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THE MODERN SYRIAN
BY
i. B1SHARA, B» A.. B. D., Ph. D.,
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of the Presbytery aitimore
C^P^^t^?
AL-HODA PUBLISHING HOUSE
81 West Street, New York City, U. S. A.
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gORK
Tn.DE^orr.DA'FoNS I
SPECIAL REFERENCE
Should be made, in regard of this publication, to my
friend, N. A. Mokarzel, Esquire, of New York, the
author and able editor of the daily "Al-Hoda," who,
besides suggesting to me the treatment of the subject
in Arabic, has also generously undertaken to publish
this work at his own outlay.
For personal interest and kindly encouragement, I
tender to him my grateful thanks.
The Author.
TO THE PERSONIFIED "COMMON SENSE" OF THti
AMERICAN i :'. IX THE NAME OF THE "SC/UARE
!.," [N BEHALF OF THE SYRIAN* IMMIGRANT,
AUTHOR CONFIDENTLY DEDICATES Till*
HUM BLE TREATISE.
—Kahl A. BisharcL
INTRODUCTORY.
It is the purpose of this treatise to set forth, with
a fairfy high degree of precision, the evidence con-
ducive to the determination of the racial identity of
the modern Syrian. Speaking sometime since with
certain uninformed Orientalists on this subject, I was
amused to hear them speak of it as one of the prob-
lems to be solved by the present day ethnologist. To
me, insufficient as my research and finding may be,
the "origin of the modern Syrian" is, relatively speak-
ing, one of the simplest questions to decide, especially
if, in considering it, we restrict ourselves to the bulk
of the population, irrespective of any individual or
group of individuals in particular. The point to be
determined is this : Is the main stock of the modern
population of Syria Caucasian, Mongolian or African
— White, yellow or black. Of course, purity of race
is out of the question altogether, since it would be
a most difficult task to discover anywhere in the
world a really unmixed race.
The White or Caucasian race, let it be borne in
mind, is composed of Semitic, Hamitic, and Aryan or
Indo-European peoples. (1) Professor Sayce, with
(i) Moray's "Outlines of Ancient History," p. 15.
some modification, states that "Semites, Aryans, and
Alarodians — belong to the White Stock, and may
thus be said to be varieties of one and the same orig-
inal race." (1) Of the Hamites, he says, "The Hamites
were none of them black-skinned, with the possible
exception of a part of the population of Cush." (2)
The proper treatment of this subject naturally
falls under two main heads : 1. The peoples of Syria
in pre-historic times ; 2. The Syrian people in history.
The second division may be sub-divided into, 1. An-
cient; and 2. Modern; each of these two subdivisions
being divisible again according to the various elements
constituting the population, such as, a. The Semitic
element, represented by the Canaanites ; b. The Aryan
element, represented probably by the Amorites; and
c. The unclassified element the chief representatives
of which were the Hittites and the Philistines.
Under "modern," we shall discuss the later invad-
ing settlers, beginning with the Arameans, down-
wards respectively to the Greeks, the Romans, the
Crusaders ; and ending with the most modern im-
migrants from Europe and Asia.
I shall devote a special chapter to the origin of the
Hittites, a problem, we must own, as obscure, just
now, as anything in the laboratory of the Elixiric
alchemist.
(i) A. H. Sayce's "Races of the Old Testament," p. 50.
(2) Do., p. 41.
The outlining paradigm of this treatise runs as
follows :
Introduction.
I. Prehistoric
1. Horis (aboriginal)
2. Babylonians
3. Egyptians
f A. Semitic (Canaanites),
j B. Aryans (Amorites?),
(1. Ancient ■ C- Unclassified (Hittites & Philis-
L tines),
2. Modern f A. Arameans,
J B. Arabs,
i C. Greeks & Romans,
L D. Europeans.
III. The Hittites.
Summary.
I. PREHISTORIC SYRIA.
It is a bold assertion to say that we can speak,
with any degree of certainty, of the prehistoric age of
Syria, the term strictly applied. We may, quite ap-
propriately, speak of a stone-age in Syria. In this
sense, prehistoric Syria would be that country as it
was before the alphabet was invented, or rather before
it was reduced by the Phoenicians (Syrians them-
selves) to its present phonetic form. According to
this, we are bound to confine ourselves within the
period falling between 2000 and 1000 B.C. — the period
of Babylonian influence and civilization, under Baby-
lonian and Egyptian suzerainty. What information
we may catch by the line and hook of patient inves-
tigation relative to this dumb-tongued, secret-keeping
period, is derived mainly from monumental sources.
From modern explorations we gather that the
Syrian population of the stone-age consisted of isolat-
ed communities planted in the country without inter-
marriage or the slightest fusion, (1) notwithstanding
the fact that, in the main, they were all members of
the Semitic race, the natural possessors of that country
for many ages antecedent to the earliest Egyptian in-
vasion. (2) The only other power to whose rule the
country had submitted was Babylonia, whose lan-
guage was for many centuries the international lan-
guage of all the civilized world in the East, as authori-
(i) Geo. Cormack's "Egypt in Asia," chap. Ill, p. 25.
(2) Do., p. 26.
tatively revealed by the Amarna letters, which, besides
being written in that language, refer to Babylonian
gods and Babylonian civilization. (1)
Consequently, the only prehistoric, ethnological
problem in Syria would be to determine the origin of
each of the Babylonian and Egyptian nations. Certain
authors have, indeed, endeavored to establish another
question relative to the aborigines of the country at
the coming of the earliest Semitic invaders. But, of
an aboriginal race, says George Cormack, it is almost
vain to speak, since the Horites of the Old Testa-
ment (Gen. 14:6) are the only possibility on record,
and they were extinguished by the Edomite invad-
ers. (2)
1. The Horites.
These Horites, in all probability, were not only
of Caucasian descent, but of the blonde division there-
of. Their very name suggests "whiteness." It is
Hari in Hebrew; and Hoor in Arabic, (3) from verb
Hawira : to be shining white. (4) Hence the strong
presumption that the aboriginal Syrians were pure
Caucasian blondes of Aryan, Semitic, or Aryo-Semitic
stock.
(i) Geo. Cormack's "Egypt in Asia," chap. VIII, pp. 119, 120.
(2) Do., chap. Ill, pp. 25, 26 — See, Deut. 2:12, 22.
(3) PL Ahwar, Haura.
(4) Other derivatives: Hawari=one who whitens clothes;
Hoowara = very white flour; Hawaryah: white or fair woman;
etc. See A. H. Sayce's "Races of the O. T.", p. 115.
10
2. Syria a Province of Babylon.
Of the early Babylonians in Syria we know ab-
solutely nothing conclusive. Of one thing we are-
certain, however, that Babylonian influence, during
the later prehistoric periods, was very strong in that
country. This would indicate that Syria must have
yielded, in its remote antiquity, to Babylonian sway.
