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Panicled Dogwood, Conuis candi'dissima.

OUR NORTHERN SHRUBS

AND HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM

for tljc

By HARRIET L. KEELER

AUTHOR OF "OUR NATIVE TREES"

WITH 205 PLATES FROM PHOTOGRAPHS AND
WITH 3n ILLUSTRATIONS FROM DRAWINGS

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS
NEW YORK :::::::::::: 1903

Published, April, 1903

TROW DIRECTORY

PRINTING AND BOOKBINDING COMPANY
NEW YORK

PREFACE

THE shrubs described in this volume are those
which find their most congenial home in the region
extending from the Atlantic Ocean to the Mississippi
River, and from Canada to the northern boundaries of
our Southern States ; together with those imported
shrubs which have so long adorned our yards and
gardens that we have almost forgotten their foreign
origin.

The volume is prepared not only for the amateur
botanist who seeks a more complete description of
plants than the text-books in common use afford ; not
only for the lover of nature who desires a personal ac-
quaintance with the bushes that grow in the fields and
the fence corners ; but also to serve those who are
engaged in the establishment and decoration of city
parks, roadways and boulevards; those who are seek-
ing to beautify country roadsides, school-yards and
railway stations, as well as those who, in the decora-
tion of their own home grounds, would gladly use our
native shrubs were their habits and character better
understood.

It is hoped that this volume may lead to a clearer
appreciation of the wonderful variety, the exquisite
beauty and the real value of that neglected part of our
native flora, the shrub.

PREFACE

The author is glad to acknowledge her indebtedness
to the following books of reference : Britton and
Brown's "Illustrated Flora of the United States and
Canada," Bailey's " Cyclopedia of American Horticul-
ture," Emerson's Report on the Trees and Shrubs of
Massachusetts, Gray's " Manual of Botany," Britton's
" Manual of the Flora of the Northern States and
Canada," Bailey's " Evolution of Our Native Fruits,"
Card's " Bush Fruits," and the magazine Garden and
Forest.

The extracts from the works of Lowell, Emerson,
Whittier, Torrey, Thoreau, and Higginson are used
with the permission of the publishers, Messrs. Hough-
ton, Mifflin & Co. ; that from Fred W. Card, with the
permission of the Macmillan Co. ; that from Joseph
Y. Bergen, with the permission of Ginn & Co.

The quotations from the writings of Professor L. H.
Bailey, Mr. J. G. Jack and Mr. Jackson Dawson are
made by the kind consent of the authors.

Especial acknowledgment is due to Professor Charles
S. Sargent, who so generously placed the magnificent
resources of the Arnold Arboretum at the service of
the author ; and also to Mr. Alfred Rehder, whose ex-
pert knowledge has been invaluable in deciding every
case of doubt.

The full page illustrations are from photographs,
many of which were made by Mr. Alfred Rehder of
the Arnold Arboretum, the remainder by Decker &
Co., and by the Edmondson Studio Co., both of Cleve-
land, Ohio.

The outline pictures are the work of Miss Mary
Keffer of Lake Erie College, Painesville, Ohio.

PREFACE

Thanks for specimens kindly sent upon request are
due to Mr. Watson of Plymouth, Mass. ; Gen. G. W.
Shurtleff, of Oberlin, Ohio, and Mr. Michael H. Ho-
varth, landscape gardener and forester of the parks of
Cleveland, Ohio.

Vll

CONTENTS

Page

Preface .....

Genera and Species . . *i

Illustrations .... xix

Guide to the Shrubs • *xv

Introduction- -The Shrub xxvii

Description of the Shrubs . 3

Glossary of Botanical Terms . . 499

Glossary of Latin Specific Terms . . 507

Index of Latin Names ... . 5/7

Index of English Names 5/6

GENERA AND SPECIES

RANUNCULACE/E

Xanthorrhiza apiifolia

MAGNOLIACE^E .

Magnolia conspicua
Magnolia obovata .
Magnolia soulangeana
Magnolia stellata .
Magnolia kobus

BERBERIDACE^E .

Berberis vnlgaris .
Berberis canadensis
Mahonia aqnifolia

ClSTACE^E .

Hudsonia tomentosa
Hudsonia ericoides

HYPERICACEjE

Hypericum prolificum
Hypericum densiflorum

Hypericum kalmianum
Ascyrtun stans
Ascyrum crux-andrece

THEACE^E .

Stuartia pentagyna
Gordonia pubescens

MALVACE/E .

Hibiscus syriacus .

CROWFOOT FAMILY PAGE

Shrub Yellow-root . . 3

MAGNOLIA FAMILY

Yulan Magrolia . . 6

Purple Magnolia . . 8

Soulange's Magnolia . . 8
Star Magnolia ... 8

Kobus Magnolia . . 10

BARBERRY FAMILY

Common Barberry . .12

American Barberry . .14

Mahonia . . . .16

ROCK-ROSE FAMILY

Woolly Hudsonia . .19

Heath-like Hudsonia . . 22

ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY

Shrubby St. John's-vvort . 23
Dense-flowered St. John's-

wort . . . . 24

Kalm's St. John's-wort . 26

St. Peter 's-wort . . .28

St. Andrew's Cross . . 28

TEA FAMILY

Stuartia . . . . 31

Gordonia . . . -34

MALLOW FAMILY

Shrubby Althaea . . 36

GENERA AND SPECIES

TAMARISCE^;
Tamarix

RUTACE.E ....
Xanthoxylum americanum
Ptelea trifoliata

ILICACE^E ....
Ilex verticillata
Ilex IcEvigata
Ilex glabra
Ilicioides mucronata

CELASTRACE^E

E^lonymus obovatus
Euonymus americanus

RHAMNACE^E

Rhamnus alnifolia
Rhamnus lanceolata
Rhamnus cathartica
Rhamnus frangula
Ceanothus americanus .

HlPPOCASTANACEjE

Aesculus parviflora

STAPHYLEACE.B .

Staphylea trifolia .

ANACARDIACE^E .
Rhu s glabra .
Rhus copallina
Rhus vernix .
Rhus rad leans
Rhus microcarpa .
Rhus aromatica
Rhus trilobata
Cotinus cotinus

PAPILIONACE^E .

A morpha frutico sa
Amorpha canescens

TAMARISK FAMILY
Tamarisk ....

RUE FAMILY
Prickly Ash
Wafer Ash

HOLLY FAMILY
Winterberry
Smooth Winterberry
Inkberry ....
Mountain Holly

STAFF-TREE FAMILY
Running Strawberry Bush .
Strawberry Bush

BUCKTHORN FAMILY
Alder-leaved Buckthorn
Lance-leaved Buckthorn
Buckthorn ....
Alder Buckthorn
New Jersey Tea

HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMILY
Dwarf Buckeye .

BLADDER-NUT FAMILY
American Bladder-nut

SUMACH FAMILY
Smooth Sumach
Dwarf Sumach .
Poison Sumach .
Poison Ivy

Northern Poison Ivy .
Fragrant Sumach
Ill-scented Sumach
Smoke-tree

PEA FAMILY
False Indigo
Lead Plant

PAGE

43
45

48
S^
54
56

58
60

62
62

64
68
68

78
80
82

84
86
88
90
90

95
98

Xll

GENERA AND SPECIES

PAPILIONACE/E — Continued,
Genista tinctoria .
Rob in i 'a hispida
Laburnum vulgare

DRUPACE^E ....
Prunus maritima .
Prunus graves ii
Prunus spinosa
Prunus pumila
Prunus cuneata
Prunus virginiana
Prunus japonica .

ROSACE^E .

Spiraea salicifolia .
Spircea tomentosa .
Spircea thunbergii
Spircea prunifolia .
Spircea vanliouttei
Spircea anthony-waterer
Optdaster opulifolius
Exochorda grandiflora .
Kerria japonica
Rubus ....
Rubus odoratus
Rubus strigosus
Rubus occidentalis
Rubus nigrobaccus
Rubus randii
Rubus argutus
Rubus canadensis .
Rubus alleglieniensis
Rubus procumbens
Rubus hispidus
Potentilla fruticosa
Rosa ....
Rosa setigera
Rosa blanda .
Rosa arkansana

PAGE

Woad Waxen . . .100

Rose Acacia . . . 103

Golden Chain . . .103

PLUM FAMILY

Beach Plum . . .108

Graves' Beach Plum . .10

Blackthorn . 10

Sand Cherry . . .10

Appalachian Cherry . .12

Choke Cherry . . .12

Flowering Almond . .14

ROSE FAMILY

Meadow Sweet . . .118

Steeple-bush . . .120

Thunberg's Spiraea . .125

Plum-leaved Spiraea . .126

Van Hout's Spiraea . 126
Anthony Waterer's Spiraea 126

Ninebark . . . .129

Exochorda . . .132

Kerria . . . .134

Bramble . . . .136
Purple-flowering Raspberry 137

Wild Red Raspberry . . 140

Black Raspberry . .143

High-bush Blackberry . 146

Rand's Blackberry . . 153

Leafy-bracted Blackberry . 154

Thornless Blackberry . 154

Mountain Blackberry . .156

Dewberry . . . .158
Running Swamp Blackberry 1 58

Shrubby Cinquefoil . . 161
Rose .... 163

Climbing Rose . . . 164

Meadow Rose . . .167

Arkansas Rose . 68

Xlll

GENERA AND SPECIES

ROSACES— Continued.
Rosa Carolina
Rosa humilis
Rosa lucida .
Rosa nitida .
Rosa rubiginosa
Rosa canina .
Rosa rugosa .
Rosa wichtiraiana

POMACE^E ....
Aronia arbutifolia
Aronia atropurpurea
Aronia nigra
Amelanchier botryapium
Amelanchier spicala
Amelanchier oligocarpa ,
Cotoneaster pyracanthus
Pyrus japonica

CALYCANTHACE/E

Butner ia Jlorida
Btitneria fertilis .

HYDRANGEACE^E .

Hydrangea arborescens .
Hydrangea paniculata .
Philadelphus coronarius
Philadelphus grandiflorns

SAXIFRAGACE.E .

Deutzia gracilis .
Deutzia scabra

PAGE

. 170

• 173

. I76

. 178

. 181

. 184

I tea virginica

GROSSULARIACE^E
Ribes cynosbati
Ribes uva-crispa

Swamp Rose
Pasture Rose
Glossy Rose
Northeastern Rose
Sweetbrier
Dog Rose .
Japanese Rose .
Trailing Japanese Rose

APPLE FAMILY
Red Choke-berry . .187
Purple-fruited Choke-berry . 190
Black Choke-berry . .190
Shadbush . . . .192
Low June-berry . . .196
Oblong-fruited June-berry . 196
Evergreen Thorn . .198
Japan Quince . . . 200

STRAWBERRY-SHRUB

FAMILY

Strawberry-shrub . . 203
Strawberry-shrub . . 204

HYDRANGEA FAMILY
Wild Hydrangea . . 208
Hardy Hydrangea . .210
Syringa .... 212
Great -flowered Syringa . 216

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

Deutzia . . . .217

VIRGINIA WILLOW

FAMILY
Virginia Willow . .221

GOOSEBERRY FAMILY

Wild Gooseberry . . 224

Garden Gooseberry . . 228

XIV

GENERA AND SPECIES

GROSSULARIACE^E — Continued.
Ribes rotundifolium
Ribes oxyacanthoides
Ribes lacustre
Ribes prostratum .
Ribes rubrum
Ribes floridum
Ribes aureum

HAMAMELIDACE^E

Hamamelts virginiana .

CORNACE^E ....
Cornns ....
Cornusflorida
Cor mis circinata .
Cornus amomum .
Cornus asperifolia .
Cornus stolonifera
Cornus candidissima
Cornus bailey i
Cornus alternifolia
Cor mis alba .

CAPRI FOLIAGES .

Sambucus canadensis
Sambucus pubens .
Viburnum alnifolium
Viburnum opulus .
Viburnum opulus sterilis
Viburnum acerifolium .
Viburnum pubescens
Viburnum dentatum
Viburnum cassinoides .
Viburnum lantana
Sytnphoricarpos racemosus
Symphoricarpos symphoricar-
POS .....
Lonicera ....
Lonicera oblongifolia
Lonicera coerulea .

Eastern Wild Gooseberry . 228

Northern Gooseberry . 229

Swamp Gooseberry . .231

Fetid Currant . . .231

Red Currant . . . 232

Wild Black Currant . . 233

Golden Currant . . . 235

WITCH HAZEL FAMILY
Witch Hazel . . .238

DOGWOOD FAMILY

Dogwood . . . .241

Flowering Dogwood . . 244

Round-leaved Dogwood . 246

Silky Dogwood . . . 248

Rough-leaved Dogwood . 250

Red-osier Dogwood . .251

Panicled Dogwood . .254

Bailey's Dogwood . .256
Alternate-leaved Dogwood . 256

Red-stemmed Dogwood . 258

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

American Elder . . 262

Red-berried Elder . . 266

Hobble-bush . . . 270

Cranberry-tree . . . 273

Snowball .... 275

Maple-leaved Viburnum . 278

Downy Viburnum . . 280

Arrow-wood . . . 282

Withe-rod .... 284

Wayfaring Tree . . . 285

Snowberry . . . 287

Indian Currant . . . 290

Honeysuckle . . . 292

Swamp Fly-honeysuckle . 294

Mountain Fly-honeysuckle 296

GENERA AND SPECIES

CAPRIFOLIACE^E — Continued.
Lonicera ciliata
Loniccra tar tar ic a
Lonicera involucrata
Diervilla diervilla
Diervilla rosea

RUBIACE^E ....

Cephalanthus occidentalis

COMPOSITE ....

Baccharis halimifolia .

VACCINIACE^E

Gayhissacia frondosa
Gaylussacia resinosa
Gaylussacia dttmosa
Gaylussacia brachycera
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum
Vaccinium vacillans
Vaccinium corymbosum
Vaccinium ccespitosum .
Vaccinium uliginosum .
Vitis-Id&a vitis-idcea
Polycodium stamineum
Chiogenes hispidula
Oxycoccus macrocarfius

ERICACEAE ....

Ledum groenlandicum .
Azalea nudiflora .
Azalea canescens .
Azalea lutea .
Azalea arborescens
Azalea viscosa
Rhodora canadensis
Rhododendron maximum
Menziesia pilosa
Dendrium buxifolium .
Chameecistus procumbens
Kalmia latifolia

Fly-honeysuckle . . 298

Tartarian Honeysuckle . 300
Involucred Fly-honeysuckle 302

Bush Honeysuckle . . 304

Weigela . 306

MADDER FAMILY

Button-bush . . . 308

COMPOSITE FAMILY

Groundsel-tree . .311

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

Dangleberry . . .318

Black Huckleberry . . 320

Dwarf Huckleberry . . 322

Box Huckleberry . . 323

Dwarf Blueberry . . 324

Low Blueberry . . . 328

Swamp Blueberry . . 329

Dwarf Bilberry . . . 334

Bog Bilberry . . . 334

Mountain Cranberry . . 335
Deerberry .... 340

Creeping Snowberry . .341

American Cranberry . . 341

HEATH FAMILY

Labrador Tea . . . 343

Wild Honeysuckle . . 346

Mountain Azalea . . 350

Flaming Azalea . . 352

Tree Azalea . . -354

Clammy Azalea . . -354
Rhodora .... 360

Great Laurel . . . 362

Alleghany Menziesia . 364

Sand Myrtle . . . 366

Trailing Azalea . . 367

Mountain Laurel . . 367

XVI

GENERA AND SPECIES

ERICACE/E — Continued.
Kalmia angustifolia

Kalmia glauca
Phyllodoce coerulea
Cassiope hypnoides
Leiicothoe racemosa
Leucothoe Catesbai
Andromeda polifolia
Pieris floribunda .
Pieris mariana
Xolisma ligustrina
Chamcedaphne calyculata
Epigcea repens
Gaultheria procumbens .
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi
Mairania alpina
Calluna vulgaris .

CLETHRACE^E

Clethra alnifolia .

OLEACE^E ....

Syringa vulgaris .
Syringa persica
Syringa josikcea
Ligustr^^m vulgare
Forsythia viridissima .
Forsythia suspensa

LAURACE^ ....

Benzoin benzoin .

THYMELEACE.E .
Dire a pain sir is
Daphne mezereum .
Daphne cneorum ,

Elaagnus argentea
Eltzagnus angustifolia .
Lepargyrcea argentea
Lepargyrcea canadensis .

PAGE

Lambkill .... 370
Swamp Laurel . . . 372
Mountain Heath . . 374
Moss Plant . . .375
Swamp Leucothoe . -375
Catesby's Leucothoe . . 378
Wild Rosemary . . 380

Mountain Fetter-bush . 384
Stagger-bush . . . 386
Privet Andromeda . . 388
Cassandra .... 390
Trailing Arbutus . . 392
Wintergreen . . . 395
Red Bearberry . . . 396
Black Bearberry . . 400

Heather .... 400

WHITE-ALDER FAMILY
Sweet Pepperbush . . 402

OLIVE FAMILY

Lilac ..... 406
Persian Lilac . . . 408
Josika's Lilac . . . 408
Privet .... 410
Forsythia . . . .412
Forsythia . . . .413

LAUREL FAMILY

Spice-bush . . .415

MEZEREUM FAMILY
Leather-wood . . .419
Mezeron .... 422
Daphne .... 424

OLEASTER FAMILY

Silver Berry . . . 427

Garden Elaeagnus . . 428

Buffalo-berry . . . 430

Canadian Buffalo-berry . 432

xvn

GENERA AND SPECIES

LORANTHACE^E .

Phoradendron flavescens

MYRICACE/E

Myrica gale .
Myrica carolinensis
Comptonia peregrina

FAGACE^E .

Castanea puniila .

BETULACE^:

Coryhis americana
Corylus rostrata
Betula pumila
Betula grandulosa
Almts incana
Alnus rugosa
Alnus alnobetula .

SALICACE^E .

Salix bills am if era
Salix gla ticophylh i
Salix cordata
Salix adenophylla .
Salix myrtilloides ,
Salix humilis
Salix tristis .
Salix Candida
Salix sericea .
Salix petiolaris

EMPETRACE.E

Empetrum nigrum
Corema conradii

TAXACE^; .

Taxus canadensis .
Taxus baccata

MISTLETOE FAMILY
American Mistletoe .

BAYBERRY FAMILY
Sweet Gale
Bayberry .
Sweet Fern

BEECH FAMILY
Chinquapin

BIRCH FAMILY
Hazel-nut .
Beaked Hazel-nut
Low Birch
Glandular Birch
Speckled Alder .
Smooth Alder .
Mountain Alder .

WILLOW FAMILY
Balsam Willow .
Broad-leaved Willow .
Heart-leaved Willow .
Furry Willow
Bog Willow
Prairie Willow .
Dwarf Gray Willow .
Hoary Willow .
Silky Willow .
Slender Willow .

PAGE

434

437
440

443
446

449
454
456
458
460
464
468

472

474
476

477
478
478
482
484
486
486

CROWBERRY FAMILY

Black Crowberry . . 488

Conrad's Broom Crowberry 492

YEW FAMILY
American Yew
European Yew

493
495

XVlll

ILLUSTRATIONS

PANICLED DOGWOOD, Frontispiece

SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT, Flowering Spray of, 2

SOULANGE'S MAGNOLIA, Flowering Spray of, 7

STAR MAGNOLIA, Flowers of, 9

KOBUS MAGNOLIA, Flower of, 9

COMMON BARBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 13

AMERICAN BARBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 15

MAHONIA, Fruiting Spray of, 17

DOWNY HUDSONIA, Tuft of, 21

SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT, Flowering Spray of, 25

KALM'S ST. JOHN'S-WORT, Flowering Spray of, 27

ST. ANDREW'S CROSS, Flowering Spray of, 29

STUARTIA, Flowering Spray of, 32

GORDONIA, Flowering Spray of, 33

SHRUBBY ALTH^A, Flowering Spray of, 37

TAMARISK, Flowering Spray of, 41

PRICKLY ASH, Leaf of, 43

PRICKLY ASH, Flowering Spray of, 44

WAFER ASH, Samaras of, 45

WAFER ASH, Flowering Spray of, 46

BLACK ALDER, Flowering Spray of, 49

BLACK ALDER, Fruiting Spray of, 51

SMOOTH WINTERBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 53

INKBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 55

MOUNTAIN HOLLY, Fruiting Spray of, 57

RUNNING EUONYMUS, Fruiting Spray of, 59

ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORN, Spray of, 63

COMMON BUCKTHORN, Flowering Spray of, 65

ALDER BUCKTHORN, Fruiting Spray of, 67

NEW JERSEY TEA, Flowering Spray of, 69

DWARF BUCKEYE, Flower Spike of, 73

AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT, Flowering Spray of, 75

AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT, Fruiting Spray of, 77

SMOOTH SUMACH, Spray of, 79

MOUNTAIN SUMACH, Fruiting Spray of, 81

POISON SUMACH, Fruiting Spray of, 83

xix

ILLUSTRATIONS

POISON IVY, Plant of, 85

NORTHERN POISON IVY, Thicket of, 87

FRAGRANT SUMACH, Spray of, 89

ILL-SCENTED SUMACH, Spray of, 91

SMOKE-TREE, Flowering Spray of, 93

SWEET PEA, Flower of, 94

SWEET PEA, Banner, Wings, and Keel-petals of, 94

SWEET PEA, Stamens and Pistil of, 94

SWEET PEA, Young Pod of, 94

FALSE INDIGO, Flowering Spray of, 97

LEAD PLANT, Flowering Spray of, 99

WOAD WAXEN, Flowering Spray of, 101

ROSE ACACIA, Flowering Spray of, 104

GOLDEN CHAIN, Flowering Spray of, 105

BEACH PLUM, Flowering Spray of, 109

BEACH PLUM, Leaves of, no

SAND CHERRY, Fruiting Spray of, in

APPALACHIAN CHERRY, Spray of, 113

CHOKE CHERRY, Flowering Spray of, 115

FLOWERING ALMOND, Flowering Spray of, 117

MEADOW SWEET, Flowering Spray of, 119

STEEPLE-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 121

THUNBERG'S SPIRAEA, Flowering Spray of, 123

PLUM-LEAVED SPIRAEA, Flowering Spray of, 124

VAN HOUT'S SPIRAEA, Flowering Spray of, 127

ANTHONY WATERER'S SPIRAEA, Flowering Spray of, 128

NINEBARK, Flowering Spray of, 130

NINEBARK, Fruiting Spray of, 131

EXOCHORDA, Flowering Spray of, 133

EXOCHORDA, Leaf of, 134

KERRIA, Double Flower of, 135

KERRIA, Single Flower of, 135

PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 139

RED RASPBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 141

BLACK RASPBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 145

HIGH-BUSH BLACKBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 147

LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 151

LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 155

DEWBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 157

DEWBERRY, Leafy Spray of, 159

RUNNING SWAMP BLACKBERRY, Leafy Spray of, 160

SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL, Flowering Spray of, 162

MICHIGAN ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 165

EARLY WILD ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 169

SWAMP ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 171

ROSE-HIPS, 172

PASTURE ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 174

ILLUSTRATIONS

GLOSSY ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 175

NORTHEASTERN ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 177

SWEETBRIER, Flowering Spray of, 179

DOG ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 182

JAPANESE ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 183

JAPANESE TRAILING ROSE, Flowering Spray of, 185

RED CHOKE-BERRY, Flowering Spray of, 188

PURPLE-FRUITED CHOKE-BERRY, Flowering Spray of, 189

BLACK CHOKE-BERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 191

SHADBUSH, Flowering Spray of, 193

Low JUNE-BERRY, Flowering Spray of, 195

OBLONG-FRUITED JUNE-BERRY, Flowering Spray of, 197

EVERGREEN THORN, Flowering Spray of, 199

JAPAN QUINCE, Flowering Spray of, 201

STRAWBERRY-SHRUB, Flowering Spray of, 205

SMOOTH STRAWBERRY-SHRUB, Fruiting Spray of, 207

WILD HYDRANGEA, Flowering Spray of, 209

HARDY HYDRANGEA, Flowering Spray of, 211

SYRINGA, Flowering Branch of, 213

LARGE-FLOWERED SYRINGA, Flowering Spray of, 215

DEUTZIA, Flowering Sprays of, 218, 219

ITEA, Flowering Spray of, 222

WILD GOOSEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 225

EASTERN WILD GOOSEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 227

NORTHERN GOOSEBERRY, Leafy Spray of, 230

RED CURRANT, Leaf of, 232

WILD BLACK CURRANT, Flowering Spray of, 234

GOLDEN CURRANT, Flowering Spray of, 237

WITCH HAZEL, Flowering and Fruiting Sprays of, 239

DOGWOOD. Flower of, 242

FLOWERING DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 243

ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 245

SILKY DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 247

ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 249

RED-OSIER DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 251

PANICLED DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 253

BAILEY'S DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 255

ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 257

RED-STEMMED DOGWOOD, Flowering Spray of, 259

RED-STEMMED DOGWOOD, Fruiting Spray of, 261

AMERICAN ELDER, Flowering Spray of, 263

RED-BERRIED ELDER, Flowering Spray of, 267

VIBURNUM, Flower of, 269

HOBBLE-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 271

HIGH-BUSH CRANBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 274

SNOWBALL, Flowering Spray of, 275

MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM, Flowering Spray of, 277

XXI

ILLUSTRATIONS

DOWNY VIBURNUM, Flowering Spray of, 279

ARROW-WOOD, Flowering Spray of, 281

DOWNY VIBURNUM, Leaf of, 282

WITHE-ROD, Fruiting Spray of, 283

SOFT-LEAVED VIBURNUM, Leaf of, 284

LARGE WITHE-ROD, Leaf of, 285

WAYFARING TREE, Flowering Spray of, 286

SNOWBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 289

INDIAN CURRANT, Fruiting Spray of, 291

SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE, Flowering Spray of, 293

BLUE FLY-HONEYSUCKLE, Leafy Spray of, 295

FLY-HONEYSUCKLE, Leafy Spray of, 297

TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE, Flowering Spray of, 299

TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE, Fruiting Spray of, 301

INVOLUCRED FLY-HONEYSUCKLE, Leaf of, 302

BUSH HONEYSUCKLE, Flowering Spray of, 303

WEIGELA, Flowering Spray of, 305

BUTTON-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 309

GROUNDSEL-TREB, Sprays of Flowers, 313

GROUNDSEL-TREE, Fruit of, 314

DANGLEBKRRY, Fruiting Spray of, 317

HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 319

DWARF HUCKLEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 321

HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 322

Box HUCKLEBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 323

DWARF BLUEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 325

DWARF BLUEBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 326

Low BLUEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 327

HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 331

DWARF BILBERRY, Leafy Spray of, 333

BOG BILBERRY, Flowering Spray of, 334

MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 337

DEERBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 339

CREEPING SNOWBERRY, Trailing Stems of, 341

AMERICAN CRANBERRY, Sprays of Fruit and Flowers, 342

LABRADOR TEA, Flowering Sprays of, 345

WILD HONEYSUCKLE, Flowering Sprays of, 347

WILD HONEYSUCKLE, Leaves of, 348

MOUNTAIN AZALEA, Flowering Spray of, 349

FLAMING AZALEA, Flowering Spray of, 351

TREE AZALEA, Flowering Spray of, 353

CLAMMY AZALEA, Flowering Spray of, 355

RHODORA, Flowering Spray of, 359

RHODORA, Leaf of, 360

GREAT LAUREL, Flowering Spray of, 361

HYBRID RHODODENDRON, Flowers of, 363

SAND MYRTLE, Flowering Spray of, 365

xxii

ILLUSTRATIONS

MOUNTAIN LAUREL, Flowering Spray of, 369
LAMBKILL, Flowering Spray of, 371
SWAMP LAUREL, Flowering Sprays of, 373
MOUNTAIN HEATH, Flowering Spray of, 374
CASSIOPE, Flowering Tuft of, 375
SWAMP LEUCOTHOE, Flowering Spray of, 377
CATESBY'S LEUCOTHOE, Flowering Spray of, 379
WILD ROSEMARY, Flowering Sprays of, 381
MOUNTAIN FETTER-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 383
STAGGER-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 385
PRIVET ANDROMEDA, Fruiting Spray of, 387
CASSANDRA, Flowering Spray of, 389
TRAILING ARBUTUS, Flowering Spray of, 393
WINTERGREEN, Flowering Stems of, 395
RED BEARBERRY, Leafy Spray of, 397
HEATHER, Flowering Tuft of, 399
CLETHRA, Flowering Spray of, 403
LILAC, Flowering Spray of, 405
PERSIAN LILAC, Flowering Spray of, 407
PRIVET, Flowering Spray of, 409
FORSYTHIA, Flowering Spray of, 411
FORSYTHIA, Leaves of, 413
SPICE-BUSH, Flowering Spray of, 416
SPICE-BUSH, Fruiting Spray of, 417
LEATHERWOOD, Fruiting Spray of, 421
MEZERON, Flowering Spray of, 422
MEZERON, Leafy Spray of, 423
DAPHNE, Flowering Spray of, 425
SILVER BERRY, Leafy Spray of, 429
GARDEN EL^EAGNUS, Flowering Spray of, 431
BUFFALO-BERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 433
MISTLETOE, Cross-section of Root, 435
MISTLETOE, Fruiting Spray of, 436
SWEET GALE, Fruiting Spray of, 438
SWEET GALE, Flowering Spray of, 439
BAYBERRY, Fruiting Spray of, 441
SWEET FERN, Leafy Spray of, 445
CHINQUAPIN, Fruiting Spray of, 447
HAZEL-NUT, Fruiting Spray of, 450
HAZEL-NUT, Catkins of, 451
HAZEL-NUT, Winter Branch of, 452
BEAKED HAZEL-NUT, Fruiting Spray of, 453
Low BIRCH, Fruiting Spray of, 455
DWARF BIRCH, Leafy Spray of, 457
SPECKLED ALDER, Fruiting Spray of, 459
SPECKLED ALDER, Catkins of, 461
SMOOTH ALDER, Fruiting Spray of, 465

xxiii

ILLUSTRATIONS

MOUNTAIN ALDER, Fruiting Spray of, 467
PUSSY WILLOW, Catkins of, 470
BALSAM WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 471
BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 473
HEART-LBAVKD WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 475
BOG WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 479
PRAIRIE WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 480
DWARF GRAY WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 481
HOARY WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 483
SILKY WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 485
SLENDER WILLOW, Leafy Spray of, 487
BLACK CROWBERRY, Fruiting Branch of, 489
CONRAD'S CROWBERRY, Leafy Branch of, 491
AMERICAN YEW, Fruiting Spray of, 494
EUROPEAN YEW, Fruiting Spray of, 496

xxiv

GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS

Leaves deciduous, compound :

(Raspberries
Blackberries

a. — Stems with spines or prickles \ Roses

Prickly Ash
\Rose Acacia

(Sumachs
Elders
Pea Family
Shrub Yellow-root
b. — Stems without spines or prickles \Bladder-nut

Dwarf Buckeye
Wafer Ash
Shrubby Cinquefoil

Dogwood Family
Honeysuckle Family
Staff-tree Family

Leaves deciduous, simple, opposite on the stem..*

St. Johns-worts
Strawberry-shrub
Button-bush
Oleaster Family

Leaves deciduous, simple, alternate on the stem :

. . . , \ Barberries

a.— Stems prickly ; flowers yellow or greenish. . . . j Gooscberries

( Magnolias

b. — Flowers large, white or purplish, solitary < Stuartia

( Gordonia

{Plums
Cherries
Choke-berries
Exochorda
Clethra

d. — Flowers white, pale pink or greenish, ( Huckleberry Family

bell-like or urn-shaped < Many genera of the

( Heath Family

e. — Flowers white, pink or yellow ; each corolla /-Lilacs
made up of a tube and a spreading bor-
der. .

Privet
Azaleas
Rhodora
Mezeron

XXV

GUIDE TO THE SHRUBS

/. — Flowers yellow :

Appearing late in autumn .................. Witch Hazel

Appearing very early in spring ............... Spice-busk

g. — Fruit conspicuous, persistent :

Scarlet .................................. Holly Family

Gray, covered with wax ...................... Bayberry

%' r

7z. — Flowers in catkins

Birches

„ ,
Hazels

Chestnut
Bayberry Fa m ily

Shrubs with alternate leaves not mentioned above : Hudsonia, Tam-
arisk, Deutzia, Forsythia, Althaea, Japan Quince, Currants.

Leaves evergreen :

a.- Very narrow ................... \ ^™ Family

{ Lrowberry family

b. — Large;

Flower azalea-like ....................... Rhododendron

Flower saucer-shaped ................... Kalmias

c. — Two to three inches long ; woolly beneath .... Labrador Tea

SPhyllodoce
Cassiope
Alpine Azalea

(Mayflower
,-Stems creeping or tracing ..................... jfS±£

1, Cranberry

f. — Flowers bell-shaped or urn-shaped ..... Several genera of the

Heath Family

Plants with evergreen leaves not mentioned above : Inkberry, Ever-
green Thorn, Daphne cncorum, Sand Myrtle.

SIGNS USED IN THIS BOOK.

(') Acute accent over a vowel marks the short sound.
(s) Grave accent over a vowel marks the long sound.
(°) The sign of degree is used for feet.
(') When used with figures means inches.

xxvi

INTRODUCTION

THE SHRUB

THE dividing line between tree and shrub is of little
importance botanically ; it is simply a matter of one
stem or many stems. Rising from the ground, the
tree uplifts its branches, leaves, flowers and fruit upon
its trunk, a massive, single shaft. A shrub rises from
its roots with a group of stems whose number forbids
to any one of them the attainment of great size. Be-
cause of this unity of central structure a tree has an
individuality which is denied to a plant that may have
five stems one year and ten the next.

The position of the shrub is distinctly secondary ;
and the burden of the inferior race is upon it. A tree
may be valued for what it is, but a shrub is rated for
just what it can do. It must render a service to com-
pensate for its cultivation. This service may be one
of beauty, through its flowers ; or of use, by its fruit ;
or its foliage or habit of growth may be especially
attractive, or of such a nature as will give it value as
a shield or a cover for waste and barren places. A
shrub which cannot render some such service is held
to be a cumberer of the ground.

The economic value of the shrub upon the forest-
floor is very great. It holds the fallen leaves in place

XXVll

INTRODUCTION

against the force of the wind ; it conserves the water
supply ; under its protecting and fostering care the
wreckage of the forest is transformed into vegetable
humus, an almost indispensable constituent of a fertile

soil.

Probably because it has not yet been made the sub-
ject of careful study, the duration of life, even among
those shrubs that have been longest in cultivation and
are best known, is not very well understood. The
short generation, however, implies a relatively short
life period. This short generation tends to the multi-
plication of species. Seed variations can more easily
perpetuate themselves. Bud variations, technically
known as sports, in the case of cultivated shrubs,
can be readily observed and reproduced within a rea-
sonably limited time. So that the limited life of the
shrub serves both as an aid and a reward to the ob-
servant gardener in multiplying the variants of the
most valued species.

Our northern climate is so favorable to the growth
of hardy shrubs that if their value were fully and gen-
erally comprehended they would play a much more
important part than they now do in lawn and park
decoration. Their beauty, unfortunately, is often les-
sened, if not wholly destroyed, by careless or igno-
rant pruning. Severe pruning tends to enfeeble both
shrub and tree, and the removal of large branches usu-
ally interferes with the natural and therefore more
graceful lines of either. Shrubs will be in their best
form and vigor the year through when no pruning is
attempted beyond the thinning out of the weaker and
overshadowed branches. Moreover, shrubs have a

XXVlll

INTRODUCTION

winter beauty that severe pruning entirely destroys.
In the leafless season, a mass of shrubbery is envel-
oped with a hazy mist of delicate color which comes
from the coalescence of the different tints of the barks
of the small branches ; and this color, together with
the fine tracery of the spray, adds much to the winter
landscape.

When shrubs are planted for mass effect, the treat-
ment of the group differs from that given to a single
bush, but even then the plants should not be cut back
so far as to impair their vigor. The proper time for
pruning depends upon the habit of the plant. Those
which bloom early on wood of the previous year's
growth should not be pruned in autumn or in early
spring ; for this removes all the flower buds, and con-
sequently no flowers are produced. These shrubs
should be pruned immediately after the blooming
period. On the other hand, shrubs which bloom late,
on wood of the current year, should be pruned after
the leaves fall in autumn, or in early spring before
growth begins.

In view of the great sums expended by towns and
cities in the care and decoration of roadways, park
lanes and boulevards, in order that they may be shrub-
bordered and tree-shaded, it is difficult to comprehend
why our country roadsides are so generally forlorn,
cheerless, barren, and desolate. Were the wild growth
of shrubbery encouraged, cared for and properly con-
trolled, nature would decorate the country roadside
with a generosity that no Park Commissioner could
emulate. With very little or no expenditure of
money, and with a minimum of intelligent care and

XXIX

INTRODUCTION

protection on the part of the owners of the land, the
country roadside might be a source of pleasure to all
who pass, as well as a most valuable arboretum of its
native flora.

XXX

Shrub Yellow-root, Xanthorrbi^a apiifolia.

Leaves 3' to df long. Flowers jV across.

RANUNCULACE^E— CROWFOOT FAMILY

SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT

Xanthorrhlza apiifblia.

Xanthorrhiza, compounded of two Greek words, xanthos,
yellow, and rhiza, a root. Apiifolia, leaves like those of
celery.

A low shrub of upright stems, two to three feet high, growing
along the shady banks of streams in Pennsylvania and New
York and in the mountains of the South. Suckers freely ; roots
long, slender, deep yellow ; from their bitter juice the Indians
procured a yellow dye.

Bark. — Outer bark yellowish brown ; the inner bark yellow ;
branchlets pale greenish gray.

Winter buds. — One slender, pointed, terminal bud about an
inch long crowns the stem; two or three small, lateral buds
appear somewhat below.

Leaves. — Alternate, pinnately compound, sometimes bipin-
nate, three to six inches long ; leaflets five, ovate or oblong, in-
cisely cleft or divided, and coarsely toothed, sessile, wedge-
shaped at base, one and one-half to three inches long. They
come out of the bud involute, pale green, hairy, and shining ;
when full grown are bright green above, paler beneath. Au-
tumnal tints are either bright yellow, or a glowing reddish pur-
ple, melting from dark bronze into paler tints ; two plants may
stand side by side, one purple, the other yellow. Petioles long,
slender, clasping.

CROWFOOT FAMILY

Flowers. — April, May, with or before the leaves. Small,
starlike, prune-purple shading to brown ; in compound drooping
racemes which are produced, together with the leaves, from the
terminal bud.

Calyx. — Sepals five, petaloid, ovate, acute, imbricate in bud.

Corolla.— Petals five, hypogynous, much smaller than the
sepals, dark prune, obscurely two-lobed, slightly concave, raised
on a claw.

