1 nion to fill ; 1 helper.
MateiuALS. — Powder; cylinders of rork-fire ; londed fitzet; fnte-pl'irj* ; tow.
Imi'LEMKSTS. — 1 pnir of nhell -hooks ; 1 handspike; 2 hnnd-hamniers ; 2 tempera
(pieces of sword blade); 2 tuw hooks ; 2 pairs of pincers; rags ; 1 cAi'«e/and 1 m'lUet,
to clean the shells and break up any hard substance that may be found in the inte-
rior: 2 searchers, for sounding cavities ; shell-tjauges ; 1 grate, to dry the Bhella on ;
\ fiite-saw ; 1 gimlet ; a ring of rope, or a hollow block ; \ funnel ; powder measnre* ;
1 fut, or vessel for powder: 2 baskets, for the composition and fuzes ; 1 rasp ; 1 fuze-
setter ; \ mallet ; \ fuze-reamer.
The shells are cleaned inside and out, gauged and examined that they have
no defects that would cause their rejection; that the fuze-hole is not defaced;
if there be water in the cavity, the shell is dried by a gentle heat and cooled slowly.
To FitL SHELLS FOR GUNS OR HOWiTZEKS. — The helper places the shell on tbe
block or ring of rope, the fuze-hole uppermoet, inserts the fuze-plug and drives it in
WADS. 271
till the top is flush with the surface <if the .shell : (he firincipal reams out the hole lo
its proper size, the helper holding the shell to prevent it from turning. The helper
inserts the pipe of the funnel in the fuze-plug, and the principal pours in the
powder and closes the hole with a wad of dry tow rammed in securely, leaving a
portion of it projecting out.
When cylinders of rock-fire or other combustibles arc used, they arc inserted before
the fuze plug is driven.
To Kitr, MOiiTAR SHRi.i.s. — Shells arc generally- filled and the fu7,cs driven in the
battery magazines, as they are required.
The helper places the shell on a ring of rope ami inserts the pipe of the funnel in
the fuzc-hoIe; the principal pours in the bursting charge, introduces the cylinders
of rock-fire, and pushes them aside with a small stick, that they may not be in the
way of the fuze when driven in. He then inserts the fuze, which should enter to
within half an inch of the top, and with a mallet and fuze-setter drives it so that the
end of the fuze shall project not more than 0.2 incli.
To OUT THE FUZK. — The fuze is cut to the proper length, according to the range,
before it is driven into the shell, by resting it in a groove made in a block to receive
it and hold it steady, the saw running in a cut made for it; or the fuze may be bored
through to the composition witli a gimlet, at the i>roper length.
To fire 6 or Vl-pdr. Shells fr on} Mortars of largf calibre.
This kind of fire is intended only for short distances, as in the defence of <a breach,
and supersedes tho use of the stone-mortar.
Take a strong tub or half barrel, provided with two strong rope handles, and add
a. second bottom on the outside, bringing it flush with the ends of the staves to
which it is nailed.
To this bottom nail another, made of a single piece of wide 'i-iuch plank, of
suflicient length to support the ends of the staves. A block of light, dry wood, of
the diameter and length of the bore, is attached to the bottom of the barrel or tub
by nails, and the lower end of the block which goes next to the charge is covered
with sheet-iron.
Tho fuzes of the shells are cut, driven, uncapped, and the shells placed in the
barrel, the fuzes turned down. When the boU<im tier is finished, a second one is
laid; and so on to" the last, which is covered over with hay which is rammed in to
keep the projectiles in place.
Tho charge of powder is put in the mortar, the proper elevation and direction arc
given, and the barrel or tub, loaded, is raised by the handles, the block wiped clean
and introduced into the bore and set home.
Wads.
Wads are used in firing hot shot, and to prevent the ball fmm rolling out in
firing at a depression.
Matkriai.S. — Jrmk or hny. marline.
272 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Imtlemexts. — 1 wad-mould, with two holes for each calibre, innile of c&st-irun
cylinders set in oak, or of two strong piece? of oak strjippcd wilii iron and joined by
a binge ; 1 dri/l for ditto ; 1 maul.
To MAKB WAns. — The bay or junk, after buviiig been picked, i* coinpresiJcd by
being beaten in the umaller mould until it nssumes the rel)ui^ite dimenNioDH ; it ir
then taken out, by raising the upper part of the mould, and wrapped clonely with
ropc-jarn pacwed over it in the direction of the axis <>f the cylinder and factcucd by
a few turns round the middle of the wad ; after which it is placed in the large
mould and again beaten with the maul an<l drift: the diameter of the wad when
finished is verified with a wooden gauge corre.-poncling to the large gauge of
the i<hot.
lu firing hot shut, a «lry wad is put next to the powder, and then a wad wbieh
has been tioaked in water for a quarter of an hour and has been permitted t<> drip
for several minutes, is placed between the dry wad and the ball : or the wet wad
may be replaced by one of clay. It should be made one calibre in length, of olajr
free from snnd or gravel, slightly moistened and kneaded.
Riug-inidn or grommrit are to 1,10 preferred where the object of a wad in merely to
retain the ball in its place. They consist of a ring of rope-yarn, about 0.7 inch
thick, with two pieces of strong twine tied ai-ro»s it at right angles with each
other. The size of the ring is the full diameter of the bore, in onler that it may fli
tight. These wa4s may be attached with twine to the utraps, or to the ball*; or
they may be inserled. like other wads, after the bull. These wads may be made of
straw formed into rings of the proper site, and wrapped with twine and tied to
the ball.
Sabots of Shavings.
In positions where the pieces of sabots might prove dangerous to our own troopa,
as in firing over their beads when making an attack, sabots made of thi< k shavings
of soft wood or pasteboard are used. For this purpose select black walnut, pine,
or fir, not too dry. and as free as possible from knots.
Pieces of the proper length and width are dressed out, and by means of a coarK
plane shavings are cut .06 inch in thickness. Each shaving is rtdled in a circle on
a cylinder of iron in which a longitudinal groove is cut. One end is thinned down,
moistened, and inserted in the groove, and the shaving is rolled on the cylin<ler, the
smooth side turned outward: one man turns the cylinder by a crank making three
revolutions, the other holds the shaving so as t<» roll it evenly on itself, pulling it
tight.
The different turns are then tacked together, the tacks being riveted on the inside
against the iron cylinder: the end is thinned down with a rasp, and the sabot taken
from the cylinder is immersed in a warm bath of thin glue. Pasteboard rn«y be
used instead of shavings of wood. The sabot is attached to the shell by means of
four pieces of tape 1 inch wide. Each piece is folded around the sabot, and the
ends sewed together: the seam is turned on the inside of the sabot and is made Cm(
FUZE-PLUGS.
ff%
to it by tacks, the four pieces of tape beinfr ;ii;.iclied to the sabot at the extremities
of two diameters perpendicular to each other. The sabot is laid down on the table
and the shell placed in it, the fu7,e-hole down ; the ends of the tape arc then drawn
together and tied on top of the shell with a piece of strong twine.
Fuze-Plugs.
Fuze-plugs are made of brass, or of close grained wood, well seasoned. They
are turned to a size a little larger than the fuze-hole, but of the same taper, 2.5
inches long; a hole is bored through its axis and reamed out to receive the paper
fuze, and the large end is couuterbored to receive the wat«r-cap. The plug is
reamed out after it is driven, and the recess for the water-cap is tapped with 12
threads to the inch.
If wooden plugs be used, a short hollow c_vlinder of brass, .5 inch long, .15 inch
thi'^k, is inserted in the recess before the plug is driven, and afterward tapped to
receive the water-cap.
The water-cap is a brass plug, .5 inch long, .6 inch in diameter, chased with 12
threads to the inch: one end has a shallow recess cut in it, .1 inch deep, larger at
bottom than at top: a hole, .1 inch in diameter, is bored through the middle of the
cap, and a hole is bored from either end into this transverse hole, but meeting it at
points .26 inch or more apart: those and the recess at the end arc filled with mealed
powder paste.
Dimensions. — Diameter of hole at bottom of recess, .53 in.: at small end, .4 in.
18
274
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Ammunition for Siege, Garrison,
COLUMBUDB.
10-in.
1844.
8-in.
1844.
10-in.
18«1.
OataOl OP POWDER, ORDINAIIT SERVICE.. ■! Jljlj'^l,t )„
liongth of 1 III. in cnrtridgc in
DitttiK'ter of rartriiigo in
f KwtanKle with circular ( lonKth in
Cartudor- j cud* (width in
BAQii (mf'rinoi I Dlampt(>r of ryllndriral former in
[ .Maturial (1.26'yd. widv) for lUU biigii..ydii
' „_,„i., j whole in
Height., j ^f rylitider in
' greatoat in
Sabot. <
Oaniutbrs.
Finished caniitcr..
Diamotor..'j Bt bottom in
^of cylinder in
.., ... I II I depth in
Ov.ty for I..II j ^j^^ .„
Diameter of cylinder to roll un in
8rBA..., . lor oach.) lc;{l^::;:;:;:::;::::::;;;;:;;;•::::::;:::::ls
ilx-ngth, including cap in
Heiglit in
Interior diaaiet«r in
pUlLNI
i tier* of dhot ,
Number of< (hot in a tier
( whole Bitot
\ height in
') wei);ht lbs
Charge of |>owder for firing
to fill shell lbs
to buret shell lbs
to blow out fuze-plug* lbs
ordinary charge lbs
Rock-fire, No. of cylinder! in
*^'"®'" I thickness _ in
„. ( interior diameter in
"^^^ ••■"( diameter of iron in
„ „ (length in
"^ ••• \ diameter ~ in
Height of. from outside of plates in
Weight of plates Jbs
bolt, nut and rings lbs
"' stand complete lbs
Diameter and height in
Rht lbs
for 100 Jbs
Diameter, large bole. in
" small hole in
Thickness of upper block in
lower block in
Width of block in
Cylindrical drift. If '^!.'*' i"
■^ (length jn
PiLUNO SnEU.8.'
Stand of grape
Powder
( Diamet
J Weight
(junk. 1
Wai>8.
]|Oi;i.DS FOB WADS..
U.
6.82
M
7.6
20.
12.7
7.5
30
2.
8.41
7.75
1.
4.03
9.3
29.
1.
3.25
1.38
.62
3.
6.
9.7
16.5
165.
9.75
9.4
10.
5.
17.
8.5
24.
8.
7.84
.08
B.O
Irt.
10.36
«.0
23
2.
6.70
0.16
1.
3.03
7.3
23.6
.76
1.76
1.
.6
1.8
6.
7.86
.«
6.56
.6
14.7
.6
9.85
13.6
4.75
75.5
7.8
8.5
850.
7.8
7.6
8.
4.
15.
7.3
24.
16.
6.90
.42
0.
10.
16.7
0.
47
2.
S.
0.76
1.
4.03
9Ji
29.
1.
8.26
1.38
.62
3.
0.
0.76
16.6
165.0
0.76
9.4
10.
5.
17.
8.5
24.
*Wheu a wooden fuze-plug is need.
AMMUNITION.
275
and Sea-coast Service.
r.uNS.
1 1 HOWITZERS.
42-pdr.
32-pdr.
24-pdr.
18-pdr.
12-pdr. Siege, 8-in.
Sea-coast.
10-in.
8-in.
9.
8.
7.
6.
4.
4.
12.
8.
882
9.28
10.15
8.75
8.0
6.
9.»6
7.84
.98
1.16
1.45
1.75
2.0
2.
0.83
0.98
6.
6.5
5.
4.6
4.3
4.2
6.6
6.0
16.5
18.
16.5
15.25
14.
14.
18.
15.
10.35
9.55
8.76
8.15
7.6
7.6
11.16
10.35
e.
6.5
6.
4.6
4.3
4.2
6.5
6.0
24
25
19
17
14
14
31
20
2.
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.6
0
4.68J
2.
2.
5.01
2.
1.5
1.5
1.6
1.5
.75
7.H5
.75
7.85
7.75
6.79
fl.58
6.0
5.43
4.92
4.35
J
fheiuis-
( pliere.
1 6.75
6.15
64
1.
3.42
6.4
0.75
3.12
6.8
0.75
2.84
5.2
0.75
2.58
4.7
1.
2.26
4.
7.8
7 8
1.
4.93
9.3
1
3 13
7.3
7.3
21.
.65
21.5
9.6
6.78
6.73
4
7
27
8.7
48.
1.5
19.
.6
20.
9.
6.19
6.14
4
7
27
8.1
37.
1.31
17.5
.55
18.3
8.25
6.63
5.58
4
7
27
7.35
29.
1.0
16.
.5
16.7
7.7
6.12
6.07
i
27
6.8
23.
.69
14.
.45
14.4
6.75
4.47
4.42
27
6.
15.
.6
29.
1.
23 5
75
25.1
8.6
7.8
7.75
4
12
48
12.03
63.5
2.56t
25.1
8.6
7.8
4
12
48
12.35
64 5
5.t
2.56t
.76
.69
.5
.44
.31
1.
2.
1.
.38
.12
.12
.09
.06
• .26
.31
.25
1.25
1.
.75
.02
.44
1.75
3.
1.75
6.
g
6.
6.
7.85
6.83
.6
5.73
.5
9.25
.5
8.75
10.2
2.8
51.25
6.8
6.24
.5
5.16
.6
8.7
.6
8.2
8.
2.5
.%.75
6.2
5.68
.5
4.75
.38
7.88
.38
7.5
6.76
1.81
30.61
5.65
5.17
.4
4.26
.38
7.18
.38
6.8
4.56
1.12
22.15
5.12
4.52
.4
3.8
.32
6.12
.32
5.8
3.44
.69
14.84
4.48
.6
6.55
6
14.7
9.85
13.6
4.75
FOR 6-POUNDER.
3.5
75 5
7.8
5.62
562.
6.8
4.38
438.
6.2
3.
300.
5.65
2.38
238.
5.12
1.5
150.
4.48
.82
82.
3.65
8.5
850.
9.75
7.S
6.5
6.9
63
4.8
4.1
3.2
9.4
7.5
7.
6.4
5.8
5.3
4.6
3.7
10.
8.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
4.
5.
4.
13.
12.
11.5
11.
10.
9.
17.
15.
6.2
5.6
6.
4.5
3.8
2.9
85
7.3
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
24.
+ Mortar shells: 13-inch shell holds 11 Ib.i. piwdor; service charge, 7 lbs.; to burst shell. 6 lbs.
J For canisters.
276 ORDNANCE MANTTAL.
MATC'IIES, FUZES, AND PRIMERS.
Slow-Match.
Slow-matrli IK prpfiarcii rope, which is used to keep nn<l cnrry fire : it burns
■lowlj, with a firm, hard coal, and is not easily extin);uii<hed.
Matkriai.h. — Urmp or /fax rupf of .3 Strands, slightly twisted, about 25 yards
long, and of a uniform diameter of .6 inch ; aretnte nf Und (sugar of lead) ; iraier.
Utknkii.S. — 1 kcttir ; 1 tub; 2 woodtH upatulat ; lerert ; twiiliHg-irinrh ; mate, or
hnir clolh.
Mrtboii with acrtate or LRAD. — Boil the rope for 10 minutes in water holding
in solution l-20th of its weight of acetate of lend: remove it with spatulas into the
tub, or let it remain in the cold solution until it is thoroughly saturated. First
twist it over the kettle, and then, by attaching one end to the hook of a twisting-
winch, twist it hard, keeping it stretched by means of a stick passed through a loop
at the other end, at the same time rubbing it smartly, always in the same direction,
from the honk, with co«rse mats, hair cloth, or cnttings of buff-leather, until th«
diameter of the match is reduced 0.1 inch and it \\a» a uniform twiKt ami hardness.
Stretch it on jioles or on a fence to dry. and put it up in neat coils, well secured.
Match thus prepared burns 4 inches in an hoi^r.
Mktiioi> dv lkaciiikc. — If sugar of lead cannot be procured, the rope may be
simply leached. For this purpose, it is put into u leach tub and steeped in pure
water for 1'2 hours : this water is then drawn off and rejdaced by lye prepared in a
boiler, with a ((uuntity of ashes equal to half the weight uf the rope, to which 5
per cent, of quicklime is added. This lye. with the ashes, is put. after being
warmed, into the hopper of the tub. and when it has run through and remained
some time in the tub it is drawn off, heated again, and poured back en the ashes.
This operation is repeated several times in the course of 24 hours, which is the time
required for the rope to be well leached. After being taken out and twisted with
sticks, it is steeped for 5 minutes in hot water, beihg stirred at the same time, and
the operation is finijihed as b»fore. Match prepared in this manner burns 5 inches
in an hour.
Cotton rope, well twisted, forms a good match without any preparation.
A slow-match may be made of strong paper by immersing it in a warm solution
of nitre, of about 1 pound to 2 gallons of water. When dry, roll each sheet sepa-
rately, pressing it firmly, and pasting the last turn.
A half sheet thus prepared will keep fire for threr hourt.
Slow-match weighs from 3 to 5 ounces to the yard.
Packing. — Slow-match is packed in tight casks or boxes. A cask iO inches
high, 24 inches diameter (weighing 60 pounds), contains 150 pounds of match.
The casks and boxes should be marked with the kind and quantity of match, place
and date of fabrication.
Dimensions of a box to hold 200 pounds hemp or 220 pounds cotton match — 14
QUICK-MATCH. 277
inches long, 2S inches wide, 18 inches deep; weight, 87 pounds. It is made of
bo<ard3 1 inch thick, ends li inch, and has corner-pieces of hard wood, 2.25 inches
square.
Quick- Match.
Quick-match is cotton yarn, of several strands, saturated and covered over with
an intlammable composition ; it is used for communicating fire from point to point
in fireworks, etc.
Matkkials. — Mealed powder ; cotton yarn, wound in loose balls of convenient
size (say 1 pound, which will measure about 1,000 yards), such as is used for
candlewick; when doubled and slightly twisted in the fingers, it should be about
.07 inch in diameter. Gummed brandy or tchiskey, in the proportion of 1 ounce of
gum to i gallon of spirits: the gum is first dissolved in the smallest quantity of hot
water or vinegar, and afterward mixed with the whiskey. Strips of paper ; thread.
1,000 yards of quick-match require 1 pound of cotton yarn, 8 pounds of mealed
powder, IJ gallon of spirits, and 2i ounces of gum arable. Weight, when dried, 9
pounds.
Utensils. — Wooden or copper honh ; 1 quart measure ; funnel or frame ; reel.
Preparation. — Steep the balls of yarn in the gummed whiskey until they are
thoroughly saturated.
Make a paste of mealed powder, by mixing 1 quart of gummed whiskey to 2
pounds of powder, and put a layer of it about i inch deep in the bowl ; on this
spread a coil of the cotton by unrolling the ball and distributing it equally on the
surface of the paste until there are 5 or 6 yams over one another ; put another
layer of the paste ; and proceed in this manner until the bowl is full, taking care
not to entangle the strands : the last layer of paste should be a little deeper than
the others. After the cotton has been 3 or 4 hours in the bowl, wind it on a reel,
or stretch it on nails 40 or .50 feet apart, making it pass through a funnel, or the
hand, filled with the paste, and taking care that the several turns of yarn do not
touch each other. Before it is dry, dredge it with mealed powder ; lot it dry slow-
ly, then cut it off from the reel or nails and put it in bundles.
During the winter, quick-match shoulil be made in a warm room.
Match thus prepared should be hard and stiff, and the composition should hold
firmly on. 1 yard burns, in the open air, 13 seconds.
By using vinet/ar, a match is made which burns less rapidly, in the proportion of
4 to .5; and with pure water, in the ratio of 4 to fi. Alcohol makes a quicker
match ; but it cannot be gummed, and the composition does not stick.
A slow kind of match is made by adding, sulphur to the mealed powder; with
one-sixth of sulphur, 1 yard of match burns 22 seconds ; with one-fifth, 33 seconds ;
with one-third, r)3 seconds; with one-half, 162 seconds.
Quick-match enclosed in tubes burns more rapidly than in the open air, and
more so in proportion as the tubes are smaller. To communicate fire very rapidly,
it is enclosed in paper tubes called leaden.
278 onnNANCE manual.
Port-Fires.
The port-flre ponsistn of a cylindrioal pajiA" case filled with a composition that
burns kIkwIv. It i* used for firing rocket?, etc., and, in ca^es of necessity, for
discharging cannon.
TO MAKE Tllfc CASES.
MatkiiiAI-S. — So. 4 pnprr ; pn»te.
lU-quircd for 100 cases — .^O sheets. 13 pounds of jinper.
Utknrii.s. — Formrm, steel, turned smooth, 22 inches long, 0..*) inch diameter; a
hole 0.2 inch diameter is made through one end, to withdraw it from the case;
knnd roUint/ bonrd ; rulrm ; kniret.
To MAKK THK rA8F. — Cul the paper into rectangles 1*? inches long, an<l from
10 to 11 inches wide, according to the thickness of the paper, to make the exterior
diameter of the finishe<l case O.t').') inch. Roll the rectangle on the former, pasting
it after the first turn; i>ress the case firmly by rolling it on a table with a hand
rolling board ; withdraw the former, and place the cases in a box to dry.
TO nniVE POUT PIHP.S.
MATEniAi.s. — Cn»eii ; componitioii for 100 r<i»r» (13 pounds uitrc, •1..') poundi
sulphur, and 2..'J pounds mealed jiowder) ; »crap paptr.
Utensils. — Purt-Jire muuldn, nia<lc of brass, in two parts, which arc held together
by a socket at bottom and by 4 strong bunds. The moulds arc 1^ inchet long, I
inch exterior diameter at top, U inch at bottom, with a bore of O.tV'j inch diamct«r.
3 drift; steel, .4 inch diameter. 22, 1.5, and 10 inches long, with braw tips, ..') inch
long, upon the lower end: 4 ipiral groorrt. making one-half of a turn in 22 inehei,
are cut upon the surface of the drifts ; the handles of the drifts are 6 inchea long,
and .75 inch diameter, with a head 1.25 inch diameU-r. MalUit, turned, of hard
wood, weighing 1 pound; JuntirU; ladle».
DniviKG. — Put the case in the mould, and drive on the rings ; insert a piece of
paper, and push it to the bottom of the case with the long drifl ; insert a small
funnel in the top of the case ; pa»8 the long drift through the funnel to the bottom
of the mould: fill the funnel with composition, and strike the drift about three
blows every second, raising the drift about half an inch, with the fingers of the
left hand, between the blows. In this way the composition finds iU way aronnd
the sides and through the grooves of the drift to the bottom, and is uniformly and
compactly driven. The shorter drifts are used as the ca«e is filled.
Port-fires should not be primed with mealed powder: after they are driven, the top
of the case should be turned in and beaten down : thus both ends of the composition
are secured.
Port-fires made as above described burn 10 minutes each, or IJ inch per minute.
A dny$ tcork.—A man can drive 120 port-fires in ten hours.
Packiso. — Port-fires arc packed in boxes containing 100 or 200 port-fires. The
FUZES FOR MORTAR SHELLS. 279
contents of the box should be marked in white letters on each end, and the place and
date of fabrication on the inside of the cover.
Fuzes for Mortar Shells.
The hard, close grained woods are best adapted for making fuzes: beech or ash
is generally used. It should be dry, sound, free from sap, knots, worm-holes, or
shakes.
To TURN TiTE FUZE.— The helper saws the plank into lengths equal to that of the
fuze, and then into prisms, taking off the edges, and centring it on each end. The
turner puts the fuze thus roughed out in the lathe, turns its exterior, and graduates
it, by means of a steel gauge, into inches and tenths of an inch, commencing at the
bottom of the cup. When a number have been turned, the turner puts each fuze
into a chuck, bores it, and makes the cup, with a tool for that purpose.
The fuzes should be carefully inspected, and verified with gauges, and tho.oe
rejected which have splits, knots, or worm-holes, or which have not the proper
dimensions.
A day's work. — One turner can turn 500 fuzes, or turn and bore S-'jO, in ten hours.
TO DRIVE FUZES.
Materials. — empti/ fuzes ,- fuze composition, dry; mealed powder, dry; pastel-
paper. •
VTEtiSiLfi.—Driviiifjf-hlocIcs with holes of the size of the fuze; benches: mallets—
for the 13-inch, 10-inch, and 8-inch fuzes weighing 1 lb., for smaller fuzes, weighing
i to j lb. ; steel drifts shod with copper, the shortest with a mark 0.2 inch from the
end; copper ladles to contain suiBcient composition to make a height, when driven,
equal to 1 diameter of the bore; copper pant ; brushes.
Preparation of the composition.— The composition for 8 and 10-inch light
mortar fuzes is 2 parts of nitre, 1 of sulphur, and 3 of mealed powder; for 10 and
13-inch heavy mortars, 2 of nitre, 1 of sulphur, and 2^ of mealed powder. The
composition must be thoroughly ground and mixed with a muUer, or in a leathern
barrel with brass balls. The time of burning will vary according to the quality of
the materials used (especially of the mealed powder) and the degree of their
admixture. Trials should be made with each composition by driving several fuzes
and getting their time of burning. There should not be any great variation in the
times of burning of the different fuzes, of the same composition. Fuze composition
should be prepared only a short time before being used, and should be preserved in
close vessels in a dry place.
Driving.— The workman is seated, his driving-block in front of him, .and a bench
to hold a pan of composition at his right hand. He takes a fuze, cleans it of all
foreign matter, inserting the drift to the bottom of the bore: he then drops the fuze
into the driving-hole, takes a ladleful of composition, passing tlie drift along the
edguK of the ladle to strike off the surplus ; pours the composition into the fuze,
280 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Rtrikes it two gentle blow? with the mallet, inserts the drift, prepsinR it down on the
corapogition, piving the fuz.c tw(i sliglit blows to settle the compojition. The work-
man strikes the drift 2\ blows in volleys of 3, raising the mallet about 1 foot each
blow, and moving the drift after each volley. He puts in another ladleful and con-
tinues as for the first. Care should be taken to put in equal charges of composition
each time, and to giro to each la<lleful the same number of blows, and with the samu
force.
Fuf.en may be driven by pressure in a screw press.
Pkiminu. — Fur.es are all driven to the same height by means of a mark on the
short drift, or the composition is bored out with a gouge to the same dejith. They
are j)rimed with meiiled p<iwder for about O.'i inch driven with the same force as a
ladleful of composition. The cup is filled with a jiastc of mealed p.iwder and spirits
of wine or strong whiskey, and laid aside to dry: it is then covered with a email
piece of paper, over which is pasted a cap of strong water-proof paper, marked with
the number of seconds the fuco burns to the inch.
Fuzes for Jleavy Guns.
The fuze consists of a paper ente charged with fuxe composition ; it is inserted, at
the time of loading the gun, into a brass or wooden plug previously driven into the
fuze-hole of the shell.
TO MAKK THE CASES.
Materials. — Lng paper, or thin drawing paper: itinglaai.
Utensils. — pnttmi of wood, in the form of a rectangle joined to a trapesoid ; iron
former 0.3.') inch diameter ; kui/e, ylue put, brutliet.
Making the case. — The paper is ?ut to the proper size by means of the pattern.
The wh(de length of the strip must be determined by trial, for each kind of paper, to
give the case the proper diameter. The strip is rolled hard on the former, beginning
with the large end, and is glued after the first turn.
When the case is dry. it is smoothed with a fine file or sand-paper.
Preparation or the composition. — There are three different compositions used,
one inch burning 10 seconds, 14 seconds aud 20 seconds, respectively.
The following are about the proportions required to make these compositions; but
as their time of burning is subject to considerable variation, according to the quality
ot the ingredients aud the manipulation in mixing them, the exact proportions must
bo determined by experiment :
Xo. 1. — 26 nitre. 9 sulphur, 14 mealed powder.
No. 2.— 26 " 9 ♦• 12 "
No. 3.-26 " 9 " 10
The composition is carefully mixed, as deiiribed on page 27y, and several fuies
are fir.*t driven aud their times of burning determined, and the proportions varied,
if necessary, to produce the required result.
FUZES FOR FIELD GUNS AND MOUNTAIN HOWITZERS. 281
TO DRIVE THE FUZE.
Materials. — Empti/ cases; fuze camjiosition.
2 lbs. of composition are required for 100 fuzes.
Utensils.— 'i?rass moulds in two parts, which are held together by a wedge or
cam : the moulds have holes for 4 or 5 fuzes ; steel drifts, 0.35 inch diameter : knt'/e;
mallet, weighing J lb.
Driving. — The mould is put together and secured ; the empty cases arc inserted
and driven gently in; their upper ends projecting above the mould are slit with a
knife into 4 parts. The composition is put in and driven as described on page 279,
giving 15 blows to each ladleful, which will make 0.25 inch in length of the fuze.
Cutting. — The fuze is inserted in an iron gauge, the bore of which is of the same
size and taper as the fuze, and its width is the true length of the fuze, 2 inches.
The projecting ends of the fuze are first sawed off with a fine saw and then trimmed
with a knife.
The fuze is stained the proper color according to the composition used — fuzes of
No. I composition being yellow ; No. 2, green ; and No. 3, blue— and the number of
seconds that each inch will burn is marked on each fuze.
Packing. — Fuzes are put up in bundles of 10 each ; fuzes of the same color being
put in the same bundle, which is labelled with the kind of fuze and its rate of
burning.
Fuzes for Field Guns and Mountain Howitzers.
The fuze for shells and spherical-case shot for field and mountain service is that
known as the "Bormaun fuze." It consists of a circular disk of soft metal con-
taining an annular space charged with mealed powder. The outer circumference of
the disk is chased with the threads of a screw to secure it in the shell. The annular
space for the composition is concentric with the outer circumference, and connects
at one end by a hole with a small magazine in the centre of the disk, filled with
rifle powder and closed on the under surface by a thin disk of tin. The fuze is
charged from the under side, by pressure, and a ring of the same metal is pressed
firmly on the composition.
The composition is thus securely protected from accidents, and the fuze is
screwed into the shell in the laboratory ; the metal covering the composition on
top, being left thin, is easily cut with a knife or cutter, at the moment of loading,
and the composition exposed at the required point to the action of the flame. The
graduations into seconds and quarter seconds are marked on the upper surface of
the disk. The time of burning of the whole length of fuze is 5 seconds.
TO CAST THE FUZE.
Materials. — Tin and lead in equal parts; roain; tallow.
Utensils. — Moulds for the fuze, moulds for the ring, hac/csair, nijypers, mallet,
kettle, ladle.
Casting.— Melt the lead and tin together: heat the moulds so as not to chill the
282 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
metal in casting. Fill the mould with the melted metal, and tap it gently with the
mallet to make the metal fill the small parts. Cut off the gate with the saw, and the
ends of the ring with the nippers.
It ha-8 been found convenient in opening and closing the moulds to attach the two
parts of the mould for the fuze and also for the ring to the jaws of a bench-vice, so
that both moulds arc opened and closed by the same movement of the screw. Tho
fuze-mould is kept hot by means of iron disks which are heated and hung on tho
arbor which supports the moulds.
A mould of more approved pattern has been devised, by which the casting is
expedited.
TO CHARGE THE rUZE.
Matp.riai.S. — }ffnhd powder ; muskfl powder ; rifle powder ; dink* of tin.
Vtknsii.s. — A strong tcrew presi, annular charger the size of the ring, annular
drift, fidl drift, round drift.
Take the mould in which the fuze was cast: place tho fuze in the parts of the
mould containing the screw and tho upper or graduated side, and secure the mould
by a ring driven on it.
Draw up the piston, and fill the charger by pressing it into the mealed powder
contained in a shallow pan. Place the charger over the groove, and force down tho
piston, transferring the powder into the fuze. Insert the buttun in the magazine
and the pin in the priming-hole, to preserve their shapes: place the ring on tho
powder, and with the annular drift force it down by means of a strong si-rew [tress,
bringing the ring flush with the surface of the fuze; rivet the ring in it« place with
another drift. Withdraw the button and pin: charge the priming-hole with rifle
powder and till the magazine with musket power: cover the magazine with a disk
of tin, and rivet it in place by means of first a flat drift and then a round one, which
turn down a part of the metal of the fuze over the disk.
Remove the fuze from the mould, place it in a screw-chuck made to fit it, and
turn off in a lathe the lower surface smooth and to the proper thickness.
The powder of the fuze is now perfectly sealed up from tho air. The fuze may
b« varnished.
FRICTION PRIMERS.
Fuzes.
283
DIMENSIONS AND WEIGHTS.
WOODEN FUZES.
f AVhole length in.
Fuze. } , . f "'^ *"'' "
I Diameter . < at bottom "
L ( of bore '<
First cone . ( If.''"^^ "■;', ' "
( Diameter at lower end "
C Depth "
Cup..-^^. . f at top "
Diameter . ^ . , '
(, I at bottom "
Thickness of wood at bottom of fuze "
Length of composition "
f Diainctor "
Drifts . I Lcnctb, exclusive | 1st "
( ofhaiulle j 2d "
Weight I ^^ (^(>m\H>»itiou for 100 fuzes lbs.
( Of 100 fuzes complete "
Whole length in.
Paper for the case ^ J'f."-,"' f "^'^''^^^'f^^ • • • • "
\V Kith of rectangle "
Width of small end .... "
Bonnann Fuze.
Diameter of fuze, including threads 1.65 in.
Thickness 45 Jq^
Number of threads to the inch 12
Diameter of plug, including threads 1.07 in.
Thickness for field guns 3 in.
Number of threads to the inch 12
Packing-boxes for Port-Fires.
Lcns'tb.
For 100 port-fires 18
" 200 " 18
13-in.
10-iu.
8-in.
10.8
9.4
6.3
1.85
1.7
1.25
1.25
1.0
0.9
.4
.3
.3
2.8
2.25
1.25
1.65
1.55
1.15
.6
0.5
0.4
1.25
1.0
0.75
0.9
0.8
0.6
1.2
0.9
0.9
9.0
8.0
5.0
.36
.27
.27
9.
8.
8.
4.5
4.
4.
8.
4.
2.5
54.
33.
16.
•Width.
Depth.
Weight
9.1
5.1
38
9.1
10.1
70
PAPER
FUZES.
.63
.4
.35
2.0
.3
2.
19.
6.
2.25
0.4
Friction Primers for Cannon.
The friction primer for cannon is a small brass tube filled with gunpowder, which
is ignited by drawing a rough wire briskly through friction composition, contained
in a smaller tube inserted into the first, near the top, and soldered at right angles
to it. A lanyard, with a hook attached, is used to ignite the primer.
284 OUDNANCE MANUAL.
The fricli'on primrr is cuiu])0sc<l of 1 larye tube: 1 uhurt tube; 1 trlre rubber; fric-
tion euwpoiition ; mutkrt powder ; wax.
The lottff lube is mndo from a circular disk of No. 19 8hcct-brii.»!<, 0.02 inch in
diameter, by means of a scrie« of 5 punches and dies, grudually dimininhinfj^ in
8i7,e to the last, which i« of the required size of the tube. The brass must be an-
nealed before each punchin;^.
The lube is cut to the prescribed length, measuring from the closed end, by
means of a circular saw, and the holes for the short tube and wire rubber are
drilled, and the burrs removed. Length of the long tube, 1.76 inch; exterior
diameter, .10 inch; interior diameter, .176 inch; diameter uf holes, .16 inch and
.00 inch.
The thort tube is formed from the long one by using two additional punches and
dies, reducing the site each time. It is cut to the proper length by circular saws
placed at the required distance apart, and the burr removed by rolling in a barrel.
Length of the short tube, 0.44 inch; exterior diameter, 0.16 inch; interior diame-
ter, .133 inch.
One end of the short tube is dipped into a solution of chloride of zinc, inserted
in the hole drilled in the long tube, heated to redness in' the flame of a spirit lamp,
and soldered with soft solder; it is then washed and dried.
The wire rubber is ma^le of \o. 16 bra.ss wire, annealed, cut to the proper length,
and pressed flat at one end by a machine for that purpose. The flat end is trimmed
by a punch and die with dentated edges, and the tip is anneale<l in the flame of a
spirit lamp. Length of wire, 3.4 inclies; length of flattened end, O.lj inch.
The frirtiou compotitiou is made of 2 parti of the tulphurel uf antimun^ and 1
part of the chlomte of putatia, moistened with yumnird iroltr — 60 grains of gum
arabic in 2 ounces of water to 1 pound of composition.
The materials are first pulverized separately, mixed together dry, moistened with
the gum water, and ground in an iron mill, such as is used for grinding [taint.
CuAiiGixG AND VAK.MSHiNG. — The small tube is charged by pressing the open
end in the friction composition spread on a flat piece of iron and brought to the
consistency of soft putty, the long tube being closed its whole length with a
wooden or metal plug.
A conical hole is made iu tho composition, while yet moi?t, with a conical drift,
and the surplus composition removed; the wire rubber is passed through the short
tube and through the small hole in the long tube, the round end first, leaving the
annealed tip projecting out of the open end, which is then closed by pressing
the top and bottom together firmly with pincers, and bending the tip against the
bottom.
The cud of the wire rubber is doubled on itself and twisted, leaving a loop 0.2
inch diameter, and then bent alongside the long tube for packing.
The head of the long tube, including the short tube and the joint, is dipped into
shella<> varnish colored with lampblack.
When dry, the long tube is filled with musket powder and closed with beeswax,
mixed with J its weight of pitch.
PERCUSSION-CAPS FOR SMALL ARMS. 285
Both ends arc touched with varnish and the tube thoroughly dried.
Packing — The tubes are first put up in bundles of 10 each, wrapped in water-
proof paper; 10 bundles are packed in a tin box. painted or japanned: 100 tin
boxes are packed in a box made of 1-inch white pine boards, dovetailed.
The contents of the tin box, place and year of fabrication, are stamped on the
lid, and the number of the box marked on the front side. The contents of the
wooden box, are marked on each end.
Dimensions of the tin box: Length, 4.5 in.; width, 2.35 in.; depth, 2.35 in.
" (interior) wooden box : " 20.5 " " 12.0 " " 9.5 "
Weight of tin box containing 100 primers, .8347 lb.
Weight of wooden box " 10,000 " 105. "
MATERIALS REQriREP FOR 10,000 FRICTION PRIMERS.
66 Ihs. sheet-brass No. 19. "I ., . „-, ,, » i .
V About 36^ lbs. are returned in scraps.
20 " brass wire No. 16. J
1.2.T lbs. solder.
2.33 " chlorate of potassa.
2.66 " sulphuret of antimony.
.65 " beeswax and pitch.
11.0 " musket powder.
1.25 quart varnish (0.75 lb. shellac, 1 qt, alcohol, 0.25 oz. lampblack). 44 sheets
of common tin are required for 100 tin boxes.
Percussion-Caps for Small Ar7ns.
The cap for small arms is made of copper. It is very slightly conical, with a
rim or (lanch at the open end; it has four slits, extending about half the height of
the cap.
The cap is charged with fulminate of mercury, mixed with half its weight of
nitre : the object of the nitre being to render the fulminate less explosive and to
give body to the flame. To protect the percussion powder from moisture, and also
to secure it from falling out, it is covered over, in each cap, with a drop of pure
shellac varnish.
The copper ft)/- making the caps is obtained in sheets 48 inches long and 14 inches
wide, weighing 3 lbs.: a variation of 4 ounces, more or less, is allowed. The cop-
per should be pure, free from seams, holes, or blisters, well annealed, and as evenly
rolled as possible, with straight and smooth edges.
The copper is cleaned by immersion in a pickle made of 1 part (by measure) of
sulphuric acid and 40 p<arts of water; it is secured with fine sand and a hand-
brush, and washed clean in running water — after which it is well dried in clean
saw-dust and rubbed over with a cloth slightly oiled: it is then ready for the ma-
chine.
To PREPARE THE FULMINATE OP MERCURY. — Dissolve, in a glass retort capable of
286 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
holding aV)out a half gallon, 10 oz. of pure mercury in 5 lbs. of nitric acid of the
specific gravity of 1.40. The solution is made by placing the retort in a water or
sand-buth of about 120° or exposed to the sun's rays on a warm day. The vapors
which como over arc very deleterious, and should not be inlialed.
When the solution is complete, pour the liquor into a widc-mouthc<l glass vessel
capaltle of holding 8 to 10 gallons, into which 5. 675 lbs. of alcohol (abi)ut CJ pints)
of the spocifio gravity of 0.85 have been previously poured. Care must be taken
U) pour the nitrate of mercury on the alcohol, as the reverse mode of mixing is dan-
gerous. Great heat is evolved during the effervescence which ensues from the
mixture, and the glass vessels used should be well annealed and of a form to bear
a high heat without breaking. Carboys of thin flint glass, without mouth-rings or
any alinipt change in thickness, are best. The operation should be performed at a
safe di.-<tancc from the fire, as the vapors of ether disengaged are highly inflamma-
ble. When reddish fumes begin to appear, they must be reduced by adding alcohol
in small ()nantities.
The proportion of alcohol used in the whole operation varies according to the
strength of the acid and alcohol, and also with the state of the weather. The
proper quantity is that which is just suflBcicnt to keep down the reddish fumes, and
is determined by trial with the materials used.
When the elfcrvescence has ceased, the fulminate of mercury is found at the
bottom of the vessel as a brownish precipitate. A small ijuantity of water is
poured in, ami the contents transferred to the washing tub, where it is repeatedly
washed in soft water, until tlie water no lunger reddens litmus paper.
The fulminate is in the form of very small crystals, of a light gray color and
brilliant surface. If the operation be well performed, no metallic mercury will be
reproduced. The weight of the fulminate, when dried, is about 14 per cent, greater
than that of the mercury used.
If the proper proportions be not used (or if the materials be not of good quality),
the product will be, instead of fulminate, an impalpable, yellow powder, which is
incombustible. When this is observed, the result may generally bo corrected by
varying the proportion of alcohol in the mixture.
The fulminate of mercury is kept under water, in stone jars, which should be pre-
served from frost.
A day's icork. — In a warm, clear day, 1 master and 2 assistants can make, and
partially wash, 100 lbs. of fulminate in 10 hours.
To PREPARE THE PERCi'SsiON POWDER. — Take aboat 2 lbs. of the wet fulminate
in an earthen dish ; drain the water from it, and spread it on sheets of blotting
paper until it is sufficiently dry to assume the granular form and retains only 20
per cent, of moisture. In this state add to it bO per cent, of its weight of refined
pulverized nitre, and thoroughly mix the ingredients, on a wooden table, with the
hand and a wooden spatula, and pass it several times through an iron sieve Xo. 3:
spread it on sheets ot paper in quantities of ^ lb. each, and dry it in the sun or in a
room warmed by flues. When quite dry, pass the i lb. parcels through a fine hair
PERCUSSION-CAPS FOR SMALL ARMS. 287
sjeve, by rubbing it with the hand, and put each parcel in a separate box, made of
paper, varnished on the inside and outside with shellac varnish and having a loose-
ly-fitting cover. The boxes should bo kept in a small magazine standing apart
from other buildings, upon shelves covered with cloth, to prevent friction in
moving, and be issued one at a, time to the person having charge of the cap
machine.
Making and fillikg the caps. — Both of these operations are performed by
the same machine. The sheet of copper is adjusted on the table of the machine.
The hopper is filled with the percussion powder, and the machine put in motion.
The star or blank is cut by a punch and transferred to a die, where it is formed
into a cap by a second punch. The cap is caught in the notches of the revolving
horizontal plate, and carried, first under the hopper containing the percussion pow-
der, where it receives its charge of i grain, and then under a punch, which presses
the charge firmly into the cap, and lastly to the drop-hole, where it falls into the
receiving drawer.
The hopper is supplied from time to time from the i lb. box, while the machine
is at rest, using a small copper scoop for the purpose, and the bo.\ returned to its
special closet, at least one yard from the machine and above its level, before the
machine is put in motion.
As a cap is occasionally exploded under the punch in charging, all dust of per-
cussion powder should be frequently removed, and only a small quantity of percus-
Bion powder kept in the hopper. The receiving drawer should be emptied after
each sheet of copper is completed : 2,314 caps are made from each sheet 48 inches
long and 14 wide.
A day's work. — The average work of ten hours, including all necessary stoppa-
ges, is 31,000 caps for each machine.
To PREPAnE THE VARNISH. — Dissolve 1 lb. of the best gum shellac in 1 qt. of
rectified alcohol containing 95 per cent, of pure spirit. The solution is made most
readily at a te"mperature of about 120°. It must be stirred frequently until all the
gum is dissolved. It is made and fit for use in 4 hours.
The varnish is best made and kept in glass vessels. 1 qt. of alcohol and 1 lb. of
shellac make 1.4(5 qt. of varnish. A small quantity of alcohol is occasionally
added to thin the varnish when it is used. i
Eighteen quarts of varnish are required for 1,000,000 caps. Two quarts of alco-
hol are required for thinning the varnish.
To VARNISH THE CAPS. — The caps are put into holes in counting-plates made of
sheet-brass, 15 inches by 12 inches, .05 inch thick, held in a frame of brass rods .35
inch square. This is quickly done by taking a parcel of caps on the plate and
shaking it sideways: the caps settle themselves in the holes. When the plate is filled,
the defective caps and those which have lost their charge are easily detected by the
eye, and are replaced by perfect ones. The plate is placed in its bed in the varnish-
ing machine, which is worked by hand, and each row of caps is brought in turn under
a row of wires, Avhich are alternately dipped into a pan of varnish and then into the
caps, leaving in each a drop of varnish.
288 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
The quantity of varnish placed in each cap can be rcpulafed by the sifo of the
wires, or by the depth tu which they cuter the varnish. The ru)i8 remain in tho plate
30 to 40 minutei<, when the varnigh ie sufficiently net to allow of their beiiip turned
into a tray for dryinp. Thefo trays are of wood, 18 inches long, 12 inches wide, and
1 inch deep, and contain 2,500 caps. Tho caps remain in the tray* fur .'J days* in a
room lieated to about 100°. They arc then put into bnpf, and kept at the same
temperature for 10 days longer, before they arc packed in boxes.
A diiy'i tcork. — One boy can count and varniish 7,000 caps per hour.
Packing. — Tho caps are put into bags of strong cotton duck, 10,000 in a bag, and
ten bags are packed in a woodeu box. The box is lined with thick paper, tho bags
are packed in tow, and the cover is fastened with six 2-inch wood screws.
Uaoh anh i-A( king-boxes. — Tho bags are 6 inches in diameter and 13.5 inchei
deep. They arc made with circular bottoms, like cartridge-bags for field service.
They are marked with the number of the bap, the content", the place and date of
fabrication.
Tht piirking-hnsct are made of 1-inch white pine, dovetailed ; they have brackets
for rope handles on the ends, are painted olive color, and marked on tho ends with
the number aud kind of contents, and on tho inside of the covor with the place and
date of fabrication.
Interior ih'inentiuiii. — Length, 28.75 inches; width, 12 inches: depth, S.S iochM.
I»ri(//i»«.— Of 1.000,000 caps, «44 lbs.
Of bag with 10.000 caps, 9.625 lbs.
Of packing-box, 26 lbs.
Of box packed with 100,000 cap?, 127 lbs.
matkrials required for 1,000,000 caps.
For the Ctipn. — 1,300 lbs. sheet-copper, of which about one-third is returned in
scraps.
For the Poictirr. — 42 lbs. mercury.
336 lbs. nitric acid.
382 lbs. alcohoL
24 lbs. nitre.
For the Varnith. — 10 lbs. gum shellac.
12 qts. alcohol.
For Bag*. — 31 yards of cotton duck, .76 yard wide.
For Jioxet. — 150 feet white pine boards.
Note. — Experience has shown that it is not safe to try to wash the percussion
powder from partly filled caps. A lot of unvarnished caps, imperfectly filled, being
soaked in water for several days, became coated with' a substance much more explo-
sive than the origiual fulminate.
The percussion powder must be burned out, and the cap polished by roiling in a
dust barrel.
PITCHED FASCINES. 289
iNCEXDiA i;y compositions, lights and signals.
Rock-Fire.
Rock-fire is a composition which burns slowly, is difficult to extinguish, and is used
to set fire to buildings, ships, etc. That which is put into shells is cast in cylindrical
cases of paper hnving a priming in their axes.
Materials. — Roiin, ^ parts ; sulphur, 4; uitre, 10'; rcguhts of antimony, 1 ; mutton
tallow, 1; turpentine, 1.
Utensils. — A furnace of second kind (page 24.'?), or large kettle in the open air-
tpatulas ; ladle with long handle; balance and weights; sieves.
Preparation op the composition. — Pulverize the sulphur, nitre and antimony
separately; mix them with the hands, and pass them through sieve No. 2; melt the
tallow first, then the rosin, stirring the mixture with spatulas; add the turpentine
and next the other materials, in small (luanlitics at a time, stirring the whole con-
stantly with large spatulas.
Let one portion of the composition be melted before more is added, and work with
great precaution to prevent it from taking fire. When the composition becomes of
a brown color, and white vapors are disengaged, the firo is permitted to go down •
and when the composition is sufficiently fluid, the cases are filled with the ladle not
more than three-fourths full.
Paper cases and phiming-tubes. — The cases are made ofrocket paper, in the
manner described for port-fire cases. The priming-tubes are made of cartridge paper
pasted after the first turn, and rolled hard.
Filling the cases. — The cases are arranged in a frame, the lower end of each
inserted iu a socket, in the centre of which is a spindle to support the priming tube.
The upper ends of the cases are held in place by short cylindrical spouts attached
to the lower side of a reservoir which rests on the top of the frame. The composition
is poured into the reservoir, and tlie frame is gently shaken to settle the composition
in the cases until they are filled.
When the composition has become solid, the cylinders are taken out of the frame
and trimmed; the priming-tubes are charged with composition No. 1 for mortar
fuzes, driven the same as mortar fuzes ; the ends of the cylinders are last dipped in
mealed powder.
When rock-fire cannot be had to put into shells, the p.aper cases may be filled with
port-fire composition, driven as usual; or pieces of port-fire may be inserted in the
shells.
Pitched Fascines.
Pitched fascines arc fagots of dry twigs covered over with an incendiary compo-
sition, and used to set fire to buildings or to lightup at work.
19
290 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
TO MAKE riTf-flEr) FASCINES.
MATF.niAL. — Di-)! hrnnchm, about 0.5 inch diameter, or other light, combustibftj
wood: I/-OII irire, about 0 5 ineh diameter.
Utensils. — 4 pickrts, 40 inches long and li inch diameter ; ryliudrt'cnl tiirl-n, 20
inches long, 11 inch diameter; 2 tracc-rope» ; 1 mpc for a cap-^tan ; 2 lever* ; I $maU
cord; I flat puiirh ; 1 miv) OX hill-hook ; 1 block.
To MAK.K THE KAS<iNE. — Form 2 crotchets, 1 foot apart, with the -lO-inch pickets;
cut the liranchcs 20 inches long, and tie them in the middle of their length, and about
2 inches from their ends, with annealed wire, and |dace in the axis a cylindrical stick,
intcndcil to preserve a vacant space: draw the branches tightly together, that they
may bold the composition better, and cut off tho end» square.
TO riTCn THE KASCl.VES.
MATKniAI.R. — I'it'h ; tar; miilton (tilloir ; liiincxl oil, in a bowl; »nir.ilii»t, in A
barrel ; rock-fire for priming.
Utensils. — 2 potn in a furnace of tho first kiml ; 2 Kjintiilii* : 1 ln<ll' with a long
handle: 1 rnnnll iron fork, with a long wooden hanalc; 2 tiib» ; plank:
The fascines receive two coats of composition.
Firnt root. — Melt 20 parts of pitch and 1 of tallow in the pots, filling them not more
than half full. Having first well oiled the cylindrical slick, plunge the fascine into
the liiiuiil with the fork, first one end, then the other, each time pouring on the upper
end two ladlefuls of the composition. Let the composition harden, holding the
fascine over the pot, turning it slowly, and then immerse it in the tub of water.
The assistant, with his hands covered with oil, fashions the fascine, rolling it on
the bottom of the tub, and places it on the planks.
Second coat is put on 24 hours after the first; it is composed of e<iual parts of
pitch and rosin, melted and mixed together in the pot. The cylindrical stick ii
taken out, and the fascine immersed in the composition, as with the first coat: it is
permitted to drip, and is then laid in saw-dust and powdered all over with it. A
fascine requires about 1.1 lb. of each composition. Fascines should be primed only
& short time before being used. For this purpose dip each end, for a distance of »
half inch, into a kettle holding melted rock-fire.
When used for incendiary purposes, fascines are placed in piles, and pieces of
quick-match and port-fire scattered over them to make the whole mass take fire at
once.
Torches.
Torches are made of a number of strands of twine slightly twisted, or old rope,
covered with a composition to give light.
Materials. — Hemp ttritie, slightly twisted, about 0.08 inch diameter; cartridge
thread ; mutton talloie : j/ellow wax; roitin ; glue; quicklime.
Utensils. — I pot ; 2 upatulai ; 1 ladle; glue pot and bath; knife; 1 mould.
'm
FIRE-BALLS. 291
PuEPARATiON. — Melt in the pot 1 part of t.i'li<\v, 2 of yellow wax. and 8 of rosin,
stirring it with spatulas. The twine is formed in hanks of about 40 threads, 3 feet
long, cut at one end, and tied with twine, forming a handle, at the other.
The hanks are immersed for ten minutes in the composition, and then drawn
through a mould of the proper size. They are suspended by the handle in a shady
place to harden ; 24 hours after, they are painted over with a warm solution of
a half pound of quicklime and J of an ounce of glue to a quart of water.
With old rope. — Boil the rope, well beaten and untwisted, in a solution of equal
parts of nitre and water ; when dry, cut it iu pieces 4 feet long ; tie 3 or 4 of these
pieces around a piece of i)ine wood, 2 inches in diameter and 4 feet long; cover the
whole with a mixture of equal parts of sulphur and mealed powder, moistened with
brandy; fill the intervals between the cords with a paste of 3 parts of sulphur and
1 of quicklime. When it is dry, cover the whole torch with the following compo-
sition :
Pitch, 3 parts ; Venice turpentine, 3 parts ; turpentine, i part.
Tarred Links.
Tarred links are made of old rope, covered over with a composition to give light.
Matkrials. — Old nlow-match or rope ; cartridge thread ; endn of rope. One link
requires i lb. of tow and 1 to li lb. of composition.
Utensils. — Mallet; knife.
To MAKE THE LINKS. — The old rope is well beaten with mallets: the short ends
are tied together with cartridge thread. The links are formed by coiliug the soft
rope around the hand, in coils of 3 inches interior and 6 inches exterior diameter.
loosely tied with thread.
To TAR THE LINKS.— The links are covered with composition as described for
fascines.
Tarred links burn one hour in calm weather, half an hour in a high wind, and
are not extinguished in the rain. Two of them are put in a rampart grate on a
bed of shavings. The grates are placed about 250 feet apart.
Fire-Balls.
Fire-balls arc projectiles of an oval shape, formed of sacks of canvas filled with
combustible composition. They are used to light up the enemy's work, and are
loaded with shells to prevent them from being approached.
Materials.— »S'(roH<7, clo^e canvas (sail-cloth) ; rope; cartridge thread; red chalk;
slow-match; loaded shells ; pitch. A composition of 8 parts of saltpetre as it comes
from the refinery, 2 of pulverized sulphur, and 1 of antimony, passed through
sieve No. 2. These materials are mixed in the hands, passed through sieve No. 4,
moistened with l-30th their weight of water, and passed again through the same
sieve.
292 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Utenbils. — The necessary utensils for prinding and preparing tbo composition :
Wooden pnltrrn, red chalk, 1 pair xherirn, < ,llar neidles, ninlUt, Hmall goiKje of the
calibre of the fire-balls, troop, Uinvd links, 1 wooden mould, 2 wooden drift*, 20
inches long, one of them U inch and the other 2J to 4 inches in diamctur; 2
wooden pint, 4i inches long, the small end the size of a pa])er fuze.
To MARK TiiK SACK. — Miirk out the pieces by means of the imttcrn, and cut
them with the shears; baste two or three thicknesses together, according t) the
strength of the canvas; sew three or more together, enough to make the sack;
leave one end open, forming a mouth for charging; turn the bag to bring the seams
on the inside. The mouth may be made fast to un iron hoop, large enough to
admit the shell, with which the fire-ball is loaded.
To riiKPAUK THK shf.ll. — Charge the shell with j)owdcr and put in a slow fuze.
Dip the tarred link into the melted rosin, pitch and tallow, and fasten it with twine
to the shell around the fuz-e-hole.
To oiiAUGK TIIK SACK. — Placc the sack in the mould and secure the mouth to it.
Put the shell with the tarred link in the bottom of the sack, the fu/.c-holo down-
ward, and fasten the shell down with twine passed through the sides of the sack,
or with a piece of canvas secured to the sides ; put in the composition with a scoop
and ram it, first with the small drift, and, when it is half the height of the projec-
tile, with the large drift, driving it with the mallet. Continue in this way till the
sack is Oiled to the top. Close the mouth of the sack, sewing the pieces together.
TuK luoN BOTTOM. — Thc ball is furnished with an iron bottom, to prevent it from
being broken by the force of the charge in thc mortar. To make the bottom, thc
iron, .'2 inch thick, is cut in a circular form, healed and partly shaped with a set
hammer, in a concave wooden former: it is again heated, and finished in an iron
former. It is then put into a lathe, where thc outer edge is trimmed and chamfered
to thc thickness of i inch.
The iron bottom is attached to the ball witli the cement (page 16^); the bottom is
filled about one-third full with the cement, and the loaded end of the fire-ball i»
inserted in it and left to cool.
The ball is next covered aad strengthened with a net-work made of span-yarn or
cord, from O.'io to 0.5 inch thick, according to the size of the ball. This net-work is
oommeuccd at the bottom of the sack, and terminates at the ti^]! in a strong loop,
which forms a handle for carrying the baU. Fire-balls are dipped in a composition
of equal parts of pitch and rosin, made warm. The ball, when finished, should pass
through the large shell-gauge.
To PRIME THE BALLS. — Make 4 holes, about 3 inches below the top, by driving in
the greased wooden pins 2 inches deep. When the ball is to be primed, lake out
these pins and fill the holes with fuzes, and with two strands of quick-match, held
fast by the composition: leave room in the priming-hole for coiling the quick-matob
and cover it with a piece of canvas fastened with 4 nails.
The balls are not primed until they are to be fired.
SIGNAL ROCKETS. 293
Light-Balls. ^—-rfh
Light-balls are made in the same manner as fire-balls, except that there is no
shell in them, as they are use! for lighting up our own works.
Blue-Lights.
Materials. — For 100 Iff/htn — Saltpetre, 9 lbs. 10 oz. ; mlphnr, 2 lbs. 6i oz.; red
orpimetit, 11 oz. The materials should be pure, well pulverized, and thoroughly-
incorporated, rubbing them in the hands and passing them several times through a
fine hair sieve. Hemiiipherirnl ctipa of well-seasoned wood (beech, linden, etc.) with
a handle 10 inches long, IJ inch diameter; quirk-uialeh, paper, paste.
Utensils. — The necessary utensils for pulverizing and mixing the composition.
PiiEPAiiATiON. — Fill the cup with composition and press it firmly in; prime the
cup with quick-match, and cover the whole with cartridge paper pasted to the
bottom of the cup.
The brilliancy of the light depends on the purity and thorough incorporation of
the materials.
Signal Rockets.
Rockets for signals are composed of a paper case charged with composition, ajoot
filled with ornaments, and a light ulick to give direction.
Rockets are denominated by the interior diameter of the case. The most common
sizes are the .75-inch, 1-inch and 1.5-inch.
TO MAKE THE CASE.
Mateuials. — No. 4 paper ; pasfe ; stroiirj twiue.
Implements. — Aivl; ruler; knife; sdndstone ; rolling bench; press and crank;
choking machine; gauge for the case ; paste brush.
To CUT THE PAPER. — Lay off the paper into rectangles, their width equal to the
length of the case, pricking with the awl the four corners on several sheets at once;
cut them with the knife.
A sheet of No. 4 paper makes two rectangles for a .75-inch or for an inch rocket,
by cutting it parallel to the short or the long side, respectively.
To ROLL THE CASE. — Roll tho rectangle smoothly on the former, pasting the paper
after the first turn ; put the case and former in one of the grooves of the press, and,
by means of tho crank slipped on the square end of the former, turn it; the top" of
the press bearing on it slightly at first Paste tho second rectangle, introduce one
end under the last rectangle, and roll it as at first. Gauge the case, to sec that it is
the size of the mould.
If there be no rocket press at hand, a long hand rolling board may bo used
instead.
To CHOKE THE CASE. — Wrap a piece of strong paper around the end of the case
204 ORDNANCE MANUAL. '
to ltd choked, to prcvcDt the cor'I from chafing it ; take a turn around it with the
ohokiDK-cord, and ])r<-i<H on the treadle, turning the case at the same time, and draw-
injt out the small imrt of the former as the jjaper contracts; make the choke fa«t by
wrapping it i^tveral times with strcmj; twine, drawing it firmly, and tie it in a hard
knot: |ilace the eases uwaj tu dry in the shade.
TO nBIVK THK ROCKKT.
MaTRRIALS. — Empty rimm ; coinjjo'ition ; cliiy or pltnlrr of Parit.
The cum]>ositioD is composed of 26 parts of nitre, .'>} of sulphur, and 19 of
oharooal, which arc mixed hj ruhbing them io the hand, and passing them three
times through the sieve No. 2; the charcoal is added, and mixed with the hands. If
antimony or steel filings be used, they should be added after the charcoal.
When beginning with a new compobition or new materials, it is necessary to try
the composition by firing two or three rockets made of it, ami regulate the height
of the milt'd. If the rockets do not ascend sufficiently high, increase the quantity
of nitre, and diminish it if the rockets burst or blow out the head.
When rockets are well made, they ascend rapidly to a great height, an<I throw
(At their ornaments at the highest point of the curve, after all the composition baa
burned out.
Utensils. — 1 mow/i/and fjiimilr; 1 Uock <»/iror»rf, settled in the ground; 3 koltoie
drift*, bored to admit the spindle; I tolid drift ; m<illeti; kuive* ; §and*lunea ; 1 thnrg-
ing Indlr of such size thai its contents, when driven in the case, shall be a diamet«.-r
in height.
To iMT TDK TASK IX THK Moi i.ii. — In the first jdace, cut off the choke<l end of the
ease square, and to such a length that when the case is settled down on the s[dndle
the choke should fit closely over the nipple, and the end of the case rest on the base
of the 8i>indle.
Place the case on the spindle, the choked end down ; settle it with two or three
blows of the mallet : set the mould over the case and key it down.
Driving the rocket. — Take a ladleful of composition, strike off the surplus and
pour it into the ease. Use first the longest hollow drift, and give each lailleful 25 or
SO blows with the mallet, keeping the drift down on the composition. As the eaae
fills, use the shorter drifts until the composition reaches the top of the spindle; then
drive 1 diameter in height with the solid drift, cover this with a patch of stiff paper
cut to fit the case, and over this patch drive a wad i diameter high, of clay, or of
piaster of Paris slightly moistened with water.
Rockets are sometimes driven solid throughout, and afterward bored and reamed
OBt with a reamer of the form of the spindle.
The mnMldf fi>r driving are not indispensable. Rockets are oft«n driven without
them. For this purpose, screw the spindle vertically into the top of a block of wood
firmly imbedded in the ground. To the opposite sides of this block attach two
upright strips of plnuk. and fasten to them a cross-piece which has near its centre*
hole to fit the rocket-case and keep it steady on the spindle in driving.
SIGNAL ROCKETS. 295
To guard nffnivst arcidrnft, drive rockets in an empty rotim ; particularly, let no
powder be in the room, or composition, except that used at the time, and let no filled
rocket-cases be lying about. In fair weather use a tent for a driving room.
To PRIME THK ROCKET. — Insert in the bore of the rocket one end of a piece of
quick-match, 2 feet long, a small piece of paper attached, and push it in securely;
coil the rest of the match in the bore and bottom of the case. To secure it from
dampness, paste over the end of the case a circular cap of strong paper.
TO MAKE THE POTS.
Materials. — No. 4 paper, pnntc.
IJTENSrLS. — Knife, former, rolling hoard, hotel for pdste, hiushra.
Making the pot, — Cut the rectangle and roll it on the former as described for
port-tire cases.
To attach the pot. — Paste the pot on the inside the di.«tance of one-half of a
diameter, and also the out-^idc? of the case, at the end containing the clay, for the
same length ; slip the pot on the pasted end, leaving the length of the pot above the
top of the case t)ne and a half diameter.
To secure the pot in place and give a neat tinisb, cover the rocket-case and pot,
when dry, with thin paper pasted on.
TO MAKE THE CONES.
Matehials. — iVo. A: jiaper, paste, thin paper.
Utensils. — Compnsse», knife, scissors, conical former, howl for paste, hriishes.
Making cones. — Mark out the No. 4 paper by describing with the compasses
circles with a radius equal to the length of the cone required. Cut them out with
the scissors, and cut each circle into semicircles. Paste each semicircle and roll it
sep.arately on the former; press it firmly, and put it away to dry. Cut the cones to
such length that their bases shall bo of the same diameter as t'lo pot. Make in the
same way a similar cone of thin paper one inch longer, and paste it on the first; cut
the part of the cone formed of one thickness of paper into longitudinal slips \ inch
wide.
To LOAD THE POT AND FIX THE CONE. — Put in the bursting charge of 150 to 300
grains of powder in the bottom of the pot, and fill it with the decorations, placing the
serpents and streamers on end, the primed ends down. Fill the cone with tow, and
paste the strips of the cone; place the cone on the pot, and press the strips on the
side of the pot; paste a narrow baud of paper around the rocket close to the base of
the cone.
The axes of the rocket-case, of the pot, and of the cone, should be in the same line.
To ATTACH THE STICK.— Tie the stick to the rocket, with strong twine or annealed
iron wire from .04 to .08 inch in diameter, at two places : first at the choke of the
case and the second notch in the stick, crossing the ends of the twine under the
stick to prevent its moving to the right or left; the second, in the notch at the end
of the stick and near the pot; tic the twine in a hard knot, and cut the ends close.
296 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
If wire be used, twi»t the ends together with plicrF, jiiid flatten the end« into the
notch.
After the stick is attachp<i, the centre of jfravify of tiie rocket should bo from .8
inch to 2 imhes from the end of the case. aecordinK to the kind of dceorutionc used.
For tiiin inirpouc, if necei<Kary, reduce the size of tlic slick at the end.
DKCOR.\TIONS FOR ROCKETS.
Stars.
Materiai.r.— Roe table, pa^e .311.
Utrn8IL8. — The necessary utensils for weighing and grinding the matnriali ;
a efflindrirnl mould with a pin in the axio . and a piston for pushing out the stars.
To PRKi'AUK TiiK I'OM I'OSiTios. — Reduce the materials to the finest powder; mix
them with the hands; pass them three times throti;;h the sieve, mixin;; them each
time with the hand.
Moisten the composition with whiskey in which gum has been dissolred,* so that
the composition sliall retain its form when pressecl in the hand.
To MOfi-n TIIK STARS. — Fill the mould by pressing it in the composition spread
oat in a wooden bowl ; push out the star with the piston, letting it full lightly on
a sheet of paper dusted over with mcalcil powder.
Colnrrd glum arc made in the same manner as white ones, using the compositiont
indicated in the tabic, pa;:e 311.
Serin'nt.s.
Serpents are very small rocket-cases charged with com]>osition.
MatkkiaLS. — ^V«. 4 paper, thread, paste, eloi/.
Utensils. — R'lii/e ; former. 0.4 incli in diameter; hmrl for past«, brtuffi, tntuden
mould, uipplt , drift, mallrl, chanjer, hand roUimj board.
To MAKK TUB CASK. — The case is made by rolling a rectangle of paper. No. 4, with
a hand rolling bnard, and choking it at one end.
The cases are driven j their length, giving each ladlcful of composition .'J blows
with the mallet.
The case is choked over the composition, and the remainder of it is nearly filled
with mealed powder, upon which a small paper wad is placed ; a clay bead is ibeo
driven on it, and the end of the case turned down, to secure it; the other end is
primed with priming paste, or a small strand of quick-match.
Streamers.
Streamor.s are small paper cases from .2 to .4 inch diameter and from 2 to 4
•nie ua* of the gam is to give consistency to the stars, so that the ezploeioo of the pot inaj'
•ok break Umb to piaoee and thereby destroy the eflTecL
DECORATIONS FOR ROCKETS.
297
inches long, made of four turns of No. 7 paper. One end is closed, and the case is
cbarL'cd and primed liite that of a lance.
A number of streamers produce the effect known as rain of fire.
Gold Rain.
(lold rain is made of small stars, all of the same Mze. The stars are cubes, the
length of whose sides is .r) inch.
Jfarrons.
Marrons are small cubic boxes, made of p.isteboard. filled with powder, and
wrapped with strong twine. They arc used to give a loud report, or the effect of
cannonading.
lli.KTV:\u^^.v,.— Pasteboard, rartridijc paper, strong twine or marline, paste, quick-
match, powder.
Utensils. — Knife, ruler, pencil, pnneh.
To MAKE THR MARRONS.— Cut the pasteboard into rectangles whose sides shall bo
3 and 5 times, respectively, the length of the side of the marron required. Divide
the rectangle into 15 equal squares; cut out the squares forming the four corners of
the rectangle, and divide the three remaining squares on the long side from each
other by a cut the length of their side and perpendicular to the long side of the
rectangle.
Form a small cubic box with the pasteboard thus cut out; paste the squares
togfethcr which cover each other, and paste a band of paper around the box, leaving
the cover open. When dry, fill the box with powder, paste down the cover, and
envelop it with two or three layers of strong twine. Cover the marron with glue
or kit, and prime it with quick-match inserted in a hole punched into the powder at
the middle of one of the faces.
8W ORDNANCE MANUAL.
DivieMions and Weights of Rockets and their Orunm- nfs
tnp..
Nipri-K
Ditii
Dkiviro
Mai.lbt
Cbarokr .
Height of
Compositi-
Clay in hi'
Langlb of cyliodrical
pari
Conical
cavity.
Pot
Conk . • . .
Stick . . .
l»l drift
2d " "
3d " "
4th '• •*
Diameter f Ist drift "
at buitom ■ 2d " "
or liiu«c. . ( .3d " "
CuuiiioD diumvter at toji. . . "
r l«t drift "
Length of .^ 2d "
(••'-> " "
Weight pouods
Length <if ^ainllo inchca
I I»i*iuctvrt "
. •' Li'nglh «>f oyliuder "
(Whole length "
the rulid ''
>ii fnr 1(10 rocket* l>oundg
a<l ounce!!
f length inches
( height "
I Former, diameter '*
I ( stars ounce;
I Weight of pot . i serpents
(gold rain "
( Bur:^ting charge "
(^ ,r (height inches
Conical former. i ,. * . . v, «i
< { diameter at base .... "
( Length of finii-hed cone "
( Length "
< Thickness of large end "
( " small end "
Rectangle.
Intarior diaiu'r of Ilucketa.
Ileiglil of rectangle for canei inches
Length of the finished case* "
Interior diiinu-tcr of tlie choke " i
Kxterior dintiM-tcr of the case "
I lli-ifrht
6piniii.k . . ' IMnineter at
IMamcter
H<-ighl
Diameter of cjlindcr and part of nipple
diameter
.7Mo.
Uu.
1.6-ln.
10.
11.
13.0
9.25
10.60
13.60
.25
.42
.M
1..15
1.60
3.0
0.25
6.75
I.O
.25
.42
.M
.13
.31
.33
.75
1.0
1.4«
.05
.7
1.0
.75
1.0
1.48
.72
.87
1.47
».S5
10.
13.U
7.25
0.
10.
4.5
5.35
r.M
2.5
S.O
«.•
.27
.44
.n
.24
.it
.64
.21
.ss
.M
• H
.23
.33
6.75
7.5
8.M
4.25
6.0
6,t
3.
S.
4.
1.15
1.4
S.O
H.
8.
8.
2.25
3.75
i.s
2.5
3.30
S.M
7.
7.76
9M
1.5
2.0
t^
30.
50.
135.
.75
i.
1.35
12.5
7. 36
15.0
3.10
3.25
5.
1.35
1.60
2.25
1.
1.6
3.
1.
1.4
S.
1.
1.75
3.5
.5
1.
1.35
3.25
3.74
4.
1.5
3.0
3.80
1.75
4.
4.35
80.
84.
00.
.«
.66
.8
.35
.4
.5
• Without the pot.^
fits consents, when driren, should be half a diameter in height.
WAR ROCKETS.
299
.75-in. Rocket.
Stars
Gold rain.
Streamers
Serpents .
10
10
Number. I Weight.
Grains.
490
490
685
525
l-in. Rocket.
fjnmber. ' Weight.
15
15
12
4
Grains.
700
700
1,025
850
1.5-in. Rocket.
Number.
20
20
18
8
Weight.
Grains.
890
870
1,575
1..3.50
WAE POCKETS.
The war rocket used in the military service is made after H.ale's patent. It
consists, 1st. Of a sheet-iron case lined with paper and charged with rocket com-
position. 2d. Of a cast-iron cyliudro-conoidal head, with a small ^cavity commu-
nicating with the bore of the rocket, and pierced with (hree holes, oblique to the
surface, for the escape of gas. 3d. Of a wrought-iron plug welded into the rear
end of the case, and having a hole in its axis for the escape of gas.
The rocket is driven forward by the escape of gas through the hole in the rear
end, and a motion of rotation around its axis is given to it by the esc.-ipe of gas
through the holes in the head, whereby its direction is preserved without the use of
a directing stick.
The composition is pressed solid in the case by means of a powerful press, and
the bore of the rocket is drilled and reamed out to the proper size.
The sizes of rockets are indicated by the interior diameter of thp cases.
The two sizes used are the two-inch and three-inch.
To MAKE THE 3-INCH CASE. — Select the best lap-welded sheet-iron tubing. Cut
it into lengths of 14.4 inches, and weld into one end a ring made of bar-iron 0.625
inch by .25 inch, leaving a hole in the centre of .75 inch diameter. Swage the
ring into a conical shape, the small end 1.6 inch diameter; cut off the ends of the
case square, and ream out the hole to .95 inch diameter.
Ream out the hole in the base of the head to .875 inch, turn and fit the head into
the case, and bore three holes, equidistant from each other, .45 inch diameter,
through the lap of the case and head into the cavity of the latter, the holes in a
plane perpendicular to the axis, but the holes not passing through the axis. Bore
nine holes .18 inch in diameter through the case into the head, for riveting on the
head.
TO DRIVE THE ROCKET.
Composition. — Nitre, 10 parts; sulphnr, 2; charcoal, 3. Place the case in the
mould, put in the case about 3^ oz. of composition, and press it with a pressure of
about 20 tons; continue in the same waj' until the composition is about 1.2 inch
800 OUDNANCK MANUAL.
fVom «ho tnp ; put in n. layer of potterp' clnj' .25 inch thiok when prcusioW ; h spajse
of .95 inrh in left vii'iint for a pastelioanl washor ami the ca.«t iron head.
To uoiiK TiiK norKKT.— Remove the rocket to tlic boring-room ; drill a hole .If)
inch (lianioCer lliroujrh Us entire length ; ream out the hole to .p.") inch at the tail
and .7rj inch nt the head; bore the bole in the clay .b7.'» inch diameter.
To FA8TKN ON Till'. iiKAP.— I'ut a washcr of pasteboard on the clay, in«ert the
bead aii<l rivet it on, cork np the holes, and cover the rocket with a coat of paint.
l)imtn»v>n». — Whole Icnf^th of the rocket Kl.U inches.
Len;;th of the finiHhcd ease 1 1.2 "
Exterior diameter of case .^.25 "
I nt«ri<ir diameter of case 3.00 *'
Wei;;ht of rocket, complete 14.00 pounds.
KocketH are mrefully packed in tow, in buxco cimtainiii); 8 rocketn each.
The content* c)(' boxc« to bo marked on each end.
/>MN«Nci'on« «./ I'ltrking-hoxe*. — Length, interior 17. inches.
Width, interior 125 "
Depth fl.5
Weight of box, empty 20. pounds.
Wei.'ht of box. j.aeked 1.16.5 "
These riicl;.-t> are fired from open tubes formed of rods i^f iron bent spirally and
mounted on a porlAble stand.
Petard.
Tlie pttani i;* a liox of woi>d filled with powder, ur^cd to blow down doors, gatM,
burierK, etc.
The box fihould be made of dry wood, and have [taper pasted over the joints t4
prevent the powder from sifting out. A fuze, by which the petard is fired, is
sorowod into the box, reaching to the powder.
The box should contain at lea«t 20 lbs. of powder.
The effects of petard.-* are nearly proportioned to the square of the rhar^jcs of
powder they eoiiUiiu, and their effects are considerably increased if loaded with
WBd-bags.
A 10 or 8 inch shell filled with powder, and provided with a long fuie, ni»v b«
used for a petard.
STORAtJE AND PRESERVATION OF AMMUNITION AND FIREW0HK8.
Storehouses and magazines should be kept in the neatest possible order, tb*
stores arranged as much as possible by classes, kinds and calibres, and labelled.
They should be ventilated from time to time, in the middle of the day. in fine
we&ther — particularly those which contain ammunition and fireworks which are
iignred by moisture.
Provide cloth blinds for all windows exposed to the sun.
Leaden BalU are generally kept in cellars, on account of their weight: the boxes
PRESERVATION OF AMMUNITION AND FIREWORKS. 301
should be kept as dry asi possible, and so piled as to admit tbe circulation of air
about them.
Cartridges for small arms are kept in magazines, the barrels or boxes being
piled 3 or 4 tiers high at most.
Fixed Ammunition for Cannon. — If not in boxes, it should be placed in piles
formed of two parallel rows of cartridges, with the sabots together — in 4 tiers for
12-pdr., and 5 for 6-pdr. ; chock the lower tier with strips of wood fastened with
small nails ; put a layer of tow 2 inches thick between the shot ; let the piles rest
on planks, if there be no floor, and cover them with tarpaulins ; have the place
swept, and the cartridge-bags brushed off. Leave a passage of 18 inches between
the double rows, and keep them 2 feet from the walls.
Fixed ammunition should not be put into powder magazines, if it can be avoided;
it should be kept in a dry place, above the ground floor if practicable; the store-
rooms should be always aired in fine weather; the piles should be taken down and
made up again every six months at most, the bags examined and repaired, and the
damaged cartridges broken up. A ti<!ket on each pile should show the number and
kind of cartridges, the additions to the pile, and the issues.
Caniiters. — Piled up like fixed ammunition, in 4 tiers for 24's and IS's ; and 5
for 12's and 6's. Empty caniriters in 10 or 12 tiers; the bottoms and covers separ-
ately.
Cartridfje-hafjK filled. — Like fixed ammunition ; or packed in boxes or barrels.
Cartridge-hags empty. — In bundles of 50, sealed up in paper cases, carefully
closed with strips of thin paper pasted over the #eams.
Paper Cartridge-hngs. — In bundles, packed in boxes or on shelves, in a dry
place, with pounded camphor and black pepper, or tobacco: the flannel bottom
dipped in a solutiun of the sulphate of copper.
Loaded Shells should never be put into magazines, except from absolute neces-
sity ; powder is not well preserved in them. They should be piled on the ground
floor of a secure building — on planks, if the floor be not boarded; in 6 tiers at
most; the fuzes of the lower tier in the vacant spaces between the shells ; those of
the other tiers turned downward, like the fuze-holes of empty shells; the pile
should be covered with a tarpaulin.
Use the same precautions against moisture and accidents as in a powder maga-
zine.
Canister Shot. — Keep them, the different kinds together, in bins or boxes.
Slow-match.— In a dry place, such as a garret, in boxes or barrels, or piled on the
floor.
Quick-match. — If not in boxes, it may be hung up in bundles, on ropes or pins,
and covered with paper.
Friction Primers. — In tin bo.\es.
Port-fires. — Bundles of 10 are placed in boxes or in barrels, on end, in safe and
dry situations.
Fuzes. — Packed in boxes — fuzes of the same kind, as much as possible, in the same
box — in very dry and well ventilated stores. *
802 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
f'i/Ilnilrr» of Rnrk-firr. — In hoxeo or barrels, like fuzcp. - '~""
firr-lirilf: — In cool but dry an<l niry plnoc?, fiifiiciKlc-il l.y the linndle, the bottom
rectinp on a board or floor, that they may not become deformoil. Each ball should
bo labcllid. clMtinR its calibre, weight, and year of fabrication.
Si'/ii'il Itiirl'tn. — Packed in boxen, the sticks tied to;r<'ther. Each box shouM con-
tain rr)ckctK of but one calibre, and chould be marked with the ^if.e and the kind of
decoration. If the sticko be attached, they are tied in bundlei' of .'). according to the
kind of decoration.
W'lr Knrkrit. — Prcnerved in dry place.", with the name jirecuntionK »f loaded fhclle.
Tiirii'i l.t'tik'. — Strung on a rope and hung up. For transportation they are
packed in burnlx. with straw between the tier.".
f',(«riiif« .III'/ Tcrrhei. — Packed like the preceding.
nUEAKIXiJ UP UNSERVrCEAI5LE STtlRES.
CAHTlunOKS KOK SMALL AUIIS. — I box; 1 reetn>i;fuliir tcreen, of brui wire, which
fits in the box : 1 huord, with 4 rtipprr honln, placed acroea the middle of the ncruen;
hoxf for balls and caps; tmrrrli for powder; 1 pa/trt prrit ; 1 tiere ,• ilo»U.
Put the bundlec of cartridges on the screen, as they are re<{uire<l, and open thcB
there near the wire gaure: put the pieces of twine on the hook», the papers on ibe
board, and the bundles of caps in the boxes; the powder, passing through the icreon.
falls iu the box, and the balls, remaining on the screen, are washed, if necessary, and
bdxed. The unserviceable paperstire thrown into water, or burned ; the others arc
put under the press for 1'2 hours, and then placed in barrels or boxes. The bundles
of caps are put in boxes without being broken up, unless the caps are damaged ; th«
caiis arc then put iu bags by themselves. The powder is dried and sifted, Ui
Kparate the dust and the caked powder, which are laid by to be reworked, or to be
melted for the saltpetre.
FiXKI) AMii'MTloN KOK CAXSox. — 1 tarpaulin; 1 hnj- ; 2 barrtU ; 1 kni/t ; 9
hrnthri : 1 pnnrh ; 1 hammer ; 1 icruper (piece u{ mrunl hUtdr) ; luir ; a tub half full
of wat4.>r. t4) clean the balls ; •(»«/•.
■ One man holds the cartridge over the box. whilst another cuts the twine near the
knot, takes off the strapped shot, brushes it, and eUnds it on the tarpaulin, on Us
■abut: the tirst man pours the good powder into a barrel, the caked powder into
another, turns the bag wrong side out, and cleans it. The strapped shot are uken
to the door of the laboratory, where the shot which still require cleaning are sep-
arated from their sabois and immersed in the tub of water: after standing some time,
they are washed and cleaned. The others remain strapped. The serviceable,
reparable, aad unserviceable cartridge-bags are se[.arated from each other; the U«t
are immersed in water, and used for rags. The pieces of twine are tied up in bundle.
The shells are put aside to be unloaded and cleaned in like manner.
The breaking up of fixed ammunition requires many precautions, and should neT«r
be done in the magatine, bot m much as possible in the open air. Never have hot
little powder and a few cartridges in the shop at one time.
ORNAMENTAL FIREWORKS. 303
Canisters. — Turn up the slit ends of the canisters, by means of a small chisel;
take off the cover, and pull out the balls and saw-dust into a bo.\ by means of a hook;
take out the bottom plate, and straighten the cylinder with a mallet on an anvil.
PoRT-FiitES. — Split the paper: take out the composition, and pulverize it by
rolling for two hours. It may be made to burn more or less quickly by adding
mealed powder or sulphur.
Unloading Shells.
This is necessary in order to save room in the storehouses, and to prevent acci-
dents and the deterioration of the powder. It should be performed with great care,
and at a distance from the magazines, storehouses, or dwelling-houses, employing
no more men than are absolutely necessary.
Separate the workmen from each other; jilace them near a ditch or deep hole, into
which they may threw a shell, should it take fire, and thus shelter the men from the
fragments.
Remove the powder frequently as it is taken from the projectiles.
Workmen. — 1 artificer; 1 helper.
Implements. — 1 fuzc-wrruch ; awh; a coil o/ rope, or a block, to place the shell
on ; 1 brace, with bits of the size of the bore of the fuzes ; 1 copper chinel; 1 wooden
drift ; 1 mallet ; 1 copper hook, and rncis, to get out the powder and clean the interior
of the shell; 1 Icnife ; a tub and a basket for the powder and fuzes: a tarpaulin ; a
bucket of water.
For large shelh, in addition to the above: I fiizc-e.rtractor, for mortar shells ; a
pair of shell-hooks and a handspike ; 2 trestles and & frame, to rest the shells on after
extracting the fuze, for the purpose of emptying the shells over the tub.
The helper places the shell on the coil of rope, and holds it firmly in both hands :
the artificer unscrews the fuze with the fuze-wrench. If the shell have a paper
fuze, the artificer thrusts the sharp point of the awl between the fuze and the plugs,
and pries the fuze out; a second awl may be used opposite the first; or cut out the
composition ..3 or .4 inch with a knife, and screw into the pivper case a screw fitting
it closely ; draw out the fuze by means of the screw.
If it be a mortar shell, bore out the composition with a brace and bit, keeping
the composition constantly wet with water ; drive in the bore of the fuze a plug of
hard wood ; screw in the fuze-extractor and draw the fuze.
ORNAMENTAL FIREWORKS.
Ijances.
Lances are small paper cases, .2 to .4 inch diameter, filled with one or more com-
positions, each burning with a fiaine of a particular color. They are used to mark
the outlines of figures, and are attached to light frames of wood, or sticks of
bamboo.
To MAKE THE CASES. — Cut the paper into rectangles, of a length equal to the
o04 ORDNANCB MANUAL.
required length of the case, and of such width us to mukc the case throe thick-
nesses of No. 7 |ia|icr. The leu;;th of the case is poncrally ahout t(;n times its
exterior <liaiiu'ti-r, <ii'pi'iHliup on the composition with wliich it is to be fiUud. and
the time it is rcMjuircd to burn.
Paste the rectangle, and roll it on an iron former with tlic liuml. When the cases
are dry. cut them to their projtcr length.
To iiiiivK TUB LANCK. — Place the cases in holes bored in a block of liar<l wood,
the holes .02 inch larger than the case, and their depth .26 inch less than the length
of the cHsc.
Drive in the bottom of each case a ladleful of clnv. Insert in the top of the
case a small funnel; pass the drift through the funnel into flio rase: fill the funnel
with composition ; raise the drift I inch above the to)) of the cast; press it to the
bottom, and give it three light blows with a rocket-drift ; coctinuo in the same
way, raising the drift above the top of the case between carh rollry, until the caM
is filled to .25 inch of the t«p.
Prime the lance with mealed pi'wd»r moistened with gummed water, and dip the
end while moist in rifle powder.
When the cose is to be filled with two different rompusilions, drive the case with
the first composition till it is about .2 inch above the rci{uired height; remove the
Rurplus (o the exact height with a gauge, and proceed with the second composition
as with the first.
To FASTKN THE LANCKS TO THE KRAMB. — Hore bolcs .02 inch Inrger than the
lances, and .6 inch deep, from 2 to 4 inches apart, according to the size of lance.
The holes should be bored so that the lance shall bo horizontal when the frame is
in position. Dip the end of the lance in glue, and ]iress it firmly in the bole,
arranging the lauces parallel to each other. Or they may be fastened to the frame
by means of sharp nails or tacks driven into the frame and projecting about .4 inch.
The end of the lance is pierced with an awl, di]>ped in glue and thrust on the point
of the nail, arranging them {>erpeudicular to the frame.
Sun-Ciises.
•
Sun-cases arc strong cases made like those for rockets, and filled with ft eonip»>
sition which burns more slowly than rocket composition. They are attached to
wooden frames, to give long rays of sparkling light. The choke is sometimes
made by driving clay in the end of the case, and boring a hole through it for the
escape of the flame ; or the clay is driven on a short nipple, forming the choke.
Sun-coses are generally ma<le from .75 inch to 1.6 inch interior diameter; their
exterior diameter about double that of the interior. The length of the ease may
Tary according to the time they are required to bum.
The diameter of the choke is about i the interior diameter.
To MAKE TUB CASES. — The cascs are made like rocket-cases.
To DRIVE THE CASE. — Set the case on the nipple and place it in a wooden moald;
ROCKETS. 305
pour in a ladlcful of compoeition, and give it tea blows with the mallet; continue
in the same way till the case is filled to the required height: put in a charge of
rifle powder, and over it drive a ladleful of clay.
When the cases are filled, prime them by inserting in the choke a strand of
quick-match, doubled in the middle and secured by driving a little composition on
it with a lance-drift.
Paste on each end of the case a strip of paper 5 inches wide, projectino' 3 inches
over the end of the ease and forming an envelope to enclose the leaders.
Sun-cases are fastened to the frames in the plane of the frame, by means of iron
wire, or with strong twiue.
Lights.
Lights are made by pressing lance or similar composition in shallow vessels, or
in cases of large diameter. The b'urning surface being large, the light attains a
great intensity.
Shallow earthen, wooden, or metal vases, or paper cases, are used. The vase or
case is filled with dry composition, slighty pressed in ; or composition moistened
with gummed water may be used and pressed in the case more compactly. It is
primed by powdering the surface first with a mixture of equal parts of the compo-
sition and mealed powder, and then with powder alone. Cover the top over with
paper, pasted on the sides of the case. Through the centre of the cover pass sev-
eral strands of quick-match, spreading them over the surface and uniting them on
the exterior in a single strand.
When the light is made with dry composition, the case must be placed in a ver-
tical position. It may be placed horizontally if moistened composition be used
and firmly packed.
Torch-lirjhts for funeral ceremonies are made by impregnating large strands of
cotton with a thin alcoholic pap, the whole arranged in vases like an oil lamp, the
pap replacing the oil.
Petards.
Petards are small paper cases filled with powder. One end is entirely closed,
and the other has only a small hole left for a piece of quick-match, to communicate
fire to the powder. Petards are placed at the bottom of lances ; they are also used
to imitate the fire of musketry.
Rockets.
Rockets are made and driven as described for signal rockets (see page 293),
except that diflferent compositions are used, giving a more brilliant train of fire.
Rockets may be made of all sizes : their general dimensions may be deduced
from those given.
Generally, in proportion as the size of the rocket is increased, the thickness of
the case must be increased, and the bore of the rocket diminished, or the qujckness
of the composition, or both of them.
20
806 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
The (itifk should he from cipht to nine titncn the lonjfth of the cn«c. iim<1 of laoh
thickncM an Ut tlimw the centre of prnvitv al»itit 1.26 inch from the ond of the
«M«.
Tourbillon.