Whether there was any fusion between the con-
quered peoples and their rulers or not, the Babylo-
nians of those days were Semites, at least in language,
characteristics and manner of living. On the author-
ity of George Cormack, "The earliest achievement of
the Semitic people was the conquest or the coloniza-
tion of Babylon, in the fourth millennium B. C." (1)
If that be so, then no strange blood was introduced
into Syria thru the Babylonian conquest. Where-
upon the same author is unhesitatingly able to speak
of "the Semitic world, from the Persian Gulf to the
Nile" (2) (in speaking of the latter days of the Hyc-
sos in Egypt.) (1)
There is nothing startling in those modern histo-
rians who speak of the "Sumerians" as the aboriginal
race of earliest Babylonia. In point of fact, however,
this extinct race has never been known to come into
the slightest communion with the peoples of Syria.
The Babylonians who pushed their conquests as far
West as the Mediterranean were Semites ; and the
(i) "Egypt in Syria," p. 29.
(2) Do., p. 34-
II
Babylonian laws that were introduced into Syria were
the laws of the Arab Khammurabi, uncontroversially
of pure Semitic descent. (1)
3. Syria an Egyptian Province.
That there is Egyptian blood in the modern
Syrian, is a matter of conjecture. However, there
remains to be considered the fact that, in the period
from 1600 to 1300 B. C, parts of Syria were under
Egyptian rule. (2)
The Egyptians seem to have been deficient in the
genius of colonizing, so that all we can safely say
about their period of conquests in Syria, is, that they
were content to exact tribute; (3) having probably
to keep a permanent army of occupation in the prov-
ince conquered, to hold the restless, liberty-loving
Syrians in subjection. (4) So, on the possible presump-
tion that the present Syrian is not free altogether
from Ancient Egyptian blood, we shall briefly inquire
into the ethnological question of the builders of the
pyramids.
The earliest settlers of the valley of the Nile were
undoubtedly of Hamitic origin; (5) but, in the course
of time, the Semites invaded the country, and made it
(i) See any authentic Encyclopedia; esp. Ency. Brit., Vol,
III, under "Babylonia and Assyria," V, history.
(2) C. R. Conder's "Syrian Stone-Lore," I. C.
(3) Geo. Cormack's "Egypt in Syria," Ch. XIII, p. 177.
(4) Do., ch. VI, pp. 87, 90.
(5) Gen. 10:6.
12
a part of the Semitic world. And, whether Semites
or Hamites or a mixture of both, the ancient Egypt-
ians, who were originally Asiatics, belonged to the
Caucasian race, for the following reasons : a. Their
own traditions clearly point to the fact that the up-
per classes, at least, were of Arabian descent. (1) They
called South Arabia, their earliest home, the Land
of Pun. (1). b. Their appearance is identical with that
of South Arabians. (1) c. Their language bears re-
semblance to both Semitic and Aryan languages, altho
htly affected by African tongues. (2) d. Their own
consciousness of the fact that they were Whites. Says
Prof. Sayce, "The Egyptians belong to the white
race ; and they knew it ; the skin of the men is painted
red ; the skin of the women, who protected themselves
from the sun, is a pale yellow or even white. (3)
Prof. Vircshow came to the same conclusion, as-
serting that the Egyptian, like the Canaanite, belongs
to the white race. (4)
As for the Hycsos, who ruled Egypt 500 years,
terminating with the fall of the 17th dynasty, the
highest authorities pronounce them Semites — Arabs
or Phoenicians. C. R. Conder, quoting Manetho, af-
firms 'that there is hardly any doubt that the Hycsos
were Semites. (5) And Herodotus seems to maintain
(i) A. H. Sayce's "Races of the Old Test.", ch. V, pp. 91-93.
(2) C. R. Conder's "Syrian S'tone-Lore," I, C.
(3) "Races of the Old Test.", V, p. 83.
(4) Do. Ill, p. 42.
(5) "Syrian Stone-Lore," I, C.
13
that the Philistines of Syria are the remnants of the
Hycsos. (1) George Cormack held the same opinion
where he stated that the Hycsos were 500 years in
Egypt, the consequence of which being that the 18th
dynasty that succeeded them had a considerable Semi-
tic element in the population of Egypt. (2) Corrob-
orating the opinion of Herodotus, Cormack believes
that the Hycsos fled to Syria, and built Jerusalem ;
and that the Egyptians followed and reduced the
country. (3) In a previous chapter the same author
had said, "When the Egyptians of the new empire
invaded Syria, its inhabitants, whatever their diversity
in respect to manners and government, were almost
all members of that great family, the Semitic race —
, and that race had already been in possession
of Syria for many ages. (4)
The upshot of the whole matter is that the Ancient
Egyptians were, in the main, Semites, in language,
civilization, appearance and traditions, with an admix-
ture of other Caucasian constituents ; and that when
they invaded and conquered Syria, this country was
inhabited by Whites, almost all Semites. (5)
This closes the 1st chapter of this treatise with
the deep impression that prehistoric Syria was the
(i) Herod, ii. 128.
(2) "Egypt in Asia," Vi, 92.
(3) Do., V. 71.
(4) Do., ch. iii, p. 26.
(5) Unless the Amorites be Aryans.
14
home of several tribes, in their majority Semites, in
their totality Whites. In the next chapter, we shall
analyze the Syrian of history.
II. THE HISTORIC SYRIAN.
In order to facilitate the study of the ethnological
question of the Syrian, it would be best for us to
divide the period of his historical existence into two
sections, Ancient and Modern. Under "Ancient," we
shall treat of the earlier or Canaanite period, and the
latter, or Aramean period; the earlier period being
concerned with Semitic, Aryan, and unclassified tribes.
Under "Modern," we shall consider the elements in-
troduced into Syria subsequent to the Greek invasion,
under Alexander the Great.
1. The Ancient Syrian.
A. The Canaanite Period (1500-1000 B.C.)
We have shown in the first chapter that as early
as the 16th century B. C., Syria was the meeting place
of Babylonian and Egyptian elements. Parts of the
country, especially in the North, are known, about
that time, to have been under Cappadocian Hittite
(or Hatti) domination.
For convenience sake, we may divide the popula-
tion of Syria, during the five centuries following, into
three elements, the Semitic (or Canaanite), the Aryan
(or Amorite), and the unclassified (Hittites and
Philistines).
15
a. The Ancient Semitic Tribes in Syria.
These are the Canaanites of the Old Testament
and other sources of history. (1)
In the narrower sense, the term was primarily
indicative of the Phoenicians, and several other tribes
occupying the coasts and valleys of the country. With
them may be comprehended the Kenites, the Edo-
mites, the Ammonites, and the Moabites, all of which
are allied to the descendents of Abraham. (2) Hence,
all these ancient tribes were racially white, almost
wholly belonging to the Semitic family. It is true
that the Phoenicians have been considered by a few
historians as having been of Hamitic descent; but by
none have they ever been racially enlisted as any-
thing but white.
The following citations on this fact are taken from
Geo. Rawlinson's "History of Phoenicia."
In the 3d chapter of his excellent book. (3), Raw-
linson says, "The Phoenicians are generally admitted
to be Semites (Assyrians, later Babylonians, Arame-
ans or Syrians, Arabians, Moabites, Phoenicians and
Hebrews) The Phoenician language is purely
Semitic."
The original home of the Phoenicians is the earl-
iest home of the Ancient Semites, and probably all
of the white race. Says the same author, quoting
(i) See Sayce's "Races of the Old Test.", VI, 128.
(2) Sayce's "Races of Old Test.", p. 115.
