The origin of ancient names of countries, cities, individuals, and gods

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FRt).M I'HK I.IliKARY OK

DR. FRANCIS LIEBER,

I'r'ifcssor of ili.-^tory and J>ii\v in Columbia College, Now York.

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MICHAEL REESE,

()f San FnDiiisiO.
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XI

Library^

THE OEIGIN

OF

ANCIENT NAMES

OP

COUNTRIES, CITIES, INDIVIDUALS, AND
GODS.

By S. F. DUNLAP.

V

[From the Christian Examiner for July, 1856.]

CAMBRIDGE:
METCALF AND COMPANY,

PRINTERS TO THE UNIVERSITY.

1856.

i^;*^-

Jjibrary^

THE ORIGIN

ANCIENT NAMES.

We shall endeavor, in the following article, to show
that the proper names of Greece, Italy, Asia Minor,
Babylon, Egypt, Phoenicia, and Judaea, more especially
the names of places and of the gods, are generally com-
pound words containing within them the names of the
sun-gods Ab, Ak, Am, Ar, As, At, El, and On.

In this inquiring age it is time that the composition
of names which are associated with the legends or the
history of the ancient world should receive proper at-
tention. Before the mission of the Saviour, the more
intelligent among the Romans had formed the opinion
that the various " great gods" of the nations had much
in common, notwithstanding the different attributes
ascribed to them and the difference of their names.
Hercules, Osiris, Janus, Zeus, Jupiter, and many more,
were regarded as the same deity, allowing for the differ-
ence of ideas which must be expected to exist among
different nations on the same subject.

It has been said that Roman polytheism has but two
" great gods," Heaven and Earth, — Coelum and Terra.
In the fourth century, Ausonius treats prominent gods
of several nations as the same deity under different
names : —

" Ogygia me Bacchum vocat ;
Osirin ^gyptus putat ;
Mysi Phanacem nominant ;
Dionyson Indi existimant ;
Romana Sacra Liberum, ^

Arabica Gens Adoneum."

" Ogygia calls me Bacchus ;
Egypt thinks me Osiris ;
The Mysians name me Phanax ;
The Indi consider me Dionysus ;
The Roman Sacra call me Liber ;
The Arabian race, Adonis."

The E-hodian oracle declares Atys or Attis to be
Adon-is, Bacch-us, and Dionusos : —

" Magnum Atten placate Deum qui castus Adonis
Evius est, Largitor opum, pulcher Dionysus."

Not only is there a coincide'nce in the general idea
which the ancients had of the deities, but often there is
a very great verbal resemblance in their names. They
are frequently exactly the same word.

The appellations of the gods are generally translated
or explained by words of the same sound in the lan-
guage of the country where the name belongs. For
instance, the word Salii, the priests of Hercules, and
of Mars in Italy, is usually derived from salio^ "to
leap " : we prefer to derive it from Sol or Ausel, the
sun, and compare it with the Selli mentioned in Homer,
priests of Jup-iter, who were also called 'EXXoi (Helloi),
from El or Asel, the sun ; eiX?;, eX?; (Hele), alea or halea
(aXea), and halo (in English), mean the same. We have
the Etruscan Usil, and Ausel, names of the sun.

Aphrodite, the Grecian name of Venus, is supposed to
be formed from dippos, " the foam of the sea." We think
it a compound of Abar, the sun, the shining Bar of the
Assyrian inscriptions, and Ad ad (pronounced Atad or
Adat), the sun; like Adittha, the name of an ancient
city on the Euphrates, and Adit-ya, the Sanskrit name
of the spirits of light.

As a younger race, the Greeks would naturally bor-
row many ideas from the more advanced nations of
Asia Minor, Palestine, Phoenicia, Egypt, and Mesopo-
tamia ; just as we are indebted to Europe for the large

proportion of the books read by us. Were their deities
entirely the creation of the Hellenic mind ? Was Adon-
is, the beloved of Venus, originally a Grecian deity, or
is he of Assyrian origin ? Movers, in his account of the
Phoenicians,* says that the first syllable of Sar-G?aw-apal-
us, the Assyrian king and deity-name, is the word Asar,
Azar, or Asur, a name of the Assyrian Mars. The
second syllable, " dan," is Adan, which is again found in
Asar-adon, or 'Essir-haddon, a king's name, and is plain-
ly HN (Adan) without the A. It is H, the Carthagin-
ian Don ; and is very common in Assyrian names, like
Merodach-Baal-ac?aw, ISshn-zar-adan, the captain of the
guard, mentioned in the Bible.

To these words, instanced by Movers, we may add
the names of Be\-Adon(un)-sh3., ruler at Khorsabad, Neb-
nch-adon-ossQ-Y or Neb-uch-ae/./z-ezzar, Ahi-dan or Pha-
ethon, Sa.n-dan, the Assyrian Mars, Tana-is or Athena
(Minerva); Dan, Tina, Jupiter-Tinia, Dan-iel, -Olh.n-
iel, -'N-athan-iely -'N-athan, Jon-athan, Adonai, Adoni-
bezek, Adoni-ram, Adoni-kam, Adoni-jah, -Dona-paris
or -Dni-eper, AScovt, Ari-ad.ne, and Udine, a place in Italy.

Adonr[is) is the sun. He was said to pass six months
with Venus and six months with Proserpine. " Adon-is or
Adonai was an Oriental title of the sun." f In the Bible,
we have " the children of Eden which were in Thel-
asar," J and the garden of Adan (Eden) in Genesis.
Other forms of Adan (Adonis, the sun-god) are Ham-
adan, the capital of Media, Tina, the name of Jup.iter
in Italy, Tina, the name of a place in Arabia, Atten
(as Adon-is is called by the Rhodian oracle), and Pos-
idon, the name of ISiep-tune (Nep is the Assyrian Nebo,
Mercury ; -tune is Adan, the Mesopotamian sun-god).
In the North of Europe, Adan is Odin, the Scandinavian
king and god. We have the Bible-names Adin and
Adino, the names of persons, M.-idian, of a country,
Diana, a goddess of Italy, M-ethone, an ancient city,
called also M-odon. We have the river Don, in Russia,
the Thex-m-odon, which empties into the Black Sea, not
very far from Trebizond, and the Udon, which flows

^ Page 479.

t R. P. Ktiight. See Anthon's Class. Diet., Art. Adonis.

X 2 Kings xix; 12.

1*

into the Caspian Sea. There is the river Jor-dan in
Palestine, the Jor-dan, a river in Greece, another river
of the same name in the island of Crete, and a hero,
Jar-dan-es. Jar is the fire-god Ar, a part of the word
Jer-usalem, the ancient Salem (compare the Bible-name
Jehova- Shalom, also Absalom.) and Salomi).

The Greek Hermes or Hermeias (Mercury) is said to
be the Median word Sarameyas, " who leads the souls
to Hades" [h being the softened form of s). It is evi-
dent that the Greeks took the names Adan (Adonis) and
Hermeias (Mercury) wholly from "the East." But an
attentive examination of the composition of proper
names — Nebuchadonossar, Nebo (Mercury), Achad (the
sun), Adan (Adon-is), Ossar (Oseir-is) ; Nabocolassar,
Nabo (Mercury), Ac (the fire-sun). El (the sun), Asar
(Mars), the sun-god; Nabo/?olassar, Nabo (Mercury),
Apol (Apollo), Assar (Mars) — suggests the idea that
many of the names of the ancient world will be found to
be made up of other names of one and two syllables.
They may finally be reduced to eight names of sun-gods
of one syllable each, which, variously compounded to-
gether, make up the names of gods, kings, rivers, coun-
tries, and cities. They are Ab, Ak, Am, Ar, As, At
(Ad), El, and On (Ani).