The tuirbillon i« a paper eimo filled with composition, with the hole* for tb«
escape of the i^h-r ho dipponed as to cau.«c tlio ca«o to rise rcrtically in the air at the
■amo time thnt it revolves horizontally around its mid<llc point. It hax light winga
attached tu it, to direct it« mutioq.
Shells.
Shells arc made of lij^ht wood or paper, and filled with ornaments of diflereat
kinds. They are thrown nearly vertionlly from a mortar, and, when at their
highest point, explode and throw out their urn)imenti<, set on Ore by the bursting
charge.
To MAKR TUB KHRLL. — Turn in a lathe, from well seasoned poplar or pine, two
bemi^pheres of the sire and thickness re<|uired. leaving a rabbet to unite the two.
Cover the slull thun formed with len« chaped pieceK of No. 2 paper, pasted on
•mootlily, two ..r three thicknei^ses : or form the shell on a ball the sixe of the earlty
of the shell, by paoting on it strips of pajier of lens sha[>e until it is .2 inch tbiek.
Cot the shell into two e<(ual parts and take out the eore ; place ihr two halvw
together, and continue to parte on pieces of paper, permittinit them to dry perfectly,
until the shell is of the required thickness. This inMlc requires much lime, aa IIm
■bells dry slowly, and each successive layer mut>l be thoroughly dry before olb«r
pieces are |iasicd on.
To CIIAHOK THK SHELL. — Introduce the staro, scri>enl», ete., through the AiM«
hole, and then the bursting charge ; cover the fuse where it cornea iu contact with
the shell witL glue, and drive it in place.
To insure the fute taking fire, tic arouml the shell two |>iec«s of (|uiek-ou(ah,
crossing over the fuxc.
Cover the fure with several strips of pai)er pasted to th« shell at their ends.
These are removetl before the shell is fired.
Stars.
The stars for shells are made as described pa^^e 296. Those made of composition
which burn with difficulty mu^t have a hole in their axes, like those uaed for Roman
oandles.
Wheel -Cases.
Wheel-caaes are made and driven like sun-cases. They are used to give • rotary
motion to pieces mounted on an axis, and to produce at the same time a brilliant
fire. They are attached to the end of the spoke of the wheel which they are to lurn
hj means of iron wire, or strong twine, and they are inclined to the spoke from 2U^
to 30° to give a larger circle of fire.
PREPARATION OF COLORED FIRES. 307
Boman CmuJIes.
The Koman candle is a long and strong tube charged with stars, which are thrown
out successively by a charge of powder placed under each star.
The ends of gun barrels, 20 inches long, are used for cases. When pajier cases
are used, make them about .65 to .7 interior diameter and 1 inch exterior diameter:
roll them like port-fire cases.
Three drifts, of different lengths, are used; they are made of hickory' or other
hard wood, with brass tips on the lower ends.
To CHARGE THE CASE. — Put in the case a ladlcful of clay, and drive it w^ith ten
blows of the mallet; then a ladleful of composition, which is driven in the same
way; next a charger of powder and a star, which iy gently pressed down; then
another ladleful of composition, a second charger of powder, and another star —
driving the composition and pressing down the star gently; continue until the ten
stars arc in, and add a half ladleful of composition.
Prime the candle with a strand of quick-match 6 inches long, held in place
against the side of the case b3' a little composition driven in on its ends. Cover
the end of the candle with a strip of paper pasted on.
Roman candles are inserted in holes bored in frames, or tied with wire or twine
in the direction in which they are to throw their stars. The stars used for Roman
candles have a hole through their axes, communicating the fire to the charge below,
which throws it out.
Leaders.
Leaders are long paper tubes of small diameter, enclosing a strand of quick-
match. They are used to communicate fire rapidly from one point to another.
The velocity of combustion is from 1 to 2 yards per second, depending upon the
size of the tube, being more rapid as the tube is smaller.
Leaders are made by rolling a strip of thin paper, 2.5 inches wide, as obliquely
as possible, on a ramrod: or cut the paper into trapezoids, 4 inches wide at one
base and 21 at the other: paste the edges of the strips .25 inch, and roll them on a
ramrod so that one end shall be enlarged, funnel-shape. When dry, pass a strand
of quick-match through, and let it project about an inch at each end.
To unite them into a long line, insert the end of one into another a distance of
.75 inch, and tie them with a thread.
If the line be long, first stretch a piece of twine, and attach the leader to it
every few feet.
Preparation of Colored Fires.
The materials for colored fires should be as pure a,s can be obtained : those which
crystallize should be procured in the crystalline state. They should be generally
first dried, ground fine, weighed out and mixed. The composition is then moist-
ened and pressed into shape. Some of the materials, such as the flowers of sulphur
and lampblack, ought to be first well washed in warm water. Antimony, glass and
copper filings ought, as well as other materials, to be passed through sieve No. 1.
809' ORDNANCE MANUAL.
DnriMO. — All materials fIiouM he perfectly dry. Those which contain water of
crystiilliiafmn, b." the iiitriile of Imrvfn. iiilr.ite of strontia, and sulphate of copper
■hoiiM have it <lrivcn off. For thi.' purposo, place the suit in a hrouil, dhallow vesael
ill a waler-hiilh or on a moderate Cro and stir it till it bo perfectly dry, takinj; it off
the fire gome minutcD before.
An the tiiili>hntc of copper is easily' ilccomposed in this operation, and as the sul-
phuric aci<l set free mi^^ht occasion a spontaneous explosion when the sulphate of
copper was liroiight in contact with the chlorates, two parts of li(|uid ammonia arc
(lourtil by de;;rcc8 on the sulphate of copper powdered and yet hot. (The ain>
uioiiia iiculraliics the acid, and, instead of injuring the color, it heigliteoa it. The
same proccus should be adopted with other decomposable metallic salts.) A thick
li>|iiid of an indigo blue color is obtained: place it od the fire, and warm it gentlj
until it becomes a thick pa^te: then, leaving only a few coals under it, stir it with k
spatula and crush it into a powder.
GiiiNDiN'O. — The materials are ground in a mortar with a pestle, or on a lier*
with copper balls 0.4 inch in diameter, of equal weight with the composition to b«
ground. All the utensils shi>uld be kept perfectly clean.
To ])ulverize antimony, melt it and pour it into a cast-iron mortar preriuuily
warmed: when the metal is on the point of congealing, stir it briskly with the
]iest]o: it is thu!< reduced to fine grains, which are then pulvcriicd with a pestle.
Zinc aud other similar metals arc treated in the same way.
To obtain shidlac in the slate of a fine powder, it is first broken into pieces and
melted with its weiglit of saltpetre The mass is then ground as usual, and the
powiler thus obtaiiie<l is washed in pure water till all the saltj>ctre is removed.
The resins and other substance." insoluble in water and difficult to pulverize In
their pure state are treated in the same manner.
All materials when pulvcriicd should be passctl through hair sieve No. 1. They
ought, if possible, to be sifted when warm, and placed away immediately in well
stopped bottles to preserve them from moisture.
The chlorates should be pulverized in a marble mortar with a hard wood pestle.
The mortar, pestle and sieve should be used only for a single chlorate, and the
whole operation be performed in a jdnce apart, to avoid accidents. The chlorate
can be ground and manipulated by itself without danger; but when it is mixed
with sulphur, charcoal, etc.. it explodes very readily.
Wki«bin6. — Each material should bo weighed accurately by itself, according to
the proportions laid down in the table.
Mixing. — The materials after being weighed out are poured on a sheet of paste-
board and mixed as well as possible with the hand: they are then passed three
times through sieve No. 2, keeping the sieve stationary, and stirring the materiala
with the hand.
If a chlorate enter into the composition, begin by mixing all the materials, on a
pasteboard, except the sulphur, charcoal, lampblack, sugar, tallow aud shellac
Whou they are well mixed, add the combustible materials separately, mix
thoroughly, and theu add the chlorate.'
SIEVES. 309
Pass the composition three times through sieve No. 2, using a feather for the
purpose.
All these manipulations with compositions into which a chlorate enters should be
pcrformetl in a place aside, and with a small quantity at a time.
Compositions thus prepared should be preserved in well stopped bottles, carefully
labelled. Those containing chlorates should be placed away from the rest and
apart from each other.
Dampening. — Compositions are dampened by pouring the pure or gummed liquid
on them, a little at a time, and mixing it well with the hand or a wooden knife.
Compositions should not be dampened until just before they are to be moulded.
Moulding. — All compositions may be firmlj^ comjiressed. provided care be taken
to avoid friction and blows with those containing chlorates.
However great the care taken in the choice of materials, their proportions and
manipulations, it is difficult always to get uniform results. It is necessary, there-
fore, to try the mixtures and modify the proportions as may be required.
In every composition there are certain substances which are used to furnish
oxygen for the consumption of the rest : the nitrates and chlorates are such. There
are other substances, as sulphur, charcoal and vegetable matters, which are burned ;
and others which are only used to give c(jlor to the flame, as antimony, lead, cop-
per, strontia, etc.
The same substance may furnish oxygen and color the flame at the same time.
Certain materials are used onlj' to heighten the color — as the protochloride of mer-
cury and the hydrochlorate of ammonia : the action of the latter is weaker than
that of the former.
When a composition burns too slowly, there is an excess of coloring matter or of
that which is to be burned, or some other substanqe (as water, for example) — very
rarely of that which furnishes oxygen. When the composition burns too fast, it is
necessary to add coloring matter, or such substances as sugar, rosin or tallow,
which operate by separating the substances supplying the oxygen from those which
are burned, and at the same time keeping up the combustion.
Generally, the quicker the combustion the more will the flame approach to white-
ness, whatever may be the coloring principle, and the slower the combustion the
more certainty there will be of obtaining the desired color.
Sieves.
Sieves are made of brass wire, hair or silk, and may be square or round in shape.
I^No 1 \^^ meshes in 1 inch, or 2,500 in a square inch,
I ■ ■ I a single hair in one direction, 2 in the other.
Hair sieves I No. 2 I ^^ incsbes in 1 inch, or 625 in a square inch, 2
'"•" -j • "• I hairs side by side in each direction,
mixing compositions. ^^^^ ^ | 12.5 meshes in 1 inch, or 156 in 1 square inch, 3
[ hairs side by side in each direction.
_ No. 4. 180 meshes in a square inch, brass wire.
The silk sieve is made like No. 1, and often replaces it. Brass sieves ought to bo
used only for dry materials.
rm
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Dimensions and Weights of Paper or Pojilar Shells.
ORKAIUKTS.
Tliick-
Wciglit of
WelKht of
ueMS uf 1
Cliargu,
Weight of
Number of
1
K
B
i
I
■
J.
1
= 1 _. 1
S
t
i
1
1
i
1
e
>•*
"o
c
1
1
0
St
1
i
1
1
0
0
S
K
t
8
la.
In.
In.
lta.M.
lbt.OB.
(H.
Ob.
In.
See.
0».
Or.
Or.
k,*
.5
.92 1 .105
2.10
3.5
A
1.4
3.
.5
40
1 210' 1 60
170
32
14
A
A
Al 1.10
7.8
5.
.5
1.4
3.
.6
40
■•!i" : !*»
nmi
44) 00
10
U
.1 •a:1!>
11.14
5.
1.
1.4
3. .5
40
-Jio ' nn
SiW
zn 130
u.
1.35
1.5 14.14
S6.
12.
2.
1^^
3. I .5
40
1 210,1 BOO 3400
7<W|4ao
Dimensions for Sun and Wheel- Cases.
WHUIL-CAUa.
Interior diameter in.
p ( Exterii>r diameter in.
twe.... I Luugth in.
r _,. , ( at bottom. . .in.
«, . ., 1 Diameter \ , , ^ :_
Spindle . -( ( ut tup in.
( Length in.
0.75 1.0
1.6 ! 0.76
1.0
1.2
1.6
2.0 1 1.20
1.6
11.
10.60
12.5 |l 8.75
8.75
.28
.55
.65 1 .28
.65
.18
.38
.40 .18
.80j .86
.38
.36
.75
.76
Hate of Burning of Compositions.
i.i
2.0
8.76
.65
.40
.80
WHEEL-mU.
BTAinnXO PIEM.
DIMKNSIOXt.
Com-
L«ngtb of case in.' 8.75
Interior diameter in.i .75
Weight of composition oz.^ 3.5
Time of burning, per in sec. 17.
White. Chinece. ; Sun.
8.75 I 8.76
.75 ; .76
3.5 4.
17. 21.
11.
.75
5.
22.
Star.
.T6
4.
20.
Romaa
19.
.76
6.
45.
COMPOSITIONS FOR FIREWORKS.
311
Rate of Burning of Compositions — Continued.
»■
i
o
o
JS
3
^
5
>H
l^
Leiipth of case in.
Interior diameter... in.
Weight of coinposltion gr.
Time of burning sec.
4. 4.
.3'2 .32
5.
.32
150
90
4.
..32
150
90
4. 1 3.
.32 II.
160 547
90 ! eo
3. 3.
1. 1.
546 545
45 65
.75
250
60
Compositions for Fireworks.
The partt are, by weight:
White. — 16 nitre: 8 sulphur: 4 mealed powder.
Yellov}. — 1 charcoal; 1 sulphur: fi nitrate of soda.
Red. — 5 ehlor. of pota.ssa : 20 nit. of strontia; 4 gum dainmar.
Stars .. \ Blue. — 8 chlor. of potassa; 4 sulph. of copper: 4 Rinn dammar.
Green. — 96 chlorate of potaesa; 192 nitrate of baryta; 64 sulphur; 8
lampblack.
Fivc-pointrd — 7 sulphur: 10 mealed powder.
l' White. — 26 nitre; 9 sulphur: 5 raealeil powder.
Yellow. — 16 nit. of soda; 4 sulph.; 4 mealed powder; 2 lampblack.
Lances. -{ Jted.—^O nit. of strontia; 16 nitre; 10 sulph.: 7i mealed powder.
I Blue. — 8 nitre: 2 sulphur; 4 sulphate of copper.
[ Oreen. — 96 nitre; 64 sulph.; 8 lampblack : 192 nitr.ito of barj'ta.
White. — 16 nitre; 8 sulphur; 4 mealed powder.
Yellow. — 2 nitre; 4 sulphur; 20 nitrate of soda; 1 lampblack.
Lights . l ^^'^' — ^ °itre: 6 sulphur: 20 nitrate of strontia; 1 lampl)lack.
■ ' ' Blue. — 8 nitre; 2 sulphur; 4 sulphate of copper.
Gieeu. — 24 nitre; 16 sulph.: 48 nitrate of baryta: 1 lampblack.
Bencjal. — 2 antimony; 4 suljdi.: 4 mealed powder; 16 nit. of soda.
(Commo)i. — 6 nitre; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder ; 6 charcoal.
Wiii;i;i,- Ih-iUitiut. — 1 nitre : 1 sul]ihur: 16 mealed powder; 7 steel filings.
FIRES. "1 Chinese. — 1 nitre: 1 sulph.; 16 mealed powder; 7 cast-iron filings.
[ White. — 6 nitre; 7 sulphur; 16 mealed powder.
Sun-fires — Chinene. — 1 nitre; 1 sulphur: 16 mealed powder; 7 cast-iron filings.
Streamers.' — 2 nitre; 1 sulphur; 16 mealed powder; 4 charcoal.
Serpents. — 2 charcoal; 16 mealed powder.
Roman Candles.— 6 nitre; 2 sulphur: 16 mealed powder: 6 charcoal.
Gold Rain. — 16 nitre; 10 sulphur; 4 mealed powder; 3 lampblack; 1 flowers of
zinc; 1 gum arabic.
The nitrate of soda may be replaced by the bicarbonate of soda or the oxalate of
soda. The sulphate of copper is ammoniated.
812
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Tools and Imphtnrnts.
Tho following list of laboratory tools and implements shows (he kinds B\^d pro-
portions which may be required for a large laboratory and for a park of artillery:
Lubnni-
tory.
Awli.bmd
Adco, copper, weifrhing 5 lbs
Bench, for driiwin^' llie loads of shells
Bench- flake
Biek-iron
Bill-hook
I for driving fu7.es of different oaliliren ••
1 for driving signal rockets and port-fires
' 1 for piiucheii
I for cult ing on
Bottles, with groun<l glass stoppers
Boxes, for 12 workmen making cartri<lgcs — 3 to ea<-b..
-, , ( Wooden, various bires
"°*"' learthcn, glared, large
Braces and bits
Brubhus, of various kin<ls
Buckets
Blocks
t
•!
I
1
Callipers, various sizes .
( for fu7.e.>
20
4
i
1
4
S«
IS
6
2
18
«
3
10
2
ft
4
ft
3
3
3
2
2
1
ft
3
8
Dredging boxes • 8
of iron, pointed with copper or brass, for driring
port -fires. 2
for driving fuies for 13-inch ami 10-inch shells ; long
I and short | 24
Drifts -[ for driving fuies for 8-ineh shells and bowitters; long
and short 24
for driving signal rockets, sets for 1-inch 1
" '• .75-incb 3
[for driring serpents, iron ft
Chargers, I for jiort-fires
copjier. • • • 1 for signal rockets
[ for cartridges for small arms (revolving).
< brass, for unloading sh.'lls
Chisels J. cold
( joiners'
f, I common
Compasses .. {
* I spring
Coopers' drivers, copper and wood
Crowbar
Cutting boards
Cylinders for gauging balls
Dippe
TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS. 313
Tools and Implements. — Continued.
Laljora-i
tory.
Drills, assorted
f half-round
Files.
saw
rat -tail
, large
of iron or wood for port-fire ca.«cs
for rocket-cases — sets for each calibre
for serpents
for leaders
for small arm cartridges, of each calibre, 1 to each
Formers . . -i workman
for cylinders and caps, for each calibre
for pot for rockets, " "
for cutting pots on, " "
for cones for rockets, " "
for wads, " "
Fork, iron, for dipj)ing pitched fascines
Funnels, of copper and tin, various kinds ■
Fuze-cutters
Fuze-setters
Fuze-extractors
steel, for shot and shells, for each calibre
double, for grape and canister, " "
" for cartridge formers, " "
Gauges "• \ of sheet-iron, for sabots, " "
I " for canister bottoms, " "
I " for canisters, " "
[ of copper or wood, for cannon cartridges
Grimlets ■
Gimlets, for priming rockets
Glue pot and brush
Gunners' callipers
Gunners' pincers
Hammers. | '■■""• 1"^"^' ^^^ strapping shot, etc
I copper
Hand-barrows, with rope bottoms, for powder barrels
Ilateliet
Hooks for iHipacking ammunition-boxes
Implements for making paper fuzes — sets
' iron, for melting lead
iron, for rock-fire, etc
iron, for pitch
copper, for paste
for cutting paper, large and small
block
Kettles
Knives
20
314
ORDXANCK MANUAL.
Tools and Implements — Continued.
Labora-
tory.
f iron, for lead, pitch, etc.
I
Mallets .
Measuroo.
Muul.Ii.
Planes
Pliers, flat, for twistinK wire
Plugs, i>(Uiiteil, for londiDg gpliorical-case
Pre?.e. for paper and pactoboard
Profilos, of sheot-iron, for sabots — for each calibre.
Punches
C for piercing shot straps
Punches . . • centre
( for fu7.c-faps, for 13, 10, and 8-iuch — 2 each
Rasps, for wood
Reels, or frames, for quick-match
Rocket-stand
Rolling-boards, for port-fire cases, etc
T, , < carpenters
Kuies • .j.^^_ for cuttins h\
Sandstones, for sharpening knives
Saws
Scale, of 1 foot (diagonal), divided into inches and lOOths.
Ladlca. • • • ■, <. i. . ,
j copper, f<»r saltpetre, etc.
LanlcrnH
Letter punches (utencils) — set
C for drivint; fuzes and port-fires
^. for driving rockets
( carpenters'
( for powder, from 8 pounds to 4 ounces.
I gallon, (|uart, pint, half pint, and gill-
Mori ar and p<-stle, bronto
Mortar, marble, with )>estlc of hard wood
I fur balls and buckshot — sets
I for inccmiiary-balls, different calibres.
I brass, for jiort-fires
I for rockets, of each calibre
Mullers, Wooden
Needles, tif various kinds ' 1 '
„. ( for cutting wire
Nippers •.•'-. , • • I II
' ' I uir trimming balls
Palms, for sewing canvas
Paste brushes •
I for cartridge papers, for small arms •
„ I tin, of each kind and calibre, for paper cartridges ..
f attorns.. .. .. ., for flannel cartridges. ,
[ " " '' for canisters
Pans, co]))ier, various sites
Pitchers, stone
TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS.
Tools and Implements — Continued.
815
Shovels
Skimmer, copper, for ."altpetre
Soldering furnaces aud irons
Socks, pairs
( steel, for saltpetre, etc
Spatulas .... i for rock-fire
( for packing ammunition-boxes
Spoke-shave
Sponges
Spools, for twine
Squares .... j ^^oo-^cn
Stamps for flannel cartridges— for each calibre.
Tar[)nulins •
Thimbles '.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'.'..'.'.
Tinners' creaser
Tinners' shears .,'.'.',
Trestles, pairs ....
Tub.s
Trivets, iron
for the demolition of cartridges for small arms
common
_, . ,. , *^°'' "inking slow-match, etc. (casks sawed in t
Twisting machine, fur slow-match, etc
Watering pots
Weights— sets for each balance or pair of 'scales.' .' '. ........
Whetstones
Wrenches .
Yard-stick
screw,
fuze . .
Labora-
tory.
Scales, copper, large, small and medium 5
Scissors and shears, of different sizes '"
Scoops, copper, for taking up materials \
Screw-drivers * "
Scril)crs
Shell-hooks _ *
Shell-plug screws '
Sieves f hair, Nos. 1, 2, ?,, and 4, with frames
I bolting-cloth
Screens, for demolition of cartridges for small arms .'.'.'.'
GO
Park.
2
12
4
2
2
2
4
2
310 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
C H A r T K R E L E ^' F. N T II
EQUIPMENT OF BATTERIES FOR FIFLD, SIEGE, AND
GAlUtlSON SERVICE.
EQUIPMENT OF FIELD BATTERIES.
Interior Arrangement of Ammunition-Chests for Field Guns and
Howitzers. (Plato IS.)
The princi]inl ilivisiun; of a cbost are designated as the riyht An// and the lr/( half,
to a person facing; the fnmt of the chest.
The Finnlier dirisions in each half, ])erpcailiculnr to the fiidcs, arc deiignntod >■
fint, tecuiitt, third, etc., from the principal partition, each wnj; the dirisiuni parallel
to the pides arc desijtnatcd a* the /"roll^ mi<ldh-, and renr iliritioni.
The kind of atnniiinition contained in the ^mall divisions is marked on the tnsido
of the cover, over each division.
Ammunition-Cliest for the G-pounder Gun. ^ifi^
Eiffht i>nrtiii'<>iiM (pojilar). four in each half, perpendicular to the »iide? of the clieii.
The partitions are supported by tiro $lrip* of wood at each end, forming a jcroore in
which the partition slides: each strip is fastened to the side of the chest witii /tfur
copper H»n7«, 3-penny, 1.13-inch.
In the first fi^ur divisions of the right half are lim lohter*, to each division, for
spherical-case shot — one fastened to the principal partition by 3 icreirt No. 14, the
others fastened to the movable partitions each by 3 tcreirt.
Onf trny for holdinj: e»iuipments, rests on the partitions in the left half of the chest.
The tray has ttco tiiict. tiro tmh, and one bottom (poplar or white pine). The side*
and ends are dovetailed together and fastened by 12 miih ; the bottom is fastened to
the ends and sides by 14 lira»i screic* No. 12. Three finger-boles are bored in the
inside of the ends, to lift the tray by : and a hole is bored through the middle of the
bottom, to let the air enter when the tray is lifted out.
AMMUNITION-CHESTS. 317
Ammunition- Chest for the Vl-pounder Gun.
Six pnrfitioiis, three in each half, perpendicular to the sides of the chest, supported
as in the 6-pounder chest.
Four bolsters, for spherical-case shot — one of them fastened to the priucipal parti-
tion with .3 screws No. 14, two fastened to the first partition in the right half with
3 screws No. 14, and one to the left side of the second partition, right half, with 3
screws No. 14.
The second and third jiartitions in the right half arc made higher than the others,
to suit the height of the canisters fixed.
One tray, for equipments, in the left half — made like that for the 6-pdr. chest.
For the (jiui of model 1857, there arc 8 bolsters for shells and spherical-case shot,
fastened as above. '^
Ammunition- Chest for the Vl-pounder Howitzer.
Six partitions, three in each half, supported like those of the 6-pdr. chests.
Twenty-one bolsters for the lower tier of shells and spherical-case shot. They are
cupped out to receive the balls, and have holes bored through the bottom for the
fuzes to lie in. They are placed in the bottom of the chest, three in each division,
except the first division in the right half; they are fastened to the bottom each by
4 sprigs.
Twenty-eight props, for the upper tier of shells and spherical-case. Four of the
props are placed in each division, except the first one in the right half. Two of
them are fastened to each end of the chest, two to the left side of the priucipal
partition, aud two to the right side of the first partition in the right half, each by 6
copper nails, 3-penny.
The rest of the props are fastened in pairs to the movable partitions each by 6
copper nails, 3-peuuy.
Six pro2)s for canisters (oak), in the first division of the right half; three fastened
to the principal partition, three to the movable partition, each with 3 screws No. 14.
- Amniunition-Chest for the 'Z-k-poumkr Howitzer.
Eight linings, two in each of the front and rear divisions, fastened to the endi of
the chest and to the principal partition each \)y 6 copper nails, 3-penny.
Four long partitions, two in each half, parallel to the sides of the chest; they are
supported by the end linings and by two npriyht strips, fa&tcued to the ends and
principal partition each by 4 copper nails, 3-penny.
Two short partitions for canisters, in the rear division of the right half; each of
them is supported by 4 strips, fastened to the back of the chest and to the long
partition each by 3 copper nails, 3-penny.
Seven short jjartitions, for shells and spherical-case shot; two in each of the front
divisions, two in the rear division of the left half, and oue in the middle division of
318 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
the loft half. These partitions slide into grooves made each by two uprirjht utrip*,
which arc fastened t<i tlic sides and to the Ion;; jmrtitions each by 4 cupper uaili,
3-pcnny; each purtition is formed of two pieces, which slip into the grooves, ono
over the other.
Thtity-thrcr holntm for shells and 8]dierical-case. Seven of thcni arc fa.-'tcncd, at
the bottom of the chest, to the end linings of the two front divisions and the left rear
division, and to the principal psirtitiou in the right middle division, each by 2 ncreir*
No. 14. Twenty-four of the bolsters are fastened in pairs on each side of the short
partitions of the two front divisions and the left rear divisions; twelve to the lower
half and twelve to the upper half of the i)arlitions; each pair fastened by 3 •'•r«if»
No. 14, which pass through the bolsters and the partition. Two bolsters arc fastened
U> the left side of the middle partition iu the right half, one to the lower and one to
the upper part of the partition, each by 2 »crc<r* No. 14.
Ammunition- Chest for the Zl-poxindtr Howitzer.
Six lourj pnrtitiiin*, three in each half — one parallel to the ends and two parallel
to the sides of the chest ; each partition is supported by 4 itript fastened to the sidoi
and ends of the chest, or to the other partitions, each by 5 <^(>pptr nnil*, .'{-penny.
Four thort partition*, one in the front and rear division of each half, made in two
pieces, and fastened in the same manner as those of the 24-poundcr howitzer chest.
Ticinty-onc buUtert for shells and spherical-case. Seven of them are futcned, ftt
the bottom of the chest, to the ends and cross partitions each by 2 trreir* No. 14.
Twelve bolsters are fastt-ned iu pairs, us in the 24-pouudLT howitzer cheit, to the
short partitions in the left half, and iu the rear division of the right half. Two
bolsters are fastened, in like mnnner, on the right side of the short partition iu the
right front division.
A)nmunition-Chcst for the Mountain Jlouitzer.
Eight lony elentt, for supporting the ammunition : they are glued to the side*,
opposite to each other, and fastened by 32 copper tiallt, 3-pcnny. Kitjht short cleat;
fastened to the sides by 8 tcrcim No. 14, and 16 copper iiaih, 3-penny.
Ammunition-Chest for the Prairie Carriage.
*
The same as for the mountain howitzer.
AMMUNITION CARRIED IN EACH CHEST. 319
Ammunition carried in each Chest.
No. Weight.
FOR 6-POUNDEB-GUN.
Shot, fixed
Sphcrical-casc, fixed
Canisters, fixed^
Spare eartridcjes, 1.} lb
Friction primers < . .
Slow-mateli .yard.
Port-fires
Total number of rounds. .....
FOU 12-POUNDEH GDN.
Shot, fixed
Spherical-case, fixed
Canisters, fixed
Spare cartridjrcs, 2^ lbs
Friction primers
Slow-match yard.
Port-fires
Total number of rounds
FOR 12-pnn. GUN (1857).
Shot, fixed
Spherical-case
Shells. ._.
Canisters
Sparc cartrid^^es, 2.5 lbs
Friction primers
Slow-match 3'ard.
Port-fires .'
Total number of rounds
FOR 12-PDR. HOWITZER.
Shells, fixed
Spherical-case, fixed
Canisters, fixed
Friction primers
Slow-match yards.
Port-fires .".....
Total number of rounds
25
190.
20
140.
5
42.
2
2.6
76
.97
2
.38
.57
2
50
376.52
20
Lbs.
308.
8
117.6
4
G7.64
2
5.12
48
.62
1.5
.28)
2
.57 J
32
499.83
12
184.8
12
176.4
4
48.68
4
67.64
2
6.12
48
.62
1.5
.28)
.67J
3
V>
484.11
157.5
273.
47.4
.75
.38
.57
479.6
In the left half.
In the 1st four divisions of right half.
In 5th division, right half.
On the spherical-case.
In a tin box, in the tray.
On the ammunition in right half.
In left half, and in 4th division of
right half.
In 1st and 2d divisions, right half.
In 3d division, right half.
On the spherical-case.
In a tin box, in the tray.
On the ammunition in right half.
In 1st, 2d, and 3d divisions, left half.
In 1st, 2d, and 3d divisions, right
half.
In 4th division, right half.
In 4th division, left half.
On the shells.
In a tin box, in the tray.
On the ammunition in right lialf.
In 2d, 3d and 4th divisions, right
half.
In left half.
In 1st division, right half.
In a tin box on the canisters.
On the canisters.
320 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Arnmunition carried in each Chest — Continued.
No. Weight.
FOR 24-PDR. HOWITZER.
Sbcllx. 8trn|ipi-(l
Spherical -ca«L', strapped ....
Canigtcrs ■
Ismail charge . . .
Largo charge...
Friction primers ■
Slow-matcii yard
I'ort-liresi
Tolnl iniinl.cTdf ruuuds
POR 32-PnR. HOWITZER.
ShelU, !-trapped ■
Spherical-case, strapped ....^
Canister
p . . _ ( Small charge . . .
^ ■ ( Larjfc charge . . .
Friction primers
Slow-wntcli yard
Port-liro> !....
Total number of ruuuds
FOR MOl'NTAIS HOWITZER.
Shells, tixed
Spherical-case, fixed
Canisters, fixed
Friction primers
Slow-match yard,
Port-fires
Total number of rounds
12
Lbs.
225.
2U.
63.75
53.82
5.40
.44
.19|
.671
564.69
196.80
216.00
28.50
46.50 )
3.88 I
.28
.09 1
.28 I
492.33
9.9
75.6
11.8
.15
.09
.28
In left half.
In front and middle dirisioni of right
half. *
In rear divisions of right half.
12 in mi(fdlo division, left half; 9 in
miildle division, right half: 2 on
the canisters.
On canisters.
In a tin bi>x on the canisters.
On the canisters.
Front and rear divisions of left half.
Kcar divisions and right front divi-
sion of right half.
Left front divisii^u, right half.
I St division in each half.
In a tin box in the middle dirision.
In the midille division.
97.82
In left end.
In middle.
In right end.
In water-proof paper.
For pkaikie howitzer. — The same as for the mountain howitzer.
IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS. 321
Implements and Equipments for Field Carriages^
FOR A GUN OR HOWITZER-
CARRIAGE.
Sponges and rammers
Sponge covers
Worm and staff
Handspikes
Sponge bucket
Prolonge
Vent cover
Tar bucket
Water bucket (leather)
Gunners' haversacks
Tube-pouch
Vent-punch
Gunners' pincers
Tow-hook
Hausse
Thumb-stalls
Priming-wire
Lanyard for friction primers
Gunners' gimlet
Fuze-cutter
Tarpaulin, largo ,
FOR A CAISSON.
Felling axe
Shovel, long handle
Pickaxe
Spare handspike . . .
Sparc pole
Spare wheel
Tow-hooks ,
Tar bucket
Watering bucket (leather).
Tarpau liu, large
No. Weight.
On the gun-carriage.
On the gun.
I On the limber.
In the implement trays, or in other
vacant spaces in the ammunitioD-
chest.
In the tube-pouch.
In the tube-pouch.
Strapped on the ammunition-chest.
In the places provided for them on
I the caisson body.
One in the limber-chest, and one in
caisson-chest.
\ On the limber.
Strapped on the limber-chest.
21
322
OEDNANCE MANUAL.
ImplcmmlR and Equipments for Prairir Carri'Tiex.
Weight.
Sponf^rrw And rammers 2
Bpon^i- ciiviTr , 2
Haiulfpiki' 1
Vent rover I 1
IlavT^iirk I 1
Tulir |.(Hi.li 2
Prim inj; wire I 1
TbumliKiullo i 2
tiunnerx' );imlut ! 1
Lanyiiril for frirtion primers. I 2
Fufp-riiltor I
GutUHTH' |iin<-i<ri> 1
Tsrpiiiilin. rt X 1" fo«'t 1
Water l.ii.-k.t 1
Prulon^o 1
T&r bucket i 1
ion
the cftrriaRO.
On the K""-
In ammunition-chests.
In the lube-pouch.
In tool-ohect A.
On tlie ammunition-che«U
On tlic limber.
On the );un-rarriage.
On ihe limber.
Implements and Equipments for the Mountain Howitzer-Carriage.
No.
Weight.
Handspike
SpoufTC and rammer
Bponpe cover
Vent ooviT
Haver.-iuk
Tube-jiouch
Priming-wire
Gunners' gimlet
LanvHrd for friction primers.
Fuzc-<Mittt'r
Gunners' pincers
Tarpaulin, 5 X & feet
Lbs.
5.0
3.0
.11
0.18
1.86
1.80
0.08
0.08
0.2
0.2
0.85
5.25
r On the carriage.
On the sponge.
On the gun.
) Ou the pack with the ommunitioD-
I chests.
In the tube-poach.
In ammunition-chest.
In tool-chest A.
On the pack with the ammunition-
chest.
FOUOE FOR A FIELD BATTERY.
^
EQUIPMENT OF TRAVELLING FOIIGKS AND BATTERY-WAGONS.
One forge and one battery-wagon accompany each field battery. They are fur-
nished with the tools and materials required for shoeing horses and for ordinary
repairs and preservation of carriages and harness.
Other forges and battery-wagons, equipped for the general service of the army,
accompany the field park which contains the general supplies of ordnance stores.
The forge for the field battery is designated by the letter A.
The forg* for the field park " " " B.
The hattery-Mugon for the field battery " " " C.
The battcry-tcagon for the field 2)ark " " " D.
EQUIPMENT OF A FORGE FOR A FIELD BATTERY.
Limber-Chest.
The chest is marked Forge A. The stores and tools are carried in 6 boxes and 1
oil can.
Interior arrangement. — 2 copper clamjiK for iron square, fastened on the
inside of the cover by 11 screici.
Boxes for tool* and stores (white pine, .75 inch thick). The sides and ends
are dovetailed together and fastened by 8-penny naif": the covers are made with
clamps on the ends, and are loose: they have 2-inch holes bored in each end to lift
them by. Two handles of leather, doubled, are nailed on the inside of the ends of
the boxes, so as not to interfere with the covers.
The boxes are marked, respectively, A Nos. 1, 2, .3, 4, 5.
Exterior Dimensions of the Boxes.
DIMENSIONS.
A Nos. 1, 3, 6.
A No. 2.
A No. 4.
A No. 6.
Shoeing Box
Length in.
Width in.
Depth in.
Weight lbs.
17.8
13.25
7.5
8.25
17.8
13.25
7.5
9.75
23.5
8.
6.5
8.
39.8
9.8
6.5
14.6
16.5
8.
6.6
4.7
Nos. 2 and 4 have each a partition; No. 2 at 4.5 inches from one end, and No. 4
at 6.25 inches.
One oil can, made of tin, to hold one quart : it has a neck for a cork near one
corner. It is marked A, Sperm oil.
Dimensions of can. — Length, 5 inches; width, 5 inches; height, 4 inches; diame-
ter of neck, 1 inch; height of neck, 0.5 inch; weight of can, 0.9 lb.
d24 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Contents of the Limber-Chest of Forge A.
»• TwU »iid .Sl<.rc-». N<i. Weight SinitliH' T-xiU and Storet. No. Wolnht
Box A I, containing:
lIorscHhuci Not*. 'J und 3. . • •
Box A 2. 0'>ntainin({:
Ilori<c(<li(>e nnilit No«. U and 3
WanhcTH Hiid nul8 No. 2....
Wa!iburi< und nutx No. 3 . . . .
WavtuTs and nut« Nn. 4 . . . .
NailK N... 1 C
Nails No. 2 C
Tire boltH
Key* for ammunition-choBt«
Linch- washers
LinclipiiiH
(MlHill^ NiiN. 1 and 2 ft.
Colddhul .S'-linkx, Nu. 3
Coltinlnil .S'-link«. No. 5
Total coutuini'd in \i«\ A 2..
Hox A .^, rutilttininf; :
llorsciilioe!* Nox. 2 and '.i . . . .
Box A 4. oontaiiiin';
Hand culd-cbiKols
Uardie
Kilos, n.-ssortcd, with handles
Buttress
Hand jmni'lics, round and
square
Screw-wrench
Hand ccrcw-driver
Hand vice
Smiths' i-iUlii>ers pair
Taps I Nos. 1
Dies, pairs ) .'{ an
Wood screws, I
) Nos. 1.2. (
j ;i and 4. I
1-in. No. 14 )
gros
Quart can of sperm oil.
Total contained in Box A 4
»0
yo
Lbs.
,25
Box A 5, containing:.
iFirc-shovel
|P..kcr
Split hrociin
llitiid hiiuinuT
Riveting haninicr
Nailing huniinor
Slod^^c hntuincr •
Chi.-'els fur hoi iron
C'liisois fnr ciild ircn . . • •
•Smiths' ton^s
Fiirc-iiuncli
01. Ill
8.26
100.
FulKr
Nail-claw
Round piin<-h
Tap- wrench
Dic-8t<ick
Nave-bands, cK-vclopcd
Tirc-bamts, developed
Total contained in Box A 6..
28.52
iSboeini; box. containing:. ...
Shoeing huuuier i
Pincers P^i*'
Rasps (12 inches) '
Shoeing knife
iToe-knife i
Pritchel (
Nail-punch
Clinching iron I
Oil-stone
Leather aprons j
Total contained in sboeing-
I box
Iron square, in clamps on the<
t inside of cover '
jPadlock, OD chest
Tow. used in packing
Tar bucket, on its hook...
' Total
Lbs.
14.5
.3.05
1.90
1.25
.■U50
1.05
l.KO
10.50
.H.OtI
3.00
15.00
1.00
1.00
2.40
5.00
Mo
3.75
«.2:.
11.75
2.75
HO. OS
4.7
0.8S
3.00
12.75
2.00
0.50
5.00
7.00
480738
Boxes Nos. 1, 2 and 3 are placed in the bottom of the cbest: No. 1 »f»iast the
left hand; No. 2 in the middle.
No. 4 is placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2. again.^t the left end and the back of the
ehoat ; the division for the oil can on the left hand.
BATTERY AVAGON FOR A FIELD BATTERY.
325
No. 5 is placed on top of Nos. 1, 2 and 3. against the front of the chest.
The shoeing box is placed on No. 3, against the right end and the back of the
chest.
The tools and stores in all the boxes, and in the forges and hattcry-wagons, are
securely packed with tow.
Contents of Forge Body A.
TOOLS AND 8T0RI8.
No.
Weight.
Square iron, ^ in. and f inch '. . . ,
Flat iron, 1.} in. X S in., 1 in. X 4 in., and'
U in. X 4 in
Hound iron, g in ,
Cast-steel, I in. square ,
English blister-steel : . . . ,
Box A 6, containing : '....
Horseshoes 100
Water bucket, wood i 1
Anvil ! 1
Vice 1
Watering bucket, leather.
Bituminous coal
Coal shovel
Padlock
Tow
Total, exclusive of vice
Lbs.
100.00
50.00
60.00
5.00
5.00
8.25
108.25
10.00
100.00
29.00
8.00
250.00
4.75
0.50
2.00
693.50
In the iron room.
The bars not more
than 3 feet long;
the s(|uare iron in
2 bundles.
In the iron room.
On its hook.
On the fireplace.
Fixed on the stock of the
carriage.
On the vice.
[ In the coal-box.
On coal-box.
To put the box in the iron room or take it out, loosen the thumb-nuts and raise
the rear of the bellows an inch.
EQUIPMENT OF A BATTERY-WAGON FOR A FIELD BATTERY.
The battery-wagon for a field battery is designated by the letter C.
lAmber- Chest.
The chest is marked on the front side Battery-wagon C
The tools and stores are carried in 4 boxes and 1 oil can.
Interior arrangement.— 4 li-ackett, fastened to the inside of the cover by 10
»cretos.
Boxes for tools and stores (white pine, 0.75 inch thick). The sides and ends
are dovetailed together and fastened by 8-penny nails; the covers are loose, like
those of the limber-chest of Forgo A, as are also the handles.
The boxes are marked, respectively, C Nos. 1, 2, 3 and 4.
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Exterior Dimeniiont of the BoxM,
C No. 1. C No. 2. C No. 3. C No. 4.
R«inarlM.
LciikIIi in.
Widll in.
Depth in.
Weight lbs.
17.8
26.5
39.8
39.8
13.25
17.8
9.8
8.0
7.5
7.5
6.25
6.25
8.25
17.5
12.5
11.0
The covers of Nos. 1 and 2
are .75 inch thick, and
thoRO of 3 and 4 are .5
inch thick.
Vo. S has a partition, at 5.25 inches from one end, for the oil can.
No. 4 has two partitions perpendicular to the fides, making three divisions,
raipectirely, 15.8 inches, 10 inches, and 11 inches lonj;.
The oil can is like that for the limber-chest '>r Forfje A, and is marked C,
Spkhm oil.
Contents of Limber-Chest for Battery- Watjon
C.
TOOLS AHV ITOBSS.
No. Weight
CAnniAOE MAKKnS TOOLS.
Iland-satvs, *) ■ ■ ■ r
_ (on inside of
Tenon-saw >
,, , . , I cover.
Box C 1, containin)^ :
Jack plane
Smoothing plane
Brace, with 24 bits
Spoke-shave
Gauf^
Plane-irons
Saw-set
Rule (2 feet)
G imlets
Compasses pair
Chalk-line
Brad-awls
Scriber
Saw-files (44-in.)
Wood-files (lO-in.)
Wood-rasp (10-in.)
Tryinii-sijuare (S-in.)
Hand screw-driver
Box C 2, containing :
Oil-stone
{ Lbs.
2 I 4.00
1 , 1.50
TOOU An BIOKIi.
Mtt. Weight
17.20
CARRIAGE makers' TOOLS.
■Couli
,J.
Box C 2
Broadaxe
Hand-axe
Claw-hatchet
Clnw-hamuier
Pincers (small) pair
Table-vice
Framing chisels (1-in. and
2-in.)
Firmer-chisels (j-in. and 1)-
in.)
Framing gouges (1-in. and
14-in.)
Augers and handles (i-in.,
|-in. and j-in
Screws-wrench
Box C 3, containing: . . .
Felling axe ) ... , .,
. J " I with handles
.Adze j
Frame-saw
{Quart can of sperm oil.
SADDLERS TOOLS AND STORES.
Mallet
iClamp
Lbs.
6.00
5.00
2.00
I.&O
1. 00
8.80
3.00
1.00
2.00
2.35
2.42
32.23
12.0
0.00
S.M
4.00
2.70
WAGON BODY C. 32T
Contents of Limber- Chest for Battery- Wagon C— Continued.
TOOLS AND STORES.
.pair
Box C 4, containing
Hammer
Shoe-knife
Half-round knife
Shears
Sandstone
Rule (2 feet)
Needles
Awls and handles
Punches
Pincers pair
Pliers pair
Claw-tool
Greaser
Thimbles
Strap-awl
Beeswax lbs.
TOOLS ASD STORES.
No. Weight
'Black wax lbs.
Bristles oz.
Shoe thread lbs.
Patent thread lbs.
IBuckies (assorted, .75-in. to
1 1.5-in) doz.
Tncks M.
Ounners' callipers
Shoe-knives
Scissors pairs
Padlock, on the chest..
Tar bucket, on its hook
Tow, for packing
Total
Lbs.
3.00
0.50
5.00
2.00
1.00
0.75
0.50
0.18
0.20
20.66
0.50
7.00
7.00
1162.59
Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 occupy the bottom of the chest; No. 1 against the left end.
Nos. 3 and 4 are placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2 : No. 3 against the rear of the
chest.
Wagon Body C.
The large stores are piled loosely in the body and in the till ; the small store*
and tools are packed in five boxen.
Interior arrangement.— A till, 9 inches wide and <l.5 inches deep, as described
page 45.
An fi.vc rack extends along the whole length of the body, on the left side, 11
inches from the bottom : it is 2 inches deep and 1.5 inch wide, and is fastened to
the side by the middle rivets of the side studs, and by 5 wood-sn-ews. The rack has
notches, to hold .3 axes, 3 hatchets, and 3 blll-hool-H.
Exterior Dimensions of the Boxes.
Length .•... in
Width ..!.'. in.
Depth [j,,;
Weight lbs.
C Nos. 5 & 6.
C No. 7.
C No. 8.
Candle Box.
23.
18.5
11.25
17.5
23.5
20.25
14.
28.
1.3.
13.
5.
6.
11.
0.5
,5.5
2.85
328
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
No8. 1 and 8 hare no cover ; No. 7 has a loose cover ; No. 8 is divided into 4
equal parts: No. 8 and camlle box arc of white pine. fl.fi25 inch thick, with cover
hinf^es and locks; Nos. 5 and fi are of hard wood. 0.7o inch thick.
The boxes arc marked, res])ectivcly, C N<(s. 5, 6, 7, 8, luid candle box C.
Dtmenaioiit of Cana and Keg*.
Capacity
Diameter in.
Diauielcrof the bilge. . . .in.
Hoif^hl in.
Weight lbs.
2 gal.
8.
11.5
2.2
NeatVfoot Turpentine Olive i,i-..v i>.i.> o ir-_
Oil. ALiiUeodOil Paint. B>*ck Paint. 2 Keg*.
1 gal.
10.
1.37
25 lbs.
9.75
10.25
3.
5 lbs.
7.
8.5
1.5
60lbi.
».7i
10.6
12.6
5.
The first two cutis have nxindetl tops and nocks for curks; the other two hare
flat tops, und the opening covered by a piece of tin s<ddered on.
There are urmi cans — iiru marked C, Nkat's-foot Oil : <iur marked r, Linsekd
Oil.; viie marked (', TriU'KNTiSK: tico marked (', Oi.ivk Pai.^it ; «m« marked C,
Black Pai.nt.
Contents of Wmjon Body C
TOOLS AXB STOEU.
No Weight
TOOLS AlTD 8T0KU.
No. Weight
Box C 5, containing in 5!
cans : i . .
Linseed oil gal. 1
Spirits turpentine gi^l. 1
Olive paint lbs. 50
Black paint lbs., 5
Total in Box C 5 ,
Box C 7, containing in 2
cans and 2 kegs
Neat's-foot oil gals-
Grease lbs.
Box C 8, containing:
Nails (4. 6, S. and 10 pen-
ny) lbs.
Felling axes, in axe rack. . • •
Lbs.
17.5
9.17
8.77
56.
6.5
80.44
28.
32.80
60.
92.80
6.
'flaw-hatchet, ] . . f
II 1 I 11 • 'n axe rack <
Hand-bills, j (
Box C 6, containing: ..
Paint brushes 12
iSperm or wax candles. .. .lbs. I 5
'Rammer-beads 4
Sponge-heads ; 4
Sponges 12
Priming-wires 3
Gunners' gimlets 3
Lanj'ards for friction jirimers 4
Cannon s])ikes 6
Dark-lanterns 3
Common lanterns. 4
Total in Box C 6 I ..
LlM.
2.
4.
17.5
3.00
7.85
2.90
.{.20
3.00
0.24
0,24
0.40
0.30
3.00
4.60
28.73
CONTENTS OF WAGON BODY C.
329
Contents of Wagon Body C — Continued.
TOOLS AND STORES.
Weight.
Rcinarks.
Caisson-stock
Splinter-bar
Rammers ami sponges.
SpolvBS
Fellies
Grindstone 14 in.X4 in.
Arbor and crank for <lo.
Screw jacks
Wheel-traces
Leadini^-traces
Collars
Girths
Whips
Bridles
Hal ters
Halter-chains
Ilame-straps
Spare nose-baj;s
Sash-cord pieces
Slow-match yards
Elevating-screw
Pole-yoke
Harness leather side
Bridle leather sides
Prolonge
Scythes
Scythe-stones
Spades
Pickaxes and h.andles
Corn-sacks
Tarpaulins, 5 feet square. . .
Reaping hooks
Scythe snaths
Spare stock for battery-
wagon
Padlock
Watering bucket
Forage
Boxes
Tow
Total
Lbs.
35.
1.5.
n.
72.
160.
50.
6.
75.
47.
57.
27.
11.
8.
IS.
21.
15.
4.
i;i.
10.
0.
15.
12.
25.
22.
12.
9.
6.
.30.
U.
20.
IS.
.85
12.
90.
0.
8.
69.
24.
1292.57
Under the till, against the side and rear
of the wagiin.
On the caisson-stock, against rear end.
On the bottom: piled lengthwise against
the front end.
On the spokes, crosswise.
) On the fellies,* against the left side of
I the wagou.
On the fellies, against the front and the
till.
1
In a pile occnpying ."^O inches at the
rear cn<l of the wagon, between the
j- left side and tlie caisson-stock, and
up to the top of the till; the collar*
piled on each other, from the bottom.
J
[ On the harness.
On box No. 7, to the left of No. 8.
On the pile of harness.
Under the till, in front of the pile of
j harness, against the caisson-stock.
On box No. 7, in front of No. 8.
In the till, againsi the front end.
In the curve of the scythes.
In the till ; the bits against rear end.
Between the spade handles.
On the scythes.
On the corn-sacks, against front end.
Fastened to the ridge-pole with a wooden
clamp and a leather strap.
Fastened to the ridge-polo with two
leather straps and buckles.
In the spare stock-stirrup.
Tied to the forage rack.
In the forage rack.
Exclusive of forage.
ORDNANCK MANUAL.
Box C Xo. 5 is placed on the bottom of the wagon, next to the pile of harness which
occupies the rear i)art of the body. Box No. 6 is on top of No. 5; No. 7 on the
boltoni iif the wagon, in front of No. 5 ; No. 8 on top of No. 7. The candle box in
No. 0.
EQUIPMENT OF A FORCiE FOR THE FIEhl) PARK.
Limber-Chest.
The Chost is marked Forok B.
The stores and tools uru packcil in 5 hoxei and 1 oil <<tn.
iNTKUion ARiiANUKHKNT. — 3 copper clmiipi for iron sqii.irc, factoncd on the inside
of the cover by 1 1 nerrxm.
BdXi-s roll TOOLS AND STOKKS. — Made like those for Forgo A.
Exterior Bimentiont.
DIMINSIONS.
Box B Nos. 1.
5,6.
Box B No. 2.
B..X B No. 3.
Box B No. 4.
ShoeinK BuZ B.
Length . ..in.
Width in.
Depth . . . .in.
Weight.. lbs.
17.8
13.25
7.5
8.25
26.5
17.8
7.5
17.5
23.5
8.
6.5
8.
39.8
9.8
6.5
14.5
16. ft
8.
6.5
4.7
No. 3 has a partition for oil can, •'j.°2() inches from one end.
The boxes are marked, respectively, B Nos. 1, 2, 3, and 4.
The oil can is like that for Forge A.
Contents of Limber- Chest of Forge B.
TOOLS AND STORES.
No. Weight
TOOLS AND STORES.
No. Weight
Box B 1. containing:
Nuts and washers No. 5
Nuts and washers No. 4
Nuta and washers No. 3
Nu's and washers No. 2
Nails. Nos. 1 and 2, C lbs
Tire-bolts
Rivets for amm'n-chests. . .lb
Washers Nos. 3 and 4
Keys for ammunition-chests.
Pole-prop socket and ferrule
Linch-wnshcrs
Shoulder-washers
Lbs.
8.25
5.00
;-{.22
3.20
.88
.00
.00
.00
.50
1.80
1.30
7.00
7.00
I Box B 1 — continued.
Linchpins ' 12
Chain No. 2 feet 2
Pintle-hook j 1
Cap-square I 1
Tire bands (clips) developed. ' 2
! Total in Box B 1 ..
Lbi.
8.00
0.75
20.00
5.O0
2.75
'83.40
j Box B 2. containing: iI7.5
Heading tools, for bolls 2 J12.00
Heading tool, for nails ] I 4.00
Tire-punches, w. handles....' 2 I 3.00
CONTENTS OF LIMBER-CHEST, FORGE B.
331
Contents of Limber-Chest of Forge B — Continued.
TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight TOOLS AND STORES. No. Weight
Box B 2 — continued.
Round punrh, w. handles .
Square puneh, "
Square hand-punch
Round hand-punch
Centrc-punoh
Koy-liunch
Set-hammer, flat
Set-hammer, half-round.. .
Chisels for hot iron
Chisels for eold iron
Hand cold-chisels
Smiths' tongs
Nail-claw
Tire-circle
Bevel-vice
Hardie
Fuller
Iland-axo
Total in box B 2
Box B ?t, containing:...
Screws, 1-in., No. 14 — gross
Small hand-vice
Hand screw-driver
5tP;}i,S,i,«,l,andlin.
Gimlets, assorted
Small punches
Spring compasses pair
Files, assorted, w. handles
Iron wire-guage
Scrihing-awl
Callipers pair
Bevel
Trying-square
Scriber
Buttress
Quart can of sperm oil.
Total in box B 3 . .
Lbs.
2.10
2.10
1.00
1.00
0.,50
1.00
2.85
3.00
4.50
3.00
2.00
15.00 :
5.00 i
1.35
1.75
0.75
2.40
5.00
73.30
8.
1
2.10 i
1
1.00
1
0.32 ,
6
2.85 ,
0
2.75
12
0.95
3
0.75
1
0.15
12
10.00
1
0.25
1
0.15
1
0.40
1
0.35
1
0.60
1
0.15
1
1.50
1
2.70
26.97
Box B 4, containing:.
Nave-bands, developed .
Hand hammer
Riveting hammer
Nailing hammer
Sledge
Fore-]mnch
Creaser
Screw-wrench
Smiths" shovel
Smiths' poker
Split broom
Tap-wrench, with 4 holes
Die-stock
Tracing point
Augers, j-in. and 1-in..
Framing chisel
Felling axe
Total in box B 4
Shoeing box, containing:,
Shoeing hammer
Shoeing pincers
Shoeing rasps
Pritchel
Nail-punch
Toe-knife
Clinching iron •
Shoeing knife
Leather aprons
Oil-stone
Total in shoeing box . . .
Iron square, on inside cover,
Padlock, on chest
Tar-bucket, on its hook . . . . .
Tow
Total
Lbs.
14.5
11.75
3.50
1.05
1.80
10.50
1.00
1.00
2.42
3.05
1.90
1.25
3.75
6.25
0.15
2.50
1.50
6.00
59.37
4.7
0.82
2.00
2.15
0.85
0.80
0.30
1.00
0.33
3.00
1.60
12.75
2.00
0.5
7.00
14.00
332.24
Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 occupy the bottom of the limber-cheat; No. 1 against the
left end.
No. 3 is placed on top of Nos. 1 and 2, against the left cud and the back of the
chest.
8^
ORDXANCK MANUAL.
No. 4 on top of Nos. 1 and 2, aj^ainst the front of the chest.
The tihocing box. on No. 2. against the right end and the back of the chest.
Contents of Forge Body B.
VOOU AKD SrORU.
No. WeiKht.
8quftr« iron (i to 1 in.)
rut iron (IJX», IXi, lix2-10,
IJXl in.)
Round iron (fl-in.)
Cant Htr.'l
Enijliish bii^tori-d ntccl
Boxew K 5 and B A. containing :.
norocHlioeii No8. 2 and 'A
ll<ir(<o!<hor nails N(>«>. 2 and 3 .. . . .
Water bucket
Watering bucket (leather)
Anvil
Vice
BitaminoiK) coal <
Coal shovel
Padlock
Tow
Total.
Lbs.
100.
50.
60.
10.
6.
16.5
200.
20.
10.
8.
100.
250.
4.75
0.50
3.
In the iron room. Bars not
more thon three feet long.
B<(uarc iron in two bundles.
}'"
the iron room.
827.75
On itj4 hook.
On the vi(M>.
On the fireplaoo.
On the stock of the forg*.
[ In the coal-box.
On coal-box.
Exclusive of vice.
To put the boxes 5 and 6 in place, loosen the thumb-nuts and raise the rear of the
bellows one inch.
EQrir.MENT OF A BATTERY-WAGON FOR THE FIELD PARK.
Limber-Chest.
The chest is marked Battery-wagon D.
The stores arc packed with tow in the bottom of the chest, and in 2 hoxc* aud 1
oil can.
Interior arrangement. — 2 chats of oak for the boxes, Alh inch wide and 0.75
inch thick, are fastened to the ends of the chest by 8 tcreici, No. 14. 1.5 inch ; the
upper edges of the cleats 7.5 inches from the bottom of the chest.
5 irotu/rii clamjjt for saw.^, fastened to the inside of the chest cover by 12 •crew*.
2 6rn«t elampt for webs of frame-saw, fastened to the inside of the oorer by 12
nails.
LIiyjBER-CHEST FOR BATTERY WAGON D. 333
Ejclerior Vimeasiong of Boxes.
D No. 1.
D No. 2.
Remarks.
Length in.
WiJth in.
Depth in.
AVeight lbs.
39.8
8.0
6.25
11.0
39.8
9.8
6.25
13.0
No. 1 has 2 partitions. 5.25 inches from one
end and 7.5 inches from the other.
No. 2 lias 2 partitions. 14 inclies from one
end and 11.8 inches from the other.
Made like the boxes for Forge A.
The boxes are marked, respectively, D Nos. 1 and 2.
One 0(7 can, like that for the limber-chest of Forge A, marked T>, Sperm oil.
Contents of Limber- Chest for Battery-Wagon D.
TOOLS AND STORES.
No. Weight
TOOLS AND STORES.
No.
Weight
CAHRIAGK MAKERS TOOLS.
(Packed in the bottom of the
chest with tow.)
Bench-planes
Wood-clamps
Oil-stones
Broadaxe
Hand-axe
Felling axe. .......
Hand-hammer
Claw-hatchet
Adze
Table-vice
Holdfast
Framing chisels. . . .
Firmer-chisels
Gouges
Frame-saw
Screw-wrenches ....
Augers and handles
Claw-hammers
Saddlers' mallet. . ..
Saddlers' clam
Lbs.
4
16.00
2
12.
Box D 1, containing:....
Brace and 21 bits
Pincers, small pair
Callipers pair
5.35
6.
1.50
2.
8.30
3.80
10.5
4.50
4.84
4.70
3.00
1.
5.00
106.24
11.09
4.35
1.
0.40
Box D 1. — Continued.
Spoke-shaves
(xauges
Plane-irons
ISaw-sct
Trying square
Bevel
Rule (2-feet)
Gimlets
Compasses pair
Chalk-line
Brad-awls
Seriber
Taper-files (4i-in.)
Wood files
Wood rasps
Compass-saw
Harness buckles gross
Tacks M.
Quart call sperm oil
Total in Box D 1.
saddlers' tools k. STORES
Box 2, containing :
Hammer . • •
Shoe-knives
Half-round knife
Shears pair
Sandstones
Lbs.
0.60
0.60
3.15
0.25
0.60
0..35
0.14
0.95
0.18
0.10
0.17
0.15
0.87
3.. 36
0.80
0.30
4.
2.50
2.70
27.52
13.
0.65
0.54
0.28
0.47
4.62
834 ORPNANCE MANUAL.
Contents of Limber-Chest for Battery-Wagon D — Continued.
TOOLS AND RTOKU. No. Weight TOOLS AMD STORKS. No. Weight
Box D 2. — Continued,
RhIp (2-fcct)
Nci-dloH, aFHorted
( 'oil Hr need IcH
A wli<
Awl llUlldll'H
Punches, aj<8orted
I'inrers pairs
Pliers [luire
Claw-loolx
('reii8eri<
Slrni)-awl!'
Gaufrc-knil'c
Ci>in|iHsseH ]iair
Thimbles
Bristles
1
600
a
36
6
6
3
6
3
3
3
1
1
6
Lbs.
0.14
0.50
0.05
2.25
0.60
0.66
2.25
1.32
0.36
0.45
0.03
0.80
0.18
0.09
1.
Box D 2. — C'oHliitued.
Beeswax
|Black wax
'Patent thread
Total in Box 1) 2
Iland-sawj:, 1 in wooden (
Tenon-nuws, j clamp (
Webs or bladei* for frame-
saw, in brass clamps
Padlock, on chest
Tar bucket, on iih hook . . . .
Tow
Total
Lba.
3.
6.
b.
30.24
4.
3.
0.75
0.60
7.
5.26
208. &0
Boxes Nos. 1 and 2 rest on the cleats ; No. 1 against the back «f the chest.
Wagon Body D.
The large stores are packed loosely in the body and in the till : the small stores
and tools arc packed in 9 bojret, 8 tin cans, and 2 kc(/i.
IxTERiOii ARRANOEMENT. — A till and aj-e rack a." in Battery-wagon C.
2 wooden button* for rummer-staves, fastened to the ridge-pole by 2 (ereicff.
1 wooden clomp for reaping-hook, fastened to the ridge-pole.
2 wooden clnmpii for saws.
1 iron gtapic and leather strap fur reaping hooks, passing through the ridge-pole.
Exterior Dimen»ion» of the Boxet.
SIMENSIONS.
^amTs' ' ^ ^°- *■ ° ^"- ^- ^ ^°" '• ^ ^°- *• ^ **" »• D N«- W- ^j^i"*
Length .....
Width in.
Depth in
Weight lbs
23.5
27.5
19.5
31.5
12.5
13.
14.5
20.25
23.5
19.5
19.5
8.5
13.
«.
14.
14.
10.5
8.
7.5
5.
5.5
28.
34.
21.
26.
4.
6.
3.5
16.5
8.
•.6
4.7
Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7 are of hard wood, .075 inch thick, with hinged covers and
hooks.
Nos. 8, 9, and 10 are of white pine, .625 inch thick, with hinijes and hooks. Xo.
9 is divided into 4 parts.
CONTENTS OF WAGON BODY D.
335
The boxes are marked, respectively, D Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 9 10.
The shoeing box is marked D.
Eiijht tin cans: two, of the capacity of two c/alions, for neat's-foot oil and lin-
seed oil; t"hree, of one gallon, for the same oils and for turpentine; two, for
twentii-jive pounds each of olive paint ; and one, for fee pounds of black paint.
They are made like those of the same capacity for Battery-wagon C.
Two kegs, for grease ; like those in Battery-wagon C.
Contents of Wagon Body D.
TOOLS AND STORES.
Gun-carriage stock (ironed).
Caisson-stocks (not ironcdj
Splinter-bars .
Tire-bolts, nuts and washers .
Axle-trees, 6-pounders
Half- tires .
Bar-iron .
Steel ...
Wheel-traces
Leading-traces
Trace-chains, staples and rivets,
Collars
Girths
Whips
Hamc-straps
Bridles [\\
Halters
Halter-chains
No. Weight.
Pole-yokes 3
Lbs.
165.00
70.00
30.00
11.75
234.00
140.00
200.00
50.00
37.00
10
47.5
10
57.5
20
26.00
6
27.50
16
11.00
16
8.00
25
4.50
fi
18.00
6
21.00
12
J5.50
On the bottom of the wagon,
against the right side, rest-
ing on two blocks, to clear
the rammer-stop; the lu-
nette to the rear.
Against the left side and rear
of the wagon; one on the
other, the lunette ends in
front.
On the bottom, lying on each
other against the caisson-
stocks and the rear of the
wagon.
On the bottota against the
front and right side.
On the bottom, against the
gun-carriage stock and the
front end.
Between the axle-trees and
the splinter-bars.
(In 5 bundles, not more than
3 feet long ; on the half-
tires, against the front of
the wagon.
On the bar-iron, toward the
front.
1
Piled on the bottom of the
wagon, against the gun-
carriage stock and the
till, and on the caisson-
stocks and splinter-bars;
occupying about 31 in.
in length of the rear part
of the wagon.
886
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Contents of Wagon Body D — Continued.
TOOLS AND STORES.
No. Weight.
HarncRf leather sides
Bridle leiUlicT *'
Rope, 2J-in
NoBe-bft(t8
Sli>w mulch yards
Scn.'w jacks
Elcvatin;j;-screw!*
DraK-r()))es
Grindstoiio and arbor
Felliiij; axes
Hand -bills
TarpaiiliuH, 6 feel square
Marline. . . .
Sheep-skin.*
Spades . . . .
Piek-axes, without bandies
Uaodles fur do
Sash-cord pieces
Drill-how
liarrul wiper and scraper
Shoe thread
Dark-lnntcrns . . . .
Common lanterns.
Rammer-heads
Sponges
Paiat brushes .
Rammer-staves, 12-poundcr.
Reaping hooks
Lbs.
75.00
22.00
3Q.00
13.50
0.60
75.00
31.50
.S3. 00
56.60
18.00
6.00
18.
18.
10.
12.
30.
14.50
5.
40.
0.45
2.5
10.
3.
4.60
4.40
3.
3.
13.5
5.75
Trimmed and rolled np
tight : on the axle-trees
and tire?, in front of the
pile of liariic!<i<.
IBotwcen the front ends of
the cHi.oHun-st^cks and the
bar-iron.
[ On the pile of harness.
[ On the slow-match.
Coiled on the screw jacks.
On the drag-ropes.
[ In the axe rack.
On the gun-carriage stock.
Between the till and boxea
I Nos. 3, 4 and 5.
;0n box Xo. 3.
On boxes Nos. 4 and 5.
'In the till, on each other;
I the bits against the back
I of the wagon.
I In the till, between the
I spade handles.
I In the till, lying on the
I bottom.
In the till, in front of box
No. 10.
In the left side of the till,
between the shoe thread
and the front end.
In the till, between the
lanterns and the side of
the wagon.
On box No. 10, and by the
side of it.
In the wagon cover : three on
each side of the ridge-pole,
secured by two wooden
\\ buttons.
I [Fastened to the ridge-pole
' by a wooden damp and
II leather strap.
CONTENTS OF WAGON BODY D.
Contents of Wagon Body X>— Continued.
337
TOOLS AND STORES.
No.
Weight.
Cross-cut saw 1 ... . , ,, f
Pit saw without handles
Handles for do.....
Sparo stock for battery-wagon. . .' , i
Padlo
Watcriii
Tow . . .
bucket.
Lbs.
9.
1.5
3.
90.
0.5
8.
26.50
f In the wagon cover laid on
each other, and fastened
by two wooden clamps;
the teeth of the cross-
■i cut saw against the
right cover-rail; the han-
dle end of the pit saw
against the rear board
of the cover.
On the .spade handles.
On its hook.
Contents of Wagon Body X>-Continue(l.
Box D .S, containing 3 cans
and 2 kegs
Neat's-foot oil gals
Grea.sc
Spirits turpentine gals
Bo.x D 4, containing:...
LABORATOUV TOOLS.
Copper adze, with handle.
Wooden bowls
BencLi-lirushes
Calliiiers. . .
Dredginj,^ bo _
Rocket mould, ) . , . ,
Set of formers, I ^'•'" V'""'"
Set of drifts, J rockets.
Forms for cylinders and caps,
each calibre get
Copper funnels .". .
Shot and sliell gauges set
(Timk'ts
Copper hammer
Paste kettle
• pair
28.
25.00
60.00
i.77
.34-.
1
3.00
4
6.00
2
0.90
0.40
1.00
5.00
21.60
1.75
1
7.50
4
4.00
1
15.00
3
0.25
1
1.80
1
9.00
Box D 4.— Continued.
Lead ladle
Stencil cutters, for letters
and figures f,(.t
jBo.\ for do. . . , \ ^
{Mallets '.'..'!..!!
jPowder measures, 4 oz., 8 oz '
1 lb., and 2 lbs .'
iBrass mortar and pestle....
jMoulds for musket and rifle
balls and buckshot set
Wooden mullers
Needles
IPaste brushes
I Copper pans, 10 or 12 in.*,
Rule (2-feet), not folded .
Sandstones
Spring balance, 30 lbs ... !
Scissors
Copper scoop, large
" small
Hair sieve
Hand screw-drivers. large.
Spatula
1
1
4
4
1
1
2
50
3
3
1
2
1
12
1
Lbs.
2.00
18.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
6.00
23.00
4.00
0.04
1.25
5.00
0.15.
3.00)
5.00
1.50
2.00
1.50
0.80
2.00
0.30'
338
ORnXANTK MANUAL.
Contentii of Wagon Body B — Continued.
TOOL* AND 8TOKEM.
No. Weight
TOOLS kxro sroKiB.
No.
Vel|^
Uox D 4.— Continued.
ThimMi'*
(^unnt•r^' cMlliiwr*
Priming wirt-s
Ciunncre' giinlcli
Ouon»T»' jpinciTS
TinnfiH' furn»oc
Total in box I> 4.
Box D 7, containing:....
HaviTiinrks
Tlllll-I'OlKlx'l'
Thuinl'i'lalli'
Linen cauva!! yardf
Box R R. containing:.
Sperm or wiix cainllcs . .
Box D 9. containing:.
Nails. 6d. to lOd
Shoeing box, containing :.
Shoeing tools set
Box D .'>, with b can.s
Linseed nil gals
Olive jiaiiit
Black paint
Box D 6. containing:....
AnMORKRs' TOOLS.
Wire awls
Band-s^'t
Drill-l'racc
Hand-brace
Centre-bits
Hand-brusbe?
Bench-brush •
Callipers pair
Centre-punch
Cold-chisels
Stockerc' chisels
Stockers" gouges • .
Compasses pair
Lbs. I
0.09;
0.50
0.50|
0.501
2.65
9.00;
Box D 6. — Continued.
Spring-clamps
Wood-clamps
Drill-stock
Drills, assorted
Die-stock '
Dies
.t0i.\
26.0
22.32
7.60'
0.04'
7.50|
4.
10.
8.
20.
4.7
12.75
25.
26.5
50.
5.
21.
3
0.25
1
0.50
1
2.60
1
2.50
6
0.40
2
0.60
1
0.50
1
0..30
1
0.50
ff
6.75
«
2.00
6
1.60
1
0.18
Files, assorted '
File hamlles |
Glue pot I
Spring bonks
Bcnch-lianiniers
Drawiiig-kuife
Nippers pairs i
Pliers pairfl
Reamers, assorted :
Sp^ing-eompa»se^ P*'''
Rifler
Bench-stake
!Hack-saw frame
IHock-saw blades
Armorer.-' punches
Screw-drivers, brace
jRule. 2-fcet
JArmorerg' tongs
JScrew-taps set
jBreechiiig vice
Hand-vices
!Bcvcl-vice8
Breeching wrench
Tap wrench
'straight-edge
Bayonet mandrel
Soldering irons
Screw-wrench
Oil-cans, small
Tinners' shears pair
Brass scale, 1 foot
2
2
1
6
1
1
72
12 i
1
3
i
1
3
3
12
' Box D 10, containing :
Quiek-match
Total weight
Lbi.
3.00
3.00
U.45
0.25
0.76
0.25
21.50
1.5
2.15
0.63
5.25
1.25
0.90
0.90
1.40
U.21
0.25
6.50
1.
1.
0.38
0.75
0.15
2.&«
O.M
7.
S.
1.75
1.80
1.20
0.57
2.50
3.50
2.42
0.22
1.M
• .SO
100.92
3.5
2.0
25.83
FORGE-CHEST. 339
Boxes D 3 and 4 are placed on the caisson-stucks and the rolls of leather. No. 3
against the front of the pile of harness.
Box D 5 is placed on the pole-yokes and rope, between No. 4 and the front of the
wagon.
Box D 6 is placed on top of No. 5, against the front of the wagon.
Box D 7 is placed on top of No. 4. and against No. 6.
Box D 8 on top of No. 3 ; box D 9 on No. 3 and on the till ; the shoeing box on
No. 3 ; box D 10 in the left side of the till, in front of the spade handles.
The boxes are put in after the grindstone and tarpaulins.
FORGE FOR THE MOUNTAIN HOWITZER.
Two chests, designated ih^ forge-chest and the smithn' tool-chest, contain the forge
and the necessary tools for shoeing horses and making repairs.
The chests are carried on the sides of the pack-saddles, fastened by means of the
lashing-chain.
The coal-sack, containing the charcoal, is fastened to the arc by the handles.
Forge- Chest.
The different articles are packed in this chest in racks, or held fast by cleats.
The legs of the frame are first folded up close to the frame, and the back of the fire-
place is turned down on the hearth and fastened by its catch. The handle is
detached from the bellows, which is closed and fastened by the connecting rod.
Interior arrangement. — AVood. — 1 comer piece, fastened to the left end, at the
back, by 4 copj^er tacks ; 1 cleat for bellows, fastened to the bottom by 2 screws No.
14, l-i-inch; it has a hole in its top surface to receive the journal; 1 support for
nuzzle of belloivs, framed and fastened to the bottom of the chest by 2 screws No. 14,
IJ-inch ; 1 cleat for bellows handle, fastened to the front side, toward the right, by 2
screws No. 14, IJ-inch; 1 clamp for bellows has a hole for upper journal of bellows,
goes over and across the bellows, and is hold by the staple-plates; 1 clamp for
frame.
Iron. — 1 strap-staple, driven through the nozzle-support for the right side and
clenched; 1 bracket for wrench, fastened to the right end by 2 screws No. 9, .625-
inch ; 2 staple-plates, fastened opposite each other, one on the front side and the
other on the back, by 4 «c)-e!o« No. 9, .625-inch; 1 staple-plate, fastened to the back
by 2 screws No. 9, .625-inch; 2 clamp-plates, fastened to the clamps by 4 screws No.
9, .625-inch.
Leather. — 1 nozzle-strap 16 inches long; 1 buckle No. 6 ; 2 straps 40 inches long;
2 buckles No. 8.
340
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Contents of Forge- Chest.
Too&a kn ■roKU.
Nu. Weight.
WHIBI rtAOKD.
Fireplace and frainc, folded np
Bellows, olo^cil
BollowR hiiniJIr
Wrciicli f.ir iiul> Ni>i<. 1 anii-1...
1 hMnil-huinrner with bamlle . . . .
) rivoiing " " " . .
1 fore- punch and creaacr on aame
hnn.ile
BagH of horaosboe nailn I 2
On it.<< nide, the bnttnm afcainst the
bacic of tho rbi-Hl.
The right journal in tho hole io
the ili'uf on tin- liiittnin. ibo left
in thnt in the rliiinp : the no«le
fantcned to its support by the
strap.
On its dent.
In its brarld-L
Placed uprii:!il ni:ir tin- »rpiieb.
Parked with tow in the fpa«c to the
ri^ht of the bellows.
Weight of forge-eheat with eleats and clamps. 45.
" " tools and stores I}8.4
" ** forgc-ehest, packed 113.40
tSmiths' Tool-Chest.
lbs.
i
The stores arc secured by cleatu or brackets.
Intkuiok ARnA.NGKMKNT. — WooD. — 1 uiivil-rciit, with a mortise for the head of the
anvil, fastened to the bottom of the chest by '■i tcieici No. 14, 1.76-ineh; 1 trianjular
eUiti, fastened in the left front corner by '2 tcretei No. 14, l.^-O-iucb; 1 rice-cUal,
fastened to the front side by "2 tcreiei No. 14, 1.75-inch; 'i rarki {ur poker and ihovel,
1 button on upper cleat, faiileDcd to the back by 4 tcreici No. 14, 1.5-ioch ; '■i iiuJc* for
rasp, fusteued to the back by 4 $creic> No. 14, l.'25-iuch; '2 dealt for tue-knif«,
fastened to the back by 4 tcretct No. 9, .'ii-i-inch ; 1 cleat for tongs, fastened to the
left end by 2 icrewt No. 14, l.'25-inch; 2 ileati for files, and 1 buUun on right cleat,
fastened on the inside of cover by 4 $crewi No. 14, l-incb; 1 mocabU cUat, hollowed
out to fit the anvil-bloek and bucket : 1 »tud.
Iro.n. — I itrap-tlapU, fastened to the bottom by 2 n'teu, .2.0- inch ; 3 brackets,
fastened to the front side by 6 tcreici No. S, .5-ineh ; 2 hook* driven into the upp«r
cleat for poker.
Lkathbr. — 1 $trap 28 inches long; 1 buckle No. 5.
CARRIAGE MAKERS TOOLS AND STORES.
341
Contents of Smiths' Tool-Chest.
TOOLS AND STORES.
Weight.
WHERE PLACED.
Anvil and block
Water bucket (iron)
Pair shoeing pincers
Vice
Nailing hammer
Shoeing '•
Splitting chisel
Tongs pair
Pritchel
Hardie
Clenching iron
Shoeing knife
Poker
Shovel
Rake
Nail-punch
Buttress
Toe-knife
Rasp
Square file
Flat file
Half-round file
Bags horseshoe nails
Lbs.
38.5
1.S76
2.656
1.6
.875
.8125
1.6875
.718
.406
.9375
.406
t3
.68
.5.31
.064
1.469
.60
1.5
.719
1.031
.8126
10.
The head in the mortise of the rest, the
block secured by the strap and buckle.
On the movable cleat resting on the
anvil-block.
In its cleat on the front with the vice.
In its cleat.
In brackets on front.
In triangular cleat in the corner.
In rack on the left end.
In rack on the left.
In rack on the left end.
In two wooden racks on the back of
the chest.
On two hooks in the poker rack, held
by a button.
In its cleats on the back of the chest.
I In two racks on the back of the chest,
J near the left end.
) In two cleats on the inside cf cover,
) held by a button.
One on the bottom at the left end, the
other in the bucket.
Weight of the chest with cleats and racks. . 44. lbs.
" " tools and stores 72.875"
" " chest packed 116.875"
Carriage Makers' Tools and Stores.
The tools and stores for the use of carriage makers, in repairing the carriages
and equipments, are packed in two chests, which are like those for the ammunition,
but without the interior divisions.
The hasp and hasp-staples are like those of the forge-chest.
The two chests are designated by the letters A and B.
342
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Contents of Carriage Makers' Tool-Chests.
No. Weight
Chest A.
No. Weight
Claw-hatchet
Nailing batcbct
Firinur-chiHclH, ) and } in.
Trjin^ nquaro
Bevel
Au^vrH. \ and i iii.i and ona
bundle
Kivi-ting bauinicr
Hand-Kiiw
Jack plane
Screw-driver
Rule (2-reet)
UimletB
Hand-saw files
Lbs.
1
2.125
1
1.76
2
.594
1
.422
1
.375
2
1..375
1
1.5
1
2.0
1
4.25
1
.375
1
.156
3
.1875
2
.125
j Wood-files, 12-incb
'Sickles
iGunners' fi^jmlet
jPriming-wirc
Gunners' pinccrii
Fuze-cutler
IPapcrs of sprigs, 1-inch and
I IJ-incb
Papers of tacks, 8 oc. and
I 12 o-t
iWood-screws, } inch, No. 9..
iLbs. sash-curd
Weight of chest 21. lbs.
" tools and stores, 24.96 "
" chest packed... 46.96 "
Cbmt B.
No. Weight
No. Weight
Hand-axe
Claw-batchct
Nailing hatchet
Firmer-chisels
Firmer-gouge
Pair compasses
Trying snuare, 6 inches
Scriber
Riveting hammer
Mallet
Gimlets
Screw-driver
Wood-rasp
Oil-stone
Lbs.
3.25
2.125
1.75
0.594
0.25
0.25
0.422
0.125
1.5
2.25
0.1876
0.375
0.5
1.812
Brad-awls S
.Sickles I 2
(lunncrs' Gimlet ' 1
|Priming-wire 1
I Papers tacks, 8 and 12 oz.. .' 2
I Lb. twine i
iLeather thongs 25
i Wood-screws, IJ and 1 inch,
I No. 14 j 3«
Wood-screws, li and 2 inch,'
I No.16 12
Nuts No. 1 ; 2. No. 2 ; 6,
No. 4 12
Washers No. 1 12
Weight of chest 21. lbs.
" tools 22.083 "
" chest packed... 45. "
The sickles are fastened to the front and back of the chests (inside) by small
cleats at the necks and points. The other articles are securely packed in tow, the
edges of the cutting tools being carefully wrapped up to prevent injury.
GUN-CARUTAGES AND CAISSONS.
343
WEIGHTS OF GUN-CARRIAGES AND CAISSONS EQUIPPED FOR FIELD
SERVICE.
DESIGNATION.
GrN-CARRIARE.
Gun
(xun-carriage, without wheels
Two wheel)!
Limber body, without wheels'
Two wheels
Ammunition-che8t. with interior divisions.
Ammunition, packed
Large tarpaulin
Other implements and equipments
Total weigh t
Number of rounds of ammunition on each
limber
Body, without wheels
Two wheels
Two ammunition-chests
Ammunition, packed in do
Limber body, without wheels
, Two wheels
Ammunition-chest
Ammunition, packed in do
Large tarpaulin
Other implements and spare parts.
Total weight 3,509
Number of rounds of ammunition on each
caisson and its limber
6-pdr. 12-pdr.
FOR HOWITZERS.
13-pdr. 24-pdr. 32-pdr.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
884
1,757
1 788
1,318
540
783
1 540
736
360
392
360
392
335
335
1 336
335
360
360
< 360
360
185
182
! 206
198
.395
497
465
541
36
36
36
36
83
86
83
86
3,178
4,428
3,173
4,002
50
32
39
23
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
432
432
432
432
360
360
360
360
370
364
412
396
790
994
! no
1,082
33.i
335
;i35
335
360
.3^0
360
360
185
182
206
198
.395
497
465
541
36
36
36
36
246
246
1 246
246
3,509
3,806
3,782
3,986
150
96
117
69
Lbs.
1,890
783
392
335
.360
192
470
36
86
4,544
15
Lbs.
432
360
384
940
3.35
360
192
470
36
246
3,755
45
»44*
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Weights of Forges and Battery-wagons equipped for Field Service.
DBSIOIIATION.
Fur the
Battery.
Vur the
Park.
FORGE.
Body complete, without wheels . . . .
Two wheels
Anvil ami water buckets
8torc8 in iron room
Stores in coal-liox
Limber body, without wheels
Two whcils
Limber-<'heRt. empty
SlorcB and tools on tho limber
Total weight.
B »TTKRY-WAflON.
Body complete, without wheelii
Two wheels
Stores in wagon body j 1,289
Limlicr body, without wheel? ' •^■'55
Two wheels I 360
Limber-chest, empty 15K
Stores and tools on the limber
Total weight (exclusive of forape) ) 3,574
Bill of Boards for Interior of Am munition- Chests.
DESIGNATION.
a K
6. *
Cic
?^
DIMSNSIO.N!! (^ rough). I q .
, ee >»
Thick- =,5
Length.| Width. I "^1;^;
Partitions
C bottom
Tray . < sides
(_ ends
Partitions j
( bottom
Tray. I sides
( ends
Partitions
Bolsters for lower tier
I'rops for upper tier
Bolsters for canisters
Partitions <
Linings
Partitions j
In.
168
22
22
20
84
42
22
22
20
120
54
90
8
96
13
96
54
108
60
In.
11.
20.
10.
11.
12.
14.
20.
7.5
9.
15.5
10.
12.
10.
15.5
10.5
8.25
15.5
16.
8.5
In.
0.625
0.75
0.75
1.
0.75
0.75
0.75
0.85
1.
0.
2. ,
17.50
7.5
1.5
1.87
0.75
7.75
0.94
1.
5.5
5.81
\ ,
12.
*• i
3.54
Veet.
8.02 Poplar.
2.29 ) Poplar,
1.15 \'>r white
1.53 j pine.
5.25 I Poplar.
3.06
2.20 ] Poplar,
0.86 \oT white
1.25 I J pine.
9.69 : Poplar.
Oak.
Poplar.
Poplar.
FIELD TRAIN. 345
FIELD TRAIN.
Ordnance.
The proportion of artillery to other troops varies generally between the limits of
1 and ;^ pieces to 1,000 men, aceording to the force of the array, the character of the
troops of which it is composed, the force and character of the enemy, the nature of
the country which is to he the theatre of war, and the character and objects of the
war.
Similar considerations must regulate the selection of the kinds of ordnance and
the proportions of the different kinds in the train.
The following principles may be observed in ordinary cases:
^ n r 1 • 1. f i arc r2-pdrs.
( s guns, of which lax c i
2 pieces to 1,000 men. ^ ** , ,,,^,- „„ ,
1 i howitzers, of which 1 1 f;^"''* '^- "' ^^-pdrs.
( } '• 12-pdrs.
Distributed as follows:
For the lufunlry. — I piece to 1,000 men: 6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, in
batteries of foot artillery.
For the Caralry. — 2 pieces to 1,000 men; 6-pdr. guns and 12-pdr. howitzers, in
batteries of horse artillery.
For the apcciiil and (jcncral piirhn «f reserve —
fi in ri-pdr. batteries 1 , -, . ..,,
1 piece to 1,000 men. \ '■ G-j.dr. " } "^ '^°°* artillery.
( J *• 6-pdr. batteries of horse artillery.
Ammunition for Cannon.
200 rounds to each piece, both of the reserves and of the active batteries.
The ammunition which cannot be carried in the caissons attached to the pieces
will be kept in bo.\es with the reserves.
Additional supplies of ordnance and ordnance stores are placed in convenient
depots, according to circumstances.
Ammunition for Small Arms.
100 rounds to e.ach man ; of which, for the musket, 40 rounds are in the c.artridge-
bo.K, 60 in the parks of reserve. In the same proportion for other small arms.
Percussion-caps in the proportion of 12 caps to 10 cartridges.
34G ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Composition of a Battery on the War Establishment.
KIND or BATTBRT.
fi f 12-pouDder8, mounted.
] 6-j)iiunilcrs, "
,, I 2t-ii>)unJer«, "
JlownzKiis . ,o 1 1,
( 1 2-|pi)un(iLTS, "
Total number of pieces.
Caissons... (J"^^""^;
( for howitzers . . .
Travf.llimo rOROK
Batteuy-wacon .. .
Whole number of carriages with a battery.
rSbot
For 4 guns ■; Spiicrioal-casc.
( Canisters
Ammunition.
r Shells
For 2 howitzers.. J. Spherical-case
( Canisters . . . .
Total number of roands with a battcrr.
T^ f 6 to each carna<'e
DrAVGHT HOUSES. ... ■^ cj , " . ...
I Spare horses, oue-twelfil
Total.
12-pdr.
6-pdr.
12
20
448
.358
UO
14
130
400
320
80
•
806
800
168
120
112
1«0
42
32
•
322
312
1,218
1,113
120
84
10
91
Note. — For two .32-pdr. howitzer-carriages and 4 j ^ , . * *. „.
caissons, the number of rounds of ammunition is J ^'' . . ' ** , .
' (^ Canisters 14
Total 210
Harness, corresponding to the number of horses to the carriages.
THE FIELD PARK. 347
Battery of Mountain Hoirltzcrs.
Howitzers 6
Gun-carriages 7
Ammunition-chests 36 (48 rounds for each howitzer.)
Forge and tools, in 2 chests 1
Set of carriage makers' tools, in 2 chests 1
Pack-saddles and harness 3."?
Horses or mules 33
Such additional supplies of the above kinds as may be thought necessary will be
carried with the park of ^reserve, together with the necessary ammunition for
infantry, in jiacks.
A mountain howitzer ammunition-chest will carry about 700 musket ball
cartridges.
Rocket Battery.
No regular organization of a rocket battery has been arranged.
The nature and number of rockets, and of carriages or conductors, will be deter-
mined by the character of the service for which they may be required.
The Field Park.
The spare carriages, reserved supplies of ammunition, tools and materials for
extensive repairs, and for making up ammunition, for the service of an army
in the field, form the Field Park, to which should be attached also the batteries of
reserve.
The quantities of these supplies must depend in a great measure on the particular
circumstances of the campaign.
The ammunition required for artillery and small arms (according to the propor-
tions above stated), in addition to what can be carried by the batteries and the
troops, will be carried with the park, in caissons or in store-wagons.
The following carriages and stores, in due proportion, according to circumstances,
will also form parts of the field park, viz :
Spare gutt-cnrriagea, 1 to each field battery.
TraveUinq Forqex, B. 1 ^ r l
•' ( ^"^^ '''■ niore of each.
Batterij-ioaijonn. D. )
Spare spokes, .')0 to each battery. "|
Spare felliei,, 20 tO each battery. 1. 1„ store-wagons.
Spare harnesa I t l I
^ ^ In bo.xes. J
Horne/ihoes and nails. . )
Gunpowder. i Friction primers for cannon.
Saltpetre.
Sulphur.
Charcoal.
Laboratory paper.
Percussion-caps for small arms.
Stufi" for cartridge-bags.
Woollen yarn.
Cotton yarn.
Glue.
OHIiNANrK MAM'Ar..
SIECJE TRAIN.
The imtnluT and kind of cannon for a nicpe train muft l>c ilctrnnincd by th*
cirruin'<tan''OB of each cane; bnt the foUowiii;; giMieral principles may l>c obwjrrcd
in aiitigning tbe proportion of diflvrcnt kindx and culibre>. and (bi- rt-lutive <|UBntiij
of other luppliei, for a train uf 100 picccn of ordnance.
Cannon.
g, ( 24-pdr about onr-balf of tbe whole number it
( 18-pdr. or 12-pdr " one-tenth 10
lIowiTEKRii, 8-ia. ficKC " one-fourth 2A
M( 10-in. ^ii'Kc " onf-eii;lilh " IS
( 8-in. ricfce " 3
CoEiioHN MoKT ARN, in addition to the 100 piece* 4
Wai.i. imk<kii «Q
Gun-Corridijes.
