ORNAMENTAL
STREET-LIGHTING
A MUNICIPAL INVESTMENT
AND ITS RETURN
NEW YORK, NINETEEN HUNDRED AND TWELVE
TWENTY-NINE WEST THIRTY-NINTH STREET
NATIONAL ELECTRIC LIGHT ASSOCIATION
COMMERCIAL SECTION
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
DESIGNED AND WRITTEN BY
WALDEMAR KAEMPFFERT
from information compiled by the following
Committee on Electric Advertising and Orna-
mental street-lighting of the Commercial Sec-
tion of the National Electric Light Association:
WILLIAM H. HODGE, Chairman, Publicity Man-
ager of H. M. Byllesby & Company,
Chicago, 111.
C. W. BENDER, Secretary, Commercial Engineer
of the National Electric Lamp Association,
Cleveland, O.
A. LARNEY, Manager of the New Business De-
partment, Consumers' Power Company,
St. Paul, Minn.
C. L. ESHLEMAN, Publicity Manager of the
Adams-Bagnall Company, Cleveland, O.
B. W. MENDENHALL, Commercial Agent of the
Utah Railway & Light Company, Salt Lake
City, Utah.
T. G. WHALING, Assistant Manager of the West-
inghouse Lamp Company, Bloomfield, N. J.
HENRY SCHROEDER, Assistant to Manager of
the Lamp Sales Department, General Elec-
tric Company, Harrison, N. J.
PHILIP S. DODD (ex-officio), Director of Publi-
city of the National Electric Lamp As-
sociation, Cleveland, O.
EUGENE CREED (ex-officio), Sales Manager of
the Morris Iron Company, Frederick, Md.
H. I. MARKHAM (ex-officio), General Manager
of the Federal Sign System (Electric),
Chicago, 111.
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
CONTENTS
Page
THE BUSINESS SIDE OF STREET-LIGHTING .... 5
The money value of a "Great White Way."
MUNICIPAL LIGHTING RIGHT AND WRONG ... 9
Light is made to see by, not to look at.
How BUSINESS SECTIONS SHOULD BE LIGHTED . . 11
Lamp-posts must be beautiful by day as well
as by night.
How RESIDENTIAL SECTIONS SHOULD BE LIGHTED 13
The amount of money available is the govern-
ing consideration.
How ELECTRIC SIGNS AND WINDOW-LIGHTING
AFFECT THE STREET 15
Sign-lighting advertises a thing far and wide;
window-lighting attracts the passer-by ; street-
lighting arouses the talk of a whole country.
SYSTEMS OF ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING . . 19
The wonderfully efficient and serviceable new .
lamps.
WHAT IT COSTS TO LIGHT A STREET 21
Dollars and cents.
POSTS FOR ORNAMENTAL MUNICIPAL LIGHTING.
STANDARDS OLD AND NEW 25
GLOBES AND REFLECTORS 29
ACCESSORY APPARATUS 31
The kind of distribution aft'ects the cost of
the installation.
CITIES THAT HAVE ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING,
DECORATIVE ARCH-LIGHTING AND DECORATIVE
ARC INSTALLATIONS 39-45
They have found that good street- lighting
pays.
MANUFACTURERS OF ORNAMENTAL POSTS, REGU-
LATORS AND COMPENSATIVE APPARATUS, GLASS-
WARE, STEEL REFLECTORS AND INCANDESCENT
ELECTRIC LAMPS 46-48
Write to any of them for information; it costs
nothing.
270346
In Michigan Boulevard, Chicago has probably the most
beautiful stretch of "white way" lighting in the world
The Business Side of Street-lighting
ONSIDER the case of The case of
Minnesota
Minnesota Street, be- street.
gloom and
tween 4th and 7th Streets stagnation to
light and
in St. Paul. In 1910 it acti
was a gloomy thoroughfare, flanked
by dreary buildings, most of them
dilapidated. In 1912 it is a prosperous street in which
new buildings are taking the place of the old.
Good street-lighting and nothing else did that.
A hundred towns in the United States and Canada
can point to dead Minnesota streets that have been
electrified by light into life. Their myriad lamps
mean civic pride, prosperity, cleanliness, health, safety,
enterprise everything that a business man expects
of the town in which he lives.
Good street-lighting pays in dollars and cents
pays tremendously in attracting business, pays in
greater real estate values, pays in animating avenues
that would die after sunset. It is light that has made
Broadway, in New York, the most talked-of street in
" Undoubtedly this method of lighting has been one
of the influences contributing to an increase of
population. It has given the city wide adver-
tising and been an attractive force."
W. G. N YE
Secretary Dept. of Public Affairs
Commercial Club
Minneapolis, Minn.
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
At Charlottenburg, Germany, may be
seen a remarkably successful effort to
harmonize the street-lighting installation
with monumental structures. Note how
admirably the monumental lighting pil-
lars accord with the triumphal portal in
the background. This is ornamental
street-lighting carried to a wonderful
pitch of perfection, a model for larger
American cities to follow.
M:
GOOD STREET-LIGHTING MEANS GOOD BUSINESS
North and South America and the most prosperous
avenue in the world; light that causes newspapers to
advertise it gratuitously as the "Great White Way."
So markedly does light influence busi- Good street-
ness that property on one side of a street
is often worth more than on the other,
simply because of the difference in lighting. estat| h vaiies!
Several Cleveland business men, whose stores are on
the north side of Euclid Avenue, between East 55th
and East 66th Streets, installed a block of ornamental
street fixtures. A few years ago the north side of
the street had a practical monopoly of the business.
Five walked on that side to one on the other. People
crossed the street in order to walk on the north side.
Why? Because that side was brightly illuminated,
and the other was not. All that is changed now,
simply because both sides are equally well lighted.
Property along Euclid Avenue is worth just as much
on one side as on the other, where the new system
has been installed.
A man is judged by the clothes he wears, the house
he lives in, the business in which he is engaged. He
creates the impression that he makes; therefore the
impression is an index of his character.
So, too, a city is judged by impressions. It may
have the finest climate in the world; it may be for-
tunately situated near rivers and railways; it may
have every natural advantage that a business man
may desire. Yet, if it be unattractive, dirty and
gloomy, its development will be slow. When it does
develop, the first impetus will be given by changing
its appearance for the better; and in that change
street-lighting will play an important part.
"The effect of this has been the very great increase
in the use of the street at night. The increase i/i
realty values along the street has been nothing
less than admirable."