Ab, Ap, or Op is an old name of the sun in Italy. In
Egypt it is Api, Hapi, and Ap-is (Phi-os, an Egyptian
king). In Babylon and Persia it is Ab or Av. We
find Sal-a^-ia, a city of Ap-vX-io. in Italy (Bo\-Ap),
Zol-apk, a Bible-name, Snl-ap-eniy a people of Arabia,
Ap-ia, Greece, the land of Ap, the sun ; Ja^^-ygia, a
name of Magna Grsecia in Italy, " Auf," an Arab divin-
ity, Joab, a Hebrew captain, and Job ; also Jub-al and
Jab-al, names of old Hebrew deities or patriarchs. Com-
pare Abi-el, Ab-el (Ap-ollo), and "An-eXK-cov, "the fighter."

Ani, a name of the sun in Assyria, is in Egypt and
Syria On. In Greece it is Jan and Ion. In Italy it is
Jan-us (Ean-us), whom Scaliger has shown to be the
god of the sun.* In Etruria it is Jonn.

El, or Eli, the sun, is found in Greece, Mesopotamia,
Phoenicia, and Judaea. It is the name of the chief deity
of the Semitic races. It is "uXi-os the sun; in Homer,

=^ Niebuhr's Kome, Am. ed., p. 62.

Eeli-os and Aeli-os. In the New Testament it is Eli!
Eli ! In Job and Isaiah it is El. In Genesis it is El,
El-jon, El-Sadai, Elohim, and Hael-ohim (compare Asel,
Ausel, or Usil, the sun). Among the Turks it is Al, or
Allah. It is also II, Joel, Jael, Jul-ia, and lul-ius.

Az, As (or Ah), is another name of the sun. It is
found in Assyria and other countries generally. It
changes to Os and Oh, Ush and Uz. The Greek form
is las, and Yrjs. As-as was an Arabian god, and As-is
a sun-deity at Edessa. Is-is was the Egyptian sun-
goddess. We have Asa, king of Judah, the Asi, a peo-
ple of As-ia ; Aus and Auza, names of Arab tribes, and
Uzza, an Arabian divinity,(Al-uzza?-) •

Ad, or At, is Atys and Attis, Ad-ad, the sun (Adad),
the river Adda, the Bible-name Ada, Aud, or Ad, a
deity of Arabia, and Ath-os, the mount of At. Ad is
also the name of an Arab tribe, is part of Jeho-iada, a
Jewish king, Eli-ada, a Bible-name, and loud-aia, or
Jud-8Ba. It is the name of the altar called " Ed " by
the children of G-ad (the sun, Achad), Otho-es, king of
Egypt, and Otho, the Roman Emperor. Adi, with the
termination of the nominative, is Di-os, De-us, and ee-os.

Ar, or Ari, meaning fire-sun, is in Greek Ar-es, in
Phoenicia and Judsea it is Ar, " the fire " (lar) ; it is
" Ur," or Aur, " of the Chaldees," the seat of the fire-
priests. It is the Latin Ur-o, " to burn," Ar-ia, a coun-
try, Ar-eioi, the Medes, who were fire-worshippers. It is
the fire-god Ari-el, Api-rjX (Ariel), a name of Jer-usalem,

and *T1N-7K, Al-or-us, the Babylonian God of light. It
is derived from *^K, HN. *)1K. meaning Fire, and is
connected with Ara, a fire-altar, Uri-el, a Bible-name,
Ari-och, a king, and Ar-ioch, a captain of the king's
guard in Babylon.

Ak is Jacch-os, a name of B-accA-us, or Ev-ecc/i-ius
(another name of Bacchus). We find Ach-eans, the
people, and Ach-ma., the land of Ak ; also Ach-es, an
Egyptian king, Acca, a port in the Levant, B-ttA;-tr.ia, a
country, Bal-a^, a prince in the Bible, Pel-^^, a patriarch
in Genesis, Og, king of Bashan, Og'-yg'-es, the sun-god
of the flood-legend, Ag-ag, king of the Amalekites, and
Yauk, an Arabian deity,* Och-us and Bel-ocA-us, kings

* Universal Hist., Vol. XVIII. p. 384.

8

of Babylon, Ak-mon^ a fire-god, Ar-ioch, a king, and
Eac-us, an infernal deity.

Am is afi (in Hebrew jom, meaning "day"), in the
Dorian language it is afiap ('amar), in the Attic Greek it
is TJfi-epa, "a day"; it is the Phoenician deity M-ar or
Om-ar, it is the Hindu god Jama, the Persian Jima. It
is found in Ammi and Ami, the names of persons in the
Bible, in Bal-aam, the priest-king in Genesis (" and
aBel-aam said unto aBel-aZj"). Mir-iam is Omar, and
Am or lom. The Em-im, a people mentioned in the
Bible (plural of Em), is this same word Am. We find
also Ima and Jouma, Syrian names of places, and
Aoym-is (Aoum)-, the sun, " the first-born." The femi-
nine of Am is properly Maia, the earth, the daughter of
Atlas, the sun (Sol-Talaios).

It is compounded with On or Ani, the sun, in the
words Am-an-us and Om-an-us, names of " a deity
worshipped in Pontus and Cappadocia, whom Bochart
identifies with the sun." *

Am makes a part of Amos, Moses, Am-asis, and Am-
men-em-es, two kings of Egypt, Am-on, the Amun-Ra
of Egypt, the Jupiter Ammon of Lybia; and is found
in Jm-manu-el (Jmm-annu-el = Ammon-El), Ani-am,
Ahi-jam, B.en-mm-in, and Jam-in, Hebrew names, in
Yam-din (or Yemen in Arabia), in Ar-?/<2m-an, a Hindu
sun-god, H-am-adan, the capital of M-ed-ia (Am-adi-a),
and /a/^-en-us, a name in Homer; also in the Bible-
names Jam-\-ech (which is Am-al-ak, Moloch, or Mel-
ech), Ador-am (Am the sun-god and Adar the fire-god),
H-ir-am, Jeh-or-am (Asur, or Ahura, and Am ; compare
Haram-eias and Sar-ameyas or Hermes, Mercury, Sar-
ama, the Hindu goddess, and Sur-m-ubel, the serpent
deity of the Phoenicians, the beneficent Ophion- Cad-
mus). We have also ikT.on-m-us, the associate deity
(paredros) of the Ed-essa sun-god, the god M-al-ch-am,
or Mil-corn, Baal-chom (or Apollo Chom-aeus), Ach-
«em-en-es, Akambusi-ya (aC-6im-byses), Bushi-cham,
and C-am-us, the god.

The sun-name Ad is found in the reduplicated form
Ad-ad, or Tat (Tot, Taut). Compounded with El (the
sun) we have the Bible-names Eli-dad and El-dad; with

* Kuhn's Zeitschrift for 1853, p. 183.

Ab we have B-il-dad, with Am, Medad. Ad ad com-
pounded with Ani (the sun) gives T-it-an, a name of
the sun, Teut-ones, the Germans, the Dut-ch (from Teut,
the sun, and On, the sun), and T-ith-on-us, the spouse
of Aurora: also Dod-ona, famous for its oracle, and
Ded-an, a patriarch.* Other forms of Adad (or Ad) are
Athoth-is, an Egyptian king, the god Thoth (Taut or
Tat), Thoth-m-es, the king, Tiota, the Celtic word
meaning " sun," Titho-es, an Egyptian word meaning
light, Titha, the Sanskrit word for fire, Adittha, a name
of a city, and Titus, a man's name. Prefixing the sun-
name As, or Ah, we have H-adad, a Syrian name of the
sun ; As and Ad united give S-aad, an Arabian deity,
El-Sadai, of the Bible, Asad, the Arabian Mercury (the
sun-god) ,f Sadi, the Persiah poet, and H-eth, the name of
a Hebrew; Aseth and S-ait-es, kings of Egypt; Seth,
the son of Adam.

Ad compounded with " Am " gives Ed-om, the name
of a country and a people. DlIN O?^ It^K, Asav (or
Esau), father of Edom. Edom is Adam.J We have
Et-am, a village, Et-am, a rock,§ Joth-am, a Hebrew
king, Eth-am, '' on the edge of the wilderness," Tham-ud,
an Arab tribe, Tham-udeni (Adonis), a people of Arabia,
Adama, an Arabian city, Adami, a place mentioned in
the Bible. In Egypt At-mu is the sun, and Tamie,
the moon. In Greece Ax-temis is the moon, the chaste
Diana; T.eut-am-us (Ad+Adam) was an Assyrian king
at the time of the Trojan war.