Stamens. — Five to ten, hypogynous, filaments short; anthers
large for the size of the flower.

Pistil. — Carpels five to fifteen, entirely distinct, sessile, pointed
with curved styles, two-ovuled ; one ovule aborts, making the
pod one-seeded.

Fruit. — Follicles, borne in small clusters along the axis of the
raceme, greenish yellow, inflated, one-seeded, curved at apex,
minutely beaked, inconspicuous. August.

This tiny shrub is not very well known, there is so lit-
tle about it to attract attention. A botanist finds it in-
teresting because it belongs to the Ranunculacece, whose
genera are chiefly herbs. The landscape gardener val-
ues it for its hardy, free-growing habit, both in sun and
shade; and uses it as a dwarf undershrub to clothe the
ground under trees or to carry up the line of green from
the grass to the higher plants. In winter, each stem
and branchlet bears one terminal bud with two or three
small lateral ones. Late in April or in early May, this
terminal bud opens and there comes forth, together
with the leaves, a cluster of racemes — sometimes single
and sometimes compound — of tiny, five-pointed, prune-
colored stars, each with a golden centre. The central
stem of the flower cluster, and the short stems that
bear the blossoms are all of the same rich purple color.
Botanically the points of the stars are sepals ; the co-

SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT

rolla is so small that it must be searched for; and the
stamens make the golden centre. The leaves crown
the stem, and as they are long and the stem is short
the effect is that of full foliage. The autumnal tints
vary from deep purple to glowing yellow and the
leaves persist until beaten off by the storms of winter.

MAGNOLIACE.E— MAGNOLIA FAMILY

MAGNOLIA
Magnblia.

Named after Pierre Magnol, professor of medicine and di-
rector of the botanic garden at Montpellier, France, from
1698 to 1715.

The early flowering magnolias must surely be
counted among the pleasant sights of the spring-time.
Natives of China and Japan, they have readily accepted
new conditions and, perhaps, are better known to the
general public than are our own species. They ap-
pear in the original types, together with a goodly
number of hybrids ; and, showy and striking, com-
mand attention wherever seen.

The Chinese White Magnolia or Yulan, Magnolia
conspicua, was the first of the Asiatic magnolias to
bloom in English gardens. Introduced in 1789, it
made its way slowly because it was not considered
hardy. It has, however, proved itself hardy both in
England and in this country. This is our common
white magnolia; often shrub-like in youth, but at ma-
turity becoming a tree. The flowers open as great
cups, are produced most abundantly, and at their
best quite cover the tree. This magnolia has been

MAGNOLIA

"* iii./'"

Soulange's Magnolia, Magnolia Sonlangeana.

Flowers y to 5' across

MAGNOLIA FAMILY

cultivated in China for more than a thousand years
and is there considered a symbol of candor and of
beauty.

The Purple-flowered Magnolia was the second im-
portation, introduced by Thunberg, who discovered it
in Japan and brought it into England in 1790. Rela-
tively this is a small shrub with slightly obovate or
acuminate leaves and fragrant flowers. The flowers
have small yellowish or yellow-green sepals and large
acuminate petals which are deep purple on the exterior
and cream-white on the interior face. This is Magnolia
obovata, also known as Magnolia purpurca and Magnolia
discolor. Although perfectly hardy it is now seldom
seen in gardens, having given way to a race of hybrids
of which it is one of the parents.

One of the best of these hybrids dates from 1826. It
sprang from a seed of Magnolia conspicua, in the garden
of M. Soulange-Bodin, of Fromont, near Paris, the
flowers of which, it is believed, had been accidentally
fertilized with the pollen of Magnolia purpurea. The
plant is known as Magnolia soulangcana and is almost
intermediate between the two parents except in habit,
which is arborescent. It is thoroughly hardy and
produces fertile seeds. The flowers are white with a
dash of purple, and appear a week or ten days later
than those of Magnolia conspicua. There are several
other hybrids of these species offered by the trade,
of which one of the best is Magnolia Icnnci, whose
flowers are deep crimson without and cream-white
within.

Our gardens were enriched a few years ago by the
introduction of the shrubby Magnolia stellata, which

MAGNOLIAS

Two upper, Magnolia, stellata. The lower, Magnolia kobus.

Flowers of M. stellata, 3' across ; those of M. kobus, 4' to 5' across.

MAGNOLIA FAMILY

is indeed most rightly named — a star. Perfectly
hardy, it blooms the earliest of all the magnolias, com-
ing into flower with the forsythias. The blossom is
pure white, and deliciously fragrant ; the petals at
first spread into a star but later become reflexed. Ex-
tremely beautiful, it needs but to be known to be
highly valued.

Other magnolias have come, and others, no doubt,
arc yet to come, from that great storehouse of the East,
China. A recent arrival is Magnolia kobus, a small
bushy tree which is perfectly hardy but whose flowers
are not so fine as those of Magnolia stcllata.

The family characteristics of all the magnolias are
the leathery texture of the petals, and the successive
rows of stamens packed around the prolonged recepta-
cle which is crowned with pistils, also packed in rows
and closely cohering with each other. The fruit is a
fleshy cone containing brilliant scarlet seeds.

In order that a magnolia should do well it ought to
stand by itself in the open, so that it may have an
abundance of light and air ; otherwise the flowering
wood does not properly ripen.

The secret of transplanting magnolias is to do it as
the leaves are opening ; that is, in the case of these
Asiatic species, after the flowers have fallen. This
seems rather astonishing, but the reason lies in the
character of the roots, which are large and fleshy and
which decay rapidly when cut or bruised. The}r con-
sequently do not recover from transplanting unless
moved at a time when they are in active growth and
so in a condition to make new root growth rapidly.

All the magnolias love moisture, and grow best in

MAGNOLIA

peat soil, or sand and turfy loam, in the full sunlight.
It is now well known that the Chinese magnolias grow
more rapidly and make better plants for us if they
are grafted on some of the strong-growing American
species, preferably Magnolia acuminata or Magnolia
tripetala.

BERBERIDACE/E— BARBERRY FAMILY

COMMON BARBERRY
Bdrberis inilgaris.

The derivation of Berberis is very greatly in doubt ; it has
been referred to the Arabic, to the Greek, and to the
Hindoo, but its origin is lost in the mists of antiquity.

Thorny, three to ten feet high, introduced from Europe, and
hardy throughout our northern range. It suckers freely; is long-
lived ; grows rapidly when young but slowly afterward ; prefers
a soil with lime. Wood is yellow ; roots are long and crooked ;
berries, leaves, and roots are acid and astringent.

Leaves. — On fresh shoots of the season the leaves are scattered,
mostly reduced to sharp, triple or branched, slender spines ; from
whose axils, in the next season, proceed rosettes of obovate leaves
of varying sizes. Finally, by annual growth a short, stout, little
branch is formed in the axil of each bunch of spines and at the
apex of these tiny branches the leaves appear, really alternate, but
so crowded as to look like rosettes. The thorns are from three-
eighths to one inch long. Leaves are oval to obovate, one to one
and one-half inches long, pointed at the base, rounded at the
apex, bristly toothed, pinnately veined. They come out of the
bud yellow-green, glabrous, when full grown are bright green
above, paler beneath; in autumn they become a dull purplish
green, or fall unchanged.

Flowers. — -May, June. Perfect, yellow, borne in drooping,
many-flowered racemes.

Calyx. — Sepals six, in two rows, hypogynous, imbricate in bud,
roundish, with two to six small bracts beneath.

COMMON BARBERRY

Common Barberry, Berberis vn/garis.

Racemes 2' to 2%' long. Leaves i' to i]4' long.

BARBERRY FAMILY

Corolla. — Petals six, in two rows, yellow, hypogynous, imbri-
cate in bud, obovate, concave, with two glandular spots inside,
above the short claw.

Stamens. — Six, hypogynous, opposite the petals, irritable ; fil-
aments short; anthers two-celled, opening by lids hinged at the
top.

Pistil. — Ovary one, superior ; style short ; stigma circular, de-
pressed.

Fruit. — Berry about half an inch long, borne in drooping ra-
cemes from the tiny branchlets which bear the rosettes of leaves;
scarlet, oblong, crowned with a remnant of the stigma as a black
spot, edible, heavily charged with malic acid. Seeds few or one.

The spines of the Barberry are a curious state of leaf in which
the leaf texture is displaced and the ribs have become indurated.
They, as well as the simple leaves of ordinary appearance, are
articulated with the petiole, and are therefore compound leaves
reduced to a single foliole.

The Barberry is a graceful bush bearing in the spring
from its bending shoots drooping racemes of beautiful
yellow flowers. These flowers are especially interest-
ing because of the remarkable irritability of the sta-
mens. When a filament is touched on the inside with
the point of a pin or any other hard instrument the
stamen bends forward toward the pistil, touches the
stigma with the anther, remains curved for a short time
and then partially recovers its erect position.

There is no evidence that the Common Barberry is
native to this continent, but it thrives luxuriantly in
New England, where it is now well established as a
wild shrub. The plant is most satisfactory for yard or
lawn; is graceful in habit; most attractive when in
flower, and bears its bright red berries long after the
leaves fall, and well into the winter.

Berberis canadcnsis is a rare plant of the Alleghanies
which grows to the height of five feet. The leaves are

AMERICAN BARBERRY

American Barberry, Berberis canadensis.

Leaves \' to 1%' long.

BARBERRY FAMILY

repandly toothed, the teeth less bristly-pointed and the
racemes bear fewer flowers than those of the Common
Barberry. The petals are notched at the apex and the
scarlet berries are oval. Its autumnal tints are scarlet
and orange.

The other barberries which adorn our gardens are
Asiatic in origin. They come from Siberia, Afghanis-
tan, China, Japan, and one, Berberis concinna, from the
mountain valleys of the higher Himalayas. Their
fruit has the well known barberry taste and flavor, and
the leaves of many of them turn a beautiful scarlet and
orange before they fall.

The old belief that barberries produced rust in wheat
has finally been laid to rest by the microscope. The
two rusts are entirely different — one has nothing to do
with the other. That one should follow the other is
mere coincidence.

MAHONIA. OREGON GRAPE

Berberis aquifblinm. Mahbnia aquifblia.

Afa/tonia, named in honor of Bernard McMahon, a patron
of botanical science.

The Mahonia is one of that group of valuable orna-
mental plants which have come into our gardens from
the Pacific coast. It looks like a holly, fruits like a
grape and is a barberry. In Oregon it is evergreen,
here it is subevergreen ; if the bush is protected some-
what the leaves will remain green throughout the win-
ter, but if compelled to face the full severity of our
climate, the leaves turn brown and most of them fall.

MAHONIA

Malionia, Mahonia aqnifolia.

Leaflets \y2' to 2' long.

BARBERRY FAMILY

The plant reaches three to six feet of stature ; the
leaves are compounded of five to seven leaflets and
each leaflet looks like the leaf of a holly. It has the
same coarse teeth, each armed with a bristle. The
flowers are yellow, they resemble those of the barber-
ry ; are borne in erect, clustered racemes. The fruit
is a blue berry, the size of a large pea, in color and
bloom greatly resembling the berries of the Concord
grape. The plant is hardy, and is a real acquisition
to our flora.

CISTACE^E— ROCK-ROSE FAMILY

DOWNY HUDSONIA
Hudsbnia tomentbsa.

Named in honor of William Hudson, a London apothecary,
the author of Flora Angelica, published in 1762.

A small, bushy, hoary-pubescent undershrub, growing in
thick matted patches, rising but a few inches from the ground ;
erect or slightly bent. Found oftenest on the sandy plains
along the shore from Maine to Maryland ; especially abundant
in New Jersey ; also found along the border of the Great Lakes.
It has a creeping underground stem which throws out many
roots, branching with threadlike fibrils.

Leaves. — Simple, alternate, stiff, lanceolate or narrowly
oblong, entire, acute, close-pressed and densely imbricated on
the stem. Thickly covered with whitish down, and about one-
twelfth of an inch long.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, small, bright yellow, sessile-
or short-stalked ; crowded along the upper part of the branches.

Calyx. — Sepals five, obtuse, small, yellowish within, downy
without; two outer minute, bractlike ; the three others larger,
slightly twisted in the bud, persistent.

Corolla. — Petals five, yellow, much larger than the sepals,
convolute in bud, fugacious.

Stamens. — Nine to eighteen, hypogynous ; filaments slender,
anthers short, innate, two-celled.

Pistil. — Ovary one, superior, one-celled ; style long and
slender; stigma minute.

ROCK-ROSE FAMILY

Fruit. — Capsule enclosed in the calyx, obovate-oblong, gla-
brous, slightly three-sided, one-celled, three-valved, one to three-
seeded.

The Downy Hudsonia is a little gray bush very
common on the sea shore of New England and New
Jersey ; also found on the shores of the Great Lakes.
Because of its long, slender, delicate root fibres it is
enabled to hold its own and flourish despite the hard
conditions of changing winds and drifting sands.

Every morning during the blooming season which
lasts two or three weeks, the plant is covered with a
sheet of golden yellow flowers, from which the petals
fall by two o'clock in the afternoon, fresh flowers
opening each day.

Mr. J. H. Hill writes in Garden and Forest concern-
ing the Downy Hudsonia as follows : " Another plant
of the sand hills will lead one to stop and inspect it
when met with in winter. It is the smallest shrub of
the flora of the lakes. The bush rises but little above
the ground, six or eight inches high, its stem usually
bending to one side. It branches so excessively as to
have a tuft-like crown. The bark is very dark, almost
black, and the branches near their ends, and all the
twigs are covered with a gray tomentum. When
seen in the winter the plant seems dead and uninvit-
ing; the slender twigs break square off as if dry, thus
adding to the deception. But under a thick covering
of hairy scales are the small green buds, and the wood
of the fresh fracture shows a green color when closely
examined. These dry shrubs make their home in
exposed positions where little else grows, striking
their roots firmly in the sand, and the apparently dead

DOWNY HUDSONIA

.W:

Downy Hudsonia, Hndsoiiia toinei/tosa.

ROCK-ROSE FAMILY

tufts at which the wind tugs hard to draw them from
the ground will be lively in spring or early sum-
mer with small but numerous flowers."

The other species, the Heath-like Hudsonia, Hud-
sonia ericoides, is less downy than Hudsonia tomentosa.
The leaves are slender and awl-shaped ; are a little
longer, spread a little more, and are covered with
longer and thinner hairs than those of the Downy
Hudsonia. The old leaves are persistent and the stem
often looks dry. It usually blooms the earlier of the
two. The flowers of both species are very similar in
size and color and equally fleeting. Both plants are
difficult to establish in gardens, but once established
they grow, spread, and make excellent, dwarf, rock
garden shrubs ; they can also be used as a carpet
about taller plants.

HYPERICACE.E— ST. JOHN'S-WORT

FAMILY

SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT

Hypericum prolificum.

Hypericum is an ancient Greek name of obscure meaning.
The name St. John's-wort was given to the family because
one member of it, Hypericum perforation, was believed in
olden times to have the power of keeping off evil spirits,
who were supposed to be particularly busy on St. John's
night.

Low, one to three feet high, diffusely branched near the base ;
branchlets slender, two-edged ; stems stout, covered with light
reddish brown bark ; found in rocky or sandy soil. Ranges from
New Jersey to Georgia and west to Michigan and Minnesota.
Variable.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, punctuate with small translucent
dots, one to three inches long, narrowly oblong, sessile or nar-
rowed at base into a short petiole, entire, mostly obtuse at
apex, often mucronate ; midvein prominent, secondary veins ob-
scure. Tufts of small leaves frequently occur in the axils of
larger ones. Autumnal tint is greenish yellow.

Flowers. — July, September. Perfect, bright yellow, three-
fourths to an inch and a half across, conspicuous for many sta-
mens, borne in compound few-flowered cymes which are terminal
or axillary ; bracts leafy. Pedicels three-fourths to an inch long.

Calyx. — Sepals five, leaf-like, shorter than the petals, persist-
ent, imbricate in bud.

ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY

Corolla. — Petals five, hypogynous, brilliant yellow, convolute
in bud.

Stamens. — Conspicuous, numerous, distinct ; filaments slen-
der, bright yellow; anthers yellow, two-celled.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, three-celled, styles three.

Fniit. — Capsule three-lobed, three-celled, many-seeded.

Hypericum all bloom, so thick a swarm
Of flowers, clothing her slender stems,

That scarce a leaf appears.

— COWPER.

The Shrubby St. JohrTs-\vort responds admirably
to cultivation, often reaching the height of six feet with
a wide spreading head. The flowers are extremely
showy, borne as they are in large terminal clusters ;
and blooming almost continuously from July to Sep-
tember they produce a glow of brilliant color among
the prevailing green of midsummer shrubbery.

Hypericum densiflorum is closely related to Hypericum
prolificum, but a much rarer plant. Its leaves are lin-
ear-lanceolate, with slightly revolute margins, bristle-
pointed. The flowers are small, about half an inch
across, and are crowded in broad, compact cymes.
The capsules are short, remarkably slender, and with
the smaller flowers serve to distinguish it from Hyper-
icum prolificum, which it greatly resembles. It is a
southern plant, coming naturally no farther north than
New Jersey.

SHRUBBY ST. JOHN'S-WORT

Shrubby St. John's-wort, Hypericum prolificum.

Leaves i' to 3' long. Flowers 34' to \yz' across.

ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY

KALM'S ST. JOHN'S-WORT

Hypericum kalmianum.

Named in honor of Peter Kalm, the Swedish botanist who
discovered it, probably at Niagara Falls, in 1750.

Low, one to two feet high, freely branching, very leafy,
branches four-angled ; twigs flattened and two-edged ; bark red-
dish, exfoliating. Ranges from Ontario and western New York
to Wisconsin and Michigan.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, one to two and a half inches long,
oblong-linear, or oblanceolate, sessile or narrowed into a short
petiole, entire, obtuse or acute at apex, rather thick, dark
green above, paler or sometimes glaucous beneath ; midvein
prominent, secondary veins obscure. Generally with tufts of
smaller leaves in the axils of the larger ones. In autumn they
turn a greenish yellow.

Flowers. — August. Perfect, golden yellow, one-half to one
inch across, borne in few-flowered terminal cymes.

Calyx. — Sepals five, oblong, acute, leaf-like, persistent, one-
half the length of the petals, imbricate in bud.

Corolla. — Petals five, golden yellow, convolute in bud.

Stamens. — Very numerous, distinct, conspicuous; filaments
yellow, slender ; anthers orange, two-celled.
Pistil. — Ovary superior, five-celled ; styles five.
Fruit. — Capsule, ovoid, five-lobed, five-celled, many-seeded.

This St. John's-wort was first discovered upon the
wet rocks at Niagara Falls and finds its most con-
genial home in the region about the Great Lakes. It
is rather a rare plant. The chief botanical distinction
between Hypericum kalmianum and Hypericum pro-
lificum lies in the five styles and five-celled capsules of
the one, and the three styles and three-celled capsules
of the other. In cultivated seedlings, however, these
distinctions are not constant and sometimes the cells
vary from three to six.

KALM'S ST. JOHN'S-WORT

Kalm's St. John's-wort, Hvpericmn kalmianum.

Leaves i' to 2^' long. Flowers J£' to i' across.

ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY

ASCYRUM. ST. PETER'S-WORT

Ascyrum stdns.

Ascyrum, an ancient Greek name of an unknown plant ;
without special significance here.

A small, stout shrub, one to two feet high, in dry or sandy
soil, found frequently in pine-barrens. Ranges from Long
Island along the coast to Florida and Texas. Stem smooth,
erect and straight, two-edged or slightly winged.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, oval or oblong,
one to one and a half inches long, sessile at base, somewhat
clasping, entire, rounded at apex. When full grown, rather
thick, pale green, black-dotted.

Flowers. — July, August. Perfect, showy, bright yellow,
about an inch across, borne in terminal few-flowered cymes.
Pedicels half an inch long, two-bracted below the middle.

Calyx. — Sepals four; in pairs, the outer round-cordate, the
inner lanceolate.

Corolla. — Petals four, obovate, very deciduous, convolute in
bud.

Stamens. — Many, hypogynous, distinct or slightly clustered.
Pistil. — Ovary superior, one-celled ; styles three or four.
Fruit. — Capsule, ovoid, one-celled; seeds many.

ST. ANDREW'S CROSS

Ascyrum hypericoides. Ascyrum crux-dndrece.

Low, much branched and decumbent, six to ten inches high;
found in dry sandy soil; stem smooth, flattened and two-edged.
Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida, westward to Illinois and
Nebraska and southwest to Indian Territory and Texas.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, one-half to an
inch and a half long, narrow-oblong or obovate, narrowed at

ST. ANDREW'S CROSS

base, entire, rounded at apex ; when full grown, thin, pale
green, black-dotted, usually two glands at base.

Flowers. — July, August. Perfect, regular, yellow, terminal
and axillary, one-half to three-fourths of an inch across. Pedi-
cels short, two-bracted.

Calyx. — Sepals four ; the two outer very broad and leaf-like;
the inner much smaller, imbricate in bud.

Corolla. — Petals four, oblique, bright yellow, hypogynous,
convolute in bud, oblong-linear, about the length of the outer
sepals, approaching each other in pairs in the form of St.
Andrew's cross.

Stamens. — Many, hypogynous, scarcely in clusters.
Pistil. — Ovary superior, one-celled, styles two.
Fruit. — Capsule, one-celled, many-seeded.

Among the different crosses known in the symbol-
ism of the Christian church that of St. Andrew is dis-
tinguished by its oblique
arms which are arranged in
the form of an X. This little
shrub gains its specific as
well as its common name be-
cause its four petals make a
very perfect St. Andrew's
cross.

The plant is not very gen-
erally known, although it is
rather common in the pine-
barrens of New Jersey, and
not rare along the coast.

Closely related to the St.
John's-worts, it differs in having four petals instead
of five ; in its four unequal sepals, and its numerous

St. Andrew's Cross, tAscyrum hyper -
icoides. Leaves %' to i%' long.
Flowers J£' to J£' across.

ST. JOHN'S-WORT FAMILY

distinct, not clustered stamens. The bloom continues
through the better part of the summer, and the habit
of the plant is to spread into broad mats, no stem ris-
ing higher than four or five inches. Although a plant
of the sands it does very well in rock gardens.

THEACE.E— TEA FAMILY

STUARTIA

Studrtia pentdgyna.

Stuartta, in honor of John Stuart, Marquis of Bute, who
was characterized by Linnaeus as " a most knowing bota-
nist."

An erect, sturdy shrub six to twelve feet high, native
to the mountains of Virginia and southward. The
leaves are large, frequently five inches long, rather
thick and heavy ; the margins slightly serrulate or
entire.

The plant is really one of the most attractive of
summer blooming shrubs. It has been cultivated for
more than a hundred years ; is fairly hardy at the
north, perfectly so at the Arnold Arboretum, yet is
virtually unknown in northern gardens.

The flowers are solitary, borne in the axils of the
leaves ; the blooming period extends through July and
August. The buds are large, round and fully an inch
in diameter before they expand.

The flowers are cream-white, three to four inches
across and look not unlike a single camellia. Each
flower has five petals normally, though sometimes
there are more, and each petal is one to one and a half

TEA FAMILY

Stuartia, Stuartia pentagyna.

Leaves 3' to 5' long. Flowers 3' to 4' across.

GORDONIA

Gordonia, Gordonia piibescem.

Leaves 5' to 6' long.

TEA FAMILY

inches broad and two inches long ; the edges are some-
what crimped and scalloped. In the centre of the
flower is a cluster of many stamens with large orange-
colored anthers. In full bloom the plant is an object
of surpassing beauty.

GORDONIA

Gordbnia pnbescens. Gordbnia altamaha.
Named in honor of James Gordon, a London nurseryman.

Gordonia pubescens has a unique history, for so far as
known the species at one time consisted of a single
individual ; and all the plants of the species now ex-
isting are the offspring of that ancestor. The original
form was discovered in Georgia and planted in the
Bartram Gardens near Philadelphia in 1790. Since
that time all efforts to rediscover the tree have been
futile and it is now believed that no other wild speci-
men exists. Either by mere chance a species was res-
cued as it was upon the point of extinction, or the in-
dividual discovered was a hybrid of a different species.

The plant is a fairly hardy shrub eight to ten feet
high in the Arnold Arboretum ; at the south it be-
comes a small tree. The bright shining foliage is very
handsome, and ere the leaves fall they assume a rich
crimson tint. The blossoms are pure white, deliciously
fragrant, three inches across, with a cluster of bright
yellow stamens within. The petals do not continue
very long, falling usually upon the second day.

The high personal value of the shrub rests upon the
fact that it is an autumn bloomer. The flowers appear

GORDONIA

early in September and continue throughout October.
Severe early frosts will blast the buds, but usually the
bloom is sufficiently abundant to repay for all care
that has been expended.

The original tree in the Bartram Gardens has re-
cently died, but it lives in the persons of hundreds of
descendants. A fine specimen is reported as growing
in Lafayette Square, Washington.

MALVACEAE— MALLOW FAMILY

ROSE-OF-SHARON. SHRUBBY ALTHAEA

Hibiscus syriacus.

Hibiscus, a classical name of unknown meaning. Althaea,
given in allusion to the supposed healing properties of the
species.

An erect shrub, ten to twenty feet high, received from
Europe, but a native of Asia ; thoroughly acclimated in northern
gardens.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, palmately three-nerved, two to
three and a half inches long, obovate or rhomboidal, almost
three-lobed, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely and irregularly ser-
rate, entire from middle to base; when full grown bright green,
and glabrous above, paler green beneath. In autumn they turn
a clear yellow, or fall without change, remaining on the branches
until late.

Flowers. — August, September. Showy, abundant, looking
like hollyhocks, in color ranging through rose, scarlet and ma-
genta to white, perfect, solitary or two or three together, odor-
less, nectar-bearing.

Calyx. — Five-lobed, surrounded by a whorl of slender, linear,
pointed bractlets, persistent, valvate in bud.

Corolla. —Petals five, veiny, short-clawed, rose, scarlet, ma-
genta, white, often with an eye of different color from that of
the petal, convolute in bud.

Stamens. — Many, monad el phous in a column formed by the
union of the filaments, united at base with the claws of the

SHRUBBY ALTHAEA

Shrubby Althaea, Hibiscus syriacns.

Leaves z' to 3^.' long. Flowers -' to 3' across.

MALLOW FAMILY

petals ; anthers kidney -shaped, one-celled ; cells opening along
the top.

Pistil. — Ovaries several, united in a ring, forming a five-
celled pod.

Fruit. — Capsule, ovoid, five-lobed, five-celled, many-seeded.
Seeds kidney-shaped.

A stranger from a far-off land, the Althaea has
bloomed in English gardens for three hundred years
and has been in America at least one hundred. It is
here proving itself an excellent city plant ; flourishing
even where soft coal is burned and where the atmos-
phere is laden with gas and smoke. Its habit of mid-
summer bloom makes it a favorite, together with its
remarkable freedom from insects' attacks and fungus
enemies.

One characteristic of the bush is very noticeable.
The stem and larger branches of a thrifty individual
are apparently directly clothed with leaves ; really the
little groups of leaves are borne at the summit of
dwarfed branchlets, not more than an inch long and
frequently shorter. In winter these are very apparent.

The varieties of Althaeas offered by the dealers are
legion. Plants with green leaves and plants with
variegated ones ; flowers single and flowers double ;
light-eyed or dark-eyed, ranging through purple, ma-
genta and rose to white. The plant is a mallow, be-
longing to the family of which the hollyhock is the
type; and the single flowers look like hollyhocks.
When the flower doubles, the additional petals spring
from the central column of united stamens. Linnaeus
supposed the plant was a native of Asia Minor; it is
now believed to be of Chinese origin.

•38

TAMARISCE^E— TAMARISK FAMILY

TAMARISK
Tdmarix.

So called, according to some, from the plants growing on
the banks of the river Tamaras, now Tambra, on the bor-
ders of the Pyrenees ; or according to others, from the
Hebrew word tamaris, cleansing, on account of their
branches being used for brooms.

The Tamarisks are a group of tall shrubs inhabit-
ing a broad continental belt extending from Central
Europe to the China Sea. In favoring climates they
are subevergreen, with us they are frankly deciduous.
We have no native shrub that in any way resembles
them. The stems are erect but so slender that the
whole plant sways with the wind. The branchlets and
spray are so delicate and at the same time so abun-
dant that the effect of the plant is that of a green feath-
ery mass. Moreover, this effect is produced by the
spray alone, for although leaves are present in great
numbers, they are minute green scales, closely imbri-
cated and scarcely separable from the bark. The
flowers are small, usually pink, borne in racemes or in
terminal panicles which give a charming effect among
the soft foliage. The fruit is a small capsule.

TAMARISK FAMILY

The Tamarisk is especially recommended for sea-
side planting, as it is perfectly hardy there, will grow
and flourish even under the wash of the salt sea spray.
The minute leaves and pliant stems enable the plant
successfully to withstand a storm that would rend
another one in sunder.

The African Tamarisk, Tamarix parvifolia, Tamarix
tetrandra, Tamarix africana, is perhaps the earliest
species to bloom ; the small pink flowers appearing in
great abundance along the slender branches of the
previous season's growth in May or early in June.

The French Tamarisk, Tamarix gallica, a native of
the Mediterranean regions of Europe, has long been
in cultivation. It attains the height of eiofht or ten

o o

feet. Its small pink flowers appear in slender spikes
at the end of the slender branches. The twisrs and

branches are conspicuous because of their copper-
colored or reddish bark. The plant is very tolerant
of the knife and can be trained to almost any desired
form.

The late-flowering Tamarisk, commonly known as
Tamarix indica, unlike those already named, blooms on
wood of the same season. Flowering profusely in
August and September, it ranks with the Althaea as a
desirable autumn plant.

Seme form of the Tamarisk has been in cultivation
from most ancient times. It seems to have been
highly valued among the ancient Arabians for its
medicinal qualities. The plant is mentioned by many
of the ancient poets ; Homer makes it the tree against
which Achilles laid his spear before he plunged into
the Xanthus to pursue the flying Trojans ; Theocri-

TAMARISK

Tamarisk.

TAMARISK FAMILY

tus in his Pastorals, Virgil in his Eclogues, and Ovid
in several of his poems, all refer to this plant. Evelyn
speaks of it as a tree accursed ; and says that the
Romans wove wreaths of it with which they crowned
their criminals.

RUTACE.E— RUE FAMILY

PRICKLY ASH

Xanthdxylum americanum .

Derived from two Greek words, xant/ios, yellow, and xylon,
wood.

Low branching, sometimes becoming a small tree, usually
four to twelve feet high ; growing in rocky woods and on
river banks. Ranges from Quebec to Virginia especially along
the mountains, west to Minnesota, Ne-
braska, and Missouri. Bark, leaves,
and fruit pungent and aromatic ; stems
and often leaf -stalks prickly; wood
pale, yellowish brown.

Bark. — Branchlets pale brown,
downy ; later smooth, light gray ;
finally dark gray.

Winter buds. - - Round, reddish
brown, with two, short, sharp prickles
just beneath.

Leaves. — Alternate, pinnately com-
pound, dotted with oil glands ; leaflets
five to eleven, nearly sessile, one and
one-fourth to two inches long, ovate
or ovate - oblong, wedge - shaped or
rounded at base, entire or crenulate,
acute at apex ; when full grown are
dark green above, pale green and

Leaf of Prickly Ash. Leaflets
i' to 2' long.

RUE FAMILY

Prickly Ash, Xanthoxylitm americanum, in flower.

WAFER ASH

downy beneath. Autumnal tints are scarlet touched with yel-
low. Two stout prickles are on the stem just below the clusters
of leaves and flowers.

Flowers. — April, May, before or with the leaves. Dioecious,
small, greenish white, borne in short umbels in the axils of the
leaves. Sepals four to five or obsolete ; petals five ; stamens
four to five ; pistils two to five, with slender styles slightly
united. Capsules ellipsoid, thick and fleshy, on short stalks,
two-valved, one to two-seeded ; seeds black, smooth, shining.

The common name of Prickly Ash explains itself ;
the stem of the shrub is prickly and its leaves resem-
ble those of the ashes. There the likeness ceases.
The small greenish flowers are inconspicuous and
appear early. All parts of the shrub are pungent
and aromatic ; when the leaves are crushed they yield
a strong lemon-like odor.

WAFER ASH. HOP-TREE

Ptclla trifoliata.

Ptclla, the Greek name of the elm-tree, transferred to this
genus because of the similarity of the fruits. Wafer refers
to the size and shape of the fruit. Hop re-
calls the fact that the leaves have been sub-
stituted for hops in the making of beer.

The Wafer Ash, though small, is
arborescent in habit and properly de-
scribed as a tree ; but it consorts with
the shrubs and is grouped with them samaras of the wafer
for landscape effects. The green flow-
ers, though abundant, are inconspicuous and the plant
does not become noticeable before midsummer ; then
the winged seed vessels mature and form great green-

RUE FAMILY

Wafer Ash, Ptelea trifoliata.

Leaflets 2' to 5' long.

WAFER ASH

ish white clusters well scattered among the foliage,
sometimes fairly overpowering it. This unusual com-
bination of the pale green of the samaras with the dark
green of the leaves gives the plant its decorative value.
The name of Wafer seems to refer to the size and form
of the fruit ; and Hop-tree indicates that the leaves
have been used instead of hops in the manufacture of
beer.

ILICINE^E— HOLLY FAMILY

WINTER-BERRY. BLACK ALDER

Ilex verticillata.
Ilex, an ancient Latin name, here probably misapplied.

A handsome shrub, varying from five to ten feet high, con-
spicuous for its clusters of bright scarlet berries which cling to
the branches well into the winter ; found in low grounds, moist
woods, and swamps. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Florida, west
to Ontario, Wisconsin, and Missouri.

Bark. — Dark clouded gray ; branchlets at first yellow green,
later become grayish brown, finally dark gray; bitter and as-
tringent, medicinal. Winter buds extremely minute.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, two to three
inches long, oval, obovate or oblong-lanceolate, wedge-shaped at
base, serrate, acute or acuminate at apex. They come out of
the bud involute, yellow green, smooth above, densely hairy be-
neath ; when full grown are bright green, thick, glabrous above,
somewhat downy beneath ; midvein and primary veins depressed
above, prominent beneath. In autumn they darken or fall with
little change of color. Petiole one-half an inch long, grooved.

Flowers. — May, June. Polygamo-dicecious, greenish white,
small. The staminate are in crowded clusters of three to twelve
in the axils of the leaves ; peduncles short with small brown scales
at the base. The pistillate are solitary or clustered. Parts of
the pistillate flowers are in fours, fives or sixes ; those of the
staminate commonly in sixes. Corolla rotate, segments imbri-
cate in bud ; stamens inserted on the base of the corolla; an-
thers large, brown, two-celled.

BLACK ALDER

Black Alder, Ilex verticillata.

Flowers jV t° i^ ' across.

HOLLY FAMILY

Fruit. — Berry-like drupe, one-fourth to five-sixteenths of an
inch in diameter, globular or slightly depressed, solitary or in
clusters of two or three, scarlet, rarely yellow ; sits in the per-
sistent calyx and is crowned with the remnants of the stigma.
Pulp yellowish, nauseous ; seeds three to eight. Remains long
after the leaves have fallen. September.

And I will trust that He who heeds
The life that hides in mead and wold,
Who hangs yon alder's crimson beads,
And stains these mosses green and gold,
Will still, as He hath done, incline
His gracious care to me and mine.

— JOHN G. WHITTIER.

* * * With coral beads, the prim black alders shine.

— JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.

I see where a mouse, which had a hole under a stump, has eaten out
clean the inside of the little seeds of the Prinos verticillata berries. What
pretty fruit for them, these bright berries ! They run up the twigs in the
night and gather this shining fruit, take out the small seeds and eat these
kernels at the entrance to their burrows. The ground is strewn with them.

— HENRY D. THOREAU.
Notes written November 19, 1857-

One often feels that a plant is not without honor save
in its own country. Here is a native Holly which
equals if it does not surpass in brilliancy and beauty of
fruit coloring any imported plant in our garden, and
yet it is virtually unknown. Its charm lies in its abun-
dant scarlet berries which cling to the branches in the
axil of every leaf and after the leaves fall still cling to
the naked stems. At the north they fall by midwinter,
in the south they remain until pushed off by the grow-
ing buds of spring. The birds, it seems, will have none
of them, the thin flesh is too nauseous, and the nutlets
are too many ; but the field mice are not so particular.

In northern Ohio the Winter-berry adorns the

BLACK ALDER

Black Alder, Ilex verticillata.

Leaves ^' to 3' long. Fruit y^1 to fs' in diameter.

HOLLY FAMILY

swamps and lowlands in company with the Carolina
rose. In June the rose has the advantage, but when
October comes and the Winter-berry stands clothed in
scarlet, aflame to the utmost tip of its tiniest twig, it,
too, has its day.

In cultivation the bush properly belongs to the
group of plants prized for the distinctly effective color-
ing of their fruit ; such as, the snowberries, the barber-
ries and the burning bushes.

SMOOTH WINTER-BERRY

Ilex Iccvigata.

A very pretty shrub, six to ten feet high ; found in deep wet
swamps, from Maine to Virginia.

Bark. — Twigs and branches smooth brownish green ; stems
grayish, frequently the host of many gray lichens.

Leaves. — Alternate, sometimes in tufts, simple, pinnately
veined, oval or oblong, two or three inches long, acute at base
and apex, obscurely serrate, often slightly revolute ; when full
grown are thin, light green, shining above and beneath, glabrous,
sometimes hairy along the veins beneath. In autumn they turn
bright yellow. Petioles short.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect or dioecious, small, white, one-
fourth of an inch across, borne in the axils of the leaves. The
staminate are scattered or in twos, on very slender pedicels. The
pistillate are solitary, sessile or short-stalked.

Fruit.- — Berry-like drupe, bright red, one-fourth to one-third
of an inch in diameter ; falls earlier than that of Ilex verticil-
lata. September.

The Smooth Winter-berry should be better known ;
for although native to the swamps it does not disdain
a garden home. Often confounded with the Black
Alder, it may be distinguished from it ; in the spring

SMOOTH WINTER-BERRY

Smooth Winter-berry, Ilex Icevigata.

Leaves 2' to 3' long. Fruit y±' to iV in diameter.

HOLLY FAMILY

by the longer stalks of the sterile flowers ; in autumn by
its leaves which turn bright yellow before they fall.
Possibly, the fruit is not quite so abundant as that of
Ilex vcrticillata ; does not cling to the branches quite so
late ; and on the average is larger and more scattered.

INKBERRY. EVERGREEN WINTER-BERRY

Ilex glabra.

Slender, delicate-looking, evergreen, two to six feet high,
growing in sandy soil ; found mainly near the coast from Nova
Scotia to Louisiana.