FRED A. OLDS
Secretary, Chamber <>f Commerce
Raleigh, X. C.
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
Despite the amount of light already pro-
vided by other sources in Oklahoma
City, this municipality of seventy
thousand people proceeded to install
ornamental street-lighting systems to
which large extensions are being planned.
The photograph was taken in 1909 before
the ornamental street-lighting was put
in. It is a view of Broadway from a high
building. Who can doubt that crowds
flock to this blaze of light like moths?
AVOID GLARE AND FLICKERING
There is a right and wrong way of Light is made
,. i .. .. %, . to see by, not
lighting a city. Experience has shown to look at.
that. Good taste and the limitations of the eye are
now considered where once they were ignored.
Lighting Right and Wrong
Take the mere matter of "glare," for example.
Glare is the result of looking at a light instead of
seeing by it. Better than any man, the motorist
knows what glare is. When he drives from a dark
spot toward an intense light, he finds that he cannot
see beyond the light; accordingly he sits back and
trusts to luck that there is no person or obstruction
beyond. The illuminating engineer the man who
specifies the kind of lights you ought to use and where
they are to be placed now knows that glare is pro-
duced by hanging an excessively bright light so low
that the rays enter the eye nearly horizontally, with
the result that every image on the retina is drowned.
Therefore he avoids it so far as he can.
So, too, a flickering light is bad. It compels the
eye to adjust itself continually to ever-changing
intensities. The incandescent lamp was never open
to that objection. In recent years the arc-lamp has
been so vastly improved that it no longer flickers
annoyingly.
The placing of lights in the right way uiSmSStt&n*
to obtain the most uniform illumination not hi s h can -
die-power in
oners problems of its own. Twenty-five ?P ot8 is the
. . * ideal to be at-
years ago cities began to use the arc-lamp tamed,
extensively. But the lamps, besides flickering, con-
sumed much current. Hence they could be used only
sparingly at wide distances apart. Because of their
"7 consider the general advertising value to the
community at large has been very good. It has
had the effect of adding both to the artistic beauty
and cleanliness of my city."
J. G. HENDERSON
Commissioner of Industries
Hamilton, Ontario
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
The ornamental street-lighting system
of Puebla, Mexico. The standards used
have commended themselves to many
municipalities. The selection of a
standard is not easy. What will it cost?
Is it really practical in form? Is it well-
designed? These three questions must
always be answered by those who are
commissioned to select electric-light
standards. This type happens to meet
the requirements of many communities.
10
A> <AtS.
GETTING THE BEST RESULTS
high candle-power there were intensely bright spots
immediately around the lamps and great dark spaces
in between. If one of a string of lights failed the con-
ditions were still worse. Moreover, the lamps had
to be hung high above the ground, so that shade-trees
in residential districts cut off part of their light.
These difficulties are nowadays avoided by lamp-
posts properly arranged. The posts may be planted
either in a straight line on one side of the street or in
the middle; or they may be staggered, in other words
so placed that a post on one side lies midway between
two posts on the opposite side. The straight line
method is the cheaper; but the staggered arrangement
distributes the light more evenly.
Every city has its business section, its residence
district, and its public parks and drives. For each a
different system of lighting is usually required.
The merchant in the business section wants much
light to attract people to his street. The house-owner
in the residential district is not concerned so much
with the attainment of exceedingly bright illumination
as with the proper distribution of the lights allotted
to his section; in other words he must illuminate the
greatest possible area with a given amount of money.
In public parks and drives ornamental fixtures are
required that give comparatively high illumination,
so that the roads and paths can be seen. Everywhere
the police value of lighting must be considered.
How Business Sections Should be Lighted
The lighting of a business section must Business con-
be governed by business considerations. It gov^m 10 light-
must be brilliant, so that people will be sections" 81
" Well-lighted streets naturally lead to the necessity
for cleaner streets, better store-fronts and other
progressive tendencies. Realty values are
enhanced by this more modern system of
street illumination. 1 '
W. O. HODGDON
Industrial Agent
Industrial and Publicity Committee
Joliet, III.
i/^^J I.
11
CiST
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
Race Street, Cincinnati, Ohio. The
standards are unusually graceful and the
harmony of proportions lastingly attrac-
tive. The installation consists of sixteen
five-light standards spaced parallel, ap-
proximately fifty feet apart. They are
equipped with tungsten lamps aggregating
one hundred and sixty candle-power.
The artistic effect is most pleasing. In
the base of each post is a cut-out and
switch. The lamps burn from dusk until
midnight. In this installation, the uni-
formity of illumination is almost perfect.
See page fourteen for the effect at night.
: : .!>;
12
n
WHAT A LITTLE MONEY CAN DO
attracted to the business streets; yet it must be uni-
form to give the best results. The equipment must be
decorative by day, so as not to mar a fine street.
Some business men maintain that the front of a
building should be illuminated as well as the street.
That is true, but ordinarily only within limits. The
proper and adequate lighting of the street should not
suffer. Good effects can be obtained by employing
pendent lamps, that throw most of their light down-
ward and outward, and enough upward to illuminate
the front of a building, particularly if an upright lamp
be employed in combination with the pendents.
How Residential Sections Should
Be Lighted
The amount of money available for a The amount
. of money
residence section usually determines the available gov-
* ^. erns tne char-
character of the illumination. One of two ;
methods may be followed: Either a few tion's lighting,
arc-lamps of great candle-power are placed at consid-
erable distances apart; or many incandescent lamps
are strung along the roadway fairly near one another.
The problems that confront the illuminating
engineer in lighting a residential quarter are various.
Usually there are trees. Accordingly, the lights must
be so hung that the foliage will not interfere with the
proper illumination of the street. The choice of lights,
too, may be difficult because the funds with which
the engineer can work are usually limited. Again, the
character of the lamp-posts must depend upon the
amount of money available. Still, it is astonishing
what remarkably artistic results can be achieved even
with small funds.
"The lights prompt us all to brush up and keep
our premises cleaner. The tendency of the
installation is to improve real estate values, for
it attracts people and thereby increases sales."
E. E. EGAN
Secretary and Treasurer
Commercial Exchange
Burlington, Iowa
m
13
\\ ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING ^
Night view of Place Street, Cincinnati.
The standards are surmounted with spe-
cial shades fitted with glass reflectors and
are spaced approximately fifty feet. This
particular design will appeal to many; for
it is highly efficient in illuminating the
street surface. The wiring of the stand-
ards consists of duplex lead-covered wire,
connected with Edison tube-feeders by
lead-covered cable in pipes.
m.
