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\ '.
I
\ ; •-
* -«m« '
ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE,
WITHOUT MOLDS
\
A Practical Treatise
Explanatory of A System of Molding Ornamental
Concrete Units With Templates j Containing Ad-
ditional Information on The Proper 3*rci^'ra£ioi$ of
Concrete for Ornamental Work; Proportionate Sfcevof
the Various Units and The Reinforcement jitWayk,
By A. A. HOUGHTON
•S + * 4
+ » •
**■*■*
■is
A uthor of "Clay Models and Plaster Molds for OrfoytfHtai thn-J
r~*** »» 'T**.*,*** f~**~ C«<.// M,///r » " J>~„r*ir*l* * - *
crete,
' Concrete front Sand Molds , '
Use of Concrete" etc.
Practical*
* 4
A Working Manual,
Containing everything that a concrete worker needs to
know to perfect the many styles of ornamental con-
crete work without the purchase of expensive molds.
NEW YORK
THE NORMAN W. HENLEY PUBLISHING CO.
132 Nassau Street
1910
• •,
■i :
■
i .
' . . .'.I
7»>-; f * -J <> I
T.: ,. .l
.. "^
.R
•• V .-- •" "
v s. *■ *
t; Copyrighted 1910
by
Tmb Norman W. Hbnlby Publishing Co.
NOTE— The text in this book being entirely original and the illustra-
tions contained therein having been specially made by the publishers
for this book, it will be considered an infringement if either is made
use of without permission.
PREFACE
Tms book is intended for the concrete worker
and the small contractor who cannot well af-
ford to purchase expensive molds for the many
varieties of work he is called ii|^i'tp:do^ as-
well as for the artistic workman who wants "a
surface that is absolutely perfect ftir&otiE the
many "air bubbles" and other ctef ggfjs :qf eon-
crete, cast in the ordinary molds/*" " * J ; " J - -
The template system gives you at all times
absolutely full control of the surface of your
work, so defects are impossible; the time
necessary to employ this system is no more
than to tamp the concrete properly into a mold,
with the added advantage that you do not
have to risk the breakage or spend the time to
remove the work from the mold.
The workman with a complete set of these
templates, which he can easily * carry in his
tool-chest, is always prepared to execute the
usual concrete work demanded by his cus-
tomers or the building he is employed upon,
[7]
• • • ...
• • •
Preface
without a moment's time wasted in building or
purchasing molds for the work.
A proper reinforcement is desired for all
work; with this system the heavier portion is
molded at the bottom, but the top should have
at least the wire reinforcement; so until it has
permanantly set or hardened it will not settle
out of sh&pe- ••
.... .*, • • \ . • %£;•:
,: — : . : Welgfll" djaifcfe changes; but all our every-day
.•jTjethrJjJl Kcx e a t one time new, and I feel that
••tRe; : j$$,£tical. ideas I have presented in this
V ybbft&i\jj31 .secured by my own personal ex-
perience and tests, together with my past work
which has appeared in some of the largest
trade journals in the concrete field, will be an
all-sufficient assurance to you that this system
will be of the greatest value and use in your
every-day work.
I shall consider it my duty to explain any
point of which you may be in doubt if you
address me personally in care of the pub-
lishers.
Yours very truly,
A. A. HOUGHTON.
May, 1910.
[8]
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
PAGE
Advantages of This System . . . .11
CHAPTER II
Construction of Templates 13
CHAPTER III
Preparing Concrete and Operating the Tem-
plates ........ 18
CHAPTER IV
Making the Templates for Cornice of the Tuscan,
Doric, Ionic, Composite and Roman Corin-
thian Orders 24
CHAPTER V
Molding Dentils; Triglyphs; Modillions; Mu-
TULES, ETC. •••••••• 44
CHAPTER VI
Explanation of Moldings Used . . . .54
CHAPTER VII
Archivolts and Arches with Templates for
Molding 56
CHAPTER VIII
The Doric, Ionic and Corinthian Columns; Pro-
portions; Method of Molding and Fluting 62
CHAPTER IX
Bases and Capitals for Doric, Ionic and Corin-
thian Orders; Method of Molding . . 73
[9]
Table of Contents
CHAPTER X
PAGB
Pedestals; Piers and Imposts with Templates
for Molding 81
CHAPTER XI
Machine for Rapid Molding . . . .89
CHAPTER XII
Concrete Urns or Lawn Vases, with Templates 92
CHAPTER XIII
Molding Ball and Cap; Water Tables; Facing
Work ,98
CHAPTER XIV
Monuments; Molding; Lettering, etc. . . 100
CHAPTER XV
Hitching Posts; Grave Markers, etc. . . 105
CHAPTER XVI
Molding Concrete Fountain; Templates for
Same ......... 107
CHAPTER XVII
Molding Garden Seats and Benches . .111
CHAPTER XVIII
Balusters; Lavatories; Jardinieres and Flower
Pots 114
CHAPTER XIX
Reinforcement of Work; How to Make . .118
CHAPTER XX
Ornamental Moldings 122
[10]
ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE
WITHOUT MOLDS
CHAPTER I
Advantages of this System
Art stone is a necessity for our concrete
buildings if we desire to secure beauty and
artistic appearance; formerly it was necessary
to purchase expensive cut stone for this pur-
pose, as the labor and expense of preparing
molds for the many different pieces, and the
fact that these molds would be used but a few
times on the one job and then destroyed, as
they were too bulky to transport without large
expense, made it too expensive to use orna-
mental units molded from concrete; more
strongly was this so in the case of the small
contractor who would use a certain mold but
a few times in the season.
By the simple and practical method ex-
plained in this book, the concrete worker is
["]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
enabled to mold or model in concrete any
cornice, archivolt, column, pedestal, base cap,
urn or pier in a monolithic form right upon the
job; he may also model these in units or blocks
and then build up to suit the specifications
demanded; this is accomplished with but very
little lumber or wood forms, and these may
easily be supplied in a few moments' time and
need not be transported from the previous jobs.
The templates for all varieties of work will
easily go into a tool chest, and thus are always
ready for instant use as well as solving the
problem of ease in transporting the molds
demanded.
The expense of these templates is but a
trifle, the average cost but a few cents each;
they are best made of metal or zinc or gal-
vanized iron or steel and are then mounted
upon wooden forms with bolts or screws so they
may be operated; where cheapness and not
too close results are required the template
may be cut from hardwood, but will not give
the results or satisfaction obtained from the
use of metal entirely.
[12]
CHAPTER II
Construction of Templates
The templates made be easily made by any
one, even with a slight knowledge of tools, as
the design is first drawn to the exact size upon
a sheet of heavy paper; this is placed in po-
sition and fastened to the zinc or galvanized
plate; then with a pointed punch or even a
nail follow the lines of the design and punch
a hole through the paper so as to leave a
good mark upon the surface of the metal
plate. The paper is removed and the metal plate
placed upon a hard surface, preferably an
anvil or an iron with a large smooth surface;
with a cold chisel the metal plate is cut to con-
form with the design punched upon same.
The cutting is done one-eighth to one-fourth
inch outside of the lines of the design, so that
all rough edges may be removed by the use of
the round, square and flat bastard files to fit
the part you are working upon. The metal
is filed down carefully, using care to have the
[13]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
corners even and without rough edges and to
the exact lines of the draft or design.
Holes are now drilled or punched along one
side and the two ends if required, and the tem-
plate is ready for mounting upon its wood
base or carriage, for operating same. It is
very essential that the template be backed up
strongly with wood, so that it will bear the
strain of forcing the concrete into position
without bending out of shape. This is accom-
plished by cutting a wooden backing from one-
inch lumber and fastening to one side of the
template with bolts or screws as shown in
Fig. i; this braces the metal so that it will
remain rigid, and where the strain is exceed-
ingly heavy, it may be so braced by two wood
strips or boards placed transversely to each
other, and also securely fastened to the wooden
beam or carriage, so that it will withstand
any strain you will place upon it. The wood
backing must not interfere with the edge of
the template. It is best cut so that it will
not come within less than one-half inch from
the cutting surface of the template.
[14]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
Fig. i . — Construction of Template.
IiS]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
The template is mounted upon a wooden
arm or carriage as shown in Fig. i ; this rests
upon and is controlled by the guide boards .
when molding straight work, as shown in Fig.
2; the guide boards are erected and braced
in position so that they will support the tem-
plate and carriage at the correct height.
These guides are best made of two boards
nailed together as shown in Fig. 2, so that the
template has every chance to model the con-
crete evenly to the edges. Where the one side
of work is to be slanting, as in water tables or
cornice, small wood wedges may be inserted
between these two boards at the top as shown
in Fig. 3, thus holding the boards apart at
the proper angle. The guide boards are cut
the length the blocks are to be molded and each
end closed with a board cut the shape the face
of block is to be, or exactly the reverse of the
template; this end board need not be ex* t,
just so the template will easily run over same
and yet near enough to the design to hold the
mortar in place and secure an even joint.
[16]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
Of
Fig. 2. — Operating Template on Straight Work.
[17]
CHAPTER III
Preparing Concrete and Operating the
Templates
The concrete is placed between these guide
boards and tamped down until the last course,
which is filled upon the mortar previously
placed and formed into "the general shape of
the design as much as can be roughly done
with a shovel. Care should be taken to spread
the mortar as evenly as possible and, while
you have a surplus, do not have so much that
it is impossible to draw the template through
same. As soon as the last mortar is ready, rest
the template carriage upon the guide boards
and holding it down to same draw it toward
the opposite end of the form; do not attempt
to hold it down tightly the first few times, but
by sweeping it back and forth several times
it will compress or pack down the concrete to
conform to its shape and at the same time
work the surplus mortar toward each end of
[18]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
the wooden form; in this manner you work
the template carriage from one end to the other
and back again until the block is molded to
a perfect shape to conform to the template.
Where there is a lack of mortar it can be added
with a trowel during this operation, thus mold-
ing work that is more positive to be perfect
than by the use of the ordinary forms; for the
design is plainly in sight at all times and the
many slight imperfections that are not known
until the usual forms are removed, here show
themselves plainly to the operator and can
be remedied before the block is finished.
The template has a tendency to work the
excessive moisture or any surplus of same to
each end of the form in the operation of pushing
it back and forth; this leaves upon the face of
the work the semi-dry concrete which is more
susceptible to the action of the template and
more capable of retaining its shape without
undue shrinkage, and also without pin-holes
or air-bubbles, than the too wet mortar. It
is possible by this method to secure work that
is far more true to shape and which will have
[20]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
a more perfect face than can be secured by
the use of wood or any composition mold that
is not strong enough to allow the concrete to
be thoroughly tamped until it is forced into
every crevice or part of the mold, and by this
method of pressing the face of the design into
shape, or modeling it as it may be termed, there
is no possible chance of having air-bubbles
in same, as is often the case when too wet a
mix is used even in iron or steel molds. The
design is entirely under the operator's eye
from the start to completion, thus insuring
more perfect results than many of the old
methods allowed.
It will be noted that the aggregate must be
screened to work properly with the method;
all pebbles over one-eighth inch in diameter
. should be -removed from the sand where a very
even and smooth face is desired to the work ;
at the same time the face mix should be made
richer and can be improved by the addition
of hydrated lime to make it more plastic, so it
will retain the shape given by the template with
greater ease. The moisture should be supplied
I
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
with care, as it is far easier to wet the surface
of the work when operating the template than
to overcome the effect of too wet a mix; the
best results are obtained when the mortar has
the consistency of very damp sand, so it can
be pressed with the hand and will retain the
imprint of the fingers sharp and clear with-
out immediately crumbling. This must depend
upon the judgment of the worker, for the vari-
ation of the moisture in different sand and also
in the atmosphere at different stages of tem-
perature makes it impossible to have any set
rule for measuring the quantity of water to
secure just the exact consistency demanded
for perfect work under the varying conditions
the worker must contend with.
As stated before, it is far better to have the
mortar too dry than too wet, as the extra moist-
ure needed may be added in a fine spray from
a sprinkling can, while there is no satisfactory
way to overcome the surplus moisture where
the mix is made too wet.
Where cornice blocks and water tables are
molded by this method in large blocks, it is
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
advisable to lighten them by molding hollows
in same by the aid of cores; this not only saves
material, but will conform to the hollow block
wall when the work molded by this method is
to be used with same.
This is easily accomplished by building cores
of wood which are attached to the guide boards
and removed with same from the completed
work. The secore forms are made slanting so
that they will be the easier removed from the
concrete, and by attaching same to both guide
boards it is possible to mold the hollow entirely
through the block. In this manner the cor-
nice may be made to conform to the blocks
in wall with the same dead air spaces for the
entire height of the building; this will be
of value in modeling the ornamental lintels, etc.,
to employ in a wall made up of hollow concrete
blocks.
[23]
CHAPTER IV
Making the Templates for Cornice of
the Tuscan, Doric, Ionic, Compos-
ite and Roman Corinthian
Orders
While the template method allows you to em-
ploy your own wishes as to the sizes of the differ-
ent units to make up the cornice, yet to secure
a uniform basis for measurement, the drawings
in Figs. 4, 5, 6, and 7, are based on the estab-
lished scale for the five Orders of Architecture
given, with such slight changes as are made
necessary to make them adaptable to the
template method of molding the ornamental
blocks.
In reducing the measurements to inches for
the use of the average worker the general form
has been retained, but the units are slightly
varied, so as to give a pleasing effect and yet
work successfully by this system. Thus, in
Figs. 4, 5, and 6 two sizes are given, the first
[24]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
based on a column 6' 8" in height and the sec-
ond based upon a height of 8' 4", and in Fig.
7 the two orders are based upon the 6' 8"
height only : ; from these measurements the
worker may easily design the proportions of
a template to suit his needs and the work he
must demand of it; and while these two sizes will
fill the needs for the average work, yet any
larger size or one smaller, for use upon lintels
can be made.
In the plates shown, the architrave, frieze,
and cornice are shown upon the one plate for
convenience in explaining, but in large work
it will be necessary to separate these different
units, constructing each separately; for while
in lintels they may be molded together, yet in
the cornice the weight would be too great to
allow them to be easily handled other than as
separate blocks; these are so planned that
when laid in wall the joints will be broken,
thus making , them as easy for the mason to
handle as cut stone.
[25]
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27
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
TUSCAN ORDER
In the Tuscan order in Fig. 4 A the measure-
ments of the units of reading from right to
left are as follows. The achitrave is 6" wide,
ending in a fillet of 1" and a conge of »"; the
frieze is 6tV wide, ending in a conge of H"\ .
the cornice is 7K" wide, beginning with a fillet
of H"\ a quarter round of 1 X"; a band of Y%"\
the corona has a width of 2^, ending in a
conge of ?6" which replaces the Y%" depth of
the band at beginning of soffit; this ends in a
fillet or drip of f"; the next unit is a band of
2K", ending in a conge of X"; above this is a
band of X" with a cavetto of 1 X" which has a
projection at bottom of X"; the fillet at top
is 1" wide and the slant to top of cornice f",
making the total height of the architrave,
frieze, and cornice or the entablature 20x0"
to which a width of 2" has been added to the
left end of template, so that it may be braced
more securely.