Apollo (the sun-god, the " far-darter ") tends the cows
(the figurative expression for sunbeams ||) of Ad-m-etus.
Thamm-uz is the name of Adon-is, the sun. We have
Baal-Tam-ar, a name of Baal, Tam-ar, a daughter of
David, Obed-Edom (Adam) the Gittite, Dem-od-oc.us,
a poet mo^tioned in Homer, Dem-ar-us (another Noah
perhaps), Dem-eter (Adam+Adar), who is "Eve, moth-
er of all living" ;^ Tem-eni (Adam and Ani, the sun)
and Tem-an are Bible-names. Tem-en-bar is an Assy-
rian deity, and Bar-tim-eus (Tamie the moon, Ar-itim-
is = Diana), who sat at the gates of Jer-icho, is named
from the sun-gods Abar and Adam. We have also the

* Genesis, chap. x. t Universal History, Vol. XVIII. pp. 379, 387.

X Universal History, Vol. II. p. 453. § Judges xv. 11.

II And the waters of heaven. IT Genesis iii. 20.

10

names Dam-on and Tim-on, Dam-ar-is, a woman,* and
Timo-theus.

Whatever was the origin of these eight monosyllabic
names of the sun, they are found from Italy to Egypt,
Mesopotamia, and Baktria.

It is necessary, before going further, to premise that
the ancients interchanged the vowels to a great extent.
In modern books, each vowel is preserved in all its
purity ; it is fixed for ever by the printed character. But
at a period when manuscripts were not yet common,
there was a laxity in the use of vowels and consonants,
sufficient partly to obscure, in many cases, the external
signs of the origin of words. The vowels were not
always inserted. A consonant was thought, from the
nature of the case, to contain a vowel appended to it.
T was Ta, B was Ba, K, Ka, as in Sanskrit. The first
alphabets were syllables, not letters.

In Hebrew the vowel-points were not used until long
after Christ; and the old language was written with
the aid of a few vowels, which were not generally ex-
pressed. Jehova-Elohim was written ihoa elhim;
Jonathan, oiaonthn ; Jerusalem, iroslm ; David,
dvd; Ahitophel, o a hit pi. As, therefore, vowels were
often left in charge of the memory, it is not strange
that, as in the vulgarisms and provincialisms of modern
times, they should have run into one another. The
broad a is o and au; the short a is also a short i, and
frequently is dropped ; as, Pidaura, anciently Epidaur-us,
Sarak for Asarac, Mardi for Amardi, a people of Asia,
Media for Amadia. Very often a is misread e in the
Bible; for Aleph, the first character of the Hebrew
alphabet, is both a and e. The consonants were con-
tinually transmuted into their middle and aspirated
forms. P is B and Ph. T becomes D and f h, as in
Methone and Modon, two names of the same city. K
passes over into G and Ch. I is continually prefixed to
words beginning with a vowel, and is often added at the
end. S softens to Sh and H.

But, to resume the consideration of the eight names
of sun-gods, which, compounded together, make up most
of the proper names of antiquity. They are Ab, Ak,
Am, Ar, El, As, At, On.

* Acts xvii. 34.

11

Ani (the sun) is On, Jan, in Greece, the Etruscan
Jonn, Jan-US, an ancient king of Italy, the river Anio,
Jaanai, a Bible-name, Jan-us, with two faces, the Roman
war-god, his name Ean-us, and Eani, a people. From
Ani comes, with the light of the sun, ^m-mation (Ani-
matio), j4m-ma, "the soul, the life," and J.m-mare, the
verb " to am-mate." It is the last syllable of Dag-6n,
the sun-god with the extremity of a, fish, and Odacon,
" the man-fish " of the Babylonian legend. We may
compare with the syllables of Dag.on the German Tag,*
meaning " day," the Etruscan Tag-es, and the Baby-
lonian Oann-es (Ani, the sun-god), who rose from the sea
to instruct the people in the arts of life.

Ani is thus mentioned by Rawlinson: —

" In the northwest palace of Nimroud there is an inscription
of Sar-dan-apal-us repeated more than a hundred times : ' This
is the palace of Sardanapalus, the humble worshipper of Assarac
and Beltis, of the shining Bar, of Ani, and of Dagon, who are
the principal of the gods.' An obelisk inscription also runs as
follows : 'Asarac, the great lord, king of all the great gods;
Ani, the king ; Nit, the powerful, and Artenk, the supreme god
of the provinces, Beltis, the protector, mother of the gods.' . . .
Shemir who presides over the heavens and the earth. . . . Bar.
. . . Artenk, Lama, Horus. . . . Tal and Set, the attendants of
Beltis, mother of the gods." t

Three places named Ani are laid down on the maps ;
one north of Lake Wan, the other west of it, a little to
the northwest of Pallu. J Another at the source of the
river Ri-oni, near the Caucasus. It is also the name of
the city On, or Heliopolis, the city of the sun, now
Baal-bec, and the name of the Egyptian On, whose
priest was Pot-iphar, or Potipheres, compounded of the
gods Phut and Phre, the sun (Phut and Bar, or Abar,
Pars or Perseus, the sun, the Egyptian Phre). We find
also a city Auna on the Euphrates, Unna, a river of
European Turkey, and Onn-os, a king of Egypt.

Ani has in Sanskrit the form Ina (the sun), in
Greece, Egypt, and Palestine it is On, ion, aon, ano, iun,
oni, one, Ono, No, and Unni. Elon, the highest god in
Phoenicia, is a compound of El, the sun, and On (Ani).

* Deuk-alion, Ithaca, the isle, Attica, the land, and Tagus, the river, of
the sun.

t Journal of the Eoyal Asiatic Society, Vol. XII. pp. 427, 432.
t Spruner's Ancient Atlas.

12

In San-chon-iathon's account of Phoenician deities, it has
the form Elioun or Elion. In the Old Testament we
find El Eljon, the god of whom Melchizedek was priest,
the ''most high" God by whom Abraham swears.* An-
other form in Hebrew is Ailon, Hy^K, the name of a
person, and Elon, the head of the Elon-ites.

In. the inscription on the coffin of Esmun-azar, which
was recently discovered at Sidon, the occupant of the
sarcophagus says he has " built a temple to Elon of the
Sidonians in Sidon, in the land on the sea, a temple to
Baal and Astarte."t The name Elon is, in Greece, the
name of a person.

Ani is Aion (Aiqjj/), the sun, "the first-born," in the
Phoenician and Chaldean learning; Homer's aicby, a word
meaning "life," and the Eon of the Gnostic religions.

Compounds of Ani, or Ina, and Adar are In.dr.a, god
of the sky in India, the An.dr.a of the Persians, En-dor,
the abode of the witch, and (with Ap, the sun, prefixed)
Pan-dar-us and P-in.dar, the poet.

Adar is Adar-melech, the fire-god, Oder, a river in
Prussia, Odra, a river in European Turkey, Dor, in the
name of the Dor-ians, named after their god, as the
Israelites from Asar-el (Israel), Dar-ius, the sun-name of
the Persian king. We also find Yi-athor^ the Egyptian
goddess, and Athyr, a month ; Adr-iel, Jetur (Adar),
and Jattir, a place, Bible-names. Adriel is Adar-El, the
fiery El, or Ari-el, of Judaea (the land of Ad, or " Adi-el,"
a Bible-name). Compare Del-os, the island, and Sol-
Talaios, a deity worshipped in Crete. Ad el, or Tal, is
the Assyrian name of the sun-god, the Delian Apollo.
Jetur or Jethr-o, is Atar or Adar. We have Dar, the
name of an Arab tribe, Tur, Tyre, and Turan, a coun-
try of Asia. It is the "Athur" in Athuria, a name
of Assyria. Adar was merely another name of Asur,
Assur, Asar, and Asarac, the chief god. The Chaldee
Targums give Athor for the Hebrew Asur.ij: The Turks
call Tyre (from Atur) Sour (another name of the same
god). Mithra, the Persian and Hindu deity, is Am-adar.
We have M-adra, a Hindu people, M.ad.aura, an African
city, M-etaur-us, a river in Italy, Mithridat-es (Mithra

* Genesis xiv. 18, 22. t Dietrich's Translation.