LIGHTING THE PUBLIC PARK OR DRIVE
A park is a municipal ornament. Weil-designed
Therefore its lighting must not only be arranged, are
. * needed in
adequate but decorative. A row of ugly parks,
lamp-posts is no more appropriate in a park than a red
four-in-hand tie in a ballroom.
To illuminate a park or drive adequately, so that
automobiles and carriages can see their way, so that
paths and walks may be safe, and so that the best
decorative effect is obtained is no easy task. What is
more, the task is not completed with the selection
of a suitable post and globe.
The lights must be placed with the good judgment
of a skillful landscape gardener. The topography of
the park must be considered. If the boulevards and
drives are curved, the lights must be placed to empha-
size the curve. Not only is the effect good, but the
automobile driver knows which way he must steer in
order to keep to the road. Glare, of course, must be
avoided to make the road safe at night, which means
that a few high candle-powers placed far apart and low
would be dangerously inappropriate.
How Electric Signs and Window- lighting
Affect the Street
The blaze of light that marks the course of every
enterprising city's main thoroughfare comes not only
from the lamps in the street, but also from brilliant
window displays and from signs. Sometimes, as in
New York, the street-lights are all but blotted out.
Why, then, waste time, money, and thought on orna-
mental posts?
"It has been our experience that our lighting
system has called for considerable favorable
comment throughout the United States, and
we consider it a very valuable asset from an
advertising point of view, and it has certainly
added greatly to the general appearance
of the city."
FRANK M. MOORE
Secretary Local Division
St. Paul Association of Commerce
St. Paul, Minn.
BK::::
15
n
BW JA
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
Boulevard lighting according to the
Washington plan. This is possibly as
good an example of handsome, safe and
efficient boulevard illumination as can be
found. In wide drives the strip of park-
ing is by no means essential. To illumin-
ate a park or drive effectively, so that
automobiles and carriages can see their
way, so that paths and walks may be
safe, and so that the best decorative
effect is obtained, is the problem to be
solved in all ornamental park-lighting.
16
STREET-LIGHTING MUST PRECEDE DISPLAY-LIGHTING
In the first place street-lighting is necessary to
attract business. Without it no "Great White Way"
can be created. When stores have been opened or
improved because business men have been drawn to
the highly illuminated street they are naturally tempted
to outdo one another in devising ways of attracting
attention to their goods. But at the beginning of the
street's development stands the ornamental street-light.
Window display-lighting and the electric window-iight-
, . n , . . . ing attracts
sign are essentially advertising agencies, the passer-by;
Sign-lighting attracts attention to the store; S^Sf Ul
window-lighting to the goods displayed. country.
Properly placed, electric signs draw people to a
street, particularly if they tower high above some roof
and are seen from a distance. But the roof signs will
neither illuminate the street nor induce people to pass
directly by the particular stores over which they are
mounted. On the other hand, if they are placed low
enough to illuminate the street they cannot be seen
from a distance. Hence they lose in advertising value.
All of which shows that electric sign-lighting cannot
take the place of street-lighting. Each serves its own
purpose.
Window display-lighting will attract Neither sign
i . ,! i .. T . , nor window-
people if they are close to it. It has no lighting can
distant influence. It is intended to
arrest the passer-by and to induce him to lighting.
look at the wares displayed.
Post-lighting attracts people to a street; electric
signs emphasize certain stores or buildings; window-
lighting leads to the inspection of goods in a window.
Each method helps the other. But the basis of all is
post-lighting.
" There can be no question that these lights advertise
a community most favorably. They attract
attention on the part of the train patrons pass-
ing through the city at night. They attract
from the smaller surrounding towns con-
nected with Joliet by trolley."
W.O. HODGDON
Industrial Agent
Industrial and Publicity Committee
Joliet, III.
1 O^^^J 9
17
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
Arc-lamp posts in Toledo, Ohio. There
are many varieties of beautiful arc-lamp
standards to be found throughout the
United States. Some companies and
cities have spent large amounts perfect-
ing posts of this kind. They are familiar
to all who visit the large population
centers. The style, spacing, and height
of posts vary with the service expected
and the equipment desired. Ranging as
it does from fifty to one hundred feet, the
size and number of lamps used per post
and the degree of illumination desired
govern the spacing.
MODERN IDEAS IN STREET-LIGHTING
Electric signs vary in size with their position. When
low they are small; when high they are large. A sign
may be simply a small rectangle just above the door;
or it may be an immense and wonderful structure on
the top of a skyscraper. Between these two extremes
is an endless variety of illuminated signs. Big or little,
signs cannot be relied upon for uniform lighting of
the street.
Window-lighting illuminates the street, but only
that part of the street in front of the window. Although
it may be brighter than the street-lighting it will not
illuminate the thoroughfare as a whole.
Systems of Ornamental Street-lighting
Ten years ago it was the fashion to string electric-
light wires overhead. Consequently there was nothing
for it but to hang arc-lamps along the center of the
street.
Ornamental street-lighting in the modern sense was
introduced with the underground conduit. A post in
the shape of a shepherd's crook proved to be an effective
means of holding the lamp; and the curb came into
its own.
When the incandescent lamp was first why posts are
. better than
introduced for street-lighting someone festoons,
started the fashion of hanging festoons of incandescent
lamps across streets. The festoon system is good as a
method of illumination at night; but in broad daylight
it is an eyesore. At first the festoons were mere ropes
of lights. Later, safer and more substantial steel
arches took their place. But whether ropes or arches
are employed it is difficult to clean and renew the bulbs.
" Where the installation is already in, merchants
tell me the loafers and undesirable citizens have
been driven away. The light is not sought by
this class of people. Approval of the use
of the system is universal in Burlington."
E. E. EG AN
Secretary and Treasurer
Commercial Exchange
Burlington, Iowa
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
ISaJi
Seven and one-half miles of Washington's
streets are now embellished with single-
light standards, set along the curb, bear-
ing high efficiency tungsten lamps. The
view shown is Pennsylvania Avenue, the
White House grounds lying to the right.
In public parks and drives ornamental
fixtures are required that give compara-
tively high illumination, so that the
roads and paths may be seen. Every-
where the police value of lighting must
be considered.
A DOLLAR-AND-CENTS TALK
Next came the truly decorative system of street-
lighting with posts that are efficient, ornamental and
lasting and that are equipped with "Mazda" or tung-
sten lamps or with the new arc-lamps. More than two
hundred and fifty American cities have installed sys-
tems of ornamental post-lighting, the fixtures being of
various types and designs.