For 24-pdr. pun* and S-in. howilcerr, one-fifth hpurc VO
For 18-pdr. and 12-pdr. Run» one- fifth »parc IS
For 10- in. inortari one-^ixth rpare 21
For 8- in. in<<rtar» 4
Othrr Ciirriaijes.
itiirtnr-vtigoni. — 1 for each 10-in. mortar and bed, and for thrr« H-in. mortari
and bi.>d» IS
WagoHt, for tranpporling implements, intrenching and mlnert' tonii, labora-
tory toolii and utenniU, and oih<?r stores — each loaded with about 3,700
lbs., sar 140
Cari§ (carryinj; ball*, etc. on the march) 69
l\irk //ri/rrrjr-f'if/oNir, fully «>qaipped S8
Part Korijrt, fully eiplippcd 8
Sli*i<f-rnrl», lar;,'c 5
Siiitg-carit, band 4
Draught Horses.
For each pun anil howitr.er, with itf carriage 8
" Spare pun-carriape 6
" Mortar-wapuii 8
•• Balterywapon •
'• Forpe •
Cart 2
•• Sling-cart, large 2
Spare hones 1-IOtb.
Tot*!, about l^VOObonM.
PROJECTILES AND AMMUNITION.
349
Projectiles and Ammunition
Round shot .
(800 to each 24-pdr
( 1,000 to each 18 and 12-pdr.
40,000
For GoNg ■( * i,"uu to eacQ is and la-pdr 10,000
j Grape and eanisters strapped. 20 rounds to each piece . 1,200
^ Spherical-case strapped, 20 rounds to each piece 1,200
f Shells, 800 to each 8-inch howit/.cr 20,000
For Howitzkrs. / Canisters iHrapped, 5 to each 125
v Sphcrical-f-a'c strapped. 20 to each 500
t 600 shells to each 10 inch 7,200
For Mortars... < SOO " " S-inch 2,400
'^ 200 " " Coehorii 1,200
Gunpowder, in barrels. lbs. 500,000
Computing for each 24-pounder round shot, one-third the weight of shot.
18 and 12-pdr. " one-fourth " "
grape, canister, and spbcrical-casc, one-sixth the weight of
shot.
round of howit/.er ammunition. 5 lbs. ")
,„ . , ^ » ,, ( including charge of
" 1.0-inch mortar < " > " °
,, o • L . ., .. ^ shell.
" 8-inch mortar .{ " )
" C.ieh'trn i "
Cartridge-hagf, 1 for each round.
Cartridge piper, bundles 200
Wads — hay wads, made in the field.
Slow-match jj)g_ 590
Port-fires 200
Faxes, i more than tlie number of shells 35.000
Wooden bottoms and tubs, for firing small shells 1 200
Friction primers, for guns and h ) withers, 1^ ti each round.
Cartridges for wall }ji.eces, 500 rounds to each.
Cartridges, powder, percus-iion-caps and lead, for small arms, according to the force
of the army.
Most of the ammunition is transported by hired wagons.
350
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Implements and Equipments.
ron EACH GLN.
2 Sponges — I spare.
2 KiimiiiurK — 1 "
1 Worm to 4 pieces.
1 La.llc
8 Ilanii^pikes — 2 mpare.
1 Piiss-box.
2 Tulic-poiichcti.
1 Ounnfm' perpendicular tu 10 pieces.
1 Vciit-pinirh to 3 pieces.
2 Tliiiinl'Dtnllx.
2 I'rimiu^j-wires — 1 spare.
1 UuDDcrs' gimlet.
FOR KACH HOWITZER ANP MORTAR.
1 Breech sight.
1 Vent cover.
1 Water bucket.
1 Brooui.
1 Toinpion.
2 Chocks.
2 Lanyarils for friction primeri.
1 Piece of chalk.
1 Wrench to fi pieces.
1 Short roller.
1 Triice-rofie.
IMrUMUtTS.
Sponges and rammers 2 — 1 spare
Hnuilii)iikes (2 fchod, for mortar) ' 7 — 2 spare
liaversHcks f • • • I
Tube-pouches \ 2
Thumbstiill 1
I'rirain); wires 2 — 1 spare
Vent-punch — to 3 pieces
Gunners' gimlet
(Junners" perpendicular — to 6 pieces
Quadrants
FuT.e-scttcrs
Fur.e-mallets
Baskets
Chocks for wheels
Maul
Loading tungs
Tompious
Vent cover
Water bucket
Broom
I
I
1
1
1 Sparc
-I spare
1
2
2 — 1 spare
1
2 — 1 spare
2 — I spar*
Breech sight
Lanyards for friction primers.
Plummets
Pointing-stakes
Pointing-cord
Quoins
Shell-hooks
Scrapers
Spatulas.
2 — 1 spare
Gunners" sleeves (pair)
Grommet wad
Wipers of tow linen
Chalk
Hammer-wrench — to 6 pieces
MACHINES AND ROPES. 351
Scales and weightr, or a spring balance, funnel, set of powder measures of 3
sizes, and fuze-extractor to each Vjattery magazine.
The nuniher of implements must be proportioned to the whole number of gun-
carriages, including the spare carriages.
One tar bucket to each travelling carriage.
Platforms.
For guns and howitzers 1-lOth spare.
For mortars 1 -8th "
Embrasure Shutters.
For half the number of guns and howitzers.
Spare Parts of Carriages.
Proportion to the number of parts in the carriages :
Pintles for siege carriages l-30th.
Nuts and washers, assorted 1-lOth.
Linchpins l-5th.
Axle-trees l-20th.
Wheels 1-1 5th.
Shoulder 1 -20th.
Axle-washers
Liuch 1 -lOth.
Cap-squares l-15th.
Poles, one-half ironed l-4th.
Elevating-screws l-8th.
Leading-bars, one-half ironed l-8th.
Spare parts of field carriages, as for field batteries.
Timber and other Materials for llepairs.
Proportion to the number of parts that enter into the construction of the car-
riages :
Axle bodies for siege carriages, l-fjOth; B'oech-bolsters, l-20th; Cheeks, l-30th;
Fellies. l-50th; Spokes, l-30th; Fork-saddles, l-30th ; Poles, l-20th; Hounds,
l-20th; Splinter-bars, l-20th; Leading-bars, 1-lOth ; Square timber of various
scantling — Plank — Wooden parts of mortar-wagons; of each, l-20th.
Bar-iron, assorted, 80 lbs. to a piece, 8,000 lbs. ; Steel, 5 lbs. to a piece, 500 lbs. ;
Sheet-iron, 50 sheets; Iron wire, 400 lbs.; Tin, 225 sheets; Nails, assorted, 300
lbs. ; Screws, assorted, 5 gross.
Machines and Ropes.
7 Gins, with tackle, complete; 10 Lever Jacks; 14 Screw Jacks; 5 Lifting
Jacks ; 20 Wheelbarrows, l-5th for shells ; 7 Hand-barrows j Balances, for weighing ;
352
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
10 Spare gin-fall « ; 75 Double prolonged; 75 Single prolonges ;/ Drag-ropes, 200;
2J-ineb rope, C>(\0 fathoms; Men's harness, SO; Small ropes, 200 lbs.; Twine, of
various sizes, 50 lbs.
Tools.
Sets of carria(;e makers' and blacksmiths' tools — Pioneers' tools, for the artillerj
alone, 40 t<t a piece, say 4,000; of which 1,600 spades, 270 shovels, 2,00il mattocks,
130 picks— Spare tool handles, one-half.
Axes, .'t to a piece, ."iOO; Bill-hooks, 2 to a piece, 200; Saw.«, various kinds, 100;
10-foot rods, 2-foot rules, masons' levels, 50 of each; Mauls, '^00; Scythes, 8;
Miners' tooln ; BaKkets.
Laboratory Tools and uMatcrials.
2 Sets of Laboratory tools. (See page 312.)
Nitre, pulvcrited I,.')00 lbs
Sulphur, pulverized 100 '•
Cbarooal, pulverized lUO "
Sulphur, roll 100 "
Pitch .. 150 "
Rosin 150 "
Beeswax 50 "
Camphor 20 "
Spirits turpentine 10 gals.
Sperm oil 30 '•
Linseed oil 2 "
Tow — Tarred links — Rock-fire, etc.
Ibf.
Twine 50
Tarred ropf-yurn 200 "
Cop]ier wire 1 (( "
Brass wire 10 "
Cotton yarn 25 "
Glue 10 "
Wrapping paper 10 reams.
Tar 2 barrels.
Mealed powder 300 lbs.
Quick-match 150 "
Torches 100 "
Coal-tar 1 barrel.
Implements for Firing Hot Shot.
4 Sets. (See Chapter XIIL)
Instruments and Books.
2 Theodolites, or other instruments for measurinj: angles: 2 Levels and staret^S
Compa.'-ses; 4 Surveying chains; Diagonal scales: Cases of mathematical instm-
meuts: Spy-glasses: Thermometer; Barometer.
liookf. — Ordnance Manual: Artillery for the land service; Tables of firing;
Logarithmic t-ables ; Drawing paper.
Miscellaneous Supplies.
Smiths' coal, "20 tons; Grease, 2,000 lbs., in 50-lb. kegs ; Sandbags, -500 to each
piece of ordnance; Chevaux-de-frise ; Scaling ladders: Rampart grat4.-s. 50; Tar-
paulins, various sizes, 100; 2 Grindstones; Lanterns, lUO; Sperm candles, 150 lbs.;
Lamplighters' torches ; Canvas; Friction matches, in small tin cases.
ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS.
353
ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS.
The kind and number of pieces of ordnance required for the armament of each of
the fortitication.s are prescribed by the War Department, according to the char-
acter and extent of each work.
The carriages, ammunition, implements, equipments, and other supjilies, for a
fort placed on the war establishment, may be proportioned to the number of pieces
on the following general principles, the application of which must, however, be reg-
ulated by the importance of the position and by the peculiar circumstances of each
case :
For a front of attack
For other land
fronts and for
sea-coast bat-
teries.
Gun-car-
riages.
f Casemate
I Barbette
Siege
Field
Mortar-beds . . .
Trench-carts for advanced
works
Sling-carts
Tumbrils or hand-carts
Caissons
Forges, travelling (besides
permanent forges)
AMMUNITION.
For each 10-in. columbiad ..
For each gun and sea-coast
howitzer and 8-inch co-
lumbiad
For each 24-pdr. howitzer...
For each siege howitzer
For each 10-in. mortar
For each mortar
For each 8-in. mortar and
Coehorn
l-6th .
1 -.3d . .
l-3d..
l-M ..
l-4th .
1 to 20 pieces.
1 to 25 pieces.
1 to 20 pieces.
I to each field-
piece.
1 to 30 pieces of
all kinds.
400 rounds.
800 rounds.
100 " .
600 "
400 "
600 rounds.
,.1-lOth
,.l-20th
.1-lOth,
.1-lOth!
1 to 25 pieces.
1 to 20 pieces.
250 rounds..
100 "
200 " ..
200 "
More than the
number of
pieces.
1-20
1-2
1-20
Grape and
canister.
Rampart grenades, .300 to a front of attack.
For each piece of artillery of a field battery for sorties, 200 rounds.
Gunpowder. — The quantity of cannon powder may be calculated on the following
principles :
For each charge of a gun — J of the weight of the shot.
" " 10-inch columbiad, 15 lbs.
" " 8-inch " 10 "
23
354
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Including the charge of the
(bull.
For cBoh charjfc of a 24-p(lr. howitzer, 2 lbs
" " fS-inch piego bowit/.er, 4 "
" " Ifl-inoh sea-coast " 12 "
" " 8-inch " " 8 "
" " 10-inch mortar, light, 7 "
" " 10 inch " heavy, 15 "
" " 8-inch " 3 "
" " 13-inch " 30 "
" " Coehorn " i "
To ryiHTc : for mining, fireworksi, and waste, 1-10 of the whole, including a pro
portion (if mcaU-il i)Owdi!r and its components, pulvcriicd.
Fuze* A more than the numln'r of shcllii.
Slotr-mnleh, 4 lbs. to a piece.
Cannon cartridge paper, I shoot to a round.
Sah„l$.
Woodru hoiiomt for mortars firing grenades.
Porl-jiret, 1 to 200 rounds.
Friction primrrt, li the number of rounds.
Small Arms.
More than the numWr of troops of the
several kinds supposed t<> hi- fully
armed and equipped.
Muskets 1-3
Pistols 1-8
Artillery and infantry swords 1-25
Cavalry subroc 1-5
Wall-pieces — 50 to a front of attack, or a front exposed to escalade.
^riimi(Mifi..n. — Musket cartridges, for each man 400
Musketoon, pistol, and rifle cartridges 100 )
Cartridges for each wall-piece 400
Spare puwder for small arms, l-25th of the whole quantity required for the car-
tridges. Cartridge paper in proportion.
Percussion caps, in addition to those packed with the cartridges, J the number
of rounds.
Implements and Equipments.
FOR EACH GUN.
2 Rammers — 1 spare.
2 Spiiuges — 1 "
} ^^'^^^P^- I to 6 pieces.
1 Ladle, J ^
1 (lunners' perpendicular to 6 pieces.
1 Pass-box.
1 Bud^e-barrel.
2 Tube-pouches.
2 Thumbstalls — 1 spare.
2 Priming-wires — 1 spare.
1 Gunners' gimlet.
1 Vent-jiunch, to 3 pieces.
1 Breech sight.
1 Vent cover.
2 Lanyards for friction primers.
1 Water bucket.
1 Tompion.
1 Chalk-line and chalk.
I Broom.
1 Wrench to 6 pieoat.
IMPLEMENTS AND EQUIPMENTS.
3§&
FOR EACH HOWITZEU.
The same as for a gun, omitting jBa»«-to.r,
and adding :
1 Haversack.
1 Fuze-setter.
1 Fuze-mallet.
1 Fuze-extractor, to 6 pieces.
1 Quadrant.
FOR EACH COLUMBIAD.
The same as for a howitzer, adding, for those of model IS44, 1 Woolen sponge,
of the diameter of the bore, to 3 guns.
FOR EACH MORTAR.
1 Sponge and rammer.
6 Handspikes — 4 shod.
] Haversack.
1 Tube-pouch.
2 Priming-wires.
1 Vent-punch, to 3 pieces.
1 Gunners' gimlet.
1 Quadrant.
1 Plummet.
2 Pointing-stakes.
2 Quoins.
1 Torapion.
2 Lanyards for friction primers.
1 Pair shell-hooks.
1 Scraper.
1 Spatula.
1 pair gunners' sleeves.
I Wiper.
1 Fuze-setter.
1 Mallet.
1 Fuze-saw.
1 P"uze-e.\tractor, to 6 mortars.
1 Basket.
1 Broom.
J Tarpaulin.
FOR EACH 24-PDR. HOWITZER FOR FLASK DEFENCE.
2 Rammers and sponges — 1 spare.
2 Sponge-covers — 1 spare.
1 Roller-bar.
2 Manoeuvring-handspikes.
1 Gunners' haversack.
1 Budge-barrel.
2 Tube-pouches.
2 Thumbstalls — 1 spare.
2 Priming-wires — I spare.
1 Gunners' gimlet.
1 Breech-sight.
2 Lanyards for friction primers
1 Water bucket.
1 Fuze-cutter.
1 Vent-punch.
1 Vent cover.
1 Tompion and strap.
1 Broom.
For EACH CASEMATE CARRIAGE (woodcD. including the spare carriages), 2 truck-
bars ; 2 chocks ; 1 broom.
For EACH BARBETTE CARRIAGE (woodcn ). 2 manwuvring handspikes : 1 tarpaulin,
or other cover ; 1 platform and 1 maul ; if the platform be not permanent.
For each iron carriage, 2 mano-uvring-bars ,• 2 pinch-bars; J manoeuvring-
handspike ; 2 wrenches : 1 elevating-bar for columbiads.
For each siege carriage, 4 handspikes; 1 maul; 1 platform.
For EACH conTMBiAD BARBETTE CARRIAGE (wooden), 4 truck-bars ; 2 manoeu-
vring-bars ; 1 elevating-bar.
Hi
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Spare Parts for Repair of Carriages.
Proportion of tin- iiiiinbcr of »j)are purU Ij thiil of similar jiarti" wliicU belong to
tbo farriuK'"' —
Forkv for travcroinjt wheeli of barbette carriafccs l-20th.
Pinik'n for nioj^o carria);e limbers I -•''Oih.
Pinlk'i" for cuwinate oarriaK''!* ' -'^Oth.
LinrhpitiH l-)ih.
/ for »ic|fc carriajfcs 1 --0th.
Axle-tree* \ for barbcllo curriajKCH 1-lOlh.
l for ragumate carriages 1 -lOlh.
Rollcri for ca«ciuat« carriagce l-4(Mh.
Bol»tcr-i>laio», for pinlloc uol purmanintlj fixed I -lOlh.
I for niejti" carria({cii l-loth.
for barbttti- upper carriojKc-g (iucludinj? rollorn) l-'JOlli.
for caneiii«to " ' -40ih.
I for barbette chaKsiii l-l'»lh,
I for coocinate chaHKi* MOib,
^ , , I ..houlder 1.20lb.
All-washers, ^ j^^j^ , ,^,^
Poles, for siege earria^T liiiilicrf, niie-biiir ironeil I -lib.
Elcvatiiij;-8cro«T8 1-^th.
Tongues (iron) for casemate carriages l-lllth.
Nuts, assorted l-llith.
Timber and other Mutcrials for Repairs.
Checks, slock.*, naves, spukes, fellies, for siege carriages, of each 1-ViOth; cheeks
of mortar-beds. l-12tb. Handspikes. 4 to a |tiece ; tool handles, \: sets of timber
for barbette carriages, l-20th; ditto, casemate, 1-lOth: iron, assorted, 50 lbs. to c»ih
piece; uails and screws, assorted, \{.<Q tu each piece: steel, 1 lb. to each piece; ihaeW
iron, 6 square feet to each piece ; tin, 5 sheets to each piece : spare parts for small
arms, see Chapter VIII.
Machines. Ropes, etc.
Qins, casemate and rampart, as may be required, according to the extent of the
fort; screw jacks, capstans, lever jacks, wheel-barrows. 1 to each piece; band-
baiTow, for shells, 1 to each mortar; sling hand-barrow, or frame hand-barrow with
legs, 1 to 0 guns and howitKors : platform balance, or scales and weight*: gin-Callj,
l-.'itb spare; double prolongcs, 2 to each gin ; drag-ropes, 2^-inch rope, small rope,
0 lbs. to a piece; handspikes. 7 feet long: skids, blocks, rollers.
MISCELLANEOUS SCPPLIES. 357
Tools.
Sets of carriage makers', smiths' and armorers' tools; intrenching and miners'
tools, saws, levels, paviors' rammers : iO-foot rods ; 2-foot rules ; the number of each
kind to be regulated by the particular circumstances of each case.
Tools and Materials for Fireworks.
(See Chapter X.)
Laboratory tools and materials, according to the extent and resources of the fort.
See the pr<>i>ortion of those for a siege train.
For each night of a siege, or for each ni^ht on which the guns will probably be
served, have 6 tarred links to each piece moutitcd on the ramparts of a front of
attack, or of a sea-coast battery, and ."i fire-balls for a front of attack.
Signal rockets, torches, rock-firc, etc., according to circumstances.
Instruments, Books and Stationery. v
According to the character and extent of the fort. — See Siege Train.
Miscellaneous Supplies.
Timber, plank, and boards; .wood for sabots, fascines, gabions, etc. Pickets;
coal, 5 tons to a forge; grease, grindstones, rampart grates. 2 to each piece on the
ramparts; sand-bags, for the batteries on the front of attack; lantern, 1 to each
piece ; candles, oil, fire-engine and buckets.
Field pieces forming a part of the armament of a fortification should be provided
with their caissons, ammunition, etc., as for service in the field.
858 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
C II A I' T E R T W E L F T II
MECHANICAL MANCEUVKES.
The intrdiliiotioii tu-ro of a few of the most common mcchuiical mana>uvrei with
liuBV.v f;uii8, for mounting uikI <lii<mounliiig, etc., it \a bclivveil. will prove coDvcnicnt.
For full (liroolioDD fur ilu- iiiuuii'uvrci- of heuvj orduaucc, »ee " llhA\ r AuTiLLKKr."
Knots, (Hill the Manner of Tying them. (Plato 33.)
Loor. — neiiil the r(>]>e 80 aa to bring the branches near to each other, without
cr<>8f>inK tlicni.
IIai.p-hitch. — Beml the rope, crossing one branch over the other.
SiMTLK KNOT. — Form a balf-Litch: turn one end arouml the other, pMsing it
tbroufth the half-hit<h : close it by drawing the two ends.
SiMiM E URAW-KNoT, or Bow-K.NOT. — Form a half-hitch; make a loop with one end;
tarn this loop around the other part, t^o as to pass it in the half-hitch; close iu
Gai.i.ry knot. — Form a simple draw-knot ; pass a lever in the loop, and close it.
Sgi'ARK KNOT. — 1«» Mrthod : Cfoss the ends of the rope, say, the right end over
the left; turn the left end around the right branch from above downward, and from
within outward ; bend the left end. forming a loop with it : turn the right end around
the left, and pass it in the loop from below upward; close iL
id Mrih<i<i : Make a loop with one end; pa^s the other end through the loop, and
take a turn around the two branches that form the loop, beginning with the long
one; pass it again through the loop, and close it.
That the knot may not slip, the two ends of the rope should separate, one to the
right, the other to the left, but both in front or both behind.
Draw st^iARE knot. — Make an onlin.iry square knot, but with the end passed in
the loop to complete the knot ; form a second loop, and pass it through the first ;
close it.
Weavers' knot. — Form a loop with one end ; pass the other end through the
loop, and take a turn around the two branches forming the loop — first around the
long one — and pass it between the loop and that part already passed through the
loop ; close it.
KNOTS, AND THE MANNER OF TYING THEM.
359
Gkrman knot.— Form a half-bitch ; turn the free end around the standing part;
cross the free end on itself, and pass it through the half-hitch.
Artificers' knot, or two half-hitches.— l»r J/ef/joc/ .• Make two half-hitches
near to each other, but in contrary directions ; that is, if the free end of one half-
hitch cross above that part of the rope which is between the half-hitches, the free
part of the other half-hitch must cross under,- place these two half-hitches one on
the other, so that the ends shall be on the inside; put the half-hitches over the end
of the object to which the rope is to be fastened, and close it.
2d Method : To fasten a rope to a picket, keeping it stretched, take a turn around
the picket with the free end, and bring it back under the standing part ; take a
second turn above the first with the same end, passing the free end between the last
turn and the fixed part; close it by drawing on the free end.
3d Method i Form a half-hitch, with the free end beneath ; place it over the head
of the picket; form a second half-hitch, the free end beneath; place it over the
picket, above the first; close it.
Magnus hitch.— Take a turn around the picket with the free end, and bring it
back above the standing part; take a second turn with the same end, and bring it
back under the standing part: make with this end a half-hitch, the free end
being underneath ; place this half-hitch over the picket ; close it by drawing on
the free end.
This knot difi'ers from the artificers' knot, by having three turns around the
picket, instead of two.
M00F.ING knot, with half-hitches.— To fasten a rope to a picket by half-
hitches, take two turns around the picket, and bring the free end back along the
standing part; take a turn with the free end around the standing part, and pass it
through the half-bitch thus formed; make a second half-hitch by crossing the free
end aeain over the standing part, and passing the free end through the half-hitch;
tie the end to the standing part with lashing-cord, if necessary.
Rolling hitch.— To tie a rope to another which is stretched, cross the end of the
free rope on the stretched one, and take a turn around it from above downward, and
bring back this end in the acute angle formed by the two ropes; take a second turn
in the same manner; make a half-hitch with the free end around the stretched rope,
and then a second half-hitch above the turns already formed; tie the end to the
rope with lashing-cord.
Anchor knot.— To fasten a rope to a ring, pass the rope through the ring twice;
make a half-hitch around the standing part and the part forming the second turn ;
make a second half-hitch below the first ; tie the short end to the standing part, if
necessary.
Capstan knot.— To fasten the gin-fall, for instance, to the handles of a gun,
make a half-hitch by crossing the free end on the part coming from the head of the
gin; pass the free end through the handles and through the hiiH-hitch from beneath
upward; pass the end around the standing part, turning it between the standing
860 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
part and the part leading to tht- handle ; pass it in the loop from shore downward;
draw it clo»c.
CaoW!f.— Take the r»\>u and form a coil of the sire rcrjuircd. and with the fr««
end wrap the tcveral vtriindH forming the coil, and faften the two end* lij a («|uare
knot.
Shout si-Lirn.— Unlny wh.iut one foot of the endn of the two rop«g, A and Bt
that are to lie Hpliocd; bring the end* together, no that the iilran<lii of one rop«
ihHll lie hotwcen lho»e of the other. Holding the rope A in the left hand, for
instance, croM caeh utrand of thif rope over the ^trnnd of the other that in to lt«
lefU and ]>u.r* earh utrand of the rope A, hy meant of a marline-npike, onder th«
Mrand H to the left of that which it crossed; draw hard on ea<>h utrand ihos
tmtii; do the came thing with the strand* of the rope B. To give i;reater
strength to the uplioe, paas again each strand over that t« it* left aiid under the
one Id the left of Uiis last : cut off the projecting ends. Thin splice will not paat
through the throat of the pulley.
LoNO RPi.icR. — I'lilay ahoui QO inrhcc of each rope: bring them together aa in
the short splice: unlay one of the strands of A, and replace it by the corresponding
strand of B; cross the end of this last strand over the replaced strand, and p«W
them, each on its own side, under the adjoining strands; replace, in same way.eaeh
strand of one rope hy one of the other, and secure them two and twn, as haa Jut
been oxplaine<l, at different places in the splice; eat off the projecting ends. Til*
long .-plicc will pans through the throat of the pulley.
To Slew a Gun.
Chock the gun on the side to which it is to be turned; pass a trannion-looa am
one of the trunuioun, run a handspike through it, and turn the gun in ita pla«e.
To Move a Gun by Rolling it.
Place a skid under the middle of the reinforce, and another under the middle of
the chase, and roll the gun over.
By inclining the skids and cutting the muzzle, it may be mored in different
directions.
In rolling heavy guns, it is most convenient to use two collars of wood or caat-
iron, of eijual diameters (one on th» breech, the other on the maztlej, large enonrh
to allow the trunnions to tarn without striking the ground.
To Transport a Field Piece by means of a Limber.
Detach the jirolonge; place the limber over the jiiece, so that the pintle-bonk
shall be over the handles (or over the rear of the trunnions), with the brciooh
toward the pole : run a handnpike into the bore and raise the chaae; Usb the pioon
to the pintle-hook with the prolonge, by passing the ring of the prolongc twioo
MANOEUVRES WTTH GINS.
sSF
through the handles (or around the piece in rear of the trunnions) and over the
pintle-hook.
With the loose end of the prolonp;e. lash the eascahle to tbc fork of the limber.
The gun may he placed on blocks at the proper height, and then lashed to the
limber as before.
To Shift a Gun from the Trunnion-holes to its Travelling-bed.
Limber up ; remove the eap-squares and chock the wheels fr<vnt and rear; place
the short roller under the reinforce: att;ich the trace-rope at its middle to the cas-
cable by two balf-hitehcs; cross two handspikes under the one in the bore; lift and
push at the muzzle and haul on the rope until the trunnions arc over their travel-
ling position ; raise the chase, bring forward the roller to the head of the stock, and
lower the chase upon it; raise the chase again ; remove the roller, and lower the
chase upon the stock ; take off the rope ; replace the cap-squares ; insert the elevat-
ing-screw from below, and lash it.
With the Li/tiiicf-.Jack. — Place the jack under the swell of the muzzle; raise the
chase; place a half block on the head of the stock; take a second lift, and place
two rollers on the stock, one just in rear of the trunnion, the other under the rein-
force; chock the latter toward the muzzle, and remove the half blocks: haul on
the rope attached to the cascable, and bring the breech over the bolster; chock the
rear roller; place the jack under the muzzle, and remove the rollers.
To Shift a Gun from, its Trdvelling-bed to the Trunnion-holes.
Chock the wheels front and rear; remove the cap-squares: raise the chase and
insert the short roller under the trunnions ; attach the rope by its middle to the
cascable ; bear down the muzzle, *nd, as the piece rolls forward, guide the trun-
Tiions into their holes bj' means of the rope ; remove the short roller.
A howitzer is shifted to and from its travelling-bed by the same means, except
that the handspike in the bore is chocked above and below for raising the chase,
the lower chock being placed about 18 inches in the bore. The vertical diameter of
the short roller should be just forward of the rimbases.
MANCEUVRES WITH GINS.
Implements. — 2 i/iii-hnndnpikes ; 1 (jin-fall for siege gin, 4-inch rope, 90 feet long;
1 gill-fall for casemate or garrison gin, 5-inch rope, 120 feet long; 1 trace-rope, 2,25
inches round, 30 feet long; 2 lashiug-ropes, 12 feet long; 1 hammer.
To Put the Field or Siege Gin together.
Lay the legs on the ground, outer sides down, in position to receive the sheaves,
braces, windlass, and pry-pole. Put these in place, and key the braces.
362 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
To Reeve the Fall.
Raiiio the pry-pole ; run one end of the fall through the left sheave from holow :
\ta,** it through the pully which is hooked to the miildlo brace, and thence through
the right sheave, securing it to the pully or to the middle brace.
To Raise the Field Gin.
Odc man places his foot on the lower brace, holds the foet of the gin in place, and
■toadies the pry-polo. Six men seize the logs and raise the gin.
To Move the Field Gin when Raised.
Place four men at the ends of two handspikes run under the windlass, apd two
men nt the handles of the pry-pole, and move the gin. The gin is lowered in ft
manner similar to that prescribed for raising it.
To Put a Casemate or Garrison Gin together.
The legs or pry-p<>le are laid on the ground or acroM the gun-carringc, inner
■ides down and upper ends together, to receive the clevis and bolt. The windlus,
braces, and clevis uud bolt aVe then put in their proper places and secured. The
gin is then raised by moving up the legs and pry-]iole toward each other.
To Reeve the Fall of a Casemate or Garrison Gin.
Fasten one end of the trace-rope to the upper block, pass the other end through
the clevis, and thence round the windlass. Ilcave upon the windlass, raii<e the
block, ami hook it iu the clevis. Reeve the fall as described for the field gin.
To Lower the Casemate or Garrison Gin.
Draw out gradually the legs and pry-pole until the men can get n«Ar cnongb to
the head to support it. Lower it upon the piece or upon the ground.
To Move the Casemate or Garrison Gin.
Lash the pry-pole to the upper brace to keep the gin from spreading. Four men
lay hold of each leg and move them ; then move the pry-pole.
To Mount a Piece by means of a Gin.
Place the gin with its pulleys directly over the trunnions, and the foot of the pry-
pole about thirteen feet from the lower brace. Remove the cap-sqaares. run a haad-
spikc into the bore, fasten the sling to it and over the cascable, and hook the pulley
TO MOUNT A GUN ON A CASEMATE CARRIAGE. 363
to it, just in rear of the trunnions. Steady the gun with the handspike in the bore,
pass the running end of the fall from the outside under the windlass, and take three
turns with it from the right to the left around the left of the windlass, and hold fast
to the end of the rope. Work the windlass and raise the gun to the required height.
Bring up the carriage until the trunnion-holes are directly under the trunnions.
Slack off the fall slowly, and let the trunnions descend into their holes. Put on the
cap-squares.
IlE>f ARK. — The piece may be slung with a short piece of rope passed around each
trunnion, and the ends fastened together on the top of the piece ; or the trunnion-
rings may be put on. Ilook the pulley to this sling, or to the trunnion-rings, bear
down with one or two men on the handspikes in the bore to balance the piece, and
raise it to the proper height. Place a handspike in the trunnion-holes, and a block
on the stock to receive the breech. Lower the gun, the trunnions directly over the
trunnion-holes, until it rests upon the handspike. Remove the sling from the trun-
nions, and run the carriage, with the gun on it, back until the heads of the cheeks
are in rear of a perpendicular let fall from the head of the gin. Pass the sling
around the chase, hook the pulley to it, and work the gin to relieve the weight on the
handspike. Remove it, and lower the trunnions into their places. Bear down the
muzzle, and remove the block from under the breech.
To Dismount a Piece by means of a Gin.
Place the gin as for mounting the gun, remove the cap-squares, put on the sling,
raise the gun out of the trunnion-holes, run out the carriage, and slack off gradually
to lower the gun to the ground.
To Shift the Fall.
Overhaul the loose end of the fall, and make a double hitch with it around the leg
of the gin below the lower cross-bar, passing the end inside of the windlass and
braces to a man mounted on the windlass, who makes with it a rolling hitch on the
standing part of the fall near the upper brace. Slack off until the weight bears on
the end of the fall, and slip the rope to the other end of the windlass; or the stand-
ing part of the fall may be lashed to the leg above the windlass with a small rope.
To Mount a Gun on a Casemate Cdrriage.
Traverse the carriage to one side; place the gun on blocks, or on the truck, near
the middle of the casemate, the muzzle toward the embrasure, and the gin over the
gun and carriage; the latter on the side of the pry-pole. Sling the gun, and work
the giu until the gun is raised sufficiently high to traverse the chassis under it; jdace
the carriage so that the trunnion-holes come exactly under the trunnions ; lower the
gun into its place ; remove the sling, and take away the gin.
To prevent the pavement from being injured by the points, a truck-wheel, or a
piece of 3-inch plank, with a hole to receive the point, is placed under each foot.
To dismount a piece, proceed in the inverse manner.
8(>4 ORONANCK MAMJAL.;yim }9P
To Ldicer a Barbette Carriuje from its Chassis, the Piece beinrj
Mounted.
Place till- jiicc'c in Iditfcry, tlif liiiiher ucpuratoly in llio ])riil<in;;:iti<iD of it- uxis,
about Hix yanlc (o the rear. Chock the rollers: place wbeel-chocl;H iijion (be railn,
near the inanti-iivrin^-Hta|)lef«, to serve a8 fuleruin!* ; cinliar under the Ktuplcs. luKurt
a bnniliipikc in (be bore to bear down with. Kais^e the trail and put blueks on the
tuii;rue under and perpendicular to the transom and axic-fie. Kaisic the rear of the
chaKoiii ; rcino»"e the traverce-wheeli*, and lower the chassis upon the traverse-circle.
Form scafTobU one )d>>ck and a half high on each side of (he carria;;c, undi r au<l
perpendicular to the rhnKfis, about four inchei' in rear of the middle traoKom, and
place (bo plajikf on them, their inner edges against the rails of the i-han«is, and (heir
front ends about ei^iht inches in front of the scaffolds, beveled sides up. ]tack ibe
limber upon the planks: raise the pide to cn<;aj^e the pintle in the luiiet(e, and (hen
bear down the pole: remove the blocks from under the trail, and key the pintle.
rtii-Iiiiik the wheels, and run (he piece carefully down the planks to (he (errepU-in.
To Mount the Barbette Carriage upon its Chassis.
Lower the rear of the chassifl upon the traverse-circle, and place the piece, lim-
bered, accuratily in the prolongation of the tongue, about six yards to the rear.
Place the planks in position. Embar with two handspikes (hrouf^h the wheels near
the fire under the front niano-uvring-bcdts ; euibar with two handspikes, in a ^inlilar
Way, over the rear mnna'uvring-bolts, and with two more under the wheels: guide
the pidc: heave upon the handspikes and at the limber-wheels, and buck the carriage
up the plunks into battery : chock the wheels ; raise the trail and |)la<-c'a block under
aad perpendicular (o the transom and tixle-tie : raise the pole to disengage the pintle
fromVthe lunet(c; remove the limber and planks; raise (be rear of the chassis;
replace the traverse-wheels and prop, and remove the block from under the transom
And axle-tie.
To Grease the Hollers of a Barbette Carriage, the piece being
Mounted.
Run the piece from battery: place a half block lengthwiiie on the cha8si.--rail in
front, and another in rear of the roller to be greased, with a wheel-chock upon
each to serve as a fulcrum. Embar on them and under the front and rear manoeu-
▼ring-bolts : raise the roller from the rail: move it about six inches; grease the
spindle, and return the roller t"b its place. Unbar, and put on the wheel.
To Grease the Forks of the Traverse- WheHs.
Rai^e the rear of the chassis; remove the nuts of the fork-bolts with a wrench ;
take out the bolts and grease them.
Remark. — The iron gun-carriages have holes for oiling the truck-wheel, traverse-
wheels and axle-boxes.
TO SLING A PIECE ON TWO LIMBERS. 365
' To Sling a Gun, Howitzer, or Mortar on the Cart.
Baok tlie cart over the iiiece, the pole toward the breech, and the axle-tree
directly over the trunnions: chock the wheels. Fasten the middle of the prolonge
to the end of the pole, and carry one end of it to the rear of the cart ; raise the
pole l>y hand and by means of the prolonge until it is nearly vertical, and steady it.
Lay the middle of the slinjr-chain over the piece; carry each end around the trun-
nions, from the rear to the front, and hook them to the axle-hooks, being careful to
take uj) all the slack. Haul upon the prolonge until the end of the pole can be
reached by hand ; sciz.e and bear it to the ground ; hook the caseable-chain around
th(k cascable in such a manner that the piece will swing level when the pole is
horizontal. Raise the pole until it rests on the pole-prop. By putting blocks
under the piece, and repeating the operation, the piece may be raised higher.
To Lower the Piece.
'■ Bear the cud of the pole to the ground ; unhook the cascable-chain, and allow
the pole to rise gently until it is nearly vertical. If the piece do not rest upon the
ground, it must be blocked up and unslung. The operation is repeated and the
piece is lowered to the ground. Ease the pole down carefully.
To Sling a Mortar Mounted on its Bed.
Back the sling-cart over the mortar, the pole toward the breech, and the axle-
tree directly over tho trunnions : raise the pole vertically ; pass the sling-chain
around the front manoeuvring-bolts ; hook it over the axle-hooks, and haul down the
pole. Block up the front of the bed ; take off the sling-chain, and pass it under
the bed just in front of the cap-square bolts; bear the pole down to the ground;
remove the blocks ; pass another sling-chain around the rear manoeuvring-bolts and
over the pole, and hook it iu such a manner that the bed will be level when the pole
rests on the pole-prop.
Sea-coast mortars and their beds must be slung separately. The sling-chain is
passed through ihe clevis of the mortar and over the axle-tree, and hooked around
the pole at its junction with the axle, the pole having been raised vertically.
To Sling a- Piece on Two Limbers so that it may be transported
with horses.
Place blocks under tho chase and reinforce : remove the pole of one of tho lim-
bers, and run it over the piece until the pintle is over the knob of the cascable;
raise the muzzle and slip the front block under the trunnions ; bear down the muz-
zle, and fasten tho pintle to the cascable with the chain or lashing-rope ; bear down
the fork to the piece and lash it around tho reinforce. Back the other limber over
the neck of tho piece; raise the pole, and attach the neck to the limber by taking
3G6 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
two turnf with the prolonge around the pintle, and two turns over the fork in front
of the axle-tree. Raise the jiiece hy bearing on the 1"p1c.
To Mount a Gun on an Iron Carriage.
A Hiinjtlc and expeditious method of mounting a gun upon an iron eatemate
carriage ronsi!<tH in rnicing the gun upon two scaffoldH, and asRcmhling the chMsU
and top ciirriage in portion under the gun.
Tn do (hii>, place the gun with its muzzle toward the eml>rai>urc and its axis per-
pendicular to the middle of the face of the wall; raise the muzzle and the hrecch
alternately by mean* of the lifting-jack, 8up|n»rting the gun on two scaffold* of
blocks, placed in front and iu rear of the trunnions : acsemhle the chassis in
position; |il»co one cheek of the top carriage on the chassis-rail, with the trunnion-
bole directly under the trunnion, and bolt the transoms to it; ]ilaco the other chock
in ]iositioii, and bolt it to the transoms. Lower the trunnions into their holes, and
remove the blocks.
The lilooks for the scaffolds should be about three inches shorter than the distance
between the rimbasis of the gun, and not less than fifteen inches wide. They
should be two inchch, four inches, and eight inches thick- Neither the muszle nor
the breech should lie raised more than four inches by a sin;:le lift. As soon as the
gun hut' been raised high enough to allow it, the chassis should bo put in place and
assembled. Cari- must be taken to build the scaffolds so as not to let them interfere
with the transoms iu assembling the carriage.
To Dismount the Gun.
Rai^e the breech an<l build a scaffold under it, as in mounting the gun ; raise
the muzzle with a jack, and build a scaffold under the chase; take the cheeks
apart and remove them ; lower the gun until its under surface is nearly down to the
chassis; take the chassis apart, remoro it, and lower the gun upon two blocks.
To Mount or Dismount a lb-inch Gun.
Place the chassis on the platform, and roll the gun on skids upon it, placing
the axis of the gun in the vertical plane of the axis of the chassis. Place u gin
over the muzzle and another over the case-able, and, by means of them and the
lifting-jack, raise the muzzle and the breech, alternately, supporting them upon
scaffolds. When the gun has been raised to the proper height, place the cheeks of
the top carriage upon the chassis-rails, and proceed as in mounting a smaller gun.
To dismount a gun, proceed in the inverse manner.
RANGES.
367
Chapter Thirteenth
AUTILLEEY PRACTICE.
The plan of this work does not include the details relative to the service of
artillery ; but, in the absence of more full and accurate tables of firing, it is thought
useful to give here the mean results of such trials of the ranges of our ordnance as
have been made from time to time by the Ordnance Department, together with some
other practical information derived from authentic sources.
Ranges.
The range of a shot or shell is the first graze of the ball on horizontal ground,
the piece being mounted on its appropriate carriage.
The range of a spherical-case shot is the distance at which the shot bursts near
the ground, in the time given ; thus showing the elevation and the length of fuze
required for certain distances.
KINS OF ORDNANCE.
Powder.
Ball.
Eleva-
tion.
Range.
Remarks.
Lbs.'
c /
Yards.
6-PDR. FIELD GUN.
1.25
Shot.
0
1
2
3
4
5
318
674
867
1138
1256
1523
Time 2 secc
1.25
Sph.-case.
1 0
600
nds.
Shot.
it
<<
1 45
2 0
2 45
3 0
700
800
900
1000
" 2J '
" 3 '
" 3i '
<; 3| <
((
3 15
1100
" 4
«
4
1200
u 5
12-PnR. FIELD GUN,
2.5
Shot.
0
347
Model 1841.
a
1
1 30
662
785
'
368
ORDNANCE MANUAL,
Ranges — Continued.
KIND or ORDNANOI.
Powder.
Ball.
filevft-
tiun.
Uange.
Romarka.
Lbs.
O I
TardB.
12-IM)H. KIKI.D OUM,
2.&
Shot
2
909
Mudol 1S41.
«
.3
1269
Continued.
«
4
1455
«
5
1663
S.6
Sph.-case.
1
600
Time, 1} Reconda.
«
1 45
700
" 2i "
"
2
800
" 21 "
«
2 15
900
„ 3 .«
«
2 .30
1000
" 31 "
«
3
1100
" 4 "
"
3 30
1200
325
" 4k "
12-pnR. riRi-D orx,
2.6
Shot
0
Napoleun.
it
1
620
«
2
875
«
3
4
12IMI
i:i2(i
<i
5
1680
3.5
Sph.-oase.
0 30
300
Time, 1 aeoond.
Shot
1 0
575
li attcouda.
II
1 30
633
" 21
u
2 0
7.30
" 3
«
3 0
960
.. 4
"
3 30
1080
.. 4|
»
«
3 45
1136
" b "
2.0
Shell.
0
300
" OJ
"
0 30
425
" IJ
"
1
616
" 1} "
«
1 30
700
" 2i "
«
2 0
787
" 21 "
«
2 30
925
" 3i
«
3 0
1080
.. 4
«
3 46
0
1300
" 5
12-pnR. FIELD
1.
Shell.
195
HOWITZER.
«
1
539
«
2
3
640
847
«
4
975
•'
5
2 15
1072
0.76
Sph.-ca8e.
485
Time, 2 seconda.
RANGES.
869
Ranges — Continued.
KIND OF ORDNANCE.
Powder.
Ball.
Eleva-
tion.
Range.
Remarks.
12-PDR. FIELD
Lbs.
o /
Yards.
HOWITZKR.
Continued.
0.75
Sph.-case.
3 15
715
Time, 3 seconds.
<<
3 45
0
1050
" 4
12-PDU. MOUNTAIN
0.5
Shell.
170
.
HOWITZER.
«
1
2
300
392
"
2 30
500
Time, 2 seconds.
n
3
637
«
4
5
, 785
1005
" 3
0.5
Sph.-case.
0
150
«
2 30
3
450
500
Time, 2 seconds.
i<
4
700
" 2i "
"
4 30
800
« 3
24-PDR. FIELD
2.
Shell.
0
295
HOWITZER.
«
1
2
3
4
5
516
793
976
1272
1322
2.5
Sph.-case.
1 30
600
Time, 2 seconds.
«
2
700
" 2i
It
2 30
800
u 3j
«
2 45
900
" 3i
u
3 15
1000
« 4 II
«
3 45
1100
" 4i "
"
3 50
1200
" 4|
32-PDR. FIELD
2.5
Shell.
0
290
HOWITZER.
it
1
531
II
II
2
3
4
5
779
1029
1203
1504
3.25
Sph.-case.
1 30
600
Time, 2 seconds.
"
2
700
" 2i "
«
2 15
800
« 3 <r
"
2 45
900
" 3i "
II
3
rooo
" 31 "
"
3 35
1100
II 4j
II
3 45
1200
II 4a "
24
'wnL.
370
ORDNANCE MA.NUAL.
Ranges — Continued.
SIMD OF OBSRAKCK.
Powder.
Ball.
Eleva-
tion.
Range.
Remarks.
IS-I'DH. SIKOE AND
GAIUtlSON GTN.
On biirbettc carriage.
Lbs.
4.5
6.
Shot.
«
«
O 1
1
2
3
4
5
Yards.
641
950
1256
1450
1692
24-ri)n. sikge and
0AKU180S WIN.
On hiege carriage.
Shot.
0
1
1 30
2
3
4
5
412
842
953
1147
1417
1666
1901
S2-rDR. 8EA-COA8T
GUN.
On barbette carriage.
6.
8.
Shot.
1 45
1
1 30
1 35
2
3
4
5
900
713
800
900
IIUO
1433
1684
1922
42-PDn. SRA-C0A8T
GIN.
On barbotlo carriage.
10.5
Shot.
1
2
3
5
0
1
2
3
1 4
! 5
i 12 30
775
1010
1300
1600
1955
i
S-IMCH SIEGE HOW-
IT7.KU.
On siege carriage.
4.
4.
6.
Shell,
45 lbs.
<<
251
435
618
720
992
1241
2280
;
1
8-INCH SKA-COAST
HOWITZEK.
On barbette carriage.
Shell,
45 Ibe.
j 1
2
3
1 4
' 5
1
1 2
405
652
875
1110
1300 !
572 :
828 l|
RANGE?.
Ranges — Continued.
371
KIND OP ORDNANCE.
Powder.
Ball.
Kleva-
tiou.
Range.
Remarks.
Lbs.
O 1
Yards.
8-I.\CH SEA-COAST
6.
Shell,
3
947
HOWITZER.
45 lbs.
4
1168
On barbette carriage.
"
5
1463
Continued.
■ 8.
"
1
2
3
4
5
646
909
1190
1532
1800
lO-INCH SEA-COAST
12.
Shell,
1
580
HOWIT/.EK.
90 lbs.
2
891
Time, 3 seconds
Ou barbette carriage.
,,
3
3 30
4
1185
1300
1426
" 4 "
" 5J "
><
5
1650
" 6
8-INCH COLUMBIAD.*
10.
Shell,
1
681
Time, 1.88 seconds.
50 lbs.
«
«
(I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
1108
1400
1649
1733
1994
2061
2250
2454
26;)4
2718
290S
3060
3123
3138
" 3.58
" 4.30
" 5.41
" 6.25
" 7.56
" 7.96
" 9.12
" 10.16
" 10.91
" 11.3
" 13.
" 14.08
" 14.25
" 16.
<
«
20
25
30
3330
3474
3873
" 18.40
" 20.
" 25.
<
Shot.
5
1697
" 6.20
i
"
15
3224
" 14.19
'
lO-INCH COLUMBIAD.*
15.
Shell,
3
1068
Time, 3.20 sec(
)nds.
100 lbs.
5
8
10
12
20
1525
2238
2720
2847
3842
" 5.64
" 8-10
" 10.98
" 11.73
•' 18.92
<
<
* Axis of gun 6 feet above the horizontal plane.
Jl
372
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Ranges — Con tinued.
KtXD OP ORDMAirCI.
Powder.
Ball.
Kleya-
tion.
Range. |
Remarks.
LbH.
Shell,
o /
Yards.
10-IN. COHTMBIAD.
15.
100 Iba.
30
4836
Time, 27.50 seconds.
OuntiDued.
Shot,
15
.S2S1
" 14.32 "
125 lbs.
30
516.3
" 27.08
18.
<<
0
394
Axis of (^iin 16 foct
•<
1
752
above the water.
«
2
3
1002
1230
If
4
1570
«
5
1S14 1
«
6
2U37
Shot ceased to ricochet
"
8
2519
on wut«r.
"
10
2777
ti
15
3523
it
20
25
30
35
4020
4304
4761
5433
20,
"
3S> 15
5654
12.
Shell,
1
800
100 lbs.
2
3
1012
1184
K
4
5
H43
1604
18.
«
0
1
2
3
448
747
1100
1239
«
4
5
6
8
1611
1865
2209
2489
«
10
2848
«
15
3200
"
20
38S5
«
25
30
4150
4651
"
35
0
4828
Time of flight, 35 sec.
15-lH. COLCMBIAD.
40.
Shell,
273
302 lbs.
1
2
484
812
«
3
1136
«
4
5
1310
1518
«
6
1760
"
7
1948
315 Ibe.
8
2194
RANGES.
373
Banges — Continued.
KIJTD OF ORDNANCE.
Powder
Ball.
Eleva-
tion.
Range.
Remarks.
Lbs.
Shell,
o
Yards.
16-IN. COLtJMBIAD.
Continued.
40.
315 lbs.
«
9
10
2236
2425
Time, 8.87 seconds.
" 10.00 "
12
2831
" 12.07 "
''
15
3078
" 13.72
20
3838
" 17.82
t
"
25
4528
" 22.03 "
*'
28
4821
" 24.18 "
. 30
5018
" 26.71
45.
50.
25
4595
" 23.20 "
"
25
4680
" 2.3.29
13-INCH SEA-COAST
Shell,
MORTAR.
20.
200 lbs.
45
4325
10-INCH SEA-COAST
Shell,
MORTAR.
10.
1.
1.5
98 lbs.
45
4250
Time, 36 seconds.
10-INCH SIEGE
MORTAR.
Shell.
90 lbs.
45
45
300
700
Time, 6.5 seconds.
" 12 "
2.
"
45
1000
" 14 "
2.5
"
45
1300
" 16
3.
45
1600
" 18 "
3.5
"
45
1800
" 19 "
4.
"
45
2100
" 21
Lbs. oz.
8-INCH SIEGE
MORTAR.
0 10
13
Shell,
46 lbs.
45
45
500
600
Time, 10 seconds.
" 11 "
1
1 2
45
45
750
900
" 12i
" 13 "
1 3
1 4
It
u
45
45
1000
1100
" 13i "
" 14
1 6
Oz.
'^
45
1200
" 14}
o
Yards.
24-POUNDER COE-
0.5
Shell,
45
25
nOKN MORTAR.
1.
17 lbs.
45
68
1.5
"
45
104
1.75
"
45
143
2.
ti
45
165
2.75
"
45
260
4.
it
45
422
6.
«
45
900
8.
45
1200
m
374
If \
Sr. »
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
17
C-) A| ^ ^ ^ ^ q q ^. -J ^ - ^ ^ ^ CI 7 1 CC PS
o -^ « ri <-■ I* ' t-^ ci CO o cc r- x ol o *-* W eo
Mill' — ^"
IN fi .-< i' ■ F- c^' n' r: -r •« « 1^ X • » o "- e4
III' ::-jL
f I I I
> U5 •?; »c -r cc r: :
:^8
llT''."
cgc4i-: j' 'p^e4C0'^<i«i-ccoie — S4rj2
J.
•s.
«(>
r.
- — r—
f I ■ ^ ^ e« ci 00 rt ■* ^ •♦ "O lO rf •' »^
S|S25??g||33|8S8S588
cii-I i' i" ■■-<e<»'«>o<Or^«:oid — ejn'^
SSSfiS— »:xS5x^•»*l■:23J[-
ci I— i' c ' i-i ci rt ^ »c « I- X • c — ' Ti r: ^
« ej -* ^ » I- •« •
:* <B ^ — * * '- -
n © M o I- e c .-
I I
I I
''ii^z^n'*^*fi»^^^^*^
•o>necix-» — xc-»-»-»«x — <c?«»3t
c^ « C I- c^ C I- r? 5 t- -^ ^ X ».': rt ■^ X •*> c^
,— ■ l' ° ^ i-^ ;i Ti K r: -» .n o c e 1-^ ■- oe a
t-"' i' ■ ^ ^' c« CO «-»•.•; u; « I- «-» oi oi cS
5-5«=i — « = !--» — x<:— •=» or; — »
ill''
•- |cc^NTip5^"**c««t-ac«»oo
-
■M3lS0<I
I o -)■ ^ ^ c< c< c5 r: ■• ■*' .c «■ c e f^ r-^ 00 «D a!
TO ESTIMATE DISTANCES, APPROXIMATELY.
375
f^^
^
I:
q
s «*
2S
S =*
O u
O I.
00 «
a
to CO .— O <M QC C: •.'; t- .O (M M
or^ocoo>oo>-«ccr-io>
a"
1~ '.-5 M O IM 03 O iO O (M -f C<1
e^itc-f-r-f-rt~i— -ftoct —
d
t— 1
d
M
d
^-i^oooi-ciNosc<st--Mac
d
1— (
•O CO OC CC OO O -f< C-l OO C-1 CC (M
d
>-• ^ O O O iM to CC 'O O Ct 1^
CC-^CCCOCCCOr— CJCO-^CO^I
•*1— l5O--03'-J00C^C0OeO(M
?■; (M o o ^H -t 'O j~ cr o t~. lO
«CCCC^C^C^C^CCOt^00OtO
J3
£ J3 ■"
H g
.-^ be «
o » P
a ^ =
= ■> <-
ceo
£ S o
^ o
« :S .2
J3
to .^ -"
•3 - f
a £ -
r- ^ m
V
M
o ^ o
a J S
^ .2 I*
o j3 ja
'o a bo
bo m a
^ .s S-
ee .2
■S 3
879
<^-^
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Recoil of the Iron Carriages.
The recoil of the top rarriagi- on its cliiissis if> cnsily reftulatpd l«y the condition
of the rails: if there he not mifficicnt recoil, clean the rails and a<ld a little oil:
the recoil bo excessive, sprinkle a little sand on the rails. The carriage works
s tter when the rails arc clean.
Initial Velocities of Cannon Balls.
(From experiments made with the Balliitlc Pendutnm, at Waahlngtoo AimmL)
KIRB OP OOII.
KiDd.
0-pdr. field gun
l2-pdr. field gun.
12-pdr. field bo witter.
12-pdr. siege and garri-
SOD guu
Shot.
Spherieal-case
Caniiter
Shot.
SphericaUcase
CaDi8t«r
Shell
Spherical-case
Canister
Shot.
1 2-pdr. gun, 26 calibres )
long J
Shell
Shot.
Waisfat.
Charm of
powder.
Lb«.
8.15.
5.5
6.8
12.3 •
II.
13.5
8.9
11.
9.64
12.3
8.9
12.3 -I
Initial
ralacUy.
Lba.
U
FMt.
US*
16M
1741
ISftr
IIM
1486
1597
I 1816
189S
IMS
1054
1178
953
1015
1S78
1874
19M
1611
IM*
1411
irs4
198S
2098
2288
2300
S824
INITIAL VELOCITIES OF CANNON BALLS.
Initial Velocities of Cannon 5rt?/.s— Conlinued.
377
KI.ND or ARM.
PROJECTILE.
CImrpe of
poHilur.
Initial
Killil.
1 Veifrlit.
velocity
1
Shot
[
24.25-
3.
4.
6.
! s-
1240
1440
1
1680
1870
24-pdr. siege and garri-
Shell
17. \
(
1 3.
4.
1470
1670
Canister
29.
3.
4.
1135
1303
.
Grape
30.6
3.
1108
4.
1272
1250
1430
-
Shot
r
32.3 -'
4.
5.33
8.
10.67
4.
5.33
1640
1780
32-pdr. sea-coast gun • . . |
Shell
23.4 J
1450
1657
Canister
37. f
4.
5.33
1172
1342
■
Grape
39.75 j
4.
5.33
1133
1297
Initial Velocities of Balls fired from Small Arms.
KIND OF ARM.
Rifle musket .......
Rifle, 1855
Altered musket
Pistol carbine (U. S.)
Musket, 1841
Charge.
Grains.
60
60
70
40
110
Weiglit of
ball.
Grains.
510
510
740
4CS
412
Initial
velocity.
Foet.
963
914
879
G03
1500
Elongated ball.
Round ball.
37H
ORDXANCE MANUAL.
Loss of Velocity by the Windage of tlu: Ball.
ClinrKe
of
powder.
Initial velocity of ImUI.
KI?fT> or OCX,
_ . iWUh wlnd-
Wltllnlit 1^^, „f 1.40
witi.iatre. 1 dlM,»el*r.
1
i.f I-** diaiiif-
1 ter.
Lb».
4.
Koet.
1444
F«»t. ''\ Feet.
1171 '! i»*
Per n.
12
1
187
187
24-IMiR. 8ir<iK j
4.
ft.
2.
.1.
4.
1«00
1890
1723
10
9
12-iMiH., 2:. caliliicc J
1817
I9I5
2124
1444
1742
1961
178
173
173
11
9
8
12-iMiR. riEi.n, 16 calibres. . I
2.
3.
4.
1528
1793
1993
isro
18.15
1834
1 158
15H
, 158
10
9
8
1.6
17M
1580
1 "*
10
The loss of velocity by a piven winiln^ it directly as the windage, and invertfcly
as tbo diameter of the bore, verv neurlv.
PENETRATION OF SHOT.
379
Penetration of Shot in Masionry.
(From French Expcrinionts ma<1(! at Molz. 1S34.)
Rubble-work of good quality ; scarp wall built by Vauban.
DISTANCE IN TARDS.
65. 109. 219. 328. 438. 656. ST.S.
>
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
36...
l-.3d
26.78
26.39
25.60
23.83
22.25
20.87
17.92
14.96
12.21
■1-2<1
2.5.60
25.20
24.22
22.45
20.87
19..30
16.25
13.39
10.83
l-.3.i
24.22
23.83
22.84
21.07
19..50
18.12
15.16
12.21
9.85
24...
{ l-4tli
22.6.5
22.25
21.46
19.89
18.22
16.74
13.78
11.23
9.06
l-6tli
20.08
19.69
18.90
17.33
15.75
14..38
11.81
9.65
7.88
l-8th
17. .33
16.93
10.15
14..57
13.20
11.81
9.65
7.88
6.50
' 1-2(1
22.45
21.86
20.S7
19.10
17.53
15.95
12.80
10.05
!S
l-:iil
21.07
20.68
19.69
17.92
16.35
14.77
11.81
9.26
16...
J l-4th
19.50
19.10
18.22
16.74
15.16
13.78
10.83
8.47
6.69
l-fith
17.1.3
16.74
16.15
14.57
13.00
11.62
9.06
7.29
6.91
l-8th
14.96
14.57
13.78
12 21
10.83
9.45
7.48
6.11
5.12
f i-.sa
18.90
18.51
17. .53
15.95
14..57
13.00
10.05
7.68
6.11
12...
J l-4th
17.72
17 ..33
16.54
14.96
13..39
11.81
8.86
6.89
5.51
1 l-6tli
15.56
15.16
]4.:iS
13.00
11.42
10.05
7.48
6.11
4.93
* 8...
1 l-8tli
13.78
13.39
12.60
11.03
9.65
8.27
6..50
7.68
4.33
l-,3d
15 95
15..'-.6
14.77
1319
11.02
10.24
7.48
5.51
4.14
Penetration in Oak Wood, Beech or Ash.
fFrom French Experiments made at Metz. 1834.)
DISTANCE IN YARDS.
328. 438. I 656. 875. 1094.
Guns.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
In.
36...
l-.3d
65.4
64.2
62.2
58.3
64.3
50.8
44 1
37.4
31.5
'l-2d
63.0
61.4
69 1
54.7
60 8
47.3
40.2
33.5
27.6
1-3(1
59.1
57.9
55.9
61.6
47.6
44.1
37 4
.30 7
24.8
24...
-i 1-4tli
.55.5
54.3
62.3
48.4
44.9
41.3
35.0
28.4
22.8
l-6th
49.2
4S.4
46.5
42.9
39.4
36.2
29.5
24.0
19.3
l-8th
42.5
41.6
40.2
36.6
32.7
30.3
24.4
19.7
15.8
(1-2(1
54.7
63.2
,50.8
46 5
42.5
39.0
31.9
25.6
197
l-3d
51.2
60.0
4S.0
43.7
40.2
36.6
29 9
23.6
18.5
16...
J 1-ith
47.7
46.5
44.6
40.9
.37.4
33.9
27.6
21.7
169
l-6th
42.1
41.4
■39.8
36.2
32.7
29 5
23.2
17.7
14.2
l-8th
37.0
36.2
.34.3
30.7
27.6
24.4
19.3
150
11.8
l-3d
46.1
44.9
42.9
.38.6
35.0
31.9
25 6
19 7
14.6
12...
]-4th
43.3
42.1
40.2
36.6
33.1
29.9
23.6
18.1
13.4
i i-c.tii
37.8
37.0
35.4
31.9
28.4
25.2
19 3
15 0
11.4
1 8th
33.9
33.1
.31.1
27.6
24.4
21.7
16 5
1.3.0
98
8...
l-:5d
39.4
38.2
30.2
32.3
28.7
25 6
19.3
13.8
10.6
Howitzers.
Lbs.
f 4.4
28.4
27.6
20.0
22.4
19.3
16.5
13.0
10.6
9.1
8-in. Siege.
3.3
23.2
22.4
20.9
18.1
15.8
13.8
11.0
9.5
8.3
i2.2
10.1
15.4
14.2
12.6
11.4
10.2
8.7
79
75
'l.l
39.1
8.7
8.3
8.3
7.5
7.1
6.7
6.3
5 0
( 3.3
.33.1
31.9
30.3
26.8
23.6
20 5
15.0
11.8
9.8
6-in.
J 2.2
27.6
26.8
25.2
21.7
18.6
15.8
11.4
9.1
7.9
llOo
22.8
22.1
20.6
17.3
14.6
12 6
9.8
8.3
7.1
24-i)dr.
(2.2
27.6
26.8
26.2
21.7
18.1
15.0
10.2
7.9
6.3
1 1.1
189
18.1
16.6
13.4
11.0
9.5
7.6
6.3
6.1
12-pdr. Mouiit.ain.
0.6
Grains.
15.0
14 2
12.6
10.2
8.3
7.1
59
4.7
3.0
Mushcl Balls
154
3.35
3.15
2.56
1.77
1.06
0.71
0.32
380
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Pcnrfrafion of Shot in Compact Earth (half sand, half clay).
(From Freocli Experiments made at Metz, M^Si.)
m
TALIURE.
o
DI8TAXCB
IN TARD8.
J
....
2T.
6». j
100.
219. 1
328. I 43S. 1 6M. I 815. | ION.
Oun$.
In.
In.
In.
In. 1
In.
In.
Id.
In.
Ii.
3«....
J -.3d
109.1
106.3
102.4
97.3
93.4
89.4
«2.3
75.6
69. T
l-2d
108.2
107.2
U'J.3
91.0 ;
84.3
79.6
72.5
66.2
60.6
1.3d
100.4
97.7
92.6
85.9 '
81.1
77.2
70.1
63.8
58. S
24..
l-4tb
92.0
90.2
86.6
si. 5
77.6
7t.O
67.3
61.8
57.1
l-«th
83.5
82.3
79.9
7. '..6
72.2
68.9
62.6
57.1
52.4
l-8th
76.4
74.8
7?. 4
68.9
65.8
63.0
57.5
52.0
47. S
l-2d
94.5
91.0
85.9
77.6
72.2
67.7
61.4
55.9 50.4
l-3d
86.6
83,5
79.6
73.6
69.3
65.8
59.9
54.4
49.2
18..
I-4tb
80.7
78.3
75.2
«9.7
66.5
63.4
57.9
52.4
47.3
I-Oth
72.9
70.9
68.1
«.>.o
f.l.S
59.1
53.6
48.8
44.6
l-8ih
63.0
65.4
63.8
CO. 6
57.9
55.1
50.4
45.7
41.3
l-3d
65.0
63.4
59.9
54.7
50.8
48.2
42.9
38.6
35.0
1
12.. i
I
l-4th
60.6
59.1
55.9
52.0
48.8
46.1
41.3
37.4
33. »
l-6th
54.7
53.6
50.8
48.2
45.3
42.9
38.6
35.0
32.3
l-8th
50.0
48.8
47.3
44.5
41.7
39.8
36.2
33.1
30.7
S
l-3d
56.3
54.7
52.0
46.9
43.3
40.2
35.4
31.9
28.7
Huicituri.
1 Lbs.
1 **
48.4*
47. 3»
45.. 3*
41.7
38.6
%bA
30.3
26.0
23.2
8-in. Siege. •
3.3
42. 9»
41.7
40.2
37.0
33.9
31.1
27.2
24.0
21.7
2.2
.14.7
33.9
32.. T
29.5
27.6
25.6
22.8
20.9
19.3
I
1.1
22.8
22.4
21.7
20.9
20.1
19.3
17.7
16.5
15.8
3.3
52.8*
51.2*
48.8
45.0
41.0
37.4
30.7
25.2
22.1
6-in. '
2.2
45.3
44.1
42.5
38.6
35.0
31.9
264
22.4
19.7
, 1.65
39.8
38.6
37.0
33.5
30.7
28.0 23.6
20.5
18.1
24-pdr. 1
! 2.2
44.5*
42.9*
41.0*
.56.6
32.7
29.1 23.2
18.9
16.1
1 1-1
.'«3.5
32.3
30.7
27.6
24.8
22.4 18.1
1 1^'
13.4
12
pdr. Muuntaiu
! 0.6
itir'DB
27.2
26.4
24.8
21.7
19.3
17.3 U.6
12.2
10.2
ifutket Jh,!lt
' 154.
9.85
9.45
8.66
5.91
4.33
3.15 1.58
* With these charge, and at these distances, the shells were oft«n broken.
PENETRATION OF SHELLS.
381
Penetration of Shells.
(From French Experiments made at Metz, 1834.)
ELEVATION.
Yards.
o„o / '556..
"^ , tl31?
45° I
C0° '
I f 656
••■; 1l3l2
I / 6.56
•■• \nv2
Falling with maximum vel-
ocitv ,
IX COMPACT EARTH.
S-in. 10-in. 12-in.
In.
In.
7.88
17.72
9.85
25.60
11.81
19.69
15.75
27.57
19.69
29 54
•^1.66
31.60
23.63
.J3.47
In.
19.69
27. ,57
33.47
35.44
IN OAK WOOD.
8-in. 10-in. 12-in.
In.
In.
3 94
7.88
4.73
11.81
5 91
9.85
7.88
13.78
8.66
13.00
9 85
13.78
9 85
13 78
IN MASONRY.
In.
8.66
1.T78
1003
15.75
14 .57
15.75
15.75
8-in. 10-in. | 12-in«
In.
1.97
2.36
3.15
3.94
,4..33
4.73
4.73
In.
3.54
4.73
3.94
5..51
5.91
6.30
6.69
In.
3.94
5.12
4 33
5.91
6.30
6 69
7.09
By multiplying the penetrations in the table for masonry by 1.25, 1.75, or 0.46,
tbc penetration in masonry of medium quality, or of brick, or in hard, calcareous
stone (solid), respectively, will be obtained.
Multiply the penetration in oak by 1..3 for the penetration in elm, by 1.8 for white
jiinc. and by 2 for poplar.
Multiply the penetration iu compact earth by O.G.'i for the penetration in sand
mixed with gravel.
By 0.87, for earth mi.x:ed with sand and gravel, twice the weight of water.
" ].09, for compact mould and fresh earth mi.xed with sand, or half clay.
" 1.44, for wet potters' clay.
" 1.50, for light earth, settled.
" 1.90, for light earth, fresh.
In general, sand, sandy earth mi.xed with gravel or small stones, chalk, and tufa,
resist shot better tliau the productive eartlis, or clay, or earth that retains water.
According to the experiments, the holes made in masonry, such as that referred
to in the table, by shot striking it perpendicularly at a short dLsitanee, are formed of
an exterior funnel-.shaped opening, the mean diameter of which is about 5 times
that of the shot, and of au interior part nearly cylindrical. The exterior cone
appears to be produced by the reaction of the masonry, some fragments of which
are projected backward to the distance of 45 or 50 yards. The train of fragments
in front of the bole extends about 20 feet. Around the exterior opening the masonry
is loosened to a distance a'bout one-half greater than the diameter of the opening —
say 45 inches by the 24-pdr. shot, 35.5 inches by the 16-pdr., .31.5 inches by the
12-pdr. This loosening indicates the proper distance between the first shots from
a breaching battery. Nearly all the shot are broken, even at the charge of one-
fourth, and the fracture is generally in meridional planes, the pole of which is the
point which strikes first. On the shot which are not broken, and on the fragments
of those which are broken, small cracks or furrows, sometimes 0.02 inch deep, are
observed, radiating from the same point.
The eUcct of shells fired horizontally against masonry is very small ; they are
382
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
broken at the moment of striking, or if fired wilh very 1"W i-liarpe* so as not to
brcitk, they produce a very slight imprci'sion.
In oak, the fibres arc displaced laterally by the passapo of the shot, and after-
ward cloce up u;ri>in, so as to leave an oj»ening seareely sufficient for measuring the
dci)fh of penetration. This effect explains the cause of vessels not being always
sunk by shot striking below the water-line ; but the timber is split longitudinally
even by the smallest shot, to a length of 6.5 feet; the splinters are driven to the
dislaneo of 42 to 60 feet, and the largest timbers are soon destroyed.
In white pine, nearly all the fibres struck by the shot are broken, but the effeot
does not cxlcud much beyond the opening made: this material is, therefore, prefer-
able to oak fur structures which are not intended to bo proof against cannon-shot.
Penttration in Fascines, Wool, etc.
At the distance of 24 yards, a musket round ball penetrates 20 inches into •
gabion stuffed with sap fagots; the ball from a wall-]iiece, 23. A3 inches. The re-
sistance of faseiues ducrvabcs very rapidly by the twigs being broken or separated
by the balls.
A ivHiiKj gabivn, ."luffed with fascines, is proof against the ball of a wall-piece at
15 yards; at the distance of 200 yards, and even more, it is pierced through by
cannon balls of the smallest calibre.
The penetration of bulls in wool is more than double that in compact earth, even
when the wool is coutuiiied in close, well <|uilted mattresyes pressed between hur-
dles. At 40 yards, a musket ball (round) penetrates m<jre than 40 inches into
Woollen mattresses thus placed together. sf
Penetration in Masonry.
(Experimenta at West Point in 1853, and at Fort Monroe Arsenal in 1839.)
M
C
CC
X
u
5
i
PENETaATIOX.
C\LIURE.
Granite
Potomac n,i„i.
Concrete.
Boiler.
plaU
.6in.thkk
10-iiuh Columbiad .. 18.
8-inch •• ..' 12.
42-pdr. gun , 10.5
Yds.
114
.200
In.
7.75
In.
In.
44.
In.
'"24*
la.
4.0
18.
•.T2-pdr. pun shut. . . .
•S-inch sea-coast how-
iUer shell
s.
j
! ^•
i
880
880
3.5
1.
12.
4.5
15.25
8.5
• Made at Fort Monroe Arsenal.
4
PENETRATION IN MASONRY. 383
The solid shot broke against the granite, but not against the freestone or brick.
The (/riif-rnl effect is less in brick than in granite.
The shells broke into small fragments against each of the three materials.
The circumstances attending the penetration of the shot and shells corresponded
with those stated below in the experiments at Met/.. The wall used as a target at
Fort Monroe Arsenal was built of dressed stone and of the best bricks, laid in
hydraulic cement j but being an isolated wall (10 feet stiuare of each material, and
5 feet thick, with 3 counterforts), and being battered before the masonry was per-
fect!}' set, the effect of the projectiles in xlKitterinij the masonry around the point
struck was greater than indicated by the experiments referred to.
384
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385
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386
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
It has been ascertained by experiment that a musket roinul ball h ivinp a velo-
city oC '.\C>2 feet, at the moment of impact, will just pass through a white pine
bnaril I iuch thick: and that, with the same velocity, the ball has sufficient force
to shatter the leg bono of an ox covered with one thickness of stout harness
leather. A musket ball moving with this velocity would, therefore, inflict a wound
which would disable a man or beast; or a spherical-eose shot having this velocity
at the moment of bursting, would be effective against troops in its immediate
vicinity. '
A musket ball with an initial velocity of SS."? feet will pass through one-inch
white pine board at 100 yards : hence a spherical-case shot, moving with that velo-
city at the moment of bursting, would be effective at 100 yards <listaDt from th«
place of bursting. The remaining velocity at 100 yards, as computed, is .'J04 feet.
Effects of Shot on Cttst-Jron.
Shot projected with even a small velocity will break pieces of cast-iron of very
large dimensions. A 2-1-pounder ball fired with a charge of l-12th, anil moving
•with a velocity of 88.3 feet in a second, sj)lit a block of cast-iron 12 inches wide by
40 inches thick, to the depth of 40 inches, in two shots. The fragments of the
block and of the broken shot are jirojected with sufficient velocity to produce the
most destructive effects.
Cast-iron, therefore, is not a proper material for gun-curriugcs, or for revetcmontt
of furtificatious.
Penetration of Small Arms in White Pipe seasoned.
KIND OP ARM.
WEIGHT OP
CHARGE.
PESKTRATIOW.
BaU.
Grs.
Kiflo musket ' 500
Altered musket 7.30
Harper's Ferry rifle j 600
Pistol carbine 450
Sharpc's carbine ! 463
Burnside's " i 350
Powder.
Grs.
Diame-
ter of
Ball.
.30
ydii.
200
y<l8.
600
yd».
1000
yd..
60
70
40
60
55
In.
.5775
.685
.5776
.6775
.65
.55
In.
In.
11.
10.5
9.33
5.75
7.27
h.15
In.
6.33
6.33
5.66
3.0*
In,
3.25
3.5
3.0
*At 500 yards.
Firing Hot Shot.
Furnaces for heating shot are erecttd at the forts on the sea-coast. Theie fur-
naces bold 60 or more shot. The shot being placed, and the furnace cold, it
FIRING HOT SHOT. 887
requires 1 hour and 15 minutes to heat them to a red heat. After the furnace is
once heated, a 21-pdr. shot is brought to a red heat in 25 minutes; the 32 and 42
require a few minutes longer. Two or three men are required to attend a furnace.
Grates. — In siege batteries, or in other situations where there are no furnaces, a
grntc is used for heating shot. This grate consists of 4 bars, 1.75 inch square, 3
feet long, placed diagonally, 4 inches apart, resting on .3 iron stands with legs 1
foot high.
To unr the t/rntc. — Make an excavation 1 foot deep and width of grate, with no
slope at the sides or in rear, open in front. Place the grate in it, on stones or
bricks, rising about 4.5 inches above the bottom ; make a roof over it with hoops of
flat iron, covered with sods and with 18 inches of earth, leaving in the back part
a chimney 6 inches square. Put the shot on the grate, leaving about one-fourth of
the length free in front; on this pnrt, and under the front of the grate, put the
wood, cut into pieces about 14 inches long and 2 inches or 2.5 inches thick. Make
use of a thick sod, as a register, to regulate the draught of the chimney, so that no
flame shall issue from the front of the furnace. This little furnace, which will con-
tain about fifteen 24-pdr. balls, heats them to a red heat in 1 hour, and will supply
3 guns: it requires the attendance of one man.
Implements. — 2 pokevK, for stirring the fire, made of 3 -inch round iron, •''ij feet
long, the end bent at a right angle; 2 iron forki, for taking out the shot. These
forks are immersed alternatelj' in water to cool them. 1 roup, to rub the scales
from the balls when they have been overheated ; 1 pair to»g/i with circular jaws,
for taking up shot ; 1 iron rake, to remove the cinders, etc., from the ash-pit ; 1
trovgh or tub, 1 hnclcet, 1 barrel ; 1 rammer, with the head covered by a circular
plate of sheet-iron, of rather larger diameter than the ball, to remove the clay
which may stick to the sides of the bore when clay wads are used; 1 ladle (to each
piece) for carrj'ing the balls, formed of an iron ring the interior of which is
bevelled to fit the ball, with 2 arms inserted into wooden handles : for small cali-
bres it is made with 1 handle.
Wads may be made of good clay, free from sand or gravel, moistened just
enough to work well; the wads are cylindrical, 1 calibre long. But it is preferable
to use hay wads that have been steeped in water for 15 minutes and allowed to drip.
Cartrid(je» for hot shot are made of cannon cartridge paper or parchment well
pasted, to prevent the powder from sifting out; they should be carefully examined
before use, to see that there are no holes in them. It is best to use two cartridge-
bags, one within the other.
Manner of loading. — Elevate the muzzle sufliciently to allow the ball to roll in;
ram the cartridge home carefully, and a dry hay wad over it; theu a wet hay or
clay wad : prick and prime; insert the ball, and put a wet hay or clay wad over it;
this second clay wad may be only ^ calibre long. It is a good precaution, also, to
pass a wet sponge into the gun just before putting in the shot. When wet hay
wads arc used, steam is seen to issue from the vent as soon as the ball gets home;
this is the effect of the heat of the ball upon the water contained in the wad ; no
388
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
danger can result from it, as the ball may he allowed to cool in the gun without the
charge taking fire ; but it is better to fire without much delay, as this steam would
injure the powder.
The penetrations of cold and hoi shut into wood are equal under the same cir-
cum8tancc8. A red-hot shot retains sufiBcicnt heat to set fire to wood after having
Htruck the water several times. The fire is communicated more rapidly and cer-
tainly to the wood when the ball does not penetrate more than 10 or 12 inches,
because at a greater depth the communication with the external air is not suffi-
ciently free. It is proper, therefore, to fire with small charges, i to i weight of the
shot, according to the distance, in order that the shot may remain in the wood and
not peni'triitc too deep.
Expansion of Shot heated to a White Heat.
CAUBBB.
8-in.
42.
32.
24.
18.
12.
0.149
0.11
0.10
0.08
0.06
0 04
Heated shot do not return to their original dimensions on cooling, bat retain a
permanent enlargement, as will appear from the following table, giving the mean
of 16 trhils by Lieutenant \now Captain) Rodman, of the Ordnance Department:
riRST HEATIita.
BECOVD BJtATMa.
8-INCU SHOT.
Diameter.
Expansion.
Diameter.
Expansion.
Original . .
White heat
In.
7.840
7.9S9
7.963
7.895
In.
0.149
.123
.054
Per cent.
0.000
.019
.016
.007
1 I°-
j 8.017
7.939
In.
0.177
.099
Per cant.
COM
After cooling
.012
TIMBER.
389
Chapter Fourteenth
MATEEIALS.
TIMBER.
The selection, inspection and seasoning of timber for ordnance purposes require
especial attention. The quality of the wood, and the defects to which it is subject,
depend much on the soil, the exposure, and particularly the climate in which it
grows.
In the United States, the climate of the states in the North and Middle is most
favorable to the growth of the timber used for ordnance purposes.
Kinds of Timber used.
The kinds of wood, and the uses to which they are principally applied in ordnance
construction, are as follows, viz :
White oak (quercns alha). — The bark is a grayish white, the leaf long, narrow
and deeply indented ; the wood is of a straw color, with a reddish tinge, tough and
flexible. It is the principal timber used in the construction of all kinds of artillery
carriages.
White beech. Red beech {fngus n!/lvestn's, farjits /erntginca) are the most suit-
able for saddle-trees, fuzes and mallets; also for plane stocks and various other
tools.
White ash (fraxinus Ainericaiia) is straight grained, tough and elastic; it ie
used for sponge and rammer staves, shafts for light carriages, and, in case of neces-
sity, for handspikes, tool handles and sabots. There is but little difference in
quality throughout the whole thickness; the outside is rather tougher. It lasts &
long time when protected, but rots quickly when exposed to the weather.
Elm {itlmus Americana) is well suited for fellies and for small naves.
UiCKORY [jaglans tomentona) is very tough and flexible ; the most suitable wood
for handspikes and tool handles, and for wooden axle-trees.
Black walnut {juglans nigra) is hard and fine grained; it is used for ammuni-
tion-chests, and may be used for naves of field carriages. It is used exclusively
for the stocks of small arms.
White poplar, ou Tulip-tuee (liriodendron tnlipi/cra), is a soft, light, fine
300 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
grained wood, which j;r"W ^<^ "^ Rrcat size; it is used for sabot8, cartridge-blocks,
etc., and for the lining of amniunition-rbe8t!<.
WriiTK ri.MK (piiiuii finihiif) is Hoft, light, fine graineil, and cuisily wrought. It in
OMd for arra-chcstH and packing-boxes generally, and for building purpoHcs.
Cypukss {ruprcmut iliniirha) is a Soft, light. Straight grained wood which grows
to a very large size. It may bo used for many of the purposes for which oak is
useil, but is much inferior to it in strength and hardness, though it rtvists better
than (ink the action of a moivt, hot climate.
Basswood, on AuRRiCAN limr (fi7ia Ameruatia), is very light and soft, not
easily split, and is excellent for sabots and ciirtridgc-blocks.
Ri.ACK CUM (iii/»»<i »y/r(ifiV(i) is a fine grained wood, of medium hardness and
density, very difficult to split, and well suiteil for 8i)ongc and rammer heads, and
for naves of carriages. It is also used for bowls for laboratory purposes.
Doo WOOD (ciirnv jloridn) is hard and fine grained, suitable for mullets, drifts, etc.
Selection of Standing Trees.
Wood grown in a m^ist soil is less firm and decays sooner than that grown in a
dry, sandy soil, but the trees are generally larger.
The best limber is generally found on a dark soil mixed with stones and grarel.
Poplar, cypress, willow, and some others which grow best in a wet soil, are excep-
tions to this rule.
The hardest and most dense woods, and those least subject to decay, grow at the
South : but they are more liable to split and warp in seasoning.
Trees grown on jilaius, or in the centre of forests are less dense than those from
the edge of the forest, from the sides of hills, or from open ground ; but they are
generally more free from limbs and of finer growth. The aspect most favorable to
the production of sound, straight timber, free from defects, is that which is shel-
tered from the prevalent winds. The vicinity of salt water is favorable to the
strength and hardness of white oak.
Trees should be selected in the latter part of July or first part of August: for at
this season the leaves of the sound, healthy tree are fresh and green, while those of
the unsound are beginning to turn yellow. A sound, healthy tree will be known by
its top branches being vigorous and well covered with leaves, the bark even and of
uniform color., A rounded top, a sparse covering of leaves, some of the leaves
turning yellow before the rest, a rougher bark than common, covered with parasitic
plants, streaks or spots, indicate a tree on the decline. The decay of branches at
the top, of large branches, and the separation of the bark from the wood, arc infal-
lible signs that the wood is impaired.
Felling Timber.
The most suitable season for felling timber is that in which vegetation is at
rest — which is the case in midwinter and in midsummer. Recent experiments indi-
INSPECTION OF TIMBER. 391
cate the latter scascn, say the month of July, as the proper season : but the usual
jiractice has been to fell trees for timber between the first of December and the
middle of March.
The tree should be allowed to attain its full maturity before being felled. Oak
matures at seventy-five to one hundred years and upward, according to circum-
jitances. The ago and rate of growth of a tree are indicated by the number aud
size of the rings of annual increase in a cross-section.
The tree should be cut as near the ground as possible, the lower part being the best
timber. Leaning trees should always be cut so as to fall at right angles to the
direction of greatest inclination : and all trees, especially oak, shouM be cut entirely
through the heart while standing, and the woodman should allow sufficient kerf to
enable him to cut the tree completely off, by rapid strokes of the axe, after the troo
lias started to fall. These precautions will jirevctit splintering at the biitt.
Getting out Timber.
As soon as the tree is felled, it should be immediately stripped of its bark and
raised from the ground. A short time only should elapse before the sap-wood is taken
off and the timber reduced nearly to the dimensions required for use. This is done,
generally, by the saw : but those pieces requiring great strength and toughness, such
as spokes, poles, handspikes, and splinter-bars, should be split. These pieces should
always be taken from the butt cut of young, straight grained trees of such size as to
furnish but one piece between the sap and centre heart, the width in the direction of
the radius.
Naves should be taken from the butts of trees of suitable size to leave them, after
the removal of the sap-wood, IJ inch greater in diameter than the finished size.
They should be cut off S((uarc about two inches longer than the finished length, and
bored through their axes with an auger h inch less than the small end of the nave-
1)0X which they are to receive. This facilitates their seasoning and diminishes
cracking.
Pieces for fellies should always be got out so that the planes of their broad faces
shall run nearly toward the centre of the tree. Slab piecei are not fit for this purpose.
Inspection of Timber.
Examine the timber all over carefully, whenever it can be done, aifter several days
of fine weather, in order to see better certain defects which moisture renders less
:il)pareiit.
The quality of the wood is in some degree indicated by the color, which should be
nearly uniform in the heart-wood, a little deeper toward the centre, aud free from
sudden transitions. White spots here and there indicate decay, and should cause the
rejection of the piece. All pieces containing sap-wood should be rejected, except
hickory and ash ; in this kind of wood the sap-wood is generally the toughest and
best. The sap-wood is known by its white color; it is next to the bark, aud very
392 ORONANCE MANIAL.
soon rols, ;in<l should never be used. S.imcliuics ihcre an; rin;;8 of lidht colored
wood found (iurroun<lcd by Rood, hard wood ; tbiR may be called the second siip, and
should cniise the rejection of the piece in which it occurs.
Ri'jcct jiicces containing the centre heart, except in timber which, from its size,
cannot be procured free from it. Even in these it is better to use biiill hrntnn of
smaller jiicces free frnm centre heart, on account of the great difficulty in seasoning
such large pieces, and ihcir exlreme liability to being attacked by ilry rot during the
process.
In pieces which have been got out by s)ilitting, the oeeurrencc of nhort bends
indicates that they have been taken from the u|)|)er part of the tree; and the nintiintf-
onl of tiio grain, so as to show the ends of the fibres along the side of the ^tiek, is an
unfailing indication of brashncss. Reject the i)ieec in which cither occurs.
Pieces for handspikes should be free from knots near the fulcrum end. After
inspection, each slick is marked on each end, with while lead, with the initials of the
contractor, the year when received — a letter designating the purpose for whicli the
timber is intended, and the number of pieces contained in each stick. On small
Slicks, as spokes, it is sufficient to mark the uootractor's name and data on uno end,
the fihiipu of the piece showing for what it is inltiodcd.
Defects of Timber — esperiolly of Oak.
WiinJ-flinL-rt are cracks separating the cuucentrio layers of wood from each othor:
a circular crack : it is a serious defect.
»S)»/('M, cheat*, and erack*, extending toward the centre, if deep and strongly
marked, render the timber unfit for use, uuless the purixise fur which it is inlvnded
will admit of its being split through them.
These defects are found iu young trees as well as old, and arc no signs of the
aiteraliou of the quality of the timber. They always increase in extent in seasoning.
Jirnsh-iroud is generally con8ei|ueut on the decline of the tree from age. The wood
is porous, of a reddish color, and breaks short, without splinters, and, in marked
oases, the chips crumble to pieces. This wood is entirely unfit for artillery carriages.
Delud timber (that which has been killed before being felled, or which has died
from other causes) should be rejected.
Kiuitiy timber: that containing a great many knots, though sound, usually of
stunted growth. It is difficult to work, and weak when cross-strained ; reject.
Ttrisud tcoodf the grain of which winds spirally, is unfit for long pieces; it may
be used in short ones, as naves or short transoms, etc.
Dry-riit. — This is indicated by yellow stains. Elm and beech are soon affected,
if left with the bark on.
Large or decayed knots should cause the piece to be rejected.
Seasoning and Preserving Timber.
Timber fresl^y cut contains about 37 to 48 per cent, of liquids. By exposure to
the air in seaWBing one year, it loses from 17 to 2.') per cent., and seasoned wood
still retains from 10 to 15 per cent.
SEASONING AND TRESERV^ING XniBER. 393
Timber of large dimensions is improved and rendered less liable to warp and
crack in seasoning by immersion in water for some weeks, according to the si/.e.
For the purpose of seasoning, timber sbonld bo piled under shelter and be kept
dry; it should have a free cirfulation of air about it, without Iteing exposed to
strong currents. Place the Ijottom pieces on skids, which should be sound, raised
not less than 2 feet from the ground ; leave a space of an inch between the pieces of
the same horizontal layers: place slats or piling-strips between different layers, one
near each end of the jiile. and c)thcrs at short distances to keep the timber straight.
These strips should be one over the other, and in large piles should not be less than
1 inch thick. Spokes arc piled in square piles, the length of one piece, omitting
the slats. Light timber may be piled in attics, heavy timber on the ground floor.
Each pile should contain but one kind of timber, and be marked with the date of
inspection and the number and kind of pieces it contains. Pieces of the same kind
and of different dates of ret'cipt, if piled one on the other, should have that which
was received first piled on top. The piles should be at least 2i feet apart: this
secures free access at all times to the different kinds of pieces in store.
Timber should be replied at intervals varying with the time it has been in store,
and all pieces showing evidences of decay should be thrown out, to prevent their
affecting those which are still sound.
Timber storehouses are best provided with ))liuds. which keep out the rain and
snow, but which can be turned to admit the air freely in fine weather. They should
bo kept entirely free from pieces of decayed wood.
This gradual mode of seasoning is considered the most favorable to the strength
and durability of timber, but various methods have been proposed for hastening
the process. For this purpose, Httnuiiiuj timber has becu applied with success; and
the results of experiments with Mr. Kyan's process of saturating timber with a
solution of corrosive sublimate have been highly sntisfactory ; this is said to harden
and season the wood, at the same time that it secures it from the dry-rot and from
the attacks of worms. The process of Mr. Earle, which consists in saturating the
wood with a hot solution of the sulphates of copper and iron, mixed together, has
been tried by the Ordnance Department, and found to impair the strength without
increasiug the durability of the limber. Kiln dryinij i^ serviceable only for boards
and pieces of small dimensions, and is apt to cause cracks and to impair the
strength of wood, unless performed very slowly. Charring or jynintinrj is highly
injurious to any but seasoned timber, as it effectually prevents the drying of the
inner part of the wood, in which, consequently, fermentation and decay soon take
place.