X Kawlinson, Koyal Asiatic Soc. Journal, Vol. XI. Part I. p. 10.

13

and Adad, the sun), the Hindu king Datt-amithra ( Adad
-)-Mithra), D-em-etri-us (Ad the sun, and Mithra, or
Adam, and Adar), the Greek name of the same king,
and the Bible-name Ador-am.

Countries were named after the gods there worshipped,
cities likewise. " Assyria was thus certainly named after
Assarac, Asarak, or Asarah."* He is considered N-isroch
(Ani, the sun, and As-ar-ac), the Assyrian god in whose
temple Sennacherib was slain. We may compare Ser-ug
in the Bible, Es-r-ak, a place in Arabia, and Sar-gon, the
king name, which is N-isroch, with the " N" or "An" at
the end of the word; also Sor-acte, a mountain (Asar
and Achad, the sun), Achat-es, the friend of ^neas,
Ach-th-oes, king of Egypt, (Ach-tho,) and Ac-d-est-is
(Achad and Asad, Sadai or Set, the sun).

As with Ar gives Asar, the god, Ez-er, the name of a
person,! Ezra, the scribe, Azar, the fire-god (As, Asur, or
Assar and Asar-ac, the deity after whom Assyr-ia is
named, and whose name ^' As " is the name of the whole
continent of As-ia. See the Bible-name Asi-el). We
have Zohar, the fire-god, and Zar-etis, his goddess, M-el-
zar, B-el-shazzar, and Bel-t-esh-azzar. Asur is called
Asura, with the epithet " Mazda," the wise (s becomes
the softened sh, and is h). Asura is Ahura- Mazda
(called Aura-masta, from Aur, "the fire"). In India
the sun's name is Sur-ya, and the term Asura is found
applied to evil deities. It is probable that they were the
old sun-deities, like the twelve Titans (from Ad-ad, the
sun, and On, the sun). So the Turks call Tyre (from
Adar, the sun or fire-god). Sour (the sun, Asur). The
Latin name was Sarra (Asar). Bible-names containing
the deity-name Azar, are Azar-iah, Isr-ael, a Phoenician
name of Saturn, Asr-iel,:j: Ele-azar, Azr-iel, El-izur, son
of Sh-edaur ("As," the sun, and Adar, the fire-god), and
Osor-thon, the Egyptian king (Asar-adan).

We have Isar, a tributary of the Danube in Bavaria,
Oseir-is (who is Asar), Seir, a name of a mountain,
Ashur, in the Bible, Sair, an Arabian god worshipped
by the tribe Auza,§ the Hebrew tribe Asher, Auzara, the

* Kawlinson, Asiatic Society, Vol. XII. p. 424.

t Nehemiah, chap. iii.

X Joshua xvii,

§ Universal History, Vol. XVIII. p. 387.

2

14

name of a city on the Euphrates, and Ahira, a Bible-
name of a person ([AJsiris, Osiris, Asura or Ahura).

Baal had his altars in Isr-ael with Ashera, his god-
dess (Azara or Asara). We are inclined to derive Sar-
dinia also from Asar and Tinia (Jupiter-Tinia), Tina or
• Adan.

Ab, compounded with Ak (the fire-god), gives B-acch-
us, the god, Pekah, a Jewish king, Aphek, a Bible-name,
R-aphak-es, an Egyptian, Re-bek-ah (Re, the sun, and
Bekah, Bacchus), Ev.ech-ius, the name of Bacchus (v
is b). We have Atar-bech-is (Venus) and Baal-Z>ec
(Heliopolis). Bacchus is also called Evi-us (Abi). In
the Bible we have Evi, the name of a person, and h-evi
(Levi), the same as Eli-ab, a compound of El and Ab,
or Ev. Bacch-us is the old Persian sun-god Baga.
Among the Sclavonians he is " Bog, the rising sun."
The river Bug has his name. On the banks of the
Indus he is Bhaga the Adit-ya. Other forms of the
name are Bukki and Pagi-el, names of persons in the
Bible, Bago-as, Boch-us, Bocch-or-is, and Evag-or-as,
Egyptian kings.

Y-ivagh.SiO, a name of the sun in ancient Persia, is
probably Ab-aB-ag, the doubled form, like P-aP-aios,
the Scythian form of Ap, the sun, and Adad, the redu-
plication of Ad, the sun. Ab-ib is the name of a Jewish
month. Several Jewish months are named after deities.
Ep-aph-us is the Egyptian name of the same month.
We find also the kings Ep-iph-an.es, Aphob-is, and the
Egyptian king's name Ap-op-is, the Bible-names Bavai,
Bebai, H-ob-ab, the son of R-ag-uel,* and Ab-ib-al, a
Phoenician king.

Ab, compounded with El, gives the god Bil or Bel,
Abel, Ab-il-ah, a city. Evil (as in Evil-Merodach, king
of Babylon). B softens continually into V. Pars (Per-
sia) becomes Ears, the Abarti, Afarti, Sebastopol is
Sevastopol, Elisabethpol is Elisawethpol, south of the
Caucasus mountains. Seb and Sev are Egyptian names
of Saturn. Phil-ist-ia, the country of the Philistines, is
Abel-Seth, or Set. With these names we may compare
Sab-US, a Phoenician god, Usov, the Phoenician Mars,
Suph-is, king of Egypt, Asaph, in the Bible, Asav (Sat-

* Numbers x.

15

urn), Esau, and the name of the poetess Sappho. They
are probably all compounded of two names of the sun-
god, As and Ap. We find the Bible-names Eli-asaph,
Joseph, los-ib-iah, los-iph-iah, Zeph-an-iah, and Zeb-ulon
(Seb-Elon, the Saturn-Elion, or " El Eljon " of Abraham
and Melchizedek ; as the name of a person in the Bible
it is Eli-enai and Elih-o-enai), Zif, a Hebrew month-
name, Seba, the Arabian god of heaven, Zab-ii (the
Sab-aeans), Zob-al (or As-Abel), a name of Saturn.
H-ob-al, the chief of three hundred and sixty Arabian
idols.* Compare the Sabellians, a people, and Savelios
(the sun, Gothic Sauil, Sol in Latin, Ausil, Usil, the
Auselii, a family). Jehova is called Seb-a-oth, " God of
hosts," or God of heaven ; " Him whom heavenly hosts
obey." Savitar, the creator-sun of the Hindus, is Sab,
or Sev (Saturn), and -itar, Atar, the fire and sun-god.
The Bible gives the queen of Sheb-a (or S'eb-a), which
is Seb-Saturn, Ish-bak, a man's name, and we have
S-ab-acho, Seb-ich-os, or Sev-ech-us, king of Egypt.

If the fire-god Ak is compounded with Ani, the sun,
we have the name of Saturn, Chon (Kewan), Baal-chon,
Chiun, worshipped in Egypt by the Israelites, Sar-gon
(an Assyrian king = Asar- Chon), Con-iah and Jecon-iah,
Bible-names, Chaon, who is Chon, the deity Ken in
Assyria, Can-op-us and Kn-eph, Egyptian names of
gods, Kanoon, the Syrian month-name, and Can-aan, a
Phoenician deity, (the land of Canaan,) mentioned in
San-chon-iath-on. We have also S-an-c-us, the Sabine
word for " heaven," In-ach-us, the sun, the Phrygian
Ann-ak-os ; An-ouke, the Egyptian goddess of the earth,
the Bible-names En-och, An-ak,f the Ann-akim, N.ek-
oda, a Bible-name, N-ach.or, a place (compare Achor,
the name of a valley, and Kur, the sun), N.echo (Pharao),
and N.eck.eb.J

The Median Hindus ascribed their book of "the law"
to Manu (or Menu). The laws of Manu were the gift
of the "all-knowing sun," the chief god Man-es, Om-
an-us, or Mon-imus (in Germany, Mannus, in Crete,
Minos, in Egypt, Menes, in Arabia, the god Manah, h
being s). Amanus and Omanus are identified with the
sun by Bochart. We have Manu, the Hindu Noah of

* Universal History, Vol. XVIII. p. 386.

t Joshua xiv. | Joshua xix. 33.