What it Costs to Light a Street
Like everything else in the world the cost Factors that
*!!*. '^i i . i i i . enter into the
of lighting varies with longitude and lati- cost of an in-
tude. The price of labor, the material st
employed, the way the current is distributed to the
lamps all these factors must be considered, besides
many others in determining costs. One city will
approve expensive standards and bury the distributing
lines in clay or fibre conduits, embedded in concrete.
That method is not cheap. Another city will adopt a
lower-priced standard and use iron piping without
concrete. Then, too, the price of material varies in
different cities with the cost of transportation. Lastly,
the city's contracting power also affects the cost.
The local electric lighting companies and all lamp
manufacturers as well as makers of reflectors, globes
and posts, are willing to give sound technical advice
free on the character of an installation needed. The
city engineer need not, therefore, engage expert counsel
and thus add to the cost, unless, indeed, there is some
special reason for engaging an outside illuminating
engineer.
The character of the distribution affects the
amount of the expenditure. There are two ways of
"I am sure that the White Way lights have made
the city more attractive and drawn business to
those streets thus lighted. This is shown by
the fact that the property owners and merchants
of other streets are trying to get the lights
established there."
W. G. COOPER
Secretary Chamber of Commerce
Atlanta, Ga.
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING ' .
Faribault, Minnesota, is an example of
what a town of nine thousand can do by
co-operative effort. It has one hundred
and six ornamental standards in the busi-
ness district bearing three high-efficiency
incandescent lamps, each as shown in the
photograph. The city contracted for the
service for ten years and the electric light
company bore the initial expense. The
posts are grouped, about twelve being
controlled from one switch in the base
of a post. A galvanized one-inch pipe
serves as the conduit. A patrol turns
the lights on and off. The color of the
posts is olive green.
ESTIMATES BASED ON FIVE -LIGHT STANDARDS
supplying current to lamps the "multiple" and
"series" methods. Usually the multiple system is the
cheaper, but not always.
The price charged for current is not the Wh y current
,./. ... .11 ^i C08ts are not
same in different cities, simply because the always the
conditions under which current is generated s;
are hardly ever the same. The cost of fuel, the size
and character of the electrical market supplied, the
way in which the current is supplied (overhead or
underground), depreciation of plant (it varies with the
climate), the load-factor (the ratio of average load
during any certain period to the total power the station
could have generated during that time), the magnitude
of the investment all these must be considered in
comparing the cost of current of two communities.
Obviously it is utterly impossible to set down cost
figures that will apply to every community. Costs,
however, can always be discussed on the basis of
average figures. Here they are, based on installations
of five-light standards only and determined from data
secured from fifty odd installations of ornamental posts
equipped with incandescent lamps in cities in all parts
of the United States:
Average installation cost per post $100.77
Average cost of operation and main-
tenance per post per year 59.90
Average spacing of standards . . 70 ft. and 9 inches
This average installation cost includes such items
as standards, lamps, sockets, globes, concrete bases,
switches, lead cables, conduits, post-wiring and instal-
lation labor. The average cost of operation and main-
tenance per post per year here given is the average
"So far as adding to the realty values, there is no
doubt in my mind but lighting has been a great
factor in enhancing them, and it has certainly
increased the business of the merchants
along the illuminated streets."
FRANK M. MOORE
Secretary, Local Division
Saint Paul Association of Commerce
St. Paul, Minn.
23
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
An example of effective park-lighting at
Newark, Ohio. Note how well the walks
and ground are illuminated, shadows
being negligible. The placing of lights
in the right way to obtain the most uni-
form illumination offers problems of its
own. There is a right and wrong way
of lighting a city. Experience has shown
that. Good taste and the limitations of
the eye are now considered where once
they were ignored.
24
39
THE PRINCIPLE OF THE FULL MOON
revenue received by central stations. Therefore it is
not applicable to any certain city. Maintenance
includes lamp renewals, globe renewals, cleaning and
the painting of the posts once each year.
Posts for Ornamental Municipal Lighting
An object is seen at night because it is The silhouette
a source of light in itself; because the light ^""utfiized." 81
falls directly upon it; or because it is silhouetted
against a light or a lighted background. It is the
silhouette principle that must be utilized in most
street-lighting. The lighted background against which
objects are silhouetted is usually the street surface.
Consequently, the amount of light that falls on that
street surface must be carefully considered. It is by
no means necessary that the intensity of illumination
be great. Rather should it be uniform. The full moon
casts no very bright light; yet it illuminates the earth
so uniformly that the impression of soft brightness is
produced. The full moon, not the blazing sun, is to
be emulated in street-lighting.
To meet these requirements a number of manufac-
turers, whose names will be found at the end of this
book, have designed street-lighting apparatus which is
both efficient and artistic. The following illustrated
descriptions will serve as a guide to those types which
have commended themselves to many municipalities.
Standards Old and New
The old conventional lamp-post, so long used with
gas, still finds a limited place in present-day systems
of ornamental lighting. Old gas-lamp posts have been
reconstructed for incandescent lamps by providing
them with suitable reflectors.
"The store-keepers take pride in their decorations
and endeavor has been made under the glare of
light toward keeping the streets as clean as
possible."
J. G. HENDERSON
Commissioner of Industries
Hamilton, Ontario
25
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
A novelty in ornamental street-lighting
is found in Bloomington, Indiana, where
the one hundred and twenty standards
were hewn from limestone, extensively
quarried in the vicinity. Concrete lamp
posts are durable and familiar, but natural
stone standards are out of the ordinary.
This system is an advertisement in
more ways than one. It shows, among
other things, that almost any material,
handled with good taste, can be used to
fashion a lamp-post. Standards are
made nowadays to meet any appropria-
tion, big or little.
26
CHOOSING THE RIGHT POST
For new installations, no one would Almost any
, ., . ,, , , durable ma-
dream ol using anything that resembles teriai, handled
a gas-lamp post. More decorative designs
of many styles and materials can easily be a 2 ood P st -
obtained. Cast iron has found a keen competitor in
pressed steel, copper and bronze and concrete. Con-
crete has been extensively utilized for parks and
boulevards. Latterly it has been introduced with
excellent results in business sections as well. Even
wrought-iron pipe has been employed to produce
inexpensive but neat designs.
The choosing of a proper standard is Posts arc made
not easy. What does it cost? Is it really tLe* and any
practical in form? Is it well designed? appropriation.