In Fig. 4 B the architrave is 7 X" wide with
a conge of 1" and a fillet of \%" which has a
[28]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
projection of i"; the frieze has a width of 8K"
ending in a conge of K"; the cornice begins
with a fillet of l A"\ a quarter round of iK"; a
band of K"; the soffit 2X" ending in a conge
of y£" and a drip of 1"; the fascia s l A" with
the conge of y 2 "\ a band of H") a cavetto of
2", which has a projection at bottom of K"
and a fillet of i><" with the slant to cornice
1", thus making the entire entablature exactly
26" without the 2" added to template at left
end.
The Tuscan order is one that is very adapt-
able for this work as the plain and simple lines
permit the molding to be accomplished with
ease and satisfactory results, as well as making
the construction of the template more easily
accomplished.
DORIC ORDER
In the Doric order shown in Fig. 5 C the tem-
plate is composed of the following members:
At the right the architrave begins with a band
of 1 K 7/ , the second band is 2%" wide and with
a projection of %" over the first band, this
[29]
5
O
Q
'+ ■+
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
is connected with the fillet at top of architrave
by a band of X" and the fillet has a total pro-
jection of %". The frieze is 7M" wide and is
perfectly flat upon the space between the fillet
at top of architrave and the band at beginning
of cornice, the triglyphs are molded as shown
by XX and will be explained by Fig. 8;
the spacing of these is shown in Fig. 10.
The cornice begins with a band X" which
has a projection over the frieze of H", which is
the depth of the triglyphs when they are added ;
next is a band of Y^ with a projection of yi"\
a quarter round of f£"; a band of 1" which
has a projection of X" and ends in a conge of
X" It is upon this band that the dentils are
molded if the denticular order is desired, in
which case the conge is omitted and replaced
by a band of the same projection and the
quarter round below band is replaced by a
cyma reversa of the same size as the quarter
round ; a band of H" is placed under the soffit
which has a projection of 4X" ending in a
drip of X"; the fascia has a width of iH"
and above this is a cyma reversa of W which
[32]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
has a projection at bottom of yi"\ a band of
X" and a cyma recta of i %" ending in a fillet
of i" and a slant to top of cornice of H". This
gives the total height of entablature 20 X"
and requires a plate 22X" x 10 >6" to make the
template for same when it is to be molded
together.
In Fig. 5 D the first band of architrave
is 2)4," wide, the second 3" with a projection
of H"; a band of X" and a fillet of 1" with a
total projection of 1". The frieze is 9" wide.
The cornice begins with a band of 1" which
has a projection over frieze of X"; a second
band of X" with a projection of X" ; a quarter
round of H"; a band of iH" with a projec-
tion over quarter round of X" and ending in
a conge of X"; a band of X"; the soffit has a
projection of 5X" ending in two bands of X"
each and a drip of H"\ the fascia is 2" wide;
cyma re versa X"; band X; cyma recta iX"
and the fillet iX" with the slant to top of
cornice X" This makes the entire entabla-
ture 27'' in height and requires a plate 29" x
14 X* to make the template.
[33]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
IONIC ORDER
The Ionic order in Fig. 6 E has an architrave
with a width of 6" and composed of a band of
iM"; a second band of iH" and with a pro-
jection of H" ending in a cyma re versa of X";
a third band of itt"', a bead of %"\ a second
cyma reversa of ffl and a fillet of K", which
has a projection of iH". The frieze is 6*
wide and is entirely flat and may be replaced
by a course of plain faced blocks in a hollow
block wall when the architrave and cornice
are molded in blocks to conform to same.
The cornice begins with a cyma reversa of
K" which has a projection over frieze at bot-
tom of X"; a band of l A"\ a second band of
iW\ upon this band are molded the dentils,
when it is desired, in the manner shown in
Fig. 8. The next member has a projection
of i" with a drip of X" and a width of K";
above this is a band of X"; a bead of H n and
a quarter round of i"; these may be ornamented
with a design with very good effect if so desired.
The soffit has a projection of 3* with a de-
[34]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
pression of X" ending in a conge and a drip
of J4"; the fascia is i%" wide, above this a
cyma reversa of X" and band of X"; a cyma
recta of iX" and fillet of i", the slant to top
of cornice being X" This makes the entabla-
ture a total height of 21 H" and the metal plate
to make the template 23 X" x 1 2" when all three
parts are molded together.
In Fig. 6 F the first band of architrave is
iX" wide, the second, iX" with a projection
of X" and above this the cyma reversa of X",
and the third band of 1 X": bead of X' 7 ; cyma
reversa of V\" and fillet of 1", which has a total
projection beyond frieze of 2".
The frieze is 7 X" wide and is without orna-
mentation. The cornice begins with a cyma
reversa of 1"; band of X"; second band of
iX" (used for dentils), a projecting member
of 1 X" which had a depression of X 7 ' end-
ing in a conge and drip of X"; the width
of this member is X"; the band above same
X 7 '; bead of X"; quarter round of iX"; band
of X" which makes the depression of soffit,
which is 3X" projection ending in a conge of
[35]
o
5
o
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
W and a drip of i"; the fascia is 2^*, above
which is the cyma re versa of X*; band of K*;
cyma recta of i X" and fillet of i %" with thb
slant to top of cornice M". This makes the
total height of entablature 28 X", and for the
template would require a plate 30 X" x 13K".
The Doric is molded quite easily as there
is very little undercutting and the effect is one
that cannot be but pleasing where the plan of
building permits its use.
The templates illustrated in these plates are
shown without holes for bolts or screws along
the sides, which should be used, for any metal
plate that can be worked would be too light
to mold a cornice of this size without a strong
wood backing to same to hold it rigidly in
position. The height of template above open-
ing, where it is fastened to the carriage is placed
at 2". This is ample if the beam of carriage is
not more than i#" thick at this point; the
size of the plate from which the template is to
be cut should be increased if the beam of car-
riage must be of greater thickness, unless it is
cut away at this point.
[38]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
COMPOSITE ORDER
At Fig. 7 G is shown the template for the
Composite order of Architecture and is made
up of the following members: The archi-
trave is 6" wide with first a band of iH"; a
cyma reversa of X"; second band of 2%"\
bead of K"; second cyma reversa of yi" and
fillet of X"? which has a total projection over
the frieze of ij£" and a projection over the
second cyma reversa of M", as illustrated.
The frieze is 6" wide and begins with a scape
of iX", which is the projection of fillet on
architrave. The cornice begins with a cyma
reversa of X" which has a projection over
frieze of %"\ next a band H" wide, which has
a projection of H"\ a listel of K" and above
this a quarter round of X"; the soffit has a
projection of 2 l A" and is without the usual drip;
the band above this is X" wide; a quarter-
round of H": and a second band of %" with
a second quarter round of X"; the projection
above this is iK" and the fascia above same
is iK", ending with a cyma reversa of X"; a
[39]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
band of % n and a cyma recta of i %" with a
fillet of i". It will also be noted that the top
of cornice does not have any slant and that
the entire design is of the most simple as well
as giving a pleasing and artistic effect. The
entire width of entablature is 20" exact, and
the metal plate required for making the tem-
plate must be 22" x 10", unless it is desired at
the top of cornice to have the guide boards
mold the projection of the cornice; this may
be used as well with the other styles, that have a
slant, by the use of wooden wedges inserted
between the two guide boards as shown in
Fig. 3, which is the best method in molding a
large cornice as the guide boards then support
the weight of concrete and make the work far
easier.
ROMAN CORINTHIAN ORDER
In the Roman Corinthian order shown at
Fig. 7 H, the architrave is 6" wide, begin-
ning with a band of i l A"\ a quarter round of
l A" ; a second band of 1 H" ; quarter round of
X", and ending with the third band of iM";
[40]
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Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
bead of X", above this a cyma reversa of H"
and fillet of X", which has a total projection of
i H" over frieze and X" over the cyma reversa,
next to same on architrave. The frieze is 6"
wide and begins with a scape of i Y%" which is
the projection of the fillet on architrave over
the frieze.
The cornice is 8" wide and begins with
a cyma reversa of X"; band of X"; listel
of X"; quarter round of %" and second
band of i"; the soffit has a total projection
of 4X" and is without the drip, the same
as the composite order; the fascia has a
width of iX", above this a cyma reversa of
X"; band of X" and cyma recta of t \i", end-
ing in a fillet of 1", and with the slant to top of
cornice H" in width. The total height of en-
tablature is 20", using a plate 10" x 22"" for
the template; this completes a design that is
exceedingly pleasing.
[43]
CHAPTER V
Molding Dentils; Triglyphs; Modil-
lions; mutules, etc.
DENTILS
The addition of dentils and triglyphs to the
Doric and Ionic orders, after the cornice has
been molded with the template is fully ex-
plained in Fig. 8. these are bonded to the cor-
nice as shown in Fig. 9, which is accomplished
by embedding in the concrete, while it is yet
green, small screws which are allowed to pro-
ject the proper distance above the face of the
concrete and so they will be covered with the
new mortar placed for the dentils or triglyphs.
When the latter are to be molded it is best to
overbind the screws, when the concrete has
hardened enough to stand the strain, with fine
wire twisted from one to the other, thus making
a strong reinforcement that will hold the new
mortar, added, in place securely and with as
good results as if molded at the one time, as
far as appearance goes and practical use under
[44]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
ordinary usage and conditions. The reinforce-
ment must be added with care, so that the screws
and wires do not project beyond the face of the
mortar and are in the center of each dentil or
triglyph. This method of reinforcement will
be of value in attaching mutules, the project-
ing flat blocks with ornamented under-surface
placed under the corona of the Doric order,
also in attaching the modillions, which is a
projecting bracket that has to the Corinthian
and Composite orders the same position under
the corona as the mutule has in the Doric
cornice, the screws for these being long enough
so as to project and securely hold them in po-
sition, as a reinforcement to the bonding of
the concrete.
As illustrated in Fig. 8, the dentils are
molded by a flat strip of the right height, placed
at the bottom of the dentils and the space be-
tween each dentil is taken by a small wood
block of the correct size as shown by (a) in
Fig. 8; the concrete is filled into the space
between these wood strips and blocks and thus
molds them perfectly.
[45]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds.
TRIGLYPHS
The triglyphs require beveled strips as shown
at (b) in Fig. 8; the space between the archi-
trave and the cornice on the frieze is where
they are placed, and as the projection of these
two outside members is equal to the thickness
of triglyph on the cornice side, and more than
this on the fillet that crowns the architrave,
the triglyph does not require either a top or
bottom strip as in the case of the dentils.
The triglyph is usually composed of three
flat bands with a beveled depression between
same, running perpendicular on the frieze and
with the outside bands beveled; these are
placed exactly in the center above the column
or pier and are molded by erecting a beveled
strip on each outside, which is placed at the
correct distance apart to conform to the com-
pleted work. As will be noted, the bevels do
not reach entirely to the top or next to cornice,
but are complete to the fillet that crowns the
architrave on the bottom; the bevels on side
strips are cut to mold in this manner, and of a
[46]
Fas. 8.— Molding Dentils and Triglyphs.
[47]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
length so they will exactly fit in the space on
frieze provided for same. The mortar is now
filled in between these two side strips, nearly to
the top, and then the two inside beveled strips
are embedded in this mortar at equal distances
apart, so as to divide the triglyph into three
bands of equal width, and with a beveled de-
pression between same as shown in Fig. 10.
In this manner the work may be accomplished
with ease, as the wood strips remain until the
concrete has hardened.
MODILLIONS
The method of adding modillions and mu-
tules is very similar; in the former the form
shown in Fig. 9, or one you may wish in its
place, is cut from wood, cutting two alike;
these are joined on one side with a strip of tin
bent into the same shape, so as to leave a space
between each wood strip of the exact size the
modillion is to be, and with the top open for
placing the mortar; the cornice is left in the
position molded, with face up, and the rein-
forcement added at the proper point where
[48]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
Fig. 9. — Bonding Work and Wood Form for Modillions.
[49]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
the modillion is to be placed; the wood and
tin form is then placed in position against
the soffit, or under-surface of corona, and the
concrete mortar filled into the form and when
it is hard enough this is removed, perfecting
a bracket that is far more perfect than may be
made in any other manner, for if the mortar
is filled in with care the shape will be perfect
and as the mold is a small section it is the
more easily removed without danger of injur-
ing the work molded.
MTJTULES
The mutule is best molded by turning the
cornice so it rests upon the top, or slanting side
down, which will bring the soffit horizontal;
three pieces of molding are now cut and mi-
tered so as to fit together into a square form of
the size the mutule is to be. This is placed
upon the soffit at the proper point and the con-
crete filled into same ; to produce a modification
of the guttae or small projecting circular orna-
ments that ornament the under-surface of the
mutule, cut a %" thick board of the size of the
[50]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds.
mutule form or moldings; in this bore holes,
arranging them in rows six each way and with
each opening finished with sand paper to make
a smooth molding surface. This is placed upon
mutule form and these holes filled with con-
crete, and when this has hardened the board
is carefully lifted up so as not to break them off,
and the main form for mutule removed. While
the guttae cannot be molded in this manner
in correct form, with the greatest width or
diameter of circle at the bottom, yet it will
give a neat effect.
The guttae beneath the triglyphs as well as
the regula, to which they are attached, are
easily molded by small wood blocks in the same
manner as for dentils as illustrated in (a)
Figure 8.
The usual size of dentils and triglyphs is
shown in Fig. 10 which is based on a column
height of 8V\ the Doric in this case are i"
wide and i %" high with a space between same
of y 2 n and a space below same on the band
to which they are attached of %". The Ionic
are i %" wide and i K" high with a space between
[so
i
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
JUU&lJJtrltiffiE
DORIC DENTILS
IONIC
'-■ r-n"-^---i!"--'-u-.'.ir-
TRIGLYPH
Yl 1Y1 fYl "TyI tF?
— Spudng Ucnlils and Tnglv;>:is
[52]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
same of tyi" and they extend to the extreme
edge of the band to which they are attached.
The triglyphs are 9" high; the band above
the bevels is X" wide and each face of the bevel
is X" thus making same the exact width of
the bands, between same, or one inch in width;
the bevel at end of each bevel face is X" in
width at the center and is formed by planing
off the end of the strips used to mold bevel
in that manner.
[53]
CHAPTER VI
Explanation of Mouldings Used
In Fig. 1 1 are shown the mouldings used in
the different members of the templates de-
scribed, for the reference of the worker not
familiar, with same. The first row, a, b, and c,
show the crowning mouldings, of which (a) is the
cavetto ; (b) the conge and (c) the cyma recta.