(3) Do., p. 49-
i6
the father of history, "Both the Phoenicians them-
selves and the Persians best acquainted with history
and antiquities, agreed in stating that the original
settlements of the Phoenician people were upon the
Erythrean Sea (Persian Gulf), and they had migrated
i that quarter at a remote period, and transferred
their abode to the shores of the Mediterranean." (1)
Strabo (2), and Trogus Pompeius (3) are also
quoted as bearing the same testimony in tracing the
Phoenicians back to the neighborhood of the Persian
Gulf as their original home. And the weighty words
of the great Renan serve to cement and fortify the
whole matter. Says the high authority of modern
French hostorians :
"The tradition relative to the sojourn of the
Phoenicians on the borders of the Erythrean Sea,
before their establishment on the coast of the Medi-
terranean, has thus a new light thrown upon it. It
cars from the labors of M. Movers, and from the
recent discoveries made at Nineveh and Babylon, that
the civilization and religion of Phoenicia and yria
were very similar. Independently of this the majority
of modern critics admit it is demonstrated that the
primitive abode of the Phoenician- i ughl to be placed
upon the lower Euphrates, in the midst of the great
commercial and maritime establishments of the Per-
(i) Herodotus T, 2; VII, 80.
(2) Strabo XVI. 3, §4-
(3) Trogus Pompeius, Hist. Philipp. XVIII. 3, S~\
17
sian Gulf, agreeably to the unanimous witness of anti-
quity." (1)
It goes without saying, that the people having
Semitic characteristics, Semitic physical construction,
Semitic language, Semitic traditions, must be a Sem-
itic people. Such were the Phoenician people ; and no
authentic evidence to the contrary is to be found
anywhere.
b. The Ancient Aryan Tribes in Syria.
The second group of the ancient tribes inhabiting
Syria, is the group designated by the term "Amorites,"
probably comprizing the Amorites of Mt. Lebanon,
the Shasu of South Palestine, the Hivites, the Re-
phaim, the Jebusites, the Anakim, and the Zamzum-
mim. These tribes were all blonde, having blue eyes
and light hair. (2) That is probably the only reason
why certain historians claim they were of pure Indo-
European stock, in contradiction to a great many
others who do not hesitate to pronounce them full-
blooded Semites (3)
In my opinion, notwithstanding the possibility
that those ancient mountaineers might have been
Aryans, yet there is nothing to militate against their
being Semites. In cold mountainous climes, Semites
have been, and are still known to have light hair and
(i) Renan's "Histoire des langues Semitiques," p. 183.
(2) See Sayce's ''Races of the O. T.," pp. 113, 119, 121, 128..
(3) See C. R. Conder's "Syrian Stone-Lore," I, B, p. 35.
2
i8
blue eyes ; as Indo-Europeans in hot climates are
designated by black hair and black or brown eyes.
The Greek, the Roman, the Persian, the Armenian,
and even the Hindoo, were, in all likelihood, all
blonde once; and what is their color now? Even the
German and the English are rapidly shedding their
fair skin for the more desirable dark-shaded complex-
ion ; while, on the other hand, the Semitic Jew in cold
Russia and other parts of North Europe, is making
large strides in vying with the red-headed Irishman.
The sun is no respecter of persons, nor has he ever
been.
This second group of Ancient Syrian tribes, then,
whether of Semitic or Aryan stock, is, like the first
group, of Caucasian origin, beyond the least shadow
f doubt.
c. The Unclassified Tribes of Ancient Syria.
Of these, the most prominent are the Hittites and
the Philistines. As for the Hittites, theirs appears to
be, just at present, an unsolvable problem, for which
we shall devote an entire chapter (See ch. Ill below) ;
focusing our attention meanwhile on Goliath and the
clandestine order of which he was a worthy member.
The Philistines of Ancient Syria.
The Philistines were very prominent in the twelfth
century, B. C. Like a thunderbolt from a clear sky,
they appeared in South Syria at a time when Egypt
was recoiling around its own axis, and fought against
19
her shrinking armies. And when the pharao with-
drew his army of occupation, Syria was necessarily
committed to the hands of the Philistines (in the
South) and the Hittites (in the North.) (1)
As to their origin, the Philistines were either of
Semitic or Aryan stock. (2) Their language is clearly
Semitic.
Herodotus had the following opinion of them :
"Probably the Philistines of Syria are the remnant
of the Hycsos. (3)
This opinion does not seem to shed much light
on their origin. If the original Hycsos were Arabs
or Phoenicians, then their remnant, i. e., the Philis-
tines, were Semites in general with probably a small
strain of Egyptian blood in them. (4) At any rate,
they would be racially Caucasian. But if the Hycsos
were originally Hittites, which is not improbable,
then we know absolutely nothing definite about the
origin of the Philistines, except that there was a
Caucasian Egyptian element in them.
On the other hand, if Herodotus is wrong in his
conjecture, and, according to certain modern scholars,
the Philistines came as pirates from Crete or Cypress,
(5) then the race problem is satisfactorily solved, and
the philological question reasonably explained away,
since it is highly probable that these Greek pirates
(i) Geo. Cormack's "Egypt in Asia," XIII, p. 227.
(2) Hasting's Diet. Bible.
(3) Herod. II, p. 128.
(4) On the presumption that the Egyptians were not pure
Semites.
(5) Hasting's Diet. B.
20
settled in Syria, where a higher civilization existed,
and is there anything more natural than their having
adopted the language and manners of their hosts — a
striking instance of the irregular law of the survival
of the fittest.
Dr. J. D. Davis, in his Bible Dictionary, (1) main-
tains that the Philistines originally came from Caph-
tor, an isle or sea-coast not unknown to the prophets
of Israel. (Jer. 47:4; Amos 9:7). The same authority
further holds that the Philistines as a whole were
Cherethites, i. e., probably Cretans (1 Sam. 30:14;
Ezek. 25:16; Zeph. 2:5) ; and Caphtor was perhaps the
island of Crete.
The weight of evidence in the light of this latter
theory, clearly leans toward the highly creditable
presumption, that if not Semites, the Philistines were,
like the Greeks, of the Aryan family of nations, and
consequently, as genuinely Caucasians as anything on
earth.
B. The Aramean Period, (1000-300 B. C).
As early as 2000 B. C, Arameans were found east
of Syria proper; but not till the year 1200 B. C. did
they begin to penetrate into the country, "finding
there a population for the most part probably Semitic."
(2). This great, irresistible torrent of Semitic emigra-
tion overran the country of Syria so completely as to
(i) See under "Caphtor," and "Philistines."
(2) New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia, XI, p. 229.
