The origin and history of Irish names of places

THE

ORIGIN AND HISTORY -

OF

IRISH NAMES OF PLACES

p. W. j;OYCE, LL.D.

Out 0/ Hie Coiiniiissioiiers /brlhf ruUicalion oj the Ancient Laws of Jrela?t<t

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PREFACE.

uiLie peasa an emiMN c)i$—

;, An addition of knowledge
ON TToi.Y Ireland: — Tliosc were
the first words of Gillii-ua-Neeve
O'lleeren, when he undertook to
complete the description of Ireland^
which his predecessor, John O'Dugan,
had left unfinished ; and they form a very suitable
motto for the book I now offer to the notice of the
public. For this book completes the work that
was only half accomplished by the first Volume of
**The Origin and History of Irish Names of
Places."

"When I first took in hand to write a book on
Irish Local Names, I thought I could grasp the
whole subject in a single volume ; and in the
attempt to do so, I compressed as much matter

iv Preface.

iuto tlic First Volume as auy readable book of the
size could conveniently bold. I found, however,
after it was written, that I had used little more
than half my materials, and that there were many
things requiring elucidation, which I had not been
able so much as to glance at.

The first book was received favourably, much
more so, indeed, than I had ever dared to antici-
pate ; and this encouraged me to contiuue the
work. The result is the present volume ; and I
earnestly hope it may be found as worthy of public
favour as its predecessor.

These two volumes comprise what I have to say
concerning Irisli Local Naiiios ; for J hiivo noticed
all [the principal circumstances that were taken
advantage of by the people of this country to
designate places ; and I have explained and illus-
trated, as far as lay in my power, the various laws
of name-formation, and all the important root-
words used in building up the structure.

I have employed throughout tliis volume the
methods of investigation described in the first
chapter of the First Volume, rendered, I may be
permitted to hope, less liable to error by stricter
precautions, closer investigation, and more ex-
perience. In that chapter I enumerated my
principal sources of information, and I need
not repeat them here. Only 1 think I ought
to mention once more that chief among them
are the works of O'Donovan, especially his mag-
nificent edition of " The Annals of the Four
Masters." which no one can do without who

Preface. T

wishes to study Irish literature, history, or topo
graphy ; and those of the Eev. Dr. Reeves, which
seem to exhaust every subject they touch on. I
have re-read every page of these, with what
profit the reader may judge by the number of
references to them in this book. I have also
derived much information from the recently pub-
lished Lectures of O'Curry on the manners and
customs of the ancient Irish, edited by W. K.
Sullivan, Th. D.

It would have been extremely interesting to
compjiro our place-names with those of other
countries, and to point out curious parallels and
instances of striking similarity of laws. Oppor
tunities for doing so occurred in almost every
page of this book ; but I thought it better to
adhere to the plan pursued in the First Volume,
viz., to confine myself to what I understood best,
the local names of my own country, leaving to
other hands the work of comparison and general-
isation.

I have now to perform the pleasant duty of
acknowledging the help of my literary friends.
The Rev. AVilliam Reeves, D.D. ; the Rev. Thad-
dcus 0']\lahony, D.D. ; and William M. Ilenness^^
Esq., IM.R.I.A., three men profoundly skilled in
the subject here treated of, read my proof-sheets;
not a mere superficial glance, but a close and
critical perusal, that made it very hard for an
incorrect statement or any error of consequence
to pass imnoticed. They were, moreover, always
ready to assist and advise whenever I found it

vi Preface.

necessary to ask for tlieir opinions on special
points. It is abnost needless to add that though
I often ventured to dissent from their views, yet
in numerous cases their criticisms led to impor-
tant modifications.

CONTENTS.

Chapter

I.-

Chapter

II.-

CHAPTEn

III.-

Chapter

IV.-

Chapter

V.-

Chapter

VI.-

ClLAPTKR

VII.-

Chapter

VIII.-

Chapter

IX.-

Chapter

X.-

Chapter

XI.-

Chapter

XII.-

Chapter

XIII.-

CnArxER

XIV.-

Chapter

XV.-

Chapter

XVI.-

Chapter

XVII.-

Chapter XVIII-

Cuapter

XIX.-

Chapter

XX.-

PAGE

-The Growth of Words 1

-Diminutives, 18

-Borrowed Words, 45

-Poetical and Fancy Names, .... 62

-Diseases and Cures, 74

-Offices and Trades. 90

-Strangers, 122

-Irish Personal and Family Names, . . 127

-Nicknames 159

-English Personal and Family Names, IG7

-Articles of Manufacture 174:

-Boundaries and Fences, 210

-Various Artificial Works 217

-The Sun, 23G

-The Atmosphere, 246

-The Sea, 255

-Colon ivs 266

-The Animal Kingdom, 289

-The Vegetable Kingdom, .: ... 318

-The Mineral Kingdom, ...... 36G

viii Contents.

TAGE

CiiAPTKii XXT.— The Surface of tho Liuul, . . . . 380

CiiAPTUR XXII.— QuagmircB aud Wutory Places, . . . 388

CuAPTEaXXIII.— Size; shape, 413

CuAi'TEit XXIV.— Situation, 441

CiiAi'TER XXV.— The Cardinal Points, 447

OiiAi'TEU XXVI.— Various Qualities and Circuuastances, 458

Index op Names, 489

Ihdkx op Root Woeds, 631

IRISH NAMES OF PLACES.

CHAPTER I.

THE GROWTH OF WORDS.

.HERE are many termina-
tions or suffixes, in the
Irish, as in other lan-
<^iiii^(\s, by wliicli viirious
new words are formed from
one root, growiiif^ out liko
iho brnnches of a tree from
the same stem. It is not
necessary in this place to enter
on an examination of all these terminations ; I in-
tend to notice merely those that are found in our
local names, to explain their meanings as far as I
can, and to illustrate tlicir use by examjjlcs. By a
careful study of their laws, their combinations, and
their various changes of form, we are often enabled
to explain the formation of names which would
otherwise be puzzling or imintelligible.

An attentive examination of the terminations of
<ho Irinh language would have saved many ety-
mologists, ancient as well as modern, from error :
VOL. 11. 2

2 The Growth of Words. [(.hap. i.

for tliey liavo in numerous cases mistaken mere
postfixes for separate roots ; and Lave made com-
pounds of words that are in reality simple, by
slightly altering the old authentic forms to suit
their own theories. One of the host examples of
this deceptive process is Clogher, already examined
(see First Volume). Flann of the Monastery re-
solves the name of (ho ancient palace of Ailcach
(see Ellagh, 1st Vol.) into ail, a stone, and ncli, a
sigh ; and Micliael O'Clery, one of the Four
Masters, derives the same name (which is applied
to a circular stone fortress) from ail, a stone, and
teacJi, a house — ail-theach, stone house — a conjec-
ture which looks })lausible enough. But they are
both undoubtedly in error ; for the eaclt, tis
O'Ourry remarks (Lectures, TI., 153), is nothing
more Lhiai tlio suHix ach : — ailcavh, stony, a slony
edifice. Erin has been resolved into lar-in, wes-
tern land ; but the n is a mere grammatical
termination ; and the most ancient written form of
the name is Eriu, of which the genitive is Erenn,
dative Erinn (see Chap. xxvi.).

Several of the folloAving postfixes have not been
noticed before ; but I take them as I find them in
names ; and it is our business to show how they
pervade the language, and if possible to account
for them. How far some of them may bo com-
pounds, or how far some of the letters composing
them may be the result of mere phonetic cliango
rather than of etymological descent, may admit of
question. The whole subject Avould repay a fur-
ther examination, and it would be interesting to
compare the Irish suiHxes with their cognates
in other Indo-European languages ; but what I
have said in this chapter will, I hope, bo con-
sidered quite sufiicient for the purpose I have in
hands.

CHAP. I.] The Orotcth of Words. 3

Before proceeding further it is necessary to
notice a peculiarity of Irish pronunciation, which
often modifies words by the addition of letters
having no signification. There are certain con-
sonants Avhich in the Irish language do not
coalesce in sound when they come together in a
word, so that when they are pronounced, a short
vowel is heard between them — a sort of phonetic
buUer — to prevent the disagreeable clash of two
incompatible consonantal sounds. When for in-
stance scan [shan] old, is joined to m/sm*? [cashel],
a circular stone fort, a short vowel sound is uttered
between the n and the c, and the compound — Sean-
cliaiscal, old stone fort — is pronoimced in four
syllables, Shanacashcl, the name of some places in
Cork and Kerry. Sometimes this vowel does not
appear in anglicised names, as in Shancashlaim,
old castle, in the parish of Kilmaganny, in Kil-
kenny. It is unnecessary to ilkistrate this principle
any farther bcrc, as numerous exam])les of its
<)[)ciiitl()U will bo loiiiid in tbo names occurring in
this and the next chapter. (See also O'Donovan's
Irish Gramnuir, p. 57.)

Ach, lack, nach, rack, tach, track, seaeh. All these
postfixes have a collective signification when placed
after noims, and generally convey the sense of
" full of," " abounding in," much the same as the
English postfixes./?f/, y, and ous. In Irish writings,
especially if they be ancient, these terminations
are often written cch, lech, &c. ; and sometimes, in
compliance with a grammatical custom, they are
changed to each, /each, &c. ; but these changes
do not influence the anglicised forms.

Ach. This is the most common of all Irish ter-
minations, and its most usual form in anglicised
names is a(/h, wliicli is sounded with a strong
guttural by the people, but pronounced ah by those

4 The Qron-th of Words, '[oiiap. i.

who cannot souiicl tlio gutliiral. Scart nK^ma a
brake or scrubby place ; and Scarlagb, the namo
of a place near Clonaldlty in Cork, signifies a place
covered with brakes — a bushy spot. From drai(//icn
[dreen] the blackthorn or sloebush, we have
draiglineclt, a place abounding in blackthorns ; and
this again compounded withe///, church, gives Cill-
draiyhncch (so written in the Irish Calendars), tlie
church of the sloe-bushes. It was one of the
churches of St. Ernin or Mernoc (died, a, d. 635),
who is mentioned by Adamnan in his Life of St.
Columba, and who gave name to Inchmarnock and
to the t-Avo Kilmarnocks in Scotland. This church
has left its name on a townland, now called Kil-
dreenagh, in the parish of Dunleckny in Carlow,
near Bagonalstown.

In the parish of Kilrossanty in Waterl'ord,
there is a valley into which several glens converge,
each carrying a stream from the surrounding
mountains. The word comar or cummer, in one of
its significations, is applied to the meeting of
streams or glens ; and this valley has got the very
approi)riate name of Comeragh, a place of comars
or confiuences. Moreover, it was in former days
an im[K)rtant place, and as such, gave name lo the
Comeragh mountains by which it is surrounded.
The river that flows from Lough Derriana to
Lough Currane, near Ballynaskelligs bay in Kerry,
is called Cummeragh, the river of the glens or
confluences.

In accordance with the principle examined in
the First Volume (Parti. Chap. ii.,soct. vii.), this
termination very of ten appears in the Irish oblique
form, aigh, which is pronounced like the English
postfix y, and is often changed to it in anglit:iscd
names. Ahlial [oul] is an apple, or an apple tree.
Ouley (Irish Ab/ialaigh), a place full of apple trees,

CH-u'. I.] The Groivth of Words. 5

tlio name of a townland near Ballyhaise in Civan,
and of two others in Down, one near Saiuttield,
and tlie other three miles from Ratlifriland.

The ternn'iintion rrch is often added on to a word
for no apparent reason except to form "a sort of
finish," withont in anj^ way ehanoing- tlio meaning
of the word ; but it is probable that this is a
remnant of an ohl formation, whose proper use has
been lost in the course of ages. Thus smol, a
thrush, is in the spoken language more generally
called smolach ; sfor (treasure) is often made
sfoivch, as in the connnon term of cndearnu'ut,
asforach. Lios [lis] a fort, is occasionally length-
ened to /mac/f, as we see it in Lissaghmore (great
fort) in the parish of Agivey in Derry ; and in Lis-
saghanedan near Ardagh in Longford, the fort of the
edan, or hill-brow. JDiin is similarly augmented in
Doonaghboy, near Kilkee in Clare, the yellow du7i
or fort — yellow probably from furze blossoms.

LacJi. This has still the same general meaning —
" aboimding in ; " but some of the following ex-
amples will show that like ach, it is occasionally
a llixed to words without adding much, or anything,
to the meaning. Its most correct anglicised form
is /of/h, and we find this in such names as Muclagh,
a place of mucs or pigs, Broclagh, a place fre-
quented by brocs or badgers. (See 1st Vol. Part II.,
c. VII.). Near Edgeworfhstown in the county
liongford there is a townland called Cranalagh.
Hero iho shorf, a is inserted in accordance witli the
principle explained at pngc 3 ; and the name sig-
nifies a place full of cranufi or trees. Garravlagli,
the name of a place in the parish of Tagheen in
Mayo, signifies rough or coarse land, from garbh
[garrav], rough.

This allix more connnonly appears in an oblique
form {laitjii, pron. lee), as in Garrifly in Fer-

6 Tlie Growth of Words. [ciiai-. i

inanngli and ]\[»)niigliau, wliicli is the samo as iho
name last ineiitioned ; Cranally in the parish of
Abheylura in Ijonoford, ilie same as Cranalagli.
IhiKildy ill Aniiagli and IMonaghan in tlio same us
Braeldagh in other coiinlies, and signifies u
spceliled phioo {brcdc, spoelded). ]*]dentrinuly in
llio parish of (;h)nalhin in Down, soulh-east oL'
Newry {edan, a broAV, tram, the ekler), is the hill
brow of the elder trees.

Nach : usual anglicised forms, nagh, ney and ny.
This postfix is well exhibited in Longharnagh, a
townland near Galway bay in the north-west of
the barony of Kiltartan, anciently one of the seats
of the family of O'l 103^10 : for the Irish form avo
have the authority of Mac Firbis (ITy F. p. (i8),
who writes it Liuu'Jiarnacli, meaning rushy land,
from luachair, rushes. Another very good illus-
tration is Sawnagh, the name of a place near
Portumna in Galway ; SamJinach, a place abounding-
in samh [saw] or sorrel. Bracknagh, Brackcnagh
(vowel sound inserted — page 3), and Bracknoy,
the names of many placets in various counlies,
same meaning- as Bracklagh — a s})eckled place
(from hreae). In the parishes of Lackagh and
Rathangan in Kildare, llu-ro are two towidands
called Mynagh ; and in Meath, Tyrone, and Oavan,
there are several places called Moynagh ; all
meaning a level place, fiom mfujh, a plain ; while
with the diminutive, the name becomes Moynaghan
(small level spot) near Irvincstown in Fermanagh.
From mothar [mohor] a thicket or a ruin of a
building, comes Mohernagh near Shanagolden in
Limerick, a place of thickets or ruins. In the
parish of Moynoe in Clare, four miles north of the
village of Scarriff, there is a mountain called
Turkenagh, the name of which is derived from
korc, a boar, and signifies a resort of wild boars;

CTiAP. I.] The Growth of Words. 7

like ]\[uckeiiagli, from muc, a pig, Brockenagli,
from hroc, a badger (see these in Isfc Vol.). Ex-
actly in the same way is formed the name of
TTshnagh ITill, in tlic parish of Conry in West-
iiuvilh, (•rl(>hraiod in nnciont Irish liistory — the
point where the provinces met, and wliere King
Tuathal tl\e Acceptable built a palace and estab-
lished a fair in the first centur3^ In the oldest
authorities the name is spelled Uisncch, which
comes from o-?, a fawn (inflected to uis by a well
known orthographical rule, just as it is in the
proper name Oixiii), and signifies a place of fawns.
The Dinnsranchfis indeed accounts for the name
difCercntly (see O'Cnrry — licctures, I. 191) ; but
the story tliere told is quite Avorthless as an
authority, so far as the etymology of the name is
concerned. There is another place with this name,
now called Usnagh, in the parish of Clogherny in
Tyrone.

Jfarh : anglicised forma rar/h and r>/. Numerous
examples might be cited of its use in the Irish
language : but it will be sufiicient to quote the
term ii/aif/hrrrh, used by OMIeercn (page 00,
verse 6) to signify level land, from niagh, a plain.

South of Millstrect in Cork, is the weU-known
range called tlie Boggeragh hills (vowel sound
inserted between g aud r — page 3), whose name
is truly descriptive, signifying a soft or boggy
])lace. Tlioso who visit Lough Gill near Sligo
cannot fail to notice the demesne of Clcavcragh
near the lake, about a mile from the town, whose
name indicates either that basket makers lived and.
grew osiers for their trade there at some former
time, or that people used hurdles or rude wicker-
work bridges to cross the river or the marshy spots
near it : cliahh [clceve] a basket or hurdle. Cleavry
in the parish of Kilmacallen in the same county,

8 The Qrowth of Words. [chav. i.

and Cliovvagh near Listowcl in Kerry, have llio
same origin ; Drunicleavry in Rosconnnon, near
the village of Drumsna, tie ridge of the baskets
or Imrdles, Foydragh in the parish of Aghavca,
Fermanagh, signifies literally a place of sods {jod,
a sod), i.e. a spot whose surface is smooth and
grassy.

Tach. This Irish postfix is nol^ so common us
the preceding, but it occurs often enough to assort
its place as a distinct termination. In that part
of the parish of Taghboy lying in the county
Galway, there is a townland called Clytagh, a name
which means a place of dykes or fences — cladli
[cly] a dyke. A little stream called Oilliagli runs
down the slope of Table Mountain into the Glen
of Imaile in Wicklow, and joins the 81aney near
its source: the nauio sigiiilies clilVy, from <iill,u
cliif. Kcatagh in the parish of Fenoagh in Water-
ford, a little below Carrick-on-Suir, means plain,
open, or cleared land, from reidh [rea], a plain or
open place. The oblique form appears in Kilros-
santy, a parish in AVaterford, the name of which
grew up in this way : — ros, a wood; rosmn (dimin.),
little wood or brushwood ; rossanfach, a place over-
grown with underwood ; Kilrossanty, the church
of the woody or shrubby place.

Track. This termination occurs very often in
the forms tmyh and tra, and in the oblique form
tt'}j. Omlcanntrach is a name frequently used in
the Irish annals, signifying- a place of cui/ciiti or
liolly (see Cullentra, 1st Vol.). Fostragh in I;ong-
ford and Ivoscounnon, a, wildiirness {ivom/ds — hco
1st V^ol.), the same as Fastry, the name of two town-
lands in Monaghan. From /is, a fort, we have
Hostvach (like liosach, p. 5), and this again goes
to form Listraghee in the parish of Clonbroney
m Longford, the fort of Aedh [Ay] or Hugh;

cjiAi'. I.] The. Growth of Words. 9

as well as Lis(TabeagnY,near the town of Monagli-
an, JE(/)i(ich's or Eagiiv's fort. The oblique form
is seen in Coultry near Santry in Dublin, a place
of ro/k or hazels.

iSi'iK'// [sha<>]\]. Tin's iR not very common in
local names, but it is often used as a kind of
feminine termination. Its use is illustrated in the
word dimeach, in common use to signify a female
fool. The corresponding word for a male fool is
amaddn (see Chap. ix.). Tlie root of both is on, an
old word, meaning a fool, from which comes
oiihscach directl3^ From on comes onmit, another
old word for a fool ; and from this again onniitan,
which has been modernised to amaddn. From
GaJl, a foreigner, we have GaiUseach, which is
constantly used Irish writings to signify an
EnglisliAvoman ; and this again is reproduced in
Eallynagalshy {Bailc-na-Gailhighe) the name of a
townland in the ]iarish of Castlejordan in Meath,
the town of <li<> Englishwoman. IJut i^caeh is in
many (^ases used in nuu'h the same nunmer as <bo
preceding terminations. Ban signifies a green
field ; and Bainacach means a level spot coverc^d
with grass, which gives name to all those places
now called Bansha and Banshy ; Derrynabaimshy
in the parish of Attymass, Mayo, and Coobiabanch
(shortened from Ooobiabanshy) near Clonaslee, in
Queen's County, the oak-wood, and the hill-back,
of the grassy plain. Kolsha near Baltinglass in
Wicklow (written Quylshagh in some inquisitions)
is the anglicised form of Coilkcach, underwood or
brush wo(h1, from coill, a wood.

I have classed all the preceding terminations
together, because they correspond generally in
meaning, and because the first of them, ach, forms
the ending of all iho. rest. But there are some
others, differing entirely in formation, and some-

10 The Growth of Words. [chap. i.

what diirorout in iiicauiiio-, which I will now
examine.

Char or chor. This postfix conveys u curanla-
tive sense, which is well seen in Bctniclior, a col-
lection of pciiks or g-ahles, from bcaiui, a peak
(see TJanaghor, 1st Vol.). Exiictly similar in
formation to lliis, is Craniiglun-, in tho ])ari.sh ot
Olooney in Olare, which is ang-licised from Crititn-
char, as Banagher from Bcnnchor, and signilios a
place of cniiDis or trees. So also from (jrcan
[gran] gravel, we have granaglter, a gravell}'^
place, which forms again Gortnagranagher in
Mayo and Tvimerick, tho giavelly fiiild {(/orf).
Tliero is a small river in tho counly Leitrim,
flowing fiom lielhavcl lake into tho north-wt>st
(!orner of Lough Alhni ; it was fornieily cilh'*]
tho Dull', hut it ia now known by tlio e([iiivalcnt
name, Diffagher, which very well represents tho
sound of Duibheachair {ea, vowel sound, inserted),
black river, from duhh, black. The celebrated
plague called the yellow sickness, which swept
over the British Islands and tlie Oonlinent in the
seventh century, is sometimes called bitidheachair
in the Irish annals. This word is reproduced in
the name of Cloonboygher near Carrigallen in
Leitrim ; but here it is probable that the term
was applied to the yellow colour of the water or
of the mud ; and that the name means the
meadow of the yellowish Avater (bnidhe, yellow).

Bhar, bhre. These two terminations, one of
which apjicars to be only a varied form of the
other, have nmch the same meaning as the last,
that is, they convey a cimiulative sense. The
second form appears in Dairbhrc, a place; of oalcs
{dair, an oak), which has been already discussed
(see Darrery, Ist Vol.).

From the first, bhar, is formed Darver (Darbhar),

CHAP. I.] The Growth of Words. 11

the name of a parish in Louth, which also means
a pLace producinfi: oaks. Dnil/e [dullia] signifies
the leaf of a tree; duiUcnhliar [cliUavcr, dilhire],
an Irish word in constant nsc, foliage : Lisdillure
in the pniisli of Drum in lioscommon, south-west
from Athlone, must have received its name from
an old fort covered with leafy trees — Lios-duiUca-
hhair, the Us of the foliage. The word itself
gives name to the river Delour joining the Nore
west of Mountrath, which, judging from the name,
nuist have formerly flowed through a well-wooded
district. In tlio north, th(^ A\ord is usually
shortened to dillur : Tattendillur near Maguire's
]»ridge in hVrmanagh, signifies the frdr or field of
the foliage ; Corradillar in the parish of Agha-
lurcher in the same county, leafy little hill (ror).
Duillc is also used to signify leafiness in Knocka-
dilly in the parish of Killincoolj'^ in AVexford, the
hill of the foliage; while the adjective form
diiillrarh (fiu-jued l)y adding tlio termination <trh,
for which see page 3), signifying leafy, a leafy
place, gives name to the lake and townland of
Dillagh, situated ahout two miles south of the
village of Bellananagh in Cavan,

Re, aire. Piy an inspection of some of the fol-
lowing examples, it will appear that the second of
these is derived from the first merely by the in-
sertion of the phonetic vowel (p. 3) : both convey
a cunudative sense, which is seen very clearly in
the word hchr, spcecli, from hel, the mouth. There
is a fownland called Fodry on the Atlantic coast
wilhin f wo miles of Loop Head in Clare, the name
of which is pronounced Foidre by the people, and
signifies a place with a smooth green surface,
literally a place of fods or sods. Craggora in the
parish of Kilgarvan in Mayo, is a nnspronuncia-
tion for Cnagaire [Knaggcra : k sounded] a hard

12 The Qroivlh of Words. [ciiAi'. i.

lilllo liill ; iiiul iliis in diii-ivcd IVoni (^ik/ij, u kiiol),
which gives uaine to the liill of Kiuig over the
north shore of Lougli Currane in ICerry : IMira
near Atlionry in Galway, 3l(i/(//nr, a h;vol pLu'c,
from tn(i(jh, a phiin. Crory, the name of some
places in Wexford, and Cruary near Ck^nahilty in
(Jork, are both anglicised from Ci-ndidhre, signify-
ing liard land, which itself is derived, from vrumUi
[croo], hard. While St. Patrick sojourned among
tlie tribe of Ily-Tui. 're on Ihe west side of Lougu
Neagh, we are told in tlie Tripartite Life, that he
fomided. seven churches in the neighbouihood, one
of which is called in the old. records Domlniaelt-
fliainre. The latter part means sloping land, from
fdny a slope; and the whole name signifies the
cliurcli of the slope. In anglicising it, tlio aspi-
rated / has disappeared, and the church is now
called Donaghenry, and has given name to a
parish in the east of T3a'one, near Lough Neagh.

R. The letter r (preceded by a vowel if neces-
sary for pronunciation — p. 3) is often added to
nouns to give a collective or cumulative significa-
tion, as in cloohar, a stony ])lace, from c/orl/, a
si one (see Cloghcr in First Volume). From ho, a
cow, comes biuir, kino, "catlle of the cow kind,"
a word in constant use; and from this again, we
have Drimibure in the parish of Currin, south of
Clones in Monaghan, the dnun or hill-ridge of
the cows; which by the addition of ai(/h (gen. of
ach — page 4) gives Drumboory, having the same
meaning, the name of places in Cavan, l^'ormanagli,
and Monaghan. From tnl, a lidle liill, we have
Tvdlerboy, yellow hills, in the parish of Athlacca
in Limerick ; bruach, a border, gives us Brougher
(i. e. limits or borders) in Mayo, Fermanagh, and
Sligo. From enoc, a hill, is derived knocker, which
we find ill Knockergrana in the parish of Clonca,

CHAP. I.] The Growth of Words. 13

jjonegal, ugly hilly place (grana, ugly) ; and in
Knockersally in the parish of Ballyboggan in
Mcath, the hill or hilly place of sallows.

In some of the preceding names, and others of
this class, the ]v\ivr r np])oars, liko ach, to add
lilile or iioUiiiig (o the meaning.

S. This is a usual termination for abstract
rouns; as for instance in neihhncas [eevnas],
delight, from acihhinn [eevin], delightful ; maitheas
[mahas], goodness, from maith [niah], good. It
occurs sufficiently often in local names (with a
vowel sound preceding when necessary — p. 3) to
deserve rank as a distinct termination ; but in the
greater number of those names in which I have
found it, I am unable to perceive that it indicates
abstract quality. Often it seems to have some-
thing of a collective meaning like r ; but in many
cases it appears to have been used for no definite
purpose at all. Bcarna is the usual word for a
gap ; but we have the authority of Irish MSS. for
anotber form of tlm word, namely hmrnas, Avliich
appears to diller in nowise from the first ; and the
two words eoraich and rorcas, both of which are in
cuiistant use to signify a marsh, are equally
identical in meaning. Here, however, the con-
clusion we ought to draw is, that this letter as a
termination had once a meaning which it has lost.

Pullis is the name of a townland in the parish
of Doniigb, county Monnghan, near Glasslough ;
and it niejins a place full of lioles, from jwl/, a
hole. Lcnmh [lav] is tlie elm tree ; and Cloon-
lavis in the parish of Knock in Mayo, is the cloon
or meadow of the elms. Magherascouso is the
name of a place near Comber in Down, which
very well conveys the sound of 3Iachaire-sceamhais,
llio field of the poly body, or wall fern, the Irish
n;nne for this herb being sccamh [scav, scow].
liagani is the Irish word for horse-radish ; and

14 The Growth of Words. [chap. i.

Kagamus, the name of a place near Knocklong in
Limerick, eignifies, according to tlie old people, a
place abounding in horse-radish.

On the coast of Kerry, west of Tralee, just at
the base of IJrandou hill, there is u remarkable
basin-shaped hollow, shut in by precipices on all
sides except the north, where it looks out on the
sea; and it is \iniversally known by the name of
Sauce. A plentiful crop of sorrel grows at the
bottom of the basin as well as on the high land
over it, and this evidently gave origin to the name,
which is formed exactly like the two last : — mmh
[sauv or saw], sorrel: samhas [sauce], a place
abounding in sorrel. This word is iu)t given in
O'lleilly, but there is one approaching it very
nearly, namely,. sr/w//srt [saussaj, which is explained
as meaning sorrel. 1 lind adiithaa in one other
name, though much disguised, viz. Lubitavish on
the river Dall, a mile from Cushendall in Antrim :
a name which exactly represents the sound of
Lub-(i'-tsamhais, the loop or winding of the sorrel,
so called from a remarkable winding of the little
river. In this name, the s is eclipsed by t, and
the mh is represented by v, as is usual in the
north. It is worthy of remark that at the dis-
tance of a mile and a half from this townland,
there is another called Savagh — a place produc-
ing sorrel.

]\rany other names are formed in a similar way, of
which the fcjUowing will be a sufficient illustration.
Cniaclh [croo] means hard ; and cruadhas, signify-
ing hardness or hard land, is represented in pro-
nunciation by Crease in the parish of IJallycon-
nick in Wexford. In like manner, Garroose (near
Bruree in Limerick) signifies rough land, from
garbh [garrav], rough ; and similar to both is the
formation of the common townland named Brittas,
which means speckled land, from brit, speckled.

CHAP. I.] The Growth of Words. 15

D. This letter is often added on to the end of
words, sometimes with a collective meaning, some-
times with scarcely any meaning at all ; and in
anglicised names it is often replaced by t. The
Irish word caol signifies narrow, and in the
anglicised form Imil, it is applied to a narrow
stream, or a narrow stripe ; but in Kerry, between
Listowel and Atliea, it is modified to Kcalid,
which is now the name of a townland. Croagh is
a common term denoting a stack-like hill ; but
there is a hill in the parish of Moyrus in Galway,
called Croaghat, which is the same word with the
addition of t.

In like manner is formed the name of the Bonet
river in Leitrim, flowing into Lough Gill through
Drumahaire and Manorhamilton, which is called
in Irish Buanaid, signifying the lasting river.
For the Irish seem to have been fond of applying
the word hnan, lasting, to rivers. In the Vision
of Cahirmoro for example, in the Book of Leinster,
the Slaiicy is called Sir-huon IS/diie, tlu> ever-
lasting Slaney. In exactly the same way, from
(/ifin, strong, vehement, or swift, we liave Dianaid,
tlic strong or swift stream, tlio name of a river in
Tyrone, flowing into the Foyle below Strabane,
which is now called Burn Dennet. There is a
lake near Lough Shindilla on the road from
Clifden to Oughterard in Galway, called Lough
Oorid, which signifies the lake of the cold or moist
laiul, from wir, cold.

It is hard to see that this termination carries
any modification of meaning in the following
names. The word tenrmann [pron. tarramon in
some places] signifies church land ; but in the
parish of Stradbally in Galway, south-east of
Oranmore, d takes the place of n in the townland
of Tarranmd ; and the same change takes place in
Corrantarramud, in the parish of Mouivea, same

16 The Growth of Words, [cuAr. i.

county, the roimdliill {cor) of the tertnon. It may-
bo Huapoclod iiidcod lliiit in tlicso iiamos tlio d is u
remuaut of the okl spoiling, tearmaiul. Fan
signifies a slope, and probably from this we have
Fanad, the name of a district west of Lough
Swilly in Donegal, written by the Irish authori-
ties, Fanad, and signifying sloping ground ; the
same name as Fanit, in the parish of Kilvcllauo
near Newport in Tipperary. It seems certain
that the d in these names is a termination, whether
they be derived from fan, a slope, or not. In
some parts of Ireland the people interpret taj) as
meaning a round mass or lump ; from which the
hill of Topped near Enniskillon derives its name,
signifying a round hill. From the same root
comes Tapachdn by the addition of the diminutive
teriiiinatioii chdn (seo next chapter), with Iho
vowel sound inserted before it (see p. 3) ; which,
in the anglicised form Tappaghan, is the name of
a hill on the boundaiy of Fermanagh and Tyrone,
half way between Oniagh and Kesh. This liill is
called by the Four Masters, 'Tappadan, in which
the diminutive dan is used, with the same general
meaning as Topped. With the diminutive an, we
have Toppan, a little islet in the eastern end of
Lough Nilly in Fermanagh, near where the river
Arney enters the lake. We must no doubt refer
to the same root, Taplagh, which is formed by
adding lach (see p. 5), the name of a townland and
small lake in the parish of Donaghmoyne in
Monaghan, about five miles north of Carrickma-
cross, a place of lumps or masses, or as the natives
interpret it, a place of rubbish.

Compound Terminations. The postfixes nach,
lach, and tachy are often found coinbined with r,
forming the compound terminations rnacJi, rlacli,
and rtach, of which the first occurs oftener than
the others. 8mut is a log or tree-slump; and,

cinr. I.] The Growth of Words. l7

Smutternagh near Boyle in Roscommon, signifies
a place where there are many old trunks of trees —
the remains of the Avood wliich once clothed the
place, the branches having withered, or having
been lopped off for firing. Clorj, a bell, a skull or
head ; Cloggernagh, the name of two townlands
in Roscommon, and Claggarnagh in Mayo and
Galway, both signify either a round bell-like or
skull-like hill, or a place full of round hills. One
of these toAvnlands (in the parish of Lisonuffy in
Roscommon) is otherwise called Bellmount, which
is not a l)ad attempt at translation, tliough calcu-
lated to conv(>y a false impression as to the origin
of tlie name. Brackernagh near liallycanew in
Wexford, speckled land, from hrcac [brack],
speckled ; Tullyskeherny, the name of two town-
lands in the north of Leitrim, the hill {fuUy) of
the sccaghs or bushes.

Char and nach are combined, so far as I know,
only in one particidar compound, sailfhcarnaeh,
which means a place growing sallows [sail) ; and
for the correct form of this \\g have the authority
of the Four IMasters, when tliey mention a place
called Cluoin-miJcliearnaigh (the cloon or meadow
of the osier plantation), which is now a townland
with the modernised name Cloonselherny, in the
parish of Kilkeedy, county Clare. The same word
is fomid in Annaghselherny in Leitrim, a little
north-east of Carrick-on-Shannon, the niii)(([/h or
marsh of the sallows.

Besides the preceding there are many other post-
fixes in the Irish language ; but they do not occur
svifficiently often in local names to require examina-
tion here. There is another class of terminations,
viz., diminutives, Avhich are so important that 1
think it necessary to treat of tluMu in a separate
chapter.

TOT,, ir. 3

18 Bimmutives. [c?iap. ii.

CHAPTER II.

DIMINUTIVES.

A DIMINUTIVE termination is a syllable tliat indi-
cates smallness. Tlie syllables let and hin, for in-
stance, are English diminutives : — streamlet, a
little stream ; mannikin, a little man. So in Irish
the terminations een and oge are diminutives ; yort,
a field; Ballygorteen in Kilkenny and Tipporavy,
tlie town of the little field: callcii, holly ; Cullenogo
near Tara hill, north-east ol' Gorey in AVexford,
liltlo holly, or a place of holly trees.

Before proceeding to eimmerate the Irish di-
minutives, it is necessary to make a few observations
regarding certain changes and extensions of their
meaning and application. While smaHness was
the idea originally expressed — an idea that many
of the diminutives still retain — th e groat (u- number
became in tho course of ages Avithuicd in ihoir
a])plication, and were used to convoy ollior and
very different notions. The signilicatlon ol' litlk!-
ncss was in many cases quite forgotten, and the
diminutives came idtimatoly to be applied without
any reference to absolute or comparative size.
O'Donovan remarks " that some nouns ending in
[the diminutive syllables] an and og do not always
express diminiitive ideas;" and he instances <'0^jo7,
a dock or any large leaf growing on the earth;
mordn, a great quantity; and oilecin, an island
(Tr. Gram. 333). There is a remarkable moun-
tain in Mayo, lying a little to the west of Nephin,
called from its shape, Birreencarragh : bior [bir]

CHAP. II.] Diiniinitives. 19

means a spit or pin — diminntive hirreen ; carrach
is rugged or rongh ; and Birreencarragli signifies
the rugged little pin, Avliereas it is one of the
highest and largest mountains in the whole county.
Tliia word hior and its diminutives are applied else-
where to liills and uiounlains; as in l)ineen hill
over lake Beltra in Mayo, near Castlebar ; and in
Shronchirra.no (spif -nose ; sron, a nose) the name
of a townland near Kenmare. And outside Kilkee
are two remarkable sharp sea-rockscalledBiraghty,
spit- rocks. Nimierous instances of this change of
application might be adduced. It is probable,
however, that in many cases likeBirreencarragh, the
diminutive was applied by " antiphrasis or con-
trariety of speech " — for the Irish were much
given to this manner of speaking — : in the present
instance a kind of playful or ironical application
of a term expressing littleness to an object remark-
ably large; just as llobin Hood's gigantic comrade
came to be called " Little John ;" and as the 81-ton
gun at AVoolwich is called the "Woolwich In-
fant."

T]\o diminutives of personal names passed ill rough
a somewhat similar transition : from littleness they
were used to express affection or endearment, a
very natural extension of meaning ; and now the
greater number have lost all distinctive signifi-
cation, though they still form a part of thousands
of personal and family names.

In local names, diminutives are often added to
the names of certain animals, vegetables, or
minerals, and the whole word is used to designate
a place abounding in one of these several objects.
This usage is of old standing in the language, for
we find the word lonnaf, a diminutive of lem,
marsh-mallows, given in the St. Gall MS. (Zeuss,
p. 274), as the equivalent of malraceus, i.e. a place

20 i)iminutives. [riiAP. tt.

producing marsli-miillows. Bccijg [dalg, dallag]
.signifies a thorn, and hence a (horn bush ; the
diminutive dealgan, a thorny brake, a phice pro-
vhicing tliorns ; from which are derived the names
of Dalgan Demesne near 8hndc in ]\rayo, Dalgan
near Geashill in King's County, and ilie Dalgan
river in tlio north ol' tlio county (jlalway, willi
the townhtnd of l);dgin on its l)anlcs. \Vitli a
vowel sound inserted (i)age 3), it is reproduced in
the name of the little river Dalligan in Waterford,
flowing into the sea a little to the east of Dun-
garvan — the thorn-producing river — which itself
gives name to Glendalligan in the parish of Kil-
rossanty.

Zeuss enumerates seven diminutive particles used
in the ancient Irish language, all of whi(!h he
found occurring in the (St. (jall niaimscripl, a
document of the eighth century. They are : — for
the masculine and neuter genders, an, en, tat ; for
the feminine, ine, ne, nat, net. IMost of these have
long since dropped out of iise as living terminations,
but we find them still forming part of innumerable
words ; they retain their old places, but they arc
lifeless and fossilised ; some retaining their primi-
tive forms unchanged, some crusli((l and contoited,
and difficult of recognition.

I will now proceed to enumerate the diminutives
given by Zeuss, and examine how far they are
represented in our present names.

An. This diminutive was anciently more com-
mon than any other, especially in the formation
of personal mimes; and it has conlinuod in use
down to the present day. The investigations of
Sir S. Ferguson and Dr. Graves have rendered it
probable that it is the same as the termination agni
in ^Oghara inscriptions : but whether agni is the
original form, or a mere artificial extension of an

CHAP. II.] Dmtnittkes, 21

(for the old Ogham writers often lengthened words
ill this way) it is impossible, in the present state
of knowledge, to determine. (See Proc. R.I. A.,
■vol. I. Ser. II., p. 54). An is pronomiced long
[awn] in the south, and short in the north ; and
this distinction is generally, but not always, re-
flected in modern forms. From cnoc, a hill, is
formed cuocdn ; and this again appears in Knock-
aunbrack in Kerry and Galway, and in Knockan-
brack in Tyrone, R])eckled little hill. There is a
small lake three miles west of Downpatrick, con-
taining a little island which has given name to the
parish of Loughinisland : this name is half English,
and signifies tlic island of the loughnn, or small
lake. J;oughan-Island is the present name of a
little islet in the Bann, a short distance south of
Coleraine, on which the Mac Quillans had for-
merly a fortress to command the fishery of the
Lower Bann ; tlie name is a translation of Inis-an-
'orhaiii (l^'oiir Mas(ors), tbo island of the small
lake — for tho riv(u- expands here into a sort of
lake ; and no doubt Loughinisland in Down is n
tianslation of the same Irish name.

In numerous cases ihe local name in which this
diminutive occurs is formed from a personal name,
to which the diminutive properly belongs. The
word bolg was occasionally used as a personal
name : thus we find the name BoJgodhar [Bolg-
ower — ]hl(j, the pale-faced], and also tho family
name CyUo/g, in tlie Four Masters. The diminu-
tive Bohjan, or Bolcan, is used much oftener than
the original. St. Olcan, founder and bishop of
Annoy in Antrim, who was ordained by St.
Patrick, is also called Bolcan ; and the townland
of Bovolcan near Stonyford in the parish of
Derryaghy in Antrim, Avhich Colgan writes Both-
Bolcain {Bo/can's tent or booth), was probably so

22 Diminutives. [chap. it.

called from him, the b being- aspirated to v (1st
Vol. Part I., c. II.). Near the clmrch of Rasliarkin
in Antrim, there is a ridge of rock called Drum-
Lulcan {Ihlniii's ridge) wliicli also took its name
from this saint (lleuves : Ecci. Ant., p. !)()). There
are two townlands in Fermanagh called Drnmhul-
can,one near Tiiam in (<al\vay called Drnmhiilcaun,
and with ij used instead of e we have Drumhulgan
in the parish of Ballyclog, Tyrone ; all of wliich
received their names from dilferent persons called
]3olcan. Another Bolcun left his name on Tra-
Lolgan {Bolccoi's strand) near the mouth of Cork
harbour: this ])lace is called in the Book of Iiights
Mar-llolain [Jlo/aai's sea), showing that tlie change
from c to (J is modern.

On the nuirgin oF Tjongli Owel in Westmealh,
there is a parish taking i(s name from a townland
called Portloman, the j^or^ or landing-place of St.
liOman. This saint, whose name is a diminutive
of loin, bare, is commemorated in O'Clery's Calen-
dar at the 7th February, and he is said to have
built a small house on an island in Lough Owel
near Portloman. The ruins of the monastery
which arose on the site of tSt. Loman's original
church are still to be seen within the demesne of
Portloman.

Three miles above the village of Tallaght in
Dublin, on the side of Glenasmole, looking down
on the river Dodder, there is a picturesque little
graveyard and ruin called Kill St. Ann, or " Saint
Ann's Church ;" near it is "Saint Ann's Well ;"
and an adjacent residence has borrowed from tli«
church the name of "Ann Mount." The whole
place has been in fact quietly given over to St.
Ann, who has not the least claim to it; and an old
Irish saint has been dispossessed of his rightful
inheritance by a slight change of name. Dalton,

CHAP. 11.] Diminutives. 23

in his history of Dublin — apparently quoting from
the Inquisitions — writes the name Killnasantan,
wliich he absurdly translates "the church of Saint
Anne." But in the Hrpoioriiim Viride of Arch-
bishop Alan, wo find it written Killmesantan ;
I'loiu which it is obvious that the na iji Ualton's
Killnasantan, which he thought was the Irish
article, is really corrupted from the particle ?mo, my,
so commonly prefixed as a mark of respect to the
names of Irish saints (see 1st Vol., Part II., c. iii.).
The Four Masters give us the original form of
llie name at a.d. 9r52, when they record the death of
Caenchomhrac, abbot of the place, viz., Cill-Easpuig-
iSaiicfdin, i.e. the church of Bishop Sanctan. So
(hat the founder of this lonely church was one of
the early saints — of whom several are commemo-
rated in the calendars — called Sanctan or Santan,
wlio no doubt fouglit hard in his day to clear away
the pagan mists from the valley. He attained the
rank of l)is]io]) ; find iho establishment he founded
coiitiimed to (lourlsh long alter his tinu^ 'Iho
name is a diminutive on ihe Jjatin root .sro?^^ (holy)
borrowed into the Irish. Killsanfan or Killmo-
sauclan was naturally and correctly translated in
the first instance, Santan's church, which the
English-speaking people, knowing nothing of
Bishop Sanctan and his spiritual labours, soon con-
verted into Saint Ann's church, the fonn also
adopted by Dalton : and it is to be regretted that
the error is perpetuated in the maps of the Ord-
nance Survey.

The an belongs to a family name in Cloony-
gormican, the name of a parish in Roscommon,
which is written CIuain-0' Cormacain in the
Registry of Clonmacnoise, and signifies O'Cor-
macan's meadow.

In the sense of " abounding in," this dhniim-

24 Jbiminutircs. [ciiu'. ii.

tivo appears in tlio iiiiiiu; oF Qowian in ICilkcuiny.
Tins nunio is written (utbliran in ancient liisii
authorities; and in old Anglo-Irish records the
place is called (with some inii?nportant variations
of spelling) liallygaveran. lu very early times
it was a residence of the kings of Ossory ; and it
retained its importance long after the hhiglish in-
vasion. The word tjahlidr [gower], as I have
already explained in the First Volume, signifies
either a steed or a goat, and it is a question which
signification it bears here ; but on account of the
early celebrity of the place, and as it must have
been constantly the scene of royal and military
gatherings, we may fairly conclude tliat it received
its name from horses rather than from goats : —
Qahhran, a place of steeds. The same word is seen
in composition in Knochnagoran near Oarlingford,
which by the old people of the locality is under-
stood to mean the hill of the goats. With the
termination ach we have other names of a like
signification. One of these is Goragh near Newry,
which gives the name " Goragh Wood " to a
station on {\\o northi;rn line of i-aiUvay — a place of
goats, formed like Ihockagh from broCy u badger.
(8ee this in 1st Vol.). Gorey in Wexford is the
same name, only with the oblique form of the post-
fix, as also is Gouree near Glengarilf in Cork ;
and the name of the place celebrated in the
Scotch song " The Lass o' Gourie," has a similar
origin and meaning.

The herb coltsfoot is called spunc in Irish ; and
from this we have the nanu; 8punkane, a townland
in the parish of Dromod near Waterville lake, in
Kerry — a place producing coltsfoot. In the north
of the county Hoscommon is a little village called
Ballyfarnan, the Irish name of which is Bel-atha-
fearnain [Ballafarnan], the ford mouth of the

CHAP. II.] Diminutives. 25

fearndn or alder plantation — a name wliich was
originally applied to a ford, where tliere is now a
bridge, on the little river Feorish. The correct
interpretation is preserved in the name of the ad-
joining residence of Alderford.

Eu, iai, rue. Those do not exist as diminutives
in the modern language. It is probable that
en and ene have become in many cases con-
founded with either tin, or with another diminutive
in, of which I shall presently speak — that the
former have in fact merged into one or the
otlior of the latter. "\Ve luiow that the en of
(■(iis/('n (a castle) has been changed to an, for
while the \A'ord is etdnlcn in all old documents
\i is now always Avrit(.cn and pronounced caisledn.
There are a few examples of the preservation of
this diminutive in its purity, one of which is
Slieve Rushen, now more commonly called Slieve
Russell (change of n to / — 1st Vol. Part I., c. ii.),
a mountain on the borders of Fermanagh and
Oavan, near tlio village of ]iallycoimell. The
correct form of the name is iSliabh liuisen (Four
Masters), Avhich means the mountain of the little
ros or wood. Of tat 1 have not been able to
discover any trace in anglicised local names.

JVe. Though this has been long forgotten as a
diminutive, it was formerlj'^ in very common use,
and it still holds its place in many local names.
The parish of Ardcavan, which occupies the
oxtr(Mni(y of n ])eninsulM, jutting inio W(>xford
haven, opposite the town of AVcxford, is called in
Irish records Aintne-CdemJiain [Ardnakevan],
Kovan's little (trd or height ; and it was so called
from a monastery founded there by a St. Kevin,
or dedicated to him. According to O'Clery's
Calendar (p|i. \i^, 105^), he was a brother of St.
Kevin of G lcndalouo;h ; their mol her was named

26 DhmnuUveH. [chap. ii.

Caemell ; aud she Lad two otlior sons, Cacni/ioy
and NateJtacintlie, who aro connnoniorated in ilie
calendtus. The phice still contains the rnins of an
ohl cliuveli. Adjoining- this parish is another
called Ardcolni, taking' its name i'roni an old
ruined church, which is called in the Annals
Ainliie-Cohiiiii, Cohnn's little lu'iglit. Tn holh
these cases tlie diminutive particle has been lost
in the process of anglicising. There is an Ard-
colum in Leitrim, and an Ardcollnm in the parish
of Kilrouan, Roscommon ; but the people inter-
pret this last name as meaning the hill of the
pigeons {colmn, a pigeon).

The original name of Dclgany in Wic.klow is
Dergne, which ought to have been anglicised
Dei'gany in accordance Avith the original pronxni-
ciation; but it was made ])elgany by the usual
change of r to I (see 1st Vol. Part I., c. iii.). The
full name, as we find it written in Irish authori-
ties, is Dergne-Mochorog ; the latter part of which
was derived from St. Mochorog, a Briton by birth,
who, like many of his countrymen, settled in
Ireland in the primitive ages of the Chni'ch. He
lived in the end of the sixth and the beginning
of the sevtmth century ; and he was a contem-
porary and friend of St. Kevin of Glendalough.
The old chiirchyard of Delgany (which is at the
lower end of the village) marks the spot where
the saint bidlt his little church twelve hundred
years ago ; and a slight examination of the place
will clear up the WMnoBergne. Under the surface
is a reddish-coloured rock covered with only a
thin layer of clay, Avhich is hardly deep enough
for a grave in the churchyard. The colour is
very perceptible after rain on the road outside the
churchyard wall ; and it is still more so when the
rock is laid bare in the burial-ground. This rock

CHAP. II.] Diminutives. 27

in fact, underlies the Avhole of the village and the
adjacent fields, and the water that trickles through
it leaves a reddish deposit. So the name, which
aS7. 3/or//oroff adopted as he found it before him,
ji{'cin;il(>1y doscvilnHl the place : — drrf/^rcA ; Dcrrjne,
red lilllc spot. There are places called Dergany,
Dergonagh, and Derganagh in Tyrone and Uerry,
all signifying red places ; but the terminations
are scarcely the diminutive nc. From leac, a flag-
stone, we have Icicne [leckiia], a little flag — a
place full of flag-stones (page 19), which gives
name to Licknj'^ in the parish of Mayne in West-
meath, not far from Castlcpollard ; which also
it]ipears in Duulcckny, the name of a parish in
Carlow — the fort of the flag-stones; and in
Drumleckney {Bmm, a hill-ridge) in the parish
of Raca^an in Antrim. Just outside the little
bay of Kilkee in Clare, there is a low reef of
rocks called in maps and guide-books, Duggerna,
but which the people pronounce, according to the
trisli s|)(>lling, J)of/(iini<\ In <his word tlie (j vc-
])i'esen(s a more aiunent c ; and there can be litile
doubt (hat it is derived from docnir, difficult or
obstr active (the opposite to a better known word,
socair) ; Docairne, or Duggerna, signifying a hin-
drance or obstruction — a very appropriate name.

In some cases this diminutive is changed to na,
as in the personal names Ferffna, from ferg, anger,
and FiacJtna, from fach, a raven. This change is
also seen in iha name of ]>larney near Cork,
which is pronounced and written in Irish, Bldrna,
signifying "little field," from hldr, a field. I
have never met this word hlar in actual use in the
language, but it is given in O'Reilly, and in the
Scotch Gaelic dictionaries, as meaning a field ;
nnd it is very common in the local nomenclature
of Scotland in the form hlair.

28 Diminutives. [chap. ii.

Nat or net. Thoro is a })i'otty extmiplo of the
uso of this diminutive, us a term of eiidcarmeut,
in Leabliar na h-Uidhre. In a conversation
between queen Maive and her daughter Fin-
nahar, the hitter, when addressing- the foi-mer,
several times calls her mdthair or mother ; hut on
one occasion she says: — '' Afc/niisa eairptech
issamaj/ a matiiaunait" — *' I see a cliariotman on
the plain, my little-mother" (page 105 b. — lines
29, 30). It was anciently A'ery often used in the
formation of women's names ; for example, St.
Brendan's mother was caWed JVea/nhnat [Navnat],
which may be rendered Cclestilhi, little heavenly
Olio. 'I^lirough the immos of wonuni it !i])pears in
a few local names. 'I'lio parisli of Killasuot in
lioitrim preserves the memory ot the virgin saint
(hnat, nieiitioned by Oolgnn (A. 88. [). 'M\7),
whose name signifies " little fawn" (os, a fawn) :
Oill-Osnata, Osnat's church. About the year
A. 1). 1200, Cahal O'Conor of the Red Hand, king
of Connaught, founded a nunnery at a place
called Kilcrcunaiay wliich is situated about three
miles north-west of Tuam ; it is now caUcd Ivil-
creevanty, and there are still remaining extensive
ruins of the old nunnery. The Irish form of the
name, as 'we find it jjreserved in the Four
Masters, is Cill-Craehhnatt [Kilcreevnat], Creev-
nat's church. Craebhnatt was a saint, whose name
signifies little branch (craehh) ; but I do not know
her history. In the north-east of Galway, there
is a parish called Kilbegnet ; and in the south of
the siune county, near Oort, is another tudltnl
Kilbeacanty. The 1 rish form of tlio latler name
is Cill-Becnata, which was anglicised like Kil-
creevanty, and the place was so called from a
saint Becnat {bee, small ; Beciiat, extremely little
body). The patron saint of Kilbegnet bore the

CiiAv. IT.] Dminvfirca. 59

same name ; but I am not able to say whether or
no she was the same as the founder of Kilbea-
canty.

Except through the medium of the names of
women, I have not found this diminutive termi-
nation in local names.

So far regarding the diminutives enumerated
by Zeuss. But there are several others, some of
them occurring — at least in later times — quite as
often as any of the preceding ; and these I will
now proceed to examine.

0(1, ore, or oc. This was certainly used as a
diminutive as early as the oldest of the manu-
Rcri])ts quofed by Zeuss; iiulced much earlier, for
we find it forming part of the names of saints
who lived immediately after the time of St.
Tatrick — Mochonnog, l)ah/irof/, Dachiarog, Macdh-
og, MochacmJwg, &c. Og also signifies young ;
and it was no doubt from this that it acquired its
force as a dinn'nutivc ; for such an extension of
nu>iining was very nattiriil. U is excoodingly
common at (ho present day both in pcrsonnl and
local names ; and is easily recognised. It is
variously anglicised og, ogr, ogue, and sometimes
by the almost identical English termination ork.
Monog in the parish of Creggan, Armagh, little
moin or bog ; Sharavogue in King's Countj'^,
between Roscrea and Parsonstown, Sharvoge in
iho parish of Killashee in Tjongford ; nnd Shar-
Tognes, three miles from Randalstown in Aiilrim —
all these names signify dandelion, or (p. 19) land
pi'oducing dandelion {strrn'h/i, searhhog) ; and there
are places in the comities of Meath and Louth,
and one near Santry in Dublin, called Silloge,
from w//, ozier : — ozier or sallow-bearing land.
(Ilannogo in Cork and Olannock in Tyrone both
signify little glen.

30 Diminutives. [ciim'. n.

Tin's dirninutivo also ol'lon iippcnva in llui ii;mu\s
ol' places llii'ougli tho iiiediuin of personal nauies.
The Irisli personal name represented in sound by
]N[ogue, which is still pretty common as a man's
name in Wexford and the adjoining- counties, is
Maedhog, which again is contracted from Mo-
Aedh-op, in which Mo is the equivalent of "my,"
0(j is tiio dimimitivc termination, while the ori-
ginal meaning of Aedh is fire (see 1st Vol.,
Part II. c. in. : see also Chap. viii. infra). There is
a place near Fiddown in Kilkenny, called Kil-
mogue, i.e. Cill-Maedhog, St. Mogue's Church.
Kilmeague, the name of a parish and village in
Kildare, is another anglicised form of Cill-Mdvdh-
0(j; for in Rawson's Statistical Survey (ISOT)
wo find it written Kilmooge, and in an l^iducalion
Itiiport <d" l(S2r), Kilmoiigo. Tlie Hanio ptMsoiial
name appears in Timogue, now a townlaml and
parish in Queen's County, in which the first
syllable represents tecwh, a house. There were
several saints named Maedhog, of whom the most
celebrated was Maedhog, first bishop of Ferns in
Wexford, who died A.n. G25 ; and it is not
unlikely that one or all of the fore-mentioned
places took their names from churches dedicated
to him.

Each of the preceding names consists of only
two syllables; but when fully unfolded they
become much longer than one woidd expect.
Taking the last as the type, it is 2'each-Mo-Acdh-
og ; and though its proper interpretation is
" Mogue's house," yet if wo go back to tho
primary signification of the Avords, and make
allowance for the genitive, it includes in its
signification this combination: — [the]-house-of-
my-little-fire. And this is an excellent illustra-
tion of the manner in which language incorporates

ciiAv. II.] Diminutives, 31

and assimilates its materials, and smoothes down
the compounds so as to form pronounceable
words — something like the way in which shells,
gravel, and all sorts of stony fragments, are
pressed together mid cemented into marble ; which
iigain is carved inlo various forms, and polislicd
by the hand of man, though to the last the
several materials show f aintl}^ through the surface.

In [een]. This is also an old duninutive,
though sparingly used in ancient manuscripts.
But it is exceedingly common in modern times ;
nnd indeed it may bo said to bo almost tlio only
one that still retains its full force as a living
diminutive, which it. does even among the English-
speaking people of every part of Ireland. Every
one has heard such words as cruisltccn, a little
croosk or pitcher, Jackcen, little Jack (a nickname
for a certain class of Dublin citizens), hohcrcen, a
little hohcr or road, &c. In the south it is usuall}'
pronounced long (carrig(?c») ; in the north, short
(carrig/;/).

There is a place on the west bank of the Foyle,
five miles north of Lifford, called Mongavlin ;
but it should have been called Moygavlin, for the
Irish name, as the Four Masters write it, is MagJi-
f/aibhlin, the plain of the little (river) fork ; from
(jnhhal \^gaval], a fork, diminutive gaihhlin. Gow-
lin, another modern form of gaihhlin, is the name
of a place iicar Dingle in Kerrj^, and of another
in the i)ariKh of St. Mullins, Carlow, near
Graigucnanuuiagh. From maghern, a plain, is
formed IMaghereen, little plain, near Macroom in
Cork; Clashcon, little dais or trench, the name of
some places in Kerry and Wexford ; Luggacurren
in Queen's County, well known for its great moat or
fori, is in J\\ii\\,Jjiig-a''-('/inirriii, the hollow of the
little curragh or marsh. We have this diminutive

32 Biminutfves. [chap. ii.

also introduced vory ol'tou willi pcrsoiinl iiaiucsi : —
Ballydulieon ia a well-kuowii suburb of IShillow,
whose name means the toAvn of little Dan or
David; and there are several other townlands of
this name in the same county, and in Ijimorick.
iJallyfaudeen, and l}all3q)a(leon, are the names of
some places in Clare and Tipperary, tlio Irish
form of which is found in the l'\)ur Masters —
Baile-Phaidin, little Patrick's town.

Can or gdn. This diminutive is very common,
especially in ancient personal names, such as
Flanducan (now Flanagan), little Flann ; Duhucari,
little hlack-complexioned man (now Dugan), t*tc.
The more ancient form is can, which, in the
modern language, has qiiite gi\'on place to (/an;
and this forms tlie iinal sylhd)lo of many of our
family names, such as JMuUigan — Alacldijan, little
bald man {niael, bald) ; Finigan, little fair-haired
man {finn, white), &c.

We have it in its original form in Briencan
near Ballymore-Eustace in Kildare, little hrnighean
[brien], or fairy fort. Lucan near Dublin (from
which Sarsfiold took the title of h]arl of L\ican) is
written in Alan's licpcr/oriiini Viride, Linran,
and in an Inquisition of Chtules I., Lciccaii ; I
have not found any authority for the original
Irish form ; hut these, no doubt, represent
Lcamhcdn [Lavcan — Lucan]. The first syllable
might mean either elm or the herb marsli mallows
(see Chap. xix. infra) ; but the forms of the name
quoted above give more neai-ly the Irish sound of
the latter ; and wo have, moreover, the precedent
of the old word lemnat, another diminutive,
meaning malvaceus (see p. 19) ; so that Lucan
signifies "land producing marsh mallows."

The more modern form of this diminutive is
seen in Colligan, the name of a little river flowing

CHAP. II.] Dminutives. 33

by Dungavvan in Waterford, from coll, hazel —
the hazel growing river ; and in AVhinnigan, in
the parish of Ck^enish, Fermanagh, not far from
Enniskillen — whitish lif.tlc spot of land, from
Ji))i), Mlii((\

In (lio following cases and others like them, it
may ho doubled whether the termination is the
diminutive can with the c aspirated, or a combi-
nation of ach and an. Yvonx fearn, the alder tree,
is ioYixiG(\. foarnachdn, from which again we have
Mullafernaghan, in the parish of MaghcraU)'^ in
Down, near Banbridge, the hill of the alder
plantation ; and similarly Carrowfarnaghan near
BallyconneU in Cavan, the quarter-land of
the alders. Tulachan (from kil or tulach) sig-
nifies a little hill, and is usually anglicised Tul-
laghan : Tullaghanbaim in Mayo, signifies white
little hill ; while in Tidlaghobegly in Donegal,
the word is cut short, for the Irish name is
Tulnchan-Bifjii, Begly's liillo hill. From duhh,
bliick, wo liM.v(^ ])ii/i//(i('/i(rii, luiglicisod Dooghan in
Donegal and Iloscommon, black land.

N('n/. In Ooiinac's Glossary it is stated that
ihe name Adannian is a diminutive of Adam, and
this is the onl}" direct notice I have found of the
diminutive termination van. Dr. Stokes, in his
commentary on this part of Cormac's Glossary
{voce, Adamndn), instances the personal names
Lomnanus, Scsoiantis (Latinised forms of the Irish
Lonmdii and Scsotdn), Flaithndn, Lachtndn; but
he doubts whether ndn be not a double diminutive
{dn + an), or the old adjective ndn, little.

It is found, though not very often, in local
names : and the manner in which it is used tends,
I think, to the conclusion thai it is a simple dimi-
nutive. The townland of Cl3'nan in the parish
of Forgney, near Bally niahon in Longford, must

VOL 11. 4

34 Dimimitma. [chap. ii.

have tnlion ita immo from u ainnll dyko or rampart
of earth : — cladh [cly] a dyke, diuiimiiivG chu/hndn.
Licknaiin in the parish of Templemaley in Clare,
is little flag-stone (lec), or flag- surfaced laud;
Keernaun near ll^nnis in the same county, black
surfaced land, from ciary black ; Qortlownan^ south
of Lough Gill in tSligo, the (jort or field of the
elm plantation — kdfiih [luv, lou], elm.

There is an old adjective dur (doore) which sig-
nifies, among other meanings, stupid and obsti-
nate ; it is still a living word in this sense Avherever
Irish is spoken ; and in the north of Ireland it
survives, and is in constant use aanong the English
speaking people. In Munstor, a stupid, dronish,
stubborn fellow is called a diiraddn [dooradaiui],
a dimiiiutivo form (see p. 35), as familiar in the
south as doore is in the north. AYith the diminu-
tive termination at present under consideration is
formed the word durndn [doornaun], which is
well-known as a nickname given to the people of
the barony of Ivirk, in the south of Kilkenny.
The peasantry of this and the surroinidiug districts
have a legend to account for the name. Tlieysay
that when 8t. Patrick, in his progress through the
countiy, came to Ivcrk, the people treated him
very rudely and unkindly ; and when he called
late one evening at the monastery of St. Kieran,
the inmates gave him a most inhospitable recep-
tion— no reception at all, indeed, for they shut
the gates and kept him out all night. But what
was worse than all, a woman who lived in the
neighbouring village of BalUncrea, cooked uj) liu
old yellow hound, threw poison on it, and sent it
to him on a dish for his dinner ; but he detected
the plot, and showed his followers in a most
unmistakable way what sort of meat it really
was. The general eonduct of the inhabitants,

rHAP. II.] Dminutives. 35

crowned by this last indignity offered to him by
the unfortunate woman from Ballincrea, highly
incensed the saint : and he uttered a bitter speech,
in which he predicted that the inhabitants should
bo known to iho end of the world by tlie name of
i)u)')M>i)is — that is, a churlish, boorish, plebeian
people. It is believed tJuit the little village of
Doornano in the same barony took ils name fiom
the people. The inhabitants of Iverk are a silent
and reserved race — "dark people," as they woidd
be called in Ireland ; and it is to be suspected that
this storj^ grew up among the people of the
adjacent districts of Waterford and Tipperary,
who have an ancient cause of dislike — not less,
indeed, than fourteen himdred years old — for
their neighbours of Iverk. The legend is not
"wholly without use, however, if it has helped to
perpetuate in the word durndn, an interesting
example of a long disused diminutive.

Tan or (Jan. 'Wo.vo is an example of the use of
this (liniinutive, in the sense of "abounding in"
(see p. 19), in the St. Gall manuscript quoted by
ZeuRS (8th ccnturj^), namely, the word rostan,
which is given as the equivalent of the Latin
roscfum (arose plot), and is derived from the Irish
ros, a rose (Gram. Celt., p. 180). It is to some
extent used as a diminutive at the present day,
but always in the modern form dan, and it forms
part of several Avords used even by ihe English
speaking pensantry. Gcosdii is understood in
some places to mean a stalk of any kind ; and the
other diminutive, gcosaddn, is known in some of
the Mimster counties as one of the names for the
bolimin, hooghalaun-hcee, or ragweed. There is a
small red berry groAving in heathery places, which
is called Dionaddn, i.e., nttle bog-berry, from mdin,
a bog (" Have you seen the ripe monadan glisten

36 Dimimtkes. [chap. ii.

in Kerry," — Edward Walsh, in tlie ballad of
*' O'Donovan'8 daughter"). The word holgaddn
[bullogadaiin] — a formation from holg, a belly — is
universally used in the south of Ireland to desig-
nate a little man with a big belly ; and we have
also (Uiraddn, already quoted at page 34, from the
root dur.

The old form of this termination is exhibilcd in
the aueient personal name Fintan, whioh has the
same signification as Finan and Finujan, viz., little
fair-haired man ; all three being diminutives from
finn, white. This name was common both in
pagan and Christian times ; and there were many
saints called Fintan, one of whom gave name to
Kilfintan (Fintan's church) in the parish of Street,
in Tjongford — another to Kilfountain in the
parish of Kildrum near Ventry, in Kerry, which
exhibits the Munster way of pronouncing the
name (see 1st Vol. Part I., c. ii.). There is also a
place called Ardfintan — Fintan's height — in the
parish of Killursa, near Headf ort in Galway.

The bardic annals record that Lough Sallagh,
near Dunboyne in Meath, burst forth in the time
of Angus Ollmnca, one of the pre-Christian kings.
The Four Masters call it Loch Saileach, and Keat-
ing, Loch Sailcheaddin (the same name with the
addition of the dimiimtive) ; both epithets signify
the lake of the sallows ; and the modern name is
derived from the former. I^'unshadaun in the
parish of Killeenadeema in Cialway, signifying
ash-producing land, is derived fron\ ftt'ninse, the
ash tree, exactly as ro.slan from ros (p. 35). IN oar
the village of Clare in Mayo is the townland of
Leedaun — a grey spot of land — from ludh [loea],
grey. Ijyradane is the name of a place in the
parish of Grenagh in Cork ; there are some town-
lands in Derry and Tyrone called Learden j and a

cHAr. 11.] Diminutives. 37

littlo stream called Lyarclane joins the Shournagli
river, three miles from Blarney in Cork : all these
signify a little fork or river-fork, from lodhar
[lyro], a fork. Gahhal [gowl], another word
iiJiving Ihosanie meiiuing, gives name to (Jouladaiio
(littlo fork), a hill in the peninsula between the
bays of Dunmanus and Bantry. From scrath
[scrah], a sward, is formed the name Ardscradann
near the city of Kilkenny, the height of the little
grassy sward.

L or //. It appears to me highly probable that
this — either by itself or with a vowel preceding —
is an ancient Irish diminutive termination, though
I have nowlicre seen it noticed as such. In ono
respect indeed it is more general than most of
those already enumerated, for it exists in many
languages ; as for instance in Latin, in such words
as scutuhan, a little shield, from scutum ; //odiuJks,
a dwarf, from homo, a man, &e. The Old High
Oernifin abomuhvl with dimiinitivos in /; and wo
know that ibis letter forms one of the commonest
of English dimintitive terminations, giving rise to
the numerous class of words ending in Ir, sucli as
thimble, from thumb ; nipple, from nib; girdle, from
gird, &c. It is also quite common in Greek,
French, Spanish, Italian, &c. ; and what is still
more to the point, in Ebel's Zeuss it is recognised
as a diminutive in a certain class of Gaulish names
(Gram. Celt., 767).

The fact of it5 existence as an acloiowledged
diminutive in so many other languages, would of
itself afford a strong presumption that it had ori-
ginally a diminutive signification in Irish ; and
one can hardly avoid coming to this conclusion
after examining the manner in which the termi-
nation is used in the following names.

It may be questioned whether the ail or all

38 Biminutwes. [tiiAi', ii.

wliich ends so many Irish jHn-soiial imiuos, was
not originally used iu a diminutive sense : — as in
Oathal (now Cahill), from mth, a battle {Cathal,
a Avarriov) ; Do»iita/l (now Donnell in tlio names
O'Donnell and Macdonnell), fromtlie same root as
tlio Latin dominus ; Ihrasal (now lirassil and
Ih-azil), from Bi'cas, wliicli was itself a co)inni)n
])(n'sonal name. (iSee on this suffix. Gram. CelL,
706-9).

This termination is found in a considerahle
immber of local names, whose formation is pre-
cisely similar to that of many ah'eady mentioned
as formed from other diminutives. From o-iiadh
[croo], hard, is derived cniadhail [crue]], hard
land, which takes the modern form Cruell in <he
])arish of Aghahoo in (liieen's County ; and
this namo is derived exactly like Cruan (Irish,
Cniadhdn, same meaning), in the parish of
Ooolaghmore near Callan in Kilkenny, which comes
from the same root, with the diminutive termina-
tion an.

There is a root stur, not found in the piihlished
dictionaries, though they give the derivatives,
stiirriG and sturrog, Loth as signifying a hill-
summit or pinnacle. From this root are derived
the following names, with different diminutives,
all signifying the same thing — apeak or hill- top :
— Sturgan near the northern base of Slieve Gul-
liou in Armagh ; Sturrin, the name of two hilh
north-east of Lough Derg in Donegal ; Sturrakeen
in Omey Island off the coast of Galway ; Sturra-
keen, a peak of the (ilaltys west of Oaher iu Tip-
perary ; and Mullaghastui-rakeen, the name of a
high hill on the boundary between Tyrone and
Deny — the summit of the pinnacle. Lastly, with
the diminutive at present under consideration, we
have " The Sturrel," a remarkable peak-shaped

CHAP. II.] Dhmnutkes, 39

rock on the coast of Donegal, near Glen Coluni-
kille, rising from the sea to the height of 850 feet ;
and this is also the name of a hill at the head of
IMulroy Bay in the same coimty, two miles from
Mil ford.

I have on other occasions observed how hnppily
the old name-formers generally succeeded in
designating places by their most obvious charac-
teristics— every name striking straight for the
feature (hat niost strongly attracted attention ; so
that to this day a person moderately skilled in
such matters may often predict the ph3'^ical pecu-
liarities or the aspect of a place as soon as he
hears the nauio. Nothing could be more appro-
priate in this respect than " The Dargle," which
every one will recognise as the name of a beau-
tiful glen near Bray in Wicklow. The pre-
vailing rock in the glen is very soft and of a;,
reddish colour, sometimes with a yellowish tinge,
bu(. in several jilaces dcepouing into a d.ark ])ur-
jilisli rod- 'V\\(\ visitor can luu'dly fail lo observo
this almost as soon as he enters the lower gaf o,
where tlio red stones come to the surface of the
path under his feet. The reddish colour also per-
vades the clay, which is merely the rock worn
down ; and is very striking in several spots along
the sides of the glen, where the clay and rock are
exposed, especially after rain, which brings out
the prevailing hue very vividly. The name
" Dargle " is similar in formation to " Dclgany "
(see p. 26) ,but with a different diminutive syllable : —
dearg, red ; JDcargail, a red little c-pot. Still
another name of the same kind, with the diminu-
tive lin, is Dargan in the county Donegal. But
Ave have other parallels to the " Dargle " still
more complete — in fact the very same name — in
Darrigil in the parish of Kilgeever, Mayo, and

40 Biminutivcs. [citap. ii.

Pavn'gal iioni- Kiliiioiidim in AV^iilorford, wliic-.li ia
quilo as rcniarkublo for (lie redness of its suil'aco
stones as tbo Dargle. It may be remarked tliat
the " Dargle " is also pronounced in lliroo syllables
{Darriyil) by tlie old people of AVicklow,

This diminutive is also introduced through the
medium of personal names. Cet [Keth] was the
name of some of the most renowntnl warriors cele-
brated in ancient Irish story. Some old chief
who lived beyond the \ie\v of history, gave name
to the famous Drumcett (properly Drai)ii Ceta),
translated by Adamiian, Dorsum Ccie, Keth's ridge
or hill, where the great convention was held in the
year A.n. 574 ; but the namehasbeen long forgotten,
and the hill, which is a long- mound in lioe Park
near Nowtownlimavady, is now called The ]\lidlagh,
and. Bometimos Daisy Jlill (see lioevcs's Adaiiinan,
page 37). The name Oei still holds its jjlace in
Dunkittin Kilkenny, Keth's fortress. The diminu-
tive appears in Oarrickiltle, a lemarkal.tle lock
giving name to a townland near Kilteelyin Lime-
rick, which the Four Masters, Avhen recording Ihe
erection of a castle on it in 1510, hy Garrett, i'larl
of Kildare, call Carntig-Cital, Cital's rock (though
the absence of the genitive inflection \\v\v. might
raise some doubt : Cltat, gen. Citail (?) ; and also
in Dunkettle, near Qlanmire, a little below Cork,
which is the same as Dunkitt, only with the dif-
ference of the diminutive in the personal name.

Besides the preceding diminutives, there are
others of a mixed character, which may be classed
together. AVords ending in / i\m\ n old'U lake the
letter t before suffixes or inflections, which is per-
haps to be regarded rather as a euphonic insertion
than as part of the termination. For instance,
Coolteen in Sligo and Wexford is derived from
cuil, a corner — Cuiltin, little corner — whei-e the

CHAP. II.] Dminutives. 41

real diminutive terminatiou appears to be in, not
?fii. To the same category may be referred Scltan,
the name of several places in Leitrim, written by
the Four Masters, Sailtean, a place of sallows {sail) ;
ICtH^Kano in tlio parjsli of TuUylcasc in Cork, little
wood, or underwood, from colli, a wood ; and Fan-
tano near Borrisolcigli in Tipperary, little fan or
slope ; in these, the diminutive affix is probably
an, not tan.

Murhaim near Drumshambo in Leitrim, seems
a genuine instaTice of a diminutive in flutn, for the
Irish name is Mihilidn, little mur or wall. So also
in Darhanagh near Foxford in Mayo : dair, an
oak, diminulive darf/idn : darlhdnach, an oak-
boa riug place. And in the following names it
would appear that the termination is thin, for no
reason can be assigned for the presence of the th
otherwise than as part of the diminutive : — Bella-
hoen in the parish of Kilrossanty in Waterford,
Ih'ililJiin, little hcile or tree; Ihvrheeu in the parish
of Aniiagh, near Ihdlyhaunis in Mayo, litile harr
or liill-top ; Keenheen in the parish of Drum-
reilly in Leitrim, a beautiful-surfaced spot of laud,
from cnein [keen], beautiful. In the year 1581,
Dermod O'Donovan headed a predatory excursion
into the territory of Donal O' Sullivan, prince of
Bear, and drove off a crcaght of cattle ; but
O'SuUivan overtook the party, took O'Donovan
prisoner, and hanged him from the branch of an
oak tree. This event is vividly remembered in
tradition ; and the tree, whose trunk is still to be
seeu about four miles north-east of Castletown
Bearhaven in Cork, is known by the name of Dari-
heen Diarmada, Derniod's little oak. This same
diminutive (Irish dnirithin, from dair, an oak) has
given name to Deniheen near Cappoquin in
Waterford.

42 Diminutives. [ciiav. ii.

In a numerous clnss of cases, ilio cliniiimlivcsiu'c
preceded by some of the terminations noticed in
chapter I. AVe have r combined with da in
Lavaran near the village of Kesh in Fermanagh,
and hi Lowran near ]Jorris-in-Ossory in Queen's
County, both anglicised from Lcfoii/irdn, elm land,
from kainh [lav], elm. Ji is joined lo iidii in
Sellernaun in the parish of Inishcaltra in Ualway,
near the shore of Lough Derg — Sai/camnii, sallow
wood, from sail, a sallow ; and the same letter
combines with d(/ in Dooroge near Ballyboghil in
Dublin, black land (dubh, black) ; which is also
the name of a rivulet ("black little stream")
flowing into the sea two miles north-east of Tara
Hill in WoKford.

The dimimitive in is veiy often joined with r,
of which Cloghereen near Killarney, from vioc/i, a
stone, is a very apt example (First Vol.). Crana-
reen, the name of places in Wicklow and Mayo,
signifies a place full of small trees, or a small
plantation, from crann, a tree ; and there is a little
lake a mile from Olifden in Galway, called Lough
Acrannoreon, the hike of the snudl trc(^ Fliigh-
erine — a wet little spot of land, from Jlii(c/i, wet —
is the name of a pool from which flows a stream,
in the townland of Ballycormick, parish of Clone-
nagh. Queen's County ; Cuingareen, in the parish
of Columkille, Longford, a rabbit-warren, from
ciiinin, a rabbit. Similar in formation to these is
the well-known name of Skibbereen in Cork. It
is situated at the mouth of the river Hen, on a
little crock much frequented by small vessels, for-
merly— and still in some places — called scibs (Fng.
skiff) ; and Scibirin, as the place is called in Irish,
means a place frequented by skibs or boats. It
exactly corresponds in meaning with Cotteenagh,
the name of a little island in the river Shannon;

CHAP. IT.] Diminutwes. 43

near Sliaunon Bridge, below Cloiimacnoise, wliicli
Bignifies a place frequented by little cots or boats.
It is to be observed, however, that the word skib
is not now at least applied to a boat in the neigh-
bourliood of Skibbcreon ; and this fact may lead
some to doubt the correctness of the etynioh)gy.

In Fethcrneen (parieh of Kilvarnet, Sligo) we
have a union of both n and ;• with the diuiinutive,
the name signifying a little fend or streamlet; and
it corresponds in formation Avith Fethernagh in
Armagli, near Pointzpass, which means a place
abounding in little brooks.

Observe the rich growth of terminations — branch
on branch — in Sillahertane, which is the name of
two townlands, one near Dunraanway in Cork, and
the other in the parish of Kilgarvan in Kerry, on
the road from Kenmare to Macrooni. The Irish
form, which the English very well represents in
sound, is Sniknchartun, all from the simple trunk,
mil, a snllow ; we have in succession oarh or ach, r,
t, and i ho diminulivc an ; and the whole signifies
a spot producing osier or sallow trees. It appears
probable that in this name the combination rt —
whether compounded of r and t, each in its separate
sense, or forming one indivisible termination —
has a collective signification; just as it has in the
word conairt, which is applied in the south to a
pack of hounds [cu, gen. con, a hound) ; from
Avhich is derived Coolnaconarty, the corner [cMl)
of the pack of bounds, a place in the parish of Kil-
meen, five or six miles south-east of Dunmanway,
which the inhabitants say was formerly a usual
place of meeting on hunting days. The combina-
tion is also found in a name preserved in the
Annals of Lough Key, a.d. 1192, viz. Rath-
ctiamrtaigh (the fort of the hounds), the second
part of which is derived from cuan (a litter oJ

44 Diminutives. [chap. ii.

wlielps), by the addition of tlie two postfixes art
and ach.

Exactly similar in formation to this last is the
name of Mangerton moimtain near Killarncy. The
correct form is llmit/artaoh, for so we find it
written in several old Irish documents, wliich has
boon recently coi-niptiul by chau[>in<>' («'h to the
diminutive dii. The signification of the name de-
pends on the meaning of the root niaiuj, and this
is doubtfid. In Cormac's Glossary, and other
authorities, mang is explained a fawn ; and if this
be its meaning here, Mancjartach woidd moan the
mountain of the fawns. I am inclined to think,
however, that mang is only another form of inotuj,
signifying- literally the hair of the head, but often
applied in a secondary sense to long grass ; just
as goit, a field, was anciently often written gart ;
folt, hair, fait ; m6r, great, mar, &c. If this be
correct the name will mean a mountain covered
with long hair-like grass. There are three cir-
cumstances that support this interpretation : — first,
in the ancient historical tale called the " Battle of
Moylena," this very tenn mong is applied to the
mountain ; for it is designated Mangartha mhong-
ruadh — Mangerton of the red mong or hair (Battle
of Moylena, p. 25) ; secondly, the flat moory
summit of the mountain is actually covered with a
growth of long coarse grass — the very kind of
grass that mong is \isually applied to ; thirdly,
whereas mang, a fawn, as far as I am aware, is not
found in any othei- name in all Ireland, mong, as
applied to long grass, and its derivatives inongach
and mongan, are common in names all over the
country, of which many examples will be found in
Chapter XIX.

CHAP. III. J Borrowed Words. 46

CHAPTER III.

BORROWED WORDS.

WriKNFA'EK two iiMl.ioiis Rpciiki'iig difforont, Inn-
gufigcs liavG iiitiiDalo iutcrcourse with cacli of.lier
for any considerable time, there is sure to be a
nnitiial interchange of words ; for each race bor-
rows from the other certain tenns which in course
of time become incorporated with the language
that adopts them. In this manner every language
becomes mixed with foreign words ; different lan-
guages exhibiting different powers and degrees of
assimilation.

During the long intercourse of the English
and Irish populations in Ireland, there has been
a good deal of interchange of this kind, though
not, I think, so much as we find in other coun-
tries imder similar circumstances, I propose
to oxamiu(^ n. low siich words, somo borrowed
from Irish into Iviiglisli, some from JCnglish into
Irish; but I Avill limit the inquiry to those
tliat (ind their way into local nomenclature.
Moreover, I do not intend to go back to very
early times ; I will illustrate only such words as
have recently passed from one language into the
other, or are now in process of transfer, and of na-
turalisation. A good many of the Irish words re-
tained by the English speaking people are only
used locally ; but though they are still circum-
scribed, they are holdiug their place among the
people, and are gaining ground in point of ex-
tent ; for the very good reason that they express
exactly ideas not so well expressed by any synony-
mous English words known to the people. And
every one acquainted Avith the history of the Eng-
lish language, or indeed of any other language,

46 Borrowed Words, [chap. hi.

knows well how a word of this kind — provided it
is u good word, and bits the idea straight on the
head — though it may be at first spoken perhaps
only in a single valley, spreads slowly and gra-
dually over a larger and larger surface, till at
lengtli it becomes recognised by the whole nation,
and has its citizenship acknowledged by being
phiced in the columns of dictionaries. Occasionally
too, from some accidental circumstance, a word
borrowed from a strange language, or not bor-
rowed at all, but invented, spiings at once into
sudden and universal use. Some of the terms
here illustrated are used only in a part of Ireland ;
others are known nearly over the whole country ;
a few again of the anglicised Irish words have
found tluiir way across llie channel, and these are
buro of a perumnent place. To this last class
belongs the five first words in my list.

Bog. The word bog has long been used by Eng-
lish writers who have treated of Ireland ; and it
had found its way into the literary language of
England at least as early as the time of Elizabeth,
for it is used in its proper sense by Shakespeare,
as well as by Milton and liunyau. It is now an
acknowledged word in the English language, and
is beginning to be understood in England almost
as well as the English equivalent, peat, or peat
moss. Bog as it stands is Irish ; it signifies soft :
and it is still a living word, and in constant use,
by Irish speakers. In this original sense it is
found in several local names ; such as Meenbog in
Donegal iind Tyrone, soft mountain meudow, or
tneen ; Aghabog, a parish in Monaghan, AcJtadJi-
hog, soft field ; Maynebog in the parish of Agh-
macart in Queen's County, soft field (niaighin).

The original word bog is not now used in the
native Irish to signify a bog, or peat moss ; it haa

CHAP. III.] Borrowed Words. 47

been quite supplanted by tbe derivative hogach,
wbicb is in very general use in this sense, just as
smolach has taken the place of smol (see p. 5).
This word gives names to many places now called
]}oggngh, Bogogh, and Boggy ; Boggyheary near
Swords in Dublin, Bogach-acdhaire, tlie shepherd's
bog. In the end of names it forms some such
termination as boggy, Toggy, or vogy {h aspirated
to V in the two last) ; as in Clonavogy in
Monaglian, the meadow of the bog ; Portavogie in
the Ards in Down, the port or landing-place of
the bog. From the diminutive hogdn (little bog
or soft place) arc dciivcd tlic names of many
places now called Boggan, and Boggaun.

Bother. It appears to me obvious that bother
is merely the Irish bodhar, deaf, although I loiow
very well that a different origin has been assigned
to it. For, first, it is in universal use — it is
literally in every one's mouth — in Ireland. Se-
condly, what is more to the purpose, while it is
used, as it is in l^^uglaiid, lo siguil'y minoyanco or
trouble, it has another incaning in Ireland which
is not known in England, namely, deaf, the same
as the original \\or(l bodhar ; and this is obviously
its primary meaning. A person who is either
partly or wholly deaf is said to be bothered ; and
this usage is perfectly familiar in every part
of Ireland, from Dublin to the remotest districts —
among the educated as well as among the illiterate.
The word indeed in tliis sense, is the foundation
of a proverb : — you are said to " turn the bothered
ear " to a person when you do not wish to hear
what he says, or grant his request. Moreover, so
well are the two words bother and bodhar under-
stood to be identical, that in the colloquial lan-
guage of (ho peasantry they are always used to
translate each other.

48 Borrowed Words. [chap. in.

As to tlio Eiigli'sli proiuniciniion, it is moroly a
case of what is so familiar iu Irish uaiues — the re-
storation of an aspirated consonant, wliicli I have
already fully explained and illustrated (1st Vol.
Part I., c. 2). Bodltar, pronounced in Irish, Lower,
is called in English, bother, exactly as Odhar
[ower] is made ()dder (seo this in index) ; as the
river Dothra [Dohra] near Duhlin, is called the
Dodder ; and as the word bothar [boher], a road,
is often sounded hothyr or batter. I do not see
how any one, with these evidences before him,
can hesitate to acknowledge that bother is an Irish
word.

The word bodhar is used in local names, and in
a very singular way too. What did our ancestors
mean when they called a glen deaf? It is V(!ry
hard to answer this question satisfactorily ; but i(,
is certain that there are several glens in diil'erent
parts of the coimtry called Glenbower, deaf glen.
There is one in Kilkenny, three miles north of
Piltown ; one — a fine glen two miles long — at the
base of Slievenamon in Tipperary, two miles east
of Kilcash ; a third in the i)arish of Kilbarron in
Tipperaiy, near Lough Derg ; a fourth iu the
parish of Offorlane in Queen's Comity, west of
Mountrath ; a fifth which gives name to a small
lake at the base of Slieve Beagh mountain, south
of Clogher in Tyrone ; and a sixth — a pretty
wooded glen — near the village of Killeagh, west
of Youghal in Cork. In this last there is a pecu-
liarity, which perhaps gives the key to the ex] da-
nation of the names of all : — viz., it has a line echo,
" affording," as Smith remarks (Hist. Cork, L,
156), " seven or eight repercussions fi'om the same
somid." If this be the origin of the name, per-
haps the glen was so-called because you have to
speak loudly to it, and you get a loud-voiced

ciur. in. J Borrotved Words. 49

reply, exactly as happens when you speak to a
deaf person.

But will this explanation apply to other places
designated by hodJiar ? There is a " Drehidbower
Bridge " {droir/iead, a bridge) over a small river
in Clare, lour miles norOi of Killaloc ; which tlie
l)cople say was so called because it was built by a
deaf man in 1799 — but I confess I have not
much faith in the explanation, lllaunbower —
deaf island — is the name of a little islet in Lough
Mask ; and wo have Cartronbowcr [myfrou, a
quarter ol' land) in tlu^ ])arish of JJallintober in
Mayo. I n Jvcnabower, near the village ol Barna,
west of Oalway, and Curi-aghbowcr, a littlo south
of the Blackwater, five miles west of Mallow, Icna,
signifies a marshy meadow, and curragh, a marsh ;
but whether the marshiness of these places had
anything to do with the names, I must leave the
reader to conjecture.

In the parish of Kilgarvan in Mayo, there is a
litdc river taking its name from an old mill, called
Mullenbower ; and if one mill is found to be deaf,
there seems no good reason why another sliould
not be blind, which is the case Avith Mullenkeagh
(cacc/i, blind) near the village of Cloghjordan in
the north of Tip2)erar3% We may conjecture that
these two names Avere given to old mills that had
ceased to be used, and had fallen into ruin.

Tori/. The two terms IF/iir/ and Tori/, lil\o
many olher class nanuN^, were originally a])plicd
in an opprobrious sense ; they wore nicknames,
which griulually lost Ihcir olTensive ilavour when
their origin Avas forgotten. The Avord n-/u'g is
another form of w/icj/, and it is used to this day in
Scotland, and in the north of Ireland, to denote
thick sour nn'lk or sour Avhey ; but as the Avord
does not come wit bin the scope of this book, it is

VOT,. II. 5

50 liorrowed Words. [ctiap. in.

not ncccssnry to Iviico its liistovy fuilluM' Iumo.
Tori/ is an Irish word, anglicised phonetically like
most other Irish terms ; and the original form is
tdriiidJie, the prommciation of which is very well
])rosorv()d in the modern Kpolling-, fori/. Tis root
is toir [tore], pursuit; and toruidhe is literally a
pursuer — one who Inmts or chases, 'riunc! is still
anotiier derivative, Idruid/icaa/i/, an ahstract noun
signifying the act of pursuing ; and all three
terms are in common use in the Irish language.
We have, for instance, a well-known Irish
romantic tale called " Toruklheacht Dluarmada
agiis Qhrainne," the pursuit of Dermat and
Qrania.

In the time of the Irish i)lantations of the six-
teenth and seventeenth ceniuiic^s, great nund)ers
oi" the native Irish who were dispossessed ol" tluur
lands, took to the hills, woods, and bogs, and
formed themselves into bands under the leader-
ship of their principal men. From their wild re-
treats they made descents at every opjjortunity on
the open country, drove off the cattle of the
settlers, and seized on all sorts of movable pro-
perty that they could lay their hands on. These
men were called tories — hunters or pursuers ; for
they chased everything — the wild animals on
which they partly subsisted, the herds of the set-
tlers, and the settlers themselves if they chanced
to come in their way. The settlers on their ])art
ijombined for mutual protection, and vigorously
retaliated ; and this social war was carried on
without intermission, in souri districts, for a h)ng
series of years. ]\Iany traditionary stories oi' those
distiirbed and exciting times are still current
among the peasantry. In course of time the
tories became mere freebooters, and stringent laws
were mada *or their suppression ; so that at length

CHAP. Ill] Borrowed Words. 61

the word tory lost its original .signification among
the English speaking people, and came to signify
an outlaw — the first step in its singular change
of meaning.

It is believed, according foastatement of Defoe,
to haA^e been first introduced into England by
Titus Gates ; for a story went round that certain
tories were to be brought over from Ireland to
assassinate Gates and some of his supporters ; and
after this he was in the habit of calling every
man who opposed him, even in conversation, a
tory ; " till at last the word tory became popidar."
The two terms, whig and tory, came into general
use as political designations about the year 1680 ;
but they had previously, as Swift expresses it,
been " pressed into the service of many successions
of parties, with very different ideas attached to
them."

The word tory is still retained among the pea-
santr}^ of every part of Ireland in the sense of an
outlaw or a. miscreant of any kind ; and it is quite
usual to hear a nurse call a naughty child a
" young tory." TliC}'" liave a nursery rhyme
which preserves this sense very vividly; it is
heard, with some variations, in all parts of the
coiintry ; and Crof ton Croker has given a version
of it in his " Researches in the South of Ireland."

"I'll tell you a story about Johnny M'Gory,
Who went to the wood and killed n tory ;
Prought him lionio nnd ato his supper;
Went to the wood and killed another."

In the sense of a hunter or outlaw the word
toruidhe is foimd in a few local names, none of
which appear, however, to be of any antiquity.
We have two hills in Ireland called Tory Hill,
and in each case the name is of modern origin,
and has superseded an older name. One lies two

62 Borrowed Words. [cirvr. iir.

miles souil) -oast of Miilliuiiviit in Kilkenny; and
it received its name from Edmund Denn, a tory,
wlio is celebrated among the peasantry to this
day. He was one of the family of Denn who
owned Tory Hill ; and after he was outlawed he
lived in a eave on the hill, in Avhich the people
still show his bed. The; old name of this hill was
8liahh-0-(jCruinn or Hlieve Igrine, the mountain
of the ancient territory or barony of Igrine, in
which it was situated, and Avhich was i I self so
called from the old tribe of Ily Cm inn who for-
merly held it. (For the presence of the g, see
Chapter VIII.). The other Tory Hill lies near
(Jroom in Ijiniericlc, but 1 cannot ttjll anIio tins
particular tory was that gave it the nanu; : ])er-
ha[)H it wan bo (tailed from liaving b(!on u liauiit t)l'
the torics. Its ancient name was (hioe-drontd-
Assail [Knockdromassil], the hill of the ridge of
Assal — Assal being the old name of the territory
lying round the hill.

Ballytory in Wexford signifies the tory's town-
land. Near Cloghor in Tyrone is ti place calhnl
Ratory, a name anglicised iVom llath-tdrnidlic, the
fort of the tory or oidlaw ; and hero no doubt, in
old days, some tory made his lair in the old rath,
and sheltered and defended himself Avithin the
entrenchments.

Orrery. The instrument called an orrery, for
showing the various motions of the planets and
satellites, took its name from the title of the
family of IJoyle, earls of Orrery; and the follow-
ing is the conimoidy received account oi' (lie
circumstance that brought the Avord into circula-
tion. The instrument was invented about the
year 1700 by Geor<>e Graham, Avho gave it inlo
the hands of a workman to have it packed up and
sent to Prince Eugene ; but before packing it, this

CHAP. III. j Borrowed Words. 63

man made a copy of it, which he sold to the earl
of Orrery, without making any mention of
Graham or his invention. The machine sent to
Boyle came under the notice of Sir Richard
tStoelc, wlio referred to it in one of liis ])apors as a
very ingenious instrument, and called it an orrery
in lionour of the earl, a name which was at once
adopted, and has heen since retained.

Orrery, from which the Boylcs took one of their
titles, is an ancient territory in Munster, repre-
sented by \ho. modern harony of Orrery, in tlie
north of the county of (^ork, lying round tliotown
of Oliarlcvillo. The old form of tlie name is
Orhrai(j(\ u.sually spelled Avith both the h and tlio
g aspirated, and pronounced Orvcry, which was
easily softened down to Orrery. It M^as originally
a tribe name ; but, in accordance with a custom
very usual in Ireland (see 1st Vol. Part I., c. ii.)
the people gave their name to the terrii.ory.
Oormae Miu^ Oiillenan, in his Glossary, Avrif.t(Mi in
the ninlli c(Mi(ury, nlaies that (Jiey look tlio name
of Orhraiijc from an ancestor named Orb or Orhh ;
Orbraige meaning the descendants of Orb (Cor.
Gl. voce, Orb : raige, posterity — 1st Vol. Part I.,
0. II.). 0 'Donovan, in his commentary on this
part of the Glossarj^ tells us that " Orbh was the
ancestor of the peojjle called Orbhraighe, who
Avore descended froin Fereidhech, son of Fergus
IMacJioigh, king of Ulster in the first century ; "
but 1 have not been able to find any further
account of this old chieftain. Whoever he was,
liowever, his name now forms one of the varied
elements in the curious mosaic of the English
language, and has thus become immortalised in a
manner that Avoidd greatly astonish him if he
could bo made aware of it.

Shamrock. The trefoil, white clover, or trifo'

54 Borrowed Words. [chap. iu.

nnm repens, is dosignnlod by tlie Iriali word
.aeamar [shainiiier]. Jiul iho dhuinutive seamarog
[sliamnicroge : sec ]). 28] is tlio teiin most gene-
rally used; and it has iseKlcd dowji into llio word
i/KWirock, wliicli is now I'ouud in l^higlisli dic-
tionaries, and is beginning to be imderstood wlier-
3Vor the English luiiguage is spoken.

We find it stated by several Anglo-Irish writers
that in former times the Irish occasionally ate the
shamrock. Spenser, for instance, mentions that
in time of famine the jioor people who were re-
duced to the last stage of starvation Avere glad to
eat water-cresses and shamrocks ; Fynes Morrison
has a pijssage of mucli the same import ; while
Thomas Dinel)'^, who made a tonr through Ireland
in l(i75, tells us that the pco])le ate shamroges to
cause a sweet breath. This has led some persons
to believe that the true shamrock is the o^t-alis
acetocella, or wood sorrel. I see no reason, how-
ever, why these passages should not refer to the
white trefoil, which is quite as lit to be used as a
food-herb as wood sorrel ; for I think we may
assume that neither cress nor shamrocks were
eaten in any quantity except under pressure of
extreme Ininger, but only usckI wi(Ji other food
just as water-cress is used at the present day.

Moreover seainar and seamrog are given in Irish
dictionaries as meaning trifolium repens, while
wood sorrel is designated by saiiiltadli-coiUe and
seamsog. And as corroborating the dictionary
explanations, we find the compound scoith-sheaui-
rach (translated by O'Donovan " abounding with
flowers and shamrocks : " scoth, a flower) a
favourite term among Irish writers to designate a
green, open plain. The old records, for instance,
tell us that Fiacha Finscothach {Fiacha of the
white flowers) king of Ireland before the Chris-

CHAP, in.] Borrowed Words 65

tian era, waa so called because "every plain in
Ireland was scoith-shcamrach in liis time : " and
the same torin is nsed by the Irisli poet, Fcrfeasa
O'Coiiite, about the year 1617 (Misc. Celt. Soc.
1849, p. I^Ao), and by ilie writer of the Life oE
St. Scuidihi (O'Ol. Cal. p. 5). In these passages
it cannot bo the wood-sorrel that is meant, for it
is not pvodiiccd in suflicient abundance, and it
does not grow in open plains, but in shady places.

It is not easy to determine the origin of the
Irish custom of wearing a bunch of shamrocks in
tlio ha(, ^n\ St. Tn (.rick's day— tlio ITtli of March.
According to popular belief it commemorates an
incident in the life of St. Patrick : — ihat on a
ccrtiiin occasion, Avhen he was explaining the
mystery of the Trinity to the pagan Irish, he took
uj) a single shamrock and pointed out the three
loaves growing from one stem, to illustrate the
doctrine of three Persons in one God. But this
story nnist bo an invention of recent times, for we
iind no mention of it in any of the old Lives of
the saint. Neither are we able to say that the
custom itself is of any higher antiquity; for
though it is now observed by the Irish race all
over the world, and though it is mentioned by a
few writers of the last two or three hundred
years — as for instance by Thomas Dinel}-- in 1675,
who describes how the people wore crosses and
shamrocks on St. Patrick's day — yet we find no
allusion to it in ancient Irisli writings.

There are not many local names derived from
this word, and I have found none recorded in any
ancient written autliority. It appears in its
primary form in Aghnashammer near Rosslea in
Fermanagh, Achadh-iia-scainar, the field of the
trefoils ; in J\lohornas1unnmcr on (he brink of the
Shannon, near Termonbarry in Koscoinmon

56 Borroiml Words. [chap. hi.

{mothar, eltlioraruiii oratliiclv-cl-) ; and iiiKnock-
luislunnnicr in Cuvan and fSligo, wliich in the
latter county has tlie correct alias name of Olover-
liill. The diminutive is more common : there are
townliinds in Cork and Limerick called Oooliia-
shamroge, the corner of the shamrocks; Gorteen-
shnmroo-ue near Fethard in Ti[)i)orary, shamrock
little held ; and Knocknashamroge near llackets-
town in AVicklow, the same as Knocknashammer.
Bann-hmck. You will not see a confectioner's
shop window in any part of Dublin, on Ilallow-
eve, without a handbill announcing a plentiful
supply of barm-bracls with a ring in each. This
word Oanii-bmcJc is now applied in many parts of
Ireland to a sweet cake mixed with currants and
raisins ; and we may safely ]iroj)hesy that it will
ultimately light its way into the columns of
English dictionaries. The original and correct
word — written phonetically — is barreen-brack,
which is still used among the English speaking-
people of the south of Ireland; it has been
changed to barm-brack by that process of falla-
cious popular etymology described in First Volume
(Part I., c. II.) ; and the altered term was all the
more readily accepted intisnuich as the word barm
seems the right Avord in the right place. The
Irish word represented in sound by barrcen is
bairghin, which signifies a cake ; the old Irish
form is bairgcn, which glosses jninis in the Zeuss
manuscripts ; brack — Irish brcac — means speckled ;
and a bar rceii-b rack is literally " a speckled cake" —
speckled with raisins and currants.

A piece of land approaching a circular shape is
sometimes called bairghhi ; and in this manner
the word has found its A\'ay into local nomencla-
ture. The complete word is exhibited in Barreen,
in the parish of Balraheen in Kildare. If the

ciiAP, III.] Borrowed Words. 67

shape approach a semicircle, the place is some-
iinics designated bj'' the compound Icaih-bhairgliin
[Invarreen] meaning half a cake — leath, half;
whicli is i)votty common as a name for fields and
small (hMiominaiions ; and this is Ihoorigin of the
names of (lie townhmds of Jjavarccn and Jjawar-
rccn in Jjciirim, Clare, and !Mayo. As for the
word hrcac, it will be treated of in Chapter XVII.
and need not be further noticed here.

So far regarding Irish words adopted into Eng-
lish. There are many other Irish words which
have been borrowed into English, that I do not^
notice here ; some (like whiskey, bror/iie, &c.) being
mentioned elsewhere in these books, and some
others not falling within my inquiry, as not
entering into local names. Our local nomencla-
ture also exhibits a munber of words borrowed
from English into Irish ; and the remainder of
this chapter will be devoted to the illustration of
a few Avords of this kind.

I'arson. Of the two I^nglish words person and
parson, we know that the first is derived from the
Ijatin persona, and according to soiho, the second
is derived from the same word. We have
in Irish two corresponding words. One, perso
or persn, genitive 2)ersan, meaning a person or
an individual, is merely the Latin persona, bor-
rowed ; but it was borrowed at a very early
ago, for we find it in tlie very oldest manuscripts,
such as those (juoied by Zousa, Lehor na h-Uid/ire,
&c. The other, pearsun [parsoon], correspond-
ing with the English ])a)-son, is used in the
colloquial language to signify the priest of a parish,
a clergyman who has the care of souls. Some
would perhaps consider that ])earsi(ii is the repre-
sentative of the ancient loan-word j)erso ; but I
think it has been borrowed direct from the Eno^lisU

68 Borrowed Words. [chap. hi.

parson in its special sense. The termination nn is
indeed presumptive evidence of tliis, for when it
occurs in Irisli, it generally marks a word taken
straight from the English. We know that in
Ireland the English word parson has latterly been
restricted to tlie rectors of the late Established
Oliiirch ; Init pearsun was ap])licd to a Itomau
(Catholic parish priest, showing that it was bor-
rowed before parson began lo be used in its spe-
cial Irish sense ; though in later times, it has
begim, like parson, to be restricted to Protestant
clergymen.

There is a parish in Limerick four miles east of
the city, taking- its name from a townland called
Carrigparson, the rock of the parish priest, pro-
bably marking the spot where a priest lived, or
perhaps where Mass used to be celebrated in tiiues
gone by. This name has been in use for more
than 300 years ; and the rock is to be seen close
by the ruin of the old church, not far from the
present chapel. Ballyfarsoon near Monasterevin
in Kildare — Baile-an-phearsmn, the town of the
parson — probably got its name from being tenanted
by a parish priest ; there is a place called Mona-
parson, the parson's bog, on the Olyda river, just
by the railway, four miles south of Mallow ; and
Knockapharsoon {knock, a hill) lies four miles north
of Fethard in Tipperary.

JUarl. larla [eerla], an carl, is a word that Avaa
borrowed into Irish at the time of the Anglo-
Norman invasion ; it is in constant use in the
annals, for the old historians, in recording events,
in which the great Anglo-Norman lords were
concerned, did not translate the word earl, but
simply transferred it with a slight change of form.

The Irish pronunciation is well preserved in
Syerla near Dungannon in Tyrone, Suidhe-iarla^

CHAP, iii.J Borrowed Words. 59

the earl's seat or residence. So also Kilmacanearla
near Balling^arry in Ijiinerick, the chnrch of the
carl's son ; An nagli early, the name of a lake and
lownland fonr miles nortli-cast of Carrick-on-
SIiaiHioii, th(^ carl's a)n>n(jJ/, or marsh ; and Avith
the same meaning, Curraghanearla near Mallow
in Cork ; Tominearly in Wexford, the earl's tomb.
The word returns to the English form in Coolan-
earl in the parish of lledcross in "VVicklow, the
hill-back of the earl ; and in Knockearl near the
village of Cloghjordan in Tipperary, the earl's
hill.

Forest. The word foraois [furreesh], which
O'Reilly and Peter O'Oonnell explain a forest, a
fox cover, the haunt of wild beasts, is, I believe, a
simple transfer of the English word forest. It
occurs in the name of a little river flowing through
the hamlet of Bellanagare in Roscommon, now
called Owcn-na-foreesha, the river of the forest ;
and in OoniiifnrriHh, in the parish of Tjcmanaghan
ill King's ('((iiiily, the roniKJ hill ol' (Ju^ loicsi,.

S/nlr, S/nrI,-, 8ia(j. We have in Irish the word
slacadli [stawka], which is used in two disliiict
senses to signify both a stake and a stack, and
which I believe to be borrowed from these words,
or perhaps from the northern word which is the
origin of both. The former signification is ex-
hibited in Stackaruagh, the name of a townland
west of Letterkcnny in Donegal, which signifies a
place full of stakes or slumps of trees ; a namo
which exactly resembles Smutternagh both in for-
mation and meaning (compound sufiix rnach :
page 16).

In a great many places all round the coast, tall,
towerlike rocks, standing isolated in the sea, which
arc designated by the words criiach, ben, &c., in
Irish, are ca lied 6'?ac7HS.iu English ; but by a curious

60 Borroived Words. [chap. iii.

custom this is goiieniUy changod to the word staga.
Tho Stags wliich form so prominent a featui'O of
Ireland's Eye, as seen from Ilowtli, are an excel-
lent example ; andollicr illustrations will Le found
at various points of the coast. Similar rocks ai'o
also called stacks on parts of the coast of Scot land,
especially round the Shetland islands ; and in
noticing these, AV^orsao traces the word to the (Jld
Norse staclcr.

Park. Fairc [park] means a Held or enclosure,
and it is of course the same as the J^higlish and
German word park. It exists also in AN'^elsh, but
it is probable that both the Welsh and the Irish
borrowed it from the Teutonic diah^cts. In Irish
it generally means merely a field, having nothing
of tho modern restricted application of theliUglish
word park; and in this sense it is a very usual
component of local names. This word forms or
begins the names of about 170 townlands. As
examples may be taken — Parknaglantanc near the
cit}'- of Cork, Palrc-na-ncjleanntan, the field of the
sm(dl glens ; Paikatleva in Galway and Mayo,
Fairc-a'-tskibhe, the field of the s/iabh or mountain;
Parknagappul near Dungarvan, the held of the
cappuh or horses ; Tinnapark in Kilkenny and
Wicklow, Tigh-na-paircey the house of the field. As
this is a word not liable to be disguised by corrupt
changes of form, and is therefore easily recognised,
it will be unnecessary to give further illustrations.

Canqy. The Irish canipa is nothing more than
the English Avord cainpy with a vowel sound added
on to the end. The J'"our JMaslersust) Ihe Avord at.
A.D. 1548, when they record the erection of a large
court then called Cat/ipa in licix, Avhich was the
germ round which grew the town afterwards called
Maryborough.

Several sites of former encampments still retain

ciiAr. Ill,] Borrowed Worth. 61

as their name the English word camp, which in
most cases first passed from English into Irish,
and Avas afterwards restored to the correct English
spelling. In other cases the word retains an Irish
form, as in Bawnacowma, six miles south of Lime-
rick city, the haicn or green field of the camp.
Camplagh, near Kesh in Fermanagh, exhihits the
word with the suffix lacJi (p. 5), the name meaning
the same as the original root — an encampment.

8])ur. I am not aware of any evidence to show
that the ancient Irish used spurs ; indeed Giraldus
Caud)rcnsiH expressly states that they did not : —
" Also in riding they do not use either saddles,
boots, or spurs ; hut only carry a rod in their
hand having a crook at the upper end, with which
thoy urge on and giudo their horses." (Top. Ilib.
Dist. III., c. 10). This to some extents is corro-
borated by the writer of the Irish account of the
battle of Clontarf, who states that when Mael-
mordhn, king of Leinster, left Brian Boru's palace
oi' K'incora, in aiig(>r, soon before tlio batilo of
Clontarf, ho drove Ins horse with a yew rod. And
several other passages might bo cited from the
Brehon Laws and other Irish writings, in which
horse rods are mentioned.

AYe have, however, the word spor, a spur, in
Irish : it is used for instance in the Annals of
Lough Key (Vol. II., p. 52), where it is recorded
that a certain chieftain died from a wound by his
own Ki)or ; and it is still heard in the collo(iuial
language. But as it is probable that the nso of
the spur was introduced from England, so I think
it equally likely that the word was borrowed from
the Ihiglish language.

This word .ywr occurs in a few local names;
but it. is nol easy to account for its presence : pro-
bably places are called from spurs on account of

62 Borroioed Words. [ctiap. hi.

somepecuHarily of 8li;ij)c. I suppose some; poiiilcd
rock gave iiaiae to Knockuspiiv near Ologli Jordan
ill Tipperary. Goulaspurra is a well known
6ub\irb of Cork, the name of Avliicli signifies the
fork {(jobhal) of the spur ; and there is a townland
near Castlelyons in Cork called Spurree, which is
merely the plural sporaidhe, spurs or pointed
rocks.

CHAPTER IV.

POETICAL AND FANCY NAMES.

Tn an early stage of society, tho people are in
general very close observers of external nature.
The sights and sounds by which they are sur-
ro\inded — the shapes and colours of hills, glens,
lakes, and streams, the solemn voices of winds,
waves, and waterfalls, the babbling- of streams,
tho singing, chirping, and chattering of birds,
the cries of various animals — all these attract the
observation and catch the fancy of a sim])le and
primitive people. The Irish peasantry were, and
are still, full of imagination to a degree perhaps
beyond those of most other countries. ]\[any
think, indeed, that this faculty is rather too highly
developed, to the exclusion of other qiudities less
fascinating but more solid and iiseful. But be
this as it may, it is certain that an examination of
our local name system will show that the people
who built it up were highly imaginative and sen-
sitively alive to the natural phenomena passing
around them. In the present chapter I will give
some specimens of names exhibiting this ten-

CHAP. IV.] Poetical and Fancy Names. 63

dency ; but many others, equally appropriate and
striking, will be found scattered through this
volume and the former one.

When we find that the various Irish words
which signify beautiful, lovelj^ fine, pretty, &c.,
arc in constant use in the formation of local
names, the obvious inference is that the people
had a vivid perception of natural beauty, and
dwelt with admiration and pleasure on the loveli-
ness of the various objects among which they
lived and moved. And they manifested this de-
light in a most natural and unalTcctcd way, by
bes( owing a name that expressed exactly Avhat
they felt. This is tlie more remarkable, inasmuch
as the appreciation of landscape, particidarly of
the landscape of mountains, woods, rocks, and
jjrecipices, seems to be very much of late growth
among the people of Europe. A new sense has
been gradually developed, which, however, judg-
ing from local uaTnes, appears to have been pos-
sessed in a remarkable degree, and at a compara-
tively early period, by the simple peasantry of
this country.

One of these Irish words is cacin [keen], which
signifies, jn its application to natural objects,
pleasant, delightful, or lovelj^ ; it is very frequently
met with, and generally a&sumes the anglicised
form keen. Killykeen is the name of some places
in the county Cavan, which is modernised from
CoiJI-chacin, pleasant or deliglitful wood ; Keen-
rath — pleasant fort — is a place by the Bandou
river, four miles above D unman way. There is a
parish in the north of Tipperary now called
Loughkeen, which is a very deceptive name,
seeming to indicate the presence of a pretty lake.
But the Four Masters mention it as one of tlie
resting-places of O'Sullivan Bear in his celebrated

34 Poetical ami Famuj JVamcs. [chav. iv.

rotreat from Dvmboy to llio iiorlh in l()l)2; and
here wo iind the true nunie, lUiik'-dclKthlh-clidciii,
the town of the beautiful fiehl, wliich is pro-
nounced by the ohl people, who still retain the
name, Balloughkeen, and is now always called by
the shorter and very incorrect name Loughkecn.
8ometinuis this word assimies olluir forms, as in
the case of DruuKpiin in Tyrone, Ihe correct nante
of which, as written by the Four INIasters, is
Dniim-chaeiii, pleasant hill-ridgo. Elsewhere this
Irish name is anglicised more correctly Drumkeen
and Dromkeen, which are the names of fifteen
townlands in various counties ; Aghadrurakeen in
Monaghan, the field {acltadh) of the beautiful
ridge. There are two townlands in Clare called
Drumquin ; but here the Irish form is Drniin-
ChiiuiH, Conn's ridge. The term is very mucli
disguised in Balleeghan, the name of a townland
on the shore of Lough Swilly in Donegal, near
Manor Cunningham, containing the ruins of an
ancient church, the name of which is written by
the Four Masters Baile-a'KjJiidJt-cJiuehi [Ihdlee-
heen], the town of the beautiful face or surface.
There are other places of the same luuue in
Donegal, which probably come from the same
original.

Another word of similar import, which is still
more frequently met with in names, is ueihhinn
[eevin], signifying joyous, delightful, or beauti-
ful. It is Avritten aimin by Cormac Mac Cullenan,
in his Glossary, and is correctly com])ared by him
with liat. (i)na-nuiii. It usually occurs in the cud
of names in some such form as ei'lii or cccan ; and
it is well illustrated in Knockeevan in the parish
of Newchapel near Clonmel in Tipperary, the de-
lightful hill ; Ilathevin in Queen's County, beau-
tifid fort; Derryevin near Ballyjamesduff in

CHAr. IV.] Poetical and Fancy Names. 65

Cavan (dcrn/, an oak wood) ; CloneTin in the east
of Wexford, near Gorcy, beautiful cloon or
meadow ; and Drunieevin in the parish of Kilto-
raglit in Clare, beautiful lull-ridge.

yi/(iiini [awb'n] signifies bright or lovely; old
Irish form, as found in the St. Gall manuscript
qiujted by Zeuss, a/ind. It assumes several forms
in anglicised names, none of them difficult to
recognise. There is a townland near the village
of Gilford in Down, called Moyallen, i.e., Ifagh-
dJainn, beautiful plain ; and near Dromore in the
some counly is another place called Kiuallen,
benutiful head or hill [ceanii). The sound of the
word is better preserved in Uerraidin in the parish
of Corcomohide in Limerick, Doire-dlainn, pretty
oak wood ; and still better in the name of the
little river flowing through Fethard in Tipperary
— Glasliawling, beautifid streamlet. Another
form {dille, beauty) of the word is seen in Ros-
salia in the i)arisli of Killaha in Kerry (ro.s, a
Avood) ; but Kossalia near the abbey of Oorconu'oe
in the north of Clare is the wood of the brine
{sdilc : see Chap. XVI.).

In Ma}'© the Avord caoim or cuhn is used to
signify a beautiful valley ; and it has given name
to the village of Keem in Achill Island.

]\lany of the names of this class have been
translated. But Bonnyglen near Inver in Donegal
is not a case in ])oint, and is very deceptive ; for
it is a modification of JJioi-a'-ghkanna [JJuna-
glanna], the bun or end of the glen, so called from
its situation at the lower end of the glen through
which flows the stream that falls a little farther
on into the Eany.

One of the pleasantest sounds in the world is the
bubbling of ii brook over rocks or pebbles ; and it-
does not require a great deal of imagination to invest
VOL. II. 6

66 Poetical and Fancy Names, [chap. iv.

the restless water with life, and to hear voices in
its murmurs. Donogh Macnamara, in his song
" Bdnchnoic Eireann ogh " (The fair hills of holy
Treland), has the following line : —

" Nil srol/ui 'ttiin ts<iiii/ira a(j Uiblnurl ar nroiii :" —

*' Tlio sticaius in tho smninci-iinio spcjikiiig ia the ovoniiig.''

A^](\ iinolher Tvisli poet, in nn (Oci^iac, pooni on llio
(loath of cortain warriors wlu) luul fallen in battle,
makes all inanimate nature join in a lament ; and
among the rest the cataracts raise their melancholy
voices: — "The shores, the waves, the moon and
stars, are in sorrow for the death of the heroes,
and the sound {glor) of cataracts is becoming
louder." (Seo Misc. Celt. Soc, 1849, pp. 378-9).
The peasants who lived and wandered on the
margins of our pleasant streams, were as much
alive to these impressions as the poets ; and in
many instances they gave names expressing what
they imagined they heard in the busy waters.
Gldrach, derived from glor [glore], is the word
usually employed in the formation of names of this
kind. Glor is sometimes used to signify voice,
and sometimes noise; but I believe the former is
the original meaning. In one of the dialogues of
tlio Tain ho Cliuailngc (in Lchor na hUid/irc) the
hero Ferdia uses the expression " drd glor" (of tlio
majestic voice), to designate Meave, queen of Con-
naught. (See O'Curry, Lect., TIL, 418). O'Clery
(quoted by Dr. Stokes — Cor. Ql., voce, hahloir] ox-
plains babloir hy fear morghlorach (a man with a
great voice) ; and in the same passage he makes
glor equivalent to guth, voice or speech. The word
glor is used in this sense also in the last quotation;
and many other passages to the same effect might
be cited. "We may then, I think, conclude that
the term gldrach was applied to streams in the
sense of voiceful, babbling, or prattling.

rjii Ar. IV.] Poetical and Fancy Names. 67

There are several small streams in various parts
of tlio country called Glashagloragli, the voiceful
or hahbling brook. One of these is in the parish
of Inch, three miles south of liorrisoleigh in Tip-
pcrjrry ; anotlicr joins the Arigidccn river, west of
Clonakilty in Cork ; there is still another near
Kenmare. The Avord is joined with sruthdn (a
little stream) in Sruhangloragh, in the parish of
Kilnoe in Clare ; and with sruthrdn (another form,
of sruthdn) in Sruhraungloragh Bridge, where the
road crosses a little tributary of the 13arrow a mile
south of Borris in Carlow — both these names mean-
ing voiceful streamlet. It might be expected that
a rugged ford, where streams spread widely, and
murmur and wind among the rocks and pebbles,
would bo often designated by this word gldrach ;
and we find this to be the case. In the parish of
Annagh in Mayo, south of the village of Bally-
haunis, is a townland called Ahgloragh ; there is
nnotlioi- townlnnd nenr Tuam, ol' tlu^ smno name,
and each was so called from a ford on the adjacent
strenm, tlio Irish form of the name being Ath-
g/orach, the babbling or purling ford. There is a
little hamlet called Gloryford, three miles west of
the village of Ballymoe in Galway, the name of
which has the same origin as the preceding, for it
is an attempted translation of Ath-glorach. One
mile to the west of Abbeyleix in Queen's Coimty,
we cross Glorecn Bridge ; the name — which is a
diminutive form — was originally applied to the
ford before the erection of the bridge, and has the
same meaning as the last. The word Gloragh
itself is the name of a townland three miles north-
west of the village of Sneem in Kerry, which was
evidently so called from a small stream flowing
southwards through the place into the Sneem river;
and there is a stream called Glory joining the

G8 Poetical and Fancy Namea. [chap. iv.

King's River near KcUs in Kilkonn)^ : these two
names signify "babbling river."

It seems very natural that names of rivers sbould
be occasionally formed from roots signifying to
speak. Silius Italicus, a lloman poet of the tirst
century of the Cliristian era, mentions a Gaulish
river named Labariis; and Zeuss, (piotiii^- this,
adds from certain mediioval charts, Jiab;ira, llio
ancient name of three small rivers, now called
Laber, falling into the Danube near lleginum, the
present Ratisbon. He suggests that these names
are derived either from hilar, spealdng (modern
Irish lahhair, speak; hihliairt, speaking); or fi-om
lahar, proud (Gram. Celt., p. 3, note**); but from
what is said in the present aiticlo, the former will
perhaps be considored ijiol'drable.*

According to the Irish annalists, three rivers
sprang forth in the reign of Fiacha-Lahhrainne,
one of the pre-Christian kings : — the Fleasc (now
the Flesk in Kerry), the Mang (now the Maine,
near the Flesk), and the Labrann, which must be
one of the rivers in the barony of Corkaguiny,
though the name is now obsolete (see O'Curry,
Lect. II., 82). This last name corresponds with
the old Gaulish names above-mentioned, and has
obviously the same origin.

The word lahhair, speak, is preserved in the name
of Cloghlowrish Bridge over a little stream falling
into tho Tay, two miles north-west from Strad-

* At tlic s.amo time it must be ol)sei-ved that rivers some-
tinioa get names meaning prontl. The little river that .flowa
into tlio aea throngii (jilengarrilV in Cork, is ealled LTallach,
thongh this name is not jireserved on the Ordnance maps.
Uaill signilies pride; Uallach, proud; and so well is this under-
stood that llie peasantry are now beginning to call tlie river
\>y the English name I'roudly. There are other rivers in Ire-
land now ealled Oolagh, which ia the same name anglicised.
I suppose rivers with such names are subject to sudden and
iinpotuous floods, aa tho QlengarrifF river ia.

ciiAr. IV.] roctical and Fancy Names. G9

bally in Waferford. But here the faculty of
speech is attributed to a stoue, not to a stream.
The name, which signifies the speaking stone
(Gaelic Chch-/ahhrais) is applied to a rock near
tlio bridge. According to a very vivid tradition
in the county Watcrford, this stone gave responses,
and decided causes in pagan times. Ijut on one
occasion a very wicked woman jjerjured herself in
its presence, and appealed to it to prove her truth-
fuhiess ; Avhereupon the stone was so shocked tliatit
split in two — broke its heart, in fact — with horror,
and never spoke again. There are other stones in
Ireland with this name, one of which has given
name to two townlands now called Clolourish, near
Enniscorthy in Wexford. The name of this stone
had, no doubt, a similar origin. There is a beau-
tiful hill near Swaidinbar, on the borders of Oavan
and Fermanagh, now called Binaghlon, whose
Gaelic name \^Bcann-EacJdahhra (Four M.) the jjeak
of tlie fip(>nl<iiig ho]B(i. JFere, according to l(>gcnd,
a great horse used to come forth from the moun-
tain, before the time of St. Patrick, and, speaking
in a human voice, projjhesy coming events to those
who consulted him.