16

the flood (Nuh of the waters, the Egyptian god of the
annual overflow), Amun, the Egyptian name of the
sun-god, and Aman-us, part of the Taur-us range of
mountains ; Haman-im, the sun-images in Babylon.
Baal is Saman and Haman. He is represented with
four faces looking to the four quarters of the heavens.
Haman is a man's name, in the book of Esther ; Haman
"the son of Hamm-edatha" (Adad, the sun, and Ham
or Sam, the sun). Other forms of Am, the sun, are the
pool of Silo-am (Sol and Am), Am-3.sis, an Egyptian king
(Am, and Asis, the sun), ^m-aziah, king of Judah, Am-
aza, a name of Diana, ^-aomi, Jer-om-baal, and Ahi-jam.

The old Italian sun-god Ap, Op (or Ab), is the bull
Ap-is of the Egyptians, the steer Ah-udad (Adad, the
sun) of the Persians, the Egyptian name of Amen-oph,
or Amun-oph, the Arabian " Al-Auf," the god Auf,
Ab-ed or Eb-ed of the Bible (Ebed-ezer), Evi, the
name of a Hebrew, the cities Ava and Nin-eva (An-
an-ias, H-an-ani, Onan), the name Eve of the Bible,
Abi-ely Ab-d-ie\, Abi-ezer, Abi-dQ.u, Abi-jah, Abi-me-\ech,
Abi-SithdiY (Adar, the sun), ^6-dera, a Thracian city,
Ep-idauY-us, now called Pi-daur-ra {Jup-iter or Jop-adar
(Ater, the sun), the Assyrian Adar-melech, the fire-god).
It seems more reasonable to connect the name Jupiter
with Op, the sun, the old Italian god (iuve = Jovi), with
Jap-et and Jap-et-os, which Buttmann considers names
of the Supreme Being, than to adopt the derivation
from the Sanskrit Djaush, " Heaven," or Diu or Div,
" to shine" (Divus), and Pitar, " father." Dius-piter and
Dies-piter are less natural than Op, the sun. Our father,
(iOp-piter), the name of the river Po, or P-ad-us (Ja-
pet-us). Compare As-o/?-us, or As-opo, a river in Thes-
saly, and Ap-us, a river in Illyricum.

Ab, compounded with the sun-name Ad, forms Ab-
ed-nego, Ob-ed-iah, Obed-Edom, and P-ed-ah-zur, Bible-
names.

Japet (or Jupit-er) is the Greek Puth-ios (the Pythian
Apollo), Pytho, the sun-dragon, the Egyptian Phut or
Phth-ah, the fire-god Ptah (compare the Titan Japet-os,
and Jephth-ah, judge of Israel), Phut, the Hebrew patri-
arch,* and Iphitus.f The " itfer " in the name of Jup-iter

* Genesis x. t Odyss. xxi. 26.

17

is perhaps connected with the Italian names Adria (the
modern *Atri), ^^r-uria, and Adr-mtic. We have the
Babylonian goddess ^i^er-gatis, called also Tar-kat and
Der-keto ; and " the children of Ater," in Nehem-iah.

Japh-et, Jup-iter or Op, the sun-god, reappear in the
name of the river Auf-id-ius, in Y.ed-ius, a name of
Jupiter (Ab.ed, Ab or Auf, the Arabian god), and in
Ve-adar, the name of the Jewish intercalary month.
(Ved-ius would be perhaps Ve-ad-ius. The Ar, in Ve-
ad-ar, is the fire-god Ar or Ar-es, the Assyrian fire-god
Adar-melech or Adrammelech.) We have also -P-eth-or
(op-eth-or), a place mentioned in the Bible, -P-et-er (ap-
et-er), the Apostle, -S-av-itar (As+Jov-itar, Sev-Adar), the
Creator-sun of the Hindus, and -Ph-aed.r-us, the fabulist.

If we decline Op (as Jup-iter is declined), we have,
Nominative Op, Joppa, Job (the Hebrew), Jove, or the
Arabian god Auf ; Genitive, lovis ; Dative, lovi.

Jov-is is then the genitive case, not of Jupiter, but of Jop
or Auf, the sun ( Ab, Ap, or Op). Compare Baiae and Veii,
two names of places in Italy, and liv, the Oscan deity.

El ("the sun," " God"), compounded with Ap (Ab),
the sun, gives Apel (Apollo) " the fighter," Ab-el, Bel, the
sun-god of Mesopotamia, Phoenicia, and Palestine ; all
the Baal-im or Elim, the sun-gods; and Apulia, the land
of Epul, Apollo. Other forms of the name are Phul,
an Assyrian king, Pallu, a Bible-name, Apelles, Phell-es,
Evil, a Babylonian name, Awal, an Arab divinity, El-
paal, Vul-can or Balcan or Bal-cain or " Th-ubal-cain, the
instructor of every artificer in brass and iron." *

Apel appears in Pleione, mother of the nymph Maia
(Mai, the month May). Pleione is the spouse of Atlas,
who is Sol-Tal-aios (compare Tal, the Assyrian god,
and Thales, a philosopher), Ital-m (Italy), Del-os, the
isle, Atell-a, an Oscan city, Attal-us, king of Pergamus,
Atl-as, the deity, Tola and Tal-mon, names of Hebrews.
Cain and Ab-el are Bel, the sun, and Chon (the Baal-
Chon, or Agni, or Chiun, or Chaon). We find Z-abul,
the name of a prince. It is As- Abel. The word Z-ebu-
lon is Sab, Saturn, and Elon, Elion, the most high God.
Bel-zeb-ul and Belzebub are compounded of Ab, El,
and As, names of the sun.

* Genesis iv. 22.

2*

' 18

Ab and El are, seen in the name of Pol-lux (Lux
meaning light, Luke, XvKrj (El-f-Ak), and Pol meaning
Apollo). The name Nab-opol-asar contains the name
Apollo. Bel-itan, Bal-adan, and Pluton are names of
Bel or Apel (Apollo). His name is Bol and Bui; also

^aXaOrju.

Pollio or Paul is apparently another form of these
words. We have Bil, a name of Bel, Abil, an x\rab
tribe, and Bil-dad, a Bible-name, which is Bil, the sun,
and Adad, the sun. Apollo and the Bible patriarch
Jubal were both skilled in playing the lyre: the patri-
arch Jabal was as rich in cattle as sun-gods usually are.
(Indra, the Hindu god, is " rich in cattle.") Pal-es is the
god and goddess of cattle. Apollo, while tending the
cattle of Admetus, on the banks of the river Amphry-
sus, has them stolen from him by Mercury, the Arca-
dian sun-god. Palmyra (called also Tadmor) is Apel-
Omar (the Phoenician deity Mar). Tadmor is Adad,
the sun, and Omar. Since Adad and Apel are both
sun-names, it is natural that they should be given to the
same place. Mercur or Mercury is Omar, the sun, Amar,
the day, and Kur, the sun. Phil-emon is Abel-Amon.

El is the sun. As is the sun, Ani is the sun. United,
they give L-os-na, a name of the moon in Italy. Put-
ting "As" first, they give S-el-ene, another name of
the moon (in Greece) ; and S-il-enus, the sun-Bacchus
(from Ausil or Asel, the sun, and Ani).