The supporting mouldings are shown in the sec-
ond row, of which (d) is the quarter round ; (e)
ovolo; (/) echinus; (g) the cyma reversa. In
the third row are shown the binding mouldings
of which (h) is the half round; (J) the torus,
which is also te/med the half round as well;
(;) thumb. In the fourth row are shown the
separating mouldings of which (k) is the half-
hollow ; (/) the fillet ; (m) the bead and (n) the
scotia. In the fifth row we have the prone
mouldings of which (0) is the cavetto ; (p) the
scape; (q) the cyma recta and (r) the cyma
reversa. To the worker not familiar with same
these sections will permit the form of the mem-
bers of templates to be the easier recognized.
[54]
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Fig. ii. — Plain Mouldings.
[55]
\
1
I
CHAPTER VII
Archivolts and Arches with Templates
for Molding
In Fig. 12 is shown the method employed in
molding an archivolt by the use of a carriage
and template; this is mounted upon a beam
which swings in a circle at the correct height
and thus models the concrete in a circular or
elliptical form, as you may desire, with the same
principle as employed in straight work. The
" horse" or wooden carriage is built in the form
shown in illustration which permits it to de-
scribe a perfect circle if required and any form
of ellipse or oval may be molded by placing the
pivot so that the template will describe but
a segment of a circle if an elliptical arch is
demanded and by moving the pivot with a beam
of proper length, so as to bring the center
directly under the span springer or skewback,
the common forms of Gothic or Tudor arches
may be molded as well as the equilateral or
[56]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
—Molding Elliptical Arch.
[57]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
pointed arches of varying shapes. In this
manner the template and carriage have all
the adaptability of the compass in describing
curves of varying angles and when you consider
that it is carrying a template which molds in
concrete the ornamental form cut from same,
along the lines of these curves you can see the
great adaptability of this tool to the ornamental
concrete worker. It may be made adjustable
by arranging the pivot so that it, together with
the block it passes through, may be moved up
and down the beam or carriage, thus enabling
you to use the same carriage for circles or ovals
of various sizes.
The arch may be molded in a manner that
permits of being easily placed in the wall, by
erecting boards to make a square form equal
to the largest outside diameter of the arch, and
in height equal to the thickness of the wall;
if desired or the body or wall thickness is so
that it will be a hard matter to keep this amount
of concrete in place, bend a board or metal
strip in the form of the intrados or inner curve
of the arch. This board is the same width as the
[58]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
soffit of arch is to be and so makes the molding
of the body of arch, or the part that goes in
the wall a mere matter of filling in this box form
up to the top and then upon this the concrete
is placed for molding the projecting portion
of arch, or archivolt; the extrados or outer
curve is easily retained in position by the oper-
ating of template. This makes the section of
arch that sets in wall in a convenient square-
cornered form on the outside of the spandrel
edges, which is much easier to place.
DORIC
The proportions of templates for the archi-
volts are shown in Fig. 13 based on an average
height of piers to be %'$", which for the Doric
would make the width of the first band 2X";
the second band 2X" with a projection of X"
and ending in a conge of X", above this a band
of X"; quarter round 1" and a fillet of 1" in
width which has a projection of 2". This
makes the total width of archivolt 7 X" which is
such that it is easily molded in one section for
the average size.
[59]
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IONIC
The Ionic begins with a band of i K"; above
this is a cavetto of X" and a second band of
2)i"\ a quarter round of H" and above this
a cyma reversa of X" with a fillet of X" width
which has a total projection of 2". This makes
the total width of template 6 K".
CORINTHIAN
In the template for the Corinthian archivolt
the first band is 1" wide ; the second band is 1 %"
wide, divided from the first by a quarter round
of %" and ending in a conge of yi"\ above this
is a quarter round of X" and a third band of
1 K" ending in a cyma reversa of K" and a
fillet of X". The total width of template is
5X" and the total projection of the crowning
fillet is 1 X".
In constructing these templates the projec-
tion to the right designed to mold the soffit of
the arch may be omitted and thus the template
may be adapted to the use of molding lintels
for a door or window in the manner employed
for cornice work.
[60]
DORIC
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T>8
IONIC
<M
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6%-
CORINTHIAN
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Fig. 13.— Templates for Archivolts.
[61]
CHAPTER VIII
The Doric, Ionic and Corinthian Col-
umns; Proportions; Method of
Molding and Fluting
As illustrated in Fig. 14 the molding of
a plain column is easily accomplished by
the following method: A template is made
in a quarter segment of a circle equal to one-
quarter of the total circumference of the
column at the bottom or just above the base;
this is mounted upon a carriage as illustrated
in Fig. 14. A pallet is now prepared of the
exact height the column is to be molded. This
is accurately dressed down so its two sides are
the width of the diameter of the column if it
was cut accurately through the center; in this
board the taper of the column or entasis is
represented by its outside edges so it serves
for an accurate guide for the template.
Upon this board two strips are placed with
the inside edges at least 2" or 3" apart and bev-
[62]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
eled as shown in Fig. 14 and the outside edges
cut to conform to the pallet or bottom board.
These should be fastened to the pallet by
screws that go through pallet and into strips to
hold same in place when molding the work,
and when it is hardened you simply roll over
upon its circular side and by taking out these
screws the boards are easily removed without
the least danger of injuring the "lock" that
is molded in the half column. Two boards are
cut into a half circle, one the size the column
is to be at the bottom and the other the size
of same at neck or top. These are fastened to
the pallet so as to remain upright and rigid,
which insures the top and bottom of column to
be even and true.
It is now a simple matter of piling the mortar
upon the pallet and passing the template up and
down each side until it has molded the concrete
into the half circular shape desired. You will
note that the entasis of the column makes the
diameter at the neck slightly smaller than the
bottom or the lower one-third of the column;
noW as your template is the exact size of the
[63]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
bottom it will make the upper one-third of
column with a slight raised point in the center.
To avoid this the template must be raised so
the center of same rests upon the center of
column and by carefully passing it up toward
the top; then by repeating the operation with
the center at a 45 degree angle on each side you
can work the concrete down to a perfect and
even contour with a gradual taper from one-
third the height to the neck. If the pallet
rests upon " horses" or a bench, so you can
the more easily reach all sides, this will not
be difficult to accomplish.
When the one-half section is sufficiently
hard it should be mounted in concave blocks
as illustrated in Fig. 14, with the flat side up;
no pallet is now necessary as the first section
of column serves as the guide to template
which is operated in the same manner as for
first section. You will note that each section
"locks" together in the center and may also
be reinforced at different points with iron pins —
these are not absolutely necessary — which with
the natural bond of the concrete will hold it
[64]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
V^F
Fig. 14.— Molding Columns with Template.
[65]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
permanently together. As there will be on
each outside edge of the column a slight seam
similar to the marks of a mold, where -the two
sections join, it will be necessary for a perfect
job to finish by rubbing to make perfectly
smooth with a rubbing brick or carborundum
stone and then finishing with a neat cement
coat, which will cover up the joint as well as
give the column the smooth even effect demanded
for beauty. Where it is desired to use crushed
granite as a facing to the column, a smaller
template should be first used and when the
shape is secured in the ordinary mixture, the
facing may be added and finished with a larger
or full-sized template; by using care the joint
can be hidden so the neat cement coat is not
needed, which of course would spoil the attract-
ive effect of the crushed granite aggregate.
PROPORTIONS
A simple method of proportioning the column
will be of interest to many and the simple
rules below will give satisfactory results for all
ordinary usage. The taper or entasis of the
[66]
\
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
column begins at one-third of the height above
the base and continues in a gentle tapering
curve to the neck or top; this as well as the
two diameters should be in correct proportion
to the height of the shaft. In the Doric column
the diameter just above the base and to one-
third the height is equal to one-eighth of the
total height of the shaft, including the base and
capital; the tapering is approximately f 2 " on
each side for each foot of the total height:
Thus if the total height is 8' 4" of shaft with
base and capital, the shaft would be 12X" in
diameter at the bottom and for one-third the
height and 11" at the top or neck, the taper
would total X" on each side at the neck. In
the Ionic column the diameter of the bottom
of the shaft and for one-third the height is
slightly less than one-ninth of the total height
of shaft, base and capital. Thus in an 8' 4"
column the bottom would be 11X*; the neck
gX" and the taper would total X" upon each
side for two-thirds the height of the shaft,
the same as the Doric. The Corinthian is
slightly different as the diameter of the bottom
[67]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
of shaft is equal to one-tenth the total height of
shaft, base and capital and the tapering is j 6 " 9
approximately, for each one foot of the total
height. Thus a column 8' 4" high or ioo"
would be 10" at the bottom and 9" at the neck
in diameter, and the taper would be X" on each
side of the shaft. These easy and simple rules
will be an aid in making your columns of
the correct proportions.
FLUTING
Where it is desired to mold a fluted column
or one with segmental channels in the surface,
the surface is first molded in shape as for the
plain column ; the wood blocks at each end are
replaced with blocks, from the edge of which
is cut a pattern for the channels. Two strips
are now nailed together with a space between
same the width of the channel, as it is to be
molded between the sharp raised edges or
" arris ;" this form is the length of the shaft
and rests upon the wood blocks at each end.
A small block or carriage holds the template,
as shown in Fig. 1 5 ; this is the shape of one-
[68]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
Fie. 15.— Method of Fluting Columns.
[69]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
half of the channel and rests upon the frame-
work, made previously; by passing this up and
down between the two wood strips, reversing
the carriage each time, you cut the channel
accurately into the green concrete. You will
note that the template molds but one-half of
the segmental channel for the reason that the
channel is more narrow at the neck than at
the base, to conform to the taper or entasis of
the column; hence the necessity of molding
but one-half of same at each upward or down-
ward stroke.
In Fig. 1 6 is shown the fluting of the Doric
and Ionic columns with the corresponding size
of same at base and neck for a height of 8' 4".
The number of channels in the Doric column
is always twenty and are so placed that one is
always seen in the center of the column on
each of its four faces. These channels do not
extend the total height of column but end in a
head slightly under the capital and are ellip-
•
tical in form with sharp raised edges. Fig. 16
also shows the different measurements with
the method of drawing the channels.
[7°i
FLUTING
DORIC
Fig. i 6. — Spacing Fluting on Columns.
[71]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
The channels of the Ionic column are sep-
arated by a narrow band or fillet which is equal
to one-third the width of the channel. The
number of channels varies from twenty to
twenty-four, with twenty the more often used;
the method of molding is the same as for the
Doric only that the strips must be closer to-
gether and the template smaller and more
circular in shape. The method of designing
the different flutings or channels as well as
the measurements for an 8' 4" shaft are shown
in Fig. 16.
The channels for a Corinthian column are
twenty-four in number with the fillet separating
them equal to one-third the width of the chan-
nel and with the form of the fluting semi-
circular in shape, thus requiring a template to
mold same, that is, a quarter segment of a
circle.
[72]
CHAPTER IX
Bases and Capitals for Doric, Ionic
and Corinthian Orders; Method of
Molding
The method of molding bases is shown in
Fig. 1 7 ; the template is mounted on a carriage
so it will swing in a circle, the pivot of same
is a wooden block or core which is set upright
upon the pallet, allowing the template to re-
volve around same as the concrete is placed
in position for molding. This wooden core
is withdrawn ' when the work is sufficiently
hard and the space may be filled with mortar
when setting the base.
DORIC
The base for Doric column shown in Fig.
1 8 is based upon an 8' 4" shaft or column.
The plinth is 3" high with a projection of 2"
over the width of the shaft at the bottom.
Above this is a torus of 2%"\ a bead of K";
[73]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
a band of yi" and a scape of %" ; this is mounted
upon the carriage- so the outside edge of the
plinth will be 8%" from the pivot or center
of base.
IONIC
The Ionic base is 2" in projection at the
plinth over the column at bottom with the
height of plinth 2", the torus above same 1 X" ;
band or listel of yi" ; scape of X" ; second band
of y%" and a second torus of 1" with the third
band above same of K" and ending in a scape
of %". The template is mounted upon the
carriage so that outer edge of plinth will be
exactly 7 H" from the pivot or center.
CORINTHIAN
The Corinthian base has the same projec-
tion ; 2 n beyond the column and begins with a
plinth of iX"; a torus of iX"; above this a
listel of l A"\ a scape of H"\ two beads of %"
each; a second scape of yk" and torus of K"\
a listel of %" , and scape of %". This is
mounted on carriage so that the outer edge of
[74]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
f ' .' ■ . 'i v. 1 . 1 ' I 1 . 1 ."T. 1 : J .' '. '.' . ' ■ ■ A
-•«* • • • • ■ ^ • - . » ■•■ •• •
e v* i '. ' >yt* * >v » ii m ly f «■ * t •; '>'m> ■■ ' ■
' I'M » > ft »
:■* ■!■ #
r.
I
•I-
V ' M'i' !
• . •
l
'••••| , • v
• • i • • • -1
• • •
^-^
3
pc
Fig. 17. — Molding Bases and Plain Capitals with Template
[75]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
plinth will be just 7" from the pivot or center of
the base in the event this is used for an 8' 4"
column.
Where it is desired to have the plinth square
with the upper part of base circular, the method
illustrated in Fig. 19 (c) may be employed; the
plinth is molded in a square box form and this
used as the pallet in modeling the circular
portion of the base with template.
The method of modeling the abacus or
crowning member of the capital is also shown
in Fig. 19; the wood form is used and a tem-
plate made to conform to the edge to be molded.
This is mounted upon a carriage as shown in
the same illustration and by operating this
along the edges of the box form the concrete is
molded into the correct form accurately and
easily.
In molding capitals by this system the same
method is employed as for bases as illustrated
in Fig. 17 with the form of template changed
to conform to the work to be done.
The Doric capital is similar in form to the
base and is molded complete by this method.
[76]
IONIC
DORIC
CORIN-
THIAN
Fig. 18. — Templates for Bases.
[77]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
The template for an 8' 4" column is made by
having a listel of %" and a bead of K" just
above the neck of shaft, the listel having a
projection of %"\ this is usually molded with
the shaft but by this method cannot well be
done, so if used must be added to the capital.
Above this is a band of 2"; three annulets or
small fillets with a width of %" each and a total
projection of W for the three ; a quarter round
of iX"; band of iK" and cyma reversa of
l A n with the abacus of yi" width; the total
projection from neck to shaft should be 2%"
from the outside edge. This capital is as eas-
ily molded as the base with the template and
when complete makes a very attractive crown-
ing member to the column.
The capitals of the Tuscan order may also
be molded in the same manner all complete,
but with those of the Ionic and Corinthian
orders, they are best produced from some other
source as the regular molds for same or with
plaster molds. It may be accomplished by
using a template for the circular portion of
the capital and adding the volutes as well
[78]
I 79]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
as the cauliculi, leaves or stems projecting from
surface of the Corinthian capital, by the aid of
plaster molds made from a wood composition
capital. While this is possible yet it is slow and
not so practical as to produce in some other
manner.