In the Tripartite Life of St. Patrick, it is related
that when he came to Magh Slecht in the present
county of Cavan, to destroy the great idol Crom.
Cruach, he first caught sight of the idol from a
stream called Gnth-drd, which means loud voice ;
but the old writer is careful to explain that it got
this name because St. Patrick raised his voice on
seeing the idol. Wliether this ])c the true expla-
nation or not, it is curious that we have to this day
a townland (now divided into two) in the north of
Kerry, three or four miles east of Ballybunnion,
called by (his same name, in the modern form
Guhard. Whellier (bis name was oiigiiudly ap-

70 Poetical and Fancy Names, [ciiai'. iv.

plied to n strcuin I cannot say ; it is not unlikc^ly
that the place was so called on account of a remark-
able echo. According to the tradition of the
people, Goward, near Hilltown in Down, at the
base of the Mourue Mountains, took its name from
an echo — this being the same name as Guhard.
In connection with this itmay bo worth remarking
that there is a little stream in the parish of Wliite-
church in Waterford, live miles south-east of Cap-
poqnin, called the Roaring Water.

There is another Irish word, glebir [glorc], which
not unfrequently goes to form the names of rivers,
and as it is somewhat like (jloy in sound, the two
are liable to be confounded wluni tlioy become
anglicised. Qleoir means brightness or clearness.
The river Olcoir in Sligo is very often mentioned
in ohl records (Four M., Hy F., «.^c.). According
to O'Donovan (Hy F. 109), this is the river now
called the Leaffony, flowing into Killala Bay, five
miles north-east of the mouth of the Moy ; but
the old name is quite forgotten. There was also
a river Qleoir in the ancient district of Caaibuje,
the peninsxda between Carlingford and Dundallc.

This old name is retained, however, by oilier
streams in various parts of the country. There is
a river Glore near CastlepoUard in Westmeath,
rising in Lough Glore, and joining the Inny ;
anothea- near the village of Kiltamagh in Mayo ;
and near Glcnarm in Antrim is a townland called
Glore, which must have taken its name from a
stream (v. Tleeves : h]ccl. Ant. 3;}8). The name
of the townlandof Glear near Clones in IMonughan,
has a like origin, for it is written Oleeore in the
DoAvn Survey ; and its appearance, abounding in
sparkling waters, justifies the name.

There is still another word somewhat like this
last, namely gluair [gloor], meaning pure or clear;

CHAP. IV.] Poetical and Fancy Names. 71

from wliicli comes gluaire [glooria], purity, clear-
ness, briglitness ; but I suppose glooir and gluair
are radically the same. lu the Tripartite Life it
is stated that St. Patrick founded a church at a
place called Gluaire in the neighbourhood of the
present town of Larne (see Reeves : Eccl. Ant. 87,
note /.•). This word gives name to the two toAvn-
lands of Glooria near Lough Key in the north of
Roscommon, and to Glouria in the parish of Qaley
in the north of Kerry.

Before leaving this part of the subject, I must
direct attention to another way of designating the
sparkling briglitness of streams, by comparing it
with the brilliancy of silver : a comparison which
is extremely common, not only in modern poetry,
but in the language of everyday life. This was
the origin of the name of the Arigidcen, literally
"little silver" — the silvery little river — a consider-
able stream which flows into the sea at Courtmac-
sherry in tlie south of the county Cork (airgend^
silver; diminutive airgidhi). Near (/Mslloisland in
Kerry there is a small stream which dashes over
rocks, called Glasheenanargid, the little streamlet
(glaisin) of the silver.

In their observation of the beauties of nature,
the people did not pass unnoticed the singing of
birds. It woidd not be easy to find a prettier
name than CooUcellure, which is that of a place
near Dunmanway in Cork, signifying the recess
of the warbling of birds: — Cuil-ccilcahhair. The
word ceilcahhav [kellure], which enters into this
name, is now commonly applied to the singing,
chirping, or warbling of a bird : —

"Do bhel is binne
Na'71 chnacli air bile,
S'nd ceihnhhar coriii lutn runlaidh."

" Thy mouth which is sweeter than the cuckoo

72 Poetical and Fanci/ Naniea. [cii.M'. iv.

on ilio tree — sweeter <liini ilic; melodious warbling-
of tlie birds." JUit it originally signiiied tlie .same
as the Latin celehratio, wliicli tlie early ecclesias-
tical writers transferred into tlie Irish language.
Corinac ]\[ac Cullcnan (Oloss. 9tli cent.) mentions
the word, and derives it from celchro. It is pro-
baldo that tlio name Drumbinnis, wlu'cli wo lind
in Oavan, I'ermanagb, and Jjcitrim, and Drum-
binnisk in Fermanagh alone, have a similar
origin : — Bruim-binnis, the hill-ridge of melody
{binneas, melody).

The fragrance of the fields and flowers arrested
the attention, and drew forth the admiration of,
these observant people, as well as the visible bean-
ties of the landscape. And they expressed their
])(!rc(!|)iion and enjoyment of iJie jHirliinie of any
particular spot, fragrant from its abundance of
sweet-smelling herbs, by imposing names formed
from the word cumhra or cubhra [coora], which
signifies sweet-scented. The word is used in this
sense by Giolla losa Mor Mac Firbis in a, poem
written by him in the beginning of the tifteenth
century, when ho calls O'^fHrcfiad/ia's house
"Habitation of the sweet-scented branches" {Aifirb
na craeb cubraidi: see Hy F,, p. 205). Irish
Avriters were fond of using this term cracbh cumhra;
and in love songs it is often applied to a beautiful
young woman, as in the well known song, "Hois
(jeal dabh :" — "A chraebh chumhra a dubliairt liom
go raibh grcidh agud dom :" " 0, sweet-scented
branch, who hast told mo that thou didst love me."
There is a parish in Ijiraerick which, curiously
enough, has for name this very epithet, Cracbh-
cumhradh [Crave-coora], for so O'lleeren writes
thename, meaning sweet-scented branch, or branchy
tree — but it is now anglicised Crecora. A place
about three miles north-west from Eyrecourt in

CHAP. IV.] Poetical and Fancy Names, 73

Gahvay has a name like tliis : — Scecoor, i.e. in
Iiisli Sceach-cumhra, fragrant busb.

Clontycoora, the name of a townlaud in the
parish of Clccnish in rcrmauagh, is as suggestive
of fiokis (Icclccd with ennnncr flowcns as any name
of this chiss — C/i(aiiifc-('Uii>/irai(Ui, tlie odoriferous
chons or meadows ; so also is Aghacoora near the
village of Lixnaw in Kerry — sweet-scented field ;
and Clooncoorha, scented meadow, is the name of
a little hamlet three miles north of Kilrush in
Clare. At a.d. 1401 the Four Masters record that
Mac Ilannall, the chief of his race, was slain by
another chief of the same name at Drmm-cuhhra,
the f ragiant-sccnted ridge ; and the place, which
lies in the parish of Kiltoghert in Leitrim, stLll
retains the name in the form of Drumcoora. There
is another place of the same name near Mohill in the
same county. Wc have also Tidlycoora near
Castlcblayney in Monaghan {Tully, a hill); and
the old church that gave name to Kilcoorha in the
parish of Killecdy in Limerick, Avas probably sur-
rounded with sweet- smelling bushes — most likely
hawthorn — when it got the name. Five miles
north-east from Birr in King's Coimty, is a con-
siderable lake called Lough Coura — which, no
doubt, was so called from the perfume of the
flowery herbage on its shores.

What a curious and pretty name — pretty at least
in iis meaning — is ]\luggalnagrow, in the parish
of Inishmacsaint in Fermanagh ; mogul, a cluster;
cno, a nnt; Mognl-na-gcno, cluster of nuts (w
changed to r ; 1st Vol., Part I., c. ni.). Just out-
side {Sybil Point, west of Dingle in Kerry, there
is a rock rising from the sea, called Maheraneig ;
i.e. in Irish Mathair-an-fhiaig, the raven's mother
(fuH'h, a raven) ; and it got this name, I suppose,
as being larger and more imposing in appearance

74 Poetical and Fancy Names, [ctiap. tv.

(lian another sea rock in its vicinitj^ called the
liaven. Anunig- the innuiueraLlo inlets roinul
Lettermore island in Conneniara, there is one at
the townland of Bealadangan, which at its open-
ing is exposed to all the violence of the tempests
that sweep over that desolate coast. A stormy
and inhospitahle shore was never more graphically
pictdred than in the name ol' that IKile inlet: —
Crompannvealduark : cronipun, ii small sea-inlet;
hel, mouth ; duairc, frowning or surly ; — the little
creek of the surly mouth. Among the many
streams that flow into Killary Bay from the north
or Mayo side, there is one just opposite Leenane,
called Sndiami-more-ard (the large high stream-
let), which tumhles over a rocky precipice into the
dark depths below ; and anyone Avho understands
a little of the Irish language can form a fair idea
of the gloomy and dangerous character of this
waterfall even without seeing it, for the name is
enough: — Skirra-go-hiffiru, slipping to hell.

CHAPTER V.

DISEASES AND CURES.

Our native literature affords sufiicient proof (hat
the science of medicine was carefully cultivated
in anci(!nt Ireland. For we have in our museums
several medical manuscripts containing elaborate
treatises on the various tjqies of diseases known in
the times of the writers, with minute descriptions
of symptoms, and carefully detailed directions on
the methods of treatment. The ofiice of physician

nuAr. v.] Diseases and Cures. 76

was liereditury, like many other offices in tliis
coimtry ; and these manuscripts were compiled by
the several leech families, and handed down from
father to son, each adding to the volume the most
recent discoveries in the science, or the result of
liis own (^xp(M-ienco.

Several great physicians are celebrated -in the
pagan records of the country ; and many legends
are extant which show that they were believed
to possess powers of cure bordering on the mira-
culous. The most celebrated of all was Dianceehf,
tlie physician of the IJcdannans. When this race
invaded Ireland they found it already in possession
of the Firho/gs ; and a battle was fought between
the two armies on the plain of Moytura, near
Cong in the county Mayo, in the year of the
world 3303, in which the Firho/gs were defeated,
and their king, Foc/ij/, slain. The ancient account
of this battle states tliat Nuada, the king of the
Deda)i)ia)is, had his ai-m lopped off with a blow
ol' !i lieiivy Hwovd, by Sirng, one op the Firho/g
warriors. Crednr, the king's artificer, fashioned
nn aim of silver; and DiancrcJif fixed it on by his
surgiciil skill, while liis son, 31iach, endued it with
life and motion, so tliat the king was able to use
it like the hand and arm he had lost ; and he was
ever after known by the name of Nuada of the
silver hand.

The second battle of Moytnra was fought twenty-
seven yenrs after, by the Dedaimans against
the Fomorians, in which the former were again
victorious ; but their king, Nuada of the silver
hand, was slain by the great Fomorian chief-
tain, Balor of the mighty blows. In this battle
also, the wonderful medical skill of Diancecht
was brought into play ; for with the aid of his
daughter and his two sons, he prepared a medicinal

76 Diseases and Cures. [chap, v.

bath in tlie rear of (lie army, and endued it with
sucli sanative virtue, that the wounded warriora
who retired and phmged into it, came out restored
to strength, "smooth and wholefrom their v\ounds."
The batli derived its healiuf^ qualities from herbs
which were gathered by Diancccht chielly in a
district situated wvnv liirr in the ])resont King's
(Jonnty, which, because it produ(;cd these medicinal
herbs in such abimdance, was called Lusmagh, the
plain of the herbs {his, an herb ; ma(jh, a plain),
a name which it retains to this day.

We read also in the Tain ho Chaaihxje, of a
warrior named CeUwi-n who was desperately
wounded, aiul who Avas cured by {]\o physician
Fingin, by means of a bath medicated ^vith the
uuirrow of a great number of cows (O'Curry,
Jicct,., II., 101).

If we are inclined to laugh at the simple people
who believed in those marvellous cures, let us not
forget that they Avere in no degree more credulous
than myriads of our own day, who are caught by
quack advertisements, and who believe in cures
quite as wonderful as those performed by Diancccht.

The frequent notices of physicians in Irish
writings, the great consideration in which they
were held, and the numerous regulations regarding
them found in the Brehon Laws, show that medicine
was a well-recognised profession from the most
remote periods of history. After the introduction
of Christianity we find no mention of any particular
physician, so far as I am aware, till a.d. 8()0, in
which year the lA)ur IMasters and i]w Au\u\h ol'
Ulster record the death of " ]\Luylohar O'Tiunri,
the most learned physician of Ireland." h'rom
this time forward we have information — increasing
as we advance — regarding medicid science and its
professors. Each of the great Irish families had

CHAP, v.] Diseases and Cures. 77

attaolicd to it a physician whose office was here-
ditary, and who usually held a tract of land in
return for service. These physicians ranked with
the judges and poets ; many of them resided in
slately castles, and lived in fact altogether like
princes.

Among these may he mentioned the O'Cassidys,
who were physicians to the Maguires of Fermanagh,
of whom several individual practitioners of great
eminence arc commemorated in the annals. This
family possessed a tract in the county Fermanagh,
which retains their name to this day — Farran-
cassidy, the land of the O'Cassidys. The O' Sheila
were anolhcr very distinguished family of physi-
cians, who were attached to the Mac Coghlans of
Delvin in the King's County, and to the Mac
Mahons of Oriel ; and their medical manuscript —
" The Book of the O'Sheils " — is now in the Royal
Irish Academy. This family possessed the lands
ol' nallyslKMl near the village of Cloglian in King's
Coiinly — (ho town ol' O'iSIkmI. Tliero aio oilier
places of the same name in the counties of Down
and Armagh.

The very names of some of these families indicate
their profession. O'Lee (the name is now always
written Lee) was physician to the O'Flahertys of
west Connaught ; and tlie book belonging to this
family is also preserved in the library of the Royal
Irish Academy. The Irish form of the name is
(/Lini(//i, which means the descendant of the liaf/h
[leea], i. e. of the kcch or physician. So also
O'llickey : the O'llickeys were long celebrated as
phj^sicians, and different branches of the family
were attached to the O'Briens and other great
southern families. This name is in Irish O'hicid/ie,
which sign i lies the descendant of the healer, from
the root ic to heal {ic, salus, Zeuss, 49).

78 Diseases and Cures. [chap. v.

Tlio two ancestors from wliom these families
respectively took their names must have sprung
into sudden celebrity on account of their skill in
medicine ; so much so that their usual names were
changed to Icid/ie [eeky], the healer, and L'uujh
[leea], the physician ; and their profession was
transuiitted from father to son for hundreds of
years, till it iinally died out in times comparatively
recent — a good example of the extraordinary
tenacity with which the several families clung
to hereditary offices in Ireland.

It is almost unnecessary to observe that it is not
my object to give here a history of disease in Ire-
land, but only to illustrate by a few remarks those
local names that preserve in their etymology a
memory of disease either general or spe(;ial.

l*la(jue. We have in Irisli several words to do-
note a plague in general. The most usual term in
use in Pagan times was tamlt. [thauv], of which I
have already treated (see Talhight, First Volume).
Anotherword in use wSLsteidhm [thame], which how-
ever I do not find reproduced in names. In
Christian times the word plaUjh [plaw] —a mere
adaptation of the Latin plaga — came into general
use to denote any great pestilence or violent
epidemic. This word enters into the formation of
several names; and when we find a place with such a
name we may draw the conclusion either that it was
at some time long past depopulated by one of those
dreadful pestilential visitations which are so fre-
quently recorded in our annals, and which, as it
swei)t over the country, concentrated its virulence
on that particular spot ; or that the place was
selected, during the prevalence of the mortality, as
an asylum for the sick ; and probably, in some
instances names of this land mark the spots where
the vict'ma of some sort of plngue were interred in

[chap, v.] Diseases and Cures, 79

one great sepulchre (see Tallaght, First Volume),
Just by the chapel of Shanbally near Monkstown
below Cork, there is a large rock with some ancient
remains on its top ; it is called on the Ordnance
map Carrigaplau, representing the Irish Carmiff-a'-
phlaiijh, the rock of the i)lague ; but the popular
anglicised name is Carrigafly, which is more
correct, the p being aspirated as it ought. There
is a place near Clonmel called Templeaplau — the
plague cliurch ; in the parish of Donaghmore in
Cork we have Commeenaplau [Gommeen, a little
coom, or valley) ; and three miles north-west from
Shrulo in J\Inyo, is a place called Knockauaplawy
the little hill of the plague.

Lcproay. In our native records there is abundant
evidence to prove that some form of leprosy existed
in Ireland from a very early date. It would seem
to have been a recognised disease in the time of St.
Patrick ; for we are told in one of his Lives, that
at one time lie niiiintaincd a leper in his house, and
ministered to him with his own hands. After his
time our literature, especially that portion devoted
to the Lives and Acts of the Irish saints, abounds
with notices of the disease ; and even some of the
early saints themselves are believed to have been
afflicted with it, as for instance St. Finan, the
foimder of the monastery of Innisfallen at Killar-
ney, in the seventh century, who was surnamed
lohur or the leper, because, as is commonly believed,
ho was for thirty years alllictcd with some cutaneous
disease.

There are several notices of individual deaths by
leprosy in the aimals, and on more occasions than
one it broke out in the form of an epidemic, and
carried off great mmibers of people. From the
time of St. Til I n'ck (ill 1 he 17th century, the country
appears never to have been free from it. Boato

80 Discdf^cs and Ciors. [oiiai'. v.

slates tlint in his time (1645) it liad di.saijpoavcd ;
but says that formerly it was very common, ami
he attributes its prevalence to the practice of eating
salmon out of season.

So general was the disease in former times, that
leper hospitals were establised in various parts of
Ireland, many of them in connexion with monastic
institutions; for example at Dublin, Waterford,
Wexford, &g. ; and Boate states that they were
specially nxmierous in Munster, where the disease
was very prevalent. This last statement appears
to receive some confirmation from the epithet
applied in the Book of Bights (p. 49) to Slieve
Lougher near Castleisland in Kerry, namely Litn-
chair na luhhair, Lougher of the lepers ; which
wo\dd also go to show that tliis characteristic, as
regards at least a part of ]\l mister, was ol'long
standing. We find recorded in the " Monasticon
Ilibernicum " that a hospital for lepers was
founded in 1467 at the village of Hospital in
Limerick, and another at Dungannon, the former of
which still retains the name. The names of Spittle,
Spiddle, and Spital, Avhich are only shortened
forms of Hospital, are very common in various
parts of Ireland; and they mark the sites of
hospitals of some kind, some of them no doubt
leper hospitals.

There are several terms in Irish for cutaneous
diseases of the nature of leprosy. Of these sa)nh-
thrusG [sauvrusk] is applied to a great epidemic
which broke out in the middle of the sixth century,
which is understood to have been a sort of mango,
or scaly leprosy. Clamh [clauv] is another word
in common \isc for some form of the same disease,
as well as for a person alllicted with it ; and avo
have this commemorated in Drumclamph near
Ardstraw in Tyrone, the ridge of the lepers. But

CHAP, v.] Diseases and Cures. 8l

it is with the Avord lohhar [lower] we have chiefly
to do here. It is generally believed that this is
merely the Latin word kin-a borrowed by the Irish.
But lobar is used in the oldest Irish writings in
the sense of infirm us, and is not confined in its
application to leprosy ; it occurs, for instance, many
times in the MSS. quoted by Zeuss (8th cent.) in
the old form lohor, and always glosses infirmus or
dchilis. In the Book of Leinster and also in the
Book of Lismore, the expression " na lohor ociis na
clam " occurs, and in both cases, Dr. Reeves trans-
lates claw by " lepers " and lohor by " sick," which
latter exactly corresponds with the infirmns and
drhilis of (ho ancient glossographcr (Reeves on the
Culdees, Trans. R.I.A., Vol. XXIV., p. 19G).
From this it would appear that lohor is not borrowed
from lepra, but is merely cognate with it. If we
bear in mind the sense in which this word was used
in old Irish, it will not perhaps be necessary to
believe that those early saints — of whom there
woro Kov(M'jil — who arc surnamcd loh/iar, were
afllicted with leprosy ; but that they were simply
infirmus or feeble in health.

In whatever sense lohhar may have been used,
however, in very early ages, in later times it came
to be applied, not in a general manner to a person
infirm or sick, but in a special sense to one aiflicted
with leprosy. And in this sense it is fomid in the
local nomenclature of the coimtry, Avhich thus
corrobornfos the accounts preserved in the national
records, of the former prevalence of the disease.
The usual anglicised forms of the word is lour,
lower, loura, and lure (this last representing the
Irish modified form luhhar, which very often
occurs) ; and I suppose that wherever we
find a name containing this word, we may
generally infer that some kind of hospital or

VOL. II. 7

82 Diseases and Cures. [chap, v.

usyluin for lepers was I'oinierly establislicd (liere.
Such a place is Knockaimaloiir in the parish of
Ardnagcchy, south of the Naglcs INloiiutains in
Cork — Cnocdn-ua-lobhar, the little hill of the
lepers ; and Knocknalower, which has a similar
iiKuiuing', is the name of it suiiill hill wilh a fcsw
houses at its base, in the midst of a moory tract,
east of BelmuUet in Mayo. There are places in
Cork, Tipperary, and Galway, called Gortnalour,
Gortnalower, and Gortnaloura, the field of the
lepers ; and in Ivathnalour in the parish of New-
chapel near Clonmel, the diseased must have been
sholtered within the ench)suri! of the old fort.
About five miles north of Corrolin in Clare, there
is a ])laco called Poidiialour, the lepcirs' pool or hole,
which was probably so called from a pool sup[)osed
to possess some virtue in curing lepers who washed
themselves in it. Balljaialour, the town of the
lepers, is a townland near St. MuUins in CarloAv ;
and this was the original name of Leperstown
between Dublin and Bray, which is now corruptly
called Leopardstown.

But no doubt, several of the places with names
of this kind were so called because i)ersons alliicted
with leprosy resided in, or had them in possession ;
and this may be presumed to have been i\\e case
when the name commemorates only a single leper.
There is a place near Kanturk in Cork, called
Dromalour, and another in Cavan, half wwy between
liutler's Bridge and ]}eltuvbet, called l)rumalur(>,
both ixo\i\ Druhn-a^ -lohhair , the riilge of the le])er ;
Cloonalour, near Tralee, the leper's meadow.
There is a place in the jxirish of Cloonogliil in
Sligo, called Flowerhill, which is a strange trans-
foj'mation of the proper Irish name, Knockalower,
hill of the leper. This change, which was made
by translating cnoc to hill, and by turning lohltair

CHAP, v.] Diseases and Cures. 83

(lour) to fower, totally hides the meaning. It is
to be observed that the fact of lohJiar being singular
in a name does not exclude the supposition of a
leper hosj)ital.

Jaundice. Those who are afflicted with jaundice
may be restored to health and colour by drinking
the water of Toberboyoga (avcU of the jaundice)
near Kells inMeath: — huidhcog [boyoge], jaundice.
Wells of this kind are sometimes called Bmdheachdn
[Boynglian], a term which, like huidheocj, is a
diminiitivo from hnidhe [bo3'^], yellow ; and one of
these wells has given name to the townland of
Boyaghan near Irvinestown in Fermanagh. But I
must observe that some of them may have been so
called from the yellow colour of the clay or mud.
Gortnasoolboy in the parish of Cam in Roscommon,
would seem \o be connected in some way with this
disease, as its most exi)ressive name appears to
indicate — tho field of tlie yellow eyes (.s/^/7, eye).
Another name of exactly the same kind is applied
to a fort, and also to a townland, in the parish of
Ardcrony, three miles south of IJorrisokano in
Tipperary — Lisnasoolmoy, the fort of ilie yellow
eyes. Here the h of hiddhe or hoy is eclipsed by m
as it ouglit to bo ; but I cannot imagine why the
fort got this name.

Warts. If a person's hands are disfigured bj
warls, lie bits genoiiilly not fjir to trav(^l to lind ii,
well, ill whicb if lie wash tliom diiy after Any for
some time, the warts will disappear. Sometimes
the rain-water that collects in the hollows of certain
monumental stones, such as crosses, tombs, &c. —
and occasionally in rocks of any kind — is believed
to possess this virtue. Two miles west of Macroom
in (Jork, near the soutli bank of the river Sidlane,
and in the townland of Inchibrackane, is a holy
well called Tobcrnawanny, which is the pronmi-

84 Diseases and Cures. [chap. v.

ciatiou of 2hhat'-na-l)///aii/itiiclhe, the well of tlic
warts: — -faithnidh [fuuiiy], a wart. TLere is
another well of the same name in the townland of
Derrygarriv, two miles south of Ivenmare ; and
still another — Tohernavaunia, in (he parish of
Kilcummin in Galway. Fahnia lake, a small pool
three miles north-east of the town of ]^onegal,
must have been believed to possess some virtue of
this kind, for the name is the English represen-
tative of the Irish Loch-na-hhfaithnidhe [Lough
Navaunee], the lake of the warts.

Well Cures. The memory of diseases is preserved
more generally in connection with wells than with
any other physical t'eaturo. Vov wells were very
often dedicated to the early saints, after whoso
death they (jontinucd to be held in rovereiicci for
ages by the people; and nmny of Iheni wi'i'e
believed to possess the power of curing diseases.
Jocelin records the legend that St. Patrick caused
a well to spring miraculously from the eartli in tlio
neighbourhood of Saul near Downpatrick, and this
well was called 8ldn [slawn] ; but the Ultonians,
we are told, filled it up on account of the annoyance
they suffered from the great crowds that frequented
it. For it was believed to possess wonderful
efficacy ; and the old scholiast, in explaining the
name sliui by sanus or health-giving, adds that it
was called shin because all who came to it returned
from it whole and sound.

A reverence for wells, and a popular belief in
their sanativo virtues, existed among the Pagiiii
j)opula(ion of the country before thelifth century ;
for we find it recorded in one of tlie earliest narru-
tives of the Life of St. Patrick, that he came on a
certain occasion to a well, culled Sldii, which the
dniids worshipped as a god ; and other passages
might be cited to the same effect.

CHAP, v.] Diseases and Cures. 85

This yvord sldn, wWcli we have seen was a name
for certain fountains in pagan times and was
adopted also by the early Christians, continued in
use after the spread of Cliristianity as a kind of
gcnei'ic term for holy wells ; and we have many
cxnmples of wells so called — all in the same sense —
indicating the prevalence of a belief in their heal-
ing qualities. It must be remarked that sldn,
healthy, and the derivative sldmte [slaimtia] health,
are living words in common use at the present day.
TJicro is a Tobcrslnno — the well of health or tlio
lioiding Avcll — which gives name to a townland in
ilie ])nrish of Killca a little south-west of the city
of i)crry ; there is anotlier well now called Tober-
slaun in the townland of Balleeghan near Lough
Swilly in Donegal, which O'Donovan believes, and
■with good reason, to be the same well mentioned
in the Four Masters at 1557, by the name of
Cahliavthach [Cowrha], which has much the same
monning as .sAf», viz., helping. Toberslauntia —
well of health — is the name of a well in the town-
hind of Knightswood, two miles south-west of the
village of Multyfarnhnm in Wcstmeath ; and there
is a small circidar lake called Lough Slaun near
the east margin of Lough Ree, south of Lanesboro.

The word sldn enters also into other names.
There is an old fort in the parish of St. John's in
Roscommon, which would appear by its name to
have been used at one time as a Icind of sanatorium :
— Lisaslaun, the fort of the sick people {cas, a
negative particle ; casldn, a sick person). The
common planlain or rib-grass is called in Irish
shin Jus, heal-herb ; from which again the townland
of Muingatlaunlush in the parish of O'Brennan,
nbout six milesnorth-cast of Tralce, has its name -.-^
Mi(ing-a'-tskinliiis, the muing or sedgy place of thi
rib- grass.

86 Discasi's and Cures. [chat. v.

Wliilo g-reat imin])er8 of wells arc, like tho
preceding, celebrated for curing all sorl s oi' diseases,
many, on the other hand, were resorted to for par-
ticular disorders ; and the names of not a few attest
this npecialify. We may with great probability
conclude that wells of this kind very of ten derived
their reputation from being dedicated to patrons
who were noted for curing special diseases. As a
good example of a special reputation of this kind,
I will instance a curious legend in the life of one
of our most celebrated early saints.

Aedh mac Brio {Aedh or Hugh the son of Bree),
bishop, was the tutelar saint of the Kinelea, that
is, of the people who inhabited the territory now
represented by the barony of Moycashel, in West-
meath. He was one of the tribe himself, his father,
Jlrce, being descended in the fourth generulion
iVom Niall of the JMine Hostages; he was born early
in the sixth century, and he died in the year 589.
The chief of a district in his native territory
presented him with one of the native circular forts
to be turned to Christian uses; and the saint
erected a church within its fosses ; whence, accord-
ing to his Life, the place came to be called Itath-
Acd/ia, Castelhim Aidi, i.e. Aedh's or Hugh's fort,
now anglicised Rahugh, the name of the parish in
which he is still venerated. And the old fort still
remains there. This saint is reverenced in several
other places. With that taste for extreme and
impressive solitude so prevalent among the early
ecclesiastics, he built a little oratory, whose ruins
are still to bo seen, on the top of Slieve League in
Donegal, where he is now called bishop Hugh
Breaky ; and near it is his holy well, where there
were stations within the last two or three
generations.

It is related in his Life that a man once came

CiiAT. V.J Diseases and Cures. 87

to him who was afllicted with a violent headache,
and bofyged the saint to pray for him. The bishop
said, " 1 cannot cure you in any way except by
causing the pain to pass from you to me ; but you
Avill have a great reward if you bear it patiently."
The man porsistcd, stating that the pain was more
iJiaii lie could bear; Avhcrcupon the bishop prayed,
and the sufferer was immediately relieved, but the
pain was transferred to the head of the holy man.
Ilence it came to pass, as the legend goes on to
say, that persons were in the habit of invoking
this saint's name for a pain in the head. The
great antiquity of this custom is proved, and very
curidusly illustrated, by the following short poem
published by INlono, archive director of Carlsruhe,
from a manuscript preserved in the monastery of
Reichenau on an island in Lake Constance : —

0 rex, o rector rcgniinis,
o cnlfcor coeli carminis
o persecutor murmoris
o (lens alti agmiiiia.

■I* Alio -l- pator
Atdo sanctus mcc/t Brichhemhn\a,
posco pnro precamina,
ut rcfrigerat flumiua
mei capitis calida.

Curat caput cum renibua

•1' cerobro
meis, atque talibus,

cum oculig et genibus,
cum auribus et naribus.

■1- norvib\i8
Ouin incliti.s cuntibug,
cum fistulis soiiaiitibu3
cum lingua atque dentibus,
cum lachry marum fontibus.

Sanctus Aid altua adjuvat,
meum caput ut liberat,
ut boc totum peiseverat
sanum atque vigilat.

This poem (the Latin of M^hich is very barbarous,
as Dr. lieevcs remarks) was wrilten in the eighth
century by an Irishman, one of those good men
who in early ages exiled themselves from home to
liclp to spread the Faiih, and it will be perceived
thai it is a form of prayer to obtain relief from a
headaclio. We may assume that the writer merely
transcribed it, and that its com])Osition may bo

88 LiM-ases and Cures. [chap. v.

rcforred to u still earlior (Into. Mono, who luul not
access to Irish hagiological autliorities, conjectured
that the person whose intercession is invoked was
Acdh or Moguo, first bishop of Ferns ; but Dr.
Reeves at once recognised him as Aedh mac Brie.

J)y Reeves concludes the paper from which the
preceding account has been taken,* with the follow-
ing appropriate remark: — "The little composition
which forms the leading subject of the paper,
possesses no literary merits, but it is a well-defined
trace of that early religious emigration which com-
menced in the sixth century, and waxed more and
more vigorous till it attained its height in the
ninth, taldng with it not "only the language and
literature of the Scoti, but also their legendary
associations, which they cbuig to in forcn'gn climes;
and not only so, but left them on record in manu-
scripts which have weathered a thousand years,
and are now beginning, through German industry,
to be reflected on the mother country, where they
find their counterparts, after a separation of so
many centuries."

The counterpart of this little poem is the account
quoted at p. 86 from the Life of the saint. But
there is another, and if possible a more interesting
one, in the fact that Hugh mac Brie is still invoked
for a headache. Near the ruins of the old monas-
tery of Rahugh was bishop Hugh's holy well,
but it is now, I regret to say, closed up, though it
would be easy to restore it ; and in the same place
is a largo stone, still called bishop Hugh's stone —
for according to local tradition, the saint was ac-
customed to pray on it — to which the people of
the surrounding districts have been, time out of
mind, in the habit of resorting for the relief of

* On the Hymnus Sancti Aidi, by the Rev. W. Reeves, D.D.
Proo. R.I.A., VII., 91.

CHAP, v.] Diseases and Cures. 89

headache.* So that the custom, which probably
began soon after the saint's death, has lived on
without interruption for more than twelve hundred
years.

Wells that wore famed for curing sore eyes were
often called Tobersool and Tobernasool, the well
of the eyes {suil, the eye) ; there is a Tobersool
for instance in the parish of Balscaddan in the
north of the county Dublin, near Balbriggan; one
called Tobernasool in the parish of Rathlogan, near
Johnstown in Kilkenny ; and another of tlio snme
name, one mile north-east of Ijisbellaw in Fer-
managh, from which the adjacent lake has got
tlio name of Jjoiigh Eyes. Of the same cliaracter
must be Loughannasool two miles east of Elphin in
Roscommon, Loughannasool, in the parish of Cloony-
gormican, same county, and Loughnasool, near the
north end of Lough Arrow in Sligo, all signif^dng
the lake of tlie eyes. Sometimes these wells are
called Tobcrkcagh, blind well {caech, blind) ; but
this term is often also applied to a well which
sometimes dries up, without any reference to eye-
cure : it is blind when there is no water in it.
There is a place called Blindwell in the parish of
Kilconla in Gal way, six miles north-west of Tuam ;
OTul a stream called Owenkeagh, blind river, joins
the Arigideen above Timoleague in Cork.

When children are wasting away in a decline
iliey are bathed in the little lake called Lough-
aneeg, three miles south of Elphin in Roscom-
mon : — cug, death, but applied here to a slow,
wasting disease ; Loughaneeg, the lake of the
decline. The general restorative qualities of
Toberanleise, near the river Barrow, in the town-
land of Dunganstown, parish of Whitechurch,

* See the Rev. A. Cogan's " Diocese of Mea^h," II. 522,

90 Offices and Trades. [chap. vi.

"Wexford, is indicated by its name — Tobar-an-
kif/Iiis, tlio well of tlio euro {liagli, u j)liy«Ici!iu —
kitjlteas, cure). Tlie little lake of Loiiglianleagli,
three miles east of liailieboro in Cavau, lias been
celebrated from time innnemorial for curing- all
Iciuds of cutaneous diseases : let tlio eruption bo
ever so virultnit, the patient who was bathed in
this little pool and af terwai'ds troatiul with poultices
of the mud, was sure to show u chuiu white skin in ti
very few days. A good many years ago, mifortun-
ately for the people of the neighbourhood, a gen-
tleman who had a pack of mangy hounds swam
them in the water, which so offended the local
guardian that the lake immediately lost its virtue,
and has never since regained it. But still the
name remains, to tantalise the people with the
memory of what they have lost — Loch-an-liaciha,
physician lake. There are many small lakes called
Loughanlea in various parts of the country, but it
is pretty certain that in these cases the name means
merely grey lake.*

CHAPTER VI.

OFFICES AND TRADES.

Immediately after the time of St. Patrick, Chris-
tianity spread rapidly in Ireland ; religious bodies
sprang- up in all directions ; and tho country bo-

* For a considerable part of the information in this chapter
regarding diseases in Ireland, I am indebted to the Introduction
to the "Table of Deaths" in the Census of 1851, by Sir William
R. Wilde.

CHAP. VI.] Offices and Trades. 91

came covered with a vast niunber of ecclesiastical
institutions of every kind. From Britain and the
Continent great numbers came hither to spend
their lives in study and peaceful retirement ; and
in every part of h^uropo Irish missionaries were tO
ho loiind wlu) liiid volimdirily left tlioirnaiivo land
to ])rcac]i the (Jospcl: so tliat Ireland came to bo
Icnown by the name of IiisiiJa Sanctorum, the Island
of Saints. As one consequence of this, we find
that the Irish terms by which the various orders
of ecclesiastics are designated, are intimately inter-
woven with the locnl nomenclature of the country.
Names formed in tliis way often mark the sites of
monasteries, nunneries, or churches — many of them
now oblif crated; or they indicate places where
ecclesiastics lived, or land which was once the pro-
perty of neighbouring religious institutions.

Clergy. Clerech signifies a clergyman without
any reference to rank ; and like the I^nglish term
clergy, it is a loan word from tlie Latin clericus.
Two of its most common anglicised forms are seen
in Farrnncleary, the name of a place near Cork
city, the land of the clerg^inan ; and in BaUyna-
gleragh, tlio name of several places in Clare, Tip-
perary, and AVaterford, the town of the clergy.
In this last the c is eclipsed by g, and also in
CarroAvnagleragh in Roscommon and SHgo, the
quarter-land of the clergy.

Bishopsi. The word episcopus was borrowed early
from Ijiitin into Irisli, and in tlio okl language it
took 1 lie I'onn cjm'op ; but this lias been changed
by motalhesis to the modern form caspog or easpoc,
which is now the word in universal use for a
bishop. When this term occurs in names, it is
almost always easy of recognition, as the following
examples will show: — Monaspick, the name of a
towuland near Blessiugton iu Wicklow, signifies

92 Offices and Trades, [chap, vi.

bishop's bog; TulHiiospick, in llio parish of Bright
in DoAvn, the tulach or hill of the bishop. In a
very few cases the word is disguised, as in Kil-
laspy in the parish of Dunlcitt in Kilkenny, which
is written in certain old documents, Killaspucko,
meaning the bishop's churcih.

Canons. Oananach, whieli is an adapialion of
the Latin cano)iious, signifies a canon, a church
dignitary. It is pretty common in local names,
and the first c is usually changed to </ by eclipse.
There is a towuland near Letterkenny, which in old
times formed part of the termon lands of the monas-
tery of Kilmacrenan; and this circumstance is still
connnemorated in the name Carrowuaganonagh,
OYmlvis]iCcath-ramItadh-na-gcananach,t\ioq\\aviev-
land of the canons. In the great expansion of (lie
tShannou south of Clare, there is an island now
called Canon Island in English, but always by the
people speaking Irish Oilean-na-gcananach, the
island of the canons. There was a monastery for
Augustinian canons founded on this island by
Donald O'l^rien, king of Limerick, the extensive
ruins of which can be very plainly seen from the
steamer as it passes the island.

Priests. Sagart, or in its old form, sacart, a
priest, is merely the Latin sacerdos, borrowed at
the very dawn of Christianity in Ireland. It is
very common in local names, and like the last, is
easily Icnown ; for it usually assumes the form
saggart, or with the s ecH])sed by t, taggart or tcg-
gai-f. Tlioso ioi'ms arc exliibitiul in Kylennsaggart
in the parish of Ballycallen, near the city of Kil-
kenny, Coill-na-sagart, the wood of the priests ;
and in Carricka taggart near Killy begs in Donegal,
Carraig-a' -tsagairt, the priest's rock. Taggarts-
land in the parish of Donegore in Antrim, shows
the t preserved after the article had dropped off,

CHAP. VI. J Offices and Trridcs, 03

tlie Irish name being obviously Fcarann-a'-tsar/airf,
i.e. priest-land. There is a range of hills near the
village of Ballyvoiirney in Cork, called Dcrryna-
saggart, the derr// or oak-wood of the priests. In
a iW cases iho .s is as])iratcd, and then the form
assumed by tlio word is generally such as is scon
in Drmnhaggart in the parish of Burt in Donegal,
Druim-shagairt, the priest's ridge.

Another word for a priest, but much more rare
than sagart, is cruiiulitlier [criffer, cruffer]. Ac-
cording to Cormac Mac Cullenan (Glossary ; 9th
cent.), the Irish borrowed this word from tlie
Welsh, and the latter from the Latin : he states
thai prcshi/fc)' is the original, Avhich the Welsh
ecclesiastics who were in attendance on St. Patrick,
changed to premier ; and the Irish borrowing this,
altered it to cruimtJwr, for " prem in the Welsh is
crui»i in the Gaelic." In some of onr oldest
records, we find this word cruimthcr applied to
several eminent ecclesiastics, such as Critimiher
Aedh, Crii/>!if/ier Co/inii, &c.

A very correct anglicised form of the word is
exhibiled in ClooncrnlTer in the parish of Ardcarn,
in the north of Roscommon, the c/ooii or meadow
of the priest ; and a less correct in the name of a
far more important place, Kilcrumper, a parish
near Fermoy in Cork, taking its name from a cele-
brated old church which is frequently mentioned
in the Book of Lismorc, and called Cill-cndmthir,
the church of the priest. In Kilcumreragli, the
name of a parish in the south of Westnieuth,
the word is so much disguised by corruption as to
be unrecognisable. Mr. Ilennessy writes to me to
say that this name is always written in old Inqui-
sitions, Kilcrumrcragh ; and that in the Down
8ur\ey it is in one place Killcrumraghragh, iuid in
another Killcrumreaghragh ; all of which point

94 Offices and Trades. [chap. vi.

plainly to Cill-Cruimthir-Fhiachrach, the churcli of
Priest Fiachra.

Abbots. Ab or abb signifies an abbot, and is in
constant use in Irish writings. It is merely the
Latin word abbas, but it was borrowed early, for
it is found in the oldest Irish docunieiils, as for
instance in the manuscripts quoted by Zeuss. It
sometimes takes the form of ap. Its usual geni-
tive is abadh or apadh [abba, appa], and this is the
form generally commemorated in local names.
Thi'ee miles from the town of Wicklow, near the
entrance to the Devil's Glen, is a well-lcnoAvn place
called Inchanappa, the incJi, or river-island ot" the
abbot, the hielt, being the rich meadow beside the
Yaitry. Mearly (he Himio lorni t»l' the word is
found in JCiluappy in the parish of I'augliaiivah^
in Derry, the wood of the abbot ; while it is short-
ened to one syllable in Ballinab in the parish of
Mothel in Waterford, the abbot's bally or town-
land ; and in Portanab, near Kildalkey in Meath,
the bank or landing-place of the abbot.

Monks. The common Irish word for a monk is
manach, which is only an adaptation of monacJms,
from which the English word ^/^o;?/.: is also derived.
Managh, one of its English forms, is also the usual
anglicised representative of nicadJionach, middle ;
and in individual cases the inquirer should be on
his guard not to mistake one of these Irish words
for the otlier. If managh be preceded by na, the -
genitive plural of tlio article, it nuiy bo taken to
mean moidcs, otherwise it very ol'((>n .stands I'or
middle. Thus Knocknamanagh in Cork and
Qalway is Cuoc-na-tnanavli, tlu; hill of the monks;
while Knockmanagh in Cork, Kerry, and IMayo,
is Cnoc-meadhonach, middle hill. When the an-
glicised word ends in y the meaning is seldom
doubtful, as in the case of Farranmanny near

CHAP. VI.] Offices and Trades, 95

Moate, in Westraeath, the same as Farranmanagli
near Milltowu in Kerry, and Farrannamanagh
near Cloyne in Cork, the monks' land.

Kilnaniannoh, which is the name of several
places, generally represents the Irish Cill-na-
manach, the church of the monks ; but sometimes,
as in the case of Kilnamanagh in Tipperary, the
Kit stands not for cill, a church, but for coill, a
wood. Similar in formation to this is Garrana-
managh, the name of a townland and parish near
Freshford in Kill^enny, signifying the garden or
shrubbery of (he monks ; and Dunnamanagh, the
name of a village in Tyrone, <lic monks' dun or
fortress. AVhen the word occurs in the genitive
singular it is often anglicised many, as in Drum-
many, the name of several townlands in Cavan,
Brmm-manaigk, the ridge of the monk ; in this
case also when the article is used, the m becomes
nspirated <o f, as in Dnnnavanaghnear the town of
(Javiin, Druim-a'-mhnnaigh, the ridge of the monk;
aiul here the interpretation is supported by the
name of " The friar's avenue," whicli extends as
far as another feature — " The friar's Avell." With
the southern peculiarity of retaining the final g in
pronimciation, we have Rahavanig near Bally-
bmmion, Rath-a^-mhanaig, the monk's fort. Monk-
newtown, the name of a parish near Slane in
Meath, is a sulTiciently correct translation of the
Irish name, which is still remembered, Baik-niia-
na-manach, the new town of the monks.

Nwis. CaiUcack, a mm, is one of the few Irish
ecclesiastical terms not borrowed from Latin ; in
an old Life of St. Brigid, it is stated to be derived
from eaiJIe, a veil : — eailJench, the veiled one. But
us cai/frach also siguilies an old woujan — spellful
the same as the former, though differently derived
— it is often liard 1o know which of the two mean-
ing's the word bears in names.

96 OO'iccs and Irai/rs. [chap. vi.

In a spot at tlio soutli side of the city of Deny,
tlioro foriiicily «loo(l a nuiuiory ; and its miiniory
is still preserved in the name of a piece of land
that belonged to it : — Ballynagalliagh, or in Irish
Ihiik-na-(jcaillcach, the townland of the nuns.
There are several other places with this name,
which probably in all these cases has a similar
origin. Calliaghstown is tho name of several
places in Dublin, Moath, and AVestmeath. We
know that Calliaghstown in the parish of Kil-
sharvan, near Drogheda, had formerly a little
church dependent on the nunnery of St. Brigid at
Odder, which originated the name (see " The
Diocese of Mcath," by the Rev. A. Cogan, T. 172) ;
and we may bo sure that tho other places got
tlieir names for a like reason. Colliorstown, near
Mkrcou ill JMoalh, in a corriiplion of tbo sanio luiiiio;
for in the DoAvn Survey it is written Calliaghs-
town ; and this probably is the correct name of
other places now called Collierstown.

Friars. Brathair [brauher] which literally sig-
nifies a brother, is also the word used to denote a
friar ; and in this respect it exactly resembles the
word friar itself, which is the French frere (Lat.
f rater) a brother. Moreover it shoiild be remarked
that all tho three words, brathair, frafer, and
brother, are only modified forms of the same
original. There is a place near the city of Cork
called Garranabraher, which must have been for-
merly a possession of some friary, for the name is
Garrdha-na-mbrathar, the garden of the friars.

A)iclioritcs : Pilgrinia Aiicoire, an anchorite,
borrowed through the Latin from tho Greek
anachoretes, forms part of the name of Dunancory
near Virginia in Cavan, and of Ballinanchor near
liismore in Waterford, the former signifying the
fortress, and the latter the townland, of the ancho-
rite or hermit. Near Geashill in King's County,

CHAP. VI.] Offices and Trades. 97

is a towiiland called Killellery, which represents
the sound of Gill-ailithre, the church of the pilgrim.
(See also E-oss in Cork, mentioned in Vol. I.)

Ord, gcjiitive nird, is the same as the Latin orcfo,
nud signillos order or rnnk, or ecclesiastical rule.
Froin this term is derived the name of Kilworth
in Cork (adjacent to Kilcrumper), which is to this
day called in Irish Cill-uird, the church of the
order, i.e. of the ecclesiastical rule or discipline.

Druids. When St. Patrick arrived in Ireland
to begin his Oliristian mission, one of the obstacles
he encountered was the opposition of the druids ;
and we have several accounts — some historical,
some logendnrj' — of liis contests with them at
Tara and at other places. Druidism was the
religion of the country in pagan times ; that is, if
the people mny be said to have had any generally
diffused regular form of religion or religious
worship at all, Avhich appears very doubtful. But
the druids, if Ihey did not influence to any great
extent iho inner religious life of the people, exer-
cised enormous influence in another way ; for they
were the depositaries of all the available know-
ledge of the times, and they were believed to be
prophets and magicians possessed of tremendous
supernatural powers. In some of the old histori-
cal romances, we find the issues of battles often
determined, not so much by the skill of the com-
mnnders or the valour of the combatants, as by
ili(> nijigical p(>u(>rs of tlie druids attached to the
armies. Both the druids themselves and the
popular belief in them, however, gradually sank
before <he influence of Christianity.

The old Celtic word for a druid is drid [dree]
Avliich takes a d. in the end of its oblique cases
(gen. druad); the Greeks and Latins borrowed this
word from the Celts, and through them it hag

VOL. IT. 8

98 Offices and Trades. [chap. vi.

I'ouud ita way into English in the fovni druid.
Notwithstanding the long lapse of time since (ho
extinction of diuidism, the word dnii is still a
living word in the Irish language. Even in some
places Avhero the language is lost, (he word is
rememherod; for I havfe repeatedly heard the
Engliali-apeaking people of (he south apply the
term shoundlu-ee [seun-drui, old druid) to any
crahbed, cunning, old fashioned looking fellow.
This very term is perpetuated in the name of
Loughnashandree — the lake of the old druids — a
very small lake near the head of Ardgroom
harbour, south-west of Kenmare. And the same
word reappears at the other end of the island in
Magherintendry in Antrim, two miles south-east
of Jiushmills. Here the s of seau is eclipsed ac-
cording to grammatical rule (see Vol. i. (JIuip. ii.),
the Gaelic form of the name being Machaire-an-
tseandruadh, the field of the old druid, the sound
of which is fairly given in the modern name.

And the memory of those old druidic sages is
still preserved in local names, but only in a few
scattered places. There is a conspicuous hill in
the parish of Skreen in Sligo now called lied
Hill. Its ancient name was Mullacli-llundha
[Mulla-rua] Huada's hill, and according tu Duald
Mac Firbis, it was so called from liuada, king
Dathi's wife (see 1st Vol. Part II. c. ii.), who was
buried on it a few years before the arrival of
St. Patrick, and whose cairn remains near the
summit to this day. This name has been angli-
cised Mullaroe, which is still the name of a town-
land near the hill ; and it was from the erroneous
popular belief that the latter part of the name
[Ruadha) was the word ruadh, red, that the in-
correct translation " Red Hill " has been per-
petuated. But the hill had another name — the

CHAP. VI.] Offices and Trades, 99

one which concerns us here — viz., Cnoc-na-ndruadh
[Knocknadrooa], i. e. the hill of the druids ; and
this name was given to it "because," in the words
of Mac Firbis, " the druids of Dathi, king of
Erin, used to ho on it obtaining knowledge [by
observing the clouds, according to another ac-
count], for it was here they predicted to Dathi
that he woidd obtain the kingdom of Erin, Alban,
&c." (lly F. pp. 97-8-9.) The name of Cnoc-na-
ndruadh is now however totally forgotten in the
place. A name nearly the same as this is Drimn-
na-ndruadh, the ridge of the druids, which was
the ancient name of Cnmchan (now Rathcroghan
near Bclhinagare in lloscommon), the celebrated
palace of the kings of Connaught.

There is a well about two miles from the village
of Freshford in Kilkenny, called Tobernadree,
described in the Proc. R.I.A., Vol. IX., p. 430,
by the late G. V. Du Noyer. Mr. Du Noyer
writes this name Toher-na-drnnd, and attempts to
show thtit it couimomoratcs a dritidess, on tho
grounds that na cannot be the genitive plural of
tho article, for Ihon there should be an eclipsing
n [Tohnr-ua-ndruad) which there is not; and that
it must therefore be the genitive singular feminine
— lobar-na-dniad, the well of the druidess. But
nothing can be inferred from the absence of the n
in tlio modern form of this name. For though
aluiiys in liish, siud generally in anglicised words,
(lie .sound ol' the eclipsing letter takes tho pLiec of
. that of the eclipsed letter, yet where n eclipses a d
followed by r, the n invariably drops out in angli-
cising the word, Avhilo the d is retained ; for the
very good reason that English speakers unac-
customed to Irish find it impossible either to pro-
nounce or to represent in English letters the
proper Irish combination of these sounds. The
eclipsing letter also drops out in anglicising g

100 Offices and Trades, [oiiap. vi.

eclipscclby V?, aiidoftoii in anglicising /M^olipsed by
m. So the proper Irish form of the present name is
obviously Tohar-na-ndruad, the well of the druids.

There is a lake three miles west of Lough Derg
in Donegal, called Loughnadrooa, the lake of the
druids, and this name exhibits the same process of
angli(M,siition as the last; for 1 hough in tiio present
name there is no n, yet when the; people [iroJioiince
the Irish name, the n is plainly heard. lu the
parish of Clogherny, in Tyrone, is a townland
called Killadroy, which represents Coill-a'-dfuadh,
the druid's wood ; and a point of land in Achill
Island is named Gobuadruy, the druids' point.
The name of Derrydruel near Dunglow, in Done-
gal, must be a corruption, for the people pronounce
it in Irish without the final /, Boirc-dmadh, the
druid's oak wood.

Kings; Queens. High [ree], written ri in old
Irish, is the usual Irish word for a king, cognate
■with the Latin rex, and with Gothic reiks. No
general statement can be made as to why places
received names containing this word ; for there
are many different explanations in different places.
We may conclude that some places so named w^ero
in former times the residence of petty kings ;
that some were in the king's iimncdiate possession;
while others commemorate an event or transaction
in connexion with a Icing. Certain places were
called " King's Land" in Lnglish, or were known
by some correspondhig name in Irish, because
they were held by tenants direclly from the
crown. Tliere is a place near J)ingle in Kerry
called Monaree, Moln-a'-righ, the bog of the king;
v'hich the people say was so called from the fact
that in the beginning of the last century, turf was
cut in this townland, which was then a bog, for
the use of the barrack of Dingle, in which there
was a detachment of soldiers.

^)1IAV. VI.] Offices and Trades. 101

This terra generally takes the form of rec in
anglicised names; hut as the genitive oi fraech,
heath, assumes in some cases the very same form,
Hie two are occasionally liable to be con f onndefl.
'l^Inis it is im[)()ssihl(^ to fell hy an ius^x^ction of
the mere modern form whether Dunaree is angli-
cised from I)/hi-a'-ri(jh, the fort of the king, or
iroin Dun-a'-f/imeigh, the fort of the heath; and
as a fact, the name is difEerently interpreted in
different places. In Dunaree in the parish of
Donaghmoyne in Monaghan, the last syllable
means heath. But Dunaree in Cavan is a diiXoront
name ; it means the fort of the king ; and the
town of Kingscourt which it includes, retains the
name in an English dress. The old fort of
Dunaree still exists, a little to the west of the
town. The form ree is also exhibited in Tooraree
in Limerick and Mayo, the king's toor or bleach-
field. The Four Masters record the legend that
in the socoiul year of tho reign of TTeremon, t.ho
nine rivers naiucd High (King's river) burst forth
in Leinster. There are, however, only four rivers
in that province now known by the name, one of
which is the llye Water, which flows into the
Liffey at Leixlip, and which retains the old name
almost unchanged.

We have also places named after queens. The
usual Iri.sh word for a queen is rioghan [reean],
or in old Irish rignn ; the genitive of which is
rioghiia [roona]. Wo see it in the name of Della-
rcna, a well known place at the mouth of the river
Roe, four miles north of Limavady ; a name
which was first applied to a ford across the Roe: —
Bcl-atha-rioghna, the queen's ford. In the parish
of Clondermot, a little south of the city of Derry,
is a townland called Tagharina, tho house [teach)
of the queen.

10^ Offices and Trades. [ciivi'. vi.

Kniyhts. As far back in antiqiiil y as our hislovy
and our oldest traditions roach, there existed in
Ireland an institution of knighthood. The knights
of the Hed Urancli, who flourished ahout the Ix^gin-
ning- of the Christian era and had their chief
residence at the palace of Eniania, are the earliest
mentioned in our ancient lilorature ; and the
annalist Tighornagh records Ihat their chief, the
celebrated Cuchidlin, received knighthood at seven
years old. It is curioiis that this agrees with
what another historian of a much later time and
of a different nationality records, namely Froissart,
who tells us that Avhen Hicliard II. visited Dublin
in 1395, two Irish kings or chiefs of clans were
presented to him ; and when they wei'e urged to
iiUow themselves to be knighted, they replied that
1 hey had long- before received kniglilhood from
their fathers at the age of seven years, according
to an ancient practice by which Irish kings were
accustomed to create their sons knights. Froissart
goes on to say that the following ceremony was
used on these occasions : — Each youth when about
being knighted, runs a course with a slender lance
proportioned to his strength, against a shield set
upon a stake in the middle of a field ; and he
receives greater or less honour according to the
number of lances he breaks. And the historian
states that the same custom existed among the
Anglo-Saxon kings.

There are several Iiish woi'ds for a knight or
liero. One is ridire [riddera], which will be at
ojico perceived to be the same as the C^vniian
vitter. Whenever this term occurs in names it i$
very easily detected, as it generally assumes a
form which fairly preserves the pronunciation.
One of the best known examples of its use is in
the name of Kilruddery, the seat of the earl of

;)HAP. VI,] Offices and Trades. 103

Meatb, near Bray in Wicklow : — Cill-ridire, the
church of the knight. The present mansion, or
rather the one that preceded it, must have been
built on the site of an ancient church ; for besides
tlvc evidence of tbo name, I have heard it stated
that wlien the workmen were sinking the founda-
tions fifty years ago, they dug up large quantities
of hinnan bones.

The Knight of Kerry is the owner of Ballin-
ruddcry near Listowcl, which possibly got its
name — meaning the knight's townland — from one
of his ancestors ; there is another place of the
same name near Borrisokane in Tipperary ; while
with slight chaugo of form, wo have Bidlinridderu
near ]\lultyfarnliam in Wostmoath, and ]3a,llin-
riddery near Mountmellick in Queen's Coimty,
which is also called by the correct alias, Knights
town. With the same meaning, only with more
serious modifications of the word, are Ballyruther
near tbo sen, const, half Aviiy botwoon Lanio and
Ul(MiMrm in Antrim ; and Hallyri(kn' noa.j- tSl.iad-
bally in Queen's County. A little north of
Caslleisland in Kony is tlio Qlanruddory range of
mountains, wbicli, like s(!veral other Irish ranges,
took their name — signifying the glen of the
knight — from one of their numerous valleys ;
Avhilc the highest of all, at the southern termina-
tion of the range, just three miles from Castle-
island, is now called the Knight's Mountain.
Wlien I have instanced JMuUaghruttery near
Clare-Gal way (?;?7f//flc"A,a hill- summit), and Sheelrud-
dcra in the parish of Terryglass in Tipperai*y (the
knight's siol or progeny), 1 have enumerated all
the jnincipal varieties of form assumed by this word.

Champions ; Heroes. Laech [pron. lay, with an
aspirated c at end] means a hero or champion. It
is very hard to distinguish this word in anglicised

104 O^Oices and Trades. [chat. vi.

luimoa from lacyh, u ciilf, uiiK^ss there bo writ ten
authority for the original orthography. In somo
cases, however, eveu Avithout any ancient record,
the meaning caimot be doubted. Near Fort-
william, half way between Belleek and Bally-
ehannon in Donegal, there is a cromlech which has
a more appro])riato name than these ancient
structures xisually get, a name; which embodies tho
tradition that this monument was erected over
some renowned champion of far distant ages ;
viz., Labbinlee, or in Irish Leaha-an-laeich, the
bed or grave of the hero. There is a townland of
the same name south of Cootehill in Cavan — but
spelt by somo authorities in a way that brings out
the meaning more clearly — Labbyanlee ; which no
doubt received its nanu) from a Hlinilarmoniimcnt.
The term usually appliiid to the kniglits ol tlio
Red Branch is ciiradh [curra], which means a
champion or knight. On the road from Bally-
landers to Kilfinane in Limerick, is a place called
Ahnagurra, which exactly represents the sound of
the Irish Ath-na-ycuradli, tho ford of the cham-
pions ; but why it got the name it is hard to say —
probably it was the scene of a battle.

I question whether any of the names derived
from ridire are very ancient ; I am inclined to
think they are derived from Anglo-Norman knights
rather than from the knights of early Irish
history. But it is not so with those derived from'
laech and caradh, most of which descend, I believe,
from a veiy remote period.

There are several other terms for a champion or
warrior, almost all of which are perpetuated in
local names. Seal signifies a spectre or appari-
tion, and also a hero, which is probably a secon-
dary meaning. It was, besides, often employed
as a proper name. Thus the maternal grandfather

oiiAr. VI. J OfJ^ccs and Trades. 105

of king Felimy the Lawgiver, was named Seal
BaJbh, or Seal the stammerer. The best example
of its use is in Lenc-an-scdil or Lackanscaiil, an
unusually large cromlech in the townhmd of Kil-
moguo, ahout tliroc miles from the village of
llugginslowii, in Kilkenny. This name is exactly
like Labhinlce, and is quite as appropriate and
suggestive, sigiiifying tlio flag-stone of the hero;
bvit tradition and legend have quite forgotten who
the champion was — a man of no small note he
must have been — over whom this immense monu-
ment was erected.

In the ancient tale called the Tromdaimh or
Congress of the learned men, we are told that
Guaire the Hospitable, king of Connaught in the
seventh centiiry, had a brother, an anchorite,
named Mnrbhan, who lived in a hermitage in a
place called Glenn-an-scdil the glen of the hero.
One mile from the village of Oranmore in Galway
there is a place of this name, noAV calh>d Glenna-
scaid ; but wlietlicr it is the Qknn-an-scdil of (he
hermit Marhhdn, I have no means of determining.
There is also a reniarkablo valley near Slemish
Mountain in Antrim which was anciently called
Gleann-an-scdil. Killascaul, the hero's wood, is
the name of a place in the parish of Kiltullagh in
Galway. A few miles east of Dingle in the
wild barony of Corkagiiiny in Kerry, there is a
small river flowing from a lake : the lake is
called Loughansraul, the lake of Ihe hero ; the
river is Owenascaid, the hero's river ; and on it is
situated the village of Anascaul. Some intelligent
persons from this neighbourhood believe that
scaul in these names signifies a shadow, and that
the name originated in the deep shadows cast on
the lake by the high clills that rise over its
watci's ; while others account for the names by a

lOG Ojjioes and Trades, [chap. vi.

legend regarding a lady named Seal, who was
drowned in the lake. I do not tliink either
ueeouni is correct, however ; partly because the
iuudogy of the preceding names would load to the
l)r( sumption that scaul here means a hero ; Lut
tliiefly because the Irish name of the lake is
lj()ch-a)i-iicdil, lujt Lovh-na-scai/c, in the latter of
which the article and noun are feniiniiu), while in
the former both are masculine, indicating that the
word is seal a hero, not scdile, a shadow, which is
feminine. So with Owenascaid : but as to Amis-
caul I do not know how it came by its present
form; for it would seem to be the anglicised
representative of Ath-na-scdl, the ford of the
heroes, not of the hero.

Tr^un [train] signifies strong, brave, or power-
ful (tren, furtis : Zuuss, IGG) ; and hence it ia
applied to a strong valiant man, a hero {tr'iain,
Leroes : Zeuss, 230). Some great champion, or
perhaps a battle in which one of the leading
warriors was slain, is commemorated in Bellatrain,
a place on the borders of Cavan and JMonaghan,
three miles from the village of Shercock ; wliich
took its name from an old ford on the little river
flowing from the lake of Shantonagh to Bellatrain
lake: — Bet-atJia-triin the ford-mouth ot' the hero.

Gallocj lasses. — Those Irish soldiers called by the
names galloglass and hern, figure very prominently
in the history of Ireland, especially in the later
history, and in the pages of Anglo-Nornuin
writers. The galloglasses were heavy armed foot
soldiers ; they wore an iron hcilniet, a coat of
mail, and a long sword ; and carrietl iu one hand
a broad keen-edged battle-axe. Spenser, in his
'* View of the state of Ireland," asserts that (he
Irish took the idea of the galloglasses from the
English settlers ; and iu this he is probably right ;

CHAP. VI.] Offices and Trades. 107

for we do not find them mentioned in early Irish
documents. Moreover the composition of the
word further supports the assertion ; the Irish
form is galloglacJi, which is formed from r/rr//, a
foroifj^nor, and oglaeh, a youth, vassal, or soldier: —
gall-oijhu'h, a foreign soldier.

The Irish name of the village of Millford in the
north of Donegal, which the people still use when
speaking Irisli, is Bel-na-ngaUoglach, the ford of
the galloglasscs ; and in the parish of Loughgilly
in Armagh, there is a townland taking its name
from a rock, called Carrickgallogly ; the rock of
the galloglass.

Kerns. The kern were light armed foot
soldiers. They wore light clothes; carried no
defensive armour except a head piece ; and they
fought with darts or javelins to which a long
string was fastened, swords, and sictans, or loiifc-
like daggers. The kerns are of great antiquity ;
tliey are several (imes mentioned in tlie account of
tlio battle of MoyrnMi, fought in tlio year A.i).
637 ; and Cormae Mac CuUenan speaks of them
in Ills Oh)ss!ir3% a document of tlio ninth cenfiny,
and conjectines the etymology of the word : —
" Ceithcrn, a baud of soldiers, whence eethernach,
a single man out of a cohort : from cath, a battle,
and orn, slaughter ; i. e. slaughter in battle." The
Irish word is cethcrn [kehern] ; wliich is a collec-
tive term, never applied to a single mail, but
always to a, body. I will, however, for (ho sake
of clearness, use the ]<]nglish plural form kerns
when necessary. It must be observed that cethern
was also used in very early times as the proper
name of a man (see O'Curry, Lect., II., 313).

We have a considerable number of local names
which preserve the memory of these kerns ; the
spots no doubt having formerly been selected as

108 Offices and Trades. [vnw. vi.

places of moetiiig or retreat ; perluips some of
them arc battle fields. In Derrykearn near
Mountrath in Queen's County, tlie derry or oak
wood tliat formerly grow in tlie place, probably
served as a slielter for these warriors. Aughna-
carney near Clogher in Tyrone, the field of the
kerns, was pcrha])S one of tluiir exercise grounds,
or the scene of a battle ; a hill in the same locality
has the name of Knocknacarney (the kerns' hill),
which is also the name of a hill in the parish of
Errig-le Trough in IMonaghan. There is a hill
about six miles east of Donegal town called
Croaghnakern, the rick of the kerns ; and in ilio
same county, north oL' liough I'^ask, is a |)la('o
called Oronakerny, the kern's valh;y [era). AVhon
a Hinglo person was inlcindcd to be designated, (he
adjective form cclhcarnach was used, as Corjuac
states in the passage quoted above ; and this word
appears in Knoekacaharna in the parish of Mode-
ligo in Waterford, the kern's hill.

Amhas [aAvas] means a hired soldier, a soldier
who serves for pay ; this is the sense in which the
word is used in the Irish annals, and this seems to
be the meaning intended in Cormae's Glossary : —
" Amos, a soldier, i.e. amh-fos, restless, because he
is never at rest or stationary, but going from place
to place, or from one lord to another." The Four
Masters at a. d. 1323, record a battle fought
between the O'Farrells and the Berminghams at
a place called Coill-nan-amhiis, the wood of tlio
soldiers ; and the name of this pla(;e, which is
situated near Granard in Tjongl'ord, still survives
in the form in Killinawas. The word assumes a
different form in Ballynanoose in the parish of
Killoscidly in Tipperary : — IJaile-nan-ai/ihas, the
town of the hired soldiers.

Oreaghts For a long period, while society in

ciiAr. VI.] Offices and Trades. 109

Ireland was in an unsettled state, the chief tains
fortified themselves in strong castles, and made
war or concluded peace with their neighbours,
with little or no reference to the government of
the province or the kingdom. Cattle raids were
a usual form of this potty warfare ; and these
plundering expeditions were the frequent cause of
desperate i'euds ; for the spoilers were often pur-
sued and overtaken, and then there was sure to be
a battle. Traditions of such incursions are still
told by the peasantry in every part of the country,
and records of them abound in the pages of the
Four ]\l asters and other annalists.

Caeydigheaeht [keereeaght] signifies primarily a
flock ol' sheep, from cacra, a sheep; but it is used
in a general sense to signify any herd of cattle.
The men who took care of cattle in time of peace,
or who drove the preys in time of war, were also
designated by the same word, which in the angli-
cised form cveacjhiy is constantly met with in the
pages ol" Anglo-ln'sli writers of the last three or
four hundred years, and used by them in both
senses. The crcaghls were regularly oflicered like
the kerns and galloglasses ; and they were usually
armed with a club, and a meadoge or long knife.
They led a free and wandering life, knew the
haunts and habits of cattle, and were intimately
acquainted with all the intricacies, the secret
paths, the toghers, and passes of the moimtains,
bogs, and morasses.

Places frequented by these people and their
herds, or Avliere they used to conceal their preys,
still often retain names formed from tliis word
creoght. Near the head of Mulroy bay in Donegal,
there is a little lake called Loughnacreaght, the
lake of the ('r(\'igli(s. Tluno arc two toAvnlands in
Tyrone called Lisnacreaght, where the old fortifi-

110 Offices and Trades. [chap. vi.

cations of tho Us must have boon taken advantago
of to shelter and defend the cattle. Sometimes
the word caerai<jheachiwas applied to themouaitaiu
boolies or temporary settlements of shepherds*
huts (see 1st Vol. Part II., c. vii.) ; and it is in
this sense no doubt that it has given names to
some places in Wexford, now called Kereight,
which very correctly represents the original.

Thieves. In times of civil war or social dis-
turbance, one of the most tempting aad profitable
occupations a man could follow is that of a high-
'tvuj' robber or common thief; and as Ave have had
Ouf own share of warfare and tumidt, so we have
Uad gangs of freebooters infesting every part of
tho country. We know this to bo the case from
luHtory aiul tradition ; but oven hxud names alfoi'd
very plain indications of it. Places where bands
of robbers fixed their lair and hid their plunder
are often known by the word hradaeh, which
signifies a thief or thievish. It occurs in a good
number of names, and usually takes the forms
hmddagh, brada, and bradt/. Boherbraddagh is the
name of a towidaiul near Adare in Limerick,
signifying the road of the thieves ; of similar
formation is Moneenbradagh near Castlobar in
Mayo [nioneen, a little bog) ; and Glenbradagh
near Aghada beloAV Cork, the glon of the thieves.
The hill of Benbradagh over the town of Dun-
given {ben, a peak) must have at one time afforded
asylum to the plunderers that laid the surrounding
district under tribute ; and at some former period
a police barrack nuist have been sadly wanted at
Balbradagh, near Bective in Meath, and at Bally-
brada near Cahir in Tipperary, the names of which
signify thievish toAVii or the town of the thieves,

Gadaujhe [gaddy] is another word for a thief,
which is commemorated in Balgaddy, the town of

CHAP. VI.] Offices and Trades. Ill

the thief, the name of two townlands in the county
Dublin, one near Clondalkin, and the other near
Balbrlggan ; which has the same meaning as Bal-
lingaddy, the name of some places in Clare and
Limcvick ; and Ballj^gaddy in Galway, Kildare,
and King's Coimty.

Some of these last mentioned places took their
names from a legendary personage, celebrated all
over Ireland and the Highlands of Scotland, about
whom many pojjular stories are still current in
both countries, Gadaiqhe duhli, O'Diibhdin, or the
Black lliicf O'Buano.'

Jhti-ds; Poets. From tho earliest period of his-
tory wo iind mention of bards or poets among the
Celts ; they are mentioned by Caesar, by Strabo,
and indeed b}'^ every ancient writer who treats of
the Celtic nations. In ancient Ireland the bard
was inferior to the Jilt; the latter was the teacher
of philosophy, literature, history, rhetoric, &c. ;
the former was merely a versifier or rhymester.
There were various classes of bards, and each class
had its own special form of poetry. Attached to
every great chieftain's household there was a bard,
whose office it was to recite the exploits of his
patron's ancestors, to compose laudatory poems on
him and on the tribe over whom he ruled, to cele-
brate their deeds of arms in verse, &c.

We have many places named from bards ; in
some cases these names indicate that the lands
wci-e held by thorn as a reward for tlicir professional
services ; and where this is not the case they point
out the places where bards formerly resided. One
of these is Derrybard near Fintona in Tyrone, the
bard's oak grove. But the word is generally
cbanged in form either by aspiration or eclipse of
ili(> (ir.st letter. In <ho former (;nse it uHiinlly
assumes the form ward; as in Gortaward near

112 Offices and Trades. [ciiAr. vi

Inver in Donegal, Oori-a'-b/inird, tlu; Held of tlio
bard ; and with tlio «anio nuumiug-, Agluiward iu
Roscommon, three miles soutli of Drumsna. So
also Glenaward in tlie parish of IMoylagh in IMeath,
ilie hard's glen ; and Ihdlyward, tlio name of some
places in Down, Tyrone, and Wicldow, the town-
huid of tlie hard.

In case of eclipsis the word hecomes mard,
as we see in Aghnamard near Newhliss in
Monaghan, Achadh-na-mhard, the field of the
hards ; Latnamard in the same neighbourhood,
Leacht-na-mhard, the bards' sepulchral monument,
indicating the spot where several were biiried —
perhaps the burial mound of those that lived in
Aghnamard.

Tliis is the origin of the family name Mao.-an-
Bhaird [Mac-an- Ward] i.e. literally, son of the
bard, which is now always written Ward. The
family of Mac-an-Bhaird were the hereditary poets
of the O'Kellys of Hy Many in Connaught ; and.
they resided at Muuie-chasain and Baile-mic-an-
Bhaird, the latter of which retains the name in the
anglicised form of Ballymacward, now applied to
a parish near Castleblakeney.

Eigeas [aigas] signifies any learned man, but
the term is usually applied to a poet. In the
parish of Aghnamullin in Monaghan there is a lake
called Lough Egish, the poet's lake; and ovei' its
western shore rises a hill called Tullynanegisli,
the hill of the poets, which gives name to a toAvn-
hind. Near the demesne of Thomastown, six miles
south-west of Athlone, a little south of the railway
line, there is a little lake called Lough Nanogish,
the lake of the poets. It is likely that at some
former time families of hereditary poets lived at
these places.

The word crotair^, a harper (from emit, a harp)

CHAP, vi.] Offices and Trades. 113

is perpetuated in Caheracrutfcera near Dingle in
Kerry, where some great harper had his abode in
old times, for the name means the caher or stone
fort of the harper.

Jh/aij/is. In ancient times an Irish chioffaiii
usually established within his territory a sort of
public hostelry, over which he placed an officer
called a hmdhtach [bectagh] or food-man (from
biadh, food). This biadhtach or public victualler
held a tract of Innd rent free, on condition that he
should supply food and lodging without charge to
travellers, and to the chief's soldiers whenever they
happened to march in that direction. The land
attached to one of these houses was called a Baile-
biadhtaigli or victualler's town, and contained 480
large Irish acres. The biataghs were held in great
estimation, and their memory is still preserved in
a few place-names. There are three townlands in
Cork and Kilkenny called Ballynamctagh, in Irish
BaiIo.-nn,-mbiadhtach, the town of the victuallers,
so called probably because they formed part of
the property attached to a house of entertain-
ment. Similar in formation, and probably in
origin, is Cloonametagh near Abbeydornej'^ in
Kerry, and Garraunnameetagh near the village of
Tynagh in Galway, the meadow and the shrublsery
of tlie vicf nailers. Ballybetagh, south of Dublin
(Betagh's town) and Betaghstown in Kildaro,
Louth, and ]\Loath, Avoro probably called from the
family of JW^Iiigli, bud this faniily name lias still
the same origin: their ancestors were betnghs.

Sfru-ardx. Among the various functionaries enu-
merated in the /ami lia of Armagh, wo find men-
tion of a 7naer, i.e. a steward or keeper, who Avas
ihe appointed guardian of certain sacred relics,
such as the bell, book, and crosier of St. ratrick.
This office was hereditary ; the family Icept the

114 Offices and Trades. [cuai'. vi.

relics suLjcct lo certain coiulitionis, one of wliich
was that they should be ready at all times to pro-
duce them when required ; and in payment for this
duty of guardianship, they held tracts of land from
the see of Arnuigh, free of rent. The family to whom
was entrusted the custody of the eelohrated liook of
Arnuigh, were from tluit circumsdince called ]\li(c-
Mavir or Mac Moyre — the son of ihe steward or
keeper; and they held in free tenancy eight town-
lands, which are now united into one parish called
Ballymyre, the townland of the keeper, situated
about eight miles south-east of Ai-magh (Reeves :
Eccl. Ant. p. 150).

This word niacr is pretty frequent in names ;
and though we have not such positive information
regarding them as in the last cas(^ avo may be sure
that the several places so designated were formerly
held in fee by families who were guardians of
lands, cattle, or sacred reliquaries, for neighbour-
ing chieftains. Ballynamire is the name of three
toAvnlands in Oarlow, King's County, and Wexford,
and it signifies the town of the keepers. When
the word occurs in the singuhir the m is often
changed to to by aspiration. Tinwear near I)ur-
row in Queen's Co\inty, is shortoiuul from Tiyli-
an-mhacir, the house of the keeper ; Lackawcer in
the parish of Inishkeel in Donegal, the steward's
flag-stone.

Scologes. Scolog signifies a small farmer ; the
term is still in general use, but it is used in a some-
what contonq)tiiou8 sense. Wherever it occurs in
a local name there is no mistaking it, as will bc^
seen from the following examples. Near Lisnaskea
in Fermanagh there is a place called Farransculbtge
iYiefearann or land of the petty farmers, lially-
nasculloge is the name of a place near Blessington
in Wicklow, and of another near A thy in Kildare:

CHAP. VI.] Offices and Trades. 115

the name sigiiiftes the farmers' townland ; and in
another part of Kildare this same name, in the
half translated form Scullogestown, designates a
parish.

S//r])/in-ds. Tlie usual word for a slicphcrd is
acdhairo \ aiva], which is derived from acdh, an old
word for a slieep. It enters into the formation of
a considoraltlc numher of names; and it is in
general not difficult of recognition in its anglicised
forms. Corraneary, the name of several townlands
in Cavan and licitiiui, and Corranarry in lYrono,
are in Irish Cor-an-acdJiairc, the roimd hill of the
shepherd ; ICillyncary in Cavan, and Kill3meery
in Tyi"o^ic> ^^^ sheplierd's wood ; Cappaneary in
Queen's County {cca^ach, a tilled plot) ; Drimiary
in Fermanagh and Monaghan, and Drumaneary
near Inver in Donegal {dniim, a hill-ridge) ; and
we have a place called Canary in Annagh, which
however does not derive its name from caves, dogs,
like tlu> Ciiuary Islands, hut fi'(mi reaxn : — Ceauii-
acdltdire, the slu^phord's head or hill.

Widoirs. The names of many places in Ireland
commcmora<o widows; and this is one of the
numerous examples that show how fond the Irish
were of designating people hy an epithet expressive
of some well-marked peculiarity, rather than call-
ing them directly hy their own names. Bahi-
treahhacJi [pron. bointravagh, hut generally boin-
tra] is our usual word for a widow, no doubt
derived from ireahh [trav] a house, and bean, a
woman: — trcahhack, a housekeeper; hainireahhach,
literally a female housekeeper. A very good
example of its use is found in Ballynabointra, the
name of a place near Carrigtoliill in Cork, Bailc-
na-hainfreahhaighe, the townland of the widow.
When the word occurs in the genitive plural witl
the article, the b is changed to m by eclipse, but

116 Offices and Trades. [chap, vi.

otlierwiso there ia usually very little clunioe. 'riiis
is seen in Ballynaiuintva near Dungarvan in
Waterforcl, and in IJallynaraointragli a mile or two
from the strand of Tramore in the same county,
both from Baile-na-mhaintreahhach^ the towiiland
of the widows ; in Lienamintry near Portadown in
Armagh {lis, a fort) ; and in IVIulmontry near
Taghmon in Wexford, the widows' hill.

Tanners. The peasantry had formerly a rude
method of tanning the hides of animals, which, in
remote parts of the country, is practised to this
day. They first filled the hide with lime, and im-
mersed it in a bog-hole to loosen the hair ; after
ten or eleven days they took it out, cleaned olf
the lime, and in order to thicken the hide, put it
into tt cask to stoc]) for about three weekn, wi(li ilio
loot of u -^I'dnt (ii)l{{n\.cronic((ij ov neachartacli, whicli
also gave it a brown colour. After this it was
rubbed between boards with millc, to make it
smooth and pliable, and then dried, when it was
fit for use. There were people who practised this
as a means of livelihood, the trade probably des-
cending from father to son ; and the jjlaces whore
the professional tanners lived may now in numerous
cases be known by their iiames.

Sudaire [soodera] is the Irish word for a tanner.
The word is exhibited with very correct pronuncia-
tion in Kilnasudry, near the village of Killeagh,
west of Youghal in Cork, Coill-na-siidairiyhe, the
wood of the tanners ; and in Ballynasuddery near
Kilbeggan in Westmeath, the town of the tamiers.
When the word occurs in the genitive singular,
the first s is usually changed to t by eclipse ;
and this is seen in Edenatoodry, south^vards
from Fintona in Tyrone, Eadan-a'-tsudairc, the
hill brow of the tanner ; in Knockatudor, near
Stradoue in Cavan, the tanner's hill ; and in

CHAr. VI.] Offices and Trades. 117

Listooder near tlie village of Crossgar m Down,
written Listowdrie in one of the Hamilton Patents,
Avhere a tanner practised his trade in or near
the old Us or fort.

The spot on wliicli the town of Portarlington
stands was anciently called Cidl-a'-tsudmre
[Coolatoodera], the corner of the tanner ; and the
toA\'nland is stiU called Cooltedery. Thus in a grant
of 1G67 to Sir Henry Bennett, Lord Arlington
(from whom the town is called Arlington's ^?or#
or fortress), we find it mentioned as " Coole-
towdiy, alias Cidlenderry or Cultndra, alias Por-
tarlington." There is a townland in the parish of
Dmulerrow in Cork having the same name, now
anglicised Coolatooder.

Another Avord that indicates where the process
of taniiing was carried on is leathar [laher] ; it
has ihe same signification as the English word
leather, but is not borrowed from it, for we find
the Avord in Cormac's Glossary in tho form lethar :
Wvhh llrdr. This word is well c.complificd in
Curraghalaher on the Roscommon side of the
Shannon near Athlone, the marsh of the leather ;
and in Clashalahcr, the name of two townlands in
Tipperary, one near Cashel and the other near
Tipperary town, where the clash or trench was
probably the place in which the hides were
steeped.

Croiceann [cruclcen] signifies a skin or hide
{erocenn, tergns ; Z. G9) ; and when it occurs in
names it is probable that, like leathar, it indicates
tbe former residence of tanners. Killycracken in
Monaghan represents the Irish Coill-a' -chroicinn,
the wood of the hide ; and of similar formation is
Cloncracken {clon, a meadow), near Roscrea in
Tipi)orary.

rotters. A poller is denoted by potaire [puttera],

118 Offices and Trades. [chap.vi.

which is forraocl on the Tviali word pofa, a pot. Near
Ihittevant in Cork is a townhind called Clushiui-
buttry ; here the p is eclipsed by b in the genitive
plural, the Irish form being Clais-iia-hpofaiird/i,
the trench of the potters ; and we may conclude that
(lie ti-eiich supplied the clay for carrying on the
mamilactiiro. A bi-ttcr kiioAvn place i« ['otHoralh
in the pariah of Kihiianagh in Kilkenny, whit^li
was formerly one of the residences of Mac Richard
Butler, a distinguished chieftain of the Butler
family in the 15th century ; and where there are
still the ruins of a castle and of a church. This place
is called in Irish documents liafh-a'-photaire, the
fort of the potter ; but in the present spoken Irish
it is corruptly pronounced Rafh-a'-phokii/c (change
of r to I; 1st Vol. Part I., c. in.), from which by
an attomiited translation, the name I'ottlcrath
(instead of the correct Pottersrath) has been
formed. The old rath where the potter in some
remote time took up his residence is still there.

Weavers. Mageoghegan, in his translation of
the Annals of Clonmacnoise, remarks of John, the
son of Mahon O'Conov, that he " was the sonne
of a woman that could weare, which of all trades
is of greatest reproach amongst the Irishrye,
especially the sons and husbands of such trades-
women, and therefore Shane Move was nicknamed
the weaving-woman's sonne." The Irish word
for a weaver is Jiyheadoir [feedore]. There is a
small pool a mile and a half south of Cashel, giving
name to a townland, called Loughfeedora, the
weaver's lake; and Ballineedora i« the name of a
place four or five miles east of Traleo, which ex-
actly represents the sound of Baile-an-flngheadora,
(/aspirated and omitted), the town of the weaver.

Fullers. ThcHnas Dineley, who made a tour
through Ireland in 1675, thus describes, as he saw

CHAP. VI,] Offices and Trades, 119

it, " The manner of tucking and thickening cloth
without a mill. They place the cloth doubled
upon a large wicker or twiggeu door called an
luirlc, and work it wi(h their hands and feet, until
it becomes thick byrowling;" — sprinkling it all
tlie time with a suitable liquid. In remote dis-
tricts cloth is still thickened in this rude way by
being worked for a long time with the feet in a
properly prepared mixture,

A fuller is designated by the word ucaire
[ookera] ; and the occurrence of this word in
names iiidicatca the places Avhere the home-made
frieze used to be f viUcd and napped. As the word
ustially retains a form easily detected, one or two
examples of its use Avill be sufl&cient. There is a
townlaud near Aghada below Cork, called Bally-
nookery, i, e. JBaile-an-ucaire, the town of the
fuller ; and Knockanooker near the village of
Hacketstown in Wicklow, signifies the fuller's
hill.

redlars. Ceammighe. [cannce] signifies a mer-
chant, a dealer of any kind. There is a ford over
a stream a mile south of Oldcastle in Meath,
which is mentioned by the Four Masters at a, d.
1482, as the scene of a defeat inflicted on the
Plunkets by Art O'Conor ; and called by them
Ath-na-gccannaigheadh [Annaganny] the ford
of the pedlars or merchants. The place is now
called in Irish by tlie synonymous name Bel-otha-
fia-grcaiinaig/iradh [IJollanaganny] ; but tliis sug-
gestive old name has been laid aside for the
modern name Mill Brook. There is a place of
tlie same name in the parish of Aghabulloge near
Macroom in Cork, now called Annagannihy, which
took its name from a ford on the little river Agha-
lode. Near Carrignavar in ilio same county, two
roads meet at a spot now called Crossernagannee,

120 Offices and Trades. [chap. vi.

tlic c.ross-roiuls of the pedlars. Mangairc [inou^'ava]
is auother Irish word for a pedlar ; and wo iiiid it
in Ballynamongaree near Glanworth in Cork, the
town of the pedlars. It is prohahle that pedlars
formerly lived in these plaeeaor were in the hahit
of exhibiting- their wares there to tempt the passers-
hy, which gave rise to the iiumes.

Oa/i/cti/cfti. A gambler, or gamester, is desig-
nated in Irish by the word ceurrhhaeh [earvagh,
carroogh], which is still in common use ; in the
south, even among the English speaking people,
they call a card-player a carroogh. The peasantry
are fond eno\igh of card playing at the present
day ; but they appear to have been still more ad-
dicted to it in former times. Campion, in his
" History of Ireland," written in the year 1571,
t-ays : " There is among them a brotherhood of
carroioes that professe to play at cards all the yeare
long, and make it their onely occupation. . . .
They waile for jxissengers in the highway, invite
them to a game upon the greene, and aske no more
but companions to hold them sport." Spenser
also in his " View of the IState of Ireland," do-
scribes the " Carrows, which is a kind of people
that Avauder up and down to gentlemen's houses,
living only upon cards and dice."

One of the best illustrations of this word is Lis-
nagarvy, which was the old name of Lisburn, and
Avhich is still retained as the name of a townland
adjoining the town. The origin of this name is
very clearly set forth in a passage quoted in the
" Ulster Journal of Arclucology (Vol. V. p. 150),
from a pamphlet published in 1691 : — '' We
marched towards Lisburn : this is one of the
prettiest towns in the north of Ireland : the Irish
name is Lisnegarvah, which they tell me signifies
* gamesters' moimt j' for a little to the north-east

niiAP. VI.] Offices and Trades. 121

of the town there is a mount moated about and
nnother to the west. These were formerly sur-
rounded with a great wood ; and thither resorted
all the Irisli outlaws to play at cards and dice."
Tlin"moiml. uiojiXcd ahout " is one of <he ancicnl
liases ; and it was from this tliat the place took
<he name of Lios-na-gccarrhhaeh, the fort of the
gamhlers. The present name Lisburn retains the
first syllable ; the syllable hum, it is said, com-
meniorates a conflagration by which the town was
at one time totally destroyed.

The c of this word is usually eclipsed, as in this
last name ; another example of which is Ologhan-
nagarragh in the parish of Noghaval in Wcst-
meath, a name which I suppose indicates that the
clochan or stone building was turned to the same
use as the fort at Lisburn. Sometimes, however,
the e is retained ; as in Meenacharvj'' in Glen-
colnmkille in Donegal, Mhi-a'-chearrbhaigh, the
i)/('cii or mountain meadow of the gjimestcr.

The word diiiiic [dinna] is often upplied <.o a
num exclusively ; but more often it signifies ani/-
hodji, a i)crson whether man or woman. It is seen
in the name of the island of Inchidony in Clona-
kilty bay in Cork, which is called in old Irish
documents Inis-Duine, the island of the man or
person : but why so called it is now impossible to
tell.

Tliero is a high mountain rising over Ardgroom
bay on the borders of Cork and Kerry, called
Tooreennannia, the little toor or bleaching- place
of the woman. The termination inna here is the
genitive of bean, a woman, and is very easily re-
cognised wherever it occurs. The genitive plural
is ban, which is seen in Cornainan, the name of
places in Cavan and Lcitrim, Cor-na-mhan, the
round hill of the Avomen. Here the b sound is

122 Strangers. [chap. vii.

eclipsed by that of m (IstYol. chap. ii.). A name
like this for men is Lickuavar near Skibbereen in
Cork: — Leac-na-hhfear, the Icac or flagstone of the
men : fear, a man.

The following- names exhibitvarions other trades
and occupations. There is a place near the city of
Cork called Farraudahadoro, signifying Win fearann
or land of (he dyer : datliadoir, a dyer, from dtith,
colour. In many parts of Ireland there are rocks
called Carrigafeepera or Carrickapheepera, the
rock of the piobair^ or piper ; but whether from
real human musicians or fairy pipers I cannot say
— probably the latter. Farrankindry is the name
of a place in the parish of KuocligralVou north-
east of Caher in Tipperary : the modern form of
the name is corrupt, for it is Farrinacridnnj in the
Down Survey ; and the true name is Fcarann-ii' -
cliriathadbra, the land of the crihadore or sieve-
maker — criath [crih], a sieve.

CHAPTER VII.

STRANGERS.

When a foreigner came to live in Ireland, the
place in which he settled often received a name
indicating his nationality. The term to express a
native of any particidar country is usually formed
by adding the adjective termination ach (p. 3) to
the name of the coimtry : thus Francacli, a French-
man, Lochlannach, a native of Lochlann or Scan-
dinavia.

Welshmen. Brcathnach, which is merely the
word Briton, modified according to the phonetic
laws of the Irish language, is used to signify a

CHAP. VII. J Strangers. 123

Welshman. As Mayo was called Mayo of tlie
Saxons (see Mayo, in 1st, Vol.), so Gallon in the
Kings's County was for alike reason cnllod Gailinnc
iia DiJhrfdiiii, or Gallon of the Britons ; for a
uioiinstory Avas eroctod there, in the end of the fifth
eeiilury, for J'.ritish monks hy St. Cunocus, a
Welshman. In the later colloquial language the
word BycdfJivneh has been confmed in its applica-
tion to those who have adopted the family name of
Walsh ; and this is the sense in which it is gene-
rally understood in local names. Ballyhrannagh,
Bnllynahronnngh, andBall^aiahrennagh, which are
all townland names in various counties, signify
" the town of the Walshes," or of the families
called AValsh. Brannockstown, the name of some
plaees in Kildare, Meath, and Westmeath, is a
half translation of one of the same names.

Someiiines we find the word Brcatan with the
t fully sounded ; hut in this case it seems to be a
])orRoniil nnme, of the same origin however as
/hr(i//iii(ic/i,\. e. iiulic^alitigBritisli or Welsh origin.
Jh-)lan we know occurs as a personal name in early
Irish liistory ; tlius Jh-i/an Jflarl Avas one of tlic
sons of tlie inythical personage N(Mucdius, and,
according to the bardic fable, gave name to Britain.
Kilbrittain on the south coast of Cork, at the head
of Courtmacsherry bay, took its name from some
person of this name, who probably built the cill or
church ; Gartbratton {Brdan\^ field) is the name
of two townhindsin Ca\an; and we have Bally-
britain in Derry, and Ballybrittan in King's
County, Bretan's town. There is a parish in Kil-
Icenny adjoining the county Tipperary, called
Tubbridbritain, which is called in the " Circuit
of 3lHrehmrtach 3Iae Neil/," Tiohraide Britain
hnaiu,ihG wells of long-lived Britan; but we do
not laiow who this venerable personage was.

Strangers. [cuAr. vii.

Scotchmen. A Scotclnnan is generally fl(>sig-
nated in Irish by Alhanach, a term derived from
Alba (gen. Alban), the old Celtic name of Scotland.
Ballyalbanagh, the Scotchman's iovn\, is the name
of a place in the parish of Ballycor in Antrim.
Two miles south of the village of ]\lilltown Malhay
in Clare, is a townland called Knockanalban,
shortened from Cnoc-an-Atbanaig//, the Scotch-
man's hill ; and there is a place in the parish of
Kilgeever in Mayo, called Derreennanalbanagh,
the little oak-wood of the Scotchmen.

JSiKjlishmen. We have several terms for an
Englishman, one of the most conmion of which is
iSacaonaa/i, or more generally iSassoiiac//, which is
merely the word Saxon with tlio iisnal termination.
The word was in constant use in the early ages of
(he Church — the sixth and seventh ceutuiies —
^vhen many natives of Britain came to study in
the schools of Ireland ; and England itself is often
called in Irish writings, Saxon-land. The word
Sassonach is still used in the spoken language, but
it is now generally understood to mean a Proteslant,
and it is conmionly used in an offensive sense ;
but these shades of meaning are vidgar and very
modern.

Near Saintfield in Down there is a place called
Craignasasonagh, the rock of the Saxons or English-
men ; Bohernasassonagh (bothar, a road) lies three
miles south-west fi'om Tuam in Galway. With
the first s eclipsed (as it ought to be in the genitive
singular with the article) and with the south
Munstcr form of llie genitive, we lind the word
in Xnockatassonig near Mizen Head in Cork, Cnoc-
a'-tSassonaig, the Englishman's hill.

liomans. I have already mentioned that among
those who came in early ages to study in Ireland,
numbers were from the continent (see p. 91, supra).

CHAP. VII.] Strangers. 125

Many of these are commemorated in the Litany
of Aengus the Cuklee, a document of the end of
the eighth century : and we have, besides, other
historical evidences in the lives of the early Irish
saints. Some came even from Rome. Near the
church of St. brccan on the great island of Aran,
there is a headstone which appears to be as old
as the sixth century, with the inscription
"vii ROMANi," "Seven Romans," who probably
spent their peaccf id days as pilgrims in companion-
ship with St. Breoau himself (Petrie, R. Towers,
139). Local names give testimony to the same
effect. Kilnarovanagh is tlie name of an old
cliurch sou 111 of Macroom in Cork, and of another
between Killarney and Milltown in Kerry; signi-
fying the chiu'ch of the Romans [Romhanach, pron.
liovanagh, a Roman) ; both of which probably
received their names from being the burial-places
of Roman pilgrims. There is a townland in the
parish of Kilraore in the east of Roscommon, called
liailuijirovjinagh ; tlio L'our Masters, in rcK'orcb'iig
the fact tliat it Avas presented in 1248, by Felim
O'Conor the son of Cathalof the Red Hand, to the
canons of Kilmore, call it Rath-na-llomhdnach ;
and Duald Mac Firbis, in his translation of the
Irish Annals (Irish Misc., I., 243), writes it with
a translation, ^^ Raith-na-Romanach, i.e. [the fort]
of the Romans." Tigroney, the name of a place
beside the river Ovoca, between Rathdrum and
/Vrklow in Wicklow, a\ ell Icnown for its mines, is
the ancient Tcch-na-Romhan [Ti-na-Rovan] tlie
liouse or church of the Romans, where Palladius,
St. l*atrick's predecessor, erected a church during
his short visit to this coast.

Wh(>n persons migrated from one part of Ireland
(() .'iiiollier, the pliic(>s uliere they settled often got
names indicating the provinces from which they

l26 StrcDiffcrs. [(uiai'. vri.

ciiino; mifl names of lliis kind arc conliilmlcHl by
all the four provinces.

Leimtenncn. Laiylincach [L5^nagh] isaLeinster-
nian, from Laiglican, llio irish name of lioinster.
There is a phice near Kilfinano in Limerick, called
Ballinlyna ; another called Ballinliny, three miles
from Newcastle in the same county; u third near
the village of Golden in Tipperury, called ]>allin-
lina ; and there are two townlands called lially-
lina also in Tipperary : — all these names signify
the town of the Leinsterman.

Connaughtman. Connachtach, a Connaughtman,
is preserved in Balljmagonnaghtagh (first c eclipsed
hy (j) in the parish of Dysert, Clare, the toAvn of
the Connaughtmen. In the townland of Bally-
gcely in the ])arish of Kilshanny, north of h'nnis-
tymon in Ohirc, there is a great monumental
mound now called Carn-Connachtach, the earn of
the Connaughtmen ; which O'Donovan believes
to be the Carn-Mic-Tail mentioned in the Annals
(Four M., v., 1669, note u).

Munstermen. From Mumha, genitive Mtoulian
[Mooan], ISfunster, we havo ]\Iii in/// iicac/i [Mweis
nagh], a Munstcnnan. It Avoidd appear that im-
migi-ants from across Ihe (Shannon nnist have
settled in Cloontj'^mweeiuigh (the oloons or meadows
of the Munstermen) near the village of Scarrilf in
Clare, close to the shore of Lough Derg, before or
about the time of the annexation of Clare to Mun-
ster. Nearly the same form as this occurs in
Bawntanameenagh near Freshford in Kilkenny,
the Munstermen's baiciis or green fields; ami a
slightly different in Newtown Moynagh near Trini^
in Meath, i. e. Newtown of the Munstermen.
Barnameenagli is the name of t^o townlands in
Leitrim — the bar ov hill-top of the Munstermen.

Ulster men. TJlaidh [idly] is the Irish name of

CHAP. VIII.] Imh Personal and Famih/ Barnes. l27

Ulster, from which we have Ultach or Oltach, an
ULsterma 11, which assumes slightly varied forms in
different local names. Cooloultha in the parish of
Evko in Kilkenny, signifios tlie Ulsterman's corner;
n Leiier lonn is scon in Knockamdfy near Eiiiiisty-
nion in Clare {moo, a hill) ; and in JJoleynanouit-
agh near Kildorreiy in Cork, the booley or dairy
place of the Ulstermen. There is an Ardultagh in
Galway — the height of the Ulstermen. As the
genitive form nnh of the article is used in Cloon-
iialnilty in the parish of Aghamore in Mayo —
indicating the singular feminine — we must con-
clude that tlie name signifies the cloon or meadoAV
of the Ulstcrwonian. Ulster itself is com-
memorated in Cahenilla in Kerry, near the Shan-
non mouth, the caliir or stone fort of Ulaidh or
Ulster.

CEAPTER VIII.

IRISH PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

In order that the reader may better understand
the substance of this chapter, it is necessary to
show in a general way how Irish personal and
family names took their rise, and to explain and
illustrate certain laws observable in the derivation
of local names from both.

It may bo said that wo know nearly all the
personal names formerly in use in this country,
through the medium of our ancient literature and
inscriplions ; and a large proportion of them still
survive in daily use, though in most cases greatly
changed from their original forms. When we
examine thorn m (heir most ancient orMi()gia])liy,
we can easily perceive that all are significant ; but

128 Irish Personal and Family Names, [chap. viii.

though most of them bear their meanings plainly
on their face, many are now exceedingly obscure,
either because they have been handed down to us
incorrectly by the old transcribers, or that the
words composing them have long since become
obsolete.

Tu very early ages individuals usually received
their names from some persojial peculiarity, such
as colour of hair, complexion, size, figure, certain
accidents of deformity, mental qualities, such as
bravery, fierceness, &g. &c. ; and we have only to
look at the old forms of the names to remove any
doubt we may entertain of the truth of this
assertion.

We need not hesitate to pronounce that the
man who first received thonameof Diih/idn [Duane]
was so called from his dark hair and complexion ;
for it is a diminutive of dubh [duv], black : and
Duhhan signifies as it stands, a black or dark-com-
plexioned man. Moreover it is very ancient, for
we find it in the Book of Leinster and Lehor ria
h Uidhre as the name of persons mixed up with our
earliest traditions; and it is still in use as a family
name disguised under the forms of Dwano, Dvvain,
Downs, &c.

Some person of this name must have lived at
Dundooan near Coleraine, and another at l)un-
dooan in the peninsula of Rosguill in the north of
Donegal, for the name of both signifies DnJiltan's
fortress. The parish of Hook in AVexford — ^that
long narrow poninsida bomiding AValorferd har-
bour on the east — came by its present name in a
curious way. The old name of the place, as it is
written in several charters, was Randouan or Rin-
down ; and it was so called from St. Dowan, Avho,
according to a Patent Roll of Henry VIII., was
the patron saint of Hook. This Dowan, whose

CHAP. VIII.] Imh Personal and Family Names. 129

correct name was Dubhan, is commemorated in tlie
Irish Calendars at the lltli of February. He was
one of a family of brothers and sisters, who settled
in Ireland at the end of the sixtli century, chil-
dren of a Ih-itish kinp^ named Bracdu ; ainong- whom
were Ddblicoij of Lough Dorg, Paanoi Cill-Fhaain
(now Xiifano in Kilkenny), Iloc/iorot/ of Uclgany
(p. 2G), and otliers. 1 to was calhvl Dubhan Ailithir,
or Bnhhan the pilgrim, and he built a cell in a
place which was afterwards called from him Rinn-
Duhhain, Duhhan's point. In the lapse of long
ages /SV. Dubhan was forgotten ; and the people of
Wexford, prefening a name for the place with an
English soimd, attempted to translate the old
native name. The word dubhan, in addition to
the meaning already assigned to it, signifies also a
fishing hook ; and as this appeared a very appro-
priate appellation for the long peninsula under
consideration, they accordingly, knowing nothing
of St.y)/^^)/^/;/, rendered llinn-Dubhain, Tlook Point,
and caUed the parish itself by the nanu; of Hook.
This identification we owe to the llev. James
Graves (Kilk. Arch. Jour., Vol. III., 1854-5),
whom I have followed.

Persons of this name, and of others foimded on
it, are commemorated in several other places. In
the parish of Kilkeedy in Clare, seven miles north-
east of Corofin, there is an old castle in ruins, now
called Cloonoan, onco belonging to the O'Briens,
which was stormed by Sir llicliard JJingham in
the year 158G : the Four Masters, recording tin's
event, give the < rue name — Cluain-Dubhain {Duhh-
an's meadow), which lost the d by aspiration in
the process of anglicising. The parish of Kibnac-
duane near Kilrusli in Clare, takes its name from
an old church, once belonging to the monastery of
Inis Cathaigh or Scattery Island ; it is mentioned

10

130 Irish Personal and Family Names, [chap. viii.

in the life of St. Senan and in the Annals of the
Four Masters, who call it Cill-mhec-Duhliain, the
church of Bubhan's son. In the year 1579,
Derinot O'Shaiighnessy, one of the chiefs of the
O'Shaughncssys of Kinolea in the south-east of
Galway, laid a snare for his brother's son, William,
at a place popularly called Aidiuealuano, in the
parish of iJoagh in (Jalway, lour miles south of
Uort ; he succeeded in slaying- his nephew, but the
young- man defended himself so well, that the
assassin died of his wounds an hour after the
combat. The Four Masters, in recording- this
event, call the i>\iioe Ard-Maoldubhai)i,Maohlnihan's
height ; it contains the ruins of a castle, which is
called Ardamidlivan in tlie Ordnance maps.

Duhlian foruis a ])art of several oMiur personal
and family names, but I Avill mention only one
other, viz., Ciardhuhhan [Keeruwaun], which was
formed by prefixing ciar to duhhan, very probably
after the latter had lost its significance ; for ciar
itself means black or very dark. This is the
original form of the family name Kirwan or
O'Kirwan, so well known and widely spread in
the county Galway. There is a townland in the
parish of Clondagad near the mouth of the Fergus
in Clare, called Craggykerrivan, which took its
name from a member of this family ; for the Four
Masters, atA.w. 1600, call it Craig-JJi-Chiardhubh-
ain, O'Kirwan's rock.

It appears to mo that many — perhaps the
greater inimbor of- — descri])live or connnemorative
})ersoual nauics were origluully Hccoudiiiy or ad-
ditional names, given in after-life, and subse-
quently retained, so as to supersede the first
name. AVe have ample historical testimony that
this custom was very general in Ireland ; but
these secondary names generally seem not to have

CHAP. VIII.] Irish Personal and Famihj Names. 181

been given in an offensive or opprobrious sense,
but to have been accepted by the individuals as a
matter of course. There are innumerable in-
stances of this change of name in our histories,
but 1 Avill iiHMition only three.

We are told tliat St. Patrick's first name was
Siiccaf, which old writers interpret " warrior "
(the latter part being cath, a battle) ; that he was
afterwards called Cothraige, signifying " four
families," from the circumstance that, while he
was a slave in Ireland, he was the projserty of
four masters, and was forced to serve them all.
And finally he received the name Patricius, which
was a title of distinction among the Romans,
meaning a patrician or noble person.

The great hero, CuchulUn, according to our
traditional history, had several names. He was
first called Setanta, and the reason why he received
the name of CuchulUn is the subject of a curious
legend, told in several of our very old books,
among others in Lehor-nu-hUidhrc. Oji one oc-
casion Culand, a great artificer in metals, who had
his residence and kept his foigo near SHove
GuUiou in Armagh, came to the palace of Emania
to invito king Conor Mac Nessa and the lied
Branch Knights to a feast. Setanta, who was
then a little boy, was also invited, for he happened
to be on a visit at the palace at this very time ;
but when the company set out, he remained behind
to finish a game of ball with his companions, say-
ing that he would follow very soon. He started
off in the evening, and arrived late at Culand's
residence ; but when he attempted to enter the
house, he found the way barred by an enormous
dog, which was kept by the artificer to guard his
])rcmises at night. The savage animal instantly
sot on him ; but the brave little fellow, in no
florrroo ton-ified, vnliantly di-^fended himself

132 Irish Personal and Family Names, [chap, viii.

Wlien Culiind and liis guests heard the dreadful
uproar outside, the smith started up and asked in
great alarm whether any of the company had
remained behind; for no one, he said, had ever
approaclied llie house at night without being torn
in pieces by the dog. Then the king all at once
recollected how Sotanta had promised to follow
him, and Fergus Mac lloigh and several others of
the guests rushed out to save him ; but when they
came to the place, they found the great dog lying
dead, and the young hero standing over him.
Fergus, in great delight, snatched up the boy in
triumph on his shoulder, brought him into the
house, and placed him on the floor in presence
of the king and the whole assembly, who received
him very joyfully.

Culund, after he had first given vent to his glad-
ness at the boy's escape, immediately fell to
lamenting his dog, complaining that his house and
flocks would now have to remain unprotected.
But young Setanta at once said that he would
procure him a puppy of the same breed, if one
could be found in all Erin, from Tonn Tuath iu
the north to the Wave of Cleena in the south ; and
he offered, moreover, to take upon himself the
charge of guarding the house at night till the
yomig dog shovdd be sufficiently grown to take
his place. Whereupon, the king's druid, Cathhad,
who happened to be present, proposed that the
boy's name should be changed to Cu-Chulnind
(Culand's hound) ; and he declared that he should
be known by this name to all future generations,
and that his fame and renown would live for ever
among the men of Erin and Alban (see O'Curry,
Lect. II., 3G2).

In the ancient historical tale called "The
Feast of Bim-na-ngedh," there is a very good
example of the manner in which secondary names

CHAP. vTTi.] Irish Tcrsonat and Family Names. 133

were given on accoimt of personal deformities or
peculiarilies. The arch rebel, Congal Claen, in
his angry speech to the king, enumerating liis
wrongs, tclla Itim how, when he was one day loft
aldMo in tlio g;ird(Mi of tlio /is whore ]w was
nursed, a little bee stung him in one eye, so that
the eye became awr}', "from which," he says,
" I have been named Congal Claen " — choi. sig-
nifying inclined or crooked. lie goes on to relate
how on another occasion he slew the king of
Ireland, Swena Menn ; '' and when the king Avas
tasting death, he llnng a chess-man Avhich was in
his liand at me, so that /lo broke the crooked eye
in my head. I was scj ^int-eyed {claen) before ; I
have been blind-eyed (cacch) since." Accordingly
we find him called /n old documents by both
names, Cougal Clam, and Congal Cacch.

This custom of bestowing names dcscrijitive of
some qualities in the individuals, was all along
(•i(tssod by anollMH' tliat musi, have oxistcMl I'loni
tbo earliest ages, nnmcly, tho porpetiialion of
hereditary personal names. It is a natural desire
of parents (o call their child after one of them-
selves, or after some distinguished ancestor ; and
such names were given without any reference to
personal peculiarities. Moreover, a feeling of
reverence for the memory of the parent or ancestor
whose name was adopted, would be a powerful
motive — just as it is in our own day — to resist a
change of name in after-life. This manner of
designation became more and more general, till it
ultimately quite superseded the other ; and now,
even if the names were understood, no one would
ever think of finding in the name a description
of the person.

1 1 appears from our historians that hereditary
family names became general in Ireland about the

134 Irish Personal and Family Names, [cirvr. viii.

period wlion Brian Boni roigncd, viz., in llio end
of the tentli and tlie beginning- of the eleventh
century ; and some authorities assert that this
I'ustoni was a(h)pted in ohedionco to an ordinance
issned hy that monarch. The manner in wliich
these names wore fornuKl was very simple. The
meniLors of a family — each in addition to his own
proper name — took as a common designation the
name of their father, of their grandfather, or of
fiome more remote ancestor ; in the first case pre-
fixing the word tnac, which means a son, and in
the two other cases ua or o, which signifies grand-
son ; and in all cases the genitive of the pro-
genitor's name followed the mac or the o. Thus
the following were the names of seven successivo
kings of the Hy Noill race from a.d. 7(13 to 95(1,
and each was the son as well as the successor of
the next preceding : — Niall Frassach (of the
showers), Hugh Oirne, Niall Cailne, Hugh Finn-
liath (fair-grey), Niall Glundubh (hlack-knee),
Murkertagh of the leather cloaks, and Domnall
D'Neill. This last king was the first that adopted
the surname of Ua NeiU (Niall's grandson) which
he took from his grandfather, Niall Gllundubh ;
and from that time forward every man of his I'acc
bore the surname of O'Neill.*

Great numbers of places all through the country
have received their names from individuals or
from families, who were formerly connected with
them, either by possession or residence, or some
other accident. In the formation of such names
certain phonetic laws were observed, which I will
now proceed to explain and illustrate. It must
be remarked, however, that while these laws are
rigidly observed in the Irish language, it often

* See O'Donovan'a admirable essay on " Ancient names of
Tribes and Territories in Ireland, in the Introduction to
O'.Diigan'a Typographical Poem.

(!HAP. VIII.] Irish Personal and Family Names. 135

happens that in the process of anglicising, either
they are disregarded, or the effect of them al-
together diHa])])ears.

I. When a local name is formed by the union
of a noun of any kind with a personal name, tlio
latter follows the former, as is in the genitive
case. Scftnach [Shannagh], which signifies wise
or prudent, was formerly very common as a man's
name, and it continues in use in the family name
0'81uiuahan. Its genitive is Seanaigh, which is
pronounced Shanvy in every ]inrt of Ireland ex-
(•(>pt south ]\Iuns(,or, Avhere Ihey sound it S/ianni(/.
vSomo saint oC this name is commemorated at
Kilsliannig near llivlhcormack in Cork, the Irish
name o[ wliicli is CiU-8panaigh, Scanach's church.
Kilshanny near Mitchelstown in the same county,
is the same name, and exhibits the more usual
sound of the genitive. The small island of Inish-
murray in the bay of Sligo, is called in <he annals
Inis-Miiireadhnigh, and it received its nanie from
^ndreadhaoJi, Mio first bishop of Killsda, Avho
nourished in the seventh century.

lomhnr or Eiinhcr [Ecvcr] is a mnn's name
which was formerly very connnon, and which still
survives as a family name in the forms of Ivor,
Ivors, Evers, and even Howard. The village of
Ballivor in Mcath exhibits this name very nearly
as it ought to be pronounced, the Irish being
Bailc-IomJiair, Ivor's town. There was a cele-
brated (^hief of the ()' Donovans nanied lomhar
who lived in the thirteenth century, and from
whom a considerate sept of the O'Donovans were
d(^scended. Ilo bnilt a, casllo called from him
Caislcan-Iomhair, which long remained in posses-
sion of the family ; it is now called Castle Eyre,
and its ruins still renuiin near the litile village of
Unionhall in the parish of Myross, at the mouth

136 Irish Personal and FauiiUj Names, [chap, vin

of Glandore harbour in Cork. He was a great
trader : and tlie legends of tlie peasantry still
relate that he lives enchanted in a lake near the
castle — Ijough Cluhir — and that once in every seven
years his sliip is seen with (lolours Hying over the
surface of the water (see O'Donovan's Four M.
VI., 2i;59). Crossuiakeovor in Horry exhihils the
family name Avith Mac, still very common — this
name signifying Makeevcr's or Maclvor's cross.
Muireagdn, genitive Muireaga'in, is a very old Irish
personal name, signifying a mariner, from niuir,
the sea ; and it is still used in the form of jSIorgan.
There is a place near Abbeyleix in Queen's County,
called Ci'omorgan, the Irish name of Avhich is
Crioclt-Muireagdin, Muregau's distiict. In the four
last names the modification in sound and syxilliiig
ol the gciiitivo disiippearH in (ho anglicised forms.

II. The initial letter of a personal name in the
genitive case, following a noun, is usually aspi-
rated, if it be one of the aspirablo letters. This
occurs in the Irish language, but in the anglicised
forms the aspirated letters are often restored.
Mliirn or Mvrni (signifying love or affection), was
a woman's name, formerly in use in Ireland ; Finn
Mac CanihaiU's mother, for instance, was called
Afurni llancaini (of the boautit'id neck). Tlusre is
a village and parish west of Macroom in Cork,
called Ballyvourne)'-, where some woman of this
name has been commemorated; for the Four
Masters, in recording it as one of the camping places
of O'Sullivan Bear in his retreat from Dunboy in
H]{)2y call it Baile-Mlrairne, IMurna's fownland.
The aspirated ni is restored in CJarrigmoorna
{Mama's rock) in tlie parish of Kilrossanty in
Waterford. In this townland there is a conical
stony hill, having a large rock on the summit,
with an old lis near it ; and within this rock dwells

CHAP. VIII.] Irish Per lional and Family Names. 137

the enchantress Murna. When the wind blows
stronf^ly in certain directions, a loud whistling
sovnid comes from some crevices in the rock, whicJi
can be lionrd distinctly half a mile off ; and the
])(>:i.siniiry wlio know notbing of such hvvrncd ex-
planations, and careless, will tell you, among many
other dim legends of the lady Murna, that this
sound is tbe humming of her spiiming wheel.

III. The genitive of ua or o (a grandson) is ui,
whicli is pronounced the same as cc or ;/ in English ;
and consequently when a local name consists of a
noun followed by a family name with 0 (such as
O'Brien) in the genitive singular, the ui is usually
(but not always) represented in anglicised names
by y. Tliis is very plainly seen in Cloonykelly
near Athleague in Hoscommon, Clnain- Ui- Chcal-
laigh, O'Kelly's meadow ; in Drumyarkin in Fer-
managh (near Clones), O'llaxkin's drum or hill-
ridge. Cloonybrien, near Boyle in Hoscommon,
wliere a portion of the Annals of Lough Key was
copied, is cnllod in li'isli (Jliinin-J-Wiraoiii,
O'Breen's meadow. Xnockycosker, nortli of Kil-
beggan in AVestmoath, is written by the Four
^Masters Cnoc-Ui-C/iosrrdif/h, O'Cosgry's hill. The
barony of Iraghticonor in the north of Kerry, is
called in Irish Oircacht-Ui-Chonchohhair, O'Conor's
iraijlit or inheritance.

In the parish of Moycidlen in Galway there is
a townland, now called Gortyloughlin ; but as we
find it written Guilyloughnane in an old counly
map, it is obvious tliat here n has been changed
to / — a very usual phonetic corrui^tion (1st Vol., Ft.
I., c. III.), and that the Irish name is Gort-Ui-
Lachtnain, the field of O'Lachtnan or O'Loughnane
— a well-known family name. This townland in-
cludes the demesne and house of Danesfield, the
name of which is an attempted translation of the

138 Irish Personal and Family Names, [chap. viii.

incorrect name Goriylounlilin, ilio triiiislalors
tliinkino- tliat tlio latter part was identical with
Lochhuinach, one of tlie Irisli terms for a Dane.
But the Danes had nothing* to do with tlie name,
for neither Gortylonghnane nor Gortyloughlin,
conkl hear the interpretation of Danesfiekl, which
is one of the many instancies of false translations
in our local nomenclature. The family name
0' Lachtnain is coromemorated in Ballyloughuane,
the name of two townlands, one in the north of
Tipperaiy (near Birr), and the other near Oroora
in Limerick — O'Loughnane's town. With (joH
for the initial term we have Gortyclcry near
Mohill in Tjcitrim, Gortylcahy near Mac room in
Cork, and Gortymaddcn in (he parish oi' Ahhey-
gormaciin iu Galway, O'Olory's, OTicahy's, and
0'J\ladden'H lield respectively.

This y sound of ui is often altogether sunk in
the y of Bally and clerry, when a family name fol-
lows these words. The parish of Ballyhoggan in
Meath takes its name from a celehrated ahbey
whose ruins are still to be seen on the Boyne, and
which is called in the annals Baile-Ui-Iiliof/aiit,
(the abbey of) O'Boggan's town. There are several
places in different coimties called Ballykealy ; the
Four Masters give the correct form of the name
when they mention Ballykealy in Kerry, which
they call Baile-Ui-Chaelniy/ie, O'Kecly's town.
Half way between Athenry and. Oranmore, just
by the railway at the south side, thei"e is an old
castle ruin called Derrydonnell, the Irish name of
which is given in the same aiithority, Doire-Ui-
l)]iomJmaill, O'DonnoU's oak wood.

IV. When a local name consists of a word fol-
lowed by a family name with 0, in the genitive
plural (i.e. having such an interpretation as " the
rock of the G'Donnells"), in this case, whilst the

CHAP. VIII.] Irish Personal and Family Names. 139

0 retains its own form unchanged, the first letter
of the following word is eclipsed (if it admit of
eclipsis) exactly the same as if the 0 Avere the
article in the genitive ])lnral. As this is a very
iniportiint law, and influonces groat nnnd)ors of
names, and as besides it is very generally followed
in the anglicised forms, I will illustrate it by
several instances.

Many examples of this usage might be quoted
from the annalists. The Four Masters record at
1550, that Calvagh O'Donnell was taken prisoner
in the monastery of Cill-0-dTomhrair, the church
of the O'Tomrairs. The ruins of this monastery
are situated near tlie shore of Lough Swilly, two
miles fi'om the village of llathmelton in Donegal.
The name ought to be pronounced KiUodorrir, but
the Irish speaking people change the last r to /
(1st Vol., Part I., c. iii.), and pronoimce it Killo-
dorril ; and those who anglicised the name from
this corrnplod it further by changing the rr io nn,
so that the ohl cliurch is now always called ](^illo-
donnell, as if it look i(s name from the O'Donnells.
The family of O'Tomhrair, who now call tluMuselves
Toner, took their name from an ancestor, Tomhrar,
whose name was borrowed from the Danish Tomrar,
or Tomar.

Torney is now a pretty common family name,
the correct form of which is O'Torna. According
to O'Curry (Lect., II., 69) they derive their name
fronr the celebrated poet Torna Eigeas, who
flourished in the fourth century ; and they in-
habited the district of O'Torna in the north of
Kerry. The name of this district is still retained
in that of the monastery and village of Abbey-
dorney ; the former, which was founded in 1154,
is caUed in Irish by the Four Masters, Mainistir-
0-dTorna ["Mannister-Odorna], the abbey of the

140 Irish Personal and Fa mil If Nnmea. [chap, viit.

O'Tornas. The word "abbey" is oinittoil in tbo
name of the parish, which is now culled O'Dorney.
Another name exactly similar to tliis last is
( )gonnelloe, which is that of a parish in Clare ;
here tlie word tualli is niulerstoud : — TuaUi-O-
(jCoingidlla, the district of the O'Conneelys. Near
Crooni in liimerick is a townland called Tidlovin,
which exactly represents the sonnd of Tul'-O-
bhFinn, the hill of the O'Fiinis, where the / is
eclipsed by the bh or v, and the same family name
is commemorated in Graigavine near Fiddown in
the south of Kilkenny, Graig-0-hhFinn, the
O'Finns' graigue or village.

Ill the year A.i). 8()1), Hugh Fiiinliath, king of
Ireland, gained a victory over tlie J)aiies at a])lace
called by the annalisis Cill-Thi-vlhigJtro [Kir-
loneery I tlio Ohiiich dl" the O'Decrys ; vvliicli Dr.
Todd believes to be the place now called Xillineer
near Drogheda. The personal name Doighre [Dira]
from which this family name has been formed,
though formerly in use, is now obsolete ; but it is
preserved in local nomenclature. Some man of
this name is commemorated in Duniry, now a parish
in Galway, Avhere the Mac Egans, hereditary bre-
lions to the O'Kellys of ITyMany, long had their
residence, and which in their writings, and in the
Four Masters, is called Bun-Boighrc {D lost by
aspiration), Doiglire's fortress.

There is a parish near the town of Antrim, called
Donegore, which Colgan calls Dun-O-gCurra, the
fortress of the O'Curras ; and the old fortress still
exists, and is called Donegore moat (lleeves : Eccl.
Ant. 64, note d\.

The Four Masters at a.d. 1393 record a conflict
between two families of the Mac Dermots, fought
at a place which they call Cluain-0-gCoinneny the
meadow of the O'Cunnanes, which is situated near

CHAP, -viii.] Irish Personal and Family Names. 141

Frenchpark jn the north of Roscommon, and is
now called Cloonnagunnane. Near Borrisokane
in Tipperary there is a place called Kyleonermody ;
here the n in the middle represents a d which it
eclipses, the whole name being Cdill-0-nDiarmadn,
tbo wood of (ho O'Dcrmody's, a family name still
common in Limerick and Tipperary. Diarmaid as
a personal name is cormnemorated in Dundermot
(Diarmad's fortress) a townland giving name to a
parish in Antrim, which itself takes its name from
a large earthen fort over the Clough Water near
where it joins the river Main, Killodicrnan is an
old cluirch giving name to a ])arish in Ti])perary,
one of tho cliurchcs that took their names from
fiimilies, where tho O'Tiornans were probably
crenaghs or hereditary wardens of the church, the
Irish name being Cill-0-dTighearnan. A name
exactly corresponding to this is Killogilleen in
Galway, exhibiting the eclipsis of c hj g : — Cill-0-
gCillin, tho church of tho O'Killeens, or as they
now cull thomselvos, Killccns.