El compounded with On, the sun, gives Luna, the
moon, and El-on, the chief deity (sun-god) of the Phoe-
nicians, and of Jerusalem, the ancient Salem. We
have Jehova-Shalom, Solom-on, Shelumi-el, Shelom-ith,
Baal-Shal-isha (Baal- Sol- Ishi, or Jah), the Bible-names
Ish-iaho, Ab-ishai, and Esh-baal ; and in Hosea ii. 16,
" Thou shalt call me Ishi, and no more Beali" (As, *or
Ashi, softened, lah or lahi, the Greek Yas, is the sun,
as the Orb of Life). Compare Exodus iii. 14.

As, compounded with Am, the sun, gives Semo, the
Italian god of heaven, Sam or Sem, the sun-names of
the Hebrew patriarch and the Persian hero. Shem is a
name of the sun. Shemes and Shemir are well-known
names of the sun, according to Rawlinson. We find
also Shem.aiah, Shimei, Sam-ael, Ishm-ael, and Sam-uel,
in the Bible, and G-eshem.

19

A further compound with An or Ani, the sun, is found
in the name Baal-saman, or Baal-haman. This Saman,
Haman, or Amon, the sun, is the Phoenician Esmun,
(Apollo), Smun ; Smin-theus, the name of Apollo's
prifest, is very near Eshmun-iad (a Phoenician name),
the Egyptian Os-im-an-th-yas or Os-im-an-d-yas. Sum-
raan-us is the Italian god of the nightly lightnings. The
Bible-names Sim-eon and Simon appear to be the same
word.

The Irish Cuat-an, " the sun," is perhaps Achad, the
sun, and On, the sun. In Sanskrit, Kut is the verb " to
burn " ; we have also C-t-esi-as ( Achad-|-Asi), the waiter,
and Acteon, who 'was changed to a stag (Achad, the
sun, and eon, ian, Ani, the sun).

Further compounds may be found in the words Zur-iel,

Beth-Zur, Sn^9n Eli-el, )n^h^ Eli-jah, HNIKI Ahiah,
As-ah-iah, H^NI Ajah, H^ Jah, Jehu (Jahoa) NinM
Jael 7^%* An-aiah,f Jah-ziel, J Jah-azi-el, § Elihu,

Joel 7KV, Mor-iah, a mountain, Azar-iah, Seraiah, Zer-
ubbabel, Jaaz-an.i.ah, Ar-ab-el, king of Babyl-on, Ari-el,

Ar-eli,|| Al-or-us *11K-7N, Ar-ieh,^ Ariad.ne (Adoni,
Aficoi/i), As-ahel, Ash-bel, Esh-baal, S-ab-ellians, S-av-elios,
the sun, Abelios, the sun, i3-a/3elios, the sun, Sauil and
Ausil, the sun ; Saul, Sol-El, Soleil, the sun, and J-ah-
leel, a Bible-name.

The Selli were the priests of Jove at Dodona, called
also the 'EXXoi (Helli). In Greece, El-is was "the
Holy Land." Greece (Hellas) is called Elisha in the
Bible. The connection of the Phoenicians with Ionia
was most intimate ; yet the Hebrew name of Greece,
|V (I-o-n) is translated Javan. This is not remarkable
in so distant a nation as the Hindus, but in countries
near together, as Palestine, Phoenicia, and the Ionian
coast, it would be strange if the Greek name should
not be used, more especially as we find Elion and Elon,
names of the chief god in Phoenicia, Elion and El, or
Eli in Judaea, Il-ion, Troy (II is El), Ach-illes (Ach-il),
and other names that have apparently the same compo-
sition which we have been describing. Thamyrus in
Homer resembles Baal-Tamar, and Tamar, the name of

* Judges iv. 18, 21. t Nehem-iah x. 22. J 1 Chron. vii. 13.

§ 2 Chron. xx. 14. H Genesis xlvi. f 2 Kings xv. 25.

20

a princess in the Bible. Neptune is Ani. Ap, Adon ;
Sar-pedon is Asar- Ap-Adan. In the Bible we find Padan,
the name of a place ; Dardan-us is Adar- Adon. las and
Jan (On) are names of the sun. Combined, they make
Jas-on, the leader of the Argonauts, and Jas-on, a Chris-
tian mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles.

We find a Hebrew Jam-1-ech, also Melech, a name of
Moloch or Milichus, the fir^-sun ; Am-al-ak, the Ama-
lekites, compounds of Am (or Jom, meaning day), El
(Bel), and Ak (the Arabian god Yauk) ; Mal-ch-iel, the
name of a person, M-al-achi, the prophet, Malach-bel, or
Baal- Moloch. We have Abi-Melech or Abimelech in
the Bible. Melechet, the wife of Mars-Moloch, Al.amm-
el.ech, An.amm.el.ech, and Adramme-lech, or Adar-
Melech, names of Assyrian fire-gods. Also C-y.b-ele,
a goddess (Ach-}-bel).

Malchi-Zedek was priest of the most high God, the
Elon or Elion of the Phoenicians, and dwelt in Salem,
the ancient Jerusalem. In Assyria, the priest bore the
name of the god to whose service he was attached.
Perseus was the name of the priest of Mithra and the
Persian god. So the Hebrew priest Eli bears the name
of his god, Eli or El. David's seer or prophet was called
Gad, from Achad, the sun.* Uri-jah, the priest, has the
name of the fire-god and the sun-god united. Eli-jah,
" the man of God," is named from Eli and Jah, two
names of the Hebrew God ; Oded, the priest's name, is
Adad, the sun. Ezra, the priest, has the name of Azar,
Asar, or Ahur-a, the sun.

Besides the " Shining Bar " of the Assyrian bas-reliefs,
the sun-god Abar is the Roman jubar, a sunbeam, and
the sun-name or epithet of the Egyptian monarchs as
sons of the sun, Phar-aohs. We have also Bar, the
name of an Arab tribe, the Abars, Abarti, or Afarti, a
people in the northern part of the Persian Empire, and
it is " Per-seus, the sun," and Persia (or Abar-As-ia), the
land of the sun. We find the name of a Jewish writer,
Abar-ban-el, contains the three deity names El, Aban,
and Abar. Asnabar, the name of a district, city, or
place in Assyria, and As-n-apper, a man's name, are
As-An-(or Sun)-Abar. It is a compound of the same

* Compare the ♦' children of Gad," Numb. x. ; the Bible-names Accad
and Baal-gad, the Get-ae (Goths), the German Gott, and the Persian Khoda.

21

order as Sandan (San-Adan, Adonis, Zrjv), the Assy-
rian sun, as Hercules, whose name is but a Greek-Phoe-
nician softening of Sarak or Asarac, the great deity of
the Assyrians. H is S ; therefore a compound of Sarak
and El, the Phoenician and Semitic sun-god, would be
Hercol, the Etrurian name of Hercules, who is also
called Archal in Phoenicia. Abar is the priest Abar-is,
the Trojan Par-is, Apr-ilis, Avr-il, months, Apri-es and
Uaphr-is, kings of Egypt, and Eber, the patriarch of the
Ebraioi, or Hebrews. Abar, the shining sun, is com-
pounded with Ak, the fire-god, in Kh-eper, the Egyptian
name of the Creator-sun. We find a river Ch-ebar
mentioned in Ezekiel,* and the name Ch-e;?(2f = haam-
monai, in the eighteenth chapter of Joshua. With
these we may compare Sultan K-ebir, meaning " Fire-
Sultan," Gh-eber, a fire-worshipper, the seven C-abiri, the
spirits of fire and light of Phoenicia, the seven " great
gods " of the Eastern World, G-abr-iei, one of the
seven archangels, and Ch-eb-r-es, king of Egypt. Jacob
is a compound of Ak, the fire-sun, and Ap or Ab, '' the
sun." The same names differently compounded give
B-acch-us. Further compounds are Caphtor (a name
of the island Crete), which is Ak, Ap, Ad, Ar, and
Coptos or Aigupt-os, " Egypt," which is Ak, Ap, and
Ad; or Kah-Ptah, "the land of Ptah." (?) Other com-
pounds of Abar are Britomartis, a name of Diana,
Per-seph-one and Pr-oser-pine.