Timber piled in badly ventilated sheds is apt to be attacked with dry-rot. The
first outward indications are yellow spots on the ends of the pieces and a yellowish
dust in the checks and cr.acks, parficularl}' where the pieces rest on the piling-
strips; when cut, the timber is of a dull, reddish brown color, dotted over with small
white specks, and it is brittle and very weak.
Timber requires from 2 to 8 years to season thoroughly, according to its size. It
ORPNANOK MAMAI.
Fhonlil be worl«cd m Frion as it is thoroughly dry, for it hcpins to deteriorate afler
that time. Very old timber, as the workmen say, loses its life.
Oak timber loses about onc-fiflh of {m ireiyht in seasoning, and about onr-thirj uj
itH weight in bccominj; ]>(rfertly dry.
Mea.^uring Timber.
Sawed or hewn timber is measured by the cubic foot, or more commonly by Imrd
nriMMiiif, the unit of whieh is a superficial foot of a board 1 inch thick, Small
pieces, especially those which are pot out by splitting (such as spokes), and ihnprt,
or pieces roughed out to a particular pattern (sut-h as stocks for small arms), are
often fiurchabcd by the j>ieec.
r^ual rule for measuring rouud timber:
Miilli}tl;i ihr lenijth b\/ ikr tenure o/uiie-/ourlh the mr.ui ijirth, for the Soliii contents;
or. - -^ ■ I, beine the lenirtb of the loir, and C half tbo sum of the cireumfereDO«i
10 r. r>
of the two ends. Hut when round timber is procured for use in the Ord.ianee
Department, it should be measured according to the s()uare of good timber which
can be obtained from the log.
To find tlio number of f<>cl, hoard metiture, in any piece of timber of a given
width, multiply the tabular aren, for that width, by the length in feel and the
thioknesh in inches. ,
Ta»LE, tkotcing lA* Smprfieia' Ft«t in one Lineal Foot of Board* of varfoua »idtk».
Width.
Ana.
Width.
AreiL
Width.
Area.
In.
Sup. ft 1
In.
Sup. ft. I
1 In.
Sup. ft
0.25
0.020)>
' 4.25
0.3542
8.25
0.6875
0.5
0.0417
4.5
0.375
8.5
0.70HS
0.75
O.Oti'.'J
4.75
0.3958
8.75
0.7292
1.
0.0^3,1
5.
0.41f.7
9.
0.75
1.25
0.1042
5.25
0.4:J7.i
9.25
0.7708
1.5
0.12.S
5.5
0.45S3
9.5
0.7917
1.75
0.14:.S
5.75
0.4792
9.75
0.8125
2.
0.1667
6.
0.5
10.
0.8S33
2.25
O.lJSTO
6.25
0.520S
10.25
0.8512
2.5
0.20S3
6.5
0.5417
10.5
0.K75
1.75
0.2292
t 6.75
0.5625
10.75
0.8958
i.
0.25
' 7.
0. 58.33
11.
0.9167
S.25
0.270S
7.25
0.6042
11.25
0.9.375
S.5
0.2'J17
7.5
0.625
11.5
0.9583
3.75
0.3125
7.75
0.6458
11.75
0.9792
4.
ftH^
8.
0.6667
12.
i
1.0000
IRON. 395
IRON.
Iron is obtained from its ore."*, in which it generally exists in tbe .«tate of an
oxide, combined with earthy or stony matters, and frequently with carboti, sulphur,
artenic, mngncsia, manganese, etc. Iron ores are classed and named according to
their different combinations, as magnetic, specular, micaceous, clay iron-stone, red
hematite, brnun hematite: tbe last named is the ore from which tbe Salisl)ury and
the Juniata irons are extracted; the first, that from which tbe Swedish iron is
obtained ; and the clay iron-stone that from which the iron of England is made.
The foreign substances which iron is found to contain modify in a marked man
ncr its essential properties. Carbon adds to its hardness, but destroys some of its
characteristic qualities, and produces ca.st-iron or steel according to tbe proportion
of carbon it contains. Sulphur renders it fusible, difficult to weld, and brittle
when heated, hot short. Phosphorus renders it cold short, but may be present in the
proportion of 2-lOOOths to 3-lOOOths without affecting injuriously its tenacity.
Aiitimoni/, arsenic and copper have the same effect as sulphur — tbe last in a greater
degree.
Cast-iron.
The process of making cast-iron depends much on the kind of fuel used: char-
coal, coke, bituminous and anthracite coals, are all used. 'When anthracite coal is
employed, the ore is placed at once in the blust-furnacc: when charcoal is used, the
ore is first roasted, by distributing it in alternate layers with waste coal, wood or,
sometimes, with charcoal, .and the pile thus formed is ignited and burned in tbe
open air. For the more refractory ores a kiln similar to that used for burning lime
is required. The ore is rendered, by this operation, more porous and easily broken
into small pieces, by which it is more readily acted upon in the smelting furnace.
The small pieces would be disadvantageous in an anthracite furnace.
Smelting is the process by which the iron is separated from the refractory sub-
stances with which it is combined in the ore. It consists in raising the ore to a
high heat in contact with carbon and a suitable flux in the blast or smelting fur-
nace. The flux unites with the earthy matter of the ore, forming a glassy sub-
stance called slag or cinder, and the carbon unites with the oxygen of the ore,
setting the iron free, which in turn unites with a portion of the carbon and forms a
fusible compound, carburet of iron, or cast-iron.
Tbe melted iron and slag descend to tbe bottom of the furnace, the slag forming
a covering to the pool of iron and protecting it from the action of the blast. As
the_v accumulate, tbe slag runs off over the dam, and is a good indication, to an
experienced eye, of the quality of metal tbe furnace is making.
The furnace is generally tapped once every twelve hours, and the metal is run out
intoxhaunels formed in the sand, and is known as j)igs.
Limestone is the flux used for most ores : clay is sometimes required to mix with
ores containing much limestone.
A larger yield from the same furnace, and a great economy in fuel, are cffeotcd
31H) ORDNANCE MANUAL.
by the use of a hut hlati. The greater heat thue produced cauvos the iron to com-
bine with a larger percentage of furcign subslances, and the strength of the ca«t-
irun i!< thiiH injured.
Cant-iron for cannon and for all purposesi rci|uiring great Htrcngth should be
emellod with the rold blaRt.
f'i;i iron, according to the proportion of carbon which it contain«, ix divided into
fuiiuili-)/ iriin and /<>rfje iron, the latter being adaptecl only to conversion into mal-
leable iron ; while the former, containing the largest proportion of carbon, can be
used cither for casting or for making bar-iron.
There are many varieties of cacf-iron, differing from each other by almost inMn-
sible ^hadps ; the two principal divisions are t/rui/ and irhilr, so called from the color
of the fracture when recent Their properties are very different.
firny iron is softer and less brittle than white iron: it is in a slight degree mal-
leable and flexible, and is nut sonorous: it can be easily drilled and turned in (be
lathe, and dovf not resist the file. It has a brilliant fracture, of a gray, or, some-
times, a bluii'h gray color: the color is lighter as the grain becomes closer, and its
hardness increases at the same time.
It melts at a lower heat than white iron, becomes more fluid, and prc«ervci its
fluidity longer; it runs smoothly; the color of the fluid metal is red, and deeper in
proportion as the beat is lower: it does not stick to the ladle: it fills the moulds well,
contracts less and contains fewer cavities than white iron: the edges of a easting are
sharp, and the surface smooth, convex, and i overed with carburet of iron. A me<lium
■iied grain, bright gmy color, lively aspect, fracture sharp U^ the touch, and a close
eompaei texture, indicate a good quality of iron. A grain cither very large or very
small, a dull, earthy a-pvct, loose texture, dissimilar crystals mixed together, indi-
cate au inferior i|uali(y.
Orav iron is uj'ed for ordnance jiuriKtses where the pieces are to be bored or fitted.
ItB tonacity and specific gravity are diminiihui by annealing, lu mean specific
gravity is l.MH).
H'Aife iron is very brittle and sonorous: it resists the file and the chisel, and ia
bUtceptible of high polish ; the surface of a casting ia concave; the fracture prc««nt«
a silvery appearance. jeneraJly fine grained and compact, somctimM radiui.ug, or
lamellar.
When melted it is white, and throws off a great number of sparks, and it« t|UaUliM
arc the reverse of those of gray iron ; it is, therefore, unsuitable for ordnance pur-
poses. Its tenacity is iiirreattJ and its specific gravity diminisktd by annealing. It«
mean specific gravity is ".-'iUO.
Motiltd iron is a mixture of white and gray ; it has a spotted appearance ; it Sows
well and with few sparks: the casting has a plane surface, with edges slightly
rounded. It is suitable for making shot and shells.
A fine mottled iron is the only kind suitable for making castings which require
great strength, such as cannon. The kind of mottle will depend uach on the sit*
•f the casting.
MALLEABLE IRON. 397
Besides these general divisions, the manufacturers distinguish more particularly
the different varieties of pig metal by numbers, according to their relative hardness.
No. 1 is the softest iron, possessing in the highest degree the qualities described
as belonging to gray iron : it has not much strength, but on account of its fluidity
when melted and of its mixing advantageously with old or scrap iron, and with the
harder kinds of cast-iron, it is of great use to the founder, and commands the highest
price.
No. 2 is harder, closer grained, and stronger than No. 1 ; it has a gray color and
considerable lustre. It is the kind of iron most suitable, in general, for making shot
and shells.
No. 3 is still harder than No. 2. Its color is gray, but inclining to white; it has
considerable strength, but it is principally used by the founder for mixing with other
kinds of iron.
No. 4 is brujht iron ; No. •>, mottled ; No. G, white — which is unfit for general use
by itself.
The qualities of these various kinds of iron seem to depend on the proportion of
carbon, and on the state in which it is found in the metal. In the darker kinds of
iron, where the proportion is sometimes 7 per cent, of carbon, it exists partly in the
state of graphite or plumbago, which makes the iron soft. In white iron, the carbon
is thoroughly combined with the metal, as in steel.
Cast-iron frequently retains a portion of foreign ingredients from the ore, such as
earths, or oxides of other metals, and sometimes sulphur and phosphorus, which are
all injurious to its quality. Sulphur hardens tlic iron, and, unless in a very small
proportion, destroys its tenacity.
These foreign substances, and also a portion of the carbon, are separated by melt-
ing the iron in contact with air, and soft iron is thus rendered harder and stronger.
The effect of remelting varies with the nature of the iron and the kind of ore from
which it has been extracted; that from the hard ores, such as the magnetic oxides,
undergoes less alteration than that from the hematites; the latter being sometimes
changed from No. 1 to rohite bj' a single remelting in the air furnace.
The color and texture of cast-iron depend greatly on the size of the casting and
the rapidity of cooling; a small casting, which cools quickly, is almost always
white, ivnd the surface of large castings partakes more of the qualities of white metal
than the interior.
All cast-iron expands forcibly at the moment of becoming solid, and again con-
tracts in cooling; gray iron, as before remarked, expands more and coutract.s less
than other iron.
The contraction is about 1 -100th for grey and strongly mottled iron, so that the
dimensions of a pattern for casting should be about 1-lOOth larger than the size re-
quired for the casting.
Malleable Iron.
Malleable iron is made from the pig, in the bloomcry fire or in the puddli»g fur-
nace— generally in the latter.
806 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Tho process coDKistB in melting the east-iron and keeping it exposed to a great
heat, eonftantlj' Htirring the masp, bringing every part of it evenly under the action
of the flame, until it loi^eiJ it« remaining carbon — when it l)eriime« malleable iron,
TiiK n!-oowKnv refemblcs a large forge fire, where charcoal and a strong bbiAt are
ns«d, and Ihe refined metal of the |>ig-iron, after being broken into pieces of the
proper fiie, iii jdaced before the blast, directly in contact with the charcoal : u the
metal fu!<ef<, it fallK into a cavity left for that purpose below the blast, where the
bloomer work* it into the shape of a ball, which ho places again before the blast,
Rurroundetl with frerih charcoal; this operation in generally again repeated, when tho
ball is ready for the nhimjlrr.
Tho I'l'DDMNG PURNACE 18 a reverberalofy furnace, with a cast-iron bottom lined
generally with a pure and refractory iron ore, where the flame of bituminous coal it
i^ade to act <iirectly on the metal.
The operation of puddling is a most important one, as tho quality of the iron
depends so much upon the skill with which it is conducted.
The metal is first melted, and the puddler then begins to stir it, exposing each
portion in turn to tho action of the flume, and continues this as long as ho is able
tu work iU When it has lost its fluidity, ho forms it into puddlers' balls, weighing
from bU to 100 lbs., which arc next passed to the shinglcr.
8iiiNaLiN0 is perfiirmcd in a strong tf/ucezcr or umler the trip-hammer. Its
object is to press out as perfectly as possible the liquid cinder which the ball still
contains: it also forms the ball into shape for the puddle-rolls. A heavy ham-
mer, weighing from 6 to 7 tons, effects this object most thoroughly, but not so
cheaply as the squeezer. The ball receives from 15 to 20 blows of the hamra'^r,
being tiirued from time to time us required: it is now called a bfoam, and is ready
to bo rolled or hummerud. Or the ball is pai^sed once through the squcexer, and is
Btill hot enough to be passed through the puddle-rolls.
Ptinni^K-iiOLLH. — By passing through diflerent grooves in these rolls, the bloom
is reduced to a romjh bur from three to four feet in length, its name conveying an
idea of its condition, which is rough and imperfect.
Piling. — To prepare rough bars for this operation, they are cut, cither hot or
eold, by means of a strong pair of tkears, into such lengths as are best adapted to
tho site of the finished bar required; the sheared bars are piled, one over the other,
to the number of from two to six or more pieces, according to the size required —
when the pile is ready for balling.
Balling. — This operation is performed in the balling furnace, which is similar to
the puildling furnace, except that its bottom or hearth is made up, from time
to time, with sand ; it is used to give a welding heat to the piles to prepare them
for rolling.
KiMsuiNG-BOLLS. — The balU are passed successivel}- between the rollers of
various forms and sires according to the shape of the finished bar required.
The bars are straightened on a cast-iron bed, with heavy wooden beetles,-
The quality of the iron depends on the kind of pig used, the skill of the puddlcr,
and the absence of deleterious substances in the furnace.
MALLEABLE IRON. 899
The strongest cast-irons do not produce the strongest malleahle iron.
For many purposes, such as sheets for tinning, best boiler-plate, and bars for
con%-erting into steel, charcoal iron is used exclusively; and, generally, this kind of
iron is to be relied upon for strength and toughness with greater confidence than
any other — though iron of superior quality is made from pigs made with other fuel
and with the hot blast; iron for gun barrels has been lately made from anthracite
hot-blast pigs.
Iron is improved in quality by judicious working, reheating it, and hammering
or rolling: other things being equal, that is the best ir*)n that has been wrought
the most.
Piles are sometimes made of good iron on top and bottom and poorer iron in the
middle : this is easily detected in the fracture. Reject it, where strength and
toughness are required.
Bak-irox. — The iron used in ordnance constructions is generally furnished in
bars of difi'ercnt sizes, or in shapcg. It should be of the best qualit}* of iron, highly
refined.
The quality of iron is generally judged of by its (/rain as shown in a fresh frac-
ture.
The samjile shouM be 1 inch square, or, if a flat bar, i inch thick. Cut a notch
on one side with a cold-chisel, and bend the bar down over the edge of an anvil, or
give it a heavy blow, when lying flat on the ground, with a sledge-hammer; if the
fracture exhibit long, silky fibres, of a leaden graj' color, cohering together and
twisting or pulling apart before breaking, it denotes a. tough, soft iron, which is
easy to work and hard to break, suitable for sheet-iron, wire, etc., but it may weld
badly. A medium, even grain, mixed with fibres as above, but without bright
specks or dark spots, is also a favorable iudicalion. In general, a short, blackish
fibre indicates iron badly refined and mixed with carbon, plumbago, or oxide; if
worked very hot, it may be improved, but there will be a reat waste, A very Jiue,
close grain denotes a hard, steely iron, which is apt to be colJ-vliuri, hard to work
with the hammer or file. A coame grain, with a brilliant, crystallyzed fracture, or
yellow or brown spots, denotes a brittle iron, inclined to be cold-nhurt, but work-
ing easily when heated, and making a good weld. But this test is not always sulE-
cient, as the same iron will present dificrent appearances acc(>rding to the manner
in which it has been forged and the degree of heat to which it has been subjected.
Numerous ci-acks on the edges of the bar generally indicate a liut-xliort iron, which
crjicks or breaks when punched or worked at a red heat, and will not weld; it is
strong when cold, and may be useful in that state, but, if worked, care should be
taken not to subject it to strains at a red heat. Bliiitcrs, jhurn, and cinder-hnhs are
caused by imperfect welding at too low a heat, or by the iron nut being properly
worked, and do not always indicate an inferior quality.
The surest test of the quality of iron is to submit it to the followinL? proofs :
Test when cold. — Bend the iron, if in small bars, several times biu:k and forth in
diflFercut direction.", at sharp angles, with heavy blows of a bannucr, and twist it in
400 ORDNANCR MANUAL.
ft vice. Large pieces are reduced in size at one end, and submitted to the same
tests. Round bars have a screw-thruad cut on them, and arc then hcnt according
to the use for which they are intended. Pieces which are to have holes in tbcm
are tested by punching holes in them cold.
Tent frilir» hot. — Draw out the iron, bend and twist it; split it, and turn back the
two parts, to sec if the split extends up; punch a long hole in the direction of tb«
fibre, and unollior at right angles to it; punch holes of different forms— some near
the edge; weld the iron to iron and to steel ; make chains from small rods ; obacrre
if cracks or flaws weld easily: finally, forge some of the most diflicult pieces for
which the iron is intended.
NOTR iiM FORGING. — Oood iron is often injured by being unskilfully worked.
Care hhould be taken that the iron while heating is not exposed to the air, which
would assist in forming scales of oxide on its surface : it is to prevent this that tho
workman from lime to lime throws sand or clay on his iron to protect it. When
iron i" at a white beat, immediate contact with coal tends to carbonize it and make
it »ttrly. Iron heated for any purpose, and especially for welding, fhould be heated
as rapitlly as possible, in order to expose it the least possible time to tlie action of
the air anil coal; for this purpose, the strongest fuel, with an abuiidiint, steady
blast, is necessary. Defects in iron caused by unskilful working may be remedied
in part: if, for example, iron has been Imrutd, give it a smart heat, protected aa
much as )>ossible from the air; if the iron has been injured by cold-hitmmering, %
moderate aiiiieMliiig heat will restore it; if the iron has become hard an <1 steel j,
give it one or more smart heats, to extract the carbon.
Inspection of Iron for Garrison and Sea-coast Carriages.
The chrck-plntei should be made of iron of good quality, uniform in thicknesf, a
plane surface, and cut near to the required size. Verify the size by a wooden frame
made of the required shupe, and the thickness by an iron gauge. Try the quality
of tho iron by punching holes near the edge at the place for the trunnion-holes.
The railn should be straight on the top, bottom and edge of the flange; try ihem
by laying a straight-edge on them. The web should be a plane surface, without
corrugaliou.s — at right angles to the fiaugcs, which should be smooth and free from
breaks or cracks.
Examine that the welds are all good, that there arc no scams, and that the
iron has not been burned. Verify the cross-section of the rail by a profile cut
from sheet-iron or mahogany; measure the length with a rod of the correct
length.
See that the trough-beams and angle-iron are straight, and their edges sonnd^
without cracks. Verify their length.
Examine the bar-iron by the tests given above for bar-iron, and where the pieces
are cut to lengths, verify them.
Weigh several pieces of each kind of the exact length, sufficient to get a fuir mean
weight, from which the weight of the whole can be calculated.
STEEL. 401
Puddled Steel.
U, in the opriition of puddling, the process be slopped at a particular time
determined by indications given by the metal to an experienced eye, an iron is
obtained of greater hardness and strength than ordinary iron, to which the name of
scmi-stecl, or puddled steel, has been applied. The principal difficulty in its manu-
facture is that of obtaining uniformity in the product, homogeneity and solidity
throughout the entire mass. It is much improved by reheating and hammering
under a heavy hammer.
A tenacity of 118,000 lbs. to the square inch has been obtained from semi-steel
made in this country in this way. Field pieces have been made of this material,
and it is believed that it will answer well for this purpose.
Steel.
Steel is a compound of iron and carbon, in which the proportion of the latter is
from 5 to 1 per cent., and even less, in some kinds. Steel may be distinguished from
iron by its fine grain; its susceptibility of hardening by immersing it, when hot, in.
cold water; and with certainty by the action of diluted nitric acid, which leaves a
black spot on steel, and on iron a spot which is lighter colored in proportion as the
iron contains less carbon.
There are many varieties of steel, the principal of which are—
Natural xteel, which is obtained by reducing the rich and pure kinds of iron ore
with charcoal, and refining the cast-iron, so as to deprive it of a sufficient portion
of carbon to bring it to a malleable state. It is made principally in Germany, and
is used for making files and other tools.
The India steel, called wootz, is said to be a natural steel, containing a small
portion of other metals.
Blhtered steel, or steel of cementation, is prepared bv the direct combination of
iron and carbon. For this purpose, the iron in bars is put in layers alternating
with powdered charcoal, in a close furnace, and exposed for 1 or 8 days to a heat of
about 70° Wedgewood. and then suffered to cool for as many days more. The bars
on being taken out are covered with blisters, have acquired a brittle quality, and
exhibit in the fracture a uniform crystalline appearance. The degree of carboni-
zation IS varied according to the purposes for which the steel is intended, and the
best qualities of iron (Russian and Swedish) are used for the finest kinds of steel.
Tilted steel is made from blistered steel moderately heated and subjected to the
action of a tilt-hammer, by which means its tenacity and density are increased and.
it is thus adapted to use.
Shear steel is made from blistered or natural steel refined by piling thin bars into
fagots, which are brought to a welding heat in a revcrbcratory furnace, and ham-
mered or rolled again into bars ; this operation is repeated several times to produce
the finest kinds of shear steel, which are distinguishad by the names of half shear,
26
402 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
tingle thenr nilil dnuhle ihenr, or pteel of 1 mark, of 2 mnrku, of r! innrkt, etc.,
according to the Dumber of times it has been piled.
Caul-Heel is made by bre.nkinjf blistered steel into small pieces and melting; it in
close crucibles, from which it is poured into iron moulds : the ingot is then reduced
to a bar by hammering or rolling, as described under the bead of malleable iron,
these operations being performed with great care. Cast-stccl is the finest kind of
steel and best adapted for most purposes: it is known by a very fine, even and
close grain, and a silvery, homogeneous fracture ; it is very brittle, and acquires
extreme hardness, but is diffioult to weld without the use of a flux. The other kinds
of steel have a similar appearance to cast-stuul, but the grain is coarser and less
homiigeneous ; they are sort<'r and less brittle, and weld more readily. A fibrous
or lumcllar appearance in the fracture indicates an imperfect steel. A material of
great toughness and elasticity, as well as hanlnesi', i.s made by forging together
steel and iron, forming the celebnited (lnma»k- gitrl. which is used for sword blades,
springs, etc.: the dninasked appearance is proilufcd by the action of a diluted
acid, which gives a black tint to the steel parts, whilst the iron remains white.
Various j'nney ulerlit, or alloy.s of steel with tilrer, jilntinum, rhnriium and nlumin-
iiini have Iteen niaile with a view to imitating the Damascus steel, w<>ot7., etc.. and
improving the fabrication of some of the finer kimls of surgical and other instru-
ments.
PRorr.nTiKS or stkkl. — The best steel possesses the following characteristic! :
heated to redness and plunged into cold water, it bicnmcs hard enough to scratch
glass and to resist the best files; the hardness is uniform throughout the piece:
after being tempered it is not easily broken ; it welds readily : it doe« not crack or
split ; it bears a very high heat, and preserves the capability of hardening after
repeated working ; the grain is fine, even and homogeneous, and it receives a bril-
liant polish. Its specific gravity is 7.816, being greater than that of iron.
Test. — Break a few bars, taken at random : make tools of them and try them in
the severest manner.
Hardening and TKMrERiSG stkel. — On these operations the quality of manufac-
tured steel in a great measure depends.
Hardening is effected by heating the steel to a cherry red, or nntil the scales of
oxide are loosened on the surface, and plunging it into a liquid, or placing it in
contact with some cooling substance : the degree of hardness depends on the heat
atd the rapidity of cooling. Steel is thus rendered so hard as to resist the hardest
files, and it becomes at the same time extremely brittle. The degree of heat and
the temperature and nature of the cooling medium must be chosen with reference
to the quality of the steel and the purpose for which it is intended. Cold water
gives a greater hardness than oils or other fatty substances, sand, wet iron scales or
cinders, but an inferior degree of hardness to that given by acids. Oil, tallow, etc.,
prevent the cracks which are caused by too rapid cooling. The lower the heat at
which the steel becomes hard, the better.
Tempering- — Steel in its hardest state being too brittle for most purposes, the
WELDING COMPOSITION. 403
requisite strength and elasticity arc obtaincil l>.v tempering — or letting dou-n the tem-
per, as the workmen term it^ — which is perfuruied by heating the hardened steel to a
certain degree and cooling it quickly. The requisite heat is usually ascertained by
the color which the surface of the steel assumes from the film of oxide thus formed.
The degrees of heat to which these several colors correspond are as follows :
At 430° Fahr., a very faint yellow.. ) Suitable for hard instruments; as hammer
At 450° " a pale straw color. . j faces, drills for hard substances, etc.
( For instruments requiring hard edges witb-
At470° " a full yellow ) .,.••. \ ■ \ ^ r
■< out elasticity ; as shear?, scissors, tools for
At 490° " a brown color i * • • j . i
( turning iron and steel.
At .510° " brown, with purple 1 „ , , , ... , i r * . i
f For tools for cutting wood and soft metals :
spots *-
i such as plane irons, chisels, knives, etc.
At 538° " purple
I For tools requiring strong edges without
At 550° " dark blue ) extreme har<lness : as cold-chisels, axles.
At 5f)0° " full blue I table cutlery, etc., which will break before
(^ bending.
At 600° " grayish blue, verging ) For spring-temper, which will bend before
on black J breaking; saws, sword blades, etc.
If the steel be heated higher than this, the effect of the hardening process is
destroyed.
Case-hardening. — This operation consists in converting the surface of wrought
iron into steel, by cementation, for the purpose of adapting it to receive a polish or
to bear friction, etc. ; this is effected by heating the iron to a cherry red, in a close
vessel, in contact with carbonaceous materials, and then plunging it into cold
water. Bones, leather, hoofs and horns of animals are generally used for this pur-
pose, after having been burnt or roasted so that they can be pulverized. Soot is
also frequently used.
Welding Composition for Iron or Steel.
Borax 10 parts.
Sal ammoniac 1 part.
Pound them together, and melt them in a crucible into a clear liquid : pour it out
on an iron plate, and, when cold, pulverize it for use.
Composition A^o. 2.
Borax 5 . lbs.
Sal ammoniac 1*0 "
Prussiate of potash 5 "
Rosin 5 "
Alcohol 5 pint.
Water 5 "
Iron filings 5 lb.
404 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Put all the inatcriiils in an iron pan tflgethi-r, and melt them over a gentle fire, so
tluit the eorapoiiition shall boil far ii few minutes, stirring it until it shall become
fitiiillj' dry and eharred; then pulverize, and use it in the same manner as borax,
ajiplyin^ it to the parts to be welded when at a red heat.
Sheet-Iron.
Slirrt-irnn is made by rolling. It should be soft nn<l tiiu^h. its siirfiiee very
smooth, withfiut holes or thick scales; it is generally of a blui.-h color, simictimes
clouded: the sheet should be of regular thickness, clastic, and crackling when
bent in the hamls. When bent at a right angle, there should be no iipjicnrancc of
fracture on the exterior.
Iliimin uhtii-iron has a planished, glossy, and smooth surface of gray oxide of
iron; it should be free from rust or flaws, and be very soft and tough. Punch
holes in it near the edge, and see that there arc no flaws or cracks after this opera-
lion.
The severest test of sheet-iron consists in hammering a juirt of the sheet into a
concave form.
8HKKT-8TEKI. 18 manufactured in the same wa}', and should have the same ({uali-
ties as sheet-iron, with greater elasticity and hardness in a thinner sheet.
For the weight of sheet-iron, sec Tables on pages 405 and 42C.
Sheet-Tin.
Sheet-tin is made by coating sheet-iron with tin. The iron is first leoured, or
thoroughly cleaned, by means of an acid, and then immersed in melt«d tin. There
are two kinds — called oingh tin and double tin, differing in thickness and in the
quantity of tin with which the iron is coated. The surface of the sheets should be
bright and smooth, free from specks, beads and blisters.
THICKNESS AND WEIGHT OF SHEET METALS.
405
Dimen$ion» of Sheet- Tin.
Size.
Mean Thickness. Weight.
Remarks.
Single tin.
Doi ble X.
Roofing . .
in.
10X14
10X14
20X14
Wire Guage.
31
27
27
In.
0
0125
0
OlS
0
018
Lbs.
0.5
0.75
1.5
I There are usually 225
J sheets in a box.
112 sheets in a box.
A square of roof (100 square feet) requires about 71 sheets of roofing tin.
Thickness^and Weight of Sheet Metals.
Thickness by the Guage. '
WEIGHT PER SQUARE FOOT IN POUNDS.
No. 0.
1.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
If).
17.
18.
ly.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.,
28.,
29.,
30.,
31.,
32.,
33..
34..
35..
36..
Thiclmcss in
Inches.
Slieet and
Boiler Iron.
0.340
0.300
0.284
0.259
0.23S
0.220
0.203
0.180
0.105
0.148
0.134
0.120
0.109
0.095
0.0s3
0.072
0.065
0.0.')8
0.04 it
0.042
0.035
0.032
0.028
0.025
0.022
0.020
0.018
0.016
0.014
0.013
0.012
0.010
0.009
0.008
0.007
0.005
0.004
13.7
12.1
11.4
10.4
9.60
8.85
8.17
7.24
6.65
.'■).96
5.40
4.83
4.40
3.83
3.34
2.90
2.62
2.34
1.97
1.69
1.41
1.29
1.13
1.00
0.685
0.805
0.724
0.644
0.563
0.523
0.485
0.402
0.302
0.322
0.282
0.230
0.170
Sheet Cast-
Steel.
Sheet-Copper.
14.0
15.6
12.4
13.8
11.7
13.0
10.6
11.9
9.80
11.0
9.02
10.1
8.33
9.32
7.38
8.25
6.78
7.59
6.08
6.80
5.51
6.16
4.93
5.51
4.50
5.02
3.91
4.37
3.41
3.81
2.96
3.31
2.67
3.00
2.39
2.67
2.01
2.25
1.72
1.93
1.42
1.61
1.31
1.47
1.15
1.29
1.02
1.14
0.903
1.01
0.820
0.918
0.73S
0.826
0.657
0.7.35
0.574
0.642
0..533
0.597
0.493
0.551
0.410
0.480
0.370
0.420
0.328
0.370
0.288
0.32,{
0.235
0.262
0.173
0.194
40G
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Files and Rasps.
LIST or fILES Ann nA8P8 REQUIRED FOR USE AT AN ARSENAL OT rONSTROCTION.
No.
Kind.
Length. Width
'"'i?" Weight. Bemu-ka.
1
2
.3
4
6
0
7
«
9
10
II
12
13
14
16
16
17
IS
19
20
21
22
2;{
24
2.'.
26
Flat, rough (riiiTii) ■ .
Do. do.
Do. bantanU
D... do
lliilf-round hantards
Do. do.
Do. do.
Hound ba.i<tard8 . . . .
Do.
Do.
Do,
Stjuare
Do.
Do.
Do.
do
do
do
do
do
do
do
Flat, i:in|;le cut (floats)
Flat, hand, smooth. . . .
Do. do
Do. do
Do. do
Half-round, hand
Do.
Do.
Taper, handsaw . . .
Flat, shoeing ras]i .
Half-round, smooth
inooth.
do.
do.
In.
U.
12.
12.
8.
12.
0.
6.
12.
9.
C.
4.i
12.
8.
6.
4.
12.
12.
9.
8.
4.
12.
9.
6.
4.5
14.
12.
In.
In.
Lbi OS.
1.35
0.35
1 4
1.17
0.3
0 15
1.17
0.3
0 14
0.7
0.2
0 5
1.14
0.32
0 11
0.85
0.25
0 Si
0.56
0.2
0 U
0.5
0 8i
0.23
0 2
0.23
0 i
0.16
0 i
0.5
0.5
0 9
0..12
0.32
0 3
0.24
0.24
0 2
0.2
0.2
0 }
1.12
0.22
0 lOi
1.16
0.31
1 2
0.96
0.27
0 10
0.83
0.2
0 6
0.44
0.1
0 i
1.15
o.n
0 12
0.84
0.27
0 51
0.6
0.18
0 U
A
0.4
0 li
1.5
0.35
1 8
1.14
0.32
0 11
Flat, tai>ering.
1 cdjro rounded.
Safe rdge.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Without tang.
English files are generally used at the arsenals and armories.
Files should be made of the best cast-steel. The teeth are generally cut at an
iinjjie of 60° with the centre line ; at a smaller angle the teeth are apt to choke,
and at a greater angle they do not cut.
In choosing files, they should be examined to see that they are straight, that
they ure free from cracks and flaws, and that they are cut regularly. The teeth
should not be turned or broken by filing on iron or tempered steel. One out of
each dozen may be tried on a piece of t«mpered steel, such as the tang of a file
screwed in a Ticc ; the file should "take" in its whole length, both on the flat
and edge, and should not cut in drawing back ; it should not make furrows, or
show a tendency to deviate from the direction given to it by the hand. The quality
of the steel may be determined by breaking some of the files and working the steel
in the forge.
CUT NAILS.
407
Wood Screws.
Wood screws are classed by the length in inches, and by the number which
indicates the size of the wire, or body of the screw.
The following table of dimensions, derived from measurements of the screws
made by the New England Screw Company, at Providence, Rhode Island, will be
found convenient for reference.
HEAD.
No
Diameter
of Body.
Niiinber of
thrcnUs to
1 inch.
Ilcmarks.
Diameter.
Tliickness.
In.
In.
In.
3
0.10
0.20
0.06
24
The length
of thread cut is two-
4
.11
.22
.065
24
thirds the
length of the screw.
5
.13
.26
.075
20
6
.15
.30
.08
20
7
.16
.32
.085
18
>
V
8
.17
.34
.09
14
9
.19
.38
.095
13i
10
.20
.40
.10
13
11
.21
.42
.11
12
12
.22
.44
.12
11
13
.23
.46
.13
11
14
.24
.48
.14
10
15
.25
.60
.15
10
16
.26
.52
.16
n
17
.27
.54
.17
9
18
.28
.56
.18
Si
20
.30
.60
.20
8
21
.32
.64
.21
8
22
.35
.70
.22
7i
24
.38
.76
.24
7
26
.40
•80
.26
7
Cut Nails.
N08.
2d.
3d.
id.
6d.
8d.
lOd.
12d.
20d.
Length inches.
Number in 1 lb
1.
550
1.25
450
1.5
340
2.
150
2.5
100
3.
60
3.5
40
4.
25
Spikes are large nails, wrought or cnt : the size is designated by the length in
inches.
408 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
BcUoirn itniU ati'I rliiiit unih are short wrought nail?, with lar;;o heads, slij;htly
convex: they arc used chiefly for nailing leather, canvas, etc., on wood.
Bellows nails 1.1.3 inch long, 0.1 inch thick, with heads .75 inch to 1 inch in
diameter, should weigh about 120 to 1 lb.
Tacks are classed by the length in inches, or by the weight of 1,000, in ounces.
Spn'f/g, hradt, finiihiiig uailt, are classed by the length in inches.
Alloys.
Jiroutf. — Gun metal: 90 copper and 10 tin.
Dell metal. — 78 cojjper and 22 tin.
Fiue bran. — 2 copper and 1 zinc.
Itrami for pnrtt o/ tmtiN armi and of gun-earriatff$. — SO copper, 17 line, and 3 tin.
Shcet-braiif. — 3 copper and 1 zinc.
Silver Holder. — 4 silver and 1 copper; or 2 silver and 1 brni's wire.
Hard luldrr. — I line and 2 brass.
Plumhert' Bolder. — 1 tin and 1 lead.
Tiniicm' ttildrr. — 1 tin and 2 lead.
I'eiclrrcrt' solder. — 2 tin and 1 lead.
Fuif'Ue alloy.— 'i. tin ; 3 lead ; f) bismuth : melts at 197°.
Type metal. — 11 lead, 2 antimony, and i tin.
(iermiin silrrr. — 404 copper; 31J nickel; 254 zinc; 24 iron.
" " for casting. — 60 copper; 20 zinc ; 20 nickel ; 3 lead.
I'eirtir. — 4 tin an<l 1 lead.
-4ii alio;/ that rxpundu in coolimj. — 9 lead, 2 antimony, and I bismuth; useful for
filling small cavities in cast-iron.
Babbit's metal, for journal-boxes. — 9 tin and 1 copper.
PiCKLK FOR CLKAM.NG iRO.v. — To a mixture of equal parts of nitric and muriatic
acids add twelve times their joint volume of water.
Liquor for tinnm.vg or solderivg. — Dissolve 3 ounces of zinc in a pint of muriatic
acid, letting it stand in a warm place about 8 hours; strain the solution through a
cotton or linen cloth ; add a teaspoonful of pulverized sal-ammoniac to a pint of the
solution, and let it boil for ten minutes; when cool it is fit fur use.
To TIN IRON. — Immerse the iron in the cleaning pickle; if the surface be rough,
let it remain in the pickle about 4 hours, or until all the scales can be rubbed ofi°.
Then dip the iron into the solution of zinc, and immediately afterward into the
'melted tin, which must be kept a little above the melting point. Let it remain in
the melted tin until the latter has ceased to be agitated, when the iron will have
become warm enough for the tin to adhere; on taking it out, wipe or shake off the
surplus tin.
To TIN COPPER. — It is only necessary to dip the copper into the solution of zinc
and then into the bath of tin ; or to clean the copper with diluted sulphuric acid
before immersing it in the tin.
ROPKS. 40'^>
STORAGE AND PRESERVATIOX OF METALS.
Metah are stored on the ground floors of dry and well aired buildingp, which
should be kept open in fine weather only.
Unr-iron and iteel, and pieces rough forged {shapex), divided according to kind
and size, on racks, or standing upright in frames; unaerriceahle iron and Kcrapn, in
piles marked with the weight. Sliert-iron and tin, oiled, and placed on edge, in
frames. Wire, oiled, in coils, hung on hooks; arranged according to kind and size.
Heavi/ chains, coiled up in piles. — Small chains, in bundles of 10 or 20, in boxes or
on shelves.
Fininhed work, according to kind, in piles or in boxes.
Pig nietal, in square piles ; the flat sides Ij'ing together.
The iron and steel parts of iniplements, etc., covered with a black varnish, made
of white varnish and liunjiblack, for intrenching and other heavy tools; of white
varnish and ivory black, for polished tools. (See Chapter VII.)
Artificers' tooln and /;/(«, according to kind, in a dry place, with suitable divisions;
they should be sprinkled with powdered charcoal, or fine quicklime, to protect them
from rust.
Nails, according to kind and size, in bins or kegs. Aurih and other heavy pieces,
on skids on the floor. Every division, bin, pile, and box should be marked with a
label showing the character of the article contained in it, its kind, its distinctive
number or size, the quantitj', weight, etc.
ROPES.
The size of a rope is designated by the circumference or girth measured with ».
thread : thus, a 3-inch rope measures 3 inches round. The length is usually expressed
in fathoms.
Stukngtii. — The utmost strength of good hemp rope is G,400 lbs. to the square
inch; the weight which it will bear before breaking is expressed in tons by one-ji/th
of the square of the girth in inches; in practice, a rope should not be subjected to
more than half this strain. It stretches from l-7th to l-5th, and its diameter is
diminished from l-7th to l-4th, before breaking. A difference in the quality of the
liemp may produce a difference of l-4th in the strength of ropes of the same size.
AVhite rope is stronger than tarred rope, and the difi"erenee is increased by age and
service: therefore, such ropes only as are to be immersed in water should be tarred.
Oil or gre.ase diminishes the strength of rope without adding to its durability.
The strength of manilla rope is less than that of hemp rope.
Quality. — The quality of hemp is in some measure indicated by its color: the
the best is of a pearl gray ; the next, greenish ; then, the yellow ; a brown color indi-
cates that it has been rotted too long and has begun to decay. Brown spots show
that it has moulded and the spots are decayed. The odor should be strong, but free
from a musty, tainted smell. It should be well combed, pliant, and free from stalks.
The yarns should be fine spun and slightly twisted : they are from i to i of an inch
410 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
in girlli. A rope is defeotivc when the yania arc of unequal sizes or uncijuotly
twixtcd ; when it is fuxzy before being used; and when it cuntains pieces of stalk,
indicatinf^ that the hemp was nut well combed.
TwiKTrNO OR i.AYiNM. — Tho Dumbcr of yarn* in a *frniK/ of cordage rarioa from Itt
to 2!), and sovcral strands are combined, or laid, to form a large rope. A rope is
■aid to be twisted i or ^ when it is J or i shorter than the strand. For artillery
service ropes should lie twinted J.
The degree of twisting may be determined by constructing a right-angled triangle,
tho base of which is the circumference of the rope, and the height the length of one
revolutioif (if the strand, nicaKured parallel to the axis; the difference between thix
height and the hypothcnuse is the <|uantity by which the rope is twinted.
PiiKSEKVATiuN IN SToRK. — Ropcs should be jilaccd in the upper stories of a build-
ing, coiled up and labelled: large rojies on skids, so as to allow the circulation of
air: small ropes hung up to the joists, on pins or hooks. Ropes should not be coiled
until they are perfectly dry : they should be uncoiled every year, and stretched out
for several days at the beginning of the dry season.
Uo]>es which have been too long in Ktore lose their strength.
COAL.
Charcoal.
Charcoal is made from either hard or soft wood; that from the firmer, such as
oak, rou}ilc, boech, chestnut, is the most serviceable, giving the greatest quantity of
heat for un equal weight of coal.
For ordinary purposes it is burned in heaps or stacks. Wood from 18 to 20 years
old is to bo preferred. It may be charred immediately after being felled ; if left for
a year exposed to the weather before being burned, it produces an inferior coal.
Select siiuuil woud; cut it into pieces from 4 to Ti feet lung, and split those which
lire more than 4 inches in diameter.
It is well to make stacks, as far as practicable, of wood of the same kind, or of
such as differ from each other but little in their general nature. If it be necessary
to use soft and hard woods in the same stack, place the former on the outside.
Making cHAncoAi.. — Choose a dry spot on which to place the stack, sheltered
from the wind: level the ground. Plant a stake iu the middle of the space, and
cover the bottom of the pile with wood placed in a direction converging toward the
centre, the intervals being filled up with small ^Micks; place the rest of the wood
around the stake, the pieces nearly upright and close together, in several tiers, cover-
ing the whole with a layer of wood placed as close together as possible; leave one or
more horizontal openings near the ground, from the exterior to the centre. CoTet
the stack, commencing at the top, with leaves and a coat of wet sod alx>ut 4 inches
thick, leaving open a space 6 inches high, all round the bottom, for the escape of the
air and steam.
Draw out the stake, and set fire to the pile, either by means of the bole left by the
PIT COAL. 411
stake, or through the horizontal gallery, which may have been previously filled with
combustible materials. Push the fire actively until the flame comes out at the top of
the stack, in order to ignite the whole of the bottom part, and to expel the steam,
which would otherwise occasion explosions. Then close the hole at the top, and
cover the lower part of the pile, leaving small openings at intervals: the smoke
should now escape equally from all parts of the stack, except toward the top, which
is kept closed in order to prevent a draught. When the stack has mrcatcd sufficiently,
increase the thickness of the coating of earth ; moderate the fire, and direct it, by
means of openings on the sides, in such a manner that the combustion may be equal
in every part and that the fire may be always drawn toward the bottom. Leave the
holes open as long as the smoke is black and thick, and close them when it become^
light and of a bluish color. The charring is completed when the flame escapes
through the openings at the bottom; then stop the holes and cover the pile well with
earth, which should be renewe<l after 24 hours; extinguish the fire entirely, and let
the pile stand 12 or 24 hours more. Open it on one side only; select the coal, and
separate what is imperfectly burnt. Wood furnishes in this way, on an average,
about 16 or 17 per cent, of charcoal.
Large stacks are the most advantageous : as much as 50 or 60 cords of wood may
be put into one.
PnorKRTiES. — Charcoal of good quality burns slowly in the air, without flame; it
is clean, hard, compact, brittle, sonorous, and of a fine black color; its fracture is
shining, irridesccnt, and of a conchoidal form.
When not perfectly charred, it is tough, of a grayish color, and burns with a white
flame and smoke. When too much burnt, it is of a dull black, soft and unelastic. By
exposure to the air, charcoal absorbs from 10 to 20 per cent, of moisture, and its
qualities are thereby impaired ; it should, therefore, be kept under cover.
Pit Coal.
BiTUMixous COAL. — There are two principal varieties.
Opcn-hurniiKj coal kindles quickly and burns well, but produces much flame and
smoke, and is soon consumed; it lies open in the fire, and does not cake. Of this
kind is the English cannel coal.
Closc-hurninij coni melts and swells in .the fire and runs together, forming what
blacksmiths call a hollow Jire, or a dome over the nozzle of the bellows, under which
the iron is heated equally and covered from the air. This kind of coal forms a very
hot fire and leaves little residuum : it is, therefore, the most suitable for smiths' use.
The Newcastle coal and the Virginia, Maryland,. North Carolina, and Pennsylvania
bituminous coals are of this kind.
Anthracite coal is now extensively used for the forge, in fireplaces specially
contrived for the purpose. It ignites with difficulty, and does not cake or melt in
the smallest degree, but produces a very hot, open fire.
Coal is not injured, but, on the contrary, rather improved, by exposure to air and
moisture.
412
OUDNANCK MANUAL
Mean Weight of CoaU.
ISiliiii^nouii
Authruciti* (egg site).
Hpcciflc
Kravily.
1.355
1.500
POR grOWAOE.
Wefffht of Cnlilc fret
1 cable foot. to 1 ton.
Lb*.
61.4
56.8
4.1.58
40.14
Cohe.
Ciil-f is produced •>>• ohnrrinjt bituminouii pom], in order to expel the bitumen and
fulphtir; this i.« uvtinlly done in cIokc fiirnaeei' or orcnx. (iuud <-ukc bar a dull frae-
ture, IK very porouo and cellular: it gives verv little ashes when burned ; it is injured,
like wood cliHrcdal. I'V absorbing water.
Coal fdriilKlieH 60 to 70 per cent, of coke l>y weight, the volume being increased
5 to "JO per cent.
CoAi. TAU ir^ a biliiniinnus product obtained by the distillation of coal in making
pas. etc.
TAR. PITCH. TIRPEXTIXE.
The following arc (he principal varieties of products from resinous trees, such as
the pine :
TiRi'KSTiXK. — This is extracted from the tree in warm weather, by cutting a deep
notch, or h>ix, neiir the base, and (^coring the tree by scraping off the bark above the
box ; the first year's running produces the rinjin <ir irhitt turfienltne, and the second
year's is nearly as good ; after thut the turpentine becomes each year darker and
sitiffer, the tree yielding less of what is called f/iy/;.i'M(/», and more irmpiny ; the latter
kind of turpentine is hard and yellow. A tree will bear tapping fourteen to sixteen
years, on two sides alternately — the scoring being extended upward from twelve Ut
fifteen inches each year.
Spirits of TrRi'ENTiSK is the esuential oil obtained by distillation from tLe iiutire
turpentine.
Rosis, OR Colophony, is the residuum of the distillation of turpentine. Its quality
depends on that of the turpentine, and on the care used in distillation: the finest
quality is of a light straw color.
Tar is obtained from the heart of the pine tree by *mr>uldering. or a smothered
combustion, effected in stacks, nearly in the manner described for making charcoal.
The tar runii off into tjH;nches dug for the purpose. Tar is semi-fluid, transparent
in thin portions, and of a reddish color: it has a strong, peculiar odor. It is ren-
dered more fluid by heat ; and it burns with a bright flame, leaving a light and dry
CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS OF ELEMENTARY BODIES.
413
coal. It is refined by heating it in an iron vessel, and pouring it off, after it has been
kept for some time in a liquid state; by this means water and pyroligneous acid are
driven off, and the earthy particles are separated b}' settling.
Itris used for coating cordage, and for wood which is not to be immersed in water.
PiTcn is made by boiling tar down to the requisite consistency, either by itself or
combined with a portion of rosin; it becomes solid on cooling, but is soon softened
by the heat of the hand, in which state it is very adhesive ; when of good quality, it.
is clear and bard.
It is used for coating wood which is to be immersed in water, and is applied hot,
with a 7ti<>p,
Venick TunPENTi.VK is obtained from the larch; but what is commonly called by
that name is a compound of melted rosin and spirits of turpentine.
Chemical Equivalents of some of the Elementary Bodies.
Name.
Symbol.
Oxygen . . .
Sulphur . . .
Bromine • . .
Chlorine . . .
Fluorine . . .
Iodine . . . .
Antimony. .
Arsenic . . .
Bismuth ...
Nitrogen. . .
Phosphorus
Boron
Carbon . . . .
Silicon . . . .
Hydrogen. .
Sodium . . .
Potassium .
Barium . . . .
0.
S.
Br.
CI.
Fl.
I.
Sb.
As.
Bi.
N.
P.
Bo.
C.
Si.
H.
Na.
K.
Ba.
Equivalent.
16.
80.
35.
19.
127.
122.
76.
214.
U.
U.
11.
6.
21.
1.
23.
39.
Calcium . .
Magnesium
Strontium .
Aluminium
Chromium
Cobalt
Copper. . . .
Iron
Lead
Nickel . . . .
Mangauese
Tin
Zinc
Gold
Mercury . .
Platinum. .
Silver
Palladium
Symbol. Equivalent.
Ca.
Mg.
Sr.
Al.
Cr.
Co.
Cu.
Fe.
Pb.
Ni.
Mn.
Sn.
Zn.
Au.
Hg.
PI.
Ag.
Pd.
20.
12.
43.75
13.75
26.75
30.5
31.75
28.
103.5
29.5
27.5
59.
37.75
98.5
100.
99.
108.
53.3
Strength of Materials.
(These t«l>lo(i are niiule op. with the exception of tlioRe ninterialH marked *, from the reRiilt«
obtained bjr axperimento made, by direction of the Ordnance Department, by Captain T. i.
ItiNliiian.)
Aah.
Birch
B«M..
Ohio
I'enoiylvania
Canaila
New York
Vermont.
Virginia
Oregon -
Kngland
M«ino
Box
ItnlinofOlloail
Beei'li ' Canitda.
New llampahire..
Oanaila ,
Africa...
Orejpm .
Che«tnut .
CTprl^«• ....
Ciieriy
Cedai-. re<l.
I>i>KW(M<d...
Elm
Fir, yellow..
" red
" wliitc ...
Gum. black..
Uickury
white
Knchiiiil .
Maw>H<-iiiiiiett8 .
.New York
Alabama.
Pennvylvania ..
Oregun
Virginia
Maa«arhuBett«
Or*gun .
Holly
Hemlock \ Oregon
Alabama.
Ohiu
North Carolina
Kasteru Virginia.
Ma<ipu:hiuett«
New York
Maaaachiisetts
Alabama.
Virginia
llHi'kiiiatack
Lipmim-viljp
LlH'll!i|
Mah<>)^ny .. ,
Maple
Oak. whit«
Maine.
South America
I'ennsylvania
St. Domiogu
Canada
Maine
Oregon
New England
Western New York...
Ohia
Monongahela River..
Ohio
New Y^ork
Maryland
Massachusetts
paatnre.
Time of
8eaA«)n-
ing.
Years.
16
3
»
7
2
1
1
4
12
9
6
1
U
8
"s
6
2
o
4
1
43
1
1
2
2
2
1
13
3
1
Ppocific
gravity.
.61720
Mila
.73874
.flioa
.(TflUS
.IKM18
..VriVl
/4^22»
.80076
.4<VJ70
.n7a46
.734W
.64403
.4*870
-'>5-Vj7
..'.-871
.37601
.80263
.■iJos
.77464
.«»*74
.66803
4«1«4
.40800
.01610
.84227
.82624
.06630
.87401
.72046
.00161
.00384
.01088
.64102
.46.118
.5t>S»76
1.26760
.82612
.70300
.68060
.73620
.40128
.74082
.76566
.00540
.74016
.64642
.63212
.72048
.88200
.83364
.80126
Crush-
Tensile
Trana-
ing force
strength
rusist-
per
square
|wr
square
ance.
inch.
inch.
*-iS-
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lb«.
8,783
24U33
Z118
4.476
14.200
1.4«e
.^ '"'
1 ' '-Wl
4
2.ii«4
b i..,.!
_.. i".7
1 .'>28
6 7Mt
I4.7<>0
1.438
M iis:i
17 (Kill
168
2.196
l.'.tlS
4
Ui.;.i.i
-iMUt
6.811
12,033
2.240
6:w»
14WI0
f. •
2.203
I'JO
1.025
6.111
1 1 v.d
8.402
17.707
1.011
f.ll''
V
1 •: T.IO
U15
2M
1.7M
2,0M
i',>*24
1200
1,138
OM
1481
2 727
;;;;■■
2000
2.76*
2.886
11
2.808
3..')02
^ _ ,
_ ■ .7
664
6.(>1T
j IbJMZ
1.202
UIO
« ...',4
1(, (MMI
2080
2.413
•
1,600
St.Jl
1\.-M
1.029
4 44:',
liJ.400
073
'
'•'.
1,830
1,876
l,4.<i0
2,(.3«
2,800
•
1.778
2.420
2.443
l.OM
li..-..
i-i.JM
2,286
Strength of Materials — Continued.
Material.
Locality.
Time of ! <;„„„■<-„
Season- 1 ^Pf^^'^lf
Crush- I Tensile
ing force, strength
per
square
inch.
per
square
inch.
Oak, whit*
yellow,
live ....
Pine, pitch .
" white.
'• yellow..
sugar..
Poplar
Kfdwood ,
Spruce ....
Teak ,
Walnut, black
*Brass, cast
♦Brass Wiie
♦Bronze
*Ca«t-iron. common pig
* '■ good com'on
* " " for guns
* " " in bars,
♦Bar-iron
* ■• Salisbury
* " Swedish
*Copper, cast
* " bolts
* "' wire
♦Cast-steel
♦Shear-steel
♦Puddled steel
♦Gold, cast
♦Silver, cast
♦Platinum wire
♦Tin. cast
♦Zinc
♦Lead, cast
♦Brick
Granite
Canada
Connecticut
North Carolina....
Alabama.
Virginia
Oregon
James River, Va..
Kngland
New Hampshire..
Alabama
North Carolina
Alleghany Uiver, Pa.,
New York
Maine ,
Florida
North Carolina, ,
Alabama.
Virginia ,
Nevada Co., Cal
Humboldt Co.. Cal....
Ohio
New York
Virginia
California
M.aine
Oregon
East Indies
Western States
Virginia
Michigan
Canada
England
Rockfort, Mass .
Years.
9
U
IS
8
2
1
1
13
13
3
3
4
.■)
13
.66656
.76118
.81948
.77402
.7.'5nr.7
.77058
.S0996
.78237
.932
.71132
1.02171
1.1037
1.0801
.41926
.40064
.35953
.67212
.63002
.52843
.62795
.49802
.47720
.43233
.38659
.44416
.43085
.90057
.52932
.64917
.59187
.52370
8.396
8.700
7.000
7.180
7.280
7.320
7.855
8.712
8.878
19.258
10.476
22.069
7.291
6.801
11.352
Lbs.
6.000
5,199
7.089
6.f,50
5.744
6 {(02
6.072
6.667
10.058
6.279
6,.531
7.279
8.947
5.017
5.775
.5.017
8..'550
7.836
8.201
7,867
5.742
6.075
6.579
0.083
6.862
5,092
10.819
7.471
7.500
5.782
5.989
7.227
10.300
105.000
1.30.000
40.000
2.645
3,500 to
13.000
15.300
Lbs.
16,646
13,333
21.000
21.100
18.307
19,033
18,467
25.222
15,000
25.000
1 0.383
15.800
11.400
11.433
11,933
11.960
18.000
12.600
17,946
19.200
14.933
9,066
8.200
10.833
13.666
10.867
30,800
16,633
16,300
17.580
16.133
8,130
18,000
49.000
42,000
15,000
20,000
32,000
34.000
57,000
66.000
72 000
24.138
33,000
60,000
128,000
124.000
lO.'i.OOO
20.000
40,000
56,000
4.800
7,500
1,800
578
416
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Strength of Material.
KIIKAItrNC
Anglo formed by fhcar lila<lf.<, 3 degree*.
Hktet Metal*.
IBOI.
Ooma.
BrUL, PUDMO.
Thlckii«M.| PraMure. IJTblcknaM.I Prewnre. |jThickn«NM.| PreMore. ThkkoaM.I ^PrMMir*.
144,000
53.440
39,150
25,970
15,715
10,390
4,200
2,180
In.
.297
.238
.204
.150
.09
.064
.05
.02
LiM.
11,196
6.U07
4,820
3,676
2,200
1,006
552
113
In.
LlM.
In.
.05
540
.24
.042
423
.24
.035
.333
.025
220
.024
200
14.020t
U,980i
• The riiU<-i-» were parallel; tbt bar 3 inchc* wide. t With oil. J WUboat oJI.
BolU.
IMV.
II OorrBft. II Bum.
IManteier.
PrcMiirs.
Lba.
85,410
30.707
24.057
19,688
Diameter.
Pr««aure.
Lba.
18,970 /
10.593
5.543
3,093
1 Diameter.
PrMMm.
Diamater.
III.
1.110
.905
.779
.648
PfMrnrs.
In.
l.US
1.040
.945
.812
la.
.••7
.585
.447
.320
' .943
' .906
.775
.635
Uia.
18,460
1.3.872
11,310 1
8.218 1
Lba.
29,790
22,386
17.976
11,648
PVHCBINO.
Diamr-
t«r of
pnncb.
In.
1.5
i.;?75
1.25
1.0
.9
8
.7
.6
.5
.4
.8
.2
Pussimn.
Thick-
neat of
aheet
Bran i
Ci»pper,
In«.
06 itich
.16 inch
.105 inch,
thirk.
thick.
thick. {
Lbs. '
Lb«.
Lba.
In.
8,475 '
15.996
23.273
.3
7.723
14.570
21.445
.205
O.'.OO
i;?.275
19.682
.150
5.4JU ,
11,073
lt),535 1
.100
5,092 '
9,788
14.778 1
....
4,332
S.5S0
12.602
.050
3.772
7.S27
11.46S
.045
3.267
6.706
9.772 1
.041
2,635
; 5.507
7.916 '
.034
2,183
1 4.585
6.660 1
.032
1,673
3,435
4,970 j
.028
1,110
2,240
3,333 1
.022
PKUaUBM.
CIrc. bole 1 in. diam.
Copper.
Lbs.
21,248
15.542
11.088
7,461
3,646
3,362
2,538
2,212
1.5U
Lb*.
5,448
4,997
3.730
3,540
2.964
2,448
lara.
Thick.
In.
.615
.565
.510
.445
.404
.858
.283
.245
.183
.145
.104
.057
Praaeara,
Circ'r hol«
1 in.dt— .
Lba.
82.871
76,962
69,984
62,591
67,6t3
51.883
40,486
35,712
27.978
22,213
16.533
9,452
THICKNESS FOR CAST-IRON WATER PIPES.
417
Iron-Wire Rope and Hempen Cable.
(Wire rope by J. E. Roebling.)
Circumference of Wire
Breaking weiRht in
Circumference of Hemp
Trade Number.
Rope.
tons of two thousand
Rope of equal
\
pounds.
strength.
Inches.
Tons.
Inches.
1
6.62
74.
15.5
2
6.20
65.
14.5
3
5.44
54.
13.
4
4.90
43.6
12.
6
4.50
35.
10.75
6
3.91
27.2
9.5
7
3.36
20.2
8.
8
2.98
16.
7.
9
2.56
11.4
6.
10
2.45
8.64
5.
11
4.45
36.
10.75
12
4.00
30.
10.
13
.3.63
25.
9.5
U
3.26
20.
8.25
15
2.98
16.
7.25
16
2.68
12.3
6.25
17
2.40
8.8
5.5
18
2.12
7.6
5.
19
1.9
5.8
4.75
20
].63
4.09
4.
21
1.53
2.83
3.3
22
1.31
2.13
2.80
23
1.23
1.65
2.46
24
1.11
1.38
2.2
25
0.94
1.03
2.04
26
0.88
0.81
1.75
27
0.78
0.56
1.50
Thickness for Cast-Iron Water- Pipes.
Let P=:the pressure in pounds per square inch on the inner surface of gige;,
Z) = the interior diameter;
T= the thickness of pipe, in inches ;
a = the thickness necessary to insure good casting:
27
DP
Then T=a-\
10,000
418
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
The values of a are aa fullow :
For pipes less than 12 inches in diameter, a = 0.375 inch.
from 12 to 30 " " a =0.5 "
" " 30 to 48 " " fi = 0.625 •'
" " 48 to 70 " " a = 0.75 "
" " 70 to 100 " " a = 0.875 "
Thickness to give to Water and Steam-Pipes.
e = 0.00086 « f/ 4- o.oo?,n
, = 0.0(I23S II ,i -\. 0.3:5465
f = 0.001 4S n ,/ -|- 0.1 J74><
f = 0.00242 1. ./ 4- 0.1 9<>^''
e = 0.00620 n d 4- 0.1574S
e = 0.03230 *d+ 1.06301
(/, interior dinmeior in inches ;
<'a8t-ir<iit
WrouRht-copper .
licad
', tbiikiiiKS of the pipe ;
ri, Diini)>t'r of almmphcrcn correspond-
iiijf to the interior pressure per
square inch.
Wood
Strength of Colujnn.<<.
When the length of the column i!< from 30 to 90 times its diameter, bii<1 it jield^
rholly hy bendin;;, Mr. Iludgkitiiiun deduces tiic following furmulir :
H' := the lireaking weight, in tone of 2,000 poundn:
A = the leugth of the column, in feet:
Z) ^ the diameter of the exteri<ir, in inchei' :
d = '* " interior, "
Nature of column.
Both ends being rounded. th<> Both eodii being flat, the length
length of the culuun esceed-l uf the culumn exceedin( 30
Ing 16 timea its diameter. | time* its diameter.
Solid cylindrical columo ) i j^ . . ,
of ca.«t-iron j'
Hollow cylindrical col-).™.
umn of cast-iron .... j ' ^
Solid cylindrical column 1
of wrought-iron J 1 *' ^ •iT.S
Solid square pillar of)
Dantzic oak (dry) . . . . j
Solid square pillar of) |
red cedar (dry) j ]
ir=4».4-,-
/A»— d»-»»
H'=49.6 —
W= 149.7
H'=12.2-^Y
W = 8.7
When the columns arc shorter t%an those giren in the tablet:, the ritrength may
be determined by the following :
STRENGTH OF COLUMNS. 419
Let fc =: the breaking weight, as computed by the formula above : o =: the crush-
ing weight of the material :
Then, Tr=-Af_.
l> + Ic
The strength of similar columns is nearly as the area of the cross section.
Transverse Strength.
^=tho weight, in pounds, required to break a beam 1 inch square and 1 inch
long, fixed at one end and loaded at the other ; b = the breadth ; d = the depth ;
i = the length, in inches, of any other beam of the same material; and >r=:the
weight which will cause it to break, neglecting the weight of the beam itself.
1. If the heam be supported at one end and loaded at the other;
6rf'
W=S—--.
2. //■ the beam be supported at one end and the load distributed over its whole
length :
S. 1/ the beam be supported at both ends and loaded in the middle:
bd^
4. 1/ the beam be supported at both ends and loaded uniformly over its whole
length :
hd''
W=S S-
l
b. If the beam be supported at both ends and loaded at the distance ux from o7ie end:
Ibd"^
W=S-
\{l — m)
6. If the beam beji-xed at both ends and loaded uni/ormli/ over its whole length:
In practice, about one half of these values should be used in computing the
strain to which a beam should be subjected.
Deflection of Rectangular Beams.
Let b ^ the breadth, d = the depth, and « =: the deflection, in inches.
W= the weight, in pounds; Z =the length of span, in feet.
C= a coeflScient, different for different materials.
1. For a beam fixed at one end and loaded at the other :
420 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
2. n«nm firrd al onf end and uniformly landed:
b d*
3. Beam tupporfed at holh endt and loaded in the centre :
w /s
'« bd*
4. Beam lupported at loth tndi and %iniformly loaded :
For wrought iron, the raluc of r= .0002 to .0003
" OMt Iron, " C= .00037 to .000
«• whit* pine or beech, " r=.0048.
•« aah, " r=.004.
9-iDrh beatn, X'bape (Cooper dk Hewitt), 18 feet hetwocn bearingi, weight per
running fuot .^4 i>ound», with a weight of 16,864 pouodj at centre, deflected, after
14 hour», I.'JK6 inch.
0 inch beatn, I-ahape (Phcenix Iron Co.), 21 feet between bearings, weight per
running fuut 32>4 pounds, .with a weight of 4,865 pound* at centre, deflected 0.50:)
inch; with a weight of 10,i'I6 poundii, deflected 1.184 inch.
Resistance to Torsion.
S^ the weight, in pounds, required to break, by twigting, a »oUd cjlinder 1 inch
diameter, the weight acting at the distanoe of 1 inch frutn the axia of the cylinder;
d = the diameter, in inches, of any other cylinder of the same material ; r = the
distance from its axia to the point where the breaking-weight, H', is applied : then,
r
For hollow cylinderB : M — S
Dr
Theoretical formula of Lieut, (now Captain) Rodman, Tori6od by Major Wade's
experiments.
D =: the exterior, and d ^ the interior, diameter of the cylinder in inches.
Values of S.
Begins to set. Begins to set.
... ( 3.600 I „ I 2,300
Wrought iron.. jy.(,() | Bronze ^^'^^^
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES OF FLUIDS.
421
Relative torsional strength of cast-iron shafts of different forms, having equal areas
of cross sections.
(From Major Wade's experiments on dhafts whose cross-secf ions were 1. 2, and 3 square inches.)
Solid cylinder.
Solid square.
Hollow cylinders, whose interior and exterior diameters
are in the proportion of
4 to 10.
6 to 10.
8 to 10.
7 to 10.
8 to 10.
1.0000
0.8750
1.2656
1.4433
1.7000
2.0864
2.7377
Specific Gravities of Fluids.
Liquids.
Specific
gravity.
Klastic Fluids.
Specific
gravity.
Acid, nitric
" sulphuric
" acetic
" hydrochloric
Alcohol, absolute
Ether, sulphuric
Oil, linseed
" olive
" essential, of turpentine
" whale
" proof spirit
Turpentine, liquid
Vinegar
Water, distilled
" sea
" Dead Sea
Wine
1.217
1.841
1.062
1.200
.792
.715
.940
.915
.870
.92.'?
.925
.991
1.080
1.000
1.026
1.240
.992
Air, atmospheric
Ammnniacal gas
Nitrogen
Carbonic acid
Carburetted hydrogen
Chlorine
Chloro-carbonic
Hydrogen ■
O.xygen
Phosphuretted hydrogen . . .
Sulphuretted hydrogen. . . . .
Sulphurous acid
Vapor of alcohol
" spirits of turpentine
" sulphuric ether .... ,
" water
Steam at 212°
1.000
.597
.972
1.524
.555
2.470
3.389
.070
1.104
.870
1.777
2.120
1.613
5.013
2.586
.623
.488
The weight of dry atmospheric air at the temperature of 32°, the barometer
being at 30 inches, is l-770th of that of distilled water.
The weight of a cubic foot of distilled water at the maximum density being nearly
1,000 ounces avoirdupois, the specific gravity of a solid or liquid body expresses
the weight of a cubic foot, in ounces ; therefore the weight of such a body in
ounces will be found by multiplying its contents in cubic feet by its specific gravity.
According to Mr. Hassler's comparisons, the weight of a cubic foot of water at
its maximum density, the barometer being at 30 inches, is 998.068 ounces.
According to the British imperial standards, the weight of a cubic foot of water
at 62°, the barometer being at 30 inches, is 997.136 ounces ; this would give for the
cubic foot of water, at the maximum density, 998.224 ounces.
422 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
JfyJrojneter.
The hydrometer rnnnisUi of a copper hulb, in one piece, without »cain ; a $oi%d
itm% of brMi, dcrpwcd into the bottom of the bulb, with « weight at iu lower
•itrcn)itv ; n hrnf irirr hamlh, attached to the iipj'er i^urface of the bulb ; 1 fM>r-
tt'ral iniifx-ttrm, nl«el, .071 inch diameter, inserted into the middle point of the
handle ; a trriphi-pnn, with a coniral »ockct on it« under !«idc, rcit* on the upper
end of the r\rm : i lilrer wiret, two attached to the handle and two t« the Rtem,
their point* turned toward each other. The whole lUTtro-gildi-d. Wngkf of dif-
ferent »i»ei. from llOth of a grain to 5.000 priiinH.
IHrneuaioM: — Bulb, 8 inchen high, 7.5 inched diameter : 03 inch thick. Diatanoe
from the bottom of the bulb to the wcij^hing-pan, 21 inchea.
Wfigkt:—0( bulb, about 15.850 grainn ; of luwer itvm and ball, 30..'i30 graiof i
pan, 060 grainii ; whole hjdrometer. 36,8.')0'grain*.
The maximum buoyancy of the hydromcU-r ii U.600 grains, and may be reduced
one-half by i>Ucing the adjunting-weightu over the ball at the bottom of the vten.
This <« found convenient in weighing rmall lampleH, to avoid plating numerona
waightJ on the pan. One inch of the in<lex-»tem dinplaeei one grain of water.
The pointi of the .silver wiren arc placed .1 and .3 inch apart, reipe<>tiTely, and are
•loped to .1 inch from the point. For more full deUil* of ita conftruction, m«
Reporlh of KxperimenU> on Metalu for Cannon, by Ordnance OAcTra.
The instrument ii< at its lero when one of the pointu of the »et of wire* nearaat
eaeh other is above, and the other below the surface of the water: when either
touches the water, the load is 1-lOth of a grain too light or heavy. If either o(
the two points which are more distant from the lero touch the surfaoe of the water,
the load is too heavy or too light by S-lOths of a grain; if the heel of either of
these parts touch llie surface, the error is 4-10lh» of a grain.
The water for the hydrometer is contained in a glaas jar 25 inches deep and not
less than 12 inches in diameter. The height of the water in the jar should be such
that when the bottom of the hydrometer descends to the bottom of the jar the
weight pan shall be one-quarU-r of an inch above the surface of the water.
A thermometer divided into degrees and quarters of a degree is mspended in the
water while wcij;hing samples, and the temperature is noted at each weighing.
To UsK THK HrDROMETKR. — Load the pan with the grain-weights until the in-
strument rests at its lero : note the weight required. Place the sample on the pan ;
add weights until the hydrometer sinks to its zero ; the difference between this and
the first wcijrht is the weight of the sample in the air. Place the sample on the
bulb of the instrument; immerse both until the hydrometer again rests at lero ;
note the weight on the pan. Subtract this weight from the weight of the sample
in the air, and the difference will be equal to the weight of water displaoed by the
sample.
WEIGHT AND STRENGTH OF IRON CHAINS.
423
Divide this last weight hy the number in the tahle, page 478, corresponding to
the temperature of the water at the time of weighing, and the quotient will give
the corrected displacement for the temperature of fiU°. The weight of the sample
in the air divided by the corrected displacement, gives the density of the sample.
Rain or river water may be used instead of distilled water, if its relative density
first be determined accurately and the proper correction be made.
The density of the same water at different degrees of temperature may be deter-
mined in like manner. The weight of water which the hydrometer displaces at any
other temperature than 60°, divided by its displacement in the same water at 60°,
gives the proportionate weights of water displaced by the same instrument at other
temperatures.
The table on page 478 docs not give the absolute density of water at different
temperatures, but only the proportionate weights displaced by the same glass bulb.
The varying bulk of the latter in different temperatures is not taken into account,
as it compensates very nearly for the varying bulk of the metals weighed in cor-
responding temperatures.
Beaurnes Areotneter.
BoauuiS.
Specific
gravity.*
Beaum^.
Specific
gravity.*
Beanm^.
Specific
gravity.*
46
40
36
33
31
.796
.815
.833
.848
.863
28 j .876
26 1 .889
24 1 .901
21 1 .923
19 1 .9.33
18
17
16
15
14
.942
.951
.958
.964
•970
* At the temperature of 60°.
Weight and Strength of Iron Chains.
Diameter of
Weiglit of
Diameter of
Weight of
iron for the
1 foot of
1 foot of
Breaking-
Proof-
links.
chain.
weight.
weight.
linkx.
chain.
weight.
weight.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
In.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
n.l875
0.325
2,240
948
! 0.625
4.217
26,880
10,.304
0.25
0.65
4,256
1.680
0.6875
4.8.33
32,704
12,544
0.3125
0.967
6,720
2,464
0.75
5.75
38,752
15,232
0.375
1.383
9,63J
3,584
0.8125
6.667
45,696
17,696
0.4375
1.767
13,216
5,152
0.875
7.5
51,744
20,384
0.5
2.633
17,248
6,720
0.9375
9.333
58,464
23,520
0.6625
3.333
21,728
8,512
1.
10.817
65,632
26,880
424
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Weight of One Foot in length of Flat and Square Bar- Iron*
WMth.
Thickn«M.
Weight.
j Width.
ThickneM.
Weight.
' Width.
ThirkncM.
W«i(lit.
In.
In.
u.
In.
In.
Lbs.
In.
In.
Um.
O.SS
0.X5
0.21
1.375
0.625
2.88
S.
0.876
S.6S
O.S
0.3
0.30
"
0.75
3.46
«
0.5
8.80
O.S7»
0.375
0.47
«
0.875
4.04
"
0.625
4.20
0.6
0.125
0.21
«
1.
4.62
<<
0.75
5.04
«
0.1876
0.81
«
1.125
5.19
«
0.875
6.88
<i
0.25
0.42
«
. 1.25
5.77
"
1.
6.7S
«
0.876
0.63
«
1.375
6,35
<i
1.125
7.M
«
0.5
0.S4
1.5
0.125
0.6.'{
«
1.25
8.40
0.6S5
0 . 62.S
i.:m
«
0.1875
0.94
«
l..'J75
0.14
0.76
0.125
o.:ii
«
0.25
1.26
t<
1.6
lO.N
i(
0.1875
0.47
«
0«876
1.89
«
1.75
11. 7«
i(
0.25
0.63
II
0.5
2.52
•<
3.
18.44
i<
0..n5
0.94
«
0.625
3.15
2.25
0.126
0.94
«
0.5
1.2f.
II
0.75
3.78
«
0.1876
1.41
i<
0.625
1.57
u
0.876
4.41
«
0.26
l.St
i<
0.75
1.8»
«
1.
5.04
«
0.87*
S.8»
0.875
0.875
2.57
«
1.125
5.67
«
0.6
8.78
1.
0.125
0.42
«
1.25
6.. to
«
0.026
4.7S
«
0.1875
0.63
«
1.5
7.56
u
0.76
8.6«
II
0.25
0.84
1.625
0.125
0.68
i<
0.876
O.Ol
II
0.375
1.26
"
0.25
1.36
i<
1.
7.M
II
0.5
1.68
X
0.5
2.73
<«
1.125
8.60
<i
0.625
2.10
"
0.75
4.20
«
1.25
9.45
X
0.75
2.52
«
1.
5.46
"
1..S75
10.30
«
0.875
2.94 1
«
1.625
8.87
«
1.5
11.84
«
1.
3.36
1.75
0.125
0.73
«
1.75
18.22
1. 125
1.125
4.25
«
0.1875
1.10
«
2.
16.12
1.S6
0.126
0.52
«
0.25
1.47
«
2.25
17.01
«
0.1875
0.78
«
0.376
2.20
2.6
0.125
1.06
M
0.25
1.05
«
0.6
2.94
u
0.1876
1.67
«
0.375
1.57
«
0.625
3.67
t<
0.25
2.10
M
0.5
2.10
«
0.75
4.41
M
0.376
8.16
«
0.625
2.62
«
0.875
5.14
«
0.6
4.20
M
0.75
3.15
(•
1.
5.87
M
0.626
6.26
II
0.875
3.67 i
«
1.125
6.60
•<
0.75
6.80
«<
1.
4.20
«
1.25
7.35
«
0.876
7.86
«
1.125
4.72
«
1.375
8.07
•<
1.
8.40
«
1.25 '
5.25
«
1.5
8.80
«
1.125
f.66
1.876
0.125 .
0.57 1
«
1.75
10.29
«
1.25
10.60
«
0.1875
0.86 i
1.875
1.875
11.81
«
1.5
12.60
«
0.25 1
1.15 1
2.
0.125
0.84
«
1.75
14.70
M
0.375
1.73 1
"
0.1875
1.26
«
2.
16.80
M
0.5 1
2.31
«
0.25
1.68
"
2.5
21.00
*Tbe above tables are computed for a specific gravity of 7.741. weight of I cubic inch ^ M
\Xf. : they are about 1 percent, too low for ordinary American iron; thia ia accounted for by the
fact that our iron i* rolled g«neraUy to/uU dimensiona.
WEIGHTS OF BAR IRON. 425
Weight of One Foot of Flat and Square Bar-Iron — Continued.
Width.
Thickness.
Weight
Width.
Thickness.
Weight.
Width.
Thickness.
Weight.
In.
In.
Lbs.
In.
In.
Lbs.
In.
In.
Lbs.
2.75
0.125
1.15
3.25
2.5
27.39
4.
1.5
20.18
"
0.1875
1.73
''
3.
32.76
"
2.
26.88
"
0.25
2.31
"
3.25
35.50
"
2.5
33.66
«
0.375
3.40
3.5
0.125
1.47
It
3.
40.32
"
0.5
4.62
"
0.1875
2.20
"
3.5
47.04
11
0.625
5.77
"
0.25
2.94
<i
4.
63.76
«
0.75
6.93
"
0.375
4.41
4.25
0.125
1.78
"
0.875
8.08
It
0.5
5.88
"
0.25
3.57
"
1.
9.24
"
0.625
7.35
It
0.375
5.35
«
1.125
10. .39
"
0.75
8.82
It
0.5
7.14
<<
1.25
11.55
tt
0.875
10.29
i<
1.
14.28
«
1.5
13.86
It
I.
11.76
II
4.25
60.69
"
2.
18.48
It
1.25
14.70
4.5
0.125
1.89
"
2.5
23.10
"
1.5
17.64
"
0.25
3.78
"
2.75
25.41
"
2.
23.62
■ It
0.375
5.66
3.
0.125
1.26
«
2.5
29.40
ti
0.5
7.56
"
0.1875
1.89
"
3.
36.28
It
1.
15.12
"
0.25
2.52
"
3.5
41.16
'<
4.5
68.04
«
0.375
3.78
3.75
0.125
1.57
4.75
0.125
2.00
"
0.5
5.04
"
0.1875
2.36
"
0.25
4.00
"
0.625
6.30
"
0.25
3.15
II
0.375
6.00
it
0.75
7.56
"
0.375
4.72
tt
0.5
7.98
«
0.875
8.82
«
0.5
6.30
It
1.
15.96
<<
].
10.08
"
0.625
7.87
It
4.75
75.81
«
1.125
11.34
«
0.75
9.46
5.
0.125
2.10
"
1.25
12.60
It
0.875
11.02
II
0.25
4.20
«
1.5
15.12
"
1.
12.60
tt
0.375
6.30
•*
2.
20.16
.1
1.25
15.75
"
0.5
8.40
«
2.5
25.20
"
1.5
18.90
11
1.
16.80
«
3.
30.24
"
2.
25.20
ti
5.
84.00
3.25
0.125
1.36
"
2.5
31.50
5.25
0.25
4.41
"
0.1875
2.04
"
3.
37.80
«
1.
17.64
"
0.25
2.73
It
3.75
47.25
5.5
0.25
4.62
"
0.375
4.09
4.
0.125
1.68
it
1.
18.48
It
0.5
5.46
"
0.1875
2.52
5.75
0.25
4.83
"
0.625
6.82
"
0.25
3.36
"
1.
19.32
t<
0.75
8.19
It
0.375
5.04
6.
0.25
5.04
"
0.875
9.65
"
0.5
6.72
"
1.
20.16
It
1.
10.92
'<
0.625
8.40
"
6.
120.96
It
1.125
12.28
It
0.75
10.08
6.5
0.25
5.46
"
1.25
13.65
"
0.875
11.76
"
1.
21.84
"
1.5
16.38
'<
1.
13.44
It
6.5
142.00
It
2.
21.84
It
1.25
16.80
7.
7.
164.64
436
OTIBVANCE MANFAL,
Weight of One Foot in length of Round Bar-Iron.
DtAOUtM'.
Wetcht.
Dtamotar.
Weight.
Dikmetcr.
Weight.
Dtometer.
Weight.
1
Ifc
Urn.
la.
Um.
In.
Lb*. '1 In.
Urn.
r**M
0.069
1.A25
6.91
3.25
27.65
, 4.75
59.06
#.1
0.10&
1.76
8.01
3.375
29.82
, 4.875
62.21
t.t*
O.lO.'t
1.875
9.2
3.5
32.07
1 *•
65.45
•.trs
0.M8
3.
10.47
3.625
.S4.4
5.125
68.76
• .6
0.A64
2.125
11.82
3.75
.-{fi.Sl
5.25
72.16
e.U6
l.OS
2.25
13.25
i 3.875
39.31
5.. 175
75. 6S
O.Tft
1.47
2.375
14.76
i ^■
41.89
5.5
79.19
•.trs
S.
2.5
16.36
1 4.125
44.54
5.625
82.83
1.
S.«l
2.825
18.03
4.25
47.28
1 5.75
86.56
1.1S&
8. SI
2.75
19.79
4.375
50.11
5.875
90.36
l.t6
4.09
2.875
21.63
4.5
53.01
6.
94.25
I.t75
4.04
S.
23.56
• 4.625
56.
6.185
100.
l.»
*.89
8.125
25.56
1
1
1
Weight of One Square Foot of I'arious Metal>
WUOHT.
Wnmght-Iibo.
CMt-Iron.
Coppw.
Btmi.
UU.
In.
LiM.
Lb*.
Uf.
LIm.
U-.
0.0625
2.5.35
2.345
2.S60
2.738
.5.693
0.125
5.070
4.690
5.720
5.476
7.386
0.1875
7.605
7.(i:i5
8.580
8.214
11.079
0.25
10.140
9.380
11.440
10.952
14.772
0.3125
12.675
11.725
14.300
13.690
18.465
0.S75
15.216
14.670
17.1«0
16.428
22.158
0.4375
17.851
16.415
20.020
19.166
2J.851
0.5
20.280
18.760
22.8S0
21.904
2y.544
0.5625
22.815
21.105
25.74P
24.642
:',:<.2.17
0.625
25.350
23.450
28.600
27.380
zr,.<i:'At
0.6875
27.885
25.795
31.640
30.118
4(i.f.2:<
0.75
:ui.4io
28.140
34.320
32.856
4i.ni6
0.8125
32.945
30.485
37.180
35.694
4H.009
0.875
.•^5.480
32.880
40.040
38.332
51.702
0.9375
.^S.015
.35.225
42.900
41.170
55.405
1.
40.550
37.570
45.760
43.908
59.098
WEIGHT OF CAST-IRON PIPES.
427
Weight of 1 foot in length of Cast-Iron Pipes of different thickness.
Diameter
of Bore.
^-inch.
%-inch.
J^-inch.
%-inch.
%-inch.
%-inch.
l-inch.
In.
Lbs.
Lb8.
L))8.
Lba.
Lbs.
Lbs.
Lbs.
1
3.06
5.06
7.36
9.97
12.89
16.11
19.63
u
3.68
5.98
8.59
11.51
14.73
18.25
22.09
n
4.29
6.9
9.82
13.04
16.56
20.4
24.54
n
4.91
7.83
11.05
14.57
18.41
22.55
27.
2
5.53
8.75
12.27
16.11
20.25
24.7
29.45
2i
6.14
9.66
13.5
17.64
22.09
26.84
31.85
2i
6.74
10.58
14.72
19.17
23.92
28.93
34.36
21
7.36
11.5
15.95
20.7
25.71
31.14
36.81
3
7.98
12.43
17.18
22.19
27.62
.33.29
3J.28
3i
8.59
13.34
18..35
23.78
29.45
35.44
41.72
3i
9.2
14.21
19.64
25.31
31.3
37.58
44.18
31
9.76
15.19
20.86
26.85
.3.3.13
39.73
46.63
4
10.44
16.11
22.1
28.38
34.98
41.88
49.1
4i
11.1
17.08
2.3.37
29.97
36.87
44.08
51.6
44
11.66
17.94
24.54
31.44
38.65
46.17
54.
4i
12.27
18.87
25.77
32.98
40.5
48.32
66.45
5
12.80
19.78
26.99
34.51
42.33
50.46
59.
6i
13.5
20.71
28.23
.36.05
44.18
52.62
61.36
5i
14.11
21.63
29.45
37.58
46.02
54.76
63.81
5i
14.73
22.55
30.68
39.12
47.86
56.91
66.27
6
15.34
23.47
31.91
40.65
49.7
59.06
68.73
6i
15.95
24.39
33.13
42.18
51.54
61.21
72.
6i
16.57
25.31
34.36
4.3.72
53.39
63.36
73.41
6f
17.18
26.23
35.59
45.26
55.23
65.28
76.1
7
17.79
27.15
36.82
46.79
56.84
67.65
78.53
7i
18.41
28.08
38.05
48.1
58.91
69.79
81.
7i
19.03
29.
39.05
49.86
60.74
71.95
83.45
71
19.64
29.69
40.5
51.38
62.59
74.09
86.
8
20.02
30.83
41.71
52.92
64.42
76.23
88.35
Si
20.86
31.74
42.95
54.45
66.26
78.38
90.81
Si
21.69
32.9
44.4
56.21
68.33
80.76
93.49
8J /
22.09
33.59
45.4
57.52
69.95
82.68
9572
9
22.71
34.52
46.64
59.07
71.8
84.84
98.18
9i
23.31
35.43
47.86
60.59
73.63
86.97
100.63
9i
23.93
36.36
49.09
62.13
75.47
89.13
103.1
9i
24.55
37.28
50.32
63.66
77.32
91.28
1 05.54
10
25.16
38.2
51.54
65.2
79.16
9.3.42
108.
lOJ
25.77
39.11
52.77
66.73
80.99
95.57
110.44
lOi
26.38
40.04
54.
68.26
82.84
97.71
113.
lOJ
27.
40.96
55.22
69.8
84.67
99.86
115.35
11
27.62
41.88
56.46
71.33
86.52
102.01
117.81
Hi
28.22
42.8
57.67
72.86
88.35
104.15
120.26
11^
28.84
43.71
58.9
74.39
90.19
106.3
122.71
HI
29.45
44.64
60.13
75.93
92.04
108.45
126.18
12
30.06
45.55
61.35
1
77.46
1
93.6
1
110.6
127.6
4:i8
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
(' II A I' T K R Fifteenth
MISCELLANEOUS INFOKMATION.
WEKJHTS AND MKASIRKS.
Measures of Length.
.The yard ii Uie unit, aad ia the same m the Britiah yard.
iDcbes.
WmL
Tarda.
Roda or PoIm.
Fnrloaga.
MUa.
11
I
SA
S
1
1V8
l«l
M
1
7.920
MO
220
40
1
C3.360
5.2X0
1.760
320
8
1
feel, J
OuDter'iehaiB.
For Survtyimg L«md.—7.9i Inehea » 1 link,
100 Linkii 3= 4 pules, or 22 Tarda, or M
For Map- Making.— Chminf are often inadi- of 50 linkii, ca<.h 1 fuot in lenfth.
For MeaiurtHff IIcjjci and Suundiugi. — 1 Fathom = 6 fccL
1 Cable Icn^'th = 120 fathoma.
For Mraturing Cloik.—\ Nail = 2J inches z= l-16lh of a yard.
1 Qunrt*-r ^ 4 nails.
1 Yard = 4 qu.irlcr».
1 Kll Kngliah = 5 quarters.
For Meaivrintj U,.rfft.— \ Hand ^4 inches.
O'eographicil .Vf <i.»/f.— 1 Do-ree of a preat circle of the earth ■=69.77 mile*.
1 OcdjirBphical or nautical mile = l-60th of a dcgrae of
the earth = 2,025 yards.
1 Nautical league = .S Miles.
.S'amtical Mrasurr.—} Mile or Knot ^ 1.1507 mile.
The inch was formerly divided into three parts, called barley-eomt, and alao into
twelve parts, called line*, neither of which denominations is now. in eommoB Bse.
Scales and measuring-rules are generally divided into inchet, ifuartert, eighth* and
lirteenth* : t.r into invhen and decimal purti : the latter of these divisions is uaed
in the Ordnance Department.
Copies of the tttindard yord have been distributed to various part* of the OMio-
try, for the purpoae of establishing uniformity.
MEASURES OF CAPACITY.
429
Measures of Surface.
Square Meaiurc. — 144 Square in(Aes = 1 square foot.
9 Square feet = 1 square yard.
Laud Meanure. — 30J Square yards = 1 square perch or pole.
40 Perches = 1 rood.
160 Perches = 4 roods = 1 acre = 10 square chains (Gunter*s) =
4,840 square yards = 70 yards square, nearly.
640 Acres = 1 square mile.
Arcliitect'i and BwUder'$ Jfeanure. — 1 Square = 100 square feet.
Board Measure.
The unit of board measure is a superficial foot of a board 1 inch thick. To find
the number of feet, board ineature, in any piece of timber, multiply the number of
superficial feet_by the thickness in inches.
Planks of less thickness than one inch are estimated at one inch.
Measures of Solidity.
Cubic or Solid Measure. — 1 Cubic foot = 1,728 cubic inches.
1 Cubic yard = 46,656 " " = 27 cubic feet.
3feaauriii(/ Stone. — 1 Perch is usually 24 j cubic feet.
This varies in different parts of the United States.
3feaiurin(j Wood. — 1 Cord is a prism 4 feet square and 8 feet long = 128 cubic feet.