Occasionally in constructions of this land, the 0
disappears in the process of anghcising, while the
effect of the eclipse remains. This is seen in
Ilathgormuck, the name of a village and parish in
Waterford, which they now pronounce in Irish
liafh-a-gCormaic, but which, thirty years ago, the
old people called Rath- 0-g Cor maic, the fort of the
O'Cormacs. On this it is to be remarked that in
nijiiiy parts of Ireland, the 0 of family names is
prouomiced A in the colloquial language: — Daniel
O'Connor for instance would be made DomhnaU-
A-Conchubhair.

In a few cases both the 0 and the eclipsis are
obliterated, as in Rosbercon, the name of a village
in tho Ronlh of Kilkenny, wbi('li on nccount of
being situated in the ancient territory of l/i-JJer-

142 Irish Personal and Family Names, [chap. viii.

clion, is culled in Trish Ilos- Ua-tiiBcrchon, tlio wood
of the O'liorcLuns.

V. The mac of family names is often written
maff, even in manuscripts of authority. Among a
gi'oat many examples of this I may mention the
family of Mugroarty, who were keepers of the
cclohratcd reliquary called the caah or cathach,
belonging to the family of O'Donncll, The Four
Masters mention this family tmce, and in both
cases write the name Mag RohJiartaigh (son of
Rohhartach [Roartagh]) ; and the g holds its place
in the modern form, as well as in local names
derived from the family. An example of this is
Ballymagrorty, the name of two townlands, one
near the town of Ballyshannon, and the other near
the city of Dcrry, which Colgan writes Baile-Meg-
Jiabhartaich, Magroarty's townland. The Mag-
roarfcys resided in and gave name to these places,
and it is probable that they held the lands in virtue
of their office.

VI. When mac in the genitive plural follows a
noun, if the noun following begin with a vowel, n is
inserted after mac and before the vowel. This
« is merely an inflectional termination, and be-
longs to the ancient form of declension, as may bo
seen by reference to Zeuss, Gram. Celt., p. 221.
An excellent example of this is Kilmacrenan,
[Cill-Macn-Enain), examined in 1st Vol. It is
seen also in Kilmacnoran, two miles east of Bally-
haise in Cavan, Cill-Macn- Odhrain, the church of
the sons of Odhran or Oran. There is a barony in
the east of Galway called Olonmacnowen, or more
correctly Olanmacnowen ; the name divides itself
this way, Clan-macn-owen ; Irish, Clann-mac-
iiEoghan (Four M.), the descendants of the sons
of Eoghan or Owen ; and this tribe were descended
and took their name from Owen, the son of Donall

CHAP. VIII. J Irish Personal and Family Names. 143

More 0 'Kelly, chief of ITy Many, who flourished
in the early part of the thirteenth century.

VII. AVhen a local name consists of a noun
followed by a family name beginning with mac,
or by any surname following mac, the m of mac
is often aspirated ; as in Derry vicneill in the parish
of Attymas in Mayo, Doire-mhic-Neill, the oak-
wood of Niall's son ; Bally vicnacally near Dromore
in Down, the town of the son of the calliagh or
hag.

VIII. The V of this anglicised syllable vie or
rick, is often omitted both in proniuiciation and
writing, h'aving only id; aiul sometimes nothing
more than the more sound of 1c. Tin's is a con-
traction very common in Irish family names; and
in a great many that begin with k, c, or g, these
letters represent the last letter of the mac or mag.
Kcon is shortened from Mac Owen ; Cuolahan
from Mac Uallacliain ; Cribbin, Gribbin, and
Gribbon, from 3[ac lloibin, the son of Robin, or
little llobcrt.

The Irish call the Berminghams Mac Fhcorais
[]\Iac Orish], i. e. the son of Feoras, or Picras, or
Pierce, a name derived from an ancestor. Pierce,
the son of Meyler Bermingham, who was one of
the chief heads of the family. Several branches
of this family have altogether dropped the Eng-
lish name, and adopted the Irish ; but it is almost
univoi'sally contracted from Mackorish to the
forniH (JoiiHli, ConiM, and (Jlioi'tis, all family nainos
common in certain parts of Ireland. Some mem-
ber of ihis family gave name to Ballycorus in the
coinify of iJublin, near J'jnniskerry, well known
for its lead mines, the full name of which is Baile-
Mhic-Flicorais, the town of Mac Orish or Berming-
ham, The hcrcdilary name Pierce or Feoras,
without the mac, is preserved in Monasteroris, the

144 Irish Personal and Family Karnes, [chap, viii

naino of a ruined inonustoiy near ]*l(leii(l()rry in
Kiiij^'e Ccniuly, which wan i'uuiulcd hy Sir Juliii
Bermiughum for Franciscans in the year 1325,
and hence culled Mainister-Feorais (Four M.), the
monastery of {Mac) Fcorais. (iSeo Sir AVilliani
E. Wihle's " Boyne and Bhickwatcr.")

A n()()d example oi' (lie ciihIoiii now under con-
sideralion in its application to local nomeucilature,
is liallickmoyler, the name of a village in (iiieen's
County, which signifies tlio town of the son of
Moyler or Myler. So also Gorticmeelra in Ros-
common, Mac Meelra's gort or field ; Killicka-
weeny near Kilcock in Kildare, Coill-mhic-a'-
J\lliHiinhni(jh, the wood of the son of the Muintliiimeh
[Mweenagh] orMunsterman. Near the bank of the
grand canal, two miles west of Tullamore in King's
County, is an old castle called Ballycowan, which
gives name to the barony in which it is situated.
The Four Masters at 1557 write the name Baile-
mhic-Ahhainn, the town of the son of AhJiann or
Aihhne, a personal name formerly in use, and still
sometimes met with in the anglicised form Evenew.
There is a place in King's County and another in
Kildare, called Cadamstown ; the Irish form of
this name is preserved by the Four IMasters,
who write the name of Cadamstown in King's
Coimty, Baile-mic-Adam, the town of Adam's son;
and the correct anglicised form Ballymacadam is
the name of some places in Kerry and Tipperary.

IX, The G of mac is sometimes dropped. There
is a parish in Tipperary called Kilmastulla, which
should have been anglicised Kilmacstulla, for it is
written in the Dowu Survey Killm'^tS/ii////, and
signifies Mac Stidly's church. In like manner,
Ballymadun, a parish in the nortli of the county
of Dublin, is written in an ancient Latin document,
quoted by Dean Reeves (O'Dugan, Notes, V.) Villa

CHAP. VIII.] Irish Personal and Family JVames. 146

Macdun, indicating that the correct anglicised
name is Ballymacdun, IVIacdun'a townland. So
IJallymascanhm, a parish in Louth, ought to have
been, and indeed often is, called Ballymacscanlan,
the town of Scanlnn's son.

T Avill now procei'd to instance a few cliaractor-
istic Irish personal and family names, and to
illustrate tlio manuer in whieli locnl n.'nnes have
been formed from them ; and I will first resume
the consideration of those names derived from
duhh, blaclc, all of which, like Duhhan, must have
been originally applied to persons with dark hair
and comploxion.

( )u(^ of tl\(\sc \Hl)iih/il/iach [Duffa], which has de-
RccndiMl (o our own day in the form of IJuHy
and O'Duffy. I do not wish to venture on an
exiDlanation of thach, the latter part of the word : it
may be possibly nothing more than a suifix, for it is
found in other names, such a.sCarthnch,Cobhihach,
&c. Duhlifhach is a, name of groat an(iquity ; and
tliose wlio have read the history of St. i'atrick's
preaching in Ireland, will remember Icing Laegh-
aire's arcli poet Dnhhthach, whom the saint con-
verted when he preached before the king and his
court in Tara, a.d. 433. 8ome individual of
this name must have formerly possessed Tanrna-
doey near jMoneyuiorc in Deny, which is called
in Irish Tarnhnach-Duhhiliaigh, Duhhthach^s field;
and wo have the name also in Ballyduffy iuLong-
f(»rd, lM;iyo, and Ivosconnnon, tho toAvnland of
Dulfy or b'Dun'y.

From Iho same root wo havo D}(hhnllJwc1i,
which nu>;ins a dark-complexioned, lofty person ;
Ihough the alt would bear other interpretations
besides lofty. This name is generally anglicised
Ihiiild or Dudley, but it is now seldom metMilh
in any form. Jassadulta in the parish of Kil-

11

146 Trifih Personal and Family Names, [chap. viii.

tliomas in Gulway, signifies Duald's fort — Lios-a'-
Dubhaltaigh. This personal name is strangely
perverted in Moneygold, tlie name of a place near
the village of Grange in Sligo. The last sylhible,
gold, has hccn extracted from the long name
Dhuhhaltaigh ; but the wliole process is in strict
accordance with phonetic laws already explained
(1st Vol., Tart I., c. 111.): Vva., JUnihlKtllaigh re-
duced to Dhubhalt by throwing oil' the last syllable ;
lepresenting this phonetically, and substituling //
for dh ; after this it required little pressure to
force Moneyguald to Moneygold, for money natu-
I'ally suggested gold, according to the ordinary
process of ])opidar etymology : — Muine-Dhnhhalt-
aigh, Duald's shnd)bery.

One of the best known names derived from this
root Duhh is dahhda ; here it is cond)in(Hl with the
ancient adjectival termination, de or da ; and sig-
nifies black-complexioned. What lover of oysters
has not heard of Poldoody ! It is a large pool at
the shore near the E,ed Bank of Burren in the
north of Clare; and it produces oysters of ex-
cellent quality in great abundance. The name,
however, has nothing to do with oysters, for it
is merely Poll-Dnhltda, l^ooda's pool. We know
nothing of tliis Duh/ida, hnt he may in all like-
lihood get the credit of being an epicure in
oysters. A chieftain of this name, who flourished
in the seventh con ti\ry, and was nintli in descent
from the monarch Dathi, was the ancestor of Ihe
family of Tli Dahhda, or O'Dowd.

Dabhagan is a diiiiinutivo of dahJi, and sigiiilies
literally a little dark man. It is well known as a
family name in the phonetii^ form Dugan or
( )'Dugan ; and families of the name are comme-
morated in the townlands of Ballydugan in

CHAP. VIII.] Irish Personal and Family Names, 147

JDown and Tipperary, wliose name signifies
O'Dugan's townland.

Personal names derived from colours are very
numerous in Irish, and it may bo instructive (o
enumerate a low of the most imporlniit and
usual. Odhar [oar] is pale, pale-brown, pale-
faced; one of the chieftains of the O'Carrolls,
Tvho was slain in 1581 by the O'Conors Faly,
was styled William Odhar, or William the pale-
faced. The term in its simple form was in for-
mer days used as a personal name : and it is
exhibited in Hoare, a family name occurring
often in Cork and other southern counties,
where the name is in Gaelic Uali JJidhir, pro-
nounced O'lleere. But the Hoares of Wexford
are English, and their name is from Jwar, gi'^J"
liaired. From a chieftain of this name, who was
seventh in descent from CoUa Da Chrieh, and who
lived in the sixth century, the IMaguires took
their name. For Uidhir, ilie genitive of Odhar,
is pronounced ccr oy ire; and JMaguiro is a toler-
ably correct representative, so far as sound is
concerned, of Mac ?/?>///?>, which signifies b'tcrnlly
the son of the pale-faced man. 13allymaguire
(Maguire's town) near Lusk in Dublin, and
another townland of the same name in Tyrone,
were botli so called from members of this family.
The diminutive Odhran [Oran: little pale-faced
man] is far more frequent as a personal name than
Odhar. It, was nun-cover in nse at a. very early
period of our liistory ; St. Patrick's charioteer
was St. Odhran, who gave name to a place called
Desert-Oran in Offaly. It is often found forming
part of local names, of which the following are
examples. There is a townland called Seeoran in
the pariah of Knockbride in Cavan, which is
called by the annalists Siddhe-Odhrain, Oran's

148 Irish Personal a)id Family Names, [chai'. viii.

seat. Dororanin tbo parish of Teniioumaguiik in
Tyrone, is called Deryowran in the map of the
]*lantation, i.e. Doire-OdJirain, Odran's oak-wood.
MuUaghoran, Oran's summit, is the name of a
])lace in the parish of Drumhnnman, Cavan ;
tliere are some phaccs in Tyrone and Cavan called
llahoran {rath, a fort) ; ICilloran, the name of
several townlands in Gahvay, Tipporary, and
Sligo, is Oran's church ; Ballyoran, Oran's town-
land ; Avo have Templeoran in Westmeath, Oran's
church ; and the name of Templeorum near Fid-
down in the south of Kilkenny, has been corrupted
from this, for in the Irish elegy on the Hev. Ed-
mund Kavanagh, by tbo Hev. James Lalor, it is
called Teamimll- Odhrahi.

The Irish word /laiui, as a noun, signifies blood;
and as an adjective, red or ruddy. I'^ioiii a very
early period it has been used as a personal name,
and it must have been originally applied to a
ruddy-faced man. Flann, or, as he is usually
called, Flann of the monastery, was a celebrated
annalist, poet, and professor, Avho flourished at
Monasterboice, and died a.d. 105G. The geni-
tive form is Flainn, which is pronoxniced Flinn or
Floin ; and hence the family name 0' Flinn. In
this name the F is sometimes aspirated, which al-
together destroj^s its sound ; and then the name
becomes O'Lynn, which is also pretty common.
IJut the Ois now usually omitted from both names,
reducing them to Flinn and Lynn. Flann also
forms a family name with mac, and in this case the
F is always aspirated aiul oiiiiKcd; thus Mac
Fhlainn has given us the family name Macklin,
which will remind llie rcjidcr of the celebratcul
actor (whose real name, however, was Mac l^ough-
lin) ; while other branches of the same family call
themselves Magloin or M'^Gloin. Many again
drop the ilfrtc or Matj, the y of which gets attracted

CHAP. VIII.] Irish Personal and Family Names. 149

to the I (see p. 143) ; and this gives rise to the
family names Glynn and Glenn.

About three-quarters of a mile west of the
town of Boyle in Roscommon, near a small cataract
on the river, just at the railway bridge, there is an
old church which is often mentioned in the annals
by the names Eas-Dachonna and Eas-3Iic-nEirc
(cas, a waterfall), from St. Dachoima, the son of
Ere, who was the patron of the place. But in
later ages it has been called Eas- Ui-Fhlainn,
O'Flynn's cataract, from the family of OTlynn,
who were the erenaghs or wardens of the church;
and this old name is exactly represented in sound
by the present name of the church, Assylin. Near
the village of Desertmartin in Dorry, there is a
small lalce called Loughinsholin (and sometimes
incorrectly Lough Shillin), or in Irish Loch-innsc-
Ui-Fhlainn, the lake of O'Flynn's island. This
island was a crannoge (see this in 1st Vol.), and
wiiH ;i, fortresHol' snch iinpoi-ljmco thntif. gavo name,
not only to the lake, but to the barony of Lough-
insholin. From the same branch of this family
two other places in the same neighbourhood took
their names, viz., Desertlyn (0 'Lynn's hermitage),
and Monasterlynn (0 'Lynn's monastery), but the
latter is now always called by the seductive name
of Moneysterling.

The family name with mac is commemorated in
Bnllymnglin in Dcrry {haJly, n, townland) ; and in
Orossmaglin, the name of a village in Armagh, the
full name of which is Cros-mcg-Fhlainn, Maglin's
cross. And Ave have the personal name exhibited
in Attyflin near Patrickswell in Limerick, and in
Attiflynn near Dunmore in Galway, both of which
are called in Irish Ait-fighe-Flainn, the site {ait)
of Flann's house.

With the diminutive termination gdn, and a

160 Xi'ish Personal and Famili/ Names, [c

iiAr. viii.

vowel sound inserted (pp. 32 uiid 3, supra), ilio
uanie Flannagdu has been formed — little Fliinn — a
little ruddy-faced man ; and t'l um tliis again comes
the family name of O'Flanagan, or Flanagan, as
they now generally call themselves. The F of this
name becomes aspirated and omitted in Bally-
lanigan, the name of some places in Limerick and
Tipperary — Uai/e-Ui-F/i/anitagain, O'Maiuigau's
town.

I might give many more examples of personal
names derived from colours — indeed there is
scarcely a colour that does not originate a name —
but 1 will content myself with the foregoing. I
will now instance a few personal and family iiames
derived in various ways, and give examples of local
names derived fiom them.

Acd/i [ay: sounded like i\w a// in sai/j, genitive
Aedha, is interpreted by Cormac Mac Cullenan,
Colgan, and other ancient writers, to mean fire.
It is cognate with Gr. aithos, " also Avith Lat. avdcs,
Skr. edlias, firewood. Hence the Gaulish name
Aodui — Welsh rt/VA/, warmth " (tStokes inCor. Gl. :
see also on the name Aedui — " Die bei Caius Julius
Caesar vorkommenden Keltischen Namen in ihre-
rechthcit festgestellt und eililutert," by C. W.
Gliick, p. 9). In its original application it was
]irobably used in the sense of a fiery warrior.
\This name has been in use in Ireland from the
most remote antiquity; and as we have seen, it
was used among the Gauls in the time of Julius
Caisar. We find it among those early colonists,
tho Dedaunans ; and it Avas very common among
the Milesians who succeeded them. It was the
name of a great many of our ancient kings ;
and the Irish ecclesiastics named Aedli are almost
innumerable. Those who write in Latin use the
form Aidus ; and in English it is always made

CHAP. vni.J Irish Fersonal and Family Names. 16 i

Hugli, whicli however is a Teutonio name, witli an
ontircly diileront signification.

From it are derived the two family names of
O'hAedha and Mac Acdha [O'Hay, Mac-Ay], both
of wliicli liMvo been modilied into various itiodorii
forms. The most correct anglicised form of the
first is O'lToa or O'llay, which is still common,
but some fiimilics call themselves TIay. In
Limerick the name is very common in the form of
Hayes, which in the cities is sometimes changed
to ITaiz, to make it a]>|)car, I suppose, of foreign
origin, TIio uHiial iiiodcrjiised lonii ol" Mac Acdha
is]Vlage(\ which is coirect, or M'^Gee, not so correct,
or Mackay, which Avould be correct if accented
on the last syllable, which it generally is not ; and
it is made M'Kay by some. It is very common in
the form of Mac Hugh, which again is often still
further modernised to Hughes.

The suuple name, variously modified, is foimd
in great nmubers of local names. It is represented
by cc (as it is in Mag^r-) in Inishce quoted farther
on. There is a parish near KiUybegs in Donegal
caUod Killaghtee, which takes its name from an
old church, tho nuns of which are still to be seen
near the hamlet of Bruckless. The name signifies
the church of Aedh^s leach t or sepulchral monimient ;
and a large stone about six feet high, with a curious
and very ancient cross inscribed on its face, which
stands in the graveyard, marks the site of the old
leach f, whore Aedh, who was probably the oi'iginal
founder of the church, lies buried. Acdh lias tho
same form in llathmacnce, the name of a parish
near Carnsore Point in Wexford, where the ruins
of a castle still stand, probably on the site of the
ancient rath which gave origin to the name : —
Rafh-innc-nAcdha,\\\Q.{o\[joii\\omn^ oi Acdha («
inserted, p. 142). But it is more usuall}' repre-

152 Irish Personal and Family Names. [oiiAr. viii.

sonted by ea, us wo soo in Calieiou, tlu; lumu) of
80ine places iu Clare — CaUudr-Aedha, llugli'is caliei'
or circular stone fortress.

Not inifre(|nently tlio name is made TTii<>li, as in
Tuliyhiit^li in Arniagli and fcJliyo, Hugh's liill;
Uatlilnigli in the parish of Ahamlish in Sligo,
Hugh's fort. Tlio harouy ol' Tirluigh in (lio
u.vtrcmo south-west oi' Donegal, is called in Irish
authorities, Tir-Aedha, the territory of Aedli ; and
it received that name from Aedlt or ITugh (son of
Ainmire), the king of Ireland Avho sunnnoned the
celebrated convention of Drumceat in 573, and
who was slain at the great battle of Dunbolg-,
A.D. 598. Before his time this territory bore the
name of 8ereth.

This name Aedh is often so very much disguised
by contraction as to bo quite mulistinguisliable
without the aid of written authorities. A good
example of this is the well-known tribe name of
Clanmdjoy or Clandeboj^, which is a short form of
the old name Clann-Acdha-haidhe [Clan-ay-boy]
us we find it in the annals : these people Avere so
called from Acdh-hiiid/ic (yellow Hugh) or Hugh
Boy O'Neill, a chieftain who was slain in the year
A.i). 1283. In the fourteenth tx'ntury tlu;y
possessed an extensive territory in the counties of
Down and Antrim, and this was the ancient Clan-
naboy ; but the name no longer exists, except so
far as it is preserved in Lord DulTcrin's seat of
Clandeboye near Bangor in Down. Lissofin is a
townland in the parish of Tulhigh in Clare, the
Irish name of which is Lio^-Acdlia-Finn [Lissay-
fin] the fort of Hugh the fair, derived from Acdh
Finn, the ancestor of the family of Mac Namara
Finn.

The family name with 0 is commemorated in
Cloonyhea in the parish of Drangan in Tipperary,

CHAP. VIII. J Irish Personal and Family I^ames. 163

0 'Ilea's meadow ; also in Ballyliay, the name of a
parish in Cork, and of a townland in Down near
bonaghadec (JJallyhayes, Inq. — 1623), as weU as
in Ballyhiiys in Kihlaro — all sionifyinjr O'llca's
town. Wo liavo iho finnily iKnno wi(h i))(ic in
IJallynuKuio in Tipporaiy, and Jhdlymagco near
Bangor in Down : so also in Kilmakeo the name
of two places in tiio parishes of Dorryaghy and
Templcpatrick in Antrim, the church of Hugh's
son.

Tlic personal name Acdhagdn (little Acdh) is
formed by adding the diminiitive^a;? with a vowel
sound before it (pp. 32 and 3) ; and this again
gives origin to the family name Mac-Aedhagain
or Mac Egau, now generally Egan, descended and
named from Aedhagdn, a chieftain who lived in
the eleventh century. The Mac Egans were long
celebrated for learning, and one branch of them,
who were hereditary brehons to the M'Carthy
More, resided at P)a.lly-Mac-l*]gan on the Sliaiinon,
in th(K[)arlHh ol' Loiilia. in 'r'i[)pei(i)y, TIum'o nrc^
several oilier names formed from this name Acdh.
See p. 30, .s/t/n-a.

Eoghan [Owen] means, according to Cormac's
Glossary, well born. This name is now very com-
mon in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland, in the
phonetic form Owen ; but it is also often changed
to Eugene, which is the corresponding- Greek name
having the same meaning. The family name
Mac-Owtni is derived from it, but it is more often
written M'Keon and Keon (c attracted : p. 143).
It generally has the forin Owen in local names, as
in Dunowen in Cork and Galway, called in the old
records Dun-Eogliain, Owen's fort ; Ballyowen, a
pretty common townland name, Owen's town ;
Kilballyowcn in Clare, Limerick and Wicklow,
the church of Owen's townland, Derryowen, an

154 Irish Personal and Family Nainos. [chap. viii.

old castle in tho parisli of Kilkccdy in Claio, giving
namo to a townlaud, is called Ly the Four Masters,
Doire-Eoyhain, Owen's oak-wood.

Art is an ancient Celtic word "wLicli, according
to Cormac's Glossary, lias three meanings: — "A
stone," " God," and " noble." As a ])ersonal
name it was, I snppose, originally meant to convoy
the idea of hardness, bravery, and power of endur-
ance in battle. It was much used in Ireland, and
that from a very early time, several of oui' ancient
kings having borne the name ; and it was equally
common in Wales in the form of Ai'thur — a name
which \n\\ remind every reader of the great Welsh
mytliical hcuo, with his kiiiglilHoL" the loiiiid (a))le.
Asa personal name it is still used in Jreland, but
is MOW always made Arthur ; and as a family iiiimc
it exists in O'hAirt or O'Hart, now more generally
Hart ; and also in Mac Art and Mac Aithur.

Local names that end in the syllable art, may
be considered as commemorating persons of this
name, unless when it is obviously connected with
preceding letters, as in scart, mart, yart, &c. It
is seen in Carrigart, Art's or Arthur's rock, a vil-
lage in Donegal; and in Drmnart in Armagh,
Art's ridge. Some person named Mac Art
gave name to the great fortress on the top of Cave
Hill near Belfast, well known as Mac Art's fort ;
and we have Ballymagart in Down, and Ballyma-
cart in Waterford, Mac Art's town. Artayan is
a diminutive of Art, from which we have the
family name O'Hai'tigan or Hartigan, still tobe
met with in somoof the southern counties. Dun-
lang O'Uartagan was the name of one of the ])al-
cassian heroes slain at the battle of Clontarf.

Acnyus is a name which has been in use in
Ireland from the earliest period. One of the most
celebrated of our mythical characters was the great

CHAP. VIII.] Irish Personal and Family Names. 155

Dedannan enchanter, Aengiis an Bhrogha, i. e.
Aengiis of Bruga on the Boyne ; and Aengus
was the name of one of the three brothers — sons
of Ere — who led a colony to Scotland in the year
500, ;nid (onnded the 8cot(ish monarchy. Front
that period it becnnie eqnally common in Scotland;
and in the nsual anglicised form, Angus, it will be
recognised as the name of one of the leading cha-
racters in Macbeth. In Ireland it is still in use
as a personal name, but nearly always changed to
JEneixs.

The name is compounded of acu, one, and gus,
strength or valour ; and it is to be interpreted as
mciniing n unity or coiu-entration of strength.
One of its genitive forms is Acngnm [Eanusa],
which :i])poars in the family names Mac Aenghvm
and O'/iAeiiij/iNssa, or Magennis and O'Hcnnessy
or Ilennessy. Some members of the latter family
gave name to Ballyhenncssy in Clare, Cork, and
Kerry, (he iown of OMIennossy. Another geni-
tive form is AnujIniiK, which is popularly pro-
nounced Enccce ; and this is represented in
KillyntHre nenr IMngherafolt in ])(Miy, and in
JJerryneece in Fermanagh, both signifying Aen-
gus's wood ; and with a slight change in the sound,
in Taghnoose in the parish of Kilkeevin. in Ros-
common, Aengus' s house.

Another name containing the root gus is Fergus
which signifies manly strength, ivovifear, a man;
and it is equally ancient Avith the preceding. It
assumes various forms in local names. Sometimes
the name remains rmchanged, as in Kilfergus in
the parish of Loghillin Limerick, Fergus's wood;
more often g disappears hy aspiration, as we see in
Tulfarris on the river Lilfey near PoUaphuca
waterfall, the hill {luJach) of Fergus. StiU more
frequently the word loses the initiaiy by aspii-a-

150 Irish Personal ancf Family Names. [(;iiap. viii.

tion, as in Ballynrgus in ImBliowcn, tlio town of
Fergus ; and often both the/ and the y drop out,
as Ave see in Attyreosh in the parish of Oughaval
in Mayo, Ait-tiijhe-Fheargltuis, the site [ait) of
Fergus's house.

Great lunnbers of Irish personal names were
taken from tlie names of auiuials ; tlie individuals
being supposed to possess in an eminent degree
the characteristic qualities of the animals they
were named after. Sometimes these names were
taken without any change, and applied to men
or women ; but more often they had diminutives
or other terminations, or they were compounded
with other words. We have in this way bor-
rowed cu, a hound, from which numerous names
ai'(i derived ; coluiti, a dove, whence Columba and
Columkille, and the diminutive Colaiiian or Vol-
man (Latinised Colnmbamis) from which again
are the present family names Oolman and Cole-
man ; lac'd, a call: ; cuach, a cuckoo ; os, a fawn;
fael, a wolf, whence Faeldn (little wolf), and the
family name O'Faeldin, now Thelan {aid AVhelan;
donnach, a fox ; broe, a badger, and the diminu-
tive hrocdn, whence the family name O'Brogan
or Ih'ogan ; en, a bird ; and a host of others.

Cuun, probably a diminutive of cu, is very
usual as a man's name; there were several saints
named Cuan, from whose churches the townlands
and parishes now called Kilquane and Kilquain
were so named. The genitive of cu is con, which
is the form usually found in family and local
luunes. Ca forms the beginning of a great many
names ; such as Cu-mara, hound of the sea, given
first, I suppose, to a slcilful sailor or a bold leader
of maritime expeditions. From a chieftain of
this name, who died in 1014, and who was 23rd
in descent from Olioll Olum king of Munster, de-

CHAP. VIII.] Irish Personat and Family Names. 157

scend the family of Mac Comnara now Macnamara.
There is a parish in INEayo near the village of
Swineford, called KilcondufE, taking its name
from an old chiirch wliich the Four Masters call
CiJhCIioiuhiihh, iho church of CudufE (hlack
hound), a person of whom 1 know nothing more.

Ciimhaighe [Cooey] is another personal name,
which was formerly pretty common : — magh, a
plain — hound of the plain. This name is often
anglicised Quintin. In the parish of Ardquin in
the Ards in Down, there is a lake called Lough
Cowey : near tlio shore of Tara hay in tho same
ncMghhourhood, is on old disused cemetery called
Tciii|)l(M'()\v('y ; and Ihei-o are also (iiii7diu ensile,
(iuintin hay, and J5allyquiutin townland, AvhicJi
gives name to tlio extreme southern point of tlie
Ards. All these, according to local tradition,
received their names from a saint CumhaigliG or
Quintin, of whom however we know nothing fur-
ther. (Tvceves: Ecc. Ant., p. 25.)

in the townland of 15allykinle(.fragh, parish of
Kilfian, Mayo, tAvo miles south of the village of
Uallycastle, there was in old times a fort called
Lioslctreach, the fort of the letter or wet hill-side.
This fort was the residence of a fanrily of the Hy
Fiachrach called Mao Conletreack, who were de-
scended and named from Culetreach (i. e. Cu of
Lios-letreach), a chieftain who was fifth in descent
from Awley, brother of Dathi, king of Ireland,
and wlio iiiust tlierefore liavo lived ahou(; ilie
middle of tho sixth century. The to^vnland of
linllykinlettragh took its name from the family.
]5esides these, we have Dallyconboy in Roscom-
mon, Baile-mhic-Chonhuidlie (see p. 143), i. e. the
(ownlaud of INlac Cojihoy, a family named from
an anceslor, CiihiiidJii', yellow hound ; and many
others mioht he enumerated.

158 IrisK Personal and Famili/ Names, [chap, viii-

Bnut is a raven, and it was formerly a favourite
name for men. Few personal names can show a
longer history than this. It was common in Ire-
land from the earliest times ; and it was also used
amongst the Gauls, for I look upon it as quitt;
certain that it is identical with Brennus, the name
of the great Celtic leader who sacked Home in the
fourth century before Christ.

Among many Avho bore the name in Ireland,
the most celebrated was Bmnduhh (black raven),
king of Leiuster, who defeated and slew Hugh
Ainmire, king of Ireland, at the battle of Dun-
bolg, in the year a.T) 598. He had his residence
at llathbran, Bran's fort, near Bnltinglass in
Wicklow. Another Branduhh gave name to Uath-
fran [h aspirated to ./'), two miles from Killala in
]\Iayo, well known for its abbey, Avhii;hMii(! l*'iibis
writes Rath-Brandiiibh. There is a sand-bank ford
across the mouth of the river, just under the abbey,
which is now called the Farset of Bathfran (see
Farset in 1st Yol.) ; but it was anciently called
Fearsad-Tresi ; and according to a story in the
Dinnseanchus, it was so named from Tresl, the wife
of Awley, brother of king 1 )athi, who was drowned
in it. (Ily F. 224.) Tlicre is also a Bathbr;iu in
IMcath ; and wo have Dunbriu (Bran's fortress) in
Queen's County, near Athy.

From Bran, son of Maebnordha (king of Lein-
ster, slain in the battle of Clontarf), are descended
the family of O'Brain, who now generally call
themselves O 'Byrne, or more generally Byrne,
sometimes more correctly O'Brin, and occasionally
Burn, Byrnes, Burns, 13riu, and sometimes even
Byron.

This name, Bran, still exists in many local
names, the genitive being usually made hrin, or
vrin ; as for example, Rossbrin near Skull in Cork,

CHAP. IX.] Nicknames, 159

where there is a ruin of one of O'Mahony's
castlcR, Bran's ross or peninsula. Clonbrin in
King's County, and Clonbrin in Longford, Bran's
meadow ; Tullowbrin in Kilkenny, Bran's hill ;
Berry vrin in Kerry, Bran's oak-wood.

From ech, a horse (l^at. rquxs) comes Erhcfldn,
a man's name meaning litem llj^ little horse. From
an ancestor of this name descended the family of
Mac Echcgain or Mageoghegan, now more gene-
rally Geoghegan and Gahagan {g attracted : see
p. 143). Eochaidh [Ohy], signifies a horseman;
and from tliis ngaiii is formed <ho rnmily name
3[ar Eochadha [Mac-oha] or Mac Kcogh, now
usually contracted to Keogh or Kehoc; but in
some places it is made M'Goey. Eochaidh was
formerly exceedingly common as a personal name.
From a chieftain named Eochaidli Cohha, who
flourished in the third century, a tribe descended
called Uibh-Eachach [Ivahagli], Eocliaidh's de-
scendants, who possessed a large territory in
lllsler, now represented in name l>y the barony of
iveagh in Down. Tliero was nnotlier iiu-ritorj'^ of
the same naTuo in the south-west, ol' tlie county
Cork which was so called from a tribe descended
from Eochaidh, seventh in descent from Olioll
Oluin, king of Munster j^n the second century.

CITAPTER IX.

NICKNAMES.

No ])eople in the world arc, T believe so given to
nicknames as the Irish, unless perhaps the Scotch.
Among t]ie niral popidation in many parts of the
country, almost every third man is known by some
name besides his ordinary surname and Christian

IfiC? IT'i'tJi names. [chap. ix.

name. Sometimes these epithets are licreditary,
and commemorate some family peculiarity or tra-
dition ; but more often they describe a personal
characteristic of the individual. Sometimes they
carry reproach, and are not nsed except to insult ;
but very often they are qiiito iuofl'ensive, and are
accepted as a matter of (H)urs(^ and with perfect
goo(l humour.

In early life I knew a Yillaoe Avhero more than
half the people were familiarly known by nick-
names, which were always used, the proper names
being hardly ever mentioned. One man, on ac-
count of his powers of endurance in faction fights,
was calhnl Gaddcraijli, Avhich b'tovully nu'ans a
tougli fellow liko a (jad or withe (allix racli, p. 7) ;
another was never called by any name l)ut C/oos-
darrag, red-ears (which is indeed a historical nic-k-
name, for we find it stated in O'Clery's Calendar,
that St. Greallan, who is commemorated in it, was
the grandson of a man named Cairbrc-eluais-derg) ;
a third was Phil-a'-gaddy, or Phil (the son) of the
thief ; a fourth 8haun-na-hointrce, John (the son)
of the widow ; and one man, who was a notorious
schemer, was universally called, by way of derision,
or "joer antiphmsiin," TJiomaus-cC -sagart, Tom the
priest. So generally had some of these been ac-
cepted, and so completely had they sujDerseded
the proper names, that to this day I remember
those people well by their nicknames, though in
many cases I have no idea — and never had — of
what the real names wexo.

On this subject Sii- lleinyrierH Avrot.o as follows
in the year 1082, in his dcsiniption of the couuly
Westmeath : — " They take much liberty, and seem
to do it with delight, in giving of nicknames ; if
a man have any imperfection or evil habit he is
sure to hear of it in the nickname. Thus, if he

CHAP. IX.] xficknamcs. 10 1

be blind, lame, squint-eyed, gray-ej'^ed, be a stam-
merer in speech, left-handed, to be sure he shall
have one of these added to his name ; so also from
the colour of his hair, as black, red, yellow, brown,
&c. ; and from his age, as young, old ; or from
wliiit ho add ids himself to, or much delights in,
as in draining, building, fencing, and the like; so
that no man v, hatever can escape a nickname who
lives among them, or converses with them ; and
sometimes so libidinous are they in this kind of
raillery, they will give nicknames ^^cr anfip/irast))},
or contrariety of speech. Thus a man of excellent
parts, and beloved of all men, shall be called grana,
that is, naughty or fit to be complained of (literally
ugly or hateful) ; if a man have a beautiful
countenance or lovely eyes, they will call him
cuicgh, thtii is, squint-eyed {caccli : see next page);
if a great, housekeejjer he shall be called acherisagh,
that is, greedy {ocrasach, hungry or greedy)."
(Quoted by O'Donovan in O'Dugan : p. [19]).

IJiit all this is obviously only a remnant of what
was ancienlly the general custom. For originally,
as I have already observed, personal names were
descriptive ; and the peoj)lo who now designate a
man by a nickname, do exactly as their ancestors
did thousands of years ago, when they fixed on a
nameby which a person was to beaf terwards known.
The propensity of the Irish and Scotch for nick-
names may, I think, be explained by the fact, that
the tradition of personal names being significant
and descriptive, still remains fresh on the minds
of the people ; and that many of the names them-
selves retained their significance — that is, they
were living, intelligible Avords — as long as the
people continued to speak the Celtic language.

Our annals and histories of both I'agan and
Christian times, all'oid uumGrous examples of the
vol,. II 12

102 Nirlnamcs. [chap. IX.

pievalencc of iliis cusloia in remote ages. Some
had their proper names altogether changed to
others descriptive of some personal peculiarity
(see p. 130) ; while others retained their original
names, bnt had a descriptive epithet appended, like
Ciii)iiin Fada, or Cuhnin the tall ; Finan Lohhar,
or Finan the leper, &o. And of nicknames, ^' per
(iitfiphirisiiii or contrariety of speech," I will content
myself with the mention of one, viz., Aedh oi
Hugh O'Neill, a celehi-ated chieftain who died in
1230, and Avho, on account of his incessant activity
in o])posing the English, was nicknamed Aedli-
ToiulcciHc, a sobriquet which would not bear literaS
translalion, but which may bo rendered in decent
English Hugh Jjazybody.

I'tnsons are often commemorated in local names
by (heir iiicliiiaiiuis. One w ho wascilherpurbbiid
or squint-eyed, or who had abogethcr lost one eye,
was usuall}'^ called cacch ; which when it is angli-
cised is commonly represented by Ihe syllable hee.
Aghakee in the parish of Ci-osserlough in Cavan,
represents the Irish Ath-a^-chacic/i, the ford of the
purblind fellow. Killakeo, a well known place at
the base of the mountains soutli of Dublin, derived
its name in a similar way, the Irish word being
Coill-a'-cluicic/i, the blind-man's Avood.

The word d«/l is \isually a])plied to a person
altogether blind ; but it is to be observed that the
distinction here made between w^r/^ and daU, is not
always observed. There is a place near the town
li Eoscommon called Tiallindall, whicli is called in
li'ish li((ih'-(nt-d((ill, tlie town of tlie blind man.
'I'he southern pronunciation (dowl) is exhibit(>d in
iDUuexion with an ccli])sis, in Lisiumowl near
Oastlomaine in Kerry, which exactly rei3resents
the sound of the Irish Lios-na-ndall, the fort of
the blind men. The genitive plural with the

article and with the eclipse omitted in anglicisation,
is exhibited in TiilljTiadall in Tyrone and Fer-
managh, the tiilach or hill of the blind men.

If the blind have been commemorated, we have
also tlic lame and the halt. A cripple of any kind
is designated by the word bacach (from bac, to
baulk or halt), but the word is generally imder-
stood to mean a lame man ; and from whatever
cause it may have arisen, this term is frequently
reproduced in local names. Ascrijiples verj-^ often
take up begging as a means of liveliliood, a bamrh
is understood in many parts of Ireland to mean a
beggar. There is a townland near the city of
Dcrry called Termonbacca, iho.tcnnon or sanctuary
of the cripple. A different form of the word is
seen in Knockavocka near Ferns in Wexford, the
cripple's liill [cnoc-a' -hhacaigh) , in which the b is
aspirated to v. With the b eclipsed hjm we have
Ballynamockagh \\G[\rJ^sl\\\\n?^\oe,Baile-na-mbacach ,
tlio townlaud of the ciipph^s or beggars.

There is a townland conlaiiiing tlu^ ruins of a
ooM]o in <he parish of Killaha in the north of
Kerry, called l?allyinaca(piini ; and Avhoevcr the
man may have been that is commemorated in the
name, he himself got a nickname on account of
some deformity in his father. The Four Masters
mention the castle at 1577, and they call it l]aile-
mhic-an-chaim, the town of the son of the crooked
fellow ; but Avhether it was a stooped back, a
crooked leg, or a twisf.ed eye, that earned the
epithet cam for the father, it is now impossible to
tell.

An amadcin is a fool or simpleton ; but the word
is often applied in derision as a mere nickname, to
one who is not exactly a downriglit idiot, but who
luis tlie cliaracter of being a foolish, brainless, or
spoony fellow ; and this upplicatioin is very com-

1(54 Nichnamcs. [ciiAi*. ix.

in»)U at llio prcsout day In most pints ol li\l.iiul,
even where the Irish kiiiguage has been long dis-
nsed. Fellows of this kind are often commemor-
ated in local names ; and the forms the word
assumes will bo seen in Ardamadano (accented on
am) near Blarney in Cork, the fool's height; in
Tirom'edan near Ball^'hay in ]\lonaghan, tlic land
of the fool ; in Trinam'adan near the vilhigo of
Gortin in Tyrone {triaii, a third part or division of
land) ; and in Knockanam'adane, near Sneem in
Kerry, the amadan's hill (see p. 9).

A bodach is a clown, a surly, churlish, uncivil
fellow ; and this opprobrious term is still constantly
heard in various i)arts of the country. Some such
ill-conditioned person nnist have lived at, or owned,
Knockawuddy near tlio village of Clariubridge in
(jialway, and (heHaniemay l)o saidol' Knockuvuihlig
in the parish of Olonmult in Cork, both anglicised
from Cnoc-a' -hhodaigh, the hill of the clown or
churl. ])iIonavoddagli in the parish of Ballyna-
slanoy in AVexford, signifies the clown's bog.
Clownstown, the name of a place near ]\lullingar
in AVestmeath, is merely a translation of Bally-
namuddagh [Baile-na-inhodacli, the town of the
clowns), which is itself a very common townland
name. The b in this word (which occurs very
often in local names) is seldom preserved intact ;
it is almost ahvays aspirated, as in the first two
names just quoted ; or eclipsed, as in Ilathna-
muddagh near the western shore of Lough Ennell
in Westmeath, llath-na-mbodacJi, the fort of the
churls.

The word cdhog is very much used in different
parts of Ireland, even where Irish has disappeared,
to denote a clownish, boorish, ill-mannered fellow.
The Four Masters have preserved one old name
containing this word, viz., Ard-na-gcabog, the

CHAP, IX.] :f^ic7,- names. 165

clowns' lieiglit, wliich is still applied to a hiU at
tho mouth of the Fergus iu Clare, a little south
of the village of Clare ; and it also appears in
J'allynagahog iu Antrim, the town of the
clowns.

Oihcr ways of dcsIgiKifing individuals by nick-
names will be seen in JMeenirroy in the parish of
Couwal in Donegal, Avhich is llm-an-f/iiy-ruaid/i,
the mountain-meadow of the red-haired man ; a
name exactly like Fallinerlea near Cushendun in
Antrim, the fa//, i. e. the hedge or enclosure, of
<hc grey man {/ialJi, grey) ; also in Clooiicrim near
the village of IJalUidough in Wcstmcath, the
nuvidow of the bent or stooped man [cram). Ciot
(kith) signilies the left hand, from whicli again
come Ciotach and Ciotog [kittha, kitthoge] two
words meaning left-handed. A celebrated chief
of \\xe MacDonnells was called Colkitto, i.e. Col/a-
Ciotach or Colla the left-handed, because (accord-
to tradition) he could use his sword in battle with
tlie left liiind as well as witli the right. There is
a place near the southern shore of Lough Graney
in Clare, called Dcnynagittagh, exactly represent-
ing the sound of the Gaelic form Doire-na-gciotach,
the derry or oak-wood of the left-handed men.

In their passion for nicknames the people did
not stop at human beings ; for we find that they
also vented it on inanimate objects ; and townlands
even still retain in their names traces of this strange
custom. Sipag [fptiwg] is a ridiculous name for
a club foot, or a long ugly foot ; and the word is
a])plied in the anglicised form Spaug, to a town-
bind near Ennistymon in Clare, to express probably
some queer elongation of shape. It must have
been in some derisive or ridiculous sense that the
name of Coogyulla, i. e. Cuigc-Uladh, "the pro-
vince of Ulster," was given to a towidand near

166 Nichiamcs. [chap, ix

Lisdoonvarna in Olavo ; but why exactly ilio ])lac,o
was HO called 1 liavo not tho IcaHt idea. It is curioua
that there is another townland of this same name
about three miles south-east of Templemore, in
Tipperary, only slightly varied to the form Coog-
ullu. Lyneen, " little I.einster," is the name of
a place in the parish of Moydow in Longford
{Laiyhen — pron. Lycn, Leinster) ; but I suppose
this is merely a fancy name.

Near the village of Inistioge in Kilkenny there
is a townland called Bally cocksoost. The tradition
of the neighbourhood is, that in former days the
people of this townland were very unskilful
threshers compared with their neighbours ; in
consequence of which the contemptuous name of
Ballycocksoost was given to it. But this name
will not bear translation into plain hjnglish,Ko tlu;
reader must be content with knowing that suitit is
a flail, and that the whole name signifies the town
of the dii'ty flail. A nickname of the same oppro-
brious character (containing the same root, vac,
cognate with Lat. caco) is Cackanodc, applied to a
townland in tho parisli ol" Cloudroliid, near
^Macroom in Cork, to iutinialo the (ixtreme IcKhiess
of the land : — Cac-an-fhd'ul, tho dirty part of tho
fodcy sod, or soil ; and we have Cockow in the
parish of Knockane in Kerry, dirty river.

There is a little street in the Liberties of Dublin
called Mullinahack. The first part of this name
(■mul/eii) ^\i\\ be recognised as the Irish word for a
mill ; and Mr. Gilbert (Hist. Dub. L, 351), has
traced tho existence of a mill there as early as tho
close of the twelfth century, i. e. before the city
had extended quite so far. It is probable that in
the good old times when the present name was
invented, the miU had fallen into ruin ; and I will
merely give the Irish name — Muilenn-a' -chaca —

CHAP. X.] English Personal and Family Names. 167

leaving the reader to translate it for himself, and
to conjecture why such a name shoidd be given to
an old mill.

CHAPTER X.

ENGLISH PERSONAL AND FAMILY NAMES.

After the Anglo-Norman invasion in 1172, Eng-
lish settlers began to arrive and make their home
in Ireland. They were for a long time almost
confined to Avliat was called the Pale, a small por-
tion of the eastern coast, but gradually they ven-
tured into various oilier })arts of tlie country ; and
after the plantations there were few districts ol"
Ireland, wliere families, either English or of Eng-
lish descent, were not to bo found A large num-
ber of the places where they settled changed their
old names, and took the names of the new pro-
prietors; and now our topographical nomenclatun'
sbows a considerable mixture of Ihiglish personal
and family names.

We have also Danish names, but they are so
extremely few that I do not think it necessary lo
devote a separate chapter to them: I will incorpo-
rate in the present chapter those I shall have to
illustrate.

AVhen the Irish speaking people came to use or
to adopt English or Danish names, they made
various changes in tliem iji accordance with the
phonetic laws of iheir own language. It wouhl
be easy to classify these alterations minutely if the
subject were ol' any great imj)ortance ; but a state-
me.it of a few of the causes of change will be sulli-
cient here.

1. The Irish language docs not admit to such
an ext(Mit as the Teulouic lnngii!ig(>s, ol' \\\v. union

108 EmjUsh Personal and Fuinily JSmneti. [ciiai*. x.

of two or more consonants in pronunciution, with-
out tlie intervention of a vowel sound. Where
such combinations occurred in an English or
Danish name, the Irish often omitted some of the
consonants ; or if they were committed to writing
by Irish scribes, the letters were inserted, but un-
der asjjiration, which indicated their partial or
total omission in pronunciation. Thus the Danish
name Godfrey, which was occasionally adopted
into Irish families, is written by the Four Masters
Gothfraith, which would indicate the suppression
in pronunciation of the d (or of th which replaces
it in the Irish form) : Gothfruith, pronounced
Goffnj. But in actual use by speakers, the ./'was
also generally aspirated and consequently omitted ;
and the name is exhibited so curtailed in Derry-
gorry in Monaghan (near the village of Augh-
nacloy), Gorry's or Godfrey's oak-wood; and in
Mullatigorry in the parish of Tedavnet, same
county, the hill-summit {rmilla) of Godfrey's house.
So also Redmond is generally reduced to the sound
Rayman ; as in Kilcreman on the borders of
King's County and Tipporary, near Itoscrea, in
which the o is a remnant of tunc (see p. 143), the
name when fully written hcnv^CoiU-viliic-llonoinn
[Killickromon], the wood of the son of lledmond.
II. There is no soimd in Irish like that of the
soft g in English {g in gem) ; and when this occurs
in an English name, it is always replaced in Irish
by slender s, M'hich is equal in sound to English
sh. Thus George is always made Shoresha (two
syllables'^ in Irish. This rule comes very fre-
quently into operation, and I will give several ex-
amples. The Irish form of Geoffrey illustrates
both this principle and the last. The Four Mas-
ters write it ISeffvaiyh (Sheffry) ; but in actual use

ciJAP. X.] English Personal and Family Names. 169

the / is always aspirated and omitted, reducing
the name to Sherry or Sheara.

A little to the west of Kinsale in Cork is the
bay and marine village of Conrtmacsherry, the
court of Mac Sherry or Geoffrey's son. The per-
son who built his residence or "court" here, and
gave the place its name, was an EngKshman
called Hodnet, who came from Shropshire ; but
according to Smith (Hist, of Cork, II., 3), "The
family degenerating into the Irish customs, assumed
the name of Mac Sherry." The original Mac Sherry
is R<ill vividly remembered in the traditions of the
nciglibourliood. Other forms of this name are
seen inllaheeushoaranear liathdownoyin Queen's
County, Geoll'rey's little fort ; and in Maghera-
shaghry in the parish of Currin in Monaghan
(Maghera, a field or plain), in which the /is re-
placed by the Irish aspirated c. In many cases
the genitive is made Shearoon or Sherron ; as in
Knockslicaroon near Borrisoleigh in Tippcrary,
GoolTrey's hill ; BallymacsherroninErrisiuMayo,
the town of Geoffrey's son.

John is generally made Shaun or Shane in collo-
quial Irish ; as in Glenshane near Dungiveu,
John's glen ; BalljTnacshaneboy in Limerick, be-
tween Ardpatrick and Charleville, the town of the
son of yellow John. In BaUyshonock, a name
found in several counties, the last syllable, ock,
represents the Irish 6g, young or little (see p. 29) ;
and the whole means young John's town. Jordan
is usually changed to Shurdane, as in Ballyshur-
dane near Kildorrery in Cork, Jordan's town ; but
in the anglicised forms thej is sometimes restored,
which is seen in Cloughjordan, the name of a
village in Tipperary, Jordan's stone castle ; and in
Clonjoidmi in Wexford, Jordan's nu^adow. T\\o
name Jcnniue:3 is in Irish Mac Shonccn ; and

170 EiujUsli Personal and Faniilij Names, [chap. x.

lience we have Ballyiiiaeshoneen, aiulwilliout (he
mac, Ballysliouocn, which arc the nauieaof sevoial
phices, siguifying Jenning's town.

On a lovely site near the junction of the little
river Arrigle with the Nore nc;ir ^'honiaslown in
Kilkenny, Donogh O'Donuhoo founded a Cistercian
nbbciy in 1180 — Jerpoint ahbey, now one of the
most beautil'iilruinsiM Irelaiul. Theabbey tookihe
name of the site, which is called in Irish tSeiripuin,
and in old documents Seripont, Jeripont, &.c.
The name means Jerry's or Jeremiah's bridge.

III. The Irish does not possess the English
sound of ch soft (as in cJiaJf) ; and when this
sound occurred in an English name, it was repre-
sented by t followed by slender s in Irish, which
is equal to Wi in English ; thus Castletownroche
in Oork is called in the IJook oL' Eermoy Juiilc-
Caiskain-an-Iioitsi(jh, the town of Iloche's castle, of
which the present name is a translation ; and it
was so called because it was the chief residence of
the Hoche family, where they kept a great house
of hospitality in which scholars, poets, ollaves,
shanaghies, &c., wpr'j received ancl treated like
princes.

This is is a very correct rc})resent alien of the
English 6'A; but in the spoken language it was
almost always changed by metathesis to st or s/it,
as we see in Clogharoasty near Ijoughrea in Gal-
way, Iloche's stone castle ; and in Bidlyristeen
near Bonmahon in Waterford, and Ballyrishteen
near Dingle in Kerry, the town of liishteen or
little Bichard.

IV. If an English name presented a combina-
tion of sounds not xisual in the Irish language,
the Irish speakers sometimes got over the diih-
culty by omitting altogether a portion of the
name. Of this the name David affords a good

CHAP. X.J Em, tish Personal and Family Names. 171

illustration, for it is universally pronounced Dau.
Ballydaw, the name of some places in Cork, Kil-
kenny, and Wexford, signifies the town of David ;
but this name is still more common in the restored
form Ballydavid ; and we find it near Hollywood
in Down as IJallydavy. >Somoof theso may, how-
ever, be derived from the old Irish name DatJii ;
as in case of Ballydavis near Maryborough in
(Queen's County, Avhich the Four Masters write
liaile-Daithi. William is always made Lceam ; and
even this is generall}'^ further contracted in local
naTues, as in Dcrrylcmoge near Mountmellick in
(iuocn's County, the oak-wood of young William.
Isabel is pronounced in Irish Shtbbcal ; and this
in an anglicised form gives name to Sybil Ilead
north-west of Dingle in Kerry.

The lady who gave name to this place was Isabel
Ferriter, about whom the peasantry in the neigh-
bourhood of Dingle still tell many legends. Ac-
cording to the prevailing tradition, her father was
a Gal way chief named Ijynch. He wished her to
marry an Ulster chieftain; but she loved the
young lord of Ferriter's castle ; and on the very
day when she was to give her hand to the northern
sidtor, she secretly married Ferriter, and fled with
him to his stronghold in Kerry. A deadly feud
followed ; the castle was besieged by the vmited
forces of the old chief and the disappointed suitor ;
and dreading that his bride might fall into the
hands of his rival if the castle were taken, Ferriter
hid her on the evening before the assault, in a cave
ojjening on the sea, just under the head, whicli
communicated with the castle by a secret under-
ground passage.

Early next morning he jnade an rmexpected
sally from the castle ; ihe besieging forces, taken
by surprise, wore routed, and the Ulster chief
slain ; and ihe father and the young lord were

172 ErifjlUh Personal and Famihj Names, [cii a w x.

reconciled on the field of battle, lint meantime a
t'eaiful Htorm liud raged during the niglit ; and
when the husband and the father hastened to the
cave, they found that the sea had swept througli
it, and no trace ol' ])Oor Isabel was over discovered
from that day to this.

V. In Irish the article is occasionally used be-
fore a |)roi)er name, asiu KiMeenadeema, the name
of a parish in Galway, Avhich is locally understood
to mean the little church (Killeen) of St. Dimma :
here the middle a is the article. But this occurs
very seldom, and so far as I am aware, only in the
spoken language. This form of expression, how-
ever, is very usual where English personal names
are concerned. Many examples of this ])eculiarity
miglit be cited, but the following will be suffi-
cient. Near Ilathkealo in Limerick, there is a
place called Cloghauarold, a name which is di-
vided in this way, Clogh-an-Arohl, li (orally the
stone castle of the Harold, i. e. Harold's castle.

In Ballinrichard near Kinsale in Cork, the n
represents the article, and the name means Rich-
ard's town; and in like manner in Ballinuntynoar
Killenaule in Tipperary, the last part of which
ro])resents the old i\nglo-Norman name Kunt, the
i'' being aspirated and omitted according to gram-
matical rule : the whole name means Funt's town.
Knockaunabroona near the village of Mayo, the
little hill of (a man named) Brown.

We know that in local names, Irish words
often sinudate English fonns (see 1st Vol., Part
I., c. 11.) ; and in like manmu- many of the per-
sonal and family names that appear in our local
nomenclature, though they appear to be English,
are in reality Irish. Numerous examples of this
might be given, but I will content myself with
two. There is a towuland in the parish of Tem-

CH Ar. X . i English Personal and Family Names. 173

pleslianbo in Wexford, now called Bally bamilton.
But ill ilic Down Survey it is written Eally-
hunil)lety and (lie old pronunciation, Ballylio-
nndty, is still rcnicnd)crod by tlie people ; which
])hiiiily indicates ]iail<'-lIi-Tli()i))iiUai<j]i, \\\q iowii
of O'ToinuKy, a family niinio still in use in sonu!
parts of Ireland.

Whoever has been in the neighbourhood of
Kells in Meath, must ha^•c remarked the beautiful
fertile Hill of Lloyd, a mile from the town, witb
a tall pillar crowning its summit ; from wliicli also
the townland in which it is situated is called the
Commons of Lloyd. It is considered as a matter
of course to have taken its name from a man or a
family named IJoyd. But the Irish name Mullach-
Aiti (Aiti's hill ?) — so the Four Masters write it
— is in reality veiled under this more modern form.
The old name is still reinembered in the neigh-
bourhood, but mullach is generally shortened to
wnl, as it is in nuniy other places, nudthe t of Aili
is chjingcnl (o d (for i of nncicnt Irish is usually
made d in the modern language) ; so that the
present Irish name is Mitl-Aidi, whicli is pro-
nounced as nearl^'^ as can be represented Mulloi/dff.
This name was, according to the etymological fancy
of those who anglicised it, divided in this way —
Mul-Loyda — the / sound being attracted to the
second part like the c of mac (see p. 143, stipra),
and like the c of Lough Corrib (see this in Isl
Vol.) ; and while mul was correctly intcrpreiivl
" hill," the whole name was believed to mean the
TTill of Lloyd.

174 Articles of Manufccture. fciiAr. xl.

CHAPTER XI.

ARTICLES OF MANUFACTURE.

In case of some of the articles mentioned in tin's
cliapter, it is often hard to say cxaclly M'hy ihoy
^a vo names to places. Sometimes no douht people
found them in the earth when digging or ploughing
deeply ; for we know that arrow heads and swords
arc still often found in bat tle-liclds, butter in bogs,
and various household articles in crannoges and
raths. Sometimes also when a family who followed
a part.i(!idar trade lived in one spot for any eun-
siderable time, the place got a name derived from
the things made Ihci'o. And there are otluM- ex-
pliinalloMH wlii(5h will come to the surhiee as 1 go
along-. AVhenever there is positive infoi-ination
or good grounds for an oj^inion, I will offer an
explanation ; otherwise I will leave the question
open.

As I have to deal in this book chiefly with names,
I must remark, that of the innumerable articles
connected with the past social life of the Irish
people, I notice here those only that have helped
to build xip our local nomenclature.

Chariots and Cars. Our literature affords unques-
tionable evidence that chariots were used in Ireland
from the most remote ages. In the ancient his-
torical tales in the Lehor na h Uidhre and the Book
of Leinster, the great chiefs, such as Ciic/iul/iii,
Co)i(ttl-CcariiacJt,JjOi'(i((irc-li(ta(lli(ich, &.c., are con-
stantly described as going to battle in war-chariots,
each driven by an ara or charioteer ; and at a
nmch later period, in the great battle of Moyrath
— A.D. 637 — Duhdiad the druid, while viewing the
king's army, is struck with " the snorting and

CHAT*. XT.] Arfictni of Manufaefiire. 176

neighing of their caparisoned, bridle-taraecl steeds
bounding nndor chariots, sxipporting and com-
mandingthc battle around them in everj^ direction,"
^p. 103). We know fron\ the Jjives of tlie early
Saints, that ]\itrick, lirigid, Colunikillo, Declan,
&c., jouiiieyed in chariots in their missionary
j)rogrcss througli tlie country. And as Cuchullin's
charioteer, Locg, is celebrated in the ancient tales,
so St. Patrick had a charioteer, Odhnin, who is
ecpially well-known in ecclesiastical history.

In the old romances there are several descriptions
of Cuchullin's chariot, as well as of those belong-
ing to other chiefs ; Avhich are so detailed as to
all'ord us a very good idea of the construction of
the vehicle.

The chariot of Cuchullin is described in various
places as having a frame made of wood ; a high
wicker work body, Avith its sloping sides ornament-
ed with tin ; two bright brazen (or brazen coloured)
spoked wheels; a, silver-while ])ole, veined Avitli
bi<ni/,e ; an arclu>d yok(% sometimes ol' a rich golden
colour, sometimes silvery white. The war chariots
are sometimes described as furnished with sharp
spikes and scythe blades like those of the old
Britons ; while in times of peace, kings, queens,
and chieftains of high rank, rode in chariots
luxuriously fitted up and ornamented with gold,
silver and feathers.*

The Irish word for a chariot is carpaf, which is
obviously cognate with the I^atin carpcii/uni, or as
some think, borrowed from it: the modern Irish
form is airharl. We niay conclude Avith great
probability, that some at least of the places Avhose
names contain this word — and they are pretty

* Sec the article on tlic Irish chariot, by J. O'Beinic Crowe,
A.R„ Kilk. Arch. Jour., 1871-2, p. 41.3; sec also O'Curry,
I.ort., n., 272. 276, 287; and I. (Sullivan's Introd.) cccclxxv.

170 Articica of IWiunifiuinfi'. [ciixp. xi.

numerous — wcro excrcisc-gvounds, wlun'c the
young- warriors and cluiriotoers trained their steeiis
and practised driving-. This was no doubt the case
at Fan-na-carhad — the slope of the chariots — ^^a
place at Tara, mentioned in the Diimseanchiis.
Several other names containing this word are
recorded in old Irish documents ; and it is very-
easy to recognise it in its modcinised forms.

The parish of Tull^'corbet in Monaghan took the
first part of its name from a small hill ; tlie place
is mentioned in O'Clery's Calendar at the 2()th
January bytlie name of Ti(hich-carhoid, the hillock
of the chariot. Keating, in the reign of Dermot
the son of Fergus, mentions a certain place called
Itcdnid-tri-earhail, the gap of the tlirce chariots,
])ut the name is now obsolete. 'J'he Four Masters
ici'ord thai, in MAM, O'Doiiiicll, })rin(;e of Tir-
connell, crossed the Foyle, and ravaged a part of
the territory of the O'Neills, from SliahJi-
gcarhadach, or the mountain of the chariots, which
is the hill now called ]\f ullagh Carbadagh in the
parish of Upper Badoney in Tyrone, ten miles
nearly cast of Strabane.

There are many other names through the country
formed from this word. The townland of Dun-
carbit in the parish of Culfcightrin near Fair Head
in Antrim, took its name from a fort — the fortress
of the chariots ; and near the village of Malin in
Inishowen, is a place called Drumcai-bit (dnm a
ridge) . We have also Kilnagarbet near the village
of Stradone in Cavan, and JMoneygorbet in the
parish of Donaghmoyne in INfonaghan — ihe first
signifying the M'ord (coi/l) and the second the bog
(moin) of the chariots. Near the boundary between
Tipperary and Kilkenny, two miles west of Callan,
is a bridge now called Carabine Bridge ; but this
name is a vile corruption, for the old Irisli name,

JHAP. XI.] Articles of Manufacture, 177

according to local authority, is Droiched-na-gcarhad,
the bridge of the chariots ; so that its present
name should be Chariot Bridge. In a neighbour-
ing field were found not long ago great numbers
of sword blades ; and this fact coupled with the
name, would seem to point out a battle field.

The Irish word carr is the same as the English
car, but is not borrowed from it, for it is found in
Irish manuscripts nearly a thousand years old —
for example in Cormac's Glossary. Both are
probably cognate with, not borrowed from, the
Latin carrus. In Irish it was applied to vehicles
either with or without wheels. It is curious that
this word often enters into the names of fords ;
originating sucli names as Afhnngar, Annagar, and
Aghnagar ; all from the Irish Ath-na-gcarr, the
ford of the cars. The probable explanation of
each of these names is, that while there were
several fords on the stream, all used by foot
passengers, only one was level and smooth enough
to be crossed by cars ; which therefore got flic
name of the car- ford. Other features besides fords
have been named from cars. Drumnagar is a
townland near the village of Stradone in Cavan
{drum, a hill-ridge) ; Lisnagar Demesne near
Rathconnack in Cork, the fort of the cars.

Cars without wheels, or slide cars, were also very
commonly used both in ancient and modern times.
They were employed until very lately in many
parts of Ireland, especially in drawing peat down
the steep sides ef mountains. I remember seeing
fine in the year 1843 laden with diy turf, drawn
down by a horse from near Ihe siuumit of one of
the Galty mountains. The sides of Scefin moun-
tain over Glenosheen in the county Limerick, still
retain the tracks of the old diny-cars — as they woic;
there Ciilled in English — which the grandratlicrs
vol.. II. 13

178 Articles of Manufacture. [chap. xi.

of the pvosoiit genoration iisocl in Lringing homo
tlieir fuel from the hill-tops ; and one particular
pathway leading from the village up the hill is
still called the iJray-road.

I have already stated that the word can- was
applied to these as well as to wheeled vehicles ;
but they had another name specially appropriated
to them, viz., slaed [slade], which I supi)0se is
connected with the English word dide. Carrick-
uaslate — the rock of the slide-cars — is the name
of a place near Lilford in Donegal. There is a
townland in Derry, near Ooleraine, called Drura-
slade ; and auother in Mayo, near the sea side,
opposite Achill Island, called Drumsleed ; both
signifying the ridge of the slide-cars.

Arroiva. One of the Irish names for a how was
fidbac, a uative word signifying " wood-bend,"
from fid wood, and bao a bend. Another name
was ho(jha [bo-a], which, however, is a Teutonic
loan-word, the same as the English bow. The
Irish used only the long-bow, the general length
of whiuh, as wo lind it re})rusonted in the figures
on Irish sculptures was from four to live feet.
The bow-and-arrow is often mentioned in the old
Irish accounts of battles : and numbers of arrow-
heads both of flint and bronze are to be seen iu
the National Museum in Dublin,

Sai(jct, cognate with and little different from the
Lat. myitta, is the usual Irish word for an arrow —
modern Irish saighead [syed'\ ; but it is also used
for a light dart of any kind, whether projected
from a bow or not. It not unfrecpiontly forms
part of names, usually in the anglicised forms
Hi/the and seed ; it is very likely that places with
such names were battle fields ; and that they were
so called because flint arrow-heads were found in
digging the ground, the relics of the tight.

CHAP. XI.] Articles of Manufacture. 179

There is a bridge over the river Funshion, a
mile east of Kilbelieny, on the boundary between
Limerick and Tipperary, called Ahnaseed ; and the
name renders it almost certain that a fight took
l)laoo at some rotnoto time at tho crossing of <he
stream : — Alli-na-mi(jit, the ford of t.lio arrows.
As an instance of a ford named from a circun?-
stance like this, I may quote an entry of tho Four
Masters at a.d. 1532, recording the fact that a
certain ford was called Bel-atha-na-bhfahhcun, the
ford-mouth of the falcons or cannons, because a
battle was fought at it in that year, in which the
O'Carrols defeated the earl of Ormond, and took
a number of cannons from his army.

There is a place in the parish of Kilnahue, six
miles north-Avest from Gorey in Wexford, called
Monaseed, the bog of the arrows ; and a little lake
two miles from Templemore in Tipperary is called
Moneennascythe, which has a like meaning. The
form .srrr/ is also soon in Kuocknasced (Inoclc, a
hill), the njtmo ol' a plnco situated near tho river
Blnckwater in tho early part of its course, about
four miles south of Xingwilliamstowu. Tho Avord
takes the other form in Gortnasythe in the parish
of Cam in Roscommon and in Coolsy the in the parish
of Drummaul in Antrim, the field and the corner
of the arrows. There is a place in the parish of
Kilreekil in Galway, which is called in Irish Gort-
na-saiplimd ; but the present name is Dartfield,
which is a correct translation.

Ga, gac, or gath [gah] is a light spear, a lance,
or javelin. It occurs in names at least as often as
saighcad; and hero also wo may conclude that these
names generally point out battle fields. Drumgaw
in the parish of Lisnadill in Armagh, and Glenga
in Tyrone, signify respectively tlie ridge and tlie
ijlcn of javelins. Slightly dilTcrent forms appear in
Aghagah in Longford, and AghiigawinMonaghan;

180 Articles of Manufacture. [chap, xi

ulso in Cloncgah in Carlow, and Clonegath
near ISlonasterevin in Kildaro — all aignifying the
field {achadh and cliiain) of the javelins. There is
a name mentioned in HyFiachrach (p. 153) apart
of which is very like this, viz., Qlam-guirt-na-
lainnc, (he stream of the field of the lances ;
but only the first half has survived — Qlam-guirt
(the stream of the field), now Olusgort, tho
name of a townland in the parish of liallintober
in Mayo.

Swords. One of the Irish words for a sword is
claidheamh [cleeve], old Irish claidcm, obviously
cognate with Lat. gladius ; Fr. and Eng. glaive ;
which is still well known in the Scotch claymore,
i.e. claidhemnh-indr, great sword. Perhaps the
iownlund of Oorticlcavo in the parish of I'hrigle
Truagli in the north of tho county Monaghan, Avas
" sword-land," or land conquered by the sword ;
for this interpretation would be borne out by the
name, Qort-a -chlaidhimh, the field of the sword.
Cole or colg [collog] signifies a small straight-
bladed sword or dirk : it forms a part of the name
of Duncollog in the parish of Drung in Cavan —
the fort of the swords, a name that seems to point
back to the time when the old dun was celebrated
for its abundance of military weapons.

Axes. The hill of Knockdoe about eight miles
from Galway, is historically remarkable for the
sanguinary battle fought there in 1504, between
the earl of Kildare and Mac William Burke of
Clanrickard. The name of this hill is written by
ilio IriHli nnnalists Cnoc-tuadh, which Campion
correctly translates the hill ol the axes. ISonio
think that the place received this name on account
of the battle ; but the manner in which the Irish
authorities use the name, and other considerations
besides, show that it is older ihan 1504, and that
it originated in some other way.

ctiAP. XI.] Articles of Mamif'tclurd. l8l

Four miles from Newtownbarry in Wexford,
there ia a place called Clobemon, whose Irish name
is Cloch-hcimcann, the stone or stone castle of the
strokes or blows ; which perhaps was the scene of
a battle foiif^^ht loii<i^ ii2^o, or a place Avhcrc rin[htinp^
was habitually carried on, or a military practising-
ground. [Bcim, a stroke or blow.)

Shields. The ancient Irish used shields from
the A'ery dawn of their history, and indeed very
probably from a period beyond the horizon of both
history and tradition. In the most ancient his-
torical tales, such as " The Cattle spoil of Oooley,"
" The Brudin da Derga," " The Siege of Knock-
long," &c., the shields of the great heroes who
took part in the several battles are described with
sufficient minuteness to enable ns to judge pretty
accurately of their various shapes, sizes, and
materials.

It is highly probable that the most ancient
shields were made of wickerwork, covered over
with layers of hardened hide. In Ireland wo havc^
a living illustration of the very general use of such
shields in foinuM- times; for, the word scia/h
[skeea], which is the most usual word for a shield,
is still applied in Munster to a shallow oblong
ozier basket, used generally for carrying, holding,
and washing potatoes. From a careful study of
ancient authorities, O'Curry (from whom I have
taken this illustration : Lectures, II., 330) shows
that the ancient wickerwork shields were some-
what of this shape, the convex side being turned
towards the enemy ; and they were often large
enough to cover the whole person of the warrior.

But there were also flat circidar shields made of
wood — generally yew-wood — which were smaller
in size than those of wickerwork. MoreoAcr, the
shields of distin ;uished warriors hal oftm a rim

182 Articles of Manufacture. [oiiAr. xi.

of l)roiizc, iiiid somotiinca even of gold ov silver,
and were ornamented on tlie oiilside with vaiious
devices in colours or metal work. The smaller
circular shields were occasionally made of bronze,
of which there is a very beautiful specimen in the
lloyal Irish Academy, which was found in a beg-
at Lough Gur in Limerick. There is also in the
Academy an ancient wooden shield found at Kil-
tubbrid in the county Leitrini.

Several ancient authorities show that places took
their names from shields : thus in the second life
of St. Carthach of Lismore, we are told that before
his time, the sjjot on which Lismore now stands
was called Magli-scidtJi, which the writer translates
Oainpns-scuti, the plain of the shield. In llieyear
810 the Danes were defeated by the Irish in a
batllc fought at a place in the county Kildaro(!allcd
in the Book of Leinster Sciath-Neclitain, Nechtan's
shield.

In the parish of Rathlynin in Tipperary about

four miles north-east of Tipperary town, there is

a townland now called Donaskeagh, which took its

name from an ancient fort on the summit of a hill,

the remains of which can still be traced. In this

fort, Carthach, the ancestor of the family of Mac

CarthaUjh or Mac Carthy lived in the 11th century.

The Four Masters record that the dun was burnt

(i.e. of course the wooden i-esidences erected within

the enclosure) by the Ossoriaus and the men of

Ormond in the yeai* 1043 ; but Carthach pursued

and overtook them near the village of Golden on

(lie Siiir, defeated tliem, and recovered the spoil.

In this record and another, the Four Masters write

tlie name Dun-na-sciatJi, the fortress of the shields.

There was another Dun-na-sciath on the shore of

Lough Ennel in Westmeath, far more celeb rat d,

for it was the residence of Malachy, kiug of Ire-

riiAv. XI.] Articles of 2rnnnf(tclnrc. 183

land in the time of Brian Boru ; but its name lias
been long since forgotten in the neiglibourhood.

Liskea in the parish of Templetogher in Gal way,
derived its name from an old fort still remaining
on the top of a hill : Lios-sciatli, the fort of the
sliields : nnd tlicre is a ])lace called Liskeagh in
Sligo, a name that has the same meaning. We
may conclude that these three names were derived
from the uiiusual number of warlike accoutremenis,
especially shields, stored up in the fortresses by
the kings or chiefs who built or owned them.

There are no doubt many other places deriving
their names from shields; but in the absence of
writ Ion authority it is dilficult to distinguish sc?>;'//,
a shield, in anglicised names, from seme//, a white-
thorn busli.

Br//s. We Icnow from the authentic Lives of
St. Patrick and of other early preachers of Chris-
tianity in Ireland, that they constantly used bells
in their ministrations, which were sometimes made
of broDze, and soTnetimes of iron, "^rho ancient
consecrated bells were generally quadrangular in
shape, small in size, and open at the mouth ; though
there was also in iise a smaller pear-shaped bell,
closed up, except a small opening in the side for
the escape of the sound, and rung by an enclosed
metallic pellet. St. Dageus, who flourished in the
early part of the sixth century, was a celebrated
artificer ; he fabricated croziers, crosses, shrines,
chalices, &c., and among the rest, bolls, some plain
and some ornamented Avith gold, silver, and pre-
cious stones.

The bells that belonged to the primitive saints
were regarded by their successors with the most
intense veneration ; and in order the better to pre-
serve them, they were often furnished with covers,
which were sometimes made of gold and silver and

184 Articles of Manufacho'e. [ciiav. xi.

otlioi' mcfals, claLorntcly ornamented with inter-
laced work and precious stones. They were often,
like croziers and other relics, nsed for swearing
on ; and it was customary to bring tliem into the
presence of parties who were entering into a com-
pact, to render it more solenni and binding.

tSt I'atrick had a celebrated bell, which plays an
impcn-tant part inman^-^of the Patrician narratives,
both legendary and authentic ; it Avas called Finn-
faidhech, or the fair sounding; and it would appear
that other saints called their favourite bells by the
same name in imitation of their great predecessor.
Manj^ of these venerable quadrangular bolls are
now preserved in the Museum of the Royal Irish
Academy in Dublin, as well as in other collections;
and among them, one in particular is believed, with
some reason, to be the very bell — the melodious
Fiiin-fuidhech — of St. Patrick.

Clocc or clog is the usual Irish word for a bell ;
corresponding with the Ijatin clocca, and English
clock ; but there were other Irish terms also, which
it is not necessary to notice here. It i.', probable
that the Irish borroAved the Avord clog from the
Latin through the early missionaries. There is a
parish in Tyrone named Ballyclog. This place
derived its name from the circumstance that it was
held by the family of O'Mulchallan (now Mul-
holland) who were the keepers of St. Patrick's
bell ; and as the land was held in virtue of the
office, it was called Baile-cliluig, the town of the
bell. (See Reeves on the Rell of St. Patrick,
'i'rans Iv.I.A., p. 18). There is a parish near
Pallymena in Antrim called Ballyclug, Avhich has
the same meaning as the last name, being called in
Irish liaile-an-chluig . This word more usually
enters into names in the genitive plural, and with
ihe c changed to g by eclipsis. There is for ex-

CHAP. XI.] Articles of Mnmifadure. 185

ample a bridge over an ancient ford on the Aha-
phuca river, between Glenroe and Ballylanders in
Limerick, called Annaglug, i.e. Afh-na-gclog, the
ford of the bells ; Dcrnaglug in Monaghan [dour,
nil oak grove) ; and Ardnaglug, the height of the
bolls, is a little liamlct near the railway line, about
five miles north-cast of Ballinasloc.

In the neighbourhood of many of our ecclcsias-
iical ruins the peoi:)le have a pretty legend about
the church bells : that in some far distant time,
when dcspoilcrs — Danes or natives — came to
pluiid( I ih(! monastery, tho bells, which some of
the l(\g(nuls say M^erc of silver, were hastily taken
down and thrown for safety into the nearest river
or lake, whore they remaiu to this day. But at
intervals — some say every seven years — they are
heard to ring with a faint, muffled, melancholy
tone. The silver bell that once hung in the round
tower of Rattoo in Kerry, now lies at the bottom
of the river Brick ; its voice has often been heard,
hut the j^eoplc have never been able to find il,
(liough they have often searched (Petrie 11. Tow crs,
;5n8). The bells of the ancient church of Drum-
cliCC near Ennis in Clare, lie beneath the waters of
a lakelet in the townland, which is called Poulna-
glug, the pool of the bolls : and the thieves who
stole the silver bell of Killodonnell Abbey near
Bathmelton in Donegal, were drowned in crossing
Lough Swilly in a boat with their prize ; but the
bell still lies at the bottom of the lough, and is
heard to ring once in seven years. It would ap-
pear that these stories are not always without
foundation. There existed for generations a tra-
dition that the bell of St. Rioch, who founded the
monastery of Kilwheery on the brink of the river
Brosua near Forbano in King's County, was, in
time of persecution, thrown for safety into a

18G Jrticks of Manufacture. [chap. xi.

pai iicular pool of tho Brosna. During tlie diainaoo
works ill LSI!) tlui bcid of ilio liver was altered,
and tliu bell was iound in tlic very pool pointed
out by tradition. It was enclosed in a shrine wliich
was taken away and sold ; but the bell itself is still
preserved (A7/L Arch. Journal, 1808-9, j). Ul).

Just near the southern end of the esplanade at
Bray, a. little way up tho Tfead, very near the rail-
way line, there is a ehurcli ruin, which can be seen
quite plainly from every part of the esplanade ;
and it is well known in and around Bray, by the
name of Raheenaclig. The people say that it is
the oldest church in Ireland ; and the style of
masonry, especially of the two end windows, shows
that it can hardly be later than the eleven tli cen-
tury. It has long ceased to be used in any way,
but within the memory of the old people, uiibap-
tised infanta were buried in it.. Tlie name is very
plain, and represents almost exactly the sound of
the correct Irish form RaWiin-a' -chlaig, the little
fort of the bell. The story told by the name would
seem to be this : — that in far distant times, before
the erection of the church, Mass used to be cele-
brated in an old rath, which had remained there
from days still more ancient — for as I have men-
tioned elsewhere (1st Vol. J'art II., c. i.) open air
Masses were anciently very usual in Ireland ; and
that a bell was set up in the usual way, to call the
people ; which originated the name. After a
time, when a church came to be built, it was
natural that the old site should be chosen, and the
old name retained. There arc some remains of
embankments near the church, but I saw notliing
that could be identified as a portion of a rath ;
which however is not to be wondered at, as the
ground has been cvdtivated up to the very walls of
the ruin.

cuAi'. XI.] Articles of Manufacture. 187

Croziers. One of the most celebrated ecclesias-
tical relics of ancient Ireland was St. Patrick's
crozier, commonly called tbe Bachall Isa, the staff
or crozier of Jesus. A well-known legend in the
life of St. Patrick tells us that he received tliis
staff from a hermit who lived in an island in the
Tyrrhene sea, to whom it had been intrusted by
our Saviour, with an injunction to deliver it to
Patrick when he should arrive at the island. The
saint kept it and bore it constantly in his hand
during his ministration in Ireland ; and after his
death it was preserved with the greatest veneration,
and covered with gold and precious stones. It
was removed from Armagh to Christ Church in
Dublin in llic twelfth century ; but in 1538 it was
burned in the streets of Dublin with many other
relics.

In the Poyal Irish Academy there is a collection
of ancient croziers, found from time to time buried
in the earth, in bogs, or under the ruins of eccle-
siasfical buildings. Tlicy nre generally higlily
ornamented; a)id some of thorn are elaborately
adorned with gems and complicated interlaced
work in mclnl, which even tliobcst, artificers of the
present day would find it very hard to imitate.

Bncholl is the Irish word for a crozier, probably
borrowed from the Latin bacillus. Some authori-
ties would lead us to infer that Ballyboghill near
Swords in Dublin, derived its name from St.
Pat rick's crozier ; which however is doubted by
others. The name nt any rate signifies the town
of the crozier ; and the probability is that it was
derived from a crozier belonging to St. Patrick —
for he appears to have left more than one — whether
it be the celebrated Bachall Isa or not.

The word bachall signifies any staff, such as a
fheiDherd's crook, &c. ; and one of its diminutives,

1^8 A)-fit'/('s of Manufacture. [cn.w. xi,

nninoly hacliaiJIin [Loglialccn] isiotliisday a})])Hed
by the J<jnglisli speaking- people of parts oi' the
south of Irehmd to a staff furnislied with a flat
end piece, which they use in washing and masliing
up potatoes. However, when we iind the word in
names, we may bo pretty sure tlnit it is intended
U)v a crozier. Tliore is a ])lace called Moy voughley,
tlireo miles to the norlh of Moalo in Westnieath,
which the Four Masters write Magh-hhaclila, the
plain or field of the crozier. Polluamoghill, the
name of a townland near Aughrim in Roscommon,
exhibits the eclipsis of the h : — Foll-na-nibachaU,
the pool of the staffs or croziers.

liroys or shoes. The ancient T rish shoe was called
hrocc, modern Irish hrdij, which is still well known
as a living word, and connnonly spelled hro<jue by
I'^nglish writers of the present day. The most
ancient kind of hrog was made of raw or half-
tanned hide, which was roughly stitched with
thongs ; and this form continued in use among the
lower classes of people down to very recent times.
Brogs of this land have been found in bogs ; and
several may be seen in good preservation, thongs
and all, in the Royal Irish Academy. Gradually
they came to be more elaborate in make, especiall}'
those used by the wealthier classes ; the leather
was tanned and ornamented with patterns worked
into it ; and of this kind some beautiful specimens
are also preserved in the Royal Irish Academy.

We may be pretty certain that makers of hrogs
lived at, or perhaps owned, those places whose
names are formed from the word hrog; such us
Knocknabrogue in the parish of Latteragh, Tip-
perary, which is anglicised from Cnoc-na-mbrog,
the hill of the brogues or shoes ; Raheenabrogue
near Ballyroan in Queen's County (raheen, a little
fort) ; Eskernabrogue near Clogher in Tyrone

ciiAr. XI.] Articles of Manufacture. 189

{esker, a sand-ridge) ; Finnabrogue near Down-
patrick, Fith-im-mhrdg, the wood of the brogues ;
and Broguestown near the village of Kill in Kil-
dare, the name of which is translated from the
original Ballybrogue, as it is written in an Inqui-
sition of Charles I.

This conjecture will not explain the name of
the little river Brogcen near Kanturk in Cork,
which means little brog. Why a river should
receive such a name I cannot imagine, and the old
people of the neighbourhood, so far as I have made
inquiry, have no tradition of the origin of the
name worth listening to, and are not able to offer
any rational cxplanafion. It is curious that there
is another stream a little south of Milltown in
Kerry, joining the Laune, called Kealbrogeen, the
keal or narrow marshy stream of the little brog.
Knockavrogeen [knock, a hill) is the name of a place
near Dingle in Kerry.

There is a townland in the parish of Inver near
Killybcgs in Donegal, called Luaghnab rogue, i.e.
Liiach-na-broige, the Inach or price of the brogue ;
and this name would be almost as puzzling as the
two river names, if we were not helped out of the
dijBficidty by a local legend : — the place was pur-
chased one time for a pair of brogues. It is to be
feared however, that the legend was invented to
suit the name ; and perhaps we may conjecture
that in former days a shoemaker or brogueraaker
tenanted this townland, and paid his rent in
kind, by supplying his landlord's family with
brogues.

In connexion with this last name, I will step
aside for a moment to remark that the word hiach,
hire or reward, forms part of other names. Five
miles north-cast from Thurlcs in Tipperary lies the
village and parish of Loughmoe, with the fine ruins

190 Articles of Mannfacturo. [ciiai». xi.

of tlio casllo of (Lc Purcclls — tlio barons of Jjougli-
moe — the correct old name of which, according to
the Four Masters, is Liiach-mhagh, price-plain, or
the field of the reward. The peninsula west of
Ardara in Donegal is called Ijoughros, and gives
name to the two bays of Ijoughros-inore and
lioughros-beg (groat and small) ; this place is also
mentioned by the Four Masters, who call it
LuaeJiros, the ros or peninsula of hire or reward.
AVhy these places were so called we know not ;
but we may fairly conjecture that in old times
some tenant held them free of direct rent, as a
reward for some signal service, or on condition of
fulfilling some special duties.

Culinary vessels. Several of the vessels in
domestic use have given naines to places. Tn some
cases these names are explained by legends ; in
others we may conclude that persons lived in the
places who either made the vessels as a trade, or
used them in some special occupation ; and, lastly,
perhaps some have been named from ancient ves-
sels found buried in the earth or in bogs.

Lcstar. The word lestar denotes a vessel of any
kind, or of any shape or material, (lester, vas, Z.
IGG) though the term was generally applied to
vessels made of wood. This woid is found in the
names of some places in Monaghan and Tyrone,
called Drumlester — the ridge of the vessels ; and
in Derrinlcster and Derryiudester in Cavan, the
first the oak wood of the vessel, the second, of the
vessels.

Metlier. The mother, Tiiah nicadar, was a drink-
ing vessel conunonly made of yew wood, quad-
rangular at top, and either round at bottom, or
having the corners rounded off ; and commonly
furnished with two or four handles, for the con-
venience of passing it from hand-to-hand round

CHAP. XI.] Artklfs of Manufacture. 191

the table. It was called meadar because it was
used for drinking mead, i.e. ale or metheglin.
Several ancient vessels of this kind are to be seen
in the niuseum of the Royal Irish Academy (see
Sir William 11. Wilde's ' Catalogue, p. 214). A
mether maker probably lived at Drumnamether
near MarkethiU in Armagh, the ridge of the
methers ; as weU as at Ballymather in the parish
of Killead in Antrim, the town of the methers ;
and possibly the name of Rathmadder in the parish
of Kilfree in Sligo, may preserve some dim memory
of the revelry carried on in old times in the rath
or residence of tlie chief,

Cuinneog, a churn, gives names to Ardnagimiog
in the parish of Faughanvale in Derry, to Lisna-
gonoge near Holycross in Tipperary, and to Lis-
nagunogue near Bushmills in Antrim, the first
signifying the height, and the other two the fort,
of the churns ; the c being eclipsed by g in all
throe.

IIow names of this class may take their rise
from legends — or perhaps sometimes the reverse —
can be gathered from tlie following story, of which
several different versions are found in Irish writ-
ings. Keating has one ; Colgan, in his Life of
St. Colraan Mac Duach, has two others ; and the
peasantry of Clare and Galway will tell the legend
as fully as either.

Guaire [Gnara], king of Connaught in the
seventh century, who was celebrated for his
generosity and hospitality, had a brother, an
ecclesiastic, a very holy man, whose name was
Colman. This priest went one time to spend the
Lent among the rocks and forests of Burren, in
the north of the present county of Clare ; he was
attended by only one young man, who acted as
his clerk; and they lived in a desert spot, by a

192 Articles of Manufacture. [chap. xi.

well of piiro water, fivo miles from Durltis Gunni,
the king'd paluco. Tlioy uto only one luoal a day,
and that consisted of a bit of barley bread, a few
sprigs of cress, and a drink of water from the
spring.

In this manner they passed the seven long weeks
of Lent, till at last Easter Sunday came round ;
when the poor young clerk, feeling quite worn out,
as well he might, by his long abstinence and poor
fare, was seized with a longing desire for flesh
meat ; so he came to his master, and told him that
he was about to go immediately to the palace at
Durlas, to have one good meal. "Stay with me,"
said Colman, " and T Avill see whether I cannot
procure a dinner for you where you are : " so lie
prayed that meat miglit bo brought to the clerk.

It so happened that the king's dinner was j)r(!-
paring at this same time in Durlas Guara : a noble
dinner, with everything in lavish profusion — so it
ever was in the house of Guara the hospitable ;
and among a great variety of dishes, a boar and a
stag, cooked whole, were brought to table on a
pair of enormous trenchers. Everything was
ready, and the king and his guests were son led,
just as Colman and the clerk had finished their
conversation. All at once the dinner was lifted
from the table by some invisible power before the
wondering eyes of his majesty ; trenchers, dishes,
and mothers, boar and stag and all, floated gently
through the open doors and windows — not as much
remained on the table as would make a meal for a
wolf dog — and as soon as they had got fairly out-
side the palace, they set off with great expedition
straight towards the little hermitage among the
hills of Burren.

The monarch and his guests, after recovering a
little from their astonishment, resolved to make an

CHAP. XI.] Articles of Manufacture. 193

effort to overtake their dinner and bring it back ;
so after a hurried preparation, they took horse ;
and the whole company, horsemen, footmen, and
dofj^s, with the king at their head, instantly started
in pursuit. Thoy kept tlio dishes in view, but
were not able to overtake them ; and after a close
chase, they arrived near the hermitage, hungry
and tired, just in time to see them alighting at the
feet of Colman and the clerk.

The young man was much delighted to see so
fine and plentiful a dinner provided for him, as
well !ia greatly auia/,cd at tho strango manner of
its ai)poiii'anco ; and l\o was about to begin liis meal,
wIkui Ijiippouiug to look round, ho saw tho rocky
slope of tho op])osi<o hill covered with a tumul-
tuous crowd, all maldng straight towards him.
So he turned once more to his master, and addressed
him, saying, that he saw not the least good in
getting a dinner of meat, while there was such
an angry multitude ready to dispute it with him.
" Eat your dinner in peace," said Colman, " there
is no danger, for it is my brother the king, and
his household, and I will take care that they shall
not interrupt you."

The moment he had done speaking, the feet of
the horses, men, and dogs, were fastened to the
groimd, and the horsemen to their seats, so that
they were unable to advance one inch farther;
and while the monarch and his nobles were looking
on, tho clerk sat down and ate a hearty meal at
his leasure before their eyes. As soon as he had
finisliod, tho company wore released; the king
recognised his brother, who explained the whole
affair ; and they all seated themselves — except of
course the clerk — and ate their dinner in comfort
jind (piiottiosM.

TJic road traversed by tho dinner, in the latter

VOL. II. 14

194 Articles of Manufacture. [chap. xi.

part of its flight, is still pointed out, nnd it is uni-
versally known by tlie name of Bdthar-)ia-)iuas
[Bohernameece], the road of the dishes. It is
situated in a rocky valley in the towidand of Keel-
hilly,* in tlio parish of Oarran, live miles scailh-
west from the village of Kinvarra ; and it runs
along- the Lase of a i)rc(;i])ic,o called ICinawlia ov
the head of the clilf. Tlio ihit surface of tho
limestone rocks on the opposite hillside is full of
small holes, of various shapes and sizes, very curious
and very striking- to look at ; a geologist would say
that they were worn in the rock by the rain, in
the course of ages ; but they are in reality the
tracks of the men, horses, and dogs — the very
tracks where their feet were iiinily fastened to
give the clerk time to eat his dinner.

This strange legend is a good example of the
manner in which fabulous tales were interwoven
with the authentic acts of the early saints. The
chief person here was a man well known in the
history of the early church of Ireland. He was
a near relative of Ouaire Aict/inc, king- of Con-
naught, but not his brother, as tho siory has it.
He was called Culinan-niac-Duach, or more usually
Mac Buach, i. e. Duach'a son ; for his fa(h<n' was
Z)«acA, eighth in descent fromDathi, kLngof Ireland
a little before the time of St. Patrick. In the
early part of his career he lived as a hermit, with
bnly one attendant, for seven years in the solitudes
of Burren. At the end of that time the king-
discovered his retreat, and offered him as much
laud as he wished to take, for the establishment of
a religious community ; but Colman accepted only
a small spot, not far from his little hermitage, in
which he erected a monastery, where he afterwards

* Caet-choille, nanow wood.

CHAP. XI.] Articles of Manufacture. 195

became a bishop, lie died in the middle of the
seventh century.

This good saint has been greatly and deservedly
revered ; the monastery he founded flourislied long
after him ; iind tlie ])1jic(\ which is sitnaled throe
miles from (Jort, coiitiiius the rcinains of a round
tower and of several churches. Moreover it still
retains the founder's name, for it is called Kilmac-
duagh, the church of DuacJi^s son ; and it has given
name both to the parish and to the diocese.

Colman-mac-Duagh is still vividly remembered
and much venerated by t]ie peojjle, and his name
lives in the topography of the whole neighbour
hood. There are several wells called Tobcr-mac-
Duagh, one of Avhich is engra\ed and described in
the Dublin Penny Journal (Vol. I., p. 200). The
ruins of his little hermitage, Temple-mac-Duagh,
still remain in the lonel}^ valley, near Boherna-
meece ; near it is aTiother Tober-mac-Duagh, the
identical well mentioned in the legend and in the
atdhontic Lives of iJio Siiiut, where stations are
performed to tljis day ; and immediately over it
there is a cave in the rock, called Ijabba-mac-
Duagh, or Mac Duagli's bed, in Avhich tradition
says he slept every night during his residence in
the valley. It is interesting to remark that the
present name of the cliff which rises over the
hermitage — Kinawlia — is the very name used in
tlie ancient Life of the saint : — " He fixed his
residence near a. pleasant fonntain [now Tober-
mac-Duagh] in the great wood of Boireann, and
in that part of it Avhich is called Kinn-aille, about
five miles from Durlas, the palace of Guaire."
(Colgan : Acta Sanctorum, 244 b. cap. vi.)

Half a mile east of Kinvarra, on the sea shore,
stands an ancient circular fort, one of those so
common in most parts of Ireland ; and this is all

196 Articles of Manufacture, [chap. xt.

that remains of the hospitable palace of Durlas.
Moreover it has lost the old name, and is now known
by the equivalent name of Dun-Guaire, or as it is
anglicised, Dungorey, Giiaru's fortress. A modern
castle built by the O'lleynes — modern compared
with the earthen circumvallations — stands in the
middle of tho fort, and occupies the very site of
the house of Quara the Ilospi table.

After all, the story of the dishes may, like most
other legends, rest on a foimdation of fact. We
may suppose that on some particular Easter Sun-
day, during Colman's residence in Burren, the king
took it into his head to go himself, with his house-
hold, to diuu with him; and that as Colmiiu had
a poor kitchen, the king sent on the dinner ready
(iooked, and followed after with the whole assembly.
tSuch a transaction woidd impress the pco})lo with
wonder and admiration, and in the long lapse of
ages their imagination would be sure to shape the
tradition into some such marvellous story as the
legend of Bohernameece.

There is a high mountain about eight miles west
of Dunnumway in Cork, whose name contains this
word mias (which is cognate with Lat. mensn) : —
viz., Mullaghmesha, in Irish, MuUach-m&ise, the
summit of the dish. But here the name is probably
derived from some dish-like hollow on or near the
summit of the mountain.

Sacks or Bags. Why it is that places took their
names from sacks or bags, it is not easy to deter-
mine, iniless wo resort to the old explanation that
sack makers lived in Ihom ; or perhaps the places
may have been so called from the use of an unusual
number of sacks in farming operations, in storing
corn, flour, &c. In tho year a.d. 598 there was a
terrible battle fought at a place called in all the
Irish authorities, Dunbolg — the fort of the sacks —

CHAP. X1.3 Articles oj Manvfacture. l97

near Hollywood in Wicklow, in whicli tlie king of
Ireland, Hugli, the son of Ainmire, was defeated
and slain by Brandiihh, king of Leinster. This
iiimio is not noAV rcmenihcrcd in tho neighbonr-
liood, tlioiigh tlio pooplo hnvo still some dim
traditions of the battle ; but there is a parish of
the same name in Cork, now called Dunbidloge.

The word hoJfj, which forms part of these names
and of those that follow, and which is still in
constant use, corresponds with the old Gaulish
hiJga, meaning a little bag of leather (Stokes in
Cor. Gl.). Caherbullog in the parish of Kilmoon
in the north of Clare, has nearly the same signifi-
cation as the last name, only with cahery a stone
fort, instead of dun: and with much the same
meaning still, we have MoherbuUog near Corrofin
in the same county — mohcr, a ruined fort. It will
be perceived that these four names were originally
applied to circular forts, which themselves for
some roasoTi or nnotlior took their names from
sacks. I will remark hero tlint tlie word holg is
sometimes applied to a quiver for arrows ; but for
several reasons I do not, think that this is the
sense in which the word is applied in those names.

Then we have Moybolgue, now the name of a
parish, partly in Mcath and partly in Cavan, which
is mentioned in some of our oldest authorities by
the name of Magh-holg, the plain of the sacks ;
and Clonb\dloge {cluain, a meadow) in King's
County and Carlow. There is a parish in Galway
called Killimorbologue, which signifies Killimor
of tho saclcs ; while Killimor itself means the
church of the patron saint Imor, who is thought
to have lived in the twelfth century. And Agha-
bulloge, the name of a large parish in Cork (near
Macroom) is in Irish Achadh-bolg, the field of the

198 Articles of Manufacfn re. [chap. xi.

BasJx-ets. Tlio word eliabh [cleeve] a basket, is
found in the oldest doouments of tlie language,
aud it is still a living word : even among the
English speaking people in some purl s of Ireland,
you will hear talk of a ckeve of turf, of potatoes,
&c. A considerable number of names, some of
them of high antiquity, are formed from this word.
One of the best known is that of Drumcliif near
the town of Sligo, where a monastery was either
founded by St. Columkille, or dedicated to him
soon after his death, and where there are still the
remains of a round tower. As being au ecclesias-
tical establishment of great note it is wry often
mentioned in ancient Iriah authorities, and always
written Druiui-c/i/i(ihh, the hill ridge of baskets.
'J'luM'o Im also a. I )i iiinclilf in Clare, and aiuHher
in Donegal, while we have Drumcleave in Tip-
perary, all meaning the same thing ; and there
is a townland in Monaghan called Lisdrum-
cleve (lis, a fort). The c becomes eclipsed by the
insertion of the article in Qortnagleav in the parish
of Killinan in Galway, Gort-na-yeliahh, the field
of the baskets.

The diminutive cUahhdn [cleevaun] is used to
signify a cradle. It is hard to say Avith certainty
wliy a high mountain near Sallygap in Wicklow
was called Mullaghcleevaun, the summit of the
cradle ; probably it was from the shape of some
hollow or cradle-shaped rock near the top. There
is also a little hill which gives name to a small
lake and a townland tlin^e miles soulh-east of tho
village of FivemiletoAvn in Tyrone, called Orocka-
cleaven, cradle hill {crock, properly cnoc, a hill) ;
and Coolaclevane, the corner or ajigle {cuil) of the
cradle, is the name of a place about three miles
east of Inchigeelagh in Cork.

Ir Meath and Cavan the people use a kind of

CHAP. xi.J Articles of Manufact.ur , l99

basket for fisliing which they call scudal ; from
wliich Lough tSkuddal, a small branch of Lougli
vSillan near Shercock in Cavan, derives its name — -
the lake of tlio fisliing basket.

IlttnUcs. In discussing the namo of ]')ublin in
the First Volume, I had occasion to speak of tho
word cliath, a hurdle, and of the application of
hurdles to the construction of Avickerwork fords.
There are ofher places which have taken their
names from this word, where hurdles were applied
\o other purposes not so easily defined. Cliffony,
a village in the norlh of 81igo, is called in Irish,
CJiathnih/iduc, meaning hurdle- shrubbery {mnine,
slivubbcry) — so called 1 sui)posc because the shrub-
bery sui)plicd the hurdle makers with twigs.

The simple word gives name to several town-
lands now called Clay in Armagh, Down and Fer-
managh; another anglicised form is seen in Clea-
boy in Roscommon and Waierford, yellow hurdle;
jiiKJ slill a.no(hei' in Cleaglibeg, (/ic^agligarvo, :iud
( 'lojigjiuiorn, ill lioscominon and (liilwiiy — meaning
respectively little, rougb, and great hurdle. It is
s(>ou as a torminalion in Tullyclca in the pafishof
DerryvuUan in Fermanagh, the little hill of the
hurdle ; and the diminutive gives name to Olea-
hocn, little hurdle, in the parish of Tumna in Eos-
common. I think it probable that in some of these
places the hurdles were used in the construction of
fords across small streams.

Nets. There may have been several reasons why
places received names from nets — from fishing,
or from bird-catching, or from the raanirfacture
of tlie nets themselves : but 1 suppose the greater
number of such names originated in fishing.
CochaJl is one of the Irish words for a net,
especially a small fishing not ; the word, however,
is more commonly applied to a hood, corresponding

200 Articles of Mdiiii/dctarc. [oiiAi-. xi.

with tho Latin mcullus, mul Miigliali and. At Ww
present day, it is generally applied in the south
to any covering for the shoulders, and in the north
to a net.

There is a townland near K ilia shandra in Cavan
— a spot situated in the midst of a lake district —
called Drumcoghill, the ridge of the net ; Cool-
coghill {cid, tho back of a hill) is a place near
Maguire's Bridge in Fermanagh ; Lisacoghill, the
fort of the net, is the name of a townland in the
parish of Inishmagrath in Lei trim. At the
bridge of Ballycoghill, over the Ballybay river,
near the village of Rockcorry in Monaghan, the
former practice of net fishing in connexion with
the name, is still remembered in tradition.

Beetles. Those who have had opportunities of
obHorviiig tho cuHtoms ol" tho pcasantiy, iiuiathuvo
often seen the village girls beetling clullies at a
stream — beating them on a large smooth stone,
while saturated with water, with a flat, heavy,
wooden beetle, or mallet, a part of the process of
washing. This beetle is called in Irish slis [slish] .

In foimer days there was a ford — ovidoutly an
important one, if we may judge from the scenes
enacted at it — over the Owenure river, one mile
from the town of Elphin in Iloscommon, on the
road to Strokestown, which must have been a
favourite spot for this kind of work, as it got the
name of Ath-slisean, the ford of the beetles — for
so the Four Masters designate it when recording
a battle fought there in 1288, in which Cathal
O'Conor, king of Connaught, was defeated by his
brother Manus. There Avas another battle fought
there in 1342, in recording which the annalists
call the place Bel-atha-sUsean, the ford-mouth of
the beetles ; and this is the present name of the
bridge which now spans the old ford, anglicised

CHAP. XI ] Articles of Manufacture. 201

to Bellaslislien. We have one example in our old
records of a ford deriving its name from the custom
of washing at it, viz., Bel-atha-na-nidheadh — so
called in Hy Fiachrach — the mouth of the ford of
the wasliings, a ford on the Owenboy river, a mile
and a haH from the village of Foxford in Mayo.
It was no doubt for some reason of this kind
that Cajjpanaslish in the parish of Killokennedy
in Clare received its name — Cmpach-na-slis, the
garden-plot of the beetles. There is a mountain
called Slish rising over the south shore of Lough
Gill near Sligo ; probably taking its name from
'\is shape. Slishmeen, i.e. smooth beetle, is the
name of a towidaud in Mayo. With the diminu-
tive no or some such termination (see p. 25) and
with the first s-sound eclipsed by t (see 1st YoL,
ch. II.) we have Tullintlisny near Oastleblayuey
in Monaghan, i.e. TiW -an-tsUsne, the hill of the
beetle.

Soindik [shindilla] is another word for a beetle,
from which a lalce on the left of the road from
Clifden to Oughterard in Galway, is called Lough
Shindilla, probably from some fancied likeness
between its shape and that of a beetle : or perhaps
the women were formerly accustomed to beetle
clothes on its shores. We have Shindala in Kil-
dare and Shindilla or Lurgan (i.e. beetle or shin:
liirgan a shin — see 1st. Vol.) in Galway. Another
and probably the original form of this word is
m)))lidile [shovdilla] from which Shivdilla near
Mohill, and Sliivdelagh, both in Leitrim, take their
names; and this form also gives name to Kinatev-
ddla, the western point of Clare island oil Mayo —
the s being here eclipsed by t — Ccann-a' -tseimJidile,
beetle head. The little island of Shintilla in
Tiougli Mask was so called from its long narrow
shape ; and there is a long point of land running

203 Articles of Mamifadurc. [ciiai-. xr,

into tlio 8oa near Tiolclurc on "W^cslporl l^ay, callc^d
for a like reason Shivdella.

Anvils. About three hundred years before the
Christian era, there lived, according- to the Dinn-
scnchiis, a celebrated artiiicer in metals named
L^n of the white teeth, Avho was (fcr^^ or goldsmith
to the fairy mansion of liovo Dei-g- at Slievenanion.
lie Avas employed one time to make certain pre-
cious articles — diadems, brooches, cups, &c., for
the lady Faiul, who lived at Ijough licane, or the
Lakes of Killarney. lie travelled, it seems, every
morning from his liome near Slievenamon to the
lake (about eighty English miles) to begin his
day's work ; and returned the same journey in
the evening ; but before setting out for home each
day, he (lung his anvil before him, with such force
and precision, that it always dropped dowji exactly
at his own residence. Hence tlic place has been
ever since known by the name of Inneoin [Tinione],
or " The Anvil." (See O'Curry, Lect. III., 203 :
see also 1st Vol. Part IV., c. w.) This place was,
many ages afterwards, the chief residence of the
Decies, so that it was often called in the annals,
Inneoin of the Decies. It is now called by the
modernised name Mullaghn(»ney, the hill-sinnmit
[Mullach) of Inneoin; and it is situated in the
parish of Newchapel near Clonmel.

Several townlands and natural features have
got names from anvils ; we may, I suppose, infer
that at some former time there was a forge at each
of these places ; and probably not a few over-cri-
tical readers, who may have some misgivings as
to the truth of the legend of Len and his anvil,
will be inclined to accomit for ihewame oi Inneoin
of the Decies in the same simple v>'dy.

There is a place called Ballynona near the vil-
lage of Dungourney in Cork ; and another called

CHAP. XI.] Articles of Manufacture. 203

Ballynooney in the parish of Kilbcacon in .Kil-
kenny; both of which probably once belonged to
smiths, for the names siy^nify the town of the
anvil. Anotlier form of this word is scon in Tul-
lyiiJihinnorn, in tlic pavisli of A^lmaimillon in
JMouaghan, in which Tulh/ is corrupted from
talnmh, land (land of the anvil) ; and in Gubna-
hinneora, the name of a rocky point on the north
coast of the western extremity of Acliill island,
so called because it resembles the cor-chip or Jiorn
of an anvil, I suppose the name of Killinordan,
east of Strokestown in Pioscommon, originated like
most of the preceding : — CoiU-an-ordain, the wood
of the litilo sledge hammer. So also Rathordan
near Cashcl, the fort of the hammers.

Scollojys. A scolh (scollob), commonly called a
scollop by the English-speaking people, is a spray
or twig about twenty inches long, used in fasten-
ing thaicli on houses. When about being used it
is (loubl(>d up in tlio middle in the form of aloo^),
iind its two ends, which ure pointed, nvo driven
with the hand into the thatch. According 1o
O'Curry (Lcct. III., 32) this method of fastening-
thatch — Avhether of straw, rushes, or sedge — was
used in roofing the ancient Irish circular wicker-
work houses ; and Ave know that it is still practised
all over the country.

The name of Derryscollop in Armagh, near
IMoy, indicates that tluu'emusthaA^o been formerly
a dcrri/ or oak Avood there, in Avhich the people
Avcre in the habit oE cutting tAvigs for scollops.
Inchinsquillib in tlic parish of TocminTippcrary,
is the i)wh or river-holm of the scollop — so called
possibly from the looped shape of the stream.
Seullaboge in the parish of Newbawn in Wexford,
figures unhappily in the rebelUon of 1798 ; but
its name conveys none of this history ; for it is

204 Articles of Manufacture. [chap. xi.

simply Scolhdg (see p. 19), a place producing- twigs
for scollops.

Candlesticks. To anyone unacquainted with the
multifarious ways in Avhicli local names grew up
in Ireland, the name ol' Ballykinler, a jiarish on
the shore of Dundrum bay in Down, would appear
eccentric and puzzling ; for the latter ])art of the
name represents the Irish coinleoir, or in its old
form caindloir, a candlestick (Lat. candelahnwi),
from coinneal or caindel, a candle ; and the whole
name is Baile-caindlera, the town of the candle-
stick. But the name is quite natural ; for Eally-
kinler was what is called a la mi nary to the cathe-
dral of Christ Church in Dublin, that is, it was
appropriated to supply the altar of that church
with waxlights. It was granted by John ]^e
Courcy about the year 1200, and it remained in
possession of the old cathedral until very recently
(Reeves: Eccl. Ant., p. 210). We find the very
same name applied to a tract of land between
Arklow and Gorey in Wexford, now divided into
three townlands ; but the name is in the slightly
varied form of Ballycoidore, the latter part of
which exactly represents the pronimciation of the
modern Irish form coinleoir. Whether this place
received its name in the same sense as Ballykinler,
or directly from the article itself, I am not able
to tell. One thing we know, that the coinleoir
was formerly a usual article of furniture, and we
find it laid down in the law tract called Grith
QahJilach, that in the house of a bo-airc, or tenant
farmer, there should be, among nuiny otlior
articles, " a candle on a candlestick without fail."
(O'Curry, III., 486).

Charcoal. The making of charcoal was under-
stood and practised at a very early period in Ire-
land ; for according to the law tract last quoted

CHAP. XI.] Articles of Mamifactiire. 206

(O'Curry : same page) the ho-aire was obliged to
have " ihrco eaclcs in his house : a sack of malt;
a sack of bulrushes for dressing the wounds of his
cattlo ; a sack of coals for [forging] the irons."

The 8|)()(m wluno charcoal ur(hI to bo manufac-
tured in times of old are still discernible in various
parts of the country ; for in such places the soil
is to this day quite black, and mixed with the
dust and small fragments of charcoal. Places of
this kind often retain names containing the word
grial, which of course is cognate with the English
coaly and which signifies either coal or charcoal.
In names, however, the local tradition always
points to charcoal, which must be correct, as tho
introduction of coal as fuel is comparatively recent.
There is a little point of land jutting into Lough
Erne, a mile from the village of Pettigo, and an-
other just opposite on Boa island, both of which
are caUed by the same name, Rossgole, that is,
Bos-guail, tlie peninsida of the charcoal. Glen-
goolo, clinrcoal ghvu, is tho namo of a place noai-
Killenaule in Tipperary; and there is a townland
near tho village oi' Caledon in Tyrone, called Dorry-
gooly, where of course the derri/ or oak wood sup-
plied the materials for making the charcoal.

Milk, butter, lard. Though these commodities
can hardly be ranked under the heading of this
chapter, yet the names derived from them may be
treated of conveniently here.

When a place got its name from milk or butter,
it may be surmised that at some former time cows,
sheep, or goats used to be milked, or general dairy
operations carried on there — something Hke the
boolies of old times described in the First Voliune.
In some cases it is certain that names of this kind
were applied to rich pasture land — land producing
milk and butter in abundance.

206 Articles of Manufacture. [chap. xi.

The common word for milk is haine [bonnia,
baniiy], and it occurs in names in suoli forms as
ivanny, vanni/, tvinny — the b being aspirated to v.
Tawnawanny, the name of a townhmd in the
parish of Tcmplecarn in Fermanagh, signifies the
fiekl {tamhnach) of the milk; Tullinwannia in
Lei trim and TulHnwonny in Fermanagh, milk
hill ; Coolavanny, near Castleisland in Kerry, the
corner of the milk.

New milk is denoted by leamhnacht [lewnaght] ;
but the old form, as we find it in Cormac's Glossary,
is lemlacht, the / being changed to n (see First Vol.
Part I., c. ni.) in modern Irish. In its simple
ivtvnx it givcss name to two townland.s ciillod Ijcu-
naghtjOnc in Monaghan andtlio other in Kilkenny;
while the diminutive Loonaglitan is the name of a
place near Ahascragh in Galway, signifying new-
milk land (see p. 19). There is a townland giving
name to a parish near Clonmel, called Inishlou-
naght, the river-holm of new milk, where O'Faelan,
prince of the northern Decies, had his stronghold ;
and where O'Brien, king of Limerick, and O'Faelan
founded an abbey in 1187. The Irish form of the
name, as given by ^e'dim^,!^ Inis-leamlmaclUa, t\\Q
river-holm of the new milk ; and the place ob-
viously got this name from the beautiful inch
along the Suir, between Clonmel and Marlfield.
The word occurs in many other names, such as
Druudauuaght in Cavan (Drum, a long hill),
Fahanlunaghta near Ennistimon in Clare, and
Gortlaunaght in Oavan, both signifying the field
[faitchc and <jort) of the new milk. Nc;ir the
western shore of Lough Berg, in the parish (d'
Clonrush in Galway, there is a small lake called
Lough Alewnaghta, new milk lake, which may
have been so called from the softness of its water.

Keating accounts for a name of this kind by a

CHAP. XI.] Articles of Manufacture. 207

legend about one of those medicinal baths spoken
of at page 7G. Uuiiug tlie short time tliat the
Picts resided in Ireland, before their migration
to Scotland, many centuries before the Christian
era, Criffau, the Icing of Lcinster, and his subjects
were sorely annoyed by a hostile people in his
neighbourhood, who used poisoned weapons, so that
whoever received a wound from them, no matter
how trifling, was sure to die of it. The king at
last consulted a learned Pictish druid named
Troadan, who told him to have a bath prepared
on tlie occasion of the next battle, with the milk
of 150 white hornless cows, in which each wounded
man was to bo bathed. Crift'an, as soon as he had
}>rocured tlie cows, at once sent a challenge to his
adversaries ; and on the eve of the battle he had
tlie bath prepared just as the druid directed. As
fast as the king's men were woimded they were
plunged into the bath, from which they came out
as well as over ; ro iliat tlio Leiuster army routed
tlieir ro(\s with dreadl'ul shuigliter. Fiom ilifs
event the place came to be called Ardlemnachta,
the lieiglit of the new milk.

Sometimes other words for milk are found in
names. Thus the name of BKttog in the parish
of Donaghmoyne in Monaghan, is a diminutive on
hliocJit or bleacht, milk : — Bliochtog, milk-land ;
meaning, I suppose, good milk-pasture.

The art of making and saving butter appears to
have been known in Ireland from the earliest
ages ; for it is mentioned with milk, curds, cheese,
&c., in our oldest literature. In later times it was
customary to sink butter deep down in bogs, closed
up in casks or baskets, to give it a flavour. Among
the food of the Irish, l^incley (a.d. 1675) mentions
bti(l(M' " mix(>(l with sloro ol" . . . a kind of gar-
lick, and buried for some time in a bog to make a

208 Articles of Manufacture. [chap. xi.

provisicm of an high taste for Lent." Sir William
Petty also mentions butter made rancid by keeping
in bogs ; and other authorities to the same effect
might be quoted. Whether this custom existed
in ancient times I am unable to say ; but at
any rate, its prevalence, even at this late period,
is a sufficient explanation of the fact that butter
is now very often found in vessels of various
shapes and sizes, deeply embedded in bogs ;
sometimes in firkins not very different from
those now in use (see Sir W. E,. Wilde's Catal.
Ant., p. 212). Several specimens of this bog
butter, as it is commonly called, are to be seen
in the Hoyul Irish Academy museum. In all cases
the butter is f oimd to be changed, by the action of
the bog water, into a greyish (;hoese-liko siibsdnico,
partially hardened, not much like butter, and quite
free from putrefaction.

From the word im, butter {imhy in Cor. Gl.),
we have several names. There is a townland near
Mallow in Cork, giving name to a parish called
Monanimy (accent on im) which signifies the bog
of the butter ; and we may conjecture that the
bog received its name from the quantity of butter
found in it. Half a mile from Clifden in Gal way
is a little lake called Lough Animma, butter lake ;
and another of the same name lies two miles east
of Ballymore in Westmeath. . Derrynim is the
name of a townland in the parish of Cleenish,
Fermanagh ; and there is another called Carrigau-
imma, seven miles north-west from Macroom, the
first signifying the wood, and the second the rock,
of the butter.

Why were placea named from lard ? Perhaps
such names indicate that pigs were fattened in the
respective places. Whatever the origin may be, it
is certain that we have several names from the

ciiAP, XT.] Articles of 3Iamffndnre. 209

•word hlonog, which signifies lard, fat, or suet.
Such for instance is Corblonog in the parish of
Tcdavnct in Monaghan, the round hill of the lard ;
Killyblunick Glebe in Tyrone, and Derrynablun-
nnjj^a, souih of the lakes of Killarncy, these two
last signifying the wood of the lard ; and there is
a place called Caherblonick [cnhcr, a round stone
fort) near tlie lake of Inchiquin in Clare.

The following names are derived from various
articles of manufacture. There is a small lake in
Donegal, two miles south-east from the village of
(Jlonties, caHcd liuugli Nasnahida, the lake of the
noodle : — Hnaihad, a needle. There is a parish in
Longford c!i11(h1 Forgney, taking its name from a
townland, wliich must have been so called from
some remarkable building ; iov forgnaidh signifies
an edifice or a building. Slahhm [slavra, sloura],
is a chain. Two miles east of Ardara in Donegal
is a hill called Crockasloura, which means the hill
of tlie cliain [croch for kuocl-, a iiill) ; and Derrinl-
loina is tlie name of a iownhind in the i)arisl) of
Islandcady, west of Castlebar in Mayo, the dernj or
oak grove of the chain {Doiro-an-UIabhra), the s
of sJabhra being here eclipsed by t, as it ought to be.

In the western extremity of the townland of
Athlunkard, on the Clare side of the Shannon,
near the city of Limerick, there is a small rock
within a f cav yards of the Shannon, called Carrick-
alloura, the rock of the chain; and in this place
there is a tradition to explain the nnme : that at
the siege of Limerick, t,he English army crossed
the Shannon at this spot by means of a chain
which was thrown across the river, and fastened
on the Clare side to this rock. The word sds
[sauce] denotes an engine or machine of any kind.
ItwitH (iri(>n itppliod in an engine for battering
down 'lio walls of castles — called commonly a so /r
vol,, u. 15

210 liomidaries am? Finces. [cuw. xti.

in English. Cornaaans, tho nnmo of sonic plncoa
in Cuvan und JMcutb, signilies ilio cor, or loimd
hill of the engines.

CHAPTER XII.

BOUNDARIES AND FENCES.

Bru and its derivative hniach, both signify a
border, brink, or margin ; bnt it is connnonly
applied to the brink of a stream or glen. The
latter of the two is the term generally fonnd in
names; and its most usual ungliciscti form is
Brough, which is the name of a place near
Doneraile in Cork. Broughshane in Antrim signi-
fies John's border ; Broughderg, red border, is tho
name of places in Cavan, Fermanagh, and Tyrone ;
and it is the same as Dergbrough in Tyrone, with
tIio root words transposed. Broiighmorc in vVnlrim
is the same as Bromoro in Kerry — great border.
The diminutive in an also occurs, giving origin to
Broughan and Broughane in Armagh and Kci ly
(little border) ; and to Broughanlea, the name of
a place east of Ballycastle in Antrim, grey little
border.

Crioch [creea] means an end, confine, or bound-
ary ; but it is an unsatisfactory term to deal with
here, for it is very hard to distinguish it in angli-
cised names from other words like it in sound, but
different in meaning. When it is found in names
M'e may conclude that it marks the ancient bound-
aries of farms, townlands, or territories. Its most
common modern form is Creagh, which either

CHAP. XII.] Boundaries and Fences. 211

simply or in combiuiition, gives names to several
toAvnlands and parishes ; it sometimes drops the
aspirate at the end, as in Cavan and King's County,
where there are some places called Cree and Creea.

In an extended sense this word has come to eignify
also a country or territory, exactly like the Latin
fines. For example, the country of the O'Byrnes
in Wicklow is called Cn'och Branaeh. Tlio IJoolc
of Rights, O'Heeren's poem, and other authorities,
mention a tribe named Ui-Buidhe, i.e., the tribe or
family of O'Boy, who are described as seated on
the west side of ihe Barrow. In one of these old
books we are told that the church of Killabban
lies in the territory of this tribe ; from which we
are enabled to fix the exact position. This ancient
territory is commonly called in Irish writings,
Crioch Ua mBuidhe, i.e., the country of the O'Boys;
and the tribe name still exists in the name of the
parish of TuUomoy, which suflicicntly rej^resents
the sound of Tul-O-wBuidhe, the hill of the O'Boys
— the B being ccli}).sed by in, according to the law
explained at page 138 (see O'Donovan in Book of
Bights, 213).

The accounts left us of St. Abban, the founder
of the church of Killabban, south of Athy in
Queen's County, are very contradictory. It ap-
pears, however, that he was born in Leinster in the
sixth century ; and his mother, Mella, is said to
have been a sister of St. Kevin of Glendalough ;
ho f()UMd(Ml Hovond churches, iind died in a place
called Ma(]h-Arnaidhe [JMoyarnoy : plain of sIo(^r]
in Wexford, greatly revered for goodness and
holiness of life. In his Life published l)y Colgan,
it is stated that when Abban and his clergy came
among the tribe oiI[i/-mBairyc]ic (who possessed the
ierrilory of Slicneiuargy in Ihe south-east of (Queen's
County), these people gave him a joj'^ous welcome ;

212 Boundaries and Fowes. [chai'. xii.

and he bnilt a great monastery there, and laid tho
foundation of a town ; " and tlio niouastery and
the town are called in the Scotic (i.e., Irish)
language by one name, Ceall Ahhain, which in
Latin is interpreted Cel/a-Abbani" — in English,
Abban's Oliurch, which name has been extended
to tho parish.