Leaves. — Evergreen, alternate, simple, oblong or oblanceolate,
one to two inches long, wedge-shaped at base, serrate with two
or three teeth toward the apex, or entire, apex obtuse or acute ;
when full grown dark green, leathery, shining above, paler and
black-dotted beneath. Petioles short.

Flowers. — June. Perfect or dioecious, small, white, six-
pointed, borne in the axils of the leaves. Staminate in few-flow-
ered cymes; pistillate generally solitary, sometimes two or three
together ; pedicels slender.

Fruit. — Berry-like drupe, black, globose, one-fourth of an
inch in diameter ; six-seeded ; nutlets smooth.

This broad-leaved evergreen of the United States
has been cultivated in England for more than a hun-
dred years, but has not yet made its way into our own
gardens.

Its natural habit is rather tall and straggling, but
under cultivation the bush assumes a more compact
form. The leaves remain bright green and glossy
throughout the winter, while the shining black ber-
ries give an added grace. It is a beautiful plant and
should be cultivated both for its summer and for its
winter beauty.

INKBERRY

Inkberry, Ilex glabra.

Leaves t' to 2' long. Fruit y±' in diameter.

HOLLY FAMILY

MOUNTAIN-HOLLY

Ilicioides mucronata. Nemopdnthes fascicularis.

Ilicioides, resembling holly. Nemopanthes, flower with a
slender peduncle.

A slender shrub, varying in height from six to twelve feet.
Found in swamps and low wet woods from Nova Scotia to
western Ontario and southward to Virginia, Indiana, and
Wisconsin.

Bark. — Greenish gray or ashen gray, often the host of many
lichens ; shoots glabrous, reddish brown.

Leaves. — Alternate, sometimes tufted, simple, pinnately
veined, one-half to two inches long, elliptic or obovate, rounded
or acute at base, entire or obscurely serrate, acute or mucronate
at apex ; when full grown are light yellow green, glabrous ;
midvein and primary veins prominent. Petiole grooved, red-
dish, about one-fourth to one-half an inch long.

Flowers. — May, June. Polygamo-dicecious, white, small, on
long slender pedicels in the axils of the leaves ; staminate flow-
ers solitary or two to four together ; pistillate solitary. The
parts of the flowers vary from three to five.

Fruit. — Berry-like drupe, sub-globose, bright red, one-fourth
of an inch in diameter; nutlets four to five. September.

The Mountain Holly is the one species of its genus.
The leaves often grow in tufts on short lateral
branches and so give a leafy effect to the tree. Com-
pared with other species of the Holly family it falls
far below them in attractiveness.

MOUNTAIN HOLLY

Mountain Holly, llicioides tmicronata.
Leaves J£' to 2' long. Fruit %' in diameter.

CELASTRACE.E— STAFF-TREE FAMILY

RUNNING STRAWBERRY BUSH. RUNNING EUONY-

MUS

Euonymus obovatus.
Euonymns, of Greek derivation, signifies good repute.

Low, straggling, decumbent, the main stems lying on the
ground and rooting at the nodes ; upright stems rarely more
than one foot high ; found in low woods and wet places.
Ranges from Ontario to Pennsylvania and westward to Indiana
and Kentucky. Branches green, four-angled or slightly winged.

Leaves. — Simple, opposite, pinnately veined, one to two
inches long, obovate, or oblong, wedge-shaped at base, finely
crenulate-serrulate, obtuse at apex, glabrous, thin, dull green
above, paler green beneath.

Flowers. — April, May. Perfect, purplish green ; pedicels
solitary, long, slender, one to four-flowered, borne in the axils
of the leaves.

Calyx. — Four to five-cleft ; lobes spreading.

Corolla. — Petals five, nearly orbicular, crenulate or erose, with
scarcely any claw, inserted beneath the five-lobed disk.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on the disk.

Pistil. — Ovary sessile, three-celled ; stigma three-lobed.

Fruit. — Fleshy, dehiscent, two-celled, rough, warty capsule,
borne on a long drooping pedicel ; when mature is crimson and
white, and opens to discharge two to three white oval seeds en-
closed in a scarlet aril. Beautiful, persistent. September.

RUNNING EUONYMOUS

Running Euonymous, Eiioiiymtis obovatits, in fruit.

Leaves i' to 2' long.

STAFF-TREE FAMILY

The Running Euonymus was long regarded a va-
riety of Euonymus americanus, but is now considered
a distinct species. It is an admirable carpet shrub to
cover waste places, as it will flourish, both in sun and
in shade, and looks bright and fresh and green late
into the autumn. It is well placed upon a bank, its
scarlet and crimson fruit makes a beautiful combination
with the green. It seems to be immune to the attacks
of insects, probably because of the acrid character of
its juices.

The chief attraction of all the burning bushes is
the unique and beautiful fruit which ripens in early
autumn and hangs upon the branches long after the
leaves have fallen. While there are minor differences
which are considered specific characters, the family
fruit is a fleshy capsule more or less lobed, sometimes
warty and sometimes smooth, becoming crimson
when ripe and finally opening to discharge beautiful,
bright scarlet seeds, so that the effect is a brilliant
scarlet-crimson combination ; and as many species
fruit abundantly the plants are sought whenever late
autumnal effects are desired. The burning bushes
rank with the barberries, the snowberries and the
winter-berries as decorative shrubs.

The Strawberry Bush, Euonymus americanus, is a
native of low woods, ranging from southern New
York to Florida and westward to Nebraska, and Texas.
It certainly is not as abundant in the middle west as
Euonymus obovatus. It is an erect shrub growing two
to six feet high, with four-angled and ash-colored
twigs ; the branches set upon the stem at wide angles.
The leaves are opposite, thick, almost sessile, crenu-

RUNNING STRAWBERRY BUSH

late, bright green, varying from ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, acute at apex. The flowers are green with
a suggestion of pinkish purple, borne on peduncles in
the axils of the leaves ; parts mostly in fives. The
fruiting capsule is rough, warty, depressed, crimson
when ripe, and opens to disclose its scarlet covered
seeds. Euonymus amcricanus and Euonymus obovatus
are alike in their fruit; the chief specific difference
lies in their habits of growth.

Wahoo, Burning Bush, Euonymus atropurpurcus, is a
shrub at the north, but easily becomes a tree and is
described among the trees. The plant is very exten-
sively cultivated and is worthy of all the attention
given it. The small flowers are purple, not green, the
fruit is deeply three to four-lobed, and smooth, not
warty. When ripe the purplish scarlet capsule opens
to discharge the crimson covered seeds. Like all its
family it holds its fruit late into the autumn.

RHAMNACE.E— BUCKTHORN FAMILY

ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORN

Rhdmnus alnifblia.

RJiamnus is the ancient Greek name, with no obvious sig-
nification.

A stout leafy shrub, two to three feet high, growing in clumps
on moist lands and in swamps. Ranges from New Brunswick
to British Columbia, south to New Jersey, west to Illinois, Ne-
braska, and Montana.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, two to four
inches long, ovate, acute or rounded at base, serrate, acute at
apex ; midvein or primary veins prominent. They come out
of the bud plicate, yellow green, shining, smooth above, some-
what hairy below, shining and glabrous ; when full grown are
dark green. Petioles one-fourth to one-half an inch long.

This native of swamps, like so many of its compan-
ions, takes kindly to cultivation, and in the garden
makes a clump of erect stems and handsome foliage.
Neither the small yellow flowers nor the black fruit
are conspicuous. The plant is used by landscape gar-
deners as a border shrub.

LANCE-LEAVED BUCKTHORN

Rhdmnus lanceolata.

Tall, erect, growing on hills and on river banks. Ranges
from Pennsylvania to Alabama, west to Iowa and Nebraska, south

ALDER-LEAVED BUCKTHORN

Alder-leaved Buckthorn, Rbainnns aluifolia.
Leaves 2' to 4' long.

BUCKTHORN FAMILY

to Texas. Stems thornless, with smooth grayish bark ; branch-
lets hairy ; juices bitter and astringent.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, one to three and a half inches
long, ovate-lanceolate, acute or rounded at base, finely serrate,
obtuse or acuminate at apex.

Flowers. — May, June, just after the leaves. Polygamo-dioe-
cious, small, yellowish green, axillary, two or three together,
fragrant.

Calyx. — Tube urn-shaped, four-lobed ; lobes ovate, acute,
valvate in bud.

Corolla. — Petals four, narrow, deeply notched, inserted on
the calyx disk.

Stamens. — Four, inserted with the petals and opposite them.

Pistil. — Ovary free from calyx, two to four-celled, styles
three to four-cleft.

Fruit. — Berry-like drupe, globose, black, shining, one-third
of an inch in diameter, nauseous.

This shrub bears flowers of two forms on distinct
plants, both perfect ; one with short pedicels, clustered
in the axils of the leaves and with a short included
style ; the other with pedicels oftener solitary, the
style longer and exserted.

COMMON BUCKTHORN

Khdmnus cathdrtica.

Tall, upright, six to twenty feet high, bearing leafy thorns ;
cultivated for hedges ; naturalized from Europe and sparingly
escaped from cultivation. Stems brownish gray with a silver
light.

Leaves. — Alternate, often seeming to be opposite, simple, one
to two and a half inches long, broadly ovate or elliptic, rounded
or acute at base, crenate or crenulate, acute or obtuse at apex ;
almost five-nerved, mid vein and primary veins depressed above,

COiVIMON BUCKTHORN

Common Buckthorn, Rbammis catbartica.

Leaves i' to 2^4' long.

BUCKTHORN FAMILY

very prominent beneath. They come out of the bud involute,
bright green, shining, densely covered with white hairs beneath ;
when full grown are smooth, dark green above, paler and some-
what downy below. In autumn they fall with little or no change
of color.

Flowers. — May, with the leaves. Direcious, yellowish green,
borne on short pedicels, in dense umbellate clusters, usually
terminal on short branchlets. The terminal bud that produces
the flower cluster also produces a growing shoot which comes
out of the centre of the cluster.

Calyx. — Salver-shaped, four-lobed ; lobes as long as the tube,
acute.

Corolla. — Petals four, minute, reddish brown, inserted on the
calyx-tube, alternate with its lobes.

Stamens. — Four, inserted with the petals ; anthers white.
Pistil. — Ovary free, three to four-celled.

Fruit. — Berry-like drupe, black, shining, nauseous, medicinal ;
nutlets two.

The Common Buckthorn is sometimes found grow-
ing wild in New England and the Middle States. It is
a tall erect shrub, whose lower branches are short and
stiff, nearly horizontal and often ending in such sharp
points that though leafy they are virtually thorns.

The plant flowers in May, producing abundant
clusters of tiny green stars which are followed by
shining black berries; these berries were once used
medicinally but are now discarded for less violent
remedies.

The juices of all the buckthorns are capable of pro-
ducing dyes. The pigment known as Chinese green
is obtained by treating the juice of the ripe berries of
Rhaumus catJiartica and other species with alum and
gum arabic. The Avignon berry, which seems to be
a name given to the fruit of several species of buck-

ALDER BUCKTHORN

Alder Buckthorn, Rhamims frangula.

Leaves \}2' to 3' long.

BUCKTHORN FAMILY

thorn, is used to give the yellow color to leather. Tur-
key morocco is supposed to be dyed by this pigment.

Rhamnus cathartica is an excellent hedge plant. It is
perfectly hardy, never suckers ; its roots extend but
little way, and being fibrous do not interfere with other
plants; is free from insects' attacks; the foliage is a
rich dark green and held late in autumn.

The Alder Buckthorn, Rhammis frangula, is a hand-
some lawn shrub, introduced from Europe, which has
sparingly escaped in some localities of the Eastern
States. It is well formed, compact, and often ten feet
high. The flowers are inconspicuous, but its shining
foliage and purple black berries give it a certain dis-
tinction.

NEW JERSEY TEA. RED-ROOT

Ccanbthus americanus.

An ancient name of a different plant ; of no significance in
its present use.

A shrub of upright stems one to three feet high, found in dry
open woods. Ranges from Ontario to Florida and from Mani-
toba to Texas. Branchlets downy ; root deep red.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, two to three inches long, ovate or
oblong-ovate, rounded or slightly heart-shaped at base, serrate,
acute or acuminate at apex ; three-nerved, ribs and primary
veins deeply depressed above, prominent beneath. They come
out of the bud involute, clammy, shining, smooth above, densely
covered with white hairs beneath. Petiole short, downy. Sti-
pules minute, awl-like.

Flowers. — June, July. Small, white, in little umbel-like

groups which form dense panicles or corymbs at the summit of

naked flower-branches on leafy shoots of the year ; calyx and
slender pedicels white.

NEW JERSEY TEA

New Jersey Tea, Ceanothns amcricauus.

Leaves i-' to 3' long.

BUCKTHORN FAMILY

Calyx. — White ; tube globular ; border five-lobed ; lobes in-
curved.

Corolla. — Petals five, white, hooded, on slender claws, inserted
under the disk.

Stamens. — Five ; filaments thread-like.

Pistil. — Ovary immersed in the disk, and joined to it at base,
three-lobed ; style short, three-cleft.

Fruit. — Nearly black, three-lobed, dry, splitting into three
carpels when ripe.

The leaves of this plant, according to tradition, were
used as a substitute for tea during the tea-less days of
the Revolutionary War. There is no tradition, how-
ever, that anybody drank the decoction after it ceased
to be unpatriotic to drink tea. The red bark of the
roots has astringent qualities and has been used me-
dicinally ; with a proper mordant it will dye wool a
cinnamon color.

As a flowering bush the Red-root may very properly
claim a place on our lawns. In the blooming season
every stem is tipped with clusters of delicate white
flowers, which, massed as they are, produce a most
charming effect.

Smaller Red-root, Ceanothus ovatus, is a western spe-
cies with narrow, oval leaves, and denser panicles of
flowers. Found on the prairies and in dry, rocky
places. Fruit like that of Ceanothus americanus.

HIPPOCASTANACE.E— HORSE-CHESTNUT

FAMILY

DWARF BUCKEYE. DWARF HORSE-CHESTNUT

^Esculus parviflbra. ^<Esculus macrostdchya .
, derived from esca, nourishment.

The Dwarf Buckeye is an effective shrub in mid-
summer, blossoming profusely in July and August,
after the majority of woody plants have passed into
the fruiting stage. Its natural habit is to spread
broadly ; the stems are numerous, the outermost and
lowest often becoming horizontal and resting upon the
ground, so that a well-grown plant assumes a dome-
like form. The branches which rest upon the ground
readily form roots, and thus new plants are established
which blend with the old ones until the plant is en-
larged about its entire circumference.

Crowning the upright stems and borne above the
dome of foliage appear the erect panicles of flowers.
The flowering axis is eight to sixteen inches long,
thickly studded with buds arranged in little groups
of which the lowest group is the first to expand, the
others following in due order. This arrangement
greatly lengthens the flowering period.

HORSE-CHESTNUT FAMILY

The flower has a tubular calyx, four or five white
petals, and long thread-like stamens with white fila-
ments, which give the whole a singularly light and
feathery aspect. The flowers are slightly fragrant
and attractive to many kinds of insects. There is no
great production of nuts ; each spike produces one or
two fruiting balls which are smooth outside, not prickly,
and each generally contains a single seed. The leaves
borne on long and rather slender petioles are of the
typical horse-chestnut form ; the five to seven leaflets
are oblong-ovate, finely serrate, glabrous above and
pubescent beneath. In autumn they become dull yel-
low before they fall.

The plant is a native of the southern states, but is
perfectly hardy throughout the north, and is espe-
cially valuable for lawn clumps.

DWARF BUCKEYE

Dwarf Buckeye, SEsciilns par-vi flora.

Flower spikes t/ to it>' long.

STAPHYLEACEJi— BLADDER-NUT
FAMILY

AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT

Staphylea trifblia.
Staphylea, cluster, referring to the flowers.

Tall, handsome, quick growing, eight to fifteen feet high, with
spreading branches ; found on the borders of damp woods.
Ranges from Quebec to Minnesota, south to South Carolina, and
Missouri. Suckers freely ; wood yellowish and close-grained.

Bark. — Light, greenish gray with linear white cracks.
Branchlets at first pale green with white lenticels, downy; later
brownish purple ; finally ashen gray.

Leaves. — Opposite, pinnately compound, borne on long peti-
oles. Leaflets three, terminal leaflet long-petioled ; the others
short-petioled, ovate or oval, two and one-half to four inches
long, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, finely serrate, acuminate
at apex ; midvein and primary veins depressed above, prominent
beneath. They come out of the bud involute, bright green,
shining, covered with white hairs beneath ; when full grown
are pale green, smooth above, slightly downy below. In autumn
they turn a pale dull yellow. Stipules and stipels fugacious.
Petioles angular and grooved.

Floivers. — April, May. Perfect, abundant, bell-shaped, white,
borne in terminal or axillary drooping compound racemes, with
small bracts at the base of the partial footstalks. Pedicels jointed.

Calyx. — Five-lobed ; lobes oblong, acute, imbricate in bud,
persistent. The calyx, often tinged with rose-color, folds around
the petals so as to form an imperfect tube.

AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT

American Bladder-nut, Stapkylea trifolia.

Leaves ?.%' to 4' long. Racemes 3' to 4' long.

BLADDER-NUT FAMILY

Corolla. — Petals five, white, spatulate, inserted on the margin
of a disk at the base of the calyx, imbricate in bud.

Stamens. — Five, alternate with the petals, filaments thread-
like ; anthers introrse, two-celled.

Pistil. — Ovary of three carpels united in the axis, superior ;
styles three, slightly cohering ; ovules many.

fruit. — An angular, pale green capsule, one and a half inches
long and three inches in circumference ; made up of three mem-
branous pods grown together, each ending in a sharp point.
Seeds two to five, brown, ovoid, flattened. September.

The extraordinarily inflated seed pods are the dis-
tinguishing characteristic of the Bladder-nut, and it
requires very little imagination to make them look like
tiny balloons. Many of the ovules abort, but there
are usually one or two that mature in each cell of the
capsule. The seeds when ripe break loose from their
attachments and rattle about when the pod is shaken.
They are brown, shining, and bony ; those of a Euro-
pean species are often strung as rosary beads.

While the individual blossom is not very attractive,
the full-flowered drooping racemes which cover the
bush in the spring give a very pretty effect. The
plant improves greatly under cultivation ; flowers
more abundantly, grows more luxuriantly and in more
symmetrical form than its wild relatives.

A late blooming species from Caucasus, StapJiylca
colchica, has lately been introduced. It is a handsome
bush with trifoliate leaves and many white flowers
which exhale a fragrance suggestive of orange-blos-
soms.

AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT

Fruiting Capsules of American Bladder-nut.

ANACARDIACE.E— SUMACH FAMILY

SMOOTH SUMACH. SCARLET SUMACH

Rhiis glabra.

Rhus is by some referred to a Celtic word meaning red ;
others derive it from the Greek word meaning run, be-
cause the roots spread underground to a considerable dis-
tance from the trunk ; still others refer it to a Greek word
which'indicates its value medicinally. Sumach is derived
from Simaq, the Arabic name of the plant.

Low growing, spreading, with irregular branches and rather
unshapely form ; rarely becoming a small tree ; the twigs and
branchlets glabrous and more or less glaucous. Found in dry
soil from Nova Scotia to British Columbia and south to Florida,
Mississippi, and Arizona. Foliage sometimes used for tanning.

Leaves. — Alternate, pinnately compound, eight to fifteen
inches long ; leaflets eleven to thirty-one, sessile, lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate, three to five inches long, on a large smooth
stalk, round and often oblique at base, serrate, acuminate at
apex, rachis not winged; when full grown are dark green
above, whitish beneath ; in autumn they turn a brilliant scarlet
and orange.

Flowers. — June to August. Polygamo - dioecious, small,
green, borne in densely flowered terminal spikes. Calyx five-
cleft, persistent ; corolla, of five petals, imbricate in the bud ;
stamens five, inserted on a disk ; ovary one, and styles three.

Fruit. — Drupe, small, one-seeded, sub-globose, red, covered
with short, crimson, acid hairs ; borne in dense terminal spikes.

SMOOTH SUMACH

Smooth Sumach, Rhus glabra.

Leaflets 3' to 5' long.

SUMACH FAMILY

It. often happens that the Smooth Sumach and the
Staghorn Sumach, R/ins Jiirta, make thickets together
Both love sandy soil, the gravelly upland, the neg-
lected corners of fields ; and by means of their deep-
ly extended roots are able to take possession of and
to hold large tracts to the exclusion of other plants.
These sumachs cannot be distinguished by the differ-
ence in size alone, for the young Staghorn before it
completes its growth is often just the height of its
smaller brother. But the twigs and petioles of Rims
Jiirta are always clothed in velvet, while similar twigs
and petioles of RJuts glabra are without hairs and fre-
quently covered with a pale bloom. In autumn the
stems are crowned by pyramidal heads made up of
velvety red berries ; these remain on the bush but
slightly changed in color throughout the winter.
The autumnal coloring of the leaves is a most brill-
iant scarlet and crimson, brightened with yellow and
orange."

A variety, RJms glabra laciniata, the Fern-leaved Su-
mach, is believed to be a sport of Rims glabra. It is a
very satisfactory shrub for lawn or garden planting.
The foliage is finely cut and in autumn as its feathery
leaves take on the crimson hues of its type the effect
is excellent.

DWARF SUMACH. MOUNTAIN SUMACH

Rhiis copalllna.

The Mountain Sumach is a tree ; but most gardeners
think it a shrub, misled no doubt by its name of Dwarf.
It is usually planted in lawns and gardens upon the

MOUNTAIN SUMACH

Mountain Sumach, Rhits copallina.

Leaflets 3' to 5' long.

SUMACH FAMILY

supposition that it is a shrub. Whatever form it may
have upon mountain tops, — when transferred to the
lowlands, given a rich soil and opportunity to grow, it
proceeds forthwith to become a tree, and is reduced to
a shrub by main force alone.

This beautiful creature, clothed in the summer with
foliage of dark glossy green, bearing its great clusters
of red fruit throughout the winter, showing in autumn
the most superb combination of the hues of crimson
and scarlet, pays the price of its beauty and is cut and
mutilated out of all semblance of nature in order to
make it a shrub.

Long ago Horace told us, " Though you drive out
nature with a fork, yet will she always return." And
the Dwarf Sumach is and will continue to be a tree,
notwithstanding the knife and the pruning shears.

The blooming period is late, sometimes in early Au-
gust. The panicle of sterile flowers is twelve to eighteen
inches long, while that of the fertile ones is three to six.
A persistent character is the winged petiole by which
it is readily distinguished from other sumachs.

POISON SUMACH

Rhns vdrnix. Rhus venenata,

The Poison Sumach is in its best estate a tree, but it
occurs so frequently as a shrub, and is really such a
menace where it grows, that the form of its leaves and
the general appearance of the plant can not be made
too evident to the community at large. It is often con-
tused in the popular mind with the other sumachs of
many-foliate leaves, Rhns hirta, Rhns glabra, and Rhus

POISON SUMACH

Poison Sumach, Rhns vemix.

Leaflets 2' to 4' long.

SUMACH FAMILY

copallina, and consequently all sumachs are feared. It
can, however, be very easily distinguished from them.

The leaflets of the great compound leaves of Rhus
hirta and Rlins glabra have serrate margins ; those of
the Poison Sumach are entire. The leaves of RJius
copallina might perhaps be mistaken for those of the
Poison Sumach were it not for the winged petiole
which is a never failing character of the Mountain
Sumach.

The leaflets of RJius vcrnix are five to thirteen,
nearly sessile, varying from ovate to obovate or oval,
entire, acute at apex, a beautiful shining green and the
autumnal tints exceedingly brilliant. The petiole is
often purple and the veins are frequently purplish.

The fruit is grayish white, about the size of a pea,
destitute of hairs, and borne in loose axillary panicles
three to eight inches long.

This is the most poisonous woody plant of our flora.
Its juices and the effluvium exhaled by it undera hot sun,
are extremely poisonous to some persons. There are
those who are absolutely immune, others so sensitive
that they can not pass the bush with impunity. It is
very dangerous to experiment with it recklessly. The
poison shows itself in painful and long continued swell-
ings upon the surface of the body, usually the face and
hands.

POISON IVY. CLIMATH
Rhus radicdns. Rhus toxicodhidron.

This is a woody vine climbing by numerous aerial
rootlets, the stem sometimes two or three inches in
diameter. It climbs trees and fence posts and ranges

POISON IVY

Poison Ivy, Kbits radicans.
Leaflets i' to 4' long.

SUMACH FAMILY

from Nova Scotia to Florida and westward to Minne-
sota, Nebraska, and Arkansas. The compound leaves
have three leaflets, so that they are very easily distin-
guished from those of the Virginia Creeper, Partheno-
cissus quinqucfolia, which has five palmate leaflets ; and
from the Bitter Sweet, which has seven to nine pinnate
leaflets. These Poison Ivy leaflets are ovate or rhom-
bic, entire or sparingly sinuate, the apex acute or acu-
minate ; the lateral ones almost sessile ; the terminal
stalked. The flowers are green and borne in loose
axillary panicles ; the fruit is like that of RJius vernix.
The plant is poisonous to the touch, and should be
avoided. All the poisonous species of RJius ought to
be extirpated root and branch, but instead of that they
are increasing. This is largely due to the immunity
they enjoy because people are afraid to touch them ;
but in winter probably they could be easily and safely
destroyed ; destroyed they certainly should be.

POISON IVY. NORTHERN POISON OAK

Rhiis microcdrpa. RJnis toxicodhidron.

The two plants now known as RJius radicans and
RJius microcarpa were formerly considered as a single
species and described under the name RJius toxicoden-
dron, which name is now given to a third species of
southern habitat. The plant popularly known as Poison
Ivy is the running vine so abundant in fields and by the
roadsides throughout the north. The stem often trails
upon the ground and sends up erect branchlets six or
eight inches high which make a tiny thicket ; some-
times the entire plant is erect but low. The leaves are

POISON IVY

Poison Ivy, /?i/<5 microcarpa.
Leaflets \y2' to 3' long.

SUMACH FAMILY

compound, of three leaflets. These leaflets are pale
green, ovate or ovate-rhombic, acute or acuminate,
sharply toothed, lobed, or entire. The fruit is similar
to that of Rhus radicans. The leaves, like those of
R/uis vernix and Rlius radicans, are poisonous to the
touch and should be avoided.

FRAGRANT SUMACH. SWEET-SCENTED SUMACH

Rhus aroma tica. Rhus canadensis.

Diffuse or ascending, two to six feet high ; found in dry rocky
woods from Vermont to Florida, west to Minnesota, Arkansas,
and Louisiana. Leaves fragrant when crushed.

Leaves. — Alternate, pinnately compound, three-foliate, two to
four inches long, aromatic. Leaflets ovate or rhomboid, one to
two inches long; lateral leaflets sessile; terminal leaflet short-
stalked, wedge-shaped at base, coarsely crenate or crenate-dentate,
acute at apex, very downy when young. In autumn they turn a
brilliant orange and scarlet. Petioles one-half to an inch long,
glabrous or pubescent.

Flowers. — March, April. Polygamo-dicecious, yellowish green,
small, in clustered spikes, appearing before the leaves. The
catkin-like spikes are developed on the branches in late autumn.

Fruit. — Drupe, red, globose, downy, borne in short clustered
spikes; produced sparingly.

The Fragrant Sumach is often found on sandy banks
and knolls, frequently occurring in dense patches. It
rarely rises more than four feet, and this habit makes
it most valuable to the gardener when he wishes a plant
to bring up the line of green from the grass to the taller
shrubs; it does not grow away from him, but does just
what he expects it to do. The lower branches of a vig-
orous plant will lie upon the ground.

FRAGRANT SUMACH

Fragrant Sumach, Rhus aromatica.

Leaflets i' to 2' long.

SUMACH FAMILY

In the spring the branches are loaded with early yel-
low flowers ; in summer the dark green foliage is clean
and bright ; in autumn it clothes itself in the red and
yellow of its race ; and in winter it becomes a little
gray bush speckled with small spikes of downy flower
buds that look like catkins.

Rhus trilobata, the Ill-scented Sumach or Skunk
Bush is about the same size as the Fragrant Sumach.
The leaves are tri-foliate, leaflets sessile or nearly so,
puberulent when young, ovate or oval, obtuse, the ter-
minal one wedge-shaped at base, all crenately few-
lobed or toothed or sometimes entire ; unpleasantly
odorous. The flowers and fruit are very similar to
those of RJms aromatica. It is a western species rang-
ing from Illinois westward.

SMOKE-TREE

Cot inns cot inns.

Cotinus is an ancient name of obscure meaning, without
significance in its present use.

The Smoke-tree of our gardens is one of the most in-
teresting of cultivated plants, and is also one that has
been valued from very ancient times. Pliny describes
it as an Apennine shrub and Gerard records it as
growing in England in 1597=

With us it vibrates between tree and shrub; some-
times reaching the height of twenty feet, again attain-
ing only five or six. The billowy masses of its fruiting
panicles attract attention and the plant is well known ;
in fact it would be difficult for it to remain unknown.

The bloom is polygamo-dioscious ; the staminate

ILL-SCENTED SUMACH

Ill-scented Sumach, Rbus trilobata.

Leaflets l/2' to i' long.

SUMACH FAMILY

and pistillate flowers are produced upon different indi-
viduals and appear in May. These flowers are small,
yellowish green, and borne in ample, loose, terminal
panicles branching from the axils of linear leaf- like
bracts. The petals are small ; the stamens are five ;
the styles are three.

After the blooming season is past the bush begins to
show that personal and peculiar character which has
made it a garden favorite for two thousand years. A
wonderful change comes over the little pedicels or
stalks of the fertile flowers. They were at first half or
three-quarters of an inch long and now they begin to
lengthen and at the same time to develop a thick
growth of soft hairs. This is especially the case with
the pedicels which bear no fruit. The result is that
each fruiting panicle becomes a loose, fluffy aggrega-
tion of plumose threads, and takes on a charming range
of color, — pale green, dull yellow, lurid red, — and so
covers the head and so overpowers the foliage that the
bush becomes a billowy mass, — each single spray not
improperly likened to a puff of smoke. This "smoke"
is in its best condition during June and July.

The plant fruits but sparingly ; at the end of some
of the feathery pedicels, by searching, a little, greenish
brown, one-sided drupe may be discovered almost lost
among the clustering threads.

There is an American Smoke-tree, Cotiiius cotinoidcs,
of southwestern habitat; reaching its best development
in Missouri and Indian Territory. As an ornamental
plant it is not the equal of our cultivated species.

SMOKE-TREE

Stammute Flowers of Smoke-tree, Cotiints cotiiuts.

PAPILIONACE^E— PEA FAMILY

Flower of Sweet
Pea.

The pea blossom may, with the aid of a little imagi-
nation, be said to resemble a butterfly; it certainly is
unique in form and so distinctive in char-
acter that any plant bearing such a blos-
som can at once be assigned to its proper
place ; hence the Latin name of the Pea
family, — rapilionaccce, the butterflies.

The petals of this
unique blossom differ
so greatly in form and size that they
have received distinguishing names.
The uppermost of the five is very
much larger than the others and is
called the standard or banner. In
the bud it is distinctly
the protector of the
stamens and Pistil others \ it surrounds and embraces them ;
the calyx being unable to do this because
of its small size. The two lateral petals
are called wings ; and the two lowest,
which are more or less united, make up YoungpodofSweet
the keel. The keel encloses the stamens Pea-

and the tiny pod. Stamens usually are ten, with fila-
ments united so as to form one or two groups ; some-

Banner, Wings and Keel
Petals of the Sweet Pea.

FALSE INDIGO

times nine are together and one is apart ; rarely, all
are separate. The fruit is a pod called a legume, of
which the pea pod is a typical example.

The Papilionacece are in many respects a wonderful
group of plants. One of their greatest and most re-
markable qualities has but recently been understood.
For ages leguminous seeds have been valued for their
nourishing quality, differing from grain in the fact
that they contain a large percentage of nitrogen as
contrasted with the predominating carbon compounds
of the cereals. The question whence came this great
quantity of nitrogen long remained a horticultural
problem, but recently nature's riddle has been solved.
It is now known that the roots of leguminous plants
are the hosts of myriads of organisms called bacte-
roids, some of which possess the power of fixing the
free nitrogen of the air, and through them it is ac-
quired by the plant.

FALSE INDIGO

Amdrpha fruticbsa.

Amorp/ia, deformed ; so named because four petals are
wanting.

Tall, five to twenty feet high ; prefers the borders of streams ;
native to the Mississippi valley ; frequently cultivated.

Leaves. — Alternate, compound, odd-pinnate, six to sixteen
inches long ; leaflets eleven to twenty-one, short-stalked, one to
two inches long, oval or elliptic, rounded or narrowed at base,
entire, obtuse, slightly mucronate or emarginate at apex, spar-
ingly punctate with pellucid dots. They come out of the bud
pale green, clammy and hairy, when full grown are a bright yel-
low, green above, paler beneath. In autumn they become pale
yellow.

PEA FAMILY

Flowers. — May to July. Perfect, violet-purple, borne in
dense, terminal, spicate racemes which are three to six inches
long.

Calyx. — Bell-shaped, five-toothed ; teeth somewhat irregular,
green, touched with purple.

Corolla. — Deformed papilionaceous ; consisting of one petal
only, the standard, which is violet-purple, erect, clawed, emar-
ginate, wrapped around the stamens and the style ; wings and
keel wanting.

Stamens. — Nine or ten, monadelphous, exserted ; filaments
violet-purple ; anthers orange.

Pistil. — Ovary one, superior, sessile, two-celled ; style curved,
violet-purple.

Fruit. — Pod, glandular, short, curved, never opening, usually
two-seeded.

The flower of the False Indigo is an interesting ex-
ample of arrested development. The corolla starts
out to be papilionaceous, — a butterfly blossom — but
something happens and when the bud opens all that
can be seen of the blossom is the broad banner,
closely wrapped about the stamens and pistil, trying to
do the whole duty of a corolla by protecting the cen-
tral parts of the flower. The banner, filaments, and
style are a deep rich purple; the protruding anthers a
brilliant orange ; and the result is that the terminal
spike covered with these flowers glows luridly in the
sunlight. The flowering impulse begins at the base
and moves spirally around the central axis to the apex,
thus prolonging the blooming period for a considera-
ble time. The bush is ornamentally effective. After
the blooming period is past it looks not unlike a locust
seedling.

FALSE INDIGO

False Indigo, Amorpba fnicticosa.

Leaflets i' to 2' long. Flower spikes 3' to (J long.

PEA FAMILY

LEAD PLANT. DOWNY AMORPHA

Amorpha canescens.

A spreading bush one to four feet high ; leaves and shoots
and flower spikes densely covered with soft, white hairs. Is a
plant of the prairies ; ranges from Indiana to Minnesota and
Manitoba, southward to Louisiana and Texas.

Leaves. — Alternate, odd-pinnate, almost sessile, abundant,
crowded, two to four inches long ; leaflets fifteen to forty-nine,
small, crowded, almost sessile, oval or lanceolate, rounded at
base, entire, obtuse or acute, and mucronate at apex.

Flowers. — July, August. Perfect, bright blue, borne in
densely clustered, terminal spikes, two to seven inches long.
Flower is conspicuous because of the bright blue of the corolla
and the brilliant orange of the anthers.

Calyx. — Bell-shaped, hairy, five-toothed ; teeth lanceolate.

Corolla. — Deformed, papilionaceous, consisting only of the

standard which is bright blue, nearly orbicular or obcordate,

and wrapped about the stamens and style. Wings and keel
wanting.

Stamens. — Ten, monadelphous at the very base, otherwise
distinct.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, sessile, two-celled ; style curved.

Fruit. — Pod, small, oblong, partly enclosed in the persistent
calyx, hairy, one-seeded.

Everything about this shrub seems crowded. The
small leaflets fairly push each other to find standing
room ; the flowers crush each other upon the central
axis of the spike ; and the spikes themselves are
crowded upon the end of the branches.

Curiously enough there has developed concerning
this plant of the western prairies a modern reappear-
ance of the ancient doctrine of signatures. In many
places it is very generally believed that the presence

LEAD PLANT

Lead Plant, Amorpha canesceiis.

Leaves 2' to 4' long. Leaflets l/i' to ^' long. Flower spikes 2' to 7' long.

PEA FAMILY

of this gray-hued bush marks the existence of lead ore
in the soil ; and for no other reason than that the
plant being densely covered with silvery hairs has a
certain leaden color. It is well known to the medical
profession that many plants formerly in high repute
for their medicinal properties are absolutely worth-
less ; and that the only reason for this reputation was
the resemblance more or less marked between some
part of the plant and some part of the human body.
In like manner the prophetic value of the Lead Plant
is based upon nothing more substantial than the gray
color of its leaves.

The Downy Amorpha is a very attractive bush ; the
fine compound leaves clothed in silken gray contrast
well with the deep purple spikes of flowers bright-
ened by their golden stamens. The gardeners report
it as hardy, and also as valuable for color combina-
tions. Its blooming season continues several weeks.

Another plant of the genus, Amorplia nana, is also
found on the western prairies. This is a low bushy
shrub, not more than three feet high, with compound
leaves of thirteen to nineteen tiny, bright green leaf-
lets and a terminal solitary spike of brilliant fragrant
flowers, each with its purple banner and its golden
stamens.

WOAD WAXEN. DYER'S GREENWEED

Genista tinctoria.
Genista is Celtic for small shrub ; the root is gen, a bush.

A low branching shrub, one to two feet high, with creeping
root-stalks and upright branches. A native of Europe, it has

100

WOAD-WAXEN

Woad-waxen, Genista tiiictona.

Leaves %' to \yz' long. Flowers %' to y%' long.

PEA FAMILY

escaped from the gardens and is found on dry hills from Maine
to New York, where it becomes a troublesome weed.

Leaves. — Alternate, one-foliate, sessile, elliptical or lanceolate,
one-half to one and one-half inches long, narrowed at base, en-
tire, acute at apex, bright shining green ; mid vein depressed
above, primary veins obscure.

Flowers. — Summer. Papilionaceous, one-half to five-eighths
of an inch long, borne in many short, few-flowered, terminal
racemes. Calyx, two-lipped. Corolla clear bright yellow, with-
out markings.

Fruit. — Pod, an inch long, flat, glabrous.

In Garden and Forest of August, 1888, is given the
following account of Genista tinctoria. " In some parts
of Essex County, Massachusetts, it has become thor-
oughly naturalized, and has taken possession of thou-
sands of acres of rocky upland, from which it is prac-
tically impossible to exterminate it, and which is thus
ruined for pasturage or for tillage. These hills where
the Woad Waxen is in flower, seem to be covered with
a golden carpet and present an appearance quite un-
like anything which can be seen in any other part
of the United States. There is a tradition that the
Woad Waxen was introduced into the United States
by Governor John Endicott of Salem, one of the pio-
neers of American horticulture."