21
•change the manners and racial character of the natives,
thus forming the main stock of the population in
modern times. (1)
The Arameans were firmly established in parti-
cular in Damascus ; and with the exception of a short
period of subjection to King David, the kingdom of
Aram Dammesck was always a thorn in the flesh of
Israel, until the year 733 B. C, when Tiglath-Pilesar II
overthrew the kingdom of Damascus; (2) thus bring-
ing Aramean rule to an end in a country best re-
presenting the Aramean stock. The Assyrian con-
quest was concerned only with terminating the Ara-
mean civil sovereignty, leaving the traditional in-
fluence and moral sovereignty intact. In fact, the
Aramean spirit in all circles and departments of life
in Syria persisted unimpaired all through the Persian
rule, which lasted until the year 332 B. C, when
Alexander the Great became the master of Syria and
the world ; and the Aramean blood in the country
began to be reinforced by Aryan blood, and Aramean
civilization to be extensively hellenised. (3)
Under the general term "Arameans," may be in-
cluded the Hebrews and their kinsmen, the Sama-
ritans, since they all belonged to the same stock, and
lived together in their first primitive home ; and the
(i) See. Geo. Cormack's "Egypt in Syria," pp. 240, 268.
(2) Encyclo. Brit., Cambridge Edition, Vol. XXVI, p. 308.
(3) See Conder's "Syrian Stone-Lore," ch. V, p. 196.
12
Bible expressly designates the Hebrews as descend-
ents of an Aramean father. (1)
THE HEBREWS.
Owing to their deliberate seclusion, the Hebrews
have never made a figure in forming the permanent
Syrian stock. For centuries they were in full pos-
session of the Land of Promise, until they were
carried away into captivity, first by the Assyrians,
then by the Babylonians, and finally reduced to a civil-
figure-head by the Romans, who destroyed their State,
and the capital of their State, thus terminating their
national existence, and forbidding them from even
entering within the walls of their holy city on pain
of death. (2)
At all events, it is a fact past discussion that the
bulk of the Hebrew people are of pure Semitic descent,
their genealogy going back to Jacob, to Abraham,
and to Shem. (3)
THE SAMARITANS.
With regard to the Samaritans (who at present
form a small community of 100 to 200 people in
Nablus (Syria) and its vicinity, we may confidently
(i) Deut. 26:5.
(2) John D. Davis' Diet. B., under "Jerusalem.
(3) Gen. X. See also 1 Chron. I-IX.
23
state that they are the identified survivors of the ten
tribes of Israel, with an admixture of other Semitic
constituents.
When Samaria, in 721 B. C, was reduced by Sar-
gon, this great Assyrian conqueror brought Babylo-
nians over to Palestine to inhabit Samaria which had
been made almost desolate by the Northern captivity.
(1) Then again, in 719 B. C, the same monarch dis-
patched men from Minni and Armenia; and 4 years
later (715 B. C.) he transported Thamudite Arabs
to Samaria (cf. 2 Ks. 17:24) (2). These transplanted
subjects were totally Whites.
Ail further considerations of the present day
Samaritans go to prove the certainty of the fact that
the supplanting successors of the followers of Jere-
boam the First are, at least, as much Caucasians as
the Modern Jews are.
AVe have, for instance, the physical type of the
people. It is purely Semitic, bearing striking re-
semblance to the Muhammadan Arabs, and especial-
ly those of the great plains of Northern Arabia (seem-
ingly the purest living representatives of the typical
Semite). (3)
Then there is the Samaritan Alphabet, which is
not of Aramaic origin ; and which leads us to sup-
(i) 2 ks. 17:6, 24.
(2) Conder's "Syrian Stone-Lore," p. 161.
(3) Do. cf. Sayce's "Races of the Old Test.," p. 28.
24
pose that the Modern Samaritans are the true rep-
resentatives of the Ancient Hebrew stock in manners
as well as in literature. (1)
We conclude from what has been said in this
chapter that the early Aramean invaders found Syria
in the hands of tribes for the most part of Semitic
• descent, with the exception of probably the Hittites
in the North, who had descended upon the country
from Cappadocia, as we shall see later on; (3) and
the Amorites, supposed to be Aryans. (3)
This closes the Ancient period of Syrian history,
without being marred by the least authentic intima-
tion that other than Caucasians had ever pitched a
tent or set up a pillar in the land of Shem lying be-
tween the Great River and the Great Sea.
2. The Modern Syrian.
In dealing with a country whose beginnings re-
trace their course five to six thousand years back on
the High-way of the Past, (4), it is not at all arbi-
trary to set the starting point of its modern history
at 332 B. C., the year in which Syria became a Greek
province, by the conquest of the Great Macedonian.
This period is divisible into three eras : A. The era
of the Greeks and Romans, ending in the year 732
A. D. ; B. The Arab era, continuing to the present
(i) Cf. Conder's "Syrian Stone-Lore," p. 161.
(2) See chap. Ill below.
(3) See chp. II, 1, A, b above.
(4) Sargon of Agade led his armies thru Syria as early
as 3750 B. C. See Davis' Bib. Diet., under "Babylonia."
25
day; C. The era of European invasion and immigra-
tion, marked first by the Crusades in the 11th century,
A. D.
A. The Greeks and Romans in Syria.
It is not my purpose in this paragraph to discuss
the race-question of the Greeks and Romans, but
simply to show to what extent these Aryan peoples
came in contact with the Syrians. There is not the
least doubt that the Roman element in Syria never
amounted to any perceptible degree. But the in-
fluence of the Greeks, says Conder, "was no less mark-
ed in Syria than that of the earlier civilizations of
Egypt, Chaldea, and Persia." (1) That Syria was hel-
lenised to a considerable extent, is apparent from the
fact that with Antioch (Syria) as the capital, the
Seleucidan dynasty ruled over the greatest Greek
empire known to history (with the exception of the
short-lived empire of Alexander the Great.) Lan-
guage, manners, blood, and all else were greatly af-
fected, so that the native Semitic dialects were long
in danger of being shrunken into eternal inaudibility,
were it not for a remnant of rural peasants, who, like
the Teutons of England in the days of the Normans,
clung most tenaciously to the tongue of their fathers ;
and in the course of time, the Greek language had to
give way to the Aramaic, then to the Arabic ; and the
(i) "Syrian Stone-Lore," ch. V, p. 196.
26
Greek element in Syria was to all appearance Semitic-
ized and Syrianized. But no sharp observer can fail to
detect the almost pure Greek type among the Chris-
tians of the Phoenician coast towns, (1) where, ow-
ing to the dominance of Muslims, amalgamation has
never been feasible.
Without going any further into establishing the
incontrovertible evidence for the presence of Greek
elements in the formation of modern Syria, and into
the likelihood of the presence of a Roman vein, suffice
it to assert that these two nations are counted among
the highest members of the Caucasian family of races,
so that Semitic Syria is by no means ashamed of their
introduction into her communities, nor of their par-
ticipation to the constitution of her modern popula-
tion.
B. The Arab Element in Modern Syria.
Geographically speaking, Syria is naturally a part
of Arabia. North and East Syria have, from time im-
memorial, been inhabited by Arabian tribes. Damascus
and the Hauran (Bashan) district were for centuries
held by the Gassanite dynasty, first, independently,
then as deputies of Rome and Constantinople. At
the time the Apostle Paul was converted, a Gas-
sanite Arab, Alhareth (Aretas), was the King of
Damascus. (2) Later on, in the 8th century A. D.
(i) See Encyclop. Brit., Camb. Edition, Pop., Vol. XXVI,
p. 307-
(2) 2 Cor. 11 .32.