2'cdra [torn] is a border or boundary ; the regu-
lar genitive is tcdrann, as it is preserved in lially-
toran on the borders of Tipperary and King's
County, near the village of Clogh Jordan ; and in
Knocktoran near Knooklong in Limerick, the town
and the hill of the boundary. A corrupt modifi-
cation of tlio word appears in tho name of a lake
called Loughatorick, so called because it lies on
tlio boundary between the counties of Gal way and
Olaro, and the boundary lino ran through it in
1G04, as appears by an Inquisition of that date
(RyMany, G9).

lorrus. O'Flaherty, at page 96 of his description
of lar Connaught, says : " Many lands hero,
environed for the most part by the sea, are called
Irros, with an adjection to distinguish them one
from another. The proper form of the word is
torrtis; and some have thought that it signifies
western promontory — iar, west, ros, a pronu)ntory
— while others believe that it means nothing
more than a border or limit," Ilardiman, the
editor of 0'riahcrty,6aysit means a border, brink,
margin, promontory, or headland. Tliero can bo
no d(nd)t that tho Avord was applied to a peninsula;
for all (lio wr;'».5es of (Jalway aro pcniiiHulaH ; us
for inslaTico, lorrus-bcag, tho peninsula lying west
of Iloundsione, which still rehiins Iho name of
Errisbeg; lorrus-ainhagh, the old name of the
peninsula between the bays of Bertraghboy and
Kilkerrin ; Jovrus-mort the peninsula which termi-

ciiAP. XII.] Boundaries and Fences. 213

nates iu Slyne Head ; lorrus-Flannan, the little
point of land south-west of Olifden, between Mau-
iiin bay and Ardbeav bay.

Tho barony of Erris in Mayo is the best known
plnco (aking iis naino from tliis word ; but
although the name now covers an extensive terri-
tory, it may be safely assumed that it belonged
originally to the peninsida at present called the
Mullet, from which it was extended to the whole
district. There is a townland called Bi-ris near
Boyle in Hoscommon, taking its name from a littlo
point of laud jutting into Lough Key. Erris is
another name for Shirk Glebe near Borris-iu-
Ossory in Queen's County, wliich O'Donovan
thinks was so called because it was on the borders
of the ancient territory of Ossory. Other forms
of the word are exhil>ited in Urros in the parish
of Inishmacsaint in Fermanagh ; IJyrismenagh
(midtUo nrris) iu tho parish of Clomnanyin Inish-
()\v<Mi, Donegal; and Urrasaun iu tbo ]iari8h of
Tibohino iu llosrounuou, Avbich is a diminutive,
meaning little border or peninsula. Sonio of tho
procc(b*ng arc sitTiatcd inland, which would lend to
show that tliis word was used to designate a border
as well as a peninsula.

Tcrmens. In Ireland, as in other Christian
couiitries, many of the churches had the right of
sanctuary. A small piece of land was usually
fenced olf roimd the church, and iha four corners
were often marked by crosses or pillar-stones ;
this land was regarded as belonging exclusively to
the chm'ch ; and criminals fleeing from justice,
or fugitives from their enemies, were safe from
molestation for the time, once they had taken re-
fuge either in the church itself or inside the
boundary.

The word tearmann was originally applied to

214 Boundaries and Fences. j^chap. xii.

tlioso termini or boundaries, and in this sense it
exactly corresponds with Latin terminus ; but it
was afterwards extended in meaning till it came
to signify a sanctuary or asylum ; and this is the
sense in Avhich it is generally used in Irisli writ-
ings. It was often popularly used in a still more
general way, to denote church lands, or lands
belonging to a sanctuary, so that the expression
" termon lands" is quite common in Anglo-Irish
writings.

This word is still retained in a good many local
names, marking the precincts of sanctuaries ; and
in several of these the spots are almost as much
venerated now as they were a thousand years ago,
Lhougli they no longer alford an asylum to the
riigitivo. Tlu) iiioniory ol' »St. P'ecliiii is preserved
in the name of Termonfeckin — I'echiu's sanctuary,
now applied to a parish near Drogheda. St,
Ikrach, the founder of a church in the present
county of Hoscommon, who was descended from
Brian, king of Connaught in the fourth centuiy,
nourished in the latter part of tho sixth century,
and was a pu])il of St. Kevin of Glendalough.
After leaving Glendalough, he crossed the Shan-
non, and founded an establishment for himself at
a place called Cluain-coirpthe [Clooncorpa], near
the shore of the river, in the desert of Kinel Dofa,
which afterwards attained to great eminence. The
old name is now forgotten, and the founder, who
is still greatly venerated, is commemorated in the
present nanu) of tlio church and parish, Tcrmon-
barry, St. JJcrach's sanctuary.

The warden or lay superintendent of church land
was termed the erenagh (Gaelic aircJieannacli) ; and
this office was commonly held by members of the
same family for generations. In some places the
ternions have preserved the family names of the

CHAP. XII.] Bomidaries and Fences^ 216

erenagh instead of those of the patron saint. The
church of St. Daheog or Daveog, one of the very
early Irish saints, was situated in an island in
Jjough Derg in Donegal ; but the termon lands
holonging to tlio church lay on tho mainland, near
the village of Pettigo. The hereditary wardens of
this termon were the Magraths ; and accordingly
the place is called in the Four Masters, sometimes
Termon Daveog, and sometimes Termon Magrath.
The latter is the name now used, though it is
usually shortened to Termon ; the ruins of Termon
castle, tho ancient residence of the Magraths, are
still slandiug ; and tlio sanctuary has given name
to tho little river Termon, flowing through Pettigo
into liough Erne.

The parish of Termonmaguirk in Tyrone was
anciently called Tearmann-cuimnigh, which name
Dr. Peeves (Adamn. 283) conjectures may have
been derived from Ouimne, St. Columkille's sister.
It got its present name from tho family of Mac-
(jliiirk, who were for a long time its hereditary
wardens. In like manner, the O'Mongans were
the wardens of Tcrmonomongan in the west of the
same county ; its ancient name being Killcerril,
from St. CaireaU, the founder or patron of the
church (Reeves : Colt. Vis. 72). Termon and
Tarmon are the names of several places, indicating
in every case the former existence of a sanctuary.
Sometimes the word is foimd combined with other
terms that have no reference to either patron or
warden. Thus Termoncarragh, west of Belmullet
in ]\Iayo, menus merely rough Termon, in refer-
ence, no doubt, to the ruggedness of the ground.
There is a place near the village of Annascaul in
tho parish of Ballinacourty in Kerry, called Ballin-
feniion, tlio town of ihe sanctunry ; and Ardtormon
(sanctuary height) lies in tho parish of Dnuncliif
in Sliw.

216 lioundaries and Fences. [(UIap. xii.

Hedge. Fdl [fnul] sij^iiilloH ii hcdi^o or wall;
the fouce iluil sepuratod tlic lands of two adjacent
occupiers ; and it is used in tliis sense in our oldest
law tracts. In local names it often designates the
land enclosed Ly a Jul; Lut (liis is allogellier u
modern ap[)licatiou, Avliicli liad no existence in tlio
Irish language. In this latter sense, it is und(;r-
stood by the people of Fulnasoogaun, three miles
north-west from Ballymote in Sligo, for the town-
land is also called in English, Ropefield (digan, a
rope).

This word is usually found in anglicised names
very little changed from its original form ; as w^e
see in Falearragh in Donegal, rougli or nigged
fal — and here also the meaning has prohahly Lcini
extended to a held; I^almachreed and lalmaciilly
in Antrim, Mac liride's and ]\la(; (Jrilly's hedge or
enclosure. The word is sometimes pronomiced in
two syllahles [fcila), giving rise to Fallowbeg in
Queen's County, south of Athy [beg, little) ; Fallow-
ard and Fallowlea, both in the parish of Faughan-
vale in Derry (high and grey), and Fallowvec; near
Cushendall in Antrim, yellow hedge [Imidhc).
There is a place in tin; parish of Islandeady in
Mayo, which is mentioned in Ily Fiaclnach by the
simple name Fal ; but it is now called Kilfaul, the
wood of the hedge.

Fallagh, Faulagh, and Faltagh are adjective
forms, found in various counties, all meaning a
place of hedges; and Faulcens in Mayo (little
hedges) is a diminutive. One of the plural forms
is fdlt((, which has given names to several ])lacc8
now called Faltia, Falty, and Faulties ; Falty banes
in Donegal, white hedges or enclosed fields.

When it comes in the end of names in the geni-
tive plural with the article, it is usually represented
by loall, val, or vaul ; as in Cornawall near New-

CHAP. XIII.] Various Artificial Works. 217

bliss in Monaglian, Cor-na-bhfal, the little hill of
the hedges ; TulljTiavall near Carrickmacross in
Monaghau, same meaning. There is an ancient
fort near the village of Kilkeelin the south of the
coimty Down, called .Duuiiuval, the fortress of the
walls or hedges ; and a little island near Slync
head in Galway has the same name, but in the
anglicised form, Doonnawaid.

In an old map of Belfast engraved in fac-simile
by IMr. Edmund Getty in the Ulster Journal of
Arc]ia!ol()gy (Vol. III.), the district immodiatcly
soulh of the town, in the angle between the black-
stalf rivcM- and Ihe Lagan, is called Tuoghe-na-fall ;
il isMritt(Mi 'riioglinarall in a grantol'Oar. I.; and
in an Intjuisition of 1G05 (Reeves, Eccl. Ant. 346)
it is called Tuogh of the Fall. The name of this
old territory is still remembered : for it is now
locally known as •'* The Falls," and the Falls Road
is a well-known outlet of Belfast, leading through
this district. Both the modern and ihe old forms
cl" ilu^ name obvionsly point lo (he original Irish
Tnaih-na-hhjal^ the district of the /a/6' — hedges or
enclosures.

CHAPTER XIII.

VARIOUS ARTIFICIAL WORKS.

Bonds. In the First Volume* I enumerated
Fcvoral terms for a road, and gave names derived
irom each. There is yet another, which, though
not so common as those, is yet used in the lan-
guage, and deserves mention, as it enters into local
jiomenclaluro.

* Part III., Chapter iv.

218 Variotis Artificial Works, [chap. xiii.

R6d [road] — old Irish rot — is oxactly l.lio same
word as the English road ; but one is not derived
from the other. For the English road comes from
tlio Anglo-Saxon ; and we know that the Irish
word has boon vised in the native language from a
[)eriod long before English was known in this
eountry. Iji the Glossary ol' Oorniae Mac, OiilhMian,
a work of the end of the m'nth century, rot is
given as one of the terms for a road ; and from
the way in which he mentions it, the word appears
to have been used to denote a road just broad
enough for the passage of a single chariot. It is
also constantly used in other Irish writings, such
as the Book of Rights, the Topographical Poem of
0'])ugan (who, for instance, designates a certain
district as " Glann RuainuH na rdd syolhacJi," tlie
Clann Ruainne of the flowery roads : p. 133), &c. ;
and it still continues in use in the spoken lan-
guage.

We have a good many local names into which
this word enters. There are two townlands in
Waterford and one in Wexford, called 1 hill inroad,
the town of the road ; Lisnarodo near the vil-
lage of Olonaslee in Queen's County, signilies the
lis or fort of the roads; while tlie diminutivo
Rodeen, and the shorter form, Roden — both
meaning little road — are the names of several
places in Cork, Roscommon, Waterford, and
Tipperary.

Causoivay. Tdchar, the usual term for a cause-
way, has boon already dealt Avith ; but there is
another word for the same thing, which is some-
times used, namely, cobhas or cobhsa [couse or
cousa] : in parts of the south of Ireland it is ap-
plied to stepping-stones across a river. It gives
name to Couse, about two miles south of the city
of Waterford ; and to Tincouse in the parish of

CHAP. XIII.] Various Artificial WorJcs. 219

Powerstown, south of Goresbridge in Kilkenny,
Tigh-an-chohhais, tlie house of the causeway.

Mound or dyke. An artificial mound, dyke, or
ranipart of any kind, is usually designated by the
word cladh, pronounced c/yor cJce'm the south half
of Ireland, and dee or claw in the north. The word
is also applied to the raised fences so universal in
Ireland, separating field from field. Wherever
we find this word in the name of a place, we must
conclude that it originated in some remarkable
rampart, erected cither for purposes of defence, or
<o separate two ndjacent territories. Many of
these old mounds are to bo seen at the present day
in A^arious parts of Ireland.

Smith (Hist. Kerry, p. 219) mentions an ancient
boundary of this kind called C/ee Ruadg [cladh
ruadh, red mound), which begins at Oahercarbery
near Kerry Head, runs north-east towards the
river Cashen, reappears at the other side of the
river, and crosses the mountain of Knockanoro
into Limerick. There is a still more remarkable
ancient boundary wall in the valley of the Newry
river, which is now coimnonly called the Danes'
Cast ; but the Danes had no hand in its construc-
tion, for it was built to separate the ancient king-
doms of Oriel and Ulidia, many ages before the
Danes came to Ireland. In case of some of these
old ramparts, the natives have a legend that they
M'cro rooidd \ip by an enormous enchanted black ])ig.

JMcar the village of Dallymoro in Westmeatb,
there is a townland called Clyglass, green mound;
and wo have Olybaun (whitish) in Galway, Cloyfin
(white) near Coleraine, Clyroe and Clykeel in Cork
(red, narrow), and Clynabroga in Limerick, the
mound of the brogue or shoe (see p. 188). Porta-
cloy — the port or landing-place of the rampart —
is the name of a coast-guard station, and of a little

220 Various Artificial Works. [oiiap. xiii.

bay, near Bonwee Head on the norili-west point
of Mayo. The word is exhibited with a dilt'erout
pronunciation in Gortaclee near Cushendall in
Antrim, tlie field of tlie mound ; and anotlier usiud
form is seen in l^denchiw near the village of
Ederny in the north of Fermanagh, the edan or
hill-brow of tlie rampart. Gortaclivore near thu
town of Tipperary, the liehl of tlie great dyke.

The two words soiinach and tonnack both mean a
wall, mound, rampart, or circular enclosure. As
they are identical in meaning, and differ only in
their initial letters, it seems probable that tonnach
is merely a variety of sonnach, the t replacing s
under the inihience of the article (1st Vol., Part I.,
c. II.) ; for sonnach is found in our oldest manu-
scripts, as for example in Lchor-na-hUidhre.

Sonnach gives names to those places now called
Sonnagh and Sunnagh, in all of which some re-
markable defensive rampart must have existed.
But tonnach is far more common in names, and
assumes such anglicised forms as tonnagh, tunny,
tonny, tony, &c. Derrintonny in Monaghan and
Fermanagh, represents the sound of l)oire-an-ton-
naigh, the oak wood of the rampart ; Ardtonnagh
near liisbellaw in Fermanagh, high mound. The
names of Lissatunna, and Lissatunny (the fort of
the rampart) in Clare, Gal way, Tipperary, and
Westmeath, indicate that at each of these places
there was a lis or fort defended by a circumvalla-
tion of unusual magnitude. Sliantonagh and
Shantony, old rampart [scan, old), are the names
of places in Monaghan and Tyrone. Ballytunny,
the town of the rampart, is the name of a town-
land a little north of Arklow. In some of the
preceding names the form may be sonnach, with
the s eclipsed in the usual way ; but this make
makes no difierence as to meaning.

CHAP, xiii.] Various Artificial Worls. 221

Trench. A trench, a deep furrow, a dry ditch,
or pit, is usually designated by the word clah
[clash], which is extremely common in the south-
ern half of Ireland, as a component of local names,
usually in <l\o anglicised form clash. It is seldom
mot widi in tlio north. Chish constitules oi- begins
the names of about 130 townlands ; and enters
into many ^ombinaiions in other positions. Clash-
roe in Cork, King's County, and Waterford — red
trench — must have been so called from the colour
of the clay ; Clashnamrock near Lismore, is
Clais-na-mhroc, the trench of the badgers ; Clash-
william in Kilkenny, William's furrow ; Clashy-
gowan in Donegal, O'Gowan's furrow ; Clashna-
gannifp near Cork city, the trench of sand, or
simply sandpit. There is a little Tillage at the
entrance to Glenmalure in Wicklow, and several
townlands in other parts of Ireland, called Bally-
naclash, the town of the trench. The ])lural of
the word is anglicised Classes, the name of two
townlands in Cork, between Cork city and Ma-
croom, i. e. trenches. And the jiostfix ach is
added (p. 3) in Classngh near Killaloe in Clare,
and also in Classaghroe in Gal way and Mayo, red
trench.

iMill stream. Among the several Irish words
beginning with sr Avhicli denote a stream (such as
sriith, srubh, &c.) srac ovsracihis used to designate
n mill stream. Four nn'les cast of iho village of
Arfhiiliiin in Golway, tluMCi is a liMhwiver that
sinks info the ground, cfilled Owenshree, the river
of tlio mill-rncn. But the word almost always
enters into naines with tho s elipsed by t, which
chnngcs it to fraj/, trea, Sec. This syllable, in the
end of words, can usnnlly be distinguished from
trai/ (traifjh) a strnnrl, by the form oi the arfielo ;
for tra?/, a strand, is feminine, and takes na before

222 Various Artificial Wor/ca. |;ciiAr. xiii.

it, when tlio ariiclo is used at all ; wliilo tr((i/,
wlieu it meaus a mill-race, is masculine, and takes
one of the masculine forms of the article an, a, n,
or in, before it.

This is illustrated by the two names Gorbia-
traw and Gortatray ; the former (in Donegal) is
Qort-na-tragha, the field of the strand ; the latter
(in Cork and Tyrone) Qort-a'-tsrae, the field
of the mill-race. Inchintrea, near Cahersiveen
in Kerry, is the river-holm of the mill-race ;
and Derrintray {Doire-an-tsrae, mill-race wood)
is the name of a place near the village of Clona-
slee in Queen's County. There is a townland near
the city of Armagh, and anollicr in the parish of
Donaghmoynu in Monaghan, called Tray, in which
t dis[)lac,OH .s under the influence of the article — an
Israc, (lie uiill-nico. (8ce 'J'nnigli, 1st Vol.)

Flank bridges. Among the various contrivances
adopted for crossing rivers before stone bridges
were introduced into this country, or before they
came into general use, plank bridges deserve to be
mentioned : — timber planks were laid across the
stream from bank to bank, if it were narrow
enough, or supported on rests of natui-al rock or
on artificial piers, if the river was wide. We
know that bridges of this kind are occasionally
found in use at the present day in various remote
parts of the country — I know a place in the county
Wicklow, where one is now in coiirse of con-
struction— and we have suflicicnt testimony both
in history and in the names of placets, that they
were much used in old times. Tlion^ \v;is a. ])lank
bridge across the Shannon in the time of Ih'ian
lioru, near his palace of Kincora, llitii is, cither
at the very place where the bridge of Killaloe now
stands, or near it. For we read in the " Wars of
the Irish with the Danes," that, soon before the

CHAT. XI If.] Various Artificial Works. 223

battle of Clontarf, when Mailmorra, king of
Leinster, retired in anger from Kincora, a mes-
senger from Brian followed liim, and " overtook
liim at the end of the plank-bridge of Killaloe
on the cast sido " (" I eind clair Cilli Dalua :"
p. 145).

This ancient bridge is designated in the preced-
ing passage by the word cldr, which means literally
" a plank ;" its name and meaning are still pre-
served in the name of the bishop's house at Kil-
laloe— Clarisford ; and there is no better example
of how an old Irish name may be newly varnished
up so as to efface every vestige of its age and
origin. For Clarisford is only a prctfy way of
saying the ford of the clar or planlc ; though 1
sujjposo there are few persons who suspect in the
least how the name originated.

It is probable, indeed, that many of these struc-
tures scarcely deserved the name of bridges, but
should be ratlior designntcd plank fords or plank
crossings, \vJii(;]i is (ho vciy uauio tlicy comiiiouly
go by in the Irish language ; for many of them
oven still retain names partly formed from tlio
word c/ar, a board ; while the other part of the
name often consists of one of the Irish words for
a ford. Moreover, the people in several of those
places have a tradition that the names were de-
rived from a plank bridge ; which we find to be
the case, for instance, in the village of Clare on
(bo river Fergus, find also in Clare Galway (see
these places in First Vohime).

A very good illustration of this class of names
is Atliclare near ]^unh>or in Louth — the ford of
the plank ; which takes the form of Aghclare near
Graiguenamanagh in Kilkenny ; and still another
fonu, Aclnre, in Mon(h nnd Carlow. An()(her
c(pudly I'bariicd rislic nauio is lielclaro (for wJiicb

224 Various Artificial Wurhs. [ciiAr. xiii

see First Vol.) ; Benl;i('1ar<\ now Iho lunno ol' n
bridge over the Leiiiniiwmldra river, al the head ol'
Roaring Water bay in Cork, two miles from the
village of Eallydehob, shows how the river was
crossed before the bridge was built — lidl-a'-c/i/uir,
the ford of the board.

There is a little village near Oranmore in Gal-
way, now called Clariid)ridge, but formerly Aih-
cliath-Meadhraidhe [Aclee-Maaree], i.e. the Atli,-
cliath or hurdle-ford of Maaree — this last being
the name of the peninsula running into Galway/
bay west of the village. This was in old times a
place of note, for it was the western terminus of
the Esker Hiada, which separated the northern
from the southern half of Ireland, the eastern
terminus being the great Ath-cliath, or Dublin
(see I'^isker Iviada. in I'irst Vol.). It is very pi'o-
bable that the original ford of hurdles gave place,
in course of time, to a better crossing made of
planks ; for while the old name is lo.st. among the
people, tlie village has been long called in Irish
l)roichc(id-a'-chl(iirin [Drohid-a-clareen] , thebridgo
of the clarccH or little board, of which '* Olarin-
bridgo " is asortol' half translation.

The existence of such a bridge at some remote
time over the river Bride, half a mile above t,he
little village of Ovens, west of Cork cit^^ is proved
by the name of the present bridge — Diehidnaglar-
agh, the bridge of the planks. "Clare Ihidge' over
the Clare river in the parish of Abington in Lime-
rick, near the village of Newport, is now a good
stone structure ; but both tlie present name, and
the Irish, Droicliead-a -chlhir, of Avhichitis a trans-
lation, show that the original bridge was made of
planks ; and from this old bridge the river itself de-
rives its name. Aughnaglaur is the name of a bridge
crossing a small stream flowing from the Black-

CHAP. XIII.] Various Artificial Works, 225

stairs Mountains, in the parish of Killann in Wex-
ford— Ath-na-gddr, the ford of the planks.

Fold. The word cro has several meanings, one
of which is a hut, hovel, or small house ; and this
is its most general sense when it is found in names
i.e. a hut, fold, or pen for cattle. The little build
ing in Glendalougli, now called St. Kevin's kitclien,
ifj called in the annnla Cro-Kcvin, St Kevin's hut.
The most usual anglicised form of this word is
seen in Culcrow in the parish of Agivey in Derry,
near the Bann, \^\g angle or corner of the call le
sheds ; and in Clasliacrow, the name of a pariKh
in Kilkenny, C/(n's-(('-c/no, the trench of the slicd.
]n Curragluu'ronacon near Abbcylcix in Queen's
County, the first part currafjha, is the plural of
cvrragh, a moor ; and the whole name fully writ-
ten, is Currac/ia-cro-na-gcon, the moors of the hut
of the hounds.

Near Hoscrea in Tipperary, tliere are two ad-
jacent townlands called IJarnagree and Pintown ;
the former is understood to be Barr-na-gcvoitlic,
the summit of the cattle-pens ; while the latter,
Pintown, is a translation, which is incorrect, how-
ever, in both members {jnn ior pen ; and toivn for
top), and should have been made l^entop, or some-
thing bearing the same signification. There is a
little islet in the south-west part of Lough Ennel
in AVestmeath, now called Cro-incha, and often
Cormorant Island; where JMalachy II , king of
Ireland, died in tlie year 1022, surrounded by the
chief ecclesiastical dignitaries of the country. In
the annnls it is cnlled Cro-iin'ft, wliicli me.'ins tho
island of the hut or pen ; and I su])poso tliat tho
name Cormorant Island took its rise from the be-
lief that cro was English crow, a bird — " Cormo-
rant Island " being intended as a sort of orna-
mental translation of Cro-inis.

vol- II. i(»

226 Various Artificial Works, [chap. xiit.

The word lias [lecce] means a hut ; generally
applied to a hut, or ahcd, or pen, for auinmls : lias-
lo, a cow-house : lias-caerach, a sheep pen, &c.
There is a townlund in Leitrini called Drunilease
which gives name to a purisli. This place is called
in the old authorities Drtiiin-lias, and the meaning
is determined by a gloss in a very ancient MS.
quoted by Zeuss (Gram. Celt. 2G0) : — " Druinnn-
daro, i.e. Uruim-lias,i.e. jugum-quercus, i.e.jugum-
tuguriorum." This gloss proves that the more
ancient name of the place was Dniim-daro, the
ridge of the oak ; and that the present name sig-
nifies the ridge of the huts. The parish of Tully-
lease in the north of the county Cork is called in
the annals Tulach-liaSy the hillock of the huts. It
is to be observed that this word is pronoimced
\orxg{leece), while lios, a fort is sounded short ; and
so the two words may generally be distinguished
in names.

Ovens. Bdciis [baucoose] means an oven. It is
given by O'Reilly (in the form bdciulhas) on the
authority of Shaw's Gaelic Dictionary ; but that
it has been in use in Ireland we may consider as
certain, even though we had no other reason for
concluding so than its existence in local names.
It is obviously connected with the English word
hake; but whether it is an oldlrish word, oris mei*ely
borrowed from English, I Avill not now undertake
to determine. It is seldom much disguised in
names, except only that the h is commonly changed
to V by aspiration. Its usual anglicised forms are
Keen in Gortavacoosh in the jmrishof Abington in
Limerick ; Gort-a-bhCicMis, the held of the oven ;
in Coolavacoose in the north of Kildare, near
Edenderry {cuil, a corner) ; and in Parkavacoosb
{pdirc, a field), now the name of an. old fort near
Jjixnaw in Kerry.

CHAP. XIII.] Various Artificial Worh. ' 227

Near tlie village of Kilmacow, in tlie parish of
Dunkitt, in Kilkenn}'', there is a townland called
Tinvacoosh, i.e. Tigh-an-lihacuis, tJio house of the
oven, or simply baking-house. In this place there
lived one time, according to a local legend, a rich
baker, wlio employed liimsolf in cultivating a pmoll
garden round his house, Avhencver he was able to
withdraw from the cares of his oven. One day,
after placing a batch of loaves in the heated oven,
he left them to bake, and went as usual to his
garden. The day was very sultry, and the sum-
mer had been unusually dry ; so he filled a vessel
■with water from a clear well hard by, and began
to sprinkle his flowers and vegetables, which were
drooping for want of a little moisture. lie had
not been long employed in this manner, when a
stranger, a man of grave and dignified appearance,
walked up to him, and told him that his conduct
was liighly imj^roper ; that he should not presume
to interfere with the ordinary course of nature ;
but ihat luisliould h-avo it entir(>ly in tlie hands of
l*rovidence to regulate the distribution of drought
and moisture. After administering tliis rebuke,
ho walked slowly away, and disappeared among
the trocs of a neighbouring wood.

While the baker stood pondering on the stran-
ger's words, he bethought him that it was time to
look after his loaves ; so he went to the oven and
drew them forth ; but found them, not baked, as
he expected, but covered all over with cars of
wheat, which had sprouted out in the oven, and
appeared as green and flourishing as if they had
grown naturally in the richest soil. This wonder-
ful occurrence convinced him that the mysterious
stranger was quite right ; and he resolved that he
would never again venture to water his garden.

The legend of the rich baker of Tinvacoosh

228 Various Artificial Works, [chap. xiii.

filiows the folly of watering plants, wliicli is plain
enough indeed to many people without a miracle
at all ; for is it not far pleasanter and wiser to sit
at your ease on a hot summer day, and let the
])lants take their chance, than to go toiling in a
garden with a heavy watering-can in your hand ?

Kilns. Sorn means a furnace, kiln, or oven.
Thcword is often applied to a lime-kiln ; and its
presence in names indicates the spots where kilns
were once in use. The anglicised forms are easily
recognised ; for they are generally identical, or
nearly so, with the Irish ; as in Drumnasorn in
the parish of Killaghtee in Donegal, and Aghna-
Burn on the north side of Lough Key in Roscom-
mon, the ridge and the field, of the kilns or fur-
naces. The word staaids nlone in the name of
Soruu near the village of ])rumlish in TjcMigford,
and in Some, the name of a hill, four miles from
Bunoi'ana in Donegal ; and the s becomes aspi-
rated in Drumhurrin, the name of a lake and town-
land in the parish of Templeport, in the north-
west corner of Cavan. which means the ridge of
the furnace.

From teine [tinna] fire, and ael, lime, is derived
teine-aeil [tinned], the usual name for a lime-kiln,
signifying literally " fire of lime." The word is
used by the Four Masters when they record that
Flaherty O'Brollaghan, abbot of the great monas-
tery of Derry, and his clergy, erected a tcine-acil
measuring seventy feet every way, \\\ the year
11G3. Tinned near lloss Carbery in Coik, and
Tinned nour the villngo of Ivosenidlis in Queen's
County, took their names from lime-kilns; and
we find the word also in Knocknatinnywed near
Newport Ma)'^o, and in Garrynatinned in Tip-
perary, near Killaloe, the hill and the garden of
the liine-kiln.

rTT.vr. XIII.] Various Artificial JForh. 229

Another word very like this is tenneal, a bonfire,
from Avliich comes Ard-an-tcnnail, bonfire height,
mentioned in the Annals of Longli Key as a for-
tress belonging to the O'JMahouys, which has
given name to a fownhind near tSknll in Cork,
now corruptly called Ardintenant. 'J'lio name
j)oints to an old custom of lightings bonfires on
the top of the hill — probably on St. John's Eve.

Prison. Carcair signifies a prison : it is of
course the same as the Latin career, and is pro-
bably derived from it. This word has given
names to various places throughout the four
provinces, now called Carker and Corker ; but.
what kind of prisons they were, that have left
their names on these places, or what their his-
tory, we have now no means of determining.
In some parts of Ireland, especially in Clare,
the term is applied to a narrow pass between
hills, which is only an extension of the original
meaning — a nariow or (■()idin(Ml pass like a prison;
and this may bo its meaning in some of tho
preceding places.

It was certainly nnderstood in this sctiso m
**The Corker Head," a steep and narrow pass
leading to the abbey of Corcomroe in the north of
Clare, which is mentioned by the Four Masters,
and called by them Carcair-na-gcJeireach [Cark-
ernagleragh], the narrow pass of the clergy, a
name by which it is still known. The clergy from
whom the latter part of the name was derived
were, no doubt, the monks of the great abbey of
Corcomroe. The word carcair must have been
applied in its original sense to Inishcorker, one oi
the numerous islands at the mouth of the river
Fergus in Clare, whoso name signifies the island
of the prison.

Door. The word dorm [durrus] signifies a J,ior <.»l

230 Various Artificial Worh. [chap. xtu.

gate and gives name to some places : but (lioiigli I
have included it in this chapter, it seems to me that
the doors from which places took their names were in
most instances natural features. There is a towidand
in the parish of Cloone in Leitrim, called Gubador-
ris, the guh, snout, or point of the door. But the
word g-enorally enters names in the plural form ; of
which Dorsy, the name of live townlands near
Newtownhamilton in Armagh, is a good example,
meaning simply doors, gates, passes, or approaches.
It is probable that these townlands represent the
doirse mentioned in the Annals of Lough Key
(I. 270) : " Ar slicihthibh Shhe Fun id onis ar doir-
sihliliinhna." — "On the pusses ol' SI ievcFuad ami on
the doors of Emania." Dursy Island olf the west
euaut of Cork, exhibilsiu its name the same word,
doirse, doors ; but why this name was given to the
island I cannot tell. The name, however, is
modern: the old name is Oilean-Bhaoi-Bheirre, i.e.,
the island of Baei of Bear, from the old fortress
of Dun-Baei or Dimboy, well knoA\ii in later ages
as the great stronghold of tho O'Sullivans.

Sfpuic/ire. Subaliair in i^iYcn in Coiniuc's Gh 8'
sary as meaning " a graveyard of a plague, i.e. a
gnat liehl in which tho pagans used to bury ; "
and Cormac derives it from tho Latin sepaltara.
Tbere is just one place in Ireland taking its name
from this word, viz., the parish of Subulter near
Kanturk in Cork.

Port. The Irish word port has several mean-
ings ; but of theso tlioro are only two which it is
necessary to notice here, namely, 1. A bank or
landing-place, a harbour, port, or haven ; 2. A
fortress or military station, a royal fort, a chief-
tain's residence. The word is used in theso two
senses in both the ancient and modern language ;
and I will give one example of each appUoatioq

CHAP. xiTT.] Various Artificial Worh. 23l

from old autlioiitics. It statids for " landing-
place" in a passage in Lehor-na-hUidhre (see
Kilk. Arch. Jour., 1870-1, p. 390), in wliicli
Cnchullin relates : — " It was in that manner I
swam the ocean until I was in the (purt) harbour ;"
while in an ancient poem on the death of Malachy
(king of Ireland), quoted by the Four Masters, afc
A.n. 1022, it is used as Bynonymous with dun, a
fortress : —

" Three hundred ports had the king i which flesh and food
were given ;
Guests from the king of the elementa were in each dun of
these."

The compounds ceannpJiort amlbai/rphori (canfort,
ballyfort), were also used to denote either a chief
city or a chief residence.

The word always bears one or the other of these
two meanings in local names ; but it is often not
easy to distinguish between them. It may bo
stilled generally, however, that whoi the ^pot
whose name is wholly or partly formed from this
term, is situated on the sea-shoro or on a river or
lake, the word means a landing place ; otherwise
a chief residence.

Port forms or begins the names of about 140
townlands, parishes, and villages. Portadown
must have taken its name from an earthen di(n on
the shoreof thcBann : — Por^-a'-f/w?';?, the landing-
place of the fortress. There was once a remark-
able castle belonging to the O'Maddens, on the
banks of the Shannon, in the parish of Lorrha in
Tipperary, north of Lough Derg, which is called
by the Four Masters Port-an-tolchain, the bank or
landing-place of the little tulach or hill. In the
Down Survey the name is written Portolohane ;
and it still survives in the much-dissuised form of

232 VarioHH Artificial TTorha. [ohav. xiir.

Portland — now (ho name of a townland and resi-
dence. 'JMh'i'e is u place called I'oi tcnislia on the
Shannon, near (Jastlcconnell, which the l*'our Mas-
tors, when recording tlie erection there, in 1506,
oC a woo(l(!n bridge, by one of the O'Briens, cull
Port-cvoisi, the landing place of the cross.

In the eastern part of tlie connty Clare, port ia
prononnced as if written pdirt [part], and this
pronunciation is reflected in the names of some
places on the Shannon, from Limerick to Killaloe,
which are now called Paiteen, a diminutive form
isignif3'ing little landing-place.

Fairy palace. Falas or pailis signifies a palace or
royal residence, a loan word from the Tjatin {pala-
tiiim). AVe have it pretty often reproduced in
names, and it ia always applied to a circular fort
or //.s ; but as modern stone caslles sometimes cumo
to be erected on or near the sites of the forts, the
name naturally descended to them, though this is
not the original apj)lication of the word. More-
over in later times, after the abandonment of the
old lisses as residences by their human inhabitants,
and since the fairies have taken possession of them,
the word pailis is generally understood to mean a
fairy palace or residence.

There are between twenty and thirty townlands
called Pallas, Palace, and Pailis, three anglicised
forms of this word ; and all these places took their
names from fairy forts or linses. Pallaskenry ia
Limerick was so called as being situated in the
old territory of Kenry or Caonraighe. In Sligo,
the term is found in the form of Piialeesh, wiiich
is the name of a townland ; and in the end of
names the p is occasionally changed to / by aspi-
rat'on, as in Cappafaulish in Kilkenny, the
gardeu-plot of the fairy fort. The name of Caltra-
pallas, in Galway (the Caltragh or burial-ground

CHAP. XIII.] Various Artificial Works. 23^5

of ilio fairy palace) shows tliat an old fairj^ fort
was adopted as a burial-place, which has been
done elsewhere in Ireland.

Moiasfrrics. The Irish word, maimster, which
sipiii(i(<H a monastery or abbey, ismerelj^ the Ijatin
u/oiKisfcriifni, b(>rrow(>d, like several oilier eccleslas-
iical terms. Many of the old abbeys to which the
word was originally applied, still retain it in their
names, and it is generallj^ very little disguised by
letter changes.

tSaint Eimhin or Evin founded a monastery on
W\Q brink of the river Barrow, on a spot wliich
before liis time liadbeen called Jios-glas, green ro.s
or wood ; but which took from him the name of
Ilainisirr-Eimhin — so written in all ancient autho-
rities— Evin's monastery, now Monasterevin. He
was a native of ]\Iunster, and was one of four
brothers, all ecclesiastics, sons of Eoghan, who
was eighth in descent from Olioll Olura king of
Munster in the third century. He lived in the
beginning of the sixth century ; and he is believed
to have been the writer of a Life of St. Patrick in
a mixture of Irish and Lalin, which is still extant,
and Avhich on account of its being divided into
three parts, each having a proper introduction of
its own, is now well known as the " Tripartite
Life."

Monasierboice in the county Louth, near
Drogheda, now so celebrated for its abbey ruins,
its round tow(>r, and ils niagnificent stone crosses,
was founded by 15uito or lioetliins, bishop andabbot,
who is b(>lieved lo have been ono of St. I'ntrick's
disciples, and who died, according to the Annals
of Ulster, A.D. 522. This great establishment
continued to flourish for many ages afterwards ;
and amongst its many remarkable men, was tho
celebrated hisloriiin and poet, Elann, or as ho ia

234 Various Ariijicial IFoiIiS. [ciiAr. xttt.

commonly called, Flann of the ]\[onasleiy, avIio
died in 105G. The place is called in liishantlioii-
ties Mainiater-Buithe ; but the th of the founder's
namo litis been changed to c in the modern form,
Monastcrboice.

In that part of the parish of Athleague lying
west of the Shannon, in the county Qalvvay,
there is a townland called " Monastcrnalea or
Abbey grey," of which the second name professes
to be a translation of the first, which it is not ; for
the full Irish name is Mainister-na-liatha, the
abbey of the grey (friars). This term occurs in
several other names, and the forms are slightly
varied : — Aghmanister is the namo of a place in
the parish of Abbeymahon, in the south of Cork,
meaning the field {achadh) of the monastery ;
TuUyminister in Cavan {talach, a hfll) ; Btdly-
ministragh in the parish of Kilmood in Down,
which in certain old documents is written Bally-
monesteragh (Reeves : Eccl. Ant. 198), the town
of the monastery ; and Ballyminstra in Antrim,
which is the same name.

Schools. Sooil signifies a school, and it has given
name to some townlands. There is a parish in
Kilkenny, taking its name from a townland called
Portnaskvilly, the port, or bank, or landing-place
of the school. In another part of the same county
is a place called Tinnascolly, i.e. Tiijh-na-scoile,
the house of the school, or simply the schoolhouse.
The same name, with the addition of ait, a site,
is seen in AttinaskoUia in Mayo, the site of the
schoolhouse. Sculleon, little school, is a townland
near Cloyne in Cork.

Head Residence. The word Ceanannus, which
has been long in use, is very satisfactorily ex-
plained by the Four Masters, in a passage recording
the foundation of Ceanannus, now Kells in Meath,

ciiAr. XIII. i Various Artificial W'orks. 235

in A.M. 3991. They state :— " It was by Fiar/ia
Finnaikhcs [kii)g of Ireland] tliat JDnn-chui/c-
Sibri)inc, tliatis, Ccananuus, was erected ; " andiliey
go on to say tliat, wherever this king erected a
li!il)ilnii(>i\ for liiinselP, lin called it by tlio naino
Ccanaiinus, which means head abode. From this
it is obvious that tlie structure designated in the
first instance by the name Ccananuus, was a dun
or circular earthen fort in which the king resided.
The Ccanaiinua now under notice continued to
bo a royal residence domi to the sixth century,
when king Derniot Mac Kerval granted it to St.
Columkille ; after which time it lost its pagan
associations, and soon became a great ecclesiastical
centre. The old pagan name Cean annus was how-
ever retained as long as the Irish language was
used : but by those who spoke English it was
modified to Kenlis, which was considered an equi-
valent name, Kenlis meaning head lis or fort. The
literal translation of this has given name to the
demesne and mansion of Ileadfort, from which
again the Marquis of Ileadfort has taken his title.
Kenlis was afterwards shortened to the present
name, Kells. There is still an ancient earthen
fort in the demesne of Ileadfort, which is believed
to be the original royal residence that gave name
to the place.

From the passage of the Four Masters quoted
above, wo may infer that there were several places
called Ccananuus ; but I am aware of only one
otiier place of the name in Ireland, and it has been
similarly anglicised; namely, Ccananuus, now
Kells, in the county Kilkenny. There are other
places called Kells in Antrim, Clare, Kerry, and
Limerick ; but these are all probably the angli-
cised plural of cill, namely, cealla [kclla], signi-
fying clnirches.

230 The Sun. [chap. xiv.

There is a towiilaiid near Killarney called Tlead-
fort, giving- name to a railway station ; and another
called lleadiord in the county of lieitrim ; but in
botli these cases the original Irish name is Lis-
iia-(jceann, the fort of the heads ; leading to the
])resumption that the places were once vised for
executing criminals. The name of ITeadford in
(luhvay has still a did'erent origin. Tii tho " Cir-
cuit of Murkertagh Mac Neill," it is called Ath-
niac-Cing, and in another ancient authority,
quoted by Ilardiman in his edition of O'Flaherty's
"lar Connaught" (p. 371), Ath-mic-Cing, which
signifies the ford of the son of Cing, or Kinn. The
present Irish name is a shortened form of this,
viz., Ath-dnn ; and as cinn is the genitive of cccnin,
the head, the name was erroneously believed to
signify the ford of the head, and translated accord-
ingly, Ileadford.

CHAPTER XIV.

Our ancient annals relate that when the monarch
llugony the Great, who reigned three centuries
before the Christian era, divided Ireland into
twenty-five parts among his twenty-five children,
"he exacted oaths [from his subjects] by the sun
and moon, the sea, the dew, and colours, and by
all the elements visible and invisible, and by every
olenu!iit which is in heaven and on earth, that tho
sovereignty of Erin should be invested in his des-
cendants for ever." And Tuathal the Acceptable,
king of Ireland in the second century of the
Christian era, exacted a similar oath in imitation
of his ancestor llugony.

CHAP. XIV.] The Sun. 237

The monarcli Laeghaire [Leary], in whose time
St. Patrick came to Ireland, reigned from a.d.
428 to 458. In the ancient account of his death
given in Liher na hUidhre (the book of the
l)ro\vu cow) it is related that there existed from
old times a prophecy, that ho would meet his
death somewhere between Eire and Alha (Ireland
and Scotland) ; and accordingly, although his
father, Niall of the Nine Ilostages, Dathi, and
others of his predecessors, were celebrated for
their naval expeditions, Loeghaire quite avoided
the sea, and carried on his wars within the limits
of the island.

In the year 457 ho invaded Leinster, in order
to exact the oppressive tribute called the boiiimha
[boru], claimed from that province by the kings
of Ireland ; and the Leinstermen defeated him in
a battle fought at a place called Afh-dara (oak-
ford) on the river Barrow, and took him prisoner.
The old account goes on to state, that they re-
leased him alter lie had sworn by (ho sun and
moon, the water and air, day and night, sea and
land, that ho would never again demand the
hovuwha. The very next year, however, he made
an incursion into Leinster to enforce the tribute,
and on his march from Tara, seized a prey of cowa
at Sidh-Ncaclitan [Shee-Nectan — the hill of Car-
bery at the source of the Boyne] ; but as soon as
ho had arrived at a place called GreUoch Daphill
(the marsh of the two slceds), by the side of Cai^fii,
situated between tico hills called Eire and Alba, he
was struck dead by the sun and wind for having
violated his oath ; and in this manner the pro-
phecy was fulfilled.

Tliese accounts show that the Irish, like most
other ancient nations, observed natural objects and
natural phenomena with attention, and regarded

238 The Sun. [chap. xiv.

them with a certain degree of admiration and awe.
lu the Lives of the Saints and other Irish writings
we have ample evidence that various natural
objects were worshipped by the pagan Irish.
But this worship was only partial, confined to
individuals or to the people of certain districts,
each individual, or family, or group, having some
special favourite object. Tlicro is good reason to
believe that it was not the mere nuiterial object
they worshipped, but a spirit or genius that was
supposed to dwell in it : for the Celts of Ireland
peopled almost all remarkable natural objects
witii preternatm-al beings.

It has been already stated (vol. i., p. 450) that
wells were worshipped. Tliat tire was another
object of worship with some peo})le appears from
a passage in Muirchu's Jjife of 8t. Patrick written
in tlie seventh century. During the saint's contest
with the draids at Tara, Xing Laegaire proposed
that a book belonging to one of tlie druids and
one belonging to St. Patrick should be thrown
either into water or into fire ; " and whichever
book comes out unharmed " — said the king —
" we will believe in the owner of that book." But
the druid declined, declaring that Patrick wor-
shipped water and fire as gods. This indicates
that the worship of these two elements was fami-
liar to people at the time.

A passage in " St. Patrick's Confession," and
another in " Cormae's Glossary " show that some
people also worshipped the sun. But many writers
of the last two centuries have gone altogether
to excess in their 8i)eouhitions regarding sun-
worsldp. They erroneously supposed that the
round towers were temples of the sun ; and that
cromlechs were pagan altars iu which human
victims were often immolated to " the great

CHAP. XIV.] The Sun. 239

luminary " : but these cromlechs are now known
to be merely tombs.

The matter that particularly concerns us here,
however, is this: — It is known that many places
through the country derive their names from the
Bun, as will be shown furtlier on : and this circum-
stance was supposed by these speculative antiqua-
ries to indicate that at these spots the sun was
worshipped. But there is nothing remarkable or
mysterious in a place being named from the sun
any more than from any other natural object.
There is scarcely a class of objects, an element, or
a phenouiouon, in physical nature, as I iiave, I
think, fully proved in this and the preceding
volume, from which places have not derived luvmi s,
and that in a manner, and for reasons, perfectly
natural and intelligible.* We have names con-
taining the word iiiscc, because the places were
unusually watery ; high or exposed spots got
names formed from gneth, wind ; elevated moun-
tain p^aks or gorges, subjoot to thick mists, are
described by the word ceo, a fog— and so on
through all nature. Just in the same natural
way, sunny spots, places on the south or south-
west sides of hills, sheltered from cold winds and
warmed by the sun's rays, were named from the
sun. I know many spots of this kind, so named,
all over the country : this is the explanation uni-
versally given by the most intelligent of the
peasantry ; and it is fully borne out hy the
physical aspect of the localities.

Whoever concludes on such testimony as this,
that the sun was adored at a particular place,
might with equal force of reasoning, infer that
almost all objects, natural and artificial, were dei-
fied and worshipped. Besides, there is no more
• See Vol., Tart IV. ; and Chaps, xiv. to xxii. of tins volume.

240 The Sun. [chap.xiv.

significnnco in such anaiiio as Corn'gnngrcna (sun-
rock) than in {Suuville, iSunlawn, tSunuybank,
Sunnyside, and many other like l^uglish nainea ;
unless we are to believe that while English speaking
people often gave descri])tivc names to sunny spots,
those speaking Irish, for some strange reason,
never did any such thing ; or that there is some
mystery hidden away in the dim recesses of the
Irish language that is not to be found in such u
plain language as English.

Gr'ian [green] is the Irish word for the sun,
and like the German soune, it is a feminine noun.
Its genitive is yreine [greana], and this is the form
that most commoidy appears in names. In the
parish of Monamolin in \\''exford, there are two
adjacent townlands called IMonagreany, which
re[)rcscnts the Irish j\Idiii-iu(-(jrci/ic, the bog of tho
sun or sunny bog ; ]<]denagrena near Inishkeen, a
little to the west of Dundalk, is the ciidan or hill-
brow of the sun ; and Inchagreana in the parish
of Kilfeacle near the town of Tipperary, is sunny-
island or river holm ; Ardnagrena, sunny height.

In many anglicised names of this class, the word
is shortened to one syllable ; as in TuUagreen near
Carriglohill in Cork, Tu/(ic/t-(/)-(}iiic, the hill of tho
sun, and Curragrean near Oranmore in Galway,
with a like meaning (cor, aroimdhill). Sometimes
the formation of the word indicates directly that
the place received its name on account of its aspect
with regard to the sun ; as we see in Coollegrean,
the name of some places in Kerry, Leitrira,
and Mayo — Cul-le-grein, literally " back to iho
sun."

Auburn in Westmeath, Goldsmith's "Deserted
Village," has probably got this name by some
fanciful adaptation of its old Gaelic name, Avhich
is Aghanagrena, the achadh, or field of the sun,

CiiAP. XIV.] The Sun. 1>4I

or sunny-field. Perhaps Goldsmith had the old
name in his mind when he wrote : —

•• Where smiling epriug its earliest visit paid,
And parting summer's lingering blooms delayed."

In the year 1785 Mr. Theopliilus O'Flanagan
published (in the Trans. R.I.A.) an account of a
remarkable monimient — a sort of cromlech — situ-
ated on Callan mountain in Clare ; with a copy
and translation of an Ogham inscription on it,
setting forth that a chieftain named Conan lay
buried beneath the great flag. This monument is
slill to bo seen, and Sir Samuel Ferguson has, I
tliink, shown conclusively that the inscription is
gonuiuc.* But O'Flauagan went further than
this: ho forged an Irish quatrain and cited it as
a, part of an ancient poem called " The battle of
Gabhrn," to the elTect that Conan (the well known
Conan Mail of Irish romance) had gone before
the battle to worship the sun at JMount Callan,
and that he was slain and buried on the side of
the monntiiln under a fl:ig, on wbicli his nnino was
inscribed in Ogham, t J ust under the brow of the
mountain on which the monument is placed, there
is a small lake in a hollow, called Lough lioolyna-
greana — the booly or dairy place of the sun ; and
it received this name from two circumstances : 1,
that at some former time, the people of the sur-
rounding neighbourhood used to pasture their
herds and flocks, and milk their cows and goats on
its banks ; 2, that the whole valley in which it
lies h;is a sunny southern aspect. It was, no doubt,
the existence of this name that started in OTlana-
gan's fcrlile brain tl\e idea of inventing the stiinza
about Conan's sacrifice and death ; and for some
years after the publication of his paper, it was

• Sep I'roc R.T.A. Vol. I., Ror. II., p. ir.().
fSoo O'Donoviin's Irish Oram., lutrod. xlvii.

VOL. II. 17

242 The Sun. [chap. xiv.

goiiorally considered Ihat llio Callan nioniinioiit
alVorJed conclusive proof of the provaloiico of auu
worship in all places named from the euu.

The name liuaile-na-greine is not confined to
Callan mountain ; wo find it in the parish of Kil-
cumreragli in Westmeath, where, however, llio
loolij is cori-uplod to hally, and Ihe full name is
icprcsontcd by iJallynagrcnia. There aro names
similar to this last in other parts of Ireland, but
they are somewhat differently derived. Balljnia-
grena near Dunleer in Louth, signifies the sunny
hall}/ or townland, and it is correctly translated
►Suntown in the name of a residence ; Bally-
grcany in the pari.sh of Dunoany, about three miles
from the town of Xildare, has the same meaning;
but in l^allygreany in the parish of Clontibret in
]\lonaghan, (hu balli/ represents leahich, a pass: —
the sunny pass or road.

The word, grian in local names sometimes com-
memorates, not the sun but a woman ; for though
primarily meaning the sim, it was anciently (being
a feminine noun; p. 240) a favourite female name,
applied of course in the sense of brightness and
btaiity. Kilgrcana near Qalbally in Limerick, is
understood by the people to mean Grian's church;
but there are other places in Carlow, ]\[ayo, and
A\''aterford, with this name, in the slightly varying
forms of itilgreany and Kilgraney in which pro-
bably the first syllable represents coill; thewliolo
meaning sunny wood.

The most intcrosling example of the occurrenco
of this word in local nomenclature as u wouuin's
name, is Knockgrean, a hill rising over the village
of Tallas-Greau in the county Ijimerick. The lady
" Grian of the bright cheeks," from whom thia

Elace was named, was an enchantress; and the
ill, which before her time was called Cnoc-na-

The iSnn.

gcuradh [Knocknagurra], the till ^* __ .,^arii-
pions (see p. 104), was lier favourite haunt.

Five young champions, the sous of Conall, came
one lime to attack the sidh [shee] or fairy mansion
of Grian's father, Firae; and they destroyed the
.svV///, mid shnv besides one of Uiian's young limid-
nmids. Eut they paid dearly for this cruel deed ;
for (he vcngcfiJ sorceress overtook tliem on (heir
retuiii, and transformed them all into hadgers.

When Conall heard of the fate of his five sons,
he set out immediately, bent on vengeance, to seek
for the enchantress ; and when he arrived at
Knocknagurra, he found her asleep on the hill.
She started up as he approached, and a contest
took place between them, in which Conall nearly
succeeded in killuig her. When she found herself
worsted in the fight, she planned a stratagem to
bring him within the power of her sorcer}'^; and
slie said, pretending to recognise hiin then for the
first time, " Is it thou, O Conall ? " Conall an-
swered, "It is I." "Come near mc," said she, "that
I may give thee a blessing." So Conall came close
to her, and she immediately shook ashes on him.
He retired at once from her presence, but the
withering spell of the ashes overcame him ; and
when he had come to a certain mound he died
there, so tliat the mound was named from him,
Carn-Conaill.

Grian had no better fortune ; for no sooner had
Conall left her than she lay down and died of her
wounds. And ever since, the hill has borne the
luuiio of Ciwc-Grcinc or Xnockgrean, in memory
of the enchantress, Grian of the bright cheeks.
About a quarter of a mile from the village of
Pallas- Grean, which lies at the foot of the hill,
there is a, large fort, now called the moat of Pallas ;
this is the original sidh or fairy mansion of Firuo

2 14 The Sun. [chap. xtv.

and his claughfcv : niid from it tlio Yi'llajio took
i(s iiaiiio: — rallus-Greaii, i.e. the i'airy-palace ol:
the lady Grian (sec page 232). There is also an
ancient fort on the top of the hill, which now
goes by the name of Seetin (see 1st Vol. Part II.,
c. 1.) ; and this was no douht Grian's own resi-
dence.

The enchantress Grian has heen long foi'gotteu
in the neighbourhood ; and the name of the place
is now supposed to be derived directly from the
sun. Accordingly the townland lying adjacent
to the village on the west side, is called Sunglen ;
and near the village of " Pallas-Grean New," at
the Pallas station of the Walerford and Ijiuicrick
railway, is the towidand and rcsitlouceot' tSiinville ;
both named \ni(lor \\\() ciroiuHxis impression that
Knochgrcau meant the hill ol" the sun.

Ikit to retiirn to the badgers. After their trans-
formation, they betook themselves to the nearest
badger warren, and lived in all respects just like
the general run of badgers. Many years after
this, it happened that Cormac, who was after-
wards called Cormac Gaileng, made a great feast
for his father Tadg [Teig], at a place called Bres-
Icch; and he succeeded in procuring one hundred
of every four-footed beast for this feast, except
badgers only. Now the want of badgers seems to
have sorely troubled the heart of his father ; for
Avc read in the ancient legend, that he called his
son into his presence, and connnanded \\m\ to go
forth and procure a siipi)ly of these animals for
the IvMst.

(Jormac set out in obedience to his father's (lir(>c-
tions; and before he had gone far, he met Odrau
thedruid, the son of the charioteer I^aidir. " What
dost thou seek ? " said Odran. " I am seeking for
badgers for my father's feast," answered Cormac;

CHAP. XIV.] The Sun. 245

" tell nie, I pray tliee, are there any to "be pro-
cured." " It lias been foretold," answered Odran,
" that I sliould procure badgers for thee, and I
l<now that now the lime is come Avhen the pro-
phecy is (() bo fuHillod. Tn former dayf^*,'' he
continued, "the sorceress, Grian of the bright
cheeks, threw her magic spells on the young war-
riors who had destroyed her father's mansion, and
transformed them into badgers ; and these I will
procure for thee to bring to thy father's feast."

(So Cormac and the druid went to the fortress of
the badgers, and called on thcjn to come forth at
once ; but Ihe badgers, who still retained some
A'cstigos of ih(>Ir huuum intelligence, llally refused
to do any such thing.

The wily druid, however, devised a cunning
stratagem to draw them forth ; and he said to
Cormac, " They will never come out on thy pro-
tection, for they distrust thee ; but give them the
guaraut(Hi of tliy father's spear, and they will no
jonger bcsitnle." ('oniiac, ihvn went back, niul
brought Ihe spear Avitliout his father's knowledge ;
and he came to the moutli oC the badger-fortress,
and solemnly guaranteed their safety on the
honour of the spear. Now the badgers knew
quite well that no one had ever dared to question
llie honour of Tadg's spear ; so they foolishly
came out in a body without further parley ; and
no sooner did they show themselves, than Cormac
and the druid fell on them and made short worlc
of them.

"When the'feast came on, Tadg felt in his heart
a a miaccountable loathing at sight of the badgers;
and no wonder indeed, seeing that these same
badgers were his own near cousins ; for both he
ai\d Ihey were \ho gn^ai-graudcliihlreu of Owen
^iore, that renowned king of Muuster, who fovced

246 The Atmosj)here. [chap, xv.

Conn of tlio liuudi'od buttles to divldo Ireland
with Liiu. And when lie heard in what a
treacherous manner Cormac had slain the badgers,
and how he had violated the honour of his spear,
he was tilled Avith anger and indignation, and ho
iiinncdiately expelled the young man from his
house. Cormac iled to Connaught, where ho ob-
tained a large territory for himself and his de-
scendants ; but after this event he was known by
the reproachful name of Cormac Gailehg, or
Cormac of the dishonoured spear.*

CHAPTER XV.

THE ATMOSPHERE.

Wind. Places in a high or bleak situation, or
otherwise exposed to the wind, are often designat-
ed by the word (j«c/// [gwee or gee] which is tho
Irish word for wind. It occurs in the end of
names in the genitive (jacitlie [geeha] which is
correctly represented by the anglicised forms
(jccha, geehtj, though it is often reduced to the
single syllable gee — all easily distinguished.

Dungeeha is the name of a place near Newcastle
I

* Gae, a spear ; lang, deceit. An abstract of this ancient
lej'cml is given in Corniac'a Glossary, voce Oalltuft. It is given
fully in the Mti. 11. 3, 18, T. 0. D. ; fr«>iu which it has been
publislied with a translation, by Dr. Whitley Stokes, in his
"Three Ir. Glossaries," p. xlii. The barony of Oallen in
Mayo derived its name from Cormac Gaileuy, and for this,
and for a historical account of the various personages men-
tioned in the legend, see First Vol. Part 11., c. ii. For other
place-names derived from Grian, as a woman's name,see Lough
Graney and Granny's bed in 1st Vol.

ciiAr. XV.] The Afmofipltere. 247

in Limerick, wliicli took the name from an old
fort : — Dun-gacithc, the fortress of the wind ;
Brumnagce in the parish of Balliutoy in Antrim,
east of JJuslimUls, the hill-ridf^e of the wind ;
'J\illynn<^(>o in Down and Dorry, windy hill ;
Jjatgce in tlio parish of J<liriglo Trouj^Ii, JMoniifj^-
han, the Jaght or sepulchral mound of the wind.
]*ilovated hleak mountain passes very often get the
name of Barnageehy or Ijarnanngeehy tlie hania
or gap of the wind ; which is frequently trans-
lated into the English names Windgap and Wind-
gate. I know of only one place in all Ireland
where a windmill is expressly commemorated in a
name, viz., ]\Iullingee near Granard in Long-
ford : — Muilmnn-gacitlie, the mill of tlie wind,
i. e. windmill.

In ^Meath and some of the adjoining counties,
the final th is often retained in the modernised
names, and fully pronounced; as in JMulgeeth,
two miles soutli of Johnstown in the north of
Jvildarc, the liill {dihI) of tlie Avind.

The diminutive gacthdn [geehan, geehaun] is
used to d(niote a hroezc ; we find it in Ardgeclian
near I'ortaferry in Down, and in Ardgeliane, which
occurs twice near the south coast of Cork, the
height of the hreeze.

Gacth is sometimes applied to an arm of the
sea ; of which examples will be found in the next
chapter,

IScidcdn [shcdawn] signifies pufiing or hlowiug
(a diminutive of seid, to blow) ; as in (he term
snrnchta-scidcdin [snaghta-sliedawn, snow of the
wind] ap[)licd in some parts of Ireland to dry
snow raised from the ground and blown about by
gusts of wind. It occurs in local names todesig-
na((> breezy places, or ])laces which are coiisifh'icMl
subject to violent windy puila or gusts. h\ tho

218 The y. viosphere [chap. xv.

parisli of Taghsheenod in Ijongford, thvco inilos
t'roiu Arilagh, thoro is a townluncl taking i(s naiiio
from a little lake called liOu irhshecdau, tbe lake of
the blowing or blasts ; Sedenrath near Kells in
Meath, gusty rath, or fort, an attempted translation
oi Rath-seidedin ; Knocksedan, two miles west of
Swords in Dublin, where there is a very beautihd
ancient flat-topped fort, tlie hill of the blast.

This word, however, more commonly begins with
a ^ in anglicised names, the s being eclipsed by
the intervention of the article (1st Vol., Part I.,
0. II.) as in Lough Atedaun, a lake near Corofin in
Clare, Loch-a' -Ueldedin, the lake of the breeze ;
Ijackantedane near the town of Tipperary [Icac, a
flag-stone) ; Ardatedaun in the parish of Kiltal-
lagh, about three miles from IMilltown in Kerry,
the height of the blowing.

On some parts of the sea coast, the term is used
to designate rocks or caves or holes that shoot up
jets or columns of water in time of storm ; as in
case of the well-kno\vn puffing holes on the coast
of Clare, which are called in Irish, Poulatedaun (i.e.
roll-a-'hcidedin), the hole of the pufling. There
is a puffing hole on the Clare side of the (Shannon,
four miles below Kilcredaun Point, near Carriga-
holt, which retains the Irish name, Poulatedaun.

The diminutive in d(j is also frequently met
with ; as in Carrickashedoge in the parish of
Magheracloone in Monaghan, the rock of the
breeze ; Eashedoge near Letterkenny in Donegal,
the rath of the blast or gust. And sometimes we
meet with the word seid willi only an adjectival
termination ; as in Aghnasedagh, the name of u
little lake, and also of a townland, near the town
of ilonaghan, the field (ac/tad/t) of the wind gusts.
The word holg or buihj [buUig] in the sense of
♦' bellows," is applied much in the same way as the

CHAP, XV.] The Atmosphere, 249

last term, to designate gusts or blasts or gusty spots;
of which an excellent example is the townland of
Bulligs, between Killashandra and Ballyconnell in
Cavnu, i.e. a belloM's or a gusty spot. But this
word occurs generally on tho coast, where it is
jipplicd like sciddn, to pulling holes, to rocks or
points that break and spout up water during
storms; and it is commonly anglicised Bullig,
Avhich is a name constantly met with all along the
western coast from Donegal to Cork. The little
peninsula lying on the west side of the bay of
Adrigolc, west o£ Glcngariff in Cork, is called
BcenabuUiga, the rc<i or mountain Hat (or perhaps
the recn or point) of the bellows or breakers.

JSform. Ganih [gov] denotes Avintcr ; it is also
applied to a cold wintry storm ; and thence to
places exposed to bleak cold winds. Drumgulf
near Newbliss in Monaghan, signifies the dnon or
hill-ridge of the storm ; the same name as Drum-
guiff and Drumgampli in Fermanagh, and Druni-
goJf over CJlonmalnre in Wicklow.

The word shi [sheen] also denotes a storm, and
is applied topographically, like the last word, to
high stormy places. Drumsheen, the ridge of
storms, is the name of a place in the parish of
Kilgarvan, ISIayo ; Cloonsheen in the parish of
Ivilconla in Galway, exposed or stormy meadow.
Another word for a storm is ainhhthcth or anfufh,
Avhich often occurs in Irish writings. The name
oC iho poniuRuhi lying betAVcon tho bays of Ber-
traghboy and Kilkicran in Conncmara, is Irrus-
ainliagh, i.e. the stormy irrns or peninsula ; and
tlic same term has given name to Leckanvy — tho
Hag-stone of tho storm — a little liamlet in a wild,
exposed situation, on the shore of Clew bay, near
the base of Ci-oagh Patrick, two miles west of
]\lurrisk abbey.

250 The Almosphero. [cjiap. xv.

S/ieller. As places liavo Lcoii dcrilgnalod from
tlieir exposed or stormy situntious, so also we liiul
tliat some spots have receiA ed names indicating the
very reverse — a position sheltered by trees, rocks,
or hills. About halt' a milo south of Ard[)atrick
in liimerick, there is a narrow road shut in by a
lii<^li fence on each side, protxHjtiug it from tho
west wind, which is called by the expressive name
of liohereenacluher, the ho/icrecn or little road of
the shelter. This word chitluir [cluhar], shelter,
is found in other names ; for example Dromcluher
in the parish of Tuogh in. Ijinierick, sheltered
ridge ; and Derryclure near Geashill in King's
County, sheltered derry or oak grove. In tlio
peninsula between Glandore harbour and Castle-
haven in the south of Cork, there is a small lako
called Ijough Cluhir, sheltered lako; and in tho
same county, south of Timoleague, near the sea-
shore, is a Currigcluher, the rock of shelter. Kil-
cloher {kil, church or wood) is the name of a town-
land four miles east of Cappoquin in Waterford ;
there is another place of the same name four
miles south-west from Ennis in Clare, from
which Snugville, the name of an adjacent resi-
dence, has been di^rived.

In some cases the word clutltar comes in where
you would least expect to find it, namely, in
extremely exposed situations ; of which a good
example is Kilcloher on the shore of the Shannon
mouth, near Loop Head in Clare ; but in cases of
this kind, I suppose that an artificial shelter was
constructed, or a rock, or an abrupt ehivation was
taken advantage of, to countciact the bleakness of
the situation. Indeed it is just in such exposed
places that a sheltered nook would be more notice-
able, and more likely to receive a special name.
Perhaps in the present iiistance the kil was a wood,

CHAP. XV.3 The Atmosphere. 251

whicli received a name to express tlie slielter it
afforded in so bleak a spot.

SnoiP. In most mountainous countries there are
particular peaks that receive their names from tlie
circnmstauco tliat tlicy rolaiu snow on their suiu-
mits during tlio whole or a considerable i)art of (he
year. In such a country as Ireland, with a mild
climate and no very high mountains, namesof llii.s
kind could scarcely be expected. Yet we have a few
hills whose names are partly formed from the word
snearht [snaght] snow, a word cognate Avilh Ijatin
nix, and with English s)iow ; and although some
of them are not distinguished for height, they
must in some way retain snow in winter so much
longer than the surrounding elevations, as to attract
the attention of the people.

There are two mountains in Donegal, called
SHeve Snaght, one near Carndonagh in the penin-
sula of Inishowen, and the other a little south of
Eriiglo mountain ; tho Irish form of the name is
/S/{(i/)h-s)Hrh/a,\\\\'whVA)\i];aniri\UH\id{iHi>i()n!i-in'viini/,
the mountain of the snows. Tlio people say that
the snow usually renuiius on the sutnmit of the
Inishowen Slieve Sunglit, up to the May fair of
the neighbouring village of Carndonagh. The
}]oo\'i oi Druim-snerhta (the hill-ridge of the snow)
was one of the ancient historical books of Ireland,
often quoted by Irish historians, but it is not now
known to exist. 'J'ho only ])lace now bearing this
name is iJrumsnat, in Monaghan (which lias
dropped the guttural) ; and as an ancient monas-
tery existed Wunc, fouiuled by St. INlolua of Clon-
fert-Molua, it is probable that this is the place
where the book was compiled.

Near Fivemiletown in Fermanagh, there is a
townland called Moysnaght, the plain of the snow;
and there is another place of the same name in the

252 The Atmosphere, [chap. xv.

parisli of Clontibi-et in Monaglian. Cloousnaglita
(suow-iueudow) is the name of a towiilaiid con-
taining a lake of the same name, two miles Avest
of Ivilladysert in Clare, and of another in the
l)ai'ish of ]\Ioyga\vnagh in JNfaj'O.

When the article is iiscd, the s is commonly
eclipsed hy /, and this is followed by a furlher
change of n to r, to facilitate the pronnnciation.
AJtatraght in the parish of Kilteevoge in Donegal,
a little west of Stranorlar, represents the Irish
yili-a'-tsneaghfa, the height of the snow — Alta-
traght for Altatnaght, like crock for Jaiock,
Ardatrave for Ardatnave (see these in 1st Vol.).
l*recisely the same change occurs in Legatraghta
in the parish of Templeport in Oavan, south-west
of SvvanliMl)ar, the snowy /i((/ or hollow — the /ii(/
lying on the northern slope of a hill ; the same
name as Lugasnaghta in the parish of Cloonclare
in the north of Leitrim. The additional change
of the suppression of the guttural, is seen in
Tullintrat near Castleblaney in Monaghan, the
hill (till) of the snow.

Cohl. Fnar or iiar, signifying cold, is found as
part of a great many names ; the places so desig-
nated having probably an ex])oscd or noithern
aspect, or perhaps a marshy cold soil ; and it is
often applied to the water of springs, rivers, or
hdces, which are considered to be unusually cold
(see Oranmore, 1st Vol.). About a mile south of
Elphin in liosconnnon, there is a stream called
Ovvonure {Ahli(iinn-fIiH(U\ cold river), which is
meMlioucsd in //// Mdiuj by the ccpiivalent uanie,
(lldifit-iuiir, cold stream. Tiie station next beyond
Ivillarney towards Tralee, on the Southern and
A\^es(ern Railway, is called Farranfore, Fcaraiin-
fiiar, cold land ; and there is a lake in the parish of
Annaghdown in Galway, a little east of Lough
Corribj called Lough Afoor, i.e. cold lake.

ciTAr. xv.'J ^ic Afmoftpiirvr. 2t>^

AVlicii the back of a hill had a iiorihcrn aspect,
it was often called Coolfore, cold back, which is the
name of places in tlie counties of Lovith, Meath,
IMonaji-han, and ])abli)i. This element fore cither
as it stands, or Avith slight variations of spelling,
is Tory ol'teu found in names, and may almost
always be interpreted in the sense here given.
Slievefoore, cold mountain, is the name of a hill
in the parish of Killahurler, in Wicklow, about
two miles from the Wooden Bridge Hotel ; and
there is a townland called Derryfore, cold drn->/
or oak-grove, near ]5allyroan in Queen's County.

The word often precedes the noun that it qualifies,
as iji Fourknocks in the parish of Stamullin in
]\lea(h, west of Balbriggan, which means cold
l-noclis or hills ; Forelacka near Kinnittj^ in King's
County, cold flags or hill-slope. The compound
Fuar-choill, cold wood, is of frequent occurrence ;
it is 7nade Foorkill in Galway, Fo-rekill near
TTilingford in Kilkenny, Fourcuil in Cork, and
I'mhill in M(>iitli and 7\r)nagh. In (he parish of
Ciomieyin Clare is the village of Spancelhill, well
known for i(s fairs. The conect Irish name is
Ciioc-fiKtrcJioilli [Knock-i'oorkilhi], the hill <>l' the
cold wood, for so (he Four ]\lasters call it, when
rccordhig a battle fought there in 1559, between
the rival earls of Ormond and Desmond. In the
colloquial language, however, the / is aspirated
and omitted, which reduces it to Cnoc-iirrhaill
[Knockooikill] ; and as nrcJmll or nrchomhal is a
spanccl, the name came to be erroneously trans-
lated vSpancelhill instead Coldwoodhill.

S/ioircr. The word ccat/i or ceatha [cah, caha]
signifies a shower. The Caha mountains in the
peninsula between the bays of Kenniare and
Bantr}', must have been considered specially
liable to rain m hen they got the name, which is

25 i - The Atmosphere. [chap. xv.

reduced from tlio present popular Irish name,
C)ioc-na-ccatlt(i'ui [Jvnoclinacaliin], llio ishowcry
mountain. This word probably gives name also
to Dromcahan near Kenmare, Dndin-ceathain, the
ridge of tlie shower.

Fog. A fog or mist is denoted by the word ceo
[keo : the o long; the e hardly pronounced],
which enters into Roiiie names, chiefly in the
south of Ireland. According to a passage in the
life of bishop Mel, there was an ancient nunnery
called I)rni)n-chco, immediately to the west of
Slieve Golry near Ardagh in Ijongford ; but both
the nunnery and its name are now forgotten. The
name l)niiin-cheo (tlie ridge of the fog) nmst have
been originally applied to the hill west of ISlievo
Golry, Avheiu^e it was transferred to the nunnery.
Wliy this hill received such u name is obvious ;
for as it is an isolated elevation in the midst of a
plain, it catches the vapour and is often capped
with fog, when the surrounding level country is
clear ; and some such explanation applies to on ery
name containing the word ceo. Knockacheo, the
foggy hill, is the name of a place in the parish of
liallynoe in Corlc ; Loughakeo, the lake of the
mist, near Stradbally in Queen's County ; Cron-
cheo, four miles north-west of Killybegs in Done-
gal, the C7-0 or valley of the fog ; Coomacheo in
Cork, and Coomakeoge in tbe parish of Killem-
lagh, near Valentia in Kerry, the coom or valley
of the mist : in this last name the genitive is
made ceoifj, and the final g pronounced, as is usual
in Coi'k and Kerry.

xvi.J The Sea. iiSb

CHAPTER XYI.

THE SEA.

I NOW come to a class of names, which are gene-
rally ej)oaking to be looked for only round (lio
coast; though in consequence of secondary appli-
cations, or extensions of meaning, they are some-
times found inland.

The most common Irish word for the sea is mm'r,
genitive jnara ; and this name for the sea exists,
Avidi slight modifications, in every Aryan lan-
guage of JCuropc except Greek: — Lat. mare; Goth.
91/(1 iri ; A. Sax. mere; Welsh mj/r ; Corn, mor,
t^c. ; Avhile it is represented in tSanscrit hy m'fra
(Pictet, Grig.) The Avord has already incidentally
come under notice, as forming part of several
names which have been dealt wilh in the First
Volume (see Kenmare, Connemara, &c.) As a
])art of compound Avords, it also enters pretty ex-
tensively into nam(>s, of which the follo\\ing may
be taken as exam])les. A small bay is often called
miirhholij [nnirvullog, murlog], i. e. sea-belly, from
holg, a sack or belly; and this word is generally
anglicised JNIurlough, M'hich is the name of several
inlets mostly round the coast ; among other.s,
of the little bay lying east of Fair Head in Antrim ;
and of two in JJonegal, one in Lough Swilly, and
the other near Ijifford. The bay extending east-
wards fiom Bengore Head till it tcnninatcs in
AVliitc Park bay, was anciently called Murhliolfj ;
but the peoph^ have lost this name. Lough
Murree, a snudl lake in a penrnsula, two miles
north-east of Ballyvaghan in Clare, signifies
marine lake, so called from being on the very
Yci'ge of \\\o sea.

Five miles west from Ballysadare in Sligo, on

250 The Sal. [([lAV. xvl.

ono of llio inlets of Eall^^sadaro Lay, is 'raiirego,
u uamo wliic'li is exactly similar in I'onnalioii to
Touregee (First Volume), and exhibits another
term (f/o), but ono very seldom used, for the sea:
— Irisli Toin-rc-(jo, backside to the sea.

<SV/7, mil, or sdilc [saul, saulia], which is a
[v.vwx in somewhat moro common usci than iitair,
signilies biine, salt Avater, or brachisli water ;
cognate with Latin sal, English salt. The pretty
hamlet and vale of Salrock, near the moiith of
the Killeries in Connemara, takes its name from
the little inlet, now called Little Killery bay, at
the head of which it is situated ; the name signifies
St. Iloc's briny inlet ; but we have no written,
account of this saint, though he is vividly re-
membered in the traditions of the place, and the
ruins of his church and his holy well arc situaled
near the hamlet. The word in its simple form
gives name to Salia, a little hamlet on the eastern
side of Achill Itsland, from which the inlet called
Salia bay takes its name.

Kylesalia, west of Xilkieran bay in Connemara,
signilies the wood of the sea-water. There is a
small river running into AVexford Ifaveu, at tlu;
hamlet of Killinick, live miles south of AV^extovd
town, over which there was anciently a ford, now
bridged, just where the tide and river met ; from
which it got the name of Ath-sailo, ih) ford of
the brine, now modernised to Assaly. In the
parish of Kilcummin, Galway, south-west of
()ughterard, there is a place with the long name,
Muckanaghederdauhalia, which is a concise de-
scri])tion of both the position of the place, and of
its former use : — MackanayJi, a place where ')nucs
or pigs used to sleep or feed ; eder, between ; ilau,
two ; haile, the same as saile, with the s aspirated : —
the piggery between two briny inlets.

CHAP. XVI.] The Sea. 257

The diminutive Saleen was applied to any small
estuary or creek, and in this sense it is still the
name of several places. The word has other
meanings, however : but on the coast there can
bo no diihculty in determining when it signifies
un inlet.

The original terra often occurs with the s
eclipsed by t. Just before the train from Dublin
reaches the Galway station, it crosses over the nar-
row neck of an inlet called Lough Atalia, in Irish
Loch-a'-ffidi/c, the lake of the brine : there is
another braclcish lake of the same name in the
peninsula north of Omey Island, off the coast of
Galway ; and still another, a small jiool, near
Midleton in Cork, just where the Ballynacorra
river enters the tideway of the Lee. The same
change is seen in Bellataleen, a townland lying
adjacent to Murrisk Abbey at the foot of Croagh
Patrick in IMoyo, 23cl-a'-fsai/tn, the ford of the
litllo briny iidct, wliich obviously took i(s namo
from the litllo salt water strand on the right of
the road as you apju-oach the old abbey from
WcstiK)it. Four or iivo miles west of Tralcc,
there is a litllo inlet of this same name only with
the ell gh fly different spelling, Bealathaleen.

In Irish writings many references are made to
what ore called the three Tonns or waves of Ire-
land ; and they are much celebrated in ancient
tales and romances. Those were To)m CIccua in
Glandoro harbour (for wliicliscelst Vol., I'artll.,
c. v.) ; Tonn Tvaithc (Tooha) near the mouth of
Ibo ]}ann ; and Tonn JiiK/hrai^U/o [Hury] in Dun-
drum bay off Ibo county of Down. In stormy
weather, when the wind blows in certain directions,
the sea at these places, as it tumbles over tlie
Himdbanks, or among the caves and fissures of the
rocks, u< f ers an unusually loud and solemn roar,

VOT,. II. * 18

258 The Sea. [chap. xvi.

which excited tlio imnginntion of our inuH-al oih;
and they believed that tlieso sounds had a super-
natural origin, and foreboded the approaching
death of kings or chieftains.

Thcso names have been long since forgotten by
the people ; but many local (lenoininations slill
eui'vive, which contain the word fomi. Outside
tlio mouth of Lough Foyle, there is a large and
dangerous sandbank called the Tuns, on which
many vessels have been wrecked: — " Before the
mouth of this lough lyeth a great sand called the
Touns, upon which it burneth greatly when the
wind bloweth from the sea." (Boate's Nat. Hist.
of Ireland). This is the most characteristic
application in all Ireland of the word tu)ni, for
hero the "Tuns" most truly means the waves or
billows. This term gives names to j)laces by rivers
and lakes as well as by the sea : and in many cases
the t is changed to d by eclipse. There is a lake
in the parish of Moyrus in Connemara, called
Loughannado^vll, i.e. LocJian-na-dtonn, the little
lake of the waves ; so called, I supjiose, from being
very much exposed to the wind, and subject there-
fore to high waves. Near Knocklong in Limerick,
there are four adjoining townlands called Mitchels-
towndown, of which the proper Irish name is Ihiile-
Mhistealaujh-na-dtonn [Ballyvistela-na-down] ; the
first part signifies the town of Mitchell, and this
has been translated, while the last part has been
left untouched. The whole name means " the
town of Mitchell of the waves." The epithet na-
dlonn, "of the waves,'' may belong (o ihe place,
as it is situated on the Morning Star river ; and
in this case the inference would be that it was so
called to distinguish it from Milchelstown in the
county Cork, not very far oil' ; but I think this
unlikely. Or it may be that the person who left

CHAP. XVI. J The Sea. 269

his name on the place was called " Mitchell of the
waves," because he wns a sailor or a voyager.

At the head of Dingle bny just outside the
point of Rosbchy peninsula is a sandbank locnlly
well known by <bo nnnio of Tonn Tonia, ihe
wave of Tonia (a woman). In iho storms of
winter the sea thunders over this bank so as to be
heard twenty miles inland. This roaring is popu-
larly believed to predict rain.

On the Avestem shore of Lough Swilly, in the
parish of Clondavaddog, Donegal, there is a little
hamlet called Bunnaton, the bun or end of the
wave — a name whicli probably Avas originally ap-
plied to the highest point reached by the surge in
the little bay. A varied form of the genitive is
seen in Derrintin, the name of a small lake and
townland near the Errilf river, four miles above
Leenane at the head of the Killeries ; Doire-an-
tuinn, the oak-wood of the wave.

In the last name the Avord is used in the mascu-
line. But it is more generally feminine, Avith the
genitive iuinnCy a fonn which is found in one very
interesting name. According to our fabulous
histories and romances, Fintan, one of the three
men who came to Ireland Avith the lady Casara,
forty days before the flood, died just before the
beginning of the great catastrophe, and was
buried in JPert Fintain (Fintan's grave), otherwise
called T'lilliiinnc [Tultinna]. But it seems that ho
only pretended to die, or that he merely fell into
a trance ; for according to a legend in the Lcbor
na Ileera, he survived the deluge, and lived for
many generations af tcrAvards. lie Avas transformed
from time to time into the shapes of various animals,
till at length he became a salmon ; and finally
made his apjioarancc as a man in the reign of
Fergus Mao Kerval, king of Ireland in the sixth

260 The Sea. [chap. xvi.

contury. Most people who undergo traiismigrutiou
lose ull memory of previous states of existence ;
but it was not so with Fintan ; for he remembered
clearly every important event that had taken place
in Ireland for two thousand years, since the time
of the lady Casara ; so that he was considered —
no wonder ho should he — the greatest sage tliat
fcvor appeared in tho country. Before ho died for
tlie lust time, he gave a long account of the his-
tory of Ireland to St. Finnian of MoviUa.

The place where he took his long sleep while
the deluge was tumbling over his head, is still well
luiown ; and the name Tultuinne survives, but
slightly altered to Tountinna (change of / to n).
Tountinna is a hill near Derrycastle, rising over
Jjough ])erg, two miles north-east of Killaloo, on
tho top of which was Fintan's grave j and it is
well described by the name 2\iltuinne : — tul, a
hill — Tul-tuinne, the hill of the wave — the hill
rising over the wave of Lough Derg.*

There is a townland containing the ruins of a
castle, called Towulough, on the verge of the lake,
near the base of the hill ; and it seems likely that
the name has some indirect connexion with that of
the hill ; for the Irish form is Tonnlocha, the wave
of the lake, though by a local extension of mean-
ing, the word tonn is, in this instance, understood
by the people to mean, not exactly a wave, but a
Watery place or a quagmire.

Though there are other, Irish words for the sea,
none of them enter into names except in a few
solitary unimportant cases. iJut avo have many
terms for all tho various kinds of sea inlets ; and
the rest of this chapter will be devoted to them
and to the names derived from them.

* See O'Douovau ; Four Mast. I. 4, note.

THAP. XVI. J The Sea. 261

The most general word for a harbour or haven
is cuan, and it is still employed everywhere round
the coast. Tlie old name of Strangford Lough,
wliich was used till very lat(>ly, was Lough Cuan,
harbour Like ; and " OaHtloliavon," the iianio of n,
well-known liarbour on the south coast of Cork, is
a translation of the Irish name, as the Four
Masters write it — Cuan-an-chaislein. There is a
remarkable sea cave a little west of the giant's
causeway, called Portcoon, which signifies the port
or landing-place of the harbour.

The word cunn is also used in an extended sense
to signify any curve or winding ; and whether in
any particular case it is so used, or bears the
meaning of harbour, is easily determined. Ac-
cordingly, the diminutives Coonecn and Ooonoge
are found inland as well as on shore, in rivers and
lakes as well as at the sea ; Coonane, another
diminutive, is the na.mo of a townland about a
milo and a hnIC noi-Mi of Olengnrrill' in (!lork.
There are two townhmds, one in Tippcrary, and
the other in Wicklow, called Coonmore, great
winding. The simple word gives uamo to some
places in Wicklow and KiUcenny, now called Coan,
and also to a townland in Queen's County, near
Clonaslee, called Cones. Tincone and Tincoon are
two townlands in Wexford, one occupying the
point of land opposite to Wexford town at the
other side of the river, tlio olhcr on the shore of
the Slaney, opposite King's Island, five miles
below Enniscorthy ; both names being anglicised
from the Irish Tigh-an-chuain, the house of the
harbour or winding.

Ctwnpdn signifies a little creek, an inlet at the
mouth of a small stream, or branching off from a
river, lake, or sea. It is very much used in Kil-
kenny, and is also found in the southern and

262 The Sea. [ciiAr. xvi.

western counties. Cnnnpaun is tlio nanio of a li( (lo
river flowing at the base of Nephin mountain in
Mayo into Lougli Beltra ; and of another river
near Limerick, joining the Shannon about three
miles below the city. There is a townlancl called
Crumpaun in Leitrim, two miles west of Glenade
Lough, which takes its name from a little stream,
one of the sources of the Black river, which joins
the river Duff; and another in the parish of
Kilcatherine in Cork, near the village of Eyeries.

The word pill has much the same meaning as
crompda — a small river inlet; on the Wexford
and Watcrford coasts, where it is much used, it is
applied to a deep cutting or channel made in the
sea-mud by a small tidal river as it enters the
Hca* It uppoaiH evident that it is merely an
oblique form of poll, a hole :- -nominative jwll,
genitive poill [pile]. A very apt illustration of
the word is Canpill, the name of a little hamlet at
a bridge, just at the head {ceann) of a small inlet
or pill branching off from the river Barrow near
Dunbrody Abbey in Wexford.

The ancient and present Irish name of Pilltown
in the south of Kilkenny, is Baile-an-phoill [Ballin-
file], the town of We poll, or pill ; and it appears
to have taken its name from the Pill river which
joins the Suir after flowing through the village.
There is also a Pilltown two miles from Drogheda
on the road to Lay town ; and another in the parish
of Kinsalebeg in Waterford, about three miles
from Ardmoro. Hosspile in the parish of Bally-
lannan in Wexford, near the head of Bannow bay,

* On this, and on several otlier local matters, I have got
much information from George Henry Kinahan, Esq., M.R.I. A.,
P.R.G.S.I., who turns his journeys through various parts of
Ireland to good account in obtaining a knowledge of the legends
ftnd antiquities of the country.

CHAP. XVI.] The Sea, 263

is the ross or wood of the inlet. Pill-laue near
Chiirch-stveet in Dnhlin, took its name from a
little j)i/l that branched off from the Liffey in
former days, long before the river was confined by
quay walls.

1 have already remarked (1st Vol., Part IV.,
c. II.) that the word ciias (properly, a cave) is
applied along the coast of Cork and Kerry to a
little cove ; and that it usually takes the form of
Coos. It is also sometimes made ciis, as in Cus-
kenny, a place about a mile below Queenstown;
the name was originally applied to the adjacent
little semicircular inlet, and it signifies Kenny's
cove.

In the south of Ireland, the word goi/in [goleen]
is used to signify a small sea or river inlet. In
the parish of Kilmore, near IMizen Head in Cork,
there is a little creek, wliich gives name to the
townland of Goleen. Goleen Bridge crosses a
lililcM^rcok a milo aud a half oast of Labiisheoda
in Clare. Burn ham n(\'ir Dingle, the scat of Jiord
Vcntry, is called in Irisli to this day Goleen, a
name which was originally applied to the little
creek into which a tiny stream flows at the western
end of Dingle harbour. There is an old castle
ruin on the shore of the creek which still retains
the name of Ballingoleen, the townland of the inlet.
One part of the modern name was probably in-
tended to be a translation of goiJin: — Burnham, the
houie of the burn or stream — formed exactly like
Ptoclcingham (see this in 1st Vol.). But it is to be
remarked that the name maybe an importation — a
mere imitation of the English Burnham.

In the west, especially in Galway, enisle [cashla]
is used to signify a sea inlet ; of which the best
known example is Cashla Bay, west of Galway,
which is also the name of the river flowing into

264 The Sea. [chap. xvi.

it. Though this is tho seuso in wliich tli(> worM
is now understood, 1 urn iucliued to think that it
was originally applied to a river ; and the Irish
name of Caslila Bay to some extent favours this
opinion, viz., Ctian Caislc, the hay of Cashla, which
looks as if the hay got its name from the river.
There is a very little lake one mile east of Clifden,
an enlargement of a small stream, flowing from
Lough Nahrackkeagh into the Owenglin river;
and the name of this lake is also a sort of confir-
mation of the same opinion — Lough Cashlccn
(diminutive of Cashla), the lake of the little Cashla.
Here Cashleen must mean a stream, for both lake
and stream are inland, and there is no inlet of any
kind. The same observation applies to the town-
land of Casldeon in tho parish of IJallynakill in
(Jalway noar Uinvylu l*oiiit, wliich ovitlontly lakes
its name from the little stream on whose hanks it
is situated, flowing into the sea just near the
Point.

It may be added that the root of the word is
obviously the Irish cas, twisted or crooked; so that
its application to a river would be generally very
appropriate. In Donegal the word caslach, another
derivative from cas (postfix lack, p. 5), is under-
stood to mean a creek ; and it appears in this
sense in Kincaslough, a townland on the mainland
opposite Cruit island, which gives name to a lake,
and which was itself so called from its situation at
the head (ceann) of the little inlet called " Cruit
Strand."

Blean means the groin ; but in a secondary
sense it is applied to a creek, branching olf either
from the sea or from a lake, or formed by the
mouth of a river ; sometimes it means any hollow
or curved place. It is much used in local names,
and it is found all over Ireland, especially in the

CHAP. XVI.] The Sea. 265

northern half. Blean and Blane are tlie names of
some places in Wicklow, Clare, Galway, and Tip-
perary. Blaney, the plural form of blean, is the
name of a little bay on the southern side of lower
Lough Erne, near Dcrrygonnelly, so called because
it is formed of several smaller bays : Blaney, lite-
rally creeks. At the extreme western end of the
same lake, there is an inlet called Bleanalung, the
creek of the boat. In upper Lough Erne there is
an island called Bleanish, properly Bleaninish,
creek island, so called from tlio little inlet between it
and Crom Casth^ on the mainland; Buunablancy-
bnne in the paifsli of (Jloues, Ecrmanagli, tlie end
(hiiii) of the while bl(\'in or curve; and Killyblano
in the paiish of Killeshcr, same county (the wood
{(vill) of (ho curved sjiof.. Blaiuroe, red creek or
curve, iu the parish of Kilpool, a little south of
Wicklow town.

In Galway we have Bleanoran, Odhran's or
Oran's creek or curve ; and Bleannagloos, a sin-
gular name, signify iug the creek or curve of the
ears {cluas), so called no doubt from some pecu-
liarity of sha))e : in the parish of Annadulf in
Lei trim, Bleankillew, the i/e«w of the wood; which
takes its name from being on the shore of that
arm of Loughbofin which is now called Lough
Scannel.

I have already stated (page 247) that gaeth is
sometimes applied to the sea ; it is used in this
sense, and in the old form gaot, in Cormac's Glos-
sarj^ xmder hircU. This term occurs on the
northern half of the western coast, and it is there
restricted in its ai)plication to " a shallow stream
into which the tide flows, and which is fordable
at low water." (O'Donovan, Appendix to O'Reilly's
Diet., under gaeth). There is a tmvnland called
Gweesalia in the ])ari8l\ of Kilcommon in Erris,

206 Colours. [ctiav. xvii.

Mayo, which talies its iianio from its [)osilion on
the shore of a tidal creek branching oif from iJluck-
sod bay ; the name being Oacth-sdik, i.e. salt-
water tide-inlet. The best known names exhi-
biting this word are Gwecdoio artd Qweebarra,
applied to two bays on the west coast of Donegal,
into whicli flow two tidal sdoama of the same
names. In 619 a.d., according to the Four
Masters, I)6ir, the son of Hugh Allan, king of
Ireland, was slain by a chieftain named Flann
Fiadhbhadh [Feeva] ; but Flann himself was soon
afterwards killed in revenge for this deed by the
friends of Doir, on the little island of Inishkeel in
Gweobarra bay. 0' Donovan (Four Mast. I. 242,
note t) believes that the river and bay of Gweedore
took its name from this prince : — Gaefh-Do/r,
Doir's inlet. I think we may conclude that G wec-
barra also derived its name from a man ; but I do
not know of any authority, written or otherwise,
bearing on the point.

CHAPTER XVII.

COLOURS.

Among the various circumstnnocs that dcilcrmine
the names of places, colovirhohls in all countries a
prominent position ; and accordingly we find the
words denoting the different colours widely spread
among the local names of our own country. The
colours that attracted the observation of the people
who imposed the names, whether applied to the

CHAP. XVII.] Colours. 267

surface of the land, to rocks, rivers, or lakes, are
cliaracteristic of most of these places and objects
at the present day ; but, on the other hand, there
are many instances in which all traces of the
ori<>;lii;il colour have disappeared ; and this is
especially the case whore the pre vail inj]^ hue was
given by trees, shrubs, bogs, or marslics, which
have been removed by cultivation.

As colours are infinitely varied, and run one
into another by imperceptible gradations, it is not
to be expected that the colours and shades which
cue nation or people designates by distinct names,
will bo in all cases the same as those distinguished
by corresponding names among other nations.
And indeed in the same language, the words for
colours vary greatly in. their signification ; the
English words green and grey for instance, are ap-
plied to shades very diilerent among themselves
So in regard to some of the Irish names for colours,
it is not always easy to dctermino the exact hues
or shades intended, or to give the precise equiva-
lents of the terms in English.

Black. Diibh [duv], black, blackish, very dark
coloured. This word is found in vast numbers of
names throughout all Ireland — afact which results
in a great measure from the prevalence of bogs
and lioggy lands. Its most usual English forms
arc di{ff, doo, and dii,, the first of which is seen in
DufCcarrick and in Carrickduff, both of which
mean black rock. The little river Dull flows on
the boundary of the counties of Sligo and Leitrim,
and falls into Donegal bay four miles west of Bun-
dorau. It is called Dubh in the annals, which in
the Book of Armagh, is translated Niger, i.e. black.
At its mouth is the townland of Bunduff, the bun
or mouth of the river Duff. There are two town-
lands in Galway called Ballinduff, a name which

268 Colours. [chap, xvii.

18 preserved in its correct form by tlio Four
Masters : — Baile-an-duibh, the town of the black or
dark-complexioned man.

Many of our lakes whose waters look inky black,
partly from the infusion of bog, partly on account
of the reflection of the dark sides of the surround-
ing hills, get the names of IjouglidiiiT, Loughdoo,
and Doolough, all meaning black lake; which
again give names to several townlands, villages,
and residences.

The prevalence of bogs also accounts for the
great number of Irish rivers having names which
signify black or dark. Douglas has already been
mentioned. The dimiimtivo Duog or Duvog —
black streamlet — is the name of many small
streams, corr(ispoiuliiig in formation willi Breiiogc^
and Glanog (which see). And besides these there
are the several rivers now called Blackwater.

Sometimes whole districts were designated by
this word dubk, if their surfaces were boggy or
clothed in a dark covering of heather. There is a
well-known district in the barony of Scarawalsh in
Wexford, now called the Dulfry ; but the correct
Irish name, as we find it in our old authorities, is
Duihhthir [Duffir], which signifies black territory
{tir, land or country). The name is very correctly
anglicised Dujfyr in Clynn's annals ; but the pre-
sent form Duffry seems to be derived from the
genitive, Duibhthirc, which it correctly represents
in sound. (1st Vol., Part I., o. ii.)

The Dinnseanchas records a legend,* that this
territory was once open and fertile — " a broad,
delightful region ; " audit was possessed by two
brothers, Guara and Dara. But Guara treacher-
ously slew his brother and seized upon his part

♦Translated by Bryan O'Looney, Esq., M.E.I. A., in Proc.
R.I.A., MS. Ser., p. 184.

DHAP. XVII.] Colours. 269

of the territory ; after which a curse fell upon
the land as a punishment for the crime, and the
whole district became overgrown with brushwood
and heath ; whence it was called Duihh-thir. One
inforonce wo may draw from this legend, that at
the time when it was written, the land was covered
with heather and scrubwood, from which, and not
from bogs, it got its name. The " Faes of Ath-
lone," a woody district in the county Roscommon,
was also called Duihhthir (Four Masters), for the
very same reason. And the word exists in the
name of Driundiffer in the parish of Drumreilly
in Leitriin, the drum or ridge of the black district.

Dooally and Doocatteens are the names of two
townlands near Newcastle in Limerick, which are
the anglicised forms of Duhh-aille, black cliU, and
DnhhchoitcMnidhe, black cotteens or commonages.
Dooros and Dooms signify black wood in the
south, and black promontory in the north. Four
miles above Listowol in Kerry, the river Fealc
divides and encloses an island ; on ono of the
branches there was in old times a ford, which was
called Dubh-afh, black ford ; the old church built
near it took the same name, and in its turn gave
name to the village and parish, which are now
called Duagh.

The word is softened down in various ways,
which will be illustrated in the following names : —
Dinieh is the name of a little island well known to
Killarney tourists, situated near the Old Weir
Bridge; and there are several islands in other
coimties called Dinis, Dinish, and Deenish ; all
which are shortened from Duihh-inis, black island.
DeeKs and Deelish, which are names of common
occurrence, have been similarly reduced from
Duihh-lios, black fort ; which is also the Irish form
of L)ufle>*P in Tyrone, of Doolis in Tipperary, and

270 Colours. [chap. xvii.

of Devloash iu Mayo. It occurs us acompouud in
Cordevlis, the name of some places in Cavan and
Monaghan, the round hill of the black fort.

The well-known monntain, Divis, near Belfast,
is called iu Irish Dtibh-ais, which simply means
black hill ; and this old name seems to find an
echo in English, for there are two other hills very
near it, now called Black Hill and Black Moun-
tain. There is another place of the same name in
Mayo, slightly altered to Divish; while in Donegal
it takes the form of Dooish. Diviny and Diva-
nagh, which are the names of some townlands in
Tyrone, Armagh, and Fermanagh, arc anglicised
forms of Diiibh-canaigh, black marshes. At a.d.
1140, the Annals of Innisfallon record the erection
of Caidcn-Eam-duihJie (tho castle of the black
cataract : pron. Oashlon-Asdco). Tho latter part
of this long designation is still retained as the
name of a little hamlet three miles west of Bally-
longford in Kerry, now called Astee. The boggy
little river, in time of flood, rushes over ledges of
rock near the village, and this is the feature that
gave it tho name of the black cataract. The form
dee is also exhibited in Clashnamonadee near Lis-
more in Waterford — Clais-na-mona-dnibhe, the
trench of the black bog.

At the bottom of some deep bogs there is found
a half liquid stuff, as black as jet, which was for-
merly used by the peasantry all over Ireland for
dyeing black; and is still so vised in remote dis-
tricts. It served its purpose admirably well,
giving fiio/o and othoi- woollens an exccilhrnt dye,
and it was usually known by the name of dubhadh
[dooa], which answers to the liUglish word black-
ing (old form dubad ; Cor. Gl.). Many of the
places where this dye stuff was foimd are still in-
dicated by their names j such as Carrickadooey ia

CHAP. XVII.] Coiours. 271

the parish of Magheross in Monaghan, Carraig-a'-
duhhaidh, the rock of the black dye stuil: Pollandoo
in Donegal, PoUadooey in Galway and Longford,
and Polladoohy near Crossmolina in Mayo, all
tiiko their names from the deep hole (poll) out of
which the colouring matter was taken ; Derryna-
dooey in Poscommon, and Eskeradooey in Tyrone,
the oak wood and the sand-ridge of the black dye
stuff.

Ciar [keer] is commonly understood to mean
jet black. The ordinary name among the peasantry
for a beetle or chafer is ciarog [keeroge], a dimi-
nutive of ciar, meaning black little fellow ; the
other diuiinutivo, Ciaran, was formerly extremely
common as a man's name, meaning a dark-com-
plexioned person ; and it still exists in the family
name Kicran. The word is also used to signify
a dull or brownish black ; and this is, I suppose,
the sense in which we are to understand it in local
niiuics. There is a small river called Keerglen in
the parish of KiKum in Mayo, giving name to a
townland, and taking its own name from the glen
througli which it flows: — Ciar-gfilcann, dark-
coloured glen.

White. Finn, or fionn, white, is a word of most
ancient and extensive use in the Celtic languages.
It glosses albits in the St. Gall manuscript of Zeuss;
and still more ancient is its use in forming part of
personal names, both Irish and Gaulish. VindnSy
the termination of many Gaulish names, is another
form of this word; and Finn has been used as a
personal name in our own country, from the time
of the great hero, Finn the son of Cumal — and
long before him indeed — down to our own day.

In local nomonclatiire the word is used to de-
signate places cillier absolutely white, or whitish,
fair or bright-coloured ; as for instance the side of

272 Colours. [ciiav. xvit,

a hill covered witli wliiiisli grass ; and its usual
anglicised forms are Jinn or Jin. The Four Mas-
ters record a fight between the O'Neills and the
O'Boyles in a.d. 1502, at a place in Donegal,
which they call Tulach-Jinn, the white little hill ;
it is situated near Inver, and is still known by
the name of TuUaghfin. Finvoy, tlie name of a
parish in Antrim, and of a townland in Louth,
is the modern way of writing the old name, as
we find it in the annals — Finn-mJiagh, white or
bright plain ; which again takes the form Fina-
way near Crosserlough in Cavan. Carrickfin in
Donegal and Westmeath, signifies white lock.

In the south of Ireland Jinn is commonly pro-
nounced/c'OJW ovfune, which originates tlio angli-
cised hnmajbiin and June, oticaaionally mol. with.
Thus Knockfuno in Tipperary is the same us
Knockfin in other counties ; and the Four Mas-
ters give the correct form of both, Cnoc-Jionu,
white hiU. So also Coolfune is the same as Cool-
fin, white corner. Inchafune near Dunmanway
in Cork, white inch or river meadow. In the
King's Coimty this word is sometimes pro-
nounced fan, which is reflected in the name of
Fancroft near Roscrea, a name which is greatly
corrupted. In the Red Book of Ossory it is
written in one place Fynchor, and in another place
Fyncora ; from which it is obvious that the ori-
ginal name is Finn-c/toradh, white weir.

Although Jinn strictly means a colour, it is used
to designate water that is clear or transparent. In
this way is formed the name Finglas from glais,
a little stream \—Finn-gIais (so written in many
old authorities), crystal rivulet. The village of
Finglas near Dublin takes its name from the little
stream which flows through it, and joins the Tolka
at Finglas Bridge ; there are several streams of

CHAP. XVII.] Colours. 273

the same name in difPerent parts of Ireland ; and
it is also modified to Finglush, Finglasb, and Fin-
glaslia. Compounded with ros, a wood, it gives
name to tlie village of Rosenallis in Queen's
County, a name wliich is very mucli corrupted
from the original. There was an ancient church
here, dedicated to St. Brigid ; and Colgan, in enu-
merating it among the churclies of this saint, gives
the true form of the name, Hosfng/as, which signi-
fies the wood of the bright stream. I may here
observe that this name, Finglas, is the counterpart
of anollier nanu) still bettor known, Douglas, dark
siream — which has been noiiccd in First Volume.

IMany ^tbcr oxamph'snn'gh the given oC tlio appli-
cation of tliis word//;?;? to water, but I will mention
only one more, namely, the sparkling little river
Finniliy at Kcmnare, wliich deserves its name as
well as any stream in Ireland. The termination
in this name is of frequent occurrence in the
Minister couniios, especially in Cork and Kerry ;
and it appears to be the same as the participial
termination in verbs : — Finnitho, corresponding
exactly with cldrtlia from cldr [Lcbor na h Uidhre :
O'Curry Lect., II., 315) ; and with odhartha in
Cluain-odhartha, now Clonoura in the parish of
Fennor in Tipperary, pale-grey meadow, and in
Cnoc-odhartha, pale-grey hill, now Knockoura in
Cork and Galway, both from odhar (p. 285 : see
Phconix Park in First Volume).

The compound Finnahhair, old form Findahair,
Avas formerly common as the name of a person,
generally of a woman, but sometimes of a man ;
and it was also used as a place-name. As the
name of a place, some of the old Irish-Latin
writers have translated it canipiis-albiif^, white-
coloured field (Jbcelin, Vit. Patr. c. 94) ; but I
sujipoRo that this is intended to express the fact
vor,. II. 19

274 Colours. [ciiai-. xvii.

llicit Flnnahliair meant a wliitish placo, for I do
not think that ahhair can Lo in un^ cuso, tlio equi-
valent of canijms. O'Curry (Lect. III., 10), trans-
lates Fimtahhair as a personal narao by " fair-
Lrowed," wliich Avonld al.so answer very well in its
applieation to a ])laee — a wliitisli-coloured brow of
a field — a bill-brow. lUit it may be doubted
wliellier ahair bere can mean a brow ; for as Mr.
Crowe remarks (Proc. E.I.A., MS. Ser. 15t)), tbo
genitive of ahair, a brow, is nhrat (thus Eochnidh
Abrat-ruaidh, Eocbaidh of tbe red brow — a king-
of Leinster) ; wbile tbe genitive of Find-abair, as
a personal or local name is Find-abrach. It ap-
pears in fact tbat there are two dilferent words,
both spelled abair in the nominative : — abair, gen.
abrat, a brow or eyelash ; abair, gon. abrach (mean-
ing r*) ; and tbat it is the latter word tliat app(!a.r.s
in Findabalr. Mr. Crowe, in tlie same place,
translates Find-abair "bright-beam," comparing
abair with Lat. ajmcum ; but I do not know on
what authority he bases this interpretation.

Wbatevor may bo the exact moaning ol' abair
hero, wo may take it tlwit Fiimabhair was locally
applied to a whitish spot. It has several modern
forms, in most of which th(i b is altogether sup-
pressed, on account of aspiration. The most visual
is Fennor, which is the name of nine townlands in
the Leinster and Munster counties. Fennor on
the Boynoin Meath — a place of great antiquity —
is called by the annalists, FinnabJiair-ablia, i. o.
Fennor of the river (IJoyne), to distinguish it froxi
other Fenuors; and Fiiniahliair or l^'ennor iu
Westmeath is mentioned by the Four Masters as
the scene of two battles in the years 794 and 822.
This term takes several other anglicised forms : in
Donegal and Fermanagh it is made Finner ; in
Uoscoramon and Clare, Finnor : Finver is found

CHAP. xvH.] Colours. 275

once in Donegal ; while in Gal way and Sligo the
name becomes Finniire.

The ^emi'wG, fionnahhrach [finnoura] appears in
the name of Kilfcnora in Cl.ne, an ancient bishop's
»>'<'(>, cnllcMl by (lio mm!ilis(,s C//l-J')'oii»(iIJ/r(irh ; iind
the same form occurs in Knockfcnora near
Bruree in Limerick. It is probable that the second
part of each of these is the name of a person — man
or woman : — the church and the hill of Finnahair.
With the/ eclipsed in the genitive plural, we find
it in Ballynavenooragh near Brandon Hill in
Kerry, which very correctly represents the sound
of the Irish Baile-na-hhfwnnnhhrach, the town of
<Iio while-coloured spots, or of the persons named
Finnahair.

The word ceinnfhioiin [cannon] which literally
means white head [ceann, head), is now applied to
a coAV with a white spot in the middle of her fore-
head. The term is used by the Four IMasters at
A.M. 3072, wluMi (hoy ro(!()rdlho legend that (luring
the reign of king Fiacha Fiiiaikhcs, all the cows
were ceindfhiond, white-headed. The meaning of
this compound is sometimes extended however, so
that it is used to designate anything speckled
with white spots. In this sense it is used to give
name to Foilcannon, a great clifP with a smooth
face of rock, under the Eagle's Nest near Glcn-
garrifp, i.e. speckled cliff. So also Clooncannon
in Oidwny, speckled uu\'ulow; Cnrrigcannon in
Cork and Kerry, speckled rock ; iJrumcannon and
Druracanon in the nortliern counties, speckled
ridge ; Lettercannon in Kerry, speckled hill-side.
Some of the preceding may have taken their names
from a legendary cow (like Loughnaheery, p. 288) ;
and this is certainly the case with Foilnacanony
in the parish of Upperchurch in Tipporary, and

276 Colours. [cTiAP. XVII.

vvitli Qlennacauiion near Baltinglaas in Wicklow,
tlie cliff and the glen of the Avhite-hcaded cow.

Ban signifies white or whitish. There is a
beautiful lake in Wcstmeath, near the village of
Fore, called Longhhano or Loiighbawn, wliite
lake ; and another of ilie same name in IMonaghan,
three niih;,s norlh of tho village of Shorcock : (ion-
nected with the former is the small Loiigh (J lass
(green lake) ; and Avith the latter, lilack Lake ;
each pair receiving their name from some real or
fancied contrast of colour. Carrickbaun and Car-
rigbaun, white rock, are the names of places in
( folk and Leitrim ; Clashl)ane near Caherconlish
in liimerick, white irench.

The ])r()montory of Ivonbane near TJallycastle
ill Antrim, with its cnslh! ruins, is u cliaracicuislic
example of tho application of this word; tlie elilf
is composed of white limestone, and the name,
Ccannhdn, white head, exactly describes its ap-
pearance. Sometimes the people give the name of
(j/earrdn-bdn, white gnrron or horse, to conspicuous
white rocks, in which they fancy they can trace
some resemblance to the shape of a horse. There
is a hill about a mile from the village of Clarin-
bridge in Gal way, which the Four Masters call
Cnoc-an-gJtearrdin-hJidin, the hill of the white
horse, and which is now called Knockagarranbaun.

In very many cases the h of this word becomes
V or w by aspiration. There are several rivers in
Ireland called Owvane or Ouvane, Avhich exactly
represents tho sound of the Qixii\u',Ahli-hhd}i,^\\\\\o
or whitish river. But the Owvane llowing into
the head of Jiantry Bay in Cork has its name
from a dilTorent source : it is cnWv(\AI>h-»i/t('(((///()n
by the natives, i.e. middle river, from its posit iou
between the two rivers, Coomhola and Mealagh.
Here also the modern name conveys the sound of

CHAP. XVII.] Colours. 277

the Gaelic form. Many little bays round tlie sea
coast and round the shores of the larger lakes are
called Trawane, Trabane, and Trawbawn, white
strand, ^vhich derived their names from the
whitish colour of the sand.

Gcal [gal] means whi( o, fair-coloured, or bright.
There is a place near the city of Limerick called
Galvone, white bog {Gail- mho in), which probably
received its name either from the white sedge
grass, commonly called financ, or from the ccvna-
vnun or bog-down. Loughgal, white lake, is a
little lake three miles south of Elphin in Iloscom-
nion ; Galcussagh, literall}^ white-footed, is the
name of a townland in the parish of Desertcreat in
Tyrone ; and it was, I suppose, applied to low lying
land covered with Avhite flowers, or whitish grass.

Gilo, [gilla] is an abstract noun derived from
ijeal, and signifies brightness or whiteness ; it is
often heard in the colloquial language, as in the
eomiuon (>|)i(.liet ol' endearment, GUhnuncJivcc,
biiglidioss ol' my heart ; and it is found qnite as
oflen as <jc(il\n local names. Longli (ilill in Sligo
is always called in the annals Loch-gilc, the lake
of brightness, or bright, lake ; and there is a small
lake in the parish of Aghagower in Mayo, called
Longhannagilla, the little lake of the brightness.
This word also appears in Legilly in the parish of
Clonfeacle in Tyrone, the bright lug or hollow.

lied. Jh'firg signifies a deep scarlet, or very
decided red {derc, rubes; Z. 61) ; and in the for-
mation of names it usually takes the forms derfj/
dcrrig, and darrig. There are several fords and
bridges all over the country called Belderg>
Ballahaderg, Ballaghaderg, and Bellanaderg, all
meaning red ford [hcl and hel-athay a ford : 1st Vol.
I*art III., c. V.) which were so called from tljo
colour of the water, which again took its coloi i

278 Colours. [chap. xvti.

from the soil or mud. Tlicro is a parisli in Tippu-
rary, half way between Cuhir and (Jlonmel, now
called Derrygratli, near where Lewy Mac Con was
killed (boo Gortanoro in Chapter xx.) ; it took its
luune from a conspicuous fort, still in existence,
which is called in Irish Dearg-rath, red rath. The
same name is found in Hoscommon in the mora
correct form Dergraw ; and there is a townland
in Queen's County culled Ratherrig, whose Irish
name is liath-d/iearg, same meaning. In this last
the d drops out by aspiration, as it does in Lick-
orrig near Athenry in Galway, whose Irish name
J]ic-(l/iC(irtj, red surface-flag, most truly describes
the place.

lluadh [roo], red, reddish, or fox-coloured, is
(•(pavalent to, and cognate with, the Latin rithcr,
and English red and ruddy. This word is very
extensively used in the formation of Irish local
names ; and though it is variously modified, its
most usual anglicised form is roe.

There are two places in Donegal — one near the
village of Convoy and the other nctir Kilnmcrennn
— called Cloghroe, red stone or stone castle ; and
there is another place of the same name two miles
from Bullincollig in Cork. Tiie Owenroe or red
river, a tributary of the Blackwater, flows through
the village of Moynalty in Meath. Moyroe near
Dungannon in Tyrone, is Magh-ruadh, reddish
plain ; which is also the Irish form of J^foroe, the
name of a little village in the parish of Abington
^'u Limerick. At the little handct of lloeveliagh
in the parish of Killeely, near Clarinbridge in
Galway, grow the inauguration tree of the IIij'
Fiachrach Aidhne (see 1st Vol., Part IV., c. viii.),
from which the hamlet took its name. At a.d.
1143, according to the Four Masters, Turlough
O'Brien led a hostile expedition into Connaught,

CHAP. XVII.] Colours. 279

and cut down this tree, wliicb. the old authority
cnlla Riiadh-bhcitlieacli, i.e. the red birch, the
pronunciation of which is well represented by
lloevehagh. The word takes another form in
JMidroy, tlio nanio of a long bay in the north of
Donegal, wliich must have been so called from a
hill, the Irish name being Maol-ruadh, red bald-
hill.

By means of various postfixes, several derivatives
are formed from this word, which are, or were,
nil applied to rcddisli-colourcd spots. With the
diminutive an, we have Ruan in Limerick and
Clare; RTinnes in Cork; Ruaunmore in Wexford
(groat red pl;tcc) ; llowan and llowans in Armagli,
Meath, and JXiblin ; and llooaun in several coim-
ties. In Tullaroan in Kilkenny the same word is
seen ; but here it is a personal name [lluadhdn or
Rowan, a red-complexioned man — Bnfm), Tidla-
roan meaning Rowan's Tulacli or hillock. With
chn or chim,, lloughan and Roogliann, <ho names
of several townlands; with lack (p. 6), Roolagh in
Ti])porary, Rolngli in INlcath, and Rowlagh in
Dublin; and wiMi iacli (p. 8), wo have Rootiagh
and Routagh in Limerick, and Rootagh in Tippe-
rary. This t in the termination appears in Ruaidh-
tihh [Rootiv], reddish spots of land, which has been
anglicised to Rooves inthe parish of AglishinCork.

YcJhw. Ihiidhc [bwce or boy] yellow is evi-
dently cogimlo with Laiin badiiis, Vr. bai, J'^ng. baj/
(colour). 'I'lio usual form in anglicised names is
boj/, i hough it is somelimcs made bi/, vcc, tviiij, tvcc,
&c., the lust three by the aspiration of the b.

This term, like dearg, was often applied to fords,
from the coloiir of the water, caused by yellow
mud. ^V\w villiig(^ oT Atliboy in Mnaih got its
namofroju a ford on llio river which flows through
it ; it is very frocpuMitly mentioned in the annals

280 Colours. [chav. xvii.

by tlio luinio of Af/i-hiti<I//r-'/7(ic///(/u, \]h) yi'"«'^v
I'oi'd of Tlnchtya, from tlio cclobralul hill of
Tlachtga, now called the Hill of Ward, in
its neighbourhood. The name Atlt-hu'ulhe often
compouiuLs with bdl, ford-nioiith, forming Ucl-aii-
atha-baidhc, the mouth of the yellow ford, which
was the name of a ford on the river Callaii, a little
north of Armagh, where O'Neill defeated l^agenal's
army in 1598. The anglicised form of this —
liellanaboy — is the name of some places in Lcitrim,
Mayo, Sligo, and Donegal ; and it is corrupted to
Ballinaboy in Cork, Gal way, and Itoscouunon.

There are two places in Donegal called Straboy,
one of which (near Glouties) is mentioned by the
Four Masters, who call it Srath-hiiUUic, the yellow
srath or river holm. Other modern fonns of this
word are seen in Dallybinuby near lioche Castle,
four miles from Dundalk, the town of the yellow
bin or peak ; Drumbanaway in Tyrone, the ridge
of the yellow peak ; and Benwee itself — yellow
peak — is the name of some hills in ]\layo and
elsewhere. Fallowvee near Cushendall in Antrim,
ycillow hedge or enclosure (see p. 21(5). TliclKtle
stream Owenwee — yellow river — flows midor tlio
base of Slieve League in Donegal ; and thci'i^ are
other streams called Owenboy giving names to
townlands in Donegal and Mayo.

Broicn. Bonn is brown, dark-brown ; much the
same in meaning as the ]*jnglish word dan : donn,
fuscus, Z. 225. When the word occurs in names,
which is not often, it is generally anglicised down ;
as in Darnadown, the luune of some places in Kil-
kenny and Wexford, signifying brown gap.

Cron [crone] signifies brown, dark-brown, or
swarthy ; and in this sense it is still a living word.
Ardcrone, brown height is the name of a place in
the parish of Currans in Kerry ; Curkacrone near

CHAP. XVII.] Colours. 28]

Callan in Kilkenny, brown oats (coirce) or oats-
land ; Cronkill in Armagh and Tipperary, and
Orunkill in Rosconnnon, brown Avood ; Oruninish,
brown island, the name of an islet in lower Longh
V]\\\(\ I'licro is II. larg(^ hko. called Tjongli Oroan,
(lark-brown lake, in IJosc^ommon, four nn"les from
]\lount Talbot. The syllable cr6n has other mean-
ings, however, which it is sometimes hard to dis-
tinguish from the present in anglicised names.

Green. Glas is commonly translated green ; and
this is its usual acceptation, for we find it often
applied to express the green of grass and foliage.
r»ut the word was also used to designate a greyish,
or bluish green, or rather a greyish blue, a shade
of colour having in it litlle or none of what we
should call green. For instance ghis was ofien
applied to a greyish blue eye, and also to the colour
of the water- wagfail. In its topographical appli-
cation, however, it must be generally understood to
mean grass-green.

The Four Masters record the erection of a fort
called llath-Lochaid, in the reign of Irial Faidh,
one of the pro-Christian kings, at a place called
Glaseharn, green earn or monument, which O'Douo-
van identifies with Glascarn near Mullingar ; and
there is another Glascarn, near Ratoath in Meath.
Gla.scarrig, green rock, is the name of a place on
the coast of Wexford, remarkable for its abbey
ruins. Tn WW^, a. bloody baf (lo Avas fought be-
tween Iwo clans of the O'Neills at a ])lace in the
parish of Aghanloo in Tyrone, which the annalists
call G/(fs-d)vi)iaii)v, green ridge, biit which is now
called Glassdrummond ; this is also the name of
other townlands in Armagh and Monaghan ; and
there are more than twenty in the northern and
W(^sfern counties called nun-o correctly Glasdrum-
man. Glaslough, a 8n)all town in Monaghan,
takes its name, Avhich means green lake, from ihe

282 Colours. [chai'. xvii.

small lake near tlie town ; Glassillan, gi-cou island,
is the name of several small islands oil the coasts,
and in the lakes of Mayo and Galway.

The word assumes other forms, chiefly hy gram-
matical inflection, as may be seen in the following
names. There is a place in the parish of Donagh-
moyno in ]\ronaghan, calh'd Corcnllioiiglisli, wliich
is anglicised from Cor-eiiiUinn-ylais, the romul hill
of the green holly ; Kilmaglush in Carlo w, and
Kilmaglish inWestmeath, both signify the church
of the green magh or plain.

Blue. Gorm signifies blue. It is often applied
to mountains, and of course in this case designates
llieir blue colour when seen from a distance.
Tliere is a range of hills north of Donegal town,
called Croaghgorm, which has also tlie correct
atlas name of liluestack. Beugorm, blue jjeak, is
a high mountain rising over the Killeries in Oon-
nemara ; there is another fine mountain of the
same name over Lough Feeagh, noith-west of
Newport in Mayo, and we have Bingorras near
Slievesnaght in the j^ai-ish of Gartan in Donegal —
Beanna-yorma, blue peaks ; Slievegorm, blue moun-
tain, in the parish of Killererin in Galway.

The word yorm was also used to designate the
colours of various natural objects, such as the soil,
rocks, water, &c. ; and it was applied to several
shades of blue. Poidgorm, blue pool, is f.ho name
of some small lakes in Clare, Cork, and other
counties ; there is a little island in Loiigh Melvin
in Fermanagli, called Gormiuish, blue island;
Gormagh bridge crosses the Silver lliver, two miles
north of Tullamore in King's County — Gorm-
achadh, blue field ; and there is a place called
Gormlee in the pai'ish of Dunbulloge, north of
Cork city — Gormliath, bluish grey, a name derived
from the colour of the soil.

Greij. Riahhach signifies greyish, brindled,

CHAP. XVII.] Colours. 283

swarthy, or tan-coloured — for I find it translated
by all tlicso terms : some Latin writers render it
fuscus. The shades of colour designated by this
word nmst linvo been usual in the surface of tlic
land, for it is very gonoral in local n;uncs ; aiid it
is commonly anglicised in the forms of reagh, rca,
and rcvagh.

The Four Masters, at a.d, 1476, mention a castle
called Rath-riahhach, grey rath, in Longford,
which is now called Rath reagh, and gives name to
a church and pnrish, where the ruins of both castle
iiiid church still rcuiain. In ]\l;iyo, there is another
])arisli of the snuie nauie ; and thisis idso the name
ol' sonic towidaiids in ICilkcJiny and Limerick.
There is a townland near Downpatrick called
lliugreagh, i.e. llinnriahhach, grey point : Agha-
rcjigh, grey field.

The simple anglicised form, Reagh, locally
understood to mean grey lands, is tlie name of
Konio pbices in Cork, ]it)ac(tninK)n, and Down ; it is
softened to Rcc in the parish of Agivey in l)erry ;
while several other places in Galway and Tyrone
are designated by the diminutive Rcaghan, a
name which signifies a small grey spot of land ;
and there are numerous hills in the south of Ire-
land called Slievereagh, grey mountain.