These three questions must always be answered by
those who are commissioned to select electric light
standards; and they must be answered differently for
almost every community. Because of the different
considerations that govern the adoption of an orna-
mental street-lighting system, manufacturers have
placed on the market post designs to suit any taste
and any appropriation.
The style, spacing and height of posts vary with the
service expected and the equipment desired. In
smaller cities three-light and five-light standards are
most common the five-light standards at street
intersections and the three-light between streets. In
larger cities the five-light post is found almost
exclusively.
The spacing of posts varies. Ranging as it does
from fifty to one hundred feet, the size and number of
lamps used per post and the degree of illumination
desired govern the spacing. The wider the street,
"Of course, anything that makes a street attractive
and draws people to it will increase the value
of property, which is regulated by the number of
purchasers who pass a given point."
W. G. COOPER
Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce
Atlanta, Ga.
27
n
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
Portland, Oregon, has more than eight
hundred ornamental lamp-posts bearing
high efficiency incandescent lamps. This
view shows the lighting of Alder Street,
which for years was a dark and gloomy
thoroughfare by day as well as night.
Since the cluster posts were installed it
has become a popular and thriving street.
Portland's system dates practically from
July, 1910. Several different styles of
posts are used throughout the city. The
most popular are those with five lights.
According to Charles K. Henry, Presi-
dent of the Portland Realty Board,
"Realty values in the down-town dis-
trict have increased twenty-five per cent,
as a result of the light furnished for
illumination upon these avenues."
28
COMBINING UPRIGHT AND PENDENT LIGHTS
the closer should the posts be. If luminous arcs are the
chief elements in the ornamental system, the posts are
staggered and separated from eighty to ninety feet on
a side. It is preferable, however, to arrange the posts
parallel rather than to stagger them, because, in a
truly ornamental system, the appearance of the instal-
lation is much improved.
Generally a post is twelve to fourteen feet high to
the center of the pendent lamps. The standards
should be placed just inside the curb line. On the
corners it is best to place the units opposite the build-
ing line, thus making eight units, one at each
intersection.
Globes and Reflectors
In some installations all the lights are A *ngie up-
right lamp
upright. More frequently there is but with from two
one upright lamp fitted with a sixteen-inch
glass ball and two or four pendent lamps best results -
encased in twelve-inch glass balls more frequently,
because the single upright lamp illuminates the front
of a building and the pendent lamps throw the major
part of the light down upon the street. With either
pendent or upright installations, opal shades, fitted
with inside prismatic reflectors, may be used instead
of the globes. The upright glass ball should enclose a
hundred- watt lamp. The lamps within the pendent
glass balls should be at least sixty watts. While the
filament of a lamp must not be visible through the
balls, yet the absorption must be less than twenty per
cent, of the light. With single-light units, such as
"Mazda" or tungsten lamps in the residence sections, the
light ordinarily radiated upward must be directed
" Kalispell is receiving a good deal of valuable
advertising from the effect that it produces upon
visitors who come to our small but beautiful
young town."
P. N. BERNARD
Secretary, Kalispell Chamber of Commerce
Kalispell, Mont.
1
29
]11
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
The wonderfully effective park installa-
tion of Puebla, Mexico. To illuminate
a park, the lights must be placed with
the good judgment of a skillful landscape
gardener. The topography of the park
must be considered. Glare of course,
must be avoided to make the roads and
paths safe at night, which means that a
few high candle-powers placed far apart
and low would be dangerously inappro-
priate.
30
Tgr
down on the street. For that purpose reflectors are
advocated. There are a number of excellent types of
both glass and metal reflectors.
Very effective and ornamental conver- A new use for
i , i . i . . .. old gas lan-
sions have been made irom gas to electricity terns,
in residential sections by retaining the old gas-lanterns,
but modifying them. The best examples for such
conversions are to be found in Germany; but our own
communities are not behindhand. In the suburbs of
Boston, for example, gas-lanterns have given place to
ornamental electric lanterns mounted on the old iron
posts. In a court along the Charles River embank-
ment, such fixtures are used with pleasing effect.
Accessory Apparatus
The system of distribution used materi- The kind of
distribution .
ally affects the cost of installation. Usually affects the cost
, . . . .11 of the installa-
the multiple system is the cheaper to tion.
install. In the first place the cost of lamps is less; in
the second place, series-sockets with film-cutouts are
more expensive than the socket which is designed for
multiple lamps. The cost of wire, cable and labor is
practically the same. But where the series system is
installed the necessity of providing some means of
current regulation is required; and that is expensive.
If constant-current transformers, regulators and similar
forms of regulating apparatus are already installed
and their capacity is large enough to take care of the
increased load, which results from the installation of an
ornamental system, the expense of providing regulation
does not apply. In the multiple system the lamps must
be extinguished either singly or in groups with regard
"Merchants in other parts of the city have been so
impressed with the virtue of the system that we
have been able to secure contracts for its exten-
sion so as to cover our entire business district."
E. E. EG AN
Secretary and Treasurer
The Commercial Exchange
Burlington, Iowa
T
CK::
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
One of the earliest forms of ornamental
street-lighting was of a spectacular char-
acter for special occasions. The picture
shows an example at Spokane, Washing-
ton (Riverside Avenue). Business men
of that city say it has produced hundreds
of thousands of dollars in trade. Spec-
tacular lighting for festivals and celebra-
tions can be combined with curb post
lighting with splendid effect.
32
WHEN A LAMP BURNS OUT OR BREAKS
to the posts; in the series system they may be con-
trolled as a unit from a distant point.
When series incandescent lamps were first intro-
duced they were usually placed upon the circuit with
the arc-lamp, and they received the current directly
from the generators. Later the "bankboard" method
of regulation and the dimmer reactance-coil were both
used. Later still, the shunt-box was introduced, to be
superseded by the constant-current reactance-coil.
Finally the constant-current transformer, which is in
extensive use at the present time, was placed on
the market.
A great number of transformers are constant-cur-
manufactured. They vary in design, but
accomplish the like result of compensating compensate
. ^ i i for increased
for increased voltage when a lamp burns voltage when
out or breaks on the circuit. A number out^^re'a'ks?
of constant-current regulators are also manufactured,
which, used in connection with a constant-potential
transformer, answer the same purpose. With these
systems various compensating resistance and reactance-
coil arrangements are combined, which tend to keep
the proper voltage impressed across the terminals of
the lamps. All of these systems regulate well to nearly
short circuit, so that any number of lamps upon the
circuit may be out without disastrous effects to those
remaining.