27
Damascus, the capital of Syria, became, under the
Omyyads, the capital of the whole Arabian world,
extending from the Wall of China in the East to
the Atlantic Ocean in the West. At the present time,
taking the country in general into consideration, about
75 per cent, of the Syrian people are Muslims, and
consequently for the most part, pure Arabs. The
Druses of Syria are nearly all of Arab descent, origin-
ally migrating from Hira and Yemen, Arabia. (1)
Even the Christians of Syria have a liberal proportion
of Arab blood in their veins — especially in the North,
South and East. In a word, Modern Syria may be
safely regarded a part of the Arabian World, (2) with
regard to language, customs and blood.
The Arabs are indisputably the purest type of the
Semitic race, (3) in consequence of which they are
fully qualified to be accorded a better claim upon the
White Race than that of any modern nation of Europe,
which, more than once in her history, was overrun by
Huns and Scythians — large Mongolian hordes who
finally settled in that continen taud became an in-
tegral part of her population. (4)
C. The European Element in Modern Syria.
Racially making a general classification of Modern
Syrians, we would unhesitatingly catalog them with
(i) Encyclo. Brit., Camb. Edtn. Pop, Vol. VIII, p. 605.
(2) The Arameans were originally Arabians.
(3) A. H. Sayce's /'Races of Old. Test.," P. 28, cf. p. 71.
(4) Johnson's Universal Encyclo, Vol. IV, under "Huns."
See esp. Vol. V, under "Mongolia."
28
the Semitic nations, which simply implies that the
Semitic element is the predominating one in that
country. Attention must be directed, however, to
the Aryan element in the nation. It has already been
pointed out to us that the Ancient Amorites are sup-
posed to have been Aryans by a few of the leading
scholars of the day. (1) We have also been assured
ihat the conquering Greeks and Romans, on evacuat-
ing the land, left behind an Aryan element of the
highest type. (2)
And now we come to consider briefly the latest
deliberate invasion of Syria by Aryans from the West.
I refer to the Crusaders (1095-1249).
These European enthusiasts waged war against the
Muhammadans, with the intention of recovering the
Holy Land, and succeeded in establishing in Jerusalem
a kingdom that lasted about 200 years. French,
English and German combined together in the effort
which ended in complete discomfiture. (3) In spite
of the downfall of Christian power, however, several
European families (designated by their names) made
Syria their home, and have since been assimiliated thru
inter-marriage, especially in the provinces where
Christian influence dominates.
The present-day colonists from Russia and Ger-
many, will in time be transmuted by amalgamation,
(i) See II, i, B, above.
(2) See II, 2, B, above.
(3) For a full account of the Crusades, see Phil. Schaff's
"History of the Christian Church," Vol. V, under "Crusades."
29
and another Indo-European element will be added to
the Modern Syrian Nation, unquestionably the finest
type of Semitic and Aryan stocks blended together.
111. THE HITTITES IN SYRIA.
The Hittites are the missing link of history, re-
cently discovered in the monuments of Egypt and the
inscriptions of Assyria, to verify and corroborate the
statements given in the Scriptures respecting their
national life. It certainly sounds queer that the
nation whose sway was once paramount from the
Archipelago to the Euphrates ; the nation that imperi-
ously said, Halt! to Ramses II, the greatest of Egypt-
ian monarchs, and dictated to him the humiliating
"Great Treaty" which for ever sealed the doom of
Egypt as a prospective world-power; the nation that
withstood for 400 years the almost irresistible military
aggression of Assyria, the first great world-power
in history. I say it sounds almost incredible that
such a powerful nation should so suddenly slip into
the background of the Unknown, that only fifty years
since it would have raised a sneer among secular his-
torians and ethnologists to make even the slightest
intimation that a Hittite people ever existed any-
where. Despite the strong assertions of our Sacred
Records, and the positive remonstrances of our able
scholars, the only definition admitted and recognized
in scientific circles of that age concerning the Hittites,
was one similar to that accorded to the "Honest Amer-
30
ican Indians," namely, that "they belonged to an ex-
tinct race that never existed." But in the light of
modern research and close investigation in Assyria,
in Egypt and in North Syria, we have come to know
this extinct people as a real Simon Pure fact, being-
no other than the Kheta of Egyptian monuments, the
Hatti of Assyrian records, the Greek Kifretoi of Homer
in his Odyssy (XI:521), and the Hittim of Hebrew
Scriptures.
I do not claim in this review to solve the hitherto
unsolved or unsolvable points of the Hittite question,
such as their racial identity, or the exact g'roove on
the magical wand of obsolete languages into which
their sphynx-silent dialect may be cast — altho I shall
not treat these points of inner-circle interest with ut-
ter disregard; but one and only one point stands up-
permost in my mind, while I write — and that is some-
thing no other writer, to my knowledge, has ever
clearly brought out — namely, that whatever their
nationality, and to whatever group of tongues their
dialect belonged, the Hittites cast not the faintest
shadow of suspicion over the ethnological identity of
the modern Syrian as a high-spirited Semite in parti-
cular, and a pure Caucasian in general, being in the
main a worthy descendent of the amalgamated galaxy
of such leading peoples as the Arameans, the Arabs
and the Greeks.
1. Let us take up, first, the original home
of the Hittites.
Uncontroversially, the Orientalist historians of
Europe and America are of the opinion that the Hit-
tites were of Asiatic origin. But they seem somewhat
to differ among themselves on the matter of locating
the starting-post of their migration, whence they set
out on their military campaign Southward.
Col. Sir Charles Wilson maintains that the Hit-
tites came originally "from the Anatolian plateau East
of the Halys." (1) According to C. R. Conder, (2)
Prof. Sayce holds that- the Hittites emigrated either
from the Caucasus, or from Cappadocia. (3) Dr. Wm.
Wright, (4) substantiating other authorities, endeav-
ors to connect the Hittites with the Georgians. And
Dr. John D. Davis, in his B. Diet., believes that the
"Hittites first lived among the snow-clad range of
Taurus and the Armenian mountains."
From all this we conclude that the children of
Heth were Western, or near Eastern, Asiatics, flour-
ishing originally somewhere to the North of Syria,
in a part of the world for the possession of which the
representative armies of all three sons of Noah measur-
ed lances and crossed scimitars.
(i) Quarterly Statement of Palestine Exp. Fund, for Jan.
51884.
(2) Syrian Stone-Lore, I, A.
(3) Sayce's Memoir of Hittite Monuments.
(4) See his "The Empire of the Hittites," vii. p. 82.
II. The Language of The Hittites.
Owing to the fact that both the Bible and certain
Egyptian inscriptions give to a great many Hittites
Semitic names, the tendency among the earlier philo-
logists of the 19th century was to pronounce the Hit-
tite language as being purely Semitic, Reginald S.
Poole making it "nearer to the Hebrew than to the
Chaldee." (1)
But later discoveries have shown that "most Hit-
tite names seem to be of non-Semitic origin." So are
Brugsch and Sayce. (2) For about one thousand years
the neighbors of Semitic communities, these scholars
argue, the Hittites could not but introduce Semitic
names into their own communities and their family
circles.
Now, if the language of the Hittites was not
Semitic, what was it, then?
Prof. A. H. Sayce, who is expertly interested in
Hittite remains, has an opinion to propound on the
subject, which Dr. Yv r m. Wright strongly favors as
being quite reasonable.