In the west and north-west, the hh of riahhach
generally gets its full v sound ; and in this case
the word is usually represented by revogh : — Gor-
trevagh in Galway, grey field, is the same as Gort-
reagh in T5a'one and in some of the Munster
counties ; the same word appears in Derrygortrevy
in Tyrone, the oak-wood of the grey field ; Car-
rickreagh, grey rock, in Fermanagh, takes the
form of Carrickrevagh in Lcitrim. This term
designates a man in Attithonuisrevagh near Salt-
hill, a suburb of Galway, which means the site of

284 Colours. [chap. xvii.

swurtliy Thoinns's lioiiso {ait, sito ; fcacJi, liousr ;
see IstVoL, TaiL III., c. i.).

Liath [leea] answers exactly to the English
word grey : and in anglicised names it generally
assumes the forms of* lea and leaijh. Leagli itself
in the sense of grey land, gives name to a number
of townlands in various counties ; and the word
takes the form of Lea as the name of a parish in
Queen's County, and of several places in other
counties. The plural Liatlia, grey spots, is repre-
sented by Leaha in Gal way and Kerry, Leaglis in
Tyrone, and Leahys in Limerick. As a diminu-
tive we find it in Lcaghan in Fermanagh and
Tyi(»iio, Leigliiji in CJavan, Lcjahccn iu (ylin-e,
]joighanin l''ci'iniiniigh,Leighon,the name ol' a little
island iwiar Lcttermore island iu Conncuiara^nll
which were originally applied to grey spots dI' land.

Tliere is a village in Fermanagh, situated on
the Finn, called Rosslea, whose name was ob-
viously derived from the piece of land half enclosed
by a bend of the river : — lion- liath, grey peninsula.
Carriglca, Carrigleagh, Oarrigleigh, and Cari'ick-
loagh, are tlie names of townlands in AVaterford,
Cork, and Ijouth, all signifying grey rock ; and
there are several places in Leitrim, Monaghan,
and Roscommon, called Creevelea, grey branch or
branchy tree. In the parish of Two-mile-Borris,
east of Thurles in Tipperary, there is a very
ancient church, which is called in the annals LiatJi-
Mor (great grey spot), and nho Liath-Mochaenihog
Moc/iaciit/tO(/'s grey hind; and it still retains this
latter name in the anglicised form of Lcamokevoge
which transmits the sound truly enough. St.
Mochaenthoy, who founded this church was the son
of the sister of the celebrated St. Ita of Killeedy
in Limerick (see 1st Vol., Part II., c. iii.) ; he is
sometimes called Fulcherius, which is merely a

CHAP, xvti.] Colours. 285

translation of his Irisli nhme ; for Moehacmhog
signifies " my beautiful youth." He was a very
eminent man, and died, a.d. 656. There is
another church, founded by, or dedicated to, this
sfiinf , in (ho south of the county Kilkenny, colled
cm Moclmcmhocj, and now KihnakeYOgo, which
gives name to a parish ; but the people are begin-
ning to call it Killivory from a notion that cacmlwg
means ivorv (see O'Donovan in Four Masters, I.;
266, note h).

rale Grey. The Avord odhar [oar, our] signifies
a dtni colour, a palo grey, or light bro^^•n. It is
f(»nnd in our oldest writings (odnr ; Cor. Gl.), and
it conliinios in use as a living word. Tt usually
occurs in names in tho anglicised forms of ore, oar,
oirrr, our, and era; as in Ardoro in Fermanagh,
and Ardour in Galway, grey height ; Corrower in
]\layo, pale-grey hill ; 5loanour, the name of a
hill near Galbally in Tjinierick, grey bog. Derroar
in tlio parish of Termonmaguirk in Tyrone is
called in the map of the plantation, Dcrijowre, i.e.
Doire-odhar, grey oak-wood : — Seskinore, a village
in Tyrone, is called in tho same map and in early
grants, Shaslxanoure, pointing clearly to Sescenu-
odhar, grey marsh. Turloughour south west of
Tuani in Galway is grey turlovgh (see 1st Vol.
for Turlongh).

There are two townlands in Galway called Ower,
which is notliing but tho simple word, and signifies
dun coloured land ; and Ouragli near Tidlow in
Carlow is an adjective form with the same mean-
ing. Sometimes the simple word Ora is applied
to a hill, as in case of Ora more and Ora-beg
(great and little grey-hill) near the north shore of
Vp]>or Tiough INIacnean in Fermanagli ; from the
foi-mcr of which the adjacent lake, Lough Ora,
lias its name. The d becomes restored (see Ist

286 Colours. [chai'. xvii.

Vol., Part T., 0. ii.) in tlio iiiirao of Odder near
Tara in Meath, wliich is called in the annals,
Odhra, the plural of odhar, signifying pale-grey
spots of land.

The word odhar was sometimes used to designate
streams, to express proLahly the hrown colour of
water that flowed through hogs. In our most
ancient authority, the account of the cattle spoil
of Cooley in the Lehor na hUidhre, a river is
mentioned called Odras, which is an ahstract
noun : — odar, pale- grey ; odras, pale-greyness ; (see
p. 13 for the termination s). This river is stated to
he at Slievo Baune in the east of tlio county Hos-
common ; and as the name Avould he pronounced
Oris, the Odras is prohahly tlie same os the river
now called the Feorish, which ilows from tlie
slopes of Slievo Baune, and joins the Shan-
non opposite Cloondara in Longford ; f heing
prefixed to the name as is done so often in
other cases (1st Yol, Part I., c. ii.). There is
another Feorish farther north in the same county
joining the Shannon near tho southern end ol"
Lough Allen.

We have another example of this application in
the name of the river Nier in Waterford, which
rises from a group of lakes in the Oomeragh moun-
tains, and flows into the Suir helow Clonmel. The
n is merely the article, attracted to the name in
the manner already explained (N'ier, the grey
[river]: 1st. Vol., Part 1., c. ii.) ; and the people
carefully separate them when speaking Trisli, and
give each its proper declension. It appears clear
that this name is an ohlique form of odhar (which
they pronoimce, nom. our, gen. iera, dat. icr) ; for
as I have shoAvn, 1st Vol., Part I., c. ii.), the
custom of using oblique forms as nominatives
has grown into a sort of law in the Irish as well

ciiAr. XVII.] Colours. 287

as in other European languages ; and hence we
call Ara, Aran ; Teamhair, Tara, &c. That this
is the true interpretation of the name is further
shown by the fact that Cninalough or Cumalough,
one oC <ho group of miiiill Inlccs from which the
Nier ilows, is sometimes called Cumalough odhar,
grey Inko, by the natives (" Cumaloch od/iar a's
Con?-na-fjcnpa/l ;" old song).*

The fine valley through which the river flows is
called Gleann-na-hUidhre [Glanahiery], the glen
of the Odhar or Nier ; which has given name to
tlu) barony of Qlcnahiry. And this is a further
]>roof of tlie coiTcctnoss of ilio preceding etymo-
logy; for na-hiiidhre is oxactly (ho genitive of an-
odhar. There is a Glannaheera in the parish of
Ballinvoher, east of Dingle in Kerry, which the
people correctly interpret, the glen of the brown
stream.

The word odhar, with the same oblique pronun-
ciation, but without the attracted article, gives
iijimo to the litflo stream, now called the Ire, which
flows eastward from the well-known mountain
l;il<(^ of (youmshingann (l\\o miles from tluj soiirco
of (he Nicr), and joins (he (Jlodiagh river.

This word odhar is often applied to a cow ; and
several places have doiivcd their names from le-
gendary cows with this designation. Names of
this kind may be known by their terminations ;
for tliey almost always end in iiahcery, mihrrrn, or
iiahoora ; as in Kibiaheery near Clogher in Tyi-ono,
and Kilnahora near Uromdaleague in Cork, Coill-
va-hnidhrr, the Avood of (lie dun cow. Under the
eastern face of Sliove Bcagh on the boundary ol
Tj'rone and Monaghan, there is a small lake called

* TTote I am draw ing on information supplied by Mr. John
Fleming of llatligormuck, of whom I have spoken iu the

1 rola.jc to t!ic second edition of 1st Vohniie.

288 Co/ours. [chap, xvii,

Louglinalieery, wliicli tlic mountain of Essnaliocry
rising ovei* it, wliicli took its name from an ess
or waterfall ; and the hill of Monahoora lies on
the north side of Slieve Croob in Down, Moin-iut-
huidhvc, the bog- of the dun cow. This is also the
origin of the name of the ancient book so oitcn
(juolod in (lieso }»ag('.s, calli'd Lclior iia JiUiiUirc,
[Lower-na-heera], the book of the brown cow ;
for according to the legendary account, it was
written by St. Kieran of Clonmacnoise, and
the vellum of which it was composed was made
from the hide of his favourite dark-grey cow.

Speckled. Brcae [brack] signifies speckled or
parti-coloured. As land, especially hill-sides or
dry npland, often presents u speckled or spotted
appearan(;o, caused by different kinds ot vcigela-
tion, or by the varying colours of the soil or of
rocks, this word is of very frequent occurrence in
local names ; and it usually takes the anglicised
form brack. At a.d. 1601, the Four ]\[asters
mention a place in Galway called Coill-hhreac,
speckled wood — speckled, I suppose, from a mix-
ture of various coloured trees ; it is now called
K}lebrack, and is situated in the parish of
lioitrijn. Willi a slight dilferenco of form we
have Kilbrack in Cork and Waterford, and Kil-
bracks (speckled woods or churches) in Armagh.
There is a townland near Oola in Ijimcrick, called
lirackyle, which is the same name Avith the root-
words reversed. Annaghbrack, speckled marsh.

The l^ia(;kbawn is u line nu^untain stream flow-
ing down the side of the Galty Mountains near
Kilbehenny, and joining the Funshion; or rather
it is itself the head water of the Funshion.
The name properly belongs to a townland through
which the river flows ; and it signifies speckled
whitish land {ban, p. 276). The word bvaek is

CHAP, xviii.] The Animal Kingdom. 289

often applied in this way, as a noun, meaning
speckled land : — Bracknahevla in the parish of
Killarc in Westiucath, speckled land of the orchard
{ahhal) ; Bracknaniuckley near Portglenone in
Antrim, speckled land oF the muchtch or ])i<;gery.
Many other phices taking their names from the
word hreac have been noticed in this and the for-
mer volume.

There is another word for speckled, viz., hrit,
hriof, or hreat, which is also often used in the for-
mation of names. Mullybrit, speclded summit, is
the name of a townland near Lisbellaw in Ferma-
nagh, the same as IMullybrack, Murabrack, and
Mnllaghbrack, elsewhere. ]}rittas, which has been
already no<iced (p. 14), is corrupted to British in
the parish of Killead in Antrim, and forms part of
the name of Ballj^brittas in Queen's Coimty and
Wexford, the town of the speckled land.

CHAPTER XVIII.

TIIR ANIMAI, KINOnOM.

When a place is named from some particiUar kind
of animal, the name of the animal usually comes
in at the end of the local designation, in the geni-
tive plural. Sometimes the article is omitted, as
in case of Slieve-Buck, the name of a mountain
south of i^nniskcrry in Wicklow, of another giving
name to a townland near llaphoe in Donegal,
and of a few elsewhere. The Irish form of the
name is 8liabh-hoc, the mountain of the bucks or
stags. But more generally the article is inserted,
which eclipses the first consonant, if it can be
eclip.sed: this is seen in Carrieknagat and Carrig-
nagat, which occur in many places all over the
country, the Irish form of which is Carraig-na-
VOL. II. 20

290 The Animal Kingdom. [chap, xviii.

(jcat, tlie rock of the (wild) cats. Occasionully the
name of the animal comes first ; as in Uoaninisb,
a little island off Donegal, outside GweeLarra bay,
Jton-inis, seal island ; Roancarrick, the name of
several email rocks and rocky islets round the
coast, resorts for seals — Ron-char raig, seal rock.
This is the same as Car ri guar one, which is also
occasionally met with. This name too has a lite-
rary and romantic interest. When the four chil-
dren of Lir, who had been turned into swans by
their wicked step-mother, were driven about by
tempests on the rough sea of ]\Ioyle (the narrow sea
between Antrim and the Mull of Can tiro), they
n})pointcd Carrignarono as their meotiiig-placc, in
case they should bo separated by the sloriii ; and
wbon Finola, tho eldest, came to tho rock, and
found her brothers absent, she uttered a lament
which Moore has echoed in his beautiful song
" Silent, 0 Moyle, be the roar of thy water."

As I have introduced the subject of seals, it may
be as well to give a few more names derived from
them. The little inlet that boimds the east side of
Aughinish island in the Shannon, two miles above
Foynes, is called Poularone, the pool or hole of
the seal : and the name Poulnarone (hole of the
seals) is often applied round, the coast to sea caves
frequented by seals.

The genitive plural of ron is generally ran, as in
Carraig-na-ron or Carrignarono above-mentioned.
But it is sometimes rointe [roanty], so that rocks
frequented by seals are called Carrignarono in
some places, and in others Carrignaroanty. The
best known name in which this form appears is
that of Roundstone Bay, wliich gives name to the
village of Roundstone, in Connemara. The bay
took its name from a rock frequented by multi-
tudes of eeala, and called from this circumstance

CHAP, xvin.] The Anini a/ Kingdom. 291

Cloch-rointe, the stone or rock of the seals. But
some person ignorant of the meaning took rointc
[roanty] to ho the same us the English word ro?«?r/,
having soinolhing like the same sound, and accord-
ingly iranslal edit iio/^^/f^-stonc instead of ^y? /-stone.

There is yet another vfny of forming names oi
this kind, to which I have to dii-ect special atten-
tion, viz., the name of the animal is brought in at
the end, in the genitive singidar instead of the
genitive plural. And names of this class are in-
tended to express the fact that the places were the
haunts of the animals in question (the same as ii
the genitive plural were used), a single animal
being made to stand for tho whole species. An
excellent example of this is Poulanishcry or Poul-
nashcrry, a well-known inlet of the Shannon near
which you pass in going from Kilrush to Killcee.
It has alwaj^s produced abundance of oysters ; and
there is still an o)^ster-bed at its western side.
This fact is expressed by tho name — ro/l-on-oisirc,
the hole, pool, or inlet of the oyster (not of the
oysters). It is to bo observed, however, that in
some names of this kind, one animal is really
meant ; and then the name is often connected with
a legend. Whether this is the case or not in any
particular place, can only be ascertained from local
knowledge.

Ants and Midges. Miol [meel] denotes any kind
of animal ; different species being designated by
means of qualifying terms. We find it standing
alone in Bellaveel near Ballyhaunis in Mayo, the
hd or ford of Ihe beast [h aspirated to v). When
this simple form is used collective!}'', it is some-
times intended to denote pismires ; as in Drumna-
meel near Enin'skillnii, which is understood there
to mean the ridgo of ilio an(s; and occasionally
it stands for midges, as in Croaghnameal, a moun-

292 The Animal Kingdom, [chap, xviii.

tain six miles east of Donegal town, tlie bill of the
midges.

The diminutive mioltog [meelthoge] is the usual
word for a midge ; and tliis term is i)retty general
in names, always indicating a place where, in
favourable weather, there are swarms of midges.
There is a townland culled ]\lccltoge near Bolturbet
in Cavan, and another, IMeeltogues, in the parish
of Kilskeery in Tyrone, both meaning a midgy
place. Bohernameeltoge in the parish of Killoe in
Longford, is the road of the midges ; there is
a little lake called Loughnameeltoge, among the
Croaghgorm bills, north of Donegal ; and a to^vn-
hind near Ikllinamore in Leitrim called ]3allyna-
meeltoge, the town of the midges. Other Aavi-
valivcH oMbu word v///o/ are npidicd to tlio Hauio
little animal: — as examples take Curragbmcchigh
— midge marsh — the name of a townland and of a
little lake in the parish of Killougliy in King's
County ; C'ornameelta near Boyle in Koscommon,
and Cormeeltan in Leitrim, both meaning the
round hill of the midges.

The general Irish Avord for a pismire or ant is
scangdii [shangaun] ; which is a diminutive from
aeang, slender, and means slender little fellow.
There is a small low bill near the village of Louth,
where an abbey, which afterwards became much
celebrated, was founded in 1148, and consecrated
by the great St. Malachy O'Morgair, archbishop
of Armagh. It is mentioned often in Irish records
by the name of Onoc-na-seangdn, the hill of the
ants ; and it is now generally called in English
IMsniire Ilill ; while the abbey is called Knock
Abbey. There are townlands of this name in
Donegal and Fermantigh, which are now correctly
anglicised Knocknashangan ; and near Lurgau in
Armagh, is a place called Knocknashane and some-

CHAP. XVIII. j The Animal Kingdom. 293

times Knocknaseggane, both of which are varied
forms of the same name. Indeed this hist seems
to preserve the ohiest form of the word, which is
given spgon (without the middle n) in Cormao's
Gh)ssary : nnd it is pronounced all Mirongh Ulster
in accordance with tliis — as if written seaghan,
where the gh is sounded as a strong guttural.

Near the lake of Qartan in Donegal, there is a
place called Maghernashangan, the plain (machaire)
of the pismires ; Coolshangan near luver in the
same comity, and Coolsliingaun in the parish of
lujigh, Clare {caif, a corner) ; Lishecnnashinganc
three miles from Mill town in Kerry, on the road
to Killarncy {li,s?n, a little fort) ; Garranashingaun
in the parish of Castletownarra in Tippcrary {gar-
ran, a shrubbery) ; Aghnashingan in Longford,
the field {achadh) of the ants. There is a little
river near Bantry called Owennashingaun — pis-
mire river — joining the Hen near Dromdaleague.

With the termination ach (p. f3) is formed scan-
gAnach, which signifies a place abounding in pis-
mires ; and this term, in various anglicised forms,
is the name of a great many places indifferent jwrts
of the country. The best known is Shanganagh
in Dublin, between Killiney and Bray, which
Denis Florence Mac Carthy has commemorated in
his poem, " The Vale of Shanganagh." The pro-
nunciation adopted in the poem, which is that
univcrstilly used by the ednc:itod people of the city
and county of Dublin [Shau-gaii'na, to rhyme wilh
manna\ would point to the erroneous etymology,
sean-gaineamh, old sand. ]]ut the traditional pro-
nunciation of tlie native peasantry [Shangana :
accent on S/iang ; the other two syllables very
short] shows that the name is an anglicised form
of Scangdnach. Even to this day these insects are
specially abundant along the banks of the little

894 The Animal KiiKjdom. [chap, xviii.

river that runs tliroiigli llio (owiilaud. There is
also a Shaugunagli in Chire, and another about
three miles from Athy in Queen's County. In
Kilkenny, this name takes the form of Shanganny.
In Cork it is Shananiigli ; in Jifayo, Tipperary,
and Waterford, Shinganagh ; in Qalway, Shinna-
niigh; and in Clare, Shingaunagh. Shingaim, the
simple word, without the termination ach, is the
name of a place in Wexford, and has the same
meaning as all the preceding — a place full of ants
or pismires.

Bee. According to the testimony of many old
writers both native and foreign, Ireland was for-
merly rcimarkablo for its abmidiinc-e of bees.
Stanihurst, Camden, Lombard, David llothe, and
olhors state ihat boos laid up their hoimy in
enonnous combs, not only in hives, but in trunks
of trees and in caves. That they were in old
times regarded as an important article of natural
wealth is shown by the fact that they are often
mentioned in the Book of Rights as forming- part
of the tribute due to kings. Thus, at page 245,
it is stated that the king of Uktid Avas entitled —
among many other things — to " twenty baskets
(hives) in which are bees." (See also Bremore in
IstYol)

Beach [bah] is the Irish word for a bee, cognate
of course with the English word. It sometimes
appears in local names, almost always forming
with the article the termination namngh, i.e. na-
mhcachy of the bees, wlu>rc the h is ecli})sed by m.
'i'hus Cornamagh netir Kingscourt in Cavan [cor,
a round hill) ; Coolnanuigh near the village of
Cecilstown in Cork betAveezi Mallow and Kanturk
{cuil, a corner) ; and Ilalhnamagh in the parish of
Killian in Mayo, the rath or fort of the bees.
Observe that this termination magh must not be
0 on founded with magh, a plain.

oiiAP. xviii.J The Animal Kingdom, 295

Hornet. The word cearnahhan is given in the
dictionaries as the name for a hornet ; but a slightly
different form is perpetuated in local names —
cearnaman [carnaraan]. There is sometimes a
little uncertainty as to the exact animal meant
when the word occurs in names ; in some places
it is understood to mean hornets; in others clocks',
and in Loughcarnaman in the parish of Knockbride
in Cavan, the word is, according to some of the old
natives, applied to a species of fish. There are
several lakes in the north of Ireland called Lough
Nagarnaman (c eclipsed by g) : one for instance at
the liead of Gwc(^l)arra ]'»ay in Donegal, and another
four mih's nortli of Carrickmacross in Monaglinn.

The more nsual Avord for the common clock is
ciarog [koeroge], which literally means black little
thing, from ciar, black. This word is seen in
Loughnakeeroge (tlic lake of the clocks), the name
of a beautiful litde lake in the island of Achill ;
and in Glnslianageoroge, tlio name of alitllo strenni
(lowing into the river Decl near DronicoUiher in
liimorick — the glanha or rividet of tbe hecroges.
In IJallykeerogo in Wexford, it is pre! ty certain
that the word Keeroge is a man's name — Ciarog in
this case being identical in meaning with Ciardn,
now Kieran — see page 271.

Blouse. This little animal is called /?^cA in Irish
{Inch, mus: Z. 71) ; but the diminutive luchog is
the term most generally employed. It is seen in
Inchalughoge, the name of a little stream and of
a townland in the parish of Kilnoe in the east of
Clare, tlie inch or river-meadow of the mice.
Gortnalughoge, mouse-field, is a place in thc-
parish of Mevagh in the north of Donegal ; there
is a townlnnd called "Mullynalughoge near Clones,
the sutnmit of tho mice ; and l^lsknaloughogo is a
hill, four miles west of Sneeni in Kerry, which

296 TliG Aniinal Kiiiydoin, [ynk\.\ xviii.

mxist have tukea its iiamo iruni nu cuk or wutoi-
cLannel.

Wren. In old times, this little bird was regarded
as a great proplict; for by listening atlenlively lo
itfc chirping, those who were skilled in the language
of birds were enabled to predict fndiro events.
Hence the writer of an old Life of St. Moling
translates dreaii, which is one name for the binl,
by " magis avinm," the " druid of birds," imply-
ing that drean was derived from drui-en (drtii, a
drnid; ^n, of birds), and says that it was so called
on accoimt of the excellence of its angury. Al-
thongli I fear this will be regarded as a very
fanciful etymology, yet it shows in what estima-
tion the wren was held in the time of the Avriter.
Our well-known rhyme "The wren, the wren, tlio
king of nil birds," is a remnant, no doubt, of
this ancient superstition.

The wren had several names. Two of them,
dreoldn and dreoilin [drolaun, droleen] are diil'erent
diminntives of the same root ; of which the fVniner
is exhibited in Gortecnadrohine east of Inchigeel-
agh in (Jork, the little Held i)!" Ihewren; and in
Curradrolan, the name of a hill in the north
of Tyrone, a few miles east of Strabane, the
cor or round hill of the wren ; and the latter
in MuUadrillen near Ardee in Louth, the wren's
hill- summit. The other term, drean, we find
in Drumdran, the name of two townlands in
Fermanagh and Tyrone, which means the ridge of
the wrens.

Wagtail. The water-wagtail has received a
namo in Irish which is derived from the colour
of the bird, viz., ghisoy, a diminutive of glas,
green or greyish-green : — glasog, grey-green little
fellow. This is moreover an old name, for it is
the one used in the ancient Irish poetical list of

CHAP. xvTii.] TJiB Animal Kingdom. 297

animals published by Sir William E,. Wilde in
Proc. 11. 1. A., vol. VII. Lisglassock near Bally-
niahou in Longford, took its name from a fort,
wliieli must have been frequented by these little
birds — iho lif^ of tlio waler-waglails ; and the
townhind of Terryglassog near Dungannon in
Tyrone, should have been called Derryglassog,
the drmj or oak-grove of the wagtails.

Bohin Redbreast. There is no difficulty in detect-
ing the name of tins bird in local denominations ;
f(n- it is c.'illed in Irish fipidcor/, which is pronounced
and usually augli(',is(^<l .spi</do(/c. There is a place
near Stradhally in (Queen's Coimty called Kyle-
R[)i(l(loge, the Avood (coil/) of tlie redbreasts ; Tur-
naspidog}?^ near luehigeelagh in Cork should have
been called Tiniaspidogy, as it is anglicised from
Tir-naspidcoige, the land of the redbreast. There
is a townland about five miles south-west of Tul-
low in Carlow, coniainin g tlie ruins of a castle, called
Gritignaspiddogo, (he grd'H or village of the robins.

Sparrow. (Jcalbhun or gcallin [galvan, gal-
loon] is the word usually employed to denote a
sparrow ; fhoiigh wiili various qualifying terms it
is also applied to the linnet, the bulfinch, the
yellow-hammer, and other little birds. Srana-
giilloon in the parish of Inchicronan in Clare,
exhibits theword withitsusual southern pronuncia-
tion— Srafh-na-ngcalhlu'oi, fhe srath or river-holm
of tlie spiirrows. iSo also Derrygabni, two miles
from Kanturk in Cork, sparrow-grove ; and Cloon-
ag;dloon in the parish of Mcelick in Mayo {cluain,
a meadow). I'lie northern varieties of pronuncia-
tion are seen in Urumagelvin in Monaghan, the
sparrow's ridge ; and in Jjisnagelvin near the city
of Derry, tlie /?"<? or fort of the sj)arrows. T^hereis
a small lake at the east side of Sliove Beagh in
]\Ionaghan, called Lough Galluane; another just

298 The Animal Kingdom. [<'iiai'. xvhi.

on tho boundary of Donooal and Tyrone, oii.st of
liOugli Derg, called Lough Ayelvin ; and a third,
three miles north-west of Pettigo in Donegal, with
tho naino of Lough AycUowin — all from tho Irish
Loch-a -ijhealbhaln the lake of tho sparrow.

Snipe. A enipe is denoted by the word naosga
or naosgach [naisga], whieh is genoi-ally easy to
recognise in names. TuUyneasky, the name of a
place near Clonakilty in Cork, is not much changed
from the Irish, Tulaigh-naosgaidh, the little hill of
the snipes; Garrynaneaskugh near Ardfcrt in
Kerry, and Toornaneaskagh in the same county,
the garden and the bleach-field of the snipes.

Another word for a snipe, though not commonly
used, is meantcin. Ballinaminton, three miles from
(lio village of Clara in Kiug's County, is written
in the Down Survey, Bellanamantan, which shows
that it took its name from a ford, and that the
Irish form is Bel-atha-na-meantdn, the ford-mouth
of the snipes.

Grouse. We call a grouse in Irish either cearc-
fraeigh or coileach-fraeigli, [cark-froc, colliagh-frec].
The former is applied to the female, signifying
literally, heath-hen — (eearc, a hen; fntech, heath) ;
the latter to tho male (coi/cac/i, a cock); but in
common use they are applied indiscriminately to
male and female. Places named from this bird
are almost all wild mountain or moory districts,
and any that are not so now, have been reclaimed
since the time the places got the names. There is
a townland nearly east of Glen<ios in Donegal,
called Oronacarkfree, a name which is slightly
corrupted from Cro-na-gcearc-fraeigh, the cro or
valley of the grouse.

The full name of the bird seldom appears in
names however ; the word cearc being generally
used alone ; and although this word means the hen

CHAP. XVIII.] The Animal Kingdom. 299

of any bird, yet in its topographical application it
is commonly intended for grouse. It is easily
iccognised in names, as it always takes some such
anglicised form as cark, hirky, kirk or gark —
the c heing ccH})Rcd by g in tlio last. ])crrycark
near ]]clturbet in Cavan, boars its meaning on its
face — the oak-wood of (tlio hcatli-) hens or grouse;
Coolkirky two miles from Ballinhassig in Cork,
the grouse-hen's angle or corner {ciiil) ; Glen-
nagark in the parish of Kilcormack in Wexford,
and Slie vena gark two miles west of Ballina in
Mayo, the glen and the mountain of the grouse-
hens.

There is a well-known castle, now in ruins,
on a little island in the western arm of Lough
Corrib, called in the Four Masters, Caislen-na-circe,
the Hen's Castle ; but now anglicised Castlekirk,
History tells us that this castle was erected in the
twelfth century by the sons of Roderick O'Conor,
the last king of Ireland ; but local tradition will
have it that it was built in one niglit by two
grouse, a cock and a hen, who had been an Irish
prince and princess.

The other term for a grouse, coikach-fraeigh or
coilcach simply, i.e. cock, is equally common. The
word usually occurs with the first c eclipsed, as it
appears in the following names:— Cornaguillagh,
inLeitrim, Longford, and Monaghan, represents the
Irish Cor-na-gcoillcach, the round hill of the grouse-
coclcs ; Coinnnagillagh on ilie side of Mauhcr-
slieve or " mother-moimtain," south of Silver-
mines in Tipperary (cow, a mountain glen) ; Knock-
nagulliagh near Carrickfergus, grouse-hill, which
same name is applied to a hill near Blessington in
Wicklow, in tlio incorrect form of Croeknaglugh ;
and Glannagilliagh near Killorgliu in Kerry, the
glen of the grouse- cocks. We of ten find the word

300 The Animal Kingdom [chap. xvin.

williout eclipse ; asfor inslimco in IJcnculliigh, ono
of the Twelve Pins in Conuemara, llio name of
whicli signifies the peak of the grouse ; Knockakilly
near Tliurles in Tipporary, in which the genitive
singular form appears, the name meaning the
grouse's hill ; and with the final g pronounced, we
have Derrcenacullig in the ])arish of Killaha in
Kerry, the little oak-wood of the gouse-cock. The
word is a good deal disguised in Rossahilly in
Fermanagh which is anglicised from Ilos-a' -choiUgh ,
the wood of the (sm^/c^) grouse-cock. (See Poulan-
ishery, page 291).

There is a townland in the parish of licsselton,
east of Ballybunnion in Kerry, now called Kilcock,
tlie name of which is curiously corru])ted : the
Gaelic name is Cuil-coilig [Oooh',ollig], the corina-
of the grouse-cock, which the people have augii-
cised by changing Ciiil to Kil, and translating
coilig. The village of Kilcock in Kildare and
Kilcock in Roscommon, take their names from the
virgin saint, Cocca (Cocoa's church), who lived
in the early ages of the church.

Bittct'u. The lonely hoom of the bittern is
heard more seldom year after year, as the marshes
are becoming drained and reclaimed. But we
have names that point out the former haunts of
the bird, and some of them indicate the wild moory
character of the places when the names Avere im-
posed. Bunndn is the Irish name of the bird ; it
is seen in Tievebunnan in the parish of Boho in
Mayo, the hill-side of the bitterns ; and in Cur-
raghbonaun near Tobercurry in Sligo, whei-e tlie
old people have still some memory of hearing the
bittern booming from the c?^/'m<7/i or marsh. About
four miles from the suspension bridge at Kenmare,
on the road to Glengariff, you cross the Feabun-
aun rivulet — the feith or marshy stream of the

CHAP, xviii.j The Animal Kin^om. 301

bitterns. Near the northern shore of Clew Bay,
about six miles west of Newport, there is a small
island called Inishbobunnan : Inishbo, signifies the
island of the cows ; and Inishbobunnan, cow-
island of the bitterns.

Sioan. Judging from various passages in ancient
Irish Kterature, wild swans were much more
plentiful in Ireland in former times than they are
now ; but they are still often seen, especially in
the western parts of the island. The usual word
for a swan is eala [alia]. The word is exhibited
in Doonvinalla, the name of a lofty and almost
insulated promontory in tlie north-west of Mayo,
beside Benwco Head, which well represents tJie
sound of the Gaelic, Diin-hhinne-cala, the forlrcRS
of the peak {hwn) of the swans. The word is
seen also in Loughanalla (the lake of the swan),
the name of some small lakes in Galway and
Westmeath, one of which in the latter county has
given its nnme to a townland near Castlepollard :
and in Fermanagh there is a townland called
JMonalla, the moin or bog of the swans.

Pigeon or Dove. Colum signifies a dove. In
various parts of the country, holes or caves in
rocks, frequented by these birds, are called PoU-
nagolum, in Irish, PoU-na-gcoIum, the hole or
cave of the doves. In the present spoken language
coliir [coloor] is the more usual term for the same
bird ; and it is found more often in names. There
is a little river joining the Finow near Millstreet
in Cork, called Owcnnagloor, i. e. Ahhainn-na-
gcoliir, the river of the pigeons ; Annagloor is a
townland in the parish of Drishane in the same
county (pigeon-ford : ath, a ford) ; and on the top
of one of the Ballyhoura mountains, on the borders
of Oork and Iiimorick, is a largo rock, called
Carraig-na-gcolur, which now usually goes by the

802 The Animal Kingdom [chap, xviir,

name of Pigeon Hock, a correct translation of tho
Irieli.

Jackdaw. The word cudhdg [cu-oge] means a
jackdaw. But in Munster it is always called,
cadhog, and pronounced cawg ; and in this province
the termination -nagaug, or in Gaelic na-gcadhog,
always means " of the jackdaws." Thus Coolna-
gaug near Kinsale is tlie cool or angle of the jack-
daws. There is a place called Dawstowu two
miles north-west of Blarney in Cork, the name of
which is merely a translation from Ballynagaug
{Baile-na-g cadhog) the town of the jackdaws. (See
the word g&g farther on.)

Cormorant. The common cormorant, a large
black sea bird, well known round our coasts, has
got several Irish nnuK^s, most or all of which ai-e
reproduced in local names. One, duibhin [diveuu],
I do not find in the dictionaries, though it is in
general use among Irish-speaking people of the
coasts. And it well describes this fine bird, as it
means literally black-bird ; dubh, black ; dn a bird.
There is a little island in the upper end of Lower
Lough Erne, called Inishdivann, cormorant island ;
and a townland in the parish of Killeeneen in
Galway, south-west of Athenry, is callel Carheena-
diveane, the little caher or stone fort of the cor-
morants.

Another name for the cormorant is hruigheal
[breeal], from which sea- rocks on the west coast
are sometimes called Carrignabryol, or with the
l» eclipsed, Oarrignamrcel, the rock of the cormo-
rants. The bird is often called seagaidh [shaggy
or shoggy] on the Cork coast ; from which again
many rocks are named Carriguashoggy. But the
most curious name for the cormorant is cailleach'
dubh [calliagh-doo] the black-nun, (see p. 95),
which gives the name Carrignagalliaghdoo, to

CHAP. xvTii.] The Animal Kingdom. 303

numerous sea-rocks on the coasts of Galway and
Mayo, where cormorants bask in the sun. Calliagh-
doo has been fancifully translated nymph in
Nymphsfield near Cong in IMayo, which is not the
field of the nymphs but of (lie cormorants.

Hedgehop. Tho common hedgehog is called in
Irish, grdincog, which is no doubt derived from
grain, signifying ugliness or abhorrence : grdincog
ugly or hatefid little fellow. If this be the case,
the name embodies to some extent the idle populai
prejudices against this harmless little animal ; for
the people formerly believed it was a witch in
disguise, and that it used to suck cows, rob
orchards, &c. These stories are spread over all
Europe, and are probably as old as the Indo-
European race. Pliny states that the hedgehog
catches up apples with its prickles; and the
witches in Macbeth find that it is time to begin
their incantations, for

" Thrice the brindled cat hath mewed.
And once the hedge pig whined."

The names that commemorate the haunts of
this animal are not nimierous. There is a town-
land in the parish of Inver in Donegal, called
Meenagranoge, the meen or mountain field of the
hedgehog ; another iji the parish of Eobertstown
in Limerick, near Foynes, called Inchagreenoge,
the hedgehogs' inch or river-meadow ; a small
hill in the parish of Caheragh in the south of
Cork, is called Knock nagranogy, the hill of the
hedgehog ; aiul Oarrynagranogo near Charcvillo
in Cork, signifies the garden (garry) of the hedge-
hogs.

JIare. In another ])lace I had occasion to remark
(hat (ho word fiddh [i'cea] was originally applied
to any wild animal, though latterly restricted to

804 The Animal Kingdom, [(nrip. xvni.

deer (Ist Vol., Part IV., o. vii.). The liaro would
appear to be the smallest aniiiuil to wliicli the term
was applied, if we may judge by the eomposition
of the name (jearr-fhiudh [gerree] ; i. e., short or
small fiadh, from yearr, short or dcficieut. The
usual plural form is geirr-fiadhaclia, which is
pronounced something like yirriha ; and this is
exhibited in Ballygirriha in the parish of Donagh-
more in Cork, the townland of the hares ; and in
Droragurrihy, one mile from IVIonkstown in the
same county, the hares* ridge.

Lamb. A lamb is designated by the word uan,
which is still a living word, and cognate with Latin
a(j)ius ; old Welsh ocn (tin ii, i\'^nn>i: Z. 1 ()(>}. It
usually occurs in the end of names in the genitive
})liival wiih the articlo, forming the easily recog-
nised termination nanoon. Tiiere is a place called
Strananoon west of the southern extremity of
Lough Allen in \j&iivmi,Srath-na-nuan, the river-
holm of the lambs ; and with the same meaning
Inchnanoon in the parish of Kibnacabea in Cork.
Loughnanoon (lamb-lake) is the name of a small
lake five miles south of Killorglin in Kerry ; and
there is a townland called Gortnanoon, the field of
the lambs, near Crosshaven, at the mouth of the
Lee.

There is another word for a lamb, not in such
common use as uan, namely luan ; fi-om which
]\Ialoon near Cookstown derives its name — Magh-
/{(an, the plain of the lambs. There is a place
ctdledMalone, immediately south of l^elfast, which
in the old documents (piotcid at page 217, is
mentioned as an alias name for Tnath-ne-fall, and
there called Mylone ; and this no doubt is the
same as Maloon. The name occurs in combination
in Gortmaloon in the parish of Knockane in Kerry;
the£eld of the plain of the lambs.

ciiAr. XVIII.] The Animal Kingdom. 805

Kid. The word meann and its diminutive mean-
nhn (man, manaun] both signify a kid; the latter
is more commonly used than the former, and it
enters pretty extensively into the names of places
under several modern forms. The southern pro-
nimciation is well exhibited in Cahcrminnaun, now
an old castle ruin giving name to a townland near
Kilfenora in Clare — the caher or stone-fort of the
kids. Near Newratli Bridge in Wicklow is a
place called Clonraannan, the kids' meadow. Car-
rickmannan, now the name of a lake and townland
near Saintftcld in Down, and Carrigraannon on the
Slaney, about five miles above Wexford, both
signily tlio kida' rock, and there is a ])lnco in the
parish of Faugliauvale in Dorry called Ijcgavannon,
tlio big or hollow of the Idd. It is possible that
<hc latter part of some of these denominations may
be a man's name.

Wether. Molt signifies a wether (molt, vervex :
Z. 67). It is well represented in Annamult, three
miles from Thomastown in Kilkenny, which ob-
viously took its name from a ford on the King's
llivor, where slieop were in the habit of crossing;
Afh-na-molt, the ford of the wethers. Ballyna-
mult {Bally, a town) is the name of a place on the
summit level of the road from Clonmel to Bun-
garvan ; Rosmult in the parish of MoyaHff in
Tipperary, the wethers' wood. There is a place
beside Balljnnena in Antrim, now called Brockla-
mont, which is a strange anglioisation of the old
name, Brugh-na-molt, signifying the bricgh or
dwelling of the wethers.

Ilcifer. The word dairt signifies a young heifer
or bull, from one to two years old. This term is
used in the very oldest of our raanuscripf s ; for the
ddiii, liko<lio.<;/^i'(soo sM infra), wasaiu-ientlyonc
of (ho nieasuro'* of value; and the dried hide of n

vol., 11. 21

306 The Animal Kingdom, [chap, xviii.

dairt was used by wnrriovs to cover their bodies
and thoir sliiolds going to battle. It enlors inio
local names ; but here it must be taken as meaning
nothing more than this — that people were formerly
in the habit of sending yearling heifers to graze
in the places named.

There is a liill three miles from Dunmore in tlio
north of Gal way, called Slieve Dart ; a high
mountain of the same name, now called simply
Dart, is situated west of Sawel mountain, just on
the boundary between Derry and Tyrone ; and
there are others still elsewhere : — the name signi-
fies the mountain of the yearling heifers. In Cork
wo have Glandartand Qlandarta, the lieifor's glen.
The diminutive dartan sometimes occurs, as in
Drumdartan near Balliiiiiinoro in Ticitrim, tlio
ridge of the heifer, which has the .sumo meaning
as Drumdart in the same county and in Monaghan,

A colpa or colptJiach is a three year old heifer.
The word is perpetually met with in old law
tracts as a measure of value, and it is still in
constant use in the spoken language. At the
present day, however, in some purls of the country
at least, it is commonly used in connexion with
grazing on commons ; and in this sense it is of t( n
applied to various grazing animals. Six sliec'i)
are called a collop (this is the usual anglicised
term), because they are estimated to eat as much
grass as one full-grown cow. However, in local
names, we must understand the word in its original
sense of a heifer.

Mocollop on the Blackwater above Lismore,
with its castle ruins, one of the old seats of the
Desmonds, is called in Irish Magh-colpa, the plain
of the collqps or heifers. In the parish of Racavan
in Antrim, four miles north-east from Brough-
ehano, is a place caUed Kilnacolpagh ; and near

Chap, xviii.] The Animal Kingdom. 307

Castletownsend in the south of the county Cork,
is Bawnnagollopy, the former signifying the
wood, and the latter the green-field, of the collops.
At Killycolpy, in the parish of Arboe, on the
western slioro of Lough Ncagh, a considerable
portion of the old " steer's wood,'' as it was cor-
rectly called in English, still remains.

The word mart designates an ox or a full grown
cow — a heef ; and hence the compound, mairt-
fheoil, for beef, literally ox-flesh. Stranamart is
the name of a townland in the parish of Killinagh
in Cavau, signifying the srath or river-holm of
tlio beeves ; and the term also appears in the old
nrime of Wcstport in Mayo, which is still the
name of the townland in which the town stands : —
Cahernamart, the stone fort of the beeves. The
old fortress is now effaced, but its site is still well
known within the demesne of the Marquis of Sligo.

Hog. The word w«<c, a pig, has been treated
of in the 1st Volume. There is another word
for a pig, ore or arc, which has in a great
measure dropped out of the modem language, but
is met with often enough in old writings. It is
sometimes xmderstood to mean a young pig — a
honnive — and sometimes it is applied to the last
pig farrowed, usually the smallest of the litter.
Thus the Four Masters record at 1038, "Very
great fruit this year, so that the ores of the pigs
were fattened" (i. o. oven the last pigs of the litter).

This Avord in both forms is pretty common in
local names. In the parish of Killynuud in Donc-
gid is a place called Drumarlc, the ridge of the
pigs ; and Derryork — (oak- grove of pigs) is a
place near Dungiven in Derry. Cloonark {cloou,
inoadoAv) is fonud in Mayo iind Rosconnnon ; and
Ucnlnanark — Ihe iield of the pigs — is the name
of a place near Gort in Galway.

808 Tfie Animal Kingdom, [chap, xviii.

Tlio Celtic word ore is also used to designate
certain large sea animals — whales, sea-hogs or
porpoises, &c. ; and this is obviously the word
that has given name to tlio Orkney Islands,
which Mela and Pliny call Orcades. Some of
the oldest traditions in Gaelic books state that
these islands wore at ono time inhabited by
the Qailcons (a tribe of tho L^irbolgs), and after-
wards by the Picts, pointing clearly to their
early occupation by Celtic tribes. The islands
are called Insi h-ore in old Gaelic writings,
and the surrounding sea Muir n-orc, this latter
denoting the sea of Avhales ; and Insi h-orc, of
which Orkneys is the modern form, means the
"Islands of Whales." Orcades, the old classical
name, is formed on the word ore, the adcs being a
mere termination, as in Ci/cladcs, Sporadcs, &c.

A very young pig is called a hanhh, which is
known all over Ireland in the anglicised forms of
honniv or honny, or with the diminutive, bonneen or
bonni'veen — words used in every part of Ireland for
sucking pigs. The Avord is well seen in Drum-
bonnilf in the parish of Clonduff in Down ; in
Drumbonniv, the name of a townland and of a
little lake, in the parish of Inchicronaun in Clare;
and in Drumbannow in Cavan — all meaning the
drum or ridge of the bonnivs; also in Druraaty-
bonniff in Poscommon, with the same meaning —
drnmaty {drumadaigh) being a mere lengthening
of drum. The h is eclipsed (1st Vol. Chap ii.) in
Possnanianniff near Templemoio in Tipperary,
lios-na-tnbaiibh, tho wood of tho young pigs.

Cat. Tlie name for a cat is the same in Irish
as in English {cat) ; but it is not borrowed, for the
word exists in many languages — Lat. eatus, cattus;
French, chat, &c. Places whose names are de-
rived from this word were so called as being

CHAP. XVIII.] The Animal Kingdom. 809

resorts of wild oats. Roscat in Carlow — the ros
or wood of the cats — preserves the word un-
changed. The genitive singular inflection, caitox
cuH, is commonly represented hy kit ; as in Kilkit
in Monaglian, the Avood of the cat (s(^o piigo 291),
and in llaheenakit in AVicklow, the little rath of
tlie cat. Very often the c is eclipsed by g (Vol. I.
Chap. II.) when the word becomes gat ; as in Lis-
nagat, the name of several places in Antrim, Lei-
trim, and Cork, Lis-na-gcat, the fort of the cats :
and in Feegat in Meath, the wood {fidh) of the cats.

Ram. lleithe is a ram : comes in at the end of
names usually in the anglicised form of rehij or
reha. Near the southern extremity of the Mullet
in Mayo, at the mouth of Elacksod Bay, there is
a little island called Leamareha, the leap of the
ram (see leim, p. 317). There is a conspicuous hill
over the Clare shore of the Shannon, a little
below Carrigaholt, called Knockrehy — the ram's
liill — now commonly c;dlcd llohy Ilill, giving
name to the townland of llehy.

Foal. Tlie most connnon word for a foal is
srarrach [sharrugh], which enters pretty often
into local names. The word is in the masculine
gender, and as in case of other masculine nouns
beginning with s the article eclipses the s in the
genitive singular ; besides this, the final g of the
genitive is sounded fully in the south of Ireland
(»(>e 1st Vol., Cliii|). II.) ; by llieso Iwogrammiiticnl
changes <ho word is often much disguised in
anglicised names, though plain enough to those
who understand the Irish language.

At the Cliffs of Moher in Clare, a steep and
dangerous path near the north end leads down
to the base of the clilf ; this clilf and path
are well knoAvn by the name of Aillenasharragh,
the ail or cliff of the foals. In Wexford, near

310 The Animal Kingdom, [chap, xviii.

Dunbrody Abbey, there is a tovvnlaiid called Clon-
sbarragli ; and near Clonmel in Tipperary is a
Carrigeensbarragb, the first the meadow (cloon),
and the second the little rock of the foals. This
form of the word often occurs and is always easily
recognised.

"JMio eclipse is seen in Aghaterry in the parish
of Killabban, and in Clonterry in the parish of
Ardea, both in Queen's County, the first of which
represents the sound of Achadh-u'-ti^iorraitj/t, the
field of the foal ; the second is the foal's meadow.
At the mouth of the river Laune in Kerry, two
miles below Killorglin, there is a point jutting
into the sea called Pointantirrig, the point of tlie
foal : this name shows both the eclipse and the g
sound at fhe end.

Stud : Jlock. The word graigh or groigh, [gray,
gree] is applied collectively to horses, to mean a
stud or drove : occasionally it is applied to flocks or
herds of cattle without any reference to the par-
ticular kind of animals. It is often found in names,
usually forming with the article the termination
nagnj or nagree. There are townlands in Tippe-
rary, Waterford, Clare, and Galway, named Garry-
nagry and Garrynagree, tlie garden of the horses.
Slievenagry, in the parish of Kilfenora in Clare,
is mentioned by the Four Masters, who call it
Slieve-na-ngvoigheadh, the mountain of the horses —
exliibiting the correct genitive j^lural. Gortna-
gree occurs in Kerry {gort^ a field) ; Coolnagree
in Wexford [ciiil, a corner) ; Carrownagry in Clare,
the qxiarter-land {ceatluwitJtadli) of the horses.

Eel. A good many names of small places
through the country are derived from the Avord
casgan, an eel ; and the form the word generally
assumes is exhibited in Pollanaskin near Castlebar
in Mayo, Po//-fl«-ert5f/am», the hole or pool of the^eel.

CHAP. XVIII.] The Animal Kingdom, 311

The vford gcalidg [galloge], a diminutive of geal,
white, is understood in many parts of the country to
mean a white-bellied eel, though it is occasionally
iipplicd to other fish. It appears in the name of
ISranayallogo cast of Lough Shcclin in Cavan,
which the people call in Irish, Srnthan-na-ngcallog,
the streamlet of the white-bellied eels ; and in
Aghayalloge in the parish of Killevy, Armagh,
the agha, or field of tho white-bellied eels.

Salmon. Braddn is the usual word for a salmon.
There are many lakes in Ireland especially in the
north-\vest — more frequent however in Donegal
than elsewhere — called Loughbraddan, Lough-
nabraddan, and Loughnambraddan, aU signifyin
the lake of the salmons.

Crab. A crab is sometimes called portdn and
sometimes cruboge, this latter meaning the fellow
with many crooba or feet. There is a Carrigna-
bortaim — tho rook of tlie crabs — outside Rinvyle
]*()iiit ill (jalway ; and thJH naiiK^ in found elsovvhoro.
In like manner, from the otlicr term, rocks arc
nanuul (Jurrignacroobugo, with tho same meaning
as tho last.

Limpet. Tlie common limpet is well known on
rocky coasts all round the shores of the British
Islands. It has a conical shell, and is found in
thousands firmly adhering to the rocks when the
tide is out. Its Irish name is bdirneach ; and this
name is used by the English-speaking people at
Kilkee and elsewhere, who call the little animal
bornock. One of the many islands in Clew Bay,
lying two miles west of Newport, is called Ros-
barnagh ; though called an island it is really
peninsulated at low tide ; and the meaning is, the
ros or peninsula of limpets. This word joins with
many other roots to form names : thus we have
Oavr'ignabauvnagh in Cork (I'ook), and Coosna-

312 The Animal Kingdom. j^ciiAf. xvni,

buruugli in Kerry {coos, a cave). Alluumaruagli
ocours on tlie Mayo coast, tlie ail or clift' of the
limpets: here the b is eclipsed by in (see Vol. I.,
Chai). 11.) luisLaniog- — island of llui])ets — is the
name of a little island beside Dawros Head at the
entrance of Lovigbros Bay, Donegal : bere th
form of the name for the animal is not hciirneach
but the diminutive hdirneog (p. 29).

Herring. The common Gaelic word for a herring
is scaddn, old Irish scatan. There is a spot over
the sea in Howth, near the town, called Balscaddan,
the town of the herrings : from which tigain Bal-
scaddan Bay receives its name. It is probable
that this i)lace was so called, because it was the
spot where the herring- boats usually landed their
cargoes in old times, long bel'oro the construe! ion
of llowth Harbour. ]\lany inland places take
names fi-om herrings, probably from being- selected
as places of sale for the lish : but in some of these
the people say that a shower of herrings once fell
there which occasioned the name. This latter
explanation may in some cases be true ; for it is
well known that showers of herrings have some-
times fallen — raised from the sea and borne inland
by violent whirlwinds. In the parish of Kilinac-
talway in Dublin, between Clondalkin and Oel-
bi'idge there is a Coolscuddan, the angle of the
herrings ; and in the parish of Kiltogan in
Tipperary, is a townland called Parknascaddane,
the field of the herrings. In the county Down
g,nd elsewhere there are many names formed
from this word scaddn.

Trout. Breac [brack] signifies a trout, a name
which is derived from its speckled skin {hrcac,
speckled ; page 288), The river Bealanabrack,
flowing inio Lough Oorrib at its extreme western
end must have taken its name from one of its

CHAP. XVIII.] The Animal Kingdom. 313

fords — probably that at Maum, now spanned by a
handsome bridge — which ajBforded amusement to
anglers ; for its Irish name is Bel-atha-na-mhreac,
tlio ford-mouth of the trouts. There are number-
less small lakes in all parts of the country called
Loughnabrack, and Loughnambrack, trout lake.

A well is sometimes met with containing one
inhabitant — a trout or salmon — which is always
to be seen swimming about in its tiny dominion :
and sometimes there are two. These little animals
are usually tame ; and the people hold them in
great respect, and tell many wonderful legends
about them. Tliis pretty custom is of old stand-
ing, and appears to have originated with the early
Irish saints. Tims in the Tripartite Life of St.
Patrick, we are told tliat the saint left two salmon
in the well of Ac/iad/i-fobhair, now Agbagower
in Mayo : — " Then Patrick left two salmon alive
in the well, and they will be there for ever." It
was j)robably a fisli of this kind that gave name
to a little lake in the pari.sh of Drumlease in
Leitrim, two miles nor(h-oast of Drumahaire,
ciilled Lough Aneanvrick {Loch-an-aein-hhric, the
lake of the one trout. There is another little
lake of the same name in the townland of Strana-
mart, j^arish of Killinagh, Oavan, from which a
stream flows into the Shannon before the latter
enters Lough Allen ; but here the name is accounted
for by a sort of legend, that when you fish
in the lake you can catch only one trout at a
time ; and if you go away and come again j-^ou
will catch another, and so on ; but no sacred cha-
racter is attributed to the fish.

While the word hreae is commonly used to
dosignnto a trout, it is of(t>n applied to any small
lisli, the different species being distinguished by
various qiialifying words. I have met with a

814 The Animal Kingdom, [chap, xviii.

great many compound terms formed in ibis way
on the word breac ; and in several cases it is now
difficult to find out what particular kinds of fish
wore meant. Some wore no doubt different varie-
ties of real trout, while others were certainly not
trout at all. Many of these terms enter into the
names of small lakes, in which the several kinds
of fish were foimd ; and these lakes are scattered
over Munster, Connaught, and west Ulster, but
they are especially numeixjus in Donegal.

There is a species of trout, found only in the
lakes of the west of Ireland, and well-known to
anglers, called the gillaroo (Irish giolla-ruadh, red
fellow), because they are distinguished by an un-
usual number of red spots. Great numbers of
biiuill lakes, in the counties of Doiujgal and Kerry,
are called Lougli Nabrackderg, l^ough Nabrack-
darrig, and Lough Nambrackdarrig, all signifying
the lake of the red trouts ; and it is probable that
some or all of these were so named from the
gillaroo. But we have also many small lakes
called Lough Nabrackboy, the lake of the yellow
trouts [huidhe, yellow) : what these are I cannot
venture to conjecture.

There is another curious lake-name which occurs
very often in the west, all the way from Inishowen
to Killarney — Lough Nabrackkeagh, the lake of
the blind trouts {caech, blind) ; but why these
fishes were called breac- caech, or of what particular
kind they were, I am unable to explain. AVe
know that the fish inhabiting tlie gloomy waters
of the great Mammoth Cave of Kentucky, and
those also found in some Carinthian subterranean
lakes, are blind; for their eyes have gradually
degenerated from long disuse, till at last after a
series of generations, they have become merely
rudimentary, and totally insensible to light. Can

vHAV. xviTi.] The Animal Kingdom. 315

it be that our hreac-caech have become blind by
living for ages in those subterranean waters so
common in the limestone districts of the west,
from which they occasionally come to the surface,
wlicro (boy aro caught ? Whatever may bo the
cause, one thing is certain, that the hrcac-cacch is
a litfJo fish cither wholly blind, or having eyes so
small or so imperfectly developed, as to be hardly
perceptible.

There are several small lakes in Donegal called
liough Nabrackbady ; one, for example, about half
way between Lough Nacung and the Gweedoro
river, and another in the valley between the
mountains of Aghla More and iVghla Bog, four
miles north-west from Lough Beagh, The word
headaidhe (represented in the name by hady) is still
used in the colloquial language, especially in
Donegal, and signifies fond of dainties, fastidious,
or saucy. This name signifies the lake of the
saucy or dainty trouts ; and the fish are so called
I suppose from their shyness in taking a bait.*

If the angler should be scared away by the
name of Lough Nnbrackbady, or by that of Lough
Nabrackbeg (the lake of the small trouts) near
Dunglow, let him proceed straight to Lough Na-
brackrawer abovit tAvo miles north of Belleek,
from which, if there be anything in a name, he is
likely to return with a heavy basket — Loch-na-
inhyc(ic-rr<n)))ifn\ the lake of (ho fat trouts ; or (o
Lough Wabrackalan, the lake of the beautiful
trouts {dlainn, beautiful) ; or to Lough Nabrack-

* Tliese lakes have been brought under my notice by tlie
writer of the review of my First Volume of Irish Names of
Places, in the Atkcnmim of Aug. 21, 1869 ; and from him
I have borrowed the explanation of the epithet given to these
little fishes. My orlhogmpjty and interpretation differ some-
what from those of the reviewer; but I believe that it is the
same lake-name that is meant in both cases.

316 The Ammal Kingdom, [chap, xviii.

more near Dunglow, where if lie get a bite tit all,
it is likely to be worth something {breac-mor, a
big trout).

One would think that there never was such a
thing as a drowned trout ; yet there is a small lake
eight miles north of the town of Donegal, called
]j()ugh Nabrackbautia, the lake of the drowned
trouts {bdidhte, drowned — see c. xxii.) Perhaps
the same explanation will apply to this as to
Lough Nabrackdeelion, which is the name of
several of the Donegal lakelets — of one, for in-
stance, in a chain of lakes, four miles south-east
of Glenties. This name signifies the lake of the
flood-trouts {dileann, a flood) : and the little fishes
are so called because they always appear in those
lakes after floods, which probably sweep them
down from higher waters.

The diminutive, briein, has given name to Glen-
brickeen, north-west from Clifden in Galway, the
glen of the little trout ; and to another place far
better known, Brickeen Bridge at Killarney, the
name of which means " little-trout bridge : for
the Irish form is I)roichead-a' -bhricin [Drehid-a-
vrickeen], of which the present name is a correct
half-translation.

Various Animals. In the following townland
names, animals of several kinds are commemorated.
Carrickacroman near Stradone in Oavan, the rock
of the kite (croman, a kite). Qlcntillid in the
j)arish of Leclc in Donegal, the glen of the snails
[seilide, a snail : s ocli])scd by t) : Legatillida in
the parish of Aghalurcher, h'ermanagh, tlie leg or
hollow of the snail. In the parish of Ballintober
in Hoscommon, is a place called Rathnalulleagh,
the fort of the milch cows : the same word is
seen in Derrylileagh, the name of a townland and
of a considerable lake in the north of Armagh,

CHAP, xvm.] The Animal Kingdom, 317

near the shore of Lough Neagh, the oak- grove of
the milch cows. (See Owendahilagh in 1st Vol.).

Tlie word Mini [laim], a leap, is very often used
to designate spots where animals were in the habit
of passing — a narrow part of a river whore they
crossed by bounding from one bank to the other,
a rent in a line of rocks affording just room to
pass, a narrow pass across a hill ridge leading
from one pasture to another, &c. Sometimes this
word leim commemorates a legend (for this, see
the article on Loop Head in 1st Vol.) ; and some of
the following names may come under this head.

Leam itself, the usual anglicised form, is the
name of eight townlands in various counties : in
several other places it is given in translation —
I;cap. There is a townland in the parish of Killina-
boy in Clare, called Leamaneh, Gaelic L^im-an-
eich (Four Mast.), the leap of the horse ; which is
also the name of a parish in "VVestmeath, now
always cfdled Ilorseleap. Thi s also forms part of the
name of Lemnaroy, four miles south-east of Ma-
ghera in Londonderry, which is contracted from
IJim-an-cich-imaidh [Lomaneh-roo] the leap of
tlie red horse. Certain cliffs in Galway are known
by the name of Lenmaheltia, the leap of the doe
{eilit) : one of these, rising over Kylemore lake,
gives name to a to^^Tiland : here they have a
legend of a hound chasing a doe ; and the spectral
cliase still goes on. Leamlara, four miles north of
Cavrigtohill in Cork, isthe leap of the mare \Idir)\
and in the parish of Ardclinis in Antrim there is
a place called Lemnalary, which is the same name
only with the addition of the article. A little
river running into Roaring Water Bay in the
south of Cork, is called Leamawaddra, the leap of
the dog [madi-a].

Animal Life. Sometimes other means are

318 The Vegetable Etngdom. [ohap. xix.

adopted of denoting tlie presence of animal life.
Near Nobber in Meatli a sluggish stream is crossed
by Deegveo Bridge : — dig [deeg], a ditch : beo,
living : Buj-hheo, living ditch — alive with frogs.

The word grug [graiig] denotes the cawing of
crows, iXxQ croaking, cackling, or screaming of
birds of various kinds. Oragarnagh in the parish
of AglniamuUiu in Monaghan, signilics the cack-
ling of geese, hens, or birds of some sort (postfix
mack, p. 16). The same derivative appears in
Gortnagrogerny in the parish of Killasnet, north-
west of Mauorhamilton in Leitrim, the govt or
field of the cackling. Another derivative is gra-
gam, from which is derived the name of Glenagra-
gara in the parish of Kilfergus, near Glin in
Limerick, the glen of the bird-cackling — a place
remarkable to this Any for wild birds.

CHAPTER XIX.

THE VEGETABLE KINGDOM.

Corn. The word arhhar [arwar, arroor] signifies
corn of any kind, "particularly so called when
standing, or before it is threshed " (O'Brien :
Irish Diet.). It may be supposed that those places
whose names are partly formed from this word,
were originally isolated corn-producing spots,
surrounded by uncultivated or unproductive land.
It appears in Knockanarroor near Killarney, Cnoc-
(Ui-arbhair,i\x(i\i\\\ of tho corn; and in Lis.sanarroor
near Galbally in Limerick, Avhich probably got
its name from a lis or fort in which corn used to
be stacked up.

Another form is arhha [arwa, arroo] from
which arhhar appears to have been formed by the

CHAr. xix] The Vegetable Kingdom. ^19

addition of r (p. 12) ; and it enters into names aa
often at least as arhhar, Meeuanarwa in the parish
of Inishkeel in Donegal, near Lough Finn, signi-
fies the mccn or mountain flat of the corn ; Coolan-
anoo in tlio parish of Tuosist in Kerry, south-
west of Kcumare {cuil, a corner) ; Clonarrow near
Philipstown in King's County, corn meadow ;
Derryarrow near Mountrath in Queen's Coimty,
the demj or oak-grove of the corn.

WJicat. Wo know for a certainty that wheat
has been cultivated in this country from the most
remote ages ; for we find it constantly mentioned
in our ancient literature. Many illustrations of
this might bo given, but one will be suflicient.
In A.i). G51, Donogh and Conall, the two sons of
Blathmae [Blawraac], afterwards king of Ireland,
were slain by the Leinstermen at " the mill of
Maeloran the son of Dima Cron." This event is
recorded in the Annals of Tighernach (who died in
1088), in tho Annals of Ulster, and in the Annals
o[ tho Four Masters. A contoniporary bard com-
posed a poem on the event, in wliicli he apostro-
phises tho mill in tho following strikingly vivid
stanza : —

"0 mill, what hast thon ground? Precious thy wheat I
It if? not oats thou hast ground, but the offspring of

Cearl)hall (i. e. the two princes).
The grain which the mill lias ground is not oats but blood

red wheat;
With the scions of the great tree (Cearbhall) Maeloran's

mill was fed."

Mageogheghan, in his translation of the Annak
of Clonmacnoise, says that " Donogh and Connell
were killed by the Lynstermen near IMollingare,
in the mill of Oran [or Maeloran] called Molleno-
ran." This mill was situated on the little river
that runs from Lough Owel to Lough Iron, near
the point where the river is now crossed by a
bridge ; and the place still retains tho name of

320 The Vtgetahle Kingdom, [cw.kw xix.

Mxillenorim. It is ciirious that a mill oxistod there
from the time of the death of the princes — and no
one can tell hovr long before — down to the end of
the last century ; and there are some old people
still living there whose fathers saw it in full work.*

There are two native Irish words for wheat,
tuireann and crnithieacht [cnmnat] ; hut I will
notice onl}- the latter, for I do not lind the other
commemorated in names. Cormac Mac Culleuan, in
Ms Glossary (ninthi century), derives cruithneacht
from cmith [cruh], blood-coloured or red,and nccM
clean : the first part of this derivation is probably
correct, but I fear modem philologists will be incli-
ned to believo necht a mere termination (sec page
2). Be that as it may however, the etpnology suffi-
ciently proves the interesting fact, that the wheat
cultivated in the time of the venerable king bishop
CoiTuac — 1000 years ago — was the very same as
the Irish wheat of the present day; for every
farmer knows that the old Irish wheat — now fast
dying out — is distinguished by its red colour.

It is worthy of remark that in several other
languages, wheat — as Pictet shows (Les Originc^,
I. 261) — has been named from its colour, not
indeed from its redness as in Ireland, but fiom its
whiteness as compared with other kinds of corn.
As one instance niay be mentioned the English
word wheat, which he shows is only another form
of tthite.

Near Castleblaney in Monaghan there are three
adjoining to wnlands called Tullanacrunat, modern-
ised from Talamh-na-cruithneachta, signifj^ing the
land of the wheat ; Portnacrinnaght in the parish
of Kilnamanagh, Roscommon, the port or landing-
place of wheat ; Tullycreenaght near the town of
Antrim, wheat hill.

• Bee O'Donovan in Four Masters at ad. 647.

ciiAi'. XIX.] The Vegetable luiigdom. 321

The simple word gives name to Crunagh in the
parish of Loughgill}', and to Crimaght near
Market-hill, both in Armngh ; and the diminutive
(see p. 19), to Crinnaghtane near Kihvorth in
Cork, and to Criniiaghtaun near Cappoquin in
AVatcrford; all thcf^e fo.ir names meaning wheat
or wheat-bearing hmd.

Oafs. The obsc.vati)ns made about the early
cultivatioii of when' Apfy equally to oats; numer-
ous references to i ^ s cultivation and use are found
in our most ancient literature. In recent times,
before the potato became very general, oats formed
one of the principal articles of food of the people ;
and ovni so lain as tlio beginning of the present
century, a quern or hand-mill, chiefly for grinding
oats, was a very usual article in the houses of the
peasantry.

The Irish word for oats is coirce [curkia] ; Welsh
ceirch, Armoric korh ; and it appears with its full
pronunciation in liissncurkia, tlio name of two
places iu Koscommon, one near Tulsk, and tho
other in the parish of Tibohine, near Frenchpark
— tho fort of tho oats, a name of like origin to
Lissanarroor (p. 318) ; while another form of the
word appears in Farranacurky near Lisnaskea in
Fermanagh, oats bearing land (fearann).

This word is very often shortened to one
syllable ; but whether shortened or not, it is easily
recognised : the examples given here include almost
all its anglicised forms. Gortachurk is the name
of a townland near Bellananagh in Cavan ; and
there is a place called Coolacork in the parish of
Dunganstown, south of Wicklow ; the former
signifying the field {govt), and the latter the angle
or corner (ci'ii/) of the oats.

BaHcy. The Iiish word for barley is c6nia
[orna], Avliich is very correctly reprcsc^nicd in
vor. II. ' 22

322 The Vcgctahlc Kiuydom. [ciiAr. xix.

Cooliialioniii, the namo of places in Wexford
ami AVatorford, tlie angle {cidl) of the barley ;
in Tavnaghorna, now the name of a little
stream near Cushendall in Antrim, whose pi-oper
meaning is barley-field. The word seldom gets
its full pronunciation, however, in modernised
names, the final vowel soimd being generally
omitted. In the north of Derry, near Portrush,
there is a townland called Craignahorn, the rock
of the barley ; Mulnahorn, barley hill (mtcl), is
the name of two townlands in Femianagh and
Tyrone ; Glennyhorn in the parish of Clontibret
in Monaghan, is a corrupt form of the correct
name, Cloonnahorn, the cioon or meadow of the
barley ; Cappaghnahoran west of Mountrath in
Queen's County, barley-field {eeapach).

There is a little lake near Ncwry, giving name
to a townland, called Loughorne, barley lake ;
another of the same name, in the slightly different
form Lough Ourna, four miles north of Nenagh
in Tipperary ; and still another among the hills
over Glengarriff, which is conspicuously visible
on the loft hand side of the road to Kenmare as
you approach the tunnel : but this is lunv always
called IJarley Lake. It is not improbable that
these lakes may have received their names
from the circumstance that barley used to be
steeped and malted on their margins in ages
gone by.

liyc : Irish seagal [shaggal] : corresponding
with the Latin secale, and French seigle. In
modern namcb it appears almost always in the
forms of tacjijle and tetjcjic, the s being changed to t
by eclipse. Lissataggle in the parish of Currans,
near Castleisland in Kerry, is in the original Lio&-
a'-tseagail, the fort of the rye (see Lissanarroor,
p. 318) ; Coolataggle near Borrisoleigh in Tippe-

CHAP. XTX.] The Vegetable Kingdom. 323

rary [cuil, a corner) ; Pollataggle near Gort in
Galway, the hole or pool of the rye.

Beam. The bean is designated in Irisli by the
word ponaire [ponara] ; which corresponds with
the Welsh ponar, and English bran ; whence we
have Ardiiaponra. near Moate in Wostincath, cor-
rupted from Ard-na-bponaire, the height of the
beans. In the south and west, the n is commonly
omitted in pronunciation [poria] ; and this con-
traction is also carried into local names — Coolpowra
near Portumna in Galway, the hill-back [cul) of
tho beans. In the greater number of cases the
p is itspirntod; as in Gortecna])horia in tho parisli
of ]\[oyaliff in Tip})crary, and Gortaphoria near
Dingle bay, west of Drung hill — both meaning
bean-field.

Fea. Pis [pish], genitive ^;/se [pisha], signifies
pease of all kinds, and is of course cognate with
Eng. pease ; Lat. pisum. It is almost always
anglicised pish and pisha; as in Coolnapish and
Coolnapisha in CmiIow, Kilkenny, and Limerick,
the angle or liill-back {cicil or eiil] of the pease :
Aghnn;i]iisha in Wcstmoalli, the field of the pease.
From I ho diminutive piscdn [pisliane | is formed
(by the addition of ach — p. 3) Pishanagh, thi
name of two townlands in Westmeath, signifyin'„'
a place producing pease.

Berries. A berry of any kind is denoted by
caer [kcar]. It is sometimes represented in names
by heare, as in Dromkoaro on the shore of Lough
Currane or Waterville lake, in Kerry, the ridge
oE boi-rics ; and Knockcoolkeare in the parish of
Killccdy in Limerick, the hill of tlie angle {cuil)
of the berries. In far the greater number of
cases the c is eclipsed by g, and then the word is
roprcsenfcd by grer or soine such anglicised form.
Glennai^oare in Cork and Clare, is in Irish Glcann-

324 The Vegetahle Kingdom, [chap. xix.

na-gcaer, the glen of the berries ; Croaghnagecr,
a reniarliuble lull near the gap of Barnesmore in
Donegal [cricach, a round hillj : so also Kilnageer
in Mayo and Monaghan {coill, a wood) ; Gortna-
gicr in Galway {gorf, a field) : and IMonagear in
AVexford, the hog (moin) of the berries.

Another word for a berry is suhh [suv, soo],
which is connnonly reslriclcd to soft juicy boi lies.
In its simple form it is often applied to the straw-
berry, though the usual name of this is subh-
talmhan [suv-talloon], berry of the earth. The
word is usually anglicised soo, suff, or sov. There
is a place near Newtown Hamilton in Armagh,
<alled Inishnasoo, which the Four ^Masters write
Iim-na-siibh, the island of the berries, or straw-
berries. Cornasoo south-west of the town of
]\Ionaghan, the cor or round hill of the berries.
There is a Lisnasoo in Antrim [Uos, a fort), and a
KnocknasufE near Blarney in Cork, the hill of the
strawberries.

Gooseberry. Splondn [speenaun] is a gooseberry
or a gooseberry bush, a diminutive form spin a
thorn, which is of course the same as the Latin
spina. Spinans in the parish of Donaghmore in
Wicklow, sign ides a place (or i-ather places, for
tho word is plural) abounding in gooseberry
bushes ; and with another diminutive we have
Speenoge in Donegal, north-west of Derry — same
meaning: Killaspeenan near Newtown Butler in
Fermanagh, the wood {coill) of the gooseberries.
In some cases an r is corruptly inserted after iho
p, an example of which is ('airi<k.springaii lu^ar
Moynalty in Meath, the rock of the gooseberries.
And in some parts of Munster the i is replaced in
pronunciation by u ; which is exemplified in Lis-
nasprunane, the name of a fort in the townland
of Garranroe, near Adare in Limerick, gooseberry
fort.

CHAP. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingdom. 325

Blackberry. Smear [smare] is the word for tko
common blackberry, and it gives name to a con-
Ridorable number of places. It is seen unchanged
in Smear in the pnrisli of Columkille in Longford,
Kignilying a, pl;l(•(^ prixbicing b]ackborri(>a : indeed
tlie word almost always preserves its orii^inal Irish
form in anglicised names. Cappanasmear near
Borrisokane in Tipperar}^, the plot [ccajmeh) of the
blackberries ; Creenasmear at the base of Muckish
mountain in Donegal [crioch, a district) ; Coolna-
smear near Dungarvan, blackberry corner ; Diuni-
nasmear in the parish of Layd in Antrim, the
ridge of the blackberries. With the affix lack
(p. 5) this word gives name to a little river
Smearlagh which flows into the Feale near Listowel
in Kerry, the blackberry-producing river.

Nut. A nut of any kind is denoted by end
[kno; both k and n sounded]. The old form, as
given in Cormac's Glossary, is cnu, cognate with
Jjat. ni(x, and J^liig. nut, both of which have lost
the initial c, The word has several plural lV)rms,
one of which ennoi, gives name to a parish in Tip-
perary, now c:dl(>d Knigh — a name signifying a
place producing nuts. Derrycnaw in the parish
of Feakle in Clare, signifies the derry or oak-wood
of the nuts. There is a little lake in the
parish of Kilgarvan in Kerry, near the river
lloughty, called Coolknoohill, which represents
the Irish cuil-cnochoill, the corner of the nut-hazels
{coll, hazel).

In the preceding names the n has kept its place ;
but it is generally changed to r in anglicised
names, by a usual phonetic process explained in
1st Yol., Part I., c. in. ; and this is always the
case when g replaces c by eclipse. Both changes are
exhibited in Oh)()nn!igro near Lough Qrancy in
Clare, not far from Derrycnaw, mentioned above,

326 The Vegetable Kingdom, [chap. mx.

in Gaelic, Chiain-na-gcno, tlie meadow of llie nuts;
and in Cavanagrow, two miles from ]\Iarketliill in
Armagli, nut hill. Observe it is sometimes hard
to distinguish this word in anglicised names
from creainh or cncamh, wild garlic.

Floucr or blossom. There are several Irish
words for a flower, of which I find only one
rcpi'oduccd to any extent in names, viz., bldtli
[hlaw]. It is connected with Sanscrit ■phuU, to
hlossoin; with Latin fios; 0. II. Germ, blot; A.
Sax. htosma; English blossom, bloom, and blow,
We have names formed from this woi'd that not
only s])cak of ilowcry fields, hut testily to our an-
cestors' perception and appreciation of tliis sort of
quiet natural beauty. The popular admiration
f(H' flowers Kconis lo bavo been devolopcd among
the people of Ireland at a very early period, if
we are to judge by the cognomen of one of our
ancient kings, and the circumstance said to have
given rise to it. A little earlier than the time of
Ollav Tola — ever so many centuries before the
Christian era — reigned Fiacha Finscothach [Feeha
Finscoha] ; and the legendary records tell us
that he received this name because " every plain
in Ireland abounded with flowers and shamrocks
in his reign " (see p. 54, supra]. Some of the old
authorities interpret ./m in this name to mean wine
{scoth, a flower; finscotha, wine flowers)— for
" these flowers moreover were found full of wine,
so that the wine was pressed into bright vessels "
(Four Masters) —a bardic way of saying that wine
was mad(; from tlu^m. ( )rlicr,s again believe— and
this is O'Donovan's opinion (Four ]M., a.m. iJ8U7)
—that Jin here means white:— this king "was
Burnamed Ffinsgohagh of the abundance of white
flowers that were in his time** (Mageoghegan,
Ann. Clon.).

CHAP. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingdom, 327

The names derived from this word are not,
numerous. Cloneblaugh near Clogher in Tyrone
is one of the most characteristic, Cluain-hlathach,
flowery meadow ; Ballyblagh is the name of
j)luccg in Armagh, Down, and Tyrone; and
tlicre is a Ballybla in Wicklow, the townland of
the flowers or blossoms. AYe have in Inishowen,
Donegal, Carrowblagh, and on the western shore
of Lough Swilly in the same county, Carryblagh,
both in Irish, Oi'afhramh-bldf hack, fiowery quarter-
land. In some of these last-named places however
the termination hlagh is understood to mean milk
— Gaelic hleadhach. About five miles east of
Donegal town, there is a place called Blabreen-
agh, which the old ^people still imderstand to
be Bldth-bruighncach, the bmighean [breen] or
fairy-fort of the blossoms. Near Coleraine there
is a place called Blagh, which represents the
adjective form Bh'itJiach, flowery— a flowery place.

Scofh [skoh], another word for a flower is
very slenderly reptoHcntcd in local mimes. In
the parish of Orossbo3aie in Mayo, there is a
townland called Kilscohagh, a name which is
anglicised from Coill-scothach, flowery wood; and
we have Kilscohanagh near the village of Drom-
daleague in Cork, which probably has the same
meaning ; but here the diminutive syllable an is
inserted.

Fla^. One of the names of this plant is still
preserved in a great number of the European
languages, the forms slightly varying, but all
derived from the root lin. The Greek word is
linon ; IjoXmlinum (whence Eng. linen and lin-
seed) ; A. Sax. lin; Buss, lenii : Bohem. kn, &c.
This shows that it was cultivated by the western
Arynn people since before tho time of their se-
paration into \\\(?. various nationalities of Europe

328 The Vcijftahlc Kingdom, [chap. xix.

Tho invostio-ations of Dr. Oswald Ilcer of Munich
luive lod liiin to believe iluit the original home
of cultivated flax was on the shores of the Medi-
terranean ; it was cultivated in Egypt more than
4000 years ago ; and it has been found in the
oldest of the lake dwellings of Switzerland.

The Celtic tribes who first set foot on our
shores, brought the plant and a knowledge of
its cultivation with them ; and corresponding
to all the names given above, is the Irish /i;i [leon],
which is still the word in universal use for flax.
Besides the evidence of philology, our own records
sliow that linen was manufactured in Ireland from
the earliest historic times. It was a favourite ar-
ticle of dress, and was worked up and dyed in
a great variety of forms and colours, and exported
besides in large quantities to foreign nations. ISo
that the manufacture for which one portion of
Ireland is famous at the present day, is merely an
energetic development of an industry, whose
history is lost in the twilight of antiquity.

We have a great number of places to which
this plant has given names, and the word lin ge-
nerally appears in the modernised forms hen, lin,
and line — most commonly the first. Coolaleen in
the parish of Killeedy in Limerick near the vil-
lage of Broadford, is in Irish Ciiil-a'-lin, the comer
of the flax ; Crockaleen near EnniskiUen, flax-hill ;
Ciortaleen in Cork and Kerry, the field of the flax.
From the nature of some of the names we may
infer that the species they commemorate was the
wild or fairy-flax, or as they call it in somo places,
lin-na-mnasiijhe [leenaranaw-shee]. This was pro-
bably the case in Killaleon near Drumahaire in
Leitrim, and in Killyleen near the town of Mo-
naghan, both signifying} the wood {coill) of the
flax.

(ii\r. XIX. 3 The Vegetable Kingdom. 32!)

Other places seem to have received their names,
not from producing flax, but because they were
selected as dr3'ing'-places for it, after steeping ;
such as Lisheeualeen in Cork, Galway, and Tip-
perary, and Ratlileen near Inistioge in Killcenny,
where, probably, the flax was spread out on the
green area of the IhJiecn, rath, or fort. And the
peasantry were, no doubt, long accustomed to put
I beir flax to steep after pulling, in the pools of
Monaleeu {moin, a bog) near Newtown Mount-
kenncdy in AVicklow ; and of Curraghaleen {ciir-
ragh, a marsli) near tlio railway line, four miles
west of Athlonc.

Foxglove. The coiniiion foxglove, fjiiry-finger,
or fairy-thimble — for it is known by all these
names — the digifa/is purpurea of botanists — is in
Ireland a most potent herb ; for it is a great fairy
])l;int ; and those who seek the aid of the good
people in the cure of diseases, or in incantations of
any Icind, often make use of it to add to the power
of tlirir spells. It is known by several names in
Irish, one of the most common being hcsmore,
great herb ; but I do not find this appellation re-
produced in local nomenclature. It is also called
sian or sian-sleibhe (shean-sleva), i.e., sian of the
mountain, because it grows plentifully in upland
or hilly districts.

As the foxglove is a showy and conspicuous
plant, and one besides of such mysterious repute,
it is not a matter of surprise that it enters pretty
extensively into names. The initial s of sian is in
every case that has come under my notice, changed
to t in anglicised names, by eclipse ; and the word
generally presents itself in such forms as teean,
teane, tain, tine, &c. But as the word sidhean, a
fairy mount (sec 1st Vol.), often also takes the
s;nno forms, i( is sonu-liuK^s hard to dislingnish

330 The Vegetable Kingdom. [cuai'. xix.

(lie correct moaning of tlicso syllables. It often
happens indeed, hero as in other cases, that our
only guide to the true meaning is the tradition oi:
the old people of the neighbourhood.

Near Cushendall in Antrim is the towiiland of
Gortateean, which would be called in Irish Gort-
a'-isiain, the field of the foxglove. Mullantain is
the name of a place near Stewartstown in Tyrone ;
and there is a townland in Kildaro and another in
Armagh, called Mullantiue : — all meaning the hill
{mill) of the fairy finger ; Drumantine, foxglove
ridge, is the name of a place five miles north of
Newry ; Carrickateane and Carrickatane, the
names of some ])laces in and around Cavan — the
rock of the foxglove.

The word VKUiracdn, which properly means a
thiuible (a diminutive in cdii, from mair, a linger,
just like thunble from thumb), is also applied to
this plant, and corresponds with the English name
of fairy thimble. In the parish of Inchicronan
in Clare, there is a townland called Gortnameara-
caun, the field (gort) of the fairy thimbles ; at the
western extremity of which is a little handet
called Thimbletown, an attempt at translating the
name of the townland.

i'lrw. As many of the common kinds of fern
grow in this coimtry in great abundance and luxu-
riance, they have, as might be expected, given
names to numerous places. The simplest form of the
Irish word for the fern is raith, which is used in some
very old documents ; but this form is wholly for-
gotten in the modern language, and I cannot find
that it has been perpetuuted in names. The
nearest derivative is Rathain [rahen], which is the
Irish name (as we find it in many old documents)
of the parish of Rahan in King's County, well
known in ecclesiastical history as the place where

CHAP. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingclom. 331

St. Carthacli was settled before lie founded his
great establishment at Lismoi'e. This name, which
signifies a ferny spot, occurs in several other parts
of Irelnnd. The Mnc Sweenys had a castle
at a j)lace called llahan near Dunkineely in
Donegal, which the Four Masters call liathain ;
there is a parish in Cork, near Mallow, with the
same name, and seveial places in diifcient coun*
tics have the names Kahin and Rahans — all
menning the same thing.

The common word for the fern is raithne or
rnif/niraeh [rahna], which latter form is found in
Cormac's Glossajy, and is used by the Irish-
sj)oakiiig peasantry all over the country at the
present day. One of its diminutives, llaiih-
ncachdn, in the anglicised form llanaghan (a fern-
growing spot) is the name of places in each of
the four provinces. All the preceding forms are
further illustrated in the following names.

Ardrahan, a small village in the county Galway,
conlaiuiug an old castle and a small portion of the
ruins of a round tower, is often mentioned in the
annals by the name of Ard-rathain, ferny height;
and this also is the name of two towidauds in
Kerry, and of one near Galbally in Limerick.
There are several j)laces in ditferent counties
called Drumi-ahan, Drumraine, Drumrane, Drum-
rainy, and Drumrahnee, all signifying the ridge
of the ferns.

Ta.vnaghranny {fnvnar/h, a field) is a place in the
parish of the Grange of Layd in Antrim ; Lis-
renny, ferny fort, is situated three miles north of
7Vr(lee in lioutli. In Weslport bay, just outside
the town, there is a small island now called Inish-
raher ; this name is corrupted from Inis/iraher.
(change of Ji to ;•; see 1st Vol., Part I., c. in.), for
the annalists, who mention it more than once as

<332 The Vegetable Kingdom, [ciur. \1X.

the scene of skirmishes, always call it Tnis-raithni
or Inis-rathain, i.e. forny island. There is another
small island near the western shore of Strangford
Lough in Down, called Rainey, which is merely
the phonetic representative of liaifhnig/ie, i.e. ferns.
(See Coleraine, IstVol.)

Thiatle. This plant is denoted in Irish by either
ft)faiindn ov follianndn [fohanaiin], hoth of whicli
are obviously the same word, varied by dialectical
corruption — for in Irish there is occasionally an
interchange between th (which sounds the same as
h) and/ (see 1st Vol. Part I., cm.). Although
these are the words now employed, it is obvious
that {\\Q ioxxixB fothan awdifoj'un, of which (hey are
diminutives, were in use at an earlier jieriod ; for
we find the adjective form Foffanagh (a place full
of tliistles) as the nameof a towiilanda lililo norlli
of liuucrana in Donegal; which is the same as
fofanny in the two townland names, Fofannybane
and Fofannyreagh (white and grey) in the parish
of Kilcoo, at the northern base of the Mourne
mountains. The little river of Glen Fofanny
(thistle glen) flows down from Slieve Donard into
the sea, a little south of the town of Newcaslle.
The other forni gives name (o Fohanagh a parish
in Galway, and to the townland of Foghanagh in
Roscommon, near the village of Ballymoe, both
having the same signification as the preceding.

As a termination, the word is found in Tony-
fohanan in ]\Ionaghau, and liarrafohona in Cork,
the mound [tonnagh) and hill-top {barr) of the
thistles.

Nettle. The simple word for the common nettle
is neanta [nanta]. The forms assumed by this
word in the end of names are easily detected, for
they are generally nanta, nanty, or the single syl-
lable nant, Cappananty is the name of a i)lace in

CHAP. XIX.] Tha Vegetable Kingdom. 333

the parish of Corcomohide in Limerick ; and about
three miles south-east of Limerick city is a place
called Knockananty, the first signifying the plot,
nnd the second the hill, of the nettles. Near Kesh
in I'^onnanngh, tlioro is n towhind called Ballynant,
wliich has the saiiio meaning at Ballynanty in
I;imerick, and Ballinanty in Wicklow, viz., the
townland of the nettles. •

The word takes the diminutive termination 6g
(p. 29) in Kilnanloge in the parish of Clonsast in
the east of King's County, the wood of nettles.
And it takes the diminutive termination nan (p.
33) in Nantinan, the name of a townland near
Killorglin in Kerry, and of a townland and parish
near Askeaton in]jimerick, this name signifying
a place abounding in nettles.

Rush. The most common word for a rush is
luachair, which is the term now always used in the
spoken language ; but the form generally found
in local names is the genitive and plural, luachra.
Near Cahir in Tipperary, there is a townland con-
taining a castle in ruins and a modern residence,
all bearing the very descriptive name of Loughlo-
hery — Loch-luachra, the lake of the rushes, fiom
a small lake within thedemesne; Greaghnaloughry,
north-east of Ballinamore in Leitrim, the grcagh
or mountain (lat of tho rushes ; Lo( (crlougher in
the parish of U}>pcr Cumber in Deny, the rushy
hilcr or wet hill-side. Tho simple word gives
name to Loughry, i.e. rushes, or a rnsliy Rj)ot, tlie
name of some places in Tyrone; and to Jjougher
in Kerry and JMeath : Loughermore in Antrim,
Deny, and Tyrone, great rushy place.

The buUrush is denoted by sibhhi or simhhi
[shiveen]; the latter being the older form, for
find we it iu Cormnc's Glossary : ])lural sim/ine
[sliivna]. Tliis word occurs frequently in local
names. There is a river flowin<2: near Mountbel-

n34 The Vegclahlc /uii;/'lom. [ctiap. xix

lew in Galway, nnd joining ilie Suck a litlle south
of Mount Talbot, called thelShiven — Irish iSii)i/iiic,
the river of bullrushes. Another little stream
with the same Irish name runs through Tollymore
Park, south of Newcastle in Down ; hut in this
case the aspirated m is restored (1st Vol., Part I.,
c. II.), making the name Shimna. Cloonshivna
in Galway, and TawnanashelUn in Mayo, the mea-
dow and the field of the bullrushes.

Another term for a bullrush is feadh [fa] : in
the north it is used to denote any strong rush,
from which they make lights. It is not so com-
mon as the others ; but it gives name to Loughfea,
a lake near Carrickniacross iu INlonaghan, the lake
of the bullrushes ; and to lioughaunnavaag, with
the same meaning, two miles from the village of
Kilconnell in Qalvvay, la this namo the final <l/i
is changed to g unaspirated, as is done in many
other cases.

Flagger. The common marsh or river flag or
flagger is called felestar or fclestrom ; or without
the /, elestar or elestrom. This last form gives
name to several places called EUistrom ; but some-
times the m in the end is replaced by w (1st Vol.
Part I., c. III.), as Ave find in Ellistrin near Let-
terkenny in Donegal, and Ellistron near Ballin-
robe in Mayo : — all these names meaning a place
producing fiaggers. Iu the northern counties the
word usually takes an s in the beginning instead
of the soutliern /; and the resulting form gives
name to Mullanshellistragh in the parisli of Cleeu-
ish in Eeriuaiuigh, tliu litllo hill (iiinlldu) ol' tlio
flaggers ; and to liisatilistor near Carrickniacross
in Monagluin, in which the s is eclipsed by t —
Lios-a -taiolastair, the fort of the flaggers.

Reed : Broom. The word giolc or yiolcach [gilk,
gilka : a hard] is used differently in different
parts of Ireland. In the north and west it is gene-

CHAP. XIX.] The Vegdahle Kingdom. 335

rally applied to a reed, in the south and east to
the common broom ; but this assertion is liable to
exceptions. In the townland of Guilcagh, which
f^ives name to a parish in Waterford, there is even
yet a lively tradition of the luxuriant growth of
broom in former days. There is also a place
called Guilkagh in the parish of Listerlin in Kil-
kenny ; G ilkagh is the name of a townland in the
parish of Moylough in Galway, and of another
place near Ballymoe in the same county ; and
there is a townland called Gilky Hill in the parish
of Upper Cumber in Derry ; but in some of these
cases the word points to a growth of reeds. The
genitive form of this word is seen in Kilgilky near
Cecilstown, west of Mallow in Cork, broom wood
{coin, wood).

Sometimes this word is made in Irish cuilc or
cuilceack, and these forms are also represented in
anglicised names ; as in Garranakilka in Tipperary,
broom garden. In Ulster the word is often
made giolhtch, which gives name to two townlands
called Giltagh in Fermanagh, one of which is
called in the Grand Jury map of Devenish, " Gil-
tagh or Broomhill."

Herb. The word luihh [luv, liv] is applied to
any herb ; the old form is hih, which is found in
the Zeuss MSS., glossing frutex ; and it is cog-
nate with the A. Saxon leaf. When the word
occui's in names — as it often does— we may con-
jecture that it was a])plicd originally to desiguate
places which were particularly rich in the smaller
vegetable productions, or perhaps in licrbs used for
healing purposes. It is usually anglicised fi/f, but
it often assiunes other forms. Drumliff is the
name of three townlands in Cavan and Fermanagh,
in Irish J^nn'iu /iii/i/i, the ridge of the herbs ; while
another form of the genitive {luiblieann) is fioou

836 The Vegetable JCiujdom. [cuw. \i\.

in Drumliffin near Carriclv-ou-Slunnum in Ijcihini,
which has the same meaning as the preceding.
ClonlifE — herb-meadow — is a phxce very near
Dublin city ; and there is a townland of the same
name in the parish of Kinawly in Fermanagh.
The word takes the termination rnaeh (p. 16) in
Drumnalifferny in the parisli of Gartan in Done-
gal, the drum or hill- ridge of the weeds.

This word combined with (/o>'^ (an enclosed field),
forms the compound luhh-gliovt [looart : loovart],
a garden — literally herb-plot : the old form is Ittb-
gort, as we find it in the Book of Armagh ; and hib-
gartoir glosses olitor in Zeuss (Gram. Celt. 37)
The Cornish representative of this com])ound ia
luvort. It forms jnirt of the name Knockaloherl
in the parish of Kilbrin, five miles west of Done-
railo in Cork — Cuoo-a-lubhghairt, the hill of the
garden ; and of Faslowart in Leitrim, near Lough
Gill {fas, a wilderness) ; while in its simple form
it gives name to Lohort near Cecilstown, west of
Mallow, where there is an ancient castle of the
Mac Carthys, restored and still used as a residence.

The diminutive of this corapoimd is, however,
in more common use than the original, viz., lubh-
ghortdn [loortaun], which undergoes a great
variety of changes in modern names. This is often
incorrectly written Inghbhortdn, even in good au-
thorities, and the corruption must have been intro-
duced very early ; for Cormac states in his Glossary
that this was the form in use in his time. The
Four Masters mention one place of this name, and
use the corrupt form Lughbliurddn ; tlii.s is now
the name of a townland in the parish of Jkdlin-
tober, Mayo ; and it is known by the anglicised
name of Lulfertaun. There is another townland
called LufEertan a little west of Sligo.

A shorter form of the term is Lorton, which is

CHAP. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingdom. 337

the name of a hill within the demesne of Rock-
ingham, near Boyle, from which Lord Lorton
takes his title. In King's County the same name
is made Lowerton ; and it puts on a complete
English dress in Lowcrtown, which is the name of
four townland.s in the counties of Cork, Mayo,
Tyrone, and Westmeath.

Iloss. Caonach [keenagh] is the Irish terra
for moss. Keenagh, one of its anglicised forms,
which is applied to mossy land, is the name of
several Tillages, townlands, and rivers, in Leinstcr,
Connaught, and Ulster : there is a village of this
name five miles norlh-west from Ballymahon in
Longford; and Mosstown, the name of the adja-
cent demesne and residence, is intended to he a
translation of the Irish. The diminutive Keena-
ghan, with the same application, is a townland
name of frequent occurrence ; and another dimi-
nutive Keenoge is met with pretty often in some
of the Illstor and Ijcinstor counties. It is scon as
a teniiiiialion in J)rutnkoenagli in tlio parisli of
Cleenish, Fermanagh, and in Caherakecny, five
miles west of Tuam in Galway, the ridge and the
cahcr or stone fort of the moss ; also in Carrive-
keeny in Armagh, near Newry, and in Carrow-
keeny in the parish of Kiltowu in Roscommon,
north-west of Athlone, mossy quarter.

Grass. The usual word for grass isfer ovfeur;
and while topographically it was sometimes used
in its simple signification, it Avas also in an ex-
tended sense often applied to a meadow, a grassy
place, or lea land. One usual anglicised form is
fear, which is seen in Fearglass inLeitrim; in
Ferbane the name of a village in King's County ;
and in Fearboy in the same county ; of whi( h the
first means green, the second whitish, and the
third yellowish, grass-land. The adjective form
V()>,. II. 2"?

338 The Veyelahle Khujdom. [

ciiAr. XIX.

Fonrngli or Forngh, sigiiifics a trmssy spot, wliicli
is also the sigiiilicalion ol' ilio (liiiiiiuilivoFoanuui,
in the parish of Kilrush in Kihhxre.

Sometimes the initial /disappears by aspiration,
as we find in lassanair in the parish of Kilmihil
in Clare ; Lios-an-fMir, the fort of the grass.
This is the case in the Avord nioinflihir [numair], a
mountain meadow ; literally bog- grass {nioin, bog) ;
which is sometimes found forming a part of names ;
such as Monairmore and Monearmore, the names
of several townlands in Munster and Connaught,
great meadow ; Ballinvonear near Doneraile in
Cork, Baile-an-mhoinfMir, the town of the moun-
tiiin meadow.

In Donegal and Derry and some of the neigh-
bouring counties they use the word e?7V//s fevish]
to designate coarse mountain pasture, synonymous
with monair in the south ; and the word has
become incorporated in many place names ; such
as Evish, two miles from Strabane ; Avish in
])erry; Evish hill over Glenaritf in Antrim;
Evishacrow in the same iieighbourhood, the moun-
tain pasture of the cvo or hut — the latter built
iio doubt to shelter the cattle; Evishbreedy in
Donegal, Brigid's pasture.

Gruag means the hair of the head. Hence the
word gruagach, a name applied to a giant ; this
tei'm being selected as marking a most noticeable
feature of a giant, as he existed in the imagination
of the peo})le — viz. hairiness. This word, as well
as the diminutive form gntagan, is also applied to
a sort of fairy. ]n the county Antrim the fairy
called grogaii is a hairy fellow, low in stature, witu
broad shoulders, and " desperately strong." This
is much the same as the popular idea of the "drudg-
ing goblin" that prevailed in England in the
time of Milton, as he expresses it in L' Allegro : —

i

CHAP, XIX.] The Vegctnhle Kingdom. 339

*' Tlicn lies liini clown the lubber fiend.
And stretched out all the chimnej's length,
Basks at the fire his hairy strength.'*

NoaT- Crossinolina in Mayo, tliere is a place
rnllod liiilliiifj^rooy — writfon Bnllonc^ruop^y in an
\\\{{. Car. 1, — (l\o town of llio grnagach : bnt Lore
I suppose ibc gruaf^acli was not a giant, but some
ordinary man remnrkablc for his hairiness.

This word gruag, by a natural extension of
meaning, is applied to long hair-like grass growing
in a marshy or sedgy place ; and in this sense it
often occurs in h)cai iKuncs. Hence we have in
various jwrts of the country Grogagh, Grogey,
GrogjMi, (li'oggnn, (ilrogc(M» and Qrin'g, all signify-
ing sedge — :i ])lace jiioducing long sedgy grass.

UrJa [oorla | signifying the hair of the head, is
applied topogrnphically in exactly ibe same second-
nry sense as the preceding; and gives name to
Oorla near Foynes in Limerick, to Urlec in the
parish of Tvisselton in the north of Kerry — a ])lnce
of long grass ; and to Lisstirland, three miles from
Newcaslle in Jjimerick, corrupted from Lissurlan
the fort of the long marshy grass.

Ceahh or ceibh [keeve, cave] means a lock of
hair ; it is given in Cor. Gl. as the equivalent of
vrla. Like the preceding words, it is applied to
long grass that grows in morasses. There are
two townlands in Gal way and Mayo called Cave,
apparently an English word, but in reality the
phonetic representative of ciihh : near Ahascragh
in Galway, it takes the form of Keave. The
adjective forms ciahhach and ciabhnigh, with the
same general meaning — a marshy place producing
long grass — give name to Keevagh in Clare ; to
Cavey in that part of the parish of Lrrigle Keerogo
that lies in Tyrone ; ntul to Kivvy in (Javan and
Ltitrim. Culcavy near Jlillsborongh in Down,

340 The Vegetable Kingdom, [ciiap. xix.

lliG hill-back [cM) of tlio lung gia^ss ; Clo^^lma-
keava near Gort in Qalwaj^ and Roscavey near
tlie village of Beragli in Tyrone, tlie stone and
flic point of the long grass. Sometimes the word
is prononnced cih, genitive cibc [kecb, kceba : re-
storation of aspirated h : see 1st Vol. ; Part I., c.
II.]; wlicncG Avo bave Monakeeba near Thurles in
Tipperary, tbe grassy bog.

Mong also signifies the liair of tbe bead, or a
mane (Welsh tmo/g, a mane) ; and like the three
last terms, it is applied to long coarse grass, or to
a sedgy place. From this we have Mong, Mongagb,
Munga, INFongan, Mongaun, Mungan, M\ingann,
in various counties, all meaning a morass, a wet
place prodncing long, coarse, sedgy grass. There is
a river called ^Mongagb, i.e. the scflgy river, flowing
t lirough the parishes of Casllelost and Castlejordan
in AVestmeath ; and one of the mountains near
Nephin in Mayo, is called Glennamong, tbe glen
of the sedge, a name which Avas extended to the
mountain from a glen.

Sedge. The word seasg [shesk, shask] de-
dcnotes sedge or sedge-grass. ]t is a pretty
frequent component of names in tbe forms n/ieak,
shask, shcslia, s/iesli//, &c., and is always easily recog-
nised. Cornashesk in Tyrone and Cavan, and
Cornashesko in Fermanagh, the cor or round hill
of the sedge : Derrynashesk in Mayo, and Derry-
nashask in Fermanagh, the derry or oak-grove of
the sedge-grass. Near lasmore in Waterford are
two tovvniands called fllensbask, and Qlonshesk
near Ballycastlo is one of the "Glynns of Antrim"
both meaning the glen of the sedge. Slievena-
f^haska is a place in the parish of Kilcrohane in
Kerry {sUah/i, a moimtain) ; and tbei'e is a Bally-
ahasky in Derry, the townland of sedge-grass.
Tares, Tares^ the aa ell known weeda that grow

CHAP. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingdom, 841

among corn — often called cockle — are called cogal
in Gaelic. The word gives names to several places ;
and tbo forms it tnlces will be seen from the follow-
ing examples. Tlicro are several townlands in
Roscommon called by niunos beginning wiib coggal
which is understood to mean a, place abounding in
tares : thus Coggalmore and Coggalbeg (great and
little) ; Coggalkecnngh mossy tare-land {caonnch,
moss), Coggaltonroe, the tare-land of the red
bottom [toin and ruadh). In the same county are
two townlands called Corracoggil, the cor or
round-hill of the tares.

Dandelion. The Irish designated the dandelion
by its most prominent quality, bitterness of taste ;
for they commonly called it searhhun or searhhog
[sharavaun, sharavoge] two diminutives from
searhh, bitter. In some places they call the
plant cais-tscarhhan [cosh'tharvaun] — prefixing cas,
twisted or curled, in reference to the form of the
leaf, which causes the s to be eclipsed by t; but I
do not find this term in any local names.

There is a place called Moneysharvan two miles
north of Magliora in Deny, which is in liisli,
Moin-na-scarbhan, the bog of the dandelions ; and
the word is used with an eclipse in the genitive
singular, in Toberataravan, in the parish of Tumna
east of Bojdo in Iloscommon, Tohar-a' -tsearhhain
dandelion well. The word scarblwg has been
nl ready examined (p. 20). It is found com]iounded
in I'ollsjuirvoge, in the parisb of Meolickin M;iyo,
about four nules south-east of Foxford; and in
Gortnasharvoge in Iloscommon, near Ballinasloe,
the hole (poll) and the field (gort), of the dandelions.
Sorrel. The common sorrel is produced plenti-
fully everywhere in Ireland, and it has given
luimes to great numbers of places. Its Irish name
is samhadh, pronounced mua, sawva^ sow, according

342 The Vegetable Kingdom, [chap. xix.

to locality ; the word uiuloiyocs a variety ol'
changes, but it is eaaily recognised in all its forms.
As it stands it gives name to tlie river 8ow — the
sorrel- producing river — which falls into the estuary
of the Slaney at Castlebridge, a little above
Wexford ; Sooey in the parish of Ballynakill in
Sligo, near the village of Riverstown, means sorrel
bearing land ; Garshooey, three miles west of
Derry, Gcard/ia-samliaidh, sorrel garden ; Kilsough
near Skerriewin Dublin, Coill-saui/iach, sorrel wood.
In the greater number of cases however, the s
disappears, giving place to t by eclipse ; and the
various forms it then assumes — none of them
diflicult of lecognition— arc illustrated in the
following names. Curraghatawy in the parish
oL' Drumreilly in Tjcitiim, near B.^llinamore,
Currach-a'-tsainhaidh, the maish of the sorrel; and
similarly Derrintawy in the tame county, and
Derreenatawy in Hoscommon (dcrri/ and derrecii,
oak-Avood) ; Carrowntawa and Carrowntawy in
Sligo {carroto, a quarter-land) ; and Currantavy in
Mayo (cor, a round hill). In the parish of Kilmi-
hil in Clare, there is a place calh^l lllaunatoo,
which is correctly translated by the alias name,
Sorrel Island, while a residence in the townland
has got the name Sorrel House ; Knock atoo in
Galway, sorrel hill ; Carrigathou near ^Macroom
in Cork, the rock of the sorrel. In the northern
half of Ireland the v sound of the mh often comes
out clearly ; as in Knockatavy in Louth, sorrel
hill; and in Ulster the ui is oflcn fully restored
(see 1st Vol., Part I. c. ii.), as in Aghintamy
near the town of Monaghan, Achudh-an-isamliaidh,
the field of the sorrel.

Rue. The herb rue is denoted in Irish by what
is n sound the same as the English word, namely,
ru or riihka [rooa]. The word has nearly the same

CHAP. XIX,] The Vegetable Kingdom. 343

sound as ruadh, red ; and it is often difficult to
determine to which of these two terms we are to
refer a name. In a great many cases, however, the
old people make a clear distinction, and we may,
with the usual cautions (see 1st Yol., Part I., c. i. )
follow ihcir guidance. Moreover, the names on
the Ordnance maps commonly tell their own story ;
for those who determined the modern forms, gene-
rally distinguished between the two words by
anglicising ruadh, roe, and ruhha, roo or rue.

The Four Masters at the year 1599 mention a
place near the abbey of Corcomroe in the north of
Clare, called Ruhha (rue or rue-land) ; it lies two
miles west of the village of Kinvarra in Galway,
and it is now sailed Eoo. Very near Roo House
is the little Jiamlet of Corranroo, so called from
an old carra or ft^eir ; from this again the head of
Aughinish Bay, on whose shore the village is
situated, is called Corranroo Bay ; and adjacent
to tlie hamlet is the peninsula of Inishroo — rue
island. Tlioro are Rov(M-al oMior places scallorcd
over ihe country called Roo, Rue, Rowe, and Roos
(the English plural form), which have taken their
names, not from their red colour, but from pro-
ducing a plentiful growth of this herb.

Rowe in the parish of Killare in Westmeath,
is mentioned in the Aimals by the name Ruhha.
The Calendars mention a saint Tiu of Ruhha in
the Ards, in the county of Down ; this old name
is still preserved in the name of the townland of
Rowreagh {reagh, grey : grey rue-land) ; and in
that of "Rubane House" adjoining it [han,
whitish) — both situated near the village of Kir-
cubbin. Rubha-Chonaill (Conall's rue-land) is
mentioned by the Four Masters as the scene of
several battles — one in a.d. 798 ; another in 1159.
This place is situated two miles east of MuUingar

344 The Vegetable Kitujdom. [ciiav. xix.

its Irish name is pronounced Ruconnell, wliicli
sound is still retained by some of tlio old people ;
l)ut it is corruptly anglicised Rathconnell, wliich
is now the name of a townland and parish. There
is another place called Eathconnell in Kildare ;
but here the name means Connell's rath or fort,
Gortaroo, the name of a place three miles from
Youghal, on the left of the road to Cork, aul
Gortarowey in the parish of Drumclilf, north of
Sligo town, both signify the field of the rue.

Wall-fern. The polypocUum vulgare or wall fern
is denoted by sceamh [scav]. The simple word
gives name to Drumnascamph in the parish of
Clondulf inDo\vn,Drmn-na-sci'amh,th.Q ridge of the
wall-ferns. Its diminutive is seen in Carrigskee-
waun in the parish of Kilgeever in Mayo ; and in
Meeuscovane in the parish of Duagh, Kerry, the
former meaning the rock, and the latter the
smooth plain, of the wall-ferns

Waterc7'ess. The ancient Irish used the water-
cress for food — probably much in the same way as
it is used at the pi-esent day ; for among the pre-
rogatives of the king of Ireland, mentioned in the
])ook of Ilights, are the cresses of the river Ihosna
in Westnieath. Biomr [birrcr] is the word for
watercress, and it is obviously derived from hior,
water, by the addition of the collective termination
r (p, 12). In the colloquial language the middle
r of this word is always changed to / by a common
phonetic law, and it is consequently pronounced
hiller.

In Cork and Kerry there are several townlands
called Billeragh — Irish Biolamch, a place pro-
ducing cresses ; in Donegal, Monaghan and Tyr-
one, it takes the form Biliary, and in Wexford,
Bellary, both of which represent the oblique case
liolaraigh. In the end of names the h is commonly

CHAP. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingdom, 345

aspirated, and the word is then anglicised viller.
There is a townlaud in the parish of Killann in
Wexford, taking its name from a little stream
running down the eastern slope of the Blackstairs
mountnins, called Askinvillar — Irish Easc-an-bhio-
lair, tho wet land, or the water-course of the
cresses ; Toberaviller near the town of Wicklow,
watercress well.

Marsh mallows. The simple form of the word
denoting marsh mallows is leamh [lav], or in old
Irish lem, as we find it in the St. Gall MS. of
Zeuss (Gram. Celt. p. 274). It is curious that the
very same word is applied to the elm, and it is
often therefore difficult to say whicli of the two
plants is meant, when we find the term in names.
It is probable that the words for marsh mallows
and for elm are radically different, and have
accidentally assumed the same form (see Max
Mviller: Lectures on the Science of Language,
2nd. Ser. p. 287). In modern Irish a difference
in sound is made between tho two words, which
helps us to distinguish them one from another,
when we hear them pronounced. There is a par-
ticular nasal sound in the latter part of leamh,
when it means marsh mallows, which it is im-
possible to indicate on paper ; but the pronunciation
is not very different from lew; and besides this
the term \isually employed (for this plant) is not
tho simple form, but the derivative leamhaeh,
whi(;h is pronounced something like leicagh.

"Wliatover amount of uncertainty there may be
in the word, the following names may be referred,
without much danger of error, to this plant, and not
to the elm. In Kilkenny and Tipperary there are
places called Lough; Lcwngh is a townland near
Thurh\s ; Loo is near IJallyliaunis in Mayo ; Looh
in the parish of Donaghmore in Wicklow ; Liiogh,

346 The Veyetahlc K'uujdom. [ciiav. xix.

the name of a small lake and two towiilands, near
the clilis of Moher iu Clare: — all those iiamea
were originally applied to a place producing marsh
mallows — and all show, in their modernised ortho-
graphy, an attempt to represent the peculiar sound
of the Irish. The word appears compounded in
Rathnaleugh near the village of Ivathdowney in
Queen's County, the fort of the marsh mallows.

Dillesk. The sea plant called in Gaelic duilcasg
ia well known all over Ireland by the anglicised
names dillesk, dullisk, and dulvk ; it grows on rocks
round the coast, and is eaten after being dried.
Women hawk it in baskets about the streets of
Dublin. There is a Dullisk Cove near Newcastle
in the county Down ; and a Dillesk Point on the
Kerry side of the Shannon opposite Carrigaholt.
Daileasg-na-habhan [dillesk-ua-hown] is the name
given to a sort of broad-leaved pond -weed — not
marine ; and from this we have Killadullisk, the
name of a little river and of a townland through
which it flows, four or five miles west of Eyre-
court in Galway — the coill or wood of the dillesk.

Sloke ov Slake. The nuirine plant called ^^or-
phyra vulgaris, a species of laver, found growing
on rocks round the coast, is esteemed a table
luxury and is often pickled, and eaten with pepper,
vinegar, &c. It is called in Gaelic sleahJiacdn
[slavacan, sloakan], which in the anglicised forms
sloakan, sloke, and slake, is now a])plied to it all
over the Three Kingdoms. On the coast near
Derrynane Abbey in Kerry is a townland called
Coomatloukane, the eooin or hollow of the sloakan.
But this word sleabhacun must have been also
applied to some herb not marine ; for we have an
inland townland in the parish of Killaan in Gal-
way, west of Ballinasloe, called Cloonatloukaun,
the cloon or meadow of the sloke (s eclipsed by t).

CTiAP. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingdom. 347

Docl;-Icaf. The diminutive copog [cuppoge] is
tlie word now always used for the common dock-
leaf ; but judging from some of the derivatives
(liat follow, it would appear that the primitive cop
and nnothor diminutive oopan must have been in
UHO at sonic fornun- timo. The usual form (with
the adjective suffix aeh) is seen in Glencoppogagh
in the parish of Upper Bodoney in Tyrone, the
glen of the dock-leaves ; and with the c eclipsed to
g in Lagnagoppoge {lag, a hollow), a little south
of Strangford in Down, and in Cloonnagoppogc in
]\layo, dock-loaf meadow. This termination, gop-
pogc or gappoge, is extremely common all over tlic
country. From the root cop is formed copdnach
(by the addition of the diminutive and adjec-
tive terminations), signifying a place abounding
in dock-leaves, which, with very little change, is
anglicised Coppanagh, the name of some places in
Ulster, Connaught, and Leinster; while the oblique
form gives nauiC to several townlands called Coj)-
ncy and Co])any, in Tyrone, Armagli, and Donegal.

Garlic. The common wild garlic is denoted —
among olher \\ords — by crcanih [crav: craw] or
cneamh, which in anglicised names appears as crajf,
crave, crew, cranipl>, &c. Clooncraff, now a parish
in Hoscommon, and once a place of some ecclesi-
astical note, is often mentioned in the amials by
the name of Cluain-creamha, the meadow of wild
garlic. There is a townland of the same name not
far from tlie town of Koscommon ; near Killucan
in Westmeath, the name is varied to Clooncrave ;
in King's County to Clooncraff ; and in Limerick
to Cloncrew, which is the name of a parish. There
is a little island in Lough Corrib opposite the
castle of Cargins, now called InishcralT, which is
often mentioned by the annalists, and called by
them Inis-crcamlia. O'Flaherty, in his account of

348 The Vegetable Kinc/dom. [chap. xix.

lar Connauglit, speaks of it in these words: —
*' Iniscreawa, or wild garlic isle .... where the
walls and high ditch of a well-fortified place are
still extant and encompass almost the whole
island. Of this isle, Macanih Insicreawa (the
youth of Inishoralf), a memoraLle ancient magi-
cian, as they say, had his donominalion." The
walls mentioned hy O'Mahcrly, which are Cyclo-
pean in their character, still remain ; and the
people say they are the remains of the fortress of
Orbsen, who gave name to Lough Corrib (see this
in 1st Volume).

The mh in the end has a very peculiar nasal
sound, whicli is attempted to bo reproduced in
some of the names given above. This same sound
is very clearly heard in the native pronunciation of
Derreennacno, the little derr// or oak-grove of the
wild garlic, a name which preserves the n of cneamh.

In the northern counties the word is often
anglicised cramph (like the change of danih to
damph, &c. — (See 1st Vol., Part I. c. iii.), as in
Derrycramph near the town of Cavan, the oak-
wood of the wild garlic, the same name as Dorry-
craft' in Mayo, and Derrycrave in AVestmeath.
This change, with the eclipse of the c by g, is ex-
hibited in Drum gram ph in Fcriuauagh, Mou-
aghan, and Tyrone, Dniim-gcrcainh^ garlic ridge.

Creamh combined with coill, wood, forms the
compound creamhchoiU [cravwhill : wild garlic
wood], which undergoes many curious transforma-
tions in anglicised names, closely corresponding
with the various forms of laonlwhoill (sco Loug-
field in 1st Vol.). One modification is CrafBeld,
which is the name of a towuhmd in Wicklow ; and
we have Clooncrafiield (the meadow of the wild-
garlic wood) near Castlerea in Roscommon. There
is a parish in Antrim called Cranfield, which

CHAP. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingdom. 340

exhibits auothei* form : Colgan calls it by its
correct Irish name Creamh-choill ; but in a lease of
1G8;{ it is written "CroghiU alias Cranfield,"
showing that at that period the name was in
])roc(^sa of change from iui okl and correct angli-
cised form, to wliat it now Is. The townland of
Cranfield also, which occupies the soutliern ex-
tremity of the barony of Mourne, and gives name
to Cranfield Point at the entrance of Carlingford
Lough, was formerly called Craughill (see Reeves:
Eccl. Ant, p. 87), In 8Hgo this name becomes
Crawhill, and in the parish of Ahoghill in Antrim,
CrankiU.

It appears probable that the correct form of
this word is cneamh \Jmav : k and n both pro-
nounced], and that this has been corrupted to
creamh like cnoc to crock ; for we find cneamh pre-
served in several names. Knavagh is the name of
a townland in the parish of Tiranascragh, near
the Shannon, north of Portumnain Galway, which
is tlie adjective form CnrnniJiach, a place producing
wild garlic. In the jjarish of Incliicronan in
('lare, oiKnnilofioni tlio village of Crusli(^en, tliero
is a lo\\'i\lan(l call(>(l l)!iMnniiti!i('laic\v, wliicli took
llio first part of i(s nnnie from a loAV ridge or
(h'umman. J^ut this little hill — as in many other
cases — after giving name to the toAvnland, got a
ncAV name itself, Avhich however is a correct trans-
lalicm of (he old name ; and it is now called Garlic
Hill. There is a pla(;e near Lismore in Water ford
called Curraghacnav, the garlic-producing marsh.

Parsnip. The word;;?mw», [mackan] is used to
denote the taprooted plants ; and the several kinds
are designated by means of distinguishing terms ;
such as meacan-ragani, horse-radish ; mcacan-hnidhe-
an-isJcihhr, the common spurge, &c. Taken without
any qualifying term, however, the word is com-

350 The Vegetable Kingdom. [ciiAr. xix.

monly tniclcrstood to mean a parsnip, and I will
translate it in tbia sense in the few names mentioned
under the present heading.

From this word are derived the names of all
those places now called Maclean, Macluian, Mack-
anagh, Macknagh, and Mackney — the second the
diminutive in an, i\\(i three last the adjective form
iiK'dcanaoh ; all so called i'rom producing in abun-
dance parsnips or some other sort of tap-rooted
plant — wild, no doubt ; — Cloonmackan and Clon-
mackan, parsnip meadow ; Gortnamackaii and
Oortnamackanee, the field of the pai-snips.

Another word for a parsnip — cuiridiu — is ])er-
])etiialod in Killygoi'don, ihc name of a village
near fSlranorlar in ])onegal and of a townland
near Clogher in Tyrone : this name the Four
Masters write Coill-na-gculfidin, tlie wood of the
parsnips.

Wood ; forest. The wovd/otliar [fohar] is given
by Peter O'Connell in his dictionary, as meaning
a forest ; and he also gives the plural form foithre.
ft is a term often met Avith in Irish writings,
though it is not given in the dictionaries of
O'Brien and O'Reilly. In ancient times there was
a woody district to the nortli-west of Birr in
King's County, which is called in the annals,
Fothar-Dealhhnach, i. e. the forest of Delvin, from
the old district in which it was situated; and though
this great wood has long since disappeared, its
name and memory are preserved in the townland
of ]iallaghanoher, halfway between Birr and
Banaghci', which correctly represents the sound
of the old name, as the Four ]\1 asters write it,
Bealach-an-fhotJiair, the road of the forest.

The word more connnonly occurs, however, in
the plural form oi foithre [fihra, lira, fweera], which
is often understood to mean underwood, or copse,

ciiAT. XIX. J Tl>o rr(/dabk ICinijclom. 35l

or forest laud, and is anglicised in several ways.
Gortuafira, in the parish of Mogeely in Cork, not
far from the village of Tallow, signifies the field
of the underwood. There is a townland near the
village of Ferbane in King's County, which gives
uauic to a parish, now called Wheery, hut localh*
pronounced Fweehro, which is a correct anglicised
representation of Foifhrc, woods ; and from thiiji
also is named the townland of Curragh wheery,
the marsh of Wheery. In the parish of Kilbelfad
in Mayo, south-west of Ballina, on the shore of
Lough Conn, this name is found in the form of
Wherrew ; and in Kerry the idea of plurality is
conveyed by the addition of the s of the English
inflection, forming Fieries, the name of two places,
one in the parish of Molahiffe, four miles from
Miltown, and the other near Castleisland.

Firc-irood. Conadh [conna] signifies firewood :
old form as given in Cor. Gl. condud : Welsh
rj/muid. Tlie word has been used in this sense
I'loui V(My (>!iily tin)(\s, ['or \\^^ {hn] ('O)nut(fh, " lire-
b()(o," moiitionod in Iho IJook of ]{.igli(s as a por-
tion of tlio tribute of the unfrce tribes of Lcinsfor
to the Icing of that province. It occurs very often
in names ; and it was, no doubt, applied to places
where there was abundance of withered trees and
bushes, the remains of a decayed wood or shrub-
bery.

The word takes several modern forms, which
will be understood from the following examples.
1 II the Four Masters, and also in the " Annals of
1 reland," translated for Sir James Ware by Duald
Mac Firbis, it is recorded at the year 1445, that
Ijynagh Mageogheghan was slain at a place called
Coill-an-chonaidh, the wood of the " fire-bote :"
the place is situated in the parish of Kilcumrerogh
in Westmcath, and it is now called Killyconny.

352 The Vc(j('table Kingdom, [cuAr. xix,

Thoro is anotlior place of llio snmo name in ( )a van,
and a village called Kilcoiiny, also in Cavaii — this
last liaving tlie same signification. Other forms
are seen in Drumminacunna near Cappagli white in
Tipperary [drummin, a low hill) ; also in Money-
toncy west of Draperstown in Derry, and in
IMonachiinna in the parish of Dunnaniaggan in
Kilkenny, the former signifying the shrubhery,
and the latter the bog of the firewood. In Oork
and Kerry, the final dJt, is often changed to g (as
in many other cases), which is fully pronounced;
as we see in Clooncunnig in Cork, the same as
Clooncunna, Clooncunny, and Cloonconny in other
counties, all meaning lire- wood meadow. And
lastly by the aspiration of tlie c to h, the word is
frequently anglicised //one//, which is a pretty
common termination, especially in the north ; as
in Drumhoney near Irvinestown in Fermanagh,
fire-Avood ridge.

The word crion [creen] withered, is often found
in names, applied probably to a jjlaco covered witli
withered brambles or to the willioring remains of
a wood. It is seen in Creenkill in Kilkenny —
crion-choill, withered wood. There are several
townlands scattered over Ireland, called Creenagh
and Greeny, which is written Crinach by the Four
Masters — withered land, or land where trees or
shrubs are withering.