Britomart-is is Abar- Adsun-Ar ad (Artem-is, Diana).
Persephone is Abar, Asaph, and Ani. Proserpina is
Abar, Asar, the Assyrian chief-god, and Aban, the sun.
Abar is found in Iber-ia, the land of Abar, the sun,
Ber-iah, Bar-ak, and Bar-uch, Ber-ech-iah, which is Abar-
Ach-Iah (the sun lao with four faces). " The Shining
Bar," and " Ani the King," of the Assyrian inscriptions,
seem to have united in forming Yar-una, the Hindu Sat-
urn, the god of Heaven and Light. We find Ver-ona
in Italy, Var-na, on the Black Sea, the Var-ani, a people
of Bactria, and the river Var,f named from the god
Bar, just as the river Don (or Tanais) is named from
the sun Adan, his goddess Tanais == Athena (Minerva),
and Adana, the name of a province in Asia Minor.

We have in the Bible Bar-z.illai, a person (Abar and

* Chap. X. t Verres and Varro.

22

Azel, 7?}^, or Asel or Sol, As-iel and Sol-omon (Amon,
a Jewish king). We have also Par-an, a place, Beor, a
man's name, Baal-peor, Phre, the sun-god in Egypt,
Phar-par, a river, and El-Par-an. Pr-i-ene, a European
town, is Abar and Ani ; Prusa, the modern Bur-sa, is
Abar (Bar) and As (the sun). We find Paarai, Beeri,
Beri, Bible-names ; Bera, king of Sodom, the Trojan Pr-
iam, and a city of Cal-abr-ia., in Italy, named Bari ; also
5r-undusium, S-pbar-is, cities, Epure, an Italian name of
Apollo, Pur, the Greek word for fire, Epir-us, a country,
Epher, a Hebrew name, the Persian fire-altar Pyr-ethon,
the word pyre, which, softened, is "fire," the German
feuer, and the French foyer.

Compounds of As, Ar, and On (names of the sun)
are Jesh-ur-un, the land of Moses, S-or-an-us, the deity-
name, the S-ur-ani, a people north of the Caucasus, the
Saron-ic Gulf, Sharon (or Sar-ona), H-ar-an and Beth-
horon, names of places in the Bible. Ar and On give
Ur-an-os, or Our-an-os (" Heaven," or Saturn, which is
Seth-uran-us, the El-Shaddai, Sadi, Set, or Seth of Gene-
sis, Seth-os, a king of Egypt) ; Sal-ernum (now Sal-er-
no) is Sol-uranus. We have Ir-ene, the Empress (Ar
and Ani), also Aur-ana, a place in Arabia.

Ag, the fire-god Ak, compounded with Ur-an-os, gives
" Ekron, whose god was Baal-zebub," K-ron-os, '' the
beaming sun," a name of Saturn (Ak-Ar-On), Car-ni, a
people of Italy, and Oc-r-an, a district in Palestine. Ak,
compounded with the fire-god Ar, gives Er-ech, a part of
Nimrod's kingdom, and the Bible-name Jer-icho. We
have also K-ur, a name of the sun (Ak+Ar), Kur, a
river, Cyr-us (Kur-us), the Persian king, Kup-ios meaning
" lord " in Greek, Cher-es, king of Egypt, Kore, the
name of a Hebrew, the Roman Cur-io, Kur-eta (the
island Crete), Achor, the name of a valley in the Bible,
the island Cor-cyra (Kur-Kur), Acar-n-anm and C/ior-
assan, countries ; the Bible-name of a place, Gur-baal
(two sun-names), and the proper names Khor-ene, Gyr-
ene, and Cpr-il (El and Kur).

Other compounds of the fire-god Ag are Ch-esil
(Orion), Ac-usil-aus, Agni, the Hindu god of fire (Ak
and Ani, the sun, the Latin Ignis, "fire"), D-agon,
the sun-god represented with the tail of a fish, in Phoeni-
cia, Od-acon, the Babylonian " man-fish," Coni, a fortress

23

in Piedmont, Chon, Chaon, or Chiun (Chijun), a name
of Saturn in Africa, Palestine, and Arabia, the deity
Baal-chon, the Bible-name Guni, Jam-ad-agni, a Hindu
deity-name (Jama or Jom, meaning "the day," the sun).
We have the patriarch Pel-eg, of the Bible (Apel and"
Ag), Bal-ak (Baal or Abel-ak), the Pel-f^m-ans, a peo-
ple of Italy, the Pel-agoni-ans, Tel-eg-on-us, ^Egina, and
The-ognis. Here we distinctly have the Latin Ignis, fire,
and Agni, the Indian god of fire.

Aban is the sun, and a Persian name of a month.
L-aban (El- Aban) is a patriarch in Genesis. Even-us,
a Grecian king, is the name Aban. Pan, the Roman
sun-god, Phan-es, the Phoenician deity, Venus (the sun-
goddess), and the name of Lake Van, follow as a matter
of course. Aban is seen in Al-apeni and Sal-apeni,
people of West Arabia, in Jabin (iAban), a king of
Can-aan, in the Hebrew Ben-jam.in, Eben-ezer, Re-uben
(Aban). Ra, Re, and Phre are Egypt's names of the
sun. We have the Jew Abar-ban-el, the Hebrew name
Ish-pan, a compound similar to Esh-baal and El-paal
(Pallu, Apollo), Abana, a river, Pen-eus, a river of Th-es-
saly, Pni-e[ and Pew-uel, Bible-names.

We have Beth-aven, a Bible-name, H-av.an or H-av-
ani, a god of the Persians, the Hindu Ven, meaning the
sun, and Vena, the moon ; Van-iah, a Hebrew name,
the Sanskrit Van-as-pati, Pati meaning ruler (rulers
anciently were sons of the sun), Bani and Beon, Bible-
names, Byon, king of Egypt, and 'Neh-uahas-ban, an
Assyrian name. Neb is Nebo (Mercury), "ban" is Aban
(or Pan, the sun).

Ushas is the name of Aurora, the blushing dawn.
The words As (Ush) and Ar (Ur), both meaning sun or
fire, are very much interchanged, just as Adar and Asar,
two names of the same deity, are put one for the other.
Tyre in Phoenicia is called Sur by the Turks. Assyr-ia
is Athur-ia. " Ur" changes to "As" in the Latin verb
to burn, Uro, which in the perfect is Ussi, supine Us-
tum. The Aur-el-ian family were anciently the Auselii
(from Ausil, the sun). So Ush-asa is in Persia and
Hindustan the dawn ; in Italy it is Aur-ora, in Lithu-
ania it is Auss-ra (compare Auz-ara, an ancient city on
the Euphrates), in Greece it is Eos, Doric Aos, and
Eolic Auos. Compounded with Ina (the sun) we have

24

the Persian Ush-as-ina, the goddess of the morning.
Aur-ora is Ar-Ar. Ush-as is Ush-Ush, or As, As. With
these compare the Arab god Asas, " As-is,^^ a solar Mer-
cury, Trapedpos of the sun-god at Edessa, Zeus (Jupiter),
Zia, Ziz, and Aziza, Bible-names, Aziz, the Dev(il) of
the Zend-avesta, Jahaz, a Hebrew, Ah-az, a king. Is-is,
the Egyptian wife of the sun (Osir-is), S-is-era, of the
Bible, S-is-er-es, king of Egypt, Isa-iah (h being a soft
5), Ozias, Uzziah, Jos-iah, Shish-ak, an Egyptian king,
and S-is-ythr-us (Xisuthrus, the Babylonian Noah),
whose name is probably a compound of Asis and Adar,
the sun and fire gods. We have also S-usa, a city of
S-usi-ana, in Persia, S-os-is, a Syracusan, S-os-us, Asi-us,
a poet, and the Lacedaemonian name of Ze-us, Si-os.

It was a principle of ancient mythology, that the fe-
male forms an essential part of the conception of the
deities. They are found in pairs. The Greeks, Romans,
and other nations did not hesitate to pair those of
different names together. Venus is the wife of Vulcan,
but she bears the name of Pan. Juno is the spouse of
Jup-iter, yet she has the name of the Etruscan deity,
Jonn. If they were paired according to their names, we
should have ^

Mana, the Oscan goddess
of birth.