Prof. Sayce's view is that the language of Heth
"belongs to the Alarodian family of speech of which
Georgian is a modern representative." (3) "The com-
munity of language," he further asserts, "is, there-
fore, white." (3)
Pursuant to the better views of modern authorities,
(1) Wm. Wright's "The Empire of the Hittites," ch. vii. 79.
(2) Do, pp. 81-82.
(3) "Races of the O. T.," VII, p. 134. cf. "The Empire of
the Hittites," VII, pp. 82-84.
33
then, it seems advisable to hold it as highly probable
that the Hittite dialect was, in the main, of the Alaro-
dian group of Caucasian languages, tho influenced to
a considerable extent by the Semitic dialects spoken
in Ancient as well as Modern Syria.
Thus far, we have in stock two fairly well-estab-
lished facts which may be of great value in determin-
ing further suppositions regarding the Hittites. 1. We
are led to believe that the Hittites came originally
from a country recognized to be a part of the White
World. And we are, 2. told that the community of
their language is, also, white.
III. We shall proceed next, very briefly, to discuss
the ethnological question of the Hittites. What
was their nationality?
Unreservedly we must acknowledge that the Om-
niscient Maker of Heaven and Earth alone knows to
what race this strange people belonged. Neither is
there in sight any hope of ever persuading the cir-
cumference of any decent circle to pass thru their
three points of identification, to wit, language, orig-
inal home and snouty face. Had it not been for
their repulsive ugliness, as represented on foreign
monuments, and native remains, so-called, the Hittites
would comfortably pass for Caucasians, on the ground
that they grew on Caucasian soil and spoke a Cauca-
sian language. But, unfortunately, a few deformed
pictures of theirs have been recently excavated, only
to make the Hittite problem as knotty as a lizaru's
3
34
tail, unless those pictures be cases of foreign caricature
of a despicable and dreaded enemy. It might be high-
ly entertaining to give a few of the leading views on
this contestable point.
Prof. Sayce considers the Hittites Alarodians of
Cappadocian origin. (1) This, of course, would make
them in all probability, Whites. Mr. Vaux espouses the
theory that they were Persians. (2) Whites, this
time, beyond the least doubt. Captain Conder, on the
contrary, alleges that they were Turanians, (3) i. e.,
of unclassified origin. Col. Sir Charles Wilson,
respective of their appearance, proposes the following:
"The features," he says, "are rather those of a north-
ern people, and on the temple of Ibsamboul the Hittites
have a very Scythic character." (-i) This would assign
for their aboriginal fatherland the region lying North
and North East of the Black Sea. In disavowing the
possibility of their Semitic origin, George Grove says,
(in Smith's Bib. Diet.) "The Hittites were a Hamitic
race, neither of the country nor kindred of Abraham
(5). This view, by the way, falls in line with the
genealogies in Gen. X. 6, 15, where Heth is declared
the grandson of Ham, and the second son of Canaan.
But Dr. J. D. Davis of Princeton is characteristically
cautious in stating his opinion.
(i) "Memoir of the Hittite Monument?."
(2) Condcr's "Syrian Stone-Lore," I, A.
(3) Do. cf. his "Heth and Moab," p. 22.
(4) Quarterly statement of Palestine Exp. fund, for Jan.,
1884.
(5) Wright's "Empire of the Hittites," VII, p. 79.
35
He leaves it an open question by simply suggest-
ing that the Hittites were connected by blood or con-
quest with Canaan.
We need not grope any further in the dark, citing
more of these contradictory views. The point to keep
in mind is that, after all, we have not landed any-
Avhere. The Hittites are Whites and no Whites, just
as you please. And there we drop the question, just
as obscure and apparently unsolvable as ever. We
know absolutely nothing official about the race-ques-
tion of the Hittites.
IV. The last point to be tortured is the fate of the
Hittites. What became of their Empire? What
was their final destiny as a nation? Have they
any representatives at the present time?
There is nothing of particular interest in what we
have of the history of the Hittites. Sturdy, brave,
and persevering as they were, they seem to have
lacked the romantic element which figures very high
in the formation of enchanting aesthetics, as expressed
chiefly in literature and art. The main points of their
history — which, by the way, looks to me more like a
poor antitype of a variegated patchwork of cast off
material promiscuously basted together, — may be
briefly stated as follows :
In the year 1280 B. C, the celebrated "Great
Treaty" was made between the Hittites and the
Egyptians, as the outcome of a great struggle for
supremacy, waged for 500 years by Egypt against
Syria, in which the Egyptian resources were so para-
36
lyzingly exhausted, the Hittites coming out victorious,
that the latter could peremptorily dictate their own
terms in a decisive treaty, whereby they disposed of
this old Southern foe so as to be free to apply them-
selves exclusively to whet their swords and gird up
their loins in preparation for their Northern, and far
more dreaded foe, namely, the Great Empire of As
syria.
Just before this volcanic eruption burst out, how-
ever, a frightful hurricane was on the way Northward,
blowing, once more, from the Valley of the Nile. The
hosts of Israel are marching to the land promised to
Abraham and his seed forever, under the leadership
of the greatest personality of B.-C. times, with the
express injunction to inflict an exterminating penalty
upon the wicked Canaanites, including, probably, the
Hittites. who are at any rate to be dispossessed, if
not to be annihilated altogether.
At the arrival of the Hebrews, the Hittites natural-
ly availed themselves of every opportunity applicable
to check their progress. Forming one of the chief
constituents in the confederacy organized against
Israel, the Hittites, with their allies, were signally
defeated in the decisive battle of Merom, (3) which
placed the destiny of the whole country in the hand
of the valiant son of Nun.
Later on, in the days of Solomon, the Hittites
(i) Josh. 9:1; 11:3.
0/
seemed to be still somewhat independent. (1) The
last mention the inspired writers of the Scriptures
make of the Hittites was, during the life of the Pro-
phet Elisha. (2)
Here abruptly ends the history of the Hittites in
Hebrew Records.
Successfully frustrating- the military schemes of
the great warlike monarchs of Ancient Egypt, and in
a measure surviving the sweeping campaigns of Joshua
and David, the Hittites, notwithstanding their seem-
ingly inexhaustible national vitality, even they had a
day of judgment. And their inevitable doom was sealed
in the year 1100 B. C, when the all-conquering armies
of Assyria began to swing their stormy slings on the
frontiers of North Syria. The bloody contest between
waxing Assyria and waning Syria, lasted no less than
400 years, the Hittites on the defensive, stubbornly
holding their own, until the year 717 B. C, when the
terrible Sargon, one of Assyria's ablest monarch's,
and the world's great conquerors, won his mercilessly
decisive battle from Pisiri, the last king of the Hittites,
whose capital, Carchemish, was razed to the ground,
and whose empire, over 1,000 years old, was forever
terminated. (3) In one of his inscriptions, Sargon
vindicates his outrageous achievement in this brief
statement: "In the fifth year of my reign, Pisiri of
Carchemish sinned against the gods." (4)
(i) i Ks. 10:29.
(2) 2 Ks. 7:6.
(3) "The Empire of the Hittites," p. 122.
(4) See "Records of the Past," VII, 28-30.