Stutnp or stake. The word smut, and its dimi-
nutive smutdn are used to denote a log, a stake, a
stump of a tree. This is a pretty connnon element
in names ; and I suppose it was applied to places
where some of the branchless stumps of an old
wood, or some one remarkable trunk, still remained
standing. Something like this last must have
been the case in Smuttanagh near Balla in Mayo,
which is called in Hy Fiachrach, Baile-an-smotdin

ciiAr. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingdom. 353

the town of the stock or trunk ; but the modern
form, Smuttanagh, means a place full of trunks.
The word appears in its simple form in Clashna-
smut a little north of Carrick-on-Suir, the clash
or trench of the Irunks. 15ut the diminutive is
more common. Tlicre is a towuland in Mayo, and
another in Tipperary, called Gortnasmuttaun, the
field of the stakes. Ballysmuttan (town of the
tree-trunks) is a well-known place on ihe river
Liffey, near Blessington ; Toorsmuttaun in Galway
(tnar, a hleachfield) ; Coolasmuttano near Charle-
ville in Cork, and Lissasmutfaim near I'ortlaw in
Watcrford, the angle (cuil) and the lis or fort, of
the tnmk.

Another word for a tree-stock, stake, or block, is
crap [cap], which is often used and applied in
nuich the same sense as smut : cognate with Lat.
cippus, a sharp stake, and with Welsh cyff, a
trunk. It generally appears in the anglicised form
kip, Avhich represents the genitive cip. In 1573,
a baltle Avas fought between two parties of the
O'Jhiens of Thomond, at a place which the Four
]\Iastcrs call Bcl-an-chip, the (ford-) mouth of the
(rce- trunk ; the name is now Knockakij), which is
applied to a hill on the sea- shore near Lahinch in
ilie county Clare.

There was an old ford over the Shannon, near
Carrick-on-Shannon, which is mentioned several
times in the annals, by the name of Afh-an-chip,
a name having the same meaning as BcJ-an-chip.
It is probable that a large trunk of a tree stood
near each oC tlieso fords, and served as a mark to
direct Iravellcrs lo the exact crossing. What gave
mnue to Xippure mountain, from the slopes of
which the rivers liiffey and Dodder run down to
Iho l)td)lin ])laiu, it is now hind to say Avith
certainty ; but probably it was so called from tho
VOL. II. 24

354 The Vegetable Kingdom, [chap. xix.

remains of some largo old yew, for tlie naino ex-
actly represents Cip-iiili/iair, the trunk of the yew-
tree. Coolkip near Ilolycross in Tipperary, and
Coolakip in Wexford, both mean the corner of
tho trunk.

The 0 is often changed to g by eclipse, and then
tho word becomes gap in anglicised names. Gort-
nagaj) ia tho name of a townhmd near Tulhuoan
in Kilkenny ; and there is another called Aakana-
gap in tho parish of ]\Ioyne in Wicklow — tlio
former meaning tho field Ojori] and the latter the
wet land (easga) of the trunks. Kippceii {cipin,
little stick), one of the diminutives of this word,
is well-known by all people having any knowledge
of Ireland, as a popular turin for a ahillelagh or
cudgel : it gives name (though not exactly in this
sense) to Kippin inWestmeath; alsotoKij)pindulf
in the same county, and Kippeendulf (black little
trunk) near the village of Clara in King's County.

With the termination ach (p. 3) we have Kip-
pagh, the name of several townlands in Cork, a
place full of stocks or tree stumps.

A twig is denoted by the word slat ; and from
this we have Slattagh in lloscommon, and 81atti-
nagh in Fermanagh, both meaning a place
abounding in twigs, rods, or osiers (terminations
ach and nach, pp. 3 and 6).

Thorn. Lealg [dallog] means literally a thorn ;
but in a secondary sense it is applied to a pin or
brooch. It occurs in names in the forms dallig,
dellig, dollig, &c., but always in the primary sense
of a thorn or a thorn bush. There is a lownhiud
called Money dollog near Ahoghill in Antrim, the
Irish name of which is Miiine-dealg, the thorny
shrubbery ; and Kildellig (church of the thorns)
ia the name of a parish in Queen's County.

When this word comes in as a termination, the

CHAP. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingdom. 355

d often becomes eclipsed by n, as in Heennanallag-
ane in the parish of Glanbehy in Kerry, which
also exhibits a diminutive of the word under
consideration, llinn-na-ndeaJgdn, the point of the
little thorn-bushes. The phiral form is scon in
l)cllii];;i, near tlie village of Milford, in the parish
of Kilbolane in Cork, which the Four Masters
write DeJge, i.e. thorns ; and in Delligabaun in the
parish of Aghaboo in Queen's County, whitish
thorn-bushes.

Brier or bramble. The word drcas or dris [drass,
drish] is used in very old documents to signify a
brier or bramble of any kind ; but the diminutive
drisfoi/ [drishoge] is the term now commonly cm-
])loyod, and it is usually applied to a brier, or a
blackberry bush, or any bramble. Our local
nomenclature exhibits a great variety of deriva-
tives from the word dris. Three diminutives as
well as the primitive, give names to places ; but
they are applied topographically, not to a single
biamblo, but rather to a brake of briers or a
brambly place.

The river Drish (brambly river) joins the Suir
near Thurles. Drishane on the I31ackwater near
Mill- street in Cork, is well known as one of the
former seats of the Mac Carthys where the ruin of
their castle still remains, from which the parish
has its name ; and there are several other places
of the same name in Cork and Tipperary. An-
other diminutive gives name to Drishecn, a little
west of Skibbereen in Cork : a third, Drishoge, is
the name of several ])laccs in Dublin, Hoscommon,
and Tipperary, which assmnes in Mcath and Car-
low, the form Drissoge orDrisoge, and changes to
Dressoge in Fermanagh and Tyi'one.

There are several other derivatives, which arO
also applied in the same sense as the preceding —

356 The Vcgetahh Kingdom, [chap. xix.

to a briimbly place. Drishaglia\m — a diminutive
i)f the adjective form driseavh — is tbe name of aix.
townlands in Hoscommon, Galway, and Mayo ;
wliile we have Dresnagh, the name of a place a
mile from Casilefinn in Donegal, formed from the
primitive drcas by the addition of the suffix nach
(see p. G). Dristernan and Diestcrnan, which
occur frequently in llie north-western counties,
exhibit the compound termination man (p. 42) ;
but I cannot account for the t except as a mere
euphonic insertion. Similarly, we have with mack
(p. 16) Dresternagh near llallyhaise in Cavan ;
which with the change of d to t, becomes Trister-
nagh, the name of a well-known place on the
shore of Lough Iron in A\^estmealli. Drcssogagh,
an adjective from one of the diminutives, is the
name of two townlands in Armagh. Another
termination appears in Coohlrisla in Tijiperary,
the cool or hill-back of brambles.

It is perfectly easy to recognise this word in all
its forms when it occurs as a termination. The
simple form appears in Gortnadrass near Achonry
in Sligo, the brier-field ; and in Kihlress, a parish
in Tyrone, the church of the biambles ; so also
Ardrass in Mayo and Kildare, and Ardrcss near
Loughgall in Armagh, Ard-drcas, the height of
the brambles.

Sallow. If the Irish distinguished, in their
tongue, the different species of sallow one from
another, these distinctions do not a])i)ear in that
part of the language that has subsided into local
names ; for the word sail [ saul] is used to designato
all the different kinds — cognate with Lat. saliu;,
and with Manx shell, and Welsh hel//(j, willows.

SoUoghod, now a parish in Tipperary, derives
its name from this tree ; and for this etymology
we have the authority of Cormac Mac Cullenan.

ciiAF. XIX.] TJie Vegetable Kingdom. 357

] [e states in his Glossary that Salchoit, as he writes
the name, comes from sal, the sallow, and coit, a
Welsh word for wood ; and he further tells us that
a largo Avood of sallows grow there ; but of this
tluM-o is imt a trace remaining.

This word has a great variety of derivatives, and
all give names to places in various parts of the
country. Tlio simple word sail is seldom heard,
the adjective form sdileach and the diminutive
sdileog being now universally used to designate the
plant. The former is anglicised sillagh, silla, and
sallagh in the end of names, and the latter silloge
and silloga. Both are exemplified in Corsillagh
near Newtown Mountkennedy in Wicklow, and
in Corsilloga in the parish of AgnamuUen in
Monaghan, each signifying the round- hill of the
sallows. Lisnasallagh, the fort of the sallows,
is the name of two townlands in Cork, and of one
near Saintfield in Down ; while the same name is
found in Rosconnnon in the form Lisnasillagh :
(Jurrasilla in Tipperary and Kilkenny, the curragh
or marsh of the osiers.

There are several dimiinitivos, from otio of wliicli,
Sylaun (a place of sallows), the name of some
places in Galway is derived. Tooreennasillane near
Skibbereen in Cork, signifies the little bleach-field
of the osiers ; Cloonsellan is the name of some
to\Aiilands in Longford and Roscommon {cloon, a
meadow); and there is a considerable lake near
►Shcrcock in Cavan called Ijough Sillan, the osier-
producing lake. Other derivatives are exhibited
in Sallaghan in Cavan and Leitrim, and Sallaghy
in Fermanagh, all meaning the place of sallows or
osiers.

Sometimes the s is changed to t by eclipse, as
in Kiltallaghan in the parish of Killamcry in Kil-
kenny, and Kiltillahan near Carnew in Wexford,

358 The Vegetable Kingdom, [chap. xix.

Loth of wliicli would be written in Irish CoiU-
tsailenclidin, the wood of the saHows, the same as
Kilsallaghan, the name of a parish near Swords
in Dublin. In these three names there is a com-
bination of the adjective termination acli. and the
diminutive an. The eclipse also occurs along with
the diminutive in 6g in Kyletilloge, in the parish of
Aghaboe, Queen's County, which has the same
signihcation as Kilsallaghan.

Fir. Giumhas [guse : g hard] denotes a fir-
tree. In some parts of the country the word is in
constant use, even when the people are speaking
English ; for ihe pieces of old deal timber dug np
from bogs, which llioy use for iiring, and sumo-
times for light in place of candles, are known by
the name of gewah.

Tliis tree has not given names to many places,
which would appear to show that in foi^mer times
it was not very abundant ; and when it does occur
it may be a question in any individual case,
whether the place was so called from the living
tree or from bog-deal. In the parish of Moore in
Roscommon, there is a townland called Cappayuse
— Cectpach-ghimnhais {g changed to y by aspiration),
the garden-plot of the fir. The name of IMona-
goush near Ardmore in Waterford, indicates that
the bog (moin) supplied the people with winter
stores of gewsh ; in ]\reenaguse near Inver in
Donegal (mcen, a mountain meadow) the fir is still
taken out of the bog ; and we may probably ac-
count in the same way for the name of Ijough
Ayoosy, a littlo lake live niilos soulli-Wi^st from
Crossmolina in Mayo, aiul of anotiier small lake
— Lough Aguse — two miles from Gal way.

Arhiitus. The arbutus grows in most parts of
Treland, though it is generally a rare plant ; it is
•plentiful, however, in parts of Cork and Kerry,

CHAP. XIX.] The Vegetable Kingdom, 359

especially nboiit Killarney and Glengarriff, where
it flourishes in great luxuriance. Some think that
it was brought to Ireland from the continent by
monks, in the early ages of Christianity ; but it is
more generally believed to be indigenous ; and it
a2)pears to me a strong argument in favour of this
opinion, that we have a native term for it. The
Irish call it caitknc [cahina] : and in the neigh-
bourhood of the Killarney lakes, this word is
Icnown, but veiled under a thin disguise ; for even
(he Englisli-speaking people call the berries of
the arbutus crt?».-apples, though few or none of
them suspect how this name took its riso. More-
over this name has been long in use ; for Throl-
keld, who wrote his " Synopsis Stirpium Iliberni-
carum," in 1727, notices it, and recognises it as an
anglicised form of caiihne.

The arbutus lias not given name to many places.
Tlie wood at the back of the Eagle's Nest near
Killarnoy, is called Cahnicaun (roc p. 10) or arbu-
tus wood ; and tlie stream that flows from Barley
lake down to Glengarriff, is named Owenacahina,
the river of tlie arbutus. The Irish name of the
village of Smerwick near Dingle in Kerry, which is
still used, is Ard-na-caithne (now pronounced Ard-
naconnia), the height of the arbutus. Isknagali'
iny is the name of a small lake near Lough Cuv-
rnne in Kerry, five miles north-east of Derrynane:
Kiac-na-gcaithne, the stream track of the arbutua
trees.

In Clare and the west of Ireland, the name of
this tree is a little different, viz., cuinchc, pro-
nounced very nearly queenha ; this form is foimd
as the name of a village and parish in Clare, now
shortened to Quin, where Sheeda Maonamara
founded an abbey in 1402, the ruins of which ore
yottobo seen. The Four Masters, who men (ion

3G0 The Mineral Kingdom. [ciiAr. xx.

it several times, call it Citinc/ie, arbutus or arluitiis
land : and this ancient name is correctly anglicised
Quiucliy in Carlisle's Topographical Dictionary,
and Quinhie in the DoAvn Survey, this last being
almost identical in sound with the western name
of the arbutus. In the same parish is a townland
now called Feaghquin, but written in an old quit
rent ledger, Feaghquiuny, i.e. arbutus land. One
of the many islands in Clew Bay, a very small
one, is called Quinsheen, a diminutive form signi-
fying little arbutus island.

CHAPTER XX.

THE MINERAL KINGDOM.

Gold. It appears certain that gold and silver
mines were worked in this country from the most
remote antiquity ; and that these precious metals
— especially gold — were found anciently in nmch
greater abundance than they have been in recent
times. Our oldest traditions record not only tho
existence of the mines, but also the names of the
kings who had them worked, and even those of
the artificers. According to the bardic annals, the
monarch Tighernmas [Tiernmas : about 1000 years
B.C.], was the first that smelted gold inlreland,and
with it covered di-inking goblets and brooches ; the
mines were situated in the Foithre, the woods pr
woody districts (see p. 350), cast of thcLin'ey ; and
the artificer was Uchadan, who lived in Fercualuit,
that part of Wicklow lying round Powerscourt.

Whatever amoimt of truth there may be in this
old legend, it proves very clearly that the Wicldow
gold mines were as well known in the far distant

ciiAr. XX.] The Mineral Kingdom. 361

ages of antiquity as they were in the end of the
last century, when the accidental discovery of a few
pieces of gold in the bed of a stream, revived the
iong-lost knowledge, and caused such an excit-
ng search for several years. This stream, which
is now called the Gold Mine river, flows from the
mountain of Croghan Kinshella, and joins the
Ovoca near the Wooden Bridge hotel. On accoimt
of the abundance of gold in Wicklow in old times,
the people of Leinster sometimes got the name of
Laighnigh-an-6ir, the Lagenians of the gold
(O'Curry, Lcct. I., 5).

Several other early kings are celebrated for
having introduced certain golden oriunnents, or
niado tlie custom o[ wearing them more general.
And Irish liioraturo abounds in allusion to golden
bosses, brooclics, pins, armlets, crowns, &c. In later
and more authentic annals, we have records also
which show that gold was everywhere Avithin
I'oach of the wealihy, and was used by them in
nimieioiiM woiKh oI' ai-t.

The general truthfulness of these traditions and
records is fully borne out by tho great cpianiitics
of manufactured gold found in various parts of
the country ; and whoever looks on the fine collec-
tion in the Royal Irish Academy, which, rich as
it is, is only a small remnant of our ancient golden
ornaments, will be scarcely prepared to discredit
the ancient accounts. These ornaments moreover
are not alloyed — the gold is absolutely pure, as far
as the old gold workers were able to make it so.
And this universal purity, and the corresponding
richness of colour, gave rise to the expression devg-
6r — red gold — which occurs so often in Irish writ-
ings, both ancient and modern.

ho Irish word for gold is 6r [ore], copnalo
with Latin auyum,'[m(S. Welsh aur. It enters into

3G2 The Mineral Kiiujdom. [ciiAr. xx.

(ho formniiou of a C()nHi(loral)lo innnLer of iiauica
of places, in eacli of wliicli wo must conclude that
gold in some shape or another was formerly found.
In many of these places traditions are current of
the former presence of gold, and in some it is found
at the present day.

Near ihe villag-e of Cullcn, on the borders of
Ijimerick and Tipperary, there is a hog which has
been long celebrated for the quantities of manu-
factured gold found in it. For the last 150 years,
innumerable golden articles of various hinds have
been dug up from the bottom of this 1 oj, as well
as many of the implements used by the old gold-
smiths in their work, such as crucibles, bronze
ladles, &c. ; from which it is probable, as O'Curry
remarks, that this place was anciently — long be-
fore the bog was formed, and when the land was
clothed with wood — inhabited by a race of gold-
smiths, who carried on the manufacture there for
generations. O'Curry, in a portion of a very in-
teresting lecture, has endeavoured to identify the
goldsmiths of this place with a race of artificers,
who, according to their genealogy as given in the
Book of Ijcinster, were descended immediately
from OlioU Olum, king of IMunster, and who fol-
lowed the trade uninterruptedly for seven genera-
tions, from about a.d. 3U0 to 500 (Lectures III.,
205). It may be added that the bog of Cullen is
proverbial all over Munster for its riches : —

".And her wealth it far outshines,
C'nllen's bog or 8ilverniines. "

(See "The Enchanted Lake" in Crofton Croker's
" Fairy Legends.")

The celebrated fort of Dunanore, in Smerwick
Bay in Kerry, was correctly translated Fort-del-or

'CHAP. XX.] The Mineral Rinrjdom, 3G3

(fort of the gold), by the Spaniards, who landed
and fortified themselves in it in 1580, The Four
IMastcrs call it in one passage Diin-mi-Oir, and in
niiolher OiIen-an-(nr (island of the gold), of which
the foiinor name shows that the rock nnist havo
hccn originally occu))icd by a circidar <Iu)) or fort.
As to Avhy it was called the Fort of Gold, there are
several ojiinions and traditions, none of which seem
either snfHcient to exj^tlain it, or worthy of being
recorded. On the west coast of Cape Clear Island
is a castle ruin also called Dunanore ; this was in
old days a forialicc of iho 0'J)riscolls ; and hero
also the peasantry have ]iiany legends of hidden
treasure, all probably founded on the name. Ano-
ther name like ihis is Casheloir (m^sm^, a stone fort),
applied to a fine circular fort of the most ancient
cyclojiean masonry, lying near the village of Bal-
lintogher in Sligo, three miles from Drumahaire.

One of the various ways in whicli a place may
liave derived iis name from gold is illus-
ii-atcd in the account of the death of Lewy
Mac-Con, king of Ireland in the second century.
It is staled that on one occasion this king was at a
place called Gort-an-6ir (near Dcrg-raih : see p.
278), sfauding with his back against a pillar-stone,
engngcd in tlie royal occupation of distributing
gold and silver to the poets and learned men of
Irehmd. A certain poet named Ferchas, the son
of Comau, who lived at a place cvWoA Ard-na- Gem-
lech (lieigiit of Iho folters), otherwise called C)we-
ach (i.e. liilly place), when he heard how the king
was occupied, entered with some others into the
assembly, with a kind of javelin called a rwend in
his hand, which he drove with one thrust through
the king's body, so that it struck the pillar-stonc
flt Iheoihor side; and ]\lac-(km died innnediately.
It is added that " Gori-an-6ir (field of the gold) has

364 The Mineral Kingdom. [chap. xx.

been the name of that place ever since ; and it lias
been so called from the quantity of gold distri-
buted there by the king to the bards and ollainhs
of Ireland." This place, which is well known, and
still retains the name of Gortanoro, is situated just
near the fort of Derrygrath, in the parish of the
same name, four miles nearly east of Uahir inTip-
})erary, on the right of the road as you go towards
Clonmel ; and the poet's residence has left the
name of Knockagh on a townlaud in the immediate
vicinity.

In the legendary accoimt of the origin of the
name of the ancient principality of Oriel originally
comprising the territory (now occupied by the coun-
ties of Monaghan, Armagh, and Louth), we have
another illustration. This kingdom was founded
by the three Collas in the year 332 ; and it is
stated that one of their stipulations with the neigh-
bouring kings was that whenever it shoidd be found
necessary to fetter a hostage from their newly-
formed principality, chains of gold should be used
for the purpose. Hence the name — nsed in all our
authorities — Oir-ghialla [Ore-yeela] golden hos-
tages, which has been modernised to the form
Oriel.

In every case I know of, the or, and its genitive
oir, take the form of ore in anglicised names ; but
it must be remembered that this syllable ore occa-
sionally represents other words, as for instance
uab/iar, pride.

In the parish of Feakle in Clare, near Lough
Graney, there is a townland taking name from a
hill, called Slieveanore — 8/iabh-an-6ir, the moun-
tain of the gold; and there is a mountain of the
same name a little west of Carrantuohill, the
highest of the Reeks in Kerry ; while we have
Knockanore — golden hill — the name of places in

CHAP. XX.] The Mineral Kingdom. 3G5

Cavan, Kilkenny, and Waterford (but Knockanore
near Kerry Head, at the raoutli of the Shannon, is
Cnocan-uahhai)', (he hill of pride) ; and Tullynore
near nillshorough in Down, the little hill {tulach)
of the gold. At (ho haso of (he hill of IMidlogh-
nicsha between 13antry and Dimm.inway in Cork,
there is a small pool called Cooraanore [ciim, a hol-
low among mountains) ; Laganore, near Clonmcl
in Tipporar}^ has nuich the same meaning {hnj, a
hollow) ; and Glananore — golden glen — is the name
of a place near Castletownroche in Corlc.

Silver. As in case of gold, wo have also very
ancient legends about silver. Our old histories
tell us that king Enna Airgf/ieac/i, who reigned
about a century and a half after Tighernmas, was
the first that made silver shields in Ireland, which
he distributed among his chieftain friends. The
legend goes on to say that they were made at a
place called ylrc/e if ros or Silverwood, situated in the
parish of llathbeagh on the Nore in Kilkenny,
wliich Avas said to derive i(s namo from (hoso
silver shields. llosargid, which has the same
meaning, wmr, according (o O'Dugan, (ho ancient
name of a place near Toomy vara in Tippcrary ; but
the name has not reached our day.

The Irish word for silver is airgeat [arrigit] ; it
is cognale wi(h (he Latin argcntunf, and w'ith San-
scrit ragnta, all being derived from a root arg or
rag, signifying white or shining (Pictel). As
silver is tlio hI!im(1im(1 of value, (ho word airgcal is,
and has been for a long time, the common Irish
word for money. It is generally easy to detect
the Avovd in local names ; for i(s modem forms
do not often depart from Avhat woidd be indi-
cated by the Irish pronunciation. Three miles
from ]3allycas(le in Antrim, there is a place called
Moyarget, the field or plain (magh) of silver;

3G6 The Minoml Kingdom, [chap. xx.

Cloonargid, silver meadow, is the name of a place
ill the parish of Tibohiiie, liosoommou, live miles
south-west from Ballaghaderreen, which is cor-
rectly translaled Silveifield in the name of a re-
sidence in the townland. Thei'e are many small
lakes throiig'li the counlry called Lough Anargid
and liOugh Anargit [Loch-un-ainjit, lake of tho
silver) ; ono for iuslanco in Ualway, and another
eight miles north of the town of Donegal, over
which rises the " Silver Hill," Avhicli was so called
from the lake. Whether these lakes took their
names from a tradition of money having been
buried or found in them, or from their silvery
brightness, like tlio river Arigideen in Cork (see
p. 71), it is dillicult to tell.

It is certain, as I have already stated, that many
of tho names in tho foregoing part of (hi.s chapter
indicate that, at some past time, gold or silver was
dug from the earth, or found in the beds of streams,
at the particular places. But this is not the origin
of all such names ; and there is good reason to
believe that a considerable number of them origi-
nated in treasure legends. There is scarcely any
class of superstitions more universal, or that have
taken more iirm hold of the imagination of tho
people, than those connected with hidden treasure ;
and no wonder, for there are few, from a lord to
a peasant, who would not be delighted to find a
crock tilled with old coins of gold and silver. Le-
gends about hidden treasure abound in our popular
literature,* and wo must not wholly disbelieve
ihem ; lor iu all ages of tho world, t\spccially in
times of turbulence or war, people have been in
the habit of burying in the ground hoards of
money and other valuables, on any sudden emer-

• See Ciofton Ciokei'a "Fairy Legends."

cHAr. XX.] The Mineral Kingdom. 3C7

gency or clanger; and what one man hides and
leaves behind him is generally found out sooner
or later by some one else.

That it has not been reserved for the people of
our day to fall in for such pieces of good fortune
is shown by many old records : and as onoexami)lo
we find it stated in the " Tribes and Customs of
Ily Many " (pp. 63-4-5) that among other emolu-
ments, the king of Connaught ceded to the people
of Ily Many " the third part of every treasure
found hidden or buried in the depths of the
earth."

In almost all the countries of Europe hidden
treasure is popularly believed to be guarded by
supernatural beings ; and to circumvent them by
cunning, or by some other more questionable
agency, is the grand study of money seekers. In
Ireland the fairies are usually the guardians ; and
they are extremely ingenious in devising schemes
to bailie treasure seekers, or to decoy or frighten
fhem fioin tlicir pursuit. Tho antiquity of tin's
superstition is proved by a curious passage in tho
"Wars of the Irish with the Danes,'' a document
as old as the eleventh century. Tho writer is
describing the robberies perpetrated by the Danes,
and their ingenuity in finding out hidden hoards
of valuables, and he says : — " There was not in
concealment under ground in Erin, nor in the
various solitudes belonging to Fians (i.e. ancient
heroes : see 1st Yol., Tart II., c. i.) or to fairies,
anything that was not discovered by these foreign,
wonderful Denmarkians, through paganism and
idol worship" — meaning "that notwithstanding
the potent spells employed by the Eians and
fairies for the concealment of their hidden trea-
sures, the Danes, by their pagan magic and the

"368 The Mineral Kingdom. [chap. xx.

diabolical power of tlieir idols, were enabled to
find tlieni out" (Todd, in nolo, p. 1 15).

I Lave seen in various parts of Ireland tlie
marks of treasure- seekers' work in old rati is,
castles, and abbeys, and many a fine old ruin
has been sadly dilapidated by their nightly explo-
rations.

It is probable tbat from legends of tliis kind
some of the preceding names are derived, and
others like them ; and a similar origin may in all
likelihood be assigned to the following: in mo.st
of these places, indeed, stories of adventurous
searches after treasure are still told by the people,
liisanargid, Ijishcenanargid, and llathargid (all
signifying the fort of silver or of money) aic names
of very frequent occurrence ; Scartore — the seart
or thicket of gold — is a jdaco near Dungaivan
in Waterford ; and there is a townland called
Cloghore — stone of gold — in the parish of Kil-
barron in Donegal, near Belleek.

Iron. We know that among the people of
Europe, weapons and instruments of stone Avere
iised in war, and in the arts of everyday life,
long before the time of historical records ; and
that stone was superseded by bronze, and bronze
by iron. It is believed that the change from one
material to another was very gradual ; that stone
contintied in use long after the introduction of
bronze ; and that for a period of unknown dura-
tion, bronze and iron wereused contemporaneously,
till tbo former was gradually relinquished as tlio
latter became moro plontil'ul.

AVhen it was that iron mines began to be worked
in this country, our annals or traditions do not
inform us. It is certain that the metal was known
amongst us from the earliest period to which Irish
history or tradition reaches; for we find it re-

CHAP. XX.] The Mineral Kingdom. 8G9

pcatedly mentioned in our most ancient tales,
romances, and historical tracts, as being the mate-
rial from which were made defensive armour, and
weapons of various kinds, such as clubs, spears,
swords, Sec. In the Book of Rights, which refers
to a A'cry earl}' period of society, we find mentioned
among the tributes due to the Icing of Connaught,
"seven times fiftj' masses of iron " (p. 105). It
is curious that the word used for "masses" is
coera, i.e. sheep; a "sheep" of iron correspond-
ing to the term " pig " used at the present day.

All this shows that some progress must have
been made in very early times in the art of rais-
ing and smelting ore ; but as to the ])articular
molliods employed, or to what extent the iron
mines of ihc country were utilised by the native
Irish, our literature does not, on the whole, give
us juuch infonnation. In the fifteenth, sixteenth,
and seventeenth centuries, iron mines were exten-
sively worked, chiefly by the Anglo-Irish lords ;
and ihc vast consumption of timber in smelting
Mas one of the main causes of the destruction of
tlu'' great forests.

The Irish word for iron is not very difToront
from the English : — idrann, old Irish form tarn
[both pronounced eeran], and the word exists in
various forms in Welsh and in several of the nor-
thern languages ; such as Gothic cisarn, old High
German isarn ; Angl.-Sax. ^rc;;, "Welsh hcyrn. We
ha\e numerous names formed from this word, in-
dicating the spots where the ore was found ; and
some of them are mixed up with our earliest tra-
ditions. Thus the annals reckon Loch-niairn (the
lake of iron) among the nine lakes which burst
forth in the time of Tigheaimmns ; and this
lake, which is situated in AVestmeatli, still
retains the name, modernised to Lough Iron. Ac-
VOL. II. 25

370 " The Mineral Kingdom. [chap. xx.

cording to tradition the iron mines of Slievcan-
ieriu, east of Lougli Allen in tlio county of
Leitrim [Stiabh-an-iairn,l^o\\x^l., tlie mountain of
iron) were worked by Goibncn tlie great Dedan-
nan smitli ; and it is now as celebrated for its iron
ore as it Avas when it got the name, long ages ago.

In a few cases the Irish term is simply
changed to the English word iro)i ; as in Derry-
iron (oak-grove of iron) in the parish of lially-
burly, five miles from Philipstown in King's
County. But it more commonly assumes other
forms. Toberanierin is a place five miles from
Gorey in Wexford, well known as one of the
battle-fields of 1798 : — Tohar-an-iarainn, the well
of the iron. One of the hills rising over Glenma-
lure in Wicklow, is called Fananierin, ihofdn or
filopo of the iron. In iho ])iiiiHh of Clondermot,
about three miles from Londonderry, is a townland
called Currynierin (eurrach, a marsh) ; and with a
like meaning we have Annaghieriu (eanac/i, a
marsh), the name of a lake near Shercock in Cavan.
Lisheenanierin is a toAvnland near the village of
Strokestown in Roscommon ; and there is a Lissa-
nierin in King's County, four miles north of
Roscrea: both signifying the fort of the iron.
Lough Anierin is a small lake about a mile from
the hamlet of Kiltyclogher in Leitrim.

It may be conjectured that some of the fore-
mentioned places, as well as others, received their
names, not from the actual discovery of the metal
itself, but from the reddish, rusty ajipearance of
the soil, indicating the presenco of iron. However
the presence of ferruginous mud was generally
indicated by a distinct term, which will form the
subject of the next article.

lro)i sewn. When the soil is impregnated with
iron, water epringing from the ground or flowing

cHAr. xx.J The Mineral Kingdom. 371

along tlie surface deposits a reddisli mud ; wliich.
also sometimes floats on the top and forms a thin,
shining, metalliferous-looking scum. This rusty-
looking mild or scum is sometimes used in colour-
ing cloth, and it is known in most parts of Ireland
— or was known when Irish was spoken — by the
name of rod or rnide [ridda]. It got this name
from its colour ; for rod signifies red. This word
is given in the old form rot, in Cormac's Glossary,
where it is stated that it signifies " everything red."
It is of course cognate witli Eng. red and ruddy.
Tlio word is prctly common in names, and it is
easily known, for it is never much disguised by
corruption. It is nngliciscd rud, rndda, ruddf/,
riddut, &c., mU wliich forms are illustrated in tlie
following names. Near the village of Ballycon-
nell in Cavan, is a lake remarkable for this kind
of deposit, called Lough Rud ; and there is a
small pool cnllcd Lough Arudda in the county
Leitrim, one mile from the north-western end of
upper Lough Macnean. Moneyrod the shrubbery
(or perhaps the bog) of the iron scum, is the
name of a place in the parish of Duneane in
Antrim ; Corrarod in Cavan {cor, a round hill) ;
Boolinrudda at the northern base of Slievecallan
mountain in Clare (booh/, a dairy place). Raruddy,
with its old castle ruins, near Loughrea, and
Cloonriddia in the parish of Killcrerin, both in
Galway, the rath or fort, and the meadow, of the
scum ; the latter the snme as Clonrud near Abbey-
leix in (Queen's County. In Bunnaruddee {fjun,
the oiul, the mouth of a stream) near Ballylong-
ford in Kerry, there is a spa ; and all the laud
round it is (as a person once described it to me)
" covered with shiny stuff." The final (j belonging
(o tlio adjective form n[)j)cars — aflor iho miinncr
of the oxtrcinosoudi — in Xealariddig in the parish

372 The Mineral K'uigdom. [vukv. xx.

oi Kilc-roluuio, west ol" Konmaro in K(>ny — tho
keal or narrow marsLy stream oi" the iron .s(;iiin.

Sulphur. Native sulphur is found in the lime-
stone at Oughterard in Galway, so that it can be
picked out of the stones in the hod of the pretty
little river that flows through the village, when
the water is very low. O'Flaherty (hir. 0. p. 53)
records that in a great drought in KiOO and 1GC7,
" there was brimstone found on the dry stoue-s
[in the bed of the river] about the bridge of
Fuogh." From these sulphury deposits he states
*' it was commonly called Owan Hoimhe, or Brim-
stone E,iver ; and this name is now modernised to
Owenriff. This word ruibh [riv], sulphur, is ioxmd
in a few other names, but it docs not occur often.
Revlin in the parish of Killyniard, near the town
of Donegal, probably received its name for the
same reason as the last : — liuibh-Unn, sulphur pool
or stream. Moneenreave in the parish of Inish-
magrath in Leitrim, the little bog of the sulphur.

Salt. The art of preserving provisions by
means of salt is of great antiquity in Ireland ;
and salt itself is often mentioned as an important
article of consumption in the old laws regarding
allowances and tributes. The Irish word for salt
is saliinn — old ioxm.\salond, as given in Cormac's
Glossary — corresponding with Welsh halen, Lat.
sal, Gr. hah, Slav, solt, Goth, and Eng. salt ; and
the Irish dictionai'ies give the diminutive sdlannan
as meaning a salt pit.

A good number of places have taken their names
from this word, as if marking the s])ot>s Avhcre salt
was dug up, where it was nianurjicl.iired IVom sea
water, or where it simply impregnated the soil.
But in every case I have met with, the s is eclipsed
by t; and the word is nearly always anglicised
talUn, tallon, or tallatiy forms which are easily
recognised.

CHAP. XX.] The Mineral Kingdom. 373

Glenatallan is a townland near Loughrea in
Gal way, whose Irish name is Gleann-a -tsalainny
the glen of the salt. Coomatallin in Cork, and
Lugatallin in Ma_yo, both signify salt hollow;
Tawiiytallan in Ijeitrim, the salt field {tamhnacJt) ;
UTul li()iigli!ii!)llon, a small })ool two miles south-
west of Castletown in Westmoath, tlie lake of the
salt. On the south shore of the Shannon, im-
mediately west of Foynes Island, is Poultallin
Point — Poultallin, the pool or hole of the salt.

Qnarrj/. A quarry of any kind, whether pro-
ducing stone or slate, is eallcd cnil<^.ir [cullare].
The Pour Masters (Vol. V,, p. 1261) mention a
place in the county Monaghan called Ath-an-
choi/cir, tlie ford of the quarry. There is, or was
a quarry in the parish of Drum in Mayo, west of
Balla, which has given name to the townland of
Ouillare ; and another near Athenry in Galway,
whence tlie townland of Cullairbane has got its
name, signifying white quarry. Pollacullaire in
Galway, Poulacullcare in Tipperary, and Clasha-
collare near Callan in Kilkenny, all mean simply
quarry-hole {poll, a hole; dais, a trench). The
word is slightly disguised in Knockacollcr near
Mountrath in Queen's County, and in Craigahulliar
(c changed to h by aspiration) near Portrush in
All trim — the hill and the rock of the quarry.

IS/ate. Slinn is a slate or any very flat stone or
tile. There is a liill in the townland of Flenn-
moro, parish of Xilfergus in Limerick, called
ivuocknasliuna, signifying the hill of the slates;
])erj'ynasHng in the parish of Ardcrony in Tip-
])erary, and Mullaghslin in a detached part of the
]):irish of Clogherny in Tyrone, the oak-wood
{(hire) and the summit {mnllach) of the slates.

Lime. Notwithstanding that lime is so plentiful
in Ireland, comparatively few places have taken

374 The Mineral Kingdom. [chap, xx

tLeii' names from it. Our word for lime is acl,
and it appears in at least one name preserved in
tlie annals. The Four Masters twiee mention a
^IsLce caWed Aelmliagh, i.e. lime-plain; but the name
is now obsolete. O'Dugan in one place (p. 94) calls
Kilkenny by the appropriate name, Oill-C/iaiimigh
na clock n-iioil, Kilkenny of the limestones.

In an}>licised names the word usually appears
as a termination in the form of ccl. iJawnaneel
in the parish of Kilmeen, west of Kanturk in Cork,
represents the Irish Bdn-an-aeil, the lea-iield of
the lime. Near Trim in Meath there is a place
called Cloncarneel (or Carnisle, as it is often called),
the clon or meadow of the limestone earn ; Toneel
in the pari.sh of Boho in Fermanagh, the bottom-
land (toil) of the lime ; Knockananeel in (he parish
of Orosslioyne in Mayo, Oiiocan-dn-aci/, little lime-
stone hill.

Gravel. Grean [gran] is often used to signify
land in general ; but it is more usually restricted
to mean gravel, and occasionally the gravelly bed
of a stream. This word sometimes gets confound-
ed in anglicised names with grian, the sun, and
with gran, grain; but when the Ii'ish pronuncia-
tion can be heard it is always sufficient to distin-
guish them ; for grean is sounded short [gran],
and the other two long [green, graan].

From this Avord a considerable number of names
are derived. There is a stream flowing into the
Maigiie, near Adaro inl-iimerick, called the Orean-
agh, which is the adjective form with the postfix
(ich (p. W), signifying gravelly stream ; and some
town lauds in Galway and Disrry are called Gran-
nagh and Granagh — gravelly place. AVith the
oblique inflexion this same word gives name to
Granny, which occurs in each of the three counties,
Kilkenny, Derry, and Eoscommon ; and this name

CHAP. XX.] The Mineral Kingdom. 375

is modified to Granig, near Tracton, soutli of Coi'k
harl>our, in accordance wifli the custom of pro-
nouncing- til ^ final g prevalent in Cork and Kerry,
Tlio diminutive Qranaglian (on the adjective form
(/rrtnnrch) \h the n;nno of many other townlands,
and has the panic meaning as the j^reccding.

The English gravel is sometimes transferred into
the Irish; it is spelled gairbh^al — pronounced
gravale — and has given name to Gravale, a high
mountain near Sailygap in Wicklow.

ISnnd. There are several Irish words for sand,
of which the one most generall}'- used is gaincamh
[gannav]. Tlie simple word gives name to Ganniv
in Cork, to Gannew in Donegal, and to Gannow
inGalway. From the adjective gainmJieach, sandy,
are derived Gannavagh in Leitrim, Gannaway
near Donaghadee in Down (Gannagh, Inq.), and
Gannoughs (sandy places) in Galway ; while the
diminutives are seen in Gannavane in Limerick,
and Gannaveen in Galway. Pollaginnive in Fer-
managli signilies <ho sandpit {poll, a hole) ; Clon-
ganny in AVcxford, sand ycloon or meadow ; and
on tiie shore near ]5angor in Down, is a place
called Glenganagh, the glen of the sand.

Jewels, Pearls. The Irish term sed (shade)
old form ,<?^^ — was anciently used to denote a mea-
sure of value. According to Cormac's Glossary
there wore several kinds of sets ; but they were
nil understood to be cattle of the cow kind. The
word was most conimonly applied either fo a three-
year-old heifer, or to a milch cow ; but sometimes
it was used to designate property or chattels of
any kind.

This word had also a somewhat more specific
meaning ; for it denoted a pearl, a precious stone,
or a gem of any kind ; thus Con O'Neill, who was
killed in 1493, is designated by the Four Masters,

37G Tlic Mineral Kingdom. [chap. xx.

in recording his cleatb, " tlio bestower of scih and
riches," and O'Douovaa here translates sech by
jewels. This latter is the sense in which the word
is now, and has been for a long time, understood ;
and this is the meaning with which I am con-
cerned here.

Several Irish rivers were formerly celebrated for
their pearls ; and in many the pearl nuiscle is found
to this day. Solomon Richards, an Englishman,
who wrote a description of Wexford about (he
year 1G56, speaking of the Slaney, says, " It
ought to precede all the rivers in Ireland for its
pearle fishing, which though not abundant are yet
excellent, for muscles are daily taken out of itt
about fowre, five, and six inches long, in which
are often found pcarlcs, for lustre, magnitude,
and rotundily, not inferior to oriental or any
other in the world. They have lately been sold
by a merchant that dined this day with me for
208, 30s, 40s, and three pound a pearle, to
goldsmiths and jewellers in London." (Kilk.
Arch. Jour.— 1862-3, p. 91). O'Flahcrty states
that in the Fuogh river or Owenriff, flowing by
Oughterard in Gal way, " muscles are found that
breed pearles," and to this day they are often
found in the same river. In Harris's Ware it is
stated that pearls are found in the fresli water
muscles of the Bann, and in those of several of
the streams of Tyrone, Donegal, and elsewhere.
He tells us that a present of an Irish pearl was
made to Anselm, archbishop of Cantcuhm-y, by
Gillebert, bishop of liinioiick, about 101)1*. In
Kerry also, he remarks that several other precious
stones are found, namely, Kerry diamonds,
amethysts, topazes, emeralds, and sapphires of
good quality. Many of the streams of Donegal
produce the pearl muscle in which pearls are of ten

CHAP. XX.] The Mineral Kingdom, 377

foimd (see Dub. Pen. Jour, I., 389) ; and the
snnie niny be siiid of strciuns in several other parts
of Ircltnul.

The word .sf'*/ designates all such precions stones ;
and IVoni Avhat T haAo ahcady said no one will be
surprised to find that this term is often found
forming a part of local names. When it occurs
in names it is not easy to determine in each case
the precise sense in which it is used ; sometimes
it indicated no doubt that pearls or other gems
were found in the respective places ; it may have
been occasionally applied to cattle ; while in other
cases, the njiines probabl}^ mark places whore
hordes of valiuibles of some kind were kept.

The old name of Baltimore on the south-coast
of Cork was Dun-na-std (Annals of Innisfallen),
the fortress of the jewels ; but the name was
originally applied to a circular fort on a high rock,
the site of which is now occupied by the ruins of
O'Dn'scoU's ciislle, to which tho name is slill a])-
j)lied. 1 will not venluro any conjecture as to
why the old fortress got the name of Diin-ua-^r<I.

\V\\\\ r(>g;ud io the present name, we are told in
the topographical Dictionaries of Seward and
Lewis, that the place was called JBeal-ti-mor, the
great habitation of Beal, because it was one of
the principal seats of the idolatrous worship of
Baal. But for this silly statement there is not a
particle of authority. The name is written in
several old Anglolrish documents, Baliniimorc,
which accords exactly with the present Irish
pronunciation ; the correct Irish forni is Bai/e-rni-
iigh-mhoir, which means merely the town of the
large house ; and it derived this name no doubt
from the castle of the O'Driscolls, already
spoken of.

The word sed appears in Cloghnashade, the

378 The Mineral Kingdom. [chap. xx.

stono of llio jewels, now ilio uaiuc! of a iownlniul
and of a small lake in llosconnnon, two miles
east of Mount Talbot. Tlicy have a legend in
ISfunster, tluit at tlie bottom of the lower lake of
Ivillarney there is a diamond of priceless value ;
which sometimes shines so brightly that on certain
nights the light bursts forth with dazzling brilli-
ancy through the dark waters. I'erliajjs some
such legend gave name to Loughnashade (lake of
the jewels), a small lake four miles north-east of
Philipstown in King's County ; to Louglmashade,
a lakelet two miles west of Armagh ; and to a
third lake of the same name, a mile from Drura-
shanibo, just where the Sliainion issues from
Lough Allen.

Tho road from Tjismore to Cloghocn over the
splendid pass of Knockmcaklowu runs for the
first six or seven miles of its course — i. e. nearly
tho whole way to the summit level of the pass —
along tho bank of the pretty mountain stream,
the Owennashad, which joins the Blackwater at
Lismore. Tlie native pronunciation of tlie name
of tliis river brings out tlio meaniug very cleai'ly
— Oicennashe^-ad, representing the Gaelic Abli-
ainn-na-scad, the river of the jewels.

In the Leahhar B)-eac, or S])eckled Book of the
Mac Egans, a collection of ancient pieces com-
piled in the fourteenth century, there is a pretty
legend to account for the nnme of Loch Fxil Scad,
one of the lakes on the Qalty mountains. Coer-
abar, the beautiful daughter of the great Connaught
fairy queen, Etal, had one hundred and fifty
maidens in her train, who every alternate year
were transformed into as many beautiful birds,
and in the other years had their natural shapes.
During the time that they lived as birds they
always remained on Loch Crotta Cliach {Crotfa

<;hap. XX.] The Mineral Kingdom, 379

Cliach, the ancient name of the Galty mountains) ;
and tbey were cliained in couples with chains of
silver. One of them especially was the most
l)onntil'Ml l)ird in the whole world ; and she had a
neckliicn of rod gold on her nock, wi(h three
tinios lifty clinins suspended from it, cjich chain
terminating in a ball of gold. So the people who
saw the birds every diiy, oallod Ihc lake Loch B<H
8e(«l, the lake with the jewel mouth, from the
gold and silver and gems that glittered on the
bi'vds. (O'Curry : Lect. on MS. Materials, 426).
This Inke has long lost its old name, and it is now
called Ijough IMuskry, from the old territory of
MuscrtiigJie Chuirc in which it is situated.

Yoiy curiously tliere is a lake of this name,
now Lough Belshade, at the eastern base of the
Croaghgorm or Bluestack mountains, about six
miles north east of the town of Donegal. Here
the people have a legend in connexion with the
name. At the bottom of the lake is a castle, in
which is a casket of jewels of priceless value,
guarded by an enormous demon cat : and in the
dungeons of the castle many persons have been
for ages held captive by the spells of an enchanter.
r>ut at some future time a descendant of the
!Mac Swynes of Doe Castle is to come to the edge
of the lake, bringing a black pig, which he will
kill and roast on a rock. The hungry demon cat,
allured from his post by the savoury smell of the
roasting pork, abandons his post and comes forth
from the lake ; and while he is devouring the pig,
Mac Swyne suddenly falls on him and slays him.
This breaks the spell : the lake dries up, the
castle stands forth as it stood ages ago, and the
captives are all set free.

380 The Surface of the Land. [chap. xxi.

CnAPTER XXI.

THE SURFACE OF THE LAND.

Tahunh [tallav] siguillos ilio cartli or land, cor-
re.S])onding- witli Lat. tellus. It is not often found
in local use, and a few names will l)o sufliciont to
illuatrato it. A short diatanco north of Killary
harbour, there is a little island near the coast,
called Tallavbaun, wliich signifies whitish land.
Tallavnainralier is the name of a townland in the
parish of Kilbegnet in Galway — Talamh-na-
■inhrathar, the land of the friars. It sometimes
takes the form of tallow, as in Tallowroe in the
parish of Xilleeneen in Galway, red land ; Shan-
tallow and Shantalliv, the names of several places,
old land, which were probably so called because
they had been long cultivated, while the surround-
ing district remained waste. The genitive form is
tahnhan, the pronunciation of which is exhibited
in Buntalloon neai' Tralee, a name which exactly
corresponds in meaning with " Finisterre " and
" Land's End."

Feara)ii>, land, ground, a countr3^ In its topo-
graphical use it is applied to a particular portion
of land or territory. It is widely disseminated as
a local term ; and in the anglicised form Farran it
constitutes or begins the names of about 180
townlauds. Farranagalliagh in Roscommon must
have formerly belonged to a nunnery — I'cai-ann-na-
gcailleach, the land of the nuns. Farrangarve
near Killashandra in Cavan, rough land ; Farran-
tomple in Kilkenny and ])erry, the land of the
church ; Farranatouke, near Kinsale, the land of
the hawk.

A great many of the denominations beginning
■yiiilLfearann have the latter part formed of a per-

CHAP. XXI.] The Surface of the Land. 381

sonal or family name, commemorating former pos-
sessors. Thus Farranrory in Tipperary is Rudh-
raidhc's or Ivory's land ; Farranydaly in Cavan,
O'Dalys land ; Fnrranf^arodo in Sligo, and Farran-
{^iiircl'in Walorlord, hotli Bif>nifying tiarrot/sland.

NVIu'ii MiiM ^vo^d J'orniH llio end ol' a nnin(>, il;
often loses (lio/by aspiration, as in llio conuiion
lownland names Lalianin and Lalianun, wliicli
represent Lcaih-fhearan)i,\xa\i land — a name applied
to one half of a townland, which for some reason
liad been divided in two. Raheenarran in Kil-
kenny, the little rath or fort of the land or farm.

D'r is the common Gaelic word for land — land
as distingnislicd from sea, or from water : cognate
with Lat. terra. The syllable tir begins about 130
townland names, and teer and tier about 50 others,
in nearly all of which they mean land, in the
sense of district : but in a very few cases the ti
represents tigh, a house. Beyond those names the
word does not enter extensively into local nomen-
claiuie.

Tirargus near Kilmacrenan in Donegal is in
Gaelic Tir-Flicarghnis, Fergus's land; butTirfei-giis
neai- Katlilriland is a dillerent jianie, if one may
judge from the local pronunciation of some old
peo])le, whicli makes it Tirfergagh, Fergagh's
liind, corrupted to Firfergus. Tiiboy near Tuani
in Galway, yellow hind. Tirnageeragh in Derry,
the land of the sheep.

Tlie word Teer, i. e. district, is the name of
four towulands in Armagh, Fermanagh, Monagh-
an, and Kerry. Teernacreeve in the parish of
Moycashel in AVestmeath, is called in the Martyr-
ology of Donegal Tir-da-chraebh, the district of
the two branches. The Danes we know had a
settlement at Creadeu Head in Waterford, and it
was evidently from them that the modern name

382 The Surface of the LancL [chap. xxi.

of the barony is" derived — Gaultiere, i.e. the land
of the Galls or foreigners.

Fod [fode] means a sod, soil, or land. In its
topographical application it is comnioidy used to
designate a spot, which, compared with the sur-
rounding land, has a remarkably smooth, grassy
surface. In many cases, however, it is undei'stood
to mean merely the grassy surface of the land.

As a part of names, this word usually comes in
as a termination ; but the / almost always disap-
pears either by aspiration or eclipse. The aspirated
form is seen in Moyode, three miles from Athenry
in Galway ; Magh-fhoid, the field of the (grassy
surface or) sod; in Castlonodo, a milo from
Strokestown in lloscommon, the castle of the green
sod ; and in Bellanode, which was once the name
of a fold on the IHackwater river, tliree miles from
the town of Monaghan, a name shortened from
Bel-atJia-an-flmd, the ford-mouth of the sod. The
fine modern mansion, Cloghanodfoy Castle, stands
three miles south of Kilfinane in Limerick. The
name, which was derived from a peculiarity in
colour of the suifaco of the land, was originally
applied to the stronghold of the Fitzharrises which
stood a little to the west of the present mansion :
Cloch-an-fhoid-bhuidhe, the stone castle of the
yellow sod.

The termination ode or node (the n belongs to
the article) is almost always to be interpreted as in
the preceding names. The word takes other
slightly diiferent forms, as in Lisoid, near Ard
glass in Down, which is t]\e same name as Lissan-
ode, near IJallymore in \V"eslmoath {lion, a fort).

When the/ is eclipsed it forms the termination
vode, the use and interpretation of which is seen
in MuUannavode, near St. Mullins in Carlow,
Mulldn-na-hhj6d, the green field of the sods, i. e.

CHAP. xxT.] The Surface of the Land. 383

of the remarkably grassy surface ; and Slievena-
vode near the Wooden Bridge Hotel in Wicklow
(slinbh, a mountain), a name given, I si.ppose, to
indicate that the sides of the mountain were
covered Avith green palclica.

The diminutive h"'odccn — liille sod or sod-
covered surface — is the name of a townland near
Tara in Mcath ; and the phiral, Fodeeus, is found
near the village of Kill in Kildare ; while with
the adjective terminal ion, we have Podagli in
Wexford, a soddy place, i. e. a place with a very
grassy surface.

Lea land. Ban [bawn] is applied in various
parts of Ireland, especially in the Munster
counties, to denote a green field or lea land — until-
Icd or uncropped grass-land. It is often anglicised
baicn, which forms or begins the names of a great
many places. Bawnanatlin near Thurles signifies
the field of the furze (aifcann) ; Bawnluskaha
near Castlcisland, Jhin-Ioispifhe, burnt field, i. e.
Mi(i surface burned for ngriculturnl purposes:
JJawnnahow near Dromaleague in Cork, the field
of the river (ahha).

As bawn is also the modern form of hadhun, the
enclosure near a castle (for which see 1st. Vol.,
Part III. c. I.) some caution is necessary before
one pronounces on the signification of this angli-
cised word bawn.

Ban assumes in combination other forms, whose
meanings are scarcely liable to be mistaken ; for
example, Ballinvana near Kilraallock in Limerick
signifies the town of the field [b changed to v by
aspiration) ; Tinvane near Carrick-on-Suir, and
Tinvaun in Kilkenny, both anglicised from Tigh-
an-bhuin, the house of the field.

Tliere are several dimiimtivcs of this word. One
bdnoj (little lea field), gives name to all those

384 The Surjaco of the Land. [chap. xxi.

places now called Buiioge, l^awnogc, and Bawnoo-es.
The word has been disguised by cornipliou in
Banuixtowu near Fethard in Tipperary, which
ought to have been anglicised Banogestown ; for
the Irish name is l^aila-na-tnhdnog, the town of
the hanoges or little lea fields ; Barrananianoge
near Lisniore in Waterford, has a name with
a similar formation — the harr or summit of tho
little bawns. Another diminutive is seen in
Cranavaneen in Tipperary, the crann or tree of
the field : and still another in Baunteen near
Galbally in Limerick, which as it stands means
little lea field.

The plural of this word is hcinta [baimla] which
is seen in J]a\vntamecna near Thurles, smooth
green fields [min, smooth) ; and in Bawntard near
T\iliuall(H'.k in liiiueri(;lc, Znn//r/-^<r(/a, high iiehls ;
while uncompounded it gives name to several
places now called Baunta.

Sivard. Scrnth [scraw] signifies a sod, a sward,
a grassy surface. The word is still ciirient in the
south of Ireland among people who no longer
speak Irish ; and they apply the term scrairs, and
the diminutive scrawhoycs, to the fiat sods of the
grassy and heathery surface of boggy land, cut
with a spade and dried for burning. There is a
hill one mile south of Newtownards, called Scrabo,
the name of which signifies the sward of the cows ;
on this hill lived John Mac Ananty^ the northern
fairy king, who is still remembered there in
popular superstition ; and the old earn, in the
interior of which he kept his court, still stands on
the summit. Ball3aiascraw and Ballynascragh in
Longford and Gal way, the town of the scraivs or
swards. The diminutive scmthan (little sward) is
more common than the original ; it takes the forms
Scr.ihan and Scrahane, which with the plural

/;hap. XXI. J The Surface of the Land. 386

Scrahaus, forms the whole or part of the names of
several townlands hi Cork, Kerry, and "Waterford,

Shelf. Fachair [f aher] shelving land ; a shelf-
like level spot in a hill, or in the face of a cliff :
used in this sense in Donegal and Mayo. I have
heard it in Kerry and Cork, and it gives name to
places in various counties. In Donegal and other
counties there are several townlands called Fau-
gher — meaning in all cases a shelf or a shelving
hill side. There is a place called Faugher near
Stradhally in AYaterford ; a high cliff on the north
side of Valentia Island is called Fogher ; and
Faher is the name of a mountain north-west of
Kcnmaro. Knocknafaughcr near Dunfanaghy in
Donegal, the liill of tlio shelf.

Scumhal [skool] signifies a precipice, a sharp
slope, a steep hill. It gives name to several places
now called 8cool, Seoul, and Skool. The Four
Masters mention a place in the county Clare, as the
site of a battle fought between two parties of the
O'JJricns in 15G2, called Cnoe-an-scamhail, which
is now called in Irish Cnoc-an-scumhail, the hill of
the prcci])ice ; it is situated about two miles south-
west from Coroiin, and the name is anglicised
Scool Hill. There is a place a little north of
Knockainy in Limerick called Ballinscoola (with
a different inflexion for the genitive), the town of
the precipice ; and another place called Drumskool
near Irvinestown in Fermanagh, the ridge of the
precipice.

Pass. The word c^ini [caim], which literally
means a step, is often applied topographically to a
narrow pass or roadway between rocks or hills.
In this sense it has given name to Caim near
Eimiscorthy in Wexford and to Keam in the
])arish of 0'I?rennan in Kerry, north-east of
Trnlco. There is a very high mountain called
VOL. II. 26

388 The Surface of the Land, [oiiav. x\i.

Camaderry rising over the north eifle of Olonda-
lougli in Wicklow, which haa taken its name from
a pass at its base: — C&im-a' -doire, the pass of the
deny or oak- grove.

This word, as used in local names, is often
joined with cos to form the compound cois-ceiyn,
meaning literally foot-stop, hnt still applied to a
narrow road or pass. This term has given name
to the hamlet of Kishkeam in the parish of Kil-
meen in Cork ; to Cushcam near Dmigarvan in
Waterford; and to the river Kishkeam which
joins the Feale in its upper course near the meeting
point of Cork, Kerry, and Limerick. South-east
of the Twelve Pins in Galway there is a lake
called Cushkeamatinny, the step or pass of the
fox (sionnach: see Coolashinny in 1st Vol.).

Alp, a mass. The Gaelic word alp or ai/p sigi-
fies a mass or lump : one of its diminutives,
ailpin, is in familiar use among the English-
speaking people of Ireland, who call a stick, or
ihillelah, with a knob on the lower end, an alpeen
or clclialpeen {death, a wattle : see Dublin in 1st
Vol.) : a ckhalpcen is the most improved form of
stick for fighting. We have just one mountain
in all Ireland whose name is derived from this
word alpy namely, Sllevo Al[) in tlie barony of
Erris in Mayo, about six miles inland from Jilack-
8od Bay. Whether the name of our Alp is the
same Celtic word as the name of the great Alps is
a question outside my province.

Round holloiv. Cron is a very uncertain term
to deal Avith ; for it has several meanings, and it is
often very hard to know the exact sense in which
it is applied. In Wicklow and Carlo w and the
adjoining districts, the people — when Irish was
spoken — often applied it to a round basin-like
hollow. Orone itself is the name of several places

CHAP. xxT.] The Surface of the Land. 887

in Wicklow ; Cronebane near the "Wooden Bridge
Hotel, is well known for its copper mines, and
Cronroe near Eatbuew, for the beauty of its
scenery; tbe former signifies white, and the latter
red, hollow. Cronybyrne near llatlidvum signifies
O'Jiyrne's hollow (// representing 0 ; see p. 137);
and the place is still in possession of an 0'J3yrne.

In some of the eastern counties — especially in
Dublin — they apply the word slctd or slade to a
stream running in a mountain valley or between
two hills. I know a little stream near Kilbride
in Wicklow — near the source of tlio LilTey —
called Slaudnabrack, the stream of the trouts : and
one of tbo chiol" tributaries of the Dodder, attho
head of Glciinasmolo,is called SladeBrook. There
is also the Slade of Saggart, a beautiful mountain
pass, near the village of Saggart in Dublin.

Sandba?ik. Dumhach is used on some parts of
the coast to signify a sandbank ; bnt it is very
difiicult to separate the word from dtimha, a grave
mound, and from other terms approaching it in
sound. A very excellent example of its application
is seen in Dough Castle near Lehinch in Clare,
which the Four Masters, when recording the
deatb there in 1422 of Rory O'Connor, lord of
Corcomroe, call Caiden-na-diimhcha, the castle of
the sandbank ; and it was most aptly so called, for
it is built on a large mound altogether formed of
sea sand. There are other places in Clare also
called Dough, while another form of the name,
Doagh, is common in several of the northern
counties.

The word hcartrach means a sandbank ; and in a
secondary sense it is often applied in the west of
IrelnTid to an oyster bank. A very characteristic
e\nui|>h> of i(a ns(^ is I'onud iti Ww iiaTiu^ oT \\\G
little island of Bartrngh at the mouth of the Moy^

■388 Quagmires and Wafenj Places, [chap. xxii.

near Killala, which is remarkably sandy — in fact
formed altogether of sand thrown up by the
meeting of the tide and river currents. The point
of land jutting into Clew Bay, opposite Murrisk
Abbey, at tlio base of Croagli Patrick, is called
Bartraw. There is a well-known sea inlet in
Connonuira calbnl Bortraghboj'^, which must have
received its name from some point on its shore,
for it means yellow eandbauk.

CHAPTER XXII.

QUAGMIRES AND WATEUY PLACES.

In the sixth chapter of Part IV. of the First
Volume, I have treated of several terms which
designate marshes, and have given many names
derived from them. But besides these there
are various words denoting swamps, quagmires,
sloughs, puddles, and watery places of all kinds ;
and these I now propose to enumerate and illus-
trate. And here it is necessary to reiterate a
remark made in the beginning of the fore-
mentioned chapter : — that while many places that
derived their names in distant ages from their
marshiness are still as marshy as ever, others — and
perhaps the greater number — have been drained,
and the names are no longer correctly descriptive
of physical character.

The Four Masters, when mentioning the place
now called Bellaugh near Athlone, call it Lathach,
which signifies mud, a slough, a puddle, a miry
spot i anu this woru gives name to a good many

CHAP. xxTT.] Quogmires and Watery Places. 1389

places. It is seen in its simple form in Laliagh,
east of Templemoro in Tipperary, in Lagliey near
Dunoannon in Tyrone, and in Laghy in Donegal;
wliilc we have Jjagliagli glass, green slough, in
Giilwjiy. As a ioriniiuUion it usually takes somo
such i'orm as lahy, as in Moualaliy, north of
lUarnoy in Cork, the main or bog of the puddle;
Gortnalaliee in the same county, and Gortnalahagh
near Castleconnell in Limerick, both signifying
the field of the miry place. The diminutive,
Laheen (little slough), is also the name of several
places in Cavan, Donegal, and Leitrim.

Ahar signifies generally a mire or puddle —
sometimes a mire caused by the trampling of caf tie
in a wet place ; and occasionally it is understood to
mean a boggy or marshy piece of land. The word
is interesting, inasmuch as it may be — and indeed
has been — questioned whether it is not the same as
the Welsh aher, a river mouth, corresponding with
our word inhher. I do not believe that it is, for I
think it quilc^ imj)robal)le that avo should have,
running ])arallol in the IrisJi language, two dif-
ferent words corresponding wilh the Welsh aher,
unless we got one of them by borrowing from the
Welsh, which I think equally unlikely. It is
found forming a part of names chiefly in Donegal,
and occasionally in the adjoining counties.

There is a place near Kilmacrenan called Bally-
buninabber, whose name signifies the town of the
bun or cud of the mire. A muddy little stream in
the parish of Innishkeel in the same county, is
called Abberachrinn, i. e. (the river of) the miry
place of the crann or tree. Somelimes it becomes
ubber, as in Buninubber near the north-eastern
shore of Lower Lough Erne, the same name as
Bminynubbor near Omagh, the bun, end. or
bottom, of the miie,

390 Quagmires and Watery JPIaces. [chap. xxii.

The word salach is nppliod to anylliino- unclean
or filthy, aud htis several shades of meauiug ; but
topographically it is applied to a mere dirty
place — a ])lacc of puddle or mire. It often takes
tho form of alough and tilayh in aiigliinsed names,
as we see in Ciirraghslagh near (Jlogheen in Tip-
perary, the iWriy cur raij It orniiirsh — a name which
lakes the form of Curraghsallagh in lloscommon.
(So also in Crannslough in Tyrone, dirty tree,
which I suppose took its name from a tree growing
in a miry spot.

The meaning of the anglicised termination sal-
lagh is however, often douhtful ; for the Irish
word sailcucJt, a place of sallows, ol'lcn assnmes
this very form ; and here, as in all such cases, we
must be guided by the local pronunciation or tra-
dition, or by the original Irish spelling, if we can
come at it. It would be impossible to tell what
Kilsallagh means as it stands ; for kil might be
either wood or church {colli or cill), and aallagh
either a dirty place or an osier plantation. But
the Four Masters when they mention Kilsallagh
near Ardagh in Longford, clear up the doubt, so
far as that place is concerned, for they call it
Caill-salacli, miry wood. And it is pretty certain
that this is the ijiterpretation of all the other Kil-
sallaghs, of which there are eight in different
parts of the country ; in several of them, indeed, I
know that this is tho popular exj)lanation. All
these places called liathsallagh nuist have taken
tluiir name from a rufli or fort suri-oimded
by a miry ditch ; for evt^ry where the traditional
translation is dirty fort, with Avhich the local pro-
nunciation agrees. Ardsallagh is the name of
several places, including a parish in Meath : but it
would not be safe to give a general translation :

(iHAr. XN,[i.] Qnngmhra and Watery Places. ^91

all that can be said liere is that it ineaus either
iniry licight or the height of sallows.

l^'roin \\\e word crith [crih], to shake, several
(onus arc derived, wliicli are applied to morasses
ol' (liat kind wln'ch ilie peasaidry call " shaking
bogs." With the addition of the postfix lach (p.
5) it gives name to Creelogh in Gorumna Island in
Galway, to Creelagh near Rathdowney in Queen's
County, and to Crylough in the parish of Bally-
more in AVexford — all meaning a shaking-bog.
In the oblique form we have the same word in
(Jrilly, the name of some places in Donegal and
Tyrone ; and in the latter coimty, near Dungan-
non, there is a small lake called Lough Nacrilly,
the lake of the morass.

Another derivative of the word, with still the
same meaning, is crithledn, which gives name to
Crillan near Kesh in Fermanagh, and to Crillaun
in Mayo ; Loughcrillan in the parish of Inishkeel
in Donegal, ilu^ lake of the shaking-bog. Wi(h
tlio diminutive termination an, followed by ach
(see pp. '^, 20, .^upra) we have Crehauagli, the
name of a townland near Oarrick-on->Snir, wliich,
though now for the most part good dry land, was
such a dangerous quagmire a little more than a
century ago, that the people thought it was only a
miracle that enabled a fugitive to cross it, when
escaping from a troop of dragoons.

Criaf/iar [crihar] signifies a sieve [criathar,
cribrum, Z. 10(5), and it is derived from crith, to
shake (by the addition of r ; see p. 12), in allusion
to the manner in which a sieve is used. This word
is also applied, chiefly in the north and west of
Ireland to boggy or swampy places, or to broken
land intermixed with quagmires and brushwood,
either on account of their being cut up with
holes or pits (like a sieve) or from shaking
under the foot. There is a place called Creehar-

392 Qaayiiiires and Watery Places, [chai'. xxii.

more (great sieve) on <lie Ixoscoiuinoii sidi^ of
the Suck a little below Mount Talbot. Unnuin-
acrebir in the parish of Colunikille in Long-
ford, is the little ridge of the sieve ; but this
was probably so called because the people used
to winnow corn on it. It is generally not cria-
thar itself however that is us(hI, but a derivative
from it. The Four Masters (at a.d. 149G) desig-
nate a morass by criathrach (suffix ach, p. 3) ;
and Mac Firbis (Hy F., p. 202) mentions " the
three townlands of Criathrach ;" this name is still
retained by the natives when they speak Irish,
but the place, which is situated one mile from
Ihillinrobe, is called in l<]nglisli Iho "Dcniusno
of Creagh" In Mayo and Tipperary there are
places called Crecragli, which is a covicfct an-
glicised form of criathrach. The diminutive gives
name to Creeran in Monaghan, and Creeraun in
Galway. Macreary in the parish of Kilmurry in
Tipperary, the plain of the sliaking-bog.

According to Cormac's Glossary, tlio primary
meaning of much is smoke: — " Miich, i.e. the
name proper for smoke : unde dicitur niuchad (to
smother)." From this word much, in its secondary
sense of " to suffocate or smother," is derived
the diminutive muchdn, which is applied to a
morass, probably from some fanciful notion that
in such 0 place men or boasts are liable to be
suffocated. There is a little lake on the railway
line, two miles from Newmarket-on-Fergus in
Clare, called Mooghaun Lough, in wliich great
quantities of gold anticjm'lies were found in 1854;
and this name very well represents the sound of
the original Irish, ^lie same word gives name to
places now called Moohane in Kerry and Limerick.
Knockamoohane near Listowel in Kerry, the hill
of the quagmire ; Ourraghmoghaun in the parish

CHAP. xxTi.] Quagmires and Watery Places. 393

of Clooney in Clare, the smothered curragh or
marsh.

Greach is a moimtain flat, a level moory place,
much the same as a reidh, explained in the First
Volume. It is very common as an clement in
(ownland designations in tlie counties of Oavan,
Leitrim, Roscommon, INIonaghan, and Fermanagh;
and it is found also, but less frequently, in some
of the counties bordering on these. Greagh, the
usual anglicised form, is the name of several
places ; Greaghawillin in Monaghan, the moun-
tain flat of the mill ; Greaghnagleragh in Ferman-
agh, of the clergy {dcircacJi) ; Greaghnagee in
Caviin, of iho wind (garfh).

The word min'i/g signiflcs, according to O' Dono-
van (App. to CR. Diet, m voce), "a sedgy morass,
a flow-bog or shaking-bog." I think there can
be no doubt that this word is merely an oblique
case of JHong, long hair (p. 340) ; and this opinion
is strengtlieuod hy iho fact ihntmnirig is also used
to (loMote a horse's iii!MU\ From this it will ap-
pear that the places whose names are derived from
mning were so called in the first instance from the
long mane-like sedgy grass they produced ; exactly
like those from mong, gruag, &c. (pp. 340, 341,
supra) .

This word, as a local appellative, is almost con-
fined to the south and west of Ireland. In the
beginning of names it is usually made Muing and
Moyng, wliich are themselves the names of some
townlnnds ; Muingnaminnane east of Tralee, the
sedge of tlic Idds ; Muingbaun in Galway, white
sedge ; Muingatogher in Mayo, the muing of the
togher or causeway.

In the end of words — as a genitive — it assumes
several forms, all easily recognisable. C^oolmuinga
lu'nr Kilrush in Clare, the cnl or back of the

304 Qiiafftrures and Wafcri/ Places, [chat. xxii.

morass; and witli tlio eamo rorni, IJaiiunimiugn,
near ISliillolugb in tlio souUi of Wicklow, tliu aanio
as Barrawinga near Buthdowney in Queen's
County {barr, the top). The m becomes aspirated
in this last name, as well as in Dorryviing in the
parish of Kiltullagh in Itoscommon {derri/, oak-
grove), a well-known morass, which is accessihle
only on one side; ajso in Jiallinwing north-east
of Carrick-on- Shannon, and Moauwing near E,ath-
keale in Limerick, the townland and the bog, of
the sedgy morass.

Cladach or clodach, a word in general use along
the western coast of Ireland, from Donegal to
Kerry, signifies a flat stony sea-shore — stony as
distinguished from a traigh or sandy beach. The
Rev. William Kilbride, in an article on the "Anti-
quities of Arranmore " (Kilk. Arcli. Juui'., 18(58, p,
108), states that the people use traigh to designate
that part of the beach between high and low water
mark ; the cladach lies above the traigh, and the
dnirling higher still ; and O'Donovan makes much
the same statement (Appendix to O'H. Diet., voce,
cladach) — designating cladach as " a flat stony
shore." The best known example of the use of
this word is the Claddagh, a suburb of Galway,
now inhabited chiefly by fisherme)i. But it un-
dergoes several modifications of pronunciation,
as if written in Irish cladhdach, claodach, and
claoideach [clydagh, claydagh, clecdagli] ; and in
its signification it is also varied. In one or all
of these various forms it is known over Ireland ;
and inland it is very connnonly applied to a
muddy or miry place ; to the muddy bank of a
lake or river ; and to a river with a sluggish
course, and muddy, miry banks. This last is its
most usual signification, but it would appear
that in its application to a river, it sometimes

CHAP. XXII.] Quagmires and Wafery Phces. 395

carries with it the meaning attached to it along
the western coast — a stony water margin — for I
know some rivers to which it gives name, in no
degree muddy or shiggish — mountain torrents
railiei-, liaving their beds strewn Avi(h stones
brought down from the gknis in which they rise.

This twofold meaning corresponds with the
explanation of the word given in Peter O'Connell's
Dictionary: — "Cladach, the sea-shore or strand;
dirt, filth, slime, puddle."' "Which of these two
meanings the word bears must be determined in
each casi> by local knowledge.

There are numbers of rivers all over Ireland,
whose names arc formed from this word ; and in
many cases they have, in their turn, given names
to townlands, villages, and parishes. The village
of Clady lies on the Tyrone side of the Finn, four
miles from Strabane ; there are several townlands
of the same name in Tyrone, Antrim, and Armagh;
Clydag] lis equally common in some of the western
and soutlun-n counties ; and there is a parish in
Queen's County called Cloj^dagh. Clodagh occurs
several times in Kerry ; near Killarncy we find
the word in the form of Cleedagh ; and in another
place an r is inserted, making the name Clodragh.

The little river Clody, flowing from the slopes
of Mount Leinster into the Slaney, gave the name
of Bunclody to the pretty village at its mouth [hun,
a river mouth), which has been lately put aside
for (lie new name, Newtownbarry. Clcad}'^ is the
name of a small tributary joining the lioughty a
littlo above Kentnare; the river Olodiagh runs
into tho Suir tlirough I'ortlaw and the demesne of
Curraghmore ; another stream of the same name
flows by Tullaghmore: and still another runs into
(licNore three miUis below Inistioge. Tho Olyda
stream joins the Blackwater near Mallow; the

396 Quagmires and Watenj Places, [ctiap. xxii

river Claddagli falls into upper Lough Erne after
flowing- through the village of Swauliuhar ;
and Lough Nacung in Donegal pours its surplus
waters into the Atlantie by the river Clady, oppo-
site Gola island.

We have, in a few instances, the authority of
ancient dcxuiments for tlie orthogra])hy of tliis
name. Olady in Tyrone iscalhjd (Uaiilcach hy (he
Four Masters, when they record a battle fought
there in 784, between the Kinel-Owen and the
Kinel-Conall ; and the Annals of Ulster, recording
the same event, write the genitive of the name
Cloitigi, which points to a nominative from Cloit-
each.

It will be observed that all these are derived
from the root clad or cloed, to which the adjectival
termination ach has generally been added : but
in one case — Clodragh, already mentioned — the
termination is rack (see p. 7), all which implies
that those who gave the names had a distinct per-
ception that they were building on clad or cloed as
a foundation.

Cacdh [quay, kay] signifies a quagmire or marsh
— occasionally a wet natural trench ; and though
not in very common use, it occurs in each of the
four provinces. In Scotland and Ulster and in
some parts of Ooiinaught, it is still retained with
its proper meaning by the English-speaking peo-
ple, in the word qiiaio, Avhich is used for a quag-
mire. Its several anglicised forms retain fairly
enough the original pronunciation. One of these
is exhibited in the name of Kye in the parish of
Clooncraff in Roscommon. There is a little hill
near Silvermines in Tipperary, called Keywee,
Caedh-bhuid/ie, yellow marsh ; and in the same
county, west of Nenagh, is Bawnakea, the bawn
or green field of the quaw. In the north of Done-

CHAP. XXII.] Quagmires and Watery Places. 397

gal, near the village of Millford, is a little lake
called Lough Nakey ; in Limerick we have Biinkey,
the bun or end of the morass. In Dublin it forms
part of the name of Coolquoy, west of Swords, the
back [cnl) of tlie quagmire. Key anna about four
miles east of Limerick city, is merely a plural
form, and signifies quagmires.

Feith [feah] is used in some places to designate
a boggy stream, a stream flowing through a marsh
or a trench ; in other places a soft, boggy, or
marshy place : the former is its general signifi-
cation. Four miles north west of Thurlcs is the
townland and demesne of Dovea, which is men-
tioned by the Four Masters, and called by them
Dubhfcth, black boggy stream or marsh. There is a
place called Baurnatea in the parish of Shankhill
in Kilkenny, the top of the marshy stream ; and
near Lismore in Waterford is Monafehadee, i. e.
Moin-na-feithe-duihhe, the bog of the black quag-
mire.

Br^an, which signifies putrid, foul, fetid, or
stinking, is often applied to spots that omit an
offensive smell. There are various circumstances
that may originate foul smelling exhalations f lom
land. One of the indications that led Colonel Hall
to the discovery of copper mines at Glandore in
Cork, was the fetid smell emitted from a fire of
turf cut in a neighbouring bog, which turned out
to be strongly impregnated with copper; this bog
M'as known as the "stinking bog" {moin hhrihin) ;
and the j)cople had it that neither cat nor dog
could live in the house Avhere the turf Avas burnt.*
Tliero is a jilaco called Brenter in the parish of
Inver, east of Killybegs in Donegal, whose name
is in Irish Br^an-tir, stinking district; and it

^See MxB. Hall s Irehiud, 1. Hi,

398 Quagmires and Watery Places, [oiiap. xxii.

got this name from tlie strong sulphiircous smell
of a spa which is in the towulund. There was a
celebrated district of the same name lying north-
east of Mount Oallan in Clare, which is often
mentioned in the annals (always as Brentir), but
I do not know why it was so called. In most
cases places with names of this kind are swamps,
pits, or bogs, which emit foul odours from decay-
ing animal or vegetable matter.

There ore ten townlands in various counties,
called Breandrum, stinking ridge. Breanshagh,
east of Castlemaine in Kerry, and Breansha near
the town of Tipperary, both mean fetid land ; the
latter part of each name being merely the termina-
tion seach (p. 9). The two diminutive terms
Olanog and Brendg are often applied to small
streams or inlets of the sea, but in opposite senses.
The former, which is from glan, clean, is used to
designate a bright clear little stream, flowing over
a gravelly bed. There was a stream of this name
near the castle of Cargins in Galway, which is
mentioned by the Four Masters as the scene of a
battle in 1469. Qlan itself was sometimes given
as a name to wells ; for we read in O'Clery's
Calendar that, before the time of St. Patrick,
Donaghmore in Tyrone was called Ros-Qlanda
(wood of Glan), and that it took this name from a
well called Glan. The diminutive in an — Glannan
— which was originally applied to a clear stream,
is now the name of a townland in the parish of
Donagh in Monaghun. The other term Brhidg^
is, on the contrary, a foul, lazy-llowing, iotid
stream. The Four J\laHlors mention a \Anv,o called
Bun-Brenoige, the mouth of the Bronog, in the
townland of Lissadill near Drumcliff in Sligo.
The adjective form Breanagh (with the same
meaning) gives name to a little stream in Kerry,

CHAP. xxTT.] Quagmires and Watery Places. 899

joining the Feale in the upper part of its course ;
and there is a place called Breaey (an oblique
form of the last name) near Ardagh in Longford.

'Wq level, soft, meadow-land or holm — often
SAviuiipy and sometimes innndafed — along the
banks of a river or lake, is generally called sraih.
It is a very common term in Irish local names ;
and it is often greatly disguised by inflection
and corruption. Its most correct anglicised forms
are Sra, Srah, and Sragh, which are the names of
numerous places. But a t usually becomes in-
serted between the s and the r, in accordance with
a euphonic law noticed in First Volume (Part I.,
Chap. III.) ; as in Strabane in Tyrone, which took
its name from the meadow land along the river
Mourne, and which the Four Masters write Srath-
hdn, the fair or whitish river-holm. Under the
influence of this corruption also, the simple word
becomes Straw iw the names of some townlands in
Derry. There is a parish in Carlow and another
in Queen's County, called Straboe, a name which
signifies srath of the cows. Straness near the
town of Donegal takes its name from a cataract —
Srafh-dii-casa, the hohn of the waterfall.

This word is exhibited as a termination in Bal-
linastraw, the name of several places in Carlow,
Wicklow, and Wexford, and in Ballynasrah in
King's County, both meaning the town, of the
river-holms. In the end of names, when it is in
the genitive singular, the s is usually eclipsed by
t, which considerably disguises the word ; in this
form it is seen in Mullantra near Kingscourt in
Cavan, Mul-an-tsra.tha, the hill-top of the srath ;
and in Corriiitra near Oastleblayney in Monaghan,
the roimd hill of the river-holm. Ballintra, the
name of several places, is nstially anglicised from
Baile-an-tsratha, the town of the srath; but in a

400 Quacfmires and Watery Places, [chap. xxtt>

few cases it is differently derived (see Ballintra
in Ist Vol.). The word is greatly disguised in
Dowra in the north-west of Cavun, near the
source of the Shannon, which the people there
pronounce Datnh-slirath [Daw-ra], i.e. ox-holm —
the srafh of the oxen (see Devenish, 1st Vol.).

The word min [nieen] signifies fine or smooth,
and it has several other shades of meaning
which need not he noticed here. It is used in
its proper sense in Clonmeen and Cloonmeen,
the names of several townlands — Cluaiii-mm,
smooth meadow ; and in Barmeen near Cushondun
in Antrim, the smooth barr or hill- top.

Topographically it is often aj)plicd to a green
spot, comparatively smooth and fertile, producing
grass and rushes, on the face of a mountain, or in
the midst of coarso rugged hilly land. Jt is used
all over Ireland, hut is far more common in Done-
gal than in any other part of the country. There
are upwards of 230 townlands whose names hegin
with this word, in the anglicised form of meen,
ahout 150 of which appear in Donegal alone, 36
in the rest of the Ulster counties, and something
over 40 in the other three provinces.

Its application in this sense will he imderstood
from the following examples. Meeniska near
Kilheggan in Westmeath signifies the meen of
the water {uiseje) — a wet mountain meadow ;
Meenbane near Stranorlar in Donegal, Meenvane
near Skull in Cork, and Meenwaim near Ban-
agher in King's County, are all anglicised from
Mm-bhdti, whitish i\v\d. There are two places
in Donegal, one of them near Stranorlar, called
Meenagrauv ; the r here i-epresents n (as croek
for cnoc : see 1st Vol.), while the g eclipses c ; and
the full name is Min-na-genamh, the mountain-
meadow of the bones (cnamh) — a name which

cTiAP. xxiT.] Quagmires and Wafcry Flaces. 401

would nppoar to indicate the site of a battle.
In the i)aiish of Donaghmore in Cork is a place
called Meenahony ; and there is another place of
the same name in Donegal, of which the Irish
form is Mhi-a'-chonnidh, the mountain-fiold of tlie
lire- wood.

One of the plural forms of this teiin in its
present application is mhitc [meenta], which ap-
pears in Meentanakill near Inver in Donegal,
and in Meentyflugh in the parish of Kilmeen in
Cork, the former signifying the meens of the
church, and the latter wet mountain-fields. A
diminuti\e form is seen in Meentoges in the
pnrish of Kilcummin in Kerry, i.e. small green
spots. (See also p. 416.)

Lcana means in general a wet or swampy
meadow — grassy land wilh a soft spongy bottom.
The word is in use more or less all over Ireland,
but it is commoner in Ulster than in the other
provinces. In Dorry it is used to signify any
gro(Mi Hold, meadow, or pasture land; but its usual
meaning is the one first given. In its simple form
it gives nnnio to the parish of Lcny in Wcstmcafh,
as well as to the townland of Leauy near Corrofin
in Clare ; and Lenamore, great wet-meadow, is the
name of many townlands scattered through several
counties. Near the town of Antrim is a townland
with the half English name of Quarter Lenagh,
that is, the wet-meadoAV quarter; and in the parish
of Aglinamullen in Monaghan, Ave have Tievaleny,
the hill-side of the meadow ; Moanleana, near
Newcastle in Limerick, the bog of the wet-mea-
dow. The plural UantaidJw [leanty] is exhibited
in Aghalenty near Letterkenny in Donegal, the
field {achadh) of the wet-meadows.

In most pints of Irolnnd the people undorstand
and habitually use the word slug in thf sense of
VOL. II. 27

402 Quagmires and Wafery P/accs. [ctiap. :c.\ti.

ewallowiiig drink — gulping it down quickly and
greedily. Lever's witty Irisli soldier, Maui'ice
Quill, used to creep among his comrades in tlie
heat of battle, holding in his hand a can of ale,
«nd saying, while he offered each poor fellow a
drink, "Here, take a slugheiore you get a bullet."
The Irish form of this word is slog, and it is often
applied to a swallow hole in a river or lake, that
is, a deep pool with an open at bottom, from Avhich
the water escapes as fast as it enters — often with a
gurgling noise. Such pools often gave names to
places ; and the word slog assmnes various angli-
cised forms, which are, however, seldom so far
removed from the original us to bo diiUculfc of re-
cognition.

Lough (Slug — the lako with thoswnllow — is the
name of several small lakes in Donogul. A com-
mon derivative is slogaire [sluggeraj, literally a
swallower, i. e. topographically a swullow-hole,
which gives name to Sluggara near Cappoquin in
"Waterford, to Sluggary south-west of Limerick
city, and to several other places. The « is eclip-
sed in Parkatluggera near Dungarvan, Pairc-a'-
tslogaire, the swallow-hole field. One mile from
Mitchelstown in Cork is the townlund ;ind wood of
Glenatlucky, the name of whicli is in Irish,
Qleann-a'-tt>logaidhe, the glen of the swallow-liole.
The south Munster pronunciation of tliis termina-
tion is seen in Foilatluggig, a little rocky inlet off
Kenmare Bay near Ardgroom Harbour — the,/o//
or cliff of the swallow-hole. There is a village called
Crocslough, near the nu)uih of Sluuipliaven in
Donegal, five miles south-cast of DunfaiKigliy,
which took its name from a little lake. In this
name a different Irish word is used, viz, craos,
gluttony : — Craoa-loch, a lake that swallows up
everything.

CTiAP. -xxii.] Quagmires and Watery Places. 403

Dohhar [dovar, dower] is one of the many Irish
terms for water, corresponding to the Sanscrit
dabhra, the sea (Pictet). Cormac Mac Cullenan, in
his Glossary, remarks that dohhar, water, is com-
mon to the Irish and the Welsh languages ; and
from it he derives the Irish name for an otter,
viz., dohhar-chu, which Kterally signifies watcr-
hoiind. One of the rivers in the south-west of
Donegal was anciently called Dohhar; for in a
poem in the Book of Fenagh, we are told that the
old territory of Banagh extended from the river
Edhncch (the Eany at Inver) to the "Bright
Dohhar wliich flows from thn rugged moimtains."
Tin's namois now, however, obsoloto.

The simplest modern form of this word is
Dower, which is the name of a place one mile
east of Castlemartyr in Cork, so called from a
little river which runs for some distance under
ground ; and there is a townland of this name
also in the parish of Kilnamanagh, llosconnnon.
Another form is seen in Dore in the parish of
TuUoghobcgly in Donegal. The name of Bun-
doran in Donegal (the hun, end, or mouth of the
Doran) shows that the little river flowing into the
sea at the village must have been anciently called
the Doran ; and although there is no documentary
evidence that I am aware of for the original form
of this river name, there is little doubt that it
is a diminutive of Dohhar — Dohharaii, little water
— little when compared with the adjacent rivers
Drowes and Erne. In Scotland this dimi-
nutive is exactly represented in the name of the
river Doveran, in which the v sound of the hh is
preserved, while it is lost in the Irish.

J)iir is given by U'Boilly ns meaning mm (or, but
I liavo never mot it in any Irish text. All iiough
it docs not enter extensively into names, it is

404 Quagmifcs and Watery Piacea. [chav. wtI.

venerable for its antiquity na a topographical tenn ;
for Ptolemy, iu his map of Ireland, has given
the name of Dur to a river in the west of the
island. There are several local names in various
parts of the country, which must be derived from
this word. In Antrim, Kerry, King's County,
and Longford, Ave iind townlands called Doory,
the anglicised representative of the Irish Duire —
as the people still call it — which is probably an
abstract-noun formation, signifying wateriness or
watery land. There is a parish in Clare, now
called Doora, which represents the genitive of
(lirr, the Irish name being pardistc-ilhuire, the
parish of the Dur or water ; and this parish was
anciently, and is still, celebrated for its abundance
oi" water, marsh, and bog. Tho adjective form
Dooragh is the name of a place near Stewartstown
in Tryone.

A meeting of any kind would be designated by
comhrac ; and from this general signification
come two of its principal secondary meanings : —
first, tho meeting of rivers or roads ; and second,
a combat, i. e. the meeting of opposing sides in
battle. AVe have these two meanings perpetuated
in local names, and it is often impossible to dis-
tinguish tlu!in without some local history or tradi-
tion to guide us. But it is certain that far the
greater number of such names are derived from
river confluences. The Four JNIasters, at the year
1473, have a record of a battle between the
Mac Kannals and some of their neighbours, fought
near the village of Carrigallen in Leitrim. The
people still retain a vivid tradition of this event,
and point out the townland of Clooncorick near
Carrigallen as the scene of the combat. Here we
have history and tradition both agreeing ; and
although historical names very seldom originated

DHAP. XXII.] Quagmires and Watery Places. 405

so late in the fifteenth century, yet we can hardly
avoid the conclusion that the place got its name
from the event : Cluain-comhraic, the field of
conflict. There is a place of the same name in
Fermanagh, and another called Cloncorig in
Tipporary.

About five miles north of Borrisokane in
Tipperary, near the shore of Lough Dorg, there
is a little village called Carrigahorig, where, ac-
cording to a record in the Four Masters, some
battles were fought in 1548. Here however the
coincidence is merely accidental, for the name
is older than the sixteenth century, and was not
derived from the battles mentioned by the anna-
lists. The correct orthography is preserved in the
record : — Carraig-an-chomhraic, the rock of the
meeting ; but I cannot tell whether the name
originated in a battle or in a confluence of streams.

This word in its simj)le form gives name to
several places in Cavan, Derry, and Tyrone, now
called Corick : Oorick near Cloghcr in Tyrone,
was so called because it is situated near the con-
fluence of the two rivers Blackwatcr ;nid Fury.
The two great roads from Castlebar and (Jrossmo-
lina to Belmidlet in Mayo, meet at a bridge over
the Owenmore river, about eleven miles from Cross-
molina, where two small streams join the Owen-
more. For ages before the bridge was built or the
roads made, Ihere was a ford at this spot across the
Owcnmoro, which, from the meeting of the streams,
was called Bcl-aiha-a-cJwmln'aic, the ford mouth of
the (MUilbience ; and this name is now applied to the
bridge, in the anglicised form Bellacorick, wbich
very well represents the sound of the long Irish
name. There is a place of the same name in
('lare, near the mouth of the little river Owen-
slieve, in the parish of Clondagad, for the Irish

400 Qiiapmires and Watery VhiceA. [niAr. xxii.

name of which wo have tho uuthorily of the Four
]\lu«tor8, who wriiQ a Bei-af/ni-dii-c/wui/iraic ; but
it is now corruptly called Ballycorick.

Ill Corrnac's Glossary the word incsclund is ex-
plained " srihh laath no tren," " a swift or strong
stream." This word has long been obsolete in the
language, but it still remains in the names of a
good many places. Tho parish of Dromiskin in
Ijoutli takes its name fiom a very ancient eccle-
siastical establisliment built on a rising groimd —
said to have been originally founded by fSt. I'atrick
— ^which is often mentioned in the annals, and
which still retains a round tower — a vestige of its
former importance. Its old name is Druiin-ineas-
clainn [Di-mninisklin] as we iind it in many Irish
documents, and this name is retained to this day
by the old people who speak Irish ; it signifies the
drum or ridge of the strong stream. There are
in the county Cavan two townlands, one near
Ballyjamesduff, the other near Belturbet, whose
names are the same as this, but more correctly
anglicised Druminisclin ; and in Meath, near the
village of M<>>nudty, is another, which is incor-
rectly modernised I)ruminiskin.

This root-word is seen also in Clooninisclin near
the village of Ballinlough in llosconunon, the
meadow of the rapid stream. In its simple form
it gives name to two townlands in Tyrone, called
Inisclan, and to another called Inisclin in Fer-
miinagh. In accordance with a well-known cus-
tom (prefixing./'; 1st Vol., Part I., c. ii.) this
word is often ftnind begiuuiug with/; and so wo
have live towidands in Qalway, lioscommon,
Leitrim, and Sligo, with the names of Finisclin,
Finisklin, and Fiunisglin. The word has its origi-
ual application as the name of the little river
Finisclin, which joins the Breedoge two miles

CHAf KxTi.] Quagmires and Watery Places. 407

north of Frenchpark in Roscommon. It must be
observed that in a few of the above-mentioned
places there are now either very trifling streams
or no streams at all ; from which we must infer,
either thai tlioro has boon considerable physical
chanp^o in (hose ])laces, or that Cormao's explana-
tion (Iocs not apply to tho wliole of Ireland.

Lin [loon] nuvms to fill ; conncictcd with Lat.
plenus. The diminutive liondn [leenaun], which
means filling or flowing, is used pretty often as a
topographical term. Sometimes it is applied to
creeks on the sea-shore where the tide flows in. It
is in this sense no doubt that it gives name to tho
well-known hamlet called Leenanc, near the head
of Killery Bay in Connemara, which is called by
the Four Masters, Lionan, or more fully, Liondn-
chindnmra, the linan or tide-filling spot at the
head of the sea {crann-mara, head of the sea: see
Kenmare, 1st Vol.) ; and to Leenane near Crook-
haven, west of Cape Clear island in Cork, which
is situated on a narrow tidal channel. There is a
small lake called Lough Aleenaun, the lake of the
filling or flowing, four miles oast of Kilfenora in
Clare, which in dry summers supplies the sur-
rounding district with water.

Linn signifies a pond or pool, water, the sea ;
and it occurs in local names, but only as meaning
a pool or pond. Tho l^lnglish-speaking people of
Scotland retain the word <o the present day, but
thoy ai)ply it; to a waferfall : —

" Wliylosowre a linn the burnie plays."

*' Lot. mo in for Innd tlio linn
Is roariii' o'er the warlock oraggie."

Here however the word was transferred from the
pool which is under every waterfall, to the water-

408 Quagmires and Watery Places, [chap. xxn.

fall itself ; just as happens sometimes iu Ireland
in the case of the word lug, which properly
means a basin-shaped hollow iu the side of a
uiountain, but which is now in a few cases applied
to the mountain itself (see Liigdulf and Lngna-
quilla, 1st Vol.).

This word is very ancient as a topogrnphieal
term, and enters into names, not only iu Irelaiul,
but also iu Great Britain and on the continent.
It helps to form a few important names in Ireland,
some of which have already been discussed iu the
First Volume ; but it is not iu very general use.
At the point where the two rivers Glyde and Dee in
Louth meet, two miles south east of Cusllebelling-
ham, the waters expand into a sort of lake, just
before they enter the sea. This little expansion
was anciently called Linn-Duachalll or Liiulua-
chaille ; and the mouth of the stream was called
Casan-Linne (the path of the pool). There was
here in former days a celebrated monastery which
nourished for a long time, and it took the name
of Linduachaill from the little river-lake on the
shore of which it was situated. Tighernach records
at the year 700, the death of St. Oolman of
Linduachaill, and the same record is found in
several other authorities. At a later period the
Danes had a settlement at the same spot, and we
\>we to them, no doubt, the effacement of every
<>estige of the ancient monastic establishment.
St. Colman is commemorated in the martyrology
(>r Aeiif^iis, and the writer oP the gloss (piotes a
legend to account for the name of Linduachaill
(the pool of Uachall) : that before the time of
Colman, a demon named Uachall infested the
waters of the lake, from which he often rose up
and did great mischief to the people. The two
parts of the name Casan-Linne are still preserved

CHAP. xxiT.] Quagmires and Wafcnj Places. 409

in two different denominations, the former in
Annag-assan (for whicli see 1st Vol.), and the
latter in the Linns, which is the name of a town-
hmd lying between the river Glyde and the sea.

Ill (ho iKivish of OloncK.y, near Newcastle in
Limerick, tliere is a townland taking its name
from a ford oallcd Aughalin, the ford [ath) of the
lin or pool ; and a ford on a little river in the
parish of Ballybrennan in "Wexford, has a name
with a like signification ; it is now called " The
Ford of I-fiug," and it takes its name from a pool
at the mouth of the river. Near Clogher in
Tyrone, is a place called Cloghlin, the stone of the
pond; Cushaling — the foot of the pond — is a
small river giving name to two townlands, about
half-way between Rathangan and Edeuderry.

Cong, conga, or cunga means a narrow neck, a
strait where a river or lake contracts, the stream
by which one lake empties itscK into another very
near it. It appears to bo connected with cuing,
which is the conmion word for the yoke borne by
horses that arc harnessed to a chariot or carriage.
Tliin term belongs cliielly to tho norlli-westof Ire-
laud ; it is common in I>onegal, where indeed it
is a living word among the old natives who speak
Irish ; and it is found as a local appellative in this
county, as well as in Mayo, Galway, and Tyrone.
An admirable example of its application is seen
in Ijough Nacung, a pretty lake at the base of
Errigle mountain in the north-west of Donegal.
This lake is connected with another — Dunlewy
lake — by a very short and narrow strait, which is
now called " The Cung," and which has given
name to Lough Nacung, the lake of the " cung,"
or nock. Another cung connects this — which is
called Upper Lough Nacung — with Lower Lough
Nacung, from which the townland of Meenacung

410 Quagmires and Watery Places, [cmw. xxii.

{meen a moxintaiii meadow) takes its name. Tlie
narrow passage between Lough Conn and Lough
CuUin in Mayo, now crossed by a road and bridge,
has given name to Cungmoro point, lying near
the crossing.

The best known example of the use of this
word is Cong in Mayo, which derived its name
from the river on which it is situated, connecting
Lough Mask with Lough Corrib. But though
this is the most remarkable place in Ireland of tlio
name, the river is by no means a good chai-actcr-
istic example of a "cong," for it is somewhat
scattered and partly subterranean. The great
al)bcy of Cong is celebrated as being tlio place
wliero lloderick O'Connor, tlie last native king of
Ireland, past the evening of liia days in religious
retirement; and it still exliibits in its vcnorabh;
ruins many vestiges of its former magnificence.
It was either fotmded originally by St. Fechin in
the seventh century, or was dedicated to his
memory ; and hence it is called in Irish documents
Cunga or Conga Feichm.

Lough Cong is the name of a small lake south-
east of the Twelve Pins in Connemara ; and there
are two townlands, one near Maguire's Bridge in
Fermanagh, and the other in Tyrone, with the
euplionious name of Congo, all from the same
word. The narrow strait connecting Ballycong
lake with the lake of Carrowkeribly, in the parish
of Attymas in Mayo, live miles south of Balb'na,
is called Babh-conga by the Four Masters ; and the
ford over it was anciently designated Ath-cunga
(lly F. ) ; this ford is now called liel-aUia-conga,
the ford-mouth of the co)ig or strait, Avhich has
been anglicised to Ballycong, the present name of
the small lake.

Buinne. [bunnya — two syllables] means a wave

ciiAr, XXII.] Quagmires and Waienj riatfii^. 411

or flood, any flow of water ; and this word, or a
derivative from it, is pretty often found forming
a part of local names, applied to watery or spewy
spots, or places Kable to be inundated by the over-
flow of a river or lake. It is very well represented
in Cloonbunny in the parish of Tibohine in Ros-
common, the cloon or meadow of the flood or
stream — a stream}^, watery field; and this same
name is found in Westmeath, Clare, Longford,
and Roscommon, in the slightly modified form of
Cloonbony ; in Tipperary it is Cloubminy ; while
Olonbminiagh near Ennisldllen exhibits tlio ad-
jective form huinncach. Lisbunny is tlie name of
a parish inl^i])poriiry, and of a to^vnland in J)orry,
each of which must liavo been so called from a
circiUar fort whoso fosse was flooded.

Watery or oozy places, soft, wet, spongy ground,
or spots liable to be overflowed, are often desig-
nated by the word flinch [flugh], whose simple
meaning is "wet:" flinch, huraidus ; Z. 6G. It
is Roen in i(fl best anglicised form in Killyfliigh
near BaUymeua in Antrim, the wet wood ; and in
Glenflugh in Wicklow, near the source of the
Lillcy, now the name of a mountain, but origi-
nally that of a glen at its base : — Gleann-fliuch,
wet or marshy glen.

The derivative y?wc/MM«c^ signifies a wet or spewy
place ; it gives name to Flughanagh and Flugh-
any in Leitrim and Mayo ; and it comes in as a
termination in Gortalnghany, the name of two
townlands in Fermanagh, the wet govt or field —
the / in the beginning having dropped out by
aspiration, under the influence of the article (see
1st. Vol., Part I., c. ii.). The word is corrupted
in Flegans, about three miles north-west of Ath-
lone, which we find written Flughan in an Inquisi-
tion of James I. ; and this old spoiling, together

412 Quagmires and Watery Places, [ctiav. xxit.

with tlie proservation of the plural form in the
present name, shows that the origiual name is
Fliuchain, wet places.

From badh [baw], meaning to drown, also a wave,
comes the adjective baiihe [bawtha], signifying
" drowned," This term is applied to places which
are often submerged, or drowned with water. I
may remark that when the annalists wish to ex-
press that the Danes destroyed the sacred books
of the churches and monasteries they pkmdered,
by throwing them into water, they often use this
very word : that is, they say the books were droimied
by the Danes ; and this shows that the application
is not modern.

We see the word (with the h aspirated) in Curra-
watia near Moycullcn in Galway, the droivned or
inundated curragh or morass. With the adjectival
termination ach, it gives name to Bauttagh, west
of Louglirea in Galway, a marshy place. Very
often it takes tlie diminutive termination {6g p. 28),
as in Mullanabattog near the town of Monagh-
an, tho mullagh or hill-summit of the morass.
This form is well exhibited in the name of the
little river Bauteoge running through Stradbally
in Queen's County, which richly deserves its name,
for it flows lazily through level swampy laud,
which it always inundates in wet weather. In
parts of the west, they change the initial letter to
m, which gives rise to the forms mditeog and mait-
each ; and in this way we have the name of
Mauteoge, near Crossmolina in Mayo, and of
Mautiagh in the parish of Uossinver in Leitrim,
both signifying watery land.

Bnj Spots. As many places received names
from being wet or swampy, so there were spots
which, either by the nature of their surface or by
artificial drainage, were dry in comparison with

cilAP. xxiii.] Size ; Shape. . 413

the surrounding or adjacent marshy ground, and
whose names were derived from this circimi stance.
The only word I will introduce here to illustrate
this observation is tiryn, which is the common Irish
word for dry. With the t aspirated to //, it is
seen in Tullyhirm, the name of places in Armagh
and Monaghan — Tulaigh-thirtn, dry little hill.
This is also the original form of the name of the
parish of Tullaherin near Gowran in Kilkenny,
which has been corrupted by a change of m to n
(1st Vol., Part I., cm.), though the correct angli-
cised prommciation, Tnllowheerim, is still often
heard among the people.

CHAPTER XXIII.

SIZE ; SHAPE.

Great ; small. The tenns mor [more] and beg,
meaning respectively large and small, are used to
express size, both relative and absolute, more than
any other words in the Irish language ; and they
are in general easily recognised, being almost
always spelled more and beg in anglicised names.

In the parish of Moviddy in Cork, near the
southern bank of the river Bride, stands the ruins
of CasMemore castle, once the residence of the chief
of the Mac Swecnys, and afterwards of the Mac
Cartliys ; and its name indicates that it was con-
sidered the most important fortress of the locality :
Caislen-mor, great castle. The parish of Castlemore
in Mayo, or nsit is sometimes called, Castlcmore-
Costello, because id is in (ho biu'ony of CostcUo,
in like manner took its nnme from a castle, which

414 Size; Shape. [ciiav. xxiri.

is called Catskn-m6r in tlio nnnals of Though Xcy.
Castleniore is also the name of a towiiland in
Carlow. Of the correlative term Castlebeg, small
castle, as a to^vnland name, one example occurs
north-west of Comber in Down. There is a point
of land jutting into the Foyle from the Donegal
side, about five miles below Dcrry, called Culmorc,
where Sir Ilonry Docwra erected a fort in the
year 1600 ; The Four Masters call it Cuil-mor,
great corner or angle. The townlaud of Down-
killybegs in the parish of Drimimaul in Antrim,
is written by Colgan, Dun-cMlk-bice, the fortress
of the little church.

Very often these terms were employed to express
comparison as to size, between the feature named
and some other feature of the same l;ind in the
immediate neighbourhood. There can be no doubt
that Inishbeg — small island — in the harbour of
Baltimore in the south of Cork, received that
name by comparison with the larger island of
Ringarogy in the same harbour. So also Eunbeg
on the shore of GKveedore Bay in Donegal, was so
called from its situation at the mo\ith of the little
river Clady : — Bunbeg, small bun or river mouth —
small in comparison with tho adjacent estuary of
the Gweedore river.

In a great many cases the application of these
terms originated in the subdivision of townlands
into unequal parts. Three miles south of Kanturk
in Cork, in the angle formed by the rivers Allow
and Blackwater, there is what was once a single
townland called Dromcummer; and it took its
name from its situation at the junction of the two
rivers : — Druim-comair, the ridge of the conflu-
ence. But this townland was divided into two
parts, containing respectively 373 and 249 acres ;
and the former is called Dromcummer-more, and

CH A r . XX 1 11 .'J Size ; Shape. 4 1 5

the latter Dromcummer-beg. Sometimes in a case
of this kind, the larger portion retained the original
name without any distinguishing postfix, while the
smaller Icept the name with the addition of beg ;
as in the case of Dorrycidlinan (CuUinan's oak-
grovo), and Dorryculliuan-beg in Leitrim.

Be(j is very seldom altered in form by either
grammatical inilection or corruption : but the m
of mor is often aspirated to vot iv ; as we see in
Baravore near the head of Glenmalure in Wicklow,
the great harr or summit. Occasionally — though
seldom — this nspiratcd sound has been dropped,
leaving no(bing of the postfix but ore. This liap-
pens in Tnishoro, the name of an island in upper
Lough Erne, three miles from the village of Lis-
naskea, which the Four Masters call "Inis-mhdr of
Lough Barry," the great island of Lough Barry
(this last being the local name for that part of
Lough Erne).

Like Irish limiting terms in general, these
words commonly come after the words they qualify.
But not unfrequently it is the reverse. Moraghy
is the name of a lownland in tlie parish of
IMuckno in Monaghan, which signifies great field
{achadh) ; but Aghamore, with ihe same meaning,
is a more common name. Rathmore or Ramore,
great fort, is a very usual local name ; but in the
parish of Drumlease in Leitrim, it is made More-
rah. So also with hcg. Rathbeg is a name of
fre(picnt occurrence, and signifies little rath or
fort; but in the county of Louth, a little above
l^rog]\eda, is a jdacc called Begrath, wliich has
the name meaning. There is a small island close
to the land in Wexford liarbour, called Begerin
or Begery, which is celebrated as the place where
>St. Ibar, after having preaehed the Gospel in

416 Size; SJinpo [ciiw. xxiii.

various parts of Ireland, foiuulcd a nioiiastcryin llio
fifth century, aud established a schuol, iu which he
instructed a vast number of students ; and the
place still retains the ruins of some of the ancient
buildings. The name is written iu the annals,
Beg-Eire, which in the Life of the saint is trans-
lated Parva Iliheruia, Little Ireland ; but why this
epithet was applied to it I cannot imagine. There
is another Bogeriu in the same county, in the
parish of Old Ross, four miles from the town of
New Ross.

When these terms are translated, mor is gene-
rally rendered great or big, and hcg, small or little.
But occasionally we find the former translated
by much. Muchknock and Muchrath in the parish
of Killinick in Wexford, are half translations of
Knockmore and Rathmore, great hill and great
fort. There is a fine rocky precipice in Howth,
just over the castle, the pi-oper name of which is
Carrickmore ; but it is now beginning to be gene-
rally called Muchrock, which seems to me a change
for the worse.

The word min, among other significations,
means small, and it is occasionally used in the same
manner as leg. There is a townland on the
Blackwater in Meath, three miles above Kells,
called Meenlagh, i.e. small lake, which probably
took its name from some enlargement of the river.
A far better known place is Menlough or ^lenlo
near Galway ; this was properly the name of the
small expansion of the river Corrib, on (ho shore
of which tho village is situated ; and in couipari-
son with Lough Corrib it was called Mi ii- loch or
small lake, which name was transferred to the
village and castle. Derrymeen, the name of places
in Fermanagh and Tyrone, signifies small derry

CHAP, xxiii.] Size; Shape. 417

or oak-grove, that is, composed of small slender
trees ; and we have Moneymeen in Wicklow, the
email-tree shrubbery.

Length. The usual words to express length and
sliortnoas of dimensions arc fada and gcnrr. As
long ufifddtr. roluins the/, it is easy enough to dc-
toot the word in anglicised names, for it does
not undergo mucli corruption. Its most correct
forms are seen in Knockfadda, long hiU, a name
of frequent occurrence ; and in Killyfaddy in the
northern coimties, long wood. But it is very
often shortened to one syllable, as in Knockfad
and Killyfad, the same respectively as the two
preceding names. The/is often omitted on account
of aspiration, which somewhat obscures the word ;
of this a good example is Banada in Sligo and Ros-
common, which very correctly represents the sound
of Beann-fhoda, as the Four Masters write it,
meaning long ben or peak. The word is quite
disguised in Creewood, a place about three miles
north-west from Slane in Meath, which in King
John's charter to the abbey of Mellifont, is called
Crevoda, representing the Irish Craehh-fhoda, tlie
long cyave or branchy tree.

Shortness. The opposite term to fada is gearr
[gar], short; and this is seen in Castlegar, the
name of some places in Gal way and Mayo, which,
in a document of 1586 called " Division of Con-
naught" (quoted by Ilardiman, lar. C, p. 44,
note g) is correctly translated "short caslle;"
Qlengar in Tipperary, short glen. iSomctimes it
comes in the beginning of a name, but in this case
it is liable l,o be confounded with garhh, rough ;
thus Garbally, which is the name of several town-
lands, in some places means short town, and in
others rough town ; as Garracloon is translated
VOL. II. 28

418 Size; Shape. [ciiAr. xxtii.

in Olio placG short meadow, and in another rough
incailow.

Bi-cadth. Leathan [lahan] signifies broad. The
best anglicised form is lahan, whicli is seen in
Ardlahan near the mouth of the river Maigue in
Limerick, broad height. But it is very often
Khortcncd to lane, especially in the north ; as in
(Jortlano near Cushcndall in Antrim, broad field ;
tiie samo name us Gortlahan in the parish of Kil-
dacommoge in Mayo : Lisluno in Derry and
Tyrone, broad fort.

From the same root as the last (by the addition
of d : p. 15) comes the noun leithead [lehed],
whicli signifies breadth ; and wo have this term
also very often used in local nomenclature. It is
seen in its most correct form in Moylehid, south-
west of 'l<;nnisldllon, which is pronounced in Irish
Mul-leithid, the hill of breadth, i.e. broad hill-top.
But like leathan, it is often shortened to one syl-
lable, as we see in Carriglead near St. Mullins in
Oarlow, broad rock.

JVarrotimess. There are corresponding terms
signifying narrow, whicli are found in names as
often as the preceding. The principal is cael [kale,
keel], which, with its simple adjective meaning,
is almost always represented in anglicised names
by keel. Glenkeel, narrow glen, is the name of
some places in Cork, Fermanagh, and Leitrim ;
Derrykecl, narrow oak-wood.

This word is often applied to a narrow stream,
a stream fioAving through a long narrow glen, or
thioiigli a inaisli ; and it is the usual term also
for a narrow slrait. It is in somo one of these
senses that it gives name to all those places called
Keel, Keal, and Keale. As applied to a strait,
the word is very happily illustrated in Loughna-

CHAP. XXIII.] Size ; Shape. 419

dreegeel near Ballyjamesdiiff in Cavan, the name
of a lake, which exactly represents the sound of
the Irish Lough-na-dtri-gcael, the lake of the
three straits, so called hccauso it narrows in three
places.

Keoliij^liy in Forinanagh represents Cad-achndh,
narrow held ; and Kcelagh and Keilagh, which
are the names of several townlands, are in some
places understood to be shortened forms of the
same name ; while in other places they are consi-
dered nothing more than the adjective form
caclach, i.e. something narrow.

Fat or thick, llcamhav, or in old Irish rcnior,
is a word Avhich is very extensively employed in
the formation of names. It means literally gross
or fat ; and locally it is applied to objects gross
or thick in shape, principally hills and rocks.
It is pronomiced differently in different parts of
the country. In the south they sound it roiiry
and it becomes anglicised accordingly, as in Car-
rigrour near Glengarrin: in Cork, Carraig-rcamhar,
thick rock ; Bccnrour, gross or thick pcalc, the
name of a hill over Lough Currano in Kerry;
iind Ilceiiroii]-, ji name frequent in Cork and
Kerry, thick rinn or point. As we go north the
pronunciation changes : sometimes it becomes
rawer, as in Duubunrawer near the village of
Gortin in Tyrone, the fort of the thick bun or
hill-base. Elsewhere in the north, as well as in
tltc west, wo find \\\(i mh rcju'cscntcd by r, as
in Killyrover in the parish of Aghalurchor in
Fermanagli, thick wood, which I suppose means
a wood of thick or gross trees (see Derrymccn,
p. 416, siqyra).

In the northern half of Ireland, the aspiration
of the m is sometimes altogether neglected, and
the latter becomes restored in the manner shoM n

420 Size; Shape. [chap, yxiit.

in 1st Vol. (Part I., c. ii.) ; whicli is exoniplifiod
in Killyramcr near Bally money in Antrim, and
in Cullyramer near tlie village of Garvagh in
Derry, both the same as Killyrover. The highest
summit on Ilathlin Island off Antrim is called
Kenramer, fat or thick head ; the same name as
Can rawer near Oughterard in Galway. The re-
storation of the m is illustrated in a name more
familiar than any of the preceding — that of
Lough Ramor in the south of the county Cavan,
which is an abbreviation of the full name Lough
Munramer, for it is called in Irish authorities
Loch-Muinreamhair. The latter part, which sig-
nifies fat-neck [innin, the neck), was a man's
name anciently pretty common in Ireland ; and
this latce received its name from some one of
the old-world heroes Avho boro llio name.

Twisted. Cas signiliea twisted : — Ciis-an-tmgdin,
" the twisting of the rope." The word is exhibited
in Cashlieve, the name of a place between Castlerea
and Lallinlough in Roscommon, which exactly
conveys the sound of the Irish Cais-shiiabh. twisted
slieve or mountain.

Crooked or curved. Cam signifies crooked (enij},
curvus, Z. 64) ; but it has other meanings which
do not concern us here. Its most frequent appli-
cation is to rivers and glens ; and there is an ex-
cellent illustration of its use, and of its Munster
pronunciation, in Glencoura or Glencaura, a re-
markable defile near Macroora in Cork, crooked or
winding glen : there is a Glancam near the rail-
way, five miles north of Blainoy, and a Glenconm
near Graiguenaniauagh in Xilkeimy. iSeveral
small streams in various parts of Ireland are called
Camlin and Camline — that is crooked or curved
line. The river Camowen flows through Omagb
in Tyrone; and it well deserves the name: —

CiiAr. xxiii.] &he; Shape, 421

Cam-ahhainn, winding river. The parish of Cam
or Camina in lloscoinmon, west of Athlone, took
its name from a church dedicated to St. Brigid,
which is called Camach by Mac Firbis (Hy F. 78,)
wliilc Cam, tlio plural Cams, and the adjective form
Camagh, are the names of several townlands —
names derived originally from curved objects of
some kind, such as rivers, lakes, long hills, &c.

The dimliiutive Camofj, in the several forms
Cammoge, Commoge, and Commock, is employed to
designate various natural features, principally
winding rivers. The little river Cnnimock or
Camac, which joins the Li (ley near Jvilinainhani,
is so called because it flows through the "winding
glen" of Crumlin (which see in 1st Vol.). There
is a townlnnd near Enniskillen called Camgart,
curA'cd field or garden, a name which in Galway
is made Camgort ; and Cangort near Shinrone in
King's County, is a corruption of this last form
(by tlio usual phonetic change of in to ??), being
spelled indeed by some authorities Camgort.
IJetween Oianmore and Galway, near the ruins of
a church and a round tower, a long narrow penin-
sula juts inio Galway Bay, called lloscam, a name
which stands exactly as it was written in Irish
authorities, and which signifies crooked peninsula.

By the addition of s (see p. 13 supra) is formed
the derivative camas, which is applied to a bend in
a river, and somethnestoa curved bay ; and which
in the forms of Camas and Camus, gives names to
many places. St. Comgall of Bangor founded a
monastery in the filth century at Camus on the
Bann, two miles above Coleraine; it is called
Cambas in Adamnan's Life of St. Columba, and
Camus in the annals ; and it received the name
from tho curve in the Bann river, near which it i^
situated. The monasterv. which flourished for

422 Size; Shape. [chap. xxiu.

many ceulurios, lias (|uilc! disappeared; aiul iSl.
ComgaU's aiieient establishment is now represented
merely by a graveyard. There is a spot on the
Suir, two miles north-west from Cashel, which is
mentioned by the Fo\ir Masters at a. d. 1G23, by
the name of Ath-an-cJiainais, the ford of the camiis
or winding — for the river curves at one side round
a little island ; but a bridge now spans the Suir
over the ancient ford, which still retains the name
of Camus Bridge,

Bends and Slopes. Crom means bent, inclined,
stooped, or crooked. It is a term of very common
occurrence in local names, but many of those of
which it forms a part have been already examined.
In anglicised names it usually takes the forms
cvoiii, and crniit, and occasionally criiu. One (tl' the
peaks of the JVlourjie range is called Bencrom,
stooped mountain. Macroora in Cork is written
in the Irish authorities Ma(jh-crointha [INlacromha];
the latter part is the genitive of the participial
form cromaiUt ; and the whole name means the
sloped or inclining fielder plain; which accurately
describes the spot on which the town stands, for it
is a slope at the base of Sleveon hill. The name
corresponds with that of Cromaghy, a place near
the village of Hosslea in Fermanagh — sloping
field. Cromane and Cromoge, two diminutives,
signify anything sloping or bending, and give
names to many places : whether they are applied
to glens, hills, fields, &c., must be determined by
the character of the particular spot in each case.
Sometimes they are applied to streams, as in the
case of the Crummoge, a ri\ulet a little south of
Borrisoleigh in Tipperary, which, like Loobagh,
(p. 424) received its name from its sinuous course.
Claen [clane] has several meanings, one of
vhioh. —and the only one which concerns us here —

CHAP, xxiii.] Size; Shape. 423

is inclining or eloping. "Is aire is claen an lis ; "
" this is the reason why the fort slopes " — Cormac's
Glossary. This quotation naturally calls up llath-
cline in Longford, a townland which gave name to
a parish and barouy, and which itself must have
taken its name from a fort situated on sloping
ground ; and this is the traditional interpretation
of the neighbourhood. It is exactly the same,
only with the terms reversed, as Cleenrah in the
north of Longford, and Cleanrath the name of
tlireo townlands in Cork, This, moreover, is a
very ancient name ; for Ave are tohl in one of the
historical talcs in Lchor na h-Uidltre, that Caher-
conrce, tho great fortress of Ctiroi mac Dairc, on
Slicvcmish mountain in Kerry, was also called
Cathair-na-claen-ratha, the stone fort of the Claen-
rath or sloping rath (O'Ourry, Lect. III. 82).

The word Cleen itself, signifying simply a slope,
is the name of three townlands in Fermanagh,
Leitrim, and Hoscommon. The English plural
form Cleens is found in the parish of L)evenish in
Fermanagh, and the Irish plural Cleeny near Kil-
larney, both meaning slopes ; while the adjective
forms Cleenagh and Clenagh, occur in Donegal,
Fermanagh, and Clare. The Four Masters at a.d.
1247, mention a lake called Claenloch, which seems
a singular name, for it means sloping lake ; and
although the name is forgotten in Leitrim, it still
survives in the parish of Drumsnat in Monaghan,
in the form of Clenlough. It is probable that
these names took their rise from the configuration
of tho ground round the lakes, as people sometimes
imagine that a stream flows against the liill.
Another name of the same class is Clacnghlais
[C'lonnlisii]— so tho Four Masters write it — which
siguilies sloping streamlet, the name of a district
in the south-west of Limerick, in the parish of

424 S('ze ; S/iape. [chai'. xxiii.

Killecdy near tlio LtJideis of Cork ami Xony,
wliicli is now commonly culled Clonlish.

Fan or Fdnadh [fawn, fawna] signifies a slope
or declivily ; and the forms it assmncs in anglicised
names will bo seen in the following examples. In
tlie parish of Killonagban in the north of Clare,
there are two townlands called Faunarooska, Fhn-
a'-rusca, the slope of the fighting or quarreling ;
and Faunrusk, the name of a place a little north
of Ennis has the same meaning. The simj)le word
fan gives name to some places in Leitrim, now
called Fawn, Avhile fdnadh is anglicised Faima in
Wicklow, and Fawney in Tyrone and Deny. It
appears as a termination in Tohernafauna near
Fiddown in Kilkenny, the well of the slope.

Loops. From the word luh, signifjdng a loop,
bend, or fold, many rivers and other curved objects
take their names. The adjective form Loobagh is
the name of the river that flows by Kilmallock ;
and meaning, as it does, full of loops, winding or
serpentine, it describes exactly the character of
that river. Tlio word generally takes such forms
as /ooh, loop, or loopij ; thus Aughnaloopy near
Kilkeel in Down, signifies the field of the loop or
winding. About four miles from the village of
Ilollymount in Mayo, is the demesne and residence
of Newbrook ; the Irish name, as preserved in an
ancient poem in the Book of Lecan, ia Ath-na-lub,
which the people still retain with the addition of
b^l a mouth, Bel-atha-na-liih [Bellanaloob], the
ford of the loops, from the windings of the little
river flowing through the demesne into Lough
Carra. An adjective form derived from the dimi-
nutive is seen in Derrynaloobinagh near Ballybay
in Monaghan, the oak-wood of the windings ; and
also in Sheskinloobanagh, the name of a marsh in
the townland of Croaghonagh, about four miles

CHAP. XXIII.] &ize ; &hape. 425

south-west from Ballybofey in Donegal, whicli
theFoui'MasterSjat 1603, write Seascann-luhanach,
the marsh of the windings.

Nook. Cluid is a nook, a corner, an angle. It
tiikos the niiglicisod forms Olood, Cluid, and Cluido,
which are the names of several townlands. Clood-
revagh in Lcitrim, and Cluidrevagh in Galwaj'^,
both signify grey nook (p. 282) ; Cloodrumman in
Leitrim, the corner of the drum or ridge.

Floor. Several of the terms which designate a
level spot of land have been already examined ;
and the last I will instance is urlar, Avhich signifies
a floor, sometimes a threshing-floor. Near the
village of Stranorlar in Donegnl, along the little
river that flows throngh it, there is a remarkably
level holm or river meadow, which has given the
village its name — Srath-an-urlair, the holm or
river bank of the floor. The simple Avord gives
name to Urlar in Sligo, and to Urlaur in JNIayo —
both meaning a level place like a floor. There are
several townlands in the Counaught counties
called Carrownnrlaur, the quarter-land of the floor,
i. e. a flat piece of land, or a tbreshing-floor.