The leaf of this plant is a sort of botanical puzzle ;
it is called a compound leaf of a single leaflet, which
seems a contradiction in terms. But if you look at
the petiole under a glass, it is very clear that there is
a joint, and this indicates that the leaf is indeed com-
pound, but that all the leaflets have aborted save one.

In England the Woad Waxen used to be collected
by the poor country people and sold to the dyers.

102

ROSE ACACIA

During the gathering period women could earn about
two shillings a day. After a time the industry lan-
guished, for the roots were valuable as well as the
stem, and eventually the plant was so nearly extermi-
nated that it was no longer profitable to market it.
One hears across the pages of the record a familiar
echo, for it seems that under the specious purpose of
keeping the plants fresh so much water was added to
the load that the dealers felt themselves defrauded.

ROSE ACACIA. MOSS LOCUST

Robinia hispida.

Robinia commemorates the botanical labors of Jean Robin,
herbalist to Henry III., and director of the gardens of the
Louvre.

The Rose Acacia is a large shrub of southern range,
but hardy at the north and highly prized for its
beauty. So thickly beset are twig, petiole, pedicel
and fruit pod with bristly hairs that they look mossy.
The bush grows vigorously, matures early, and in
May and June, also lingering into July, produces the
most exquisite rose-colored pea-like blossoms in loose,
lax racemes. A native of the woodlands, it requires
protection against high winds, for its branches have
never learned to defend themselves and are easily
broken. It suckers freely and, like the other species
of its genus, makes thickets when permitted.

LABURNUM. GOLDEN CHAIN

Laburnum vulgare,

The well known tree-like shrub, Laburnum or
Golden Chain, is one of the best of our imported

103

PEA FAMILY

Rose Acacia, Robina hispida.

GOLDEN CHAIN

Golden Chain, Laburnum vulgare.

PEA FAMILY

plants. It often attains the height of ten to fifteen
feet. The leaves are tri-foliate on rather long
petioles. Early in May the clear lemon yellow pea
blossoms, borne in pendulous racemes six to eight
inches long, fairly drip from the branches. The
flower is a clear yellow, except that the banner
bears a small group of reddish brown lines. The keel,
as usual, nearly imprisons the stamens, whose united
filaments form a protecting tube for the slender pod
within. By the middle of July the pods, one to two
inches long, hang in racemes from the branches and
later become brown and dry ; finally they open, dis-
charging each its quota of small, dark brown beans.

The plant grows freely in any good garden soil, but
prefers that with lime in it. Several varieties are in
cultivation.

106

DRUPACE.E— PLUM FAMILY

THE PLUM

Primus.
Prunus is the ancient Latin name of the plum-tree.

The genus Prunus belongs to the Drupe-bearing fam-
ily, which is so named because the fruit of every mem-
ber from highest to lowest is a drupe ; that is, a simple
stone fruit, of which the plum and the cherry are ex-
cellent examples. The individuals are either trees or
shrubs.

Within the range covered by this volume are several
native and two naturalized Prunus shrubs, growing on
barrens, sea-beaches, sandy hillsides, or gravelly ridges.
The flowers have a marked family resemblance; they
suggest tiny roses, white or pink, and are usually borne
in clusters. They are produced from separate, lateral,
scaly buds which were formed the autumn before, and
they either precede the leaves or appear with them.
The characters common to the flowers of all members
of the genus are : A calyx with an urn-shaped tube
and a five-lobed spreading border which falls after
flowering ; a corolla of five petals which are inserted
on the throat of the calyx-tube ; many stamens, also
inserted on the throat of the calyx-tube ; and finally the

107

PLUM FAMILY

character that differentiates the genus, — a single long-
styled pistil which sits alone at the bottom of the urn-
shaped calyx-tube and there remains, continually en-
larging as time goes on until it develops into what we
know as a stone fruit.

BEACH PLUM

Primus maritima.

Low, straggling, thornless, one to seven feet high, growing in
clumps among the loose stones or in the sand of the sea-shore
and in arid sandy places, twenty miles or more from the sea.
Ranges from New Brunswick to Delaware and Virginia.

Steins. — Shoots stout, brown, pubescent, dotted with orange
lenticels. Stems dark, erect, or prostrate; branches stiff.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, two to three
inches long, oval, ovate or obovate, rounded at base, sharply ser-
rate, acute at apex. They come out of the bud convolute, pale
green, downy, shining ; when full grown are dark green, glabrous
above, pale green and pubescent beneath. Often there are one
or two glands near the base. In autumn they turn a dull red
or orange. Stipules small and early deciduous. Petioles short,
pubescent.

Flowers. — April, May, before the leaves. White, showy,
abundant, one-half to three-fourths of an inch broad, borne in
lateral umbels ; calyx-lobes rounded, slightly pubescent, petals
obovate.

Fruit. — Globose drupe, purple or crimson, covered with a
bloom, one-half to one inch in diameter, sweet when ripe.
Abundant. August, September. Offered for sale in the local
markets under the name of Beach Plum.

Garden and Forest describes the Beach Plum as " A
handsome plant when in flower, and one which is too
seldom seen in gardens. A well known coast-plant, it
is found from Maine to Virginia, frequently covering
sandy dunes adjacent to sea-beaches. It is a low, com-

108

BEACH PLUM

Beach Plum, Pninns inaritima.
Flowers Ty to ^' across.

PLUM FAMILY

pact shrub, rarely more than three or four feet high, in
its blooming period covered with small white flowers,
which in late summer are followed by a profusion of
handsome, globular, purple or scarlet fruit which is
collected in large quantities at some points on the New
England coast and sold in the markets for preserving.
" As a garden plant this shrub covers itself early
in May with innumerable small white flowers which

wreathe the branches from
end to end and have the
merit of lasting for a con-
siderable time."

Graves' Beach P\\\m,Prunus
gravesii, is a rare species, four
feet high, with orbicular ser-
rate leaves. The white flow-
ers, borne in lateral umbels,

Le,ves of the Beach Plum, a' to 3' long. expand wkh the JgaveS. Fruit

is globose, nearly black with light blue bloom.

Blackthorn or Buckthorn, Primus spinosa, two to fif-
teen feet high, is a native of Europe, which has escaped
from gardens and is found along roadsides from Mas-
sachusetts to Pennsylvania. It is a much-branched,
thorny shrub, with oblong or ovate leaves, rounded at
base, serrate, and obtuse at apex. The fruit is globose,
half an inch in diameter, nearly black, covered with a
bloom.

SAND CHERRY. DWARF CHERRY

Prunus pumila.

A depressed or trailing shrub, sometimes lifting its branches
six inches, sometimes three or four feet. Found on sandy or

SAND CHERRY

Sand Cherry, Primus piimila.

Leaves ij^x to 2' long. Fruit Jj' in diameter.

PLUM FAMILY

gravelly shores along the sea-coast from New Brunswick to New
Jersey, also along the shores of the Great Lakes to Michigan and
westward. Suckers freely.

Sfems. — Shoots reddish; older stems brown with shining,
grayish, outer bark.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, one and a half
to two and a half inches long, oblanceolate or spatulate, nar-
rowed at the base, serrate especially toward the apex. They
come out of the bud conduplicate, pale green, shining ; when
full grown are glabrous, deep green above and pale below ; mid-
vein and primary veins conspicuous. In autumn they turn a
deep blood red. Stipules linear, glandular, serrate at base.

Flowers. — April, May, with the leaves. White, one-fourth to
three-eighths of an inch broad, borne in lateral few-flowered
umbels ; calyx-lobes rounded ; petals small, obovate ; stamens
numerous.

Fruit. — Drupe, dark red or dark purple, nearly black, with-
out bloom, about half an inch long, three-eighths broad ; flesh
thin, acid. August.

The Sand Cherry grows on the beach in almost pure
sand ; in fruiting time the bearing stems are depressed
with the burden of the fruit. It suckers freely and
forms clumps.

Appalachian Cherry, Primus cuncata, is a form allied
to Prnnns pumila, finding its home among rocks in-
stead of sand. Often four feet high. Leaves oblong
or obovate, wedge-shaped at base, more or less ser-
rate, obtuse or acute at apex.

CHOKE CHERRY

Prunus virginiana.

The Choke Cherry is ranked among the trees, but
so frequently and so persistently appears as a shrub
that it is popularly believed to be one. It produces

112

APPALACHIAN CHERRY

Appalachian Cherry, Primus cuneata.

Leaves i' to 3' long.

PLUM FAMILY

the choke cherry, that well known fruit, familiar to
every country child of New England and the Middle
States. These cherries are borne in a full drooping
raceme, each one about the size of marrowfat pea,
varying in color from dark to bright red and some-
times yellow. There is a peculiar astringent quality
about them, that puckers the mouth of the eater and
darkens the teeth and the lips. When cooked this
quality entirely disappears.

The flowers appear in loose racemes produced upon
the leafy branches of the year ; are white, with nearly
orbicular petals and exserted stamens.

FLOWERING ALMOND

Primus japdinica. Primus nana. Primus amygdalus.

The hope, in dreams of a happier hour,

That alights on misery's brow,
Springs forth like the silvery almond flower

That blooms on a leafless bough.

—THOMAS MOORE.

The Flowering Almond was the gem of our grand-
fathers' gardens. In books and catalogues it possesses
a fine collection of Latin names ; but when it came into
England in the seventeenth century it so surpassed
the other almonds known there in the beauty of its
flowers that it gained at once the name of Flowering.
Through all the changes of changeful science this
name it has kept.

This dwarf bush is rarely more than four feet high,
and early, before the leaves, the slender branches
burst into abundant bloom. The flowers are solitary
or in two-flowered umbels, very double, " crimson-

114

CHOKE CHERRY

Choke Cherry, Pntmis virginiana.

Leaves 2' to 4' long. Racemes 3' to 5' long.

PLUM FAMILY

tipped," and appear so profusely as to transform the
branch into a flowery sceptre. Stamens are few,
sometimes a perfect one can be found, but usually a
few filaments do duty for all. Under a glass the pistil
will be seen to have become leaf-like. The leaves are
a quarter grown before the petals fall.

This beautiful creature comes into the spring-time
with charming grace ; the whole plant is a mass of
pinkish bloom ; its surpassing loveliness continues for
but one short week ; then scattering its petals to the
ground it passes from recollection until another spring
calls it to its short-lived service. " Beauty is its own
excuse for being."

In its flowering period the little bush is a late com-
panion or an immediate follower of the forsythias ; it
blooms with the magnolias and the red-buds ; before its
roses have faded the lilacs are in bloom, and the Spirea
prunifolia is out ; often this last overlaps the other so
that one sees two sets of flower buttons side by side.
Two varieties of the species are in cultivation, one
bearing pinkish flowers, and the other white.

116

FLOWERING ALMOND

Flowering Almond, Primus japonica.

ROSACE^E— ROSE FAMILY

MEADOW SWEET. WILLOW-LEAVED SPIRAEA

Spiraea salicifblia.

Spircea, a Greek name meaning twisted, referring to the
twisted pods of some species.

An erect shrub, two to five feet high, simple or branched
above, with smooth, yellowish brown bark ; found in swamps
or moist ground. Ranges from Newfoundland to Georgia, and
west to Missouri ; also native in northern Europe, and in Asia.
Roots run for several feet just below the surface ; variable ; often
cultivated.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, two to three
inches long, oblong or lanceolate, obovate or oblanceolate,
rounded or wedge-shaped at base, serrate especially above the
middle, obtuse or acute at apex. They come out of the bud
slightly involute, yellow green, tipped with reddish brown ;
when full grown smooth, yellow green above, paler green be-
neath ; when borne on the upper part of a young shoot fre-
quently one or two small leaves appear in the axils of the regular
leaf. The autumnal tints are a dull yellow or a dull red. Peti-
oles short; stipules fugitive or wanting.

Flowers. — July to September. White or pinkish, perfect,
from one-fourth to five-eighths of an inch across, borne in dense
terminal panicles.

Calyx. — Tube bell-shaped, five-lobed.

Corolla. — Petals five, short-clawed, white, or rose-tinted,
obovate ; inserted on the calyx, imbricate in bud.

118

MEADOW SWEET

Meadow Sweet, Spircca salicifolia.

Leaves 2' to 3' long. Flowers %' to Ji' across.

ROSE FAMILY

Stamens. — Numerous, exserted, inserted on the calyx ; fila-
ments threadlike.

Pistil. — Ovaries five, superior, united at the base ; style
threadlike, stigma capitate.

Fruit . — Dry, consisting of five one-celled, smooth carpels,
united at base, encircled by the persistent calyx-cup. Sep-
tember.

The common Meadow Sweet of the eastern states
is a variable and widely distributed plant, of which
several varieties are in cultivation ; all, however, keep
fairly true to the type. It suckers freely, so that each
little bush, if given time and freedom, will make a
thicket of upright stems, each of which, in the flower-
ing season will bear its panicle of white or pinkish
flowers. Often this rosy glow comes rather from the
calyx disk and the rosy anthers than from the petals.
The abundant stamens are characteristic and give the
cluster a peculiar " fuzzy " look.

It has gathered to itself several common names,
among them, Queen of the Meadow, Quaker Lady,
Willow-leaved Spirasa. It differs from Spircea touicn-
tosa in that stem and leaves are glabrous and the flower
cluster a little more open.

HARDHACK. STEEPLE-BUSH

Spircca tomentbsa.

Erect, leafy, t\vo to three feet high ; stems usually simple,
twigs densely covered with brown tomenttim; found in swamps
and low grounds. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Georgia and
Manitoba to Kansas. Spreads rapidly by underground shoots ;
worthy of cultivation.

120

STEEPLE-BUSH

Steeple-bush, Spircea tomentosa.

Leaves i' to 3' long. Flowers ^' to >/*' across.

ROSE FAMILY

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, one to three
inches long, ovate or oval, rounded or wedge-shaped at base,
unequally serrate, obtuse or acute at apex. They come out of
the bud slightly involute, densely tomentose ; when full grown
are dark green above, covered with brown tomentum beneath.
Stipules fugitive or wanting. Petioles short.

Flowers. — July, September. Rose or pale purple, perfect ;
borne in dense terminal panicles.

Calyx. — -Tube bell-shaped, five-lobed.

Corolla. — Petals five, short-clawed, rose-tinted, obovate, in-
serted on the calyx, imbricate in bud.

Stamens. — Numerous, exserted, inserted on the calyx ; fila-
ments threadlike.

Pistil. — Ovaries five, superior, united at the base ; style
threadlike ; stigma capitate.

Fruit. — Dry, consisting of five one-celled woolly carpels,
united at base, encircled by the persistent calyx-cup. Septem-
ber.

The Steeple-bush is not badly named, for the flower-
ing panicle is terminal, slender, and pointed. The
pink spires bloom from the top downward ; they have
what is known as centrifugal inflorescence, the flower-
ing impulse proceeds from the centre outward. As a
consequence the flower cluster is never perfect; when
the topmost flowers are open the lower ones are half-
formed buds, and when the lower ones are in bloom
the topmost are withered and brown.

The Spircea flowers, as a rule, secrete little if any
nectar, but they yield much pollen and are eagerly
sought by the bees.

This Spiraea takes kindly to cultivation and will
thrive in any ordinary position. It is especially valu-
able because of its late flowering.

122

THUNBERG'S SPIRAEA

Thunberg's Spir^a,

tbunbergii.

Leaves i' to 2' long. Flowers ^' to %' across.

ROSE FAMILY

.Plum-leaved Spittea, Spircra prunifolia.

CULTIVATED SPIR^AS

CULTIVATED SPIRAEAS

Apart from the native species which appear now
and then in cultivation, there is a large number of dis-
tinctively garden Spiraeas of great hardiness and of
surpassing beauty. Time would fail to tell the tale of
their loveliness ; nor could space be allotted to make
even a complete list of their numbers. There are,
however, a few that stand out preeminent, and al-
though their number may be enlarged by future
hybrids and seedlings, it is scarcely conceivable that
these should be supplanted. Grace, delicacy, per-
sonal charm and exquisite beauty may perhaps be per-
mitted to hold their own against mere bigness — at
least in the vegetable world.

We mention first, because it blossoms first, that spe-
cies of rare and delicate beauty known as Spircea tJiun-
bergii. The books report it as a dwarf, but when well
placed and well fed it rises in compact and graceful
form to the height of five feet. Of the entire group it
is the first to bloom, coming out with Forsytliia and
Magnolia stcllata. The leaves are one to two inches
long, a quarter of an inch wide, and of a peculiar,
pale, yellow green. It holds this airy foliage bright
and clean throughout the summer; and when autumn
comes, after many of its companions stand bare and
leafless, it clothes itself first in purple bronze and then
in orange and scarlet, and stands a figure of beauty
until overwhelmed by the autumn storms. In its Jap-
anese home it loves the rocky hillsides and high
mountain valleys, and is widely distributed through-
out the islands.

125

ROSE FAMILY

The well known double spirasa, Spircea pruni folia,
has long been a garden favorite in this country. This
double variety was developed by the gardeners of
Japan ; the single form is probably not cultivated
here. It, too, blooms early and the flowers are abun-
dant upon the stem ; so that the bush is extremely ef-
fective amid its companions. Its habit is rigid, the
slender stems have not the grace so characteristic of
many of the spirasas. The shining leaves are oblong,
rounded at base, and pointed at apex, each one poised
with a peculiar curve. In early autumn they turn a
scarlet and orange, through which there appears a
tone of brown in such a way as to give a wonderful
depth and richness to the coloring.

However opinions may differ in regard to other
species on the list, the horticultural world agrees that
Spircea vanJiouttci is the finest of them all. It possesses
a remarkable beauty of form ; in bloom it stands like a
great white fountain ; in autumn its foliage runs through
a bewildering maze of rich claret, deep red with purple
tones, bright scarlet and orange fading to yellow. The
origin of the plant is not clearly known ; it is generally
believed to have been derived from an Asiatic species,
Spircea triloba, which, however, is not its equal.

There are many dwarf varieties offered by the
dealers, of which one of the best is that known as
Anthony Waterer's Spirasa. This bears rose-colored
flowers in flat corymbs, and blooms in midsummer.
There are also magnificent spirasas on the Pacific
slope, in Washington and in Oregon, which should
appear among our ornamental plants either in their
own persons or in hybrids.

126

VAN HOUT'S SPIRAEA

Van Hout's Spiraea, Spircea vanboiittei.

ROSE FAMILY

Anthony Waterer's Spiriea.

NINEBARK

Opuldster opulifblius. Physocdrpus opulifblius.

Opulaster, resembling a wild opulus, or cranberry-tree.
Physocarpus, bladder-fruit, in reference to the inflated
pods.

A shrub three to ten feet high, with recurved branches, smooth
twigs and foliage, the bark peeling off in thin strips ; found on
river banks and in rocky places. Ranges from Quebec to Geor-
gia, west to Manitoba and Kansas. Often cultivated.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, palmately veined, one to three
inches long, ovate-orbicular, obtusely or acutely three-lobed,
rounded, wedge-shaped or heart-shaped at base ; lobes irregu-
larly crenate-dentate or crenate-serrate. Stipules fugitive. Peti-
oles three-fourths to an inch long.

Flowers. — June. White, rarely purplish, perfect, borne in
panicled, many-flowered hemispherical corymbs one or two inches
broad, which are terminal on short branches. Pedicels slender,
glabrous or pubescent.

Calyx. — Bell-shaped, five-lobed, pubescent, persistent.

Corolla. — Petals white, five, rounded, inserted on the throat
of the calyx, imbricate in bud.

Stamens. — Thirty to forty, inserted with the petals; filaments
white, anthers purplish.

Pistil. — Carpels five, on short stalks, alternate with the calyx-
lobes.

Fruit. — Follicles, glabrous, shining, three-eighths of an inch
long, inflated, acute, obliquely subulate-tipped, each containing
two to four seeds. Borne in corymbs, each pedicel bearing five.
Seeds ovoid or globose, shining.

The Ninebark is now very generally planted in any
garden group of spiraeas. The flower cluster resembles
that of Spircea vanhouttei, but not quite so many appear
on a flowering spray, and the blooming period comes a
little later. The plant is a spiraea when it blossoms ;

129

ROSE FAMILY

Ninebark, Opulaster opulifolius.

Leaves i' to 3' long. Flower clusters i' to 2' across.

NINEBARK

Ninebark, Opulaster opulifolius ; in fruit.

ROSE FAMILY

but after the petals drop its specific character shows
itself and it is clear that its bladder-fruit name is de-
served. For each small carpel begins to enlarge, in
fact develops considerably beyond the needs of the
seeds harbored within its protecting walls. Through
changes of green and russet the inflated pods finally
become purplish, and a second time the bush chal-
lenges attention because of the burden of fruit which
weighs its slender branches almost to the ground. It
is not altogether pleasant to see a plant so overpow-
ered by its fruit. The Ninebark is sometimes used for
hedges ; it seems to bear the knife well and makes a
leafy wall.

PEARL BUSH. EXOCHORDA

Exochorda grandiflbra.

Exochorda, from e.ro, external, and c/iorda, a cord ; sug-
gested by the placental cords supposed to be external to
carpels.

Exochorda, which appears in our gardens both as tree
and shrub, undoubtedly ranks high among the orna-
mental plants that we have received from China. It
inclines to long, slender spray, which very quickly
grows out of bounds and becomes straggling, naked
stems ; but if properly pruned a compact and bushy
form may easily be produced and just as easily re-
tained.

The flowers somewhat resemble cherry blossoms,
but where the cherry blossom shows a yellow centre,
the Exochorda is curiously green, with a lew white sta-
mens set on the throat of the calyx. The plant is more

132

EXOCHORDA

Exochorda, Exocborda grandiflora.

Flowers i' to i%' across.

ROSE FAMILY

closely allied to the spiraeas than to the cherries or the
roses. The buds look like buttons ; the flowers come
out about the middle of May, and there is a charm-
ing contrast between the tender green of the young
leaves and the snow white of the abundant bloom which
crowds upon the end of every twig. Mr.
J. G. Jack, writing of Exochorda, says :
" It is sometimes complained that the
flowers lack individual interest, are cold
and without anything to excite sentiment
or admiration, except by the almost daz-
zling effect of the full bloom. But al-
though the blossoms are formal and al-
most bold in effect and lack agreeable
fragrance, they appear after apple blos-
soms have faded and before Deutzia and
Philadelphus flower, and certainly at this season we
have nothing surpassing them in beauty. The flowers
themselves are most interesting just as the buds are
opening."

The fruit of Exochorda is composed of five small
bony carpels adhering, in the form of a star, around
the central axis. Young plants are often sterile, but as
they get older they fruit abundantly ; the seeds ger-
minate quickly.

KERRIA. CORCHORUS. GLOBE FLOWER

Kerria japdnica.
Named after Bellenden Ker, a British botanist.

This is the old-fashioned Corchorus of our gardens, a
name originally applied through a misapprehension of

134

KERRIA

Kerria. Double-flowered
Form.

the botanical affinities of the plant ; a name that should
be supplanted by Kerria, which sounds quite as well
and is correct. Botanically the plant
is allied to the spiraeas.

The double-flowered form was the
first introduced from Japan, and im-
mediately became a great favorite.
The blossoms are bright yellow and
so very double that the name Globe
Flower does not seem inappropriate.
The single form from which the
double was developed came later, and is the more
beautiful of the two. It is an error to suppose that a
double flower is always better than its type, for the
multiplication of petals is frequently gained at the ex-
pense of grace and delicacy. In this single form the
flowers, often an inch and a half across, are solitary,
on slender stalks, and look not unlike great buttercups,
only the petals are an orange yellow and not lustrous.
The plant does best where it can have partial shade,
as the petals, curiously enough, bleach
white in the sunlight, and in a sunny
location it is rare to find a flower with-
out one or more white petals.

The leaves are broad-lanceolate, long-
pointed, deeply serrate-toothed, bright
green above and paler beneath. There
is a variety with single flowers and va-
riegated leaves, but it is not the equal
of either of the others. In winter the
stems are such a brilliant green that they attract atten-
tion standing among the stems of other plants.

135

Kerria. Single-flow-
ered Form.

ROSE FAMILY

BRAMBLE

Riibus.
Rubus, the Roman name, kindred to ruber, red.

The Bramble is allied to the roses, and in many
respects the likeness between them is marked ; but the
growth of the stem and the character of the fruit are
personal and characteristic, and fully distinguish the
genus from any other. In it are included the raspber-
ries, black and red, also the blackberries.

The Bramble is a sort of compromise between a per-
ennial herb and a shrub. The stems are indeed woody,
but instead of living on from year to year and bearing
an indefinite number of crops, as the currant or the
gooseberry, they live but about a year and a half, and
perish after maturing their fruit ; while the roots live
on indefinitely. The young stems make very rapid
growth until they have attained their normal stature,
then growth ceases. These stems are called canes, and
are very noticeable in any vigorous black raspberry or
blackberry bush, but not quite so marked in the red
raspberry.

The fruit, likewise, will repay careful examination.
In the centre of a Rubus blossom is a group of carpels
set upon a slightly convex receptacle. After the petals
fall and the seed vessels begin to enlarge, this convex
receptacle enlarges too, and bears upon its sides and
apex the numerous tiny drupes; one for each carpel
of the blossom. They find themselves considerably
crowded, and unite rather by pressure than by growth.
In the case of the raspberries, the union of the re-

136

PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY

ceptacle with the calyx is stronger than its union
with the drupes; so when the so-called berry is ripe
the aggregation of little drupes slips off the recep-
tacle and leaves it behind grown fast to the calyx. In
the blackberry the conditions are reversed ; the union
of the receptacle with the drupes is stronger than with
the calyx, so when the berry is ripe the drupes carry
the receptacle with them. This is the explanation of
the white core always found at the centre of a black-
berry.

PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY

Kit bus odor at us.

Raspberry, from the Italian raspo, rough, on account of
the roughness of the stem and leaves.

A straggling shrub with upright stems, three to five feet high,
found by roadsides, in mountain paths and moist, shady places.
Spreads rapidly by underground stems. Ranges from Nova
Scotia to Ontario and Michigan, south to Georgia and Ten-
nessee.

Bark. — On old stems pale, dull yellow, becoming loose and
stringy. The recent shoots and flower branches are thickly
covered with purplish glandular hairs, which continue up the
petiole, along the midrib and primary veins on the under sur-
face of the leaf, and thickly invest the flower-stalk and the
calyx.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, large, seven to nine, sometimes
twelve inches broad, palmately three to five-lobed, cordate at
base. Lobes serrate, acuminate ; the middle one longer than
the others. They come out of the bud plicate ; shining, red-
dish, glandular-pubescent ; when full grown are bright green,
rough, hairy above and beneath. They remain unchanged until
destroyed by the frost and storms. Petiole long, very pubescent,
enlarged at base ; stipules small, lanceolate, acuminate.

13?

ROSE FAMILY

Flowers. — May to September. Perfect, borne in loose
corymbs or panicles, rose purple, showy, one to two inches
across ; bracts membranous.

Calyx. — Deeply five-parted, densely covered with red glan-
dular hairs ; lobes tipped with a long slender appendage.

Corolla. — Petals five, rose purple, coming crumpled from the
bud, inserted on the disk of the calyx.

Stamens. — Many, inserted on the calyx ; filaments purple ;
anthers dull yellow, two-celled.

Pistil. — Many carpels inserted on a convex receptacle; style
purplish ; stigma white.

Fruit. — Each carpel ripens into a tiny red drupe, and together
they form an aggregate fruit, depressed, hemispherical, acid.
July, September.

The Purple-flowering- Raspberry is very attractive
as its pretty rose-like blossoms look out from a dense
thicket by a mountain path ; it is equally attractive
when transferred from its wild-wood home to the gar-
den. When permitted, a single bush will very quickly
form a clump, for the underground stems send up
abundant shoots. The young stems and shoots are
clothed in velvet, so dense are the red hairs which
beset them ; but the bark of the oldest stems is a thing
of shreds and patches. The blooming period extends
from June to October, but there is never any great
number of blossoms at one time. The spherical un-
opened buds are crowned with a flowing tassel made
of the five long points of the calyx. The blossoms
come out from the bud a soft rose purple, but quickly
fade in the sunshine. In cultivation the plant should
be given a shady place.

The fruit is a red raspberry that sits in a calyx-cup .
about it is a fringe of dry stamens. Each little drupe

138

PURPLE-FLOWERING RASPBERRY

Purple-flowering Raspberry, Ritbiis odoratus.

Leaves 7' to </ broad. Flowers i' to ?.%' across.

ROSE FAMILY

is bright red, velvety with white hairs and crowned
with a style. The drupes readily separate from one
another and also from the receptacle; in flavor area
sharp acid.

The marked personal characteristic of Rubns odo-
ratus is the astonishing abundance of glandular hairs
upon the recent shoots, the leaves, the petioles, the
flower-stalk and the calyx. Botanically, glands are
cellular bodies containing some peculiar secretion, and
situated on or below the cuticle, which covers the sur-
face of a plant. Stalked glands are these little bodies
elevated upon a stalk or stem.

WILD RED RASPBERRY
Ritbus strigbsus.

Low, erect, three to six feet high, loving dry or rocky situ-
ations. Ranges from Newfoundland and Labrador to British
Columbia, south in the Alleghanies to North Carolina and south-
west to New Mexico. Suckers freely.

Stems. — Biennial, branched ; new shoots densely clothed with
weak glandular bristles and older stems with small hooked
prickles. New shoots and branchlets red with a bloom; old
stems pale, dull yellowish brown.

Leaves. — Alternate, pinnately compound ; leaflets five in
lower leaves, three in upper leaves, two and a half to three inches
long; ovate or ovate-oblong, rounded at base, coarsely and ir-
regularly serrate or slightly lobed, acute or acuminate at apex ;
lateral leaflets are sessile and bilateral ; mid vein, primary and
secondary veins depressed above, prominent beneath ; when
full grown the leaves are a bright yellow green, smooth above,
pale green or whitish, downy beneath. In autumn they become
a rich vinous red, sometimes touched with yellow, or fall with
little change of color. Petiole armed with tiny bristles and
prickles. Stipules narrow and deciduous.

140

RED RASPBERRY

Red Raspberry, Rubus strigostis.

Leaflets i' to 3' long.

ROSE FAMILY

Flowers. — May. Perfect, rose-like, about half an inch broad,
borne in terminal or axillary, loose racemose or paniculate clus-
ters, white ; pedicels slender.

Calyx. — Persistent, tube short and broad ; border deeply five-
parted ; segments acuminate.

Corolla. — Petals five, white, imbricate in bud, inserted on the
disk that lines the calyx tube.

Stamens. — Numerous, inserted with the petals on the calyx.
Pistil. — Carpels numerous, crowded upon a convex receptacle,
ripening into drupelets.

Fruit. — Consists of many drupelets that adhere and form an
aggregate fruit, which falls away from the white spongy recep-
tacle when ripe. Red, delicious. July.

The Red Raspberry of our hillsides and fence cor-
ners is the progenitor of all the cultivated varieties
found in our gardens ; and they really differ very little
from it. At first the effort was made to acclimate va-
rieties of Rubus idceus, the Red Raspberry of Europe,
but this was not a success. Our climate seemed like the
woodman's historic trap, especially adapted " to ketch
'em comin' and goin'." If the carefully imported plants
survived our summers for a few years, they finally
succumbed to our winters. Or, if sheltered from the se-
verity of our winters, one hot dry summer finished them.
They simply could not live here. Professor Card con-
siders that over one hundred varieties have been plant-
ed, of which not more than eight or ten survive, and
these in the gardens of amateurs. All the commercial
varieties are either chance seedlings, careful hybridiza-
tions, or sports, of Rubus strigosus, and their name is
legion. It is believed, however, that in several of the
best there still lingers a strain of the European rasp-
berry which never fails to improve the quality of the

142

BLACK RASPBERRY

fruit at the same time that it affects the hardiness of
the plant.

The root of all the raspberries belongs to that type
which is called travelling ; that is, the suckers run out
in every direction away from the central root, so that
the new stems come up each year in fresh soil. This
is nature's plan for providing " green woods and past-
ures new." It is evident that the raspberry in its wild
state is continually changing its situation, and when
domesticated it should be frequently taken up and re-
planted in fresh soil. The seeds are said to retain their
vitality for a long time. The white raspberry of cul-
tivation is probably a sport of the common red rasp-
berry.

BLACK RASPBERRY. THIMBLE-BERRY. BLACK-CAP

Rttbtis occidentalis.

Straggling, prickly, with long arching stems; growing by
bowlders, in fence corners, by falling trees ; common throughout
our range and widely cultivated.

Stems. — Biennial, slender, terete, recurved, ten to twelve feet
long, purple, densely covered with whitish bloom ; often root-
ing at the tip ; sparingly armed with small hooked prickles.
Old stems dull maroon.

Leaves. — Alternate, pinnately compound. Leaflets three, rare-
ly five, two to five inches long ; terminal leaflet ovate ; lateral
leaflets bilateral ; margins coarsely cut and irregularly serrate,
apex acute or acuminate. They come out of the bud plicate,
pale yellow green above, downy and glaucous beneath ; when
full grown are bluish green above, whitish beneath. In autumn
they remain unchanged until destroyed by the early winter
storms. Petioles armed with small prickles. Stipules decid-
uous.

i43

ROSE FAMILY

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, white, borne in terminal
corymbose clusters, on branchlets apparently borne on one side
of the stem.

Calyx. — Five-parted, persistent ; tube short ; sepals acute,
usually reflexed.

Corolla. — Petals five, white, small and fugitive, often emargi-
nate.

Stamens. — Many, inserted on the calyx.

Pistil. — Carpels many, inserted on a convex receptacle ; style
slender.

Fruit. — Each carpel ripens into a small drupe and together
they form an aggregate fruit, which is black, shining, hemispher-
ical, delicious ; when ripe this falls away from the receptacle,
leaving that with the calyx. July, August.

In late summer the Black Raspberry bush shows
clearly its bramble nature. The fruiting stems which
in June were so vigorous, so crowded with clusters of
ripening berries, are now faded, dishevelled, disheart-
ened ; the corymbs of dried calyxes show where the
berries were ; the life-impulse is departing from the
stem, its vitality is exhausted, it is dying of old age.

Beside the dying stem stands youth and life and
vigor in the person of the young cane springing from
the centre of the bush and by a graceful arch meeting
the ground two or three feet away. Its strong stem
bears the bloom of youth ; its leaves fairly glow with
life. Its poise is one of exquisite beauty; but its nat-
ure is somewhat feline withal, for it resents disturb-
ance and upon occasion will scratch. It has started on
its full career ; this summer it will mature the buds
which next year will produce the leaves and flowers
and fruit of the plant, and then it, too, will go the way
of its predecessors. The King is dead ! Long live the

144

BLACK RASPBERRY

. . .

Black Raspberry, Riibus occidentalis.

Leaflets 2' to 5' long.

ROSE FAMILY

King! The root of the bramble lives on indefinitely
but its life functions in consecutive and ever renewed
stems.

HIGH-BUSH BLACKBERRY. COMMON BRIER

Rubus nigrobdccus. Rubus villbsus.

A straggling prickly bush with stems, both erect and recurved,
three to eight feet high ; found throughout the eastern portions
of the United States and far northward in British America ;
known by its peculiar and pleasant fruit. Grows in thickets,
along roadsides, in neglected fields. Multiplies abundantly by
creeping roots.

Stems. — Biennial, shrubby, erect or recurved, angular, fur-
rowed, three to eight feet high, armed with stout curved prickles,
green or dark purple, with a bloom. Young branches, pedun-
cles, stipules, petioles and veins beneath, pubescent and bearing
numerous glandular-tipped hairs.

Leaves. — Alternate, compound, three to five-foliate. Leaf-
lets ovate or lance-oblong, two to four inches long, rounded at
base, unequally serrate, acute at apex; terminal leaflet somewhat
heart-shaped and conspicuously stalked ; the side leaflets also
stalked ; midrib and petiole armed with stout prickles. They
come out of the bud plicate, dull reddish green, shining, hairy ;
when full grown are dark green above, paler, hairy and glandular
beneath. In autumn they turn a rich vinous red, varying to
bronze, purple or fading to orange. Stipules linear or lance-
olate.

Flowers. — May, June. Of the rose type, white, showy, three-
fourths to an inch and a quarter across, borne mainly in termi-
nal, racemose, leafless panicles. Calyx persistent, deeply five-
parted, its tube short and broad ; petals white, obovate, much
longer than the sepals ; stamens inserted on the calyx. Pedicels
glandular-hairy, an inch or two long, standing out at obtuse
angles to the main axis.

Fruit. — An aggregate fruit consisting of many small, black,
shining drupes borne on a long white axis which is the elonga-
tion of the receptacle. The drupes do not separate from the

146

HIGH-BUSH BLACKBERRY

High-bush Blackberry, Rubits nigrobaccm.
Flowers %' to i^' across.

ROSE FAMILY

receptacle, but both fall from the calyx together. Sweet and
aromatic. August, September.

The tangled blackberry, crossed and recrossed, weaves
A prickly network of ensanguined leaves.

—JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.

If you wish to enjoy the richness of the fruit you must not be hasty to
pluck it. When the children say with a shout, "The blackberries are
ripe ! " I know that I can wait. When the children report, " The birds
are eating the berries ! " I know that I can wait. But when they say,
"The bees are on the berries! " I know they are at their ripest. Then
with baskets we sally forth. * * * Even now we gather those only
which drop at the touch, — these in a brimming saucer, with golden cream
and a soupcon of powdered sugar are Olympian nectar ; they melt before
the tongue can measure their full roundness ; and seem to be mere bloated
bubbles of forest honey.

— " My Farm at Edgewood. " DONALD G. MITCHELL.

Ever}r one knows the Blackberry, the Common
Brier, because of its marked tendency to inhabit and
possess the earth. It springs up in any neglected
place and, if undisturbed, takes possession and holds
its own against all intruders. It loves the sea-shore,
flourishes on the mountain side, is especially thrifty at
the edge of woods, fairly riots in fields lately cleared
or recently burned over, holds to the fencerows, and
wanders along the roadside.

The species varies greatly in habit, but each and all
forms possess a sturdy vitality which enables them to
live in spite of discouragement. Sometimes, indeed,
they discourage the farmer, for simply to cut them
down is useless ; they promptly scramble up again
and can be eradicated only by uprooting. When the
waste land is to be reclaimed, transformed into past-
ure, or meadow, or cultivated field, to uproot is
praiseworthy ; but to destroy this wild luxuriant

148

HIGH-BUSH BLACKBERRY

growth, beautiful in leaf and in flower, grateful in
fruit, glorious in its rich autumnal coloring, — simply
to make a desolation, or to provide more space for rag-
weed and plantain and beggar-ticks, — is zeal without
knowledge. Yet this is what happens nine cases out
of ten when the rural street commissioner starts out
upon his devastating career to improve the country
roadside.