Measures of Capacity.
Liquid Measure.
The standard ijallon of the United States is the old wine gallon, which measures
231 cubic inches, and contains (as determined by Mr. Hassler) 58373 Troy grains,
or 8.3388822 avoirdupois pounds, of distilled water at the maximum density (39°.83
Fahr.) ; the barometer being at 30 inches.
Gills.
Pints.
Quarts.
Gallons.
4
8
32
1
2
8
1
4
1
A cubic foot contains 7.48 gallons.
A box 6 X 6 X 6.42 inches contains 1 gallon.
A box 4 X 4 X 3.61 inches contains 1 quart.
Dry Measure.
The standard bushel of the United States is the Winchester bushel, which meas-
ures 2160.4 cubic inches, and contains 543391.89 Troy grains, or 77.627413 lbs.
avoirdupois, of distilled water, under the circumstances above stated.
430
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Pints.
<tMrto.
OkllMM.
•
P«irk«.
BiMkata.
3
1
8
4
1
10
8
2
1
«4
33
8
4
1
A cnbic yard containi 21.69 bnibclB.
A rjlin.i.r 14 in. diain. X H in. .Iccp j ^,.„,^i„, , v,„,hel.
Or m box 16 X 1«.8 X >* incbcx )
A box 12 X 11.2 X 8 inched containK i buchel.
A box 8 X 8.4 X S incbcd coiitaing I peck.
N. B —It will be obicrved that the pint, <juiiri. and gallon of drjr mea«are arc not
til* vame ar> Tor liquid meafurc.
Measures of \Vei(jht.
AvuiKiirpois Wkioiit.
The utandard aroirdttpoit jvmnd of the I'nitcd Slater. aJ" determined bj Mr.
UaMlcr, ii" the weiichl of 27.7015 cubic inches of di«tilled water wcij;he<l in air at
th« iemperaUir* of the maximum denaity (39°.83) ; the baromcier being at 30 inehM.
Drama.
Oiinoea.
Posada.
Qoartara.
Ovt.
TMl.
1«
1
256
16
1
7.168
448
28
1
28.672
1,792
112
4
1
573,440
35,840
3,340
80
30
1
Teot Wkiobt.
Oraina.
DwL
34
480
5,760
1
20
240
1
12
The pound, ounce, and grain are the $ame in Apothecaries' and Troy weight: in
the former, the ounce is divided into 8 drachm.^, the drachm into 3 scruples, and
the scruple into 20 grains.
7,000 Troy grains = 1 lb. avoirdupois.
175 Troy pounds = 144 lbs. avoirdupois.
175 Troj ounces = 192 oz. avoirdupois.
4371 Troy grains ^ 1 ot. avoirdupois.
FOREIGN MEASURES AND WEIGHTS.
431
Measures of Value.
Double _ ,
Eagl«. ^"g'"-
Half-
Eagle.
Dollars.
Three Quarter- t. n
Dnllnri. Hagle. ^OH**".
Weight grains
Deviation allowed "
Diameter inches
Thickness '<
516 i 258
0.5 I 0.6
l.n20 1.05
.076 I .059
129
0.5
.85
.045
77.4
0.75
.80
.033
64.6
0.25
.70
.033
25.8
0.25
.60
.019
Dollar.
Half. Quarter-
Dollar. Dollar.
Dime.
Half-
Dime.
Three- Copper
Cent. Cent.
Weight grains 412.5
Deviation allowed
Diameter inches
Thickness •'
1.5
1.6
.084
192.
1.5
1.2
.060
0.5
.95
.050
38.4
0.6
19.2
0.6
.024
11.52
0.6
.55
.018
72.
4.0
.76
.065
The
he standard of gold and silver is 900 parts of pure metal and 100 of alloy in
1,000 parts of coin. The alloy of gold coin is 25 silver and 75 copper; the alloy
of silver IS copper. The cent is 88 parts copper and 12 parts nickel in 100 parts.
.1 ft.
.1 "
Dimensions of Drawing Paper
Cap
Demy
Medium j
Royal 2
Super royal 2
Imperial 2
Elephant 2
Columbier 2
A tlas 2
Theorem o
Double elephant 3
Antiquarian a
A ream of paper is 20 quu-cs of 24 sheets each.
1
7i
10
0
3
5
31
n
9
10
4
4
foot 4 inches.
" 3i "
" 6 "
" 7
" 7
" 9i "
" lOi
" 11
" 2
" 4 "
" 2
" 7
FOREIGN MEASURES AND WEIGHTS.
Measures of Length.
Great B.UTAiN.-The same as those of the United States. (See page 428.)
The Imperial standard yard of Great Britain, adopted in 1825, is referred to a
natural standard, which is the distance between the axis of suspension and the
centre of oscillation of a pendulum which shall vibrate seconds in vacuo, in Lon-
482
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
don, at the level of the sea : that distance, measured «n a brafs rod, at the temper-
ature of fi2° Kahr., in declared to be 3y.l.'t93 imjirrinl iurhrt.
FnAKCE.— iVrir Stfulrm : The metre io the unit, and i.« the ten-millionth part of a
quadrant of a meridian of the earth, mfacured at the temperature of 32^. The
multiple* and diviiion* of it arc decimal, vir. :
1 Metre = 10 decimetres =« 100 centimetres = 1,800 millimctrei.
1 Metre =»» I'o decametre ■— f ^j hectametre = yOOO kilometre ■- TOoOO
myriametre.
1 M<-tr.- = 1 093633 yard ■-> 3.28089» feet = 39.37078 Inche*.
1 Mftrc => 0.&1317 toite.
1 Kilometre ^ 0.021383 mile.
For talile for reducing metrei to inches, see page 470.
Old Sylrm :
I Point ^ 0.0074 Eng. inch.
1 Line — 13 poinU » 0.08884
1 Inch —12 lines — 1.06i77
1 Foot — 12 inches — 12.7892
1 Kll — 4.T in. 10 lines — 46.716 " —1.298 yd,
1 Toiiie — 6 feel — 76.735 — 2.132 "
1 Piroh (I'arii) — 18 feet.
1 Perch (ro.val) =-. 22 "
1 Lcairuc (common), 2.*) to a degree = 4,S61 yds. =« 2.76 miles.
1 League (post) — 2,000 toises ^ 4,264 yd». = 2.42 miles.
1 Fathom (iratie) ^ 6.3.946 inches, or 5i feet Eng., nearly.
1 Cable length i— 120 fathoms French = lOCJi fathoms English.
1 Pace {pa$) =— i metre «— 26.5 inches nearly.
f 1 Foot (/«•») «— 12 «oll = 1.0371 fL = 12.445J inches.
Ai'smiA. \ 1 Inch (to//) = 12 linie = 144 punkt = 1.0371 inch.
[ 1 Mile (mriU) = 4.7141 miles.
1 Rhineland a. (Hheiu/Htt) = 12 toll = 1.0297 fi. =- 12.3564 in.
1 Inch (toll) ^ 12 linie = 144 scrupel = 10297 inch.
1 Mile (poit-meile) = 2,000 ruthe = 24.000 Rhein-fuss =—4.68045
miles.
The foot is the same as the English foot.
1 Foot = 12 inches = 120 lines = 1,200 points.
1 Archine = 2S inches = 2.3333 feel = 1 fooL
I Sagene = 3 archines ^ 7 feet.
1 Verst = 500 sagenes = 1,500 archines = 3,500 fL = .6629 miles.
I 1 Foot = 0.91319 foot = 10.95S2S inches.
1 Vara = 3 feel = 0.91319 yard = 2.73957 feel.
■j 1 League = 24,000 feet = 4.1508 miles.
1 Common league, or 19,800 feet = 3.4245 miles.
Pbobsia.
Russia.
Spaiv.
FOREIGN MEASURES. 433
[ 1 Ft. (Turin) = 12 oncia = 144 punto = 1.123r4 ft. = 13.485 in.
Sakpivia. \ 1 F" 't (Liprando) = 1.68561 ft.
[ 1 Mile = 1,300 tesa ^ 1.5744 mile.
Sweden I ^ ^°"* "" 0.97144 foot == 11.6573 inches.
" ■ I 1 Mile = 6.6235 miles.
Ti'RKEY I ^ P'c = 0.T3173 yard = 2.19519 feet.
1 1 Berri = 1.0358 mile.
( 1 Cliik mathematical = 13.125 inches = 1.093 foot.
I 1 Chik commercial = 14.7625 inches = 1.2302 foot.
China. j j l; = 608.608 yards = .3458 mile.
I 1 To = 69.1797 miles.
Havana | ^ ^""^ ^ 0.92741 foot = 11.129 inches.
■ I 1 Vara = 0.92741 yard — 2.78223 feet.
j- 1 Foot = .91578 foot = 10.989 inches.
Mexico. -(' 1 Vara = 0.91578 yard == 2.74735 feet = 32.9682 inches.
[l League (common) = 2.594 miles.
Measures of Surface.
Great Britain. — The same as tho.se used in the United States.
f 1 Square inch = 1.13587 .-quare inch.
YnAycE.— Old Syxtem. { 1 Arpent (Paris) = 4.089 square yds. = .8449 acre.
[ 1 Arpent (ordinary) = 1.0457 acre.
New System. P are = 100 square metres = 119.603 square yards.
I 1 hectare = 10 decares = 100 ares = 2.4711 acres.
Austria. — 1 J<ich or Jochart = 1.4223 acre.
Prussia. — 1 Morgen = 0.6309 acre.
Spain.— 1 Fanigada = 1.5871 acre.
Measures of Solidity.
Great Britain.— The same as tho.«e used in the United States.
France.- OW%»rem. f ^ ''"b'" ''^«1' = 1-2106 cubic inch.
I 1 cubic foot = 2091.85 inches = 1.2105 foot.
f 1 cubic decimetre = 61.0271 cubic inches.
New System. \ 1 stere = 1 cubic metre =35.3166 cubic ft. = 1.308
[ cubic yard.
Measures of Capacity.
Great Britain.— The British imperial gallon measures 277.274 cubic inches,
containing 10 pounds avoirdupois of distilled water weighed in air at the tempera-
ture of 62°, the barometer being at 30 inches. The same measure is used for
liquids as for dry goods which are not measured by heaped measure ; for the lat-
ter, the bushel is to be heaped in the form of a cone not less than 6 inches high, the
28
49|l OBlt.NANCE MANUAL.
IxiFc bring IP^ inohci. Tbo old dutinctions of wine mcaaure, ale nn<I ^-qit meM-
urc, «n'l <lr_v mpniiurc, arc difcontinucil.
1 (iailon =— 1 2(i0rt jtallon = 277. 274 cuhic inches,
,. (1 Hui>l)cl == 1.0318 bui-bcl = 1.25*3(5 cubic ft.
torgratn. <
I 1 Load s= 5 quartcra ^ 40 bu.'-liul)' =» 51.;i47 cubic fcct-
., , ( 1 Sack "— .S bunlicl* =» 3.0944 bunhcU.
r or coal. <
( 1 Chaldron =— 12 nacki =» 36 bushel* =» 58. CS cubic fe«L
For limher.—\ Load — 40 cubic feet.
il Litre »— 1.057 quart = 61.0271 cubic imhe*.
1 ]Ic<<l'>lilrc — 10 df-ralilres = 100 litrcH =» 26.418 galioU.
1 Kilolitre — 10 hect<ditn.-8 = 2S.37^2 buaheU.
1 Plntc ("Id) -■ .118383 quart.
( 1 Wine arroba — 4.20304 kuIIods.
''*"'■ ( 1 Fanoga — 1.51»yi4 bu.htl.
Mexico.— 1 Fancga -« 1.60307 bui-bcL
Hava!«a.— 1 Fancga —■ 3.11023 bushel*.
Mf(tsures of Weight.
Orbat Britaik. — The MMi« at those used in the I'Ditod Ptates.
The imperial avoirdupois pound is the weight of 27.7274 cubic inches <>f distilled
watvr wci)jbcd in air at the temperature of 62° Fahr.; barometer, 30 incber.
HorttmuHi irrifjhl.—l StOI»e =■ 14 lbs.
J'ra>TE. — Old Sf/ilrm:
1 Livre =« 16 onces ■" 1.07.'iO lb. aroirdopois.
I Once =» S grus *^ 1.0780 ot. avoirdupois.
a Gros ="72 grains ^ 58.9548 grains Troy.
II Grain —0.8188
New SgtUm : The basis of the system of weights is the weight, in vacuo, of a
!litre, or a cubic decimetre, of distilled water, at the temperature uf 3V°.2 Fakc;
ioV>u P^rt of this weight is a ./ram/;i»-. the multiples of which are: 1 deca-
gramme = 10 grammes; I hocU>gr«mme = 100 grammes: 1 kilogramme =« 1,000
gramme.". The divisions are: 1 decigramme = j'g gramme ; 1 centigramme—"
TOO gr»«n"i«-"= ^ milligramme = 750O gramme.
1 Quiuta^l ^ 100 kiUigrammcs.
1 Millier = 1.000 kilogrammes = 1 ton sea-weight (French).
1 Kilogramme = 2.204737 pounds avoirdupois.
1 Grammc-= 15.433159 grains Troy = 0.03528 01. avoirdupoia.
For table for converting kilogrammes into pounds, see page 477.
(I Pound = 16 unre ^^ 32 loth = 128 quent = 512 pfennigs
AtJSTRiA. -i 1.234677 pound.
■[ 1 Xarch 4 centner = 20 stein == 493.87084 lbs.
FOREIGN MEASURES.
435
32 loth = 12S quentchen =
fl Pound = 2 mark = 16 un-c
Prussia. \ 1.03118 lb.
[ 1 Centner = 110 pfund = 113.44 lb?.
fl Pound = 12 lana = 32 loth = 96 solotniks = 9 216 doli =
j .901691 lb.
Russia. -[ 1 Pood = 40 pounds.
I 1 Berkowitz = 360.6764 lbs.
[ 1 Pound is the weight of 25 cubic inches of water.
r 1 Pound = 16 onza = 128 ochava = 256 adarmc = 768 tomine
Spain. ^ = 9,216 grano = 1.016097 lb.
[ 1 Ton == 20 quintal = 80 arroba = 2,000 lbs. = 2,032.2 lbs.
f 1 Pound = 12 oncia = 96 ottavo = 6125 grano = .896286 lb.
Sardinia. ■{ I Pound of Turin = .813332 lb.
[ 1 Rubbio = 25 pounds = 20.3333 lbs.
Sweden, f ^ ^°""'^ = ^^ ""t'- = 128 qwintin = 8,848 as = .937284 lb.
( 1 Skcppund (for iron) = 299.93088 lbs.
Turkey.— 1 Oka = 2.828571 lbs.
f 1 Pound = 16 leuug = 364 chu = 3,840 lui = .38,400 shu = I.3.333
China. .j lb.
[l Shik= 4 kwan = 60 yin = 120 kan = 160 lbs.
Japan.— 1 Pecul = 100 catty = 1,600 tael = 10,000 mas = 160.000 condorine
= 130 lbs.
Equivalents of Ounces in Decimal Fractions of a Pound.
inces
Pounds
1
=
.0625
2
=
.125
3
=
.1875
4
=
.25
5
=
.3125
6
=
.375
7
=
.4375
8
=
.5
9
=
.5625
10
=
.625
11
=
.6875
12
=
.75
13
=
•8125
14
=
.875
15
=
.9375
16
==
1.0
Poundg.
Ounces
.1
=
1.6
.2
=
.3.2
.3
=
4.8
.4
=
6.4
.5
=
8.0
.6
=
9.6
.7
=
11.2
.8
=
12.8
.9
=
14.4
1.0
=
16.0
Of
099MANCK MANUAL.
Measures of Value.
ronEION MONKV. — ITS MINT VALUE.
(InKAT Brit-
ain
FltAM<-K
Al'STBlA.
I'lU SSIA .
Kl1s^tIA . .
Sardihia
Spain . •
SWKDKN
Rom . .
Mkkioo.
TlBKKY
Japan .
HlMDOSTA
Gold
Sih-
l()uinea^21 shillings
1 Sovcroign or Pound ^
20 thiliinfTA
( 1 Crown ^6 shilliii>r?.
j 1 KliillinK = 12 pence.
Clipper . 1 I'enny
„ ,, I 100 Francs
Silver
Coppe
Gold
I 20 Francis
5 Friincn
1 Sou
1 Iiii|H-riaI souvcrain ^
1.3florin.H 20 kreut/.cr*
1 Iin|>critil ilucal = 4
florinx .'^6 kreut/.crs. .
I 1 Kix-dullar = 2 flurina
I 1 Crown = 2 florins 12
I krculzers
Silver. ■{ 1 ZvrantiKcr=20kreut-
ccm
1 Silver Gro(<chen = 3
krcutf.erf
Gi,l<i. .1 Double Frederick = 11
tbalcrti 10 silver grodclien . . . .
Sihrr. . 1 Thiiler = 30 silver gro-
sclien
G.iltl..] Ini]ierial = 10 roubles.
SilrerA Kuublo
Gold. . SO Lires
Silrer.b Lires
,-, , , (1 Doubloon or Ounce..
^"''^ ' I 100 Reals
.•^ilrer. 1 Piastre
Gald.A Ducat
SilvrrA Specie rix-daler
Gnld..2^ Scudi
SilrerA Scudo
Gold. . 1 Doubloon
Silrrr.l Piastre of 8 real*
Gold.AOO Piastres
._Wrfr.20 Piastres = 800 paras.
Silver. I Itiebu
Gold.. I Mohur
Silver . 1 Rupee
Dollam. SulMliviHi.iiiii.
5.059 i, t, } of guinea.
4 . 848
l.OS
0.222
(1.018
19.225
:!.si;,
o.ouyr.s
50 franei, 40 franco.
10 francs, 5 francn.
I franc ^ 20 sumh.
6.77 Half, (juarter souvcrains,
2.28 I
1.013 Half, or florin.
1.1138
0.188 Or 20 krcaUers.
0.025
8.00
0.717
7.952
784
,488
,968
.731
963
,005
267
101
GO
047
534
,049
.374
865
.37
.08
.46
Single, half.
i.i.1-12. 1-24, ISO.
Ilnlf imperial.
{Half rouble.
40, 20 lires.
2, 1, i, i lire.
Pistarc«D (1-5 of piaxtre).
i, i ducat,
i. i. i. 1-16.
Pieces of 10 and 5 piaJtn*.
FRENCH AND UNTTED STATES MEASURES.
437
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438 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
PHYSICAL DATA.
Working Power of Men and Horses.
Men. — K t'liiit nolilirr travels in 1 minute,
in common timo, 90 stcpg = 70 yards,
in quick time, 110 " = 86 "
in double-quick. ]40 " = 109 "
He uccu]iie8 in the ranks a front of 20 in., and a depth of 1.3 in., without the kna])-
sack ; the interval between the ranks is 13 in. b men can stand in a space of 1
Square yard. Avcrnjre weight of men, 150 lb? each.
A mnii IravclK, without a load, on level ground, during 8} boon a day, at the rate
of '.\.7 miles an hour, or 'Mi miles a day. He can carry 111 lbs. II miles in a day.
A ]>ortcr going short distances and returning unloaded, carries 135 ll>s. 7 miles a
day. He can carry in a wheelbarrow 150 lbs. 10 miles a <iay.
The maximum power of n strong mau, e.xcrted for 2} minutes, may be 8tal«d at
18,000 lbs. raiscMl 1 foot in a minute. — }fr. Field'* ejcperimmtt, 1838.
.K man of ordinary strength exerts a force of 30 lbs. for 10 hours a day. with u
velocity of 2i feet in a second = 4,500 lbs. raised 1 foot in a minute = one-ji/tk the
work of a horse.
Daily allowance of water f')r a man, 1 gallon, for all purposes.
Horses. — A hum, travels the distance of 400 yards, at a walk, in 4i minutes; at
a trot, in 2 minutes ; at a gallop, in 1 minute.
He occupies in the ranks a front of 40 in., a depth of 10 feet; in a stall, from 3i
to 4i feet front ; at picket, 3 feet by 9. Average weight of horses, 1.000 lbs. each
A horso carrying a soldier and his equipments (say 225 lbs.) travels 25 miles in a
day (8 hours).
A pack-horte can carry 250 to 300 lbs. 20 miles a day.
A. draught -korte can draw 1.600 lbs. 23 miles a day — weight of carriage in-
cluded.
Artillery horses should not be made to draw more than 700 lbs. each, the weight
of the carriage included.
The ordinary work of a horse for 8 hours a day may be stated at 22,500 lbs.,
raised 1 foot in a minute.
In a kortf-mill, the horse moves at the rate of 3 feet in a second. The diameter
of the path should not be less than 25 or 30 feet.
Daily allowance of water for a horse, 4 gallons.
Ventilation. — A. man exhales ubout § of a cubic foot of carbonic acid in an
hour, or 15 cubic feet in a day. He produces from the lungs and skin about GOO
grains of rapor in an hour.
VELOCITY OP SOUND.
439
Air is no longer fit for combustion or respiration when it contains 4 per cent, of
Its volume of carbonic acid.
A ventilation of 8 to 9 cubic yards per hour fur each person is in all cases suf-
ficient. For barracks, a capacity of 13 to 20 cubic yards per man is suflScient; the
air being renewed in part by the cracks about the windows and by the opening of
the doors.
In dormitories the volume of carbonic acid does not exceed three or four thou-
sandths of the whole space, and the air is not more than J saturated with moisture.
Table showing the Weight and Bulk 0/ 1,000 Rations.
1.000 Rations.
Net weight
in pounds.
Pork
Bacon . . . .
Flour
Pilot bread
Beans
Rice
CoflFee
Sugar . . . .
Vinegar . .
Candles . . .
Soap
Salt
Gross weiprht
in pountig.
Bulk in barrels.
1218.75
3.75
90.3.18fil
4.9019
12:^4.0561
5.7397
921.6867
9.031
1228. 9] 56
12.048
177.3187
0.7142
114.5
0.4629
118.1683
0.5813
169.5312
0.625
107.5
0.333
17.5
0.0925
46.8965
0.1877
38.6328
0.1562
Average weight of
Foraye. ~l\a,y pressed in bundles, 11 lbs. to the cubic foot,
bundles, 300 lbs.
Oats : 32 lbs to the bushel, or 25.71 lbs. to the cubic foot.
Wheat : 60 lbs. to the bushel, or 48.21 lbs. tq,tbe cubic foot.
Corn : 56 lbs. to the bushel, or 45.02 lbs. to the cubic foot.
Fresh grass weighs about 84 lbs. to the cubic yard.
3 beeves or 15 sheep consume the forage of 2 horses.
Weight of the Atmosphere.
Pre»s„re of the fitnwophere on one square inch, the barometer being at 30 in., is
14.736 lbs.; at 29.922 in., the pressure is 14.7 lbs.
^ Velocity of Sound.
At the temperature of 33° the mean velocity of sound is 1092.5 feet in a second.
It is increased or diminished h,,!/ a foot for each degree of temperature above or
below 33°.
440
ORUNANCK MANl AL.
Velocity and Force of the Wind.
▼tMCITT.
Pr—wirg on
Conmon dMignAtiooa oftb* •««• of U» wlnda.
Ul htmt.
la 1 Mooad.
1
m^mmtm firaC
MUm.
fMC
Uw.
1.47
W.005
Hardly perceptible
4.40
.1 I 1
.Fuii| |)«rceptibl«.
6.87
7.U
.123 \
Gendr, plcvant wind.
10
u
14.«7
11.00
.4V2
1.107
I'leajant, briik brv«tc.
to
u
10. S4
S6.07
l.S»«H 1
.'J. 075 \
Very brink.
M
u
44.01
&I.S4
4.42y 1
6.027 \
High wind.
40
4&
68.08
60.01
7.l'7.1
O.OA.'t
Very high
60
7S.S6
12.300
.K itorm of I. ini-cM
•0
88.03
17.714
A jrrcat ►t.rin.
M
117. S6
S1.4i»0
.K hurri< hiu-.
lOO
140.70
40.200
A hurrii-ane that trar* np tn*», earrW bvtld-
iiiga bclure it, etc.
Ma
UcabiUty of
Mttals.
Ductility of MctaU.
1 Gold
6.
Platinum.
1. <;..id. I 4. N
S. SUve
r.
6.
Ix«d.
2. .-Silver. 1 6. '
S. Copi*
cr.
7.
Zinc.
3. Platinum. ' 7. Z...-.
4. Tin.
8.
Iron.
4. Irvn. 8. Tin.
Electricity.
RKLATIVB COXDl'CTIKO POWKH OF HBTALI.
Copper 10.000
Gold V..HfiO
Silver T.360
Zinc 2.S40
Platinum l-^'^O
Iron 1,»00
Tin 1,460
Lead •«•
Merrurr 344
Potassium 1S3
The conducting power of rod» of the aame metal, of equal diaacter, ia iarafMly
a; their lengtba.
The conducting power is increased by lowering the temperaUra, aa4 *i»M»*h<*t
and finally destroyed, by rawing the temperature.
The metalf are infinitely better conductor* than any other fubttaaoM. Chareoal
which ha«> been exposed to a strong heat i« one of the beat coadactora, bat freatJy
inferior in thit rtefet to iron and platinuBi.
BOILIXO POINTS OF LIQUIDS.
Heai.
441
THERMOMETERS.
Fixed PoinU.
Fahrenheit.
Reaaniiir.
Centi grade.
.",2°
212°
0°
80°
0°
lOffo
y?°x9
— — + 3i
For converting degrees of one scale into those of another we have-
(7°X9
■A- ?,2° = —
4
The zero of Wcdgewood's pyrometer corresponds with 1077° Fahr., and 1°
Wedgewood is equal to 1.30° Fahr. Hence t'^ = 11° > 130° -f- 1077°.
Note. — Tlic indications of Wcdgewood's pyrometer are no longer relied on for
high temperatures.
Melting Points of Solids.
3280° is the highest heat attained with an air-furnace. Platinum does not melt
at this temperature.
Platinum, jialladium, rhodium, lime, silcx, fine porcelain, can be melted, in small
quantities, by means of strong lenses, or by the hydro-oxygen blow-pipe.
Iron red hut, in daylight, 1077° Fahr.; in the dark, 752°.
Wrought-iron 3,280°
Cast-iron 2,786
Gold ; 2,016
Silver 1.873
Copper 2,204
Brass 1.869
Flint glass 2,377
Antimony 955.5
Zinc 775.5
Saltpetre ; 600
Lead 644
Bismuth 500
Tin 445°
Lead 2, tin 1 (common solder) 475
Lead 1, tin 1 393
Lead 1, tin 2 (soft solder) 360
Lead 1, tin 1, bismuth 1 272
Lead 2, tin 3, bismuth 5 212
Lead 1, tin 1, bismuth 2 200
Sulphur 228
(tutta-percha softens 145
Beeswax 150
Tallow 127
Boiling Points of Liquids. ( The Barometer at 30 in.)
Hydrochloric ether '. . . 52°
Sulphuric ether 96
Sulphuret of carbon 118
Ammonia 140
AlcoL ol of 0 . 825 175
Water, and essential oils 212
Water, saturated with salt 224
Nitric acid 248
Spirits of turpentine 314°
Naphtha 320
Phosphorus 554
Sulphur 570
Sulphuric acid, sp. gr. 1.843 620
Linseed oil 600
Whale oil 630
Mercury 662
442
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Li<)ui'li' boil at a much lower temperature in vacuo, or under dimininhed pressure
of the III mo8]. here. At the altituile of about 17,500 feet above the sea, where the
barometer Htiinds at 16.35 in., water boils at 180°.
Expansion by Heat.
Lxnrnr Espnnti;,, of S<.li(h, from S2° lo 212°.
Roman Cement 0.0nU4
Marble, Pioilian 0.(mi41
Currarii O.HOllW
Sandstone 0. mil 17
Slate 0.00104
(iraiiile 0.00080
flla^.-, flint ' '
Hri<-k, clock
. " fire '
Marble, black Oalway (HioiU6
Oak, dry , O.OOOOrt
Zinc 0.0029416
Lead (i.(i02S4S.S
Tin, refined (I.002172H
Silver, tine 0.00 1 <J0'J7
Brase 0.001 S750
Copper 0.001 71 22
G oM 0.00 1 5000
Steel, tempered 0.0012.S'.t5
Iron, noft. bamniere.l 0.00125S:t
" cMfl 0.0011111
Steel, not tempered 0.00107SS
Platinum 0.0008842
Antimony 0.001083.3 |
The exjinnsion in (<urface in expressed by number! double of the above, and the
expani^ion in volume by In'plr numbers.
Erpaniion of Fluids in bulk; from 32° lo 212'
Mercurv 0.01 808
Water, distilled 0.04330
Water, saturated with emit 0.05000
Alc.hol 0.11000
Suljdiuric acid 0.06882
Oil (olive and linitced) 0.0K333
Spirits turpentine 0.071 ».!
Gases, and air 0.37500
The rate of expansion of solids and liquids increases with the temperature; that
of thi' ^a«i.-s is uniform for all temperatures.
Density of Water.
(From a report of Prut IL S. McCuUoch to Pruf. A. D. Bache).
Temp.
Dentltj.
Temp.
Density,
T«MP.
DMalty.
20°
.99901
1
! 50°
.99975
M* .MM*
25
.«y94»
55
.9avt7
85 .99.081
30
.y9<»S4
60
.99910
»0 t .99487
35
.yyyyy
65
.99s«:i
»5 .y93H3
40
l.MOOUO
1 70
.9J807
100 1 .99270
45
.99993
75
.9.»741
Max. density at 39°.«.
Conduction of Heat.
T r
^r= . When 7. the rate of eondi ction, is axprMMd in thermal units p«r
hour, per square foot of area, and x = the thickness of the layer in inches, T and
LATENT HEAT.
443
T' being tlie temperatures at the two faces, the value of 7, which is equal tn 1 divided
by the coefiBcient of conductivity, is as follows :
G old. Platinum, Silver 0.0036
Copper 0.0040
Iron 0.0096
Zinc 0.0099
Lead 0.019S
Marble 0.157S
Brick 0..3306
Specific Heat between 32° and 80°.
The number of units of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 lb. of each of
the followinj; substances one degree is as follows:
Antimony 5077
Bismuth 30S4
Charcoal 241.5
Copper 0951
Glass 1980
Gold 0298
Ice 504
Iron, wrought 1138
Lead 0293
Mereurv 0333
Platinum 0314
Silver 0557
Sulphur 20259
Spirits turpentine. .4672
Tin ; 0514
Zinc 0927
Water 1.000
Air 0.23S
Carbonic acid 0.217
Hydrogen 3.405
Nitrogen 0.244
O.xygen 0.218
Steam 0.475
The unit of lient is the quantity of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1
lb. of water at its maximum density 1°.
Specific heats of substances are in the inverse ratio of their atomic weight.
The specific heat of a substance is called its capacity for heat. The capacity for
heat increases with the temperature, and diminishes as the density of the body
increases. Air reduced rapidly to one-fifth of its volume evolves heat enough to
set fire to tinder.
Latent Heat.
In thermal units for one pound : the vapors under a pressure of one atmosphere
of 14.7 lbs. per square inch.
Of Fusion.
Of Evaporatioa.
Ice 142.65
Spermaceti 148.
Beeswax 175.
Phosphorus 9.06
Sulphur 16.86
Tin 500.0
Water 966.1
Alcohol 364.3
Ether 162.8
Bisulphuret of carbon 1 56.0
444
ORDNANCE MANTAL.
Total Heat of Combustion of different Combustibles ;
Or, the hfat produced by burning one pound of each inbttitne*.
8UBSTA?(CC8.
W.iKlit ..f
r(irlK)ti In
piiHliiri' III)
Hanie heat.
Urn. or
water
erA|M>mt«id
At -iX-JP.
t'nIU of
hMil.
n y»lr(i>:on pnc
Carbiin iinpcrfi-i-tly burned, so as to make C O .
Ciirlxm coiniili'lely )iiiri)L'<1, fo u» to make C O'.
,..,..,,, , ( fmra.
« • ( to . . .
Charcoal from wood
" from jieat
Coke, );(>od
" mi<ldlinf;
" b«d
Coal, unthraoite
" dry bituininou!^
caking.
" eanncl
Dry long flaming
Li^rnite
Puut. dry
" oontainiii^ 25 jier cunt, of moisture .
Wood. dry
" containing 20 per cent, of moisture.
1.0
1.46
0.».1
O.SO
0.04
0.R8
0.R2
1.05
l.OA
1.025
1.02
0.95
1.075
1.01
1.04
0.91
O.Sl
0.66
0.50
64.2
4.55
15.0
20.
22.
14.
12.
14.
n.3
12.3
15.74
15. V
15.4
15.3
14.25
16.
15.15
15.6
13.65
12.15
10. 0
7.25
7.5
5.8
.'!►•
62.032
4.400
14.500
10.(100
21 .tn'O
i:-,. .oil
II .<-.no
1
11 .-'.Ml
1. ..:;:;:.
lj..;:u
I4.H60
14.790
v,.:::,
1. ■..".•;:
11. '-.J J
l...n»0
.7-15
. l.l'iO
. HIlO
..'4J
.ouu
The heating power of different kinds of wood (taking equal weighu of wood
equally dry) does not vary more than in the proportion of 13 to 14, for the
extremes.
Nearly six times as much heat is required to evaporate a given quantity of w«|«r
as is required to raise its temperature to the boiling point: multiplying the aboTC
numbers by 6, we have, therefore, the quantity of water which each kind of fiMl
will raise from 32° to 212°.
In even the best apparatus, not more than hnlf the heat produced by the combov
tion of fuel is economized. j
Dry wood makes a hotter fire than equal weights or volumes of green wood. >
Freezing Points of Liquids.
Olive oil
Water . .
Milk . . . .
Vinegar .
.36<
.32
.30
.28
Fahr.
Spirits of turpentine 16
Strong wines 20'
Sulphuric acid 1
Bran dy — 7
Mercury — .39
N itric acid — 56
Fakr.
MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER. 445
Strength of Ice.
Ice 2 ioches thick will bear infantrj.
cavalry or light guns,
heavy field guns.
24-pdr. guns on sledges: weight not more than 1,000
lbs. to a square foot.
Frigorijic Mixtures.
Materials.
Parts. The thermometer falls.
Ilydroehlorate of ammonia.
Nitrate of potassa
M'ater
Ilydroehlorate of ammonia.
Water
Nitrate of ammonia
Water
Sulphate of soda
Dilute nitric acid
Sulphate of soda
Hydrochloric acid
Snow
Common salt
Snow
Caustic potash, crystallized
Snow
Sulphuric acid, dilute
Snow
Chloride of calcium
Sulphuric acid, dilute
Snow
5
5
16
5
16
1
1
.3
2
8
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
?,
10
8
From 50° to 10°.
From 50° to 4°.
From 50° to 4°.
From 50° to .3°.
From 50° to 0°.
From 32° to 0°.
From 30° to— 15°.
From 20° to —60°.
From —4° to — 67 °.
From —67° to —90°.
Measurement of Heights by Means of the Barometer.
1. A' =60345.51 ft. X
1 + .00102 «+<'— 64°)
loc
/i'[l + 0.0001 (T— T')]
1 — 0.002695 COS. 2 X. -^
X is the required difference of height, in feet,
T, the temperature of the air, in degrees of Fahrenheit, ")
t, the temperature of mercury V at the lower station.
H, the height of mercury \
T', the temperature of the air)
t', the temperature of mercury V at the upper station.
H', the height of mercury )
L, the latitude of the place.
2. Neglecting the corrections for the latitude of the place and for the difference
between the temperature of the air and that of the mercury in the barometers at the
44G ORDNANCE MANUAL.
two station?, the difference of neight, in feet, may be expressed approximately by
H
X 67.0505 (T+ r -^ 836) X log. ,>,•
n
3. Approrimaie Rule. — For a mean temperature of 55° the difference of height in
feet is, A' = 55,000 X - , , • Add l-440th of this result for each degree which the
mean tompcrnturc of the air at the two stations exceeds 55°, and deduct as much
for each do^ree below 55°.
Altitudes may bo determined without the aid cf a barometer by observing accu-
ratoly the boiling point of water at the different stations, h, the altitude, is equal
to 517 7*+ T*; or, for altitudes under 10,000 ft., A = 540 T; 7* being the differenee
in degrees between the boiling points of water at the two stations.
The altitude of Washington City is 50 to 90 feet; that of St. Loui», 4.-.0 feet ; of
Santa Fo. 6,846 feet ; of San Antonio. 600 feet.
The averoye fimnititj/ «/' icaicr which falls in rain and snow at Washington City it
41.2 inches ; at San Francisco, 23.59 inches; at ."^anta Fe, 19.83 inches.
Latitude of the Washington Observatory, 38° 63' 39". 25.
The mean temperature of Washington City is 36°. 05 in winter, 76°.33 in summer ;
56°. 14 for the year: of San Francisco, 50°. 86 in winter, 57°. 53 in the sumuier, and
54°.88 for the year.
Declination of the Magndic Needle for 18C0.
Washington City 2° 36' West. | Savannah 3° 5'
New York 7 01
Albany 8 3 *
Charleston 1 7 East
The annual increase at Washington is 3 minutes
Dip of the needle at Washington, 1801, 71° 24'.
Mobile 6 8
San Diego 12 6
San Francisco 15 8
Sun-Dials.
The most common dial is that in which the plane of the dial is horizontal, and
the stijJf. placed in the meridian, is inclined to the plane of the dial at an angle
equal to the latitude of the place.
Hour-lines are drawn from the centre, or point where the style intersects the
plane, to the circumference: their positions are calculated from the formula tan.
ar^tan. // sin. L, in which ar = the hour-angle on the horizontal plane A =s 15",
30°, 45°, etc., the hour-angle on the equatorial plane, and L ^ the latitude of the
place.
To determine these lines geometrically, draw in the meridian plane from soBC
point o, on the style, a line perpendicular to the style, and note the point h where
it intersects the plane of the dial. Draw through this point a line, in the plane of
the dial, perpendicular to the meridian plane. This will be the equatorial line.
FORMULA IN MECHANICS.
447
Measure off from b, on the prolongation of the meridian, the distance b c equal
to a h, and with c as a centre, describe a semicircle, and divide it into 12 equal
parts, 0 on each side of the meridian : through these points of division draw radii,
and prolong them till they meet the equatorial line. Join these points of intersec-
tion with the foot of the style, and these lines will mark the hours before and after
12 o'clock, M.
To determine the meridian line without the ukc of astronomicul ingtruments. Take
a point in the plane of the dial through which it is intended the meridian plane
shall pass. With this point as a centre describe several concentric circles. Fix a
straiglit pin in the centre, perpendicular to the plane of the dial, of such a length
that the extremity of the shadow cast by it shall fall within the circles at 12, m.
Mark the points where the extremity of the shadow passes over these circles in the
forenoon, and again the same in the afternoon. The line drawn from the middle of
these arcs contained between the points of passage, to the centre of the circles, will
be the meridian.
Or the meridian may be determined by two plumb-lines made to cover each other,
and also the north star at the time of its passage across the meridian.
The time given by the dial is true solar time : to reduce it to mean, or clock time,
the equation of time must be added or subtracted.
Equation of Time.
January .
February
March. . .
April ....
May ....
June ....
1
16
1
16
1
16
1
1
16
1
16
1
16
--3' 46'
--10 1
--13 53
--14 23
--12 35
-- 8 49
-- 3 57
— 0 13
— 3 3
— 3 53
— 2 30
+ 0 18
July {
August ]
September ]
October |
November |
December i
1
+ 3'
27
16
-- 5
42
1
16
t 6
-f 3
1
59
1
— 0
9
16
— 5
13
1
— 10
18
16
— 14
22
1
— 16
17
16
— 15
2
1
— 10
44
16
— 3
59
FORMULA IN MECHANICS.
Forces acting on machines arc compared to weights, and are expressed in pounds.
The velocity of a body, the space which it passes over in a second of time when
it is moving with a uniform motion, or the space that it would pass over in a second
of time when it has a varied motion, if its motion should become uniform at the
time it is considered, is expressed in feet.
Uniform Motion.— Is expressed by ^= V T.
S being the space passed over, V the velocity, and T the duration of the motion.
448 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
UmFOUMLY AocKLKnATET) MoTIO.N STARTINO FR<>M A StATE OF ReST. — S^ ^ I'l
ft . n= 2K| .V : V|, the velocity after the first .«ceond.
Umformlv Retarded Motiox. — S= V T — i T] 7^.
V =^ V — I'l T : y the velocity at the moment the retarding force begins to
act; V' the velocity remaining at the end of the time T.
Motion of Fai,i.in<j Bodiks. — The force of gravity is uniform and constant for
the sttiiie jjluco on the surface of the earth. Let </ be the velocity acquired by a
body fulling freely in vacuo at (he end of the fir!<t second; r the velocity at tb«
timef; / the time iu seconds; A the space pansed over in ihc timet; ibao A ^ ^
9 »» : « = y ' -= y 27*-
The velocity <j, which io the measure of the force of gravity, varies wiib the lati-
tude of the place, and with its altitude above the level of the sea.
The force of gravity at the latitude of 45° 32.1803 feet: at any other latitude
L; y 32.1808 feet — 0.0821 co.i. 2 L. If 'j' reprencnts the force of gravity at the
height h above the sea, and r the radius of the earth, the force of grarity at the
level of the Hoa will he y </' 1 1 -|- J.
1 — 0.002i8B cos. 2 L
•'^■"^^°x fTTA •
4r
In the Intiiudc of London, at the level of the sea, g => 32.1 »08 feet
" Washington, " " 'J 32.155 feet.
Quantity of Work. — It is the product of the inteniity of a force by the dl»-
tauce paii.'ied over by it« point of application in the direction of the foroe. The
unit of work done corre8pond!< to the elevation of 1 pound through a height of 1
foot, and i.« called & /<iol- pound (ft.-lb.)
A HoRSK.-l'i>WER. — This force is estimated at 550 Ibi. raifed 1 f<>''i iii a iiccond,
or 33,000 lbs. raised 1 foot in 1 minute.
The Mass of a Bonv is expressed by the weight divided by the for' ■ i jcmvity,
thus : M =^
9
Moving Force, ahd Force of Inertia. — Me have /' M for tba fore* f
I
capable of communicating or taking away from the body of a macs Jt am aUaMMt
of velocity i- in an element of time f.
QiANTiTY of Motion. — The product of the mass of a body by the Telocity
which it has at the time considered; that is, M V.
Impact of Ki.astic and Inelastic Bodies. — A body of a mass M moring with
a velocity ('impinges against another ^f' moving with a velocity V' in the saac
line and iu the same direction. A diminution of velocity r ia deralopad in tks
element of time I, at the point of contact iu tha^kat body, and an iaerMca of ▼•!-
ocity r' in the second body, so that we have ,V r = M' v' : the suib of the quantity
of motion is the same before and after impact.
FORMULAE IN MECHANICS. 449
For unelastic bodicf, if they remain together after impact, moving with a com-
Af V -i~ kf' T^
innii velocity I', wj have C= — iT ^nr •' ^^ ^^^i' meet, going in opposite diree-
,, M V— M' r
tions, ( = —- .- — .
For elastic bodies, the velocity of the body .V after impact is 2 V — V; that of
2 ( jV "f + M' V )
ir is 2 r — v. 2 U ^= — .„ — . If .ir were in a state of rest, its velocity
2 M V
after impact would bo 2 U= ., ,_, double that which would have been com-
M -l- At
municated to an unelastic body under the same circumstances.
Living Forck of a Bodv is the product of its mass by the sifuare of its velocity
at the time considered.
Principle of Living Forcbs. — 7'= J (^f V^ — 3/' V'^). 7* is the work of s
force which accelerates or retards the motion of a body which is moving in its own
direction.
.V Vi
Centrifugal Force. — F = . r is the radius described by the centre of
r
gravity of the mass.
SiMPLK Prndulum. — The time of vibration of a simple pendulum T= ''^^| — >
/ being the length of the pendulum. »
The relation between the times T and 7^ of vibration of simple pendulums of
lengths I and /' in different jjlaccs for which the force of gravity is (f and g' is
T /77
„' = ^ / - — If / be the length of a pendulum vibrating seconds, and I' the
^ \ gc
length of any other simple pendulum vibrating in the time t at the same place,
then I' = I t''.
The length of the seconds-pendulum is in a constant ratio to the force of gravi-
ty: :| = 9.8696044.
Length nf a P^niidiim vibrating S'cm l.i al thf Livel of thr. Sea. in various Latitudes.
At the Equator 39.027144 inches.
Washington, Lat. 38° 53' 2.3" 39.10583 "
New York, Lat. 40° 42' 43" 39.n2,')6 "
London, Lat. 51° 31' 39.13908 "
Lat. 45° 39.12696
Lat. L 39.12696 in. — 0.099816 cos. 2 L.
The time of oscillation of a compound pendulum is T= * -♦ / 17—7— ■ /being
the moment of inertia of the oscillating body in reference to the axis of oscillation ;
d the distance of the centre of gravity of the pendulum from the a.\is.
29
450 ORDNANCE MANUAL
r»
T Iti-ine known, wc liavc / = , -V./'/.
c
The ni'pin<-nt of inertia, in reference to an axi* pMi«ing (hrou^b the centre of
;fravily nnd parallel to the' axin of ouKpcn^tion, i» /, ■■ / — il d*.
Ik
Revolting rKNnii.rii. — The time of revolution i« 7'o»2*\j7: * i« the projec
tion of the »t«m on a verlicnl plane.
For Washington. *■« -'^j inchci" ; 7" being the number of revolution* per
necond.
Thk Dii»(nAKOi'. or Watkb t spkr a Cosstam II>An.— Th« tbaonllral dU-
charge of water through an orifice in a thin plate if V "" ^'l ' <J H ; <J, the quan-
tity of water; .S', the area of the orifice; and //. the ilepth of tbc orifice below the
surface of the water.
To get the HcluiU didohnrgc, multiply the theoretical ditrbarge \>j one of tbe fol
lowing coefficients, according to the height of the i>urfa4*c abore the middle of the
orifice :
Koct.
y/ = 3.3.75
Coefficient for orifice 1 inch in diain. 0.6
4 " " 0.6
If the roHtraciion of tbe vein be not complete, if one or Bore <>f tbe side* of the
orifice bo in the prolongation of the sides of the vessel, multiply the preceding cu«f-
ficien(8 by .1035 when there is no contraction on ««»r side; bj 1.072 wbcn there Is
none on dru ^idcs : by 1.125 wbcn the contraction ii only on "ue side.
TuitolGB PlI'KS HAVING WO PlDDKX CUANGKK OF DlKKiTIO*. — V as 20.79
.._ D*y H
•y/ D I — .0}<2 feet: Q= .-y..? ; D, diameter of the pipe; / ■• 'tbe slope per
running foot; //, the difference of level between the two resenroirs : /.. the whole
length of the pi|>e. «
To find thr lizt of pipe /or a given rolitmr »/ irnter, we have (/ = il. <Hiy lAi
Kt.l.
Kr<-L
InrhM.
liM-hea.
5.
1.
8.
4.
O.f.2
U.632
o.as4
0.«S7
n.«i2
0.617
• .«IS
0.M8
s
Q"
— 0.UI9C> H^: It D = 0.2956.. j !l_, with sufficient accuracy for n ■— Yaleeity not
exceeding IJ feet. '
IlviiKAL'LK' Uams. — The following proportions bare been found to answer in
practice:
h, the height above the reservoir to which the water if to be thrown.
//. the height of the reservoir above the outlet of the waste-valvc.
L, the length of the ."upply-pipe from the reservoir to the wasle-Talve.
V. its interior diameter.
Q. the whole supply of water in cubic feet per second.
•, tbe i^iiautity raised to tbe height k,
k H k qh *
ir=j^; /, = 2.8 77=0.14 A, -^ = w = a^ = C^ff = § •»«*'ly-
MECHANICAL POWERS. 451
MECHANICAL POWERS.
Conditions of Equilibrium of Simple Machines.
Leveh. — The effective arm of a lever is the perpendicular distance from the ful-
crum to the line of direction of -the power or weight.
The power is to the weight inversely as the effective arms nf the lever:
P D wd.
The pressure on the fulcrum is the resultant of the power and weight.
FiXEP Pulley. — The power is equal to the weight. The pressure Q on the axis
is to the power or weight as the chord r of the arc enveloped by the rope iij to the
radius r of the pulley:
P != tr . »
C
Movable Pulley — The power is to the weight as the radius of the pulley is to
the chord of the arc enveloped by the rojie.
The tension on the fixed end of the rope is equal to the power:
to r
* c
In a system of u movable pulleys, the power is to the weight as the product of the
radii of the pulleys is to the product of the chords of the arcs enveloped by the
rope :
„ r r' r" . . n
c r. c" . . n
If the ropes be parallel, o = 2 c and P = ^*
Block and Tackle. — The power is equal to the weight divided by the number
of ropes attached to the lower block, or by twice the number of rising pulleys.
Wheel and Axle. — The power is to the weight as the radius r, of the axle, is to
the radius H, of the wheel.
tc r
System of Wheels and Pinions. — The power is to the weight as the product of
the radii (or number of teeth) r, >•', r", etc., of the pinions is to the product of the
radii (or number of teeth) R, R', R", etc., of the wheels.
r r' r" ....
^=" RR'R"...:
Inclined Plane. — If the direction of the power be hori/.ont.al, the power is to
the weight as the height of the plane h is to its base b.
P = —
b
PI wl
The pressure on the plane, Q = —j- = -— ; I being the length of the plane.
452 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
If the diroclion of the power be parallel to Ibe piano, the power is to the weight
u the height of the plane to its li'n;;th.
te h
/' /. ,r I,
The proBiuro on the plane, (j = - - =
h I
SfKKW. — The power, applied perpendicular to the axi», in to tbo weight a* the
pitch of tbc screw a, or the diMtance between two threads, i« to the rirciimfarfOiM'
dM<'ribed by the point to which the jiowcr is ujiplied. Thun. if the power be
applied by nicano of a lever /.
tr «
2* /
WKr>OK. — The power is to the resistance, acting perpendicularly »m rock title oi
the wedge, as the ihiokness of the back of the wedge is to the length of the side.
Hai.anck. — The common balanrc is a simple lever, the arms of whi«li are r<|iial.
If the balance be not accurate, the true weight of a body may bo found by taking
the squoro root of the product of the weights which counter|>'.ise it successively in
each scale. A better and more convenient method of eliminatin;; the error of ■
balance is to place the body in one scale and counterpoise it by any weight* in the
oppo.'iito scale: then remove the body and replace it by known weighix until tbe
equilibrium be a;;ain restored. The sum of the latter weights will be that of the
body rc(iuircii.
Friction.
In the foregoing conditions of equilibrium of machines, no aceoani Is takwSf
the resistance caused by friction, and by the stiffness of ropes, chains, etc.
NuiiuTous experiment.'' on friction have been ma<ie in France by M. Morin, frOB
which the following general results are obtained :
1. Tbc friction of any two bodies in motion is proportional to tbe pressure,
whether the surftt<"es be dry or covered with an ungiienL The ratio l>etweeo the
pressure and the friction is called the coejfirieui o/ /rtriinn.
2. The amount of friction is independent of the surface of rontact and of tbe
velocity of the motion. It depends only on the pressure, tbe nature of the surfacei"
in contact, aud the kind of unguent interposed.
5. In general, friction is less between bodies of different kinds than betwesa
those of tbe same kind.
4. When two surfaces have been long in contact at rest, an adhesion takes plaee
between them, the force of which is proportional to the ext4.-nt of the surface of
OODtact, aud independent of tbe pressure.
6. When a continuous stratum of an unguent is constMitly iat«qp«a«4 between
MECHANICAL POWERS.
m
tl.c surfaces of contact, the araonnt of friction .lepen.U on the nature of the
unguent, and not on that of the surfaces.
6. With the unguents hog's lard and olive oil, the coefficient of friction is nearly
the same for surfaces of wood moving on metals, wood on wood, metal on wood
and met.al on metal. '
The coefficient for the unguent tallow is the same, except in the case of metal on
metal, for which it appears to be less suited than the others, giving a coefficient of
about 0.10.
7. The friction of axles is generally a little less than that of plane surfaces under
similar circumstances. The amount of friction is here also proportional to the
I>rcssurc. and independent of the velocity of the motion.
Friction of Plane Surfaces, in Motion, upon Each 0th
er.
Surfaces ix Contact.
Angle of Repose.
Wood on wood, dry J40 ^^j 26i
" " soaped .'.'!'.' Hi" to 2°
-Metals on oak, dry 26A° to 31°
" " wet... l.Si°tol4i°
soaped Ijio
Metals on elm, dry .*....* 1U° to 14°
Ilcmp on oak, dry !!!.!! 28°
" wet / jgio
Leather on oak. dry I 35I ^^ jg^o
Leatlier on metals, dry I oqio
ti .-. '^ ^v^
wet 20°
]\ " greasy ^30
" oily I gio
Metals on metals, dry "..'.!! 8*° to 1U°
wet Igio
Smooth surfaces occasionally greased '..'."". 4° to 4*°
" continually " 30
" best results [ jao jq 0°
Coefficient of
Friction
.25 to
.2 to
.5 to
.24 to
.2
.2 to
.5.3
.;«
.27 to
.65
.,36
.2.3
.15
.15 to
.,3
.07 to
.05
.03 to
.5
,04
.6
.26
.25
.38
.2
.08
.036
4f)4
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
The Quantity of Work that viay be done by Men (ind Jforse^.
(From tho French Aiile-M^nioirc, 18&«.)
KiMl OF WiiRK.
Kain'nij Wrightt trrticaWy
1 iiiaii iroinK ii]) a f;ciitU' ii|o|ioora ladder, with-
out a liiail. raitiiiiK the- ui-JKht of hin own body
1 man ruiniiiK wci^hlH with n rord and ]iull<>.v.
till' Tiird riimiii); down nnlimdcd
1 man mining woj^htH witli thi- hnndH
1 mull raiMiii); wiM^htH nr carryini; thxni on Iiim
liack ii|i u K<-ntlc h1<>|>c or up a hulilcr. retiirn-
inu iiiiloadiMl
1 man whi-idiiiK a loud up a Rlupe of 1-12th in a
wln'1'lliarrow. and returning with the (.-nipty
liiirmw
1 man llirowinK earth t^i a mean hei|;ht uf 5
fm-l with u kIiovcI
Af'liiin nn Miirhitif*.
1 man on the hpokcs of a wlieel or ilnini:
1. On a Icvil with the axis
•_'. Toward 111.' I.oltoin oral U'^
1 man walkinfi; and pushing or pullinf; horixon-
tallv
1 man working al a crank
1 man pnllin); and pushing alternately in a
vertical direction
1 hiTHc harneiwed to au ordinary carriage, going
at a walk
1 liorsc liiirnesKed to a pumping engine, going
at a walk
1 horiT harnesxed to a pumping vngiue, going
at a trot
1 ox harnessed to a pumping engine, going at a
walk
1 mule harne«8ed to a pumping engine, going
at a walk
Onrri/hiff LnaiU horizimtaUy.
1 man. on a level road, without a KmuI, carrying
the weight of his own bo<ly
1 man witli a hand-cart, returning without a
KM»d
1 man « ith a wheelbarrow, returning without
a load
1 man carrying a load on liix back
1 man carrying a load on hie back, returning
without a load ,
1 man with a hand-barrow, returning without
a load
1 horxe in a cart, at a walk
1 horse ill a wagon, at a trot
1 horse in a cnrt. returning without a load, at
a walk I
1 h irse under the saddle, at a walk
1 horse under the saddle, at a trot
145.
1550.
265.
180.
S.7J
19.6
&3.19
44.28
221.4
221.4
237.8
118.8
5680.
5544.
3100.
»54.
1200.
It
Hows.
10
10
•
10
•
8
8
10
10
10
7
10
10 ;20U.MO.O0O
4.6 : t>S*,812,ili00
10 ;iiL,«oo.ooo
10 I 34^44.000
7 S2,«0,200
WORK DONE BY MEN AND HORSES.
455
The Quantity of Work done by Men and Horses — Continued.
KlXD OF WonK.
1 man raising liis own weiglit np a stair or
lad(li>r
1 man raising wciitlits with cord and pulley,
cord returning unloaded
1 man lifting weights with his hands
1 man carrying weights up a ladder.weturning
unloaded
1 man throwing earth with a sliovel to a height
of ft.'lo feet
1 man wheeling earth in a harrow up a slope
of l-l:2th. returning unloaded
1 man working at the spokes of a drum, on a
level witli the axis
1 man working at the spokes of a drum, toward
the hottom or at 24°
1 man pusliing or pulling horizontally (capstan
or oar I
1 man turning a crank
1 man working a pump
1 man walking on a level road, unloaded
1 m.an whi'eling load in hand-cart, returning
unloaded
1 mail wlieelinga load in wheelharrow. return-
ing unloaded I
1 man carrying a load on his back
1 man carrying a load on his back, returning
unloaded
1 horse cantering and trotting, drawing a light
railway carriage
1 horse drawing cart or V)oat, walking
1 horse drawing gin or mill, walking
1 horse drawing gin or mill, trotting
1 horse drawing cart always loaded, walking...
1 horse drawing cart always loaded, trotting ...
1 horse drawing cart, going loaded, returning
unloaded
1 horse carrying burden, walking
1 horse carrying burden, trotting
1 ox drawing a cart always loaded
T mule drawing a cart always loaded
1 ass dr.awing a cart always loaded
Weight raised,
or mean effort
exerted.
Velority or
distance per
second.
O o
s.s-g
Lbs.
Feet.
Ft-Ll.s.
Hours.
143.
0.5
72.5
8
40.
0.75
30.
6
44,
0.55
24.2
6
143.
0.13
18.5
6
6.
1.3
7.8
10
132.
0.075
9,9
10
132.
0.5
66.
8
26.5
2.3
60.95
8
26.5
2.0
53.
8
IS.
2.5
45.
8
! 13.2
2.5
33.
10
1 143.
6.
715.
10
224.
1,666
373.
10
132.
1.666
220.
10
90.
2.5
225.
7
140.
1.666
233.
6
30.5
14.666
447.5
4
120.
3.6
432.
8
100.
3.0
300,
8
06.
6.5
420.
4.5
1.500.
3.6
5,400.
10
750.
7,2
5,400.
45
1.500.
2,0
3.000.
10
270.
3 6
972,
10
180.
7 2
1 296,
7
1.500.
2.4
3 600.
10
750,
2.4
1.800.
10
375.
2.4
900.
10
648000
522,720
399,600
280.800
356,400
1,900 800
1.755,360
l,5i;(i.4()n
i.2'.<i;,(iiK)
l.iss.ouu
25.740,000
13,428,000
7,920.000
5,670,000
6.0.32.800
6.444.000
12.441.600
S. 640. 000
6 950,000
194,400,000
b7,4S0,OOO
108.000,000
34 992.000
32 6.'J9,200
129,600,000
64.800,000
32,400,000
A horse-power in steam-engines is estimated at 550 foot-pounds per second, or
33,000 foot-pounds per minute, or 1,980,000 foot-pounds per hour. The average
power of a draught-horse as given above is 432 foot-pounds per second = 0,785 of
the conventional lioree-poirrr.
The French horse-power is equal to 542J foot-pounds per second, being about
l-70th less than our horse-power.
456
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
The numlicr of horcc-powcrs iu a siDj;le-i-tri(ke uiiKinc is expressed by .00002:{R
d* n p I ; d being the diameter of the piston in inches, ii the number of utroke.s in
it minute, / the length of stroke in feet, and p the pressure of steam on a square
inch (diminished usually by l-6th for friction and inertia). In a double-stroke
•■ngine tho power i.« double the above.
Elastic Force of Steam at (llfferent Temperatures.
(Kroni Kx|ii'ri iitH cif Coiiiinittcc of Kniiikliii IiiKtiliilci
The unit is the atmospheric pressure, or 1 atmosphere =^ 30 inches of mercury.
Temp.
Press.
Temp.
Prewi.
Temp.
Press.
1*
1 Temp.
1
Pre«.
Tamp.
PrsM.
SIS
1
276
3 '
1
1 304i
5
1 326
7
S45
0
235
n '
284
3i
' 310
54
ll 331
74 1
S4«
•4
250
2
291i
4
31 5i
«
336
8 i
3524
10
264
2i
208i
4i
1 321
61
, 3404
ll
«* !
Pressure of (lunpoicder per square inch.
(From Captain Roiliiian's Kx|>erimpnt«.)
The pressure on a 42-pounder gun, at the bottom of the bore, when fired with 10
pounds (if powder and a solid shot weighing 4.3 pounds, i^ 44,J35 lbs.
8 lbs. of powder of a grain .1 inch diameter, with the same gun and shot, gave ■
pressure of 51,800 lbs.
8 lbs. of powder of a grain .4 inch diameter, with the same gun and shot, gave a
pressure of .31,900 lbs.
12. fit lbs. of powder of a grain .6 inch diameter, and a solid shot, weighing 186.3
lbs., fired from iin 11-iueh gun, gave a pressure of 21..H70 lbs.
' The same weight, of ..1 inch diameter, gave a pressure of S.O.SSO lbs.
The same weight, of .3 inch diameter, of different powder, gare a pressure of
65,920 lbs.
Half the weight t)f powder, of the ordinary charge, with double the weight of
shot, gave the same pressure as the ordinary charge.
1 lb. of powder, burned in a space equal to twice that occupied by the powder,
gave a pressure of 42,500 lbs.
2 lbs., burned in the space occupied by it. gave a pressure of 133.590 lbs.
1 lb., burned in the space occupied by it, .1 inch grain, gave a pressure of 185,000
lbs.
The actual pressure." are probably greater than those abov* given.
MENSURATION. 46T
MATHEMATICAL FORMUL.E AND DATA.
Mensurdtion.
Lines.
Circle. — Ratio of riiriun/rrnicc to diame.tvr, flT ^; .'>. Nl J92(1.");;G y-^-- ", '] ^ nearly.
Circtimj'ei'ciice of a virclt- — 2 'T r.
Lciiqth of (III arc = ; ;• being the railius of the circle and n the number of
ilcgrces in the iirc: or neiirly = ; c being the chorcl of the arc, and c' the
i-hord of half the arc, which is = \/' i c'^ -\- versine'.
LetKjth of 1 (h'ffrcc = 0.01745.3.3 ; radius being 1.
Leu<itli of 1 minute = 0.0002909.
Lewjth of 1 »eco)id = 0.000(t048.
Ellipse. — Cirriimfrroice --= Afjj) '"' ] J (a^ -|- //-'), nearly: a and h being the
axes.
,/4«2 h\
I'uriilioln. — Lruijth of an arr, commencing at the vertex, =1/1 [-■j/ J.
nearly ; a being tiie abscissa, and h the ordinate.
SritFACES.
Triaiigli: — Half the base X the height ; or half the product of two sides X the
sin. ('
sine of the included angle, {i n h ^ ) ; or, \ h [n — n) (« — h) (« — r) : or,
a -\- h -\- c
2
Parallelogram. — The base X the height.
Trapezoid. — Half the sum of the parallel sides X the height.
Any Quadrilateral. — Half the product of the diagonals X the sine of their
angle.
Any irrer/ular plane Jigiire bounded by currei. — Divide the figure into any cren
number of parts by parallel equidistant ordinates; let a be the sum of the first and
last ordinates; b the sum of the tren ordinates: c that of the odd ones, except the
first and last: d the common distance between them: then will the area = k d {a
-f- 4 6 + 2 r). Fire ordinates will generally be found sufiicient.
Circle. — IT )-2; or diam.'^ X .78.54; or circum.^ X .07958.
»• « a
(Circular sector. — = irr r'^ "rT~; • " being the length of the arc iu linear meas-
ure : a the number of degrees in the arc.
i 1 [ (/' + ")- — '■■■'] ['■^ — (i — a-) ] ; «. b. r being the sides, and « =-
458
ORDNANCK MANUAL.
Circiil'ir mijnifnt. — The difference between the sector and ihc triangle formed by
»■ a — »•* sin. A A / — ■ ■
the chord and the radii ; or ; or nearly = .4 r (c -f* 3 V !«* + «'');
r being the chord, and v the versed sine.
Ellipte. — If (f h sin. a; 2 a, 2 b being an}' two conjugate diameters: n the angle,
formed by Xhem. When a = 90 degrees, these two diameters are the axes, and
then we have « — - T a 6.
Parobiita. — § a h ; n being the abscissa, and h the double ordinate.
Nii/ht /iriim or ri/llnder. — Curved surface ^^ height X perimeter of base.
Hirjlil pi/rnniid or cone. — Half the slant height X perimeter of bade.
Fnmltiin nf ti riijht pritm or ci/litiJer. — The perimeter of the bitcc multiplied bv
the distance from the centre of gravity of the upper section to the biise. If the
prism or cylinder be oblique, multiply this product by the sine of the angle of
inclination.
FrimliiDi of a riijht pi/ramid or co/if. — The slant height X I'alf the sum of the
perimeters of the two ends.
Spheif. — 4 *r*; or diam. X circum.: or diam.* X ."^.l-llfi.
Spherical zone or Metjmfiit. — 2 "K r h, or the height of the r.one or segment multi-
plied by the circumference of the sphere.
Circiilnr HpiniUn. — 2 It (r c — u '\r'^ — i c'') : a being the length of the arc, and
c its chord, or the length of the spindle.
Spherical triaiitfle. — V r'
— 180=
180°
; » being the sum uf the three angles.
Ani/ aiir/tice 0/ revolution. — 2 'T r / ; or the length of the generating element
multiplied by the circumference described by its centre of gravity.
Table of Jieijiilar Polytjnnt.
No. of sides.
Radiiu of clrenm- 8id« of inaeribed
scribing circle. pwlyguB.
3 Triangle 0.43^0127 0.577350.3 1 1.7.12051
4 S.iuure 1.0000000 0.707IO«S I.4I12I4
5 Pentagon I 1.7204774 0.8506508 1.175570
6 Hexa'.m 1 2.59S0762 l.OflOOOOO l.OOdOOO
7 iHeptairon I 3.6330124 1.1523«24 ! 0.867787
8 Octagon ! 4.8284271 1 .;'.tM5.i628 0.765367
9 Nona-on ' 6.1818242 1.4619022 , 0.6M044»
10 Deca.'on 7.6942088 1.6180.340 ' 0.618034
11 Uudecagua 9.3656399 | 1.7747324 0.56:!465
12 iBodecagou | 11.1961524 1.9318517 | •.517638
The column of areo» in the foregoing table gives the number by
rtfthe (tide is to be multiplied to find the area of the polygon.
rbich the iqiiort
MENSURATION. 459
The next column gives the miiltiplior for the m'rlc of a polyi/nti, to find the radium
of the circumscribing circle.
The last column gives the multii>lier for the radins of a circle, to find the side of
the inscribed polygon.
Solids.
Pritm or cylinder. — Area of base multiplied by the height.
Pijramid or c»iic. — Area of base multiplied by one-third of the height.
Fnistnm of a pijrawid or rojic — J h {fl -\- f> -\- y Bit); h being the height: //and
/ 7>3 (/S \
b the areas of the two ends. Or, for a conic frustum. \ h X .7S54 X ( 1;
D and d being the diameters of the two ends. ^ ^
FruHtum of a riyht triangulnr prism. — The base X i {H -\- H' -\- H").
Fnistidii of ((III/ riijlit priiiii. — The base multiplied by it;; distance from the centre
of gravity of the section.
Ci/liiidricnl scijmeut, contained between the base and an oblique plane passing
through a diameter of the base; two-thirds of the height multiplied by the area of
the great triangular section; or J r )i^ ; r being the radius of the base, and h the
hoight.
4 * r-
Sphere. — — ;- - ; or .52;J6 (/•',• r being the radius, and il the diameter.
T h
Spherical uri/wciit.—}, 1! It'' (3 r — h) = -^.- (3 b"^ -f /(2) ; b being the radius of the
base, h the height of the segment, and /• the radius of the sphere.
<K h
Spherical zone. (3 IP -j" -^ ^^ + ''^) ! ^^> ^' being the radii of the bases.
a
Spherical scrtnr. — J )■ X the surface of the segment or /.one : or 3 * )•' h.
Ellipioid. ; n being the revolving diameter, and b the axis of revolution.
f,
Paraboloid. — Half the area of the base multiplied by the height.
Circular spindle. — * (J 5^ — 2 s y r'^ — i c-) ; « being the area of the revolving
segment, and c its chord.
Any xolid of rendition. — 2 'f r s ; or the area of the generating surface, multi-
plied by the circumference described by its centre of gravity.
Any irreijidar solid bounded by a curved surface. — Use the rule for finding the
area of iin irregular plane figure, substituting sections for ordinate.s.
Caslc-ynucjiuij. — 1. By. the preceding rule:
It
The contents of a cask =- — / {d- -\- D- -{- 4 J/-) ; / being the length, rf, I) the head
and bung diameters, and .1/ a diameter midway between them — all measured in the
clear, inside; --=0.1309.
24
1>1U) -NANCE MANUAL.
The PMnc fonnnla tnnv l»e thuo Ktnto.l : )i I (A -\- H >+ C); I hvlng (he lenjfth. A
mill // the an-iii- of tlu' lii:ul uml bun;;; n't-tionti, ami Cthaf of the Hoction inMw.-iy
Itclwovn (hem.
T
2. t'.iiilcnln c.f II (HJ-k. iH"iil3-= /{2 />' -f" ■'■';: "«" ' X ''»••■ """r" "f •> ■ >r li<
'J I) + .1
whom- (linint'tcr ic •
Centres <>j (irncitii.
I.ISES.
(Similar nrr.—\i a distaiico fruin the centrf = ; r bein;: the rm<liu», e the
I
chor>l, and / tlir Iciij^th nf tin- arc
ARKA8.
Triangle. — On a lino ilrawn from any angle to the mi<l<lle of the opposit* liile,
at twu-(hir<U of the distance from the angle to the side.
Trnpfxoid. — (tn a line, «i. joining the middle pointi' of thi- two imrallel tidei: It,
It; dintanee from H ^ i — 1.
tSrmicirrle. — Itistnnce from the centre = —
Circiiliir tniiiirui. — Distance from the centre = ; c being the chord of the
12 A ,
segment, and A ils area.
2 r f
Circular ncctor. — I>i«tancc from the centre ^ ; r being the chord, and '
the length of the arc.
Poriiliiilir tnjmrtit. — Diiitance from the vertex := Ihree-fifthn of the abteifsa.
Surface uf a rii/hl ti/iiiiiifr, one, or /rimtiim uf n cimr. — The centra of gravilj il
!it the same distance from the base as that of the parallelogram, triangle, ".r tr.if)*-
loid, which is a right .<ection of the same.
Surface (if a Hphcri'-al zmie Or scjineiil. — At the mid<lle of the height.
SOLIDS.
I'ritm or cylinder. — At the middle of the line joining the centres of gravity of
the two ends.
Pjirattiid or cune. — The ilistance from the base is one-fourth of the line joiaing
the vertex with the centre of gravity of the bai<e.
Fruttnm of a cone. — Distance from the centre of the smaller end = J A X
\"JZJ1-JUl1. : or i a X ^ ^ : h being the height. /? and r the radii
(li^r)* — Iir R^+Hr + t^
.^ r« -f 2 /? r + //»
of the greater and less endss. Distance from the largo end = } Aw--
*^ JP + R r + t*
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY. 4G1
3 (r— i A)2 * /,2(r— i »)»
Sphtricnl seqmenl. — Distance from the centre = = ; r
lieing the radius of tlic sphere, h the height of the segment, and .S' its solid con-
Q _ O L
tents. Distance from the vertex
Ur — Ah
Sjilierirnl sector. — Di.-itance from the centre = j (r — I h).
' r 4- ■■ /'
Distance from the vertex =
. 8 .
Hrminpherc. — Distance from the centre = § r.
Semi-ellipsoid. — Distance from the centre = 8 of semi-axis; of revolution.
Paraboloid. — Distance from the vertex ^ j{ h.
.■1)11/ si/ntem of bodien. — Distance of the common centre nf trravitj- from a given
/; n 4- H' D' + iv v" + etc. „ ,., „„ , . ,
iilanc = : /', /> . '" neing the masses or solid
' 5 -f «' + li" -f- etc.
contents of the bodies, and I), I)', D" the distances of their respective centres of
gravity from the given plane.
Arithmetical Progression .
ft, the first term: d, the common difference; », the nuraher of terms; I, the »'•'>
term; », the sum of u terms.
I = u -\- d {n — ^)^, » = " (a + /).
\
Geometrical Progression.
r. the common ratio ; the rest as above.
Ir — n (»»—!)
; = a )■" — 1 ; « =
r — 1 r — 1
Logarithms.
.r, the common logarithm of the number o ; c, the base of the hyperbolic loga-
rithms ^ 2.7182818 ; x', the hyperbolic logarithm of a.
rr = ]0' = e^'; ..= j' log. e ,• log. e. = 0.4342945.
PLANE TRIGONOMETRY.
The radius is taken ei(nal to unity. To restore it, replace such expressions as
, . . , tang, a sin. a R — sin. a
tang, a, sin. a, 1 — sin. a, etc., by , , , etc.
.FormuLjK. (a and h are the angles.)
,' ., — . sin. n 1
sin. a == y 1 — cos.'* n ; tang a = ; sec. n = ;
cos. a cos. a
4m
ORDNANCE IvrANUAL.
COS. a ■ 1 . ,
cot. a = — ; cosec. a = vcr-sin. « = 1 — cos. a ;
■in. a sin. «
■in. (a ^ 6) = flin. a cos. b J- sin. & cos. a ;
COS. (o J- 6) = COS. a COS. /( ^ (iin. a sin. i/
, , ,. tang, n _L tane. i
tang, (a -t *) = f-i- - - - . ^ ;
1 -f- tang, a tang. 6
tang, i « ^
sin. J fi
1 — COS. a sin. a
sin. a 1 -j- COP. fi
1 — COS. a
COS. i
„ = ^^
-\- COS. fl
Solution of Triangles.
A, Jl, C, arc the .1 anfjlcs : <», ft. r. arc the .3 sides opposite thi-in r<fp<'"-iively.
Right-Angi.ki> TniANOi.KS — {A being tlie rij?ht angle).
(iircn. I Formulm.
1. a, li, h ^ a sin. B : c - = a cos. li: C = 90° — /?,
: 6 = c tang. B : C = 90° — //.
2. 5, c,
.3. a, ?),
4. h, c.
COS. fl
sin. li ^- ':«:=- i/(a + fc) (o — b) : c = 90° — li.
tang, li ^= — : a =
COS. //
C = 90° — B.
OBtiQi'K-ANGLED TRIANGLES. (.S*, the area of the triangle: p = — ' ' ).
Given. Form\iltr.
a sin. C „ , . . , rt* sin. li sin. C.
1. A It, a
2. a, b, A.
3. ft, c, .4,
4. n, ft, c.
ft =
a sin. /?
sin. A
sin. ./I
5 = i ft c sin. -I ^
sin. /? = i-^i!^ : C=180° — (,1 + /?) : r =
2 sin. A
'I sin. C
sin. .4
i (J?+ C) = * (180° — .4): tang. H«— to = *^ cot. i A.
b -f- c
B=i{B+ C) + K{^-0).
C=h{B+C)-i(B-C).c = ''l~
«iu. A
l(p—b)(p-c)
sin. i A =\ ~ : or tang, i A ='v/ ~ •
\ be \ p(p — a)
COS. i A
p{p — a)
S=y/ p{p — a) {p — b){p — c)
BALLISTICS. 468
BALLISTICS.
Motion of a Body projected vertically vpward, in Vacuo.
Let ( reprosent any time of ascent, in seconds.
/(, the height i
., 1 •. y at the end of the time t.
r, the velocity j
g, the velocity acquired by a falling body in 1 second.
1', the initial velocity of projection.
H, the whole height of ascent. *
T, the whole time of ascent.
Then,
A = r < — i .-7 r*. V = V— g t.
\n. Y
H=~. 7'=_.
2» 9
Motion of a Projectile in Vacuo.
The trajectory of a body projected obliquely, in vacuo, is a parabola, the axis of
which is vertical.
Let F represent the initial velocity == v2g H.
9, the angle of projection above the horizontal plane.
X, y, the horizontal and vertical co-ordinates of any point m in the trajectory,
from the point of departure as the original.
V, the velocity of the projectile at the point m.
t, the time of flight, to the same point.
0, the inclination of the tangent at that point.
X, the whole horizontal range.
Y, the greatest height of ascent.
T, the whole time of flight, for the range A'.
a, h, the horizontal and vertical co-ordinates of the object aimed at.
£, itsnngle of elevation, making tang. £ = — .
a
EqiKiiion of the trajectory.
y = .1- tang
4 H C0S.2 9
;/= T"; sin. (p — igr<2. a:=F<cos.(p. v=T/2g{H—y).
X=2H sin.-2 9 = Ylj'^llll, Y = // sin.'^ (P = ""' ''^- ' '^
9 2g
Fsin. (p ^ . / 2 //
= 2 sin. 9
tang. 6 = tang. 9 —
i9- ^ \ g
2 H cos.2 9
464 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
I'rom which it follows: tho unglc of greatest range is <p 45°. Then
A' = 2 ^ - 4 r : Y=i H : V^yg X: T ^\ g = i \^ Jc tl. nearly :
f = 1.4142 '•
The rniiKei! are equal at aiiKlp" ei|ui(listaiif frmii 4.")°.
Under a given angle of projection the initial velocitic' are ac the !ii|uare roots of
the ranges.
When the initial velotitieo are ci|ual. the ranges arc i.r«>p'.rti"nal t<> the sines of
douhle (he angles of elevation.
The velo< ities are equal in the two hranohes of the trajeetory. at the same heif^ht.
The least velocity is al the summit, ami is ;^ V. cos. (p:
On horiy.intul ground, the angle of descent is equal to the angle of projection, and
the linul M'looily is e<|ual to the initial velocity.
'/'<) Jiiiil the iiiiliiil vlo'ilif, ur the utKjle of finijrrtimi, nrcettttiy fur §tiiL-in<j a ijiveit
;""■"'•
II —
4 sin. (^p— f) COS. (p
f (I g CM. S
'V2 sin. (?— f) cos. 9'
tang. 9= { (//iv'-^i tf-6y-ri7.y = ^/ d- ^*-^^' - 1.
If the trajectory he rtMjuired to pass through two points whose co-ordinates nrco
and i, a' and //', or to pass through tlie first point and have a certain inclination ^
with the horizontal plane at that point, as in firing over the crest of a parapet to
ricochet on the terreplein, we have in the first case,
h h
n (I — ,
an' * I ^ a —a
tang. 9 - ^7^—: and V= — \ ih_ J.^,
a a'
and in the second. .
1 /"^ a
tang. ^ =^2 tang. I - tang. « : and 1'= ^^-^ j tang, g - tang. 6
When the point is in the descending branch of the curre. ^ and taog. 6 are nega-
tive.
The trajectory described by a heavy projectile thrown with a low Telocity, as in
the case of an eprouvette ball, approaches very near to a parabola. If the projec-
tile be light for it^ volume— as is the case with shells— the trajectory described is
not 80 near; and when higher velocities are employed, the trajectory is rery differ-
ent, and it is necessary to take into consideratiAi the resisUnce of the atmosphere.
BALLISTICS. 465
Resistance of the Air.
When a body moves in the air witli a low vclocitj', of 25 to 30 feet per oecond, it
meets with a resistance wbii'h is sensilily proportional to the density of the air, bo
the area of the projection of the body on a plane perpendicular to the direction of
the motion, and to the square of the velocity of the body.
The resistance of the air in pounds = ^^ '•■ o ^ ^'
^ being the weight of a cubic foot of air, and k a coefficient, constant for similar
solids, but varying with different forms.
When the body moves with a high velocity, the resistance of the air increases in
a more rapid ratio than the square of the velocity, and the law may be ex])ressed by
adding a term proportional to the cube of the velocity.
For spherical projectiles the resistance is in proportion to the area of a great cir-
cle: calling the radius It, the velocity r, the resistance of the air, in pounds, p, it
has been found that
p = j4 "T 7i'2 f2 1 1 -|- — I, in which .-1 is the resistance per square foot of cross-
section for a velocity of 1 foot per second, and r is the velocity for which the resist-
ance due to the second term is equal to that due to the first.
E.\perimcnts in France with guns and solid shot hare shown that for a mean den-
sity of the atmosphere of ^.^^ part of water, and for ordinary velocities, with spher-
ical projectiles, A = .000514 and v = 1427 ft.: for shells with low velocities, as from
mortars, r = 2735 feet.
Motion of a Projectile in the Air.
The noyiiKil trajeclori/ in the air is a continuous plane curve, which can be cut by
a right line in not more than two points; it has two asymptotes, one vertical, the
other inclined.
The actual trajectory of a ball is generally a curve of double curvature. It dif-
fers from the normal trajectorj' in consequence of the deviations, both lateral and
vertical, produced by the eccentricity of the ball, its position in the gun, the
motion of the air, and other circumstances, which cause the ball to revolve about
an uncertain and variable a.\is and to depart from the vertical plane of projection.
The equation of the trajectory is a complicated one, and difficult of computation.
(Jeneral Didion has reduced it to the simplest form.
Adopting the same notation as in the motion of a projectile in vacuo, and desig-
nating by Fj ^Fcos. (p, the horizontal component of the initial velocity, a the
relation of the length of an arc of the trajectory to its horizontal projection, so
that n T is the length of the arc passed over, R, T, D, U, certain multipliers, each
30
OKU.NANCE MANUAL.
a\
functions of ."^ and <>f l^ e ami < hciiif; coefflcionti" of tlic forinuU for the
c r
.7 ^ «
rciiutance of tlie iiir, ho avif y ^ -c lang. .? ., "„, /.' : tang. « = Ung. 9
^ ■" K* COB.* (P
D: V
V COS. <P
wliioh arc the equatioD* of the trajectory in
V roe. 9 f cog.
multiplied by these coustanto //. /. />. I', lie has calculated the ralaea of
these multijilicrs for tho different circumstances of flrinjt. and tabulated them for
ready use.
Thr loai of vrlocity by the resistance of the air in niiy tnmtl distance x will he
expressed by
"— '4-;;^,(>+7>
This formula may be used in experiments with the nnHiftic Pen<lulum. for
computing the velocity lost by the ball in paj^inj; from the jrun to the |>cndul«Bi-
block.
Velocities of Spherical-case Shot at x Distance from the Gun.
The reloeity r»tn<iiiiiig at any distance j- is found, according to the experimauls
r
at Melr,, by the cquatation, r' = --^ pr;^ y : for high velocUiea, e •"
3 .4
(' + 7)'"-7
: wati
.1542 \
'^* "^ .16404 + 2 BJ
; D = density of the ball: water l.tiUO.
4R D
A = .008|.74+ j^^,^
e = - 2.7182S1S; ./ 32.155 feet: log. </ = I.j0724h5; log. t 0.4342'J45 ; log. «
— 1.6377892.
All the dimensions are expressed in /eel.-
Weight of shell,
2 Ji.
loaded. .
..lbs.
12-pdr
11. S2
In. Ft.
4.52 = 0.3767
6752.6
3.8294754
0.00816
0.00015473
4.1895633
1
24-M'-.
24.
Ft.
0.4742
6877.7
.1.8374471
0.00784
0.000116
4.0648008
32-pdr.
32.
Ft.
(1.521
jj
r>914.4
loff n
f..M."i«7573
J . 4 .
(1 00772
O.(»00I033A
4.0143649
VELOCITIES OF SPHERICAL-CASE SHOT.
Wl
•
l-l
•088820S"
s
■oeessss"
I
■00i0o9o"
2
oiieifs-
1
•91QLIZ7:
S
o
•S269106"
i
•osetisf
i
•ofiPigx-
d
o
etintr
S
•0Q560C1-
i
■096i00l'
T-eeioso-
<t 5
■9e9t9Tr.'
*i C-l t£ i-H
4> O ^ -)<
4) ■* la i»
ts
O CI ^ ■»
Of iC ^ lA
® »« 00 C^ O rP
® ic »0 (O ■* Tf
Cl9St8I"
*^ <C Q> C9 O Ok
» lO ffl ® 't "*
•« t-« o moo <
e 05 I- i-i -» >o <
« to tc t-«^ >
•stEiief
ISS
*• 'M C4 C4 lO «0 C4
© OC (M «£ '-i^ C30 CC
0) O t- t^ 03 ^ *«
fa
** O -^ CI OC o t^
It « I- — cr. ,- o
a> b- t^ cc c-: lA tn
V 3
■8ZSU0V
3) ^
■«-' -r Cfl M ^ fO O
GJ OC CO CC ^ < O
a> I'-. 00 00 -* »c CD
Feet.
844
897
437
591
647
•X089060-
•966Z08-0
<- 0» C5 O -P .- -f
a <^ ^ n <z n A
0^ OJ Oi o ^ «D to
-M 00 CI CO 00 lO u^
OJ iO -^ O CI CO * I
at iM CO •* o 00 Ci
'tsixeio-
•999teio-
4J m o o o o o
Ci t^ cc o -* o o
a> CO -* <:o (C Cl O
;>
»
o
S^
U
I o
B -5
44«
f»RI>NANCK MANUAL
Final Velocity of Descent in the Air.
The v«luuit,v of a projectile (limiDi^thes frum the coiniuenccmont uf itv IligLt to a
point a little bryond tbo Kummit of the trajectory; it then increases to a certaio
limit. <U*penrlcnt on tho 'liameter and den.iity of the ball. The niial velocity ii
pfiven hy the equation
C-0
■I Jl l>
•A A '
Causaa..,
final Taloctty of d«wt>nt in tmk par mo.
8Bor.
42. j at.
4S6 '4M
II.
12. 0.
Sanu.
1 : 10- I S- > 94- 1
,tKa. !••»., la*. Hr- X
426 410 aao »86 M6 4 1
Penetration of Spherical PrujectiUs.
The prnrlralioH uf a cannon-ball in a solid mii^s of oak timber, inrh a* the i>ide«
of a ve»>el, acc-ordinf; to the French experiments at Gavre, is expressed, io inches.
by the following foroiulai
J..1(i« J) 2 Jl/ ■Utt2tf f^'\
• 1200^ V"'' 10» J
The same notation being used as at page 400.
The penetration in other »ul>»tances is obtained by multiplying those given by
the above formula by the following cocflicieuts :
1.64 f^r compact earth, half rand and half clay.
1.U3 for sand mixed with grarrl.
S.21 for fresh earth.
1.3 for elm.
1.8 for beech and white pine.
2. for poplar.
0.19 for limestone r<>ck. $
0.41 for masonry of good <|aality.
General Formula for Computing tlie Initial Velocity of a Ball.
M C^ — S*
— •««• A
C*
In which V is the initial velocity of the ball.
C, the radius of the bore.
B, the radius of the ball.
M, the weight of the ball, with the rabot, etc., uaed in loading.
ft-, the weitrht of the char;re ot' powder.
INITIAL VELOCITY OF A BALL. 469
Jl, the weight of powJer (loosed which would fill the bore of the gun.
L"ff. the common logarithms.
7 and ^, coefficients, depending on the nature of ordnance, and the
quality of the powder used ; to be determined experimentally by means of some
known velocity, and given difference of windage.
A may probably, without .sensible error, be regarded a.s constant for the same
quality of powder, though used in different kinds of ordnance; but the value of T
should be computed from the known velocity in a case approaching nearest to that
to which the formula is to be applied.
In ordinary cases of windage ( W) we may consider
C^ — Ji^_ 2{C—R)_ W
C^"' "~ C ^ C '
According to the experiments made with the Ballistic Pendulum at Washington
Arsenal, the mean values of the coefficients / and <^. for Dupont's powder, in guns
of variou.s calibres (from 6-pounder to .32-pounder). are: 7= .S,500 feet; A =
.•5.200 feet.
The above formuls^, for the resistance of the air and for the initial velocity, are
obtained from the " Traite de Ralistique. par le General Didion, I860:" a work
which may be consulted for a full discussion of the theory of the motion of projec-
tiles, and the deviations produced by their eccentricity ^nd other causes.
470
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
-«MMoa
2 O 'O 'O — O S «S '£ to O «C M = O O «~ eC 3C o
^ 5C 'O ■-. i~ i- ■— -t c: c^ -t r-: -r -t -f •^ "fl -r "» M
B «o ><) >o to «s • so tt « to o tc "^ o ''s «e to 'O "»
. e-i — •— N M
- s o o o o
e o o o o
« e^ M cc «o 1^ r- I
wooocscoscco .e
loeoesoAeeo
rt^—e-i — c-iMMMOOc-*©
«* so O ■* ■* •« • M CO ■>♦ 90 ■
«e M -rt cj
r* t<.>oint^t^cctoi~ceco>nt^o>o>a«<Oao^<et>
;: 1
OQ
!Hlt
liH
•« C-) M 1~
■^ e o> 3c c o
J X
C C C = — C-l • Si
r
aaceoaot-oo^occoaAaa^"
. o • • • ^-^
: - ;; : : ^ =
- - .5 . li w. -
4* f- c tc J, —
'o ~ 3 n, ■% ^ 2.
-^ ,-, — j: — ■- ^
X ? —
^ cj := j: ■
--- i. o o e>
S;S<S5 o~:'Jx:Es:5=; zEzik-iss:
X - c: le
:^ < -^ < ^ c is
•< 'z: S X oc Z 00
ORDNANCE OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES.
In Aualria and Pruana, howitzers and mortars take their denominations from the weight
of a stone hall of the calibre of the bore ; in Russia, from the true weight of the shell ; in other
countries, the same as with ns.
The column of exterior lenrfUi shows the length from the rear of the base-ring to the face of
the piece, and the hngth of bore includes the chamber, when not otherwise mentioned.
Desionation.
Guns :
ENGLAND.
* lO-inch
*10-inoh
68-pdr
*6S-pdr
» 68-pdr
S-inoh
* 8-inch
*8-iuch
8inch
6fi-pdr
56-pdr
42-pdr
42-pdr
42-pdr
32-pdr
*32-pdr ,
32-pdr
32-pdr
* 32-pdr
* 32-pdr.
* 32-pdr
*S2-pdr
* 32-pdr
* 32-pdr
32-pdr
* 32-pdr
32-pdr
24-pdr
24-pdr
24-pdr
18-pdr
18-pdr
18-pdr
12-pdr
9-pdr
6-pdr
6-pdr
3-pdr
HowiTZER.s: lO-inch
8-inch
32-pdr
24-pdr
5i<; inch ..
12-l"ir
4 2-5 inch..
Mortars: * 13-inch
13-iiich
*10inch
lO-inch
8-inch
Armstrong GuNf
Brass.
Diameter •«•,•_ j„„„
of Bore. P^*"**'««- ExteriorL. . .,
I Length. p^^'S^t'
Iron.
Exterior
Length.
In.
10.
10.