M e n i , the Babylonian
Venus.
Ilhea, the Earth goddess.

Tamie,* the moon.

Hecate, the moon.

Melechet.

Ap-ia (Greece), the Earth.

Ops, the earth.

Ava, Eva (Eve), the Earth.

Evia.

Aue, a meadow ; lo, the

moon.
Aia, the Earth, and Joh, the

moon, in Egypt.

Amon, the sun. Manes,
Minos,

Ar-es, "

Er-os,

Atmu, To>/x "

Re-Athom,

Adam,

Achad, "

Moloch, "

Ap,
Op,
Ab,

Evius, "

(a Sun-

Bacchus,)

Ao, "

Jah,

* Tamie is both masculine and feminine.

25

As, the sun, Zeus,* Sios,

Ishi,t
Assur, the sun,
Arad, the sun, Jared,

lom (day), the sun, Ami,

Jama, "

U,

Ad,

Ak, Fire-god, the sun,

Adam, "

Adonis, "

Anakos, the sun,
Inachus, "

Ven (sun),

Pan, Phan-es, Aven (sun),
Jan-US, the sun,
Jonn, "
Uran-us, Saturn,
Asar (Ahura), "

Azar, "

Asher (Baal, the sun),

Asis (sun),

Adad (sun),

Silen-us (a Sun-Bacchus),

Hephaestus (fire-god . of

Greece),
Apollo (sun),
Pales (Androgyne),

Kur (the sun),

Asia.

Assyria.

Erde (Gothic Airtha), the
Earth, Arit-imis.

Maia, Mai, May, the Earth.

Jami, the Earth.

Ila, the Earth.

Aida, Ida, the Earth.

Ach-aia (Greece), the Earth.

Dem-eter, Earth goddess.

Tana-is, Diana, Earth god-
dess.

The Egyptian Anuke, the
Earth.

The Babylonian Onka, the
goddess of Chaotic Mat-
ter.

Vena, the moon, a Hindu
word.

Ven-us, the Earth goddess.

Jana.

Juno.

Urani-a, celestial Venus.

Hera (Juno, queen of heav-
en).

Azara.

Ashera, Baal's goddess in
Israel.

Isis, the Earth goddess.

Tit-aea, the Earth.

Selen-e, the moon.

Vesta, Roman fire-goddess.

Pallas.

Pales, goddess of cattle.

Cora, the Earth.

Cer-es, goddess of corn, &c.

Charis, wife of Vulcan.

* Compare the Bible-names Uz, Az-ael, Uzzi-el, El-uzai, Jaaz-zaA, Eli-asis,
Dion-Msos, the god Asis, and the Arabian deities Asas and Al-nzza.
* t Hosea ii. 16.

3

26

Epure (Abar), Apollo's name. Pyrrha, Deucalion's wife.

Adar (the fire-sun), Terra, the Earth.

Jup-iter (the sun-god), Terra, the Earth.
Tal (the Assyrian sun-god,

Talaios in Crete), Tell-us, the Earth.

We have thus collected words of various countries,
and divided them into the monosyllabic and dissyllabic
names of sun-gods, of which they are compounded. It
oilght to cau^e no more surprise to find the god-names
of Mesopotamia spread to the remotest extremities of
Europe or to Hindustan, than to remark the resemblances
in the languages of mankind from India to Ireland.
The Latin word genitor is in Greek genetj^r, in San-
skrit ganitar, in Irish genteoir. The words " I am " are
in old French " is,mi " ; in old Prussian, esmi ; in Doric
Greek, esmi or emmi ; in Sanskrit, asmi. " He is " is in
Sanskrit asti ; in Greek, esti ; in Zend, asti ; in Darius's
inscriptions, astya ; in Latin, est ; in German, ist ; in
French, est. The Latin "do" (or dare), to give, is in
Egyptian Ta; in Lithuanian, Dumi; in Sanskrit, Dada-
mi ; in Greek, Didomi ; in the Hebrew, Na-than ; in the
Arabian, Ata (a gift) ; in the old Persian, Tatam, the
participle (given) ; in the new Persian, Dlh and Dadan, to
give. Father is in Gothic Fader; in German, Vater; in
Latin, Pater; in Greek, Patj/r; in Sanskrit, Pitar. Boy
is (Niederbretan) paothra, in Sanskrit putra, in Latin
puer, in Greek pais (pronounced pois). Seven is the
Gothic sibun, the German sieben, the Hebrew seba, the
Latin septem, the Lithuanian septyni, the French sept,
the Greek hepta, the Zend hapta, the Sanskrit sapta and
saptan, the Arabic sabatun, the Ethiopian saba-e-tu,
and the Egyptian shash-fe or sas'f.

Thus it is evident that there was a communication of
ideas between all parts of the ancient world ; language
overflowed from one mouth to another.

Babylon lay on the Euphrates surrounded by artifi-
cial canals, and mistress of two great rivers. She was
between Assyria, Persia, India, Egypt, Palestine, Asia
Minor, and Europe. The Bible assigns to her the chief
rank among the cities. She was "the first-born" in
point of time. From Europe and India names are
brought back to her as the source from which they

27

sprung. Second mother of mankind! The human in-
tellect was cradled in her arms as she sat amidst her
many waters. Her Magi went out, like the Apostles of
Christ, bearing to other nations her language, her relig-
ion, her philosophy, her civilization. Like the Assyrian,
" the waters made him great ; the deep set him up on
high with her rivers running round about his plants, and
sent out her Utile rivers unto all the trees of the field."

Library^

.1^

ADDENDA

Page 4, Although many Pelasgic deitr-naines have

•j«>^^.
'•'**

Phoenician origin yet they are gen<^r|Mv so
transformed to suit the pronunciation^^ the
Greek language that they may also be trans-
lated by it, but in a different sense.

Grotefead on the oldest Legend-poetry of the East.
Zeitschrift der I). M. G. vol. 8., p. 811.

' 7, line 1, read Doric before Aelios.
' 7, "21, Aides, ^^t/oneus, D ido, Tv/ deus Tim o-
theus^ Teos, Prom e theus Asm o deus
(Semo deus), Harm o dins (Herni es)
The s salia and Ve dkis,
■ 8, "7, Diomed, i^/twshid, or Je?n shid, Ammi-
shaddai, Zurishaddai, Jer emai, Mei-
amoun, El am, El i am & El Shaddai.
9, "19, read v:::; for rux.

9, " 31, Thamus (Anion) 1 Rinck, Rel.d.HelL,

164, 224. Athamas King of Thebes.

12, last line, Thrita the Hindu deity. He mithra.

King of Atesh, & the Norse god Tliorr.

14, line 19, Bagir, the Arabian deity.

16, " 39, Aphthas, (taken from Suidas).

17, " 33, Ae tol ia, Attila, and ^Uol ad.

18, " 31, ) Jer om baal Jair.

7, " 31, 3 Jer em iah Jer emai.
Jer usal em Azal iah.
Jer em oth Shel om ith.
Sol on Ani am,

Sol om on l^-aomi.

19, " 23, Cretan Abelios,in Pamphylia, B ab eli-

os the Sun, (B ab el Jer ubb abel, Abibal.

20, " 29, The SanskiitDeva, Geil, can stand also

for priest and king, iiaug D. M. G., Bd. 7.
20, " 1, Nebat. p. 22, line 36, Agur, Prov. xxx, i.
23, " 26, insert after Vanas pati, 'a name of Agni.'
'^^^ " 3, Airtlio ; add Armaiti, the old Persian

Earth goddess ; Artemis.
25, bottom, Narayana (Vishnu, the Sun), Neriene,

wife of Mars.
The Oscan god liv, > Eva (Eve
Jove, Jevo, Evi-us, Abi ) mother Earth.)
25, bottom, read 'Uzza for Al-uzza (Luz, Gen.xxxv,
6, El-uzai, Uzzi-el). Page 26, "ta for Ata (a gift).

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