In order that the entire circuit may not be broken
when a lamp burns out some device is required to
establish the circuit around the break. "The film-
cutout" is the most common device of that kind. This
consists of a very thin piece of mica or other insulating
"The down-town streets, where the lights have
been installed, seem to have taken on new life,
and no doubt, with the opening of spring and
the extension of the system in Joliet, the present
satisfactory results will be greatly enhanced."
W.O.HODGDON
Industrial Agent
Industrial and Publicity Committee
Joliet, III.
33
m:
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
South Salina Street, Syracuse, New York,
is a typical American business street
equipped with five-light curb standards.
Dozens of pictures could be shown but
none more representative of this particu-
lar form of ornamental street-lighting as
at present developed in America. The
equipment of the posts of the Syracuse
installation here shown consists of forty-
watt high-efficiency incandescent lamps,
fitted with four twelve-inch opal balls
and one sixteen-inch opal ball. The
lamps burn from dusk to midnight. To
cover the cost of installation and main-
tenance, the merchants are assessed
monthly according to the foot frontage.
34
THE FILM CUT-OUT
material, so placed in the series-socket that the ordinary
lamp voltage is applied across the film. Because a
much higher voltage is required to break down this
film than that impressed across the lamp, the film does
not puncture until the burn-out occurs. Hence the
total voltage of the circuit is impressed across the
insulating material, so that it breaks down and closes
the circuit.
Another form of automatic cut-out shunts a high-
resistance coil of such value around the lamp that
about 0.01 of an ampere flows when the lamp is burning.
When the lamp fails, the total current is sent to this
coil, which, in turn, exerts a pull on an armature, closing
the circuit, through a compensating resistance equiva-
lent to that of a lamp. With such a cut-out the line
may be fed from a constant-potential transformer.
"It has been enthusiastically accepted by our
people and has become very popular. It has
even been suggested that some of our most
beautiful residence avenues install this system
of lighting. I do not believe that our people
could be induced to go back to the old
system of lighting."
P. N. BERNARD
Secretary Chamber of Commerce
Kalispell, Mont.
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
New Haven has a remarkably successful
system of magnetite arc lamps on orna-
mental single-light posts. The system is
a staggered one, the seventy-eight lamps
being spaced eighty-seven feet apart on
a side. The lamps give a wonderfully
uniform illumination. They are of the
six and six-tenths-ampere type; the posts
are eleven feet and five inches in height.
36
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
AFTER WORD
Ornamental street-lighting is not an
experiment. Three hundred cities in
the United States and Canada have
tried it and approved it; three hun-
dred cities whose inhabitants have
worked together whole-heartedly in
the effort to make their streets more
attractive; three hundred cities that
have found that every dollar invested
in an ornamental lighting system for
business sections, residential districts,
and parks is not only returned mani-
fold in higher real estate values and in
greater prosperity, but returned in
prestige, in heightened civic pride, and
in better citizenship. In the following
pages you will find a list of these
cities. Is your city among them?
37
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
"Ml
Dayton, Ohio, has thirteen thousand
five-hundred feet of ornamental street-
lighting. For this service the local light-
ing company supplies power to three
hundred and five five-light standards.
The top light burns all night; the
other lights from dusk to midnight.
One post is located at a point on the curb
line, opposite the building line, thus
making eight standards at each crossing.
Four intermediate posts are then placed
on each side of the street, so that the
distance between standards is approxi-
mately eighty feet.
ENTERPRISING COMMUNITIES
LI
These Cities Have Ornamental
Street-lighting Installations
Aberdeen, South Dakota.
Ackley, Iowa.
Adel, Iowa.
Akron, Ohio.
Albert Lea, Minnesota.
Albia, Iowa.
Alexandria, Louisiana.
Algona, Iowa.
Alhambra, California.
Alton, Illinois.
Altoona, Pennsylvania.
Ames, Iowa.
Anniston, Alabama.
Ashland, Oregon.
Atlanta, Georgia.
Atlantic City, New Jersey.
Auburn, New York.
Aurora, Illinois.
Baltimore, Maryland.
Battle Creek, Michigan.
Beloit, Wisconsin.
Belvidere, Illinois.
Billings, Montana.
Binghamton, New York.
Bloomington, Indiana.
Boston, Massachusetts.
Boone, Iowa.
Bowling Green, Kentucky.
Brooklyn, New York.
Buchanan, Michigan.
Bridgeton, New Jersey.
Buffalo, New York.
Canton, Ohio.
Carroll, Iowa.
Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
Central City, Iowa.
Champaign, Illinois.
Charles City, Iowa.
Charlottetown, Prince
Edward Island, Canada.
Chariton, Iowa.
Cheyenne, Wyoming.
Chicago, Illinois.
Clarinda, Iowa.
Clarion, Iowa.
Clear Lake, Iowa.
Cleveland, Ohio.
Clinton, Iowa.
Columbus, Georgia.
Columbus, Ohio.
Coon Rapids, Iowa.
Creston, Iowa.
Dallas, Texas.
Danville, Illinois.
Davenport, Iowa.
Dayton, Ohio.
Decatur, Illinois.
Des Moines, Iowa.
Duluth, Minn.
Eagle Grove, Iowa.
East Liverpool, Ohio.
Edgar, Nebraska.
Ellsworth, Iowa.
Elmira, New York.
Enid, Oklahoma.
Estherville, Iowa.
Eugene, Oregon.
Evansville, Indiana.
Faribault, Minnesota.
Fargo, North Dakota.
Forest City, Iowa.
Fort Arthur, Ontario, Canada.
Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin.
Fort Dodge, Iowa.
Fort Morgan, Colorado.
Fort Smith, Arkansas.
Fort Wayne, Indiana.
Fort William, Ontario, Canada.
Fort Worth, Texas.
39
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING ' '
The lighting of a business section must
be governed by business considerations.
It must be brilliant, so that people will
be attracted to the business streets; yet
it must be uniform to give the best results.
The equipment must be decorative by
day, so as not to mar a fine street.
Properly placed, electric signs such as
that seen on the roof in the background,
draw people to a street. But they
neither illuminate the street itself nor
induce people to pass directly by the
particular stores over which they are
mounted. Their function is to advertise
and not to illuminate.
>|; ' . ' ' ' '. '. CITIES WITH ORNAMENTAL LIGHTING
Frederick, Maryland.
Fremont, Nebraska.
Galesburg, Illinois.
Galveston, Texas.
Gary, Indiana.