[80]
CHAPTER X
Pedestals; Piers and Imposts with
Templates for Molding
One method of molding the cymatium or
cap of the pedestal as well as the base of same,
when it is to be in a square form, is shown in
Fig. 20 ; this, as you will note, may be molded
in quarter sections by the use of template and
a trihedral form made of boards. The four
quarter sections are joined together with wire
or rods molded in same as shown by the
diagram (b) in same illustration; the space
in center is filled with mortar when it is
placed. Where the weight is to be very great
that is placed upon them, this method should
not be employed, but the second method
which consists of building a square box form
as shown in Fig. 19 for the abacus and then
mounting the template in the same manner as
for the molding of abacus, then by placing
the concrete in the center of form in a rough
[81]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
shape of the cap the template will work quite
easily.
In the molding of the three faces of an im-
post, or a cap to the pier upon which the archi-
volt rests, this same method may be used with
success for all orders, as well as in molding
the bases or plinth to the piers and pedestals.
Where it is desired to mold the piers or the
die to a square pedestal by the template system,
it is operated in the manner employed for a
cornice, with the exception that the guide boards
do not touch the concrete upon each side, and
the template models the sides as well as the
face of same. It is useful when the pier is
to be molded with a section of wall or when
it is to be semicircular in shape; in the latter
case the template is the easiest and best method
of molding.
DORIC
Fig. 2 1 shows the base of pedestal, cymatium
or cap of pedestal and the impost for the Doric,
Ionic, and Corinthian orders, with the measure-
ments of the different members that make up
[82]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
the templates for molding same. At (a) is
shown the base of the Doric pedestal ; the tem-
plate for same has a first plinth of 6 X" height
and a total projection of 2"; the second plinth
has a height of 2X" and iX" projection;
third plinth X" height and iX" projection;
above this is a cyma recta of i X" ; a band of
X" and ends in a scape of X". The total
height is 1 1 X"- The cap of pedestal is 3 X* in
height with a projection of 2%": From right
to left there is first a conge of X" ; band of X" ;
quarter round of X"; second band of iX",
which has a projection of %" over the quarter
round and ends in a conge of H" ; the cap end-
ing with a fillet of X" as shown by (b) in Fig. 21.
The impost or cap to pier shown at (c) has a
conge of X"; band of %"\ bead of X", which
has a projection of X" ; next a band of 1 X*,
ending in a conge of X"; quarter round of X";
band of 2", ending in a conge of X" and with
a projection of X", the impost ends with a fillet
of X" and is 6X" high with a total projection
of 2".
[84]
DORI C
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IONIC
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CORINTHIAN
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Fig. 21. — Templates for Base and Cymatium of Pedestal; also
Imposts.
[85]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
IONIC
The template for the Ionic base to pedestal
shown at (d) has first plinth of 6%" with a
projection of 2"; a second plinth of 2%" with
a projection of iK"; a torus of ]/i ,f with the
same projection as second plinth; band of X";
cyma recta of 1"; band of H" and template
ending in a scape of X"- The total height is
nX". The Ionic cap to pedestal shown in
template at (e) begins with a conge of X"; band
of M"; cyma reversa of *A"\ listel of X";
band of 1 H", this has a projection of X" and
is crowned by a cyn a recta of X" and a fillet
of X". The total height of cap is 3M"; and
the total projection is 2 X". The impost shown
at template (/) has a conge of X" at right;
band of X"; bead of K", which has a pro-
jection of H"', a second band of. iH", ending
in a conge of yi"\ band of X"; quarter round
of ^" ; second band of 1 X", which has a pro-
jection of X" ; cyma reversa of yi" and fillet
of X". The total projection is 2", with 5^"
for the total height.
[86]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
CORINTHIAN
The template (g) shows the Corinthian base
to pedestal, which has a first plinth of 6" in
height and i K" in projection ; a second plinth
of iX" in height and \Y%" projection; above
this is a torus of ]/%" in height and the same
projection as second plinth; a band of X";
cyma recta of Y%"\ bead of yi"; listel of y%"
and scape of %". The total height is 10K",
with the total projection of i J4" over the outside
diameter of die set upon the same. As
there is but slight difference in the pedestal
cap and the impost for the Corinthian order,
they are shown upon the one template (h),
for the fraction of an inch difference in measure-
ment would not be noticed in the molding.
The first member is a conge of ]/%" and listel
of yi n \ bead of H" with the same projection;
band of i H" ending in a conge of yk" and listel
of H"\ bead of X"; quarter round of M";
band of iX", which has a projection of X";
cyma reversa of y 2 ft and fillet of H". The total
projection is 2" with $yk" for the total height.
[87]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
The right-hand member of each cap or im-
post template is equal to the outside measure-
ments of the die or pier it is used upon. The
basis of measurement is an 8'4'' column on the
above templates, from which you can easily
plan a template for a larger or smaller column
or pier.
The base of pier or plinth is in all three orders
the same as the first two plinths of the base
of pedestal as shown by the dotted lines in
Fig. 21.
[88]
CHAPTER XI
Machine for Rapid Molding
It is advisable to mold one-half of the die
with the base or cap of all the circular pedes-
tals as shown in Fig. 22. This makes but one
joint and simplifies the work of setting in place.
Where the column height is not too great it
may also be employed by molding the base
and one-half the column in one section and the
capital and balance of column in the same man-
ner, thus making but one horizontal joint to
the entire column.
Another valuable point is also illustrated
in Fig. 22. As you will note, the template has
a double beam to the carriage ; one swings on
the iron rod that extends up through the work
and the other also revolves around the post
used to support the pallet. This is accomplished
by using a second block fastened to the lower
beam and both cut out to make a bearing for
it to revolve upon. The supporting post is also
[89]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
cut down to fit this bearing, thus supporting
the carriage in position. By having a brace above
the work to hold the iron rod rigid and using a
liberal amount of grease to the gearings, the
carriage will revolve easily and thus enable
a larger amount of small work to be done.
This is exceptionally valuable for all small work
as balusters, caps, bases, etc., and may be em-
ployed with urns or lawn vases as well. A
hopper may be placed above the work so as to
be out of the way of carriage, with a gate for
letting the concrete down as wanted. This en-
ables you to place the concrete and mold the
work in a very short time. With this pallet
cut to fit the base of the article molded, the tem-
plate can work up close to same, preventing
the concrete from falling, and by having the
pallet removable the finished work may be
removed from the machine to make room for
another; for this the iron center rod must be
drawn each time.
[90]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
^%%%!%^^^
• • •
e
«» 9
FlG. 22. — Machine for Rapid Molding with Templates.
[91]
CHAPTER XII
Concrete Urns or Lawn Vases, with
Templates
The method of molding the concrete urn or
lawn vase by the template system is fully shown
in Fig. 23. The perpendicular iron rod is sup-
ported by the concrete core of urn as shown by
the horizontal lines in Fig. 23. This with a sup-
port or brace above the work will make it rigid
enough for a pivot to the template carriage, ( r
the double beam carriage illustrated in Fig. 22
may be used with excellent success. In mold-
ing lawn vases or urns in one section it will be
found difficult to retain the mortar in position
for the base. This may be done by the use of
the wire reinforcement illustrated at (e) Fig. 30,
which spreads out into a fan shape and thus
holds up the mortar. The most successful method
is to mold the urn and base without the pro-
jections as shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 23 ;
the base may then be added in the manner
[92]
J_
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1 :
FlC. 23.— Molding Lawn Vas? with Template.
[93]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
shown at (a) Fig. 23. This is bonded by in-
serting the wire reinforcement, (d) Fig. 30, into
the opening left by the removal of the iron
center rod, then bending out in the form shown
at (e) Fig. 30. The urn is now supported in
position and a box form for base placed around
same and the concrete filled in as shown by
(a) Fig. 23, the wires also serving as a rein-
forcement to the base.
The bowl of base may be molded in one
section with a "lock" or mortise on the bot-
tom into which the stem of the base is inserted ;
this is the most satisfactory in large work, as
the bowl is usually demanded to be removable
so that it may be cleaned.
In Fig. 24 are shown two styles of templates
for urns with the measurements to serve as a
guide in perfecting any design you may fancy.
These are shown in one template and may be
so used or divided at any point on the stem.
The urn shown (/I) Fig. 24, is 24* high
and 24" in diameter at the widest point of the
bowl; the rim is 22" in diameter thus making
a 1" bevel around same; the bowl is made up
[94]
. 3-|. — Templates for Lawn Vasts or Un
[95]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
of a cavetto 8" high and an ovolo 6* high ; at the
end of the former the bowl is 18" in diameter
and at the end of the ovolo 12"; the stem is
formed with two cavetto forms and one bead of
1" height and the former 3" in height; their
greatest diameter 12" and their least 6"; the
plinth or lowest member of base is 2" high and
1 2" in diameter.
Another style is shown at (B) Fig. 24. On
this the rim is 1" in a quarter round form,
below this is a half hollow 2" in height, the next
member is an ovolo form 9" high and the first
section of stem is a avetto 6" high, below same
a 1 X" bead ; a 3" band ; aiK ;/ cyma reversa ;
a 2" cavetto with the base 2" high and 16" in
diameter; the smallest diameter of the stem is
6" and the greatest diameter of the bowl is 28"
with the height 28". These urns are used with
a pedestal nearly or quite equal to their own
height.
In molding over the concrete core a coating
of paraffine wax should be placed on the core
first or wet newspapers pressed upon same, so
as to permit the easy removal of the core from
[96]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
the work. It is also advisable to coat the
center rod with wax, or grease may be used,
so it can be withdrawn from the work with
ease and without danger of injury; when re-
moved the opening it makes may be filled with
liquid concrete.
o
[97]
CHAPTER XIII
Molding Ball and Cap; Water Tables;
Facing Work
A ball mounted upon a pedestal or base
may be molded in three sections, of which one
is the top section of ball in which you have ar-
ranged a "lock" similar to that used for the
columns in Fig. 14, by the use of bevel strips
on pallet ; the second section of ball is molded
in the same manner as the second section of
column, only the template for ball is a quarter
segment of circle revolving around an iron rod
set in the center of work as a pivot, as used for
base in Fig. 17. The base upon which ball
rests is modeled in the form you wish, with a
socket for the ball to rest in. This is an ex-
cellent ornament for many purposes and one
that is easily molded.
This system is also valuable in molding water
tables, as it permits any shape plain or orna-
mental to be given to the outside edge, as well
[98 j
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
as securing a more smooth and even finish than
can be secured by wood molds.
FACING
By this system a rough mixture can be used
for the core or center of much of the work;
by providing a wood template, smaller than
the finishing template, which presses the con-
crete into the general form and then a more
expensive finishing coat may be added and
worked into form without the least waste of
material, which is not possible when plaster-
ing over the surface of work molded in "wood
molds; the center of columns, bases, cornices,
archivolts and other work may as well be made
with the use of aggregate in the proportion
you would use for ordinary molding; then, by
adding a rich facing coat of cement and crushed
granite or marble flour, your outside surface
will be perfect with the minimum of expense
and no waste of material.
[99]
7003 '
CHAPTER XIV
Monuments; Molding; Lettering, Etc.
The system of molding concrete with the
use of templates, explained in the preceding
pages, can as well be applied to the manufac-
ture of concrete monuments and grave markers,
hitching posts, ornamental fountains, lawn
seats and benches, balusters and concrete lava-
tories as well as many other forms of concrete
work.
The drawing (A) in Fig. 25 shows the tem-
plate for molding an ornamental cap as the
crowning member of any shaft as illustrated
in Fig. 26.
When made to mold a part of the shaft the
whole length is 23" ; witha band of 10K"; a
~bead or astragal of K"; band of 1"; cyma re-
versa of 2"; torus of 1" and cavetto of 1" end-
ing in a ball of 9" in diameter which has a
projection above cavetto of 8" only. These
dimensions are for a diameter of shaft not to
[100]
Fig. 25. — Template for Ball and Cap to Monument; also Hitch-
ing Post. 101
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
exceed 12" and make a very ornamental and
pleasing crowning member to this style of
monument.
The monument shown in Fig. 26 may be
molded in eight sections or, if you wish and
the size permits, in only five sections. The tem-
plate for molding base is easily made. This only
extends to the dotted line shown in section
(1) and the top is simply a bevel and a cyma
recta in proportion to the size of the work.
The die extends from the base to dotted
line (2) and has at top a cyma reversa and torus
ending in a small bevel.
The base of shaft extends to dotted line (3)
and has a torus (large) and above this a small
half round that is but one-third the height
of the one below it; ending in a cavetto that
is on top the exact size of shaft.
The shaft may be molded in four sections
as shown, or it can be made neater by extending
from base of shaft to dotted line (7) in one
section, with the astragal in section (7) molded
one inch below the neck of shaft.
The cap is the same as explained for (A) in
[ i° 2 l
FlC. 26.— Completed Monument as Explained.
[«3]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
Fig. 25. This is a very easily molded design
and may be varied to suit the customer's wishes;
from the suggestions offered the worker can
easily construct templates to mold other styles
as well as many small grave markers; one of
the most popular styles of these is a small roll,
which is molded in the same manner as a
shaft, and then placed horizontal on a square or
oblong base.
The lettering is best done by imprinting
in the " green" concrete, although it may be
cut into the monument when cured as with
any stone; the letters used can be the same as
employed in imprinting sidewalks and several
alphabets should be used, so as to give the
proper display to the inscription. By laying
a ruler or straight-edge upon the work the lines
may be made neat and straight and with your
letters wet each time before pressing into the
concrete, they will "draw" more cleanly, with-
out disturbing the surface of the concrete.
[ !°4]
CHAPTER XV
Hitching Posts; Grave Markers, Etc.
The template shown at (B) Fig. 25 may be
employed for molding a hitching post or even
for a small grave marker as desired, for it is
a very neat design. The base is 1 2" to center,
thus making it 24" in diameter; the band is
6" high with two small X" inch beads at top;
the slanting sides are 12" high and at top are
ornamented with two or three X" beads as
desired. The cavetto that supports the ball
is 4" high and the ball is 8" above the cavetto;
but as in the case of the cap at (A) it is 9" in
diameter, thus completing a neat design that
the worker may employ for several purposes.
The templates for this kind are the easier
used when with a carriage as illustrated in Fig.
22, so that both top and bottom of the template
are held rigid and both hands are free to revolve
same rapidly and easily. Where many kinds
of work are to be made on the same carriage,
[io S ]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
two uprights may be bolted to the frame-work,
outside the sweep of template and carriage;
a cross-piece is placed on these uprights and
bolted so it will carry the bolt through the upper
arm of carriage; this obviates the use of the
rod through work, as the bolt through cross-
piece replaces that and as the cross-piece may
be shifted up or down on uprights as need
demands, you can mold any size of work in the
same machine.
[106]
CHAPTER XVI
Molding Concrete Fountain; Templates
for Same
The concrete fountain shown in Fig. 27 is
very easily molded by the use of four templates,
which are illustrated in the same drawing.