Rubus nigrobaccus is the prevailing form of the high-
bush blackberries of the woods and fencerows of the
north ; from this wild, untamed, hardy stock has
sprung the blackberry of cultivation. The well known
Lawton, Kittatinny and Wilson varieties originated
from wild seedlings found by the wayside and trans-
ferred to the garden.

The botanical history of this High-bush Blackberry
is entangled and confused. The plant is really Rubus
villosus of American botanists. It so appears in Gray's
Manual, sixth edition. But in following out the rules
of nomenclature adopted by the American Association
for the Advancement of Science it was discovered
that the name Rubus villosus belonged to another plant.
Prof. L. H. Bailey was able to determine this by per-
sonally examining the herbaria of Linnaeus and of
Aiton. As a consequence our wild-wood brier became
nameless, and finally received the Latin synonym of
its common name — nigrobaccus, — blackberry. In study-
ing the plant it is well to remember that the five-
foliate leaves are found usually on young and sterile
stems, the three-foliate upon the fertile ones.

Professor Bailey, in " The Evolution of our Native
Fruits," published in 1898, writes as follows:

I4Q

ROSE FAMILY.

" Of the high-bush blackberry there are three general
types or categories :

" (i) The common high-bush blackberry of the north,
which has large, pointed, villous leaves and long, open,
pubescent racemes. This is the plant which is ordi-
narily taken as the type of Rnbns villosus, but strangely
enough, although the common blackberry, it now has
no scientific name. I, therefore, propose to call it
Rnbus nigrobaccus.

"(2) The leafy-cluster type of blackberry, which is
characterized by a stiffer and mostly shorter growth,
by smaller and usually narrower leaves, short and
leafy flower clusters and the general, although not
complete absence of villousness. This plant must now
receive the name Rubus argutus, and its synonyms are
Rnbus fro ndosus, and Rubus subercctus.

"(3) The thornless blackberry type which must now
be called Rubus canadensis, a synonym of which is
Rubus millspaughii"

Professor Bailey writes further as follows :

" Another form of the high-bush blackberry is a plant
which Porter has named Rubus dllegheniensis or the
Mountain Blackberry. * * * Since Professor Porter
has studied the plant in its native state for many years
I shall accept the plant as a distinct species. I am the
more inclined to this opinion since if the common
high-bush blackberry were to be united to the Moun-
tain Blackberry, Rubus allegheniensis would have to
be taken as the type of the species ; and I should con-
sider it unfortunate to take a mountain form as the
type of a common continental plant. This arrange-
ment gives an analytical and perspicuous treatment to

150

LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY

Leafy-bractid Bi.ickl.vrry, R'i'-'.'is argni/m.

ROSE FAMILY

the high-bush blackberries and should be the means
of making the various forms better known. It goes
without saying that in plants which are so confused as
rubi, intermediate and perplexing forms will be found;
but even these forms can be best understood when the
plants are broken up into their reigning types."

In Britton's " Manual of the Flora of the United
States and Canada " Rubus argutus and Rnbus frondosus
are considered as separate ; R. argutns being the gla-
brate species, with the more southern habitat ; and R,
frondosus the Leafy-bracted Blackberry.

Rubus nigrobaccus sativus, the Short-cluster Black-
berry, differs from the type in that it is lower, the
leaflets broader, less distinctly long-pointed, fruits
rounder and looser. It is the nondescript blackberry
of open fields and is the parent of the larger part of
the short-cluster or garden blackberries.

Although the Blackberry group is very confusing
to an amateur, a few marked types can easily be deter-
mined ; the High-bush, R. nigrobaccus, with its mountain
form, R. allcgJieniensis, and its unkempt poor relation,
R. nigrobaccus sativa, are not difficult to recognize.
The corymbose R. argutus, synonym R. frondosus, can
also be distinguished both in flower and fruit. The
straggling Dewberry, R. procumbcns, which once was
one but now is many, can be readily recognized in its
type.

But to distinguish among the varying and connect-
ing forms which, grouped about these types, are now
considered species, is the task of the expert. More-
over, the experts do not altogether agree among them-
selves. It is probable that the group will always be

152

RAND'S BLACKBERRY

more or less of a problem to the classifying botanist.
The fact that so many varieties have come into culti-
vation— that their seeds are scattered by the birds in
out-of-the-way places ; that the seedlings so produced
will vary, returning to their type with modifications
—obviously, will continue to confuse the situation.

In the meantime, the great types stand out clear
enough for the amateur to enjoy ; and if the variabil-
ity of the family tends to drive the botanist to distrac-
tion, it also makes possible the production of a fruit
unique in character and most delicious in flavor.

As a cultivated plant the blackberry is a purely
American fruit ; all the varieties have been developed
from native wild plants; and we alone of all peoples
prize " The blackberry that was the bramble born."

RAND'S BLACKBERRY

ftitbits rdndii,

This is a native of northern woods, ranging from
New Brunswick to Maine and west to northern Michi-
gan. Low and diffuse in habit ; stems nearly glabrous
and so soft and slender as to appear almost herba-
ceous; prickles few and weak, often wanting. Leaves
are very thin, three or five-foliate. The flower cluster
is long, many-flowered ; the flowers about half the size
of those of Rnbus nigrobaccus ; the fruit small, dry and
seedy.

153

ROSE FAMILY

LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY. LEAFY-CLUSTER

BLACKBERRY

Rhbus argutus. Rubiis frondbsiis.

"A plant of comparatively stiff and straight growth, usually
shorter than R. nigrobaccus, with narrower and more rigid leaf-
lets. Stems stout, angled, with rather stout straight prickles,
and the whole plant glabrous or only slightly villous, except in
some of the very young parts. The flower clusters are short
and leafy ; flowers about the size of those of R. nigrobaccus. Its
range is wide, extending from New Brunswick and Lake Superior
to Florida, Mississippi and Kansas. It is less common in the
north than R. nigrobaccus but is more abundant in the south,

and there is a southern variety."

— L. H. BAILEY.

THORNLESS BLACKBERRY. MILLSPAUGH'S
BLACKBERRY

Ritbus canadensis. Rubus millspaughii.

" This plant has the general habit of R. nigrobaccus, but is dis-
tinguished by its long and slender petioles, mostly narrow and
long acuminate leaves, long stipules, and especially by its lack
of pubescence and general absence of thorns. It is apparently
a well-marked species, growing throughout the country in the
higher elevations froir the Carolinas northward to Lake Supe-
rior."

— L. H. BAILEY.

The following account of this Blackberry is quoted
by Professor Bailey in " The Evolution of our Native
Fruits " from notes made by Mr. Kofoid, of North Caro-
lina. " It seems to be very abundant where it occurs,
forming- dense thickets of upright stems five to eight

154

LEAFY-BRACTED BLACKBERRY

Leafy-bracted Blackberry, Ritbits argiUus.

ROSE FAMILY

feet in height. As late as the 2Qth of August we found
the fruit just turning a faint reddish tinge and quite pal-
atable and sweet to a hungry man. Natives say that the
fruit becomes ripe and black in September. The berries
are large, long and slender and very sweet, lacking the
sharply acid or bitterish quality of the berries of the
lower mountains. There are no thorns or prickles.
One can go through the patches unscathed. * *
There are several botanical characters which distin-
guish this species from the common blackberry, aside
from the absence of thorns. It lacks almost entirely,
except on some of the young shoots, the conspicuous-
ly pubescent character of the common species. The
leaves are thin, and the leaflets sharply toothed and
prominently long-pointed. One of the most prominent
characters lies in the leaflet stalks. Upon vigorous
shoots the leaflets are five, and the three upper ones
have stalks from one to three inches long."

MOUNTAIN BLACKBERRY
Rubus alleghenitnsis. Rubus villbsus, var. montamis.

Similar to Rubus nigrobaccus, though smaller, stems
more slender, very prickly, branches commonly red-
dish, the younger parts glandular-pubescent. Fruit
dry with a somewhat spicy flavor, three-fourths to an
inch long, thimble-shaped, narrowing toward the tip ;
drupelets small and numerous. Found on mountains
and high lands of the Atlantic states, throughout the
Alleghany region. In its typical forms this blackberry
is very well marked, but it frequently seems to grade
back to the type.

156

DEWBERRY

Dewberry, Rtibus procnnibens.

Flowers i' to i^' across.

ROSE FAMILY

LOW RUNNING BLACKBERRY. DEWBERRY

Rubus procumbens. Rubus canadensis.

" A strong-growing prickly plant, mostly with glabrous stems,
which sometimes rise a foot or two above the earth and are then
prostrate ; leaves medium to rather large, firm and thick, of three
to seven oval or ovate, rather long-pointed and sharply doubly-
toothed leaflets; racemes erect, with leaf-like bracts and from
one to three-flowered, the central flowers opening first ; fruit va-
riable, but usually globose or ovoid, with a few large and rather
loose drupelets, shining black, sour, but becoming sweet at full
maturity. This is the common dewberry of the northern states
growing along the roadsides and on banks, the strong stems often
reaching a length of five to eight feet. The species has a wide
range, occurring as far south as Florida and west and southwest
to Kansas, Oklahoma and Arizona. It is a very variable species,
and it is probable that future observations may show that it
should be broken up into two or three specific types.

— L. H. BAILEY.

This plant has had many names. It is the Rubns
villosus of Alton, the Riibus canadensis of authors, not
Linnaeus, and now it seems to have the name Rubus
procumbens.

RUNNING SWAMP BLACKBERRY

Rubus hispidus.

" Stems scarcely woody but lasting over winter, perfectly
prostrate and beset with small, reflexed, weak bristles, sending up
many short and leafy flowering shoots ; leaflets mostly three,
obovate, blunt and shining, firm and thick in texture, and tend-
ing to be evergreen ; flowers small and few on leafless peduncles ;
fruit of few grains, red or purple and sour."

— L. H. BAILEY.

158

DEWBERRY

Dewberry, Rubns procii/iibei/s.
Leaflets 2'' to 3' long.

ROSE FAMILY

Running Swamp Blackberry, Rubiis bispidus.

Leaflets %' to \l/2' long.

SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL

"Few trailing plants combine a better effect of flower and
foliage than our Swamp Blackberry. Its common name suggests
wet places as its chosen home, but it is also found in dry sandy
soil. It blooms through the most of June. The foliage looks
evergreen although it is not, and in the autumn it ranks with
woodbine in the brilliancy of its changing tints."

— Garden and Forest.

SHRUBBY CINQUEFOIL

Potentilla fruticbsa.

Potentilla, diminutive of potens, powerful, from the medic-
inal properties of some species. Cinquefoil, in reference
to the five leaflets of some species.

Erect or ascending, much branched, very leafy, bark shreddy,
six inches to four feet high ; found in swamps, also in moist,
rocky places. Ranges from Labrador and Greenland to Alaska,
south to New Jersey, Illinois, Minnesota, in the Rocky Moun-
tains to Arizona and in the Sierra Nevadas to California. Also
in northern Europe and Asia.

Leaves. — Alternate, pinnately compound. Leaflets five to
seven, oblong or somewhat oblanceolate, entire, acute or acutish
at each end, one-half to three-fourths of an inch long, silky
pubescent, margins revolute. Stipules ovate-lanceolate, acute,
entire.

Flowers. — June to September. Cymose or solitary, bright
yellow, about half an inch across. Calyx five-lobed, five-brac-
teolate ; corolla of five nearly orbicular petals ; stamens fifteen
to twenty; style lateral, threadlike; achenes, disk and recep-
tacle long-hairy.

The Shrubby Cinquefoil can very easily become a
weed, for it has learned how to live under adverse
conditions and its natural range is enormous. Con-
trolled, however, it is an excellent plant to mass in

161

ROSE FAMILY

Shrubby Cinquefoil, Potentilla fruticosa.

Leaflets %,' to %' long. Flowers %' to ^' across.

THE ROSE

parks, as an undershrub, to brighten the dull places.
Its midsummer bloom is also in its favor for garden
planting.

THE ROSE

Rosa.
Rosa is the ancient Latin name of the flower.

Erect or climbing shrubs, generally with subterranean root-
stocks, which send up suckers at some distance from the parent.
Stems usually prickly ; stalks and foliage often bearing aromatic
glands ; flowers usually fragrant.

Leaves. — Alternate, odd-pinnate, with stipules which grow
fast to the petioles. Leaflets vary in number from three to
eleven.

Flowers. — Solitary or in loose corymbs; pink, red, or white
in our species.

Calyx. — Cup-shaped, or urn-shaped, constricted at the throat,
becoming fleshy in fruit, five-lobed ; lobes spreading, deciduous
or persistent.

Corolla. — Petals five, obovate or obcordate, inserted upon the
edge of the disk that lines the calyx-tube.

Stamens. — Many, inserted with the petals at the edge of the
calyx-disk.

Pistil. — Made up of many separate carpels seated within the
urn-shaped cup ; ovaries hairy ; styles distinct or united.

Fndt. — Achenes, numerous, enclosed in the berry -like fruiting
calyx-cup, called a hip. This hip becomes pink or red or orange
at maturity.

Six species of native wild roses are common within
the range covered by this volume, besides two or three
that "come out of the west" and frequently cross the
border ; there are in addition two acclimated species.
The specific characters that differentiate them refer
principally to the habit, the leaves, and the stem, rather

163

ROSE FAMILY

than to the flower. All our native roses are single ; all
are pink. White flowers occasionally occur, but rather
as an inconstant variation than as a specific character.
The pink of the rose is unstable ; it fades so quickly in
the bright sunlight that in order to know the real
color of the flower one must see it when opening. The
blossom secretes no nectar ; its fragrance-call to the
bee is an invitation to gather pollen.

The fruit, which is peculiar and characteristic, con-
sists of a hollow cup within which are closely packed
many achenes, and protruding through a hole at the
top are the remnants of the styles, one style for each
achene. It is called a hip, and is the invariable fruit of
the rose. Two views exist concerning it. Some con-
sider it to be the calyx-tube which has become fleshy ;
others regard the fleshy part of the hip as the recepta-
cle enlarged and hollowed so as to embrace and pro-
tect the achenes.

MICHIGAN ROSE, CLIMBING ROSE. PRAIRIE ROSE

Rosa setigera.

A climbing rose found in thickets and on prairies. Ranges
from Ontario to Ohio, South Carolina and Florida, west to Wis-
consin and Nebraska and southwest to Texas; has escaped from
cultivation in New Jersey and Virginia. Grows rapidly; strong
shoots reaching ten to twenty feet in a single season.

Stems. — Climbing or sprawling, several feet long, armed with
scattered, straight or curved prickles, not bristly. Twigs, peti-
oles, and peduncles often glandular-pubescent. Stems green or
reddish, often dark purple with a bloom.

Leaves. — Leaflets three to five, one and a half to two and a
half inches long, oval or ovate, acute or obtuse at apex, sharply

164

MICHIGAN ROSE

Michigan Rose, Rosa setigera.

Leaflets three to five. Flowers 2%' to 3' across.

ROSE FAMILY

serrate, rounded at base ; texture thick, veins and veinlets
deeply depressed. Autumnal tints are a combination of bronze-
purple, red, pink, orange and yellow. Stipules extremely nar-
row. Petiole prickly, glandular-pubescent.

Flowers. — June, July. Corymbose, varying from deep to
pale pink, two and a half to three inches across, destitute of
fragrance. Calyx-lobes ovate, acute, glandular, finally decidu-
ous ; petals obcordate ; styles cohere in a protruding column, as
long as the stamens.

Fruit. — Hip, red, globose, more or less glandular, three-
eighths to half an inch in diameter.

Rosa setigcra is our only native climbing rose and is
the parent of the Baltimore Belle and other double
climbing varieties. In its single state it is one of our
most beautiful roses, with its clean handsome foliage
and full clusters of flowers, deep rose pink as they
first expand but very pale before they fall. Only one
defect can be found, they are nearly scentless. The
blooming season is late; when the flowers of nearly
all other species have faded, these are in their prime.

Left to grow in a natural way, the stems will climb
twelve or fifteen feet among the branches of other
shrubs and small trees, and lift their flower clusters
far above ordinary reach. If, however, the bush is
planted alone and allowed to develop, the stems will
rise three or four feet, then arch and bend over with
tips trailing on the ground, presenting a unique and
attractive appearance.

The colors that the leaves take on in autumn when
the long arching stems turn purple and are coated
with a glaucous bloom, present a bewildering confu-
sion of green and purple bronzes, brightened with
pink and rose and dull red, with yellow and orange.

166

MEADOW ROSE

The flowers are delightfully decorative. Cut the
branches when the blossoms begin to appear, supply
them abundantly with water and the buds will unfold
clay after day for a week, giving a most charming suc-
cession of opening roses ; for the little branch seems
scarcely conscious that it has severed connection with
the root.

In cultivation, this child of the prairies requires a
deep rich soil and generous treatment. Gardeners
recommend that it be planted on the top of a bank
that its long, vigorous and graceful shoots may grow
in their own wild-wood fashion to cover it. So
treated it is a thing of beauty throughout the summer.

Rosa setigera may be easily recognized among its
companions at any season of the year by its long
trailing stems ; in summer by its three leaflets ; in the
blooming season by the rich flower clusters and also
by the peculiar upright column which the styles make
in the centre of the flower.

MEADOW ROSE. EARLY WILD ROSE. SMOOTH

ROSE

Rosa bldnda.

Low, erect, one to four feet high ; found mostly in rocky
places. Ranges from Newfoundland through New England to
central New York, west to Illinois along the region of the Great
Lakes. Stems a dark venous red ; slender prickles sometimes
present but not abundant ; no spines.

Leaves. — Leaflets five to seven, an inch to an inch and a half
long, oval or obovate, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, simply
and somewhat irregularly serrate, obtuse or acute at apex, short -

167

ROSE FAMILY

stalked ; pale green above and slightly paler beneath. Stipules
broad, dilated, entire or slightly glandular-toothed.

flowers. — June, July. Stems one to three-flowered, rarely
more, pink, two and a half to three inches across. Calyx-lobes
acuminate, entire, hispid-pubescent, persistent and erect upon
the fruit ; petals obovate or obcordate, erose ; styles distinct.

Fruit. — Hip, bright scarlet, globose or pyriform or obpyri-
form, glabrous, half to five -eighths of an inch long, crowned
with the calyx-lobes.

The distinctive characters of Rosa blanda are its low
habit, its unarmed stems, and its broad dilated stipules.
The hip is globose or pyriform or obpyriform, wholly
destitute of glandular hairs, and when mature still re-
tains the calyx-lobes, which approach each other.

The Arkansas Rose, Rosa arkansana, was formerly
considered a variety of Rosa blanda but is now re-
garded as a distinct species. Like the type it is low,
and loves the meadows ; but the stems, instead of being
smooth, are densely prickly with very sharp and very
slender bristles. The leaflets frequently number
eleven. The stipules are narrow and the pink blos-
soms appear in corymbs, rarely if ever solitary. In
habit and general appearance it is like the Meadow
Rose, but it varies considerably in what are consid-
ered the specific characters. It is a rose of the
prairies, ranging from Minnesota and Iowa to Ne-
braska, Colorado, Texas and New Mexico. The hips
are little globes three-eighths to half an inch in

o o

diameter.

168

EARLY WILD ROSE

Early Wild Rose, Rosa blanda.

Leaflets five to seven. Flowers 2}^' to 3' across.

ROSE FAMILY

SWAMP ROSE. CAROLINA ROSE

Rosa Carolina.

Erect, stiff, five to seven feet high with rather distant, stout,
commonly recurved spines, often with prickles scattered along
the stem; old stems dull purple; common in low wet grounds
and borders of streams and swamps. Ranges from Nova Sco-
tia to Florida and Mississippi, westward as far as Minnesota.
Suckers freely; makes clumps.

Leaves.— Leaflets five to nine, usually seven, varying consid-
erably in outline, oval, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or obovate, one
to two inches long, wedge-shaped or rounded at base, serrate,
acute or obtuse at apex, often pubescent beneath. In autumn
they turn dull red of varying tints and shades ; frequently darken
in midsummer. Stipules dilated. Petioles often prickly.

flowers. — June to August. Bright pink, two to two and one-
half inches across, borne in corymbose clusters. Calyx-lobes
lanceolate, acuminate, often dilated above, hispid-pubescent,
spreading ; after flowering deciduous ; petals obcordate ; styles
distinct.

Fruit. — Hip, scarlet, globose or depressed-globose, three-
eighths to one-half an inch long, glandular-hispid. Clings all
winter and remains in good color until March.

The Carolina Rose is one of the most abundant of
our native roses. At the blossoming time it seems to
possess the swamps and waste lowlands. It suckers
freely; the underground stems travel fast and travel
far, and no plant is companionless after the first year.

This is an excellent rose for park lanes and road-
sides. It is hardy, and will grow in good soil with
only a moderate amount of water, and the flowering
season is long.

170

SWAMP ROSE

Swamp Rose, Rosa Carolina.

Leaflets five to nine. Flowers 2' to 21/,' across.

ROSE FAMILY

Rose-hips. Upper, Rosa blanda ; lower, Rosa Carolina,

LOW ROSE

LOW ROSE. PASTURE ROSE. DWARF WILD ROSE

Rosa humilis.

Erect, bushy, six inches to three feet high ; stems usually
armed with sharp, slender, straight spines just below the stipules,
and also more or less prickly. Found in dry or rocky soil from
Maine and Ontario to Wisconsin, Georgia, Kansas, and Louisi-
ana. Suckers freely.

Leaves. — Leaflets five, seven, one-half to one inch long, rather
thin, ovate, oval or obovate, rounded or pointed at base, coarse-
ly serrate, acute at apex, short-stalked or sessile, glabrous or
pubescent beneath ; not shining above. Autumnal tints red and
orange, brilliant. Stipules narrow, entire. Petioles, pedicels
and calyx usually glandular.

flowers. — May to July. Solitary, or two to three together,
fragrant, two to two and a half inches across, pink ; pedicels
and calyx usually glandular. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate
or dilated at apex, usually lobed, spreading and deciduous :
petals obovate or obcordate ; styles distinct.

Fruit. — Hip, red, globose or depressed-globose, about one-
third of an inch long, glandular-hispid, without the calyx-lobes.
Clings to the branch throughout the winter.

In the middle west this little bush frequently be-
comes an undershrub and is often found almost entirely
shaded. The flowering season is long ; for it blooms
very deliberately and has, moreover, the pleasant habit
of putting forth a few stray blossoms in early autumn.
The stem is not very strongly armed, the spines are
few, but sharp as needles, and go straight to their aim.
This rose is well adapted for coast planting ; loves the
cool moist air of the sea ; is perfectly hardy and able
to withstand the rigor of winter.

173

ROSE FAMILY

Pasture Rose, Rosa bnmilis.

Leaflets five to seven. Flowers 2' to 2J4' across.

GLOSSY ROSE

Glossy Rose, Rosa Incida.
Leaflets seven to nine. Flowers 2' to 2^' across.

ROSE FAMILY

GLOSSY ROSE. DWARF SWAMP ROSE

Rosa lucida.

Bushy, from three to six feet high ; found in wet places.
Ranges from Newfoundland to New Jersey and westward. Suck-
ers very little.

Leaves. — Leaflets seven to nine, one-half to one and one-half
inches long, elliptic or obovate-elliptic, coarsely serrate, most-
ly acute at both ends, thick, shining above, slightly pubescent
beneath. Stipules somewhat dilated, often glandular-toothed;
prickles rather stout and flat, straight or slightly curved.

Flowers. — June, July. Few or solitary, about two inches
across. Calyx-lobes usually entire.

Fruit. — Hip, scarlet, depressed globose, glandular-hispid, one-
third of an inch long.

This rose and Rosa humilis so approach each other
that much confusion exists with regard to them. In
comparison with Rosa nitida the leaves are a lighter
green ; in comparison with Rosa liumilis, of thicker text-
ure. The bush is adapted for borders of shrubberies ;
the bright shining foliage and abundant bloom com-
mend it in summer, and in winter a glow of color is
diffused by its red fruits and its brownish red stems.

NORTHEASTERN ROSE

Rosa nitida.

Bushy, one to two feet high ; stems and branches very densely
covered with slender straight prickles nearly as long as the slen-
der infrastipular spines ; found in low grounds and borders of
swamps. Ranges from Newfoundland to Massachusetts ; often
along the sea shore. Suckers freely.

Leaves. — Leaflets, seven to nine, short-stalked, one-half to an
inch and a half long, oval or narrowly oblong, sharply serrate,

176

NORTHEASTERN ROSE

Northeastern Rose, Rosii nitida.

Leaflets seven to nine. Flowers \yz' to 2 1/2' across.

ROSE FAMILY

acute at both ends ; terminal leaflet sometimes slightly obovate
and obtuse at the apex ; thick, bright green and shining. Au-
tumnal tints orange and red, brilliant. Stipules usually broad,
often glandular.

Flowers. — June, July. Spray one to three-flowered, roses
• deep pink, one and a half to two and a half inches across. Calyx
and pedicels usually glandular. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, acumi-
nate, entire, hispid or glandular, finally spreading, deciduous;
petals often obcordate. Styles distinct. Fragrant.

Fruit. — Hip, scarlet, globose, about one-third of an inch
high, glandular-hispid. Clings to the branches through the
winter.

Rosa nitida is one of our most beautiful native roses.
Its range is not very extensive and the plant seems not
to be generally known. Although damp swamps and
low moist grounds are its native home, transferred
to the garden it grows freely, making a broad mass
of bright foliage, and blooming with great profusion.
One character which may aid to identify it are the red
shoots thickly beset with slender red spines barely
stouter than the red prickles. No other of our native
roses has just this combination.

SWEETBRIER EGLANTINE

Rosa rubiginbsa.

Slender, four to six feet high, wands often longer, destitute
of prickles but armed with stout, recurved spines. Naturalized
from Europe ; found along roadsides from Nova Scotia to Vir-
ginia.

Leaves. — Leaflets five to seven, one to one and a half inches
long, elliptical or oblong-ovate, rounded at base, doubly serrate,
obtuse at apex ; smooth above, densely glandular-pubescent and
resinous beneath ; very aromatic. Stipules one-half to five-
eighths of an inch long, rather broad. Petioles prickly.

178

SWEETBRIER

Svveetbrier, Rosa ntbiginosa.

Leaflets five to seven. Flowers I'X'to I %' across.

ROSE FAMILY

Flowers. — May, June. Solitary or in twos, an inch and a
quarter to an inch and a half across, pink varying to white.
Pedicels and calyx glandular-hispid. Calyx-lobes lanceolate,
usually much-lobed, spreading, deciduous ; petals obcordate or
obovate ; styles distinct.

Fruit. — Hip, scarlet, oval or pyriform, one-half to one inch
long, glandular, without the calyx-lobes.

I know a bank whereon the wild thyme blows,
Where oxlips and the nodding violet grows ;
Quite over-canopied with lush woodbine,
With sweet musk roses and with eglantine.

— " Midsummer Night's Dream." SHAKESPEARE.

With fairest flowers

I'll sweeten thy sad grave ; thou shall not lack
The flower that's like thy face, pale primrose ; nor
The azure harebell, like thy veins ; no, nor
The leaf of eglantine, who not to slander
Out-sweetened not thy breath.

— "Cymbeline. " SHAKESPEARE.

If the Sweetbrier did not come over in the May-
flower it certainly followed hard upon ; for we know
that it bloomed in Pilgrim gardens long before the
close of the seventeenth century. We can well under-
stand that it was dear to the homesick wanderers, for
this is the Eglantine of Chaucer, of Spenser, and of
Shakespeare; the rose that is embedded in the very
warp and woof of English life and so of English litera-
ture.

In spite of its fierce armament there is a certain del-
icacy about the Sweetbrier which gives it a charm
peculiarly its own. The blossom is small and pale and
in itself not fragrant ; the delightful fragrance of the
plant resides in the pale, amber, resinous glands which
so thickly cover the under surface of the leaves as
well as pedicel and calyx.

1 80

DOG ROSE

The long, thorny branches sprawl and scratch and
seize and hold ; and because of this the bush has very
generally been banished from lawn and garden. It
has fled to the roadside and there when June is young
it unfolds its delicate blossoms and yields its delicious
fragrance for the pleasure of any who pass by.

Of late years the gardeners have been at work upon
the plant and they say they have hybrids much finer
than the type. It may be so ; but my allegiance holds
fast to the wild creature of Chaucer and of Shake-
speare, to "the jaws that bite" and "the claws that
catch " of the old English gardens.

DOG ROSE. CANKER ROSE. WILD BRIER

Rdsa canlna.

Erect or straggling, four to six feet high, wands sometimes
ten feet long, usually armed with stout, short, hooked spines, not
bristly but sometimes glandular. Native in northern Asia ; nat-
uralized from Europe. Escaped to roadsides and waste places
from Nova Scotia to Virginia ; abundant in the valley of the
Delaware. Called Cat-whin and Canker-bloom.

Leaves. — Leaflets five to seven, an inch to an inch and a half
long, oval or ovate, obtuse or rounded at base, serrate, obtuse at
apex; smooth, rather thick, sometimes downy beneath. Stip-
ules broad, glandular.

Flowers. — June, July. Solitary, or two to four in a cluster,
pink, varying to white. Calyx-lobes lanceolate, much-cut, re-
flexed, deciduous ; petals obovateor obcordate ; styles distinct.

Fruit. — Hip, scarlet, long-ovoid, half to three-fourths of an
inch long, usually glabrous, without the calyx-lobes.

The Dog Rose, naturalized from Europe, is common
throughout New England and greatly resembles the
Sweetbrier except that it lacks fragrance.

181

ROSE FAMILY

Dog Rose, Rosa canina.

Leaflets five to seven. Flowers ij^' to i^' across.

JAPANESE ROSE

Japanese Rose, Rosa ntgosa.

Flowers 2l/2' to 3^' across.

ROSE FAMILY

JAPANESE ROSE

Rosa rugbsa.

The Japanese Rose is one of the best of our recent
importations ; its virtues are many, its defects few. It
takes care of itself, requires very little attention, grows
up strong and sturdy, makes a good hedge row. The
large single flowers, both pink and white, bloom off
and on from June to October ; in fact they can be
found in favored locations in early November. The
great red hips are nearly as ornamental and effective
as the roses themselves. The stout stems are thickly
beset with prickles and bristles ; the leaflets are five to
seven, rough, dark green and shining above, whitish
and pubescent beneath. The flowers are two and a
half to three and a half inches across. Varieties with
double flowers have been developed, and several good
hybrids are offered by the dealers.

JAPANESE TRAILING ROSE

Rosa wichuraiana.

This is distinctly a trailing plant, but may be so
trained on a trellis as to figure as a climbing rose. It
grows with astonishing rapidity, and will throw out
wonderfully long shoots in one season. When the mul-
titude of single white roses appear in June, against the
background of shining, dark green foliage, the effect is
exceedingly fine. The individual flower is exquisite;
petals of the purest white surround a golden centre,
and the whole gives forth a delicious fragrance. Mr.

184

JAPANESE TRAILING ROSE

Japanese Trailing Rose, Rosa voicburaiana.

Flowers 1%' to 2^' across.

ROSE FAMILY

J. G. Jack, writing shortly after the introduction of this
rose, says of it: " As a rule, the stems trail closely along
the ground, but the new stems of each succeeding year
grow over the preceding ones, and where the tips get
a chance to climb through the branches of some other
shrub they take advantage of the support and become
more or less raised. In fact, its habit is more like
that of a trailing blackberry or dewberry than any other
familiar object.

" Considering that its importation was undesigned or
without a knowledge of its peculiar habit or value, the
introduction of this rose has proved a very fortunate
circumstance. Its dark, shining, evergreen-looking
foliage will form a splendid covering for any rough
piece of ground, and sandy or gravelly areas are likely
to prove very congenial to the growth of the plant."

Many hybrids have been developed from the species;
some double, some bearing larger clusters than the
type, others really evergreen, and some admirable
dwarf plants suitable for borders.

186

POMACE/E— APPLE FAMILY

RED CHOKE-BERRY

Arbnia arbnfifolia.
Aroma, modified from Aria, the Beam-tree of Europe.

An erect shrub, two to eight feet high, with slender branching
stems and grayish brown bark ; grows in swamps and wet woods,
also in dry soil. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Minnesota, south
to Florida and Louisiana.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, one to three inches long, oval, ob-
long or obovate, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, serrulate-
crenulate, obtuse or abruptly pointed at apex ; when full grown
are bright shining green above, pale, sometimes pubescent, often
densely tomentose beneath. The midvein is glandular along the
upper side. In autumn they turn a dark scarlet and orange or
fall with little change of color. Petioles short ; stipules decid-
uous.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, rose-shaped, white, or purple-
tinged, one-half to five-eighths of an inch across ; borne in ter-
minal, compound, downy corymbs which are finally over-topped
by the young shoots.

Calyx. — Urn-shaped, five-lobed, tomentose, adnate to the
ovary.

Corolla. — Petals five, white, concave, spreading, imbricate in
bud.

Stamens. — Numerous, inserted on the calyx-tube; filaments
white, anthers pinkish purple.

Pistil. — Inferior, tomentose, five-celled ; styles three to five,
united at the base.

187

APPLE FAMILY

Red Choke-berry, Aronia arbntifolia.

Leaves i' to 3' long.

PURPLE-FRUITED CHOKE-BERRY

Purple-fruited Choke-berry, Aronia atropiirpnrea.

Leaves i' to 3' long.

APPLE FAMILY

Fruit. — Pome, sweetish, rather dry, one-quarter of an inch in
diameter, globose, or somewhat depressed, red, not lustrous,
bearing the remnants of the calyx-lobes and stamens. Septem-
ber, October ; persistent until early winter.

The Choke-berries are distinctly ornamental plants.
Their foliage color is good, being a rich shining green,
so that the plant is attractive for its color alone. Three
species are now recorded ; and the specific differences
lie in the fruit rather than in the leaves or flowers. The
red-fruited species is the one most abundant in the
south ; the other two are northern. Why these berries
are not attractive to birds is something of a puzzle :
the flesh is somewhat dry, to be sure, but the flavor is
agreeable ; and yet the fact remains that birds pass
them by, for others distinctly inferior and unpleasant.
All the Choke-berries are excellent, country roadside
shrubs.

Purple-fruited Choke-berry, Aronia atrop2irpnrca,\\^.?>
long confused with Aronia nigra, from which it differs
in habit, and in the color of its fruit. This is the tall-
est of the Choke-berries, sometimes reaching a height
of twelve feet. In shape and size the leaves are not
distinguishable from those of the other species of the
genus; and the glandular midrib is a marked character
common to them all. The flowers are white, about
half an inch across, borne in terminal corymbs ; calyx
and pedicles tomentose. The fruit is not quite black,
rather a deep purple ; it remains on the bush until
early winter.

The Black Choke-berry, Aronia nigra, is usually a
lower bush than either of the others. It is found in
swamps, or low woods, sometimes in dryer soil. The

190

BLACK CHOKE-BERRY

Black Choke-berry, Aronia nigra.

Leaves i' to 3' long.

APPLE FAMILY

leaves are obovate or oval, short-petioled, serrulate-
crenulate, obtuse or abruptly pointed, shining green
above, glabrous and yellow green beneath. They vary
from two to two and one-half inches long, and the mid-
rib is glandular along its upper surface. The flowers
are white, about five-eighths of an inch across, bearing
many stamens with pinkish purple anthers. The fruit
is one-half to five-eighths of an inch in diameter, borne
in clusters, of a shining black, and falls very soon after"
maturity. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Florida, and
west to Ontario and Michigan.

SHADEUSH. JUNE-BERRY

Amcldnchier botryapiitm.
Amelanchier , the Savoy name of a different tree.

A shrub or small tree, the foliage and inflorescence densely
white, woolly when young ; found in swamps and on river banks.
Ranges from New Brunswick to Florida and westward through
the Mississippi valley.

Leaves. — Simple, alternate, pinnately veined, oblong, oval,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded at base, acute at apex, finely
and sharply serrate. They come out of the bud conduplicate,
are densely white pubescent when yourj, nearly or quite gla-
brous when old. Autumnal tint yello.v.

Flowers. — -April, May. Perfect, white, borne in short rather
dense racemes ; pedicels and calyx covered with silky white
hairs.

Calyx. — Calyx-tube campanulate, white, woolly, adnate to
the ovary, five-lobed ; lobes narrow, reflected, persistent.

Corolla. — Petals white, five, inserted on the calyx-tube, spatu-
late or linear, about half an inch long.

Stamens. — Many, inserted on the calyx-tube; filaments awl-
like.

192

SHADBUSH

Shadbush, Amelanchier botiyapium.

APPLE FAMILY

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, its cavities twice as many as the
styles ; styles two to five, pubescent at base.

Fruit. — Pome, berry-like, one-fourth to three-eighths of an
inch in diameter, sweet, delicious. June, July.

In northern woods the Amelanchiers are conspicuous in early spring
by the colors of their unfolding leaves ; in one form these are red, in an-
other silvery white, and their vernal beauty is increased by brilliant scarlet
bud-scales and bracts, and by the silky white hairs which clothe the young
growth. Of the delicate beauty of the flowers of this tree it is not necessary
to speak, for everyone who walks abroad in early spring knows the white
flowers of the Shadbush which in April and May enliven the banks of
swamps and upland woods all over eastern America.

— Garden and Forest.

The homely name of Shadbush was given to the
Amelanchier group by the early inhabitants of our
eastern states, because they flower at the time when
the shad begin to ascend the tidal rivers.

The sixth edition of Gray's "Manual of Botany"
considers most of the northeastern June-berries as
varieties of Amelanchier canadcnsis ; but later botanists
are inclined to regard these varieties as species. How-
ever far the genus may be divided upon botanic dif-
ferences, to the popular mind a Shadbush is a Shad-
bush, for its white bloom appears among the mist of
opening buds and is unmistakable. Its message is
borne afar, — from rocky hillside over mountain vallej'
—that spring has come. To the birds, likewise, a
Shadbush is a Shadbush, for the family fruit has been
preempted by the birds for ages and feeble human ef-
forts to secure it have been outclassed from the first.
It seems quite unnecessary to descant upon the deli-
cacy of its flavor ; it is so antecedently improbable
that ordinary mortals should ever have an opportunity
to enjoy it.

194

LOW JUNE-BERRY

Low June-berry, Amclanclier spicata.

APPLE FAMILY

The Low June-berry, AmelancJiier spicata, rises to
the height of three feet from a long root creeping
among rocks. The leaves are elliptic or oval, one to
one and a half inches long, rounded at both ends,
sometimes subacute at apex and sometimes subcordate
at base, serrulate or dentate crenate, woolly when
young. The flowers are borne in many four to ten-
flowered racemes ; the pomes are about a quarter of
an inch in diameter.