8.12
8.12
8.12
8.05
8.05
8.06
8.05
7.65
7.65
6.84
6.84
6.97
6.32
6.32
6.35
6.35
6.375
6.35
6.35
6.41
6.35
6.35
6.3
6.3
6.3
5.823
5 823
5.75
5.29
6.17
5.17
4.623
4.2
3668
3.668
2.913
10.
8.
6.3
5.72
5.62
4.5S
4.52
13.
13.
10.
10.
8.
4.0
3.
In.
.16
.16
.2
.2
.2
.125
.125
.125
.126
.175
.175
.2
.175
.175
.173
.173
.198
.173
.173
.223
.173
.173
.123
.123
.123
.211
.211
.138
.193
.071
.071
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.09
.16
.14
.125
.125
.025
.122
.066
.16
.16
.16
.16
.14
none.
none.
In.
Lbs.
In.
112
112
130
120
114
108
106
96
80.5
132
120
120
120
114
115
114
114
96
108
102
96
96
90
90
78
72
64
114
108
78
108
108
72
108
66
72
78
Lbs.
10,632
9,400
12.644
10.640
9,866
7,280
6,720
5.824
5,600
10,976
9.744
9,408
8,400
7^,504
7.168
6.500
6,272
5,600
5.f,00
5,040
4,700
4,600
4,480
4,368
3.584
3.800
3,800
6,600
6,376
3.696
. 4,700
4,700
2,240
7'8.
72.
60.
2.000
1,500
672
3,800
1,900
1,900
2.016
48
336
60
48
4.592
2,350
63.
56 5
1.456
40.75
40.75
1,680
45 25
728
280
22 5
53.
36.75
45.5
31.5
25.25
11,300
4.000
6,824
27.
21.5
1.428
728
1,848
924
2.600
896
*Navy guns. fTh^ largest Armstrong gun is an 80-pdr.; weight, 7,280 lbs.
:j:50 grooves; tliey make one turn in 10 feet.- ^34 grooves.
472
ORDNANCK MANUAL.
Foreign Ordnance — Continued.
1
o
8
&
1
DlAJfRTEROrl B^
IROR.
DrHIONATIOM.
High
gauge.
1 Length. ! ^
Uatth.
1
.
Est*-
rlor.
Boi«.
I
KnANCE.
Uum: rao-pdr...
Siepp nnd 24-p«lr...
IptiTiiitiii. 1 K-jKlr...
(iJ.pdr...
(12iKlr
Field -1 12-|Hir
In.
6.45f
noli
fi.2M
4;77:
4.76.'
4.7C3
8.701
B.7S'.'
K.vl
«i..M
4.7-)..
12.799
12.7S8
10.700
8.782
5.958
7.460
In.
A.307
5.878
6.1.30
4 686
4.686
4.0S5
4.C65
8.703
1-J.w.l
12.r;.s
10.712
8.703
5.879
In.
6.263
5.M'4
5.o.'.n
4,<.'.'ii
4.'
4.'
4.1...
8.r4«
s .411
12..-.S7
lo.t4l
8.C40
6.S.T2
In.
'127.33
122.:i4
II.-, 1»
In. \ LU.
i2i..Vl 6 067
117.26 4 4.'W
iiii^: :; isj
i
Id.
110.91
114.17
110.24
M08
102^
*»M
X
In.
104.01
10S27
lo:..i2
02.21
M.4A
S7.0*
OS*-
AOM
6 229
.773
(l2.pdr.. light
HowirvKRR :
So»-ciia<it...22 centimatrM
Mege 22
OBtriwn ...22
...10
MoiinUin..l2
Mortars : '''2 cenliinotren
:!2
27 "
22
Mountain 15
E)ii'ouvrtte...19 ••
•.000
'.2.00
.-•9
s7
:t.'..2:
*
.30.29
21.72
10.70
99.38 2 0««
"i'i'.-w TmV
.31.90 221
27 .4& 2022
"iJiics 'i'?9«
17.46 0-
14.10 1.'4
6003
Ml»
314
50-p<lr.
aOi«1r.
I^iiR .30 jxlr
:}o-l..lr.
.TO-pilr.
7.47.S
1. :;"4
6.304
4.'M1
4'U1
10.7OM
8.701
8 701
4.f>5
4.i'85
6 307
.V826
5.308
4.642
•
7.4V0
!"":::; ■:;■■:":::"■
1SR
V
1
97 21
53..\3
4.'.. 71
41 71
S5. 3
♦ti.'JH
r.'i Ki imoi
H.4V
«U5;
Alii
1
6.26.3
4.f.97
10 r.'.s
s.'iT7
8.t77
4(.3»*
4.C39
C.263
5.782
5.264
4.597
1
I2-pdr ' 4 TT.S
1:::::::::. ::::::::
12-pdr.
Ho1rTTt>R^ : 27 crntiin«tre«
'12
4.742
infif.3
8.791
8.791
4.745
4.745
fi.419
5.937
5.419
4.753
12.788
3.31
71R0
"iiin
9j rj fi 1 If 10
Bc*t.,n ..
C.lWtOSABES: .30-pHr.
24-j..1r.
IS.pd.
12-p.lr.
33.87
>iM 2n
i -
■.N .T7 tUo
MoRTAKS : 32 rentinietreii..
Kiri.n> fiFiT>«v>+
"ei'-k 1 "m.3 "wo
S7 95 9 61»
BELGIUM.
7.823
6.724
6.Ri>4
5.291
4.642
7.238
6.f.38
5.755
5.221
4.57 S
1
1
3t-piir 6.R82
1
24-|)dr .1-973
IR-I.dr.
12-pJr.
5.410
4.721
121.41; 116.» 4916
117.ro 112.31 3000
3637
•Cant with a b*d-pl«te. f i"> grooves. .118 inch depth: pry-' til<-.
Rifled 36 and SO pounder* are osed in the armament of ships. Ther have 2 groove
tni-n in 30 feet. A rifle gun has been arraneo i fi.r siege purposes also.
|,. luoda.
FOREIGN ORDNANCE.
473
Foreign Ordnance — Continued.
Designation.
tc
Diameter of
o
Ball.
High
Low j
s
gauge.
gauge. 1
<
•->
Q
Brass.
1
Length.
Exte-
rior.
Bore.
Iron.
Length.
Exte-
rior
Bore. ^
BELGIVyi—Conlinved.
Guns — continued :
Field 12-pdr...
6-pdr...
Field e-pdr...
Howitzers : 27 centimetres
22
GcN howitzers: 22 '•
20
15
l.O
Mortars: 29 "
20
J3
Stone mortar
Grenade mortar
Epronvette
Guns:
Howitzers :
SPAIN.
24pdr.
Ki-pdr.
(r2-pdr.
Long -l 8-pdr.
( 4-pdr.
(12-pdr.
Short -l 8-pdr.
( 4-pdr.
Mountain 4-pdr.
9-inch.
7-inch.
Mortars : 14-inch
14-inch.
12-inch.
7-inoh
Eprouvette ...7-inch.
PRUSSIA.
24-pdr.. long.
24-pdr.. .short.
12-prh-.
In.
4.721
3.760
3.7f.O
10.787
8.780
8.780
7.030
5.972
5.972
11.473
7.930
6.165
15..355
15.355
7.620
In.
4.642
3.6S1
3.681
10.709
8.701
8.701
7.849
6.894
6.894
11.394
7.S49
6.106
In.
In.
In.
70.83
97.76
60.16
Guns:
Field ,
Howitzers :
Mortars :
0 pdr
f 6pdr.
(12-pdr.
7-pdr.
10-pdr.
25-pdr.
Hand.]
7-pdr.
5..S49
5.849
4.675
3.707
3.707
4.675
5.8.38
6.69
8.897
3.092
4.618 j
5 793
4.5781 75.28
3.620 101.30
3.626 63.70
10.6;i8
8.6.38, I
8.638 1
7.795 38.11 ; 25.43
5.846 29.72
65.71
.33.15
22.95
11.14
LbB.
1.962
1.962
1,047
In.
In.
Lbs.
5.846
ll.:;i5
7.795
5.06
20.08
60.a5
26.10
18.19
9.09
1.323
750
111.-!
1..323
551
77
4.573
5.752
4.460
6.639
113.;
67.1
102..
6.532
4.415
3.6.54
2.640
1.431
2,131
1.403
690
1
1.796
744
2.288
2.806
1.908
203
193
>496
!649
!876
90.16 85.83 1,940
106..57
96.97
108.27
32.1
40.75
84
60.96
32
76 56
13
35.01
26
38.40
1.200
80
53.66
.5.416
5.21
15'/i
7.63
39
86
13.02
166
100.20
91.10
101.9'
25.87
30.47
1197
11.024
8 047
7.165
1..37r
3.330
435
.03n2..34
,80 64.22
,10 101.74
72 55.60
5 571
2.737 .8
2.939
968
3,426
♦Cylindrical chambers.
^Attached to a stock.
tCotjical chanxberSv
JCaxt with a bed-plate
474
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Foreign Ordnance — Continued.
it
DiAKsnR or
Ball.
Bram.
IftOV.
Dkiionatiok.
1
Length.
J
iMfUk
«i
M
High Low
gauge, gauge.
J
X
"r.- Bore.
1 <
^
Kzt«-
rior.
Bore.
►
VMVMlK—nutaintifd.
1
1
1
MORTAU— oontiniMd;
In.
In.
In. I
Id. 1 In.
LiM.
In.
In. LtM.
10-pdr.
fi.fiW)
fi.«13 6.520
20.61 16.97
303
21.64' 16 07 OXr
26-pdr.
K.906
8.834 S.710I
26.29 21.661
000
TiMA 1\.«b 1.110
60-pdr.
ll.lM
11.102 10.978
36.00 29.80
1,775
37.87 20.80 2.166
Stone ,
15.454
11.120
1
33.001 «.77 1.663
BoMB-CANitOK : 60-pdr.
11.102 10.978
.!!!!!!!! "."."..
111.00 i1X«M
RU83IA.
1
1
1
(Irx* ■
r ft-pdr.
12-i>dr.
., .„.,
•"!" 3.fiO»|
.' 61.18
. 74.04
S03
1.7«3
i.css. j.jpI^j
4.5601
1
.Tl>dr.
rt-pdr.
12-pdr.
4.7.'»8
2.8801
.,.'.-,' 3.0091
4.610' 4.500
" ""„
61j00' 4a.ooi at
8S.70
104.00
70.001 1.806
Sieffe mill
IDO.IM)
3 4'rj
99.00 3,800
fmrrin.iii
is.pdr. 5.426
h.?»*\
5.210
\m.-u
4.K14
114.00
10AM 6.080
Hinl Ri-a-
2»-pdr.
5.'<72
5.KU)
5.7H41
119.70
6.486
IM.o)
118.00 7.000
OHUit ....
.-W-pdr.
fi.44;5 f..32(i
6.S37 ft T.Ml
6.2401
6.050
1
1».(i((
136.(M(
121.16 0.080
^
127.70 10,600
HowiTZERn (Likorna):
1
5«-pdr.
f 3-pdr.
7.6
124.
HtB88
3.242
3.140
"sVioIo
1 ,;
28.8T
MO
'''<"" \t^r.
4.S4,3
4.S43
4.700
4.70t
4.6.50
4 (.50
_S
.17.63
42..18
707
780
y 20-pdr.
l'..lit2 5.9*J
5.915
rt
.Vt..14
1.600
MJ«
W7»
Sieee Rnd gorrigon 40-pdr.
7.t588
'.675
7.476
T
63.90
S,170
88.48
U78
MoDTAas:
fc
.
6-pdr.
4.0«4
3.920
3.890
_►
7.00
« 1
(•
SOp.lr.
0.6.50
9.570
9.490
'5
14.60
1411
18.00 1.037
20(Jipdr.
13.150
13.050
12.960
•?
18.81
a,MS
31.88 4,000
BOUB-CANNOtI:
1 t
20-pdr.
6.000
: 5.9'.t0
5.915
02.00
87jOOI SJ08
40-pdr.
7.700
7.575
7.476
........
110.00
llOXK) 6.000
96-pdr.
9.(K»0
8.9(10
8.S20
'
120-pdr.
10.750
10.680
10.580
SWEDEN.
Orxs : 3-pdr.
3.015
1 2.922
2.887
1
Field {,1^^-
3.786
i7ai
3.687
4.674
3.652
4.628
«t.00
81.70
flSJO
77.78
818
"' ' **
"■**"*
LM*
l>i-p.lr. 5.551
5.446
5..-J88
24-pdr. 6.112
5.994
5.924
1
Q».i„ (3li-pdr. 6.56C
S'"P •i30-i>dr. 6..S60
6.4.'i5
0.455
4.674
6.385
6.385
4.628
74.00
70.00 3.036
1
'"*'"'
' 6.sr8
8.10
M.77
5o!62
"•"^ ■• '(24-pdr.
tU12
5.994
5.9-24
""^'.
6R..39
64.53 1.560
lloRTABS: 7-inch.
S.905
8.766
8.695: '
..»..•..
33.:^
29.23 1.0M
Lipht 9-inch.
UmIV^' Q.inch
'11.254
11.114
11.021! 1
39.04
.13.30 1100
11.254
1 12.855
11.114
12.715
11.021
12.598
1
1 t,ZM
\
44 M 4.800
11-iDch.
1
* Xot ch&mbered.
ORDNANCE OF THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES.
475
Foreign Ordnance — Continued.
Dbbiqnation.
Diameter op
Bail.
O
g
s
3
a
High
gauge.
Low
guage.
Brass.
Length.
1
1
Exte
rior.
Boro.
Length.
Exte-
rior.
Bore.
SAXONY.
QuNs:
6-pdr...
12-iKlr...
New auN-HOWiTZER: 12-pdr...
7}^-pdr...
AUSTRIA
Guns:
Mountain... -j ^ip^^"
Field.
3-pdr.
6-pdr.
12-pdr.
_18-pdr.
6-pdr.
Siege and J 12-pdr.
garrison. I 18-pdr.
[ 24-pdr.
30-pdr.
( T-pdr.
1 10-pdr.
Bomb-cajjnon:
Howitzers :
Mortars: Coehorn 6-pdr
10-pdr.
30-pdr.
30-pdr.
60-pdr.
Stone mortar 60-pdr.
In.
3.684
4.613
4.613
6.9S6
2.075
2.9iJ7
2.957
3.724
4.660
5..311
3.724
4.660
5.311
5.827
9.473
5.870
6.634
3.724
6.634
9.494
9.422
11.922
12.390
In.
3.573
4.502
4.502
5.864
1.981
2.849
2.849
3.594
4.524
5.173
3.594
4.524
5.173
5.691
9.350
5.755
6.512
3.594
6.512
9.350
11.763
In.
In. In.
63.868 60.74
77.09 i 72.03
57.40 54.02
42.51 36.40
1.959
2.827
2.827
3.562
4.488
5.137
3.562
4.488
5.137
5.655
9.256
5.098
6.418
3.. "162:
6.4l8i
9.2.i6
9.256]
11.663;
31.37 1
.11.641
45.25
."•.7.001
71.82
82.221
29.41
29.16
42.42
53.43
67.33
77.71
112.22 108 01
12.3..T2J ns.50
130 08, 124,78
34..')5j
3.5.71
22.47
31.70
31.68
18.91
27.77 1 22.63
28. .35 2.3.58
32.44 1 25.97
Lbs. I In.
881
721
180
296'
508 !
842 i
1.700!
2.514 i
3.276
4.7.35
6,130 j
""5981
913 ^
"421
1.141 !
1.294!
2,167
92.47
m.s5
117.86
98.31
34.55
10.91
38.45
Lbs.
88.90 1.566
106.61 3.445
111.76, 4.789
92.39' 8,558
31.70 1 498
32.44 2,180
Ordnance of the Navy of the United States.
Designation.
Diameter
of bore.
Charge.
Weight.
Powder.
Shot or
shell.
BOAT-HOWITZERS :
C4-pdr...
32-pdr...
32-pdr...
32-pdr...
32-pdr...
32-pdr...
32-pdr....
32-pdr...
11-inch....
10-inch....
9-inch....
8-inch....
8-inch....
24-pdr....
12-pdr....
12-pdr...
Rifle-gun...
In.
8.
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
6.4
11.
10.
5.82
4.62
4.62
3.4
124.2
167.9'
104.
97.2
90.5
75.04
70.
100.3
95.4
58.2
55.23
44.0
55.23
140.95
iis.'si'
121.08
115.69
105.
91.83
81.6
119.31
114.15
67.
63.5
51.75
63.5
Lbs.
Lbs.
11,872
12.
0,832
8.
6,384
8.
5,712
7.
5.1.52
7.
4,704
6.
.3.696
4.5
3,024
4.
1.5.700
15.
12,000
12.5
9.000
10.
7.056
8.
6,160
7.
1,310
2.
760
1.
430
0.625
780
Lbs.
65.
32.
32.
32.
32.
32.
.32.
32.
Shell.
1.30.
97.
69.75
51.
51.
Shell.
17.
8.4
8.4
4Ti
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Table fur Reducing Metres to Inches.
Matre*.
InchM.
MptrM.
Inches.
Mstres.
Inches.
1
1 Metre*.
Inches.
0.00 1
O.OSO."??!
I 0.061
2.007910
, 0.101
.3.976460
0.151
.V944989
2
0 078742
i 52
2.047281
102
4.0I6S21
152
6.984360
3
0.118112
53
2.086662
103
4.(166191
153
6.023731
4
0.157483
54
2.126023
104
4.094662
154
6.O63102
6.10247^
b
0.196854
55
2.166393
105
4.133933
165
6
0.236225
56
2.204764
I 106
4.173304
150
6.141843
7
0.275690
57
2.244136
107
4.212675
157
6.181214
8
0.31 49C6
58
2.283606
' 108
4. 2. '.204 6
168
6.220686
9
0.36i:i:<7
59
2..322877
109
4.291410
169
6.269966
0.010
0.393708
0.060
2.362247
O.IIO
4.3307)57
0.160
6.299326
11
0.433078
61
2.401618
111
4.370168
161
6.33H697
12
0.472449
62
2.440989
112
4.409528
162
6.378068
13
0.511820
63
2.480358
113
4.44S899
163
6.4174.39
14
0.551191
64
2.519731
1 114
4.48S270
164
0.4.'>6810
16
0.690562
1 66
2.559101
116
4.627641
165
6.496180
16
0.629933
66
2.598472
116
4.667011
166
6.6:1666 1
17
0.669303
67
2.637843
117
4.606382
167
6.574922
18
0.708674
68
2.677214
118
4.616763
168
6.614293
19
0.748045
69
2.716586
119
4.686124
169
6.663664
0.020
0.787416
00.70
2.765965 1
1 0.120
4.7244tf6
0.170
6.693034
21
0.826787
71
2.795326
1 121
4.763866
171
C. 7;'. 2406
22
0.866167
72
2.834697
122
4.803236
172
6.771776
23
0.905628 1
2.874068
123
4.842607
173
0.H11147
24
0.944S'.t9 1
74
2.91.3438
124
4.881978
'< 174
6.S.S05I7
25
0.981270 1
1 75
2.952809
126
4.921349
i 175
r ■
26
1.023611
76
2.992180
126
4.960720
1 176
27
1.063011
1 77
.3.031551
127
6.000090
; 177
L. "- - -
28
1.102382
78
3.070922
128
6.039461
, ^7*
7.UUB001
29
1.141763
79
.3.110292
129
6.078832
1 179
7.047371
o.o.to
1.181124
: 0.080
3.149663
0.130
.5.118203
; 0.180
7.086742
.11
1.2204'."4
SI
3.139034
131
6.167573
181
7.126113
32
1.2698()5 ,
1 82
3.228406
132
6.196944
, 183
7.165484
33
1.299236
83
3.267776
133
6.236315
1 183
7.204865
34
1.338607
84
3..307146
134
6.276686
1 184
7.244225
.36
1.377978
85
3.346517
1.35
6.315057 •
1 185
7.2S3596
36
1.41 7;U8
86
3.386888
136
6..354427
186
7..<22967
37
1.4.56719
87
3.426259
. 137
5.393798
187
7.362.338
38
1.496090
88
3.464630
138
6.4.3.3109
188
7.401709
39
1.5.36461
89
3.504000
1.39
.-..472540
! 189
7.441079
0.040
1.674S.">2
' 0.090
3.643371
0.140
.'..511911
0.190
7.4S0450
41
1.614202 1
; 91
3.582742 ,
1 141
6.6612&1
191
7.519821
42
1.663673
92
3.622113
1 142
6.690662
' 192
7.669192
43
1.692944
1 93
3.661483
143
6.6.;0023
, 193
7.698562
44
1.732315
94
3.700854
U4
6.669394
1 194
7.637933
45
1.7716S6
95
3.740225
146
5.708765
195
7.677304
46
I.SU066
96
3.779596
146
6.748135
196
7.716675
47
1.860427
97
3.818967
U7
6.787506
197
7.766046
48
1.889798
1 98
3.858337 i
148
6.826877
\ 198
7.796416
49
1.929169 1
99
3.897708 1
149
5.866248
199
7.K347b7
0.050
1.968640 1
. 0.100
3.937079 ;
0.150
6.905618
0.200
7.874168
TABLE FOR REDUCING GRAMMES TO GRAINS.
477
Table for
Reducing Kilogrammes to Pounds.
Kilog.
1
Pounds.
Kilog.
1
Pounds. 1
Kilog.
Ponnds. 1
1
Kilog.
Pounds.
1
.2204737
31
6.8346847
61
13.4488967
91
20.0631067
2
.4409474
32
7.0551584
62
13.6693694
92
20.2835804
3
.61)14211
33
7.2756321
63
13.8898431
93
20.5040541
«4
.8818948
34
7.4961058
64
14.1103108
94
20.7245278
5
1.1023685
35
7.7165795
65
14.3307906
95
20.9450015
6
1.3228422
36
7.9370532
66
14.6512642
96
21.1654752
7
1.5433159
37
8.1575269
67
14.7717379
97
21.3859489
8
1.7637896
,38
8.3780006
68
14.9922116
98
21.6064226
9
1.9842633
39
8.6984743
69
15.2126853
99
21.8268963
10
2.20-17370
40
8.8189480
70
15.4331590
100
22.0473700
11
2.4252107
41
9.0394217
71
15.6536327
101
22.2678437
12
2.6456844
42
9.2598954
72
15.8741064
102
22.4883174
13
2.8661581
43
9.4803691
73
16.0945801
103
22.7087911
14
3.0866318
44
9.7008428
74
16.3150538
104
22.9292648
15
3.3071055
45
9.9213165
75
16.5355276
105
23.1497385
16
3.5275792
46
10.1417902
76
16.7560012
100
23.3702122
17
3.7480529
47
10.3622639
77
16.9764749
107
23.5906859
18
3.9685266
48
10.5827376
78
17.1969486
108
23.8111596
19
4.1S90003
49
10.8032113
79
17.4174223
109
24.0316333
20
4.4094740
60
11.0236850
80
17.6378960
110
24.2621070
21
4.6299477
! 51
11.2441587
81
17.8583697
111
24.472.5807
22
4.8504214
1 62
11.4646324
82
18.07884.34
112
24.6930514
23
5.0708951
53
11.6851061
83
18.2993171
113
24.9135281
24
6.2913688
64
11.9065798
84
18.5197908
114
26.1. '14(10 18
25
5.5118425
55
12.1260635
85
18.7402645
115
25.3544755
20
6.7323162
56
12.3465272
.86
18.9607382 '
116
25.6749492
27
5.9527899
57
12.5670009
87
19.1812119
117
26.7954229
28
6.1732036
58
12.7874740
88
19.4016856
118
26.0158966
29
6.3937373
59
13.0079483
89
19.6221593
119
26.2363703
30
6.6142110
60
13.2284220
90
19.8426330
120
26.4568440
V
Table for Reducing
Grammes to Grains.
Gram.
Grains.
1
Gram.
Grains. !
Gram.
Grains.
Gram.
Grains.
X
15.433159
14
216.064226
27
416.69.5293 '
1
! 40
617.326300
2
30.^m-MS
f5
231.4973^5
28
4.32. 1284 52 |
41
6.32.7.59519
3
4 6. -299477
16
246.930.544 |
29
447.561611
! 42
048.192678
4
GI.73i(530
17
262.363703 j
30
462.994770
43
G63.62.')b37
5
77.165795
IS
277.796^62 1
31
47S. 427929
44
679.0.5S996
6
92.. 59^954
19
293.230021 '
32
493.8iil08i?
: 45
094.4921.55
7
108.03.2113
20
308. 6(13 ISO
33
.509.294247
: 46
709.925314
-8
123.4f).')272 1
21
324.09(5339
34
524.727406
1 47
725.3.5S472
9
13S.')9S431 !
22
339. 5204 9S
35
540.4()n565
1 48
740.791(332
in
154.331590 1
23
3.54.902657
36
555.593724
! 49
756.224791
11
169.704 749
24
370. 39.58 16
37
571.02fibS3
50
771 .6'>7950
12
1S5. 197908
25
3s5. 828975
38
586.4(10042
51
787.091109
13
200.631067 1
26
401.262134
39
601 .893201
52
802.524268
478
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Weight oj Duttillfd Water, displaced by the same Glaus Bulb, at different
Temperatures.
TMnp«ra-
Weight of
LogarithniB of
1 Tempera-
Weight of
Logiu-ithnu of
ture.
water.
weight.
1 ture.
water.
weight.
60.00
1.000000
0.0000000 {1 72.00
0.998942
1.9996401
60.26
0.999981
1.9999919
' 72.25
0.998912
1.9995274
60.50
0.999963
1 9999S.<9
72.50
0.09S884
1. 9995169
60.75
0.999945
1.9999760 \
72.75
0.998866
1.999.'.027
61.00
0.999927
1.9999f.si
; 73.00
0.998826
1.9994892
61.25
0.999909
1.9999603
73.25
0.998795
1.9994765
«1.50
0.999890
1.9999;".22
73.50
0.9'4^766
1.9994635
61.75
0.990871
1.9999440
; 73.75
0.9987.H6
1.9994506
62.00
0.999853
1.9999:161
i 74.00
0.99S706
1.9994373
62.26
0.999834
1.9999280
74.25
0.99S676
1.9994241
62.50
0.999814
1.9999193
: 74.50
0.998646
1.9994113
62.76
0.999795
1.9999108 1
1 74.75
0.998616
1.99«3«79
63.00
0.999774
1.9V99020
1 75.00
0.998584
1.9993H46
63.25
0.999758
1.9998929
75.26
0.9^8663
1.999:'.7l0
63.50
0.999733
1.999SS40
76.50
0.9ys621
1.99«3574
63.75
0.999712
1 999S749
' 76.75
0.i(98492
1.999:{446
64.00
0.999692
1.9998660
76.00
0.99S461
1.99'.»:<318
64.25
0.999672
1.9998574
76.25
0.998430
1.999.! 176
64.50
0.99!)f.51
1.999S483
76.50
0.99S.-{99
1 999.-^039
64.75
0.99llti2a
1.999.'^.■^S8
76.75
099s;t67
1.99W-.>904
65.00
0.999008
1.999S294
1 77.00
0.998337
1.9V92771
65.25
0.999586
1.9998198
77.26
0.998.300
1.9992649
66.50
0.999563
1.9998104 '
' 77.50
0.998278
1.9992616
66.76
0.999542
l.<<998011
77.75
0.998248
1.9992362
66.00
0.999521
1.9997918
78.00
0.99S216
1.0992244
66.25
0.999499
1.9997822
78.25
0.998 184
1.9992104
66.50
0.999479
1.9997737
78.50
0.9OH152
1.9991966
66.75
0.999454
1.9997630
78.75
0.998120
1.9991826
67.00
0.999432
1.9997.i.!3
79.00
0.998080
1.999 16M
67.25
0.999409
1.99V7-j:i^
79.25
(4.99H055
1.9991646
67.50
0.999387
1.9997338
1 79.50
0 998022
1.999l4«fl
67.76
0.999365
1.9997243
79.75
0.9979^9
1.9991268
68.00
0.999343
1.9997146
80.00
0.H97956
1.9991113
68.25
0.999320
1.9997047
80.25
0.997923
1.9990fT«
68.50
0.999297
1.9996945
80.50
0.997889
1.9990822
68.75
0. 99927.']
1.9996S43
80.75
0.9^7855
1.9990673
69.00
0.999249
1.9996740
81.00
0.9^7821
1.9990626
69.25
0.999226
1.9996636
81.25
0.\»97788
1.9990383
69 50
0.999202
1.9996532
81.60
0.997764
1.99902X3
69.75
0.9991 78
1.9996477
81.76
0.997718
1.9«*9rt«?9
70.00
o.y99i.'.:;
1.9996320
82.00
0.997681
1
70.25
0.9".t9127
1.9<.t96208
82.25
0.997644
1.
70.50
0.9991 it2
1.9996098
82 60
6.997607
1
70.75
0.999(l7o
1.9995985
82.76
0.997571
1
71.00
0.9990.".tt
• 1.999;)S:3
! 83.00
0.997636
1
71.25
0.9it'.iiiLM
1.9'.t9:.779 .
i 83.25
0.997600
1
71.50
0.9V-'.".':
1.999.S642
83.50
0.997466
1
71.76
0.V98969
1.9995522
83.76
6.9974Sa
1.^.-,^.,
POWERS. R( )OTS. — 0 1 KCLE8.
479
Powers. — Roots. — Circles.
No. 1
Square.
Cube. 1
Square Root, j
Cube Root. 1
Area.
Circutn.
1
1
1
1.000
i.nno
0.7854
3.1416
2
4
8
1.414
1.260
3.1416
6.2832
8
9
27
1 . 732
1.442
7.0686
9.4248
4
16
64
2.000
1.587
12.5664
12.5664
< 5
25
125
2.236
1.710
19.6.350
15.7080
6
36
216
2.449
1.817
28.2743
18.8496
7
49
343
2.646
1.913
.38.4846
21.9911
8
64
512
2.828
2.000
50.2655
25.1327
9
81
729
3.000
2.080
63.6173
28.2743
10
100
1000
3.162 j
2.154
78.5398
31.4159
11
121
1331
3.317 1
2.224
95.0332
34.5575
12
144
1728
3.464
2.289
113.0973
37.6991
13
169
2197
3.606
2.351
1,32.7323
40.8407
14
196
2744
3.742
2.410
153.9380
43.9823
15
225
3375
3.873 1
2.466
176.7146 i
47.1239
16
256
4096
4.000 1
2.520
201.0619
50.2655
17
289
4913
4.123 {
2.571
226.9801
53.4071
18
324
5832
4.243 j
2.621
254.4690
56.5487
19
361
6859
4.359 !
2.668
283.5287
59.6903
20
400
8000
4.472
2.714
314.1593
62.8319
21
441
9261
4.583
2.759
346.3606
65.9734
22
484
10648
4.690
2.802
3S0.1327
69.1150
23
529
12167
4.796
2.844
415.4756
72.2566
24
576
13824
4.899
2.884
452.3893
75.39S2
25
625
15625
5.000
2.924
490.8739
78.5398
26
676
17576
5.099
2.962
630.9292
81.6814
27
729
19683
5.196
3.000
572.5652
84.8230
28
784
21952
5.292
3.037
615.7522
87.9646
29
841
24389
5.385
3.072
660.5199
91.1062
30
900
27000
5.477
3.107
706.8583
94.2478
31
961
29791
5.568
3.141
754.7676
97.3894
32
1024
32768
5.657
8.175
804.2477
100.5310
33
1089
35937
5.745
3.208
855.2986
103.6726
34
1156
39304
5.831
3.240
907.9203
106.8142
35
1225
42875
5.916
3.271
962.1128
109.9557
36
1296
46656
6.000
3.302
1017.8760
113.0973
37
1369
50653
6.083
3.332
1075.2101
116.2389
38
1444
54872
6.164
3.362
11.34.1149
119.3805
39
1521
59319
6.245
3.391
1194.5906
122.5221
40
1600
64000
6.325
3.420
1256.6370
125.6637
41
1681
68921
6.403
3.448
1320.2543
128.8053
42
1764
74088
6.481
3.476
1385.4424
131.9469
43
1849
79507
6.557
3.503
1452.2012
135.0885
44
19.36
85184
6.633
3.530
1520.6308
138.2301
45
2025
91125
6.708
3.557
1590.4313
141.3717
46
2116
97336
6.782
3.583
1661.9025
144.5133
47
2209
103823
6.856
3.609
1734.9445
147.6549
48
2304
110592
6.928
3.634
1809.5574
150.7964
49
2401
117649
7.000
3.659
1885.7410
153.9380
50
2500
125000
7.071
1 3.684
1963.4954
157.0796
4»U
ORDNANCK MAMAL.
N..
1 Squiire.
, Cuba.
i8.,
Afm.
2042.8206
1 Cirtmm.
61
' 2001
I.i2fi.>l
7.111
3.708
; 160.2212
52
1 2704
1 Ndf^O-^
7.211
3.733
2123.7166
1 168.3628
53
2809
! M»s7 7
7.280
3.756
2206.1834
! 166.5044
54
i 2916
lorir,.
7.348
3.780
22!in.?21('
169.6160
66
1 3025
ir,(,:.7.,
7.416
3.803
'"'..■ '1'.
66
1 3136
1 ::..■, ir,
7.483
j 3.826
.' '2
57
1 3249
18JIK.!
7.550
3.849
58
3364
m..ii2
7.016
: 3.871
6»
3481
2ti5.:7H
7.681
3.893
60
I 3600
216000
7.746
3.915
rtl
3721
226981
7.S10
3.9.36
62
j 3844
2.1s:t2S
7.S74
3.958
., Ill ■.1.11,11..
r.' .
63
! 39(19
2.>iMU7
7 . <( ; ; 7
3.1(79
3117.2453
iv:
64
1 4096
2(i:'iu
8.000
4.000
3216.9909
20 1 .
66
4225
274 (,j.,
8.062
4.021
33 IH. 3073
2<>4.2u.id
66
435H
2^' I'.'i'i
8.124
4.041
3421.1944
207. 3 LSI
67
i 44X9
30ii7('i;i
8.1«5
4.062
68
< 4624
3144.1:'
S.246
4.0S2
69
4761
32n..ii'.<
8.307
4.102
; . . ,
70
4900
34.'tii(io
8.. 307
4.121
3«'4t«.4510
219.9115
71
5041
3.. 7;' 11
8.426
4.111
:i:>.,v.\vii
223.0531
72
51»4
37;;l'i>
8.485
4.160
4071.5041
226.1947
7;*
5329
389017
8.544
4.179
41S5.3868
2»9.:!363
74
5476
40iL-.'4
8.602
4.198
; • ■■'■ - ;■■ '
..... ..-r,
75
6025
421 > 7..
8.660
4.217
•I
76
5776
4;iM*7i".
8.718
4.2.16
■ II
77
5929
4jC...;;.;
8.776
4.254
_i;
78
6084
474661!
8.8:{2
4.273
12
79
6241
49;;ii:'.it
8.888
4.291
■ ■ '^
80
0400
.'il2t'0it
8,y44
4.:to9
1
81
6561
5.11441
9.000
4.327
.......
-- 1 . i ..'<->
82
6724
551368
9.055
4.344
52HI.OI73
257.6106
83
68»t9
57178"
9.110
4.362
.M!".«079
260.7.S52
84
7056
592704
9.165
4.. 380
«5
7225
6141i;5
9.220
4.397
86
739(5
6.{60;.fi
9.274
4.414
87
75(»9
6.)>.'o:t
y ..'i27
4.431
88
7744
6SN7.'
'.t.;;M
4.448
89
7921
704'.'(.9 1
".•.4;)4
4.465
; 7
»0
8100
729(»00
9.4^7
4.481
. ■ _ , ..'.
91
8281
7 j;{571
9.j;i9
4.498
- ::•
02
8464
7786!>S
9.392
4.514
1
«S
8649
8n4;'.57
9.644
4.531
1 "
. 1
94
8830
830JM
9.695
4.547
6i♦.^y.77^;;
7
96
9025
857375
9.747
4.563 1
7«ih«.21R4
96
9216
8847;<6
9.798
4.579
7
97
9409
912673
9.S49
4.595
I' 8
9604
941192
9. .'•99
4.610 i
.. . . ; 1
99
9MII
970299
9.950
■ 4.626
rill. "177
00
10000
lOOOOOO
10.000
4.642
314.1593
POWERS. — ^ROOTS. CIRCLES.
481
No.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Circum.
101
10201
1030.301
10.050
4.657
8011.847
317.301
102
10404
1061201
10.100
4.672
8171.282
320.442
103
10609
1092727
10.149
4.688
8332.289
323.684
104
10816
1124864
10.198
4.703
8494.867
.326.726
105
11025
1157625
10.247
4.718
8659.015
329.867
106
11236
1191016
10.296
4.7.33
8824.734
333.009
107
11449
1225043
10.344
4.747
8992.024
386.160
108
11664
1259712
10.392
4.762
9160.884
339.292
109
11881
1295029
10.440
4.777
9331.316
342.434
110
12100
1331000
10.488
4.791
9503.318
345.576
111
12321
1367631
10.536
4.806
9676.891
348.717
112
12544
1404928
10.683
4.820
9852.036
351.858
113
12769
1442897
10.630
4.836
10028.749
356.000
114
12996
1481544
10.677
4.849
10207.036
358.142
116
13225
1520875
10.724
4.863
10386.891
361.283
116
13456
1560896
10.771
4.877
10668.318
364.425
117
13689
1601613
10.817
4.891
10751.315
367.566
118
13924
1643032
10.863
4.905
10936.884
370.708
119
14161
1685169
10.909
4.919
11122.023
373.849
120
14400
1728000
10.954
4.932
11309.734
376.991
121
14641
1771661
11.000
4.946
11499.015
380.133
122
14884
181584^
11.045
4.960
11689.866
383.274
123
15129
1860867
11.091
4.973
11882.289
386.416
124
15376
1906624
11.136
4.987
12076.282
389.657
125
15625
1953125
11.180
5.000
12271.846
392.699
12(i
15876
2000376
11.225
5.013
12468.981
395.841
127
16129
2048383
11.269
5.027
12667.687
398.982
128
16384
2097152
11.314
5.040
12867.963
402.123
129
16641
2146689
11.358
6.053
13069.811
406.265
130
169(10
2197000
11.402
5.066
13273.229
408.407
131
17161
2248091
11.446
6.079
13478.218
411.549
132
17424
2299968
11.489
5.092
13684.778
414.690
133
17689
2362637
11.533
5.104
13892.908
417.832
134
17956
2406104
11.576
5.117
14102.609
420.973
135
18225
2460375
11.619
5.130
14313.882
424.115
136
18496
2515456
11.662
5.143
14526.724
427.257
137
18769
2571353
11.706
5.155
14741.138
430.398
138
19044
2628072
11.747
5.168
14956.123
433.540
139
19321
2686619
11.790
5.180
15174.678
436.681
140
19600
2744000
11.832
5.192
15393.804
439.823
141
19881
2803221
11.874
5.205
15614.501
442.965
142
20164
2863288
11.916
6.217
15836.769
446.106
143
20449
2924207
11.958
5.229
16060.607
449.248
144
20736
2985984
12.000
5.241
16286.016
452.389
145
21026
3048625
12.042
5.254
16512.996
456.631
146
21316
3112136
12.083
5.266
16741.647
458.673
147
21609
3176523
12.124
5.278
16971.669
461.814
148
21904
3241792
12.166
5.290
1 17203.361
464.956
149
22201
3307949
12.207
5.301
17436.625
468.097
150
22500
3375000
12.247
6.313
17671.459
471.239
31
482
ORDNANCE MANUAL. H
No.
8qaar«.
Cnb«.
8qu»reRoot.
Cube Root
ArM.
Circnm.
151
22801
3442951
12.288
5.325
17907.864
474.380
lii2
23104
3:illb08
12.329
5.. 337
18145.839
477.522
153
23409
3r.Sl.'i77
12.369
5.348
16365.386
460.664
IfA
23716
3«ir.22G4
12.410
:>.'3V>0
]86-'6..''.03
463.605
1 5ft
24025
3723b75
12.450
5,372
1N669.191
466,947
156
24330
37!*G416
12.490
5,383
19113.4.')0
490.088
157
24(i49
38t)95>y3
12.530
5.395
193.59.279
493.230
158
24Ufi4
3944312
12.570
5,406
19«MW.660
496.372
159
2.'i2Sl
4U\-J6'9
12.610
5,418
196.55.651
4<.»1».513
160
25ti00
40'.«6000
12.650
5.429
20106.193
502,6.55
161
25921
4173281
12.689
5,440
203.')8.306
.'KJ5.796
162
26244
42rjl528
12.728
5,451
20611.989
506.938
163
26r)69
4330747
12.767
5.463
20867.244
5|..'.080
164
2r)N96
4410944
12.806
5.474
31 1*24. 009
515,221
165
2722.^
44<.t2125
12.S.15
5.485
21382.465
516,363
166
27556
4574296
12,664
5.496
21642.432
52 1.. 'KM
167
278H9
4657463
12.923
5. .007
21903.<.Ni9
.524,«>46
168
28224
4741f.32
12.961
5..')|8
22167.078
.527. 7^8
ltJ>
2S.V>1
4S26b09
13,000
5..V29
2V431.-.57
.530.929
170
26900
4913000
13.038
5.540
•^Jf 196.007
531,071
171
29241
5000211
13.077
5..^'>0
• ' ^-M
5:<7,2I2
172
295S4
5088448
13.115
5..')61
,1
. .'►40.3.54
173
29929
5177717
13.153
5.572
^J
.'>43.4!«6
174
30276
5268024
13.191
5,563
ii3776.715
546.637
175
30625
5359375
13.229
5.. 593
24 052. >. 19
.'M9.779
176
30976
5451776
13.266
5.604
'20
177
31329
5545233
13.304
5. (-,15
■h-i
178
31684
5639752
13.342
5.625
,.
.■.m3
179
32041
6735339
13.379
5.636
2.'>1(>4.943
.'»6-.'.345
180
32400
r>832000
13.416
5.646
254 46.900
>;5.487
181
32761
5929741
. 13.454
5.657
.'' ■-.'.2>«
18-2
33124
t»02&5<58
13.491
5.067
.-,10
183
334b9
6128487
13.5-28
5.677
-■ ..■■,. I.-.'
•V, i.'Jll
184
33^56
6229504
13.565
5.688
20590,440
576.053
185
3422r)
6331G25
13.601
5.«98 I
2t:.6>0,-.',52
.581.195
186
34r)96
6434856
13.638
5.706
27171.635
.'>6 1.386
187
34969
6539203
13.675
5.718
27464.588
5S7.478
188
3.')344
6644»)72
13.711
5.729
•
- . ,:,9
189
35721
6751269
13.748
5.339
■■-1
190
36100
6S59000
13.784
5.749
. .03
191
36451
6967871
13.8120
5.759 j
^bbb-^.liii
600. U44
192
36b64
7077888
13.856
5.769
28952.918
603.186
193
37249
7189057 1
13.892
5.779
29-2,55.296
6f)6.327
194
37636
7301384
13.92s
5.789 1
29559.245
609.469
195
38025
7414875
13.964
5.799
29664.765
6rj.611
196
38416
7529536
14.000
5. 809 1
30171.6.56
615.752
197
3S&09 '
7645373
14.036
5,819 .
30480.517
616.894
19S
39204 i
7762392
14.071
5.628
30790.749 i
622.035
199
39601 j
7680599
14.107
5.838
31102.553 ,
6i5.;77
200
40000 1
8000000
14.142
5.848
31415.927 i
626.319
POWERS. — ROOTS. CIRCLES.
483
No.
Square.
1
Cube.
Square Root
. Cube Root.
Area.
Circum.
201
40401
8120601
14.177
1 5.858
31730.871
631.460
202
40804
8242408
14.213
1 5.867
32047.386
634.602
203
41209
8365427
1 14.248
5.877
32365.473
637.743
204
41616
8489664
! 14.283
5.8&7
32685.129
640.886
205
42025
8615125
14.318
5.896
1 33006.358
644.026
206
42436
8741816
14.3.53
5.906
33329.156
647.168
207
42S49
8869743
14.387
5.915
336.53.526
6.50.310
208
43264
8U9S912
14.422
5.925
33979.468
653.452
209
4368 1
9123329
14.457
5.934
3430().977
656.593
2]0
44100
9261000
14.491
5.944
34636.059
659.734
211
44.521
9393931
1 14.526
5.953
34966.712
662.876
212
44944
9.528128
1 14.560
5.963
35298.936
666.018
213
45369
9663.597
I 14.. 595
5.972
35632.729
669.159
214
45796
9800344
14.629
5.9S1
3.5968.096
672.300
215
46225
9938375
14.663
5.991
36305.030
67'i.442
21(D
46t).'i6
10077696
14.697
6.000
36643.536
678.584
217
470S9
10218313
14.731
6.009
36983.614
681.726
218
47521
10360232
14.765
6.018
37325.264
684.868
219
47961
10503459
14.799
6.028
37668.480
6»«.008
220
4S400
10648000
14.S32
6'. 037
38013.271
691.150
221
4SS41
10793861
14.866
6.046
383.59.632
69'4.292
222
492'34
10941048
14.900
6.055
38707.564
697.434
223
49729
11089567
14.933
6.064
39057.069
700.575
224
50176
11239424
14.967
6'. 073
39408.140
703.716
225
50625
11390625
15.000
6.082
39760.782
706.858
226
51076
11543176
15.033
6^091
40114.996
710.000
227
51529
1 J 697083
15.067
6.100
40470.782
713.141
228
51984
1 18.52352
15.100
6.109
40828.140
716.284
229
52441
12008989
15.133
6-. 1 18
411h7.065
719.424
230
52900
12167000
15.166
6.127
41.547.563
722.566
231
53361
12320391
15.199
6'. 136
4)909.631
725.707
232
53S24
12J87I68
15.232
6.145
42273.272
728.850
233
54289
12649337
15.264
6.153
42638.481
731 .991
234
54756
12812904
15.297
6.1®
43005.200
735.132
235
55225
12977875
15. .330
6.171
43373.614
738.274
236
55696
131442.56
15.362
6.180
43743.536
741.416
237
56169
13312053
15.395
6. 188
44115.029
744.557
238
56644
134s 1272
15.427
6.197
44488.092
747.698
239
57121
13651919
15.460
6.206
44862.728
750.841
240
57600
1.3S24000
13.492
6.214
45238.934
753.982
241
58081
13997521
15.524
6.223
45616.710
757.124
242
58.''>64
141 721 SS
15.. 556
6.232
45996.060
760.266:
243
59049
14348907
15.588
6.240
46376.976
763 ..407
244
59536
14526784
15.620
6.249
46759.465
766.648-
245
60025
14706125
15.«52
6.2.57
47143.525
769.690
246
60516
14886936
15.684
6.266
47529.155
772.832
247
61009
15069223
15.716
6.274
47916.3.56
775.97*
248
61504
15252992
15.748
6.283
48305.129
77:9.11.5
249
62001
15438249
15.780
6.291
4869S.47.1
782.257?
250 1
62500
15625000
15.811
6.300
49087.385
785.398
484
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Sqaare.
Cabe.
Sqaare Root. Cube Root,
Circa Ai.
251
63001
15813251
15.S4.3
6.308
49480.870
788.540
252
m:m
16003008
15.875
0.316
49875.925
791.681
2r.3
61001)
16194277
15.906
6. .325
50272..5.50
794.823
2.')4
6».')16
16.3'57064
1.5 937
0 3,33
.50670.748
797.964
25.'5
enoj.'i
10.')M375
15.969
0.341
510*0.516
801.106
2r)«
OriCyW
16777216
16.000
6.350
5I47I.8.''>4
804.248
'J.')7'
0(i(t49
16974.593
16.031
6.3.5S
51N74.703
807.389
'J.'>">
6i)r)rt4
17173512
16.062
6.3()6
.5-2279.243
810.531
'2VJ
G70M
1 737.3979
16.093
0.374
52685.'294
81.3.6T2
2f.O
67000
1 7576000
16.125
0..383
53(»92.9I6
816.814
2rtl
0>SI21
1 7779.5s 1
16.155
6..391
.53.')02.I09
8I9.95C
262
6S664
179^4728
16.186
6.399
5:W 12.872
823.097
20.}
6'.»I69
18191447
16.217
6.407
54.325.205
826.239
264
096H0
18.399744
10.248
6.415
.54739.110
82S1..380
26.')
70'J2.')
18609<)25
10.279
6.423
5.51. '►4. 586
832.522
266
707.'>fi
1882 1096
16.310
0.4.31
5.5.571.632
835.664
207
71289
1 90.34 16:«
16.340
0.4.39
5.5990.250
8.'fr..80ft
26^
71^•i4
192I8!532
16.371
0.417
5641 0.4 .3»<
841.947
269
7-2361
19 1651 09
16.101
6.455
56832.196
84.5.088
270
72W00
19(»83000
16.432
6.403
57255.526
848.230
271
73441
19902511
16.462
0.471
570»0.426
851.372
272
7.VJS4
2012.3648
16.492
0.479
58106.898
8.^^.513
273
74.')29
20,346417
16..523
6.4^7
5N534.9tO
857.655
274
7.')076
20570824
16.5.53
6.495
58964.552
860.796
275
7.')6'2.'>
20796S75
16..583
6.r)03
59395.736
803.938
276
76 1 76
21024570
10.613
6.511
59824.490
8.J7.080
277
76729
21253933
16.643
0.519
60260.815
870.221
278
77284
•214849.52
16.673
0.5-27
•VX398.711
i>13J3ta
279
77841
21717639
16.703
6.534
61136.178
876.484
2S0
784 00
21952000
16.733
6.542
6157.5.216
879.646
2S1
7-'.tni
22188041
10.763
6.550
62015.824
882.788
282
79r)24
22425768
16.793
6.5.58
62458.003
885.929
2S3
80as9
22665187
16.823
6.565
02901.753
889.071
2»!
80050
22906304
16.8.52
6.573
a^34 7.074
892.212
28.5
81225
23149125
16.882
6.5b 1
63793.966
895.354
2S6
bl796
2339.36.56
10.912
6.589
•V1242.429
8»'j.495
287
8-2369
23639903
16.941
6.596
64692.461
9oi.6;n
288
82944
23887872
16.971
6.604
65144.065
904.779
289
83521
24137.569
17.000
6.611
65.597.240
907.920
290
84100
24389000
1 7.029
6.619
66051.yS6
911.062
291
84 681
24642171
17.0.59
6.627
66.Vi!s.302
914.203
292
85264
2489708S
17.088
6.634
66906.189
917.345
293
85849
251.53757
17.117
6.642
67425.647
9-20.466
294
86436
2.5412184
17.146
6.649
67886.675
923.628
2«<5
87025
25672375
17.176
6.657
68349.275
9-26.770
296
87616
2.5934336
17.205
6.664
68813.445
929.911
297
8S'209
26198073
17.234
6.672
69279.186
933.053
29S
88804
26463.592
17.263
6.079
69746.498
936.195
299
89401
26730S99
17.292
6.687
7021.5..381
9.39.a36
300
90000
27000000
17.321
6.694
70685.835
942.478
POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES.
485
Square.
Cnbe.
Sqnare Root. Cube Root
Circuin.
301
90601
27270901
17.349
6.702
711.57.859
945.619
302
91204
27.543608
17.378
6.709
71631.454
94^.761
303
9l!509
27S18127
17407
6.717
72106.620
951.903
.304
92416
28094464
17.436
6.72t
72,583.356
955.044
SO.")
93025
2'-372625
17.464
6.731
73061.604
9.58.186
300
93636
28652616
17.493
6.7.39
73.541. ,542
961.327
.307
94249
28934443
1 7.-52 1
6.746
74022.991
964.469
308
94S64
29218112
17.5.50
6.7.53
74506.008
967.610
300
95481
29503629
1 7 .578
6 761
74990.602
970.7.52
310
96100
29791000
17.607
6.768
75476.764
973.S94
311
96721
30080231
17.635
6.775
75964.496
977.035
312
97.344
30371328
17.664
• 6.782
7()453.798
980.177
313
97969
30664297
17.692
6.790
70944.673
98.3.318
3M
98596
.30959144
17.720
6.797
77437.117
986.460
3t.'i
99225
312.5.5875
17.748
6.804
77931.1.33
989.602
Slfi
99856
31.5.54496
• 17.776
6.811
78426.719
992.743
317
100489
318.5.5013
1 7.804
6.818
7^923.876
995.885
31S
101124
321.57432
1 7.833
0.826
79422.604
999.020
319
101761
32161759
17.861
6.8.33
79922.902
1002.16S
320
102400
327()8000
17.889
6.840
&0424.772
100,5.310
321
103041
,3.3076161
17.916
6.b47
80928.212
1008.451
322
1 03684
33386248
17.914
6.854
814.33.223
1011. ,593
323
104329
33698267
17.972
6.861
819.39.805
1014.734
321
104976
34012224
18.000
6.868
82447.9,58
1017.876
32.'i
105625
34328125 ,
18.028
6.875
82957.681
1021.018
32fi
106276
34645976
1 8.055
6.882
83468.975
1024.1.59
327
106929
34965783
18.083
6.889
8.3981.840
1027.303
328
107.584
3.5287552
18.111
6.896
84496.276
1030.442
329
108241
3.5611289
18.1.38
6.903
85012.2^i2
1033..584
3.30
108900
35937000
18. 166
6.9)0
85529.860
1 036.726
331
109.561
36264691
18.193
6.917 .
86049.008
1059.867
3.32
110224
36.594368
18.221
6.924
86.569.727
1043.009
333
110889
36926037
18.248
G.93I
87092.016
1046.1.50
3.34
111.5.56
37259704
18.276
6.938
87615.877
1049.292
33.5
112225
37.595375
18.303
6.945
88141.309
10.52.4.34
336
11289';.
37933056
18.3.30
6.9,52
b866S.3U
1055.575
.337
113.569
38272753
18.358
6.959
69196.884
10.58.717
338
114244
38614472
18.385
6.966
S9727.02S
1061.858
339
114921
38958219
18412
6.973
90258.742
1065.000
.340
11.5600
39304000
1 8.4.39
6.980
90792.028
1068.142
341
146281
39651821
18.466
6.986
91326.8^4
1071.283
.342
116964
4 000 loss
18.493
6.993
91863.311
1074.425
343
117649
403.5.3607
18..520
7.000
92401.308
1077.566
344
1183.36
40707.584
18.547
7.007
92940.877
1080.708
34.')
1 1 9025
41063625
18.574
7.014
9.3482.016
1083.849
316
119716
41421736
ls.601
7.020
94024.726
1086.991
347
120409
41781923
18.628
7.027
94569.007
1090.132
.348
121104
42144192
18.6.55
7 0.34
95114.8.59
1093.274
349
121801
42,508549
18.682
7.041
95662.282
1096.418
350
122500
42875000
18.708
7.047
96211.275
1099.557
486
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
No.
Square.
Cubo.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Circum.
351
123201
43243551
18.735
7.054
96761.84
1102.699
3r,2
123904
43614208
18.762
7.061
97313.97
1105.840
SriS
124609
43986977
18.788
7.067
97867.16
1103.982
354
125316
44361864
18.815
7.074
98422.96
1112.124
355
126025
44738875
18.841
7.081
9S979.80
1115.265
356
126736
45118016
lS.S6b
7.087
99538.22
1118.407
357
127449
45499293
18.894
7.094
100098.21
1121.548
358
12S164
45^82712
18.921
7.101
100659.37
1124.690
359
12SSS1
46268279
18.947
7.107
101222.90
1127.832
360
129'iOO
466.')6000
18.974
7.114
101787.60
1130.973
361
130321
47045881
19.000
7.120
102353.87
1134.115
362
131044
47437928
19.026
7.127
102921.72
1137.256
363
131769
47S32147
19.0.53
7.133
103491.13
1140.398
364
132496
48228544
19.079
7.140
104062.11
1143.540
365
133225
48627125
19.105
7.147
104634.67
1146.681
366
1339.')6
49027896
19.131
7.153
105208.79
1149.823
367
1346^9
494.30863
19.1.57
7.160
10.5784.49
ll.')2.964
368
135424
493360.32
19.183
7.166
106,361.76
11.56.106
369
136161
50243409
19.209
7.173
106940.60
1159.248
370
136900
506.')3000
19.235
7.179
107521.01
1162.3^9
371
1 3764 1
51064811
19.261
7.186
108102.99
11 65.. 531
372
13-53S4
5I478S48
19.287
7.192
108686.54
1168.672
373
139129
51895117
15.313
7.198
109271.66
1171.814
374
139876
5231.3624
19.. 339
7.205
109858.35
1174.956
375
140625
52734375
19.365
7.211
110446.62
1178.097
376
141376
53157376
19.391
7.218
111036.45
1181.238
377
142129
53582633
19.416
7.224
111627.86
11S4.3S0
37S
142^84
54010152
19.442
7.230
112220.83
1187.522
379
143641
54439939
19.46s
7.2.37
112815. .38
1190.663
380
144400
54872000
19.494
7.243
113411.49
1 193.805
381
1451GI
55306341
19.519
7.250
114009.28
1196.947
382
145924
55742968
19.545
7.256
114608.44
1200.088
383
1466S9
56181887
19.570
7.262
115209.27
1203.230
384
147456
56623104
19.596
7.268
115811.67
1206.372
385
148225
57066625
19.621
7.275
116415.64
1209.513
386
148996
57512456
19.647
7.281
117021.18
1212.6.54
387
149769
57960603
19.672
7.287
117628.30
1215.796
388
150544
58411072
19.698
7.294
118236.98
1218.938
389
151321
5S863869
19.723
7,. 300
llb>347.24
1222.079
390
152100
59319000
19.748
7.. 306
119459.06
1225.221
391
152881
59776471
19.774
7.312
120072.46
1228.363
392
153664
60236288
19,799
7.319
120687.42
1231.504
393
154449
6069S457
19.824
7.. 325
121303.96
1234.646
394
155236
61162984
19.849
7.331
121922.07
1237.788
395
156025
61629875
19.875
7.337
122.541.75
1240.929
396
156816
62099136
19.900
7.343
123163.00
1244.071
397
157609
62570773
19.925
7.3.50
123785.82
1247.212
398
158404
63044792
19.9.50
7.356
124410.21
1250.354
399
159201
63521199
19.975
7.362
125036.17
12.53.495
400
160000
64000000
20.000
7.368
125663.70
12.56.637
POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES.
487
No.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root,
Area.
Circum.
401
160801
64481201
20.025
7.374
126292.81
1259.778
402
161604
64964808
20.050
7.3S0
126923.48
1262.920
403
162409
65450827
20.075
7.386
127555.73
1266.062
404
163216
65939264
20.100
7.393
12^189.54
1269.204
405
164025
66430125
20.125
7.399
12S{524.93
1272.343
406
164836
66923416
20.149
7.405
129461.89
1275.486
407
165649
67419143
20.174
7.411
130100.42
1278.628
408
166464
67911312
20.199
7.417
130740.52
1281.770
409
167281
68417929
20.224
7.423
131382.19
1284.911
410
168100
68921000
20.248
7.429
132025.43
1288.053
411
168921
69426531
20.273
7.435
132670.24
1291.194
412
169744
69934528
20.29»
7.441
133316.62
1294.336
413
170569
70444997
20.322
7.447
1 33964.. "JS
1297.478
'414
171396
7095 1P44
20.347
7.453
134614.10
1300.620
415
172225
71473375
20.372
7.459
13.5265.20
1303.761
416
173056
71991296
20.396
7.405
13.5917.87
1306.902
417
173889
72511713
20.421
7.471
136572.10
1310.043
418
174724
73034632
20.445
7.477
137227.91
1313.186
419
175561
73560059
20.469
7.483
137b85.29
1316.327
420
176400
74088000
20.494
7.4b9
138544.24
1319.469
421
177241
74618461
20.518
7.495
139204.76
1322.610
422
1780«4
75151448
20.543
7.501
139866.85
1325.7,52
423
17S929
75686967
20.567
7.507
140530.51
1328.895
424
179776
76225024
20.591
7.513
141195.74
1332.036
425
180625
767(^5625
20.616
7.518
141862.54
1335.177
42tj
181476
77308776
20.640
7.524
142530.91
1338.318
427
182329
77854483
20.664
7.530
143200.80
1341.459
42S
1 831.S4
78402752
20.688
7.536
143872.38
1344.600
429
184041
78953589
20.712
7.542
144545.46
1347.744
430
184900
79507000
20.736
7.548
145220.12
1350.885
431
185761
• 80062991
20.761
7.554
145896.35
1.354.027
432
186624
80621568
20.785
7.560
146574.14
1357.168
433
187489
81182737
20.809
7.565
147253.51
1360.310
434
188356
81746504
20.833
7.571
147934.46
1363.4.52
435
189225
82312875
20.857
7.577
148616.97
1366.593
436
190096
82881856
20.881
7.583
149301.06
1369.736
437
190969
83453453
20.905
7.5b9
149966.71
1372.877
438
191844
84027672
20.928
7.. '594
1.50673.92
1376.019
439
192721
84604519
20.952
7.600
151362.72
1379.160
440
193600
85184000
20.976
7.606
152053.08
13»2.301
441
194481
85766121
21.000
7.612
152745.02
1385.442
442
195364
S6350S8S
21 .024
7.617
153438.53
1388.584
443
196249
86938307
21.048
7.623
154135.18
1391.726
444
197136
S752S384
21.071
7.629
154830.26
1394.668
445
198025
88121125
21.095
7.635
15552S.47
1398.009
446
198916
88716536
21.119
7.640
156228.28
1401.150
447
199809
89314623
21.142
7.646
156929.63
1404.291
448
200704
89915392
21.166
^.652
157632.56
1407.432
449
201601
9051 8S49
21.190
7.657
1583.37.06
1410. .574
450
202500
91125000
21.213
7.663
159043.13
1413.717
488
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
No.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Clrcuin.
451
203401
91733851
21.237
7.669
159750.78
1416.858
452
201304
92345408
21.260
7.674
160459.98'
14-^^0.000
453
20rj20'j
929r.yf.77
21.284
7.680
161170.78
14-23. 140
454
20tlll(j
93576064
21.307
7.686
161883.13
U.iCi-282
455
207025
94196375
21.331
7.691
162.')97.05
14-29.425
456
20-'J3G
y4blbbl6
21.354
7.697
16.33 1-^.56
14-J2.568
467
20^b49
90443993
21.378
7.703
164029.63
1435.710
458
2097(54
96071912
21.401
7.708
164748.26
1438.848
459
2IOt)«>l
96702579
21.424
7.714
16.5468.47
1441.992
460
211600
97331)000
21.448
7.719
166190.25
144.5.133
461
212521
979721^1
21.471
7.725
166913.61
1448.274
462
213444
9M) 11128
21.494
7.731
167638.52
1451.416
463
2143C9
992.')2>s4 7
21.517
7.736
168365.02
14.54.5.58
464
215296
y9s97344
21.541
7.742
169093.09
14.')7.700
465
216225
100544625
21.564
7.747
169822.72
1460.841
46G
2171.'">6
101194690
21.587
7.753
170.5.53.92
1463.982
467
218(1^9
101b47.')()3
21.610
7.758
171286.70
1467. J '23
46^
21U024
1025032.32
21.633
7.764
172021.04
1470.264
469
2iy9f,l
1031617U9
21.656
7.769
1 727.56.96
147.3.400
470
220900
103f52;WOO
21.679
7.775
173494.45
1476.549
471
221M1
101 is:) 11
21.703
7.780
174233.51-
1 ■-'-■■
472
222754
105l.''>4O4S
21.726
7.786
174974.14
1
473
22372y
105s2:i«il7
21.749
7.791
175716.34
1 .-
474
224(i76
1 064 y 6424
21.772
7.797
17t>460.11
14r>y.ll4
475
225()2.')
10717la75
21.794
7.802
177205.46
14y2 2.')7
476
22<)r)76
107^50176
21.817
7.808
177952.37
1 ; ■'
477
227.')29
10S531333
21.840
7.813
178700.86
1
47b
22s4b4
1 09-.il. 5352
21.863
7.819
179450.91
1 — '. -
479
229441
109902239
21.886
7.824
180202.54
1.5i)4.8'23
480
230400
110.')92000
21.909
7.830
18095.5.74
1.507.964
481
2313til
lH2s4fi41
21.932
7.835
181710.51
1511.106
482
232324
IIIOSOIGS
21.954
7.841
182466.84
1514.248
483
2332^9
1 12i)7s.5S7
21.y77
7.846
1832-24.75
1517.3HS
484
234251)
113379904
22.000
7.851
183984.24
1.5-20.53-2
485
23.'J225
1140&4I25
22.023
7.857
184745.28
l.'.23.r,7-2
486
236196
114791256
22.045
7.862
185.507.90
1
4S7
237169
n5.'')01303
22.06S
7.8«j8
186272.09
488
23S144
116214272
22.091
7.873
187037.86
489
239121
)lf.y30169
22.113
7.878
18780.5.20
490
240100
117649000
22.136
7.884
188574.10
1 --■ -
491
2410S1
1 18370771
22.159
7.S89
189344..VS
l^■^.i^•^^
492
242064
1 1909.54S8
1 22.181
7.894
190116.62
1.545.664
493
243049
119>>23157
1 22.204
7.900
190890 24
1.548.802
494
244036
120.3.53784
1 22.226
7.905
191665.42
l.''.51.94t)
495
24.5025
1212^7375
' 22.249
7.910
192442.18
1.55.5.088
496
246016
12202.3936
i 22.271
7.916
193220.51
1558.2.30
497
247009
122763473
1 22.293
7.9il
19399S.62
1.5ril..372
498
248004
123505992
1 22.316
7.926
194781i<8
1564.514
499
249001
124251499
, 22.33S
7.932
195564.92
1.567.6-55
500
250000
125000000
1 22.361
1 7.937
196349.54
1570.79«i
POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES.
489
No.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Clrcum.
501
251001
12.')751501
22.383
7.942
197135.72
1573.938
502
252004
126506008
22.405
7.948
197923.48
1577.080
503
253009
127263527
22.428
7.953
19>S712.81
1.580.221
504
254016
128024064
22.4.50
7.9.'')8
199.')().3.70
1583.362
505
255025
128787625
22.472
7.963
200290.17
1586.504
506
256036
1295542)6
22.494
7.909
201090.20
1589.646
507
257049
130323843
22.517
7.974
201885.81
1592.787
508
258064
131096512
22.539
7.979
202082.99
1595.928
509
259081
131872229
22.561
7.9>(4
203480.96
1599.070
510
260100
132651000
22.583
7.990
204282.00
1602.212
511
261121
133432831
22.605
7.995
205083.95
1605.354
512
262144
134217728
22.627
8.000
205887.42
1608.496
513
263109
135005697
22.650
8.005
206692.46
1611.6.37
514
264196
135796744
22.072
8.010
207499.05
1614.778
515
265225
136590875
22.694
8.016
208307.23
1617.920
510
266256
137388096
22.716
8.021
209116.97
1621.062
517
267289
13S188413
22.738
8.026
209928.29
1624.203
518
26S324
138991832
22.700
8.031
210741.18
1627.344
519
269361
139798359
22.782
8.036
211555.64
1030.488
520
270400
140608000
22.804
8.041
212371.66
1633.628
521
271441
141420761
22.825
8.047
213189.26
1636.770
522
272484
142230648
22.847
8.052
214008.44
1639.912
523
273529
1430.05667
22.869
8.057
214829.18
1643.053
524
274576
143877824
22.891
8.062
215651.49
1610.194
525
275625
144703125
22.913
8.067
216475.37
1649.336
526
276676
14.531.5.576
22.935
8.072
217300.82
1052.478
527
277729
1463831 S3
22.956
8.077
218127.85
165.5.619
528
278784
147197952
22.978
8.082
2189.56,44
16.58.700
529
279841
148035889
23.000
8.088
2197S6.61
1661.902
530
280900
148877000
23.022
8.093
220618.34
1005.044
531
281961
149721291
23.043
8.098
221451.65
1668.186
532
283024
150568768
23.065
8.103
222280.53
1671.328
533
2S4089
151419437
23.087
8.10fs
223122.98
1674.469
534
285156
152273304
23.108
8.113
223901.00
1677.610
535
286225
153130375
2.1.130
8.118
224800.59
1680.7.52
536
287296
153990656
23.152
S.123
22.5041.75
1683.894
537
288369
1548541.53
23.173
8.128
226484.48
1687.0,35
53S
2»9444
155720872
23.195
8.133
227328.78
1090.176
539
290521
156.590819
23.216
8.1.38
228i74.()6
1093.318
540
291600
157464000
23.23S
8.143
229022.10
1096.400
541
292681
158340421
23.259
8.148
229870.33
1699.602
542
293764
159220088
23.281
8.153
230721.70
1702.744
543
294849
160103007
23.302
8.158
231573.86
170.5.8S4
544
295936
160989184
23.324
8.163
2.324 27..59
1709.026
545
297025
16187S625
23.345
8.168
233282.89
1712.168
646
298116
1627713.36
23.367
8.173
2341.39.76
1715.310
547
299209
163667323
23.388
8.178
234998.20
1718.451
543
300304
lf)4 566592
23.409
8.183
2358.58.21
1721.592
549
301401
165469149
23.431
8.188
230719.79
1724.733
550
302500
16637.5000
23.4.52
8.193
237582.94
1727.876
32
490
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
No.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Clreum.
551
303601
167284151
23.473
8.198
238447.67
1731.018
552
.304704
108196608
23.495
8.203
239297.96
1734.160
553
.•!05H09
169112377
23.516
8.208
240165.83
1737.. 301
554
3()f)<.M6
170031464
2.8.537
8.213
241043.26
1740.442
555
;!08025
170963875
23.568
8.218
241922.27
1743.584
556
309 130
171879616
23.680
8.223
242794.84
1746.726
557
310249
172S0S693
23.601
8.228
243668.99
1749.867
55S
311364
173741112
23.622
8.2.33
244544.71
1762.968
559
312481
174670879
23.643
8.238
246442.00
1766.110
560
313600
175616000
23.664
8.243
246;!00.S6
1759.292
561
314721
170668481
23.686
8.248
247181.29
1762.434
562
316M4
177604328
23.707
8.253
248063.30
1766.676
563
316969
178463547
23.728
8.268
24S946.87
176S.717
564
318096
179406144
23.749
8.262
2498.12.01
1771.858
565
319225
180362125
23.770
.S.267
25(1 7 IS. 73
1776.000
566
320356
181321496
23.791
8.272
251607.01
1778.142
567
321489
182284263
23.812
S.277
262496.87
1781.283
568
322624
183260432
23.833
8.282
263.388.30
1784.424
569
323761
184220009
23.864
8.286
264281.30
1787.666
570
324900
185193000
23.876
8.291
256176.86
1790.708
571
326041
180169411
23.896
8.296
256072.00
1793. S49
572
3271 S4
18714924S
23.917
8.301
260969.71
1790.990
573
328329
188132517
23.937
8.. 306
267.S6S.99
1H0(I.132
574
329476
189119224
23.958
8.311
25S769.84
1803.274
575
330625
190109375
23.979
8.316
269672.27
1806.416
576
331770
191102976
24.0P0
8.320
200676.26
1809.568
577
332929
192100033
24.021
8.325
261 4S 1.83
1 SI 2. 099
578
334084
193100662
24.042
8.330
20238S.96
1815.840
579
336241
194104639
24.002
8.. 335
263297.66
181S.981
580
336400
196112000
24.083
8.340
204207.94
1822.124
581
337561
196122941
24.104
8.344
265119.79
1826.205
582
83S724
197137368
24.125
8.349
266033.21
1826.406
683
339889
lysi 55287
24.145
8.354
26694S.20
1831.64S
584
34105C
199176704
24.100
8.359
207S64.76
1834. c.yo
585
342226
200201625
24.187
8.363
208782.89
1837. s:i2
586
343396
201230056
24.207
8.368
269702.59
184(1.9.33
587
344669
202262003
24.228
8.373
270623.87
1844.074
588
346744
203297472
24.249
8.378
271546.70
1847.266
589
346921
204336409
24.269
8.3S2
272470.33
1850.. 398
590
348100
206379000
24.290
8.387
273397.10
1863.540
591
349281
206426071
24.310
8.392
274324.65
1856.682
592
360464
207474688
24.331
8.397
275253.78
1859.823
593
361649
20S527867
24.. 352
8.401
276184.48
1862.964
594
362836
209684684
24.372
8.406
277110.74
1666.106
595
354025
210644875
24.393
8.411
278050.68
1869.248
596
356216
21170S736
24.413
8.416
278985.99
1872.390
597
356409
212776173
24.434
8.420
279922.98
1876.631
598
367604
213847192
24.464
8.426
28(1861.62
1878.672
699
368801
214921799
24.474
8.4.30
281801.04
1881.814
600
360000
210000000
24.495
8.434
282743.34
1884. 9&«
POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES.
491
No.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Circum.
601
361201
217081801
24.515
8.439
283686.61
1888.097
602
362404
218167208
24.536
8.444
284631.44
1891.238
603
363609
219256227
24.556
8.448
285577.84
1894.380
604
364816
220348864
24.576
8.453
286525.82
1897.522
605
366025
221445125
24.597
8.458
287475.36
1900.664
606
367236
222545016
24.617
8.462
288426.48
1903.806
607
368449
223648543
24.637
8.467
289379.17
1906.947
608
S69664
224755712
24.658
8.472
290333.42
1910.088
609
370881
225866529
24.678
8.476 .
291289.26
1913.229
610
372100
226981000
24.698
8.481
292246.66
1916.372
611
373.321
228099131
24.718
8.486
293205.63
1919.513
612
374544
229220928
24.739
8.490
294166.17
1922.664
613
375769
230346397
24.759
8.495
295129.86
1925.796
614
376996
231475544
24.779
8.499
296091.96
1928.9.38
615
378225
232608375
24.799
8.504
297057.22
1932.079
616
379456
233744896
24.819
8.509
298024.05
1936.221
617
380689
234885113
24.839
8.513
298992.45
1938.362
618
381924
2360290.32
24.860
8.518
299962.40
1941.504
619
383161
237176659
24.880
8.522
300933.94
1944.645
620
384400
238328000
24.900
8.527
301907.05
1947.787
621
385641
239483061
24.920
8.5.32
.302881.73
1950.928
622
386884
240641848
24.940
8.5.36
303857.98
1954.070
623
388129
241804367
24.960
8.541
304837.16
1957.211
624
389376
242970624
24.980
8.545
305815.19
1960.353
625
390625
244140625
25.000
• 8.550
306796.16
1963.495
626
391876
245314376
25.020
8.554
307778.69
1966.636
627
893129
246491883
25.040
8.559
308762.79
1969.778
628
394384
247673152
25.060
8.564'
309748.47
1972.919
629
395641
248858189
25.080
8.568
310735.72
1976.061
630
396900
250047000
25.100
8.573
311724.53
1979.203
631
398161
2512.39591
25.120
8.577
312714.92
1982.344
632
399424
252435968
25.140
8.582
313706.87
1985.486
633
400689
253636137
25.160
8.586
314700.41
1988.628
634
401956
254840104
25.180
8.591
315695.50
1991.769
635
403225
256047875
25.200
8.695
316692.17
1994.911
636
404496
257259456
25.220
8.600
317690.42
1998.052
637
405769
258474853
25.239
8.604
318690.24
2001.194
638
407044
259694072
25.259
8.609
319691.61
2004.335
639
408321
260917119
25.278
8.613
320694.56
2007.477
640
409600
262144000
25.298
8.618
321699.09
2010.619
641
410881
263374721
25.318
8.622
322705.19
2013.760
642
412164
264609288
25.. 33 8
8.627
323712.85
2016.902
643
413449
265847707
25.357
8.631
324720.52
2020.043
644
414736
267089984
25.377
8.636
325732.89
2023.185
645
416025
268336125
25.397
8.640
326745.27
2026.327
646
417316
2695861.36
25.417
8.645
327759.22
2029.468
647
418609
270840023
25.436
8.649
328774.74
2032.610
648
419904
272097792
25.456
8.663
329791.82
2035.751
649
421201
273359449
25.475
8.658
330810.48
2038.893
650
422500
274625000
26.495
8.662
331830.72
2042.035
492
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
No.
Sqnare.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Cironm.
661
423801
276894451
26.515
8.667
332852.6.1
2045.177
062
426104
277167808
25.634
8.671
333875.90
2048.318
653
426409
278445077
26.564
8.676
334900.85
2051.460
664
427716
279726264
25.573
8.680
335927.38
2054.602
666
429026
281011375
26.593
8.686
336955.45
2057.743
666
4303.?6
282300416
25.612
8.689
337985.10
2060.889
667
431649
283593393
25.632
8.693
339016.32
2064.026
668
4.S2964
284H90312
25.652
8.698
340019.13
2067.167
669
4342R1
286191179
25.671
«.702
3410S3.60
2070.309
660
436600
287496000
25.690
8.707
342119.44
2073,451
661
436921
288K04781
25.710
8.711
343150.96
2076.592
662
438244
290117528
26.720
8.715
344196.03
2079.734
663
439669
291434247
26.749
8.720
3452.<6.69
2082.876
664
440896
292764944
25.768
8.724
34627S.91
2086.017
666
442225
294079625
26.788
8.729
847322.70
20H9.I59
666
443666
296408296
25.807
8.733
84836S.08
2092.300
667
444889
296740963
25.826
8.737
349415.02
2096.442
668
446224
298077632
26.846
8.742
350463.51
2098.58S
669
447661
299418309
25.865
8.746
351513.62
2101.725
670
448900
300763000
25.884
8.750
352505.24
2104.867
671
460241
302111711
25.904
8.765
353618.46
2108.008
672
461684
303464448
25.923
8.759
364673.26
2111. IM
2114.291
673
462929
304821217
25.942
8.763
355729.62
674
464276
306182024
25.962
8.768
3567N7.54
2117.4.33
676
455625
307546876
25.9S1
.H.772
357H47.04
2120.575
676
456976
308915776
26.000
8.776
35S908.11
2 12.x 7 16
677
458329
310288733
26.019
8.781
359970.76
2126.858
678
4596S4
311665752
26.038
8.786
3610.V4.96
2130.000
679
461041
313046839
26.058
«.789
362100.76
213:M41
680
462400
314432000
26.077
8.794
36316«.ll
21 .',6.283
681
463761
315821241
26.096
8.798
304 2.! 7.04
2139.425
682
465124
317214568
26.116
8.802
305307.54
2142.566
683
466489
318611987
26.134
8.807
3603H4.66
2145.708
684
467856
320013504
26.153
8.311
367453.18
2148.849
686
469226
321419125
26.173
8.816
368.S28.46
2151.991
68C
470596
322858856
26.192
8.819
369605.23
2155.133
687
471969
324242703
26.211
8.824
3706S3.59
215.S.274
688
473344
325600672
26.230
8.828
3717C3.50
2161.416
689
474721
327082769
26.249
8.832
372845.00
2164.557
690
470100
328509000
26.268
8.837
37.3928.07
2167.699
««1
477481
329939371
26.287
8,841
375012.71
2170.840
•92
478864
331373888
26.306
8.845
37609.'<.91
2173.982
«93
480249
332812557
26.326
8.849
3771S6.68
2177.124
694
481636
334255384
26.344
8.854
378276.03
2180.265
696
483025
335702375
26.363
8.858
379366.96
2183.407
696
4S4416
3371535.36
26.382
8.862
3s(i459.44
21 86.548
697
4S5809
33SC08873
26.401
8.866
2S 1553.60
2189.090
69S
487204
340068392
26.420
8.871
3S2649.13
2192.832
699
488601
341532099
26.439
8.875
383746.33
2196.973
700
490000
343000000
26.458
8.879
384845.10
2199.115
POWERS. ROOTS. CIRCLES.
493
No.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root
Cube Root
Area.
Circum.
701
491401
.S44472101
26.476
8.883
385945.46
2202.256
702
492804
345948008
26.495
8.887
387047.34
2205.398
703
494209
347428927
26.514
8.892
388150.83
2208.539
704
495616
348913664
26.532
8.896
389255.89
2211.681
705
497025
360402625
26.552
8.900
390362.62
2214.823
706
498436
351895816
26.671
8.904
391470.72
2217.964
707
499849
353393243
26.689
8.909
392580.49
2221.106
708
501264
354894912
26.608
8.913
393691.82
2224.248
709
502681
356400829
26.627
8.917
394804.73
2227.389
710
504100
357911000
26.646
8.921
39.5919.21
2230.531
711
505521
359425431
26.665
8.925
397035.26
2233.672
712
506944
360944128
26.6*3
8.929
398152.88
2236.814
713
508369
362467097
26.702
8.934
399272.07
2239.956
714
609796
363994344
26.721
8.938
400392.83
2243.097
715
511225
365525875
26.739
8.942
401515.18
2246.239
716
512656
367061696
26.758
8.946
402639.09
2249.380
717
514089
368601813
26.777
8.950
403764.55
2252.622
718
515524
370146232
26.796
8.956
404891.60
2255.664
719
516961
371694959
26.814
8.959
406020.22
2258.805
720
518400
373248000
26.8.33
8.963
407150.41
2261.947
721
519841
374805361
26.851
8.967
408282.17
2265.088
722
521284
376367048
26.870
8.971
409415.60
2268.230
723
522729
377933067
26.889
8.976
410550.39
2271.371
724
624176
379503424
26.907
8.979
411686.86
2274.513
725
525625
381078125
26.926
8.984
412824.91
2277.665
726
527076
382657176
26.944
8.988
413964.54
2280.796
727
528529
384240683
26.963
8.992
415105.72
2283.938
728
529984
385828352
26.981
8.996
416248.46
2287.079
729
631441
387420489
27.000
9.000
417392.78
2290.221
730
532900
389017000
27.019
9.004
418538.68
2293.363
731
5343(;i
390617891
27.037
9.008
419684.58
2296.504
732
635824
392223168
27.055
9.012
420835.18
2299.646
733
637289
393832837
27.074
9.016
421985.79
2302.787
734
538756
395446904
27.092
9.021
423137.97
2305.829
736
540225
397065375
27.111
9.025
424291.72
2309.071
736
541696
3986S8256
27.129
9.029
425447.04
2312.212
737
643169
400315563
27.148
9.033
426603.93
2315.353
738
544644
401947272
27.166
9.037
427762.40
2318.495
739
646121
403583419
27.185
9.041
428922.43
2321.637
740
547600
405224000
27.203
9.045
430084.03
2324.779
741
549081
406869021
27.221
9.049
431247.20
2.327.920
742
550564
408518488
27.240
9.053
432411.95
2331.062
743
652049
410172407
27.258
9.057
433576.70
2334.203
744
563536
411830784
27.276
9.061
434746.16
2337.345
745
555025
413493625
27.295
9.065
435915.62
2340.487
746
556516
415160936
27.313
9.069
437086.65
2343.628
747
658009
416832723
27..331
9.073
438259.24
2346.769
748
559604
418508992
27.350
9.078
439433.41
2349.910
749
561001
420189749
27.368
9.082
440609.05
2353.052
750
562500
421875000
27.386
9.086
441786.47
2356.194
494
ORDNANCE MANUAL. ;
No.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Circum,
761
564001
423564751
27.404
9.090
442965.37
2359.. 335
752
665504
425269008
27.423
9.094
444146.81
2362.477
753
567009
426957777
27.441
9.098
445327.83
2366.619
754
56S516
428661064
27.469
9.102
446611.42
2368.760
755
670025
430368875
27.477
9.106
447096.69
2371.902
756
671636
432081216
27.496
9.110
4 4S';S3.33
2375.044
757
573049
433798093
27.514
9.114
450071.63
2378.185
758
574664
435619512
27.532
9.118
461261.51
2381.. 327
759
67fiOSl
437246479
27.550
9.122
462463.05
23X4.469
760
677600
438976000
27.668
9.126
453646.98
2387.610
761
579121
440711081
27.686
9.130
454840.67
2390.752
762
6806-14
442460728
27.6(W
9.1.34
4560.36.73
2393.893
763
6S2169
444194947
27.622
9. 138
467234.46
2397.035
764
583690
446943744
27.641
9. 142
46SI.33.76
2400.176
765
686226
447697125
27.659
9.146
469634.64
2403.318
766
686766
449466096
27.677
9.1.J0
460837.08
2406.459
767
58«289
461217663
27.698
9.164
462041.09
2409.601
768
689824
452984832
27.713
9.168
463246.69
2412.742
769
591361
454756609
27.731
9.162
464453.84
2415.884
770
592900
456533000
27.749
9.166
466662.57
2419.029
771
694441
458314011
27.767
9 . 1 70
466872.87
2422.167
772
696984
460099648
27 . 785
9.174
468084.74
2425.809
773
697629
461889917
27.803
9-178
469296.61
2428.451
774
699076
463684824
27.821
9.182
470613.19
2431.59.1
775
600626
465484375
27.839
9.185
471729.77
2434.734
776
602176
467288676
27.857
9.189
472947.92
2437. H76
7n'
603729
469097433
27.875
9.193
474167.65
2441.017
778
6052S4
470910952
27.893
9.197
476388.94
2444.159
779
606811
472729139
27.911
9.2(11
476611.80
2447.300
780
608400
474552000
27.928
9.206
4778.36.24
2460.442
781
609961
476379541
27.946
9.209
479062.25
2463.6x3
782
611624
478211768
27.^64
9.213
480289.83
2460.726
783
6130S9
48004S687
27.982
9.217
481618.98
482749.70
246'.<.><-,7
784
614656
4S 1890304
28.000
9.221
24fi:;.iMi'j
785
616226
483736025
28.018
9.226
4,S3981.98
2406. 160
786
617796
485687666
28.036
9.229
486215.85
2469.292
787
619369
487443403
28.054
9.233
486451.27
2472.433
788
620944
489303S72
28.071
9-238
487688.27
2475.675
789
622521
491169069
28.089
9-240
4S8926.S5
2478.718
790
624100
493039000
28.107
9-244
490166.99
2481.858
791
623681
494913671
28.125
9.248
491408.71
2486.000
792
627264
496793088
28.142
9.262
492651.98
2488.131
793
628849
498677257
28.160
9.266
493S96.85
2491.272
794
630436
600666184
28.178
9 . 260
496143.28
2494.414
795
632026
502469875
28.196
9.204
496391.27
2497.666
796
633616
60435S336
28.213
9.268
497640.85
2500.708
797
636209
506261573
28.231
9.272
498891.98
2503. M9
798
636804
608169592
28.249
9.275
600144.69
2506.^91
799
638401
510082399
28.267
1 9.279
601398.97
2509.132
soo
610000
512000000
28.284
1 9.283
502654.82
2513.274
POWERS. ROOTS. CIRCLES.
9m
495
No.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Circum.
801
641601
513922401
28.302
9.287
503912.25
2516.416
802
643204
515849608
28.320
9.291
505J71.24
2619.557
803
644809
517781627
28.337
9.295
506431.80
2522.698
804
646416
519718464
28.355
9.299
607693.94
2526.840
805
648025
521660125
28.373
9.302
508957.64
2528.982
806
649636
523606616
28.390
9.306
610222.92
2532.123
807
651249
525557943
28.408
9.310
511489.76
2535.265
808
652864
527514112
28.425
9.314
512768.18
2538.406
809
654481
529475129
28.443
9.318
514028.18
2541.648
810
656100
531441000
28.460
9.322
616299.74
2544.690
811
657721
533411731
28.478
9.326
516572.87
2547.831
812
659344
536387328
28.496
9.329
517847.57
2550.973
813
660969
537366797
28.513
9.3.33
519123.83
26.64.115
814
662596
539363144
28.,')31
9.337
520401.69
2657.256
815
664225
541343375
28.648
9.341
521681.10
2560.398
816
665856
54.3.338496
28.566
9.345
522962.08
2663.540
817
667489
645338513
28.583
9.. 348
524244.64
2566.681
818
669124
547343432
28.601
9.352
525528.77
2569.823
819
670761
54935.3259
28.618
9.356
626814.46
2672.964
820
672400
651368000
28 . 636
9.360
528101.73
2576.106
821
674041
553.387661
28.653
9.364
529390.57
2579.247
822
675684
555412248
28.671
9.368
630680.97
2582.388
823
677329
557441707
28.688
9.371
631972.95
2585.530
824
678976
559476224
28.705
9.375
533266.60
2688.672
825
680625
561515626
28.723
9.379
6.34661.62
2591.814
826
682276
56.3559976
28.740
9.383
536868.32
2594.955
S27
683929
565609283
28.758
9.386
537156.68
2598.097
828
685584
567663652
28.775
9.390
538456.42
2601.239
829
687241
669722789
28.792
9.394
539757.81
2604.380
830
688900
571787000
28.810
9.398
541060.79
2607.522
831
690561
573856191
28.827
9.402
642347.34
2610.663
832
692224
675930368
,28.844
9.405
643671.49
2613.805
833
693889
678009637
28.862
9.409
544979.15
2616.946
834
695556
5S0093704
28.879
9.413
546288.40
2620.088
836
697225
682182875
28.896
9.417
647699.23
2623.230
836
698896
584277066
28.914
9.420
548911.63
2626.371
837
700569
686376253
28.931
9.424
560226.60
2629.513
838
702244
58S480472
28.948
9.428
651641.14
2632.654
839
703921
590589719
28.965
9.432
552858.26
2636.796
840
705600
592704000
28.983
9.435
564176.94
2638.938
841
707281
694823321
29.000
9.439
556497.19
2642.079
842
708964
596947688
29.017
9.443
666819.02
264 5.221
843
710649
599077107
29.034
9.447
568142.42
26^8.363
844
712336
601211684
29.062
9.460
669467.39
2651.604
845
714025
603351 125
29.069
9.454
560793.92
2654.646
846
715716
605495736
29.086
9.458
562122.03
2657.787
847
717409
607646423
29.103
9.462
563451.71
2660.929
848
719104
609800192
29.120
9.465
564782.98
2664.071
849
720801
611960049
29.138
9.469
5661 15. 78
2667.212
850
722500
614125000
29.156
9.473
567450.17
2670.354
".I'ii
.'^ . *■• ■ *•
• < *.
496
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
• Na
Sqn&re.
Cuba.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Ar«K.
Circuau
851
724201
616-295051
29.172
9.476
568786.13
2673 .4W
852
725904
6lb470208
29.189
9.480
570123.66
■2676.637
SftS
727«f)9
62()ti.')()477
29.206
9.484
5714tV2.77
'2679.778
8M
7293 It)
622S35S64
'29.2-23
9.488
572MI3.45
2682. OTO
85r)
731025
62.5026375
29.-240
9.491
574145.69
'2t>86.062
856
7327»i
627222016
29.257
9.495
&7.'>489..54
•2689. a03
867
734449
6294-22793
29.-275
9.499
576s;M.stt
•269-2.346
853
736164
63I62'5712
'29.-292
9.502
57sisi,s.')