38
"In the sequel," quoting- Wm. Wright, "the
Hittites were carried into captivity, and Assyrians
were placed in their cities." (1) Thus Syria passes
seriatim and in toto into the hands of Semite masters,
who at the present time form the main stock of the
nation, and the Hittites disappear from history in the
inscriptions of Sargon B. C. 717, after the Israelites
had been swept from Samaria with the same besom
(2).
This is the end of the children of Heth. Like the
ten tribes of Israel, they were carried away into cap-
tivity, and their place has never known them any
more since. Nay, it went even worse with the Hitti-
tes. The ten tribes are supposed to be represented by
a small community of modern Samaritans, about 150
people in number. Whereas, the poor Hittites are
not known to be represented by a living soul under
the sun. Like the Amalekites, rather, they seem to
have been totally wiped off the face of the earth, as
tho they had never existed. And God's verdict has
been literally as well as metaphorically executed, that
the Canaanitish tribes were to be expelled, cut down,
and utterly destroyed, conformably to the eternal,
moral law, solemnly and emphatically enunciating
that the wicked shall be dried up and cut off root and
branch, their light turning to utter darkness and their
memory chased out of the world. (3)
(i) "The Empire of the Hittites," p. 122.
(2) "The Empire of the Hittites," p. 123.
(3) Job 18: 16-19.
SUMMARY.
As an American citizen, I appeal to the American
Common Sense to consider with dispassionate fairness
the following facts :
1. We have ascended the stream of history to its
remotest antiquity, in our endeavor to ascertain the
racial identity of the modern Syrian, with the result
that all along the way of our investigation, from the
starting-point to the terminal, he was paraded with
this badge of honor on his breast: "Caucasian by race,
a composite Aryo-Semite." We have plainly shown
that Syria has always been the rendez-vous of world
powers, in consequence of which the modern Syrian
may naturally be regarded as the descendent of those
leading nations which have made the history of the
world — and they all were Caucasians. Strictly speak-
ing, however, the main stock of the modern population
of Syria is of Aramaic, Arabic, and Greek origin.
The only occupant of Ancient Syria of unknown
racial identity was the Hittite. But, like several other
Canaanitish peoples, the Hittite was doomed to utter
destruction. And we have historically proved him
an extinct race — exterminated upward of two thou-
sand six hundred years ago. In any event, the Hittite,
for all that we know, might have been a genuine Cau-
casian race. No account can any trust-worthy ethnol-
ogist take of this Turanian people in considering the
origin of the modern Syrian, who sprang from invad-
40
ing nations of later times — with the exception of the
Arameans who entered the country at an early date.
2. The modern Syrian is an Asiatic in the sense
that he is a native of the near a section of the
primitive home of all white peoples. Syria has always
been a part of the Caucasian world. "Asiatics" in the
"Asiatic exclusion laws" was clearly meant to be a
synonym of "Mongolians" as applied to the Chinese
and the Japanese and other peoples of the far East
who have a peculiar type of civilization of their own
so radically different from our Christian civilization
as to make racial amalgamation and national assimila-
tion with respect to all Mongolian immigrants almost
impossible. Nothing prejudicial is there, we must
aver, in saying that wherever Christian civilization
and Pagan civilization come together, a sharp conflict
is inevitable. Such has lately been the case on the
Pacific Coast; and the "Asiatic Exclusion Laws" had
been enacted in anticipation of such a conflict of de-
trimental character. But no such collision is ever
likely to be generated by the introduction of the Syrian
element into America, for, besides the similarity exist-
ing between the American and the Syrian ideals in
life, owing to the dominating influence of the Holy
Scriptures common to both parties, the modern Syrian
is by nature and by training, the living picture oi
Cosmopolitanism, more able to adapt himself to his
environment than any other immigrant.
3. As a native of Asia, the Syrian is naturally to
be classed with the Armenian, the Hebrew, the Greek
41
(Asiatic), and the Persian. And to debar the Syrian
alone from our American citizenship, would be as glar-
ingly unjust and inconsistent as it would be imprudent
to generalize the rule by excluding all Asiatics, White
as well as Yellow, Christian and Heathen together.
For, are not all American and European nations of
Asiatic origin? A simple retrospect of the imagina-
tion would easily land all Westerners either in South
Arabia, or on the coasts of the Persian Gulf, both of
which sites are in Asia.
4. The Syrians are undesirable, some of us may
say ! Some of them are — and very much so, too, in
verification of the dictum that "The worst is the de-
generation of the best." This, however, may be said,
and at least with fully as much emphasis, of almost
all other nationalities, our own not excepted. "Un-
desirability" cannot be ascribed to "all" Syrians. Good,
"desirable" Syrians, at least, should be admitted. And
if the "undesirable" among the Syrians are to be re-
jected — which is absolutely legitimate — so should the
"undesirable" of all other nationalities be rejected,
which is the actual case, as enunciated in the Immi-
gration laws of our "Commerce and Labor Depart-
ment." In addition to that, let us not forget that if
our country is flooded with criminals, anarchists, and
extreme socialists, these pestilential parasites are com-
ing to our shores, not from Syria, nor from any part
of Asia, but from South Europe. The Syrian char-
acteristically is a diligent, peace-loving, law-abiding,
God-fearing merchant of unlimited ambition, in spite
42
of the fact that his character has been marred in a
period of servility and suppression of long duration.
He is now taking large strides in redeeming, redressing
and reasserting himself, by identifying his destiny
with that of this wonderfully resourceful country of
reassuring opportunities. Let us not checkmate him,
but generously sustain and encourage him, as we see
in him a future citizen worthy of living in our Demo-
cratic Commonwealth, under an untainted, liberty-
disseminating flag.
5. The Syrian is pre-eminently the most popular
man in history. We can neither deny nor be blind to
the significant role he has played (or, rather, earnestly
worked out) in forming this wonderful civilization of
which we are rightfully proud. Not to say anything
of the actual human life of Jesus of Nazareth, (Syria),
nor of the intrinsic value of the Holy Scriptures re-
vealed to, proclaimed and penned by Syrians, let us
with unbiassed cogitation dwell upon two other great
historical facts. Consider, first, the life of the Apostle
Paul, the Syrian missionary, with his glorious work
in Europe especially, which culminated in laying a
solid foundation for the Christian civilization of mod-
ern times. Consider, secondly, the immeasurably
great service rendered to Europe and to all the West-
ern world by the Syrian Callinicus, the inventor of
the "Greek Fire" which saved Constantinople, the key
of Europe, from falling into the hands of the all-con-
quering Moslem Arabs, thus affording the Christian
continent an ample opportunity to waken and set up
43
means of defence to thwart later invasions. As it
required the services of a Syrian Saint to sow the first
seeds of Christian civilization in the West, so it fell
also into the lot of a Syrian genius to come to its
rescue when it was in imminent danger of extinction.
That much the Syrian has done for America and the
world ; and "that much" should be put down to his
credit. The Syrian, moreover, is not dead yet — he
still lives to accomplish his allotted task on the field
of modern civilization. Don't block his way ! Give
him a chance !