The Round-leaved June-berry, AmelancJiier rotundi-
folia, appears as both tree and shrub, and is distin-
guished by means of its leaves, which are broadly oval,
ovate or nearly orbicular, serrate with large teeth,
usually glabrous from the time of unfolding, though
sometimes woolly. Its fruit is a little larger than that
of AmelancJiier spicata.

The Oblong-fruited June-berry, AmelancJiier oligo-
carpa, is a low, glabrous shrub. The leaves are thin,
narrowly oval or oblong, narrowed at each end, finely
and sharply serrate. The flowers are borne in one to
four-flowered racemes : the petals instead of being
narrowly oblong are obovate or oblanceolate. The
pomes are pear-shaped, dark blue purple with a heavy
bloom, from one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch
long. All of the species are early bloomers and all
fruit sparingly.

196

OBLONG-FRUITED JUNE-BERRY

Oblong-fruited June-berry, Amelancbier oligocarpa.

Leaves i' to 3' long. Flowers y±' to %' across.

APPLE FAMILY

EVERGREEN THORN. FIRE THORN

Cotonedster pyracdntha. Pyracdntha cocdnea.

Cotoneaster, from cotoneum, quince, and aster, similar ; like
a quince. Pyracatitha, from pyr, fire, and acanthus, thorn ;
alluding to the bright red fruit.

A thorny evergreen shrub, three to eight feet high, native to
southern Europe and western Asia, which about Philadelphia
and Washington has escaped from cultivation. Young branch-
lets and petioles grayish pubescent.

Leaves. — Evergreen, one to two inches long, oval or oblanceo-
late, narrowed at base, crenulate, acute at apex ; when full
grown are dark shining green, glabrous or slightly pubescent.

Flowers. — May. Numerous, small, one-fourth of an inch
across, white, borne in terminal compound many - flowered
cymes, about an inch and a half across.

J?ria'f.—Ha.vr, small, scarlet, depressed globose, bitter, orna-
mental.

A low evergreen shrub, especially handsome when
loaded with its bright red haws ; these remain on the
branches all winter if not eaten by the birds, who are
really fond of them. It is also very pretty in spring
with its numerous corymbs of white flowers. Its low
habit adapts it for planting on rocky slopes or in
sunny rockeries or for borders of shrubberies; also
for low ornamental hedges or for wall-covering, as it
bears pruning well and is easily trained into any de-
sired shape. The plant thrives in almost any kind ol
well drained soil, but prefers sunny positions.

198

EVERGREEN THORN

Evergreen Thorn, Cotoneaster pyracantba.

Leaves i' to 2' long.

APPLE FAMILY

JAPAN QUINCE

Pyr us japon ica . Cydbn ia japon ica .

Cydonia from Cydon in Crete, where the quince was first
brought into notice.

One of the most desirable of cultivated shrubs ; appearing in
many varieties. The type has rigid thorny stems intricately
branched, and bright scarlet flowers ; the variations occur more
in size and color of flowers than in habit of shrub. Native of
Japan.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, three to five
inches long, ovate, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, wedge-shaped at
base, crenately serrate, acute at apex. When full grown thick,
smooth, leathery, dark shining bluish green above, pale yellow
green beneath. Margin thickened and slightly turned inward.
Petiole short, the leaf texture inclined to run down upon it.
Autumnal tint deep bronze red. Stipules leaf-like, irregularly
kidney-shaped, bilateral, crenately serrate ; found on growing
shoots in September.

Flowers. — In shape and structure like apple blossoms. In
color varying from deep reds to white.

Fruit. — Pome, full oval or globose, two to two and a half
inches long ; stem deeply sunken in fruit. Olive green with
reddish cheek, covered with white dots, hard, acid with typical
quince flavor.

The brilliant bloom of the Japan Quince in the early
spring always attracts attention ; the closely packed
bright red blossoms set the bush aflame, and far away
in the parks it fairly lights up the path. The plant
has been known in this country for nearly a hundred
years but has not yet received all the appreciation
that it deserves.

To an unusual degree this shrub is clothed with its
leaves. The branching habit is intricate ; the leaves

200

JAPAN QUINCE

Japan Quince, Pyrns japonica.

Flowers \l/2' to 2' across.

APPLE FAMILY

are always abundant. The leaf texture sometimes
runs down the entire length of the short petiole ; and
upon the new shoots, which produce the strongest foli-
age, are crescent-shaped stipules, persistent and leaf-
like. The bush would be desirable even if it never
bore a flower. The leaves of new shoots take on a
reddish tinge as they come out of the bud, and as
these shoots are usually abundant, in midsummer
there is often a fine display of color. As autumn
comes on the bush again flames from afar; this time
with the deep bronze red of its changing leaves.

The plant fruits considerably, one might almost say
abundantly ; but this is not very generally known be-
cause the fruit is so concealed by the leaves.

202

CALYCANTHACE^— STRAWBERRY-
SHRUB FAMILY

CAROLINA ALLSPICE. STRAWBERRY-SHRUB.
SWEET-SCENTED SHRUB

Butncria florida. Calycdnthus fldridus.

Butneria in honor of Butner. Calycanthus, from calyx,
cup, and anthus, flower, referring to the closed cup which
contains the pistils.

A compact shrub, four to six feet high, native to the Alle-
ghany mountains, and found along the shady banks of streams.

Bark. — Dull brown ; branchlets yellow brown at first ; swol-
len at the nodes.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, three to five inches long, oblong,
ovate or oval, entire or slightly ruffled, wedge-shaped or rounded
at base, acute or acuminate ; midrib depressed above, all the
veins prominent beneath. They come out of the bud face to
face, bronze green, shining, slightly hairy above, with dense
brown hairs beneath ; when full grown are bright green above,
pale yellow green, slightly pubescent beneath. Their autumnal
tint is a clear yellow. Petiole short, stout, grooved.

Flowers. — May to July. Perfect, reddish chocolate brown,
solitary and terminal on very short, lateral, leafy branches.

Calyx. — Sepals many, narrow-oblong, united below into a fleshy
inversely-conical cup, with some leaf-like bractlets growing from
it, chocolate brown with a reddish tinge.

Corolla. — Petals many, reddish chocolate brown, thickish, nar-
row-oblong, in many rows, inserted on the top of the closed
calyx-tube ; similar to the sepals.

203

STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY

Stamens. — Numerous, inserted just within the petals, short, in
several rows, some of the inner ones sterile ; anthers adnate, in-
trorse.

Pistil. — Carpels several, enclosed in the calyx-tube, inserted
on its base and inner face, resembling the rose-hip in structure.

Fruit. — A large, drooping, pear-shaped receptacle two inches
long and one and one-fourth inches in diameter, to which the
bases of petals, sepals and bracts are adnate, and which encloses
few to many smooth, shining achenes. September.

The Sweet-scented Shrub has been for years a gar-
den favorite because of the strawberry fragrance of
its flowers ; even the stems and small branches emit a
spicy perfume when bruised or broken. The color of
the flower is a reddish chocolate brown, but the tints
are unstable and the flower fades as it gets older. Also,
as it ages the petals spread and flatten so as to make a
loose rosette. The behavior of the flower buds when
the warm spring days come is most interesting.
The scales quickly fall, leaving two tiny leaves that
closely surround and thoroughly protect the little
brown ball of the flower ; and as it increases in size
they enlarge, but they do not give up their protective
attitude until both are well on toward maturity.

Many lovers of flowers have cultivated the Straw-
berry-shrub in their gardens ; have delighted in the
delicious fragrance of its blossoms ; and have wondered
that no fruit seemed ever to follow. How the plant
reproduced itself was a question ; doubtless in some
wonderful way which common people knew nothing
about. It is true that our common garden species
rarely fruits in domestication ; but there is another
species native to the south which fruits abundantly ; in-
deed, by so doing it has won its specific name Butneria

204

STRAWBERRY-SHRUB

Strawberry-shrub, Bittneria Jloiida.

Leaves 3' to 5' long.

STRAWBERRY-SHRUB FAMILY

fcrtilis. The fruit is really very curious ; it hangs from
the branch like a little closed bag and contains, packed
within it, the smooth shining achenes.

Butncria florida was one of the earliest American
shrubs taken to England and has long been a favorite
there. It is easily grown ; the best location is one
somewhat shaded ; and it prefers a rich sandy loam.

206

SMOOTH STRAWBERRY-SHRUB

Smooth Strawberry-shrub, Butneria fertilis,

Fruit 3' to 4' long.

HYDRANGEACE^E— HYDRANGEA FAMILY

WILD HYDRANGEA

Hydrdngea arborescens.

Hydrangea, of Greek derivation, meaning water vessel, so
named from the shape of the small capsule.

Vigorous, four to ten feet high ; found on rocky, river banks
in southern New York and in New Jersey, very abundant in the
valley of the Delaware, ranging south to Florida and west to
Iowa and Missouri. Species variable. Ascends 4,200 feet in the
mountains of North Carolina.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, three to six inches long, ovate,
rounded or cordate or broadly wedge-shaped at base, sharply
dentate, acute or acuminate at apex ; when full grown are bright
green above, upper surface deeply corrugated, all the veins very
prominent beneath, very reticulate, glabrous or pubescent.

Flowers. — June, July. Both fertile and sterile, borne together
in terminal corymbose clusters. Exterior flowers of the clusters
often without petals, stamens or pistils, but with enlarged and
very conspicuous calyx-lobes ; sometimes these sterile flowers are
very abundant ; sometimes there are none. Fertile flowers are
small.

Calyx. — Tube obconic, adnate to the ovary, four to five-
toothed, teeth minute, persistent.

Corolla. — Petals four or five, valvate in bud, pinkish cream.

Stamens. — Eight to ten, inserted on the disk ; filaments
threadlike, exserted ; anthers pink ; pollen abundant.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, two to four-celled ; styles two to four ;
ovules many.

Fruit. — -Capsule small, two-celled, ribbed, many-seeded.

208

WILD HYDRANGEA

y«k» ' •

Wild Hydrangea, Hydrangea arborescens.

Leaves 3' to 6' long. Flower clusters 3' to 4' across.

HYDRANGEA FAMILY

The general effect of our northern Hydrangea in
bloom is a group of strong erect stems, each crowned
by a pale, salmon pink cluster, made up of a multitude
of tiny blossoms each about an eighth of an inch
across. The stamens are exserted, and there are so
many of them that in the flower cluster the stamens
are much more prominent than the petals. The fra-
grance is pleasant, possibly a trifle heavy. The blos-
soms open irregularly, so that for some time any
cluster will have a goodly number of buds mingled
with the open flowers. While the flower cluster does
not reach the regulation standard of an hydrangea, a
standard based upon the abnormal development of
sterile flowers in our cultivated species, nevertheless it
does come up to no mean measure of beauty. Now
and then a cluster shows a few marginal sterile flow-
ers after the fashion of Viburnum opulns, but it rarely
wastes its vitality in that way ; its fragrance and pollen
are ample resources to attract its insect friends.

Our favorite, hardy, garden Hydrangea is Hydrangea
paniculata grandiflora, a species developed by the
Japanese from their wild form, Hydrangea panicidata.
It is, indeed, a superb plant. The panicles are of enor-
mous size and of great beauty ; in the best known form
all the flowers are sterile. They run through a charm-
ing range of color: pale green, cream white, pale pink
and lastly dull red. As this magnificent bloom appears
in August and does not complete its color scheme
until October, then remains upon the branches until
beaten off by the storms of winter, there are definite
and sufficient reasons for the popularity of the bush.

In southern Japan the shrub becomes a tree twenty-

2IO

HARDY HYDRANGEA

Hardy Hydrangea, Hydrangea paniculata graiidiflora.

HYDRANGEA FAMILY

five to thirty feet high, with stout stems and pendulous
branches. The following notes from the Arnold Ar-
boretum give a clear and detailed account of the plant
as it now appears in its several forms :

" The first is the plant commonly known as Hy-
drangea paniculata grandiflora, with enormous panicles
of sterile flowers. The bloom continues from late
August until winter.

" The second appears to be the wild form of the first
with much smaller panicles, appearing at the same
time, only a few sterile flowers being scattered among
the fertile flowers.

" The third is intermediate between these two and
flowering at the same time, the panicle being nearly as
large as that of the first and more showy than that of
the second, by the presence of a larger number of large
sterile flowers. This as a garden plant is, perhaps, the
most desirable of the whole group.

" The fourth is similar to the second, from which it
differs only in its time of flowering, which is during
the first half of July or about six weeks earlier."

GARDEN SYRINGA. MOCK ORANGE

Philadelph us coroiiarius,

Philadelphus is an ancient name applied to this genus by
Linnaeus for no obvious reason.

A beautiful shrub, native to central Europe, which is exten-
sively cultivated and in some places has escaped from the gardens.
Usually from six to twelve feet high.

Stems. — Young shoots pale golden brown, older twigs darker
brown.

212

SYRINGA

Flowering Branch of Syringa, Pbiladelpbus coronarins.

Leaves 2' to 4' long. Flowers i}4' to \%' across.

HYDRANGEA FAMILY

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, two to four inches long, oval or
elliptic, rounded or narrowed at base, sparingly denticulate,
acute or acuminate at apex, three-nerved, veins depressed above,
prominent below. They come out of the bud pale gray green,
shining, densely covered with white hairs on the under surface;
when full grown are deep dull green above, paler beneath. In
autumn they darken purplish or fall with no change of color.
Petiole short, grooved.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, cream-white, very fragrant,
numerous, racemose at the end of the branches and twigs, one
and one-eighth to one and one-half inches across.

Calyx. — Calyx-tube top-shaped, coherent with the ovary, four-
lobed ; lobes ovate, acute, longer than the tube, spreading, per-
sistent, valvate in bud.

Corolla. — Petals four or five, rounded or obovate, white, con-
volute in bud.

Stamens. — Twenty to forty inserted on the disk ; filaments
white; anthers pale yellow.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, four-celled; style four-cleft; stigmas
oblong.

Fruit. — A four-valved capsule, many-seeded, surrounded by
the persistent calyx and crowned by the persistent style. Au-
gust, September.

The Syringa has merits. It withstands the hard
conditions of city life ; its blooming season is ex-
tended ; the flowers are beautiful and deliciously fra-
grant ; it holds its leaves late into the autumn. Each
flower as it opens is a bell, maturing it becomes a
star.

The blooming season is that of the roses, — together
they are the last of the procession of spring flowers ;
when they have cast their petals to the wind, summer
has come. Many shrubs fulfil their flowering duty and
relapse into green insignificance to emerge again when
autumn clothes them in gold and scarlet. But after
June is past the Syringa charms no more ; its fruit is

314

LARGE-FLOWERED SYRINGA

Large-flowered Syringa, Philadelphia grandiflonis. Garden Form.

Flowers 2' to }' across.

HYDRANGEA FAMILY

inconspicuous ; its leaves cling late and fall with little
change of color.

The books give southern Europe as the native land
of the plant, but as a matter of fact it has been in cul-
tivation so long that its origin is unknown. In north-
ern Europe, it was first cultivated in Belgium, then
introduced into England about the time of Gerard,
1597, who had plants of it growing in his garden, "in
the suburb of Holborne in verie great plentie." It will
grow in almost any location and is easily propagated
by division of the root.

There is considerable confusion with regard to the
two southern species, PJiiladclpJnis inodorus and PJiila-
delpJius grandiflorus. They seem to have changed
names from time to time ; and the individuals in our
northern gardens appearing under these names are
probably hybrids. In any case, there is now in culti-
vation a PJiiladclpJnts producing large scentless flowers
— blooming a little after PJiiladclpJius coronarius — which
either is a native species or was derived from one.

216

SAXIFRAGACE.E— SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

THE DEUTZIAS

No Deutzia is found native within the borders of the
United States ; the plants are principally Asiatic ; of
the sixteen species now known, one is found in Mexico,
all the others in Asia. Their pretty name was given
them by Thunberg in honor of his friend and patron
Johann Van der Deutz. Nearly all are hardy shrubs,
with rough bark, axillary flowers borne in racemes or
corymbs, the leaves mostly ovate, acuminate, serrate,
and more or less rough. Though hardy, some of
them are easily forced under glass, by which means
they are made to produce beautiful flowers at any
time of the year, and in great abundance.

Deutzia gracilis, Bridal Wreath, is one of the small-
est of the genus and possibly the best known. It is
a low growing shrub, fairly burdened in May with
masses of the most lovely, pure white flowers. One
minor characteristic adds to their beauty, the yellow
stamens are borne upon white filaments. Gardeners
highly prize this species, as it can be easily forced,
and this little white bush is always one of the attrac-
tive objects among Easter decorations.

Deutzia scabra has long been in cultivation and from
it several favorite varieties have been produced. The

217

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

Deutzia, Dent^ia gracilis.

DEUTZIA

Deutzia, Dent^ia scabra.

SAXIFRAGE FAMILY

leaves of the type are ovate to ovate-lanceolate, the
panicles erect, two to four inches long, and the indi-
vidual flowers white or tinged with pink.

This is cultivated in different forms ; Dcutzia candi-
dissiuia, a variety of pure white flowers; the Pride of
Rochester, which bears very large double white flow-
ers; Deutzia purpurea plena, with double flowers, white
within and purplish without. There are other species
and many varieties; all are desirable, blooming, as so
many of them do, in June and July. There are vari-
eties with yellow and with variegated leaves.

220

ITEACE^E— VIRGINIA WILLOW FAMILY

ITEA. VIRGINIA WILLOW
Itea virginica.

Itea, the Greek name for willow ; because the leaves of this
plant resemble those of the willow.

A stalwart shrub, four to ten feet high, growing in wet places ;
twigs and inflorescence downy. Ranges from the pine-barrens
of New Jersey to Florida, and west to Missouri and Louisiana.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, one to three inches long, nar-
rowly oval or oblanceolate, wedge-shaped at base, finely serrate,
acute or acuminate at apex ; when full grown, bright green,
smooth above, slightly hairy beneath ; midvein and primary
veins depressed above, prominent beneath. Autumnal tints scar-
let and crimson'.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, white, borne in dense termi-
nal racemes, two to six inches long. Pedicels short, downy.

Calyx. — Calyx-tube bell-shaped, five-lobed, base adherent to
the ovary.

Corolla. — Petals five, white, linear, erect or slightly spreading,
three-eighths of an inch long, the points inflexed, inserted on the
disk that lines the calyx.

Stamens. — Five, inserted with the petals.

Pistil. — Ovary one, two-celled ; style slender ; stigma two-
grooved ; ovules many.

Fruit. — Capsule two-grooved, oblong, slender, downy, many-
seeded, tipped with the two-parted style.

Itea Virginica is coming- into cultivation in parks
and gardens. The flowers are white, borne in terminal

221

VIRGINIA WILLOW FAMILY

Itea, Itea mrgiuica.

Leaves i' to 3' long. Racemes 2' to 6' long.

ITEA

racemes ; they are small, but sufficiently abundant to
make the bush very attractive during the flowering-
season.

The leaves color early ; they change from green to
scarlet and crimson in midsummer and glow in this
gorgeous panoply until late autumn. Even after the
leaves of other shrubs have fallen they still cling to the
stems, a body of solid crimson. Five species belong to
the genus, but this is the only one native to North
America.

223

GROSSULARIACE^E— GOOSEBERRY

FAMILY

PRICKLY WILD GOOSEBERRY. DOGBERRY

Ribes cynosbati.

Ribes, of uncertain origin, the name of a plant supposed
by the older botanists to be the Gooseberry ; possibly from
riebs, a German popular name for the currant.

A fine bush, three to four feet high, found in rocky woods
from New Brunswick to North Carolina and west to Manitoba
and Missouri. Thrives in all soils and exposures. Stems un-
armed or prickly.

Leaves. — Alternate, often fascicled, three to five-lobed, nearly
orbicular, one to two inches broad, heart-shaped at base, irregu-
larly serrate or crenate ; palmately veined, primary and second-
ary veins depressed above, very prominent beneath. They come
out in clusters of three or four from a single bud ; plicate, bright
green, densely covered with white hairs ; when full grown are
bright green above, paler green beneath. In autumn they turn
an orange, slightly touched with red, or drop with little change.
Petioles slender, downy with glandular hairs. A sharp, slender,
reddish brown spine is usually found just below the leaf cluster ;
sometimes two or three are together, sometimes none. Fre-
quently spines are scattered along the stem ; prickles are few or
weak or none.

Flowers. — April to June. Perfect, produced from the same
bud as the cluster of leaves, solitary, or two to three in a group,
bell-shaped, green, small, rich in nectar ; peduncles slender,
pubescent.

224

WILD GOOSEBERRY

Wild Gooseberry, Ribes cynosbali.

Leaves i' to 2' broad.

GOOSEBERRY FAMILY

Calyx. — Coherent with the ovary ; tube bell-shaped, slightly
contracted at mouth, five-lobed ; lobes roundish, shorter than
the tube, green sometimes touched with red ; when mature lobes
recurve against the tube.

Petals. — Five, minute, green, obscurely three-lobed, obovate,
borne on the calyx-tube, alternate with the calyx-lobes.

Stamens. — Five, inserted in the calyx-tube, slightly included,
opposite the calyx-lobes ; filaments and anthers green, converg-
ing to the stigma.

Pistil. — Ovary one-celled, adnate to calyx ; style relatively
large, undivided, hairy at base ; stigma capitate.

Fruit. — Berry, globose, several - seeded, brownish purple,
prickly, rarely smooth, one-half an inch in diameter, crowned
with the remains of the calyx ; of a pleasant flavor. August.

The Prickly Wild Gooseberry is a common under-
shrub in northern woods. It reaches the height of
four feet and defends itself from man and beast by
the many prickles on the lower part of the stems.
Sometimes, however, the stem is entirely smooth save
for the spines at the base of the leaves. The flowers
are little green bells, rich in nectar, borne on slen-
der one to three-flowered peduncles. The fruit is a
brownish red berry, covered with prickles like a bur,
though occasionally smooth. Reports from the Ar-
nold Arboretum state that seedlings from the same
plant may produce either smooth or prickly fruit.
The berries when mature are sweet and pleasant, but
the prickles are often very sharp. This is the com-
monest wild gooseberry east of the Mississippi River.

226

EASTERN WILD GOOSEBERRY

Eastern Wild Gooseberry, Ribes rotundifolium.

Fruit J4' to y$' in diameter.

GOOSEBERRY FAMILY

GARDEN GOOSEBERRY. EUROPEAN GOOSEBERRY

Kibes iiva-crispa. Kibes grossularia.

Rigid, stocky, of thick branches, the fruiting ones without
prickles ; the spines are mostly triple, heavy and thick at the
base, the central one three-eighths to one-half an inch long.

Leaves. — Orbicular, three to five-lobed, thick and very glossy,
pubescent ; petioles sometimes sparsely set with glandular-tipped
hairs.

Flowers. — Peduncles short, one to two-flowered, pubescent or
glandular. Calyx very pubescent, greenish ; tube broad, bell-
shaped ; lobes broadly ovate, thickish, reflexed, petaloid. Petals
inserted on the calyx-tube, obovate, reaching to the base of the
anthers. Stamens shorter than the calyx-lobes. Ovary pubes-
cent or glandular ; style commonly two-cleft, hairy at base.

Fruit. — Berry, oval, large, yellowish green or red, minutely
but roughly pubescent, often with scattered prickles or glandu-
lar tipped hairs.

This gooseberry is native to Europe, northern Af-
rica and western Asia. It is the parent of the Eng-
lish gooseberries, and is widely cultivated throughout
Europe ; from it many varieties have been produced.

ROUND-LEAVED GOOSEBERRY

Ribes rotundifblium.

Low shrub, branches commonly straight, with light colored
bark ; thorns mostly single, but very short, gray like the outer
bark. Ranges from western Massachusetts and New York south-
ward to North Carolina along the Alleghanies.

Leaves. — Orbicular, palmately veined, three to five-lobed,
wedge-shaped at base, glabrous or slightly downy, ciliate on
margin and veins ; vernation plicate.

228

NORTHERN GOOSEBERRY

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, greenish purple, borne on two
to three-flowered short peduncles. Calyx-lobes narrow or oblong,
spatulate, greenish or dull purplish, seldom reflexed ; petals obo-
vate, small ; stamens longer than the calyx-lobes ; style two-
cleft, downy.

Fruit. — Small, several-seeded, about one-fourth of an inch in
diameter, smooth, purplish, of an agreeable flavor. July, August.

NORTHERN GOOSEBERRY. HAWTHORN GOOSE-
BERRY

Rlbes oxyacanthoides.

Low shrub, two to four feet high, branches slender, reclined,
often crooked, reddish brown, commonly smooth, but sometimes
with scattered prickles ; spines single or triple, rather slender
and sharp, sometimes wanting ; found in wet woods and low
grounds. Ranges from Labrador and Newfoundland to the
North West Territory and south to New Jersey and Nebraska.

Leaves. — Solitary or in fascicles, alternate, simple, palmately
veined, orbicular, wedge-shaped or heart-shaped at base, deeply
three to five-lobed ; lobes incised and coarsely toothed, finely
pubescent above and beneath, but commonly glossy when grow-
ing ; vernation plicate.

Flowers. — May to July. Small, perfect, greenish white or
dull purplish, bell-like ; peduncles short, one to two-flowered.

Calyx. — Greenish white ; tube bell-like, coherent with the
ovary, five-lobed ; lobes oblong or obovate, thin and petaloid,
when mature recurved.

Corolla. — Petals five, dull purplish, broadly ovate or spatulate,
inserted on the calyx-tube, alternate with the sepals, reaching
half way to the anthers.

Statue/is. — Five, inserted on the calyx-tube, slightly included.

Pistil. — Ovary coherent with calyx, one-celled, style single or
slightly two-cleft, pubescent below, slightly longer than the
stamens.

Fruit. — Round, several-seeded, perfectly smooth, with a deli-
cate bloom, one-half inch in diameter, yellowish green or red-
dish when ripe, of an agreeable flavor. July, August.

229

GOOSEBERRY FAMILY

Northern Gooseberry, Rites oxyacantboides.

FETID CURRANT

SWAMP GOOSEBERRY

Kibes lac us ire.

Upright, the twigs and branches densely bristly, with straight
slender prickles; spines weak, single, or several in a whorl, es-
pecially on young growth. In swamps and cold, wet woods.
Ranges from Newfoundland to Pennsylvania, west across the
continent.

Leaves. — Nearly orbicular, heart-shaped at base, thin, pubes-
cent along the veins beneath, deeply five to seven-lobed, one
to two inches wide ; lobes incised-dentate, acutish ; vernation
plicate.

Flowers. — May, June. Small, perfect, greenish, borne in a
nodding many-flowered raceme. Pedicels short, bracted at the
base. Calyx greenish white, saucer-shaped, glandular-bristly ;
the lobes short, broad, and spreading. Petals fan-shaped, red-
dish, nearly as long as the calyx-lobes. Stamens short ; anthers
very short, each half-divided. Pistil cleft at summit ; ovary
glandular-hairy.

Fruit. — Berry, about one-sixth of an inch in diameter, reddish,
covered with weak prickles, unpleasant. July, August.

FETID CURRANT. PROSTRATE CURRANT

Rlbes prostratiim.

A shrub with recumbent or prostrate stems, trailing and root-
ing ; branches erect, thornless and without prickles; found in
cold, damp woods. Ranges from Labrador, throughout New
England and along the mountains to North Carolina, and west-
ward to the Pacific Ocean ; also in northeastern Asia and upon
the islands of Japan.

Leaves. — Alternate, orbicular, two to three inches wide, cor-
date at base, palmately veined, five to seven-lobed ; lobes ovate,
acute, dentate-serrate ; vernation plicate. Petioles slender, one
to three inches long, base dilated.

231

GOOSEBERRY FAMILY

Flowers. — May, June. Small, perfect, greenish, bell-shaped,
borne in erect, slender racemes which appear from the same buds
as the leaves. Pedicels short, glandular, bracted at base.

Calyx. — Coherent with the ovary, broad, bell-shaped, five-
lobed ; lobes obovate or roundish, greenish white or purplish.

Corolla. — Petals five, small, spatulate or fan-shaped, greenish
purple, inserted on the throat of the calyx.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on the throat of the calyx, alternate
with the petals, short ; anthers often purple.

Pistil. — Ovary coherent with the calyx, one-celled ; style two-
cleft. Ovary, peduncle and pedicels covered with glandular-
tipped hairs.

Fruit. — Small, pale red berry, glandular, bristly.

This is one of the intercontinental plants, found both
in America and Asia. It may be recognized by its
long, prostrate, trailing stems, its deeply heart-shaped
leaves, its small greenish flowers borne in erect ra-
cemes, and its pale red currants, bristly glandular.
Both plant and fruit emit a disagreeable odor when
bruised. It does not take kindly to cultivation ; it

loves the cold, damp woods and
languishes in warmth and sun-

shine.

RED CURRANT

Kibes rubrum.

The Reel Currant of our gardens
is undoubtedly of European origin
and has been modified by cultiva-

Rcd Currant, Ribcs rubrum.

tion ; nevertheless in essentials it

differs very slightly from our own wild form. The
parent bush was unquestionably an inhabitant of cool,
moist, shady northern haunts, and to-day the self-same

232

WILD BLACK CURRANT

bush is found in Europe, Asia and America. With us
Ribes rubruin inhabits a belt extending across the con-
tinent from Labrador to Alaska, and southward to
New Jersey, Indiana and Minnesota. In New England
and the Middle States, however, the wild currant bush
by the roadside is much more likely to be an escape
from the gardens than a direct member of the ancient
line.

WILD BLACK CURRANT

Rlbes floridum. Rlbcs aincricannm.

Erect, three to five feet high. Ranges from Nova Scotia to
Manitoba, and southward to Kentucky, Iowa and Nebraska.

Leaves. — Alternate or clustered, three to five-lobed, nearly or-
bicular, two to three and one-half inches wide, palmately veined,
heart-shaped at base, glabrous above, downy and resinous-dotted
beneath ; lobes coarsely dentate-serrate, depressed above, ridged
below. They come out of the bud plicate, pale green and
downy ; when full grown are bright green above, paler beneath.
In autumn they take on a deep bronze, or fall with little change
of color.

F/owers. — April, May. Perfect, greenish white or yellow,
bell-shaped, three-eighths to one-fourth of an inch long, borne
in pendulous, loosely-flowered, downy racemes, which appear
from the same buds as the leaves.

Calyx. — Calyx-tube bell-shaped, coherent with the ovary,
border four to five-lobed ; lobes short, rounded, petaloid, green-
ish white.

Corolla. — Petals four to five, inserted on the throat of the
calyx, greenish white.

Stamens. — Four to five, inserted on the throat of the calyx,
alternate with the petals, included.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, one-celled ; styles two.

Fruit. — Berry, globose-ovoid, black, smooth, one-fourth of an
inch in diameter ; crowned with the remnant of a calyx.

233

GOOSEBERRY FAMILY

Wild Black Currant, Ribes floridnm.

Leaves 2' to 3^' broad.

GOLDEN CURRANT

This species is rarely cultivated. In general ap-
pearance, and in flavor of fruit it resembles the Black
Currant, Ribes nigrnm, of the garden. It forms a
graceful spreading bush, with luxuriant foliage and
long, drooping racemes both of flowers and of fruit.

GOLDEN CURRANT. BUFFALO OR MISSOURI

CURRANT

R\bes aureum.

A bush of long, slender, upright or curving stems, growing
along streams. Ranges from Minnesota to Missouri and Texas,
westward to Oregon and California. Common in cultivation.

Leaves. — Alternate or tufted, one to one and a half inches
long, simple, palmately veined, three to five-lobed, often broader
than long, wedge-shaped or heart-shaped, or rounded at base;
lobes rounded, toothed or entire ; midvein and primary veins con-
spicuous. They come out of the bud convolute, pale green, downy
and shining; when full grown are bright yellow green above, paler
green beneath. Leaves of bearing shoots are commonly three
lobed ; lobes often short, broad, and entire. The autumnal tint
is yellow dashed with red, and they change and drop compara-
tively early.

Flowers. — April, May. Perfect, yellow, cylindrical, borne in
short, loose, leafy-bracted racemes. Fragrant, charged with
nectar.

Calyx. — Coherent with the ovary ; bright yellow, smooth ;
tube cylindric, one-half to an inch long, with five, spreading, re-
curved lobes.

Corolla. — Petals five, small, yellow with pink tips, inserted on
the throat of the calyx.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on the calyx throat and alternate with
the petals, slightly exserted.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, one-celled ; style long and slender, ex-
serted ; stigma capitate.

Fruit. — Globose berry, black, sometimes yellowish black,
glabrous, shining, crowned with the remnant of the calyx, in-
sipid. August.

235

GOOSEBERRY FAMILY

This tall, vigorous, upright bush, found in unnum-
bered dooryards, is most attracti\7e in early spring.
The flowers and leaves start together, but the Mowers
get ahead, and the wand-like branches are thickly
clothed with the flower clusters before the leaves make
much headway. Its flame of yellow is due to the
brilliant calyx ; the tiny petals of the corolla are not
very much in evidence.

The plant is graceful and hardy, sprouting freely
from the roots. The leaves are inclined to drop early,
which is its only defect as an ornamental plant.

236

GOLDEN CURRANT

Golden Currant, Ribes aiirenin.

Flowers J£' to ffl long.

HAMAMELIDACE^E— WITCH HAZEL

FAMILY

Hamamelis virginiana.

Hamamelis is an ancient name with no obvious application
to this plant. Witch is a modern spelling of the Saxon wick
or wych. The meaning of the word in this connection is
doubtful ; it is good opinion, however, that it means pendu-
lous, drooping ; two trees are so named, — wych elm and
wych hazel.

Through the gray and sombre wood,

Against the dusk of fir and pine,
Last of their floral sisterhood,

The hazel's yellow blossoms shine.

—JOHN G. WHITTIEK.

Amid the wild-wood pomp and circumstance of our
northern autumn there is no more remarkable object
than the Witch Hazel, which at the very moment of
parting with its leaves breaks forth into an abundant
bloom that clusters thickly about the stems and gives
to November the aspect of April. The flower buds
appear in August, they expand rarely in September^
normally in October and November; and the flowers
appear three or four together at the end of a short,
brown, downy pedicel in the axil of a falling or fallen
leaf. The flower is in fours; four lobes to the calyx;
four long, crumpled, yellow petals; four fertile stamens

238

WITCH HAZEL

Witch Hazel, Hamamelis virgitiiana.

Leaves 4' to 0' long.

WITCH HAZEL FAMILY

alternating with four scale-like, imperfect ones ; only
the pistil varies from the four-fold plan ; the ovary is
two-celled and two-styled. This late flowering of the
plant seems an excess of zeal, for no growth takes place
in the ovary until the following spring, and the ripen-
ing period is not forwarded thereby. The tiny last
year's nuts slowly ripen as this year's flowers bloom,
and are finally sent out from their woody pods with a
projectile force which carries them several yards.

The Witch Hazel is to be looked for on the sides of
deep ravines and at the edges of woodlands through-

out our range.

240

CORNACE^E— DOGWOOD FAMILY

DOGWOOD. CORNEL

Cornus.

Conms, horn, from cornu, referring to the toughness of the
wood.

The Cornels with showy floral leaves are confined to the New World, the
group being represented by the two flowering Dogwood trees, one in the
east and the other in the west ; also by the pretty little herbaceous Bunch-
berry, a familiar flower of our northern woods, and by another species re-
sembling the last, a Bunch-berry native to Alaska and the far northern parts
of the continent. These are all that have come down to us from a very pe-
culiar group of plants, which in earlier times were more widely scattered
over the earth's surface than they are now. For the ancestors of our Flow-
ering Dogwood occurred in Europe, where, however, their descendants have

been unable to obtain a foothold.

— Garden and Forest.

The Dogwood makes a very attractive family group
which consists of herbs, shrubs and trees. The trees
are small and sometimes play at being shrubs ; the
shrubs now and then try to be trees ; and the herbs
are woody at base and apparently hope some day to
be shrubs.

The highest and the lowest in the family produce
flowers and fruit that are very similar. Cormis florida,
the tree, and Cormis canadensis, the herb, wrap around
their clusters of small flowers the superb white involu-

241

DOGWOOD FAMILY

ere which makes the Dogwood tree the glory of the
woods in spring-time, and the Bunch-berry the prize
of the seeker. In the case of Cornus florida the flowers
usually appear on the bare branches, but sometimes
under favoring conditions the great white involucres
linger until the leaves are nearly grown ; but they
never outstay their welcome, for few sights are pret-
tier than a Dogwood tree bearing both leaves and
flowers.

The other tree, Cornns altcrnifo/ia, and all the shrubs
bear their flowers in flat cymose clusters, one to three
inches across. The individual flower is a four-pointed
star with four exserted stamens. The
only flowering shrubs with which the
dogwoods could be confused are the vi-
burnums, but their flower is a star with
five rounded divisions and five stamens.
If it is remembered that the dogwoods
are a[wayS jn fours and the viburnums

larged.

always in fives, the difficulty is removed.

The fruits of the family come in assorted colors ;
they range through bright scarlet, dark blue, pale steel
blue, bluish white and pure white. In flavor they
vary simply in degrees of unpleasantness, all being
more or less acid, bitter and aromatic, and the bitter is
of a particularly persistent and pervading kind.

Another family characteristic is the brilliant stems
of many of the species. The most marked example is
the White-fruited Dosrwood, Cornus alba of Siberia,

which is the species most generally cultivated in this
country. The blood-red twigs and stems which glow
throughout the winter, and deepen and flame as winter

242

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

Flowering Dog'wood, Coriins florida.

Spread cf the Flower-bracts 2' to 5'.

DOGWOOD FAMILY

merges into spring-, are well known to even the most
casual observer. This species is marked in many deal-
ers' catalogues as Cornus sanguinca, but this is wrong.
The real Cornus sanguinca is a European species having
little of interest in the color of its bark, which be-
comes gray when old. The color of its fruit is black.

Our own Cormis stolonifera possesses the beautiful
red twigs in so marked a degree as to give it the com-
mon name Red-osier Dogwood. Cornus baileyi and
Cornus asperifolia have twigs of reddish brown ; those
of Cornus alternifolia and Cornus circinata are green ;
those of Cornus amonum dull purple. An extensive
and pleasing range of winter coloring can be had by
means of dogwoods alone.

FLOWERING DOGWOOD

Cor nil s florida.

The Flowering Dogwood is both tree and shrub,
and its value as an ornamental plant is not exceeded
by any other denizen of our gardens. Its flowers are
sui generis ; the real flowers are the little green bunch
in the centre of the four petaloid bracts which enwrap
and protect them. The genesis of these great white
bracts is interesting. They are simply four bud-scales
and may be seen upon the flower buds which develop
in late summer at the tips of the branches of any
fruitful and flourishing individual. They endure the
buffetings of storms; they brave the cold, the ice, the
snow of winter ; and when spring comes and other
bud-scales, having completed their service, pass away
unregarded, these simply take on a second growth,

244

ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD

Round-leaved Dogwood, Coriius circinata.