Geneva, Nebraska.
Glen wood, Iowa.
Grand Forks, North Dakota.
Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Grant's Pass, Oregon.
Great Falls, Montana.
Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Green Field, Iowa.
Grinnell, Iowa.
Grosse Pointe Farms, Michigan.
Hamilton, Ohio.
Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Hankinson, North Dakota.
Hannibal, Missouri.
Harlan, Iowa.
Hartford, Connecticut.
Hillsboro, Texas.
Holland, Michigan.
Hoopeston, Illinois.
Houston, Texas.
Indianapolis, Indiana.
Indianola, Iowa.
Independence, Iowa.
Independence, Kansas.
Iowa City, Iowa.
Iowa Falls, Iowa.
Jacksonville, Florida.
Jacksonville, Illinois.
Jamestown, New York.
Jamestown, North Dakota.
Jefferson, Iowa.
Jewell Junction, Iowa.
Joliet, Illinois.
Kalamazoo, Michigan.
Kalispell, Montana.
Kankakee, Illinois.
Kansas City, Missouri.
Knoxville, Tennessee.
Kokomo, Indiana.
La Crosse, Wisconsin.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Lansing, Michigan.
Laramie, Wyoming.
Leavenworth, Kansas.
Lenox, Iowa.
Lincoln, Nebraska.
Long View, Texas.
Los Angeles, California.
Louisville, Kentucky.
Macon, Georgia.
Manchester, Iowa.
Manila, Philippine Islands.
Marion, Iowa.
Marshall, Michigan.
Marshalltown, Iowa.
Mason City, Iowa.
McKeesport, Pennsylvania.
Medford, Oregon.
Miles City, Montana.
Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Minneapolis, Minnesota.
Mishawaka, Indiana.
Mobile, Alabama.
Montgomery, Alabama.
Monticello, Iowa.
Moorehead, Minnesota.
Morristown, New York.
Mount Clemens, Michigan.
Nashville, Tennessee.
Nashwauk, Minnesota.
Nevada, Iowa.
Newark, New Jersey.
Newark, Ohio.
New Britain, Connecticut.
New Hampton, Iowa.
New Philadelphia, Ohio.
New Sharon, Iowa.
New Ulm, Minnesota.
New York, New York.
41
m.
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
1 A beautiful single-lamp standard
which has been used with remarkable
success in the city of New Haven,
Connecticut. The light is a mag-
netite arc, which burns with a fine
steady flame and gives uniform
illumination
2 A two-lamp standard of simple and
graceful design, used in Euclid Ave-
nue, Cleveland, Ohio. Thanks to
these lights, property along Euclid
Avenue has increased remarkably in
value. On page seven of this book
will be found the story of that increase.
3 Six lamps on a tall, slender post.
4 An old gas-post can be equipped with
tungsten or Mazda lamps. This
shows the pleasing effect of the trans-
formation to be found in a court along
the Charles River embankment,
Boston.
COMMUNITIES THAT HAVE CIVIC PRIDE
Niagara Falls, New York.
Niles, Michigan.
North Yakima, Washington.
Oakland, California.
Ogden, Utah.
Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
Omaha, Nebraska.
Osage City, Kansas.
Oskaloosa, Iowa.
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Parkersburgh, West Virginia.
Pasadena, California.
Pasco, Washington.
Paulina, Iowa.
Pella, Iowa.
Pensacola, Florida.
Peoria, Illinois.
Perry, Iowa.
Peru, Illinois.
Phrenix, Arizona.
Pine Bluff, Arkansas.
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.
Portland, Maine.
Portland, Oregon.
Portsmouth, New Hampshire.
Poughkeepsie, New York.
Pueblo, Colorado.
Racine, Wisconsin.
Raleigh, North Carolina.
Redlands, California.
Red Oak, Iowa.
Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada.
Richmond, Indiana.
Richmond, Virginia.
Rochelle, Illinois.
Rochester, New York.
Rochester, Minnesota.
Rockford, Illinois.
Roseland, Illinois.
Roseburg, Oregon.
Sac City, Iowa.
St. Catherines, Ontario, Canada.
St. Paul, Minnesota.
Salem, Ohio.
Salem, Oregon.
San Antonio, Texas.
San Diego, California.
Sandusky, Ohio.
San Francisco, California.
Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan.
Savannah, Georgia.
Scranton, Pennsylvania.
Seattle, Washington.
Seneca Falls, New York.
Seymour, Iowa.
Shawnee, Oklahoma.
Sherman, Texas.
Shreveport, Louisiana.
Sigourney, Iowa.
Sioux City, Iowa.
South Bend, Indiana.
Spencer, Iowa.
Steubenville, Ohio.
Spirit Lake, Iowa.
Spokane, Washington.
Springfield, Missouri.
Springfield, Illinois.
Stony City, Iowa.
Superior, Wisconsin.
Syracuse, New York.
Tampa, Florida.
Terre Haute, Indiana.
Texarkana, Arkansas.
Tipton, Iowa.
Toledo, Iowa.
Topeka, Kansas.
Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Tulsa, Oklahoma.
Urbana, Illinois.
Vancouver, British Columbia,
Canada.
Victoria, British Columbia,
Canada.
Vinton, Iowa.
Virginia, Minnesota.
ORNAMENTAL STREET-LIGHTING
1 A type of five-light post which has
been widely used for the ornamental
lighting of many communities.
2 The advance in ornamental street-
lighting for non-business thorough-
fares developed by the District of
Columbia (the central station co-
operating) is admirable. This post
has a single light, a transparent street
sign, and a fire-alarm box. Other
posts have police-alarm boxes.
3 Poughkeepsie, N. Y., has one and a
quarter miles of street lighted by
such combined standards and trolley
poles. This style of installation is
sometimes desirable in narrow streets
and where the initial cost is otherwise
prohibitive.
4 The city of Washington has devel-
oped a commendable system of orna-
mental street-lighting. The standards
and globes harmonize with the archi-
tecture of private and public buildings.
This is one of several standard designs
used. Note the name-plate and the
arrow above it to indicate the direc-
tion of the street.
-
44
LIGHT MEANS PROSPERITY
Waco, Texas.
Walla Walla, Washington.
Warren, Ohio.
Washington, D. C.
Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.
Watertown, South Dakota.
Wausau, Wisconsin.
Webster City, Iowa.
Wichita, Kansas.
Wilmington, Delaware.
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Winterset, Iowa.
Wymore, Nebraska.
Cities That Have Decorative Arch-lighting
in Their Streets
Appleton, Wisconsin.