The one shown at (a) has a radius of 24" at the
bottom, thus molding the lower basin 4' in
diameter ; the edge to rim is 4" with the cavetto
above same 12", the bottom of this section has
a radius of 14", thus molding the base 28" in
diameter. The core of basin is easily made
of the correct size for each section by piling up
clay, plaster or concrete into a rough form of
the size and shape basin is to be made and then
smoothing with a trowel; a round iron or strip
of wood should be set exactly in the center of
core and long enough to project up above the
finished section of fountain ; to mold the open-
ing for the inlet pipe, which is set up and con-
nected, then the sections of fountain set down
[107]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds.
over same; thus making it a simple matter to
set up and take down fountain for storage in
winter. The outlet pipes can be arranged in
the first section in the same manner.
The second section shown at (6) has a radius
of 12" at the top and 6" at the bottom, thus
giving the second section a diameter at top of 24"
and bottom of 1 2". The rim is 3" high and the
cavetto 13", when a projection is arranged in
the center of the section below. This may be
done by building the core in a circle and leav-
ing space in center for a pedestal for the next
section to rest upon, or the upper sections may
be increased in length, to equal the depth of
the basin in the section below same, and as
this part is under water it will not show.
The third section (c) has a radius at top of
6" and at bottom of 3*; thus making the diame-
ter 12" and 6" of this section. The rim is 2"
and the cavetto, that shows above water, 12".
The fourth section shown at (d) has a radius of
3" at top and 1 X" at bottom or with a diameter
of 6" and 3* with the rim 2" and the cavetto,
above water, 12" in height. The fountain is
[108]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
thus exactly 5' high above ground level ; and as
the spray will keep the basins filled with water,
that from the upper sections running into the
lower basin, the effect is very pretty; when four
small pipes are placed just below the rim of
the second basin, the four jets of water pouring
into the lower basin is an added beauty to the
fountain. Where the room will permit a large
basin or pool may be built of concrete below
ground level and to surround the lower section;
this should be 8' in diameter and may be 16'
if desired, thus making a more attractive
fountain. This pool is easily built with a tem-
plate in the center, pressing the concrete into
the form desired against an outside form or
centering, which is placed below ground level
at the point the basin is to be built.
[no]
CHAPTER XVII
Molding Garden Seats and Benches
At Fig. 28 is. shown the template and model
for a very pretty garden seat, which is simply
and easily molded; the entire height from
ground is 36", the radius at top is 11", thus
making the diameter 22". The base is 7" in
radius thus giving 14" to rest upon the ground.
The seat and back are molded 22" outside and
18" inside, with a height of 16"; this is done
over a core form as shown at (a) (b) in Fig.
28. A round block of wood is prepared 18" in
diameter, upon this the forms for the curved
arms are nailed as shown by the curved line
at (a-b). This may be done by using small wood
blocks nailed to the core along this line and
upon same a strip of Unfastened that projects
at right angles to the core 2", thus making a
solid and perfect mold for the seat and back
and one that also permits the template to re-
volve around same in molding the work. The
[in]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
seat is 3" thick and the outside edge is a half
round ; below this is a cavetto of 3" ; a quarter
round of 1"; a band of 6"; in the center of same
is a bead of X"; below this is a quarter round
of 1" and a cyma reversa of 2", ending in the
band on base of 4" in height.
The same template with the exception that the
seat and back are omitted may be employed in
molding the legs for a garden bench; these
are molded and placed at the proper distance
apart, and a concrete slab, which has been
molded in a box form, laid upon them, thus
making a substantial and beautiful concrete
ornament to any garden. The same template
may also be employed in molding a pedestal
for a plant, either for use in the garden or
upon the lawn, simply by omitting the back
to chair.
[112]
FIG. a8.— Garden Chi.ir and Template for Molding.
[»3]
CHAPTER XVIII
Balusters; Lavatories; Jardinieres and
Flower Pots
In Fig. 29 at (a) is shown the template for
molding a concrete baluster, which is employed
in the manner as illustrated in Fig. 22. This
size may be too massive for some work, but
an explanation of the parts will serve as a guide
in constructing templates for others. The
band at base is 2", above this is a bevel of W
and a band of W making this member 1" as
shown; the next member is a cavetto of iK";
torus of 1"; above this an echinus of 3K";
cavetto of 6K"; bead of X; band of M"] an-
other band of %" which has the same projec-
tion ; a quarter round of 1" and fillet of 1",
which has a radius of 3". The total height is
19" and the greatest diameter 7"; this is useful
for large work and may be employed as small
columns below the floor in piazza construction,
as well as for many other purposes. Simply
["4]
Flo. ig. — Template (or Balusler and Lavatory.
[>'S]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
reducing the dimensions will give you a baluster
of the size you demand for the work you wish.
LAVATORY
The template for molding lavatory shown
at (b) Fig. 29 is shown upright, and may be em-
ployed in that way, but it is the easier molded
when reversed, so as to bring the heaviest
part of the concrete downward. The radius
of the base is 7", thus giving it a diameter of
14"; the height of the base is 4", above this is
a cyma reversa of 2" and a quarter round of
1"; the die or shaft is 12" high and has a radius
of 4", thus making the smallest diameter of
the lavatory 8", which permits of a core large
enough for all pipes to be used in the center of
same. Above the die is a bead of X"; band of
K"; a quarter round of 1"; and a cyma reversa
of 2"; fillet of 1" and the bowl ending in a
quarter round of 5* which has a radius of 10";
thus making the total height 29 X" and the
greatest diameter 20".
The bowl is easily molded by making a core
as used for the fountain sections, and the
[116]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
center of the lavatory should be hollow so as
to allow the inlet and outlet pipes to be placed
in same; this is best done by arranging them
before molding the lavatory and thus bending
the inlet pipes so they will go around the outside
edge of the bowl in the concrete. As the con-
crete is then molded around these pipes they
are out of sight and have only to be connected
up at the bottom.
The template system is very useful in mold-
ing many styles and shapes of jardienires and
flower pots, the templates for which are so
simple that the reader can easily make them
from the instructions given in the preceding
pages.
[117]
CHAPTER XIX
Reinforcement of Work; How to Make
In Fig. 30 are shown the different special
reinforcements used with this system of mold-
ing; these are used when necessary in addition
to any usual reinforcement that can be used
in the straight work, as cornice, column, etc., and
are designed to act as an aid in holding the con-
crete upright as well as retaining it there until
hardened. The wire form shown at (a) Fig.
30 is of use in the bowls of urns and also in
the stem of same ; it can be used in the sections
of pedestals when molded in two sections as
well as columns.
The principle is two wire circles joined by
perpendicular wires and in the spaces between
these smaller wire is woven. This when placed
in position on the pallet aids in retaining the
center of the work in the upright position
demanded, holding the concrete so its weight
will not press it out of shape. The facing course
[us]
Fig. 30. — How the Wire Reinforcement is Made.
["9l
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
covers the wire form and when the work is
used acts as a strong reinforcement, as the
wires have the general shape of the design, hence
they strengthen the concrete in all directions.
The rings are made of No. 9 wire as well as
the perpendicular wires so it will hold its shape,
while the cross wire may be lighter to easily
bend into position.
The strap-iron reinforcement shown at (b)
is of value in joining the two sections of columns,
balls, etc., together; in using same a slot is cut
in pallet so as to be one-half the length of the iron
and they are slipped into same before molding
the section and as they are in a straight line,
the pallet is removed by drawing it to one side,
thus slipping the irons out of the slot or groove.
The twisted or braided wire shown at (c) may
be purchased more cheaply than it can be made
and is of valuable use, when not too tightly
twisted, in making the forms for the reinforce-
ment as shown at (a) and (d) as the open loops
of the wire permit the concrete to bond securely
around same, thus giving a greater resistance
to the strain it must withstand.
[ 12 °]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
At (d) is shown a number of wires bound
together with a wire wrapped around same
tightly for a portion of its length; this is em-
bedded into the concrete and the loose ends
of the wire bent down at right angles thus
making a reinforcement that is circular in shape,
when the wires are of even length; this is
valuable in reinforcing the bases of urns, col-
umns or capitals. It may be made double by
binding the wires in the center and bending
both ends at right angles, which is best for a
reinforcement for plinth blocks, etc. This
form is of value where it is desired to support
a projecting mass of concrete in molding as
well as for the purposes given above.
[»o
CHAPTER XX
Ornamental Moldings
In the cyma, bead, and quarter round mold-
ings in the cornice as well as other work the
appearance can be greatly improved by orna-
menting with any of the simpler forms for this
class of moldings.
The method is simple as the concrete is where
it can be easily reached while "green," so by
having the design cut from a wood block with
the outlines sharp and clear, you can press it
into the concrete, leaving the impression, and
by repeating thus cover the entire molding
with the classical "leaf and dart," "egg and
dart," "beads and reels," or any of the modi-
fications of the "fret" or band ornaments or
acroter. The majority of these are easily carved
in a wood block and thus print a perfect outline
of the ornamentation into the surface of the
concrete. By having the block but a few
[122]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
inches long, you can the easier press it around
a curved surface or any circular work.
If you cannot secure the wood carving then
purchase at a picture-frame store several short
pieces of moldings of the size and design you
wish; place a form around each one and fill
in with plaster of Paris, mixed thin, allow this
to harden and then trim the edges and coat
with shellac, several coats. This, when it is sev-
eral weeks old, or baked in an oven for a few
hours, will become quite hard and with ordi-
nary care will be capable of use as a die or
stamp in imprinting the design into the "green"
concrete for a long time. As the cost is slight,
a number can be easily secured and you can
ornament your work with a variety of attractive
designs that will greatly improve it from an
artistic standpoint.
From the practical ideas presented in the
foregoing chapters the concrete worker may
easily apply this system to many other kinds of
ornamental concrete work with success, for
while it will not replace a mold where the mold-
ing is an every-day occurrence on a few certain
[ I2 3]
Ornamental Concrete Without Molds
articles, yet to the man who appreciates con-
crete work that is entirely different than that
made by the other fellow, or who has a demand
for a large number of various designs this system
will the most strongly appeal.
[ I2 4]
INDEX
Abacus 77» 79
Annulet 78
Arches,
elliptical 56-59
Gothic and Tudor 56
templates for equilateral 61
Architectural,
designs 26, 27, 30, 36, 37, 41, 42
proportions 25, 88
Architrave,
composite 39
Doric 29,33
Ionic 34.35
Roman Corinthian 40
Tuscan 28
Archivolt,
Corinthian 60
Doric 59
Ionic 60
Arris, how molded -68
Atmospheric influence on concrete 22
Automatic carriage for templates 90
B
Backing, use of 14
Balusters, how molded 1 14-1 16
Band ornament 122
[»5]
Index
Bases,
Corinthian 74, 76
Doric 73-76
for urn 92-97
Ionic 74, 76
molding 75
Bead moulding 54, 55
Benches, Lawn 111,112
Bonding 44, 49
Box molds,
archivolt 59
base and capital 78
cornice 20
pier 81
Bracket, how molded 48, 49, 50
C
Capital, how molded 73~8o
Carriage for template 56, 58, 90
Cauliculi 80
Cavetto moulding 54, 55
Channel, details of 70
Circular arch 58
Column,
molding in blocks 89
molding monolithic 62-65
rules for proportioning 66
Composite order, details and template 39> 4 *
Concrete,
composition and mixing 21
finishing 99
moisture and tests 22
Conge moulding 54, 55
Cores for,
blocks 23
lavatories 115
urns 92
[126]
Index
Cornice 23 , 24
Crazing (checking, cracks), to avoid 23
Cyma-recta moulding 54, 55
Cyma-reversa moulding 54, 55
Cymatium,
Corinthian 87
Doric 82, 84
Ionic 86
molding 82
D
Decoration of moldings 122-124
Denticular order 32
Dentils,
details of 51
molding 44, 45
Doric order, details and templates 29, 32, ^^
E
Echinus moulding . . . ; 54, 55
Egg and dart molding 122
Elliptical arch, how molded 57
Entablature,
Composite 39
Corinthian 41
Doric 29
Ionic 34
Tuscan 28
Entasis of columns,
how molded 63-64
rules for 67
Extrados ^9
F
Facing work 66, 99
Fascia 29-43
t I2 7]
Index
Fillet moulding 54, 55
Flower pots ;.... 117
Fluting, ...
Corinthian 74, 76
Doric and Ionic 73, 74
Fountains, details and templates 107, no
Frieze,
Composite 39
Corinthian 40
Doric 32, S3
Ionic 34, 35
Tuscan 28, 29
G
Garden chair 111,113
Granite, crushed, use in facing 99
Grave marker, details and template 101,105
Gravel in mortar 21
Grease, use of 90, 96
Guttae 51
H
Half-hollow moulding 54, 55
Half-round moulding 54, 55
Hitching posts, details and template 101, 105
Hollow blocks 23
I
Imposts,
Corinthian 87
Doric 82, 83
Ionic 86
templates for 85
Inclined surfaces, how to mold 16
Intrados 58
Ionic order, details and templates 34~3^
[128]
Index
J
Jardinieres, 117
L
Lavatories, details and template 114,117
Lawn vase, how moided 92, 93, 94
Leaf and dart molding 122
Lime, use in concrete 21
Lintels, how molded 60
Listels 74
Lock to column, how molded 63, 64
M
Machine for rapid molding 90
Marble flour for facing work 99
Modillions 48, 50
Molding ball and cap 98, 99
Molding with templates 18, 20
Monolithic construction, advantages of 12
Monuments,
details and templates 100, 104
lettering 104
Mortar,
mixing 21
moisture in 22
placing 18, 20
Mouldings,
plain 55
ornamented 122, 124
Mutules 50
N
Necking of columns 67
[129]
Index
O
Orders of architecture 24-43
Ornamental designs 123
Ovolo moulding 54. 55
P
Pedestals,
Corinthian 87
Doric 82, 84
Ionic 86
Piers, how molded 82-85
Plain capitals 75
Plinth blocks, how molded 74, 78
Proportions,
of columns 66, 67
of entablature 26
Protecting cores 96, 97
Q
Quarter-round moulding 54, 55
R
Rapid molding 89-9 1
Regula 51
Reinforcing,
kinds used 120
necessity of 118
placing 121
Rims, how molded 94, 96
Roman Corinthian order, details and templates. . 40-43
S
Sand used in concrete 21
Scape moulding 54~55
[ 130]
Index
Scotia moulding 54-55
Semi-circular arch 56, 58
Shaft, how molded 102
Skewbacks to arch 56
Soffit 28—43
Spacing, triglyphs and dentils 5 1-53
Spandrel to arch 59
Spheres, how molded 98
Surface of work, finishing 20, 2 1
Swell of columns 67
Taper of columns 66
Templates for,
archivolts 60
baluster 114
bases 73
chair 111,113
column 65
Composite order 39, 40
Corinthian order 40, 43
cost of 12
cutting 14
cymatium 85
designing. * 24
Doric order 29, 33
fountain 109
imposts 85
Ionic order 34-38
lavatory 115
marking 13
monument 10 1
mounting 16
operating 19
pedestal and pier 85
Tuscan order 26,27
urns and vases 95
[131]
Index
Thumb moulding 54, 55
Torus moulding 54, 55
Triglyphs, spacing and molding 32, 46-53
Tuscan order, details and templates 28, 29
U
Under-cutting, how molded 92
Units, molding work in 25
Urns, details and templates 94, 95
V
Vases 94. 95
Volutes 78
W
Wall, molding block for 23
Warping of templates, to prevent 14
Water in concrete 22
Water tables, how molded 98
Wire reinforcement,
how to make 120
placing in concrete 121
value of 118
[ J 3 2 ]
aagHSHP.v '-' w , ;;tnwjiv&>£^M
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Enameling .-
Factory Management, etc
Gu Engines and Gas
Gearing and Cams
Hydraulics
Ice and Refrigeration.