Leaves 2' to 6' long. Cymes \%' to 3' across.

DOGWOOD FAMILY

carrying the weather-beaten winter portion of the old
on the apex of the new. The notch on the end of the
broad white bract is the bud-scale of the past winter.
Search as you may, you can never find one without
the dark scar. This is the insignia of service, the sign
of work well done.

The original form of the Red-flowering Dogwood
so frequently seen in parks and gardens came from
Virginia ; but the trees whose flower bracts vary from
pure white are not rare. The bracts are not pretty or
showy until fully developed, then they assume the
pink of the wild rose.

ROUND-LEAVED DOGWOOD

Co runs circinata.

A compact shrub six to ten feet high, in shady, often rocky,
places, in rich or sandy soil. Ranges from Nova Scotia to Man-
itoba, south to Virginia, west to Iowa and Missouri.

Stem. — Twigs and branches green, warty-dotted.

Leaves. — Opposite, entire, two to six inches long, orbicular,
or broadly ovate, sometimes broader than long, rounded or
truncate at base, entire, acute or acuminate at apex. They come
out of the bud slightly involute, pale green tipped with red,
densely covered with white hairs ; when full grown are bright
pale green, slightly pubescent above, densely hairy beneath. In
autumn they turn a dull yellow. Petioles one-half to three-
fourths of an inch long.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, small, white, borne in rather
dense flat cymes, one and a half to three inches across ; pedicels
downy.

Calyx. — Tube bell-like, four-toothed, coherent with the ovary.

Corolla. — Petals four, white, ovate, valvate in bud, inserted
on a disk within the calyx.

246

SILKY DOGWOOD

Silky Dogwood, Cornus amomnm.
Leaves 3' to 5' long. Cymes i %' to 2%' across.

DOGWOOD FAMILY

Stamens. — Four, exserted, filaments threadlike; inserted with
the petals.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, two-celled ; style slender ; stigma
capitate.

Fruit. — Drupe, globose, very pale blue or white with a bluish
tinge, three-eighths of an inch in diameter; stone sub-globose,
ridged. Bitter, aromatic. September.

This is one of the most attractive of the cornels. It
reaches the height of six or ten feet ; the branches are
green and warty-dotted, the bright green leaves, large
and roundish. It should be sought for in open rocky
woods, and in cultivation will do best in a shady loca-
tion. The flowers are rather large for a dogwood,
and the fruit, light blue or bluish white, is too scanty
to be effective, but the general effect of the plant is ex-
cellent.

SWAMP DOGWOOD. SILKY DOGWOOD. KINNIKINNIK

Cornus ainbmujn. Cornus sericea.

A shrub six to ten feet high, found in wet soil, low woods and
along streams. Ranges from New Brunswick to Florida, west to
Nebraska and Texas. Bark bitter and tonic.

Stems. — Shoots downy, green with reddish tinge. Winter
twigs and branches purple; stems brown.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, three to five inches long, oval, nar-
rowly-ovate, or ovate-lanceolate, narrowed or rounded at base,
entire, acuminate at apex ; midvein and primary veins depressed
above, ridged below. They come out of the bud slightly invo-
lute, pale green, with white woolly hairs ; when full grown are
bright shining green above, pale green, silky downy, often glau-
cous, beneath. Autumnal tints dull purple to deep red.

Flowers. — May, July. Perfect, cream-white, borne in flat
cymes, one and a half to two and a half inches across.

Calyx. — Tube bell-like, four-toothed ; coherent with the
ovary.

248

ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD

Rough-leaved Dogwood, Cornits asperifolia.

Leaves i^' to 5' long. Cymes 2' to 3' across.

DOGWOOD FAMILY

Corolla. — Petals four, white, narrowly oblong, acute, valvate in
bud.

Stamens. — Four, exserted, filaments threadlike ; inserted on
disk, with the petals.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, two-celled; style slender; stigma cap-
itate.

Fruit.— Drupe, globose, pale blue, one-fourth to three-eighths
of an inch in diameter; stone oblique, ridged. Bitter, aro-
matic. September.

The Silky Dogwood is the latest of the family to
flower, usually coming into bloom about the twentieth
of June. The leaves are slender, ovate, pointed, silky
downy on the under side, especially when young. The
flower cymes are rather smaller than those of the other
dogwoods. The fruit is bright blue and usually abun-
dant. The plant is very common at the north along the
borders of swamps and in other low, wet places, where
it forms a wide spreading bush eight to ten feet high.
Its colored twigs and branchlets suffuse a purplish tint
over the bush in winter, thus giving it a decided orna-
mental value.

ROUGH-LEAVED DOGWOOD

Connis asperifblia.

Three to fifteen feet high, found in wet ground or near streams.
Ranges from southern Ontario to Florida and west to Iowa, Kan-
sas and Texas.

Stems. — Reddish brown ; branchlets very rough, downy.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, one and a half to five inches long,
ovate-oval or elliptic, rounded at base, entire, acuminate at apex ;
when full grown densely rough-hairy above, pale and downy
beneath. Petioles slender, rough-hairy.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, cream- white, borne in loose
cymes ; pedicels are rough-hairy.

250

RED-OSIER DOGWOOD

SBf

Jr^

Red-osier Dogwood, Cortuis stolonifera.

Leaves 4' to (/ long. Cymes i' to j' across.

DOGWOOD FAMILY

Calyx. — Tube bell-shaped, four-toothed, coherent with the
ovary.

Corolla. — Petals four, white, oblong-lanceolate, inserted on the
disk.

Stamens. — Four, exserted ; filament threadlike, inserted with
the petals.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, two-celled ; style slender, stigma cap-
itate.

Fruit. — Drupe, globose, white, about one-fourth of an inch in
diameter; stone variable in shape. Bitter, aromatic. September.

Cor tins aspcrifolia is a western and southern species,
not occurring in New England or the Middle States.
In habit and general appearance it resembles Cornus
stolonifera, but the branches are brown instead of red,
and the branchlets rough-hairy. It is a tall, hardy
species.

RED-OSIER DOGWOOD

Cornus stolon if cm.

Three to six feet high, found in wet places. Ranges from New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Vir-
ginia, westward to Kentucky and Nebraska.

Stans. — Branchlets at first reddish, downy ; later dark red ;
and in winter, stems, branches and twigs become a bright purplish
red, smooth and shining. Stems lose much of their brilliant
color when the leaves appear, to regain it again in autumn.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, four to six inches long, ovate, ovate-
lanceolate or oblong, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, entire,
acute or acuminate at apex. They come out of the bud slightly
involute, reddish, covered with white hairs above and below ;
when full grown are bright green, somewhat downy above, paler
green or white and somewhat downy below. In autumn they
turn a bronze purple or dark red touched with orange, or yellow.
Petiole dull red, slender, grooved, one-half to one inch long.

Flowers. — June, July. Perfect, cream-white, borne in flat
cymes, one to two inches across ; pedicels downy.

252

PANICLED DOGWOOD

Panicled Dogwood, Cormis candtdissima.

Leaves 2^' to 4' long. Cymes \y2' to 2' across.

DOGWOOD FAMILY

Calyx. — Tube bell-like, four-toothed, coherent with the ovary.

Corolla. — Petals four, white, ovate-oblong, valvate in bud, in-
serted on disk.

Stamens. — Four, exserted; filaments threadlike; inserted with
the petals.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, two-celled ; style slender ; stigma cap-
itate.

Fruit. — Drupe, globose, white or whitish, about one-fourth of
an inch in diameter ; stone variable in shape.

The Red-osier is a very common northern shrub
found growing in company with Alnus incana along the
watercourses. It spreads by means of underground
shoots so that a single plant quickly makes of itself a
thicket. In leaf, flower and fruit it resembles the Red-
stemmed Dogwood of cultivation. Were it not sur-
passed by this Siberian species it would be cultivated
for the beauty of its glowing red-purple stems and
branches, which in winter look very warm, bright and
cheerful against the snow. The fruit is white.

PANICLED DOGWOOD

Corn-its candidlssima. Cornus paniculata.

Tall, spreading, often ten or twelve feet high, found along the
borders of streams and on the margins of lowland woods and
thickets. Ranges from Maine to North Carolina, west to Minne-
sota and Nebraska.

Stems. — Twigs, stems and branches smooth, gray.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, two and a half to four inches long,
ovate-lanceolate, wedge-shaped or obtuse at base, entire, acumi-
nate at apex. They come out of the bud slightly involute, pale
green tinged with red, slightly downy ; when full grown are
finely downy above and below ; pale and sometimes glaucous
below. Petioles slender.

254

BAILEY'S DOGWOOD

Bailey's Dogwood, Cormis bailyi.

DOGWOOD FAMILY

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, cream-white, borne in loose-
flowered somewhat paniculate cymes, one and a half to two
inches across.

Calyx. — Tube bell-shaped, four-toothed, coherent with the
ovary.

Corolla. — Petals four, white, lanceolate, inserted on the disk,
valvate in bud.

Stamens. — Four, exserted; filaments threadlike, inserted with
the petals.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, two-celled.

Fruit. — Drupe, globose or slightly depressed, white, about
one-fourth of an inch in diameter, stone sub-globose.

BAILEY'S DOGWOOD

Cornus bailey i.

This Dogwood is a native of the sand dunes of the
Great Lakes, also found in moist ground from Penn-
sylvania to Minnesota and westward.

The species was long considered a form of Cornus
stolonifera from which it can be distinguished " by the
lack of stolons, by the much duller and brown bark,
and the white fruit with a large flattened stone, and
also by the white wooliness of the lower leaf surfaces.
It appears on the sand dunes about the Great Lakes,
often in the loosest, shifting, white sands." Flowers
appear more or less abundantly all summer.

ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD

Cornus alternifblia.

The Alternate-leaved Dogwood is sometimes a tree
and frequently a shrub. Unlike the other dogwoods
its leaves are alternate and they often appear in a sort
of tufted group. The stem and twigs are green and

256

ALTERNATE-LEAVED DOGWOOD

Alternate-leaved Dogwood, Conuis alternifolia.

Leaves 2' to 4' long. Cymes i %' to 2' across.

DOGWOOD FAMILY

in a group of dogwoods arranged for winter color
give an excellent effect.

The leaves are slender- petioled, oval or ovate,
acuminate or acute at apex, two to four inches long ;
dark green above, paler green and slightly pubescent
beneath. The flower clusters are one and a half to two
inches across, the petals lanceolate. The fruit is dark
blue and a little less bitter than that of some of the
other species, so that it is taken by the birds. The
range extends from Nova Scotia to Georgia and west
as far as Minnesota.

RED-STEMMED DOGWOOD. WHITE-FRUITED DOG-
WOOD

Cormis alba. {Cornus sanguinea.)

The Red-stemmed or Red-twigged Dogwood is one
of the most satisfactory of cultivated shrubs. A na-
tive of northern Europe and northern Asia, it is per-
fectly hardy here, and the brilliant blood-red stems
against a white background of snow, arrest the at-
tention of the most unobservant. The flood tide of
color is in February and March ; as the leaves begin
to appear the color fades and during the summer the
stems are dull.

There is no objection to its common name ; it is fit-
ting and appropriate. Nor is there any objection to
the botanical name, Cornus sanguinea, were that the
name of the plant. But it is not, unfortunately ; and
furthermore, it never can be. That name has already
been given to an entirely different species ; it has been
recorded in all the finding lists of Europe, and it will

258

RED-STEMMED DOGWOOD

Red-stemmed Dogwood, Conius alba.

Leaves 3' to 5' long. Cymes 2' to 3' across.

DOGWOOD FAMILY

not, it cannot be changed. Cornus alba is the correct
name ; the bush having been named with reference to
its fruit rather than its stems.

Dealers of acknowledged standing are extensively
advertising the Red-stemmed Dogwood as Cornus san-
guinea and the public is just as extensively buying it
under the same name. " A name is a trifle and besides
this one is fitting." No doubt " a rose by any other
name would smell as sweet," but after all it is not quite
pleasant that so gross an error should be so wide-
spread ; or that it should be so strongly entrenched
among those who ought to know better.

260

RED-STEMMED DOGWOOD

Red-stemmed Dogwood, Cornns alba, in fruit.

CAPRIFOLIACE/E— HONEYSUCKLE
FAMILY

AMERICAN ELDER. SWEET ELDER
Sambhcus canadensis.

Sambucus is a word of doubtful origin and of no significance
as applied to this plant. An old explanation was that the
word is derived from sambttke, the Greek name of a musical
instrument supposed to have been made of the wood of this
plant. This explanation is now discredited.

A thrifty shrub, five to fifteen feet high, abundant on the
borders of streams, in moist places and along fences. Bark,
leaves and berries are reputed of medicinal value. Suckers
freely ; the young shoot is a green withe. Common throughout
the northern states.

Stems. — Filled with white pith ; swollen at the joints. Branch-
lets green at first, then pale yellowish gray with more or less
bloom, later darker gray with yellow lines, finally dark or yellow
brown. Lenticels prominent.

Leaves. — Opposite, pinnately compound ; leaflets five to
eleven, almost sessile except the terminal which has a short peti-
olule, narrow-oblong or oblong-ovate, four to six inches long,
wedge-shaped or rounded at base, serrate, often entire toward
the base, acuminate or acute ; midrib and primary veins de-
pressed above, prominent below ; lower leaflet sometimes lobed.
They come out of the bud pale green, shining, very downy ;
when full grown are dark green, glabrous above, pale green,
glabrous or somewhat downy beneath. In autumn they remain
unchanged until destroyed by heavy frosts. When crushed they
exhale a heavy odor. Petiole two to three inches long, grooved,

262

AMERICAN ELDER

American Elder, Sambiicns canadensis.

I.e.nflrts 4' to 6' long. Cymes "/ to 8' across.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

swollen at base, the two coming together almost clasp the stem.
Leaflets often have stipels.

Flowers. — June to August. Perfect, cream-white, star-like,
three-eighths of an inch across, turning brown in drying, borne
in flat, spreading, compound cymes five to eight inches across.
Odor not unpleasant.

Calyx. — Adnate to the ovary ; five-cleft ; lobes minute, acute,
white with reddish tips.

Corolla. — Cream-white, with small, short tube and flat border,
five to seven-lobed ; lobes rounded, greatly reflexed.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its
lobes, exserted ; filaments slender, white ; anthers pale yellow,
two-celled.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, three to five-celled, one ovule in each
cell ; style three to five-lobed.

Fruit. — Berry-like juicy drupe, borne in broad flat cymes, dark
purple, size of small pea, crowned with the remnant of the calyx,
containing three to five nutlets. Flesh crimson with crimson
juice ; taste pleasant.

An elder or two
Foamed over with blossoms white as spray.

— JAMES RUSSELL LOWELL.

An infusion of the juice of the berry of the Common Elder is a deli-
cate test for acids and alkalies. An infusion of the bruised leaves is used by
gardeners to expel insects from vines. A wholesome sudorific tea is made of
the flowers. The abundant pith is the best substance for the pith-balls used
in electrical experiments ; and the hollow shoots are in great use with boys
for pop-guns and fifes.

— GEORGE B. EMERSON.

To one who in the ripening days of August fares through uncared for
country roads, few bushes have more charm than the Elder. In every fence
corner, bordering the tumbling stone walls, and in umbrageous clumps by
the roadside, stand these spreading shrubs, with dull green foliage and
heavy clusters of small purple black berries. Not seldom wild vines run
riot through the gray clustered stems ; and the clematis, the traveller's joy,
tosses the white foam of its airy bloom over the full fruitage. The elderberry
crop never fails; huckleberries and blackberries, other children of the wastes
may have dried in the droughts of midsummer, but the little elderberries full
of crimson juice crowd in close cymes upon every branch.

— MARTHA BOCKEE FLINT.
264

AMERICAN ELDER

The American Elder is one of the choicest of our
native shrubs, and is such a familiar figure in northern
fields and by northern roadsides that its beauty passes
unnoticed, and the plant is foolishly and ruthlessly
cut down even when no use is made of the land so
despoiled. It marks a great advance in the intellect-
ual cultivation of the individual when he is able to
appreciate the beauty of familiar things, and does not
wish to destroy an object simply because it is well
known. There have been precepts carefully incul-
cated, that neat farming involved the destruction of
every bush by the fence or wayside. Away with such
unlovely wisdom ! Why may not the fence line sim-
ulate the hedgerow and, with a little care, take virtu-
ally nothing from the cultivated field and add im-
measurably to the beauty of the landscape? Why may
not the roadside be an arboretum of its own locality?

In the flowering season the Elder equals if it does
not surpass in beauty and effectiveness the finest of
our garden favorites, — this bush " foamed over with
blossoms white as spray." The high tide of bloom
occurs in early July and marks the virtual closing of
the great spring flowering period. The flowers can-
not be used for indoor decoration, — they droop imme-
diately upon being cut.

It is interesting to observe how the great flat cluster
divides into fives. There are five large stems and four
of these are of about equal size ; the central one is not
so long or so strong and it is this which gives the de-
pressed look to the cluster. Each stem divides again
into five, but one or two of the divisions usually out-
strip the others.

265

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Later, the bushes stand bowed with the burden of
purple berries. People may be divided in opinion as
to the merits of the fruit ; the robins are not; with one
accord they call them good and seek them tunefully
and joyously. By way of domestic value, elderberries
have been used in pies and puddings, but they are not
sufficiently acid to be really palatable when used
alone. The fruit is also responsible for the domestic
elderberry wine, which certainly cheers and does not
inebriate and is reputed to possess medicinal properties.

There is a golden-leaved variety which is very ex-
tensively planted ; and which in midsummer lights up
the fence corner or garden walk with a golden glow
that is extremely effective amid the surrounding green.

MOUNTAIN ELDER. RED-BERRIED ELDER

Sambhcus pubens. Sambitcus raccmbsa.

A shrub two to twelve feet high, twigs and leaves pubescent;
the younger stems full of reddish brown pith ; found in rocky
places and in dry woods. Ranges from New Brunswick to Brit-
ish Columbia and Alaska, south to Georgia, southwest to Colo-
rado and California.

Stems. — Young stems pale, dotted with many brownish lenti-
cels ; older stems brown, having a rough and warty appearance.

Leaves. — Opposite, pinnately compound ; leaflets ten to four-
teen, oblong-lanceolate or oval, three to five inches long, nar-
rowed and often bilateral at base, sharply serrate, acuminate at
apex ; midvein and primary veins depressed above, prominent
beneath ; they come out of the bud pale green, shining and
downy, when full grown are dark green, nearly smooth above,
paler green and downy below. In autumn they remain late and
fall with little change of color. Petioles reddish and grooved.
Small red glands appear at the base of each petiole and at the
base of some petiolules.

266

RED-BERRIED ELDER

Red-berried Elder, Sainbticits pnbens.

Leaflets 3' to 5' long.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Flowers.- — -April, May. Perfect, small, cream-white, turning
brown in drying, borne in pyramidal compound cymes, odor
heavy.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary ; border narrow, five-cleft ;
lobes minute.

Corolla. — Cream-white, wheel-shaped, spreading five-cleft bor-
der, lobes rounded, greatly reflexed.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on the corolla and alternate with its
lobes, exserted ; filaments slender, white ; anthers pale yellow,
two-celled.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, three to five-celled ; style short, three-
lobed ; one ovule in each cell.

Fruit. — Berry-like juicy drupe, borne in pyramidal clusters,
brilliant scarlet, size of a small pea, crowned with remnants of
style and calyx, containing three to five nutlets. Flesh yellow
and unpleasant to the taste. June, July.

The Red-berried Elder belongs to the group of
early bloomers. Its flower buds push out from their
protecting bracts in company with those of the Shrub
Yellow-root, the Forsythia and the Magnolia stellata.
The flower cluster, instead of being broad and flat like
that of the American Elder, is pyramidal. The tiny
flowers so dispose themselves that they seem like little
balls with stamens protruding on every side. The
fruit is a brilliant scarlet, borne in great clusters, and
frequently so abundant as to make the bush one mass
of red ; and as this magnificent display comes early-
even before the American Elder comes into bloom — it
has an increased value. But under any circumstances,
the fruiting bush is extremely ornamental with every
branch tipped with a scarlet thyrsus. A white-
berried variety has been reported as occurring on the
Catskill mountains.

The bush can be distinguished from Sambucus cana-

263

THE VIBURNUMS

dcnsis, if in bloom by the shape of the flower cluster ;
if in fruit by the brilliant scarlet of the berries ; if
without flowers or fruit, by the brownish pith of the
small twigs which is a persistent character and will
serve to determine the species.

THE VIBURNUMS

Our northern Viburnums are a group of ornamental
trees and shrubs which are rapidly winning their way
into popular appreciation. Excellent in habit, foliage,
flower and fruit, and perfectly hardy, they are valu-
able for lawn and park decoration, and also as road-
side shrubs. The distinguishing characters are their
flat clusters of small, white, rarely pink flow-
ers and their showy panicles of fruit, which
in ripening give most exquisite gradations of
color. The individual flower is a five-pointed viburnum
star, bearing five exserted stamens ; the points
of the star are considerably rounded. The only
shrubs with which the Viburnums in bloom might
be confounded are the dogwoods ; but the individual
flower of a dogwood is a four-pointed star, with the
points intact. That slight distinction is a certain
means of distinguishing the two.

Two trees of the group, Viburnum lentago and Vibur-
num prunifolium, often appear as shrubs. They are
attractive in foliage, and in flower, and their fruit is
sweet and edible.

One species of the genus has been developed into
an extremely decorative plant and is the well known
Snowball of our gardens.

269

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

The members of the family are conspicuous for
their fine autumnal tints. These are bronze and pur-
ple, brightening into red or orange.

HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFARING-TREE

Vibiirnum alnifblium. Viburnum lantanoides.

Viburnum is an ancient name of unknown meaning. Hob-
bie-bush refers to the prostrate branches which often trip
the unwary.

A low, irregular shrub with long, flexible, often procumbent,
branches and large leaves ; found in cold, moist woods. Ranges
from New Brunswick to North Carolina, west to Michigan.

Stems. — Bark purplish ; branches often long and prostrate ;
branchlets densely covered with rusty, stellate pubescence.
Branches often take root at the tips.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, orbicular or
broadly ovate, three to eight inches across, heart-shaped at base,
finely serrate, abruptly pointed at apex. They come out of the
bud involute, clothed with dense rusty down ; when full grown
are deeply corrugated above ; mid vein and primary veins scurfy
with rusty stellate pubescence. Autumnal tints are brilliant red
and orange. Petioles an inch to an inch and a half long, scurfy
with rusty down, often showing small stipular appendages, but
no real stipules.

flowers. — May, June. Of two kinds, perfect and neutral.
White, borne in broad, compound, sessile, radiant cymes, three
to five inches across ; the outer and imperfect flowers more or
less numerous, raised on longer pedicels and destitute of stamens
and pistils. They are circular disks, one-half to five-eighths of an
inch across, having five, large, unequal, rounded lobes ; the in-
ner flowers are small and perfect. Pedicels downy.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary ; border five-toothed.

Corolla. — White ; of the perfect flowers, rotate, five-lobed ;
lobes spreading ; neutral rotate, lobes much enlarged.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on the corolla-tube ; anthers ex-
serted.

270

HOBBLE-BUSH

Hobble-bush, Viburnum alnifolium.

Leaves 3' to & across. Cymes }' to 5' across.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, one-celled ; style short ; stigmas three-
parted.

Fruit. — Drupe, ovoid-oblong, red darkening to purple ; one-
seeded, half an inch long ; pulp soft. Stone three-grooved on
one side and one-grooved on the other. September.

The flat hydrangea-like corollas of the neutral flow-
ers on the margins of the flower clusters are an inch or
more in diameter, and appearing above the half-grown
leaves are extremely effective. The plant is good at
all seasons, with its sturdy growth, its great leaves, its
beautiful fruit changing through coral and crimson to
purple.

The long branches often take root at the end and so
form loops that, in the woods where it abounds, fre-
quently catch the foot of the unwary, hence the name
Hobble-bush. This unpleasant habit seems to be re-
sponsible for certain other not altogether complimen-
tary names, as Witch-hobble and Trip-toe.

The rusty hairs which cover the growing shoots,
the opening leaves, and the flower stems, are arranged
in star-like clusters and are objects of great beauty
under a magnifying glass. This peculiarity of stellate
hairs is shared by the Clethra and also in a very marked
degree by the Buffalo-berry.

The Hobble-bush is a better garden plant, or at
least more manageable, when grafted upon Viburnum
dentatum than upon its own roots.

272

HIGH-BUSH CRANBERRY

HIGH-BUSH CRANBERRY. CRANBERRY-TREE.
GUELDER ROSE

Vibtirnum opulus.

An exceedingly handsome shrub with smooth branches, four
to ten feet high, growing in low ground, along streams and on
the borders of swamps. Ranges from New Brunswick to Penn-
sylvania, and westward to Michigan, South Dakota and Oregon.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, palmately veined, two to five
inches long, one and a half to four inches wide, rounded or
wedge-shaped at base, three-nerved, three-lobed; lobes divergent,
sparingly toothed with unequal blunt teeth. They come out of
the bud involute, pale green tinged with red, shining and downy;
when full grown are dark dull green, nearly glabrous above,
paler green, somewhat pubescent, beneath, deeply corrugated
above. Petioles about an inch long, with one or two stipular
appendages, which are more or less glandular. Autumnal tints
bronze purple and dull red.

Flowers. — May, June. Of two kinds, perfect and neutral.
White, borne in broad, compound, terminal pedunculate radiant
cymes, three to four inches across, having five large, unequal
rounded lobes. The perfect flowers are small, about three -six-
teenths across. The neutral one-half to three-fourths of an inch
across.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary ; border five-toothed.

Corolla. — Cream-white, rotate, five-lobed ; lobes rounded,
spreading, imbricate in bud. Perfect flowers a trifle more yel-
lowish than the neutral.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on the corolla-tube, exserted.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, one-celled ; stigma three-parted.

Fruit. -- Drupe, globose or oval, bright red, translucent,
crowned by the limb of the calyx, three-eighths to half an inch
long, intensely acid and slightly bitter ; clings to the branch all
winter. Stone flat, orbicular, not grooved. September.

The High-bush Cranberry loves the north, and
along the sixtieth parallel encircles the globe with lit-

273

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

High-bush Cranberry, Viburnum opuhis.

Leaves 2' to 5' long. Cymes 3' to 4' across.

SNOWBALL

Snowball, Viburnum opulns sterilis.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

tie change of habit or character. It descends as far
as the fortieth parallel and grows there fairly well.

In late May or early June a broad cluster of small
white blossoms, which are the fruit-bearing flowers of
the plant, appear at the apex of nearly every stem.
At the margin of this cluster, arranged around these
perfect blossoms in an irregular circle are numbers of
cream-white disks variously rounded and lobed, desti-
tute of stamens and pistils, apparently for show and
not for use. These marginal flowers become con-
spicuously white a few days before the perfect flowers
open. They are evidently a signal, a flag hung out to
the insect world saying, " Come buy, come buy ! with-
out money and without price."

Its contribution to the beauty of the garden is great-
est when in fruit. None of its neighbors can surpass
it. Soon after the flowers have dropped, the berries
are noticeable, and by the last of July they become a
beautiful greenish yellow, touched with red. Later,
the entire bush flames in scarlet, and so remains long
into the autumn. The fruit is acid — so acid that the
birds evidently do not care to set their bills on edge
with it — containing also a marked trace of bitter ; and
has been used as a poor substitute for cranberries,
whence its common name.

Viburnum opnhts is the parent of the common Snow-
ball, Viburnum opulus sterilis,t)i our gardens. When-
ever any plant shows a few neutral flowers in its wild
state, these can be increased indefinitely by cultivation
and selection.

Viburnum paucifolium, the Few-flowered Cranberry-
tree, differs from Viburnum opulus in its broader

276

MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM

Maple-leaved Viburnum, Viburnum acerifolium.

Leaves 3' to 5' long. Cymes 2' to 3' across.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

leaves and fewer flowers, all of which are perfect.
The fruit is smaller and paler red. Its range is north-
ern, reaching its southern limit in the mountains of
Pennsylvania.

MAPLE-LEAVED VIBURNUM. ARROW-WOOD

Viburnum acerifblium.

A small bush, three to six feet high, found on sandy or rocky
hillsides at the margin of woods ; will grow in exposed positions.
Ranges from New Brunswick to North Carolina and west to
Michigan and Minnesota.

Stems. — Stems smooth, straight and slender ; growing shoots
and petioles somewhat pubescent.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, palmately-veined, three-lobed, three
to five inches long, orbicular or broad-oval, rounded or heart-
shaped at base, coarsely and unequally toothed ; lobes diverg-
ing, acuminate at apex. They come out of the bud involute,
reddish, densely hairy ; when full grown are dark green, downy
above, paler and downy below. Autumnal tints are deep dull
red varying to rose pink, sometimes fading to cream-white,
very beautiful. Petioles an inch to an inch and a half long,
downy, furnished near the base with two stipule-like appendages.

Flowers. — June. Perfect, cream-white, borne in loose termi-
nal pedunculate cymes, two to three inches across.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary, five-toothed, teeth obtuse.

Corolla. — White, rotate, about three-sixteenths of an inch
across.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on corolla-tube, filaments white,
anthers yellow, oblong, exserted.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, one to three-celled ; style short, three-
lobed.

Fruit. — Drupe, deep purple, about one-fourth of an inch long,
clings to the branches throughout the winter; pulp thin. Stone
lenticular, faintly two-ridged on one side and two-grooved on
the other. September.

278

DOWNY VIBURNUM

Downy Viburnum, Viburnum pubescens.

Leaves 2^' to 4' long. Cymes 3' to 3j^' across.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

The Maple-leaved Viburnum so nearly resembles a
group of young maples at the forest's edge as fre-
quently to be mistaken for them. The bush at flower-
ing time is exceedingly pretty ; it grows in clumps
and although the flower clusters are not large they
are abundant and stand up well at the ends of the
branches.

The autumnal coloring is fine, melting from dull red
into rose pink, even upon occasion fading into cream-
white. Rarely, an entire clump will be cream-white,
or cream-white flushed with pale pink, — again a single
bush will vary from old rose to cream-white. The
effect is startling. Just what occasions this unusual
white coloring is difficult to tell. The only other
plant that I know, which sometimes does the same
thing, is the Flowering Dogwood, whose normal
autumnal tint is a brilliant scarlet; yet I have seen
small trees in the depths of the woods clothed in
white from crown to tip.

DOWNY VIBURNUM

Viburnum pubescens.

A compact shrub three to four feet high, with grayish slender
branches and soft brown, downy twigs ; found on dry rocky
banks. Ranges from Quebec and Ontario to Georgia, west to
Michigan and Iowa.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, two and a half to
four inches long, ovate or oblong-ovate, rounded or heart-
shaped at base, dentate-serrate or entire acute or acuminate at
apex. They come out of the bud involute, pale green, shining
and hairy ; when full grown, thick, bright green above, paler
green below ; sometimes only downy on the veins beneath, often

280

ARROW-WOOD

Arrow-wood, Viburnum dentatum.

Leaves \l/2r to 3' long. Cymes 2' to 3' across.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

clothed with a soft velvety pubescence. Autumnal tints deep
purple brightening to red. Petioles short.

Flowers. — June. Perfect, white, borne in loose pedunculate
cymes, one to three inches across, abundant.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary ; border
five-toothed, acute.

Corolla. — White, rotate, five-lobed ; lobes
spreading.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on corolla-tube,
exserted.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, style short, three-
Leaf of Downy Vibur- Inbgrl
num. Typical form.

Fruit. — Drupe, ovoid or oval, dark purple,
one-fourth of an inch long ; pulp thin. Stone slightly two-
grooved on both faces. August.

The Downy Viburnum is one of the smaller species
of the genus, but it flowers superbly when grown in
the open with abundance of light and air. The plant
is also very fine in autumn, as the leaves turn a rich
dark purple brightened with vinous red. The leaves
vary greatly in shape, character of margin, and degree
of pubescence.

ARROW-WOOD

Viburnum dentatum.

A compact shrub, six to ten feet high with ash-colored bark,
smooth, obtusely angular branches ; the young shoots slender
and very straight ; found in low moist grounds and on the bor-
der of rivers. Ranges from New Brunswick to Georgia and west
to Michigan and Minnesota. Takes kindly to cultivation.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, one and a half
to three inches long, broadly ovate, rounded or cordate at base,
coarsely and sharply serrate, acute at apex ; strongly veined ;
veins depressed above, prominent below. They come out of bud
involute, green, slightly tinged with reddish brown, shining and

282

WITHE-ROD

Withe-rod, Viburnum cassinoides.

Leaves 2' to 4' long.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

downy ; when full grown are bright dark green above, paler be-
neath, with tufts of hair in the axils of the veins. The autumnal
tint is dark bronze red. Petioles short.

Flowers. — June. White, perfect, borne in broad, flat peduncu-
late cymes, two to three inches across.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary ; limb five-toothed.
Corolla. — White, rotate, five-lobed ; lobes spreading.
Stamens. — Five, inserted on the corolla-tube, exserted.
Pistil. — Ovary inferior, style short, three-lobed.

Fruit. — Drupe, globose ovoid, dark blue, about one-fourth of
an inch in diameter, flesh thin, dry, somewhat acid ; stone grooved
on one side, rounded on the other. September.

Viburnum dent at um is now extensively planted in
parks. In June when covered with great Mat clusters
of snowy flowers, and later when these
are succeeded by dark, shining, blue
berries, the bush is most attractive and
ornamental. These shining blue ber-
ries are eaten by birds, although it is
hard to understand why ; they are dry,
dull, tasteless, seedy things.
Leaf of ra™™//, Viburnum mongt tne Soft -leaved

Arrow-wood, is a southern bush greatly resembling
Viburnum dentatum and is sometimes found in Penn-
sylvania. It is perfectly hardy at the north and well
worthy of cultivation.

WITHE-ROD

Viburnum cassinoides.

A somewhat straggling bush, two to twelve feet high, with
gray branches : twigs sometimes scurfy, sometimes glabrous ;
found in swamps and wet soil. Ranges from Newfoundland to
Manitoba, southward to Georgia and Alabama. Takes kindly to
cultivation.

284

WITHE-ROD

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, ovate or oval,
narrowed or rounded at base, crenulate, acute at apex, thick in
texture, glabrous or nearly so. Autumnal tint first purple, then
turns to a rich vinous red.

Flowers. — June, July. Perfect, white, borne in broad flat
pedunculate cymes two to four inches across.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary ; border five-toothed.

Corolla. — White, rotate five-lobed ; lobes spreading.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on corolla-tube, exserted.

Pistil.— Ovary inferior, style short, three-lobed.

Fruit. — Drupe, globose to ovoid, dark blue, one-fourth of an
inch in diameter, stone round or oval, flattened. September.

The best garden plant among our viburnums is Vi-
burnum cassinoides. An inhabitant of northern swamps,
it is distributed from Newfoundland to the Saskatche-
wan and southward to New Jersey. In its wild home
it is a loose, straggling shrub, but in cultivation it
takes on the graces of civilization and be-
comes compact, symmetrical, an ornament to
the race and the flower of the family. The
leaves are thick, leathery and rather dull
green; the flowers, which are cream-white,
are borne in broad five-rayed cymes four or
five inches across. They are succeeded by Leaf of

um nu

abundant fruit which melts from pale green

into bright rose, and then darkens into blue-black:

berries of the three colors often appearing at the same
time.

Viburnum nudum, the Large Withe-rod, is a bush of
southern range which sometimes crosses our border.
It resembles Viburnum cassinoides, but blooms a little
later.

Viburnum lantana, the Wayfaring Tree of Europe, is

285

num nudum.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Wayfaring Tree, Viburnum lantana.

SNOWBERRY

the first of the viburnums to bloom ; appearing early
in May.

The inflorescence is a flat cyme two to three inches
across ; the individual flowers do not vary from the
type, the leaves are thick dark green, and the fruit
when ripening gives a succession of beautiful color
through the range of pale green, glowing scarlet and
dark blue-black. It has long been in cultivation, and
is valuable because of its early bloom ; in other re-
spects it does not excel our native species.

SNOWBERRY

Symphoricdrpos racembsus.

Symphoricarpost fruit grown together ; named from the
clustered berries.

An erect shrub three to five feet high, with smooth, slender
branches. Found in rocky places and on river banks from Nova
Scotia to British Columbia, south to Pennsylvania and Ken-
tucky. Widely planted as an ornamental shrub ; suckers freely ;
prefers limestone soils.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, short-petioled, one to two and
one-half inches long, oval or ovate, rounded at base and rounded
or slightly acute at apex, entire or undulate; those of young
shoots sometimes dentate. They come out of the bud involute,
dull pale green, smooth, when full grown are dull dark green
above, paler green below. In autumn they remain unchanged
until caught by the heavy late frosts.

Flowers. — June to September. Perfect, small, white or pink
bells, in axillary few-flowered clusters and in terminal clusters
which are often leafy.

Calyx. — Tube nearly globular, adnate to the ovary, the border
four to five-toothed.

Corolla. — Bell-shaped, one-fourth of an inch long, four to five-
toothed, slightly gibbous at base, bearded at the throat, pinkish
white.

287

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Stamens. — Four to five, included, inserted on corolla, alter-
nate with its lobes.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, four-celled, two cavities contain abort-
ed ovules, other two contain each a single ovule ; style smooth,
included.

Fruit. — Globose, pure white berry, loosely cellular, one-
fourth to one-half an inch in diameter, four-celled, two-seeded,
crowned with the remnant of the style which appears as a black
spot, borne in clusters ; berries of varying sizes. August to No-
vember.

The Snowberry is one of the favorites of old-time
gardens, and is holding its own fairly well in the new.
Throughout the spring-time it is simply a clean, bright
little bush with a tendency to enlarge its circumfer-
ence. Early in July it begins to put forth its clusters
of tiny pink bells, which do not attract any particular
attention ; but which possess the power of transform-
ing themselves as time goes on into clusters of snowy
balls varying in size from small peas to small marbles;
packed away among the leaves in charming confusion.

These white berries are the effective feature of the
plant, and the bush is fairly well covered with them
by the middle of August ; although the blooming
period continues for a month longer. At this time a
border combination of Snowberry with Rosa rugosa is
extremely good ; the white berries of the one contrast-
ing with the red hips of the other. The bush laden
with its white burden is beautiful throughout the au-
tumn, and holds its berries intact until they are de-
stroyed by the frosts and storms of November.

The gardeners are in a way to develop the fruit at
the expense of the beauty of the bush as a whole. The
stems are extremely slender and delicate, and when

288

SNOWBERRY

Snowberry, Sympboricarpos racemosus,

Leaves i' to 2^' long.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

the weight of the berries is too great for the stem to
hold erect it is overburdened and its beauty is im-
paired.