Birmingham, Alabama.
Butte, Montana.
Canton, Ohio.
Charleston, North Carolina.
Charlotte, South Carolina.
Columbia, South Carolina.
Columbus, Ohio.
El Reno, Oklahoma.
Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.
Grand Rapids, Michigan.
Wilmington,
Green Bay, Wisconsin.
Hobart, Oklahoma.
Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Macon, Georgia.
Marinette, Wisconsin.
Menominee, Michigan.
Mobile, Alabama.
San Francisco, California.
South Bend, Indiana.
Tacoma, Washington.
Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania.
North Carolina.
Cities With Decorative Arc Installations
Baltimore, Maryland.
Boston, Massachusetts.
Buffalo, New York.
Chicago, Illinois.
Cleveland, Ohio.
Council Bluffs, Iowa.
Detroit, Michigan.
Louisville, Kentucky.
Newark, New Jersey.
New Haven, Connecticut.
New York, New York.
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania.
Pueblo, Colorado.
Reading, Pennsylvania.
Rochester, New York.
St. Louis, Missouri.
San Francisco, California.
Syracuse, New York.
Toledo, Ohio.
Washington, District of
Columbia.
45
HIT
WHERE TO BUY
Manufacturers of Ornamental Standards
The following manufacturers make street-lighting
apparatus of the kind that has been most successful.
They will be pleased to forward catalogues and price-
lists and to give free of charge information on street-
lighting not contained in this book.
Adams-Bagnall Electric Company Cleveland, Ohio
American Concrete Pole Company Richmond, Ind.
American Steel and Wire Company Chicago, 111.
American Woodworking and Machinery Company . . Aurora, 111.
J. G. Birtness Sons Company Davenport, Iowa
Butte Engineering and Electric Company . . . San Francisco, Cal.
The George Cutter Company South Bend, Ind.
Dearborn Foundry Company Chicago, 111.
Electric Railway and Equipment Company . . . Cincinnati, Ohio
J. W. Fiske Iron Works New York City, N. Y.
Flour City Ornamental Iron Works Minneapolis, Minn.
Hollow Concrete Pole Company Oklahoma City, Okla.
Independent Foundry Company Portland, Ore.
Joshua Hendy Iron Works San Francisco, Cal.
Kramer Brothers Foundry Company Dayton, Ohio
Love Brothers Aurora, 111.
McDonnel Iron Works Des Moines, Iowa
Minneapolis Steel Machinery Co Minneapolis, Minn.
Morris Iron Company Frederick, Md.
J. L. Mott Iron Works New York, N. Y.
Ornamental Lighting Pole Co New York, N. Y.
Paxton and Vierling Iron Works Omaha, Neb.
Pettyjohn Company Terre Haute, Ind.
Phoenix Iron Works Portland, Ore.
Smith and Watson Iron Works Portland, Ore.
Union Metal Manufacturing Company Canton, Ohio
United Iron Works Oakland, Cal.
Wallace Machine and Foundry Company .... Lafayette, Ind.
Western Gas Construction Company Fort Wayne, Ind.
ADDRESSES WORTH KNOWING
Manufacturers of Transformers, Regulators
and Compensative Apparatus
Adams-Bagnall Electric Company . . . Cleveland, Ohio
General Electric Company Schenectady, N. Y.
J. H. Hallberg, 36 E. 23d St New York, N. Y.
Helios Mfg. Co Bridesburg, Philadelphia, Pa.
Maloney Electric Company St. Louis, Mo.
Packard Electric Company Warren, Ohio
Pittsburg Transformer Company .... Pittsburg, Pa.
Western Electric Company Chicago, 111.
Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. ... Pittsburg, Pa.
Write to
these
firms for
cata-
logues
and
informa-
tion.
Glassware for Ornamental Standards
Gillinder & Sons Philadelphia, Pa.
Haskins Glass Company Wheeling, W. Va.
Jefferson Glass Company Follansbee, W. Va.
Macbeth-Evans Glass Company .... Pittsburg, Pa.
Nelite Works of the General Electric Co., Cleveland, Ohio
Opalux Company New York, N. Y.
Phcenix Glass Company New York, N. Y.
Write to
these
firms for
cata-
logues
and
informa-
tion.
Steel Reflectors for Street-lighting
Adams-Bagnall Electric Company
Benjamin Electric Manufacturing Co.
George Cutter Company
Federal Sign System (Electric) . . .
General Electric Company ....
Philadelphia Electric Company . . .
Westinghouse Electric & Mfg. Co. .
Wheeler Reflector Company . ...
. Cleveland, Ohio
. . Chicago, 111.
. South Bend, Ind. Write to
. . . Chicago, 111. firms for
cata-
Schenectady, N. Y. logues
find
. Philadelphia, Pa. informa-
Pittsburg, Pa.
Boston, Mass
tion.
WHERE THE NEW LAMPS ARE MADE
Manufacturers of Incandescent Electric Lamps
. . Hartford, Conn.
. . . Harrison, N. J.
Franklin Electrical Manufacturing Company
General Electric Company (Lamp Works)
National Electric Lamp Association
Composed of the following Works of the General Electric Com-
pany:
American Electric Lamp Works .
Banner Electric Works . . . . .
Brilliant Electric Works
Bryan-Marsh Electric Works . . .
Buckeye Electric Works
Buckeye Electric Works, S. A. . . .
The Colonial Electric Works . . .
Columbia Incandescent Lamp Works
Fostoria Incandescent Lamp Works
General Incandescent Lamp Works
Monarch Incandescent Lamp Works
Munder Electric Works .
Packard Lamp Works
The Peerless Lamp Works . . . .
Shelby Lamp Works
Standard Electric Works
The Sterling Electric Lamp Works .
Sunbeam Incandescent Lamp Works
Westinghouse Lamp Company
. Central Falls, R. I.
. Youngstown, Ohio
. . Cleveland, Ohio
( Central Falls, R. I.
/ Chicago, 111.
. . Cleveland, Ohio
. . . Mexico, D. F.
. . . Warren, Ohio
. . .St. Louis, Mo.
. . . Fostoria, Ohio
. . Cleveland, Ohio
. . . . Chicago, 111.
j Central Falls, R. I.
| Chicago, 111.
. . . Warren, Ohio
. . . Warren, Ohio
. . . Shelby, Ohio
. . . Warren, Ohio
. . . Warren, Ohio
( New York, N. Y.
} Chicago, 111.
. Bloomfield, N. J.
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