6. If the Syrian is legally prohibited from enter-
ing into this land of liberty, he undoubtedly would
sustain a crushing forfeiture. For the last thirteen
hundred years, the original native of Syria has been
defending the faith of his fathers with his blood. For
thirteen centuries past, he has been vexatiously op-
pressed by foreign yokes. For the past nineteen
hundred years, his sword has been intermittingly
drawn in defence of his high ideals. Many a time
has he been almost dislodged and dispossessed. To
exterminate him root and fruit, more than one con-
spiracy have his task-masters contrived. Many a bitter
cup of tyranny, disappointment, and discomfiture has
he been compelled to drain to the last drop. But he
has outlived all of these prostrating torments and
purgatorial afflictions. He is just coming out of his
dungeon to enjoy God's air and light, and take a free,
deep breath of life. Liberty-loving America should
rejoice with him, and should glory in the fact that it
44
is in her power to see that he come to himself and
stand on his feet, by extending a sympathetic, helping
hand to give him a lift. He feels he is only migrating
from the "old" Land of Promise to the "new" Land of
Promise. It would be just as strange as it is un-
American to throw him off and cut him adrift in his
seeking to take refuge in the "Land of the Free and
Home of the Brave."
7. And lastly, by locking her doors in the face of
the Syrian, America herself would also sustain a great
loss. As a Semite myself, and as an American proud
alike of his racial origin and his American citizenship,
I most emphatically declare that our national char-
acter needs the Semitic element in it. That "pliability
combined with iron fixity of purpose," which has
developed a Moses, an Elijah, a Hannibal, an Amos,
a Paul, a Peter, a John, not to begin to enumerate that
large host of Fathers, Prophets and Apostles ; that
depth and force coupled with capacity for the hardest
work; that love of abstract thought fortified by that
ideally realistic grasp of ideals in the realm of the
invisible and the spiritual; that heroic spirit of ab-
solute trust in the Deity in any and all circumstances;
that upward look towards the heights perpetuated by
an automatic, self-prompting feeling of hunger and
thirst after God, the source of all life and light and
true happiness — all these highly developed character-
istics of the Semite we must have at our disposal in
forming our modern national character. The Syrian
has them all, and he is the only one to give them to us.
45
We say, We have the Jew ?
Well, the Jew is a fine type. But the Jew is a
secluded hermit in the earth, solitary in the midst of
populous society — a crystallised Separatist, "a Phar-
isee of the Pharisees." The modern Jew racially lives
to himself, and shall indefinitely remain self-centred.
He has lifted up his hand that he shall never desecrate
his racial identity even tho his nation should eventual-
ly embrace Christianity in a body.
The Samaritan is almost extinct ; and anyhow
would not exchange his "Nablus" for the very "Elixir"
or the '"Fountain of Perpetual Youth."
The Abyssinian could scarcely be regarded as a
typical Semite ; and, at any rate, neither the pass of
time nor the love of adventure has ever succeeded in
convincing him that Texas, Arizona, South California,
or even Mexico may prove to be as comfortably hot
as the sand deserts of his continent, whereupon, as a
matter of fact, he has always liberally given himself
the benefit of doubt.
The Bedouin of Arabia, with his strong polygamic
propensities, can never tolerate the "moderately pract-
ical" clandestine system of Utah. He also considers
it most unworthy of his prowess to build a dungeon
of stone, brick, or even timber, and call it home, and
incarcerate himself within its clumsy walls for weeks
at a time, not to say years. His hair-tent is ideally
good enough for him — it has "utopially" satisfied him
since the days of Abraham, and probably many cen-
turies before.
4 6
The Syrian alone is the genuine, "desirable" Sem-
itic timber for the American Structure of national
character. Let us welcome him to our shores.
In thinking of Syria and speaking of Semiticism,
we ordinarily move in the region of religion, and
point the telescope of our imagination toward that high
degree of characteristic spirituality. 'As a matter oi
fact, however, the Syrian, as well as the Semite in
general, has distinguished himself in all departments
of life and human activity. Besides Moses. Solomon,
Isaiah, Paul and Muhammad, the Semites have given
to the world the immortal Hannibal, the greatest mili-
tary genius of all ages, and Nebuchadnezzar, and Sar-
gon, and Khammurabi ; not to mention any of the
great philosophic sages, and the unsurpassed poets.
But apart from that, even in the department of
commerce and industry, the Syrian has never been
surpassed. If Judea has taught the world how to
worship the only true God, Phoenicia did teach the
world how to make money. Jerusalem, Tyre, Athens,
and Babylon were the foremost cities of the Ancient
world in concentrating power, splendor and wealth,
and propagating religion and philosophy. Three of
those leading cities were purely Semitic, two of them
(50% of the total) being in Syria alone. Even Athens
herself must go back for her philosophy and thinking
to Semitic Chaldea, Egypt, and Syria. The first great
Greek philosopher on record was a Syrian.
Should we desire to have a comprehensive idea of
what the Ancient Syrians on the shores of the Medi-
47
terranean did to develop material wealth and pop-
ularize the idea and practice of its acquisition, it
would fully pay us to peruse Rawlinson's masterpiece
called "The History of Phoenicia." A short passage
of it should be sufficient for our purpose in this trea-
tise to indicate just how far the world is indebted to
the Syrian with regard to the evolution of its civiliza-
tion, wealth and material prosperity — in addition to
the moral and the spritual.
"They" (i. e. the Phoenicians), says Rawlinson.
"were the great pioneers of civilization. Intrepid, in-
ventive, enterprising, they at once made vast progress
in the arts themselves, and carried their knowledge,
their active habits and their commercial instincts into
the remotest regions of the old continents. They ex-
ercised a stimulating, refining and civilizing influence
wherever they went. North and South and East and
West they adventured themselves amid perils of all
kinds, actuated by the love of adventure more than by
the thirst for gain, conferring benefits, spreading
knowledge, suggesting, encouraging, and developing
trade, turning men from the barbarous and unprofit-
able pursuits of war and bloodshed to the peaceful
occupations of productive industry. They did not
aim at conquest. They united the various races of
men by the friendly links of natural advantage and
mutual dependence; conciliated them, softened them,
humanized them. While, among the nations of the
earth generally, brute force was worshipped as the
true source of power and the only basis of national
48
repute, the Phoenicians succeeded in proving, that as
much can be done by arts as by arms, as great glory
and reputation gained, as real a power built up, by
the great agencies of exploration, trade and" commerce,
as by the violent and brutal methods of war, massacre
and ravage. They were the first to set this example.
If the history of the world since their time has not
been wholly one of the potency in human affairs of
'blood and iron,' it is very much owing to them. They
and their kinsmen of Carthage, showed mankind what
a power might be wielded by commercial states. The
lesson has not been altogether neglected in the past.
May the writer be pardoned if — he expresses a hope
that, in the future, the nations of the earth will more
and more take the lesson to heart, and vie with each
other in the arts which made Phoenicia great, rather
than in those which exalted Rome." *
v
* Rawlinson's "History of Phoenicia," p. 552.
49
In the Drummond-light of the foregoing presenta-
tion of the case, let the hope of the author be that,
in the heart and mind of every thoughtful reader of
this humble treatise, common sense will rivet the
self-evident fact that the Syrian immigrant is in no
position or mood to apply for any "favor": all he
wants and does insist upon is "Fair Judgment and
Just Treatment."
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