Nail. longa [inga], signifies a nail, talon, or
hoof ; and it was sometimes appKed to pointed
rocks, or to long-pointed pieces of land. The
sound is well preserved in Inga, the name of a
place near the village of Killimor in the south-
{>ast of Qalway. Near the mouth of the river
P'orgus in Clare, a short distance west of New-
market, is a little promontory jutting into the
river, called Ing Point, wliich has given name to
tliree townlands. Just outside liannow Bay in
Wexford, near the village of Fethard, is a long
point with a cliPP rising over the sea along one
side; and it is called Ingard — highnail. Duninga,
the name of a place on the Kilkenny shore of the*

426 Size; Shape. [chap, xxiii.

liarrow, between Goresbridgo and Bngiialslown,
the fort of the nail or point. The correct genitive
is iongan, which is represented in Clooningan in
the parish of Achonry in Sligo (C/oon, a meadow) ;
and we find the phiralin Drumingua in the j)ari«h
of Kiltubbrid in Sligo, the hill-ridge of the talons.

2\iil. The Irish word earJxtH was often a])pb\id
to the extremity of any natural feature, such as a
long, low hill ; or to any long stripe of land, which
was either the extremity of a larger portion, or
which was, for any reason, considered by the people
to bear some resemblance to the tail of some
animal. This word earhall [commonly pronounced
urbal] signifies (he tail of an animal ; and according
to Cormac's Glossary, it is derived from iar, hinder,
and hall, a member. In its topographical apj)li-
cation, it is liable to singular corruptions in pro-
nunciation, in the several ways illusti-ated by the
names that follow. It will be observed also that
the people often imagined they saw in certain
features a likeness, not luerely to a tail, but to the
tail of some particular animal.

TJrbal, which is a correct anglicised form, is
the name of several townlands in some of the
northern counties. There is a place near the town
of Monaghan called Urbalkirk, which signifies
the tail of the cark or hen; Urbalshinuy in Done-
gal is the fox's tail [sionnach, a fox). In some of
the Ulster counties it is made warh/c ; as we see
in Warbleshinny about three miles south of Derry,
the same name as the last. In Conuaught, the
word is usually pronounced, by a metathesis,
rubble ; and this corruption is reproduced in the
name of two townlands called Rubble in Mayo and
Leitrim. The townland of Erribul near the Clare
side of the Shannon, opposite Foynes, exhibits the
usual Munster pronunciation.

CHAP. XXI II.] Size; Shape. 427

^ar. In clesignatiDg places by their shape, the
car was a favourite object of comparison. A
lateral, scmi-detachecl portion of land, or a long
stripe, would often bo called an ear ; and this fan-
ciiMl likeiH^SM lias givou origin to rouui odd Pic'nlcs
of uonjenckiturc. Cliins [cloos] is the Irish Avord
for car ; in local names it usually takes tlie form
of c/oos and cloosh. Near Castlogregory in Kerry
is atownland called Cloosguire — Cluas-gadhair,
the dog's ear ; and there is another near Mount-
ralh in Queen's County, called Clooscullen, with
a similar signification — Cluas-coikain, the whelp's
ear. One of the innumerable small lakes in Wig.
parish of Moyrus in Gal way, is called Lough
Clooshgirrea, the lake of the hare's ear (see p. 303).
With tlie c eclipsed by g in the genitive plural, we
have Lisnagloos in the parish of Killora in Gal-
way, south of Athenry, and Coolnagloose in the
parish of Kilcavan in Wexford, the former signi-
fying the fort, and the latter the auglo of the ears.
Tongue. The Irish word teaiiga [tanga] a
tongue, is often applied to long-shaped pieces of
land or water, just in the same sense as we say in
English " a tongue of land." There is a place
called Bryantang in the county Antrim, not far
from Ballycastle, which derives the latter part of
its name from a tongue of land at the meeting of
two streams : the little tongue itself is noAV called
" Bi-yanlang Braes." Tlu) first part hri/nn, repre-
sents tlic Irish hniighcan (see Boheruabreena in
1st Vol.), a fairj^-fort; for a remarkable ancient
circular fort stood not long since near the jimction
of the streams, but it is now obliterated : Bryan-
tang, the fairy-fort of the tongue. Just before
i\\o river Inny falls into Lough Bee, it is joined
by the little river Tang, two miles from Ballyma-
hon. There are two townlands in Donegal called

428 Size; !^7iape. [chai*. xxiii.

Tang-aveane, middle tongue {vcane from nicadhuii) :
Tanglucartoor in Mayo, the tongue of the cartron
or quarter-land.

Skull. The word claigcanii [claggan], which
signilies a skull, is oflcn applied to a round, dr}^,
hard, or rocky hill ; and in this sense it gives
names to all those places now cnllcd Clagan, Clag-
gan, and Oleg-gan. The adjective form Claiyean-
nach is used to designate a place full of round
rocky hills, from which we have such townland
names as Clegnagh and Clagnagh. And the
simple plural is exhibited in Clegna, the name of
a place east of Boyle in Roscommon, i.e. skulls or
round hills.

Breast. The front of a hill, a projection from
its general body, is often designated by the word
nclit, which signilies the breast. The most cor-
rect anglicised form is light, which is seen in Ught-
yneill near Moynalty in the county Meath,
O'Neill's hill-breast (y for 0 : see p. 137, mpra).
But it more often takes the form ought ; of which
an excellent example is seen in Oughtmama, the
name of a parish in Clare, meaning the breast or
front of the maam or mountain pass — Oughty-
moyle and Oughtymore in the ])arish of Magilli-
gan in Derry, signifying bare breast and great
breast respectively, the y being a corruption in
both names.

There is a small island in the eastern side of
Lough Mask, about four miles soiilh-west of Bal-
linrobe, called Inishoght, the island of the breast;
and tlio l'\)ur Masters mention anolher little
island of the same name, which tlu^y call Inis-
ochta, in Ijough Macnean in Fermanagh, as the
scene of a fight between the O'Rourkes and the
Mac Rannalls in a.u. 1499. But this name, though
used in the last century, is now forgotten ;

CHAP. XX TIT.] Size; Shape. 429

the present name of the islet is Inishee, i. e.
Inis-Aed/ia, the island of Aedh or Hugh ; and ac-
cording to the tradition quoted by O'Donovan
(Four M., IV. — p. 1250 m.) it received this name
from a king named yir(/h who once lived on it.
liiislioo or Jlugh's Island is also tho name of a
place in the parish of Clonfert in the cast of the
county Gal way. There is a parish in the east of
Galway, including within it the village of Eyre-
court, now called Donanaghta; but in the Inqui-
sitions the name is written Doonanought, both of
which point to the meaning, the fort of the breast,
i.e. built on the breast of a hill.

C/rft. The word gag [gang] means a cleft,
chink, a split or chasm in a rock. It is well re-
presented in Garrygaug in the south of Kilkenny,
and in Ballygauge in Queen's Coimty ; the garden
and the town of the cleft or chasm. Gaugin
mountain, eight miles west of Stranorlar in Done-
gal— Gaugin, little cleft — must have taken its
name from some chasm or cliasms in its side.

There is another word slightly different from
tin's in sonTid, tiscd in ISFunRlor, imd espocially in
Clare, namely, gong, or as it would bo spoiled in
Irish, gohhag ; and this is applied to a split or
cavern in a cliff, or to a narrow nook into which
the sea enters — a long narrow sea inlet. The
diminutive Gougane is the name of a townland
near the village of Banteer in the north of Cork ;
and Gougane Barra (for which see 1st Vol.) is well
known to every Irish tourist. A little stream called
Gougane flows into the strait separating Valentia
Island in Kerry from the mainland. Care must
be taken not to confound the two preceding words
with the Gaelic for jackdaw, for which see p. 302.

Kneading trough. In former days when fami-
lies generally made their own bread, a kneading

430 Size ; Shape. [chap, xxiii.

trough was an article found in almost every house.
Losakl, or in an anglicised form, losaet, is tlie Irish
word for a kneading ti'ough ; and curiously enough
it is in very common use as a component in local
names. Here, however, the allusion seems to he
not so much to shape, as to use and production ;
for the word is applied to a well-tilled and pro-
ductive field, or to good rich land. A farmer w ill
call such a field a losset, because he sees it coA(nod
with rich produce, like a kneading troiigh with
dough. The word is used in this sense chielly in
the northern counties, hut it is also found in the
south ; and in the form of Losset, it is the name
of a dozen townlands, in various counlios fiom
Doiuigal to Tip})erary. Cappanalossct in Iho
parish of Lemanaglian in King's County, signifies
iho gui'doii-plot of tlie lossots, i.e. a rich, pioduc-
tive plot.

The genitive and plural form is loiste [lusty],
and this gives name to all those places now called
Lustia and Lusty — both signifying simply fertile
spots. There is one example of the genitive intlio
hour ]\[asters, namely, at a.d. 15!)7, whore tlioy
mention a place called ])niiiii-ii(i-loisfc, the ridge
of the kneading trough ; which is situated near
Liver in Donegal, and is now called Dnnnnalost.
Another anglicised form is seen in Loyst, the
name of a place near Hockcorry in Monaghan,
which also occurs in Tullaghaloyst in the parish of
Currin in the same county, the hill of the /osscf :
Annaloist near Portadown in Armagh, shows the
woj'd compounded witb (if//, a ford. Agliahist near
iho village ol" Aidagli in Longford, is (lie same as
Aghalustia near liallughaderreen in ]\layo, the
held (achadh) of the kneading trough, i.e. simply
a rich fertile field.

Troiiyh. Aniar or umar signifies a trough or

i

CHAP. xxTTi.] Size : Shape. 431

font ; and the term is locally applied to designate
a hollow place. Both the sound and sense are well
preserved in Lngganammer and Leganamer, two
townlands in Lei trim, the names of which mean the
/ng or hollow of the trough, i.e. a lug formed like a
trough. So also Bohammcr near BalgrifTm in Dub-
lin, written in the Inquisitions Bothomer, which
comes near the Irish Both-amuir, the hut of the
trough ; Glcnnanummer in the parish of Kilcumrer-
agh in the north of King's County, andGlennanam-
mer near Athleague on the Roscommon side of the
Shannon, both of which mean the glen of the
troughs — a glen in which there are deep pools.

In some cases a h or a p is inserted ai'ter tho m,
in accordance Avith a phonetic law already ex-
amined (1st Vol., Part I., c. iii.). This is tho case
in Killy number in the parish of Kilcronaghan in
Derry, which represents Coill-an-umair, the wood
of the trough ; as well as in Coolumber in the
parisli of ]\Iooro, in the south of Hoscommon, and
ill (''ooliiinhor on tlio l)oun(lary of Tjongford and
Wosdncath, bolh liaving nauics of similar import
(o (JuldalT, signii'ying tho back of tlio trough or
deep hollow ; and wo have a^) in Cloondaluuiipcr
five or six miles east of Tiiam m. Galway, the
meadow of the two {da) hollows.

Caldron. Roimd deep hollows were often de-
signated by the several Irisli terms which corre-
spond with such English words as vat, heeve, cal-
dron, &.Q,. ; just as tho crater of a volcano was so
called from the Greek word kraUr, a cup or cha-
lice. Coire [curra, curry] signifies a caldron or
boiler — such a caldron as was always kept in every
public victualling house, and in every chieftain's
kitchen. Locally the word was applied to a deep
round hollow in a mountain, often also to tho dee])
pool formed under a cataract, and sometinu^s lo a

"432 Size; Shape. [ohai'. xxiii.

whirlpool in the sen. In sucli applications it. is
very connnon in Scotland, but it is not so nmch
used in Ireland. There are two townlands in Tip-
perary, one near the village of Tooniyvara, the
other near Kilsheelan, called Poulakerry ; and
there is a place at Glanmire near Cork city, called
Ponlacurry — all from Poll-a'-choire, the caldron-
hole. In the wild district cast of Achill Island in
Mayo, there are two mountain lakes, one called
Corryloughaphuill, the caldron of the lake of the
hole — a name sufficiently expressive in all con-
science ; the other Corrauabinnia, the caldron of
the bin or peak — the peak being a very high
mountain which rises over the lake.

In the sound between Ilathliu Island and the
coast of Antrim, there is a whirlpool caused by
the violent coudict ol' (ho tid(!s, wlii(;li wiis iu old
times as celebrated among the Irish as Charybdis
was among the ancient Greeks ; and it was known
by the name of Coire-Breaoain [Corry-Breckan or
Corryvreckan], Brecan's caldron. Cormac Mac
Cidlenan in his Glossary, written in the ninth
century, gives the following spirited account oi
this great whirlpool: — "Coire Brecain, i.e. a great
whirlpool which is between Ireland and Scotland
to the north, in the meeting of the various seas,
viz., the sea which encompasses Ireland at the
north-west, and the sea which encompasses Scot-
land at the north-east, and the sea to the south
betAveen Ireland and Scotland. They whirl round
like moulding compasses, each of them taking the
place of the other, like the paddles of a mill-wlu>cl,
until they are sucked into the depths, so that the
caldron remains with its mouth wide open ; and
it would suck even the whole of Ireland into its
yawning gullet. It vomits that draught up again,
80 that its thunderous eructation and its bursting

criAF. xxiii.] Size; S/nipe. 43^^

and ils roaring are heard among the clouds, like
the stoam-boiliug of a caldron on the fire."

He then goes on to say that a certain merchant
named Brccan, grandson of Niall of the Nine
Hostages (Niall died, a.d. 405), had fifty riir-
rnc/is or boats trading between Ireland and Scot-
land, and that on one occasion they were all
swallowed np (with Brecan himself) in this
caldron. Hence the name Coirc-Brcacain, Brecan's
caldron, which Adamnan, who mentions it. Latin-
ises Charyhdis Brecani. The old name has been
long forgotten, however, and the whirlpool is
now known by an equally expressive one among
the people of Antrun and Rathliu, viz. S/or/-na-
mara, the swallow of the sea (v. pp. 401, 255).
The name is remembered in Scolland, but it is
applied to a dangerous whirlpool between the
islands of Scarba and Jura, which is mentioned b}'-
Sir Walter Scott in " The Lord of the Isles " —

"And Scarba's isle, whose tortured shore
Still rings to Corrievrckcn's roar."

That the original Corry Breckan was that be-
tween Antrim and llathlin, and that the name was
borrowed by the monks of lona for the Western
Isles, is made quite evident from the authorities
quoted by Dr. Ileeves in his "Adamnan," p. 29,
and in his " Ecclesiastical Antiquities," p. 289.*

Vat. JJahhnch [davagh] signifies a vat, a kieve,
or large tub : it occurs in Irish names much
oftener than the last term, and it is generally
applied to a well, a deep pit or pool, or to any
deep hollow like a vat or caldron. Davagh,
its most correct anglicised form, is the name of
some townlands in Monaghan and Tyrone ;
Mullandavagli near Clones in Monaghan, i\\&

* Tn the latter there is a e(>ni])lete aoionnt of Coiie-Brcacaiii,
from M'hicli I have condonacd tlio sketch given here.

VOL. II. 29

434 Size; S/iapo. [chap, xxiii.

summit of ilio vat-liko lioUow ; Glciidavngh near
AugliiUKiloy ill Tyiuuo, means a glen liaviiig det^p
pools along its course (like Glennanummer : p.
430).

Oneof tlie genitive forms of this word is daihhchc
[divha, diLa], whicli is variously modified in the
modern forms of names. It is M^ell represented in
Gortnadihy in the parish of Kilmeen in Cork,
which in the " Genealogy of Corca Ijddhe " is
called Gort-na-daibhcJWy the field of the vat or
round hollow. There is another place of the same
name near Skihbereen in the same county ; and
two called Gortnadiha in Waterford, which is still
the same name. So also Knoeknadiha in liime-
rick, J)rumdiha in Tippcrary, and Droindihy in
Cork, all meaning the hill of the round hollow.
Portdeha (port of the vat) is Iho name of a little
bight on the eastern shore of Aranmore ; but this
name is now accounted for by a legend in the life
(if St. Eudcus, which is related at length by the
Rev. W. Kilbride in his description of Aranmore
(Kilk. Arch. Jour. 18G8, p. lOG).

In these names the hh sound is suppressed and
that of ch retained as an h; but in other names it
is the revei'se — such for example as Letterdife in
the parish of Moyrus in Galway, the hill-side of
the vat. We have a diminutive form of the word
in Loughdeheen in the parish of Lisnakill near
Waterford city; in Loughdiheen, oneof the moun-
tain lakes under Galtymore ; and in Rindifin near
Gort in Galway, the two first of which mean the
lake, and the last the point, of the little vat or
pool. In Donegal this word is sometimes applied
to a flax-dam, whicli is illustrated in Culdaff
(Cooledagh, Inq.), the name of a village and
parish in Inishowen, signifying the cul or back of
the flax-dam.

Fah<'. or pseiido men. In various parts of Ire-

CHAP, xxiii.^ Size; Shape, 435

land, a standing stone, whetlier natural or artificial,
placed in a conspicuous position, so as to look at a
distance something like the figure of a man, is
called by the ncimefcar-breige [farbreaga], literally
it f:ilse niiiu — a fantastic or pscudo nian ; or il
lluMo bo two or more together, fir-hriitje [fir-
bieaga], false men. The term is also applied to
a scare-crow, or to any artificial object made to
represent a man. In some cases such stones have
given names to the townlands or hills on which
they stand ; as in Farbreague in the parish of
Woyne in Wicklow ; Farbioaguc, a hill lying five
miles north-east of Ivosciea in Tippcrarj'-; and Far-
bieagues, cast of Atldcaguoinlvoscommon. There
is a Farbregagh — a tall rock in the sea — at the
north side of Scarrilf Island outside Kenmare Bay ;
and a group of standing stones on one of the Btdly-
lioura hills, on the borders of Cork and Limerick,
is called Firbreaga.

Sometimes tlie word huachaill, a boy, is used
instead oifcar. The hill Ij'iug immediately south
of Knocklayd, near Ballycastle in Antrim, is called
Bohilbreaga. Near the village of Ballynee(y in
Limerick, there is a long stone standing on the
top of a hill, which may be seen on the right of
the railway as you approach Pallas from Limerick ;
and it is well known by the name of Boughal-
brcaga : there is also a Boghil Bregagh near the
dcnu'sne of iScafoide in <1ic ]Kuisli of Loiigliin-
islaud in Down. Tlio word huacliaill itself, with-
out the other term, is often applied to a standing
stone. There is a mountain called Boughil, five
miles from Kenmare ; and the driver of the car
will point out the conspicuous standing rock — the
houfiJnl ]\m\9,{A{ — wliicli gave name to the moun-
tain, on tlio lefl. ol' tlie road as you go to Killar-
ney. And sevei-nl townlands in various parts of

436 Size ; Shape, [chap, xxiii.

Trcliuul aro cnllorl Boiiolu'll mid BooLill, wliosd
names origintiled tiiinilaiiy. liougliilbo isii town-
land near 81ianagolden in Limerick, tlie name of
which signifies " cow-hoy."

The word breiig [hreague] signifies a lie ; and
in several senses and in varions modified forms, it is
pretty commonly used in the formation of local
names. There is a townland called Dromorehragiie
near Longhhrickland in Down, concerning which
the people have a local tradition, that tlie founders
of Dromore in the same county, at first intended
the town to he here : but they changed their minds
and built it on its present site, so tliat the former
])lace was called Dromorehragiie, false or psviido
Dromore. The city of Armagh has also a similar
representative — a sort of sliadow, or ghost, or
fctcli, of itself, viz., Armaghbrague in the parish
of Lisiiadill in the same county.

The term is sometimes used to designate streams
that are subject to sudden and dangerous floods,
or which flow through deep cpiagmires ; and in
this case it means deceitful or treacherous. An
excellent example is the little river Dr(\i;()ge in
Cork, which joins the Awbeg (the JMulhi oi
Spenser) near Doneraile. ]{regogo is a diuiinii-
tive of hrcitg (see p. 2i)) and signifies " little liai'
or deceiver." This river is formed by the junction
of the principal stream which rises in a deep glen
on tlie side of Corrinmore hill, with three others
— all four of the same length, flowing down the
face of the Ballyhoura hills, and meeting nearly
in the same spot, whence tho united stream runs
on to the Awbeg. These rivulets carry A^ery little
water in diy weather ; but whenever a heav}'
and continued shower falls on the hills, four
mountain floods rush down simultaneously, and
lueet together nearly at the same instant, swell in^^'

ciTAP. xxiii.j Sizp. ; Shape, 437

the little riviilet in a few moments to an impetuous
and dangerous torrent. This little stream is cele-
brated by Spenser in his " Colin Clouts come
homo again ; " he calls it " False Bregoge," whicli
is (|nilo a correct intorprolafion ; and in his own
ranciful way, ho accounts for tlio name in one ol'
tho most beautiful pastorals in tlio English
language.

There is a little stream called Breagagh about
three miles south-east of Thurles in Tipperary ;
another of the same name flows near the city of
Kilkenny ; but those probably received their
names from flowing througli treaclierous marshes ;
and the river Dinin used often to be called Breag-
agh on accomit of its destructive floods, (see p. 475).

A name of similar import is Srahanbregagh
in the parish of Ettagh, south of Birr in King's
County — false sru/inn or little stream. Why it
was that Ballybregagh in Wexford east of Ennis-
cortliy, and Ballybregagh in the parish of Lough-
guile in Antrim, were so called I cainiot imagine ;
for the names signify lying town. The bay of
Trawbrcaga at Malin in Donegal, well deserves
its name, Traigh-hrcge — so Colgan writes it —
treacherous strand ; for the tide rises there so
suddenly that it has often swept away people
walking incautiously on the shore.

The following names exhibit words expressive
of a variety of forms and resemblances.

Knot. The name of tho village of Snecm in
Ken-y, on the coast west of KenniarO; is a per-
fectly plain (lac^lic Avord, and universally under-
stood in Iho neighbourhood — snaidJnn [snime], a
knot. The intelligent old people of the place say
that the village has its name from a roundish grass-
covered rock rising over a beautiful c-iscade in th(^
river just below the bridge, where the fresl

438 Size; Shape. [chap, xxiir.

water and the salt water meet : wlicu tlio tide is
in, this rock presents tlie appearance of a maidhm
or knot over the stream.

I know of only one other place whose name
contains this word s-naidhm — Snimnagorta near the
village of Ball)anoro in Westmeatli. ITere the
whole name is a puzzle, though its mcuning is
plain enough : — (jort or gorta, hunger or famine —
the knot of hunger'. Prohably the latter part of
this name originated like Ballyhought (1st Vol.).
Month. There is a moimtain rising over Glen-
garriif in Cork, well known to visitors by the name
of Cobduff, which the old people of the place cor-
rectly interpret black-muzzle or black-muulh. If
you look \ip at the mountain from the door of Eccles'
hotel on a smniy summer morning, about 1 0 o'clock,
you will at once see why this name was given to it.
There is a deep cleft or chasm running across the
face of the hill near the top, bearing from the
point of view a rude resemblance to a mouth ; and
it is throAvn into strong shade while the rest of
the mountain is in bright sunshine : this is the
cobduff^' or black mouth. Cab or gab [cob, gob] is
a mouth ; and I may remark that the latter form —
gab or gob — is universally used in Ireland and
Scotland. Burns speaks of a person's " greedy
gab" in "The Jolly Beggars."

Beak or Snout. Gob [gub] though in all re-
spects like gab, is a different word : it means a beak
or snout, and is often found in local names.
Gub and Qubb, i. e. simply point or siu)ut, are
the names of some places in Cavan, Leitrim,
and Fermanagh ; and we have Gubs, beaks, also
in Leitrim. Gubdoo in Fermanagh, and Gubroe
in Leitrim, black and red snout (diibh and ruadh).
The word is far commoner in the north than in
the south : but we have the diminutive Gubbeen,
little beak, near Skull in Cork. Near Elwhin in

CHAP. xxiiT.] Size; Shape. 43C

Roscommon, is a townland called Carrowgob-
badagh, and anotber of the same name south-west
of Sligo town : the name signifies pointed or
beaked quarter-land {ccnf/irnmhadh), gohadach
being merely a derivative from goh. Soc is
another word for a snout or beak, from wliich we
have Socks in Tjeitrim, i. e. beaks or points ; and
beside it, Socknalougher, the beak or point of the
ruslies {liiachair):

Clah [clob] is another word used for a mouth —
a wide mouth : and like gah it is used familiarly
in Ireland, but always in derision. It has also
found its way into local names. There is a town-
land in the parish of Carran in the north of Clare,
called Clab, a mouth ; and in the parish of
Killilagh, in the west of the same county, is a place
called Gortaclob, the govt or field of the mouth.

Foot, Hoof. Criih [croob] is applied to the paw,
hoof, or claw of one of the lower animals. Why
Slievocroob in Down received such a name — •
signifying, at Icastin its present form, the mounlain
of tlm hoof or paw — it is now impossible to deter-
mine : probably from some small local feaf ure.
There is a townland near the village of Ballin-
lough in the west of Roscommon, called Lisnagroob,
the lios or fort of the croohs or hoofs : here pro-
bably the lis was used to enclose and shelter cattle.
One of the diminutives, Crubogo, little hoof or
claw, is the name of a townlnnfl in the parish of
Newchapcl in Tippcrary, a lidlo north-west of
Clonmel — so called probably from some queer
peculiarity of shape, like Spaug (page 1G5). There
is a townland called Crubeen near Ballyroan in
Queen's County, which on the face of it bears
the same meaning asCruboge: ihe yvord cr/n'hhi
[croobcen] is in general use in Ireland, wli ro
many people consider a pig's croobcen a great

440 Size ; Sliapo. [chap, xxiii.

delicacy. As to Crubeen in Queen's County,
however, some old people say tliat cruibhi is a
kind of lierb ; and that from the prevalence of
this herb the place got its name. The herb meant
is no doubt bird's-foot trefoil, whose Gaelic name
is cntba-eun, or bird's feet. So whether the name
Criibinagh in the parish of Clonfeacle in Tyrone,
means a place abounding in hoofs, or in bird's-foot
trefoil, is uncertain : but it means one or the other.

Hand. One of the cluster of islands in Clew
Bay is Crovinish, lying outside Westport : the
Gaelic name is crohh-inis, hand-island, that is
like a hand [crohh).

Eye. Two miles west from Thurlos the road
crosses Soolvane Bridge, whicli spans a little river
of the same 7iamo. In tho soiilh of Ireland, the
arch of a bridge is called tho eye ; and this name
is very plain — 8uil-hhdn, white-eye or white-arch.
Soolvane Bridge gave its name to the river.

The word si'til, an eye, in the compound suil-
chritheach [literally shaking-ej^e] is applied to a
shaking-bog or quagmire. In some parts of the
country it is applied to a whirlpool in a river; and
in this sense it has given name to the river Swilly
in Donegal, which is called in the Annals, sihleaeh,
i. e. abounding in eyes or whirlpools. The river
gave name to Lough Swilly. In the same county
there is another river, a small stream flowing by
llaphoe and falling into the Foyle four miles
below Liiford, called Swilly Burn, which name
has tho same meaning and origin.

JTorn. It wo\dd now bo hard to say why Eirk
in the parish of Templenoe in Kerry, north-west
of Kenmare, got its name, which signifies a horn
— Gaelic adiiarc [eirk]. We have good authority
for the use of this word adharc in local names.
There is a large island now called Incherky,

CHAP. XXIV.] Situation. 441

formed by two branches of the Shannon, three
miles below Banagher in King's County: the
Four Masters call it, in some places, Aidhirceach
[eirkagh], horned or horny island, and in other
places, Inis-Adharcaifjh, this last being anglicised
to the present name Incherky. I know a little
chapel among the Comeragh Mountains in Water-
ford which is called to this day Sephl-na-Jiadhairce
[sheppeal-na-heirka], the chapel of the horn : for
in former days — 40 or 50 years ago — when the
people could not afEord to buy a bell, a man
{Shaun-Eittlwgc, Left-handed John Power), went
up on a height near the chapel on Svmday morn-
ings, and blew a bullock's horn to call the congre-
gation to Mass.

OnAPTER XXIV.

SITUATION.

The relative situation of a place with regard to
one or more others, is a circumstance that has
been often taken advantage of in the formation of
local names ; so that several of the terms expres-
sive of this sort of relation, such as those for
upper, lower, middle, far, near, lateral direction,
outer or beyond, &c., arc quite common in every
part of Ireland as forming part of our nomen-
clature.

Upper. Uachdar signifies the upper part. It
is also the word for cream (as being on the top of
the milk), but we moy leave this meaning out of
the qucslion hero, though in some places tho
people believe that this is the sense it bears in

442 Sifxafion. [chap, xxiv.

local names. It is soiucdinos us(>(l to (l(>signn((> a
high place simply ; but it is ofteiior applied in a
comparative sense to indicate tliat tlie place is
higher than some other in the same neighbour-
hood. Its usual form is ougltter, which is easily
recognised. There is a hill a mile north of the
Recess hotel, on the road from Olifden to Gal way,
just at the eastern base ot' the Twelve Pins, called
Lissoughter, upper fort, probably from a lis or
fort on its summit. Killoughter, upper churcli,
is a place near Rathnew in Wicklow, which gives
its name to a railway station ; and there is a town-
land of the same name near Ballyhaise in Cavan.
The townland of Ballyoughter in the parish of
Moyaliff in Tipperary, should have been called
TJella-oughter ; for thonamo was originally apj)li(>d
to a ford across the Clodiagh river, over which
there is now a bridge : and its Irish form is Bel-
atha-nacfidair, the mouth of the upper ford. There
are places of this naine in the same county and in
Mayo, and some townlands in Wexford called
Balloughter; but these are probably Bailc-uacJular,
upper town. Oughteranny, part of the name of a
barony in Kildare, is anglicised from Uachdar-
fhine, upper _/z/jes or district.

The word tiachdar is not unfrequently anglicised
ivater ; as in Clowater near Borris in Carlow,
Cloch-uachdar, upper stone or stone castle ; and
this change operating on the adjective form has
given origin to Watree near Gowran in Kilkenny,
which is simply the phonetic reduction of Uach-
daraighe, upper lands.

The adjective form iiachdarach is as common aa
the original ; it is seen in its several anglicised
forms in Bally oughteragh, Ballyoughtragh, and
Ballyoughtra ; all signifying upper town.

Lower. The opposite term to uachdar is iochdar,

CHAP. xxTv.] 8if nation. 443

which signifies lower ; and this and the adjective
form iochdarach, appear in anglicised names in
such forms as eightcr, eighterogh, etra, &c., which
are illustrated in Carro weigh tor in Roscommon,
lower quarter-land ; in Broiglitcr on the railway
lino between Magilligan and Doiry, hroghiochdar,
lower hrugh or fort ; and in Moyeiglitragh near
Killarney, lower plain. In the parish of Desert-
oghill in Derry, there are two adjacent townlands
called Moyletra Kill and Moyletra Toy. Moyletra
signifies lower mael or hill ; kill is " church ; " toi/
is tnath, a layman, or belonging to the laity ; and
those two distinguishing terms indicate that one
of <ho townlands belonged to some church, and
the otlier to a lay proprietor.

Very often when a towjiland Avas divided into
two, the parts were distinguished by the terms
oiightcr and eighter, upper and lower, or by
the anglicised adjective forms otra and etra, or
of re and etre ; which is seen in Moy Etra and Moy
OIra in the parisli of Clontibret in Monsiglian,
lower Moy (plain) and upper Moy ; as well as in
many other names.

Low. Iseal [eeshal] means low in situation.
In its most correct anglicised form it is seen in
Gorteeshal near Ballyporeen in Tipperary, low
field ; and in Agheeshal in Monaghan, low ford.
There is another much better known place of this
name in Tipperary, on tho river Suir, four miles
from Cashel, but incorrectly anglicised Athassel,
where stand the fine ruins of the priory founded
in tho twelfth century by Willinm Fitz-Adclm.
The annalists write the name At/i-iscal, and the
ford Avas probably so called to distinguish it from
the ford at Golden, a mile higher xip the river.
Tlie people of the ])lace, however, believe that it
means merely " shallow ford ; " for they say that

444 Situation. [ctiap. xxiv.

cvon children can cross it when the river is in its
ordinary state, MagJi-iscdl [Moy-eeslial] \o\\
])Uiin or field, is the name of several places, but
it is nsually contracted to two sylluLlos : in Car-
low it assumes tlie form oL' ISfyshall, the nuiiK; of
a village and paiish ; in the pai'ish of Magoiirney
in Cork, is the townland of ]\Ieeshall ; and near
Ihmdon in the same comity, there is a place called
Mishells, low plains.

Middle. We have several words for middle, the
most common of which is eadar [adder], old Irish
form eiar, cognate with Latin inter: the literal
meaning of the word is " between." Names w^ere
formed from tliis word on account of <he pt)8ition
of the places or objects between two others. It is
seen in Gragadder near Kilcock in Kildare, cen-
tral (jntiil or village. Similar to this in signiiical ion
are Adderville and Adderwal in Donegal, both
meaning central town, the last syllable of each
representing the Irish baile. Another form is ex-
hibited in Ederglen in Mayo, and Edercloon in
Longford, central glen and meadow. The Four
Masters mention a chnrch situated somewhere
near Armagh, called Magh-etir-di-ghlais, \\ni plain
between the two streams; wdiich Dr. Heeves
(Adainn. p. 154, note) considers is probably Magh-
eraglass in the parish of Kildress near Cookstown
in Tyrone ; for besides the similarity of the
names, there are in this townland the remains of
an ancient chapel.

From eadar, by the addition of the suffix nach
(p. G) is derived the adjective form eadanuic/i ;
from which comes Edernagh near Cookstown in
Tyrone, meaning central phice. The oblique in-
flection changes this to Ederny, which is the name
of a village in the north of Fermanagh. There are
two townlands in the same county called Doo-

("HAP. XXIV.] Situation. 44•^

cdeniy, blitck central-land {doo from chibh, black).
Another adjective form is cadarach, which gives
iianio to Ballyaddragh near Grecuore point, south
of ^Vcxford harbour ; and to Dnnadry three miles
froni (ho town of Antrim (pronounced by tJie
(Scotch scttlcra Dnu-cddory), ccntial dun or fort,
in which the termination is modiiied by obli(pio
inflection.

Mcadhon [maan] is anotlicr term for middle,
coi'responding with Latin medius. In one of its
anglicised forms it is seen in Inishmaan, the
iiame of the middle ishuidof Aran in Gal way Bay;
and there are other islands of the same name, in
\]\c slightly modified forms ,of luislinu>aii and
liiishmaiiie, in Longh ]\Iolvin and Longh ]\lask.
Inishnuiine near the eastern sliore of Lough Alask,
lias the ruins of an abbey which is mentioned by
the Four Masters at a.d. 1223, by the name of
Ints-tncad/io)/. The barony of Kibnaine and the
])arisli of Kilmainemore in Mayo, botb take tlieir
names fi'om an old church situatcnl in tlie parish,
which the annalists call Cill-meadJion, middle
church. The adjective form mcadhonarh [maanagh]
also enters into names, usually in the forins ij/oiai/h
and mcna ; as in Druramenagh, the name of some
townlands in Armagh, Tyrone, and Fermanagh,
middle ridge. But the on is often aspirated to v,
an instance of which is Reevanagh in the parish
of TiscofBn in Kilkenny, middle rcidh orraoimtaiu
(lat.

The word lar [laur], which properlj^ signifies the
ground, or a floor, is used to denote the middle ;
and in this sense it often finds its Avay into
names, usually in the forms of lave or laur. Ross
la re is a long narrow peninsula near Wexford,
giving name (o a parish ; its nanu> signili(>s middle
pcninsida ; and it was probably so called as being

'iiQ Situafion. [(!1iav. xxiv.

tlio boundary botwooii Wexford JI:iv(mi and (ho
oilier sea. IJalliulaur in (lie parish ol' Ivilrei'kil
in Galway, is JJui/e-an-lair, the town of the niiddlo,
or middle town ; Ennislare iu the parish of Lis-
nadill in Armagh, middle island or liver meadow.

Across. 2'arsiia signifies across, i. e. it is applied
to anything having a transverse position witli
respect to soniething else. The word is nearly
ahvays anglicised tarsna, or by metathesis, trasna,
and cannot be mistaken, so that a few illustra-
tions will be sufficient. Kiltrasna is the name of
a townland in Cavan, and of another in Galway,
whose Irish form is Coill-tarsna, cross-wood;
Drumtarsna near Borrisoleigh in Tijiporary, cross
ridge. Trasna is tlie name of a townland in Fer-
managh, and Tarsna of another in Tij)perary ;
(luire is a. small island in .Strang lord Lough caHed
Trasnagh ; one in Upper Ijough Erne, and another
in Lower Lough Erne, near Emiiskillen, called
Trasna ; all so called on account of their trans-
verse position. There is a high mountain on the
boundary lino between Galway and ]\[ayo, called
Maumtrasna, giving name to a locality tluithas of
late sjnang into sad notoriety: the mouutaiu took
its name from a niaum or high jiass (see 1st Vol.)
running across the range : INIaumtrasna, cross or
transverse i)ass.

Near, outer. The Avord gar, near, is occasionally
employed to form names. In the centre of Glen-
garilf I3ay, is a little island called Garinish, near-
island ; it was so called by the people of Glen-
garrilV to indicate its relative position in respect
to the more distant island of Whiddy ; so also
(xarinish near Sneem is compared with Sherky,
lying further out; and there are several other
islets of the same name round the coast of Cork
and Kerry.

CHAP. XXV.] The Cardinal Points 447

The whole district in which the village and
parish of Kiltamagh in Mayo are situated, was
formerly wooded, which is plainly indicated by the
number of local names in the neighbourhood con-
taining tlio word coin a word, or tlie plural coillte;
Hucli as Ky]e(rasna, cross wood; Kyleweo, yellow
A\ood ; and " The AVoods," which is the name of a
little hamlet on i mile from Kiltamagh. Two
miles cast of the village, there are tAvo small lakes
near each other ; one called Guilty bo (lake), the
woods of the cow, which is also the name of places
elsewhere ; and the other Cuiltybobigge (lake),
the Avoods of the little cow. The Irish name of
the village and parish is Coillfc-amnch , outer
woods ; and the people say that these old Avoods
were so called because they formed the western
or outer extremity of the ancient forest.

CHAPTER XXV.

THE CARDINAl, POINTS.

When we find the term for one of the cardinal
points forming part of a local name, we may infer
that (he object or place was so called on account of
i(s direction, either from ilie people who gave it
tlui name, or from some other place or object or
lorritt)ry lying near it.

The four cardinal points were designated by the
Irish in the same way as by the ancient Hebrews
and by the Indians ; for they got names which
expressed their position with regard to a person
standing with his face to the east.*

* See Zertss ; Gram Celt. 57, note.

448 T/ic Cdfdiiuil I'oiiifs. [cuai>. xxv.

East. The orioinul Tiisli word for ili(> ojisi- is
oir [iir, or] ; ^vllicll liowcvor in ol'teu \\ ritiou aoir
and t//oir [sur, liur] ; aud a derivative form oirtJiear
[inlier, erher], is used in the oldest Irish writings.
Moreover, tlie first and List arc often written air
and airt/iear (air is everything eastern : Cor. Gl.).
Our ancient literature a (lords ample proof that
tlu>so words were used fi'ojii the earlicvst times lo
signify both the front and the east, and the same
double application continues in use at the present
day. As one instance out of many, may be cited
the twofold translation of airther in the ancient
druidical prophecy of the coming of St. Patrick : —
" A uu'asa i n-airt/ier a tiijlti " (his dishes [shall bo]
in the east of his house). For while JNIurchu, in
the Book of Armagh translates airtlter by the
Tiutin word aiilcrior, or front, on the otlu^r liaiid
the same word in the same passage has been trans-
lated by its more usual equivalent oriens or oriottaUs
(i. e. east) in the Scholia to Fiech's Ilynxn, and in
several of the Lives of St. Patrick — (see Ileeves's
Adamnan — page 82).

Oi)' is usually rcjiresented in anglicised names
by er. It commonly occurs in the end of names,
and when it does, it always carries the accent, a
(est by which it may generally be recognised.
Tullalier (accent on lie)-) the name of a townland
and also of a lake, four miles nearly east of Kilkee
in Clare, represents the Irish Tulach-oir, eastern
hill : Emlagher in the parish of Carn in Kildare,
two miles south of the Ciirragh (^amp, and
Annaghor at the vlUage of Coal Ishind, (our miles
from Dungannon in Tyrone — l)oth signify eastern
marsh {inileach, canach, a marsh).

There is a celebrated abbey near Killarney
which is now always known by the name of Muc-
ross J but this is really the name of the peninsula

■CHAP. XXV.] The Cardinal Points, 449

on which it stands (see Mucross in 1st Vol.), and
the proper name of the ahbey, as we find it in
many old authorities, is Oirhhealach [Erva^lagh],
the eastern healach or pass ; which Anglo-Irish
wiKors nsnally nngliciso Irrclagh. Tlio ])ro.sont
abbey was built iu the year 1340, according- to the
Four Masters, for Franciscan friars, by Donall
]Mac Cardi)'- More, prince of Desmond ; but we
know from the Irish annals that a church was
situated there long previously. There is a tradition
current in the county regarding the foundation of
the abbey, that Mac Car thy More was admonished
in a A^siou to erect a monasterj^ at a place called
Carraig-an-chiuil\Ga,rr\^a\m[e]y the rock of the
ceol or music ; but as he knew no such rock, he
sent out a number of his followers to search for a
place bearing this name. They searched long in
vain, and were returning home unsuccessful and
downcast; wli on as they were passing by Oirhheal-
ach, they heard a sweet strain of music issuing from
a rock ; and they came straight to their chieftain,
and told him what had occurred. Mac Carthy
More hearing their story, at once concluded that
this was the very rock that had been revealed to
him in his vision, and he immediately began to
build the monastery.* (See O'Donovan, Four M,
III. 5G6.)

This name Oirhhealach is foimd elsewhere also;
in the form of Ervallagh it designates three town-
lands in Gnlwiiy, one in Oonnenuira, nndtho otlier
two near Ahascragh. One mile from Headford in
the same county, lie the ruins of the monastery of

* The legend of music heard from the rocks is very general
in Ireland ; and I take it that this is the origin of the name
Carrigapheepera, the Piper's Eock, applied to certain rocks in
many parts of the country : perhaps some were dancing places.
See page 122.

vol,. TI 30

450 The Cardinal Points. [chap, xxv

Rosscrrily, wliicli, according to the Four Masters,
was founded for Franciscans in the year 1351. lu
recording its foundation they call it Ros-oirhheal-
aigh, the wood of the eastern pass, the sound of
which is well conveyed by its present name ; but
at the year 1604 they call it lloa-Iriala, which
would mean Trial's wood. It is likely that the
former is tho correct unciont name.

The other form oirthear, is also connnon in local
nomenclature. The ancient kingdom of Oyiel,
which was founded by the three Collas, a.d. 332,
comprised the present counties of Monaghan,
Armagh, and Louth ; the eastern part of it, whicli
was the patrimony of the O'llanlons, received the
name so often met with in our annals, Oirthcam
[Orhera]. This word is plural, and was originally
applied not to the territory, but to tho inhabitants;
and it is translated by several of the Latin-Irish
writei's Orieiita/es, i. e. easterns or eastern people;
and it was also called Crioch-na-nOirthear, whicli
carries out the same idea ; for the latter part is in
the genitive plural, and the whole designation has
been translated by Probus in his Life of St.
'Pa.tvick, liegioOrientalitim, literally, the country of
the eastern people. But after a fashion very
common in Ireland, the territory ultimately got
the name of the people who inhabited it ; and the
ancient Airtheara still exists in the modernised
form Orior, as tho name of two baronies in the
east of the county Armagh. Tho same anglicised
form of Oirthear appears in Trdlyorior, the name
of a townland in tho ])arish of Oarvagliy in Pown,
not far from Banbridge — eastern tulacit or hill.

The most easterly of the old forts in the ancient
Tailltenn or Teltown (see Tellown in 1st Vol.) on
the Blackwater, near Kells in Meath, Avas called
Math-airthir (Four M.), eastern fort; but its pre-

CHAP. XXV.] The Cardinal Points. 451

sent Irish name is Baile-orthmdJie [Ballyory], a
modification of the old designation ; and this again
has been translated into Oristown, which is now
the name of a village and of two townlands,
occup^'ing the old site. Tlic most eastern of the
Aran islands is called by Oormac Mac Cullenan
Ara-airfhir, i, e. eastern Aran. Its present angli-
cised name ia Inisheer, which is very puzzling ;
for it exactly represents the prommciation of Inis-
siar, irrstcrn island ; and it is hard to believe that
it could have been modernised from Inis-soir — for
I have never found soir represented by s/iecr, or
oil' by eer, in anglicised names. Perhaps we may
take Inisheer as it stands, and interpret it western
island, on the supposition that this was a later
name given to the island by the people of the
mainland about Galway.

lar [eer] signifies the hinder part, a meaning
which is illustrated in the word iarball, applied to
the tail of an animal, i. e. the hinder ball or mem-
ber (see p. 42G). It also signifies the west; in
which sense it appears in Ardaneer near Shana-
goldcu in Limerick, the wesfern heiglit.

This word more usually enters into names in
the adjective form iarach or iarthach. There is a
mountain called Baurearagh, over Glengarriff in
Corlc, near the tunnel on the Kenmare road,
which also gives name to the stream flowing
through the deep vallc}'- which you cross going
towards Kcninaro after leaving the tunnel ; the
name is Barr -iarach, western summit. Cloonearagh
in Kerry and Hoscommon, western cloon or
meadow. The western extremity of Little Island
in the Lee below Cork, is called Inchera, which
was probably the original name of the whole
island, for it means western island — Inis-iarthach
— so called on account of its position with respect
to the Great Island.

452 The Cardinal Points. [chap. xxv.

As oir is oflcu used with an initial s, so iar is
quite common in the form of siar [sheer]. Clon-
shire, a townland giving name to a parish in
Limerick, was probahly so called on accoimt of
its direction from Adare — Cluain-siar, western
meadow.

Tliere is a derivative form iarthar, correspond-
ing with oiHhear (page 4-^18), wliich is in very
general use ; but as I have not found it in any of
our surviving local names, I will not notice it
further.

Deas [dass] means literally the right hand side ;
old Irish form des, corresponding with Lat. dcxtra,
Gr, dexia, Sanscr, daksha ; and it is also the word
for the south, as the right hand lies towards the
south when the face is tuinod to the oast. The
word is used in both senses at the present day ;
and it would be easy to prove by quotations from
old Irish authorities, that this was the case in the
very earliest ages. It is often Avritten teas [tass]
of which we have a very good example in Eatass,
a parish in Kerry, near Traleo, which took its
name from a fort : — liath-teas, southern fort.

This word as forming the names of two terri-
tories in Ireland, reminds us of an interesting-
event in our early history. In the time of Cormac
Mac Art, monarch of Ireland in the third century,
there dwelt at the south side of Tara, a tribe
descended from Fiacha-SuiglidJie [Feeha-See], who
was brother of Conn of the Hundred Battles, and
consequently Cormac's grand-uncle. As they
lived south of Tara, they were called Desi,
southerns, or southern people* (just like ^/V^Amra,
eastern people — p. 450) ; and the two baronies of
Deece in Meath still retain their name.

* This is the interpretation of Dr. Todd, Proc. B.I.A., MS.
Ser., p. 25 ; and it is confirmed by Zeuss, Grain. Celt. 57, note.

CHAP. XXV.] The Cardinal Points. 453

Cormac on one occasion sent Ms son Kellach
with a body of warriors to enforce the borumean
tribute or cow tax, which Tuathal the Acceptable,
Idng of Ireland, had imposed on Leinster about
150 years before, and which the Leinster people
sciircely over paid without compulsion. Kcllnch
returned with the cows ; but he exceeded Ins in-
structions, and insulted the Leinstermen by
bringing also 150 maidens into captivity. Among
these there happened to be one who belonged to
the Desi, and not to the tribute paying tribes of
Leinster. At this time the principal man of the
Dcsi was Angus, a powerful chieftain, who had
proclaimed himself the defender of his tribe and
the avenger of all insidts oHered to them ; and he
always carried a celebrated spear which has become
inseparably connected witli his name, for he was
called, and is known in history, as Angus of the
poison- javelin,* This chieftain was the maiden's
uncle ; and as soon as lie heard of the degrada-
iiou of bis kiiiHwomaii, lie w(Mit stniigbt to Tara,
where he found her among others of the captives,
fetcliing water for the palace from the well of
Ncmnach. Ho returned with lior to his own
house, repaired again to Tara.f and this time
went into the long's presence. Here after an
angry altercation Angus slew the king's son,
Kellach, with one thrust of his terrible spear ; and
when drawing out tlic wearpon in his fury, he acci-
dentally struck the king's eye with the point and
destroyed it ; while at the same moment the end of
the handle struck the house steward and killed
him on the spot. In the confusion that followed
Angus escaped and reached his home in safety.

As it was unlawful for a king with a personal

•Irish, AciujiisGnci-huaihhtrch.

t Keating assigns a diirerent cause for Augus'a hostility.

454 The Cardinal roints. [ciiai'. xxv.

bloiniali to reign at Tiini, Corniac iiLilicutcd iiud
rotirod to a private residence at Acaill, or tlio liill
of Skreen, in the ncigbbourliood of Tara, Avbero
be spent tbe remainder of bis days. Meantime
be began criminal proceedings against tbe Desi to
recover damages for tbe tbreefold injury ; and in
a great assembly convened on tbe bill of Usbnagb
(in Westraeatb), it was decided tbat tbe tribe,
instead of being free as beretofore, sbould in
future pay tribute to Cormac and bis descendants,
and acknowledge tberaselves as vassals for ever.
Tbe Desi rejected tbese terras witb indignation,
and a long feud followed, wbicb ended in tbe ex-
pulsion of tbe wbole tribe from tbeir original
bomo. Tbey wandered iov many years Uiruugb
dilferent parts of Leinster and Munster, till at
leiigtli llioy sotllcd in ilio latter ])i()vince, in u
territory given to tbeni by tbe Munster king,
Olioll Olmn. Tbis district lies in tbe present
cotmty of AVaterford ; and tbe two baronies of
Decies still preserve tbe name of tbe tribe, tbougb
tbey do not include tbe wbole of tbe ancient
territory. It will bo observed tbat tlio original
word Ucsi is plural (meaning people and not ter-
ritory), and by tbe addition of tbe Englisb in-
flection 6", tbe idea of plurality is retained in
tbe present name Decies.*

Deisceart [deskart], a derivative from dcas, is
a terra in more general use to designate tbe soutb
tban tbe original ; tbe latter syllable is cognate
witb Latin 2)a7'S (for Irisb c often corresponds to
Latin jo) : — deisceart, soutbcrn part or direction,
i^'rom tbis word is derived tbe name of tbe two

• This account has been taken from Dr. Todd's translation
of the original in the ancient Book of Fermoy (Proc. R.I. A.,
IVESS. Ser. 25). Another version, differing in some particulars,
is given by O'Curry, Lect. II., 326.

CHAP. XXV.] The Cardinal Points. 455

townlands of Deskart in Monaghan, and that of
Diskirt in the parish of Ardclinis in Antrim.

Deisiol [desshul] is another derivative from deas
and signifies towards the right hand, or south-
wards. Tlio Celtic people were — and are still —
ncciistomed to turn sunwise, i. e. from left to right,
in the performance of various rites, some of them
religious, some merely superstitious : and the
word deisiol was used to designate this way of turn-
ing. This custom is very ancient, and like many
other Irish customs, has descended from Pagan to
Christian times. Toland notices it (Celtic llel. p.
143) ; and Martin describes it as existing in his
day among the Scotic people of the Hebrides
(p. 20) . In Cormac's Glossary (voce prull) the spirit
of poetry in the form of " a young man, kingly,
radiant," is stated to have met Senchan Torpeist
(chief poet of Ireland in the time of Guaire
Aidhne lung of Connaught in the seventh century),
find " then he goes sunwise (dossiiil) round Senchan
atid his people.'' It was customary to carry the
caf/iach, the sacred battle-book of the O'Donnells,
three times from left to right round the army of
the Kinel Connell before going to battle : and
this ceremony was believed to ensure victory.

The custom of turning sunwise as a religious
observance was not confined to the Celts : for in the
ancient classics we find nimierous allusions to it as
observed by the Latins and Greeks (see Paper
" On the Ceremonial Turn, called Dci.siid," by Sir
Samuel Ferguson : Proc. R.I.A., June, 1876).

Headers of Waverley will remember how the
old leecli made the deasil by walking three times
in the direction of the sun round the wounded
Edward, before beginning his examination of the
wound. Ijvon at lln's day the Irisli peasantry
Avlieu they are burying their dead, walk at least

456 The Cardinal Points. [ciiav. xxv.

once — sometimes three times — roxuul llio gravo-
yaid with the cofliu from left to right. From
left to right is considered lucky ; the opposite
direction, unlucky.

There is a stone in a field a short distance to
the south-west of Clonmacnoise, on which if you
turn round on your heel with the sun, when you
are ahout to leave Ireland, you will he sure to
come hack to your native place alive and well.
This stone is called Clogh-an-umpy, the stone of
the turning. The latter part of this name is the
Gaelic word iompodh [impo], which I will ex-
amine here in connexion with deisiol, as tlie two
are so often connected.

Tempo in Fermanagh derives its name from the
same custom. The f in the beginning- of this
name is a part of tho article (see Tempo in 1st
Volume), the name being- properly T-empo, of
which empo is a good anglicised form of Iompodh.
The full Gaelic name of the jjluce is An t-Ionipodli
Dcisiol [An Tempo Deshul], "the [place of]
turning right-hand-wise." There was a spot al.
Tara, often spoken of in the ancient records,
called Demol Teamhrach, tho Deisiol of Tara,
which was considered a lucky spot, and where
people were in the habit of turning- sunwise ; and
there was also a Deisiol at Derry.

The word deisiol enters into the name of Mo-
deshil, a parish near Killenaule in the east of Tip-
perary, the plain [magh represented by vio) of the
deisiol. In the paiish of Tullyfern in Donegal,
about four miles from tho villago of ]\Iillf()rd,
there is a stone, locally very notorious, now lying-
in a ditch by the roadside, called the Tempodeshil
stone, a name exactly the same as that of the
Fermanagh Tempo : and in connexion with the
name the people of the place tell many legends.

CHAT. XXV.] The Cardinal Points. 457

The word iomjiodh alone — witliout the other
term deisiol — is sometimes found in names. In
the parish of Cleenish in Fermanagh, near the
north shore of Upper Lough Macneau, there is a
townhmd called Ballintcmpo, the town of the
turning. And four miles west of Newcastle in
Limerick, there is a mountain 1132 feet high
called Knockanirapaha, the hill of the turning :
this name exhibits the iLsual participial genitive
form {iompoighthe) . Whether the turning com-
memorated in the last two names was tlio deisiol
turn I cannot determine : perhiips in the last
name the turning was simply turning hark. This
last idea seems to bo commcmorntcd in the name
of the village of Ballinhassig a little south of Cork
city. The local Gaelic name is very plain — Bdl-
atha-an-chasaig [Bcllahanhassig] the ford or ford-
mouth of the turning: casadli, turning, return-
ing, or twisting : genitive casaig. But though, as
I liavo said, the literal meaning of this name as
well as that of Knockanimpaha, is very plain, the
circumstances that gave rise to the two names are
involved in obscurit}'.

North. Tuaith [tooa] means properly the left
hand ; and as deas is applied to the south, so this
word is used to signify the north. About eleven
miles due north from Ratass (p. 452), there is
another parish with the corresponding name of
Enttoo : — Hafh-titaidh, northern fort. It took its
n.iino from a ratli ; but whether Batass andRalloo
received their names by comparison one with
another, or each with some other rath, I will not
luidertake to determine.

The word assurues various forms which are ex-
emplified in the following names. There is a place
cullcdXiltoy,(>no mile fiom TiOtterkonny inDonegnl,
wliosc name is u corruption of the Irisli Cni-tuaidh,

458 Various Circumstances, [chap, xxvi ,

iiorllicrn cool or back of a liill. Mncli the enme
meaning has Tievctooey in the parish of Tem])le-
carn in the same county, northern hill-side [tacbli) ;
Oloontooa in Qalway and ]\rayo, northern meadow.
Very often the first t is cliaiigiid to h by aspiration,
as in Drumhoy in the parish of Aghavea in Fer-
managh— Druiin-tJniai(//i,i)OY\]\c.vn I'idgo. And in
Cork and Kerry avo often find a hard // in tlie end ;
as in Raheenyhooig near Dingle, HaiUunidlie-tltuaig
northern little forts.

Corresponding with deisceart, we have iuaisceart,
— northern part or direction, which enters into the
names of Cloontuskert and Clontiiskert, already
quoted in First Volume. (See for ample illustra-
tion of this word, Eeeves, Eccl. Ant. p. 71)

CHAPTER XXVI.

VARIOUS QUALITIES AND CIKCUMSTANCES.

Ireland. The oldest form of the native name is
Eria, genitive JErcnn, dative Erinn. But in the
ancient Latin and Greek forms of the name, the
first syllable Er is represented by two syllables
with a h, V, or w sound between two vowels : —
Hiberio, Ilibernia, 'louernia (Ivernia), &c., — the
first, Hiberio or Ihcrio, being the Latin form always
found in our own most ancient native writings,
such as St. Patrick's Confession, his letter to
Coroticus, &c. Add to this that the Welsh and
Breton names for Ireland are Ywerddon, Iwerdon,
Iverdon. The inference is that Eriu is contracted
from a still older native form Iheriu or Iveriu ;
but for this we have no written authority. As to
the meaning of this last form all is conjecture j but

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 459

Dr. Wliitley Stokes suggests that it may be con-
nected with Sanscrit avara, posterior, western.

The old native name Erru is always written
Eire (pron. in two syllables) in modern Gaelic
writiniv.s ; and this ga\'o rise <o the Anglo-Saxon
name Jralaiid (i. c, tbc land of Jra or 7'.V/r), which
has scdlcd doAAai to the modern form Ireland.

There have been many other conjectures as to
the meaning of the name Eire or Erin, but they
are all unscientific and quite beneath serious
notice. Our native writers have a legend to ac-
count for the name, as they have for most of the
important namesof the country : but these legends,
though they may be valuable in other respects,
are most of them worthless as authorities for ety-
mology. The legend states that when the Milesians
came to Ireland they found the country governed
by three kings of the Dednnnans, who reigned in
turn — Mae Coll, Mac Kcclit, and Mac Grena. Their
throe queens were Eire, Fudla [Fola], and Banha;
and from these the country was called by the three
names Eire, Fodla, and Banha. As a matter of fact
wo find Ireland very frequently called by the
names Fodla and Banha in ancient as well as in
modern native writings, but always in poetry.
^y]lat the origin of these two names is it is now
vain to conjecture.

AnoHicr poetical name for Ireland was Tnisfail,
which it received from the celebrated coronation
Btono culled /'(// ['""!] ov Lia-Fdl, wliich was
brought by the iJedannans to Ireland ; Inis-Fdil,
the island of Fal or of Lia-Fdil. It was also called
Scotia, whence the Irish were called Scots ; but
for a full account of these two names see Scotia in
first Volume.

Contention. Dispules about land are of common
occurrence in all countries where the pop\dation is

460 Various Circumstances, [chap. xxvi.

moderately dense, and wliere the majority of the
people are engaged in agricultural piirsuita. In
Ireland there have been plenty of such contentions,
from the earliest historical times to the present day.
AV^ehave a singular way of recording squal)ble.s of
this kind, for the lands themselves often retain
names indicating the feuds maintained by the ])ar-
ties who disputed their possession. We see this
in plain English in " Controversy," the name of
a townland in the parish of Killoscully in Tip-
perary ; and in " Controversy Land " in the
north of Queen's County ; both of which are trans-
lations of some of the Irish terms that follow. It
is also seen in " Cla?npor Land," a place in the
parish of Lower Cimiber in Derry, whose name
means disputed land ; for elanipar is a wrangle or
dispute. The same, and i'or a like reason, appears
in Clamperpark near Athenry in Galway ; in
Coolaclamper near Cahir in Tipperary {Cul, a hill-
back) ; and in Clampernow in the parish of Clon-
dermot in Derry, " new controversy," i. e., land
Avhich had recently been the subject of dispute.

Tmreas [innneras] means a controversy or dispute
of any kind. There are fields in various parts of
the south of Ireland called Parkanimerish, the held
of the controversy — one for instance near Mitchels-
towu in Cork ; Boulanimerish {hall a spot) is a place
near Killorglin in Kerry; IMeenanimerishis situated
fourmilesnorth-cast of Killybegsin Donegal (wt'<?^/ a
mountain meadow) ; and Unnneras, which signilies
simply contention, is the name of a towidand in the
parish of Lackagh in Kildaro. A name very like
these is Quintinmaniis near Dungannon, the first
part of which is cohitin, controversy : — Manus's con-
troversy or disputed land.

Several other terms are used to express conten-
tions, disputes, and squabbles of various kinds ;

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 461

but it would not be safe to assert tliat the land
bearing tlie naine was itself, in every case, tbe siib-
ject of tbe dispute. In some at least of the fol-
lowing cases, we may assume that tlie name merely
c()inmem()tai<>s n c<)ii(,cnti'(»ii ; but wliat it was all
about it would now bo vain to conjecture. Near
Lisnioro in Watcrford, thorc is a townland Avith
the name of Knoclcacomorlish, the second part of
which is a common Irish word, comortus, signifying
emidation, comparison, or contention. Probably
the inference to be drawn from this name is, that
the little hill (kiwcJc) was the scene of peasant
gatherings in former times, where the young men
used to contend with cacli other in hurliug and
other athletic games and sports.

There is a townland in the parish of Templeport
in Cavan, called Tullynaconspod, the hill of the
controversy {consjMid). Trodan signifies a quarrel;
and from this word we have the names of two
]>laces in Annagh : — Oarricktroddan in the parish
of Grange, and Bally troddan in the parish of
Clonfeacle, the rock, and the townland, of the
quarrel or strife.

The word fog lie r we know generally signifies a
causeway ; but in a few cases it represents the
Irish word tachor, a battle or skirmish. The Carn-
togher mountains in Uerry took their name from
some particular hill with a earn on its suimnit ;
and that from a battle fought round it at some
unknown time, all record oL" which is lost except
the old name, which Colgan writes Carn-tachair,
battle mound. It is not improbable that the earn
may have been erected in commemoration of the
battle. There is a place near the town of Roscom-
mon now called Cloontogher ; but the natives,
when speaking Irish call it, not Cluaiii-idchair,

4G2 Various Circiumtances. [chap, xxvi

but Cluain-tachah' ; and here we may conclude
with certainty that the cloon or meadow was the
scene of some memorable fight. The village of
Ballintogher in Sligo is mentioned three times by
the Four Masters ; at 156G they give the name
Baile-an-tdcliair, the town of the causeway, which
the present name corre(;(ly represents ; but on two
other occasions they call it Bel-an-tac/utir, the ford-
mouth of the battle. It is very unusual for the
annalists to contradict themselves in the spelling
of a name ; and perhaps we may suspect that in
these records different places are meant.

The Miskish mountains near Castletown Bear-
haven in Clork, took their name from one particidar
hill, called {Slievo Miskish, the mountain of enmity.
The word itiioacuis (tlio sound of which is exactly
represented by Miskisli) signilies enmity, spile, or
hatred {mismis, odium ; Z. 740) ; and this name
would seem to indicate that the possession of the
mountain was long and bitterly disputed by two
neighbouring clans or proprietors.

Dunglow in Donegal took its name from a fight
or contention of some kind. The present village
was originally called Cloghanlea (grey docjhaii or
stepping-stones) ; the real Dunglow lies a little
distance off ; hut a good many years ago, a fair
which was hehl there was transferred to Cloghan-
lea, as a more convenient place; and the name fol-
lowed the fair. The latter syllable of the name—
Irish glco — signifies noisy contention or tumult ;
and Dunglow means the fort of contention or strife.

Other contentious ninues are Lisnahedeina,
which designates two townlands lying a little
south-west of 13ailicborougli in Cavan, the fort of
the ambuscade {eadarnaidJi) ; and Gortatrassa in the
parish of KiUuran, in the barony of TuUa, Clare,

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 463

the gort or field of the conflict {treas, genitive
treasa).

Covenant. There are two townlauds in Leitrim
called Conray, and one named Conrea in Mayo ; in
llieso places the disputes must have terminafed
in a pacific manner ; for the name represents tlio
Irish word cunnradli, a covenant or treaty. "VVe
have a name of this kind in the county Wicklow,
which is very satisfactorily explained in some of
our old books, for it originated in a historical
event. The following account is taken from an
ancient historical tale called "The Battle of
Dunbolg."

In 598, A.D,, was fought the terrible battle of
Danbolg near Hollywood in Wicldow (see p. 196,
supra), between Bran Dubh, king of Leinster, and
Hugh !Mac Ainmire, monarch of Ireland, in which
the latter was slain and his army routed. Some
time before the battle Bran Dubh went up on the
higli grounds Avith a strong detachment, to recon-
noitre tlic royal army; and on Sliovo NecJitan, a
mountain overlooking tlic ])lain of Kildare, he fell
in with a considerable band of Ulidians, who had
come from their own piovince to the assistance of
Hugh. Bran Dubh immediately took them pri-
soners, and ultimntely persuaded them to join his
own army, and fight against the king of Ireland.
Whereupon both parties entered into a solemn
treaty of friendship ; in commemoration of which
they erected a earn on the mountain, and cliangcd
its name from Slieve Nechtan to Slieve Cadaigh,
the mountain of the covenant. It is a large and
conspicuous moimtain rising over the left of the
road as you go from Hollywood to Donard, about
midway between them ; and it is still well known
by the nan\c, in the slightly altered form of Slievo
Gadoe; but it is sometimes called Church Moun-

464 Various Circumstances [ciiAr. xxvi.

tain, from a liillo cluircli ruin, with a lioly well
near it, s(uucling' on its summit.

Jtidcjment. There is a place called Drumal'agagh
in the county Roscommon, fovir miles east of Bal-
linasloe. The word ealagach signifies nohle : —
readers of early Irish history will rememher that
Inis-cahja, noble island, was one of the ancient
bardic names of Ireland ; but in the neighbour-
hood of the place in question, the people under-
stand the term in the sense of " just " — the ridge
of justice or equity. Accordingly the chief resi-
dence in the townland is now universally called
Mount Equity. Perhaps we may bo permitted to
conjecture that in old times somecelel)rated broltons
(or judges) lived there ; and if this were so,
the present name would bo singularly a])j)i'oi)rialo.
Anyhow we may be suro that this was tlie case in
IJallynabrehon, now the name of two townlands
near Claremorria in Mayo ; the Gaelic name of
which is Baile-na-mbreathamhaiii, the town of the
brehons or judges.

Slaughter. In and near the town of Urlingford
in Kilkenny, the people have a very vivid tradition
of a great battle fought round the spot where the
little river now crosses the road imder a bridge at
the town. The account states that a king of Ossory
led a plundering expedition into Tipperary ; and
that when returning with immense herds of cattle
and spoils of every kind, he was pursued by the
vengeful Munster army under a leader named
Finn, and overtaken at the ford, where there was
then no bridge. J lore a dreadful battle was fought ;
the Ossorians were ultimatel}'^ driven back, and the
Munstermen recovered the spoils; and the slaughter
was so great that the stream was impeded in its
course by the heaps of slain.

There can be little doubt that this tradition ia

cEiAP. xxvi.] VarioHH Circumstances, 465

founded on fact ; for it is corroborated by the name
of the town, which is called in Irish Ath-na-
mirlaidhc [Ah-na-noorly], the ford of the slaugli-
ters ; and the present name is a half translation of
this : — TJrlingford, i. e. slaughter-ford. The same
word arlaidh, orlaidh, urlaidh, appears in Kinarla in
the parish of Rossorry in Fermanagh ; and in
Ballyorley in the parish of Kilcormick in Wexford,
the first signifying the head or hill, and the second
tlic town, of slaughter.

Martyrs. The word nmrtra, which literally sig-
nifies martyrdom, is borrowed from Greek through
Latin ; but it has been long naturalised in Irish.
It was sometimes applied to any place where there
was a Tuassacre or shmghter : and of this there is
a very good example in an ancient poem quoted by
O'Ourry in his lectures (II. 344) : the poem relates
that Ninde, prince of Tirconnell, now Donegal,
made a predatory incursion into Connaught, but
(hat ho WHS ovortiiI<(>n aud dcifonted witli gi'(Mit
shiuglitor, at the old cataract of Eas-dara or iJally-
sadare : —

' Ten hundred heads of the Conallians
Was their loss ere they reached Eas-dara ,
The defeat of the flood we gave
To Ninde and liis shouting hosts ;
We changed the name of the cold cataract ;
From thenceforth it is called Martra."

But the word sometimes means " relics " (of
martyrs ?) ; and this may be its meaning in some
local names.

There are a good many places scattered here

and there through the country, whose names con-

<nin (his woj-d : ;uul at several of (hem (he people

s(ill rc(aiu dim (radi(ions of nuissacres in olden

vol,. II, 31

466 Various Cii'cumsfances. [ctiat. xxvi.

limes. One of tlie besL luiown is Caslloniaiiyr in
Cork, wliose proper name is Bally nainarlru — for
so it is written in the Annals of tlio Four ]\[asters,
and in the Depositions of 1652 — signifying the
town of the martyrdom or slaughter. A town-
land in the parish of Witter in Down has much
the same name — Ballymarter — which has a similar
meaning and origin. Two miles west of Macroom
in Cork is Kilnamartry, now the name of a parish,
the church of the massacre, or of the relics. The
simple word has given names to Martara in Xerry,
to Martray in Tyrone, and to Martry in Clare,
Meath, and Roscommon ; and we may I suppose
apply to some or all of tlu^se the cxplanal ion given
of the name Martra in the above quotation, that
each place was at h(hmo fornusr iimo tho hcuuo of a
massacre of some kind.

The soul. I am greatly puzzled to accoimt for
names — of which there are several — containing
the word ancwi, the soul (gen, anma : the Lat. aniina,
borrowed) ; such, for instance, as l^illananima in
the parish of Killanummery in Leitrim, whose
original form there can be no question about, for
the Four Masters write it Culll-un-cuinia, the wood
of the sold; and Killynaiuim in the parish of
Denn in Cavan, which has the same meaning.
Some believe that places with such names were
bequeathed to some church or monastery for the
soul's health of the donor or of some relative ;
while others again assert (hat the names originated
in ghosts. But this is all conjocturo ; and I will
give a few examples of such names, Avithout being
able to throw any further light on the matter.

There is a place called Xnockananima in the
j)arish of Killukin, in the north of Ilosconmion: —
Cnoc-an-cuuna, tho hill of the soul. Drunnnouum
{druim, a hill-ridge) is a townland near the town

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 4G7

of Cavan ; Annaghananara {eanach, a marst) in
the parish of Desertcreat in Tyrone ; Ballinanima
near Kilfinane in Limerick, and Balljnianania in
other places : — Baile-^n-anma, the town of the soul.
I could quote many other names containing this
word anam.

! Festive gatherings. When we meet with local
names formed from the words for certain seasons,
festivals, or days of the week, we may, I think,
fairly conclude that the peasantry were formerly
in the hahit of meeting at tlioso places at the times
indicated, for the celchration of games or festivals.
I have nlrcndy enumerated many names of this
kind (1st Vol., Tart II,, c. vi.), and I will hero
instance a few more, quite as interesting.

In many parts of Ireland the young people used
to meet on Easter Sunday or Easter Monday and
amuse themselves with various sports and pastimes ;
but the custom has nearly died out. We find
thoso mootings Romoliinos comiiuMuorutcd hy tho
word cch\sc [causkj, signifying Easter, which is
merely a loan-word from Latin pnsc/in, Avith tho
usual change from^? to c, as in curcur irom purpura .
Near Abbeydorney in Kerry is a place called
Knocluiacaska, the hill of Easter. There is a little
island in the river Shiven in Galway, two miles
above its jimction with the Suck, called Island
Causk, which has left its name on the adjacent
bridge. Laghtcansk, Easter /aght or sepulchral
mound, lies near Elpliin in Rosconnnon ; Boolana-
causk in the parish of Killeely in Clare, and Mul-
lanacask in the parish of Errigle Trough in
Monaghan, the dairy place {hoolcy) and the hill-
summit {mu//ach) of l^^aster. There is a townland
near thovilliigo of S(i(>otiTi W(\stinoath called Cor-
nacausk ; and another in Galway, near Athlcaguo.
called Cornacask ; both signify the round hill ol'

^108 Various Oirciimsfanccs. [on vv. xxvi.

Easter ; and the latter has the alias luinie — not
quite correct though — of Jllasterfield.

I suppose the youths and maidens used to retire
on Saturdays to the shore of the lonely lake of
Coomasaharn — or as it is usually and correctly
called by the peasantry, Coomataharn — eight
miles east of Oahersiveen in Kerry, and refresh
themselves with a merry-making after the week's
toil: — Ciim-a'-tsaihairn, the valley of Saturday.
So also with Aghataharn in the parish of Agha-
more in the east of Mayo, Achadh-a'-tsathaim,
Saturday field, the eclipsing t of this name being
preserved on the Ordnance ]\f aps, as it ought to be.

We find spring and summer often commemo-
rated in this manner ; but here we may piobably
conclude that the places wore so called from their
warm and sunny aspect, or because the leaves be-
came green or the flowers began to bloom sooner
than elsewhere in the neighbourhood. There is a
place in the parish of Ardcarn near Lougli Key in
Roscommon, called Derreenanarry — Doir'm-an-
earraigh, the little oak-grove of spring : earrach,
spring; Lat, ver ; Qv. ear: and in the parish of
Drumlease in Leitrim is a townland called Fawn-
arry, ihafcin or slope of spring.

Our word for summer is samhradh [sowra],
corresponding with German sommer, lilng. summer.
Near Oldcastle in Meath is a place called Drum-
sawry, with the alias name of Sumraerbank,
which is sufficiently correct [druim, a hill-ridge) ;
and this was the old name of the village of Sura-
merhill in the same county, as appears from the
Down Survey map, and other old documents.
The same name appears witli a different anglicised
form in Drumhawragh in the parish of Drum-
luraman in Cavan, north-west of Lough Sheelin ;
in this name the s of samhradh is -nspirated to h.

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circumstances, 469

In the north of Ireland tlie aspirated m is usually
restored to its primitive sound, as we find in Lur-
gantamry in the parish of Donaghcloney in Down,
{lurgan, a long low hill) ; in which also the s is
eclipsed by t, as commonly happens in other names. ^
This change, and the south JMuiistcr iinul g sound,
are both exemplified in Maughantoorig in the
parish of Kilcummin, north-east of Killarne}'^,
which very well represents the sound of the Irish
Macha-an-tsamhraig, the farm-yard of summer ;
and there is a small lake with this same name, one
mile south of the village of Killorglin in the same
county. It is highly probable that the people
used to feed their cattle, and live themselves, in
iheso places dui'ing the smnmer half year, which
was formerly a connnon practice in many parts
of Ireland (see "booley" in 1st Vol.) ; and that
this circumstance gave rise to the names.

Night : Gloom. In the parish of ClooncrafE
in the east of Roscommon, five miles north of
Strokestown, is a townland and a demesne called
Cloonahee, which, when exhibited in its original
form is a very strange name. The Four Masters
call it Cluain-na-hoidhche [Cloon-na-heeha], the
meadow of the night. It is hard to imagine what
could have given rise to such a name as this.
Moreover it does not stand alone ; for there is a
townland in the parish of Clonrush in the south-
east corner of Qalway, not far from the shore of
Ijouglv Derg, called Uerrainy, which, according
to local proiumcialion, is corrupted from Doirean-
oidhchc [Derran-ccha], the little oak-grove of
night : and a little island in the southern end of
Lough Carra in Mayo, near the western shore, is
called Ijcnmnahye, or in Gaelic, as pronounced
wilh p(M-fcct cloiirnoss in the localHy, LiHtn-na-
hoiiilicIiVy the leap oT Iho night. A more siiigubir
name still is Lishecnvicnahcoha which designates

470 Vcirmts Circumstances, [ctiap. xxvi.

a townland in tlio parisli of Tluan in Claro, a littlo
oast of Corrotin, a peifcclly plain name as it
stands, the little fort (iis/iccn) of the son of the
night. The same personal name appears in Bal-
licknahee, a townland in the north of King's
County, about a mile from the village of Clara,
i.e. Baile-mlnc-na-JioidhcJie, the town of the son of
the night {ni of mac omitted, as in l^alUchmoylcr :
p. 144). Ilere there seems to have been a family
named Mac-na-hOidlcche, or Mac Knee, from which
the townland had its name. AYhy a man was
called Mac-na-hoidhche, " Son of the night," it
would be vain to conjecture.

Perhaps there is some community of idea be-
tween the preceding names — or some of them —
and the following. Woods, bogs, &c., are some-
times designated by the word doUhir [dohcr], dark
or gloomy, or as a noun, darkness or gloom. There
is a townland in the parish of Coolaghmore in
Kilkenny, about two miles from Callan, near the
boundary with Tipperary, called Kyleadoher ; and
another called Kyleaduhir near it on the Tipperary
side of the boundary : both are anglicised from
CoiU-a'-doithir, the Avood of blackness or gloom.
In another part of I'ipperary — in the ])arish of
Donohill, north-cast of the town of Tipperary —
is a townland called Moandoherdagh, gloomy bog :
doitheardach, gloomy (for dach =■ tach, see p. 8).

Household. The land set apart for the mainte-
nance of the household troops of a king or chief
was of ten called i»cA^-^/y///6' [Lugh-tee], i.e. people
of the house, commonly anglicised Loughteo or
Lough ty: litcht, people; tencli, genitive tiylte, a
house. For instance, in the barony of Monaghan,
county of Monaghan, there was a district called
Loughtee-Mac-Mahon which maintained the house-
hold troops of Mac ISIahon of Farney, The only

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 471

territory that preserves this old name to the pre-
sent day is in Cavan, forming the two baronies of
Upper and Lower Ijoughtee, which are said to
have derived their name from an old manor in the
pavisli of Drumlane.

iS//nod. The Irish borrowed the word sf/nodus
from the Latin in the early ages of Christianity ;
and the form it assumed iiv the Irish language was
senad or scnud. One of the raths at Tara was
called Rath-senaid, synod fort, from the fact
that three ecclesiastical meetings were held on it,
at (lilfcrcnt times, by the three great saints,
Patricik, Brendan, and Adamiian. There is an
island in Upper Lougli Erne Avhose ancient name
was tSoiad, i.e. synod (island); but why it got this
name there seems no means of finding out. It was
for a long time in possession of the family of
Mac Mauus, and hence it is usually called in the
annals, Sentid Mac Manus ; but this old name has
been long obsolete, and the island is now called,
on account of its beauty, Belle-Isle.

This island is a classical spot, for it was here
the Annals of Ulster were compiled by Cathal
Mac Manus, who, besides being a very learned
man and a great historian, kept a house of hospi-
tality on the island, where he died of smallpox,
according to the Four Masters, a.d. 1498. It
was O'Donovan who first identified Belle-Isle with
Sonrul Mac ]\1nnuR — a, mere unit of liis innume-
rablo discoveries in Irish historical tojiography ;
and I wish very much that Mr. Porter, the present
proprietoi', would restore tlio old name.

The only place in Irelaiul that I am aware of,
now bearing a name derived from this word, is
Shanid near tShanagoldenin Limerick, remarkable
for its liu(^ (•asil(^ ruins, perched on tin* sunnnit of
a liill. This castle was one of the seats of tho

472 Variom Cirmm stances, [chap. xxvi.

earls of Desmond — the powerful Fiiy.;^orMl(ls— and
it was from this tliat one Lruiich of the faiiiily
adopted the war-cry of Shanid Ahoo which is
still the motto of the Knight of Glin; while the
Leiuster branch, represented by the ])uke of Lein-
ster, retains the motto, Crom-aboo, from the castle
of Groom in the same county.

A co/iiiNon. Thv (•()nim()na<5;es so generally mot
with near villages, not only in Ireland, but also
in England and Scotland, are designated in this
country by several terms, the most usual being
coitcMonn [cutteen] : coifchcn, coimnune : Z. 179.
The simple word gives name to several places in
the south, now called Cutteen ; to Cottian in Done-
gal ; and to Cautheen in Tipperary. The jjlural
is seen in Cutteanta in Sligo (commons) ; and we
have the word in combination in Ardcotten near
Ballysadare in Sligo, which signifies the height of
the commonage.

Proud. I have already noticed the name of
Benburb (proud peak — see 1st Vol.), and that of
the Uallaeh or " Proud River " at Gleugarriff.
It is curious that the Irish terms for " proud "
or " pride " often enter into local names ; but
Afhether the places got such names from their
commanding position, like Denbtub, or from some
great and strong fortress, or from belonging to a
powerf id family, or from some other circumstance,
it is now I fear beyond our power to discover.

The word most generally employed is uabhur
[oover, oor], which means pride ; and it is usually
anglicised orer, owcr, or ore ; but it iccjuires care to
distinguish the meaning of ihe last syllable, for it
may also mean gold (see p. 3G1). About the original
form and meaning of Donore in ]\Ieath, we can
have no doubt, for the Four Masters write it
Dun-tiahhair the fort of pride. Even without tlie

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 473

help of the aimaJists we could tell that ore here
means " pride," and not "gold;" for the peasantry
of the ncighhourhood still call the place Donover
Other ])]nce3 in various parts of the country are
ciilh^d Donoro, ])()iioiii(\, Doouoor, Doonour, Doon-
o re, and Dunover, all having the same meaning.
There is a place in the parish of Killerry in Sligo,
called Casdcore, whose correct name, Caislen-an-
uahliair, the castle of pride, is also preserved by
the Four Masters. We have a name correspond-
ing to this in Galway — Cloghanower {clock, stone
or stone castle). Lissanover is the name of a place
in the parish of Killeany in Galway, and of
another near the village of JJawnboy in Cavan, a
name which corresponds with Donore. liegarding
Lissanover in Cavan, the people have a tradition
that the castle was in former days held by a chief-
tain named Magauran, who was a mei'ciless tyrant ;
and they tell that on one occasion he slew a priest
on the altar for beginning Mass before he had ar-
rived. This is Ix^lieved by tho inhabitants to have
given origin to the name — Lios-an-uabhair, the
fort of pride.

The Avord uallach is exhibited in Cuilleenoolagh,
the proud little wood, which is appKed to a hill,
formerly wooded, and to a townland, in the parish of
Dysart in Roscommon. Diomas [deeraas] is another
Irish word for pride. There was a celebrated
chieftain of the O'Neills in the time of ]<]li/,abeth,
who, on account of tjio lof(y liaughtiness of his
character, was called SJiane-an-diomais, John the
proud. From this word is formed the name of
O'Dioniasaigh or Dempsey, a family deriving their
name from a progenitor who was called Dioniasach,
i. e. proud. The word appears in the name of
Dordinms, a iownland about three miles south-west
of Kilkenny, Doire-diomais, the oak-grove of pride.

474 Variom Circumstances, [ctiap. xxvi.

Cfmve. There is a townlaiul near Darrynane
Abbey in Kerry, eallcd Coatl, which has giveu its
uarae to a mountain and a lake ; and another
towrdand of the same name is situated near Cor-
rofin in the county Clare. There is some un-
certainty about the original form of this name ;
but I believe that it is comlifhod [coad], a bed or
grave. In a passage of tlie DmnseneliHS, trans-
lated by Mr. O'Beirne Crowe (Kilk. Arch.
Jour., 1872, p. 150), the dwarf's grave at Tara is
called in one place, cuhhad, and a little farther on
comhfod. Mr. Crowe thinks that both are forms
of the Latin cubitus; but it may be doubted
whetlicr this applies to the second at least, for it
is an intelligible Irish word as it stands, formed
from comh (Lat. con), and,/r;r/a, long: — co)itJtJbd,
" as long as" [the human body], a very natural
and expressive term for a grave or tomb. Coad
in Clare is called comhad by the Four ]\Iasters (V.
p. 1365) ; but here they have omitted the aspir-
ated _/', as they appear to have been doubtful of
the etymology. There is an old graveyard in the
Kerry Coad, with a large stone standing on it,
round which the people often pray ; and the grave
marked by this old monument is probably the
original comhfhod from which the townland takes
its name.

River qualities. Many of the qualities by which
Irish rivers have been designated, have been
noticed incidentally in various parts of this aiul
the preceding volume ; and I will hero add a few
more. iJivcus oi'teu receive names from the mau-
ner in which they flow, whether quickly or slowly,
straight or curved, &c. There is a considerable
stream in Wexford, joining the Bann, three miles
west of Gorey, called the Lask, which is a very
expressive name, for it is the Irish word lease, lazy

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 475

The word dian, strong or vehement, has given
name to several rivers. The river Dinin in Kil-
kenny, which joins the Nore above the city, is
subject to sweeping and destructive floods ; so that
it is }nost accurately described by its name Deinm,
a diminutive form signifying vehement or strong
river. The little river I)inin joins the Nore at
I>orris in Carlow ; and the Dccuagh — the name of
which is an arlicctive form with the same meaning
— runs into the lower lake of Killarney near the
town.

The Lingaun river in Kilkenny flows east-
ward from the slope of Slievenaman ; it runs at all
times very rapidly, a character which is exactly
expressed by tlie name : — ling to spring or
leap forward ; Lingaun, the leaping or bounding
river.

Rough. The most common term for the quality
of roughness or coarseness is garhh, of which the
tiRual anglicised forms are garri//' and gnrve. The
word is often applied (o <ho surface of tlie ground,
as in Parle garrilf and Parkgarve, rough field,
which are the Jiaines of several places in Cork,
Waterford, and Galway. It is also a frequent
component in the names of rivers, of which
Glashgarriff, Glashagarriff, and Owengarve —
rough stream or river — Avhich are the names of
many strcwms in the south and west, may be
taken as examples. It is applied to a person — to
express probably roughness or rudeness of man-
ner or character — in ToberagarrifE, in the parish
of Abington in Limerick, Tcbar-a' -ghairbh, the
well of the rough (man).

Other and less usual anglicised forms are seen
in Garracloon in Clare, Galway, and Mayo, Garry-
clone and Garrycloyno in Cork and Waterford,
all from Garbh-chluam, rough meadow, which is

476 Various Circumstances, [chat xxvi.

the same as Oloongarve in Glare, only with the
root words reversed. There are several places in
Leinster, Munster, and Connaught, called Gar-
bally, which is generally interpreted short-town
{(jcarr, p. 417) bnt which sometimes means rough
town. In one case, however, it has a different
interpretation, viz. in Garbally in the parish of
Moylough in Gahvay, where there was in old
times a castle of the O'Kellys ; in mentioning
this castle the Four Masters give the true name,
Oarhh-dhoire, rough oak-wood, which should have
been anglicised Garderry.

The diminutive Garvoge is often used to desig-
nate coarse cloth ; and it is also the name of a
townland in Kildare, meaning in this case a
rugged spot of land.

Oarrac/i is rugged, rough; swarthy or scabby us
applied to a person. In local names it is almost
always anglicised carragh or corragh, of which
Slievecorragh and Slievecarragh, rugged^mountain,
the names of several hills, may be taken as ex-
amples.

Aimhreidh [avrea] has several shades of mean-
ing, all derivable from what is indicated by the
composition of the word : — aimJt. a negative prefix
and reidJi, open or smooth — i. e. .not clear or open
— uneven, rugged, difficult, intricate, &c.
O'Dugan (p. 40), applies the word to the territory
of Kinel- Conn ell, now the county of Donegal : —
^'Aimhreidh fonn anfini sin " — rugged is the land
of that tribe. Perhaps the best known example of
its topographical a])plication is Lackavrea, the
name of a remarkable mountain lising over
Lough Corrib at its western arm, near the Hen's
Castle : Leac-aimhreidh, the rough or complicated
flagstone ; for it is formed of quartzose lock which

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Oircumstances. 477

presents a peculiarly rough surface.* This moun-
tain is also called Corcoge (which means a heehive)
from its shape.

The word stands by itself as the name of a
townland in the barony of Farney in Monaghan,
two miles from the village of Shercock in Cavan ;
this place is now called Ouvry, but in 1G55 it was
called Eaverio, which fairly represents the pro-
nunciation of the original. t There is a small
island olf the coast of Connemara, between Mac
Dara's Island and Mason Island, called Avery,
another form of Aimhrcidh ; for it consists wholly
of rugged rocks which are washed by the waves
in storms. A river floAVS into Blacksod Bay in
Mayo, which is called Owenavrea, rough river.
And in Tarrca in the parish of Killeenavarra in
Galway, near the village of Kinvarra, we have
an example of a ^ prefixed under the influence of
the article : — an taimhreidh the rough land, like
Tardreo for Ardr(in (see this in lat Vol.).

Hard. The word cruadh [croo] hard, is some-
times found forming a part of local names, and
it is used in all such coses to designate hard sur-
faced land, a soil difficult to till on account of
tough clay, surface rocks, &c. A good example
is Ciirgacroy in the parish of Drumbo in Down,
Cairrge-cruadha, hard rocks. Mullaghcroy near
Castletowndelvin in Westmeath, signifies hard
summit; Crooderry near Bojde in Roscommon,
hard dcrry or oalc-wood, or the hard place of the
oak-wood.

Afhca. No one woidd ever suspect the origin
of the name of the village of Athea in Limerick
from its present form ; and the inquirer would

* Rro 0. TT. KinnhiiM, Ksq., in Sir W. R. Wildo's LourIi
Corril) p. 'Ji;, i«itp.

t Hco lliis iiamo in Shirley's " Bnrony of Farnoy."

478 Various Circumstances. [chai*. xxvi.

not. be mucli enlighicnocl evon by the popular
pronunciation in Irish — Awtliay. But there is a
little old ruined church near the village, whose
Irish name removes the dilliculty ; for tl>e people
call it Thoiimpul Awthlay (the church of Athlea or
Athea). Here there is an / after the ^A, which,
curiously enough, is not inserted in the name of
the village itself; and this / makes the whole
thing q\iite plain ; for according to the southern
pronunciation, Aivthlay is the phonetic representa-
tive of Ath-a' -tsleibhe the ford of the mountain,
as Ballintlea is reduced from Baik-an-tsleibhe (see
this in Ist Vol.). The ford stood where the bridge
now spans the river Galcy ; and the mountain
from which it was designated is Knockathea, or
the hill of Athea, rising over the village.

Blessing. Between the town of lloscommon
and Lough Eee, there is a stream called the Banew.
The people have a tradition that tlie monlvs of the
abbey of Inchcleraun in Lough llee were in former
days in the habit of meeting those of Roscommon,
at this stream; and from the salutations exchanged
between them at meeting and parting, the river
got its name: — heanniighadh [bannooa] i.e. blessing
or salutation.

BcannacJit — old form henclacht — a blessing, is
merely the Latin henedictio, borrowed in tlie eai'ly
ages of Christianit}'^, and softened down by con-
traction and aspiration ; from which again is
derived the verb heannaigh, to bless, and the verbal
noun hcannnghadh, just mentioned. This last is
not unfrequently found in place-names ; and it is
probable that in the greater number of such cases
there are local traditions connected with the names,
something like that of the river Banew.

In the wild district south-east of Cahirsiveen,
there is a lonely valley shut in by hills and

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 479

precipices, called Coomavaimiha, a name which
exactly conveys the sound of the Irish Ciim-a'-
hheanimi(jhthe the valley of the blessing. A little
pool at the western base of Sugarloaf mountain near
(i|lengarri(T in \\\o snino comity, is called Tobcr
avanaha, tlic well of the blessing ; but hero Ave may
look for the origin of the name in one of the iiinu-
merablo legends connected with holy wells. There
is an ancient and very remarkable stone in the
parish of Moore in Roscommon, called Clogher-
banny, tlie blessed or consecrated stone. A name
exactly the snmo as tliis — except tliat clocJi, the
common word for a stone, is used instead of clochnr
— is Clobanna, three miles north of Thurles in
Tipperary.

Cursing. But it must be confessed that we have
a far greater nimiber of names from cursings than
from blessings. The word that is commonly used
in forming names of this kind is niallacht, signi-
fyiuga curso ; its old form is maldacJtt, which was
derived from the Latin makdictio, like hcndacht
from hcncdictio. It is hard to know what gave
origin to such names. Possibly they may have
been the scenes of massacres or strife, or of bitter
feuds carried on between the neighbouring hostile
clans or families. Connected with some of them
are popular traditions, which, if they are worth
very little — as many of them undoubtedly are —
indicivlo at least what tlio people would consider a
natural and sullicicnt explanation of names of this
kind. Such is the Kerry legend about the little
niountnin stream, Owennmnallnght. flowing into
Tralce ]^)ay near Castlcgregory, which, it is to
bo f(\aved indeed, was invented in late times to
nccouut for the name. The people will tell you
(liat ou a <>orlain occasion, Mhen St. Patrick was
passing through this part of Ivcrry, ho ran short

i80 Various Circumsfances. [cifap. xxvi.

of provisions, and requostod tlio iislicnncu to ^ivo
him soiuo of tlio fish ilioy liiul just caught in the
river. But they refused him in a very churlish
and offensive manner ; whereupon he pronounced a
curse on the river, and predicted that no iish shouhl
be found in it for evermore. And accordingly
(here is no fish in it — so at least the people say.

I coidd enumerate more than a dozen nauK^s
containing this word niallacht ; but as it is hardly
ever corrupted — except that occasionally it loses
the final t — a few illustrations will be sufficient.
There is a small village in Gal way, situated on
the Owendalulagh river, where it flows from the
slopes of Slieve Aughiy ; it takes its name, IJelhi-
namallaght, from an ancient ford, the Irish name
of which was Bel-atlia-na-maUacht, theford-moulli
of the curses. Ballynamallaglit in the north of
Tyrone is evidently a corruption of the same Irish
name, and was so called from the ohl ford on the
Burn Dennet, which is now spanned by the village
bridge. Another name like these is Aghna-
mallagh near the town of Monaghan, the original
form of Avhich was Ath-na-mallit(jlit, the ford of the
curses. But in Aghnamallaght, three miles north of
Roscommon, the first syllable {(igh) signifies a field.

There is a townland giving luime to a lake, five
miles north-west of Ballyhaunis in Mayo, called
Carrownamallaght, the quarter-land of the male-
dictions, which, as well indeed as the last name,
may have been a bone of contention between iwo
neighbouring rivals. Barnanamallaght {hcarna,
a gap between hills) is a place in Ibe north ot
Glare, about four miles south-east of Ballyvagliau;
we have Drummallaght {drum, a hill-ridge) near
Bally jamesdulf in Cavan ; and Cloghnaniallaght
in the parish of Monamolin in Wexford, corres-
pondis with Clobanna, mentioned at page 479.

CHAP XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 481

Old. It appears difficult to account for tJie
application of the wordsean [shan], old, to certain
natural features ; for so far as history or tradition
is concerned, one mountain, or river, or valley,
cannot be older than another. Yet wo have Shan-
ow, Shannow, and Shauowen (old river), all
common river names, especially in the soiith ;
there are many places called Shandrum (old ridge)
and Shanaknock (old hill), the former sometimes
made Shandrim, and the latter Shancrock : Shan-
tulla and Shantullig, old tulach or hill.

It is probable that scan in such names refers to
use : — a river was called Shanowen, because the
people had been from time immemorial living,
fishing, or boating on it ; a hill got the name of
Shandrum because it was inhabited, cultivated, or
grazed, long before any other in the neighbour-
hood. They use the word very much in this sense
in the west and south : thus Shannafreaghoge in
the parish of Rahoon in Galway, the old or famous
place for freaghoges, hurts, or whortleberries ;
Shanavagoon a little south of Castlemartyr in
Cork, an odd name, signifying literally " old
bacon ; " but the real meaning is probably the old
place for pigs or bacon.

The following names and many others like them,
originated in a similar way : — Shangort, old field,
in Galway and Mayo ; Shanmoy in Tyrone, old
]>lain ; Shannghy in several counties, old field ; all
names imj)lying that the places had been longer
under cultivation than the surrounding land.

It is easy enough to account for such names as
Shauafona in the parish of Duagli in Kerry, old
pound ; * Shanawillen in Kerry, old mill {muilenn) ;

* In connection with this name, I may remark thatth,e word
jnhm,, a pound, ia found in other namop, as for instance, i\hnfona
licar Ballybunnion in Kcvvy,A(k a'-phOna, the ford of tb,' pound.

VOL. II. 32

482 Various Circumstances, [chap, xxvi-

Slinnavolier in Corlc, and Slianvolier in Qalway,
old hothar or road ; * Slianeglisli in Armagli, old
church (eaglais) ; and Shantraud — 8ean-tsrdid, old
street or village near Adare. For the names
merely express the fact that, at the tune these
several structures were so called, they were old
as compared with others in the neighbourhood
iiioro recently erected; or that they were simply
old, without implying any comparison.

This word sean, whose old form is sen, is cognate
with Latin senex and Sanscrit sana. It is a frequent
component of local names ; but I do not think it
necessary to give many more illustrations of its iise,
as it is nearly always anglicised sltan, except where
the s is eclipsed by t, when it becomes tan. Bawna-
tanavoher in Watcrford and Tipperary, the bawn
or green field of the old road — Bdn-a^-tscan-
hhothair ; Carrowntanlis near Tuam, the quarter-
land of the old lis or fort ; Gortatanavally near
Inchigeelagh in Cork, and Garry an tan vally near
Listowel in Kerry, the field and the garden of the
old hally or town.

Shadoto. I suppose the word sedth [skaw], a
shadow, which is occasionally found in names,
was locally used in its natiiral and obvious sense,
to designate spots shadowed by overhanging
cliffs, or by a thick groAvth of tall leafy trees.
There is a small river four miles south-east of
Newcastle in Limerick, called Owenskaw, the
river of the shadow ; Skaw itself, i. e. shadow, is
the name of a towrdand near Ballymoro in West-
meadi ; and there is a place near Tcniplemoro
in Tipperary called Barnalascaw, the gap of the
half shadow {la for Icath, half), so called pro-
bably because the gap runs in such a direction

* Remark in several of these names, the insertion of a
euphonic vowel sound : — see cage 3, su;pra.

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 483

that wlien the sun shines, one side is thrown into
shadow. In the parish of Molahiff e in Kerry, near
the Farranfore station of the railway to Killarney,
there is a place called Skahies, which is the angli-
cised form of the plurnl Scdt/ia, shades or shadows.

Freehold. A land which was lield free of rent
or duty of any hind was sometimes designated by
tlio word srirr, free. There are two townlauds,
one near Killashandra in Cavan, the other in the
parish of Macosquin near Coleraine, called Farran-
seer, free land {fcarann) ; and another south of
Ballyshannon, called Clontyseer, shortened from
Claainte-saera, free cJoons or meadows. Saeirse
[seershaj, among other meanings, signifies a free-
liold, whence we have Seersha near Newmarket-
on-Fergus in Clare, and Seersha north-west of
Killarney ; which again is shortened to Serse in
Armagh, not far from Newry ; and modified to
Seershiu, three miles from the village of Barna, a
little west of Qalway, which is the same as Shir-
sliocn nc«r Gorey in Wexford.

Old Territories. On the west side of the Shannon,
in that part of the county Roscommon extending
between Drumsna and Lanesboro, there were an-
ciently three districts, called respectively Cinel
Dohhtha, Tir Briuin na Sinna, and Corca Eachlann ;
these, both in the annals, and among the people,
were of fen cnllcd simply " Na Tiiaflia" [na-tooha]
i.(>. (ho Til a //la. -tor t(M'n'(,orio.s, and tbougli tlieir in-
dividual nnmoaliavo perished, thislast still survives.
On the road from Kooskey to Drumsna, whore it
crosses an arm of the Shannon between two lakes,
there was an ancient weir, very much celebrated
called Caradh-na-dtuath [Carra-na-doo], the earadh
or weir of the (tliroo) tnaths or districts. A bridge
now spans the stream on the site of the weir, and
it is well known by tlie name of Caranadoe Bridge.

484 Various Circumstances, [ctiap. xxvi.

A magic calf. In the county of TiOngford they
tell a story of the origin of Lough Qowua, which
forms the head of the chain of lakes traversed by
the river Erne ; this legend also accounts for the
eruption of Lough Oughter and Lough Erne.
There is a well in the townland of Eathbrackan,
one mile from Granard, out of which a stream
runs into Lough Qowna ; from this well a magical
calf sallied forth, once on a time, and the water of
the well rushed after htm as far as the sea at
]i ally shannon, expanding in its course, iirst into
Lough Gowna, and afterwards into the two Loughs
Erne ; in memory of which the well is still called
Toher Qowna, and (ho lake, Lough Gowna, the
well and the lake of the calf.

Solitude. Among the many circumstances taken
advantage of by the observant Irish peasantry, to
designate places, one of the most striking and
poetical is solitude or loneliness. There is a dis-
trict east of Kells in Meath, which, even in the
earliest period of our history, was noted for its
solitariness ; so that persons going to reside there
were considered to have retired altogether from
the view of the world. When the celebrated
Lewy of the Long Arms, who, according to an-
cient tradition, was skilled in all the arts and
sciences, came to reside at the court of Tara, the
artists and learned men who had been up to that
time in the king's service, felt themselves so
overshadowed by the biilliant talents of tlic new
professor, that they retired in shame from Tara,
and betook themselves to (his very spot — (ho
JJiamhraibh or solitudes of Bregia, as it is called
in the old narrative (one of the legends in the
Dinnseanchus), where they remained in obscurity
ever after. The word dianihar, of which diamhraihh
is a plural form, is still used in the spoken Ian-

CHAP. XXVI.] Various Circmustanccs. 485

guage in tlie sense of mysterious, hidden, or ob-
scure ; and the district in question still retains
tlie old name, in tlie slightly modified form of
])iamor. In O'Clery's Calendar, a place is mcn-
tioiuMl cnllod LViiain-diawhair, solitary meadow.

Tlio allusion to tho professors who retired from
Tnra, occurs in the legendary history of the name
of Turvey, a place situated on an inlet of the sea
in the north of the county Dublin, two miles from
Luslc. The old writer states that Tuirhhi [Tur-
vey], the father of the great artist, Gobban Saer,
who lived in the seventh century, had his resi-
dence on this strand ; and that every evening
after ceasing from his work, he used to throw his
hatchet (as L^n of the white teeth used to throw
his anvil : p. 202, supra) from an eminence, which
was afterwards called Tulach-an-hhiail or the hill
of the hatchet, to the farthest point reached by
tlio tide. Hence the place was called Traigli-
Tuirhhi, Turvoy's strand, which is now shortened
<o Tnrvej^ The narrative adds that it was not
known to what jicople he belonged, unless he
was one of jlio daik-comploxioncMl race who fled
from Tara to the solitudes of Eregia (see Petrie,
II. Towers, p. 38G).

We have still another word— uaigneas [oognas],
to express the same idea. In the parish of Tuosist
in Kerry, on the left of the road from Kcnmarc
io l<lyerie«, there is a hill called Knockanouganish,
the hill of solitude; and we have the adjective
form exhibited in Glenoognagh in the parish of
LismuUen in Meath, lonely glen.

Morning Star. I believe I may safely assert
that there is not a place-name in any part of
the world, that could not be matched in Ireland.
For our names are scattered broadcast in such
infinite profusion and variety, that they seem to

486 V-jrioHs Circumstances. [(;iiai>. xxvi.

liave almost cxlianstcd luinian invciiiicm. Ifc
would be easy to bring togetlier a collection o£
odd and eccentric local designations, imusiial in
formation or strange in origin, from every part of
tbe M^orld, and then to produce, from the abun-
dance of our local nomenclature, names corres-
ponding to them all. And after this I think I
could find many names in my own country that it
would be hard to match anywhere else. (Scotland
would be a dangerous competitor, but even here I
should feel very confident as to the result of the
comparison ; and I should have no fear at all
about the rest of the world.

AV^ill any great topographer or learned etymo-
logist find me such a river name as " The IMorning
Star " anywhere outside Ireland ? We have a river
of this name, a fine stream rising near the Oalty
mountains, flowing through the town of Bruff in
Limerick, and joining the Maigue below Bruree.
The old name of this river, as we find it in various
ancient authorities, was Samliair or Samer ; and
this is also well known as the ancient name of the
river Erne, from which again the little island of
Inis-Samer near the Salmon-leap at Ballyshannon
— an island connected with some of our oldest
legends — took its name.

It is to be observed that Samer was in former
times used also as a woman's name ; but what the
radical meaning of the word may bo, I cannot
venture to conjecture. As a river name, Picfot
(Origines Indo-Europionnes) connects it willi the
old names of several rivers on flio continent of
Europe, and with the Persian sltamar, a river : —
for example the Samur, flowing from the Caucasus
into the Caspian ; the Samara, flowing into the
Sea of Azov ; and the ancient Celtic name, Samara,
of a river in Belgium.

ciiAr. XXVI.] Various Circumstances. 487

It must be confessed tliat our "Morning Star "
canio by its fine name througH a mistake, or in
plain words by a false translation ; but it is a
mistake turned to such bappy account tbat one
would never wisli to correct it : — for in tlio collo-
quial Irish of the people, the old name Samhair
was corrupted to Camhair ; and as this word sig-
nifies the first appearance of daylight or the
break of day, so thev translated it into " Morning
Star."

There is a townland called Glenastar near New-
castle in Limerick ; but this name has nothing to
do with the stars. The correct anglicised form,
etymologically, woidd be Glen-as-daar. Just
where the river that traverses the glen flows by
the townland, it falls over a rock into an imfathom-
ahle pool, forming a fine cascade ; this is the as
(Irish eas, a waterfall) ; and as the name of the
river is the Daar, the glen was called Gleann-easa-
Dairc, the glen of the cataract of tlie Daar,

Sleep. AViicn AVasliington Irving wrote liis
Legend of Sleepy Hollow, he imagined, no doubt,
ihat such a uanio was not to l)o found in any part
of the world except on the banks of the Hudson
— if indeed he did not invent it to suit his stor}-^,
which I strongly suspect he did. But if he had
only come over to Ireland, and travelled through
certain parts of the county Cork, he would find
that we had been beforehand with him ; for as he
passed near the little town of Inishaimon, he could
see from the railway carriage window, close to the
line, a gentleman's residence and a townland,
called Coolcidlata, which corresponds exactly in
meaning with his Sleepy Hollow. The first syllable
is the Irish cuil, a recess or corner ; while codlata
[cullaki] is a genitive form of codla [culla], sleep ;
and these two words put together, and spelled in

488 Various Circumstances, [ctiap. xxvi

English letters in accordance with the sound,
make Coolcullata, the recess of sleep, or sleepy
hollow. Moreover, the county Cork can boast of
another drowsy spot ; for there is a hill at the
western extremity of the Nagles Moimtaina, near
the village of Killawillin, called Knockacullata,
the hill of sleep.

]5ut why it is that Coolcullata was so called ;
whether it was from the solitude of the spot ;
or from its drowsy accompaniments — its murmur-
ing waters, its rustling leaves, and its humming
bees, as Irving describes his somniferous valley ;
or from the sleepy character of the natives — but
indeed I do not believe this, for the Corkonians
are as wide-awake a people as can be found in any
T)art of Ireland ; whether any or all or none ol'
these, gave name to the place, I am sorry to say 1
can give no satisfactory account. Perhaps Cool-
cullata was another Castle of Indolence,

" A pleasing land of drowsy liead,
Of dieama that wave before tlie half-sluit eye,"

Where

" Was nought around but images of rest ;

Sleep-sootliing groves, and quiet lawns between ,
And flowery bods that slumbrous influence kest,
Fi'om poppies breathed ; and beds of pleasant green."

But however we may be at fault in our attempts
to account for the name, there it stands as a fact ;
and if I am right in believing that A7ashington
Irving invented the American name, I can claim
one superiority for our Coolcullata over his Sleepy
Hollow, that his name " is a fiction, but mine ia
reality."

INDEX OF NAMES.

N.B.— Mnny nnmee that do not occur in the lodj cither of the

present

Vohime oi of the l-ivst,

are explained in this iadex.

PAGK

FAOB

Alihpr.ielirinn,

. . . 389

Agbintamy, . . . .

342

Abbcjdorney,

. . . 139

Aghmanistcr

234

Abbeygrej. .

. . . 234

Agbnagar, . • •

177

Aclare, . .

. . 223

Aghnamall igb, . ■ •

480

A.Moivillo,

. . 'in

Aglmamiilliigbl, .

480

Addcrnnl.

444

Aghiiamard, . . . .

]I2

Aplriibnpb,

. . 374

Agbiiasodagb, . . .

248

Apbiibiilldgo,

. . ]!I7

AgliniiflliaiiiiiKM, . . .

55

/igluilxig, .

. . 40

AgliiiaBbingaii, . . .

293

Aglmcoora,

. . . 73

AglinaBurn, . . •

228

Aghadrumkoen

, . . 64

Agbafona, . .481

note.

Agbagah, Agbf

gaw. 179

Ahgloragb, . . . .

67

Aghagower, ,

. . 313

Abiiagurra, . . . .

104

Agbakce, .

. . 162

Aillenasliariagb, . .

309

Aglialentj, .

. . 401

Abnaseod bridge,. . .

179

Agbaliist, Agh

alt.stia, 430

Alderford,

25

Aghamoic,

. . 4J5

AUiianmrniigb, . .

312

Agbanagreiia,

. . 240

Altatraght, . . . .

252

Aglianapisha .

. . 323

Altdorg; red bpight :

Agbarengh,

. . 283

p. 278.

Aghatabarn, .

. . 408

Anascaul,

105

AgliateiTj,

. . 310

Annaganniby, . . .

119

Agbaward,

. . 112

Annngar,

177

Agbavalloge, .
Agbclaro,

. . 311

AnnagaBsan, . . . .

409

. . 223

Aiinagliaiianain, . . .

467

Agbocglml,

. . 4J3

Annfiglibrack . . .

2.S8

-190

Index of Names,

Annagbearly,.
Annagher, . ,

Annaghiorin, ,
AnnagUselherny, .
Annagloor,
Annaglug,
Annaloist,
Annaimilt,
Aim Wuiint, .
Arduiuadane, .
Ardaimillivaii .
Ardaneoi',
Ardatcdaun
Ardatrave, » ,
Ardcavan,
ArdcoUuin,
Ardeolm, Ardcolum,
Ardcotten, . . ,
Ardcroue, . . .
Ardliulan, . .
Ardgoohaii, Ardgoliano,
Ardintenaiit, .
Ardlaban,
Ard-Loinn:iohta,
Ai-dincaliiauo, .
Ardnagabog, .
Ardiiiighig, .
Ardaagrena, .
Ardiiagimiog, .
Ardnapoura, .
Ardore, Ardoui",
Ardralian, . .
Ardrass, Ardress,
Ardroe ; red height :

p. 278.

Ardsallagh

Ardacradaiin, . . . .
Ardternion, . . . .
Ardtonnagh, , . . .
Ardti-asna ; cross height

p. 44(5.
Ardultagh, . . . .
Arget-roa or Silverwood,
Arigideen river, . . .
Armaghbrague, • . .
Arkanagap, . . . .
Askiuvillar, . . . .

i>AaE
59
448
370
17
801
185
430
305

1()4
130
451
248
252
25
26
20
472
280
3(5
2 17
229
418
207
130
164
185
210
191
323
285
331
356

390

37

215

220

127
365
71
436
354
345

Assaly,

ABsjlin,

Astee,

Athassel,

Athboy,

Atbclare, .

Atboa, . .

Atbnagar, .

Altillyuu, .

AttinaskoUia,

Attithomasrevagh,

Atlyflin, . . .

Attyreesh, . . .

Auburn, . . ,

Aubwee ; yellow river

p. 279.
Augbalin, . .
Aughnacarney, .
Aughnaglaur, .
Aughnaloopy ,
A very Iblaiid, .
Avibh, . . .

PAQU
256
149

, 270
443

, 279

, 223

. 477

, 177

, 149

, 234

283

. 149

156

240

Balbradagb,
Balgaddy, .
Ballaghaderg,
Ballaghanoher
Ballaghgar ; short pass

p. 304
Balliighgeo ; windy

p. 246
BaUahadorg, . ,
Ballcoghan . . .
Balleigbter, Balleigb

agh ; low town : p,
Ballickuioyler, . .
Ballieknaliee, . .
Ballinab, . . .
Ballinaboy, . .
Ballinaniinton,
Ballinanciior, . .
Ballinaninia, . .
Ballinanty . .
Ballinasilloge ; town

the sallows : p. 356
Ballinasoostia ; town of

the flail : see p. 160.

409
108
224
424
477

110
110

277
350

277
64

144

470

94

280

298.

96

467

of

Index of Namei.

491

lAtiK

PAGE

Ballinastraw, ....

.-J'.KJ

Ballybrada, . . .

110

Ballindall, . . .

162

Bally brannagh, . . .
Ballybregagh, ....

123

Dallindiiff,

2C.7

437

Ballinocdora, ....

118

Ballybritain, Jiallybrittan

123

Tallingaddy, ....

HI

Ballybrittas

289

HMlliiigolooM

21).'!

BallvhiinitKiMicr, . . .

38!)

l>alliiigrogj, ....

.*?:{y

BallVclog, linlljcliig, .

184

Ballinliaasig, ....

4r.7

Baliyc'ocksoost, . .

166

]!allinlaur,

44G

Bivllycoghill, . . . .

200

Eallinlina,

12G

Ballyconboy, . . . .

157

Ballinliny,

Via

Ballycong,

410

Ballinlyna,

126

Baliyconlore, . . . .

204

Ballinookpry ; U)vi\\ of

Ballyrorick, . . . .

406

(lio fuller: p. 119.

Ballycorus,

143

Balliiiricliarrl, ....

172

Bally t'ottcen; town of the

BalUnriddcr.i, ]],llinrid-

commonage : p. 472.

dcry,

103

Bnllycowan, . . . .

144

Ballinroad,

218

B.ill,yda ; eanio as Bnlly-

Ballinriiddory. ...

K)3

tlaw.

13allinscoola, . . . .

SSS

Ballydnliccn, . . . .

32

Ballintoiiip'), . . . .

457

Ballydavid, BallydaTis,

BallinteriiKiM, , . . .

21.^)

B.-.llyi1avy, . . . .

171

Ballintim ; t,()\vii of the

Ballydaw

171

torn or bush.

Ballydonnell, O'Donnell'

3

Ballintoghcr, . . . .

402

town.

B.illinfra,

3',H)

Ballyduffy,

145

BallinuUv; town of the

Ballydugan, . . , .

140

Ulsterman : p. 127.

Bally fad; long town: 41

7.

Ballinimty,

172

Ballyfarnan, . . . .

21

Balliiivana,

383

Bally faisoon, . . . .

58

Ballinvard ; town of the

Bally faudeen

32

bard: p. 111.

BallyfiHbeen ; town of

Ballinvonear, . . . ,

338

little Philip.

Ballinwing,

39i

Ballygaddy

n\

Balliro:-,

135

Ballygar ; short town : i.

04.

Balionghter, . . . .

412

Ballygauge

429

Ballyaddrngh

44.^.

Ballygirriha, . . . .

sot

Ballynlbaniigli, . . .

124

Ballygortcon, . . . .

IS

Ballyanraliaii ; O'lfniira-

Ballygreany, . . .
Ballyhamillon, . . .

242

han's town.

173

BallyargiiH,

i.nr.

Baliyhay, Ballyliays,

1.53

BaUyliotngh, . . . .

113

Ballyhetuiesay, . . .

155

Ballybinaby, . . .

280

Ballykealy, ....

138

Ballybla, linllyl 1 lyh, .

327

Ballykeeroge, . . .

295

Bal I V hoggin, . . . .

138

Ballykinler, . . .

204

Ballyboghill, . . . .

187

Ballykinlottorn!.h, .

157

192

Index of Names.

Ballylanigan, .
BuUylina, . .
Biillyloughnane,
nallyinacadam,
nallyinacaqiiiin,
Ballymacart, .
IJally Mac E{jnn,
niiUymacBhaneboy
nallyumcBliorrun,
Ballyiuacshoneen,
Ballyinaciie, . ,
Bullymacwai-d,
Ballyiuadim,
Ballymagart, .
liallyinagee,
Ballyiuaglin,
IJallyuiagriirly,
IJallymaguire, .
Ballymarter, .
BallymnBcaiilaii,
IJallymatlicr, .
Ballyminsti-n, .
Bally ininisLi-agli,
Ballymonaster ; same

Ballyniinstra.
Ballyinyre, . .
nullyiuiboiiiira,
|]allyiiabi'anii:igl
liallyiiabrolioii,
BallynabronnagI
Ballynadash, .
Ballynagabog, .
Ballynagalli;igh,
Ballynagalsliy,
Ballynagaug, .
Bally naglemgb,
B:illynagoniiagl,l ngl),
Ballyimgreiia,
Ballynaguilkee ; town

of the brooni-biislics

p. 334.
Ballynalour, .
Ballynamallagbt,
Ballynameeltoge,
Ballynametagh,
Ballynamintra,

PAGB

150
12G
138
lit
1G3
154
153
1(')9
Hi9
170
153
112
144
154
153
149
112
147
4C,()
145
191
234
234

114
115
123
4(;4
123
221
1(15

9G

9

302

91
12G
242

82
480
292
113
116

PA (IK

Bally namiio 114

Bally namockagb, . . . IGli
Ballynamointragli, . . 1 iCi
Ballynamoiigareo, . . 120
Ballyuaimiddagli, . . Kil
Ballynamult, .... 305
Ballynanania, .... 467

Bally naiiooBo 108

Ballyiiant. B:il]yi.;n,l y, 33;;
BallynamiKagli ; luwa
of the Ulsteruieu .
p. 127.
Ballynasaggart; priests'

town : p. 92.
Ballynascrab, Ballyna

scraw, . . .
BallyiiasciiUoge, .
Ballyiiasi-ali, . .
BallynaBuddciy, .
Ballynavoixioragl-,

Ballyiioiia, . . .
Ballynearla ; town of the
earl : p. 58.

Ballynookery, ....

Bully nooncy, ....

Bally oran, ....

Ballyorley

Ballyoughtor, liallyoi
orngh, . . .

Ballyoughtra, Bil
oughtragli, . .

Ballyowon, . .

Ballypadeeii,

Ballyquinlin, . .

Ballyreagh, Ballyrm
grey town : p. 282

Ballyrider, . .

Ballyribbleen, Ball;
toen

Ballyruthor, ....--

BallyBliasky, .... 310

Ballysheii 77

Ballysboneen, ... 170

BallyBhonock, . . . 169

Ballysburdane, . . 169

Ballysmuttan, ... 355

liht-

agb;

384
114
399
116
275
202

119
203
148
465

442

442
153
32
157

103

170
103

Index of Names.

493

Ballytorau, ....
Bally tory, ....
Ballytresna ; cross town

p. 440.
rullytroddnn, .
Bnllylniiiiy, .
I'allyvicimcnlly,
BallyTOuinev,
Ballywaid, . .
Balscaddan r>ay,
Baltimore, . .
Baimda, . .
Banba, . . .
Banew river, .
Bannixtown,
lianope, . .
Baiislia, ]]a)ipliy
Baravore, . .
Bargarriff; i-oiigb top

p. 475.
Barheen, ....
Barlaban ; wide top : p.
Barley Lake, . . .

Barnieen

Biirnabaun ; white gap

p. 276.
Baniadown, . . .
Baniageeby, B:iiiiani

geeby, . .
Barnngree, . .
BarnalaBkaw, .
Barnameenagb,
Barnaraiiinga, .
Barnanainallaglit,
Barrafoboiia, ,
Bnrranamaiioge.
Barrawinga,
Barreen, . . ,
Bartragb, . .
Bartraw, . ,
Baunbraok ; sjiockled lea

field : p. 288.
Baimoge, ....

Baunta,

Bauiiteen, ....
Baiiroarngb, . . .
Bnurgovni ; lib;o lop : p

282.

212
52

4f.l

220
14.3
136
112
312
377
417
459
478
384
.384
<)
415

41

IB.
322
400

280

247
2l'5
482
120
3S'4
480
332
384
3'.t4

387
388

384
384
381
451

Baurnafea, . . .

397

Bautedge river, . .

412

Bauttagh

412

Bawn,

383

]?awnacownm, . . .

61

Bawiinkea, ...

,396

Bawiinnaltin, . . .

383

Bawnanccl, . . .

374

Bawnatanavolier,

482

Bftwnisbnll ; low lea-fiolc

:

pp. 383, 443

Bawnluekaba, . ,

383

Bawnnagollopy, . ,
Bawnnabow, . . .

307

383

Bawnoge, Bawnoges,

384

Bawntatneona, . .

384

Bawntaimineeiiagb, .

126

Bawntard, ; . . .

384

Bealaclaro, ....

224

Bealanabrack river, .

312

Bealatbaleen, . . .

2,'-)7

Boarna-tri-carb.id,

176

Beenbane ; wbite peak

p. 276.

Beenrour

410

Bcgerin or Bcgory, .

41.^)

licgratb, ....

415

Bel-an-cbip, . . ,

353

Bel-atba-na-bbf;ibbrim,

179

Bel-atba-na-uigbcadli,

201

Belclare, ....

223

Bolderg, ....

277

Bellarorick, ....

405

BellMgbaderg, Pellaba

derg,

277

Bellaheen, ....

41

Bejianaboy, . . .

280

liellanaderp, . . . .

277

Belianagnniiy, or Mil

Brook, ....

119

Belbinaloob, . . .

424

Bellniiainnll igbt, . .

480

Bellnnode, ....

38"

Bellarcna, ....

101

Bellary

3(4

BolInBlislion Bridge, .

201

Bellat.nlcen, . .

257

Bolluliain, ....

100

494

Index of Names.

PAQB

Bolkugli, 388

Bellaveel, 2'Jl

Belle Islo, 471

Bellinomit, 17

Bonbnulii-h 110

Boiicrom 4-*"2

Boncullugli 300

Bondiiff ; black peak :
p. 2G7.

Bongorin, 282

Ben wee, 280

Bei-Li-ftglibi.y Hay, . . 3SS

Butaghatow 113

Biliary, Billoiagli, . . 314

Binaghlon, G9

Bingorms 282

Biraghty Eocks, ... 19

Birreen, 19

Birreencarragb, . , . 18

Blabreenagb, .... 32?

Black Hill, 270

Black Lake, .... 276

Black Mountain, ... 270

Blackwater, .... 2()8

Blagh 327

Blaim-oe, 2G5

Blane, 2()5

Blaney, 2l)5

Blarney 27

Bloan, 2(15

Bleanalung, .... 205

Bleanisli, 205

Bloankillow, .... 2t>5

Bloannagli)o9, .... 258

Bleanoran, 2(55

Blindwell 89

Blittog, 207

Bluest ack Mountains . 282

Bogagh, 47

Boggagb 47

Bo"gnglHLilT; black bog:

IH). 47, 2(17.

Boggau, BoggiUin, , . 47
15oggaunreagh ; grey little
soft place : see pp. 46,
282.

Boggeragh Mountains, . 7

Boggy 17

PAOK

Boggyheary 47

Bogbill, 435

Bogliilbregagb, ... 435

Holiaminor, 431

Hoberbnuldagli, . . . 110

Itolioreonaoluher, . . 250
Boliergarve; rough road :

p. 475.

BoliornauH'oltogo, . . 292
Bobernamias or Bolierna-

nieece, 194

Boliornasassonagb, . . 121

Bobilbroaga 435

Boleydorragba ; dark boolcy

or dairy-place.