•2695.486
859
737881
633S39779
29..-J09
9.. 506
579.Vt(»..38
-2698.6*^8
860
73y6(K)
63t)()56000
'29.3-26
9.510
.58()S>>(I.48
2701 .770
861
741321
6.3N277381
'29.. 34 3
9.513
.58-.i.'.r.'.15
-2704.911
86-i
743044
6^1 0.50 39-28
-29.360
9.517
.583.585.39
2708.063
863
744769
642735647
-29.377
9.521
584 940. -20
-2711.1M
864
746496
644y72.'>44
•29.. 394
9.524
5b6-21»6.5H
'2714.336
665
74.S225
6472146*25
-29.411
9.52>'
587fi.VJ..'M
'2717.478
866
74995*5
6494()IS96
•J9.4-28
9..'>3'.'
.'.^9(11 4. 0«J
-27'20.61»
867
751689
651714363
•29.445
9.5.-J5
590.37.''>.I6
-27-23.700
868
753424
65.3972032
•29.462
9. •'•39
591737.82
272«.'.M»-J
669
755161
6.'>«)234909
'29.479
9.543
r»9310'^.<W
27311.111 1
870
756900
6.5>.5(i3000
■29.496
9..MC.
r.. . - ■- _-
— ■ ' .
671
75S64 1
6' ■.0770311
-29.513
y.-Vio
7
872
7603!54
6«i30.'>4i<48
-29.530
9.. 054
,^ . ■ . . ,
. _ iJj
873
762129
66.')33»617
•29.547
9.557
6l*8.')74.r2
.ilU.^lO
874
763876
667627024
•29.563
9..V1I
59!»946.81
-2745.762
875
765625
(VJ992IS75
29.580
9 . .'■.<V)
ooi:fjo.47
•274 ".894
876
767376
672-221376
-29.. 597
9 . 5«J8
602695.70
27.''p-'.(i:i.'>
\ 877
769129
674.5-26133
-29.614
9.572
f'.IL 1,.- < M
•<-'.'. 1 -7
678
770S&4
67f>S36152
•2l».631
9.. 576
'
■"
879
772641
679151439
29.648
9.579
>,
. .'.11
88U
774100
6l» 14 7-2000
29.665
9.563
6o-jr.j.:u
.;7t>4.<i02
881
776161
6S3797NJ1
29.682
9.586
609.'.9.'i.43
2767.743
682
777924
6!>6r2*>968
29.698
9.590
610980.08
2770.888
883
7796h9
68b4 65387
29.715
9.594
612:«>>.31
•2774.026
884
7!5l4.'>6
690S07104
29.732
9.597
61{7.''>4.12
•2777.168
8»5
7S3225
693154125
-29.749
9.601
615143.48
•2780 .aw
886
784996
695506456
•29.766
9.605
616.534.42
27»«3.46l
687
7^6769
6975>64103
29.783
9.608
617926.93
2786.&W
68S
7tJ^544
700-227072
-2**. 799
9.612
6193<il.02
•2789.734
889
790321
702.595369
-29.816
9.615
t\-jir 1 >,, (',('.
27'#->.S7«
890
792100
704969000
-29.833
9.619
1
7
891
793SS1
707347971
29.860
9.623
I .
1
b9r2
795»V.4
70973-2-288
-29.^66
9.(j26
6-.;1''1:j.io
.'><J2.300
893
797449
712121957
'29.(>83
9.630
6-26314.98
-2805.412
8<J4
799236
7I4.'.16984
-29.900
9.633
»-.y--lw 1..
'-"-.'■H
895
bOI025
7KV.il 7 375
29.917
9.637
I
_ ',
6*»6
»02S16
719323136
29.933
9.641
.
-- i .^ 1
fci97
804609
7217.34273
'29.950
9.644
6.'Ji'j;>5.43
2818. UU9
898
80'>404
7-241.">0:92
-29.967
9.648
633348.22
2821. lae
699
808201
72657-2699
29.983
9.651 .
634 759. 5«
2824.292
900
810000
729000000
30. (KM)
9.655 1
.636172.51
282-.4.'i3
POWERS. ROOTS. CIRCLES.
497
No.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Circum.
901
8I1S01
731432701
30.017
9.658
637587.01
2830.575
902
813604
733^"()t)08
30.033
9.662
639003.08
2833.716
903
815409
• 736314327
30.050
9.666
640420.73
2836.8.58
904
SI7216
738763264
30.067
9.669
641N39.94
2b 10. 000
905
819025
741217625
30.083
9.673
64.3260.73
2S13.I41
906
820836
743677416
30.100
9.676
6446S3.09
2S46.283
907
822649
746142643
30.116
9.680
646107.01
2^49.424
90S
824464
74S61.^31!3
30.1.33
9.683
647532.51
2852.. 566
909
826281
751089129
30.1.50
9.687
648959. .58
2S55.707
910
828100
753571000
30.166
9.691
650.388.22
2858.849
911
829921
75605S031
.30.183
9.694
651M8.43
2(561.990
912
831744
75b5.50528
30.199
9.69&
6.53250.20
2865.132
913
833569
761048497
30.216
9.701
6.54683.56
2b68.273
914
835396
763551944
30.232
9.705
6,56118.48
2>71.415
915
837225
766060875
30. -..Mg
9.708
6.57554.98
2b74..5.57
916
839056
768575296
30.265
9.712
6.58993.04
2877. 69&
917
«408S9
771095213
30.2S2
9.715
660432.68
2880.840
918
842724
773620632
30.299
9.719
661873.88
2!5S3.982
919
844561
776151559
30.315
9.722
663316.66
2587.123
920
S46400
77S688000
30.332
9.726
661761.01
2590.265
921
848241
7& 122; (961
30.. 34 8
9.729
666206.92
2593.407
922
850084
783777448
30.364
9.733
667654.42
2596.548
923
S51929
786330467
30.381
9.736
669103.47
2899.690
924
853776
788889024
30.397
9.740
670554 .07
2902.832
f)-,'.")
855625
791453125
30.414
9.743
672006.30
2905.973
926
857476
794022776
30.430
. 9.747
67,'!460.07
2909.115
927
859329
796597983
30.447
9.750
674915.42
2912.256
928
861184
799178752
30.463
9.7.54
676.372.35
2915.398
929
863041
SOI 765089
30.4»0
9.758
677830.82
2918.539
930
864900
804357000
30.496
9.761
679290.87
2921.681
931
866761
806&.J4491
30.512
9.764
680752.49
2924.822
932
868624
809557568
30., 529
9.768
682215.70
2927.964
933
S70489
812166237
30.545
9.771
683680.46
2931.106
034
872356
814780504
30.. 561
9-775
685146.80
2934.247
935
874225
817400375
30..') 78
9-778
686614.71
2937.389
936
876096
820025856
30.594
9-783
688084.18
2940.531
937
877969
8226.56953
30.610
9-755
689555,24
2943-672
938
879844
825293672
30.(527
9-789
691027.86
2946-814
939
881721
827936019
30.643
9-792
692502.06
2949.955
940
883600
830584000
30.659
9-796
693977.82
29,53-097
941
885481
833237621
30.t576
9-799
695455.15
2956.238
942
887364
835896888
30.692
9-803
696934.05
2959.380
943
889249
638561807
30.708
9.806
6984 1 4.. 59
2962.521
944
891136
841232384
30.725
9-810
699896.58
2965.663
945
893025
84390S625
30.741
9-813
7013S0.19
2965.805
946
894916
846590536
30.757
9-817
702865.38
2971.946
947
896809
849278123
30.773
9-820
704351.35
2975.088
948
898704
851971392
30.790
9. 824
705840.47
2978.230
949
900601
854670349
30.806
9-827
707330.37
2981-371
950
902500
857375000
30.822
9.830
708821.84
2984.513
S3
498
OKUNANCE MANUAL.
Ko.
Square.
Cube.
Square Root.
Cube Root.
Area.
Circom.
951
904401
86008.5351
30.838
9.834
710314.89
2987.655
952
906304
862801408
30.8.54
9.837
71IS09.47
2990.796
953
9(jb209
865.723177
30.871
9.841
713305.66
2'.«)3.9.38
954
yioiio
N6S250664
30.bb7
9. 844
714^03.44
'JW7.079
ftOS
912025
8709^.1^75
30.903
9.><48
716302.76
.1(M)0.221
956
913936
873722S16
30.919
9.^5 1
717>'03.65
.1003.362
957
915849
876467493
30.9.35
9.855
719306.12
.1006.504
95b
917764
879217912
.30.952
9.858
720'xl0.16
3009. (VIS
959
919081
SS1974079
30.968
9.b61
722315.77
.3012.787
960
921600
8i«4 736000
.30.984
9.865
723«'22.95
3015,929
961
923521
NS7503681
31.000
9.N>8
72.5331.70
:M)19.070
962
9J5444
S90277128
31,016
9.»72
726>>42,02
3(r22.212
963
927369
y.»3<».56.347
31.032
9. ''75
7283.'»3.9I
•ur25.3.53
964
92929(5
8-.»5s41344
31.04s
9.S79
r29^7.36
:«)2b.495
965
931225
898632125
31.064
9.^^2
731.3SVS.40
.3031.637
966
933156
90142*^696
31.0M1
'.K^St
7T>(»'.i.OI
.30.34. 77S
967
935089
904231063
31.097
i|.SS',«
7144 17. 18
.•M.37.»<W
968
937024
907039232
31.113
9.892
71.'H:}»'>,96
.3041.061
9H9
938961
909s532ft9
31.1-29
9.896
7.374.58.25
.3044.20.3
970
940900
912673000
31.145
9.899
7389s 1.13
3(M7.345
971
942841
915I9S6I1
31.161
'.1.902
74(l.'»05,.V.i
.'M).')0,48«
972
;<H784
9 183300 IN
31.177
'.i.'.'Oo
742011 .62
:«I53.628
973
y-Jt)72i'
921167317
31.193
'.<.909
743.V.'»,22
30.'.6.769
974
948676
924010424
31.209
9.913
74.'08>?..39
3a59.9n
975
950625
9268.''>9375
31.225
9.916
746619.13
3(KJ3.0'»3
976
952576
929714176
31.241
9.919
748151.44
:«)».6.194
977
954529
932574 833
31. -J.'.?
9.923
749685.32
.'W.9..T36
978
956484
9r'44 13.52
31.273
9 . '.*26
751-220.76
3072.478
979
95b44 I
938313739
3 1. '.'89
(i.'.t.lO
7.52757.80
.3075.619
980
960400
94!19-,'000
31.105
It. '.'33
7542^*6.40
.'tt»78.76l
9S1
962361
944076141
31.321
H.936
7.5.5s .36.. 56
30S1.903
982
964324
946966168
31.337
9.940
7.'.7.37s..30
rJ085.(M4
983
96628i>
919'5620S(7
31.3.53
K.943
7.'.s9Oi.ti0
• ,. . .^ .^r
984
96S256
952763904
31.. 369
9. '.'16
76(t466.48
"
985
970225
9.')5071G25
31.3*s5.
t^.H-'O
762012.93
i . : ' *
9S6
972196
95S.>r)2.'>6
31.401
9.953
763'>«0.95
3U97.M10
987
974169
961. '.04 803
31,417
9.9.56
7651 oy.. 54
3100.7.52
988
976144
964430272
31.432
9.960
7»v>-.«n .70
3103.893
989
97bl2l
967361669
31.448
9.'-»63
7tivoi4.44
3107.038
990
9S01OO
970299000
31.464
9.967
7f.976S.74
3110.177
991
9^2091
973242271
31.480
9.970
771.3-24.61
3113.318
992
9S4064
976191488
31.496
9.973
7728b2.W
3ll6.4nO
993
9S6049
97914«i657
31.512
9.977
774141.07
3119.601
994
988036
982107784
31.. 5-28
9.980
776001 .66
3122.743
995
9;»0025
985074S75
31.544
9.9''3
777.V;i.M2
3125.68ft
996
992016
9^804 7;»36
31.560
9.HS7
779r-'7..55
3129.026
997
994009
991026973
3 1.. 575
9.'.*9n
7bO#-,9'J.S5
31.32. I6H
99S
996004
994011992
31. .591
9.993
7V>2.'.9.72
31.35.310
999
99S001
997002999
31.607
9.997
7838-28.14
3138. 4M
1000
1000000
1000000000
31.623
10.000
785398.10
3141.593
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS
From 1 to 10,000.
No.
Log.
No.
Log.
No.
Log.
No.
Log.
1
0.000000
26
1.414973
51
1.707570
76
1.880814
2
0.301030
27
1.431364
62
1.716003
77
1.886491
3
0.477121
28
1.44715Si
53
1.724276
78
1.892095
4
0.602060
29
1.46239S
54
1.732394
79
1.897627
5
0.698970
30
1.477121
55
1.740.363
80
1.903090
6
0.77S151
31
1.491362
56
1.74S1S8
81
1. 9084 85
7
0.S4509&
32
1.505150
57
1.7.55S75
82
1.913814
S
0.903090
33
1.518514
5S
1.763428
83
1.919078
9
0.954243
34
1.531479
59
1.7708.'')2
84
1 .924279
10
1.000000
35
1.54406S
60
1.778151
85
1.929419
11
1.041393
36
1.556303
61
1.785330
86
1.934498
12
1.079181
37
1.568202
62
1.792392
87
1.939519
13
1.113943
3S
1.579784
63
1.799341
88
1 .944483
14
1.146128
39
1.591065
64
1.806180
89
1.949390
15
1.176091
40
1.602060
65
1.812913
90
1.954243
16
1.204120
41
1.612784
66
1.819544
91
1.959041
17
1.230449
42
1.623249
67
1 .826075
92
1.963788
IS
1.255273
43
1. 63.3468
68
1.832509
<j3
1.968483
19
1.27S754
44
1.643453
69
1.838849
94
1.973128
20
1.301030
45
1.653213
70
1.845098
95
1.977724
21
1.322219
46
1.662758
71
1.851258
96
1.982271
22
1.343423
47
1.672098
72
1.857332
97
1.986772
23
1.301728
48
1.6S1241
73
1.863.323
98
1.991226
24
1.3S0211
49
1.690196
74
1.869232
99
1 ,995635
25
1.397940
60
1.698970
75
1.875061
100
2.000000
500
ORDNANCK MANUAL.
No.|
0 1
100 000000 1
1
43JI
2
8600
3
012837
4
703.1
0
021 IM*
fl
r.niM)
7
'.»3N4
b
03.'U\.'4
i»
742tl
no
01 1393
I
:.3«3
•»
!>2 1 N
3
0.')307H
4
tv.mo
ft
0()0«51>b
6
44.^%
7
SINi
8
071Sb2
9
r).')47
120
071MS1
1
0^27^.")
2
6360
3
•tyo')
4
01*3 422
5
tV.MO
6
100371
7
3N04
8
7210
9
iionyo
130
113U13
1
7-271
2
i2or)74;
3
3S02
4
7105
5
1303:M
6
3r)3'.);
7
6721
S
9S79
9
143015
140
I4612S
1
9219
2
1522s>
3
5336
4
b362
1
t • I
8
ma.
5161368;
s&.
4353;
73171
1702621
3186
0434
4751
9026
3259
7451
1603
5715
97S9
3y26
7825
17S7
5714
'.«506
3463
72K6
1075
4832
b557
2250
5912
9543
3144
6716
0258
3772
7257
0715
4146
7549
0926
4277
7603
om.i
4178
74-29
0655
:fo58
7037
0194
3327
6438
9527
2594
5ti40
8664
1667
4650
7613
0555
3478
()&68
1301
1734
51sl
5609
6038
9451
9*576
0300
36S0
4100
4521
7868
h284
8700
2016
2428
2841
6125
0533
6942
0195
0600
1004
4227
4628
5029
8223
8620
9017
21S2
2576
29rt9
6105
6495
6885
99<.)3
0380
0766
3">46
4230
4613
7606
&046
8426
1452
1S29
2206
5206
55s0
5953
!?92S
0298
966«
2617
29s5
3352
6276
6640
7004
9904
0266
0626
3503
3s6l
4219
7071
7426
7781
0611
01W3
1315
4122
4471
4820
7604
7951
8298
1059
1403
1747
44S7
4V28
5169
7!>S8
8227
6565
1263
1599
1934
4till
4944
5278
7934
b265
>)595
1231
1560
1888
4504
4830
5156
7753
8076
8399
I 0977
1298
1619
, 4177
4496
4M4
' 73r>4
7671
7987
; o:m>i
0822
1136
; 3639
3951
4263
( 674S
7058
7367
1 9b35
0142
0449
2900
3205
3510
5943
624fi
0549
8965
9266
9567
1967
2266
2564
4947
5244
5541
; 7908
8203
8497
' 0848
1141
1434
1 3769
4060
4351
2106
0406
072+
4940
9110
3252
7350
1408
5430
9414
3362
7275
1153
4996
8805
2582
6326
0038
37IS
7368
0987
4576
8136
1667
5169
b644
2091
5510
8903
2270
5611
8920
2216
5481
&7-2-2
1939
5133
8303
1450
4574
7676
0756
3815
0852
9^68
2863
5838
8792
17-26
4641
2598
6894
1147
5300
-.tr,32
30t>4
7757
1812
5830
9811
3755
7»i64
153«
5378
9185
29.58
()«li»9
0407
4085
7731
i 1347
4934
I !>190
I 201!)
, 5518
2434
5851 -
9-241
2605
5943
9256
•25^14
5!s06
9045
22»>0
5451
8018
1763
4885
7985
1063
41-20
7154
016s
3161
6134
9086
2019
49.J2
3029
7321
1570
5779
9944
4075
S10»
2216
0230
0207
4148
b053
1924
5760
9561
3333
7071
0776
4451
8094
1707
5-291
8845
2370
5866
9335
2777
6191
9579
2940
0276
95b6
•2871
6131
9363
25>j0
5769
8934
2076
5196
6294
1370
4424
7457
0469
3460
6430
9380
2311
5-2-22
3461
7748
11»93
0197
0361
44S>6
K571
•2019
00-29
0002
4540
SI42
2309
6142
9'.»42
3709
7443
1145
4S|6
8457
2067
5647
9198
•2721
6215
3119
6531
9910
3275
3891
8174
2415
(Ml 1 6
0775
4896
f>978
3021
7028
0998
4932
I f>b30
2694
6524
' 0320
' 40!53
7M5
1514
51'?2
I Shl9
2426
'■)004
955-2
3071
6062
00-26
3402
6>)71
0253
3009
04;'j6
9»"W>
5507
8603
9074
2003
5512
8
I 6781
0012
. (
i
•270-2
1 5M8
I b911
'2»95
5802
432
428
424
420
416
412
408
4(M
400
397
^3
390
386
I 3S3
379
370
373
I 370
366
363
360
337
365
352
349
346
343
.341
33l>
335
333
330
:m
325
I 323
321
318
i 316
314
; 311
> 300
307
.'J05
.103
301
2-J9
297
'295
293
291
Dift
L0GAKITHM8 OF NUMBERS.
501
No.
0
1
^
3
4
'
6
7
8
9
Diff.
150
17()091
6381
6670
6959
7248
7536
7825
8113
8401
8689
289
1
8977
9264
9552
9S39
0126
0413
0699
0986
1272
1558
287
2
18184^
2129
2415
2700
2985
3270
3555
3839
4123
4407
285
3
4691
4975
5259
5542
5825
6108
6391
6674
6956
7239
283
4
7521
7803
8084
8366
8647
8928
9209
9490
9771
0051
2hl
5
190322
0012
0892
1171
1451
1730
2010
22^9
2.567
2846
279
6
3125
3403
3681
3959
4237
4514
4792
5069
5346
5623
278
7
5900
6176
6453
6729
7005
728 1
7556
7832
8107
8382
276
8
8657
8932
9206
9481
9755
0029
0303
0577
0850
1124
274
9
201397
1670
1943
2216
2488
2761
3033
3305
3577
3848
272
160
204120
4391
4663
4934
5204
5475
.5746
6016
6286
6556
271
1
6820
7096
7365
76S4
7904
8173
8441
8710
8979
9247
269
2
9515
9783
0051
0319
0580
0853
1121
13sS
1654
1921
967
3
212188
2454
2720
2966
3252
3518
3783
4049
4314
4.579
266
4
4844
5109
5373
5638
5902
6166
6430
6694
6957
7221
264
f)
7484
7747
8010
8273
8536
8798
9060
9323
9585
9846
262
6
220108
0370
0631
0892
1153
1414
1875
1936
2196
2456
201
7
2716
2976
3236
.3496
3755
4015
4-.c!74
45.33
4792
.5051
259
8
5309
5568
5826
6084
6342
6600
68n8
7115
7372
7630
258
9
7887
8144
8400
8657
8913
9170
9426
9682
9938
0193
256
170
230449
0704
0960
1215
1470
1724
1979
2234
2488
2742
255
1
2990
3250
3504
3757
4011
4264
4517
4770
5023
5276
2.53
2
5528
5781
6033
6285
6537
6789
7041
7292
7544
7795
252
3
8016
b2<J7
8548
8799
9049
9299
9550
9800
0050
0300
2.50
4
240549
0799
1048
1297
1546
1795
2044
2293
2.541
2790
249
5
3038
3286
3534
3782
4030
4277
4.525
4772
.5019
5266
248
6
5513
5759
6006
0252
6499
6745
6991
7237
7482
7728
24t)
7
7973
8219
8464
8709
8954
9198
9443
9687
9932
0176
245
8
250420
0664
0908
1151
1395
1638
1881
2125
2368
2610
243
9
2b53
3096
333S
3580
3b22
4064
4306
4548
4790
5031
242
180
255273
5514
5755
5996
6237
6477
6718
69.58
7198
74.39
241
1
7079
7918
8158
8398
8637
■8877
9116
9305
9594
9833
2.39
2
200071
0310
0548
07!37
1025
1263
1501
1739
1976
2214
238
3
2451
2(js8
2925
3162
3399
3636
3873
4109
4346
4.582
237
4
4818
5054
5290
5525
5761
5996
6232
6467
6702
6937
235
5
7172
7106
7641
7875
8110
8344
8578
8812
9046
9279
234
6
9513
9746
9980
0213
0416
0679
0912
1144
1377
1609
233
7
271b42
2074
2306
2538
2770
3001
3233
3164
3696
3927
232
8
4158
4389
4620
4850
5081
5311
5542
5772
6002
6232
230
9
0462
6692
6921
7151
7380
7609
7838
8007
8296
8525
229
190
278754
8982
9211
9439
9667
9895
0123
0351
0578
0806
228
1
281033
1261
1488
1715
1942
2169
2396
2622
2849
3075
227
2
3301
3527
3753
3979
4205
4431
4656
48«2
5107
5332
226
3
5.'-.57
5782
6007
6232
6456
fi68l
6905
7130
73.54
7578
225
4
7802
8026
8249
8473
8696
8920
9143
9366
9589
9812
223
5
2900'i5
0257
0480
0702
0925
1147
1369
1591
1813
2034
222
6
2256
2478
2699
2920
3141
3363
35s4
3804
4025
4246
221
7
4466
4687
4907
5127
5347
5567
5787
6007
6220
6446
220
8
6665
(i884
7104
7323
7542
7761
7979
8198
8416
8635
219
9
8853
9071
9289
9507
9725
9943
0161
0378
0595
0813
218
No. 1 0
1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Diff.
502
ORDNANOB MANUAL.
a*.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0
war.
200
301030
1247
1464
J 681
1898
2114
2331
2547
27t)4
2980
217
1
3 190
3112
3-^28
3si4
4059
4275
4491
4706
4921
5136
216
2
.'13:11
55«»6
5781
5996
C21 1
6125
8561
6639
6851
7068
7282
215
3
74Wrt
7710
7924
8137
8351
8778
8991
9-204
9417
213
4
9(J30
yvl3
0056
0268
0481
0093
0906
1118
1330
1542
212
5
31I7.VI
1966
2177
2389
2600
'2812
3023
32.'M
3445
3656
311
6
38f«7
4078
4289
4499
4710
49-20
5130
5340
5551 •
5700
310
7
r»y7(»
61*^0
0390
6599
6809
7018
7-227
7 !'■ '
" ' ; ■
7»r»4
309
6
bO'-.r?
t5272
8481
8689
8S9S
9106
9314
1
9938
208
9
320146
0354
0562
0769
0977
1184
1391
i. .^
2012
207
210
322219
2426
2633
2839
3046
3252
3468
3665
3871
4077
306
I
4'282
4488
4694
4899
5105
5310
5516
5721
.V.»26
6131
305
2
fi336
6541
6745
6950
7155
7359
7.'K33
7767
7972
8176
304
3
8380
8583
8787
8991
9194
9398
9001
9>^5
(XMin
0911
303
4
330414
0617
0«>19
1022
12-25
14-27
1630
1-'
■;i
2236
302
6
•2t3s
2640
2^il2
3U44
3-246
3147
3649
4253
302
6
4r t
(,■.^->
4sVi
5057
5257
5158
5658
6M0
301
7
f. 1
O-yJO
7060
7-260
7459
7659
" ■
-
8257
300
8
M
>s55
90M
9253
9451
9650
0246
1»9
9
340444
OuU
0>541
1039
1-237
1435
1632
1 '
2-225
198
220
312423
2620
2817
3014
3212
3409
3606
.
4196
1»7
1
4392
4589
4785
4981
5173
5374
5570
6157
196
2
6353
6549
6744
0939
7135
7330
75-25
-
8110
105
3
830:)
b500
8(')94
8889
9083
9278
9172
1
OOM
194
4
350k4^
0442
0636
0829
1023
1216
1410
i '
19»(9
193
5
•2183
2375
254.8
2761
2954
3147
3339
1
3tM6
193
n
410s
4301
4493
4685
4876
5068
5-260
5834
192
7
6020
6217
6108
6599
6790
0981
71 T2
-
.
7744
191
b
793.')
8125
8316
8506
8696
8886
9076
\i^'j>i
.•!■>'>
9646
190
9
9S33
0025
0215
0404
0593
0783
0972
1161
1330
1539
189
230
36I72>S
1917
2105
2294
2482
2671
2839
:('•!>.
*''4rt
3424
188
1
3til'2
3M)0
3988
4176
4365
4551
4739
)
5301
188
2
.'>4N>5
5.-,75
5^62
6049
6236
64-23
6610
1
7169
187
3
7356
7.^42
7729
7915
8101
8-287
8473
^'
■•ICtK
I"'-.
4
9-216
9401
9587
9772
9958
0143
03-28
ii
ll-^-•^
l<<
6
371068
1253
1437
1622
1806
1991
2175
■,
;
■.i7;^8
184
6
2912
3096
3280
3464
3647
3331
4U15
;
4563
184
7
474>
4932
5115
5-298
5481
5664
5s46
1 ■
6394
163
8
6577
6759
6912
7124
7306
7488
7670
78.'>^
8U34
8216
162
9
8398
S5S0
6761
8^43
9124
9306
9487
9668
9819
0030
181
240
3S0211
0392
0573
0754
0934
1115
1296
1476
1656
1837
181
1
2017
2197
2377
2557
2737
-2917
3097
3277
3456
3636
180
2
3s15
3995
4174
4353
4533
4712
4391
r .
r . . ,.,
5428
179
3
5606
6785
5964
6142
6321
6499
6677
7212
178
4
7.«»0
756S
7746
79-23
8101
8279
8456
-•
i
8989
178
fi
9166
9343
9r,-20
9698
9875
0051
0228
04w5
<».y52
0759
177
6
390935
1112
1288
1464
1641
1817
1993
2169
2345
2521
176
7
2697
2873
3045
3224
3400
3575
3751
f; "
: " ■" ;
4277
176
8
4452
4627
4802
4977
5152
53-26
5501
-
6025
175
9
6199
6374
6548
67-22
6896
7071
7245
._-•-
7766
174
LOGARITHMS OP NUMBERS.
508
No. 1 0
1
2
3
4
'
•
7
8
9
Diff.
250
397940
8114
8287
8461
8634
8808
8981
9154
9328
9501
173
1
9674
9847
0020
0192
0.365
0538
0711
0883
1056
1228
173
2
401401
1573
1745
1917
20&9
2261
2433
2605
2777
2949
172
3
.3121
3292
3464
3635
3807
3978
4149
4320
4492
4663
171
4
4834
5005
5176
5346
5517
5688
5858
6029
6199
6370
171
S
6540
6710
6881
7051
7221
7391
7561
7731
7901
8070
170
6
8240
8410
8579
8749
8918
9087
9257
9426
9595
9764
169
7
9933
0102
0271
0440
0609
0777
0946
1)14
1283
1451
169
&
411620
1788
1956
2124
2293
2461
2629
2796
2964
3132
168
9
3300
3467
3635
3803
3970
4137
4305
4472
4639
4806
167
260
414973
5140
5307
5474
5641
5808
5974
6141
6308
6474
167
1
6641
6b07
6973
7139
7306
7472
7638
7b04
7970
8135
J 66
2
8301
8467
8633
8798
8964
9r.<j9
9295
9460
9625
9791
165
3
99r)6
0121
0286*
0451
0616
07&1
0945
1110
1275
1439
165
4
421604
176«
1933
2097
2261
2426
2590
2754
2918
3082
164
5
3246
3410
3574
3737
3P01
4065
4228
4392
4555
4718
164
6
4882
5045
5208
5371
5534
5697
5»60
6023
6186
6349
163
7
6511
6674
6836
6999
7161
7324
7486
7648
7811
7973
162
8
8135
8297
8459
8621
8783
8944
9106
9268
9429
9591
162
9
9752
9914
0075
0236
0398
0559
0720
0881
1042
1203
161
270
431 364
1525
1685
1846
2007
2167
2328
2488
2649
2809
161
1
2969
3130
3290
3450
3610
3770
3930
4090
4249
4409
160
2
4569
4729
4888
5048
5207
5367
5526
5685
5844
6004
159
3
6163
6322
6481
6640
6799
6957
7116
7275
7433
7592
159
4
7751
7909
8067
8226
8384
8542
8701
8859
9017
9175
158
5
9333
9491
964S
9806
9964
0122
0279
0437
0594
0752
158
6
440909
1066
1224
1381
1538
1695
1852
2009
2166
2323
157
7
2480
2637
2793
2950
3106
3263
3419
3576
3732
3889
157
8
4045
4201
4357
4513
4669
4825
49»1
5137
5293
5449
156
9
5604
5760
5915
6071
6226
6382
6537
6692
6848
7003
155
280
447158
7313
7468
7623
7778
7933
8088
8242
8397
8552
155
1
8706
8S61
9015
9170
9324
9478
9633
97b7
9941
0095
154
2
450249
0403
0557
0711
0865
1018
1172
1.326
1479
1633
154
3
1786
1940
2093
2247
2400
2553
2706
28.-.9
3012
3165
153
4
3318
3471
3624
3777
3930
4082
4235
4387
4540
4692
153
5
4845
4997
5150
5302
6454
5606
5758
5910
6062
6214
152
6
636H
6518
6670
6b21
6973
7125
7276
7428
7579
7731
152
7
7S&2
8033
8184
8336
8487
8638
87^9
8940
9091
9242
151
8
9392
9543
9694
9845
9995
0146
0296
0447
0597
0748
151
9
460S9S
1048
1198
1348
1499
1649
1799
1948
2098
2248
150
290
462398
2548
2697
2847
2997
3146
3296
3445
3594
3744
150
1
3893
4042
4191
4.340
4490
4639
4788
4936
5085
5234
149
2
5383
5532
5680
5829
5977
6126
6274
6423
6571
6719
149
.-?
6868
7016
7164
7312
7460
7608
7756
7904
8052
8200
148
4
8347
8495
8643
8790
8938
90b5
9233
9380
9527
9675
148
f)
9S22
9969
0116
02(53
0410
0557
0704
0&51
0998
1145
147
6
471292
1438
1585
1732
1878
2025
2171
2318
2464
2610
146
7
2756
2903
3049
3195
3341
3487
3633
3779
3925
4071
146
8
4216
4.362
4508
4653
4799
4944
5090
5235
5381
5526
146
9
5671
5816
5962
6107
6252
6397
6542
66t)7
6832
6976
145
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Diff.
504
H./MI^KANCZ UAMJAL.
Mo.
Dif.
300;47712l
J KTxiO
2 4bOOU7
3| 1443
0
i7-2l
7
TKl-
6
>•
9
•'
.110
•19130^
1
2700
2
415.'}
3
.V»H
4
6930
&
bSlli
6
9107
7
MHVM
6
2\'H\
9
379 1 [
320
505l.'.0
1
Ado.')
2
7650
3
9203
4
5 1 054.'. 1
ft
l!sS3
6
3J;b
7
454-3
6
5b74
0
71»«J
330
51J>5H
1
9S2t>i
2
.')V.'113>!
3
2444'
4
374 1)
5
.vwr.
6
6339
7
7G30
S
&917
9
530200
340
531479
1
27.'kJ
o
402C
3
A
6;i94
ft 7S19
6 9070
7 .'>40329
8 1579
9< 2^25
l.'Ki:^
•2900
4294
.')«te3
70«iS
!»44S
9^24
1190
2:Ki4
3927
5260
GtitO
79tfl
9337
0079
2017
3351
40»1
6000
7325
8040
9959
1269
2575
3670
5174
640 J
77.'i9
90 J 5
0326
1007
26S2
4 1 53
5421
6r.S5
7915
'.1202
0455
1704
2950
1042
3040
4433
56-22
7200
b.'>60
9902
1333
•2700
40G3
5777
0090
1400
2705
4000
5304
0598
7666
9174
0456
5557
•i9ll
6200
9000
0947
2-264
3617
4940
0-271
7592
Mo.
1662
3136
4407
.')C74
6937
8197
9452
0705
19.53
3199
3
7700
7644
9143
9-267
0562
07-25
1 2010
SI 59
1 3445
3567
1 4669
5011
1 0269
0430 1
7704
7N45
91U
9255 1
0520
0001
19-22
2002
3319
34.58
4711
46.50
1 00W9
6236
' 7463
7021
6602
8999
0230
0374
1 1607
1744
2973
3109 ,
4335
4471 !
S(}93
5823 1
7046
7161
8395
6530
9740
9874
1061
1215
2416
2.551
37.'>0
3663
5079
5211
6403
65r.5
77-il
7655
1 9040
9171
0353
0484
1001
1792
2ytid
3090
] 4206
4390 i
1 5563
5093 :
; 68.56
6985
1 6145
8274
1 9430
9559 1
1 0712
0840
; 1990
2117 '
' 3-261
3391 '
; 4534
4«»0I
5800
.5927 1
706^
7169 1
8322
6446
1 9578
9703 i
1 0830
0955 i
' 2079
2-203 1
3.323
344"!
7969
9431
0669
2302
3730
5153
0572
7S»60
9390
0801
2201
3.597
4969
0370
7759
9137
0511
1880
3240
46U7
5964
7316
6064
0009
1349
-2684
4010
.5344
0068
7967
9303
0615
1922
3226
4520
5822
7114
8402
9687
0908
2245
3518
4787
6053
7315
8574
9S2y
1080
2327
3571
8133
H575
1012
2445
3672
5-295
07 1 4
6127
9537
0941
2341
3737
9275
0648
2017
33s2
4743
6099
7451
8799
0143
1462
2616
81ik^
9434
0745
2053
33-'Ki
40.'»«)
.V.».M
9m:.
WJ&
2372
50 J 5
4914
0160
74 41
8278
9719
11.5«i
2.'i68
4015
.5437
06,55
'•,209
9«i77
1061
2481.
3^76
91 i 2
0765
21.54
35l>%
4676
0234
7.5'^
6934
0-277
1016
•2951
6^1
95»i6
0676
2163
3160
47^5
'J- J 1 'J
1223
8422
96«13
1*299 ;
8731
4157
5579 ,
6997
8410
9818 ,
122*2
*2a2i
4015
5400
0791
8173 .
05.'i<i
0922
*2-2yi
3055 ,
(i014 ,
6370
7T2I I
9068 1
0411
17.50
3064
4415 I
5741 I
7064 I
8382 •
9W7 I
1007 I
2314
3016
4J15 ,
1351
2.VK) I 2027
3772 3s9y
'.ni; .Mr, 7
nr
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
No.
0 1 1
•^
3
4
5
6
7
8
'
Di«f
350
r)44068
4192
4316
4440
4564
4688
4812
4936
5060
5183
124
1
5307
5431
5555
5678
5802
5925
6049
6172
6296
6419
124
2
6543
6666
6789
6913
70.36
7159
7282
7405
7529
7652
123
3
7775
7698
8021
8144
8267
8389
8512
8635
8758
8881
123
4
9003
9126
9249
9371
9494
9616
9739
9861
9984
0106
123
5
550228
0351
0473
0595
0717
0840
0962
1084
1206
1328
122
6
1450
1572
1694
1816
1938
2060
2181
2303
2425
2.'>47
122
7
2668
2790
2911
3033
3155
3276
3398
3519
3640
3762
121
8
3883
4004
4126
4247
4368
4489
4610
4731
4852
4973
121
9
5094
5215
5336
5457
5578
5699
5820
5940
6061
61«2
121
360
556303
6423
6544
6664
6785
6905
7026
7146
7267
7387
120
1
7507
7627
7748
7S68
79^8
8108
8228
8349
8469
&5b9
120
2
8709
8829
8948
9068
9188
9308
9428
9548
9667
9787
120
3
9907
0026
0146
0265
0385
0504
0624
074.3
0863
0982
119
4
561101
J 221
1340
1459
1578
1698
1817
1936
2055
2174
119
5
2293
2412
2531
2650
2769
2887
3006
3125
. 3244
3362
119
6
.3481
3600
3718
3837
3955
4074
4192
4311
4429
4548
119
7
4666
4784
4903
5021
5139
5257
5376
5494
5612
5730
118
S
5848
5966
6084
6202
6320
6437
6555
6673
6791
6909
118
9
7026
7144
7262
7379
7^97
7614
7732
7849
7967
80»4
118
370
568202
«319
8436
8554
8671
8788
8905
9023
9140
9257
117
1
9374
9491
9608
9725
9842
9959
0076
0193
0309
0426
117
2
570543
0660
0776
0893
1010
1126
1243
1.359
1476
1592
117
3
1709
1825
1942
2058
2174
2291
2407
2523
2639
2755
116
4
2872
2988
3104
3220
3336
3452
3568
3684
3800
3915
116
5
4031
4147
4263
4379
4494
4610
4726
4841
4957
5072
116
G
5188
5303
5419
5534
5650
5765
5880
5996
6111
6226
115
7
6341
6457
6572
6687
6S02
6917
7032
7147
7262
7377
115
8
7492
7607
7722
7836
7951
»066
8181
8295
8410
8525
115
9
8639
8754
8868
8983
9097
9212
9326
9441
9555
9669
114
380
579784
9898
0012
0126
0241
0355
0469
0.583
0697
0811
114
1
580925
1039
1153
1267
1381
1495
1608
1722
1836
1950
114
2
2063
2177
2291
2404
2518
2631
2745
285b
2972
3085
114
3
3199
3312
3426
3539
3652
3765
3879
3992
4105
4218
113
4
4331
4444
4557
4670
4783
4896
5009
5122
5235
5348
113
5
5461
5574
5686
5799
5912
6024
6137
6250
6362
6475
113
6
6587
6700
6812
6925
70.37
7149
7262
7374
7486
7599
112
7
7711
7823
7935
8047
8160
«272
8384
8496
8608
8720
112
8
8832
8944
9056
9167
9279
9391
9503
9615
9726
9838
112
9
9950
0061
0173
0284
0396
0507
0619
0730
0842
0953
112
390
591065
1176
1287
1399
1510
1621
1732
1843
1955
2066
111
1
2177
2288
2399
2510
2621
2732
2843
2954
3064
3175
111
2
3286
3397
3508
3618
3729
3840
3950
4061
4171
4282
111
3
4393
4503
4614
4724
4834
4945
5055
5165
5276
53b6
110
4
5496
5606
5717
5827
5937
6047
6157
6267
6377
6487
110
5
6597
6707
6817
6927
70.37
7146
7256
7366
7476
7586
110
6
7695
7805
7914
8024
81.34
8243
8353
8462
8572
8681
110
7
8791
8900
9009
9119
9228
9337
9446
9556
9665
9774
109
8
9883
9992
0101
0210
0319
0428
0537
0646
0755
0864
109
9
600973
1082
1191
1299
1408
1517
1625
1734
1843
1951
109
Diff.
34
506
OaDNANGE MANUAL.
H-j 0 1 1 1
2
s 1
4 1
6 1
6
7
8
•
SMI
400
A02060I
2169 '
2277 '
2386
2494
2603
2711
2819
2928
3036
108
1
3144^
.•J25;j
3361
3469
3577
3686
3794
3902
1010
4118
108
2
422C
r.i:',i
4442
4550
4668
4766
4874
4982
6089
5197
108
630i»
6413
6521
6628
6736
6844
5951
6069
(1166
6274
108
ftSHl
04 S»
6696
6704
6811
6919
7026
7133
7241
7848
107
746.'.
7662
7669
7777
7884
7991
8098
8206
S312
8410
107
8526
8633
8740
8847
8954
9061
9167
9274
9381
0488
107
VAV4
9701
9S(I8
9014
0021
0128
0234
0341
0447
0564
107
ClOOfiO
()7«7
0S73
(1979
1086
1192
1298
1406
1511
1617
106
1723
1829
1930
2042
2148
2254
2360
2466
2572
2078
106
410
6127M
289(1
2996
3102
3207
3313
3419
3525
36S0
3736
100
3842
394 7
4053
4159
4264
4370
4476
4581
4686
4792
106
48»7
6003
6IU8
5213
6319
5424
5629
6634
6740
6»46
106
6tt6«
0055
AI6U
6265
6370
6476
6581
66^8
6790
6806
106
700(1
7105
7210
7315
7420
7525
7629
T " *
" "'.1
7943
105
hO^JS
M63
8267
8362
8466
8571
8676
1
8989
106
V0U3
9198
9302
9406
9611
9615
9719
j^
0032
104
02013 A
0240
0844
U448
0552
0656
0760
0^o4
0968
1073
1U4
1176
1280
1384
1488
1592
1695
1799
1903
2007
2110
104
2214
2318
2421
2525
2628
2732
2836
2939
3042
3140
104
420
02324y
3353
3456
3559
3663
3766
3869
3973
4076
4179
108
4282
4385
4488
4591
1695
4798
4901
6004
6107
5210
103
5312
6416
5518
6621
6'/24
5827
6929
6032
6135
6238
103
6340
6443
6546
6648
0761
0863
6956
7058
7161
7263
103
7366
7468
7571
7673
7775
7878
7080
8082
K185
8287
102
838»
8491
8593
8695
8797
8900
9002
9104
9206
9308
102
9410
9612
9613
9715
9817
9919
0021
0123
0224
0320
102
63U428
0530
0631
0733
0836
0936
1038
1139
1241
1342
102
8
1444
1646
1647
1748
1849
1951
2052
2163
2255
2360
101
V
2467
2669
2660
2761
2862
2963
3064
3166
3266
3307
101
430
633468
3669
3670
3771
8872
3973
4074
4175
4276
4370
101
4477
4678
4679
4779
4880
4981
6081
6182
6283
6883
101
6484
6584
5685
6785
5886
6086
6087
6187
C.287
6388
100
G488
6688
6688
6789
6889
6989
7089
7189
7290
7390
lOU
7490
759U
7690
7790
7890
7990
.S090
M90
s29«
8380
100
84 S9
S569
8680
8789
8888
8988
9088
91.H8
9287
9387
100
V486
9686
9686
9785
9885
9984
0084
0183
0283
0382
09
640481
0681
0680
0779
0879
0978
1077
1177
12/6
1376
90
1474
1573
1672
1771
1871
1970
2069
2168
2267
2300
09
2465
2563
2662
2761
2800
2950
3058
3156
3255
3364
90
440
643453
3551
3650
3749
3847
3046
40U
4143
4242
4340
99
4439
4537
4636
4734
4632
4931
6029
6127
6226
6324
98
5422
5621
5619
6717
6815
5913
6011
611U
0208
63««
08
6404
6502
6600
6698
6796
6894
6992
7089
7187
7285
98
7383
7481
7579
7676
7774
7872
7969
8067
M65
8202
98
8360
8458
8555
8653
8750
8848
8945
9043
9144)
9237
97
9335
9432
9530
9627
9724
9821
9919
00 1«
(•113
V210
97
1650308
0405
0502
0699
0696
0793
0890
i ■ -
" - !
1181
97
1 1278
1376
1472
1669
1666
1762
1859
2150
97
9! 2246
2343
2440
2536
2633
2730
2826
.....
-..i'J
3110
97
li«.| 0 1 1
2
3
4
5
«
7
1^
9
mft
L0UARITHM8 OF NUMBERS.
No.
0
1
2
3
1 ^
5
6
8
9
|Di<r.
450
653213
3309
3405
3502
3598
3695
3791
3888
3984
4080
1 9a
1
4177
4273
4369
4465
4562
4668
4754
4850
4946
5042
96
2
6138
5235
6331
5427
5523
5619
5715
5810
5906
6002
96
3
6098
6194
6290
6386
6482
6577
6673
6769
6864
6960
96
4
7056
7152
7247
7343
7438
7634
7629
7725
7820
7916
96
6
8011
8107
8202
8298
8393
8488
8584
S679
8774
8870
95
6
8965
9060
9155
9250
9346
9441
9636
9631
9726
9821
95
7
9916
0011
0106
0201
0296
0391
0486
0681
0676
0771
95
8
660865
0960
1056
1160
1245
1339
1434
1529
1623
1718
96
9
1813
1907
2002
2096
2191
2286
2380
2475
2569
2663
95
460
662758
2852
2947
3041
3135
3230
3324
3418
3512
3607
94
1
3701
3795
3889
3983
4078
4172
4266
4360
4454
4548
94
2
4642
4736
4830
4924
5018
5112
5206
5299
5393
5487
94
3
5581
5675
6769
5862
5956
6050
6143
6237
6331
6424
94
4
6518
6612
6705
6790
6892
6986
7079
7173
7266
7360
94
5
7453
7546
7640
7733
7826
7920
8013
8106
8Ht9
8298
93
6
838C
8479
8572
8666
8759
8852
8945
9088
9131
9224
93
1
9317
9410
9503
9596
9689
9782
9875
9967
0060
0153
93
8
670246
0339
0431
0624
0617
0710
0802
0895
0988
1080
93
9
1173
1265
1358
1451
1543
1636
1728
1821
1913
2005
93
470
672098
2190
2283
2376
2467
2560
2652
2744
2836
2929
92
1
3021
3113
3205
3297
3390
3482
3674
3666
3768
3860
92
2
3942
4034
4126
4218
4310
4402
4494
4586
4677
4769
92
3
4861
4953
5046
5137
5228
5320
5412
6503
5595
6687
92
4
5778
5870
5962
6053
6145
6236
6328
6419
6511
6602
92
5
6694
6785
6876
6968
7059
7151
7242
7333
7424
7516
91
6
7607
7698
,7789
7881
7972
8063
8154
8245
8336
8427
91
7
8518
8609
8700
8791
8882
8973
9064
9166
9246
9337
91
8
9428
9519
9610
9700
9791
9882
9973
0063
0154
0245
91
9
6S0336
0426
0517
0607
0698
0789
0879
0970
1060
1161
91
480
681241
1332
1422
1513
1603
1693
1784
1874
1964
2065
90
1
2145
2235
2326
2416
2506
2596
2686
2777
2867
2957
90
2
3047
3137
3227
3317
3407
3497
3587
3677
3767
3867
90
3
3947
4037
4127
4217
4307
4396
4486
4576
4666
4756
90
4
4845
4935
6025
5114
6204
5294
5383
5473
5663
5652
90
5
5742
5831
6921
6010
6100
6189
6279
6368
6458
6547
89
6
6636
6726
6815
6904
6994
7083
7172
7261
7351
7440
89
7
7529
7018
7707
7796
7886
7975
8064
8153
8242
8331
89
8
8420
8509
8598
8687
8776
8865
8953
9042
9131
9220
89
9
9309
9398
9486
9575
9664
9753
9841
9930
0019
0107
89
490
690196
0285
0373
0462
0550
0639
0728
0816
0905
0993
89
1
1081
1170
1258
1347
1435
1524
1612
1700
1789
1877
88
2
1965
2053
2142
2230
2318
2406
2494
2583
2671
2759
88
3
2847
2935
3023
3111
3199
3287
3375
3463
3551
3639
88
4
3727
3815
3903
3991
4078
4166
4254
4342
4430
4517
88
5
4605
4693
4781
4868
4956
5044
5131
6219
5307
5394
88
6
5482
5569
5657
5744
5832
5919
6007
6094
6182
6269
87
7
6356
6444
6531
6618
6706
6793
6880
6968
7055
7142
87 .
8
• 7229
7317
7404
7491
7578
7665
7752
7839
7926
8014
87
9
8101
8188
8275
8362
8449
8535
8622
8709
8796
8883
87
No.
50b
OHDMAMOE MANUAL.
If<k
DiC
500 098070
1 U83S
2 700704
3 1668
2431
32tfl
4I&I
6008
68<W
0718
610 707670
1 8421
2 V270
3 710117
4 0U6H
6 180
6
7
8
U
620
1
2
3
2060
34yi{
43301
6167|
7 16003 1
6838
767li
86021
4 »331
6 72016U
6 0986
1811
2634
3466
530 724276,
60961
69121
6727
76411
8364
9166
9974!
8 730782|
9 1689|
640
1
2
3
4
6
6
?
8
9
732394
319
3999
4800
6699
6397
7193
7987
8781
9672;
9067
9144
9231
9317
U924
0011
0098
0184
0790
0877
0963
1050
1664
1741
1827
1913
2617
2603
2689
2776
3377
3463
3649
3636
4236
4322
4408
4494
6094
6179
5266
5360
6949
6036
r>120
6206
6803
6888
6974
7059
7665
7740
7826
7911
8606
8691
8676
8761
1 9365
9440
9624
9609
1 0202
0287
0371
0466
: 1048
1132
1217
1301
1892
1970
2060
2144
2734
2818
2902
2986
1 3675
3669
3742
3826
4414
4497
4681
4666
6261
6336
6418
6602
i 6087
C170
6264
6337
6921
7004
7088
7171
i 7764
7837
7920
8003
1 8686
8668
8761
8834
1 9414
9497
9680
9663
i 0242
0326
0407
0490
1068
1161
1233
1316 1
1893
1976
2068
2140
2716
2798
2881
2963
3638
3620
;i702
3784
, 4368
4440
4622
4004
6176
6268
634«
6422
6993
6076
6166
6238 1
6809
6890
6972
7053
7623
7704
7786
7866
8436
86 Ki
8597
8678
9246
9.i27
9408
9489
! 0066
0136
0217
0298
1 0863
0944
1024
1105
1 1669
1750
1830
1911 1
1 2474
2666
2636
2715
, 3278
3368
3438
3618
; 4079
4160
4240
4320
j 488U
4960
5040
6120
1 6679
5769
5838
6918
! 6476
6666
6636
6715
j 7272
7362
7431
7511
1 8067 1
8146
8225
S306
8860 1
8939
9018 1
9097
, 9661 1
9731 1
9810 1
9889
9404
0271
1136
1999
2861
3721
4679
5 J 36
<>291
7144
7996
8846
9094
0640
1385
2229
3070
3910
4749
6686
6421
7254
8060
8917
9745
0573
1398
2222
3046
3806
4685
5503
6320
7134
7948
8759
9570
0378
118»> ,
1991
2796 i
3698 I
4400 j
520U ;
5998
6796 I
7690 I
8384
9177 ;
9968 I
9491 I
0368 I
1222
2086 I
2947
3807 I
4666
5522
i;;',7rt
7229
8081
8931
9779
0626
1470
2.il3
:;U4
.'.'.tiU
4.H33
5('>69
f...04
7338
M69
90U0
9s'ifs
0056
U81
230J
3127
3948
4767
55.>5
6iUl
7210
8029
SS41
9051
U459
1266
2072
2.S76
3679
4480
5279
6078
6874
7070
8463
9266
0047
9678
9664
0444
0531
1309
1395
2172
2268
3033
3119
3893
3979
4751
48S7
6607
.......
6462
'
7316
8166
8261
9015
'.iliin
9863
0710
'
1664
2397
J
3238
4078
4162
4919 I 60UU
57&S 6836
6588 I 6«^7I
7421 :
8263
90t»3
ywii
0738 I
1663 1' .
2387 -1' <
3209 .iZ'^l
4030 4112
4849 4'^ 1
6667
64H3 '
72V7
8110
8922
9732
0540
1347
2153
2956
3769
4660
5359
6157
6954
7749
1
1
-
v.
,
70
>4
7113
r>«
'V
TtMC*
Oil';,
82
8S
83
81
81
81
81
81
81
81
8«
8«
m
8«
8«
80
7»
79
79
79
Now
6
DUL
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
509
No.j 0 1 1
2
1 3
1
1 *
1 ^
1 ^
7
1 ^
1 ^
Diff.
560
740363
0442
0521
0600
0678
0757
0836
0915
0994
1073
1 79
1
1152
1230
1309
1388
1467
1546
1624
1703
1782
1860
79
2
1939
2018
2096
2175
2254
2332
2411
2489
2568
2647
79
3
2725
; 2804
2882
2961
30.39
3118
3196
3275
3353
3431
78
4
3510
3588
3667
3745
3823
i 3902
3980
1 4058
4136
4215
78
6
4293
4371
4449
4528
4606
4684
4762
4840
4919
4997
78
6
5075
5153
5231
5309
5387
5465
5543
5621
5699
6777
78
7
5855
5933
6011
6089
6167
6245
6323
6401
6479
6556
78
8
6634
6712
6790
6868
6945
7023
7101
7179
7256
7334
78
9
7412
7489
7567
7645
7722
i 7800
7878
7955
8033
8110
78
560
748188
8266
8343
8421
8498
8576
8653
8731
8808
8885
77
1
8963
9040
9118
9195
9272
9350
9427
9504
9582
9659
77
2
9736
9814
9891
9968
0045
0123
0200
0277
0354
0431
77
3
750508
0586
0663
0740
0817
0894
0971
1048
1125
1202
77
4
1279
1356
1433
1510
1587
1664
1741
1818
1895
1972
77
5
2048
2125
2202
2279
2356
2433
2509
2586
2663
2740
77
6
2816
2893
2970
3047
3123
3200
3277
3353
3430
3506
77
7
3583
;5660
3736
3813
38><9
3966
4042
4119
4195
4272
77
8
4348
4425
4501
4578
4654
4730
4807
4883
4960
5036
76
9
5112
5189
5265
5341
5417
5494
5570
5646
5722
5799
76
570
755875
5951
6027
6103
6180
6266
6332
6408
6484
6560
76
1
6636
6712
6788
6864
6940
7016
7092
7168
7244
7320
76
2
7396
7472
7548
7624
7700
7775
7851
7927
8003
8079
76
3
8155
8230
8306
8382
8458
8533
8609
8685
8761
8836
76
4
8912
8988
9063
9139
9214
9290
9366
9441
9317
9592
76
6
9668
9743
9819
9894
9970
0045
0121
0196
0272
0347
75
6
760422
0498
0573
0649
0724
0799
0875
0950
1025
1101
76
7
1176
1261
1326
1402
1477
1552
1627
1702
1778
1853
75
8
1928
2003
2078
2153
2228
2303
2378
2453
2529
2604
75
9
2679
2754
2829
2904
2978
3053
3128
3203
3278
3353
75
580
763428
3503
3578
3653
3727
3802
3877
3952
4027
4101
75
1
4176
4251
4326
4400
4475
4550
4624
4699
4774
4848
75
2
4923
4998
5072
5147
5221
5296
5370
5445
5520
5594
75
3
5669
5743
5818
5892
5966
6041
6115
6190
6264
6338
74
4
6413
6487
6562
6636
6710
6786
6859
6933
7007
7082
74
6
7156
7230
7304
7379
7453
7527
7601
7675
7749
7823
74
6
7898
7972
8046
8120
8194
8268
8342
8416
8490
8564
74
7
8638
8712
8786
8860
8934
9008
9082
9156
9230
9303
74
81
9377
9451
9525
9599
9673
9746
9820
9894
9968
0042
74
9'
770115
0189
0263
0336
0410
0484
0557
0631
0705
0778
74
590
770852
0926
0999
1073
1146
1220
1293
1367
1440
1514
74
1
1587
1661
1734
1808
1881
1955
2028
2102
2175
2248
73
2
2322
2395
2468
2542
2615
2688
2762
2835
2908
2981
73
3
3055
3128
3201
3274
3348
3421
3494
3567
3640
3713
73
4
3786
S860
3933
4006
4079
4152
4225
4298
4371
4444
73
5
4517
4590
4663
4736
4809
4882
4955
5028
5100
5173
73
6
5246
5.S19
5392
5465
5538
5610
5683
5756
5829
5902
73
7
5974
6047
6120
6193
6265
6338
6411
6483
6556
6629
73
8
6701
6774
6846
6919
6992
7064
7137
7209
7282
7354
73
9|
7427
7499
7572
7644
7717
7789
7862
7934 1
8006
8079
72
No. 0 1 1 1
2 1
3 1
4 1
5 1
6 1
7 1
8 1
9
1
Difif.
510
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
lfo.{
_•_._!
1 1
2 1
8 1
4 1
6
6 1
7 I
8 1
•1
UA
600 !
778151'
8224 i
K296
.S368 1
8441
8513
8585 1
8658 1
H730 1
8803
72
1
8S74
S947
9017
9091
9163
9236
9308
9380
9452 ,
9524
72
2
»5U»
9669
9741
9813
9885
9957
0029
0101
0173
0245
72
3
780;il7
0.HK9
0461
0533
0605
0677
0749
0821 1
0S9:?
0965
72
4
io:j7
1109
1181
1253
1324
1396
1408
1540 1
1012
1684
72
d
1755
1827
1899
1971
2042
2114
2186
2258
2.'! 29
2401
72
6
2473
2544
2616
2688 ,
2759
2831
2902
2974
3046
3117
72
7
3189
3260
3332
3403
3475
3546
3618
3689
:!761
8S32
71
8
8904
3975
4046
4118
41.H9
4261
4332
4403
4475
4546
71
9
4617
4689
4760
4831
4902
4974
5045
0116
51 h7
5259
71
610
785330
5401
5472
5543
5615
5886
5757
5828
5899
5970
71
1
6041
6112
6183
6254
6325
6396
6467
6538
6009
««80
71
2
6751
6822
6893
6964
7035
7106
7177
724H
7319
7390
71
3
7460
7631
7602
7673
7744
7815
7885
7956
S027
K098
71
4
8I6S
8239
«3I0
8381
8451
8522
K593
.S66:{
^734
HK04
71
6
8S75
S946
9016
9087
9157
9228
9299
93fi9
9410
9510
71
6
95H1
9651
9722
9792
9863
9933
0004
0074
0144
0215
70
7
790285
0356
0426
0496
0567
0637
0707
077N
0848
0918
70
8
0988
1059
1129
1199
1269
1340
1410
1480
1550
1620
TO
»
1691
1761
1831
1901
1971
2041
2111
2181
2252
2322
70
620
792392
2462
2532
2602
2672
2742
2812
2882
2952
3022
70
1
3092
3162
3231
3301
3371
.i441
:'.5II
35H1
3651
3721
70
2
3790
3S60
3930
4000
4070
4139
4209
4279
4349
4418
TO
^
4488
4558
4627
4697
4767
4S36
4906
4976
5045
5115
70
4
5185
5254
5324
5393
5463
5532
5002
5672
5741
5811
TO
&
5880
5949
0019
6088
6158
6227
6297
6366
6436
650»
«9
6
6574
6644
6713
6782
6S52
6921
6990
7060
7129
7I9#
99
7
7268
7337
7406
7475
7545
7614
7683
7752
7821
7899
•9
8
7960
'S029
8098 •
' 8167
8236
8305
8374
8443
S513
8582
69
y
8651
8720
8789
8858
8927
8996
9065
9134
9203
9272
69
630
799.341
9409
9478
9547
9616
96S5
9754
9823
9892
9961
69
I
S00029
0098
0167
0236
0305
0373
(1442
0511
0580
0648
69
2
0717
0786
0854
0923
0992
1 lOfil
1129
UVt"*
12fifi
lSt5
69
3
1404
1472
1541
1609
1678
■ 1747
1SI5
\- ■
2021
69
4
2089
2158
2226
2295
2363
2432
2500
:
2705
68
6
2774
2S42
2910
2979
3047
3116
3184
3389
68
6
3457
3525
3594
3662
3730
3798
3867
4071
68
7
4139
4205*
4276
4344
4412
1 4480
4548
i
4753
«8
8
4821
4889
4956
5025
5093
1 5161
5229
5297
5;;65
54Sa
•8
9
5501
5569
5637
5705
5773
1 5841
5908
5976
6044
ens
M
640
806180
6248
6316
6384
6451
6519
6587
6655
6723
6790
•S
1
6858
6926
6994
7061
7129
; 7197
7264
7.h:<2
7400
7467
68
2 7535
7603
7670
7738
7806
I 7873
7941
RI43
68
3{ 8211
8279
8346
8414
8481
i 8549
8616
hhl8
67
4 8886
8953
9021
9088
9156
9223
9290
9492
67
5
9560
9627
9694
9762
9829
9896
9964
0031
0098
0145
67
6
810233
0300
0367
0434
0501
1 0569
0636
0703
0770
08S7
67
»■
1
0904
0971
1039
1106
1173
' 1240
1307
1374
1441
1508
67
8
1575
1642
1709
1776
1843
1910
1977
2044
2111
2178
' 67
9
2245
. 2312
2379
2445
2512
' 2579
2646
2713
2780
2847
•7
No.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
511
No.
D j
■ 1
■■^ 1
3 j
4 1
5
' i
7 j
8 1
9 1
Diff.
660
8129J3
2980
3047
3114
3181-
3247
3314
3381
3448
8614
67
1
3581
3648
3714
3781
3848
3914
3981
4048
4114
4181
67
2
4248
4314
4381
4447
4614
4581
4647
4714
4780
4847
67
3
4913
4980
5046
5113
5179
5246
6312
6378
5445
6611
66
4
6578
6644
6711
6777
5813
5910
5976
6042
6109
6175
66
6
6241
6308
6374
6440
6506
6673
6639
6705
6771
6838
66
6
6904
6970
7036
7102
7169
7235
7301
7367
7433
7499
66
7
7565
7631
7698
7764
78.30
7896
7962
8028
8094
8160
66
8
8226
8292
8368
8424
8490
8566
8622
b688
8754
8820-
66
9
8886
8951
9017
9083
9149
9215
9281
9346
9412
9478
66
660
819544
9610
9676
9741
9807
9873
9939
0004
0070
0136
66
1
820201
0267
0333
0399
0464
0530
0595
0661
0727
0792
66
2
0858
0924
0989
1055
1120
1186
1251
1317
1382
1448
66
3
1514
1579
1645
1710
1775
1841
1906
1972
2037
2108
65
4
2168
2233
2299
2364
2430
2495
2560
2626
2691
2756
65
5
2822
2887
2952
3018
3083
3148
3213
3279
3344
3409
65
6
3474
36.39
3605
3670
3736
3800
3865
3930
3996
4061
66
7
4126
4191
4256
4321
4386
4451
4516
4681
4646
4711
65
8
4776
4841
4906
4971
5036
6101
5166
6231
'5296
6361
65
9
5426
6491
5556
6621
6666
5761
5816
6880
5946
6010
65
670
826076
6140
6204
6269
6334
6399
6464
6528
6693
6668
65
1
6723
6787
6852
6917
6981
7046
7111
7175
7240
7305
65
2
7369
7434
7499
7663
7628
7692
7757
7821
7886
7961
65
3
8015
8080
8144
8209
8273
8338
8402
8467
8531
8596
64
4
8660
8724
8789
8853
8918
8982
9046
9111
9175
9239
64
5
9304
9368
9432
9497
9661
9625
9690
9754
9818
9882
64
6
9947
0011
0075
0139
0204
0268
0332
0396
0460
0625
64
7
880589
0663
0717
0781
0846
0909
0973
1037
1102
1166
64
8
1230
1294
1358
1422
1486
1550
1614
1678
1742
1806
04
9
1870
1934
1998
2062
2126
2189
2253
2317
2381
2446
64
680
832509
2673
2637
2700
2764
2828
2892
2956
3020
3083
64
1
3147
3211
3275
3338
3402
3466
3630
3593
3667
3721
64
2
3784
3848
3912
3975
4039
4103
4166
4230
4294
4357
64
3
4421
4484
4648
4611
4676
4739
4802
4^66
4929
4993
64
4
6066
5120
5183
5247
6310
6373
5487
5600
5664
6627
63
6
6691
5754
6817
5881
5944
6007
6071
6134
6197
6261
63
6
6324
6387
6461
6614
6677
6641
6704
6767
6830
6894
63
- 7
6967
7020
7083
7146
7210
7273
7336
7399
7462
7526
63
8
7688
7662
7715
7778
7841
7904
7967
8030
8093
8156
63
9
8219
8282
8245
8408
8471
8634
8697
8660
8723
8786
63
690
838849
8912
8976
9038
9101
9164
9227
9289
9352
9415
63
1
9478
9541
9604
9667
9729
9792
9856
9918
9981
0043
63
2
840106
0169
0232
0294
0357
0420
0482
0545
0608
0671
63
3
0733
0796
0859
0921
0984
1046
1109
1172
1234
1297
63
4
1359
1422
1486
1647
1610
1672
1735
1797
I860
1922
63
5
1985
2047
2110
2172
2235
2297
2360
2422
2484
2547
62
6
2609
2672
2734
2796
2869
2921
2983
3046
8108
3170
62
7
3233
3295
3367
3420
3482
3544
3606
3669
3731
3793
62
8
3856
3918
3980
4042
4104
4166
4229
4291
4363
4415
62
9
4477
4639
4601
4664
4726
4788
4850
4912
4974
5036
62
No. 1 0 1 1
2
3
4
5
6 1
'■ 1
8 1
0 1
DifT.
612
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Mo.
1
3
6
8
9' Dtf.
700
»4509"5'
I
57] 8
2
fi337|
3
! GOr).')
4
7.'>7:J
5
8189
6
8805
7
9419
8
Nr)0033
0
004 G
710
8r)1258
1
1870
2
2 ISO
3
3090
4
;«}9b
.0
430G
6
4913
7
5519
8
0124
9
G7i.9
720
857332
1
7935,
S
S537
"^
.]!■/>.
G
uy;j7 .
7
1534
8
213i;
9
2728
730
863323
1
39I7I
2
451 1 j
3
5104'
4
5G9G'
5
6287
6
GS7S
7
7167
8
S056i
9
86441
740
^6^>232'
1
9818!
2
870404
3
09M»
4
1573
f)
21561
0
9710'
d
,, -
5160
5780
6399
7017
763.1
8251
S866
9481
0095
0707
1320
1931
2541
3150
3759
4367
4974
55S0
6lt»5
67!>9
7393
7995
8597
" 1 9!>
'799
iii9s
0996
1594
2191
27S7
3382
3977
4570
dl63
5755
6346
6937
7526
8! 15
8703
9290
9877
04ti2
1047
l<i31
2215
2797
::t79
'<U)
^.'»40
5222
5S42
6461
7079
769<j
8312
8928
9542
I 0156
0769
1381
1992
2602
3211
3820
4428
5034
5640
6245
6850
7453
b05ti
8t)57
9vi5»
9S59
04 5»
105G
1654
2251
2S47
3442
403G
4630
52-22
5M4
6405
0996
52b4
5904
6523
7141
7758
8374
8989
9604
0217
0!)30
1442
2053
2663
3272
3»8i
44bS
5095
5701
6306
6910
7513
bllG
871S
931S
9918
051^
1116
1714
2310
2906
3501
4096
4689
52J>2
5S74
6165
7055
5346
5966
65M5
7202
7bl9
8435
9051
9665
0279
0&91
1503
2114
2721
3333
3911
4549
5156
5761
6366
6970
7574
8176
877S j
9379
9978
057s
117G I
1773 j
2370
2966
3561
4155
474b !
6341 I
5933
6524 I
7114 f
j 7585
7644
7703
8174
8233
8292
8762
S821
8879
1 9349
9408
9466
i 9935
9994
0053
0521
0579
063^
llOrt
1164
1223
1690 '
2273
2S55
3437
40Ib
4598
1748
2331
2913
3495
4076
4656
1806
2389 j
2972 '
3553 ;
4134 I
4714 ;
5408
602s
6616
7264
7SS1
h497
9112
9726
0340
0952
1504
2175
2785
3394
4002
4610
5216
5S22
6427
7031
7634
S23G
b^3s
9439
003b
0o37
1 23ij
lb33
2430
3025
3620
4214
4bOs
5400
5992
6.''S3
7173
7762
8350
8938
9525
0111
0G9o
12M
1865
2448
3030
3611
4192
47:2
5470
6090
670S
7326
7943
8559
9174
97S8
0401
1014
1625
■2236
2S46
3455
4063
4670
5277
5.'«>2
64S7
7091
7694
8-297
SS9S
9499
009S
0697
1-295
1893
24S9
3085
36S0
4274
4S67
5459
e^isi
6642
7232
7S21
8409
8997
95S4
0170
0755
1339
1923
250<i
3083
3669
4250
4830
5532
6151
6770
73K8
8004
8620
9235
9b49
(M«'.2
1075
16b6
2-297
2907
3516
4124
4731
7152
7755
8357
S9.')>>
9559
015s
0757
1 :{55
1952
2549
3144
37-'"
4
4.'
55j:^
6110
6701
7-291
78!sO
646S
9056
9642
022b
0bl3
1398
19sl
2564
3H«
5
5594
6213
6032
7449
S(MV)
8t'.b2
9297
'.»0)1
0.'i-24
1 1 .'16
1747
23.5b
296b
3577
4lb5
47;»J
7815
8417
(t01^
9619
02 lb
Obi 7
1415
•2012
-2t';<lb
3204
.5666
6275
6894
7511
8I2S
8743
9.%')b
9972
0.5b5
1197
lb09
2419
3029
3637
4245
4b.52
54 5W
6(»64
666s
7272
7875
8477
907S
9679
027b
0877
1475
2072
2««>b
3263
7350
7409
79.'J9
799b
b.'»27
8586
91)4
917.3
62
62
62
62
62
62
61
61
61
OJ
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
61
00
60
60
60
I A)
j 60
60
I 60
60
I «50
I ^
I 60
59
.79
M
SO
50
90
No.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
513
No.
»
1
2
3
4
0
•
7
8
9
Diff.
750
875061
5119
5177
5235
5293
5351
5409
5466
5524
5582
58
1
5640
5698
5756
5813
5871
5929
5987
6045
6102
6160
58
2
6218
6276
6333
6391
0449
6507
6564
6622
6680
6737
58
3
6795
6b53
6910
6968
7026
7083
7141
7199
7256
7314
58
4
7371
7429
74s7
7544
7602
7659
7717
7774
7832
7889
58
5
7947
8004
b062
8119
8177
8234
8292
8349
8407
8464
57
6
8.522
8579
8637
8694
87.52
8809
8866
• 8924
8981
9039
57
7
9096
91.53
9211
9268
9325
9383
9440
9497
9555
9012
57
8
9669
9726
9784
9841
9898
9956
00 J 3
OO70
0127
0185
57
9
880242
0J99
0356
0413
0471
0528
0585
0642
0699
0756
57
760
880814
0871
0928
0985
1042
1099
1156
1213
1271
1328
57
1
13&.'i
1442
1499
1556
1613
1070
1727
1784
1841
1898
57
2
1955
2012
2069
2126
2183
2240
2297
2354
2411
-.^468
57
3
2.'-)25
25s 1
2633
2695
2752
2809
2866
2923
2980
3037
57
4
3093
3150
3207
S264
3321
3377
3434
3491
3548
3605
57
5
3661
371«
3775
3832
3888
3945
4002
4059
4115
4172
57
6
4229
42s5
4342
4399
4455
4512
4569
4625
4682
4739
57
7
4795
4»52
4909
4965
5U22
5078
5135
5192
5248
53U5
57
&
5361
5418
5474
5531
5587
5644
5700
5757
5813
5870
57
9
5926
5983
6039
6096
6152
6209
6265
6321
6378
6434
56
770
886491
6547
0604
6660
6716
6773
6829
6885
6942
6998
56
1
7054
7111
7107
7223
7280
733ti
7392
7449
7505
7561
56
2
7617
7674
7730
7786
7842
7898
7955
8011
8067
8123
56
3
8179
8236
8292
8348
8404
8460
8516
8573
8629
8685
56
4
8741
8797
8S53
8909
8965
9021
9077
9134
9190
9246
56
5
9302
9358
9414
9470
9.526
9582
9638
9694
9750
9806
56
6
9862
991>5
9974
0030
0036
0141
0197
02.53
U309
0365
56
7
S90421
0477
0533
0589
0645
0700
0756
0812
0868
0924
56
&
09^0
1035
1091
1147
1203
1259
1314
1370
1426
1482
56
9
1537
1593
1649
1705
1760
1816
1872
1928
1983
2039
56
7S0
892095
2150
2206
2262
2317
2373
2429
2484
2540
2595
56
1
2651
2707
2762
2818
2873
2929
2985
3040
3096
3151
56
2
3207
32'j2
3318
3373
3429
3484
3.540
3595
3651
3706
56
3
3762
3sl7
3b73
3928
3984
4039
4094
4150
4205
4261
55
4
4316
4371
4427
4482
4538
4.593
4648
4704
4759
4814
55
5
4&70
4925
4980
5036
5091
5146
5201
5257
5312
5367
55
6
5423
54 7S
5533
5588
5644
5699
5754
5809
5864
5920
55
7
5975
6030
6085
6140
6195
025 1
6306
6361
6416
6471
55
8
6526
6581
6636
6692
6747
6802
6857
6912
6967
7022
55
9
7077
7132
7187
7242
7297
7352
7407
7462
7517
7572
55
790
897627
7682
7737
7792
7847
7902
7957
8012
8067
8122
55
1
8176
8231
8286
8341
8396
8451
8506
8.561
8615
8670
55
2
8725
8780
8835
8890
8944
8999
9054
9109
9164
9218
55
3
9273
9328
9383
9437
9492
9547
9602
9H56
9711
9766
55
4
9821
9875
9930
9985
0039
0094
0149
0203
0258
0312
55
5
900367
0422
0476
0531
0586
0640
0095
0749
0804
0859
55
6
0913
0968
1022
1077
1131
1186
1240
1295
1349
1404
55
7
1458
1513
1567
1622
1676
1731
1785
1840
1894
1948
54
8
2003
2057
2112
2166
2221
2275
2329
2384
2138
2492
54
9
2547
2601
2655
2710
2764
2818
2873
2927
2981
3036
54
No.
0
1
?
3
4
' 1
6
7
8
9
Diff.
35
514
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
No.
DIff.
soo
1
2
3
4
ft
6
7
b
9
SIO
I
2
3
4
.'»
6
7
8
9
620
1
2
3
4
.•)
6
7
8
9
830
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
840
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Nik I
903090
3Q33
4174
4716
5256
579(5
6ai5
0874
7411
7949
90S485
9021
9556
910091
0(i-2»
1158
1690
2222
2753
32f>4
913S14
4343
4b72
5400
5927
6454
6980
7506
8030
8555
91907b
9ti01
920123
0645
1166
16b6
2206
2725
3244
3762
924279
479C
5312
5828
6342
6857
7370
7883
8396
8908
3144
3r*7
4229
4770
5310
ftb50
6927
7165
8002
8.').39
9074
9610
0144
(»Ci"s
1211
1743
2275
2806
3337
3S67
4396
4925
5453
59S0
6.507
7033
7.558
t"083
8607
9130
9653
0176
0697
121b
1738
225b
2777
3296
3bl4
4331
484b
53t'>4
5b79
6394
6908
7422
7935
b447
SE959
3199
3253
3741
3795
4283
4337
4824
4b7«
5364
5418
5904
.5958
6443
6497
69b 1
7035
7519
7573
80.%
8110
b.592
8646
1 91 2N
91bl
1 9-163
9716
; 0197
0251
0731
0781
j 1264
1317
1 1797
lb.50
1 2328
2.%1
1 2b59
2913
3390
3443
3920
3973
4449
4502
4977
5030
5'^>05
55.5b
6033
60b5
, 6559
«>612
70b5
7138
, 7611
7663
; 8135
bl88
1 8659
8712
1 9183
92.35
1 970«5
9758
' 022b
0280
0749
OsOl
, 1270
1322
1 1790
lb42
i 2310
2362
1 2b29
2b81
' 3348
3399
3865
3917
1 4383
4434
' 4b99
4951
' 5415
5467
i 5931
5982
6445
6497
1 6959
7011
1 7473
7524
79b6
8037
8498
8549
9010
9061
3307
3849
4391
4932
5472
6012
6.551
7089
7626
8163
8699
9235
9770
0304
0b3b
1371
1903
24.35
2960
3496
4026
45.55
5083
5611
6138
6664
7190
7716
8240
8764
9287
9bl0
0332
0b53
1374
1894
2414
2933
3451
3969
4486
5003
5518
6034
6548
7062
7576
S08b
8601
9112
3.361
3904
4115
49bt)
552C)
6006
6604
7N3
7()bO
8217
b7.'J3
92b9
9?>..'3
03.'')b
0>'.)|
1421
19.'»6
24 Sb
3019
3519
407y
460b
51 3«;
5664
6191
ti7l7
7243
776b
b293
bblO
9340
9b62
03b4
0900
1426
ly^o
24CI5
2985
3503
4021
4538
50.54
5570
6085
6600
7114
7627
8140
8652
9163
3416 3470
395» 4012
44'.>9 I 45.W
.5040 5094
55s0 I 5634
6119 I 6173 ■
66.5b 6712 •^i'
7196 7250 I 7J04
7734 77b7 ' 7b41
8270 8.324 i 837b
8>>07
9342
9b77
0411
0944
1477
2009
2.541
3072
3t;02
4132
4 »><•,(»
51b9
5716
6243
6770
7295
7S20
b315
bb69
9392
9914
04 3()
Oy.')b
147b
)9V«b
251b
3037
3555
4072
4.589
5106
5621
6137
6651
7165
7678
8191
b703
9215
54
54
54
.')4
54
•■4
54
.'4
54
b431 ! 54
8H(»
9306
9930
0464
01»S*b
1530
2003
2594
SIM 4
9449
1»9M
051b
1051
!.'*!
2116
2647
3135 3178
3655 j 370b
4184 !
4713
5241
5709 I
6290
6622 , '
734b 1
7b73
8397 -
b'.*21 , -
9444 ' 9496
9967 i 0019
0489 I 0541
1010 Ii>62
1530 ; :'
2050
2570
3089
3607
4124
4641
5157
5673
6188
6702
T216
7730
8242
8754 &-W.,
92«6 ' 9317
I- I •
b9«57
9503
04)37
0571
1104
l»i:i7
2169
2700
3231
3761
Ji40
3C5b
4176
4rtM3
_
4744
54
54
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
53
9.549 ! 52
ftOTI ' 52
58
n*.
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
m
No.|
0 1
1 j
2 1
3 1
4 1
= 1
6 1
7
8
9
Diff.
850
y29Jl9
9470
9521
9572
9623
9674
9725
9776
9827
9879
51
1
9930
99s 1
0032
00b3
0134
0185
0236
0287
0338
0389
51
2
J30440
0491
0542
0592
0643
0694
0745
0796
0847
0898
51
3
0949
1000
1051
1102
1153
1204
1254
1305
1356
1407
51
4
1458
1509
1560
1610
1661
1712
1763
1814
1865
1915
51
5
1966
2017
2068
2118
2169
2220
2271
2322
2372
2423
51
6
2474
2524
2575
2626
2677
2727
2778
2S29
2879
2930
51
7
2981
3031
3082
3133
3183
3234
3285
3335
3386
3437
51
8
3487
3533
3589
3639
3690
3740
3791
3S41
3S92
3943
51
9
3993
4044
4094
4145
4195
4246
4296
4347
4397
4448
51
860
93449s
4549
4599
4650
4700
4751
4801
4852
4902
4953
50
1
5003
5054
5104
5154
5205
5255
5306
5356
5406
5457
50
2
5507
5558
5603
5658
5709
5759
5809
5860
5910
5900
50
3
6011
6061
6111
6162
6212
6262
6313
6363
6413
6463
50
4
6514
6564
6614
6605
6715
6765
6815
6&65
6916
6966
50
5
7016
7066
7117
7167
7217
7267
7317
7367
74 IS
7468
50
6
7518
7568
7618
7668
7718
7769
7819
7869
7919
7969
50
7
8019
8069
8119
8169
8219
8269
^20
&370
8420
8470
50
&
8520
8570
8620
8670
S720
8770
8820
8S70
8920
8970
50
9
9020
9070
9120
9170
9220
9270
9320
9369
9419
9469
50
870
939519
9569
9619
9669
9719
9769
9819
9S69
9918
9968
50
1
94001!!
0068
Oils
016s
0218
0267
0317
0367
0417
0467
50
2
05 IH
0566
0616
0666
0716
0765
0815
0S65
0915
0964
50
3
1014
1064
1114
1163
1213
1263
1313
1362
1412
1462
50
4
1511
15«1
1611
1660
1710
1760
1809
1859
1909
1958
50
5
2008
2058
2107
2157
2207
2256
2306
2355
2405
2455
50
6
2504
2554
2603
2653
2702
2752
2S01
2851
2901
2950
50
7
3000
3049
3099
314S
3198
3247
3297
3346
3396
.•M45
49
8
3495
3544
3593
3643
3692
3742
3791
3841
3S90
3939
49
9
3989
4038
40SS
4137
4186
4236
42S5
4335
4384
4433
49
880
944483
4532
4581
4631
4680
4729
4779
4828
4877
4927
49
1
4976
5025
5074
5124
5173
5222
5272
5321
5370
5419
49
2
5469
551S
5567
5616
5665
5715
5764
5813
5862
5912
49
3
5961
6010
6059
6108
6157
6207
6256
6305
6354
6403
49
4
6452
6501
6551
6600
6649
669t
6747
6796
6845
6S94
49
5
6943
6992
7041
7090
7140
7189
7238
7287
7336
7385
49
6
7434
7483
7532
7581
7630
7679
7728
7777
7S26
7875
49
7
7924
7973
8022
8070
8119
8168
8217
8266
8315
8364
49
8
8413
8^162
8511
8560
8609
8657
8706
8755
8804
8853
49
9
8902
8951
8999
90JS
9097
9146
9195
9244
9292
9341
49
890
949390
9439
9488
9536
9585
9634
9683
9731
9780
9829
49
1
987S
9926
9975
0024
0073
0121
0170
0219
0267
0316
49
2
950365
0414
0462
0511
0560
0608
0657
0706
0754
0803
49
3
0851
0900
0949
0997
1046
1095
1143
1192
1240
12b9
49
4
1338
13S6
1435
1483
1532
1580
1629
1677
1726
1775
49
5
1823
1^72
1920
1969
2017
2066
2114
2163
2211
2260
48
6
2308
2356
2405
2453
2502
2550
2599
2647
2696
2744
43
7
2792
2841
2S89
293S
2986
3034
3083
3131
3180
3228
48
8
3276
3325
3373
3421
3470
3518
35b6
3615
3663
3711
48
9
3760
3808
3856
3905
3953
4001
4049
4098
4146
4194
48
No.
Diff.
M«
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
No. I
8
DUL
954243
4291
4339
4387
4435
4484
4532
4580
4725
4773
■ 4821
4>G9
4918
4966
5014
5062
5207
5255
5:<03
5351
5399
5447
5495
5543
5t OS
5736
5784
5s32
58S0
59'28
5976
60-24
OKiS
6216
6265
6313
6361
6409
6457
6505
6(549
6697
6745
6793
6840
6888
6936
69S4
7r2b
7176
7224
7272
7320
7368
7416
7464
7(i07
7055
7703
7751
7799
•7847
7894
7942
60!»6
bl34
8181
8229
8277
8325
h373
8121
b5(34
8612
8659
8707
8755
8803
8s50
8S98
959041
90S9
9137
9185
9232
9280
9328
9375
95 IS
951)6
9614
9tit)l
9709
9757
9S04
9852
99;<5
0042
0090
0138
0185
0233
0-280
03-28
960471
05 IS
0566
0»j|3
0661
0709
0756
0S04
0916
0994
1041
10S9
1136
1184
1-23 1
1279
1421
1469
1516
1563
1611
1658
1 706
1753
1S95
1943
1990
2038
2085
2132
2180
2227
2:i<)9
2417
2461
251 1
2559
2606
2653
-2701
2S43
2S90
2937
29s5
3032
3079
3; '26
3174
3316
3363
3410
3457
3504
3552
3599
3646
9fi37SS
3s35
38S2
3929
3977
40-24
4071
4118
42>>0
4307
4354
4401
4448
4495
4542
4590
4731
4778
4825
4S72
4919
4966
5(113
5061
5202
5249
5296
5343
5390
5437
5484
5531
5672
5719
5766
5&I3
5s»j0
5907
5!(54
6001
6142
6189
6236
62S3
6329
6376
61-23
6470
6611
6658
6705
6752
6799
6845
6^92
6939
70S0
7127
7173
7220
7267
7314
7361
740b
754 s
7595
7642
76s8
7735
77812
7S-29
7S75
8016
8062
8109
8156
8203
8-249
8296
8343
96S4S3
6530
8576
8623
8670
8716
I.-...,
^-0 j
h950
S9y6
9043
9090
9130
9183
9416
9163
9509
9556
9602
9649
,J
9SS2
9928
9975
0021
0068
0114
0161
0<iU7
970347
0393
0440
04 S6
0533
0997
0579
0626
0«)72
OS 12
0S5S
0904
0951
1014
1090
1137
1276
1322
1369
1415
1461
1508
15r>4
1601
1740
17S6
1832
1879
19-2.5
1971
•2018
2064
2203
2249
2295
2342
2388
2434
-^481
2527
2666
2712
2758
2804
•2b51
2897
'2943
29&9
973128
3174
3220
3266
3313
3359
3405
3451
3590
3636
3682
3728
3774
3S'20
3s66
3913
4051
4097
4143
41S9
42r.5
4281
4327
4374
4512
4558
4604
4650
4696
4742
4-88
4S34
49T2
5018
5064
5110
5156
5202
5-248
5-294
5432
5478
5524
5570
5616
5662
5707
5753
.•seoi
5937
5983
6029
6075
6121
6167
6212
6350
6396
6442
64S&
6533
6579
66-25
6671
6s0>^
6s54
6900
6946
6992
7037
70&3
7129
7266
7312
735S
7403
7449
7495
7541
7580
4628
5110
5592
6072
6563
7032
7512
7990
8468
8946
9423
9900
0376
0851
1326
1801
2275
2748
3221
3693
4165
4637
5108
5578
6U48
6517
6986
7464
79-22
8390
8856
93-23
9789
0-254
0719
1183
1647
2110
•2573
3035
3497
3950
44-20
48'>0
5*10
5799
6-258
6717
7175
7632
4677
5i:i8
5640
61-20
6601
7080
7559
8038
s.". 1 1)
8994
9471
'.»947
0423
08in)
1374
1848
2322
2795
3-'i'.S i
3741
4212
4(W4
51. ',5
.v. J.';
6ij;'5
6.v;i
7033
75i)l
79' 19
S436
I S'.'O'J
9;i'.9
9S.f.'>
031 »0
071.5
1 093
2i:i7
-2619
30S2
3513
40<j5
44'>3
4926
53.s«j
5845
67'j3
7220
7678
VOL
LOGARITHMS OF NUMBERS.
517
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
'
«
Diff.
950
977724
7769
7815
7861
7906
7952
7998
8043
8089
8135
46
1
8181
8226
8272
8317
8363
8409
84.54
8500
8.546
8,'->9l
46
2
8637
8683
872»
8774
8819
8>65
8911
8956
9002
91 '4 7
46
3
9093
9138
9184
9230
9275
932!
9366
9412
94.57
9503
46
4
9.')4S
9.594
9639
9685
9730
9776
9821
9b67
9912
9y.'i8
46
5
9S0003
0049
0094
0140
0185
02(1
0276
0322
03(57
0412
45
6
Oir)8
0.503
0.549
0.594
0640
06M5
0730
0776
0821
0867
45
7
0912
0957
1003
1048
1093
1139
1184
1229
1275
1320
45
8
1366
14U
14.56
1.501
1.547
1.592
1637
1(583
1728
1773
45
9
1819
1864
1909
19.54
2000
2045
2090
2135
2181
2226
45
960
9S2271
2316
2362
2407
2452
2497
2.543
2588
2633
2678
45
1
2723
2769
2814
2'^.59
2904
2!)49
2994
3040
30b5
3130
45
2
31 7.-1
3220
3265
3310
3356
3401
3446
3491
3->36
3r,J>l
45
3
3()26
3671
3716
3762
.3N07
3.'552
38'. 7
3942
39s7
4032
45
4
4077
4122
4167
4212
42.57
4.302
43)7
4392
4437
4482
45
5
4527
4572
4617
4062
4707
4752
4797
4842
4S87
4932
45
6
4977
5022
5067
5112
5157
5202
5247
5292
5337
5382
45
7
r>426
5471
5516
5561
560(1
.5651
5696
5741
57b0
6b30
45
8
r)87.''i
5920
5965
6010
60.55
6100
6144
6189
6234
6279
45
9
6324
6369
6413
6458
6.503
6518
6593
6637
66S2
6727
4.'}
970
986772
6817
6861
6906
6951
699(5
7040
7085
71.30
7175
45
1
7219
7264
7309
7353
7398
7443
7488
7532
7577
7(522
45
2
7666
7711
77.56
7800
7845
7890
7934
7979
8024
8068
45
3
8113
8157
8202
b247
15291
b336
83'5l
8425
8470
8514
45
4
8.')r)9
8604
«64S
8693
8737
8782
882(5
!5871
8916
8960
45
5
9005
9049
9094
9138
9183
9227
9272
9316
9.361
9405
45
6
9450
9494
9539
9583
9(528
9672
9717
9761
9^06
9850
44
7
9895
9939
99b3
0028
0072
0117
0161
0206
0250
0294
44
8
990339
0383
0428
0472
0516
0561
0605
0050
0(594
0738
44
9
0783
0h27
0871
0916
0960
1004
1049
1093
1137
1182
44
980
991226
1270
1315
13.59
1403
1448
1492
1536
1580
1625
44
I
1669
1713
1758
1802
1846
1890
1935
1979
2023
2067
44
2
2111
2156
2200
2244
2288
2333
2377
2421
2465
25i)9
44
3
25.54
2598
2642
2086
2730
2774
2819
2»63
2907
2951
44
4
2995
3039
30b3
3127
3172
3216
3260
3304
3318
3392
44
5
3436
34 SO
3.524
3568
3613
3657
3701
3745
3789
3833
44
6
3877
3921
3965
4009
40.53
4097
4141
4185
4229
4273
44
7
4317
4361
4405
4449
4493
4537
45M
4625
4669
4713
44
8
4757
4801
4845
4S89
4933
4977'
5021
5065
5108
51.52
44
9
5196
5240
5284
532!3
5372
5416
5460
5504
.5.547
5.591
44
990
995635
5679
5723
5767
5811
5854
5S9S
.5942
5986
6030
44
1
6074
6117
6161
6205
6249
6293
6337
6380
6424
6468
44
2
6512
65.55
6599
6643
6(i87
6731
6774
6818
6862
6906
44
3
6949
6993
7037
70S0
7)24
7I6«
7212
7255
7299
7343
44
4
7386
7430
7474
7517
7'i61
7605
7648
7692
7736
7779
44
5
7823
7S67
7910
79.54
799s
8041
8085
8129
8172
8216
44
6
8259
8303
8347
8390
8434
8477
8.521
8564
8608
8652
44
7
8695
8739
8782
8826
8869
8913
8956
9000
9043
9087
44
8
9131
9174
9218
9261
9305
9348
9392
9435
9479
9.522
44
9
9565
9609
9652
9696
9739
y783
9826
9870
9913
9957
43
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
1 ^
1 Diff.
618
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
Table of NaturcU Sines and Tangents.