Jnveotiuns- Patents. ■
l ..'■.. Practice
Liquid Air
lAXomiitlve Engineering
Machine Shop Practice
M-nu-.ITr-.il a
*t -rme ^nginerring
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Mining
Mis"-*llan*.>us -
Patents and Inventions - .
I i-.- Making
Perfumery
Plumbing
Receipt BiHik..
Refrigeration and Ice
Sa*s ao
Sirew tutting S3
Sheet Metal Work. so
Solduring. - 3
Steam Engineering ao
SlPair. llejliin a: .1 Ventilation XI
Steam Pipes n
Steel as
Walih Making -. «
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CONCRETE
ORNAMENTAL CONCRETE WITHOUT MOLDS, By A. A.
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8
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appeals to every engineer and electrician who wants to know
the practical side of things. All sorts and conditions of dynamos,
connections and circuits are shown by diagram and illustrate
just how the switchboard should be connected. Includes direct
and alternating current boards, also those for arc lighting, in-
candescent, and power circuits. Special treatment on high
voltage boards for power transmission. 190 pages. Illustrated.
•1.50
TELEPHONE CONSTRUCTION, INSTALLATION,
WIRING, OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE. By W. H.
Radclippe and H. C. Cushing. This book gives the principles
of construction and operation of both the Bell and Independent
instruments; approved methods of installing and wiring them;
the means of protecting them from lightning and abnormal cur-
rents; their connection together for operation as series or bridg-
ing stations; and rules for their inspection and maintenance.
Line wiring and the wiring and operation of special telephone
systems are also treated. 180 pages, 125 illustrations. 91.00
WIRING A HOUSE. By Herbert Pratt. Shows a house
already built; tells just how to start about wiring it. Where to
begin; what wire to use; how to run it according to insurance
rules, in fact just the information you need. Directions apply
equally to a shop. Fourth edition. 25 cents
WIRELESS TELEPHONES AND HOW THET WORK.
By James Erskine-Murray. This work is free from elaborate
details and aims at giving a clear survey of the way in which
Wireless Telephones work. It is intended for amateur workers
and for those whose knowledge of Electricity is slight. Chap-
ters contained: How We Hear — Historical — The Conversion of
Sound into Electric Waves — Wireless Transmission — The Pro-
duction of Alternating Currents of High Frequency — How the
Electric Waves are Radiated and Received — The Receiving
Instruments — Detectors — Achievements and Expectations —
Glossary of Technical Work. Cloth. «1.00
ENAMELING
HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY RECEIPT BOOK.
Edited by Gardner D. Hiscox. A work of 10,000 practical
receipts, including enameling receipts for hollow ware, for
metals, for signs, for china and porcelain, for wood, etc. Thor-
ough and practical. See page 04 for full description of this book.
S3.00
FACTORY MANAGEMENT, ETC.
MODERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIP-
MENT AND MANAGEMENT. By 0. E. Perrigo, M.E. A
work designed for the practical and every-day use of the Archi-
tect who designs, the Manufacturers who build, the Engineers
who plan and equip, the Superintendents who organize and
direct, and for the information of every stockholder, director,
officer, accountant, clerk, superintendent, foreman, and work-
man of the modern machine shop and manufacturing plant of
Industrial America. $5.00
FUEL
COMBUSTION OF COAL AND THE PRETENTION
OF SMOKE. By Wif. M. Barr. To be a success a fireman
must be " Light on Coal." He must keep his fire in good con-
dition, and prevent, as far as possible, the smoke nuisance.
To do this, he should know how coal burns, how smoke is formed
and the proper burning of fuel to obtain the best results. He
can learn this, and more too, from Barr's "Combustion of Coal."
It is an absolute authority on all questions relating to the Firing
of a Locomotive. Nearly 350 pages, fully illustrated. 91.00
SMOKE PRETENTION AND FUEL ECONOMY. By
Booth and Kbrshaw. As the title indicates, this book of 197
pages and 75 illustrations deals with the problem of complete
combustion, which it treats from the chemical and mechanical
standpoints, besides pointing out the economical and humani-
tarian aspects of the question. 92.50
GAS ENGINES AND GAS
CHEMISTRY OF GAS MANUFACTURE. By H. M.
Royle8. A practical treatise for the use of gas engineers, gas
managers ana students. Including among its contents — Prepa-
rations of Standard Solutions, Coal, Furnaces, Testing and
Regulation. Products of Carbonization. Analysis of Crude Coal
Gas. Analysis of Lime. Ammonia. Analysis of Oxide of Iron.
Naphthalene. Analysis of Pire-Bricks and Fire-Clay. Weldom
and Spent Oxide. Photometry and Gas Testing. Carbur-
etted Water Gas. Metropolis Gas. Miscellaneous Extracts.
Useful Tables. S4.50
GAS ENGINE CONSTRUCTION, Or How to Build a Half-
Horse-power Gas Engine. By Parsbll and Weed. A prac-
tical treatise describing the theory and principles of the action of
gas engines of various types, and the design and construction of a
half -horse-power gas engine, with illustrations of the work in
actual progress, together with dimensioned working drawings giv-
ing clearly the sizes of the various details. 300 pages. SS.50
GAS, GASOLINE, AND OIL ENGINES. By Gardner D.
Hiscox. Just issued, 1 8th revised and enlarged edition. Every
user of a gas engine needs this book. Simple, instructive, and
right up-to-date. The only complete work on the subject. Tells
all about the running and management of gas, gasoline and oil
engines as designed and manufactured in the United States.
Explosive motors for stationary, marine and vehicle power are
fully treated, together with illustrations of their parts and tabu-
lated sizes, also their care and running are included. Electric
Ignition by Induction Coil and Jump Sparks are fully explained
and illustrated, including valuable information on the testing for
economy and power and the erection of power plants.
The special information on producer and suction gasbs in-
cluded cannot fail to prove of value to all interested in the gen-
eration of producer gas and its utilization in gas engines.
The rules and regulations of the Board of Fire Underwriters
in regard to the installation and management of Gasoline Motors
is given in full, suggesting the safe installation of explosive motor
power. A list of United States Patents issued on Gas, Gasoline
and Oil Engines and their adjuncts from 1875 to date is included.
484 pages. 410 engravings. 89.60 net
10
I
MODERN GAS ENGINES AND PRODUCER GAS
PLANTS. By R. E. Mathot, M.E. A practical treatise of
po pages, fully illustrated by 175 detailed illustrations, setting
orth the principles of ■gas engines and producer design, the selec-
tion and installation of an engine, conditions of perfect opera-
tion, producer-gas engines and their possibilities, the care of gas
engines and producer-gas plants, with a chapter on volatile
hydrocarbon and oil engines. This book has been endorsed by
Dugal Clerk as a most useful work for all interested in Gas Engine
installation and Producer Gas. S2.A0
GEARING AND CAMS
BETEL GEAR TABLES. By D. Ao. Engstrom. No one
who has to do with bevel gears in any way should be without
this book. The designer and draftsman will find it a great con-
venience, while to the machinist who turns up the blanks or cuts
the teeth, it is invaluable, as all needed dimensions are given
and no fancy figuring need be done. 81.00
CHANGE GEAR DEVICES. By Oscar E. Pbrrigo. A
book for every designer, draftsman and mechanic who is inter-
ested in feed changes for any kind of machines. This shows what
has been done and how. Gives plans, patents and all information
that you need. Saves hunting through patent records and rein-
venting old ideas. A standard work of reference. 81.00
DRAFTING OF CAMS. By Louis Rouillion. The
laying out of cams is a serious problem unless you know how to
go at it right. This puts you on the right road for practically
any kind of cam you are likely to run up against. JB5 cents
HYDRAULICS
HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING. By Gardner D. Hiscox.
A treatise on the properties, power, and resources of water for all
purposes. Including the measurement of streams; the flow of
water in pipes or conduits; the horse-power of falling water;
turbine and impact water-wheels; wave-motors, centrifugal,
reciprocating, and air-lift pumps. With 300 figures and dia-
grams and 36 practical tables. 320 pages. 84.00
ICE AND REFRIGERATION
POCKET BOOK OF REFRIGERATION AND ICE MAK-
ING, By A. J. Wallis-Taylor. This is one of the latest and
most comprehensive reference books published on the subject
of refrigeration and cold storage. It explains the properties and
refrigerating effect of the different fluids in use, the manage-
ment of refrigerating machinery and the construction and insula-
tion of cold rooms with their required pipe surface for different
degrees of cold; freezing mixtures and non-freezing brines,
temperatures of cold rooms for all kinds of provisions, cold
storage charges for all classes of goods, ice making and storage of
ice, data and memoranda for constant reference by refrigerating
engineers, with nearly one hundred tables containing valuable
references to every fact and condition required in the installment
and operation of a refrigerating plant. 81.50
II
INVENTIONS—PATENTS
INVENTOR'S MANUAL, HOW TO MAKE A PATENT
PAT. This is a book designed as a guide to inventors in per-
fecting their inventions, taking out their patents, and disposing
of them. It is not in any sense a Patent Solicitor's Circular,
nor a Patent Broker's Advertisement. No advertisements of any
description appear in the work. It is a book containing a quarter
of a century's experience of a successful inventor, together with
notes based upon the experience of many other inventors. 81.00
LATHE PRACTICE
MODERN AMERICAN LATHE PRACTICE. By Oscar
E. Perrigo. An up-to-date book on American Lathe Work,
describing and illustrating the very latest practice in lathe ana
boring-mill operations, as well as the construction of and latest
developments in the manufacture of these important classes of
machine tools. 300 pages, fully illustrated. 92.SO
PRACTICAL METAL TURNING. By Joseph G. Hornbr.
A work of 404 pages, fully illustrated, covering in a comprehen-
sive manner the modern practice of machining metal parts in
the lathe, including the regular engine lathe, its essential design,
its uses, its tools, its attachments, and the manner of holding the
work and performing the operations. The modernized engine
lathe, its methods, tools, and great range of accurate work. The
Turret Lathe, its tools, accessories and methods of performing
its functions. Chapters on special work, grinding, tool holders,
speeds, feeds, modern tool steels, etc., etc. 93.00
TURNING AND BORING TAPERS. By Fred H. Col-
vin. There are two ways to turn tapers; the right way and
one other. This treatise has to do with the right way: it tells
you how to start the work properly, how to set the lathe, what
tools to use and how to use them, and forty and one other little
things that you should know. Fourth edition. 26 cents
LIQUID AIR
LIQUID AIR AND THE LIQUEFACTION OF GASES.
By T. O'Conor Sloanb. Theory, history, biography, practical
applications, manufacture. 365 pages. Illustrated. 92.00
LOCOMOTIVE ENGINEERING
AIR-BRAKE CATECHISM. By Robert H. Blackall.
This book is a standard text book. It covers the Westinghouse
Air-Brake Equipment, including the No. 5 and the No. 6 E T
Locomotive Brake Equipment; the K (Quick-Service) Triple
Valve for Freight Service* and the Cross-Compound Pump.
The operation of all parts of the apparatus is explained in detail,
and a practical way of finding their peculiarities and defects,
with a proper remedy, is given. It contains 2,000 questions with
their answers, which will enable any railroad man to pass any
examination on the subject of Air Brakes. Endorsed and used
by air-brake instructors and examiners on nearly every rail-
road in the United States. 23d Edition. 380 pages, fully
illustrated with folding plates and diagrams. 82.00
12
■
AMERICAN COMPOUND
.-.'■ ' ■•::
everything cfearhyni: in;
breakdowns and repairs. 14) pa)
LOCOMOTIVES. Ry Fred
,lj-j-« on ,-f.riii„,uiicl5 published,
balanced compound. Makes
es. ' (1.00
APPUCATION OF HIGHLY Sl'PERHKATRD STEAM
TO LOCOMDTIVKS. i!y K-miiRr (iAit-tK. A practical book.
Contains special chapters on Generation of Highly Superheated
Steam; Superheated Steam and the Two-Cylinder Simple
I']tll;]mo; l'i.TT>,>.v:ui,i]|' ■:. ' S r;-...:i .
S.\[^,'L-h.:.t..r-: '. ■ ■ti-.'t K.,;' , 1 : i, .
Superheated Slcam; Experimental ;m 1 WoiW.v.-,- K.r.uUs. illus-
trated With folding plates and tables. K.SO
COMBUSTION OP COAL AND THE PREVENTION
OFSMOKI ];v W>, M El.wit. Tu :.,- a sii,«« a fireman
must be -Light on Coal. " He rr^=:,t t:,,i, hi, jirt- in youd eon-
To Wthis, he shouMknow^wcoaf burn's. hcVsTn°olfc is^r 1" V. i
andtheproperburning-.f lu.-i it. ..r-l IK,- [,l-m faults, He
conlearn this, ^..a ,,.,,:.> m, ,,:>., ::■,!!. >:. • "C-m bullion of Coal."
!■ .■ ■ ■■ ■ :■■ ■ ■■.■■ ■■!,, i- . , ..
of a Locomotive. Nearly 350 pages, iully illustrated. (LOO
LINK MOTIONS. VALVES
Fred H.Colyin. Associate Edi
... .■.,■:■.;
Piston and slide valves of rlilfi
explained. A book that every
AND VALVE SETTING. By
ir of "An-trk-an Machinist.
v:,iv,- •:,■! ;:,!,;.
iw, In."' ;lity ivork.amlwhy.
LOCOMOTIVE BOILER CONSTRICT
A. KtBlSHASS. The only book showing
boilers are built in modern shop'. Sh,w.-« 1
life 01 rfyeting 'punch™ and dies", work done'
lars.'to any "railrold man. 431 pages, H a
ON. By Frank
1 types of boilers
al facts, such as
er day, allowance
a that means dol-
LOCOMOTIVE BREAKDOWNS AND
EDIES. By Ceo. L. Fowler. Revised b
Air-Brake Instructor, lust i'iHuer! 1...0 Kevi
It is out of til.- .jin-Mio.i 10 If and t -_■ 1 1 vim a
ili:il 1
Just Imagine all the common troubles that an
pect to happen some time, and then add all
ones, troubles that , , nul.l occur, but that you
best methods of repair. \Y*K-!",;irri 1. 1.011
Troubles, Eiectric HeadliphtTr-.r ■
Answers on the Air Brake are all iiulu k-.l.
illustrated.