Boleynanoultagh, . . 127

lionet river, .... 15

Bonnyglen, . . . 65
Boolabaua ; white dairy-
place : p. 276.

Boolanacausk, .... 467

Booleynagreana Lough, 241

Boolinrudda, .... .371
Boolycreen ; withered dairy-
place : p. 352.
Borheenduff ; black little

road : 267.

Bougbal Breaga, . . . 435

Boughil Mountain, . . 435

Boughilbo, 436

B..uglull, 436

Boulaniniorish, . . . 460

Bovolcan, • . . . . 21

Boyagban, 83

Brackbaun, 288

Brackenagh, .... 6

Brackornagh, .... 17

Bracklagh, 6

Brackly 6

Brarknagh 6

Bni.kuahovla 280

IhMcknamuckloy, . . . 299

Bracknoy, 6

Brackvoan ; speckled bog :
p. 288.

Brackyle 288

Brannoekstown, . . . 123

Breagagh, stream, . . 437

Index o/N'ames.

495

398
399
island :

Breanagli, ,
Breandrum, .
Breanoge, .
Breaneha, Breanshagh
Breany, ....
Brockinish ; Bpocklod

p. 288
Bregogd river, .
Brenog, . . .
Brenter, . . .
Brickeen Bridge
Briencan, . .
British, . . .
Britlaa, . . .
Brorklainont, .
Brogeen r'wor, .
Urognostowii, .
Broight.or, . .
Brotnore, . .
Brotigh, . . .
Broughan,Brongliaiie:
Brouglianlea,
Broiigliderg,
Brougher, .
Brougbmore,
Brotiglisliano,
Bryaiitnng,
Biillig, Bulligg
Bunaglanna, . .
Biinbog, ....
Buncam ; crooked end

p. 420.
Bunclody or Newtown'

barry,
Bundoran, .
Bunduff, .
Bunduvowen ; end of the

black river : p. 267.
I?iininnL>bor, ....

lUnikey,

Bunnablayneybane, . ,
Bunnafinglas ; end of the

clear stream : p. 272.
Bunnaruddee, ....

Bunnaton,

Bunnynubber, ....
Binirawor ; lliick end :

p. 419.

PAGE

398
398

436
398
397
316

32
289
280
.'JOf)
18!)
189
113
210
210
210
210
210

12
210
210
127
249

65
414

395
403

267

397
20')

371
259
389

Buntalloon,
Burn Dennet, .
Burnham, . .
Cackanode, . .
Cadamstown, .
Caha Monntaing
Cahcracruttera,
Caherakeeny, .
Cahorblonick, .
-Caherbullog, .
Caherduff ; black stone

fort: 267.

Caherea,

CnherminnaTin, . . .
Cnhornagoolm ; stono fort,

of the wind : p. 246.
CaliornagoUum ; stone

fort of the pigeons : p.

301.
Cahernamarfc, . . . .

Cnherulla,

Cahirduff ; black stone

fort : p. 267;
Cahnioaim wood, . . .
CalliagbBtown, . . .

Cnini,

Caltrapallas, . . . .
Cam, Cams, . . . .
Camadcrry Mountain, .
Cairingh,

PAGE

380
15
263
1(.6
144
253
113
337
209
107

305

307
127

350
96
385
232
421
386
421

Camas, 421

Camgart, Camgort, . . 421

Camillaun ; crooked
island : p. 420.

Camlin, Camline, . .

Carama

Cam mock or Camac river,

Cammoge river, . . .

Camowen river, . . .

Camp,

Camjtiagb,

Cntnus,

Camus Bridge, . . .

Canary,

Canbeg ; small bead or
hill : p. 413.

r^innanighjwoBlorn head:
p. 45 1.

420
421
421
421
420
60
61
421
422
115

496

Index of Names,

PAGE

CangOrt 421

(.'luiiiM laliind, .... Uli

Cimpill, 2G2

Can rawer, 420

Cappaboy ; yellow plot :

p. 279.
Cappuduif; black plot:
p. 267.

Cappafaulish 232

Cappagarrilf ; rough

plot : p. 47ft.
Cappaghduft' ; black plot :

p. 267.
Ouppagbnahoran, . . 322
Cappalaby; plot of the

slough : p. 388.
Cappanalossot, . . . 430
Cuppanaiurogiie ; plot of

the shoes : p. 188.
Cappananty, .... 332
CappanapiBha ; plot of

tlio poaBO ; p. S23.
Oapiianurgid ; plot of the

silver : p. 3C5,
Cappauaslish, .... 201
Cappanasmear, . . . 325
Cappanavar ; plot of the

men : p. 122.
Cappanoary, . . . . 115
Cuiipayuso, .... 358
Cajipyoo ; red plot : p.

278.
Carabine Bridge, ... 176
Oarandoo Bridge, . . 483
Cai-bery niil, . • ; • 237
O'lrgaghramer ; tliii'k
rocky place : p. 420.

Caragacroy 477

Carlieenadiveano, . . 302
Carkor, . . ... . 229

Oarnanbane ; white little

earn : p. 270.
Carnanroagh ; grey lilllo

earn : p. 282.
Caru-Connac-htach, . . 126
Carnduff ; black earn :

Carnisle, 374

Cirn-uuc-Tail, . . • 12'^

PAGK

Carnoughter; upper earn :

p. 441
Caintogher IHUb, . .
Carrickacroman, . . .
Carrickadooey, . . .
Carrickajjlieepera, . .
Ciirrickashedogo, . . .
Carrickataggart, . . .
Carrickatane, Carritk-

atouno

Carrickatloura, . . .
Carrickbaun, ....
Carrickduff, ....
Carrickeeshill ; low rick :

p, 443.
Carrickfin, . ...
Carrickgallogly. . . .
Carrickittle, . . .

(Jarrickloagh, ....
OarrickiuanHan, . . .
(larricknioro, ....
Curricknagat, ....
Carricknahorna ; rock of

the barley: p. 321.
Carricknaalate, . .
Carrickreagh, Carrickre-

vagh,

Carrickspringan, . . .
Carricktroddan, . . .
Carrigacunna ; rock of
the lire-wood : p. 351.
Carrigaflyor Carrigaplau,

Carrigalioi-ig

Carriganimnia, ....
Carriganookery; rock of

the fuller : p. 119.
Cflrrigapheepera : 122;

449, note.
Carrigaplau or Carriga

iiy.

Carrigart, ....
Carrigalhou, . . .
Carrighaua, . . ■
Carrigcannon, . . •
Carrigcluher, . . .
Carrigeensliarr.igh, .
Carrigfadda ; long rock
p. 417.

461
316
270
192

248

92

330
209
276
207

272
107
40

284
305
416

289

178

283
824
461

79
405
208

79
154
342
276
275
250
310

index of Namef^.

497

PAGE

Carriglea, Carrlgleagb, . 284
Carriglead, . , . . 418

Carrigleigh 284

Carrigmannon, .... 305
Cariiginoorua, . . , . ISO
Canignnbiimnngli, . . 311
Cnnicniiboitaim, . . . 311
Carrignaeroobogc, . . 311
Carrigrmbryol, , . . 303
Carrignngiillinglidoo . . 30'J
Carrignngat, .... 289
Canignamreel, . . . 302
Carrignaione, .... 290
Carrignaro.nit.j, . . . 2'Jl)
Carrignnelioggy, . . . 30:2
Cnrrigparson, .... f)8
Carrigrour, . . . . 419
Carrigskeewaun, . . . 344
Carrivekeeny, .... 337
Carrivetragb ; lower land-

quarler : p. 442.
CaiTowblagh, .... 327
Carrow' , yellow land-

([iiaitcr : p". 279.
Carrowcarragb ; rough

quarter-land : p. 470.
Carroweighter, . . . 443
Carrowfarnagban, . . 33
Carrowgar ; BJiort quar-

tor-Iand : p. 304.
Carrowgobbadagb, . , 439
Carrowkeenj, . . . 337
Carrowlaur ; middle

quarter : p. 445.
Carrowuienngli ; middle

quarter : p. 445.
Oarrownnganmiagli, . . 02
Oarnnvnnijnrk ; ((iiarlor

of llio (bealb-) bens :

p. 298.
Cnrrownaglcarngb, , . 91
Carrownagry, . . . . 310
Carrownamallagbt, . . 480
Oarrowntaiilis, . . . 482
Carrowntassnna ; quarter-
land of tbo Englielnuan : 124
Carrowiitawa, Carrowii-

tawy, 342

VOL. II.

PAGU

Carrowntedaun ; quarter-
land of thebrecre : p. 248.

Carrownurlaur, . . . 425
Carrowtrasna ; crussqtiar-

ter-lniid : p. 440.

Carryblagb, .... 327

Cnrtroiiliower, .... 19
Oartronkecl, ; narrow
quarter-land : p. 418.

Gaflan-Linne 40S

Casbeloir, .303

Cashelreagb ; grey stone-
fort : p. 282.

Casbla, Casbla Buy, . 20.-}

Cash loon, 2(;4

Casblicve, 120

Caelaiiakirka; castle ot
tbe ben : p. 298.

Castlebeg 414

Castleboy ; yellow cast Ic, 279

Oastle-Eyre, .... 135

Cnstlegar, 417

Castlebuven 201

Caetlekirk, 299

Cnstlemartyr, .... 406

Castleniore, . . . . 413
Castlenageeba ; ensile of
tbe wind : p. 240.

Ciis(I(>node, .']82

Caslleoro 473

Castleruddery ; cnstle of

tbe knigbt : p. 102.

Castletownrocbe, . . . 170
CasMotoodry ; caetlo of
tbe tanner : p. 116.

Cautlicon, 472

Cavanngrow, .... 320

Cavd, Cavoy 339

Ciiurcb Mountain, . . 403

Clab 439

Claddagb 396

Cindy, .... 395, 390

Clngan, Clnggan, . . 428

Claggarnagb, .... 17

Clagnagb, 428

Clnmpor Land, . . . 400

Clainpernew 4(iO

Clauiperpiu'k, . . . . 40"

^3

498

Index of Names.

TAOE

Olandoboye or Olnnnaboy, 1 .'i'i
Clui-e, Clare-Qalway, . 2:i3
Claro, Biidgo anil River, 224
Cliiriubi-iilge, .... 224

Clai-isford, 222

Clash, ...... 221

ClaBliacolIare, .... 373

Clasliacrow 2-'r)

(llaBlLiKai-rilT, .... 475
Clabh.lalior, .... 117
Clasbavorlig ; trench of
tbo clown : p. 164.

Clasbbano, 27G

CliiBlicarragh ; rough

trench : ]). 47G.
ClashgarrilV, .... 475
Clashnabnttrv, . . . 118
(Haahnaganiiirr, . . . 221
Clashnanionadoe, . . . 270
Clashnamrodi, . . . 221
Olushnasniut, .... 353
Ciashrcagli; grey trench:
p. 282.

(]lashroo, 221

Clashwilliam, ... 221
ClashygDwan, .... 221

Olassagli 221

Classagi.roe, .... 221

Classes 221

Clay 190

Cloaboy, lO'J

Cleady Si ream, . . . 3'.)5
Cloaghbeg, (/loagligarve, ID'J
Cloaghmoro, .... I'.'O

Cleaheen, li)9

Cleanglnss, 423

Cleanratb, 423

(Jleavoragli, Cloavry, . 7

Cleedagh, 305

Cleen. ...... 423

Clooiiagli 423

(Ueenillaun ; nlopiug
island : |). 422.

Cleenrah, 423

Cleens, 423

Cleeny, 423

CleeRuadg, .... 219
-Cleggan, 428

TAOR

Ciognrt, Clegnagh, . . 42ri

Cleuagh, 423

Clenlough, 423

Clievragh, 8

Cliff ony, 199

Clobanna, 479

Clobwnon, 181

Clodagh 395

Clodiagli rivor, . . . 895

Cluggornagh 17

Clodrugh, . . . 895, 396

Clody, 395

Cloghanarold, .... 172
Cloghagaddy ; stone castle

of the thief ; p. 110.
Cloghanlea, .... 462
("loghannagarragh, . . 121
ClDghanodfoy castlo, . oS2
Cloghanower, .... 473
Ologhanumpy stone at

Clonmacnoise, . . . 456
Clogharoasty, .... 170
Cloghaviller ; Etono or
stone castle of the
water-cress : p. 344.
Ciogherbanny, ... 479
Cloghglass ; green stone
or stone castle : p. 281.

Cloghjordan 169

Cloghlin, 409

Cloghlowrish, .... 68
Cloglinakoava, .... 340
Cloghnaniallaght, . . . ISO
Cloghnashade, .... 377

Cloghore, 368

Cloghreagh ; grey stone,
or stone castle : p. 282.

Ologi.roo, 278

Clulourisb, 69

nionarrow 319

('loiiavi)gy, 47

Cloi>bane ; while mea-
dow : p. 276.
Clonboy ; yellow iiiefl •
dow : p. 279.

Clonbrin, 159

Clonbulloge, .... 197
Clonbunniagh, . . . • 411

Index of Names.

499

PAGE

Clnnbnnny, 411

Cloncaiinon ; speckled

meadow : p. 275.
Clonrameol, .... 374

Oloiiforip 405

Cloiicnickon, .... 1 17

Cloncrow, .S17

Cloiieblangb, .... .S27
('loiiop;ati, Cloiicgntli, . 180

Clonovin G5

Clongaddy ; meadow of
the thief : p. 110.

Clonganny, 375

Clonji.idan, IfiO

Clonliff, 33G

Clonlish or Cleanlisli, 423, 42i
C'lonmackan, .... 350
Clonmacnowen, , . . 142
Clonmannaii, .... 305

Clonineen, 400

Clonoura, 273

Clonreagli ; prey mea-
dow : p. 282. ■
Clonroo ; red meadow

p. 278.
Clonrnd,
Clonaliarrngl
Clonsliire, .
Oloiil.orry, .
(!lontiislicrt,
Clontyroora,
Clontyduffy; 0' Duffy

meadows.
Clontyseer, .
Clood, . .
Cloodrnmnian,
Clooiiagnlloon,
(lloonaiioo,
Cloonalonr,
I'loonametnglt,
Cloonaiieaila ; llio eav

meadow : p. 53.
Ooonnpisha ; meadow of

I's

.371
310

452

310

458

73

10 peaso : p

123.

Cloonargid 3GC)

Cloonark 307

ClooiiaUoukauii, . . . lUG

Cloonbony, . . . . 411

PAGE

Oloonboy ; yellow mea-
dow : 279.
Cloouboygher, . „ 10

Oloonbunny, . r .. 411

Clooneanuoii, ... 275
Clloom-oniiy, .... 352
Cloonconra; Coiira's

meadow,
Clooiicoorlm, .... 73
Clooncorrlck, Clooneoiig, 404

ClooncraCF, 347

Olooncraflleld, .... 348
Clooncrave, .... 317

Cloonerim, 105

Clooncruffer, .... 93
Clooncunna, .... 352
Clooncunning, .... 3/52
Clooncunny, .... 352
Cloondabamper, . . . 431
Cloonearagh, .... 451
Clooneenbaun ; wliite little

meadow : p. 270.
Clooiieshil ; low mea-
dow : p. 443.
Cloonfad, Cloonfadda ;
long meadow : )>. 417.
Cloonfinglas ; meadow of
tlio rlear stream : p. 272.
Cloondiigh ; wet mea-
dow : p. 411.
Cloongarve, .... 475
Clooningan, .... 426
Clooninisclin, .... 406
Cloonkeel ; narrow mea-
dow : p. 418.
Cloonkeen ; beautiful
meadow : p. 03.

Cloonlavis, 13

Cloonleagb ; grey mea-
dow : p. 284.
Cloonmaan ; middle mea-
dow : p. 4J5.
Cloonmackan, .... 350
Cloonmeen, .... 400
Cloonnngoppoge, . . . 347
Cloonnngrow, .... 325
Clooimagiiimaiic, . . . Ill
Cloonnaborn, .... 322

500

Index of Karnes.

PAGE

Cloonnabulty, .... 127

Cloonoau, 129

Cloonoughter ; upper

meadow : 44].
Cloonridilia,
Cloonselliorny;
CloondcUan,
Cloonsheen,
Cluoiittliiviia,
Clooiisnnglitu,
Cloontirm ; dry meadow :

p. 413.
Clooiitugher, ....

Cloontooa,

Cloontuskert, ....
Cloontymweonagli, . ,
Clooniilly ; nibtcrman'a

iiieaduw : p. 127.
Cloonybeirne ; O'Beirne's

meadow : p. 137.
Clooiiybrioii, ....
Cloonygormicaii, . . .

Cloonyhoa,

Cloonykelly, ....
Cloonyqiiiu ; O'Quin's

meadow : p. 137.

Cloos,

Clooscullen, ....

ClooBguire, 427

Cloosb, 427

Cloosbgirrea, .... 427
ClooBmore ; great ear :

pp.413, 427.
Clougbfin ; wbite stone

371
17
357
240
334

461

458
458
126

137
23
152
137

427

427

stone
271.

Cloverbill, . .

Cb) water, . .
Cbiwnstown, .
Ob.ydagb, . .
Cluydii, . . .
Chiaiii-diaiiibuii
Cluid, Chiide,
Cluidrevagb, .
Clybaun, . .
Clyda, Clydagh;
Clyglass, . .
Oykeel, . .

castlo

56
442
U)4
305
210
4.S5
425
425
219
395
219
219

PAflR

Clynabroga, . . . . 219

Clyimn, 33

Clyroe 219

Clytagb, 8

Ciioe-iia-boaiigan, . . 292

Goad, 474

Coan, 261

Oobduff Mountain, . . 438

Cockow, Ui()

Coggulbeg, 311

Ooggalkoonagii, . . . 341

Coggulmore, .... 341

Ouggaltonroe 341

Coire-Breacain, . . . 432

CoUieretown, .... 96

Colligan, 32

Ooiiioragb, 4

Comillano ; crooked is-
land : p. 420.

Commoenaplau, ... 79

Commook, Commogo, . 421

Cones, 261

Cong 410

Congo, 410

Conrea, 463

Conray, 463

Controversy, Contro-
versy Land, .... 460
CooguUa, CoogyuUa, 165, 166
Coulaiilaniper, . . . 460
Coolaclevane, .... 198

Coolacork, 321

Coolakip, 354

Ooolaleen, 328

Coolamber, ... . -'31

Coolanarroo, . . . . 319

Coolanearl, .... 59

Coolasniuttane, . . . 353
Coolasnagbta ; bill-back
or corner of tbe buow :
p. 251.

Cuolatagglo, .... 822
Coolateggart; bill-back oi"
corner of tbe priest;
p. 92.

Ooolatooder 117

Ooolavacoose, .... 226

Coolavanny, .... 206

Index of N^

601

PAGE
Ooolballintaggarfc ; back
of the priest's town :
p. 92,
Coolrauni crooked cor-
ner : p. 420.
CooldoLer ; sheltry

corner : p. 250.
Conlcoghill, .... 200
Coolcraff : hill-back of the

wild garlick : p. 347.
Coolcnllata, . . . 487, 488

Cooldriela, 356

Cooleighter; lower cor-
ner : p. 442.

Coolfin 272

Coolfltieh ; wet corner
or hill-back : p. 411.

Coolfore, 253

Coolfune, 272

Coolgarriff, Coolgarve,
Coolgarrow ; rough
corner or hill-back: p.
475.

Coolkellure 71

Cnolliip 354

Ccolkivlty, 299

Coolknoohill, .... 325
Coolleprcan, .... 240
CooUiaduff ; nitglo of the

black fort : p. 267.
Coolmiiingn, .... 393
Cooluabancli, .... 9
Coohmcloghafinna ; hill-
back of the white
etono: p. 271.
Cdolnacoiinrly, . . . '13
C()()liiiicriii(n)i;ht ; corner
or hill-biick of the
wheat : p. 320.
Coolnagaug, .... 302
Coolnagillagh ; corner of
the grouse-cocks: pp.
298, 299.
Coolnagloose, . . . 427
Coolnasree, .... 310
Coolnahornn, . . . 322
Coolnamagh, .... 294
Coolnapish, Coolnapishn, 323

PAGK

Coolnashamroge, . . 56
Coolnaeillagh ; angle of

the sallows : p. 350.
Coolnasmear, . . . 325
Cooloultha, .... 127
Coolpowra, .... 323

Coolquoy 397

Coolrawer; thick hill-

baok: p. 419.
Coolrengh; grey corner

or hill-back : p. 282.
Coolscudden, .... 312
Coolshangan, .... 293
Coolshingaun, . . . 293

Coolsythe, 179

Cooltedery, .... 117

Coolteen 49

Cool umber, .... 431
Coolydoody ; O'Doiida's

corner or hill-back :

pp. 137, 146.
Coouiacheo, .... 254
C'oomakcoge, .... 254
Coomanaspig ; bishop's

hollow : p. 91.
Coonianoro, .... 3G5
Cooniasaharn, .... 408
Coomalallin, .... 3/3
Coomatloukane, . . , 3t6
Coouiavanniha, . . . 478
Coonane, Cooncen, . . 261
Coomleagh ; grey valley :

p. 284.

Coonmore, 261

Coonoge, 261

Coos, 263

(!(i()Rnalmrnaf;;h, . .'Ill,.'tl2
Copany, Copncy, . . . 347

Coppanagh 347

Corblonog, .... 209
Corcoge Mountain, 470, 477
Corcraff ; round-hill of

wild garlick : p.

347.
CorcuUionglish, . . . 2S2

Cordcvlis, 270

Corfad ; long round-hill :

p. 417.

502

LhUx of Names.

Corfliigh ; wet round-
bill: p. 411.

Coricfc, 405

Ooi-kei-, Corker Road, . 229
Coriuaddyduff : rouud-
hill of tho black dog :
p. 2(57.
Conncoltiin, .... 292
Oormoiialoa; rouiid-liill
of tbegroy bog : p. 284.
Cormorant laland, . . 225
Cornabrogue ; round-bill

of tbe shoe : p. 188.
Cornacask, Cornacausk, 467
Cornafurrisli, .... 59
Oornaj^iliugb ; soo iiuxt

iiaino.
Cornaguillagb, .... 299
Coriiamagli, .... 294
Coriianian, .... 121
Cornaraeelta, .... 292
Cornamuddagb ; round-
bill of tbe clowns : p.
164.
Oornasans, .... 209
Curnasbesk, Cornasbesko, 340

Cornasoo, 324

CornawuU, 216

Corradillar, .... 11
Corranabinnia Lake, . 432
Corracoggil, . . . . 311
Corranarry Corranoary, 115
Corranroo, .... 343
Corrautarramud, . . 15

Corrarod, 371

Corravillor ; round-bill

of wator-cresd : p. 314.

Corroagb ; groy round-

iiiil : p. 282.
Oiirrignagrona, . . . 210

Corrintni, JVJO

Corrowor, 285

Corrybrennan : O'Bren-
nan's round-bill : p.
137.
Corrybrackan, . . . 433
Corrylougbaphuill Lake, 432
Corryvraokan, . . . 432

PAOK

Corryvreckan, ....

432

Corsillagb, Oorsilloga, .

357

Cortrasua; cross bill : p. 446.

Oorvickreraon ; round-

bill of Redmond's

son : pp. 143, 168.

Coltoonagb, ....

42

Cuttiau, ......

472

Coultry,

9

Coumbrack ; speckled

valley : p. 288.

Coumnagillagb, . . .

299

Oourtmacdberry, . . .

169

Couae,

218

Crattield,

343

CraggiM-a,

11

Craggycorradan ; 0'('or-

radan's rock : p. 137-

Craggykerrivan, . . .

VM

CraigabuUiar, ....

373

Craigauboy; yellow little

rock : 279.

Craigfad ; long rock : p.

417.

Craignaborn, ....

322

Craignasasonagh, . .

124

Craigroe; red rock : p.

278.

Granagber,

10

5
0

42
331

Cranalagb,

Granally,

Cranareen, ....
Cranavancon, ....
Cranfiold, CranQcId

Point 318, 349

Crankill, 349

Orannslougb, .... 390
Crawbill, 319

Oroagli, . . .

210

<h-oii:,'li DoinoSlio, .

3M2

(Jnicora, . . .

72

Oroe, Creoii, . .

211

Croobarmoro, . .

391

392

Croelagb, Creelogb

391

Creeaagh, . . .

352

;v.^5

Croenkill, , . .

352

Greeny, ....

352

Index of Namoa.

503

PAQB

Creeran, Creeraun, . . 392

Creeslough, 402

Creeveeshal ; low branch :

p. 443.

Croovoloa, 284

Crcovoiiaitmnagli ; branch

of tbo monks : p. 94.

Creewood 417

Crebanagb, 391

Cremorgan, 136

CrillaM, Crillaun, ... 391

Crilly, 391

Crinnaghtane, Crinnagh-

taun, 321

Croagbat, 15

Croagbgorm, .... 282

Croagbnageer, .... 324

Croagbiiakern, .... 108

Croaghnameal, . . . 291

Oroase, 14

Crockacleaven, .... 198

Crockaleen 328

Crockasloiira, .... 209
Crockateggal ; hill of the

ryo : p. 322.

Orockn.igliigb, .... 299
Crocknafarbroague ; bill

of the false men : p.

435.

Croincba 225

Cromagby, 422

Ciomane 422

Oromogo 422

CrompannvoaUbiark, . . 71

Cronaearkfroo, .... 2'.t8

Cronakerny, .... 108

Cronolico, 251

Crone, ('roncbaniS . 3SI», 3S7

Cronkill, 281

Cronroe, 387

Cronybyrne, .... 387

Crooderry 477

Crory, 12

Crossbane ; white cross :

p. 273.

Crossernaganny, ... 119
Crosaloa ; groy cross : p.

284.

Crossmakeevor, . .

PAOii:
1.30

Crossmaglen, . , .

149

Crovinish Island, . .

. 440

Cruan,

38

Crnary,

11

Crnboon,

■i;i9

Crubinagb, ....

440

Cruboge,

439

Cruell,

38

Orummogc, ....

422

Crumpaun, ....

262

Crunagb, Crunaght, .

321

Cruinnish, ....

281

Crunkill

281

Crylougb, ....

390

Cuillare,

373

Cuilleenoolagb, . .

473

Cuiltybo, Cuiltybobiggo,

447

Cningareen, ....

42

Culcavy,

339

Oulcrow, ....

225

Cnldaff,

434

Cullairbme,

373

Cullen Bog, ....

362

CiiUonogo

18

Oiillyramor, . . .

420

Ciilmoro, ....

414

Ciunraeragh river,

4

Cung, Tbo, ....

409

Ounginoro Points,

410

Curkacrono, . . .

280

Carradrolan, . . .

296

Curraghacnav, . . .

319

Curragbacronacon, .

225

Curraiibalalior, . .

117

329

Curraghanoarla, . .

59

Cnrnigltatagi^art ; nnnMh

of tbo priost : p. 92

Curraghatawy, . .

342

Ourragbbaun ; white

marsh : p. 276.

Curraghbonaun, . .

. 300

Curraghbower, . . .

49

Curragfad ; long marsh

p. 417.

Curraghlane ; bi-oul

marsh : p. 4 1 S.

)04

Inchw of Names.

Curraghmeelagb, .
Curragliiuoglifiun,
C»n-ngl)salliigli, .
Cun-aghslagb, . ,
OurragliwLeery, .
Curraglass; green marsh

p. 281.
Curragrean, . . . ,
Cui-raleigh ; gioy

umrsU : p. 284.
Currantayy, . . , .
Curraeilia, , . . . ,

Currawatia,

Curryeighter ; lower

marsh : p. 4-12.
Curryglass ; green

marsh : p. 281.
Curryiiioriii, . . . ,
Curryougliter; upper

marsh : p.' 441.

Ciitiluiliiig

Cublicani

Cushkeam,

Cushkeamatinny, . . ,

Cuskeimy,

Cutteanta,

Cutteen

PAGE

292
392
390
390
351

240

342

357
412

870

409
880
38(5
380
2G3
472
472

Daisy Hill, 40

Dalgan, Dalgin, ... 20

Dalligan, 20

Danes* Cast, .... 219

Danesfield, 137

Dargan, 39

Dargle, 39

Darhanagh, 41

Daribeen Diarmada, . . 41

Darrigal, 40

Dairigil 39

Dailliold 179

DiirL Mountain, . . . 300

Darvor, 10

Davagh, 433

Dawstown 302

Decies, baronies of, . . 454

Deece, baronies of, . . 452

Deogveo Bridge, . . . 318

Deelis, Deelisb, ... 269

Deenagli, 475

PAOB

Deenish "JliO

Deisiol Teamhrach, . . 456

Dolgany, 20

Delliga, Delligabaun, . 355

Delour river 11

Derdimu8, 473

Derganagb, Dergany, . 27

Dergbrougb, .... 210

Dorgenagb, 27

Dergraw 278

Dernaglug, 185

Dernamanagh ; oak-wood
of the monks : p. 94.

Deroran, 148

Derraulin, 65

Derrainy, 469

Dorroonacullig, . . . ,300

Dorroonanarry, . . . 468

Dorreenatawy, .... 342

Derreennacno, .... 348

] )orroennanall)anagh,

Dorribeen at Cappoqnin,

Derrinkee : oak-wood of
the purblind man
162.

Derrinlester,

Derrintawy,

Derrintin, .

Derrintloura,

Derrintonny,

Derrintray, .

Dirroar, . .

Derryarrow,

Derrybard, .

Derrycark, .

Derryclure, .

Derrycnaw, .

Dorrycraff, .

Derrycramph,

Derrycrave, .

Dorry(udiinan,
linimbeg, .

Dorrydonnell,

Derrydruel, .

Derryevin, .

Derryfore, .

Derrygalun,

Derrygeeba ; windy oak-
wood : p. 246.

Dorry

124
41

190
342
259
209
220
222
285
319
111
299
250
325
348
348
348

415
138

100
64

253
297

Index of Names,

506

PAGE

Derrygooly, . .

. . . 205

Derrygorry, . .

. . . 168

Derrygortrevy, .

. . . 28.3

Dorrygratb, . ,

. 278, .'?a4

Donvii'on, . .

. . . .170

Ddrrylioiini, . .

. . . 108

Dorrykcel, . .

. . . 418

Dorryleagh: grey

oak-

wood : p. '284.

Derrylomogo, .

, . 171

Derrylileagh, .

. . . 316

Derrymeen, . .

. . . 416

Derrynabaunshy,

. . 9

Derrynablunnaga,

. . 209

Derrynadooey, .

. . 271

Derrynagittagli,

. . 165

Derrynagleragli ; (

lak-

wood of the clcr

gy:

p. 91.

Derrynalester, .

. . mo

Derrynaloobinagb

. . 424

Dorrynanianagh ;

oak-

wood of the moi

ik8 :

p. 94.

Dorrynamraher ; o

ak-

wood of the f lia

rs;

p.9G.

Derrynasaggart,

. . 93

Dorrynasliaskngli,

. . 340

Derrynaslicsk, .

. . 310

Dorrynasling, . .

. . 373

Dcrryneece, . .

. . 155

Derrynim, . .

. . 208

Dorryork, . .

. . 307

Dorryowen, . .

. . 153

Derryscollop, .

. . 203

Derrytrasna; cros

8 oak-

wood : p. 'IIG.

Derryvicnoill, .

. . 143

Den-yvrin, , .

159

Denyrung, . .

. 394

Desertlyn, . .

. . 149

Desertoran, . .

. . 147

Deskart, . . . .

. - 455

Deshulj . . .

. . 456

Dovleasb, . .

. . 271

Dianior, . . .

. 485

Diffaglier, . .

10

PAGE

DiUagb, 11

Dillesk Point, .... 346
Dinin river, . , . 437, 475

Dinis Dinish, .... 26i)

Piakirt 455

Divaiiagh, 270

Diviny 2/0

Divis, Divish, .... 270

Doagli, 387

Dobliar, 403

Donaghenry, .... 12

Donanaghta 429

Donaskeagh, .... 182

Donegore, 140

Donoro, Donoure, . . 473

Donover, 473

Dooally, ...... 269

Doocarrick, Doocavrig ;

black rock : p. 267.

Doocatteens, .... 269

Dooederny, ... 441, 445

Dooglmu, 33

Dooish, 270

Doolis, 269

Dooloiigh, 268

Doonnghboy, .... 5
Doonanarroo ; fort of the

corn : p. 318.
Doonavanig ; fort of the

monk : p. 94,

Doonnawaul, .... 217
Uoonoor, Doonore, Doo-

nour, 473

Doonvinalla, .... 301

Doora, Doorngh, . . . 404

Doornane in Kilkenny, . 35

Dooroge, 42

I)ooro8, Dooms, . . . 269

Doory, 404

Dore, 403

Dorsy 230

Dough, Dough Castlp, . 387

Douglas, 268

Dovea, 397

Doveran river in Scot-
land 403

Dower, .'.... 403

Dowukillybegs, ... 414

Index of Names.

PAO H

Dowra, 4U0

Di-ay-road, 178

Drehidbovver Bridge, . 49

J)i-ebidnnglaragb, . . . 224

Dresimgb 336

Dressogagb, 356

Dreasoge, 355

Dresternagb, .... 351)

Urcstornan, 350

Dribb, 355

Drishagbaun, .... 3515

Drisbano, Drisbeen, . . 355

Dribboge, Drissoge, . . 355

Dristernan 356

Dromalour, 82

Dromcaliaii, .... 254

|)n)mi;liibor, .... 250
Droiucuimuer, . . 414, 415

Droiiidiby 434

Di-onuliirt" ; black lidgo :
p. 267.

DTOiugurriby 304

Droiiiiskin, 406

Dromkealo ; narrow
ridge : p. 418.

Droiiikoaro, 323

Dromkeen, 64

Droiulougbra ; ridge of

rusbea : p. 333.

Dioiiiorebrague, . . . 430
Droiuraban, Dromrah-
nuo ; ferny ridge : p.
330.
Droinroo ; red ridge :
p. 278.

Druimcbeo, 254

Di-uimnandniadb, . . t)9

Dniiiiianecbta, .... 251
Dnimadart ; ridge of tbe

ox : p. 305.

Pniiimgolviii, .... 207

Drui.iulagagli, .... 164

Dnimaluro S2

Dnimanoary 115

Dnimanespiek ; tlio bi-

ebop's ridge : p. 91.

Prumantine, , , . . .S30

Drumark 307

Druniaroad ; ridge

of

tbe road: p. 218.

Drumart, . . . .

154

DruiDary, . .

115

Druniatybonniff, .

308

Drumavanagu, . .

95

Druiubanaway,

280

Prumbannow, . .

308

Druiiibiiuiia,

72

Drmnbiiiiiisk,

72

303

Drunibonniv, , .

308

Driiinboory, . .

12

Druinboy ; yellow ridge

p. 279.

Dniiiibiibum, Driiinbul

caiiii

22

Drimibulgiiii, . .

22

12

])riiiiu;aiiii(>ii, . .

275

Drumcaiion, . .

275

Druiiicarbit, . .

176

Druiiicett,

40

Druiueboiick ; ridge ot

meeting : p. 404.

Drnmclami)b, . . .

80

198

Drnmcloavry, ,

8

Drnnicliff, ....

198

Dnancogbill, . . .

200

Drumcollop ; ridge of

beifers : p. 306.

Drnnicoora, ....

73

Diunicrampb ; wild gar

lie ridge : j). 347.

Drunidart, Diuuidartan

306

Drumdiffer, ....

. 269

Drunidiba, ....

. 4:!4

Prinndran, ....

. 296

Drunietbbal ; low ridge

p. 443.

65

Dnniilliigli ; wet ridgo

p. 411.

Di"iini"'un)))b . ,

. 249

Diumgarrow, Druni-

garvejroiigb ru.ge:

p. 475.

Index of Names.

507

PAGE

Dnimpaw, 179

Drutngoff, 249

Drumgramph, .... 348

Tlrmiigiiff, Ditimguiff, . 249

])nimliiifj:(>iirl., .... 93
J)nimltiillngli ; diily

i-idgo : p. 390.
Druiniiarsna; cross ridgo :

p. 440.

Drumliawra, .... 468

Driimboney, .... 352

Druuihoj, 4.')8

Drumliurrin, .... 228

Druminacrehir, . . . 382

Druuiingna, 426

Druminisclin, .... 406

Driiniiniskin, .... 406

Drumkeen, 64

Drumkeenngh, .... 337

Uruiukeo, 254

Driimlngby ; ridge of t.lio

sloiigli : p. 388.

Druralaunaglifc, ... 200
Druinlea, Drumleagh ;

groy ridge : p.

2KI.

Druiidcaeo, 220

Drimilci'kiipy, .... 27

Driitnl.'slor, .... liH)

J)nmiliff 3.S5

])ruit)limn, 336

Drutumallaglit, . . . 480
Druiumanlane ; wliito

little ridge: p. 418.

Driiintnany, . . . • 95

Dniniinonagh, .... 445

Drumminacknow, . . . 319

l)nimmiimciiniia, . . . 352
Drumminroo ; red lilLlo

ridge : p. 278.

Driinuuonum, .... 460

Dvumnagar, 177

Drumnagee, .... 247

Driimnalifferny, . . . 336
Druranatnallaght; see

Drutnmallnght.

Dniinnalost, .... 430

Drumuaiueol, , . . , 291

PAGK

Dnimnamether, . . . 191

Drumnascnmph, . . . 844
Drumnasillngh ; ridgo of

sallows : p. 350.

Dniinnasinoar, . . . 825

Dnimnnsorn, .... 228
DruTiinawall; ridgn of

the liedges : p. 216.

Priimqiiin, 64

Drumrahan, .... 331

Driunrahnee 331

Drumraine, Drumrainy . 331
Drumraiuor ; tliick ridgo :

p. 419.

Drumrane, 331

Drumreyagb ; grey ridge.

Drumsawry, .... 468
DrumscoUop ; ridge of

scollops : p. 203.
Druinsbancorick ; ridge

of tlie old meeting :

pp. 404, 481.

Drumsbeen, 249

Drumskool, 385

DriiniBlade, Druiiislecd, 178

Drimifliiiif., 251

Dnindarfiiia, .... 4 1(»

Driiniyarkin, .... 137

Diiiifrb, 209

Duff, 207

Duffcarrick, 267

Duffry, 268

Duness, 269

Duggerna Rocks at Kil-

kce, 27

DulliekCoTP, .... 310

Dunadry 445

Diiiianoory, 06

Dunanore, . . . .302, 303

Duiiaree 101

Dunbolg, 196

Dunbrin, 158

DunbuUoge, 197

Dunbuurawer, .... 419

Duncarbit, 170

Diincollog ISO

Diiiidertiiot Hi

Dundooan, . . . . 128

508

Index of Names.

Dunferris ; Fci-j^ua's for-
treas : p. 155.

Duiigeelia, 246

Dunglow 402

Diingorey Castle, . . . lt)()

Duiiinga, 425

Duniry, 140

Dimialial ; low fortress :

p. 443.

Dunkottle, ..... 40

Dunkilt, ..... 40

Dunleckny, 27

Dunnamaiiagh, ... 95

Diiii-na-3ciatli, .... 182

Dunnaval, 217

Dunovor, 473

])iinowon, 153

DunsciiUib ; fort of scol-
lops : p. 203.

T)uog, Duvof,', .... 208

J)urfly Island 230

Uiivillaun ; black island :
p. 207.

Eiistorfield, 4G8

Edonagee ; edan or liill-
brow of the wind : p.
246,

Edenngrena 240

Edonappa ; the abbot's

hill-brow : p. 94.

Edenatoodry, .... 116

Edonclaw, 220

Edonroagh ; grey hill-
brow : p. 282.

Edentrumly, .... 6

Edercloon, 444

Edcrglon 444

Edernagh, Edorny, . . 444

I<;ightor, 413

lOiik, 4 10

Ellistrin, 334

EUistrom, Ellistrou, . 334

Emlagher, ..... 448 '

Ennislaro, 446

Erin, 458

Erne river, 486

Eii-ibul, 426

PAQH

213
449

271
188
295
288
443
338
Eviahacrow, Evishbrecdy, 338

Erris, Errisbeg,
Ervallagh. . .

Eskoradooey, .
Eskernabrogiie,
Eskiialoughoge,
Essnaheory, . .
Etra, . . . .
lOvish, . . .

Fagher, ...
Fahanlunaghta, . . .
Fahavane ; white plat :

p. 276.
Fahor, ......

It'ahnia Lake, . . . .

Falcarragh,

Fallagh,

Falliuerlea,

Falloward, Pallowbeg, .

I''allowloa,

Falowvee, . . . .216,
Falls, Falls Road, . .
Falmaebreed, , .
Falinacrilly, . . , .
Falls Road, Belfast, . .
Falnasoogaun, ....

Faltagh

Faltia, l^alty, ....

It'altybanes,

Fanad,

Fananierin,

Fancroft,

Fanit,

Fan-na-carbad, . . .

Fantane,

ii'arbreaga, Farbreagiio, .
Farbreagiies, ....
Farbregagh, ....

li'arran,

I'ar-anacin-ky, . . .
Farranagalli:igh, . , .
Farrunaree ; land of the

king : p. 100.
Farranduff, black land.
FarranascuUoge, . . .
Farranaspig ; land of the

bishop : p. 91.

385
206

385

84
•216
216
165
21G
216
280
217
216
216
2i7
216
216
210
216

16
370
272

16
176

41
435
435
435
380
321
380

/ ndca^ of Names.

509

PAGE

Fnrranatoulfe, .... 380

Farrancassidy 77

Farrancleary, .... 91

Favrandahadore, . . . 122
Farranctra ; lower land :

Fan-aiiforc, .... 252

Farrangarode, .... ,381

Farraiigarrct, .... 381

Farrangarve, .... 380
Farraniiiirish ; disputed

land : 4G0.
Farrankeal ; narrow

land : p. 418.

Farranlsindrj, .... 122
Farranlester ; land of

the vessels : p. ] 90.
Farrannianagb, Farran-

manny, .... 94, 95

Farrannamanagb, . . 95

Farranrory, .... 381

Farranscullogc, . . . 114

Farransccr, 483

Farrantem))le, .... .380

Farranydaly, .... 381

Faslowart, 3.'{('i

Fasl.ry, ..;... 8

Fanglior, 385

Fnnlagh, 21G

l^'aiiloonfl, 21 (i

Faullies, 21(>

Fauna, 424

Faunarooska, .... 424

Faunrusk, 424

Fawn, 424

Fawnanierin ; slope of

tlie iron : p. 369.

Fawnarry, 408

Fawney, 424

Feabunaun rivulet, . . 300

Feagbquin, 3()0

Fearagb 338

Fearaun, 338

Fearboy, Fearglass, . . 337
Feavautia ; flooded

nmrsb: pp. 397, 412.

Fcdornagli, 19

I'^egat, 309

PAGE

Feebary 17

Fennor, 274

Feorisb River, .... 286

Feragb, 338

Ferbane, 337

I'Vrliorniigb, .... 43

Fotliorncon, .... 43

Fiories, 351

Finaway, 272

Finglas, '^^72

Finglasb, Finglasba, . 273
Finglen ; wbite glen.

Finglusb, 273

Finisclin, Finisklin, . . 406

Finnabrogue, . . . . 189

Finner 274

Finniby, 273

Finnisglin, 406

Finnor, 274

Finuure, 275

Finver, 274

Finvoy, 272

Firbreaga, 435

Fisb Island 486

Flegans 411

Floworbill 82

Fiugbanngb, Flngliany, 411

Fliigliorino, ^12

Fodi.gb, 383

lA)doon, Ji^odcnns, . . . 383

Fodla 459

Fodry, 11

Foffanagb, 332

Foffany (bane, rcngb), . 332

Fogbanagb, Fohanngli, . 332

Foglier, 385

Foilatliiggig, . .
Foilrannoii, . . .
Foildarg; red clilf

277.
Foilnacanony,
Foorkill, . .
Ford of Ling,
Forekill, . .
Forelacka, .
Fofgnoy, . .
l^'orkiil. . .
Fort-del-6r,

402

275
253
409
253
253
209
253
303

510

Lidex of Names,

I'AdlC

J'oBlragli ^

Foureiiil, 253

Fourknocks, .... 253

Pojdragla, ..... g

Fuushaduun, .... 36

Galcussagh, 277

Giilvonc, 277

G:'ll<'» 21G, mio.

Guiiaway, Ganuaragb, , 375

Gunnavaue, Gaunaveen, 375

Gannew, 375

Ganniv, 375

Gannougbs, 375

Gannow, 375

Gai-bally, .... 417, 476

G.iriniali, . . . 4.](;

Garlic Hill, . . . . '. ;{19
Garracluun, . . . 417, 475

Garraiiahralier, . , , <i(;

Garniiiakilka 3;;f,

Garraiiaiuuimgh, . . . <J5
Gurrananaspick ; birbop'a

Bbrubbery : p. 91.

Garranasbingaim, . . . 203
Garranboy ; yellow

shrubbery : p. 279.
Garrauenamuddagb ; tbe

sbrubliory of tbo

clowns : p. 1G4.

Garraiinnameetagh, . 113

Garravlagb, .... 5

Gari-iny, 5

Garrouse, 1 1

Gan-yantaggart ; (lie

priest's garden : p. 92.

Garryantanvally, . . . 482
Garry cam ; crooked gar-
den : p. 420.
Garryelober ; sheltered

garden : p. 250.

Garry clone, Garry cloy ue, 475

Garrygaiig, 429

Garrynagranoge, . . . 302
Garrynagreo, Garryna-

gry, 310

Garrynaneaskagh, . . 298

Garryuutinueel, . . . 228

Garry roe ; red garden :
p. 278.

Garsbooey,

Garlbratton, . . . .

Garvillaun ; rough is-
land : p. 475.

Garvoge

Gaugin Mountain,

Qaullicre,

Gilkagb, , ' ' ■

GilkyhiU, . . ■ ' ■

Giitagb, ....'.■;

Glan,

Glananore,

Glancain

Glancnllare ; glen of the

quarry : p. 373.
GlandarL, Glandarta, .
Glannabeora, .
Glannan, , .
(jiauuagillingb, \ \
Glaiuia-Kuddory Alls.,
Glaunoge, ....
Glaniiock, ,
Glanog, ....'■
Glanreagh; grey vlcn

p. 282.

Glascarn

Gliacarrig, ....
Glaaderry ; green oak

wood : p. 28 1.
Glasdrunnnan, .
Giasdrunimond, .
Glasgort, ....
Glasbacarriff River, .
Glasbagloragh, . .
Glasbanakeeroge, . ,
Glashananoon ; stream

let of the lambs : p

301.
Glasliawling, . . .
Glasbeenariargid, . .
Glasiigarriff river,
Glaskiil ; green wood : n

281.

Glaslough,

Glasnarget; brook of

silver : p. 3(55.

342
123

476
129

3S2
335
335
335
398
365
420

30l'>
287
39S
299
103
29
29
308

281
281

281
281
180
d75
67
295

65
71

475

281

Index of Names.

611

PAGE

rAOE

Glassillan, Glassillaun, .

232

Qlentrasna ; cross glc

n :

Glear,

70

p. 446.

Glonagragara, . . . .
Glenaljiry,

318

Gleoir river, . .

. 70

287

Glooria, ....

. 71

Glenane, Glenaiin ; little

Gloragb, ....

. 07

glen : p. 20.

Glove, ....

. 70

Oloiiarco; plon of tho

Gloroen Bridge, .

. 07

king: p. JUO,

Glory ford, . . .

. 07

Glenastnr, . . , .

487

Glory River, . .

. 67

Gleiiatallan, , . . .

373

Glouria, . . .

71

Glenatlucky Wood, . .

402

Gluaire, ....

. 71

Glcnaward,

112

Gobnadruy, . .

. 100

Glenbower,

48

Gold Mine River,

. 361

Glenboj ; yellow glen :

Goleen, Goleen Eridg

e, . 263

p. 279.

Govagb Wood, .

. 24

Glcnbradapli, . . . .

no

Goroy, ....

. 24

Glenbrii'keeii, . . . .

310

Gorniagl), . . .

. 282

GloncoppogMfrli, , . .

347

Gorniinisb, . .

. 282

Glonroiim or Glcncauni,

420

Gorndoo, . . .

. 282

Glendalligan, . . . .

20

Gortacburk, . .

. 321

Glendavagli, , . . .

434

Gortaclee, . . .

. 220

Glendoo ; black glen : p

Gortaclivore, . .

. 220

267.

Gortaclob, . . .

. 439

Glenfliieb,

411

Gortacollopa ; field

of

GlenfofannT, . . .

332

tbo beifer : p. 306.

GlcngM, .'....

I7<)

Gorlaeorka ; Hold

of

(ilcngiiniigli, . . . .

37 'i

(mtfl: p. 321.

Glcngar, ....

417

Gortaforia ; field

of

Glcngnolo, ....

liOf)

benns : p. 323.

Glengorni'; bliiisli glcn :

Gorlaleon, . . .

. . 328

p. 282. ■

Gort^ihighauy,

. . 411

Glenkeel, ....

418

Gortanore, . . .

. . 364

Glenkeo ; glen of fog : p

254.

Gortapboria . .

. 323

Glennacannon, . . .

276

Gortareo; field of

tbo

Glennacunna ; glcn o

king : p. 100.

firo-wood : p. IJ51.

Gortaroe; red fields

p.

Glenuagark, . . .

200

278.

Glonii;igo;u-o, . . .

323

Gort.iroo, Gorlarowo

V, . 341

Gloiinrinidng, . . ,

310

Gorlataggiirt ; prii

sL's

Glennanamnier, . .

431

field : p. 82.

Olcnnanuiumer, . .

431

Gortatanavally,

. . 482

Glennascaul, . . .

105

Gortateean, . .

. . 330

Glonnyhorn, . . .

322

Gortatrussa, , .

. . 402

Gleiioge ; see Glanoge.

Gortutray, . , .

. . 222

Glenoognagb, . . .

485

Gortavacoosh, . .

. . 226

Glensbane, ....

1C9

Gortaward, . . .

. . Ill

(^Icnslmsk, Glonslicsk,

310

Gortcatn ; rrookod fie

Id:

Glcntillid, ....

316

p. 420.

512

Iiidcw of Agonies.

TAdK

Gortdrlabngli ; brambly

Held ; p. 355.
Gorteonadrolane, . . 296
Gorteenapheebera ; little
field of tlio piper : p.
449, note.
Goiteeuaplioria, . . . 323
Gorteenasiiingaiin ; little
field of tbo pisuiiros :
p. 292.
Gorteensbainrogue, . . 5()
Goi-teesbal, .... 443
GortieleaTe, .... 180
Gortiemeelra, .... 144
Goi-tlaban, Gortlane, . 418
Gortlaunagbt, .... 206
Gortlogber; rusby field;

p. 333.
Goitlownan, .... 34
Gortmaloon, .... 304
Gorlundilm, Goi-liiadiiiy, b'il
Gortandrass, .... 3.'')()

Gortnafira, 351

Gortnagap 354

Goi-tnagark ; field of tbe
(beatli-) bens : p. 298.

Gortnagier 324

Gortiinglcav, .... 198
Gortnagraiuigber, . . 10
Goitnagree, .... 310
Gortnagrogerny, . . . 318
Gortnaborna; field of tbe

barley : p. 321.
Gortnalubagb, . . . 389
Gortnalaliee, . . . . 389
Gortnalour, Gortnaloura, 82
Gortnalower, .... 82
Gortnalughoge, . . . 295
Gortnamackan, . . . 350
Gortnamackanee, . . . 350
Qortnaniearaeaun, . . 330
Gortuanark, .... 307
Gortnanoon, .... 304
Gortnasculloge ; field of

tbe petty farmers : p. 114.
Gortnasbiingan, Gortna-
sbingaun ; field of tbe
pismires : p. 292.

rAOK

Gortnasbarvoge, . , . 311

Gortnasmuttaun, . . . 383

Gortnasoolboy, ... 83

Gortnasytbe, .... 179

Gortnatraw, .... 222

Gortreiigb, Gortrevagb, 283

Gortyclery, 138

Gortyleaby, 188

Gortymaddon, .... 138

Gortylougblin, ... 137

Gougane, Gougane Barra, 429

Gouladane, 37

Goulaspurra, .... 62

Gouree, Gourie, ... 24

Goward, 70

Gowlin, 31

Gowran, 24

Gragaddor, .... 444

Gragarnagb, .... 318

Graigavino, .... 140
(Jraigiiagroana ; siiiiny

village : p. 2-10.

Graignaspiddoge, . . . 297
Graigueacbullaire ; vil-
lage of tbe quarry : p.
373.

Qranagb, 374

Graiiagban, .... 375

Grauig, 375

Grannagb, 374

Granny, 374

Gravale Mountain, . . 375

Groagb, 393

Greagbawillen, . . . 393

Greugbnageo, .... .S93

Greagbnagleragb, . . 393

Greaglinalougbry, . . 333
Greagbrevagb ; grey
mountain-field : p. 282.
Grean ; see Knockgrean.

Greanagb stream, . . 374

GrogMgb, Grogan, . . 339

(jrogeen, Grogey, . . 339

Groggan, 339

Gruig, 339

Gub, 438

f;..badorri8, .... 230

I Gubdoo 438

i

Index of JSanies,

6la

PAGH

Gubbs, 438

Gubbeen, 433

Gubnahinneora, . . . 203

Gubg, 438

Giih.irfl C)9

Guilcngh, Gtlilknirl) . . .TW

Gweelwrra, 260

Gweedore, 2C6

Gweesalia, 265

Headford, 236

Hoadfort, , . . 235, 236

Hen's Castle, .... 299

Ilook, Parish and Point, 128

Ilorscloap 317

Hospital, 80

Illnnnatoo,

Illatinbaun; white ia-
land- p. 383.

IlI:iniibo\vor, ....

lihiiiiicaaiu ; crooked
island : p. 42.

Illaunnambraher ; friars'
island : p. 96.

In(^iiafiino,

Inclingrcann, ....

Inchagreonoge, . . .

Ineliahighoge, ....

Iiiohannppa, ....

Inchanearl ; earl's is-
land : p. 68,

Inchera, . ,

Incherky Island,

Incliidony, . .

Incliinsqtiillib,

InrhinlroM, . .

Inchnaiioon, .

Ins:a, . . .

Ingard, . . .

In^ Point, . .

Inisbariio;?, . .

Intsclan, Inisrlin,

InisE:)|ga, . .

Inisfail, . . .

Iiiisbbcf,'. . .

Inislibobunnan,

luiebcorker, . ,

312
49

272
210
303
295
91

^51
441
121
203

222
304
425
425
425
312
406
464

41 I
301
229

PACE

Inishcraff, 347

Iniahdivann, .... 302

Inishee, .... 151, 429

Inisheer, 451

Inishkoen ; beautiful is-
land : p. 6.3.

Inislilounaght, .... 206

Iniahuiaan, 445

luisiimaino, 445

Inishmean, 445

Inishnuiay, .... 135

Inishnasoo, 324

Inishogbt, 428

Inishoro 415

luishraber, 831

Inishroo, 343

^0\,. 11,

Inis Samor

486

Inncoin-nan-Dcisp, . .

202

lrns:lili<'onor, . . . .

137

Ireland,

458

lie stroun,

287

Irreli.gh Abbey, . . .

449

Irrus,

212

Irrus-Ainhagb, . 212

249

Isknagahiny, ....

359

iHlnnd Caimk, ....

467

Islaudganniv ; sandy Is-

land : p. 376.

Ivoagh barony, . . .

159

Jerpoinfc,

170

Kanargad ; eilyer head or

hill : p. 365.

Keal, Kcale, . . 15

418

Kealariddig, . . . .

371

Koalbrogeon stream : p.

189

Xonlid,

15

Keam,

385

Keave,

339

Keel,

418

Kcphȣrb, Keelncliy, . .

419

Keclderry,; narrow oak-

wood : p. 418.

KecUane, . . , . .

41

Keem in Acliill, . . .

(15

Koenngb

337

Kcenaghaii,

337

34

514

Index of Names.

PAQK

Keenheen, 41

Keenoge 337

Keenrath, 63

Keerglen, 271

Keeruaun, 34

Keevagh 339

Keilagh, 419

Kells, .... 234, 235

Kelsha, 9

Kenbane, .... 276
Kenlie, ... .235

Kenramer in Rathlln, . 420

Zereight 110

Kevin's Kitchen, . . . 225

Keyanna, 397

Keywee, 396

Kilbullyowon, .... 153

Kilbeacauty 28

Kilbegnet, 28

Kilbnick, Kilbracks, . . 288

Kllbrlttulii, 123

Kilcloher, 250

Kilcock, .300

Kilconduff 157

Kilconny, 352

Kilcoorha, 73

Kilcreevanty, .... 28

Kilcreinan, 168

Kilcrumpor, .... 93

Kilouiureragh, .... 93

Kildellig, .• ... 334

Kildreenagh 4

KildresB. 836

Kilfane 129

Kilfaul 216

Kllfenora, ..... 275

Kilfergus, 155

Kilfintan, 36

Kilfountain, .... 36

Kilgilky, 335

Kilgraney, 2-12

Kilgreana, Kilgreany, . 242

Kilkit, 309

Killabban, 211

Killabraher ; church of

the friar : p. 96.
Killaclug ; church of the

beU:p. 184.

PAQB
KlUadroY, . : . . . 100
Killadullisk, .... 346

Killaghtee 151

Killakee, 162

Killaleon, 328

Killananima, . . , 466

Killascaul, . . . . 105

Killasnot,

Killaspeeuan,

Killaspy, , .

Killeenadeema, . . .

Killeenboy ; yellow little

church : p. 279.
Killeeshal ; low church or

wood : p. 443.
KilloUery, , .
Killicka weeny, . . .
Killiiuor, ...
KiUiiuorbologue, . . .
KilliiiaBpick ; diurch of

tlio bibhop: p. 91.
Killinawas, .
Killineer,
Killinordan,
Killodiernan,
Kiilodonnell,
Killogilleen,
Kiilodonnell,
Killoran,
Kilioiiglitor,
Kill St. Ann,
Killyblane, .
Killyblunick,
Killycolpy, .
Killycouny, :
Killycrackeu,
Killycramph ; wood of

wild garlic : p. 347.
Killyfad, Killyfaddy,
Killyflugh, ....
Kiliygordon, .... 350
Killykeen, ..... 63

Killyleen 328

Killymallaght ; wood of

curses : p. 479.
Killynanum, .... 466
Killyneary, .... 115
Killyneece, . . , . 155

324
92
172

108
140
203
141
139
141
185
148
442
22
265
209
307
351
117

417
411

Index of Karnes,

516

Killyneery, .
Killynumber,
Killyramer, .
Killyrover, .
Kilinacfvnonrln,
Kilinncdungli,
Kilmacduaue,
Kilraacnoran,
Kilmaglisb, Kiliiinglusb
Kilmaine, Kilmaine-

more, ...
Kilmakee, ....
Kilmakerogo, . . .
Kilmastulla, . . .

Kilmeague

Kilinoguo, ....
Kilnacolpagh, . . .
Kiluagarbot, . . .
Kilnageor, ....
Kilnaheery, Kilnahera,
Kilnaraanagli, .
Kilnamarfcry, ■ . .
Kilnantoge, ....
Kilnappy, ....
Kilimrovanagli, . .
Kilnasudry, . . .
Kilquain, Kilquan, . ,
Kilrossanty, ...

Kilruddery,

Kilsallagh

Kilsallaghan, . . . ,
Kilacohagh, . . . .
Kilscohanagh, , . . .
Kilshannig, Kilebaimy, .

Kilsoiigh,

Kiltallagban

ICill.amngli,

KilUUaliaii,

Kiltoy,

Kiltrasna,

Kihvorlb,

Kinallon,

Kinarla,

Kinatevdilla, . . . ,
Kinawlia, . . . . ,
Kiiiciisloiigb, . . . ,
Kinduff ; black head : p,

267.

PAGE
116

431
420
419

59
195
129

142
282

445
153

285

144

30

30

300

17G

324

287

95

333-
94
125
IIG
156
8
102
390
358
327
327
135
342
357
417
357
457
416
97
65
465
201
l'.)5
264

Klngarriflf, Klngarrow,

Kingarve ; rough head :

p. 475.

Kingscourt,

Kingsland

Kinkool ; narrow bead :

p. 418.
Kinramor • thick bead :

p. 419.
Kippagh,
Kippeenduff,
Kippin, KippindufT
Kippnre Mountain,
Kisbkoam, .
Kivvy, . .
Knag Hill, .
Knavagb,
Knigb, . .
Knight's Mountain,
Knigbtatown, .
Knock Abbey, .
Knockacaharua,
Knockacbeo,
KnockacoUer, .
Knorkacomortia
KnockacuUata,
Knockadilly, .
Knockadroleen ; hill of

the wren : p. 296.
Knockagarranbaun,
Knockagb, . . .
Knockakilly, . .
Knockakip, . . .
Knockalobert, . .
Knockamoobane, .
Knockanalban,
Knockananoel, . .
Knockananiadauo,
Knockananima,
Knockananty, . .
Knockanaplawy, .
Knockanarroor, .
Knockanbrack,
Knockanimpaha, .
Knockanimrish ; bill of

tlio dispiito : p. 460.
Knockanooker, ....
Knockanore, . . 364,

101

100

354
354
354
353
386
339

12
349
325
103
103
292
108
254
373
461
488

11

276
364
300
353
333
392
124
374
164
465
333

79
318

21
457

119
865

616

Index of Namos,

I'AOE

Knoctanouganieh, . . 485

Knockamilty, .... 127

Knockapharsoon, ... 58
Kuockariildcra ; knight's

hill : p. 102.

Knockaspur, .... 62

Knockatassonig, . . . 124

Kiiockatavy, . . . 312

Knockathou, .... 478

Knockatoo 342

Kuockatudor, .... 116

Knockaunabroona, . . 172

Knockaunalour, ... 82

Kuockaunbrack, ... 21
Knockauncarragh ; rough

little hill : p. 476.

Knockavocka, .... 163

Knockavrogeen, . . . 189

Kuockavuddig, ... 164

Kiiockawuddy, . . . 164
Knockbowor ; doaf hill :

p. 46.

Kuockcoolkeare, . . . 323
Knoekcorragh ; rough

hill : p. 476.

Knockdoe Hill, ... 180

Kuockearl, 59

Knockeenatuder ; little

hill of the tanuor : p.

116.

Knockeevan 64

Knookergiana 12

KnockorsuUy, .... 13

Knockfad, Kuockfadda, 417

Knockfenora, .... 275

Knockfin, Kuockfune, . 272

Knockgrcan, .... 242

Knockmanagb, ... 94

Knockmoie, .... 416
Kuockinoyuagh ; Mun-

eteriuan'fl hill ; p.

126.

Knocknabrogue, . . . 188

Knocknacarney, . . . 108

ilnocknacaska, .... 4(;7

Knocknadihaj .... 434

Enocknadrooa, ... 99

Knocknafaugber^ . i . 386

Knocbiagilky ; hill

of

the broom : p. 334.

Kuocknagoran,

. 24

Knocknagranogy, .
Knoc;knagulliagb, .

. 303

299

Knockiialower,

82

Knocknamanagh, .

. 94

Knocknaaoed, . .

. 179

KnockiiaBoggano, .

. 293

Knocknashammer,

. 56

Kuocknashamroge,

. 56

Knocknasbane, .

. . 292

Kiiocknasbangan, .

. 292

Kaocknaslinna,

. . 373

Knocknasu£P, . .

. 324

Knocknatinnyweol,

. 228

Kuockoura, . . .

. 273

Knock rawer ; thick hill ;

.p. 419.

Kuocki-eby, . . .

. 309

Knocksaggart ; priest'a

hill : p. 92.

Knockscdan, . , .

. 248

Knockshearoon, .

. 169

Knocktoraii, . .

. 212

Knockycoeker, . .

. 137

Kye,

. 396

Kyloadoher, . .

. 470

Kyloadubir, . . .

. 470

Kylebrack, . . .

. 288

Kylenasaggart,

. 92

Kyleoniedan ; foo.

'8

wood : p. 163.

Kyleonermody,

. 141

Kylesalia, . . .

. 256

Kylespiddoge, . .

. 297

Kylotilloge, . . .

. 358

Kyletrasna, . . .

. 447

Kylowee, ....

. 447

Labara, Labarus, Labor, C8

Labba-mac-Duagb, . . 195

Labbinlee, Labbyaulee, . 104

Labrann, 68

Laukansoaul, .... 105

Lackantedane, .... 248

Lackavrea Mountain, . 47Q

Lnckaweer, Ul

Index of Names.

617

PAGE

Laganore, 366

Lagflugh ; wet hollow : 411.

LagliaghglaBS, .... 389

Lnghoy, Lngliy, . . . 389

Lriglilciuislc, 4()7

Lngt.Mg(.i)p,)go, . . . 317

Lnluigli 389

Laharan, Laliarran, . . 381

Lnhoon, 3S9

Lask River, 474

Latgeo, 247

Latnaraard, 112

Lavaran, 42

Lavaroen, 57

I;awarrcen, 57

Loa, Lcagh, 281

Lcaffony lliver, ... 70

Loaghiii 284

Loagimn, 284

Loalia, Leahys, . . . 284

Loaheen, 284

Learn, 317

Leamaneh, 317

Leamaroba, 309

Ijoamawaddra, . . . . 317

Loaiiilara, 317

Loamnahye Island, . . 469

Leamokevoge, .... 284

Lcany, 401

Leap, 317

Learden, 36

Leckanvy, 249

Leedaun, 36

Lcenane 407

Leganamcr, 431

Legatillida, 316

Lpgatraghia, .... 252

Logavannon 305

Lcgilly 277

Legnaliorna ; hollow of

the barley : p. 321.

Leigbaii, lioiglion, . . 284

Lemnabellia, .... 317

Lomnnlnry, 317

Loinnaroy, 317

Lonabowor, .... 49
Ijennloughra ; rnehy wet

meadow : pp. 333, 401.

PAGE

Lenamore, 401

Lenareagh, Leuarevagh ;

grey wet meadow

282.
renimglit, .
Lcny, . . .
lipo, I,ooh, .
LcojiardsLown,
Lettercannon,
Letterdife, .
Letterlougber,
Lengh, Lewagb
Lickerrig,
Lickiiauu,
Licknayar,
Liokny, .
Jjnduaobaill, ,
Ling, Ford of,
Liiigaun River,
Linns, . . .
Lisacogiiill, . .
Lisanargid, . .
Lisaslaun, .
Lisatilister,
Lisbiinny, . .
Lisbiirn, . . .
Liscloonmceltoge

tbo meadow

midges : p. 292.
Liadillure, .
Lisdrumcleve;
Lisglass ; green fort

281.
Lisglasgock, . .
Lisbeenaleen, . .
Lislieenanargid,
Lisheonanicrin,
Lisbeennagat ; liltlo

of the cats : p. 308.
Lisheennashingane,
Lislieenvicnahpoba,
Liskea, Liskeagb, .
Lislane, ....
Liamoro, . . .
Ijinnacreagbt, .
Lisiiagar demesne,
Lisnngarvy, . .
Lisnagat, . . .

fort of
of tbo

fort

200
401
345

82
275
434
333
345
278

34
122

27
408
409
475
409
200
368

85
334
411
120

11

198

297
329
368
370

293
469
183
418
182
109
177
120
309

618

Index of Na

Lisnngeer ; fort of the

berries : p. 323.

Lisnagelvin, ....

297

Lisnagloos

427

l.isuagonoge, ....

191

LiBiiaguuogue, . . .

191

Lisnaliedema, ....

462

Lisniimiiitry, ....

IIG

Lisnanoul,

102

Lisnapouva ; fort of the

beans : p. 323.

Lisnaree ; fort of the

kings : p. 100.

Lisnarode,

218

Lisnasallagh, Lisnasil-

lagh,

Lisnasaesonagh ; the fort

357

of the Englishmen : p.

124.

I-isnaeoo,

324

Lisnasoolmoy, ....

83

Lisnasprunane, . .

324

Lisoid,

382

Lisomadaun ; fool's fort :

p. 163.

Lisrenny

331

Lisroe ; red fort : p. 278.

Lissacurkia, . . . .

321

Lissadulta

145

Lissaglianedan, . . .

5

Lissagbuiore, . . . .

5

Lissaleeu ; fort of flax :

p. 327.

Lissanair

338

Lissanarroor, . . . .

318

Lissanierin

370

Lisaanode,

382

Lissanover,

473

Lissasmuttaun, . . .

353

Lissatagglo

322

I.issatunna, Liasatunii)',

220

Lissofln,

152

Lissoughter

442

Lissurland,

339

Listooder,

117

Listraghee,

8

Llstraheagny

9

Lluyd, Hill of, . . . .

173

CAOH

Lohort 330

Loobagh Eiver, . . . 424

Loonaghtau, .... 206

Lorton, 336

Lossot, 430

Loughacranuoreen, . . 42

Lough Afoor 252

Lough Aguso 358

Loughiikoo, 254

Lougii Aleenauu, . . . 407

Lough Alunaghta, . . 206

I.oughanalla, .... 301

Loughanargid, .... 366

Loughanargit, .... 366

Loughaueeg 89

liouglianeanvriuk, . . . 313

Loughaniorin, .... 370

Lough Aniiuuia, . . . 208

Loughan Island, ... 21

I.ouglianloii, .... 89

Lougiianloagh, ... 90
Loughanlevvnaght ; same

as Lough Alunaghta.

Loughannadowu, • . . 258

Loughannagilla, . . . 277

Loughannasool, ... 89

Louglianscaul, .... 105

Lougharnagh, .... 6

Lough Arudda, . . . 371

Lough Atalia, .... 257

Loughatallon, .... 373

Lough Atedaun, ... 248

Loughatorick, .... 212

Loughaunnavaag, . . . 334

Lough Ayellowin, ... 298

Luugii Ayelvin, ... 298

Lough Ayoosy, . . 358

Ijoughbane, Loughbaun, 276

Loughbraddan, ... 311

Lough Bolshade, ... 379

Lough Boolyuagrouna, . 241

Loughcarnaman, . . . 295

Louglicaehleen, . . . 264

Lough Clooshgirrea, . . 427
Lough Cluher, . . 136, 250

Lough Oong, .... 410

Lough Coura, .... 73

Lough Oowey, .... 157

Index of Names.

519

PAGE

Lough OrlUan, . . .

891

Lough Groan, ....

281

Lough Cuan, ....

261

Louglidehoen, Loiiglidi-

lioon,

431

LongliJoo,

2C.3

Lousluluff,

208

Lough Egisli, ....

112

Loughor, Lougbormoro,

333

Lough EyoB, ....

89

Loughfen

334

Lough feedora, . , .

118

Lougbgal, ....

277

Lougligjihiane, . . .

297

Lough Gill, . . .

277

LougliglasB, . . .

276

Lougli Glore, . . .

70

Lough Gowna, . .

484

Loughinialand, . .

21

Lougliinsholin, . .

149

Lough Iron, . . .

3G9

Loughkeon, ....

63

Lough Lohery, . .

333

Loughmoe, ....

189

Loughmurree, , . .

2.55

Lough Muskry, . .

379

Lough Nabrack, . .

. 313

Lough Nabrackalan,

315

Lougli Nabrakbady.

. 315

Lough Nabrackbautia,

316

Lough Nabrackbeg, .

. 315

Lough Nabrackboy, .

. 314

Lough Nabrackdcolion,

. 316

Lougli Nabrackdarrig,

. 314

Lough Nabraokdorg,

. 314

Lough Nabiackkpagli,

. 314

Lough Nabrackrawcr,

. 315

Lough Nabrackmoio, 315, .TIC.

Loughnabraddan,

. 310

Lough Nacreaght, .

. 109

Lough Nacrilly, . .

. 391

Lough Nacuug, . .

. \m

Lough Nadreegeel, 418, 419

Lough Nadrooa, . .

. 100

Loiigb Nngarnaman,

. 295

Loughuahecry, . .

. 288

Loughnakeeroge, . .

. 295

Lough Nftkcy, . . .

. 397

PAGE

Loughnamhrack, . . , 313

Lough Nainbrackdarrig, 314
Loughuambraddan, . .311

Loughnameoltogue, . . 292

Lougli Nanpgisb, . . . 112

Lough Nanoon, . . . 304

LoughnaBhado, . . . 378

Longhnashandrpo, . . 98

Lough Nasnahida, . . 209

Lough Nasool, ... 89

Lough Ora, .... 285

Loughorno, Loughourna, 322

Lough Ramor, . . . 420

LougbrosB more and beg, 190

Loughrud, 371

Loughry, 333

Loughsallagh, .... 26

Lougbsheedan, . . . 248

Lough Shillin, .... 149

Lough Shindilla, . . . 201

Lough Sillan, .... 357

Lough Skuddal, . . . 199

Lough Slaun, .... 85

Lough Slug, .... 402

Lough Swilly, .... 440

Lough tee baroiiicB, . . 471

Loworton, Lower town, . 337

Lowran, 42

Loysb, 4.30

Luagbnabrogue, . . . 189

Lubitayish, .... 14

Lucan, 32

Luffertan, Luffertaun, . 336

Lugasnnghta, .... 2.52

Lugatallin, ..... 373
Lugboy ; yellow hollow :

p. 2^9.

Jjuggacurron, .... 31

Lugganammor, . . . 431
LugglasB ; green hollow :
p. 281.

Luogh, 345

Lurgantamry, .... 469

Lusmagh, 76

Lustia, Lusty, .... 430

Lyardano, 36

Lyneen, 166

Lyradane, 36

520

Index of Names.

1

^AQU

PAQB

Mac Art's fort, . . .

154

Meen bog,

46

Rluckun, Maokanagli, .

350

Meenirroy, . . . .

165

^Maciiagh, Macknan, . .

350

Meeniska

400

Mackney,

;]50

Mocubigb

416

Macreary,

392

Mcenniore ; great moun-

Macroom,

422

tain meadow ; iip. 400,

Maglioradiirtiii ; plain nf

413.

luiifora; p. 30fj.

]\[noiu(':i;;b ; /jjroy moun-

Mnglioraglaas, ....

441

tain meadow :"i)p. 282,

WagLoraaoarla, Magber-

400.

anorla ; tlio plaiu of

Mc'onscovano, . . . .

344

tbe earl : p. 58.

Moentanakill, . . . .

401

Magberaecouse, . . .

13

Meontoges, . . . .

401

Magberasbagbry, . . .

169

Meentyflugb, . . . .

401

Magbereagb ; grey plain.

Menlo or Meniougii,

416

Magbereen

31

Meenvano, Meonwuun,

400

Maglierintendry, . .

98

Meosball

444

Magboruaebaugan, .

293

Monlougb or Menlo,

416

Maberaneig, ....

73

Mill Brook or EcUana-

Malone, MaKxm,

804

{,'anny, ....

119

Maiigcrton Mountain, .

44

MiUlord, ....

107

Martara,

406

Mira

12

Jlartray, Martry, . .

4GC)

]\Iibbal9, ....

444

Maugbantoorig, . .
Maiiheralieve, . . .

469

]\Iiskisb MouoUinri, .

462

299
416

l\lilL-licL-,town, . . .

258

Mauuitrasna

]\lilrln'lstowndown, .

258

Mauteoge, ^lautiagb, .

412

Moanbi'can, . , .

397

Maynebog,

46

Muandoberdagb, . .

470

Meeltoge, Meeltogues, .

292

Moanfin, Moanfoun,

Meen,

400

Moanfuue ; white bog

Meenacbarbot ; mount ain

p. 271.

meadow of tbe chariot:

Moanleana, . . .

401

pp. 175, 400.
Meenacbaryy, . . . .

121

Moanour, ....

285

Moan wing, ....

394

Meenacung, . . . .

409

MocoUop, ....

306

Meonagvanogo,

303

Modcsliil, ....

456

Moonagraiiv, . . . .

4()0

Mobuibuliog, .

197

Moonaliony, . . . .

401

Moiiernagii,

C

MeenaguBO, . . . .

358

Mobornaslianimer, .

55

Meonabeory ; moiiiilnin

]\lonacluama, . . .

352

Ual ol" tbo duu cow :

Monacoeka; dirty bog

p. 287.

p. 166.

Mcenanarwa, . . , .

819

Monafcbadee, . . .

. 397

Meenaninierish, . . .

460

Monngear, ....

. 324

Meenatawy ; mountain

Monagoush, . . .

. 358

meadow of the sorrel :

Monagreauy, . . .
Mouaboora, . . .

240

p. 841.

. 288

Meenbane,

400

1 Mouairmoro, . . .

. 838

Index of Names.

621

little

Moonakeeba, . . .

Monalahy

Monaleen, ....

Monalla,

Jfonnnimy, ....
JIoiiiiparBoii, . .

Moimrco, ....
Moiianul ; bog of tl

iron pciim : p. 07 1.
MoiiMscecl, . -
Monnspiok, .
Monnsterboice,
Monastcrcvin,
^lonnBtcrlynn,
^lonastornalea
Moiiasteroris,
Monavoddagb, . ,
Monoarla ; carl's bog.
Monenrmore, .
Moucenbrnda^h,
IMonecnnnspjtbo,
Moueenreave, .
Moneenroe ; red

bog : p. 278.
Miiliojcoiioy, ,
Moiicydollog, .
Monojgold,
Moiiojgorbet, .
Monojmoon, .
Money rod, . .
Moiieysharvan,
Moneysliingaun ;

bery of ants : p
Moneysterliiig, ,
MonfT, Mongiigb, Mon-

gan, Mongami,

Mongavliii,

]\lonl(iiovvtown, . .

Monog,

Monrongh ; grey bog :

p. 270.
Mooglmun, Moohane, .

Moraghy,

Moreragh,

Morning Star River, 48

BInroo,

Blogstown,

Motabower ; deaf moat ;

p. 40.

PAOB

340

389
329

301

208

f.8

100

179
91
233
2.^3
149
234
143
IG4

338

no

179
372

ebrub-
292.

3.12

;t;;.T

140
170
417
371
341

149

310
31

m

29

392
415
415
480
278
337

PAGB

Mount Equity, .... 464

Moyallen, 65

Moyarget. 365

Moyarney, 211

Moybolgiio 197

MoyeighLrngb, .... 443
BFoy, l<;tra and Oti-a, . 443
Moygarriff ; rough
pliiin : p. 475.

Moylebid, 418

Moyletra, Kill and Toy, 443

Moynagh, g

Moynagban, .... 6

Moyng, 393

Moyode, 382

Moyroe, 278

Mf)y8nagbt, 251

Moyvougbley, .... 188
Muchknock, .... 416
Muchrath.Mucbrock, . 416
Miu-kanagbederdauhalia, 256
Muckross Abbey, . . . 448
Miiggalnagrow, ... 73
393
85
393
393
393
247

Muing, ....
Miiingatlannliisb, .
Miiingatoglior, . .
Miiingbaun, . . .
Miiingnaniinnano,
Miilgrcth, . . .
MiiUabrack . . .
Mulladrillen, . .
Mullafernaghan, .
Mullngh, The, . .
MulinghaBtnrrakeen,
Mullngbbrark, . .
MnlJMgh (Jarbadiigh,
.Miiliaghch'ovatin, .
Miillaglicroy, . .
Mullaghdarrig, Mullagh-

dorg ; red Bummit

277.
Mullaghraesha,
MiiUaghnoney,
Mullaghoran, .
Mullnglinittery,
MiillnghBlin,
ihiUaiiabattog,
MuUanacask, .
Mullandaragh,

296

33

40

38

289

170

198

477

196
202
148
103
373
412
467
433

622

Index of Names.

PAGli

MuUannavode, .... 382

Mullanebelliatragh, . . 334

MuUantain, 330

Mulhintine, 330

Mullantra, 399

Mullaroe, 98

Mullatigorry, .... 1C8

Miillauiiavotlo, .... 882

MiilloiilHiWor, .... '19

Mullonkough, .... 49
MuUenorau, near Mul-

lingar, 320

Mulliuaback Laiio, . . 16(5

Mullingee, 247

Mullybrack, .... 289

MuUybrit, 289

MuUyimlugbogo, . . . 295
MuUyailly ; summit of

tbe sallows : p. 356.

Miilinontry, . . . . 116

Mulnaborn 322

Mulroy, 279

Miinga, Muugan, Mun-

gaun, 340

Murbaun, 41

Murlough, 255

Mynagb 6

Mysball, 444

l*.'antinan, 333

Newbrook, 424

Newtownbarry, or Bun-

clody, 395

Newtown Moynagb, . . 12G

Nier riyer, 286

Nympbsfield 303

Oddor, 286

O'Dornoy 110

Ogoiinilloo MO

Oiltiagb elroam, ... 8

Oorid, 15

Oorla 339

Ora, Ora-more, Ora-beg, 285

Oriel, 364, 450

Orior, 450

OrletowD, 451

Orkney Islands. ... 308

PA as

Orrery, , 62

Otra, 443

Oughter, 442

Ougbteranny, .... 442

Oiigbtmama, .... 428
Ougbtymore, Ouglity-

nioyle 428

Ouloy, 4

Own.gii, 280

Oiivauo, 27(5

Ouvry, 477

Oweuacabina, .... 359

Owenascaul, 105

Owennavrea, .... 477

Owenboy 280

Owengarve River, . . . 475

Owenkoagb, .... 89

Owennaforeesba River, . 69

Owennagloor 301

Owonnamnllagbt, . . . 479

Owennashad liivor, . . 378

Oweunasbingaun, . . . 293

Owenriff, 372

Owen roe, 278

Owensbree, 221

Owenskaw, 482

Owenure, 252

Owenwee, 280

Ower, 285

Owvane river, .... 276

Palace, Pallas, . ... 232

Pallas Grean, .... 242

Pallas Kenry, .... 232

Pallis, 232

Park, 60

Parkaniniorisb, . . 460

I'arkadova, (iO

Purkatliiggera, .... 402

ruikavaroosli 226

I'ariigarrlir, I'arkgai-yo, 475

Parknagappid, .... 60

Parknaglantane, ... 60

Pai-knascaddane, . . . 312
Parknasilloge ; park or

field of the sallows : p

356.
Parki'oe;redfi6ld:p.278.

Index of Names,

623

Parteen, 232

Phaleesh 232

Pigeon Rock, .... 301

PillLano, 263

Pill lUvor 2('.2

PiUlowii, 202

Pintown, 225

Pislmtrngl) 323

Pismiro Hill 2'J2

Pointantirrig, . . . . 310

Polcloody, 146

Pollacullaire, .... 373

Polladoo, Polladooey, . 271

PoUadooby, .... 271

PollaginniTe, .... 375

PoUanaekan, .... 310

PoUandoo, 271

PoUataggle, 323

PoUatlugga ; bole of the

swallow : p. 401.

Pollnagoliira, .... 301

Pollnamoghill, .... 188
PoUnasiUagh ; bole of

the sallows : p. 356
Pollowor ; groy bolo

285.
Pollsharvogo,

Port,

Portacloy, .

Portadown, .

Portanab, .

Portarlington,

Portavogie

Portcoon, .

Portcrusha, .

Port-doha in Aran,

Portduff ; black bank or
landing-place : pp. 230,
207.

Portland,

Portleen ; bank or laud-
ing place of flax : pp.
230, 327.

Portloman,

Portnacrinnaght, . . .

Portimskully, ....

Pottlorath

PoulacuUeare

341
231
219
231

84
117

47
261
2,32
434

232

21
320
234
118
373

to hole :

Poulacurry, .
Poulakerry, .
I'oulanishery,
Potilarone, .
Poulatodaim,
1 'old ban n; whi

p. 276.
Poulbaiitia; subraorgod

hole : p. 412.
Poulgorm, .
Poulnaglug,
Poulnalour, .
Poulnarone,
Poulnasherry,
Poultallin, .
Proudly River,
Puffing Hole,
PuUis, . .

PAGE

432
432
291
290

248

. 282
. 185
. 82
. 290
. 291
. 373
, note.
. 248
13

Quarter Lenagh, . . . 401

Quin, 359

Quinsheon Island, . . 300

Qulntin Bay and castle, . 157

Quintinmanug, .... 460

IlagamuB, 14

Rahan, Rahaus, . 330, 331

Rahavanig, 95

Raheenabrogue, . . . 188

Raheenaclig near Bray, . 186

Raheenakit 309

Rabeenarran, .... 381
Raheenleagh; grey little

fort : p. 284.

Raheensheara, .... 169

Raheenyhooig, .... 458

Rahin, 331

Rahoran, 148

Rahugh, 86

Rainey, 332

Ramore, 415

Ramult ; fort ot wethers :
p. 305.

Ranaghan, 331

Ravuddy, 371

Rnsliedogo, 248

Raslllagh; fort of sal-
lows : p. 356.

624

Index of Names.

Rata88,

442

Rathargid,

368

Rathbeg

415

Rathbrack ; speckled fort

p. 288.

Riithbran,

158

Ratliclino

423

KlllllCDlllloU, ....

SI 1

Riillici'oglian, ....

9!)

Riithcuuiiartagh, . . .

42

Rathcuppoge ; fort of

dock leaves : p. 347.

Ratberrig,

278

Ratheyin,

64

Ratbfran

158

Rath gor muck, ....

141

Ratlihiigh,

152

Ratbinreo; fort of Lbo

king : p. 100.

Ratbleon,

329

Ratbmacnoo, . .

. 151

Ratb madder, . .

. 191

Rath more, . . .

415,416

Ratbnaleugh, . .

. 346

Ratbnalour, , .

. 82

RathnaluUeagb, .

. 316

Rttthnamagb, . .

. 294

Ratbnamuddagh, .

. 164

Ratbnarovanagb, .

. 125

Ratbordan, . . .

. 203

Ratbreagb, . . .

. 283

RathBallagh, . .

. 390

Rath-seanaidb,

. 471

Rathsillagb ; fort

of

sallows : p. 356.

Eatory, ....

. 52

Rattoo, ....

. 457

Raven Rock, . .

. . 74

Reafadda ; long rea

or

mountain flat : p. ^

17.

Roagh, ....

. . 283

Reagban, . . .

. . 283

Reatagli

. . 8

Red Hill in Sligo, .

. . 98

Ree, .....

. . 283

ReenabuUiga, . .

. . 249

Reennanallagane, .

. . 355

Reenrour, . . .

. . 419

PAOB

Reevanagh 445

Rehy, Rehy Hill, ... 309

Revlin, 372

Rindifin, 434

Ringreagb, C /^

Rinroo ; red point : p.

278.

l!.m.u-uni,-k, .... 200

Roaniiiiab, 2'.)0

Roaring water, ... 70

Eodeen, Roden, ... 218

Roevobngh, .... 278

Rolagb, 279

Roo, Roo House, ... 343

Rooaun, 279

Roogbaun, 279

Roob.gb, 279

Roos, 343

Rootagb, Rootiagb, . . 279

Roovos, 279

Uopefiold, 216

Rosargid, 365

Rosburnagb, .... 311

Rosbercon, . . . . 141

Roacam, 421

Roscat, 309

Roscavey, . . . • . 340

Rosenallis, 273

Rosmult 305

Rosroe ; red wood ; p,

278.

Rossabilly, 300

Rossalia, 65

RoBsbrin, 158

Rosaboy ; yellow wood :

p. 279.

Rossonily Abbey, . , 450

Rossgole 205

Rosslaro peninsula, . . 445

RoHaloa, 284

lloBspilo, 202

Rossroe ; red-wood : p.

278.

Roiiglian 279

Ro.itagb 279

Roverkilly, 216

Rowan, Rowans, . . . 279

Rowe, 343

Index of Names,

625

PAGE

279
290
343
279
27U

3i:{

420
843

101

Rowlagli, . .
Eoundatone Bay,
Bowreagh, . ,
R<in,ii, lliinnOB,
Ruiiiminoro,
Kubano UoiiBO,
Kubblo, . . .

Iltio

Rushweo ; yellow wood

or point : p. 279.
Rye Water,. . . .

St. Anne's Church, . . 22

Saleen, 257

Salia, 256

Sallaghan, Sallnghy, . 357

Salrock, 256

Samer River, .... 486

Sauce in Kerry, ... 14

Savagb, 14

Sawnagh, 6

Scartagh, 4

Scartore 368

Bcecoor, 73

Feool, Seoul 385

Bcolla, d59

Scrabo, 384

Scrahan, Scrahane, . . 384

Scralmus, 385

ScuUabogo, 203

Sculleen, 234

Scullogestown, . . . 115

Sedenrath, 248

Seooran, 147

Soorsha 483

Soorsbiii 483

Solloinaun 42

SoKim, 41

Senad Mac-Manus,. . . 471

Sepeal-na-hadhairce, . 441

Sereo, 483

Seskinoro, 285

Shanacashel 3

Shanafona, 481

Bhanaghy, 481

Sbanaknock, .... 481

Shananngh 294

Shanaragoon, .... 481

PAOB

ShanaToher, .... 481

Shanawillen, .... 481

Shancashlaun, .... 3

Sbancrock, 481

Shandrim 481

Sliandrnin, 481

Sbanoglish 482

Slmnganagb, . . . 293, 294

Sbanganny, .... 294

Sbangort, 481

Sbanid, 471

Shanmoy, 481

Sbannafreaghoge, . . 481

Shannow, Sbanow, . . 481

Sbanowen, 481

SbantaUiv, 380

Sbantallow, .... 380

Sbantonagh, Shantony, 220

Sbantraud, 482

ShantuUa, Shantullig, . 481

Sbanyober, 481

Sharavogue, .... 29

SbarToge, Sbarrogues, . 29

Sbeelruddera 103

Shoskinloobanagh, . . 424

Sliiinna River, . . . 834

Sblnanagh, 294

Sbindala, Sbindilla, . . 201

Shingnnngb 294

Sliingaun, Sblngaunagli, 294

Sbinnanagh, .... 294

ShintiUa, 201

Sbirsheen 483

Sliivdella 202

Sbivdclagb, Sblvdilla, . 201

Sbivon Iliver, .... 334

Sbronebirrane, ... 19

Sillagb, 357

Sillahortane, .... 43

SiUoge 357

SilverCeld, 306

Silver Hill 366

Silverwood, 365

Skahiea 483

Skaw, 482

Skecoor, 73

Skebanierin ; bush of tho
iron : p. 369.

626

Index of Names.

FAOB

Skenageehy ; bush of the

wind : p. 246.
Skibbereen, .... 42
Skirra-go-bifBi-n, ... 74
Skool, Skool Hill, . . 385

Slade Brook 387

Blade of Saggart, ... 387

SlanWell, 84

Slattagli, Slattinagh, . 354
Slaudnabrack, .... 387

SlieveAlp 386

Slieveanierln, .... 370
Slieveanore, .... 3G4

SHevebuck, 289

Sllevecarragh, Slievecor-

ragh,

Sliovocroob, ....
Sliovedart, ....
Slievedoo ; Slieveduff:

blaok mountain : p.

267.
SUevefoore,
Slievegadoe,
Slievegorm,
Slievo Igrine, .
Slieye League,
Slieve Miskieh,
Slievenagark, .
Blievenagrj, .
SlievenasLaaka,
SlieveHaTode, .
Slievereagh,

SlleveEussell, or Eushen,
Slieyesnagbt,
Blisb, . . .
Sliabmeen, .
Sluggara, Sluggary
Slug-ua-uiara,
Smear, . . .
Sinoarlagb, .
Sniorwlck, , .
Smuttanagli, .
Smutteriiagh, .
Sneem in Kerry
Snimnagorta, .
Snugyillo, . .
Socknalougb»r,
Socks, . .

476
439
306

253
463

282
52
86
462
299
310
340
383
283
25
251
201
201
402
433
325
325
359
352
17
437
438
250
439

PAoa

SoUogbod 356

Sonnagh, 220

Soodi-y ; a place for tan-
ning : p. 116.

Sooey, 342

Soolvane Bridge and River, 440

Sorr<

Soran, SornO;
Sorrel Island,

IIouBe,
Sow River, .
Spancelbili, . .
Spaug, . .
Speenoge, .
Spiddle, . . .
Spinans, . . ,
Spital, Spittle,
Spiinkano, , .
Sjjurroo, . . .

Sru

Sragb, Brail, .
Srabaubrogagb,
Sranagalloon, .
Sranayalloge, .
Srubaugarrow ; rough

sruhau or streamlet

p. 475.
Sr uhaungloragh,
Srubaun-more-ard
Sruhraungloragh
Stackarnagh, .
Stacks, . . .
Stags,. . . .
Strabane, . .
Straboe, . . .
Straboy, . . .
Strauamart,
Strananoon,
Straness, . . .
Strangford Lough
Stranorlar, .
Straw,
Sturgan, . ,
Sturrakeen, .
Sturrell, . .
Sturriu, . ,
Subulter, . .
Sumraerbank,
Summerhill,

228

342

342

253

165

324

80

324

80

24

62

399

399

437

297

311

67
74
67
59
60
60
399
399
280
307
304
399
261
425
399

230

468
468

Index of Names.

627

Sunglen, . .
Sunnngh,
Suntown,
Siinville, . .
Swilly Hum,
.Syliil'lloml, .
Syoria, . .
Sylaiin, . .

PAOB

244
220
242
244
440
171

m

357

Ta^gartsland, ... 92

Tagharina, ... .101

Taghnoose, 155

Tallavbaiin, 380

Tallavnamraher,
Tallow roe,
Tnmuadoey, .
Tang Eiver, . .
Tangaveane,
Tangincartoor, .
Tanrego, .
Taplagh, . . .
Tappaghan Hill,
Tarmon, .
Tarramud, . .
Tarrea, . . .
Tarenn, . . .
Tatteiulillur, .
TaTiiagliorna Burn,
Tavnaglirnnny, . .
Tawnivglibiuin ; white

field : p. 276.
Tawnagligorm ; blue
field : p. 282.

Tawnauasbeffin, . . .

Tawnawanny

Tawnytallan, ....

Toor

Toorovoii ; boautilul dis-
trict: pp. G4, 380.

Teermore ; great district.

Tcernacreeve, ....

Templeaplau, .... 79

I'empleatbea, .... 478

Teniplecowey 157

Temple-Mac-Duagh, . 195

Templeoran, Tomple-

orum, 148

380
145
427
428
428
256

16

16
215

15
477
416

11
322
331

334

206
373
881

381

Tempodeshil Stone, .

Termon

Termonbacca, . . .

Termonbarry, , . .

Tormoncarrngb, . .

Tcrinonfccliin, . . .

Termoninagratb, . .
Termonmaquirk, .

Termonomougan, . .

Terryglassog, . , .

ThoO

lung.

Tempo,

456

Thimbletown, ....
The Woods, ....
Tiermore ; great district :

p. 380.
Tieveachorkj : hill-side
of the oats : p. 321.

Tievaleny,

Tievebunnan, ....

Tievetooey,

Tigroney,

Timogue,

Tincone, Tincoon, . ,

Tincouse,

Tinnapark,

TiiinascoUy, . . . •

Tinnool,

Tinvacoosb, ....
Tinvane, Tinraun, . .
Tin wear, ..:...
Tirachorka ; district of
theoata: pp. 321,380.
Tiraree; district of the
king : pp. 100, 380.

Tirargus,

Tirboy,

Tiroarly ; district of the
carl : i)p. 58, 380.

Tirfergus,

Tirgarriff, Tirgarve; rug-
ged district : pp. 380, 4
Tirnageeragh, . . . .

Tirhugh

Tiromedan, . . . .
Toberagarriff, ....
Toberaniorin, ....
Toberanleise, . . . .
Toberataravan, . . . .

PAGE

458

, 215

, 163

, 213

. 215

. 214

. 216

. 215

. 215

. 297

. 409

. 330

. 447

401
300
458
125

30
261
218

60
234
228
227
383
114

881

381

381
152
164
476
370

341

628

Index of Names.

PAOB

PAOH

ToberavanaLa, ....

479

Trinaniadan, . .

164

Toberaviller, ....

345

Ti-isternagli, ....

356

Tobei-buyoga, ....

83

Tubbridbritain, .

123

Tobergowna, ....

484

Tulfarris

155

Toborkeagh,

89

TuUaghaloyst

430

Tobermacduagb, . . .

195

TuUagban,

83

Tobernaclug ; well of the

TuUagbanbaun, . . .

33

bolls : p. 184.

TuUagbfiii,

272

Tobornadroo, ....

99

Tullagbobogloy, . . .

33

Tobernafauna, ....

424

TuUagreen, . . . .
TuUaber,

240

Tobernasool, Tobersool,

89

448

Tobernavaunia, . . .

84

TuUaberln,

413

Tobernawabnoe, Tober-

TuUanacrunat, ....

320

nawanny, ... 83, 84

TuUanaglug ; hillock of

Toberroe ; red well : p.

the bella : p. 184.

278. ^

Tiillaroan, . . . . .

279

Toboralano, Toboralaim,

85

TiiUoiboy

12

ToburbUiuutia, ....

85

'rulliiiuB|)ick, . . . .

92

Tobersool, Tobernasool,

89

TuUintlisny, . . . .

201

Tomincarly

59

Tulliiitrat

252

Toiiool,

374

Tiillinvvauuia, TuUiu-

Toun Cleena, ....

267

woiuiy,

206

Tonn Rudbraidhe, . .

257

Tullonioy,

211

Tonus or 'i'lins, . . .

258

TuUovin,

140

Tonn Toma,

259

Tullowbrin,

159

Tonn Tuaitbe, ....

257

Tullycloa,

199

Tonrengh; grey bottom

Tullycoora,

73

land : p. 282.

Tullycorbet, . . . .

176

Touyfobanan, ....

332

Tullycorka; hillock of

Tooraree,

101

the oats : p. 321.

Tooreenalour : the lep-

TuUycreenagbt, . . .

320

er's little bleach-field ;

TuUyearl ; earl's hillock :

p. 281.

p. 53.

Tooveennanina, . . .

121

Tullybirra, ...

413

Tooroennaaillane, . . .

357

Tullybugb,

152

Toornaneaskagb, . . .

298

Tullyleaso

226

Toorsmuttaun, . . .

353

Tullyininister, . . . .

234

Toppan Island, . . .

16

Tullynaconspod, . . .

461

Topped Hill, ....

16

TuUynadall, . . . ,

163

Tory Hill

51

Tullyuagco,

247

Tountinna,

2(i0

Tiiliyiiagiiig ; hillock of

Towiilough,

2(i()

Ibo bi^llb : p. 184.

Trabano,

277

Tiill}'ii.iliiiinei-a, . . .

203

Trabolgan, ....

22

'ruilyuaiifgibh, . . . .

112

Trasna, Trasnagb, . .

446

TullyuMsliummer ; hillock

Trawane, Trawbwn, .

. 277

of the shamrocks : p.

Trawbreaga Bay, . .

. 437

53.

Tray,

. 222

TuUynavall, . . . .

217

Index of Names.

629

Tullynenskj

Tiillynore

Tullyorior,

Tullyrnlifvii, Tullyrivin ;
liiilock of llio ferns: p.

Tnlljskoliorny, . . . .
Tiillywee ; yellow hillock

p. 279.
Tultuinne, ....
Tung or Tonns, . .
Turkenagh Mountain,
Turloughour, . . .
Tiirnnspidogy, . . .
Tiirvey,

PAGE
298
365
450

259
258
6
285
297
485

Uallach, .... 68,473

Ughtyneill, 428

Uinmei-as, 460

Urbal, ...... 426

PACK

Urbalkirk, 426

Urbalreagh ; grey tail :

pp. 282, 426.

Urbalshinny, .... 426

Urlar, Urlaur, . . . 425

Urloo, 339

Urliiigford, 404

Urrasaun, 213

Urrismenagh, .... 213

Urros, 213

Ushuagb Hill, Usnagb, 7

Warbleshinny 426

Watree, 442

Westpoit, 307

Wbeery, 351

Wherrew 351

Whinnigan, 33

Winflgap, Windgatp, . 217

Woods, The, .... 447

VOL. 11.

35

INDEX or EOOT WORDS

WITH PRONUNCIATION, MEANING, AND KEFERENCE.

Ab, an abbot, 94.
Abair, a brow, 274.
Abar, raire, 389.
Acb, a teriniimtion, 3.
Adbnre [eirk], a horu, 440.
Aedh [ay], a man's name, 147.
Aedhaire [aira], a shepherd,

115.
Ael, lime, 374.
Aengus, a man's name, 154.
Aililhre, a j)ilf,'rini, 97.
A'illo, boniil.y, (\rK
Aimliioidh [nvroa], uneven,
470.

Ainhl.lhetb, a storm, 249.

Air [ar], east, 448.

Aire, a termination, 11.

Airgead [arrigid], silver, 71,
3'!5.

Aiitliear [arher], eastern, 448.

Alainr. [awlin], beautiful, 65.

Albanacu, a Scotchman, 124.

Alp, a ninss, 386.

Amach, out, outside, 447.

Auiadau, a simpleton, 9, 163.

Aiiiar, a trough, 430.

Ambas, a hired soldier, 108.

Anam, the soul, 460.

An, a dim, termination, 20.

Ancoire, an anchorite, 90.

Aoibhiiin [eevin], beautiful, 64.

Arbhii, arbhar, corn, 318.

Arc, a jiig, 307.

Arlaidh [auriy], slaughter, 465.

Art, a man's name, 154.

Bacach [bacca], a cripple, 163.

Bachall, a crosier, 187.

Bacds, a bake-house, 220,

Baidhte, submerged, 412.

Baine [bonnya], milk, 206.

Baintreabhacb, a widow, 115.

Bairghin [barreen], a cake, 56.

Bairneach, a limpet, 311.

nan [bawn], white, 276.

Itrm I bawnj, lea land, 383.

Banbli, a sucking i)ig, 308.

Bard, a rhymer, 111.

Beach [bah], a bee, 294.

Bcadaidho [bady], saucy, fasti-
dious, 315.

Bean, a woman, 121.

Beannacht, a blessing, 478.

Beartracb, an oyster bank,
387.

Beg, small, 413, 414.

Beim, ablow, 181.

neo, living, 318.

Bhar, bhre, a termination, 10.

Biadhtach [beetaj, a public
victualler, 113.

Binneas [binnas], melody, 72.

Biolar [biller], watercress, .344.

Blath [blaw], a flower, 326.
Bl^an, a creek, 264.
Bh>nog, lard, 209.
Bodnch, a churl, 164.
Bodhar, deaf, 47-

532

Index of Root Words.

Bog, soft, a bog, 46.

Logacb, a bog, 47.

Bolg, a sack, 197.

Bolg, a bellows, 248.

Bolgadan, 36,

Bother, 47.

Bradach, a thief, 110.

Bradan, a salmon, 311.

Bi-an, a man's name, 158.

Brutluiir [brawhor], n friar, 96.

Breac [brack] spei^kled, 288.

Breac [brack], a trout, 312.

Br6an, stinking, 397-

Breatan [brattan], a Briton,
123.

Breathnach, a Welshman, 122.

Breug [breague], a lie, 435,
436.

Brit, speckled, 289.

Brog, a shoe, 188.

Brii, Bruacb, a brink, 210.

Bnilgheal [brooalj, a cormo-
rant, 302.

Buaehail, a boy, 435.

Buan, lasting, 15.

Buidhe [bwee], yellow, 279.

Buidheog, jamidice, 83.

Buinue [biinnia], a flood, 410.

Bunu&u, a bittern, 300.

Oab, a mouth, 438.
Cabog, a clown, 164.
Cac, dirt, 166.
Cadacb, alliance, 463.
Cadhog, a jackdaw, 302.
Cuech [kee], blind, 10:2.
Caedh [kay], a quagmire, 396.
Caein, delightful, 63.
Gael [keal], narrow, 418.
Caer [kear], a berry, 323.
Cailleach, a nun, 95.
Caiso [causk], Easter, 467.
Caislo [caslihi], a sea-iiilot, 263.
Cais-tsoarbhan [coahtharvaun],

dandelion, 341.
Caitkne [cahtna], arbutus, 359.
Cam, crooked, 420.
Camhair, the break of day,

487.

Campa, a camp, 60.

Can, a dim. termination, 32.

Cananach, a canon, 92.

Caoin [keen], beautiful, 63.

Oaonach [keenagb], moss, 337.

Caoraigheacht [keereaght], a
herd of cattle, 109.

Carbad, a chariot, 175.

Carcair [carker], a prison, 229.

Oarr, a car, 177.

Carrach, rough, 476.

Cas, twisted, 420.

Oaslach, a creek, 264.

Cat, a cat, 308.

Ceabh [keave], long grass, 339.

Ceanannus, head abode, 234.

Ceannaighe, a pedlar, 119.

Ceap, a stoiik or trunk, 3i>3,

Cearc fcark], a hen, 298.

Cearc-fraoigli [cark-freo], a
lioath-lien, 298.

Cuarnabhan, coarnaman, a
hornet, 295.

Cearrbhach, a gamester, 120.

Oeath [call], a shower, 253.

Coiloabhar [kolluro], the warb-
ling of birds, 71.

C6im, a step, a pass, 385.

Ceinfhionn [cannon], white-
head, 275.

Ceilhearn [kehern], light-
arniod foot soldiers, 107.

Ce6 [keo], a fog, 254.

Char, chor, a termination, 10,
17.

Ciar [keer], black, 271.

Ciarog [keeroge], a clock, 295.

Ciot, the left hand, 165.

Ciotach, ciotog, a left-iiauded
person, 165.

Clab, a wide mouth, 439.

Chidach, a stony shore, 304,

Cladli, a dyke or mound, 219.

Claen [clean], sloping, 422.

Claidheamh, a sword, 180.

Claigeann [claggan], a skull,
428.

Clais [clash], a trench, 221.

Clamh [clav], a leper, 80.

Index of Root Words.

533

Clnrnpar, a dispute, 4(30.
Clftr, aboai-fl, 222.
Claymore, a swovd. 180.
Clercpli, clergy, 91.
Clinhl) [oleeve], a Imsket, 198.
ClinliliAii, acradlo, 198.
Clialli [rlco], filitrrdio, 199.
Clog, a bell, 17, 184.
Cluag, an ear, 427.
Cluid [clood], a nook, 425.
Clutbar, shelter, 250.
Cnag, a knob, 12.
Cno, a nut, 325.
Cobbag, a causeway, 218.
Cochall, a net, a hoocT, 199.
Codla [culla], sleep, 488.
Cogal, tares, 341.
Coileach-fracigli [collifigh-

free], a boat!) -cock, 298, 299.
Coileir [cullare], a quarry, 373.
Coinleoir, a candlestick, 204.
Coisceim, a step, a pass, 386.
Coiree [curkia], oats, 321.
Coire, a caldron, 431.
Coitchionn [cutteenj, a com-
mon, 472.
Coblias [couso], a causowav,

214.
Cointin, controversy, 400.
Colpr, a straigbt sword, 180.
Colpa, a lipii'cr, .'50(j.
Colum, colur, a clove, 301.
nombfbod [coad], a bed or

grave, 474.
CoMihrac, a meeting, 404.
Coniortr.s. contention, 461.
Conadb [conna], fire-wood,

.351.
Cong, a narrow strait, 409.
Connacbtach, a Connauglit-

man, 126.
Conspoid, controversy, 461.
Copog, a dock-leaf, 347.
Creagbt, cattle-spoil. 108.
Creamh [crav], wild garlic,

347.
Criatlwidoir, .'i siovn maker,

122.
Criocli [croo], a boundary, 210.

Criatbar, [crihar], a sieve,

391.
Orion, williered, 352.
Crith [crib], to sbake, 391.
Cro, a hut, 225.
Crobh [crov], a band, 440.
(Jroiccann [cruckan], a bide,

117.
Orom, sloping, 422.
Croruan, a kite, 316.
Crompan, a little sea-inlet,

261.
Cr6n, a brown colour, 280.
Cron, a round hollow, 386.
Crotaire, a harper, 112.
Cruadh [croo], hard, 477.
Orubog, a crab, 311.
Crilb, a hoof, 439.
Cruba-eun, bird's-foot tre-
foil, 440.
Cruimbtber, a priest, 93.
Cruithneacht, wheat, 320.
Cu, a bound, 156.
Cuan, a harbour, 261.
Ouas, a cove, 26.3.
Ciibbra or cumhra [coora],

sweet-pcontod, 72.
Cudlu'ig [cu-ogo], a jackdaw,

.302.
Guile, cuilnencb [quilk, quH-

ka], a rood, 335.
Cuinneog, a churn, 19.
Guiridin, a parsnip, 350.
Cunnradh, a treaty, 463.
Guradh [curra], a knight, 104.

D as a termination, 14.
Pabhacb [davagh], a vat, 433.
Dairt [dart], a licifer, 305.
Dall, blind, 162.
l)An, a dim. termination, 35.
Dathadoir, a dyer, 122.
Dealg [dallig]", a thorn, 20,

354.
Dcarg [darrig], red, 277.
Deas [dass], south, 442.
Deiscoart [deskart], south, 454.
D(>iiiol [dosbul], southwards,

455.

534

Index of Root Words.

Diainhar [doovnr], mystorious,

solitary, 481.
Diun [deean], strong;, 475.
Diomas [deouias], pride, 473.
Dobhar [dovar], water, 403.
Doithir [dohir], glooiu, 470.
Bonn, brown, 280.
DoruB, a door, 229.
Drean [dran], a wren, 296.
Dreas [draas], a bramble, 355.
Dreolan, Dreoilin, a wren, 296.
Drui [dree], adriiid, 97-
Duairc [dooark], surly, 74.
Dubh [duv], black, 267-
Dubbadb, blacking stuff, 270.
Duibh6u, a cormorant, 302.
Duileasf?, dillesh, 346.
Duillo [duUia], a leaf of a tree,

11.
Duilleabhar [dillure], foliage,

11.
Duiiio, a person, 121.
Duiuhacb, a sand-mound,

387.
Diir [door], water, 403.
Dur, obstinate and stupid, 34.
Diiradan, a stupid person,

34.

Eadar [adder], between, 444.

Eadarnaiglie [adderny], an
ambuscade, 4G2.

Eag, death, 89.

Eala, a swan, 301.

Ealagacb, noble, just, 464.

Earball, a tail, 126.

Earracb, spring, 468.

Easgan, an eel, 310.

Easpog [aspug], a bisliop, 91.

Eibbis, coarse pasture, 338.

Eigeas [aigas], a poet, 112.

Elestar, a llaggor, 334.

En, ene, a diminutive termi-
nation, 25.

Eorna [orna], barley, 321.

Pachair, a sbelf in a cliif,

385.
Fada, long, 417.

Faitbnidli [fahnot)], a wart,

82.
Fal[fawl], a hedge, 216.
Fd,n [fawn], a slope, 424.
Feadh[fa], a rush, 434.
Fear [far], a man, 122.
Fearaun [farran], land, 380.
Fear-br6igo, a false man, a

scarecrow, 435.
Feith [fea], a wet trench, 397.
Feleatar, a Hagger, 334.
Fer [fair], grass, 337.
Figheadoir, a weaver, 118.
Finn, fionn, white, 271.
Fliuch [flugh], wet, 411.
F6d [fode], a sod, 382.
Fofanndu, a thistle, 314.
Foraois [furreesh], a forest,

59.
Forgnaidh, a building, 209.
Fotliannan, a thistle, 332.
Fothar [foliar], a forest, 350.
Fuar, cold, 252.

Ga, gae, gath, a dart, 179.
Gab, a mouth, 438.
Gadaighe [gaddy], a thief,

110.
Gaeth [gee], wind, 246.
Gaeth, a sea-inlet, 2tJ5.
Giig [gang], a cleft, 429.
Gaillseacb, an Englisliwoman,

9.
Qaineamh [ganniv], sand, 375.
Gairbh^ul [gravale], gravel,

375.
Galloglach, a heavy-armed

foot soldier, 107.
Qamh [gauv], winter, storm,

249.
Gan, a dim. termination, 32.
(Jar, neiir, 4 16.
Oarbii [garrav], rough, 475.
aeal[gal], white, 277.
Qealbhiin [galloon], a sparrow,

297.
Qeallog, a wliite-bellied eel,

311.
I Gearr[gir], short, 304, 417.

Index of Root Words.

535

Gearr-fbiadh [girree], a hare,

304.
GeosadAn, ragweed, 35.
Gild, wliiteness, 277-
Giolc [gilk ; (j Lard], a reed

broom, 3!M.
(;iuinl.x<.[gu8c], fir. 3^8.
Glan, clean, p»iro, 398.
Glas, green, 281.
Glasog, a wagtail, 296.
Gleo[gloj, strife, 402.
Gleoir [glore], brightness, 70.
Gi6r [clore], a roieo, 06.
Glorach, voicef ul, prattling, 66.
Gluair [gloor], pure, 70.
Gluaire, purity, 71.
Go, the sea, 256.
Gob, a snout, 438.
Gobhng [gougr], a cleft, 420.
Goilin[goleon], a narrow little

sea-inlet, 263.
Gortn, blue, 282.
Gort, gorta, hunger, 438.
Graigh,groigh, a stud, 310.
Grain, ugliness, 303.
Graineog, a hedgehog, 303.
Oranii, ugly, 13.
GrCaeh, a mountain flat, 393.
Grean [gran] gravel, 374.
Orian [grooan], the s>in, 240.
(Irting, li.'iir, long graHS, 33S.
Glial [gool], coal, charcoal,

205.
Gu8, strength, 154.

lar [eer], west, 451.
larann [eeran], iron, 369.
larla [eerla], an earl, 58.
larthar [eerliar], west, 452.
Ic[eok], to heal, 77, 78.
Im, butter, 208.
Imroas, a dispute, 460.
In [een], a dim. termination,

31.
Ineasclann [inisclan], a strong

stream, 406.
Inneoin [iunone], an anvil,

202.
lochdar [eetnrj, lower, 442.

lompodh [impo], turning, 456.
Tonga [inga], a nail, 42 5
lorriis [irrus], a peninsula,

212.
Iseal [eeshal], low, 443.

L, II, as a terminal in ,37.

Labhair, speak, 68.

Lach, a fermination, Fi.

Laech [lay], a champion, 103.

Laighneach, a Leinsterman,
126.

I.Ar, middle, 445.

Lathach [lahagh], a slough,
388.

Leamh, marsh mallows, 345.

Leamhnacht, new milk, 206.

Leana, a wet meadow, 401.

Lease [lask], la/.y, 474.

Leathair [laher], leather, 117.

Leathan [lahan], broad, 418.

Leigheas [lease], a cure, 90.

Leim, a leap, 317.

Leithead [lehed], breadth,
418.

T^estnr, a vessel, 190.

Jjiagh [looaj, a physician, 77,
78.

Lias, a hut, 226.

),iatli [leoa], grey, 284.

T.in[leon|, (lax,327

Lin [leen], to fill, 407.

Ling, to spring, 475.

Linn, a pond, 407.

Lobhar [lower], a leper, 81.

Losaid, a kneading trough,
430.

Luach, price, 189.

Luachair [looghar], a rush, ,333.

Lnan, a lamb, ,304.

Liib, a loop or bend, 424.

Lubhgort [looartj, an herb gar-
den, 336.

Li'icb, a mouse, 295.

Lucht-tighe, [lughtee], a house-
hold, 470.

Luibh[luv, lir], an herb, 335.

Jjiisnior, foxglove, .329.

Maer [maroj. a steward, 113.

536

Iiulcx of Root Wonh.

Maiuiater, a moiiastory, 233.
MttUucht, a curse, \Vd.
Manacli, a monk, 94
Miingaire, a pedhir, 120.
Mart, a bullock, 3U7.
Martra, martyrdom, 405.
Meacan, a parsnip, 349.
Meadar, a kind of vessel, 190.
Moadlion [niaaii], middle, 415.
Muann, meannan, a kid, 305.
Meantan [mantan], a snipe,

298.
Mearacdn, foxglove, 330.
Mias [meece], a dish, 196.
Min [meen], fine or smootli.

small, 400, 413.
Miol, a beast of any kind, 291.
Mioltog [lueeltoge], a midge,

292.
Miacuis, enmity, spite, 402.
Mogul, a cluster, 72.
Moinfliour, a meadow, 338.
Molt, a vvetber, 305.
Morig, bair, long coarse grass,

340.
M6r [more], great, 413, 414.
Miich [mooh], smoke, 392.
Miiciiadh, to smotber, 392.
Mi'icban [nioobawu], a morass,

392,
Mniiubneach [mweenagli], a

Munsterman, 126.
Muing, a sedgy place, 393.
Muir [mur], tbe sea, 255.
Murbholg, a sea-inlet, 255.

Nacb, a termination, 6, 17.
Nan, a dim. termination, 33.
Naosga, naosgacb, a snipe,

298.
Nat, net, a dim. termination,

28.
Ne, a dim. termination, 25.
Neanta [nanta], a nettle, 332.

Odbar [ower], brown, 285.
Og [oge], oce, or 6c, a dim.

termination, 29.
Oidhche [eeba], nigbt, 469.

Oinsoiicli, a female fool, 9.
Oir [wr], east, 448.
Oirtbear, east, 448, 450.
Oisire [isbera], an oyster, 291.
On, onmitun, a fool, 9.
Or [ore], gold, 361.
Ore, a pig, 307.
Ord, order, ecclesiastical rank,

97.
Ordan, a lianinior, 203.

Pairc [park], a field, 60.

Palas, puili:i, a fort, a fairy
palace, 232.

Pearsan, a pariab priest, a par-
son, 57.

Pill, a small inlet, 202.

Piobaire, a piper, 122.

Pis [pisli], pease, 323.

Plaigb [plaw], a plague, 78.

Pona, a pound, 481, note.

I'onairo [pouara], a bean, 323.

Port, a bank, a landing-place,
a fortress, 230.

Portan, a crab, 311.

Potaire [puttera], a potter,
117.

Racb, a termination, 7.

Raitlineai4i [rahina], ferns,
330, 331.

Re, a termination, 11.

Eeamhar, fat, tbick, 410.

Kcitbe [rcba], a ram, 309.

Ri, rigb [ree], a king, 100.

R,iabliacb [reeagb], grey, 282.

Ridire [riddera], a knight,
102.

Hiogliau [roean], a queen, 101.

llnach, a compound termina-
tion, 16.

R.)d [road], a roiul, 218.

llud, ruide, iron scum, 371.

Rombdnach, a Roman, 125.

R<5n, a seal, 290.

Ruadb [rua], red, 278.

Rubba [roo], tbe plant rue,
342.

Ruibb [riv], sulphur, 372.

Index of Root Words.

b'6\

S, as a termination, 13.
Sabaltair, a eepulclire, 230.
Saor [sail-], freo, 483.
Saeirse [seersha], a frccliold,

483.
Sai»-avt, a priest, !i2.
Sai,c:hed,aii arrow, a dart, 178.
Sfiil, pftilp, salt water, brinn,

25().
Sail, saileacb, saileog, asallow^

tree, S5G.
Salach, dirty, 390.
Salann, salt, 3"2.
Sajiibadh [sowa], sorrel, 341.
Smubair or Sinnar, I SO.
Sambradh [sowrsi], smninor,

468.
Rambtbrnsc, leprosj', 80.
Sanct, boly, 23.
Sas, an engine, 209.
Sasson.acb, an Englislimnn,

124.
Satharn [saharn], Saturday,

468.
Soad&n, a berring, 3' 2.
Sc-rd |Hoaul], a b(>ro, 104.
aofilli [Hkaw], asbadow, 1S2.
Sceanib [scav], wall fi;rn, ;i 14.
Sciatb [skeea], a sbield, 181.
Scoil, a scbool, 'iS-*.
Scolb, a scollnp, 203.
Scobig, a sinall fanner, 114.
Scotb [skob], a flower, 327.
Scratb [scraw], a grassy boggy

surface-sod, 384.
Snudal, a fisbina:-net, 199.
ScCimbal [sko(d], a steep, 385.
Seacb[8bagb],ateiininati()n,9.
Scagaidb [sbaggy], a cormo-
rant, 31)2.
Sengal [sbngnal], rye, 322.
Seaniar, scamrog, a sbamrock,

63, of.
Sean [sban], old, 481.
Seangau, a pismire, 292.
Searbb [sbiurav], bji ter, 341 .
Searl)bfiii,si'iiibboj:|nliarviinn,

sbarvogcj, diind.li.in, 311.
Seiirraeb.n foal. 3(»!».

Seasg, sedge, 340.

Sed [shade], a cow, a jewel,

375.
Scid [shade], to blow, 247.
Scidean, a breeze, a gust, 247.
Soilide, a snail, 316.
Seindilo, ecimbdile, n Ijoctlo,

201.
Scnad, a synod, 471.
Sian [sheean], foxglove, 329.
Sibhin [sbiveen], a rush, 333.
Sin [sheen], a storm, 249.
Slabbra, a chain, 209.
Slad, a stream between two

bills, 387.
Slaed [slado], a slide-cnr, 178.
Slainte, health, 85.
Slan [slaun], health, 84.
SL'uilus, an herb, 85.
Slat, a twig, 354.
Sloiibbaran, slokc, slucan, 346.
Slinn, a slate, 373.
Slia [slisli], a beetle, 200.
Slog [slug], to swallow, 401.
Smear, a blackberry, 325.
Smut, a stock or trtmk, 362.
Snaidlim [snimo], a knot, 437.
.Snfithad, a needle, 209.
''neacht [snnght], stio v, 251.
Soc, a snout, 439.
Snnnacb, a mound or rampart,

220.
Sorn, a kiln, 228.
Spag, a long ugly foot, 165.
Spideog [spiddoge],, a robin

redbreast, 297.
Spionan [speenaun], a gooso-

bi'rry bush, 324.
Spor [spur], a spur, Gl.
Spunc, coltsfoot, 24.
Snie [sray], a mill-race, 221.
Siath [srab], a holm or river-
meadow, 39!).
StaGa[stavvka], a stake, 59.
Stur, a peak, 38.
Subh [suv], a borry, 324.
Si'iilair [HoodoraJ, a tanner,

IIG.
Au\\ [sool], an nv(>, S'.», 110.

538

Index, of Root Wonh.

Tach, u toimination, 8.
Tachar, a fight, 4C1.
Talanih [tallav], land, 380.
Tamh [tauv], a plague, 78
Tan, a dim. termination, 35.
Tap, a round mass, 16.
Taraua, across, 446.
Tat, a dim. termination, 25.
Toanga [tanya], a tonguo,427.
Tearmann, a sanctuary, 213.
Teidhra [tame], a plague, 78.
Teiu-aeil, a lime-kiln, 228.
Teuneal, a bonfire, 229.
Teora [tora], a boundary, 212.
Tir, land, 380.
Tirm, dry, 413.
Tonn, a wave, 257, 258.
Tonuacli, a mound or rampart,

220.
Toraidhe [tory], a hunter, an

outlaw, 60.
Trach, a termination, 8.
Treas, a conflict, 463.

Troun [train], a horo, KMJ.
Trodan, a quarrel, 461.
Tuaisceart [tooskert], northern

458.
Tuadh [tooa], an axe, 180.
Tuaith [tooa], north, 457.
Tuath [tooa], a layman, 443.
Tuircann, wheat, 320.

Uabhar [oovar], \n'uV\ 47'i.
Uachdar [oughter], upjur, 14 1 .
Uaigneas [oognas], solitude,

485.
Uallach, proud, 67 (note), 473.
Uan, a lamb, 304.
Uar, cold, 252.
Ucaire tookora], a fuller, 119.
TTcht, the breast, 428.
Ultach, an Ulsterman, 127.
Umar, a cup, a hollow, 430.
Urla [oorla], long grawH, 339,
I f rliiigh[oorly], slaughter, 1G5,
Urlar, a floor, 425.

THE END.

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