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Deg.
Min.
Bine.
Tangent.
0
10
00290H9
00'29089
12
30
2164396
2216047
ir.
0043«:J3
0043634
45
220«i974
•2262769
3lJ
Oas7ifi5
00b 7269
13
00
2-2495 11
230b682
45
oi;u)S9«
0130907
15
V!29-20U4
'2:i.'>46h7
1
(K)
0174521
0174.551
30
2334454
'2iWl7b.S
ir»
0*21 Hi 4y
0210-201
45
237.te.'»9
'2l469b4
30
0'2t»17<i9
0261b59
14
00
2419219
'249.T2bO
45
03053»5
0305528
15
2461533
•253^*676
2
00
0niSft95
0349208
M
2503800
•2.\S6176
15
03y'25l>»
039-2901
45
2546019
•2<'t.1-27»0
30
043>il94
0436609
15
00
2588190
2679492
45
04797SI
04<>03:)4
15
2630312
■ ■""• ■' ( ''.
3
OU
0.523360
0524078
30
267-2384
15
050«9*28
0567b4l
45
2714404
30
Of)104H5
0611626
16
00
2756374
^xr.itA
4:.
0«5.'>403l
0655433
15
27Vto2tfO
WMIU
4
00
0t)975Ch5
069y2t)8
30
2840153
' "■''
15
07410S5
07431-28
45
2881963
31 »
07s4.'i9l
07>70I7
17
UO
2W23717
45
0^•2^0f^•2
0b30936
15
2905416
3i<>'>(jka
-6
00
0S715.')7
Ub74bb7
no
3007UdH
31.''',»9NS
15
0yi.5(H»)
091bb71
45
3048643
3it
0'.t5s45>»
090-2b90
18
00
3090170
45
l(»(tl^bl
10(Hi947
13
3131636
6
00
1(»45'2n5
10.') 1042
30
3173U47
15
l(l>>MSt><»
109.M7S
43
32t43M
30
1132«.'ja
1139350
10
00
3255682
45
117.5374
I lb3578
15
32(I0M6
7
00
r21t>.i93
1227b46
30
3338069
15
r2fi|*'0
1272161
45
3379167
30
130.5-2»V2
131 (35-25
ao
00
3420201
%
45
134S')09
1360940
15
3461171
00
1391731
140.5408
30
33IRJ014
15
143li42»5
1449931
45
3542910
3(1
1I7S091
1494510
21
00
35t»3670
45
1.5-21 ..'34
1. '"•■<"' 17
IS
3624380
.,-- . . :.,
9
00
1.564.345
1:- -;;
30
366-5012
3HW106
15
lf!074-2rt
1.,.-. ,,
45
3705574
fW«<»fr9ft
30
16.51(476
l')734-20
1 22
00
3746066
45
1693495
17lb3l4
1
1
15
3786486
10
00
17364S2
1763-270
1
30
3826^34
15
1779435
lNib-295
45
>«7110
30
lb-2'23^5
Iv^^-'ftW
23
00
3907311
45
lN)5-240
1 1>9>5.'»9
IS
3047430
11
00
190«>090
1 I9i:{yt3
30
3987401
15
19.50903
] ]'.*•>'.» 124
45
4027467
30
1993679
1 20:j4.''.23
24
00
4067366
45
20364IS
20^(>(t03
IS
4107189
. . . _
tt
00
2079117
2r2.V.66
30
4146032
4557-263
15
2121777
2171213
'
45
1 4186507
4610063
NATURAL SINES AND TANGENTS.
519
Table of Natural Sines and Tangents — Continued.
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
Deg.
Min.
Sine.
Tangent.
25
00
4226183
4663077
50
00
7660444
11917.536
30
4305111
4769755
30
7716246
12130970
26
00
43S3711
4877.326
51
00
77714b0
1234b972
30
4461978
49S5S16
30
7826082
12571723
27
00
4539905
509.5254
52
00
7880108
12799416
30
4617486
520.''.671
30
7933533
13032254
28
00
4694716
5317094
53
00
7986355
13270448
30
4771588
5429557
30
8038569
13514224
29
00
4848096
5543091
54
00
8090170
1376.3819
30
4924236
5657728
30
8141155
14019483
30
00
5000000
5773503
55
00
8191520
142i3l480
30
50753b4
5891)4.50
30
8241262
14550090
31
00
5150381
600NG06
56
00
8290376
14825610
30
5224986
6128008
30
8338858
15108352
32
00
5299193
62|sr,!)4
57
00
838h706
15398ri50
30
5372996
6370703
30
8433914
15696856
33
00
5446390
6494076
58
00
&4b0481
16003315
30
5519370
6618'556
30
8.526402
163KS517
34
00
5591929
6745085
59
00
8571673
16642795
30
5664062
6S72810
30
6616292
1097<)t)31
35
00
5735764
7002075
60
00
8660254
17320508
30
5807030
71.32931
61
00
8746197
18040478
36
00
5s77s53
7265425
62
00
8829476
18807265
30
594S22S
7399611
63
00
8910065
I962H105
37
00
6018150
7.535.54 1
64
00
8987940
2050303S
30
60S76H
7673270
65
00
9063078
2144.5069
38
00
6156615
7bl2s.56
66
00
91354.55
22460368
30
0225146
7954359
67
00
9205049
23558524
39
00
6293204
8097N40
68
00
9271839
24750869
30
6360782
8243364
69
00
933.5804
26050891
40
00
6427»76
8390996
70
00
9396926
27474774
30
6494480
8.54 0b07
71
00
94.55186
29042109
41
00
6r)60590
S692«(i7
72
00
9510.565
30770835
30
6626200
8S 4 72.53
73
00
9:6.3048
32708526
42
00
6691306
9004040
74
00
96 126 1 7
34874144
30
6755902
91*13312
75
00
9659258
37.320508
43
00
6>^199S4
9325151
76
00
9702957
40107S09
30
68S3546
9489646
77
00
974.3701
4.331 4759
44
00
6946584
96568NS
78
00
9781476
4704f;301
30
7009093
9826973
79
00
9816272
51445540
45
00
7071068
10000000
80
00
984S078
.56712818
30
7132504
1017f;()74
81
00
987(ibS3
63137515
46
00
7193398
103.55303
82
00
99026S1
7115«)97
30
7253744
10.537»01
83
00
992.5462
8144.3464
47
00
7313537
107236^7
84
00
9945219
95143645
30
7372773
10913ns5
85
00
9961947
114300520
48
00
7431448
11 1061 25
86
00
9975641
143006(V)0
30
7489557
11302944
87 •
00
99Sr.295
190811370
49
00
7547096
11503684
88
00
9993908
2863r,2ri30
30
7604060
1 170^^496
89
00
999^>477
572S99620
520
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
LooARiTHMS Sine.
JKAl
8.241»6
8.64281
8.71880
8.8-1368
8.04029
9.011'23
9.085S9
9.U366
9. 194. {8
9.2;59fi7
9.28069
9.:U7S7
9..S6208
9.41299
9.44033
9.48693
0.48998
9.61264
9.53406
9.55432
9.57.367
9.591S7
9.60931
9.62694
9.64IS4
9.66704
9.67160
9.68667
9.69897
9. 71 1 S3
9.72421
9.73610
9.74766
9.75869
9.76921
9.77946
9.78934
9.79SS7
9.80806
lO*
7.46372
8.30879
8.67766
8.74226
8.86128
8.96440
9.03108
9.09606
9.16249
9.20223
9.24677
9.28704
9.32378
9.36762
9.38871
9.41768
9.44472
9.47004
9.493S6
9.51629
9.53760
9.55760
9.57668
9.69484
9.61214
9.62861
9.61442
9.66951
9.67397
9.6H7R1
9.70116
9.71.393
9.7:'f>22
9.73.S04
9.74942
9.76039
9.77096
9.78113
9.79096
y.S0042
9.S0966
9.81694
9.81839
9.82551
9.82691
9.83378
9.83613
9.84177
9.84;i07
9/
7.26475
8.. 36677
8.60973
8.76461
8.87828
8.96824
9.04262
9.10699
9.16116
9 . 20999
9.25376
9.29.3.39
9.. 32959
9.36288
9.39:!6S
9.42231
9.44906
9.47411
9. 49768
9.61991
9.54093
9.66086
9.57977
9. .69778
9.61494
9.63132
9.61698
9.66197
9.67632
9 . 69009
9.70331
ao*
7.94084
8.41791
8.63968
8.7S667
8.89464
8.98167
9.06385
9.11669
9.16970
9.21760
9.26063
9.29966
9.3:i;>33
9.. 368 18
9.3'.tH60
9.42689
9.463.34
9.47814
9.60147
9.62.349
9.54432
9.66407
9.68284
9.60070
9.61772
y.633yH
9.649.-.2
9.66410
9.67866
9.69233
9.70646
40"
8.06677
8.46366
8.6676H
8.80.''.S6
8.91040
8.99449
9.064S0
9.12.MS
9.17S07
9.22.'i09
9.267.39
9.306S1
9.340y9
9.37341
9.40346
9.43142
9.46768
9.48212
9.60623
9.62704
9.64768
9.56726
9.68687
9 . 60369
9.62048
9.(>3rt02
9 . 6.'.206
9.666«2
9.6soy8
9.61*466
9.70760
W
my
iV
9
71601
9
71 80S
9
72014
9
72h22
9
7.i0*.M
9
7;5219
9
73997
9
74188
9
74379
9
76128
9
76.; 12
V
76496
9
76217
9
76396
9
76672
9
77267
9
77438
9
77609
<l
78279
9
7S444
9
78608
y
79266
9
79416
9
79573
<j
80197
9
80361
9
80603
9
81106
9
S1264
9
81401
9
819S3
9
82126
9
82268
9
82830
9
82968
9
83105
9
83C47
9
837^1
9
83914
9
84437
9
84666
9
84694
40'
ao'
»
8.16268
8.. 60504
8.69399
8.82613
8.92660
9.00704
9.07648
9.13447
9.18628
9.2.3244
9.27404
.31189
,34667
.37867
.40826
,43690
,46178
,48607
,60896
,63066
,66102
9.67043
t. 58889
9.60646
9.62322
9.6.3924
9.66466
9.66922
9.68328
9.69677
9.70773
9.72218
9.7.3416
9.74668
9.76678
9.76747
9.7T778
9.78772
9.797.30
9.80665
9.81548
9.82410
9.83242
9.84«45
9.84831
UK
W
8.2418.')
8.54281
8.71880
8.84.358
8.94029
9.01923
9.08689
9.14366
9.19433
9.23967
9.28069
9.31787
9.36208
9.38367
9.41299
9.440.33
9.46693
89
88
87
8«
85
84
83
82
81
80
79
78
77
76
75
74
78
9.6a432-|i 69
9.67367
9.69IH7
9. 609.il
9.62694
9.(inH4
9.(J6704
9.07160
9.0K667
9.C9897
9.7118.3
68
67
f'.6
65
64
r,:5
62
r,\
no
69
9..H4177 40
9.H4948 ,. 46
LtWAursa OoanL
LOGARITHMS OF SINES.
LooARiTRMB Sine.
521
tab
0'
10'
9.86074
20'
9.85199
30'
40'
50'
60'
Q
45
9.84948
9 . 85324
9.85448
9.85571
9.85693
44
46
9.85693
9.86815
9.85936
9.86056
9.86176
9.86294
9.86412
43
47
9.86412
9.865.30
9.86647
9.86763
9.86878
9.86993
9.87107
42
48
9.87107
9.87220
9.87333
9.87445
9.87557
9.87667
9.87778
41
49
9.87778
9.87887
9.87996
9.88104
9.88212
9.88319
9.88425
40
50
9.88425
9.88531
9.88636
9.88740
9.88844
9.88947
9.89050
39
51
9.89050
9.89152
9.89253
9.89364
9.89454
9.89564
9.89653
38
52
9.89653
9.89751
9.89849
9. 8994 6
9.90043
9.90139
9.90234
37
53
9.90234
9.90329
9.90424
9.90617
9.90611
9.90703
9.90795
36
64
9.90795
9.90887
9.90978
9.91068
9.91168
9.91247
9.91.336
35
55
9.91336
9.91424
9.91512
9.94699
9.91686
9.91771
9.91857
34
56
9.91857
9.91942
9.92026
9.92110
9.92194
9.92276
9.92369
33
57
9.92359
9.92440
9.92522
9.92602
9.92683
9.92762
9.92842
32
58
9.92842
9.92920
9.92998
9.93076
9.93153
9.93230
9.93.306
31
59
9.95306
9.93382
9.93457
9.93632
9.93606
9.9.3679
9.93763
30
60
9.93753
9.93825
9.93898
9.93969
9.94040
9.94111
9.94181
29
61
9.94181
9.94251
9.94321
9.94389
9.94458
9.94526
9.94693
28
62
9.94593
9.94660
9.94726
9.94792
9.94858
9.94923
9.94988
27
63
9.94988
9.95052
9.95115
9.96179
9.96241
9.95304
9.95366
26
64
9.95366
9.95427
9.95488
9.96548
9.95608
9.95668
9.95727
25
65
9.95727
9.95786
9.95844
9.95902
9.95959
9.96016
9.96073
24
66
9.96073
9.96129
9.96184
9.96239
9.96294
9.96348
9.96402
23
67
9.96402
9.96466
9.96509
9.96561
9.96613
9.96665
9.96716
22
68
9.96716
9.96767
9.96817
9.96867
9.96917
9.96966
9.97015
21
69
9.97015
9.97063
9.97111
9.97168
9.97205
9.97252
9.97298
20
70
9.97298
9.97344
9.97389
9.97434
9.97479
9.97523
9.97567
19
71
9.97667
9.97610
9.97653
9.97695
9.97737
9.97779
9.97820
18
72
9.97820
9.97861
9.97901
9.97942
9.97981
9.98020
9.98069
17
73
9.98059
9.98098
9.98136
9.98173
9.98210
9.98247
9.98284
16
74
9.98284
9.98320
9.98365
9.98391
9.98425
9.98460
9.98494
15
75
9-98494
9.98528
9.98561
9.98594
9.98626
9.98658
9.98690
14
76
9.98690
9.98721
9.98752
9.98783
9.98813
9.98843
9.98872
13
77
9.98872
9.98901
9.9S930
9.9S968
9.98986
9.99013
9.99040
12
78
9.99040
9.99067
9.99093
9.99119
9.99144
9.99169
9.99194
11
79
9.99194
9.99219
9.99243
9.99266
9.99289
9.99312
9.99335
10
&0
9.99335
9.99367
9.99378
9.99400
9.99421
9.99441
9.99462
9
81
9.99462
9.99481
9.99601
9.99520
9.99539
9.99567
9.99576
8
82
9.99576
9.99692
9.99610
9.99626
9.99643
9.99669
9.99675
7
83
9.99675
9.99690
9.99705
9.99719
9.99734
9.99748
9.99761
6
84
9.99761
9.99774
9.99787
9.99799
9.99811
9.99823
9.99834
5
85
9.99834
9.99845
9.99866
9.99866
9.99876
9.99886
9.99894
4
86
9.99894
9.99902
9.99911
9.99918
9.99926
9.99933
9.99940
3
87
9.99940
9.99946
9.99952
9.99968
9.99964
9.99968
9.99973
2
88
9.99973
9.99977
9.99981
9.99985
9.99988
9.99991
9.99993
1
89
9.99993
9.99996
9.99997
9.99998
30'
9.99999
9.99999
0'
0
e
P
W
50'
40'
20'
10'
bb
LooARiTHM Cosine.
522
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
L0OARITRM8 TAltSBKT.
1
0'
10'
•ay
ay
40*
60'
80'
1
0
7.46372
7.76476
7.94085
8.06580
8.16272
8.24192
89
I
8.24192
8.30888
8.. 36689
8.41806
8.46384
8.50526
8.54308
8
1
8.64308
8.67787
8.61009
8.64009
8.66816
8.69452
8.719.39
8
8
8.71939
8.74292
8.76524
8.78648
8.80674
8.82610
8.84464
80
4
8.84464
8.86243
8.87952
8.89598
8.91184
8.92715
N. 94195
86
6
8.94195
8.95626
8.97013
8.98.357
8.09662
9.00929
9.02162
84
«
9.n21«2
9.03360
9.04528
9.05665
9.06775
9.07857
9.08914
83
7
9.08914
9.09946
9.10955
9.11942
9.12908
9.13854
9.14780
83
8
9.14780
9.15687
9.16577
9.17449
9.18305
9.19146
9.19971
81
0
9.19971
9.20781
9.21578
9.22360
9.23130
9.23887
9.24631
80
10
9.24631
9.25364
9.26086
9.26796
9.27496
9.28185
9.28863
7»
11
9.28865
9.29534
9.30195
9.30846
9.3148S
9. .32122
9.. 32747
78
IS
9.32747
9.33364
9.. 33973
9.. 34575
9.35169
9.35756
9.. 36336
'77
18
9.36336
9.36909
9.37475
9.. 38035
9.38588
9. .39136
9.39677
76
14
9.39677
9.40212
9.40741
9.41265
9.41784
9.42297
9.42s(t.S
75
lA
9.42805
9.43308
9.43805
9.44298
9.447S7
9.45270
9.4:.: : ■
. 1
16
9.45749
9.46224
9.46694
9.47160
9.47622
9.4'<i>>'0
9.4-
17
9.48533
9.48983
9.49429
9.49872
9.50310
9.50746
9.511, ,
1 *
18
9.51177
9.51605
9.52030
9.52452
9.52H70
9.53285
9.5.3697
71
1«
9.53697
9.54106
9.54511
9.54914
9.55314
9.55712
9.56106
70
SO
9.56106
9.56498
9.56887
9.57273
9.57657
9.58038
9.58417
|6g
81
9.58417
9.68794
9.59168
9.595.39
9.59909
9.60276
9.60641
68
ss
9.60641
9.61003
9.61.364
9.61722
9.62078
9.62-133
9.627M5
67
ss
9.62785
9.63135
9.63483
9.63,s30
9.64174
9.64517
9.64H.,h
66
S4
9.64858
9.65197
9.65534
9.65S7(I
9.6«204
9.e,r,'--
,. ,. . .-
(■ ■
S6
9.66867
9.67196
9.67523
9.67849
9.6M74
9.6- .
S6
9.68818
9.6l»138
9.69456
9.69773
9.7ltO'>9
9.71 i
S7
9.70716
9.71028
9.71.^38
9.71647
9.71955
9.722fi2
9.7:'
»
9.72567
9.72871
9.73174
9.73476
9.73777
9.74076
9.71
t9
9.74374
9.74672
9.74968
9.75264
9.7555H
9.758il
9.7<.i
SO
9.76143
9.76435
9.76725
9.77014
9.77:'.o:t
9.77.'-9o
9.77
SI
9.77677
9.78163
9.78447
9.7: -
... .
ss
9.79578
9.7i»859
9.80139
9.^
ss
9.81251
9.81527
9.81803
9.>: .
S4
9.82898
9.83170
9.83442
9.837 la
S5
9.84522
9.84791
9.85«.')9
9.»*.'»:^2«
86
9.86126
9.8(5:191
9.-
sr
9.87711
9.S7974
9.-
88
9.89281
9. 895 11
9.^, .
1
89
9.90836
9.91<iy:«
9.9i:<:.2
9.91010
40
9.92381
9.926.S-
9.92^94
9.93149
41
9.93916
9.94171
9.94497
9.946M)
9.949.16
9.96lHy
9.9...
4S
9.96443
9.95697
9.95926
9.96205 9.964J!>
9.96712
9 . '.»'
48
9.96965
9.97218
9.97471
9.97725 9.97U7M
9.98230
44
9.98484
9.98736
9.989S9
9.99242
9.99494
9.99747
'~
!
Vf
W
40'
30'
V
W
V
i
LoftAI
IRES Coujn
un.
LOGARITHMS OF TANGENTS.
LOOARITRMS TaNOKNT.
523
!^
S"
c
0'
10'
20'
30'
40'
50'
60'
O
45
0.00000
0.00252
0.00505
0.00758
0.01010
0.01263
0.01616
44
46
0.01516
0.01769
0.02022
0.02275
0.02528
0.02781
0.03034
43
47
0.03034
0.03287
0.03541
0.03794
0.04048
0.04302
0.04566
42
48
0.04556
0.04810
0.05064
0.05319
0.05573
0.05828
0.06083
41
49
0.06083
0.06339
0.06594
0.06850
0.07106
0.07362
0.07618
40
50
0.07618
0.07875
0.08132
0.08389
0.08647
0.08904
0.09163
39
51
0.09163
0.09421
0.09680
0.09939
0.10199
0.10458
0.10716
38
62
0.10719
0.10979
0.11240
0.11502
0.11763
0.12025
0.12288
37
53
0.12288
0.12551
0.12815
0.13079
0.13343
0.13608
0.13873
36
54
0.1.3873
0.14139
0.14406
0.14673
0.14940
0.16208
0.15477
35
66
0.15477
0.15746
0.16016
0.16286
0.16557
0.16829
0.17101
34
56
0.17101
0.17374
0.17647
0.17921
0.18196
0.18472
0.18748
33
57
0.18748
0.19025
0.19302
0.19581
0.19860
0.20140
0.20421
32
58
0.20421
0.20702
0.20984
0.21268
0.21562
0.21836
0.22122
31
59
0.22122
0.22409
0.22696
0.22985
0.23274
0.23664
0.23856
30
60
0.23856
0.24148
0.24441
0.24735
0.26031
0.25327
0.26624
29
61
0.25624
0.25923
0.26222
0.26523
0.26825
0.27128
0.27432
28
62
0.27432
0.27737
0.28044
0.28352
0.28661
'0.28971
0.29283
27
63
0.29283
0.29596
0.29910
0.30226
0.30543
0.30861
0.31181
26
64
0.31181
0.31503
0.31826
0.32150
0.32476
0.32803
0.. 33132
25
65
0.. 331 32
0.33463
0.33796
0.34129
0.34465
0.34802
0.35141
24
66
0.35141
0.35482
0.35825
0.36169
0.36516
0.36864
0.37214
23
67
0.37214
0.37567
0.37921
0.38277
0.38635
0.38996
0.39359
22
68
0.39359
0.39723
0.40090
0.40460
0.40831
0.41206
0.41582
21
69
0.41682
0.41961
0.42342
0.42726
0.43112
0.43501
0.43893
20
70
0.43893
0.44287
0.44685
0.45086
0.45488
0.45893
0.46302
19
71
0.46302
0.46714
0.47129
0.47548
0.47969
0.48394
0.48822
18
72
0.48822
0.49254
0.49689
0.50127
0.50570
0.51016
0.61466
17
73
0.514()()
0.51919
0.52377
0.52839
0.53305
0.53775
0.54250
16
74
0.54250
0.54729
0.55213
0.55701
0.56194
0.56692
0.57194
15
75
0.57194
0.57702
0.58215
0.58734
0.59268
0.59787
0.60322
14
76
0.60322
0.60864
0.61411
0.61964
0.62524
0.63090
0.63663
13
77
0.63663
0.64243
0.64830
0.65424
0.66026
0.66635
0.67252
12
78
0.67252
0.67877
0.68511
0.69153
0.69804
0.70465
0.71134
11
79
0.71134
0.71S14
0 . 72503
0.73203
0.73913
0.74635
0.75368
10
SO
0.75368
0.76112
0.76869
0.77639
0.78422
0.79218
0.80028
9
SI
0.S0028
0.80853
0.81694
0.82550
0.8,3422
0.84312
0.85219
8
S2
0.85219
0.86145
0.87091
0.88067
0.89044
0.90053
0.91085
7
S3
0.91085
0.92142
0.93224
0.94334
0.95471
0.96639
0.97838
6
84
0.97838
0.99070
1.00337
1.01642
1.02986
1.04373
1.05804
5
So
1.05804
1.07284
1.08815
1.10401
1.12047
1.13756
1.16535
4
86
1.15535
1.173S9
1.19325
1.21351
1.23475
1.25707
1.28060
3
S7
1.28060
1.30547
1.33184
1.35990
1.38990
1.42212
1.45691
2
88
1.45691
1.49473
1.53615
1.58193
1.63310
1.69111
1.75807
1
S9
1.75807
60'
1.83727
1.93419
2.05914
2.23623
2.63627
0'
0
50'
40'
30'
20'
10'
bb
n
LODARITHM COTANOBNT.
ADDENDA.
«
RIFLE GUNS.
Very little has been said in this Manual relative to the Rifle guns, or their ammu-
nition, which have been in use during the existing war. Of all the calibres thus
far tried, the 2J-in. Mountain Rifle, the .3-in. field piece, and the 4.62 siege piece
only, have been incorporated into the service calibres. It is more than probable,
however, that even these last will be superseded by the 10-pdr., 20-pdr., and 30-pdr.
Rifled guns of Mr. Parrott, which, with their peculiar ammunition, have given
very good results in the field. A number of them have, accordingly, been directed
to be fabricated.
The Whitworth breeeh-loading Rifle cannon, of which half a dozen are in service,
is steel, with a wrought-iron band at the breech. The breech screws off and works
in a collar turning on a hinge. The calibre of the inscribed circle is 2.71 inches.
The sides of the hexagon have one turn in il^ /net. The projectile is a hexagonal
prismoid in form.
Table of Dimensions of the Parrott and Whitworth Guns.
Principal Dimensions op
30-i)dr.
20-pdr.
lO-pdr.
Whit-
worth.
Diameter of bore
True windage
Length of bore
Length of bore in diameters
" from rear of base ring to face of muzzle.
Whole length of the piece
Semi-diameter of base ring
" • of swell of muzzle
Distance between these semi-diameters
Distance from rear of base ring to rear of trunn-
ions
Diameter of base ring
Distance between rimbases
Length of trunnions
Diameter of trunnions
Distance from axis of trunnions to face of muz-
zle
Number of grooves
Depth of "
Twist, one turn in
Weight
Band, width and thickness
Outside diameter
4.2
0.05
119.5
28.45
127.
1.S2.
7.225
4.6
126.5
45.85
14.45
16.8
4.75
5.3
78.5
5
0.1
24 et.
4.190 lbs.
19X2
18.45
3.67
0.05
77.
20.98
83.
90.
5.75
3.6
82.2
30.69
11.5
12.
3.5
4.62
50.
5
0.1
24 feet.
16 Xl-5
14.5
2.9
0.05
69.875
24.095
72.875
375
75
125
875
24.265
9.575
9.5
2.75
3.67
46.775
3
0.1
24 feet.
13X1.18
11.375
2.71
0.03
101.4
37.41
94.
112.
4.0
37.8
9.2
9.2
3.6
3.8
56.3
6
0.135
4 i feet.
ADDENDA.
525
Elevation, Ranges, and Times of Flight of lO-pdr. Parrott Gun.
Time.
Remarks.
Deg. Min.
Seconds.
Yards.
With long muzzle-sight giving line
0 00
1
i
1
300
450
of sight parallel to axis, aim direct
up to 300 yards.
2
2
900
3
3
1.300
4
4i
1,600
4 30
5
1,760
5
6
1,950
5 30
64
2,200
6
7
2,300
7
H
2.600
10
lOi
3,000
12
12i
3,600
15
16
4.100
20
191
5.000
25
23i
5,600
:^o
27i
6,900
35
31i
6,200
The range of 3-inch Rifle gun, with 7, or 11, or 13 grooves, does not vary mate-
rially from this up to 2,300 yards— 6° elevation giving 2,250 yards.
The Armntrong Gun is a breech-loading Rifle cannon, made of wrought-iron tubes
welded together ; each tube is from two to three feet long, and is formed by twist-
ing a square bar of iron around a mandrel, and welding the edges together, as a
good fowling piece is made. In the rear of the trunnions it is enveloped with two
additional thicknesses of tubes. The outer consists of a spiral coil, but the inner
is formed of an iron slab bent into a circular shape and welded. This intermediate
layer has chiefly to sustain the pressure on the bottom of the bore.
lireech.— The breech is closed with a vent piece, which is slipped with the hand
into a slot cut into the breech of the piece, and held in its place by a breech screw,
which supports it from behind. This screw is made in the form of a tube, so that
its hollow forms a part of the bore prolonged, when tbc vent piece is withdrawn,
and through this hollow tube the charge is passed into the chamber.
Jiore.— The bore of the field gun is three inches in diameter, and is rifled with
thirty-four narrow grooves. Twist, one turn in 9 feet.
Projectile.— It consists of a very thin east-iron shell, enclosing forty-two seg-
ment-shaped pieces of cast-iron, built up so as to form a cylindrical cavity in the
centre. The exterior of the shell is thinly coated with lead. The lead is also
526
ORDNANCE MANUAL.
allowed to percolate among the segments so as to fill up the interstices, the central
cavity being kept open by the insertion of a steel core. In this state the projectile
is so compact that it may be fired through six feet of hard timber without injury.
while its resistance to a bursting charge is so small that less than one ounce of
powder is required to burst it.
Ranges of the Armstrong Gun, \-inch bore.
[Determined at West Point. N. V.. 1860.)
POWDBB.
PROJBCTtLE.
Elbtatioh.
Rabob.
TlllB.
Lbs.
Lbs.
o /
Yard*.
BeoondB.
3§
29 (solid)
5° 0'
2,099
7° 0'
2,SU4
10° 0'
8,700
12° 0'
4,1V«
15° 0'
4.77«
20° 0'
6,070
25° 0'
«,5»0
80° 0'
7,65&
81.
35° 0'
9,000
Twiiit of Hijie Cannon. — Great diversity exists as to inclination of grooTM.
Taking H^nl) to express the relation betwi-en the diameter of the piece and the
length of one turn, Major Terssen,* of the Belgian Artillery, finds for the value
of n .•
Whitworth 12-pdr IS. 47
Armstrong 32-pdr 18.93
French 30 and 18-pdr 36.77
The pieces in our service would give for the value of h .•
3-inch Kifle gun ^ 60.
32-pdr. Gun rifled ^ 67.5
Parrott 30-pdr 6« . 57
" 20-pdr 78.63
J. GORGAS, Colonel, Chief of Ordnan««.
Ordnance Office, Richmond, Va., October 21, 1862.
* Canons Raycs. — Relations entre les pas des helices et les calibrea des.boncbec i fea, par K.
Terssen. Major de I'Artillerie Beige. Paris, 1860.
INDEX.
ACCIDENTS: Precautions against, in laboratory, 244.
ACCOUTREMENTS, Infantry: Nomenclature, 215. — Dimensions, 219. — Rifle,
217.— Cavalry. 217.— Artillery, 218.— Weights, 222.
ACETATE OF LEAD : A white salt of a sweetish taste; Spec. grav. 2.345, 249.
AIR, ATMOSPHERIC: Density, =y 4?! to g^g of that of water, 421, 465. ^
ALLOYS : Of various metals, composition, 408. — Of coins, 431.
ALTITUDE : Above the level of the sea, of Washington, St. Louis, Santa Fe,
and San Antonio, 446.
AMMUNITION: For Small Arms, 253. — Dimensions and weights, 257. For
Field and Mountain Guns, 258. — Fixing, 263. — Packing, 265. — Dimensions and
weights, 266. For Siege and Garrison Guns, 268. — Dimensions and weights, 274. —
Preservation and storage, .300. — Breaking up unserviceable, 302. — Quantity in each
ammunition-chest, 319, 320. — Quantity for field-train, 345; for siege-train, 349; for
armament of forts, 353.
AMMUNITION-CHESTS: For Field-Carriages : Nomenclature, 46. — Bill of
timber, 77. — Bill of iron, 87. — Dimensions and weight, 70. — Interior arrangement,
316, 317. — Contents, 319, 320. —Weights, packed, 343. — Boards for interior, .344.
For Mountain Howitzers : Nomenclature, 50. — Dimensions and weight, 68. — Bill of
timber, 80. — Bill of iron, 91. — Interior arrangement, 318. — Contents, 320. — Contain
700 musket cartridges, 347. — Number for a battery, 347.
ANGLE OF SIGHT, NATURAL: Definition, 11.— Of guns, 14, 15,
ANIMAL POWER: The working-power of men and horses, 438, 454.
ANTHRACITE COAL : Quality; Weight per cubic foot, 412.
ANTIMONY: Spec. grav. ; Melting point ; Impurities, 249.
ANVIL-BLOCK, for Portable Forge: Dimensions and weight, 123.
APPENDAGES FOR MUSKETS: Inspection, 180.
AREAS : Of plane and curved surfaces, 457, 458. — Tables of areas of circles, 479.
ARITHMETICAL PROGRESSION: Formula for, 461.
ARMAMENT OF FORTIFICATIONS: Guns, carriages, and ammunition re-
quired for, 353.
ARMORER'S TOOLS: Number for arsenals, 200.— For field-park, 347.
ARMS, SIDE : Nomenclature, 211. — Dimensions and weights, 213. — Spare parts
fior repairs, 215.
528 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
ARMS, SMALL: Nomenclature, 170. — Dimensions and weights, 174. —Inspec-
tion of new arms, 174.— Browning, 18.S. — Packing, 184.— Preservation in store,
187. — Issuing, 188. — Preservation in service, 188. — Incpeetion of arms in soryice,
194. — Repairs, 195.— Irreparable, l'J6.— Of foreign countries, 470.
ARTILLERY: Proportion of, for a field train, 346. — For a siege train, 348.—
For armament of forts, 35;i. — For mountain service, 347.
ARTILLERY PRACTICE: Ranges, 367. — Initial velocities, 376.— Loss of ve-
locity by windage, 378. — Penetration in masonry, 379.— In oak, 37tf. — In fascines
and wool, 382.— With hot shot, 386.
ARTILLERY SWORD, Foot: Nomenclature 21 1.— Dimensions ami weight, 213.
ASH, WHITE: Properties; Uses, 389.— Strength; Spec, grav., 414.
ATMOSPHERE : Weight of, per square inch, 439.
AXE. FELLING: Dimensions and weight, 123.
AXLE-TREES: Dimensions and weights of different kinds, 61.
B.
BABBITT'S METAL: Composed of tin 9 parts, copper 1 part, 408.
BALANCE, Common: For weighing, 462.
BALLISTICS: Equaiiou of the trajectory in vacuo, 463. — In air, 465.
BALLS: Lead: Diameters and weights, 31. — Mauncr of making, 253. — Penetra-
tion, 386. Cant-Iron: Diameter and weight, 29, 32. —Specilic jcravily, 32. — Com-
putation of weight, 32.— Inspection, 33. — Piling, 34. — Tables of piles, 36. — Peuelrs-
tion, 37'J.
BARBETTE CARRI.'VGES: Nomenclature, 55. — Dimensions and weights of:
H'oo(/c;i, 71, 72, 75; Iron, 7C. — Bills of irou, 97, 101. — Implements and equip-
ments, 355. — Mechanical manoeuvres, 364.
BAR-IRON : Manufacture, 397.— Properties, 399.— Tests, 399. — Strength, 415.--
Shearing, 416. — Punching, 416.
BAROMETER : Measurements of heights by means of, 445.
BARRELS OF MUSKETS: How made, 172. — Dimensions and weighU, 174.—
Inspection and proof, 175. — Browning, 183. — Strength and durability, 196.
BARRELS, POWDER: Fabrication, 228.— Dimensions, 229.
BARS: Manoeuvring, elevating, pinch, truck, roller : Dimensions; Weight*, 130.
BASKET, for mortar service: Dimensions and weight, 123.
BASS-WOOD : Properties, 390.— Strength, Spec, grav., 414.
BATTERY, of Field-ArtiUery : Composition, 346. — Ammunition, 346. — Moun-
tain howitzers, 347. Galvanic, the best, 238.
BATTERY-WAGON: Nomenclature, 45. — Dimensions and weights, 70.— Bill of
timber, 79. — Bill of iron, 90. — Equipment for field b»ttery, 325. — Equipment for
field-park, 332. — Weights packed, 344.
BAYONET: Musket: Nomenclature, 170. — Length and weight, 174. — laspec-
tion, 179. Sword: Nomenclature, 172. — Length and weight, 174-
BAYONET-SCABBARD: Nomenclature; Length, 216.
INDEX.
BEAMS: Transverse strength ; Defleetitm. 419.
BEAUME'S AREOMETER: Scale in equivalent spec, grav., 42.3.
BEECH: White: Red: Used for saddle-trees, fuzes, etc., 389.— Strength, 414,
BELL-METAL: Composed of copper 28 parts, tin 22 parts, 408.
BELLOWS : for field forge ; Nomenclature, 44. — To put it in place, 44.
BELTS: Cartridge-box, 216.— Waist, 216.— Sword shoulder, 216.— Sabre, 217.
BILLET, Leather: Definition, 1;17.
BILL-IIOOK: Dimensions and weight, 12.3.
BILLS : Of timber for artillery carriages, 77. — Of iron, 82.
BITUMINOUS COAL: Kinds, 411.— Qualities of ; Weight, 412.
BLACK STAIN, for wood: Composition; Ajiplication, 167.
BLOCKS AND ROLLERS, for mechanical manoeuvres: Dimensions and
weights, 114.
BLUE LIGHTS : Preparation, 29.3.— Composition for, 293, 311.
BOARDS : Measurement of, 429.— Table of superficial feet of, 394.
BOILING POINTS, of liquids, 441.
BOLTS: Classification and dimensions, 64, 65.
BOOKS : For siege equipment, 3.52.
BOOTH'S PATENT GREASE for axles: Composition, 169.
BORMANN FUZE: Fabrication, 281— Dimensions, 283.
BOXES: For packing muskets, 184. — Rifles, 185. — Small arm cartridges,' 255. —
Musket balls, 256. — Field ammunition, 265. — Percussion caps, 288.
BRASS: Composition of, 408. — Strength and specific gravity, 415.
BREECH-SIGHT : For heavy guns, 123.— Graduations, 132.
BRIDLE: For Artillery, 137.— For Mountain Artillery, 144.— For Cavalry, 148.
—Weight, 156, 160.
BRONZE: Composition, 17. — Properties, 17. — Analysis, 17. — Use in laboratory,
249. — Strength ; Spec, grav., 415.
BROOM, for mortar batteries : Hickory or birch, weight 3.75 lbs., 123.
BROWNING ARMS: Instructions for, 183.
BROWNING MIXTURE, for gun-barrels: Composition, 183.
BUCKLES, 137.— Classification, 157.
BUCKSHOT CARTRIDGES, contain 15 buckshot, 253.— Dimensions, 257.
BUDGE-BARREL: Fabrication; Dimensions; Weight, 123.
BURNS : Application for, 245.
CAISSON: Nomenclature, 40. — Dimensions and weights, 70. — Bills of timber,
78. — Bill of iron, 88. — Equipment for field, 321. — Weight, equipped, 343. — Number
of rounds of ammunition, 343. — Number with a field battery, 346.
CANISTERS: For Field Service: Fabrication, 262. — Dimensions and weights,
266. For Siege and Garrison Service, 269. — Dimensions and weights, 274. —
Preservation and storage, 301.
36
530 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
CANISTER-SHOT: Dimensionsi and weights, 31.— Storage, 301.
CANNON : For sicgo train, 348.
CAPS, Paper: For field ammunitiuD, 2fi3.
CAPS, Percussion, for small arms: Fabrication, 285. — Packing, 289. — Waight,
288.— Materials for, 288.
(;AP-P0UC1I: Nomenclature; Dimensions, 216.
CAHHINE: No model Bdoy)tcd ; Several kinds in service, 170.
CARBINE SLIN(« : Nomenclature; Dimen.xioni", 217.
CAKHINK THIMHLK, 150.
CARRIAtiES: j\<tmeiirlfitiirf : Field, 38. — Prairie, 47.— K"r mnuntnin howiircr,
49. Siege, 52. — Mortar wagons, 64. — IJarl>ette, 55. — CMcmate, 58.— Flank defence,
59. Ditiictfiout <imi Wri.jhf : Field, 67, 70.— Siege, 6», 70.— Wooden barbell*, 71,
72. Columbind barbette, 75. — Proscrvatii.n, 00. Hill* •>/ Timbrr : Field, 77. —
Mountain howitier, 80.— Siege, 81. Hilli n/ Iron : Field, 82.— Mountain howitier,
91._};icgc, 91.— llarbctte, 97. — Casemate, 102. Number for a Held balt*rj, S46.—
For a siege train, 348. — For armament of fortificationf, 353.
CAMT, Prairie Ammunition : Nomenclature, 49.— Track, 49. Slimg : NoacorU-
ture, 105. — Dimensions and weights, 112. — IJillii of timber, 114. — MMbanical
manopuvres, 305.
CARTlUDtJE-BAtJS: F»r Field Gun*, 258, 266. Fur Sifje and (Jarrtton Omtu,
268. — Dimensions, 274. — Preservation and storage, 301.
CARTRIDGE-BLOCKS: For Field Uun* : Fabrication, 269 ; Dimensions, JM.
For Si),/r nint Garriion Gu»*, 269. — Dimensions, 274.
CARTRIDGE-BOX : Infantry, 216, 219.— Rifle, 216, 219.— Caralry, 217, 219.
CARTRIDGES: For Small Arm*: Making, 253. — Dimeosions and weigbu,
257. Blank, 256. — Preservation and storage, 301. Fur Fitid Ouhi : Dimensions
and weights, 266. — For ricochet Cring, 268. — Preservation and storage, 301. — F<»r
proving ordnance, 269. For Sieye and Qarri*un Hum*, 268. — Dimensions Mid
weights, 274. — Preservation, 301.
CASEHARDENING : Mode of, 403.
CASEMATE CARRIA(JES : Nomenclature, 58. — Dimensioui and weighU : Of
wooden, 73, 74. — Iron, 7C. — Bills of iron, 102. — E<|uipment, 354. — Mechanical
manoeuvres, 363.
CASEMATE GIN.— Nomenclature, 115.— Dimensions and weights, 112.— Bill of
timber, 115. — Bill of iron, 117. — Mechanical manoeuvres with, 362.
CASEMATE TRUCK: Nomenclature, 108.— Dimensions and weight, 112.
CASK GAUGING: Rules fur, 459.
CAST IRON: For guns, 19.— Spec. grav. ; Tenacity, 19.— Strength of, 415.
CAVALRY SABRE : Nomenclature, 211. — Dimensions and weigbu, 213.
CENTRES OF GRAVITY : Of lines; Areas; Solids: To determine, 460.
CHAINS: Classification and dimensions, 65. — Weight; Strength, 423.
CUAPE, Leather: Definition, 137.
CHARCOAL : Preparation, 226, 245, 410.— Properties, 226, 246, 41L
INDEX. 531
CHARGES: Fir proving ordnance, 25. — For proving small arms, 175. — For
omall arms, 257. — For field service, 266. — For siege and garrison service, 274. For
field shells and sjiherical-case shot, 266. — For large shells. 274.
CIIASSIS; Barbette: Nomenclature, 57. — Dimensions and weights, 71, 72, 75,
76. Cftsemate : Nomenclature, 59. — Dimensions and weights, 73, 74, 76.
CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS of elementary bodies, 413.
CHLORATE OF POTASSA: Density; Purity; How purchased, 247.
CHOCKS : For casemate carriage, 123.— Gun ; Wheel; Roller, 114.
CIl'CLES : Tables of areas and circumferences, 479.
CLEANING: Arras, 191.— Swords, 215.
COAL: Charcoal, 410.— Bituminous, 411. — Anthracite, 411.— Weights, 412.
COAL-BOX : For field forge, 44.
COAL-SACK : For portable forge, 123.
COAL TAR: How obtained, 412.— A lacker for guns, 165.
COEHORN MORTAR: Dimensions and weight, 16.— Bed, 60.
COINS: United States : Dimensions, weights, and alloy, 431. Foreign: 436.
COKE: How made; Qualities, 412.
COLORED FIRES: Preparation, 307.— Composition for, 311.
COLUMBIADS: Nomenclature, 11, 12.— Dimensions and weights, 13, 15.
COLUMNS ; Strength of, 418.
COMBUSTIBLES: Heating powers of, 444.
CONDUCTORS: Lightning, 239.— Of electricity, best, 440.
CONE-PICK: Steel wire No. 18; carried in cap-pouch, 216.
COPPER: For manufacture of bronze guns, 17. — For laboratory use, 249.—
Tinning, 408.— Strength of, 415.
CUBES : Tables of, 479.
CURRYCOMB : Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 161.
CYLINDERS : Torsional strength of, 420, 421.— Area, 458.— Solidity, 459.
CYPRESS: Properties; Uses, 390.— Strength; Spec, grav., 414.
D.
DECORATIONS, for rockets : Stars, serpents, streamers, etc., 296.
DENSIMETER, Mercury : Description and use, 231.
DIALS, Sun : Construction of, 446.
DISJUNCTOR: Use of, in the Electro-Ballistic Pendulum, 237.
DISMOUNTING small arms, 189.
DISPART: Definition, 11.— Of guns, 14, 15.
DOGWOOD: Properties; Uses, 390.— Strength ; Spec, grav., 414.
DRAG-ROPE : Dimensions and weight, 123.
DRAWING PAPER: Dimensions of, 431.
DYE for blacking belts : Composition; Preparation, 168.
532 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
E.
EFFECTS of shot on cast iron, 386.
ELECTKICITY : Relative conducting powers of metal*, 440.
ELECTKO-HALLISTIC PENDULUM : Description, 237.— Use, 2."?7.
ELM : UHe«l for fcllien an«l small naves, 389.— Strength ; Spec, grar., 414.
E.MIJRASURE SHUTTERS : Number of, for siege train, 351.
EylATION OF TIME, 417.
EyriPMENT: Of field carriages, 316.— Of prairie carriages, 318.— Of mountain
howit7.ir, 318.— Of forge for field battery, 32.1.— Of battery-wagon for flild battery,
325.— Of f.irge f..r park, 330.— Of battery-wagon for park. 332.— Of forge for moun-
Uin howit7.or, 340.— Of field train, 345.— Of siege train, 348.— Of fortre»f carrlafci,
353.— Of mortar batteries, 355.
EXPANSION : Of sho^, when heated red-hot for firing, S88.— Of Tarioui bwdUa
by heal, 442.
EYE-PINS : Dimensions of, 06.
F.
FALLINtJ BODIES : Motion of, 448.
FASCINES, Pitchid: Preparation, 28tf.— Preservation, l#S.
FELLlNCi AXE : Dimensions and weight, 123.
FIELD CAKRlAtiES : Nomonclature, 38. — Dimcnsioni aad weighu, 67. — BlIU
of timber, 77.— Bills of iron, 82.— Equipment, 321.— Weight*, 343.— For field Iraia,
346,347.
FIELD GIN : Nomenclature, 104. — Dimensions and weighu, 112. — Billi of tim-
ber, 115. — Bill of iron, 116. — Mechanical mauuuvres, 361.
FIELD PARK : Composition of, 347.
FIELD TRAIN : How regulated; Composition of, Si&.
FILES: Kind; Dimen.^ions; Uow to select, 406.
FIRE-BALLS : Fabrication, 291.— Preservation in store, 301.
FIREWORKS: Ornamental, 303. — Compositions for, 311.
FIXED AMMUNITION : Manner of making, 263. — WeighU and Dimeniloot,
266.
FLANK DEFENCE CARRIAGE : Nomenclature, 59.— Dimeniions and weight*,
73, 74.
FOOT-POUND: Definition. 448.
FORAGE : Weights of different kinds, 439.
FORGE : Field: Nomenclature. 42. — Dimensions and weight*, 70.— Bill of tim-
ber, 78.— Bill of iron, 88.— For field battery. 323.— For field park, 330.— Weight*,
equipped, 344. Portable: Nomenclature, 51. — Weight, 68.
FORGE BUCKET : For portable forge, 124.
FORMULAE : In mechanics, 447. — In mensuration, 457. — In trigonometry, 461.
FRACTIONS of a pound: Equivalents in ounces, 435.
FREEZING POINTS of liquids, 444.
INDEX. 583
FRICTION : Laws of, 452.— Of plane surfaces upon each other, 453.
FRICTION-PRIMERS : Fabrication, 283— Packing, 285.— Preservation in store,
301.
FRIGORIFIC MIXTURES : How made, 445.
FULMINATE OF MERCURY: Preparation of. 285.— Preservation, 286.
FULMINATING POWDER: Composition of ; Manipulation, 248.
FUNNEL: Dimensions and weight, 124.
FURNACES : For laboratory, 243.— For heating shot, 386.
FUZE IMPLEMENTS: Cutter; Extractor; Setter; Saw: Mallet; Dimensions
and weights. 124.
FUZE-PLUGS : For heavy guns, 273.
FUZES: For Mortnr Shellt : Fabrication, 279. — Dimensions and weights. 233.
For Hear)/ dung: Fabrication, 280. — Packing, 281. — Dimensions and weights, 283.
For Field Guns: Fabrication, 281. — Dimensions and weights, 283. — Preservation
in store, 301.
G.
GARRISON GIN: Nomenclature, 105.— Dimensions and weights, 112.— Bills of
timber, 115. — Bill of iron, 117. — Mechanical manoeuvres, 362.
GAUGES: For shot and shells, 30.— For rifle musket, 204.— For rifle, 209.— For
gunpowder, 230.
GAUGING CASKS: Rules for, 459.
GEOMETRICAL PROGRESSION: Law of, 461.
GIN FALLS: Dimensions and weight, 112.
GIN HANDSPIKES: Nomenclature, 129.— Dimensions and weight, 130.
GINS: Nomenclature, 104. — Dimensions and weight, 112. — Bills of timber, 115.
— Bill of iron, 117. — Mechanical manoeuvres, 361.
GLUE: Qualities of, 251.— To dissolve, 252.
GOLD RAIN: How made, 297.— Composition. 311.
GOMER CHAMBER: Definition, 10.
GRAPE: Stands of, 270. — Dimensions and weights, 274.
GRAPE-SHOT: Dimensions and weights, 31.
GRATES for heating shot, 387.
GRAVITY: Specific, of fluids, 421.— Force of, 448.— Centres of, of lines, areas,
solids, 460.
GREASE : For carriage wheels, 169.— Booth's patent, J69.
GRENADES : Hand; Rampart, 31.— Firing from mortars, 271.
GROMMETS: or ring-wads: How made and attached, 272.
GUM ARABIC: Qualities and preparation of, 251.
<jUM, BLACK : Properties and uses, 390. — Strength ; Spec, grav., 414.
GUN CARRIAGES : Field: Nomenclature, 38.— Dimensions and weights, 67.—
Bills of timber, 77.— Bills of iron, 82.— Equipment, 321.— Weights, equipped, 343.
Siege: Nomenclature, 52. — Dimensions and weights, 69. — Bills of timber, 81. — Bills
534 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
of iron, 93. — Equipment, 350. Barhettf, wooden : Dimensions and weights, 71, 75.
— Equipment, 354. Imn : Nomenclature, 55. — Dimensions and woiRht^, 76. — Bill
of iron, 97. — Equipment, 351. Cntemate, irooden : Dimensions and wcij^hts, 73. —
Equifimont. .T.')!. Iron: Nomenclature, 57. — Dimensions and weights, 81. — Bill of
iron, 102. — Equipment, 355. Monutntn ffotetlzcr : Nomcnclaturp, 49. — Dimenfions
and wci;{lit. f.«.— Bill of limber, 80.— Bill of iron, 91— Kqiiipincnt, 322. I'riirit :
Nomenclature, 49. — Preservation of, 60. — Dimensions and weights. 67. — Equipment,
322.
GUN MKTAL: Bronte, 17.— Cost iron, 19. — Wmughl iron and steel, M.—
Strength: Spec grav., 415.
(U'NXKKS IMPLEMENTS: (limlct: Callipers: Jlavtriaok ; Perpendicular;
Piurcrs : Qiiadriuit, 124. — Sleeve, 125. — Dimension.* and weights, 124.
GUNPClWKKR : Kinds, 22.'t.— Materials, 223.— Manufacture, 227 —Proportions,
227. — Granulating, 228.— (ilaz-ing, 228.— Drying, 228. — Parking, 228. — Round.
229. — InKpcction and proof, 230. — Qualities, 230. — Site of grain, 230. — Densitj,
231. — Analysis, 232. — Restoring unserviceable, 233. — Preterration, storage, and
transportation, 233. — Foreign, 235. — Pressure of, in guns, 456.
GUNS: Dimensions and weights, 14, 15, 16.— Proof, 24. — Preaerraiion of, J8. —
Ranges, 3C7, 373.
GUN SLING : Dimensions, 216.
n.
HALE'S ROCKETS: Fabrication. 299.— Dimensions, 300.-Ranir*s, S75.
HALTER: For artillery, 138.— For mounUin artillery, 144 —For caralrj, 149.
HAND BARROW: Nomenclature, 110.
HANDBILL (see Bill-Hook): Dimensions and weights, 12S.
HANDCART: Nomenclature, 108.— Dimensions and weigbU, 112.
HAND SLING-CART: Nomenclature, 107.— Dimensions and woighU, llj.
HANDSPIKES : Nomenclature, 129.— Dimensions and weights. 130.
HARNE."^S : For Field and Siege Carriaget : Nomenclature. 136. — Required for
each horse, 156. — Weight, 156. — Dimensions of parts, 158. — Inspection of, 152. —
Materials for making, 159. — Storage, 153. — Spare part* for repairs, 329, 335. — For
a battery, 346. For Mountain Sertice : Nomenclature, 144. — Weight, 68.
HAUSSE, Pendulum, for field service: Description of, 125. — Graduations for,
126.
HAVERSACK, Gunnep's : Dimensions and weights, 124.
H.\Y : Dimensions and weights of bundle?, 439.
HEAT. 441. — Expansion of various substances by, 442. — Conduction of, 44t. —
Specific; Latent, 443. — Of combustion of different substances, 444.
HEIGHTS: Measurement of, by barometer, 445. — Of Washington, St. Louis,
Santa Ft-, San Antonio, 446.
HICKORY: Properties; Uses, 389.— Strength ; Spec, grav, 414.
HORSE-BRUSH : Nomenclature, 151. — Dimensions and weight, 151.
INDEX. 635
HORSE-POWER : 550 lbs. raised 1 foot in 1 minute, 448, 455.
HORSES: Number required for a field battery, 346. — Number required for a
iiege train, .348. — Work of, 438. — Work done by, 454.
HORSESHOEING: General directions for, 164.
HORSESHOES: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weights, 153. Uor»e»hoe
Naih : Nomenclature; Weights, 154.
HOTBLAST : Use of increases the yield of iron, 39fi.
HOT SHOT : Firing, .388.— Expansion of, 388.
HOWITZERS: Kinds and calibres, 9.- — Nomenclature, 12. — Principal dimen-
sions and weights, 15. — Inspection, 22. — Proof, 25. — Preservation, 28.
HYDRAULIC JACK : A substitute for the lifting-jack : Dimensions, weight, 109.
HYDRAULIC RAMS : Proportions of, 450.
HYDROMETER : Construction; Dimensions; Use, 422.
I.
ICE : Strength of differont thicknesses of, 445.
IMPLEMENTS: For Field, Motmtain, Sicje, and Garrison Service: Nomencla-
ture, 121. — Dimensions and weights, 132. — Preservation in store, 134. — Bill of tim-
ber, 135. Kind and Xiimbcr ; For field carriages, 321. — For prairie carriages,
322. — For mountain howitzers, 322. — For siege carriages, 350. — For fortress car-
riages, 354, 355.— For firing hot shot, 387.
INCLINED PLANE: Power of, 451.
INFANTRY ACCOUTREMENTS: Nomenclature, 215. — Dimensions and
weights, 219, 222.— Materials for making, 220.
INITIAL VELOCITIES : Of cannon balls, 376.— Of lead balls, 377.— Formula
for computing, 468.
INJURIES of ordnance, caused by service, 26.
INSPECTION : Of ordnance, 22. — Of shot and shells. 3.3. — Of harness, 152.—
Of small arms, 171. — Of barrels, 175. — Of small arms which have been in service,
194. — Of swords, 213. — Of gun-carriage iron, 396.
INSTRUMENTS: For inspecting ordnance, 20. — For inspecting shot and shells,
3.3.— For siege train, 352.— For armament of forts, 357.
IRON, BAR: Manufacture; Properties and test, 399.— Forging, 400.— Strength
415.— Tables of weight, 424-426.
IRON, CAST : For guns, 19.— Specific gravity ; Tenacity, 19.— Varieties, 395.—
Properties, 395. — Strength; Spec, grav., 415.
IRON PIPES : Weight of different sizes, 427.
IRON WIRE: Strength of different sizes, 417.
IRON, WROUGHT: For guns, 20.— Strength ; Spec, grav., 415.
IRREPARABLE ARMS, 196.
ISSUE OF ARMS, 188.
J.
JACK: Liftinrj : Nomenclature, 109. — Dimensions and weight, 113. Hydraulic:
Dimensions and weight, 109. Screw: For field service: Dimensions and weight
127. L.ver : Nomenclature, 110. — Dimensions and weight, 113.
536 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
K.
KIT: Composition; Preparation, 168.
KNOTS : Uow to tie them, 368.
L.
LABORATORY: Buildings for, 242 — Fixtures and furniture. 242. —Materials,
245. — Tools and itnpletneuts, 352.
LACKKR : For iron ordnance, 165. — For small arms, 166. — For bright work, !•••
L.\DLEiS: Fabrication, 122. — Dimeniiions and weii^ht*, 132. — Number required,
350, 354.
LANCES: Fabrication, 30.S.— Composition for, 311. — Rate of burning, 311.
LANYARD for friction-primers: Dimensions and weight, 125.
LARI.AT: Dimensions and weight, 152.
LAKUINO-ROl'E for mountain howitzer: Dimensions and weight, 146.
LAYER. Leather: Definition, 137.
LEAD: Proj)ertic8, 248. — Purity, how known; To reduce oxide, 248. — Strength;
Spec, gray., 415.
LEAD BALLS: Diameters and weights, 31.— To compuU- weight of, 32.— Fabri-
cation, 25.S. — Preservation, 300.
LEADERS for fireworks : How made, 307.
LEATHER: Kinds of, 136. — Quality for harness an<l cavalry e<juipm<nts, 152. —
Required for one set of harness, 159. — For accoutrements, 21s. — (Quantity for
accoutrements, 220.
LEG-rtl'ARD: Nomenclature, 143.— Weight, 156.
LEVER: Power of, 451.
LEVER-JACK: Nomenclature, 110. — Dimensiuus and weight, 113.
LIFTING-JACK : Nomenclature, 109.— Dimensions and weight, 113.
LIGHT ARTILLERY' SABRE: Nomenclature, 211.— Dimensions, weight, 213.
LIGHT-BALLS: Fabrication. 29.3.
LIGHTNING RODS: Best materials for, 239.— To put up, 240.
LIGHTS: Fabrication. 305. — Compositions for, 311.
LIMBER: Xomfiirlatnre : Field, 39. — Prairie, 48. — Siege, 53. Dimmtium and
Wtiyhtu : Field and prairie, 67. — Siege, 70. JJilU of Timber : For field, 78. — For
siege, 81. Billi of Iron : For field, 86. — For siege, 95.
LIMBER-CHEST: For travelling forge and battery-wagon, 47.— Weight*, 70.
LINCHPINS: Dimensions and Weights, 62.
LINE OF SIGHT. Natural: Definition, II.— Of guns, 14, 15.
LINES : Mensuration of. 457.
LINIMENT, for burns, 245.
LINK : Dimensions and weight, 152.
LOCK-CH.\INS. for field and siege carriages : Dimensions, 63.
LOCK. MUSKET: Nomenclature, 171. — luspeclion, 177. — To take apart, 190. —
To clean. 192.
LOGARITHMS, 461.— Of numbers, 499.— Of circular parts, 520.
LOOPS, Iron, 137.— Classification, 157.
INDEX. 537
M.
MACHINES for siege and garrison service: Nomenclature, 104. — Dimensions
and weights, 112, 113.— Number for siege train, .351. — Number for garrison, 356.
MAGAZINES for gunpowder: Arrangement; How entered; Aired; Guarded, 233.
MAGNETIC NEEDLE : Declination, at different places ; Dip, 446.
MANCEUVRING HANDSPIKE : Nomenclature, 129.— Dimensions, weights, 130.
MARKS : On ordnance, 25. — On musket barrels, 177. — On musket locks, 178. —
On muskets, 178. — On powder barrels, 232.
MARRONS : Fabrication and use. 297.
MATCH: Slow: Uses; Preparation, 276. Quick : Uses; Preparation, 277.
MATERIALS: Required for making accoutrements, 220. — For laboratory use,
245. — For 10,000 friction-primers, 285. — For 1,000,000 caps, 288. — For construc-
tions, 389. For repairing siege carriages, 351. — For repairing fortress carriages,
356. — Strength of; Specific gravity of, 414-416.
MATHEMATICAL formula and data, 457.
MAUL for driving pickets : Dimensions and weight, 125.
MEASUREMENT of timber, 394.
MEASURES: United States: Length, 428. — Surface, 429.— Solidity, 429.— Ca-
pacity, 429.— Weight, 430. —Value, 431. Foreign: Length, 431. — Surface; So-
lidity ; Capacity, 433.— Weight, 434.— Value, 436.
MECHANICAL MAN(EUVRE8, 358.— With gins, 361.
MECHANICAL POWERS, 451.
MELTING POINTS of solids, 441.
MEN : Working power of, 438, 454.
MEN'S HARNESS: Dimensions and weight, 125.
MENSURATION of timber and boards, 394, 429.
MERINO, for cartridge-bags, 251.
METALS: For constructions, storage, and preservation, 409. — Strength, 415. —
Relative malleability ; Ductility; Capacity of conducting electricity, 440. — Expan-
sion by heat, 442.
METRES : Length of, 432, 437.— Table for reduction to inches, 476.
MONEY : United States, 431.— Foreign, 436.
MORTAR-BEDS : Nomenclature, 59.
MORTARS : Kind and calibres, 9. — Nomenclature, 12. — Dimensions and weights,
16, 21. — Proof, 25. — Preservation, 28. — Beds, 59.— Platforms, 110, 113. — Imple-
ments and equipments, 360. — Mechanical manoeuvres, 365.
MORTAR-WAGON: Nomenclature, 54. — Dimensions and weights, 70. — Bill of
•timber, 81.— Bill of iron, 96.
MOULDS, for wads : Dimensions, 274.
MOUNTAIN HOWITZER: Dimensions and weight, 15. Carnage: Dimensions
and weight, 68. — Packing, 146. — Composition of a battery, 347.
MOUNTINGS: For Musket: Nomenclature, 171. — Inspection, 178. — Cleaning,
192. For Eijle : Nomenclature, 172.
538 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
MUSICIANS' SWORDS: Nomenclature, 212.— Diinpnpi<.iif and wcijfhU, 21.1.
MUSKET: Rijh: Nomenclature, 171. — Dimensions and weight, 174. Model
of 1842: Nomenclature, 172. — Dimensions and weight, 174. — Inspection, 174. —
Packinic. 184.
MUSKET CARTRIDGES : Fabrication. 254.— Rundling, 255.— Packing, 265.
N.
NAILS: Wrought and Cut : Dimensions, 66. Hortcthar : Weight, 154.
NAVE-BOXES: DimenMons. 61.
NEEDLE. MAGNETIC : Doolinntion and dip. 446.
NON COMMISSIONED OFFICER'S SWORD: Nomenclatnre. 212. — Dimen-
sions and wpi):ht, 213.
NON-COM.MISSIONED OFFICER'S SWORD-BELT: Dimensions. 5I«.
NOSE-BAG: Nomcnclntiirc: Dimensions, 143.
NUTS : Dimensions and weights, 64.
0.
OAK. WHITE: Properties; Uses. 389.— Strength : Rp«c. frar., 414.
OATS : Weight of a bujhtl; Of a cubic foot, 439.
ORDNANCE: Kinds and calibres, 9. — Definitions of parts, 10. — Nomenclature,
11. — Designation, 12 — Principal dimensions and weights, IS, 14, 15, 16. — Inspee-
tion, 22. — Proof, 24. — Marks, 25. — Injuries in service, 26. — Spiking and unspiking,
27. — Preservation, 28. — Proportion for a field train. 346. — F<ir a siege train, 348. —
Of England. 471. — Of France; Belgium, 472.— Spain; Prussia. 473. — Russia ;
Sweden, 474. — Saxony; Austria, 475.— Of the Navv of the United States, 475.
P.
PACKING : Small arms. 184.— With straw, 186.— Swords, 214.— Small arm car-
tridges, 255.— Muskct-baMs. 256.— Cartridge-bags. 259.— Field ammunition, 265.—
Ammunition-boxes, 265. — Percussion-caps, 288.
PACKING-BOXES: For muskets, 184. — For rifles, 185. — For small arm car-
tridges, 255. — For rau.<ket-ballg, 256. — For field ammunition, 265. — For port-flrM,
283. — For percussion-caps. 2S8. — For war-rockets, 300.
PACKS, for mountain service: Weights, 68.
PACK-SADDLE: Nomenclature, 144.— Weight, 68.— Bill of timber, 80; Bill of
iron, 92.
PAINT: Preparation and composition, 162. — Brainard's. 164. — Quanlilj and
kind required for a carriage. 169. *
P.^PER, Laboratory: Kinds: Proof; Dimensions and weights, 250.
PAPER SHELLS: Fabrication, 306.— Dimensions and weighU, 310.
PARK. FIELD: Composition of, 346.
PASS-BOX: Dimensions and weight, 125.
P.ASTE : To prepare the different kinds of, 252.
INDEX. 539
PENDULUM. Ballistic: Used to determine initial velocities, 231.
PENDULUM. Captain Benton's: Description, 237,— To use, 237.
PENDULUM-IIAUSSE: Description of. 125.— Graduations, 126.
PENDULUMS: Length of: Time of vibration of, 449. Revolving: Time of
revolution, 450.
PEXE RATION: Of Shot: In masonry, 379. — In oak, 379. 3'54. — In earth
380.— In granite and brick, 382.— In fascines and wool, 382. Of Shelli, 381. Of
Small Armn, 386. Of Spherical PrnjectUfn, 468.
PENT-IIOUSE: Nomenclature, 110.— To put on, 111.— Bill of lumber. 119.—
Bill of iron, 120.
PERCUSSION-CAPS: Fabrication, 2S5.—Packing, 288.— Number required for
cartridges. 255.
PETARD: Use; Fabrication; Effects; Substitute for a, 300.— For ornamental
fireworks, 305.
PEWTER : Composed of tin 4 parts, lead 1 part. 408.
PICKAXE: Dimensions and weight, 125.
PIG IRON: Process of manufacture, 396.— Strength, 415.
PILING BALLS, .34.— To find the number in a pile, 35.— Tables of piles, 36.
PINE: White, pitch, yellow : Properties, 390. — Strength; Specific gravity, 415.
PINTLE: Weight of: Barbette, 72, 75.— Casemate, 74.
PINTLE-CROSS: For temporary batteries, 110.
PIPES: Thickness of, 417, 418.— Weight of iron, 427.
PISTOL: A repeating, issued to the cavalry and light artillery, 170.
PITCH : How made ; For what used. 413.
PITCH CEMENT: Compo.sition, 169.
ITCHED FASCINES : Preparation of, 289.— How used, 290.
PLANTON'S COMPOSITION for preserving wood or iron, 167.
PLATES: Cartridge-box, 216.— Waist-belt. 216.— Sabre-belt, 217.
PLATFORM, for siege guns and mortars, 110. — Dimensions and weigh'?, 113.
PLATFORMS: For Sieije Gnnn : Nomenclature, 110. — Dimensions and weights.
113. — Bills of timber, 115. For Sirge Mortars : Nomenclature, 110. — Dimensions
and weights. 113. — Bills of timber, 115.
PLUMMET, for mortars: Line and Bob. weight 1 lb., 127.
POINTIN(}-WIRE, for mortars: Iron wire No. 7, 20 inches long, 127.
POLE-PAD: Nomenclature; Use; Preservation, 143.
POPLAR. White: Properties; Uses, 389.— Strength; Spec, gravity, 415.
PORTABLE-FORGE, for mountain howitzers: Nomenclature, 51.— Weight, 68.
PORT-FIRES: Fabrication, 278.— Packing, 278.— Preservation in store, 301.
POWDER. (See Gunpowder, 223.)
POWDER-BARRELS: Fabrication, 228.— Dimensions, 229.
POWDER-MEASURES: Description; Dimensions; Weights, 126.
POWERS OF NUMBERS: Tables of, 479.
540 OBDNA.NCE MANUAL.
PRAIRIE CARRIAGE: Nomenclature, 47. — Dimensious and wcighU, 67.—
Equipiiunt. .'?22.
PREPONDERANCE: Definition, 11.— Of guns, 13, 14.— Of howitierB. 16.
PREt^ERVATlON: Carriages, CO. — Implements. 134.— llarncsK, 1.53.— BrnnH
arms, 187.— Small arms in service, 188.— Ammunition and fireworks, SOU.— Metals,
409.— Finished work, 409.
PRESSURE-PISTON. Captain Rodman's: Descriplion and use, 238.
PRI.MERS. FRICTION: Fabrication, 28.3.— Packing, 285. — Number required
for field ammunition, 319.— For siege, 349.— For forts, 354.
PRIiMlNtJ-WIRE, for field and garrison guns: Dimensionn and weights, 127.
PROCiRESSION: Aritbmelical and geometrical, 4fll.
PRO.JECTILE: Motion <if: In vacuo, 46.1. — In the air, 465.— Penetration, 468.
PROLON(jE: Description; Dimensions; Weight, 127.
PROOF: Of ordnance, 24.— Of shot and chells. 33.— <»f mui>ket barrels, 175.— Of
springs, 177. — Of sworils and sabres, 213.— Of gunpowder, 230.— Of chains, i2i.
PULLEY: Power of, 451.
PULLEY-RLOCKS, for gins: Nomenclature, 104, 105.
PUNCHING METALS: Force required for, 416.
PYROMETER, Wedgewoods: Scale, 441.
QUANTITY OF WORK: Definition, 448.— Done by men and hors«s, 454, 455.
QUICK-MATCU: Preparation, 277.— Preservation in store, SOI.
QUOIN, for siege mortars: Dimensions; Weight, 127.
R.
RACKS, for small arms. 187.
RAIN : Quantity that falls annually, 446.— Of fire, 297.— Gold, 2«7.
RAM.MER-HEADS: Fabrication, 121.- Dimensions and weights, 132.
RAMMERS: Fabrication, 121. — Dimei^ions and weighta, 132.
RAMRODS: Nomenclature, 171. — Inspection, 1&7.
RANGES: Of field guns, 367, 368, 3C9.— Of mouuUia bowitaers, 309.— Of siege
guus, 370. — Of heavy guns, 371. •
RASPS: Kinds and siies. 406.
RATIONS: Weight and bulk of, 439.
RECOIL of iron carriages: How regulated, 376.
RED-HEAT of iron: Temperature of, 441.
REPAIRS: Of small arms, 19j.— Of swords, 215.— Of accoutrements, 220.
REPORT OF INSPECTION: Of musket barrels, 182.- Of powder, 232.
RESISTANCE of the air to motion of projectiles, 465.
RIFLE: Nomenclature, 172. — Dimeut>ioDs and weights, 174.
RIFLE-GUNS: 524.
KIFLE-MUSKET: (see Musket:) Nomenclature, 170. — Dimensions, weight, 174.
INDEX. 64l
RINffS: For Chaint: Dimensions, 66. For Strapping Shot and Shell: Dimen-
sions, 260.
RIVETS: Classifications and dimensions, 65. — Copper, 221.
• ROCKETS, SIGNAL: Fabrication, 293. —Decorations for, 296. — Dimensions
and weights, 298.
ROCKP'IRE: Preparation, 2R9.— Preservation in store, 302.
ROMAN CANDLES: Fabrication, .307.
ROPES: Size, how designated, 409.- Quality, 251, 409.— Strength, 409.— Preser-
vation, 410.
ROSIN: How obtained; Its quality, 412.
8.
SABOTS: For Field Gunn: Fabrication, 259.— Dimensions, 266. For Siege and
Garrinon Guns: Fabrication, 269. — Dimensions, 274. 0/ Shavings, 272.
SA15UES: Nomenclature, 211. — Dimensions and weights, 21.3.
SADDLE-BAGS: Nomenclature, 151.— Weight, 161.
SADDLE-BLANKET: Quality; Dimensions and weight, 151.
SADDLES: Artillery: Drivers', 1.39. — Valise, 140. — Weight, 150. Cavalry,
149 —Weight. 160.
SAFE, LEATHER: Definition, 137.
SALTPETRE: Properties, 223.— Where found, 224.— Test of crude, 224.— Refin-
ing, 224.— Test of refined, 225.— Pulverizing, 225, 245.— Purity for gunpowder, 225.
SCRAPER, for siege mortars: Dimensions and weights, 127.
SCREW: Mechiinical power of, 452. — Table of wood-screws, 407.
SCKEW-.IACK, for field service: Dimensions and weight, 127.
SERPENTS, for rockets: Fabrication, 296— Weight, 299.
SHAFTS, for mountain howitzer carriage, 50.
SHEARING METALS: Force required for, 416.
SHEET IRON: Qualities, 404.— Thickness and weights, 405.
SHEET STEEL: Qualities, 404.— Thickness and weights, 405.
SHEET TIN: Manufacture, 404.— Dimensions, 405.
SHELLS: Dimensions and weights, 32.— To compute the weight of, 32.— To find
the quantity of powder to fill, 32. — General directions for fabricating, 32. — Inspec-
tion, 33. — Piling, 34.— Charging, 261, 266. — Strapping, 269. — Filling, 270.— Un-
loading, 303.— Range.s, 368-373.— Penetrations, 379.
SHELL-HOOKS: Dimensions and weight, 127.
SHOD HANDSPIKES: Nomenclature, 129.— Dimensions and weights, 130.
SHOT: Dimensions and weights, 29. — To compute weight of, 32. — Inspection,
33. — Piling and preservation, 34. — Strapping, 269, — Ranges, 367. — Penetrations,
379, 384. — E.xpansion when heated, 388.
SHOVEL: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 127.
SIEGE ARTILLERY: Guns: Kind, 9.- Dimensions and weights, 13, 14, 15.—
Proportion in a siege train, 348. Carriages: Nomenclature, 52. — Dimensions and
542 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
wciglits, 69. — Bills of timber, 81.— Bills of iron, 93. — Equipment, 350. — Mechanical
manoeuvres, ;{61.
SIEGE CARRIAGES: Nomenclature, .02.— Dimension;" and weights, 69, 70.—
Equipment, 355. \
S1K(JE TRAIN, Composition of, 348.
SIEVES : For laboratory, 309.— For gunpowder, 2.'i0.
SIGNAL ROCKETS: How denominated, 293.— Fabrication, 293.— Dimensions
and weights, 298. — Decorations for, 296. — Preservation in store, 302.
SINES: Tables of natural, 518.— Tables of logarithms of, 499.
SLING-CARTS: Nomenclature, 105.— Dimensions and weights, 112. Hand:
Nomenclature, 107. — Dimensions and weights, 112. — Bill of timber, 115. — Bill of
iron, 1 18.
SLING-CIIAINS: Description: Length, 107.— Weight. 112.
SLOW-MATCH : Preparation and packing, 276.— Preservation in 8ti>re, 301.
SMALL AH.MS: Nomenclature, 170. — Dimeiibions and weights, 174. — Inspec-
tion, 174. — Packing, 184. — Care in store, 188. —Repairs, 195. — For armament of
forts, 354. — Of foreign countries, 470.
SMELTING IRON : Process of; Fuel and flux used in, 395.
SOLDER: Silver; Hard; Plumber's'; Tinner'!" ; I'ewt«rcr'» ; Composition, 408.
SOLDERlNti, Liquor for : Compo.sition, 40S.
SOLIDS: E.\pansiou by heat, 4J2. — .Men.-^uralion, 459. — Centre of gravity, 460.
SOUND: Velocity, about 1,100 feet in a second, ^39.
SPARE PARTS: For repairs of small arms, 198. — Swords, 215. — Accoolrements,
219. — Field carriages and equipments, 347. — Siege carriages, 351. — Fortress car-
riages, 356.
SPATULA, for mortars : Dimensions and weight, 127.
SPECIFIC GRAVITIES: Of fluids, 421.
SPHERICAL-CASE SHOT : Dimensions and weights. 30.— For rifled guns, 30.
— Inspection, 34. — Filling and charging : Charge for firing ; Weights, fixed. 261 -266.
— Packing, 265. — Proportion in ammunition-chest, 319. — For a battery. 346. — For
a siege train, 349. — Ranges and time of flight, 367. — Initial velocity, 376. — Veloci-
ties of, at X distance from the gun, 466, 467.
SPIKING GUNS: Manner of, 27.— To fire spiked guns, 27.
SPLICING ROPES: Manner of, 360.
SPONGE-BUCKET: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 127.
SPONGE-COVERS: Fabrication, 122.— Dimensions and weights, 132.
SPONGE-HEADS: Fabrication, 121. — Dimensions and weights, 132.
SPONGES: Fabrication, 121. — Dimensions and weights, 132. — For mortars, 134.
SPURS: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 151.
SQUARES AND ROOTS of numbers. 479.
STARS, for rockets: Fabrication, 296.— Compositions, 311.
STAVES, for implements: Fabrication, 122. — Dimensions, 135.
6TEAM: Elastic force of, 456. — Steam horse-power, 455.
INDEX. 543
STEEL: Guns, 20. — Manufacture, 401. — Kinds and properties, 402. — Hardening
and tempering, 402. — Strength, 416.
STEEL, CAST: Manufacture; Properties; Test of, 402. — Strength; Specific
gravity, 416.
STEEL, PUDDLED; Manufacture; Properties; Strength, 401.
STEEL, SHEAR: Kinds; Manufacture, 401.
STOCKS, MUSKET: Nomenclature, 171.— Inspection, 179.
STORE-TRUCK : Nomenclature, 109.— Dimensions and weights, 112.
STRAPPING shot and shells: Diflerent modes for: Field, 260.— Siege and Gar-
rison, 269.
STRAPS, for strapping shot and shells: For field guns, 260, 266.— For siege
»nd garrison guns, 269.
STREAMERS, for rockets: Fabrication, 296.— Composition, 311.
STRENGTH: Of iron for guns, 19.— Of musket barrels, 196.— Of materials,
414-416. — Of chains, 423. — Of hemp and iron-wire ropes, 417. — Of ice, 445.
STRENGTH OF MATERIALS: Tensile; Transverse; Resistance to compres-
sion, 414, 415. — Resistance to punching and shearing, 416.
SULPHUR: Where found, 227.— Properties, 227.— Refining, 227.— Pulverizing,
227, 247.
SUN-CASES: Fabrication, 304. — Composition for, 311. — Dimensions; Rate of
burning, 310.
SURFACES: Mensuration of, 457.— Friction of different plane, 453.
SWORDS: Non-commissioned oflScers'; Musicians', 212. — Foot-officers', 213.
TABLES : Ordnance, 13-16.— Shot and shelKs, 29-31.— Lead balls, 31.— Cast iron
balls, 32. — Piles of balls, 36. — Bolts, nuts, and washers, 64. Dimensions and iceights :
Of artillery carriages, 67-76. — Of machines, 112, 113. — Of gins, 112. — Of platforms,
113. — Traverse circles, 114. — Blocks and rollers, 114. — Buckles, loops, and rings,
167. — Rockets, 298. — Leather parts of harness, 158. — Cavalry equipments, 160. —
Small arms, 174. — Cartridge-boxes, 219. — Cartridges for small arms, 257. — Field
ammunition, 266. — Siege and garrison ammunition, 274. — Fuzes, 283. — Heights of
breech-sights, 374. — For estimating distances, 375. — Initial velocities of cannon-
balls, 376. — Initial velocities of balls fired from small arms, 377. — Loss of velocity by
windage, 378. — Penetration of shot in masonry, 379. — Penetration of shot in oak,
379,384. — In compact earth, 380. — Penetration of shells, 381. — Penetration in
granite and brick, 382. — Penetration of small arms, 386. — Measuring timber, 394. —
Dimensions of sheet tin; Thickness and weight of sheet metals, 405. — Kinds of
files and rasps, 406. — Wood-screws; Cut nails, 407. — Chemical equivalents of
bodies, 413. — Strength of woods, 414.^0f metals, 415. — Punching and shearing
metals, 416. — Strength of hemp and wire rope, 417. — Specific gravity of fluids,
421. — Weight of iron, 424-426. — Of iron pipes, 427. — Weights and measures. United
States, 428-430. — Coins, 431. — Foreign measures and weights, 431-435. — Foreign
544 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
coins, 436. — Equivalents of ounces in decimal fractions of a pound, 435. — Com-
parison of French and United States measures, 437. — Regular polygons, 458. —
Velocities of spherical-case shot, 467. — Foreign small arms, 470. — Foreign ord-
nance, 471. — Navy ordnance, 475. — For converting metres into inches. 476. — Kilo-
grammes into pounds, and grammes into grains, 477. — Density of water at different
temperatures, 478. — Natural sines and tangents, 518. — Powers and roots of num-
bers, 479. — Logarithms of numbers, 499. — Logarithms of sines, 520. — Of tan-
gents, 622.
TANGENTS: Table of natural tangents, 518.
TAR: How obtained; Uses, 412.
TAR-BUCKET: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight, 128.
TARPAULINS, of three sizes: Dimensions and weights, 128.
TARRED LINKS: Preparation of, 291. — Burn, how long, 2»1. — Prosenration
in store, 302,
TENACITY of woods and metals, 414, 415.
TEST: Of bronze; Copper; Tin, 17. — Gun iron, 19. — Paltj.etrc, crude, 224.—
Refined, 225.— Lead, 248.— Bar iron, 399.— Steel, 402.— Files, 406.
TIIER.MOMETERS: Comparison of different scalee, 441.
THREAD, Cartridge, 251.— Quantity for, 257.
THUMBSTALLS: Dimensions and weights, 128.— Number required, 321.
TIMBER: Kinds, 389.— Selection, 390. — Felling, 390. -Getting out, .^91.- In-
spection, 391. — Defects, 392. — Seasoning and preservation, 392. — Kyanizing, 393.
-Steaming, 393. — Piling, 393. — Kiln-drying, 393.— Charring. 393. — Measuring,
394. — Specific gravity and strength of, 414. Billi of : For field carriages, 77. — For
siege, 81. — For mountain howitzer, 80. — For repair of carriages, 351, 356.
TIN: For manufacture of brouze guns, 17. — Analysis, 17. Sheet: 404. — Dimen-
sions, 405.
TINNING IRON AND COPPER: Manner of, 408.
TOOL-CIIESTS: For portable forge, 51.— Contents, 341, 342.
TOOLS: Armorer's for an arsenal, 200.— Laboratory, 312.- For field forge, 324.
— For field battery-wagon, 326. — For park forge, 330. — For park battery-wagon,
333. — For siege train, 352. — For armament of forts, 357. — For forge for mountain
service, 340-342.
TOP-CARRIAGE: Barbette: Nomenclature, 56. — Dimensions and weights, 71,
72, 75, 76. Casemate: Nomenclature, 58. — Dimensions and weights, 73, 74, 76.
TORCHES: Preparation of, 290.
TORSION : Resistance of cylinders of different metals to, 420.
TOURBILLON: (Piece of ornamental fireworks:) How made, 306.
TOURTEAUX. (See Tarred Links, 291.)
TOW-HOOK, for unpacking ammunition-chests; Dimensions and weight, 128.
TRAIL HANDSPIKE : Nomenclature. 129.— Dimensions and weights, 130.
TRAJECTORY of a Ball : In vacuo, 463.— In the air. 465.
TRAVERSE-CIRCLES : Dimensions and weights, 114.
INDEX. 546
TRAVELLING FORGE: Nomenclature, 42. — Dimensions and weights, 70. —
Bill of timber, 78.— Bill of iron, 88.— For field battery, 32.3.— For field park, 330.—
Weights equipped, 344.
TRIGONOAftlTRY : Formulae, 461, 462.
TRUCKS : Casemate : Store : Nomenclature, 108, 109. — Dimensions, weighte, 112.
TRUNNION-CHAINS: Number; Use; Dimensions; Weights, 107.
TUBE-POUCH: Nomenclature; Dimensions and weight. 128. — Number required
to a piece, 321.
TURPENTINE: How obtained, 412. — Spirits of, 412. — Weight, 162. — Propor-
tions in paint, 163, 164.
r.
UNLOADING SHELLS: Implements; Precautions in ; Manner of, 303.
UNSERVICEABLE STORES, breaking up, .302.
UNSPIKING CANNON, 27.
V.
VALISE: Nomenclature, 141.— Weight, 156.
VALISE SADDLE: Use; Nomenclature, 140.— Weight, 156.
VALUE of foreign coins, 436.
VARIATIONS allowed in ordnance, 24.
VARNISH : For holsters, 167. — Copal, 167. — Japan, 1-68 — For browned arms,
184. — For percussion-caps, 287.
VELOCITIES, Initial : To determine, 238.— Of iron balls, 376. — Of lead balls,
377. — Loss by windage, 378. — General formulae for computing. 468.
VELOCITY : of Balls : Loss of, by resistance of the air, 466. — Of descent in air,
468.— Of sound, 439.— Of the wind, 440.
VENT: Position, 11. — Replacing, 26.
VENT-COVER, for field-pieces ; Dimensions .and weight, 128.
VENTILATION: How much required. 439.
VENT-PIECE, for rifled and hroozo guns, 11, 12.
VENT-PUNCH: Dimensions and weight, 128.
W.
WADS: Fabrication; Weight, 271 — Dimensions and weights; Moulds for, 274.
WALNUT,. BLACK: Uses; Properties, 389. — Strength; Spec, grav., 415.
WAR-ROCKETS : Fabrication, 299.— Packing, 300.— How fired, 300.— Preserva-
tion in store, 302.
WASHERS: Linch : Shoulder: Dimensions and weights, 62. For Holts, 6i.
WATER: Weight of a cubic foot of, 421, 430. — Allowance for man and horse,
438. — Density at different temperatures, 442. — Displaced by the same glass bulb,
at difi"erent temperatures, 478.
WATER-BUCKET: Dimensions; Weight, 129.
WATERING BRIDLE, for cavalry : NomencLature, 149.
37
6i6 ORDNANCE MANUAL.
WATERING BUCKET, for field serTice; Dimonsion« and weight, 128.
WEDGE: Power of, 452.
WKI(;iITS: Of ^r„„H of 1862, l.*?.— Guns of 1S44, H— HowiUerx. 1&.— MorUn,
16._Pr„..f-phiirgcs f.jr gun?, 25.— Shot and Shells, 29.— i<|.lierioal-ca«e nhot, 80.—
Grspe-ihol., .'<1. — Lead balU, 31. — Cast iron baJls, 32. — Axle-treeg, fit. — Lincbptna,
62. — WiidliPrs, •2. — Nati, 64. — Field gun-carriageB, 67. — MounUin howitEM* car-
riage, &K. — Siog« carriage, 69, 70. — Mortar-bedv, 70. — Barbette carria^ii. wooden.
71, 72. — CKfcmatc carriugfi<, wooden, 73, 74. — Columliind barbette carriage*, 76.-^
Wrought iron carriages, 74. — Sling-carts and tracks, 112. — Gin*, 112.— Jacka, flj^
— lMatforu)i<, 113.— Travcrfe-circles, 114.— Blockr and r«IUr«, 11-4. — Uan4«|illiM,
130. — Bars, 130. — Iinplcmenti', 132. — Wonnc, 134. — Sponges for mortari^, 1S4. —
HorFCshocs, 158. — ]Ior5c.sboc nuiU, 153. — Ilarncsr, 156. — Caralry e<|ui{)inoDta, 160.
— Small arms, 174. — Proof-charges fur luusketj*, 175.— Box of rniall arms, IM. —
Swords and sabres, 213. — Cartridge-boxes, 222. — Laboratory paper, 251. — Car-
tridges for siuall arms, 257. — Field auiuunition, 266.— Siege and seacoast aaiBn-
nition, 274. — Fures, 2.'<3. — Gun-carriages and cai^Mtns, c({uip|>c<l for service, S48. —
Forges and battery-wagons, e({ui|iped for gorvice, 344. — Sheet metals, 405. — Coals,
412. — To break bcmp and wire rope, 417.— Bar iron, 424.— Cast iron pipe*, 4tT. —
United States weights, 42S. — Foreign, 431. — Raii-o<l liy men and horses, 4i4, 466.
WEIGHTS AND MEASURES: United States 42^-^31.— Foreiga, 4S1-4SI.—
Comparison of French and United States, 437.
AVELDINtJ COM POSITION: For iron or steel. 403.
WHK.\T: Weight of a bushel; Of a cubic foot, 439.
WHEEL AND AXLE: Mechanical power of, 451.
WUKKL-CASES: For fireworks, 306.— Dimensions, Sl».
WHEELS: Classification, 60. .SliiKj-cart : Nomenclature, 106— Weight, lit.
WHEELS AND PINIONS: Power of, 451.
. WHIPS: 143.— Weight: Number required, 156.
WIND: Velocity and force of, 440.
WINDAGE OF BALLS: Definition, 10.— Amount. 13-15.— Loss of ralocity bj,
378.
WIPER, for mortar?: Tow cloth, 1 yard square, 129.
WIKE-tJAUGE: Thickness of wire and shet-f metals by, 405.
WIRE ROPE. Iron: Strength of, in lbs. and equivalent hemp rope, 417.
WOODS: (See Timber, 389:) Strength and spec. grav. of, 414, 415.
WOOD-SCREWS: Classification and dimensions, 407.
WORMS: Fabrication, 122. — Dimensions and weights, 134.
Y.
YELLOW-WASH, for buildings : Composition and application, 18S.
Z.
ZINC: Properties: Specific gravity: Uses: How purehasol. 24?.
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