THEIR KEM-
Wm. W. Wood,
ed pocket edition,
jout every subject
live Breakdowns.
>f the unexpected
ad never thought
itive V«l»» Rear
as Questions and
904 pages. Fully
ai.oo
LOCOMOTIVE CATECHISM. Hy Re
J7th revised and enlarged edition. This ma>
encyc!nt*iiir; of !'"■ '■"■■•ri'.n:v,\ (.'nntiiiiB o\
BERT GWKSHAW.
well be called an
monp them those
's Examinations.
...
'
1
NEW YORK AIR-BRAKE CATECHISM, fcy Robert
H. Blackall. This is a complete treatise on the New York
Air-Brake and Air-Signalling Apparatus, giving a detailed de-
scription of all the parts, their operation, troubles, and the
methods of locating and remedying the same. 200 pages, fully
illustrated. $1.00
POCKET-RAILROAD DICTIONARY AND YADE ME-
CUM. By Frbd H. Colvin, Associate Editor "American
Machinist.' ( Different from any book you ever saw. Gives clear
and concise information on just the points you are interested in.
It's really a pocket dictionary, fully illustrated, and so arranged
that you can find just what you want in a second without an
index. Whether you are interested in Axles or Acetylene; Com-
pounds or Counter Balancing; Rails or Reducing Valves; Tires
or Turntables, you'll find them in this little book. It's very
-complete. Flexible cloth cover, aoo pages. 91.00
TRAIN BULBS AND DESPATCHING. By H. A. Dalbt.
Contains the standard code for both single and double track and
explains how trains are handled under all conditions. Gives all
signals in colors, is illustrated wherever necessary, and the
most complete book in print on this important subject. Bound
in fine seal flexible leather. aai pages. $1.60
WALSCHAERT LOCOMOTIVE YALYE GEAR. By
Wm. W. Wood. If you would thoroughly understand the
Walschaert Valve Gear, you should possess a copy of this book.
The author divides the subject into four divisions, as follows:
I. Analysis of the gear. II. Designing and erecting of the gear
III. Advantages of the gear. IV. Questions and answers re
lating to the Walschaert Valve Gear. This book is specially valu-
able to those preparing for promotion. Nearly 300 pages. $1.50
WESTING HOUSE E T AIR-BRAKE INSTRUCTION
POCKET BOOK CATECHISM. By Wm. W. Woon, Air-Brak«
Instructor. A practical work containing examination questions
and answers on the E T Equipment. Covering what the E T
Brake is. How it should be operated. What to do when de-
fective. Not a question can be asked of the engineman up for
promotion on either the No. 5 or the No. 6 E T equipment that
is not asked and answered in the book. If you want to thor-
oughly understand the E T equipment get a copy of this book.
It covers every detail. Makes Air-Brake troubles and examina-
tions easy. Fully illustrated with colored plates, showing
various pressures. $2.00
MACHINE SHOP PRACTICE
AMERICAN TOOL MAKING AND INTERCHANGE-
ABLE MANUFACTURING. By J. V. Woodworth. A
practical treatise on the designing, constructing, use, and in-
stallation of tools, jigs, fixtures, devices, special appliances,
sheet-metal working processes, automatic mechanisms, and
1 abor-saving contrivances; together with their use in the lathe
milling machine, turret lathe, screw machine, boring mill, power
press, drill, subpress, drop hammer, etc., for the working of
metals, the production of interchangeable machine parts, and
the manufacture of repetition articles of metal. 560 pages,
600 illustrations. $4.00
U
HENLEY'S ENCYCLOPEDIA OF PRACTICAL EN-
GINEERING AND ALLIED TRADES. Edited by Joseph
G. Horner. A.M.I.Mech.I. This work covers the entire prac-
tice of Civil and Mechanical Engineering. The best known ex-
perts in all branches of engineering have contributed to these
volumes. The Cyclopedia is admirably well adapted to the needs
of the beginner and the self-taught practical man, as well as the
mechanical engineer, designer, draftsman, shop superintendent,
foreman and machinist.
It is a modern treatise in five volumes. Handsomely bound
in Half Morocco, each volume containing nearly 500 pages, with
thousands of illustrations, including diagrammatic and sectional
drawings with full explanatory details. 925.00 for the com-
plete set of five volumes. 96.00 per volume, when ordered singly.
MACHINE SHOP ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-Chrney.
Most popular book for shop men. Shows how all shop problems
are worked out and "why." Includes change gears for cutting
any threads; drills, taps, shink and force fits; metric system
of measurements and threads. Used by all classes of mechanics
and for instruction of Y. M. C. A. and other schools. Fifth
edition. 131 pages. 60 cents
MECHANICAL MOVEMENTS, POWERS, AND DE-
VICES. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is a collection of 1890
engravings of different mechanical motions and appliances, ac-
companied by appropriate text, making it a book of great value
to the inventor, the draftsman, and to all readers with mechanical
tastes. The book is divided into eighteen sections or chapters
in which the subject matter is classified under the following
heads: Mechanical Powers, Transmission of Power, Measurement
of Power, Steam Power, Air Power Appliances, Electric Power
and Construction, Navigation and Roads, Gearing, Motion and
Devices, Controlling Motion, Horological, Mining, Mill and
Factory Appliances, Construction and Devices, Drafting Devices,
Miscellaneous Devices, etc. nth edition. 400 octavo pages.
•2.50
MECHANICAL APPLIANCES, MECHANICAL MOVE-
MENTS AND NOVELTIES OF CONSTRUCTION. By
Gardner D. Hiscox. This is a supplementary volume to the
one upon mechanical movements. Unlike the first volume,
which is more elementary in character, this volume contains
illustrations and descriptions of many combinations of motions
and of mechanical devices and appliances found in different lines
of Machinery. Each device being shown by a line drawing with
a description showing its working parts and the method of opera-
tion. From the multitude of devices described, and illustrated,
might be mentioned, in passing, such items as conveyors and
elevators, Prony brakes, thermometers, various types of boilers,
solar engines, oil-fuel burners, condensers, evaporators, Corliss
and other valve gears, governors, gas engines, water motors of
various descriptions, air ships, motors and dynamos, automobile
and motor bicycles, railway block signals, car couples, link and
gear motions, ball bearings, breech block mechanism for heavy
guns, and a large accumulation of others of equal importance.
1,000 specially made engravings. 396 octavo pages. 82.60
SPECIAL OFFER These two volumes sell for $2.50 each,
* *.******- urrbn but when the two volumes are ordered
at one time from us, we send them prepaid to any address in the
world, on receipt of $4.00. You save $1 by ordering the two
volumes of Mechanical Movements at one time.
15
MODERN MACHINE SHOP CONSTRUCTION, EQUIP-
MENT AND MANAGEMENT. By Oscar E. Perrioo.
The only work published that describes the Modern Machine
Shop or Manufacturing Plant from the time the grass is growing
on the site intended for it until the finished product is shipped.
Just the book needed by those contemplating the erection of
modern shop buildings, the rebuilding and reorganization of old
ones, or the introduction of Modern Shop Methods, Time and
Cost Systems. It is a book written and illustrated by a prac-
tical shop man for practical shop men who are too busy to read
theories and want facts. It is the most complete all-around book
of its kind ever published. 400 large quarto pages, 325 original
and specially-made illustrations. 90.00
MODERN MACHINE SHOP TOOLS; THEIR CON-
STRUCTION. OPERATION, AND MANIPULATION. By
W. H. Vandbrvoort. A work of 555 pages and 673 illustra-
tions, describing in every detail the construction, operation, and
manipulation of both Hand and Machine Tools. Includes
chapters on filing, fitting, and scraping surfaces; on drills, ream-
ers, taps, and dies; the lathe and its tools; planers, shapers,
and their tools; milling machines and cutters; gear cutters and
gear cutting; drilling machines and drill work; grinding ma-
chines ana their work; hardening and tempering; gearing,
belting and transmission machinery; useful data and tables.
•4.00
THE MODERN MACHINIST. By John T. Usher. This
book might be called a compendium of shop methods, showing a
variety of special tools and appliances which will give new ideas
to many mechanics from the superintendent down to the man
at the bench. It will be found a valuable addition to any machin-
ist's library and should be consulted whenever a new or difficult
job is to be done, whether it is boring, milling, turning, or plan-
ing, as they are all treated in a practical manner. Fifth edition.
320 pages, 250 illustrations. $2.50
MODERN MECHANISM. Edited by Park Benjamin. A
practical treatise on machines, motors and the transmission of
power, being a complete work and a supplementary volume to
Appleton's Cyclopedia of Applied Mechanics. Deals solely with
the principal and most useful advances of the past few years.
959 pages containing over 1,000 illustrations; bound in half
morocco. S4.00
MODERN MILLING MACHINES: THEIR DESIGN,
CONSTRUCTION AND OPERATION. By Joseph G.
Horner. This book describes and illustrates the Milling Ma-
chine and its work in such a plain, clear, and forceful manner,
and illustrates the subject so clearly and completely, that the
up-to-date machinist, student, or mechanical engineer can not
afford to do without the valuable information which it contains.
It describes not only the early machines of this class, but notes
their gradual development into the splendid machines of the
present day, giving the design and construction of the various
types, forms, and special features produced by prominent
manufacturers, American and foreign. 304 pages, 300 illustra-
tions. 94.00
" SHOP KINKS." By Robert Grimshaw. This shows
special methods of doing work of various kinds, and reducing
cost of production. Has hints and kinks from some of the largest
shops in this country and Europe. You are almost sure to nrd
some that apply to your work, and in such a way as to save time
and trouble. 400 pages. Fourth edition. $2.50
16
TOOLS FOB MACHINISTS AND WOOD WORKERS,
INCLUDING INSTRUMENTS OF MEASUREMENT. By
Joseph G. Horner. A practical treatise of 340 pages, fully
illustrated and comprising a general description and classifica-
tion of cutting tools and tool angles, allied cutting tools for
machinists and woodworkers; shearing tools; scraping tools;
saws; milling cutters; drilling and boring tools; taps and dies:
punches and hammers; and the hardening, tempering and
grinding of these tools. Tools for measuring and testing work,
including standards of measurement; surface plates; levels;
surface gauges; dividers; calipers; verniers; micrometers;
snap, cylindrical and limit gauges; screw thread, wire and
reference gauges, indicators, templets, etc. $3.50
MANUAL TRAINING
ECONOMICS OF MANUAL TRAINING. By Louis
Rouillion. The. only book that gives just the information
needed by all interested in manual training, regarding buildings,
equipment and supplies. Shows exactly what is needed for all
grades of the work from the Kindergarten to the High and Nor-
mal School. Gives itemized lists of everything needed and tells
just what it ought to cost. Also shows where to buy supplies.
91.50
MARINE ENGINEERING
MARINE ENGINES AND BOILERS, THEIR DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION. By Dr. G. Bauer, Leslie S.
Robertson, and S. Bryan Donkin. This work is clearly
written, thoroughly systematic, theoretically sound; while the
character of its plans, drawings, tables, and statistics is without
reproach. The illustrations are careful reproductions from
actual working drawings, with some well-executed photographic
views of completed engines and boilers. $9.00 net
MINING
?ORE DEPOSITS OF SOUTH AFRICA WITH A
CHAPTER ON HINTS TO PROSPECTORS. By J. P. John-
son. This book gives a condensed account of the ore-deposits
at present known in South Africa. It is also intended as a guide
to the prospector. Only an elementary knowledge of geology
and some mining experience are necessary in order to under-
stand this work. With these qualifications, it will materially
assist one in his search for metalliferous mineral occurrences
and, so far as simple ores are concerned, should enable one to
form some idea of the possibilities of any they may find.
Among the chapters given are: Titaniferous and Chromif-
erous Iron Oxides — Nickel — Copper — Cobalt — Tin — Molyb-
denum — Tungsten — Lead — Mercury — Antimony — I r o n — Hints
to Prospectors. Illustrated. 82.00
PRACTICAL COAL MINING. By T. H. Cockin. An im-
portant work, containing 428 pages and 213 illustrations, com-
plete with practical details, which will intuitively impart to the
reader, not only a general knowledge of the principles of coal
mining, but also considerable insight into allied subjects. The
treatise is positively up to date in every instance, and should
be in the hands of every colliery engineer, geologist, mine
operator, superintendent, foreman, and all others who are in-
terested in or connected with the industry. 82.50
17
PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINING. By T. H.
Btrom. A practical work for the use of all preparing for ex-
aminations in mining or qualifying for colliery managers' cer-
tificates. The aim of the author in this excellent book is to place
clearly before the reader useful and authoritative data which
will render him valuable assistance in his studies. The only work
of its kind published. The information incorporated in it will
prove of the greatest practical utility to students, mining en-
gineers, colliery managers, and all others who are specially in-
terested in the present-day treatment of mining problems. x6o
pages. Illustrated. 92.00
MISCELLANEOUS
BRONZES. Henley's Twentieth Century Receipt Book con-
tains many practical formulas on bronze casting, imitation
bronze, bronze polishes, renovation of bronze. See page 34 for
full description of this book. 93.00
EMINENT ENGINEERS. By DwiORT Goddard. Every-
one who appreciates the effect of such great inventions as the
Steam Engine, Steamboat, Locomotive, Sewing Machine, Steel
Working, and other fundamental discoveries, is interested in
knowing a little about the men who made them and their achieve-
ments.
Mr. Goddard has selected thirty-two of the world's engineers
who have contributed most largely to the advancement of our
civilization by mechanical means, giving only such facts as are of
general interest and in a way which appeals to all, whether
mechanics or not. a 80 pages, 35 illustrations. SI. SO
LAWS OF BUSINESS, By Thbophilus Parsons, LL.D.
The Best Book for Business Men ever Published. Treats clearly
of Contracts, Sales, Notes, Bills of Exchange, Agency, Agree-
ment, Stoppage in Transitu, Consideration, Limitations, Leases,
Partnership, Executors, Interest, Hotel Keepers, Fire and Life
Insurance, Collections, Bonds, Frauds, Receipts, Patents, Deeds,
Mortgages, Liens, Assignments, Minors, Married Women, Arbi-
tration, Guardians, Wills, etc. Three Hundred Approved Forms
are given. Every Business Man should have a copy of this book
for ready reference. The book is bound in full sheep, and Con-
tains 864 Octavo Pages. Our special price. $3.50
PATTERN MAKING
PRACTICAL PATTERN MAKING. By F. W. Barrows.
This is a very complete and entirely practical treatise on the
subject of pattern making, illustrating pattern work in wood and
metal. From its pages you are taught just what you should
know about pattern making. It contains a detailed description
of the materials used by pattern makers, also the tools, both
those for hand use, and the more interesting machine tools; hav-
ing complete chapters on The Band Saw, The Buzz Saw, and The
Lathe. Individual patterns of many different kinds are fully
illustrated and described, and the mounting of metal patterns on
plates for molding machines is included. 93.00
PERFUMERY
HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RE-
CEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by G. D.
Hiscox. The most valuable Techno-Chemical Receipt Book
published. Contains over 10,000 practical Receipts many of
which will prove of special value to the perfumer, a mine of in-
formation, up to date in every respect. Cloth, 93.00; half
morocco. See page 34 for full description of this book. 94.00
\%
PERFUMES AND THEIR PREPARATION. By G. W.
Askinson, Perfumer. A comprehensive treatise, in which
there has been nothing omitted that could be of value to the
Perfumer. Complete directions for making handkerchief per-
fumes, smelling-salts, sachets, fumigating pastilles; preparations
for the care of the skin, the mouth, the hair, cosmetics, hair dyes
and other toilet articles are given, also a detailed description
of aromatic substances; their nature, tests of purity, and
wholesale manufacture. A book of general, as well as profes-
sional interest, meeting the wants not only of the druggist and
perfume manufacturer, but also of the general public. Third
edition. 312 pages. Illustrated. 93.00
PLUMBING
MODERN PLUMBING ILLUSTRATED. By R. M.
Starbuck. The author of this book, Mr. R. M. Starbuck, is one
of the leading authorities on plumbing in the United States. The
book represents the highest standard of plumbing work. It has
been adopted and used as a reference book by the United States
Government, in its sanitary work in Cuba, Porto Rico and the
Philippines, and by the principal Boards of Health of the United
States and Canada.
It gives Connections, Sizes and Working Data for All Fixtures
and Groups of Fixtures. It is helpful to the Master Plumber in
Demonstrating to his customers and in figuring work. It gives
the Mechanic and Student quick and easy Access to the best
Modern Plumbing Practice^ Suggestions for Estimating Plumb-
ing Construction are contained in its pages. This book repre-
sents, in a word, the latest and best up-to-date practice, and
should be in the hands of every architect, sanitary engineer
and plumber who wishes to keep himself up to the minute on this
important feature of construction. 400 octavo pages, fully
illustrated by 55 full- page engravings. 94.00
RUBBER
HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RE-
CEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by Gard-
ner D. Hiscox. Contains upward of 10,000 practical receipts,
including among them formulas on artificial rubber. See page
34 for full description of this book. S3.00
RUBBER HAND STAMPS AND THE MANIPULATION
OF INDIA RUBBER. By T. O'Conor Sloane. This book
gives full details on all points, treating in a concise and simple
manner the elements of nearly everything it is necessary to under-
stand for a commencement in any branch of the India Rubber
Manufacture. The making of all kinds of Rubber Hand Stamps,
Small Articles of India Rubber, U. S. Government Composi-
tion, Dating Hand Stamps, the Manipulation of Sheet Rubber,
Toy Balloons, India Rubber Solutions, Cements, Blackings,
Renovating Varnish, and Treatment for India Rubber Shoes,
etc.; the Hektograph Stamp Inks, and Miscellaneous Notes,
with a Short Account of the Discovery, Collection, and Manufac-
ture of India Rubber are set forth in a manner designed to be
readily understood, the explanations being plain and simple.
Second edition. 144 pages. Illustrated. 91.00
19
SAWS
SAW FILING AND MANAGEMENT OF SAWS. By
Robert Grimshaw. A practical hand book on filing, gumming,
swaging, hammering, and the brazing of band saws, the speed,
work, and power to run circular saws, etc. A handy book for
those who have charge of saws, or for those mechanics who do
their own filing, as it deals with the proper shape and pitches of
saw teeth of all kinds and gives many useful hints and rules for
gumming, setting, and filing, and is a practical aid to those who
use saws for any purpose. New edition, revised and enlarged.
Illustrated. SI. 00
SCREW CUTTING
THREADS AND THREAD CUTTING. By Colvin and
Stabel. This clears up many of the mysteries of thread-
cutting, such as double and triple threads, internal threads, catch-
ing threads, use of hobs, etc. Contains a lot of useful hints and
several tables. 25 cents
SHEET METAL WORK
DIES. THEIR CONSTRUCTION AND USE FOR THE
MODERN WORKING OF SHEET METALS. By J. V.
Wood worth. A new book by a practical man, for those who
wish to know the latest practice in the working of sheet metals.
It shows how dies are designed, made and used, and those who
are engaged in this line of work can secure many valuable
suggestions. 93.00
PUNCHES, DIES AND TOOLS FOR MANUFACTUR-
ING IN PRESSES. By J. V. Woodworth. A work of 500
pages and illustrated by nearly 700 engravings, being an en-
cyclopedia of die-making, punch-making, die sinking, sheet-
metal working, and making of special tools, subpresses, devices
and mechanical combinations for punching, cutting.^ bending,
forming, piercing, drawing, compressing, and assembling sheet-
metal parts and also articles of other materials in machine tools.
•4.00
STEAM ENGINEERING
AMERICAN STATIONARY ENGINEERING. By W.
E. Crank. A new book by a well-known author. Begins at
the boiler room and takes in the whole power plant. Contains
the result of years of practical experience in all sorts of engine
rooms and gives exact information that cannot be found else-
where. It's plain enough for practical men and yet of value to
those high in the profession. Has a complete examination for a
license. 92.00
BOILER ROOM CHART. By Geo. L. Fowler. A Chart
— size 14x28 inches — showing in isometric perspective the
mechanisms belonging in a modern boiler room. Water tube
boilers, ordinary grates and mechanical stokers, feed water
heaters and pumps comprise the equipment. The various parts
are shown broken or removed, so that the internal construction
is fully illustrated. Each part is given a reference number, and
these, with the corresponding name, are given in a glossary
printed at the sides. 1 his chart is really a dictionary of the
boiler room — the names of more than 200 parts being given.
It is educational — worth many times its cost. 25 cents
20
ENGINE RUNNER'S CATECHISM. By Robert Grim-
shaw. Tells how to erect, adjust, and run the principal steam
engines in use in the United States. The work is of a handy
size for the pocket. To young engineers this catechism whl be
of great value, especially to those who may be preparing to go
forward to be examined for certificates of competency; and
to engineers generally it will be of no little service as they will
find in this volume more really practical and useful information
than is to be found anywhere else within a like compass. 387
pages. Sixth edition. 82.03
ENGINE TESTS AND BOILER EFFICIENCIES. By
J. Buchetti. This work fully describes and illustrates the
method of testing the power of steam engines, turbine and
explosive motors. The properties of steam and the evapora-
tive power of fuels. Combustion of fuel and chimney draft;
with formulas explained or practically computed. 255 pages,
1 79 illustrations. $3.00
HORSE POWER CHART. Shows the horse power of any
stationary engine without calculation. No matter what the
cylinder diameter or stroke; the steam pressure or cut-oti ; the
revolutions, or whether condensing or non-condensing, it's all
there. Easy to use, accurate, and saves time and calculations.
Especially useful to engineers and designers. 50 cents
MODERN STEAM ENGINEERING IN THEORY AND
PRACTICE. By Gardner D. Hiscox. This is a complete and
practical work issued for Stationary Engineers and Firemen
dealing with the care and management of Boilers, Engines,
Pumps, Superheated Steam, Refrigerating Machinery! Dyna-
mos, Motors, Elevators, Air Compressors, and all other branches
with which the modern Engineer must be familiar. Nearly
200 Questions with their Answers on Steam and Electrical
Engineering, likely to be asked by the Examining Board, are
included. 487 pages, 405 engravings. S3. 00
STEAM ENGINE CATECHISM. By Robert Grimsh aw.
This volume of 413 pages is not only a catechism on the question
and answer principle; but it contains formulas and worked-out
answers for all the Steam problems that appertain to the opera-
tion and management of the Steam Engine. Illustrations of
various valves and valve gear with their principles of operation
are given. 3 4 tables that are indispensable to every engineer and
fireman that wishes to be progressive and is ambitious to become
master of his calling are within its pages. It is a most vamable
instructor in the service of Steam Engineering. Leading en-
gineers have recommended it as a valuable educator for the be-
ginner as well as a reference book for the engineer. Sixteenth
edition. 93.00
STEAM ENGINEER'S ARITHMETIC. By Colvin-
Cheney. A practical pocket book for the Steam Engineer.
Shows how to work the problems of the engine room and shows
"why." Tells how to figure horse-power of engines and boilers;
area of boilers; has tables of areas and circumferences; steam
tables; has a dictionary of engineering terms. Puts you onto
all of the little kinks in figuring whatever there is to figure
around a power plant. Tells you about the heat unit; absolute
zero; adiabatic expansion; duty of engines; factor of safety;
and 1. 00 1 other things; and everything is plain and simple —
not the hardest way to figure, but the easiest. 50 tents
21
STEAM HEATING AND VENTILATION
*— ■'■ ■-■ — ■■■ ■ ■ - , ■ m MM ,.,!■. , m*
PRACTICAL STEAM, HOT-WATER HEATING AND
VENTILATION. By A. G. King. This book is the standard
and latest work published on the subject and has been prepared
for the use of all engaged in the business of steam, hot-water
heating and ventilation. It is an original and exhaustive work.
Tells how to get heating contracts, how to install heating and
ventilating apparatus, the best business methods to be used, with
"Tricks of the Trade" for shop use. Rules and data for esti-
mating radiation and cost and such tables and information as
make it an indispensable work for everyone interested in steam,
hot -water heating and ventilation. It describes all the principal
systems of steam, hot-water, vacuum, vapor and vacuum-
vapor heating, together with the new accelerated systems of
hot-water circulation, including chapters on up-to-date methods
of ventilation and the fan or blower system of heating and venti-
lation.
You should secure a copy of this book, as each chapter con-
tains a mine of practical information. 367 pages, 300 detailed
engravings. 93.00
STEAM PIPES
STEAM PIPES: THEIR DESIGN AND CONSTRUC-
TION. By Wm. H. Booth. The work is well illustrated in regard
to pipe joints, expansion offsets, flexible joints, and self-contained
sliding joints for taking up the expansion of long pipes. In fact,
the chapters on the flow of Steam and expansion of pipes are most
valuable to all steam fitters and users. The pressure strength of
r>il>es and method of hanging them is well treated and illustrated.
Valves and by-passes are fully illustrated and described, as are
also flange joints and their proper proportions. Exhaust heads
and separators. One of the most valuable chapters is that on
superheated steam and the saving of steam by insulation with
the various kinds of felting and other materials, with comparison
tables of the loss of heat in thermal units from naked and felted
steam pipes. Contains 187 pages. 92.00
STEEL
AMERICAN STEEL WORKER. By E. R. Markham.
The standard work on hardening, tempering and annealing steel
of all kinds. A practical book for the machinist, tool maker or
superintendent. Shows just how to secure best results in any
case that comes along. How to make and use furnaces and case
harden; how to handle high-speed steel and how to temper for all
classes of work. 82.60
HARDENING. TEMPERING, ANNEALING, AND
FORGING OF STEEL. By T. V. Woodworth. A new book
containing special directions tor the successful hardening and
tempering of all steel tools. Milling cutters, taps, thread dies,
reamers, both solid and shell, hollow mills, punches and dies,
and all kinds of sheet-metal working tools, shear blades, saws.
fine cutlery and metal -cutting tools of all -descriptions, as well
as for all implements of steel both large and small, the simplest,
and most satisfactory hardening and tempering processes are
presented. The uses to which the leading brands of steel may be
adapted are concisely presented, and their treatment for work-
ing under different conditions explained, as are also the special
methods for the hardening and tempering of special brands.
3 20 pages, 250 illustrations. 92.60
22
HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RE-
CEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by Gard-
ner D. Hiscox. The most valuable techno-chemical Receipt
book published, giving, among other practical receipts, methods
of annealing, coloring, tempering, welding, plating, polishing
and cleaning steel. See page 34 for full description of this book.
•3.00
WATCH MAKING
HENLEY'S TWENTIETH CENTURY BOOK OF RE-
CEIPTS, FORMULAS AND PROCESSES. Edited by
Gardner D. Hiscox. Contains upwards of 10,000 practical
formulas including many watchmakers' formulas. S3.00
WATCHMAKER'S HANDBOOK. By Claudius Saunier.
No work issued can compare with this book for clearness and
completeness. It contains 498 pages and is intended as a work-
shop companion for those engaged in Watchmaking and allied
Mechanical Arts. Nearly 250 engravings and fourteen plates
are included. * $3.00
WIRELESS TELEPHONES
WIRELESS TELEPHONES AND HOW THEY WORK.
By James Erskinb-Murray. This work is free from elaborate
details and aims at giving a clear survey of the way in which
Wireless Telephones work. It is intended for amateur workers
and for those whose knowledge of Electricity is slight. Chap-
ters contained: How We Hear — Historical — The Conversion of
Sound into Electric Waves — Wireless Transmission — The Pro-
duction of Alternating Currents of High Frequency — How the
Electric Waves are Radiated and Received — The Receiving
Instruments — Detectors — Achievements and Expectations —
Glossary of Technical Words. Cloth. §1.00
23
Henley's Twentieth Century
Book of
| Recipes, Formulas
and Processes
■ Edited by GARDNER D. HISCOX, M.E.
Price $3.00 Cloth Bindini $4.00 Half Mor K » Bindint
Contain* over 10,000 Selected Scientific, Chemical,
Technological and Practical Recipes and
Proceitei, including Hundreds of
So-Called Trade Secrets
>
for Every Business
THIS book oE 800 pages is the most complete Book of
Recipes ever published, giving thousands of recipes
for the manufacture of valuable articles forevery-iijy
use. Hints, Helps, Practical Ideas and -Secret 1'rocesscs
ate revealed within its pages. It cavers every branch of
Uie useful ana and tells thousands of ways of making
money and is just the book everyone should have at his
command.
The pages are filled with matters of intense interest and
immeasurable practical value to the Photographer, the
Perfumer, the Painter, the Manufacturer of Glues, Pastes,
Cements and Mucilages, the Physician, the Druggist, the
Electrician, the Brewer, the Engineer, the Foundryman,
the Machinist, the Potter, the Tanner, the Confectioner,
the Chiropodist, the Manufacturer of Chemical Novelties
and Toilet Preparations, the Dyer, the Elect roplater,
the Enameler, the Engraver, the Provisioner, the Glass
Worker, the Goldbeater, the Watchmaker and Jeweler,
the Ink Manufacturer, the Optician, ihe farmer, the Dairy-
man, the Paper Maker, the Metal Worker, the Soap Maker,
the Veterinary Surgeon, and the Technologist in general.
A book to which you may turn with confidence that yon
will find what you are looking for. A mine of informa-
tion up-to-date in every respect. Coi-ta
number of formulas that every oneought to have that
not found in any other work.
r .
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**'
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