INDIAN CURRANT. CORAL-BERRY
Symphoric&rpos symphoricarpos. Symphoricdrpos vulgar is.

A shrub two to five feet high, branches erect or slightly curved,
twigs purplish brown, usually pubescent. Found in rocky places
and on river banks, — from the banks of the Delaware in New
Jersey and Pennsylvania, south to Georgia and Texas, and west
to Dakota. Cultivated.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, short-petioled, one to one and one-
half inches long, oval or ovate, rounded at base, rounded or acute
at apex, margin entire or undulate, smooth above, softly downy
beneath. They come out of the bud involute, dull pale green ;
when full grown are dull dark green above, paler below. In
autumn they remain unchanged until destroyed by the heavy
frosts.

Flowers. — August. Perfect, small, greenish pink-tipped bells;
borne in dense clusters in the axils of the leaves ; filled with
nectar.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary, five-toothed ; teeth short,
persistent.

Corolla. — Bell-shaped, greenish pink, downy within, five-
lobed.

Stamens. — Four or five, inserted on corolla-tube, and alternate
with its lobes.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, four-celled, only two of the cells with
a fertile ovule, style bearded.

Fruit. — Berry, purplish red, ovoid-globose, three-sixteenths of
an inch in diameter, four-celled, two-seeded, crowned by the
remnants of the calyx, insipid, persistent after the leaves have
fallen.

The abundance of fruit on the Indian Currant is lit-
tle short of marvellous. The slender stems are fruit
bearing for five or ten inches from the tip; the clusters

290

INDIAN CURRANT

Indian Currant, Sympboricarpos vulgans.

Leaves i' to i%' long.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

of fruit appear in the axils of the opposite leaves and
are so full and crowded that they surround the stem.
As an example of this remarkable prolificness, a single
fruiting stem seven inches long was found to bear fif-
teen double clusters, and each cluster had from seven
to nine berries, making the total production about two
hundred and fifty currants upon an average stem ; many
stems produced more.

In autumn these drooping wands of crimson berries
adorned with leaves are most beautiful, — a bed of them
enchanting. Moreover, these berries have great stay-
ing powers; the first heavy winter storms destroy the
leaves which remain brown and curled until the winds
carry them away, — but the clusters of berries are ap-
parently undisturbed ; they neither darken nor shrivel.
Each tiny berry has a crimson skin, thin white mealy
flesh, and two white bony seeds. The birds find noth-
ing desirable about them and leave them entirely un-
touched.

LONICERA. HONEYSUCKLE

Loniccra.

Named in honor of Adam Lonitzer, a German herbalist of
the sixteenth century.

The Loniccra group commonly called honeysuckles
are best known by the climbing vines which adorn our
piazzas. Of erect shrubs Lonicera tartarica, the Tar-
tarian Honeysuckle in its many varieties, is a favorite
and deservedly so. It was brought to this country
from Asia, as its name indicates; and has only here and
there escaped from cultivation. Lonicera xylostenm, the
Fly-honeysuckle of our gardens, is also an Asiatic spe-

292

SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE

Swamp Fly-honeysuckle, Lonicera oblongifolia.

Leaves %' to 2' long.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

cies ; and it, too, has sparingly escaped. It looks not
unlike Lonicera tartarica, and bears its red berries well
past midsummer. Lonicera fragrantissima is a species
recently introduced whose value chiefly lies in its
fragrant flowers which are produced in April. Mid-
summer finds it a leafy bush of rather pale green
foliage.

Our northern Lonicera bushes are interesting but not
so conspicuous in flower and fruit as to bring them very
generally into cultivation. To be known they must
be sought in their native wilds. There are four of
them, Lonicera ccerulca, Lonicera oblongifolia, Lonicera
ciliata, and Lonicera involucrata.

Lonicera involucrata is the largest of the four, and
bears the largest leaves ; its personal characteristic is
the involucre which surrounds the fruit. It is really a
Canadian plant and rarely crosses our northern boun-
dary. Lonicera ccerulea is probably named for the curi-
ous, two-eyed, blue berry which it bears. Lonicera cili-
ata has a very downy leaf in early spring and a very
glabrous one in midsummer. Lonicera oblongifolia has
no marked distinguishing character, but is doing fairly
well in cultivation, and gardeners are recommending it.
The Lonicera fruit is a berry ; it may be sweet or sour,
but never fails to be bitter.

SWAMP FLY-HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicera oblongifblia.

An erect shrub, two to five feet high ; found in bogs and
swamps. Ranges from Quebec to Manitoba, south to Pennsyl-
vania, and west to Michigan.

294

BLUE HONEYSUCKLE

Blue Honeysuckle, Lonicera coeriilea.

Leaves \y2' to 2' long.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, three-fourths to
two inches long, oval-oblong. Margin not ciliate, myrtle green
above and gray green beneath, downy, pubescent when young,
glabrous when mature.

Flowers. — May, June. Greenish yellow, perfect, half an inch
long, slightly purple within, borne on a two-flowered peduncle in
the axils of the leaves ; peduncles long and slender ; bracts mi-
nute or deciduous ; fragrant, full of nectar.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary, ovoid ; border slightly
five-toothed.

Corolla. — Yellowish or purplish within, funnel-form, gibbous at
base ; border deeply two-lipped, lower lip linear, upper lip erect
with four short lobes.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on the corolla.

Pistil. — Ovary two-celled, ovules many ; style slender ; stigma
capitate.

Fruit. — Berry, crimson or purplish, one-fourth of an inch in
diameter; two ovaries do not usually unite to form the fruit,
although sometimes they do.

BLUE FLY-HONEYSUCKLE. MOUNTAIN FLY-HONEY-
SUCKLE

Lonicera casrulea.

An erect dwarfish shrub one to three feet high ; found in bogs
and low lands. Shoots often bluish purple, pubescent with a
bloom. Ranges from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Rhode
Island, and west to Wisconsin ; also in Europe and Asia.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined ; one to one and
one-half inches long, oval or obovate, rounded or narrowed at
base, entire, obtuse at apex ; when full grown sparingly hairy-
above, ciliate at margin, pubescent beneath. Petioles short.

Flowers.— June. Pale yellow, perfect, irregular, one-half to
three-fourths of an inch long, borne on a two-flowered peduncle
in the axils of the leaves ; peduncles short ; bracts awl-like.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary, ovoid ; border slightly
five- toothed.

296

FLY-HONEYSUCKLE

Fly-honeysuckle, Lonicera canadensis.

Leaves i' to 2' Ion0:.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Corolla. — Funnel-form, gibbous at base ; border five-lobed,
nearly regular ; lobes longer than the tube.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on the corolla.

Pistil. — Ovary two-celled, ovules many ; style slender ; stigma
capitate.

Fruit. — Ovaries of the two flowers unite and form an oblong
or globose, bluish, two-eyed berry, half an inch long and about
five-eighths of an inch across ; dark blue with a pale blue bloom ;
bitter acid. July.

Lonicera ccerulca has this unusual characteristic ; it
produces two perfect flowers in order to make one
berry. The flowers are twins, but the pistils are sep-
arate, yet after the corollas have fallen the two ovaries
enlarge and begin to grow toward each other and
finally unite into a single berry, which shows its
duplex origin by the two tiny so-called " eyes " at its
apex, each of which is the remnant of a flower calyx.
The double structure of the berry is clearly seen by a
cross section, the line of cleavage between the two
parts being very distinct. The fruit is drooping and
usually hidden under the leaves. In taste a bitter acid,
with the bitter much stronger than the acid.

In midsummer the new shoots have a bluish purple
cast, which gives a certain bluish effect to the bush. It
takes kindly to cultivation, and is recommended by
gardeners.

FLY-HONEYSUCKLE

Lonicera canadensis. Lonicera ciliata.

Three to five feet high, branchlets glabrous and marked with
elevated lines which descend from the bases of the petioles ;
found in moist woods. Ranges from New Brunswick to Mani-
toba, south to Connecticut and west to Pennsylvania and Mich-
igan.

2qS

TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE

Tartarian Honeysuckle, Lonicera tartarica.

Leaves i' to 3' long.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, ovate or oval,
rounded or cordate at base, entire, acute or acutish at apex,
Villous-pubescent when young, with margin strongly ciliate,
glabrous when mature.

Flowers. — May. Greenish yellow, three-fourths of an inch
long, perfect, borne on a two-flowered peduncle in the axil of
the leaves ; peduncles slender; bracts minute.

Calyx. — Calyx-tube ovoid, united with the ovary ; border
five-toothed.

Corolla. — Greenish yellow, funnel-form almost spurred at the
base ; border five-lobed ; lobes nearly equal.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on tube of corolla.

Pistil. — Ovary two-celled, ovules many ; style slender ; stigma
capitate.

Fruit. — Berries separate, red, one-fourth of an inch in diam-
eter, borne in pairs ; the ovaries do not unite.

TARTARIAN BUSH-HONEYSUCKLE

Lonlcera tartarica.

A glabrous erect shrub three to ten feet high. A native of
Asia and common in cultivation ; has escaped quite extensively.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, one to three
inches long, oval, oblong or ovate, rounded or heart-shaped at
base, margin entire, not ciliate, apex acute or obtuse.

Flowers. — May. Pink to white, three- fourths of an inch long,
perfect, solitary or in pairs, borne on a long, slender peduncle in
the axils of the leaves ; bracts linear, often as long as the corolla
tube.

Calyx. — Tubular, five-toothed.

Corolla. — Pink to white. Tube slender, with a peculiar en-
largement at the base which is dark pink when the rest of the
tube is pale pink ; border irregularly and deeply five-lobed and
somewhat two-lipped ; upper lip three-lobed, lower lip two-lobed.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on the tube of the corolla.

Pistil. — Ovary two to three-celled ; style slender ; stigma cap-
itate.

Fruit. — Berries separate, red or yellow, abundant, ornamental.
July, August.

300

TARTARIAN HONEYSUCKLE

Tartarian Honeysuckle, Lonicera tartarica, in fruit.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

The Tartarian Honeysuckles are most attractive
bushes. One of their best features is the graceful out-
line of a finely-grown individual when the branches
bend outward and downward almost to the grass. The
flowers of the different varieties are white, pink, rose,
or deep red, and possess a pleasant fragrance. They
come into leaf early ; the foliage is luxuriant and re-
mains until late in the autumn ; and the red or orange
berries are very abundant and extremely ornamental.
The berries have the translucent appearance of cur-
rants ; in flavor they are a sweetish bitter, with the
bitter inclined to remain somewhat unduly in the
mouth. The birds seem to eat them very little, con-
sequently they adorn the bushes for a considerable
period.

INVOLUCRED FLY-HONEYSUCKLE

Lonlccra involucrata.

Northern shrub, three to five feet high ;
branches four-angular ; found in deep woods.
Ranges from Quebec to British Columbia and
Alaska, rarely comes within the borders of the
United States.

Stems. — Oldest stems are gray and ragged,
the growing shoots yellow. Stems gray.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined,
two to six inches long, oblong, ovate, oval or
obovate, rounded or wedge-shaped at base, en-
tire, acute or acuminate at apex ; pubescent
when young. Petioles short, dark green above,
paler beneath.

Leaf of invoiced Flowers.—}\mt, July. Yellowish, perfect,
Fiy-honeysuckie. borne on a two to three-flowered peduncle in

302

BUSH HONEYSUCKLE

Bush Honeysuckle, Diervilla diervilla.
Leaves 2' to 5' long.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

the axils of the leaves. Involucre of four conspicuous and leafy
bracts which at length surround the fruit.

Calyx. — Tube adherent to the ovary, slightly five-toothed.

Corolla. — Yellowish, funnel-form, one-half to three-fourths of
an inch long, viscid-pubescent ; border five-lobed.

Stamens. — Five, inserted on tube of corolla.

Pistils. — -Ovary two or three-celled, style slender ; stigma capi-
tate.

Fruit. — Berries separate, globose or oval, nearly black, about
one-third of an inch in diameter.

DIERVILLA. COMMON BUSH HONEYSUCKLE

Diervilla trffida. Diervilla diervilla.

Diervilla, in honor of Diervilla, a French surgeon who sent
the plant to Tournefort.

A low shrub, two to four feet high. Often forms dense, low
masses of shrubbery on the borders of the forest. Ranges from
Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan, and through the northern
states to North Carolina and Michigan.

Leaves. — Opposite, simple, pinnately veined, two to five inches
long, ovate or oval, rounded at base, irregularly crenulate-ser-
rate, slightly ciliate, acuminate at apex. Dark green, glabrous
above, paler green and glabrous beneath ; midvein and primary
veins prominent.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, small, yellowish, mostly in
three-flowered clusters which are either terminal, or in the axils
of the upper leaves.

Calyx. — Tube long, slender, adnate to ovary ; border with
five linear, persistent lobes.

Corolla. — Narrowly funnel-form, tube slightly gibbous at the
base; border nearly regular, five-lobed, honey yellow or green-
ish yellow, downy externally, hairy within.

Stamens. — Five, exserted, inserted on the corolla ; anthers
linear.

304

WEIGELA

Weigela, Diervilla rosea.

HONEYSUCKLE FAMILY

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, two-celled ; ovules numerous ; style
thread-like ; stigma capitate.

Fruit. — Capsule, glabrous, linear-oblong, three-fourths of an
inch long, slender, beaked, crowned with the five calyx-lobes ;
two-valved, many-seeded. September.

There are three species of Diervillas native to east-
ern United States, of which the Bush Honeysuckle is
the northern species. It does not equal the cultivated
forms in attractiveness and consequently is neglected.

WEIGELA

Diervtlla rosea.
Weigela ^ in honor of Weigel, a German botanist.

The Weigela of our gardens was discovered in China
in 1844 by Robert Fortune. The first specimen which
he saw is described as growing in a Mandarin's garden
on the island of Chusan and characterized as a bush
covered with rose-colored flowers which hung in clus-
ters from the axils of the leaves and the ends of the
branches. " I immediately marked it as one of the
finest plants in northern China and determined to send
plants of it home in every ship until I should hear of
its safe arrival." From this beginning the Weigela
has made its way until now it is one of the most prized
of ornamental shrubs.

The bush has a tendency to straggling growth which
may be wisely suppressed ; but to get the best results
it should be allowed a fair degree of freedom, and then
its graceful, curving branches laden with flowers al-
most if not quite reach the ground.

306

WEIGELA

The dealers' catalogues now advertise varieties in
great numbers, but Dicrvilla rosca, the plant of Mr.
Fortune's devotion, is still the best known, and although
the varieties differ from the type they have not yet
surpassed it.

307

RUBIACE^E— MADDER FAMILY

BUTTON-BUSH. HONEY BALLS
Cephalanth us occidcntalis.

Cephahmthus, of Greek derivation, from cephale, head, and
anthos, a flower ; the flowers growing in heads.

Strong, vigorous, erect shrub, varying from four to fifteen feet
high ; stem often contorted ; found on the banks of slow-flowing
streams and growing in swamps. Ranges from New Brunswick
to western Ontario and south to Florida, Texas and Arizona ;
also on the Pacific coast. Root large, stout, often contorted.

Bark. — Dark gray, cracked, flaky, surface plates thin and
loose, even on small branches. Branchlets at first brownish
green or reddish brown, later pale dull brown, finally dark
ashen gray.

Leaves. — Opposite or in threes, simple, three to six inches
long, oblong-oval or ovate, rounded or wedge-shaped at base,
entire, acute or acuminate at apex ; midvein, primary and
secondary veins depressed above, very prominent beneath ; when
full grown are thick, dark shining green above, paler, sometimes
downy, beneath. In autumn they turn a dull yellow or fall with
little change of color. Petioles one-half to one inch long, stout,
grooved, sometimes twisted. Stipules short, connecting the
bases of opposite leaf stems.

flowers. — July, August. Perfect, white, fragrant, tubular,
sessile, borne in dense spherical heads at the extremities of the
branches ; often in groups of threes ; heads exclusive of styles
about an inch in diameter ; filled with nectar. Peduncles one to
two inches long. Remain in bloom a long time.

308

BUTTON BUSH

Button Bush, Cephalanthus accident alis.
Leaves 3' to 6' long. Flower balls i' to \%' in diameter exclusive of styles.

MADDER FAMILY

Calyx. — Tubular, four-sided, four-toothed, hairy.

Corolla. — White, tubular, twice as long as the calyx, hairy
within, four-toothed ; teeth imbricate in bud.

Stamens. — Four, borne on the tube of the corolla, alternate
with the lobes, scarcely exserted ; anthers bicuspidate at base.

Pistil. — Ovary adnate to the calyx, two to four-celled ; style
much exserted, long and thread-like ; stigma capitate.

Fruit. — A ball made up of many small capsules crowded to-
gether and each containing one or two seeds.

The Button-bush is a widely distributed plant, found
growing by the side of standing water, often ventur-
ing in, and always loving the water about its roots.
The leaves are large, rather coarse in texture, bright
green and shining.

The flowers are the plant's distinctive attraction.
It is apparent that the sphere is a common type of
fruit-forms, — the apple, the cherry, the grape, the num-
berless capsules and seed-cases of spherical form attest
the fact ; but it is not often that nature achieves a
sphere in a flower or flower cluster. Yet the flower
cluster of the Button-bush is a perfect globe, with
thread-like styles protruding from every side. This
little globe is made up of scores of tiny cream-white
blossoms all crowded upon a central axis, and each
one so full of nectar and so loved by the bees that one
of the common country names of the bush is Honey
Balls.

The plant is much used in European gardens, where
the singularity of its flowering habit and its late season
of bloom recommend it to planters. With us it is
found by almost every roadside and should be pro-
tected and cherished.

•uo

COMPOSITE— COMPOSITE FAMILY

GROUNDSEL-TREE
Bdccharis halimifblia.

Eaccharis, the name of a shrub anciently dedicated to Bac-
chus ; without significance in its present use.

A branching glabrous shrub, three to nine feet high, the
branchlets angled, sometimes minutely scurfy ; found on the sea-
beaches, along salt marshes and tidal rivers, extending inland
beyond saline influences. Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida
and Texas.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, three-nerved, midvein most promi-
nent, one to three inches long, obovate or oblong, short-petioled
or sessile, entire or few-toothed toward the apex. Leaves on the
flowering spray smaller than the others ; when full grown are
thick, bright green, glabrous. In autumn aey turn yellow or
fall with little change of color; persist until beaten off by first
winter storms.

Flowers. — September, October. Dioecious. Calyx-tube adnate
to ovary, the limb bristled; corolla tubular, five-lobed ray flow-
ers absent ; stamens five ; ovary one-celled ; style of fertile flow-
ers two-cleft. In heads of terminal peduncled clusters of two to
five ; those of the sterile plant nearly globose when young ; the
bracts of the involucre oblong-ovate, obtuse, glutinous, appressed;
the inner ones of the pistillate heads lanceolate, acute or acutish.

Fruit. — Achenes, with bright white pappus, one-fourth to one-
half an inch long ; in two series of capillary bristles, much ex-
ceeding the involucre.

The Groundsel-tree, Bacchciris halimifolia, is now conspicuous with its
long, white, silky pappus. Although it belongs to the largest order of flow-

COMPOSITE FAMILY

ering plants, it is the only one in this vast order in our temperate climate
that attains the dignity of treehood. In the Pines it grows from ten to fif-
teen feet in height, and in autumn is a very marked feature of the landscape.
The abundant pure white pappus with which the plant is enshrouded at a
little distance looks like a mass of white flowers strangely out of season in
their rich setting of autumnal foliage.

— MARY TREAT, in Garden and Forest.

Vineland, N. J., November 17, 1888.

Shrubs which are in full bloom during the first weeks
of October are not plentiful in our climate ; the mus-
ter roll includes the althaeas, the hardy hydrangeas,
the witch hazel and the groundsel-tree, together with
sundry late blooming roses. The Groundsel-tree is
valued for its fluffy fruit rather than for its inconspicu-
ous flowers ; but any bloom at this period is welcome.
It belongs to the Composites, the family of the asters,
the daisies, the goldenrods and the sunflowers. The
individual blossoms are minute and are gathered to-
gether in small heads without ray flowers, conse-
quently are inconspicuous.

The plant is dioecious, that is, the pistillate and the
staminate flowers are borne on different bushes. This
is a kind of division of labor in the vegetable world ;
many trees are of this nature, notably the willows.
The particular and gratifying characteristic of the
Groundsel-tree is that it is possible to plant two bushes
side by side, watch them flourish throughout the sum-
mer and when blooming time comes in September, see
one put forth its clusters of tiny pistillate flowers which
look like little green buds with a pale top ; and the
other put forth its staminate clusters which differ from
the first only that the tops are a little more conspicu-
ous. In the course of time, one green bush bears a

312

GROUNDSEL-TREE

Groundsel-tree, Baccbaris halimifolia.

Leaves \' to 3' long. Spray at the left, pistillate ; at the right, starrinate.

v\l

COMPOSITE FAMILY

few dry remnants of flowers, the other bursts into a
mass of fluffy white. All this can go on by the side of
the garden walk and so clearly that he who runs to
catch a suburban car may note and understand.

This fluffy appearance is due to
the fact that each small seed after
the fashion of so many of its family
is a wind traveller; and is provided
with means for its long journey in
the shape of a feathery parachute
made up of many white hairs, which
makes a brave show upon the bush
and finally takes the wings of the
wind and sails away bearing the seed to " distant
homes and unpeopled lands."

The shrub is a native of sea-beaches and salt
marshes, yet will grow almost anywhere; obviously,
after a plant has acquired the ability to live on the
seacoast, any other location must be an improvement.
It bears close pruning and is a good ornamental shrub.

Fruit of Groundsel-tree.

314

VACCINIACEvE- -HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

HUCKLEBERRY

" The huckleberries and cranberries take the place throughout
the northern part of this continent of the heaths of the corre-
sponding climates of Europe ; and fill it with not less of beauty,
and incomparably more of use. "

—GEORGE B. EMERSON.

" The huckleberry grows a second crop — a crop of color. It
is twice blessed — it blesses him that eats and him that sees."

— BRADFORD TORREY.

" The name huckleberry is applied as a generic term to cover
the fruit of all species of the two genera, Gaylussacia and Vac-
cinium. In a restricted sense it is used locally to designate one
or more species of the former genus, the name blueberry being
then applied to fruit of Vaccinium species. In other cases the
term huckleberry is applied to black-fruited species of either
genus. The more general custom is to apply the name huckle-
berry to the fruit of all.

" The most important difference between these two genera is
that in Gaylussacia the fruit is ten-celled, each cell containing a
single seed, or properly a little stone, while in Vaccinhtm there
are several seeds in each cell, these being small, and the fruit
forming a pulpy berry. The seeds of the former, while less
numerous are far more troublesome than those of the latter. The
leaves and branchlets of Gaylussacia are clammy with resinous
dots when young."

— FRED. W. CARD.

315

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

The Huckleberry family does not differ widely
from the Heath family in respect to its leaves or its
flowers; but in respect to its fruit, — bird and beast
and man will assert in chorus that the difference is
very great. For the huckleberry and the blueberry
have ministered to the comfort of the birds and the
refreshment of mankind for ages. The obvious differ-
ence between the two in popular estimation is that the
huckleberry fruit is more "seedy' than that of the
blueberry and consequently not so desirable for table
use. As Professor Card so admirably explains, this
popular opinion is based upon a structural difference
in the fruit of the two genera.

The Vacciniacece seem, so far, to have successful!}7 re-
sisted all efforts at domestication. From time to time
we read that some one has transferred a few bushes to
his garden and that they have done well there ; but
oftener we hear and sometimes we see that trans-
planted bushes do not do well. It is probable that the
untamed spirit of these wild creatures might be broken,
were it worth while ; but there is a more excellent
way. The farmers have learned this in Michigan and
in Maine and possibly elsewhere. The method is very
simple — it consists in withdrawing grazing animals
from fields where the Vacciniacea are native, permitting
the bushes to take undisturbed possession ; and then
about once in five years burning the tract. Of course,
the first year after the burning there is no crop, but in
the second year the crop is enormous. As the demand
for the fruit is steady, there seems no reason in the
nature of things why careful and systematic treatment
of natural blueberry lands should not be profitable.

316

DANGLEBERRY

Dangleberry, Gaylussacia frondosa.

Leaves \%' to 2%' long. Fruit %' in diameter.

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

DANGLEBERRY. TANGLEBERRY

Gaylussdcia frondbsa.
Gaylussacia, named in honor of the chemist, Gay-Lussac.

A spreading bush, three to six feet high, found in moist situa-
tions by the side of lakes and at the edge of woods. Ranges
from New Hampshire to Florida, westward to Ohio and south-
west to Louisiana.

Stems. — Branches slender and divergent; recent shoots and
fruit stalks pale green or pale reddish yellow ; branches and
stems are of a mahogany or bronze color, covered with a pearly
epidermis.

Leaves. — Oblong, oval or obovate, one and one-half to two
and one-half inches long, wedge-shaped at base, entire, slightly
revolute, obtuse or acute, with a callous point at apex. When
full grown are thin, pale green, glabrous above, glabrous or
downy, pale or glaucous below, and sprinkled with minute
resinous dots; midvein, primary and secondary veins prominent
beneath. Autumnal tints are scarlet, crimson, and orange.
Petioles short.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, few, greenish pink bells,
borne on drooping pedicels one to three inches long which form
a loose raceme. Each pedicel has a bract at base and two
minute opposite bracts half way up.

Calyx. — Calyx-tube adnate to the ovary, five-toothed.

Corolla. — Broad, bell-shaped, one-eighth of an inch long,
with five short angular teeth completely reflexed.

Stamens. — Ten, included; filaments smooth, shorter than the
anthers ; anthers awnless, tapering upward into tubes ; cells
opening by a terminal pore.

Pistil. — Ovary adnate to calyx, ten-celled, with one ovule in
each cell ; style as long as the corolla.

Fruit. — Berry-like drupe, globose, dark blue with a glaucous
bloom, about one-third of an inch in diameter, sweet ; nutlets
ten. July, August.

The Dangleberry may be easily known by its large
pale leaves which are glaucous beneath, and its loose

318

HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBERRY

High-bush Huckleberry, Gaylnsiacij rcsiiio::?
Leaves i' to 2' long. Fruit ^' in diameter.

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

drooping racemes of flowers or of fruit. When
neither in flower nor in leaf the reddish yellow wood
of the new growth and the peeling, ashy gray bark
serve as determining characters. The fruit has little
value at the north, but in a milder climate is said to
improve considerably in quality.

BLACK OR HIGH-BUSH HUCKLEBERRY

Gaylussdcia resinbsa.

An erect shrub one to three feet high, branching freely with
irregular straggling spray. Found on rocky hills and sandy
ridges from Newfoundland to Georgia, westward to Wisconsin
and Kentucky. Flowers and leaves densely covered with res-
inous dots. Species varies considerably.

Stems. — Young shoots downy, often deep red. Stems mahog-
any color beneath a pearly epidermis. Winter buds small,
bright red.

Leaves. — Oval or oblong, rarely obovate, one to two inches
long, wedge-shaped at base, entire, obtuse or acute at apex,
mucronulate. They come out of the bud involute, shining,
covered with minute resinous globules, pale green above and
below ; when full grown they are profusely covered with dots
of yellow resin which give a yellowish flush to the under-sur-
face. Autumnal tints are purplish, crimson and orange. Petiole
short.

Flowers.— May, June. Reddish yellow bells, borne on short
one-sided racemes, on terminal and axillary branches. Flower
buds heavily covered with resinous dots.

Calyx. — Resinous; tube adnate to the ovary, five-toothed.

Corolla. — Ovoid conical or cylindric, five-angled, contracted
at the mouth, dull red sometimes touched with yellow, five-
toothed ; teeth acute, slightly recurved.

Stamens. — Ten, included, filaments ciliate, anthers awnless,
two-celled ; cells prolonged into tubes opening by a pore at
apex.

320

DWARF HUCKLEBERRY

Dwarf Huckleberry, Gaylussacia dumosa.

Leaves i' to i%' long. Fruit ^' to J$' in diameter.

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, ten-celled, one ovule in each cell,
many of which abort in fruit.

Fruit. — Berry-like drupe, black, shining, without bloom,
sweet, one-fourth of an inch in diameter; nutlets ten. July,
August.

Gaylussacia rcsinosa produces the common huckle-
berry of the markets. The fruit is sweet, firm, and

shining black in color. There are
varieties which vary considerably
from the type in respect to fruit ;
one has very sweet pear-shaped ber-
ries ; another has glaucous leaves,
and fruit covered with a glaucous
bloom ; a third has large bluish ber-
ries ; and a fourth has white berries.
A species that so naturally divides
into varieties would probably yield
very readily to cultivation and pro-
duce a variety of superior fruit. The
bush is now offered for sale as an ornamental shrub
and gardeners report that it is growing in favor.

DWARF HUCKLEBERRY

Gaylussacia dumbsa.

A shrub one to two feet high, from a creeping base, found in
swamps. Ranges from Newfoundland to Florida and Louisiana.

Stems. — Recent branches brownish downy, and somewhat
viscid with a few glandular hairs. Stems and older branches
ashen gray. Winter buds red.

Leaves. — Sessile, obovate-oblong, or oblanceolate, an inch to
an inch and a half long, wedge-shaped at base, entire, ciliate
with glandular hairs, obtuse or acute at apex, and ending in a
small awl-like point ; when full grown are bright green, thick

322

High-bush Huckleberry,
in flower.

BOX HUCKLEBERRY

and shining above, pale green, glabrous or downy beneath, and
conspicuously sprinkled with resinous dots above and below ;
midvein and primary veins deeply depressed above. Autumnal
tints purplish, scarlet, and orange.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, white, pink or red bells,
borne in rather loose racemes. Bracts leaf-like, oval, persistent,
as long as the pedicels.

Calyx. — Glandular, adnate to the ovary, five-toothed; teeth
acute and fringed.

Corolla. — White, pink or red, bell-shaped, five-angled, five-
toothed ; teeth short and somewhat recurved.

Stamens. — Ten ; filaments downy ; anthers long, awnless,
two-celled ; cells prolonged into tubes opening at the apex.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, ten-celled, each cell containing one
ovule ; style long and slender.

Fruit. — Berry-like drupe, depressed globose, black and shin-
ing, about one-fourth of an inch in diameter, rather insipid ;
nutlets ten. August.

The Dwarf Huckleberry, a small shrub from a creep-
ing base, is not very abundant, nor is its fruit very
good. Leaves, branchlets, flower stems and calyx are
sprinkled with glandular and resinous dots.

BOX HUCKLEBERRY

Gaylussacia brachycera.

A low shrub, six to fifteen inches high ;
branches erect ; twigs smooth ; leaves resembling
those of the box. In dry woods, from Delaware
and Pennsylvania to Virginia.

Leaves. — Evergreen, thick, leathery, smooth,
not resinous, oval or oblong, one-half to one inch
long, wedge-shaped at base, crenate-serrate, some-
what revolute, obtuse or acute at margin. Petioles
short.

Flowers. — May. Small white or pink bells, in
few-flowered racemes.

Box Huckleberry,
Gaylussacia bra-
chycera. A f t e r
Britton & Brown.

323

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

DWARF BLUEBERRY. LOW-BUSH BLUEBERRY

Vaccinium pcnnsylvanicum.

A low bush, six inches to two feet high, found in dry, rocky,
or sandy soil and often fringing wet lands. Ranges from New-
foundland to southern New Jersey and westward to Illinois and
Michigan.

Stems. — Shoots green, branchlets a little angular, bark light
green, warty with whitish dots ; stems reddish purple. Winter
buds quite large, reddish purple.

Leaves. — Oblong or ovate-lanceolate, three -fourths to an inch
and a half long, acute at both ends, minutely serrate, rather thick
texture, terminating in a callous tip. They come out of the bud
revolute, deeply tinged with red, which color they retain for a
considerable time ; when full grown are glabrous and shining
above, smooth or slightly downy on the veins below ; finely and
markedly reticulate. Autumnal tint scarlet and crimson ; fall
early.

Flowers. — May, June. White bells, borne in few-flowered
racemes. Bracts reddish.

Calyx. — Adnate to ovary, five-toothed.

Corolla. — Oblong, bell-shaped, slightly contracted at the throat,
white or pinkish, five-toothed : teeth acute ; slightly reflexed.

Stamens. — Ten ; filaments short, hairy ; upwardly prolonged
into tubes ; cells opening by terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, ovules several ; style even with corolla.

Fruit. — Globular berry, one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch
in diameter, blue with a bloom ; very sweet. The earliest of the
blueberries.

This lowest and earliest of the blueberries delights in a thin, sandy soil,
and carpets the ground in the openings in the pitch-pine woods with beds of
rich soft green, which in May and June are decked with a profusion of
beautiful flowers ; in July and August are loaded with delicious fruit, and in
October turn to deep scarlet and crimson.

From its situation and exposure the berries ripen earlier than those of
any other species. They are soft and easily injured in bringing to market,

and liable when in mass to speedy decay.

— GEORGE B. EMERSON.

324

DWARF BLUEBERRY

Dwarf Blueberry, l^accininin pennsvl-oaniciim.
Leaves %' to \%' long Fruit }£' to •%' in diameter.

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

Vaccinium pennsylvanicum is a dwarf, straggling bush,
climbing to rocky heights or carpeting dry, sandy
places. In winter its large, scaly, flower buds are easily
distinguished from the leaf buds. The flowers appear
a little before the leaves and are followed by large, pale
blue, delicious berries, ripe by the last of June or in
early July.

The immature clusters of fruit crowding at the
very tips of the branches form a most enchanting

combination of green, pink, pur-
ple, and blue.

The Canadian Blueberry, Vac-
cinium canadeusc, is a dwarf shrub
resembling Vaccinium pennsylvani-
cum, but with broader and more
downy leaves. The fruit is blue-
black and ripens later than the

Dwarf Blueberry, in flower. -p»i i T • , , .

common Blueberry. It is the last

Blueberry to appear in the market and is most abun-
dant in the British provinces.

Vaccinium pennsylvanicum angustifolium is a subarctic
form with narrower leaves, found on the summits of
the White Mountains, on the Adirondacks, at Quebec

and northward.

Vaccinium pennsylvanicum nigrum is a variety with a
rounder bell than that of the type ; the berry black
without bloom. It flowers a little earlier than the
type.

326

LOW BLUEBERRY

Low Blueberry, Vacciniitm vaallaiis.

Leaves i' to 21/,' long. Fruit ,V to ytr in duimeter.

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

LOW BLUEBERRY. BLUE HUCKLEBERRY

Vaccinium -vacillans.

A stiff shrub, six inches to four feet high, found in dry, sandy
soil. Ranges from New Hampshire to North Carolina and west
to Michigan.

Stems. — Branchlets and smaller spray red or pink and con-
trasting in color with the yellowish green or pale gray of the twigs
and branches. Winter buds red.

Leaves. — Obovate, oval or broadly oblong, one to two and
one-half inches long, narrowed or rounded at base, entire or
sparingly or minutely serrulate, acute or acuminate, with a small
bristle at apex. They come out of the bud revolute, dull green
tinged with red, which color they remain for some time ; when
full grown are dull light green, glabrous above, pale or glaucous
beneath. Autumnal tint scarlet and crimson.

Flowers. — May, June. Pink or greenish white bells about
one-fourth of an inch long, borne in racemose clusters ; appear
before the leaves are half-grown.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to the ovary, five-toothed.

Corolla. — Pink or white, oblong-cylindric, somewhat con-
stricted at the throat.

Stamens. — Ten. filaments slightly hairy, anthers extending
into long tubes ; cells opening by terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior ; ovules several.

Fruit. — Globular berry, blue with a bloom, sweet, delicious
flavor. Ripening somewhat later than Vaccinium pennsylvani-
cum. July to September. A variety with white fruit is known.

Mr. Jackson Dawson of the Arnold Arboretum de-
scribes this Blueberry as follows :

" The Low Blueberry, Vaccinium vacillans, is a shrub
from one to three feet high, with a yellowish green
stem and glaucous leaves, usually growing on high
rocky ground and at the edge of woods. It bears an
abundance of large sweet berries which are chiefly

328

HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY

covered with a blue bloom, though I have found black
varieties. The fruit and flowers are formed at the ex-
tremities of the last year's growth, which is from one
to four inches long without leaves, so that a large
part of the plant seems leafless. The ends of the
branches are covered with fruit, however, which can
be stripped off by the handful. As it is very prolific,
the flowers of this species in May look much richer
and more abundant than those of any of the others.
The fruit is ripe from late July to September. The
plant is well worth cultivation as an ornamental shrub,
and for its valuable fruit."

Vaccininui vacillans may be distinguished from Vac-
cininm pennsylvanicum as a larger bush. The leaves
are twice as large at least, dull green above, paler or
distinctly glaucous beneath. The fruit begins to
ripen when the best of Vaccinium pennsylvanicum is
past. The berries are very similar; possibly those of
Vaccinium vacillans are not quite so juicy or so sweet
as the others.

HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY. TALL BLUEBERRY.
SWAMP BLUEBERRY

Vaccinium corymbbsnm.

A shrub six to fifteen feet high, forming large, handsome
clumps in swamps and moist woods. Ranges from Newfound-
land to Virginia, west to Minnesota. Has many varying forms;
produces the last market blueberry.

Stems. — Shoots and twigs yellowish green, somewhat angular
when young. Stems and branches are bronze or copper color or
tinged with purple or red or bleached to a gray; gradually the
bark cleaves off, giving the stems a mottled look.

329

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, oblong or oval, one to three
inches long, wedge-shaped at base, entire, acute at apex. They
come out of the bud pale green or purplish, downy ; when full
grown are dark green, glabrous and shining above, paler and
downy beneath. Autumnal tint brilliant scarlet and orange.
Petiole short.

flowers. — May, June. White or pale pink bells, borne in
short pendent or nodding racemes, which appear on almost leaf-
less branches of last year's wood. Bracts deciduous.

Calyx. — Adnate to the ovary ; five-lobed.

Corolla. — White or pinkish, cylinclric or slightly constricted at
the throat, one-fourth to one-half an inch long, five-toothed.

Staineus. — Ten, anthers upwardly prolonged into tubes; cells
opening by terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, ovules several, stigma small.

Fruit. — Berry one-fourth to one-third an inch in diameter,
variable in color but typically blue with a bloom ; pleasantly
acid. July, August.

This Blueberry is described by Gray in three vari-
eties, two of which Britton & Brown regard as suffi-
ciently distinct to be considered species. These are
Vaccinium corymbosum atrococcum, which differs from
the type, principally, in more downy leaves, smaller
and rounder flowers and berries black without bloom ;
and Vacciuium corymbosum pallidum which differs in
having paler serrulate leaves, whitish or glaucous be-
neath. This form is common in the Alleghanies and
has a southern habitat.

Mr. Jackson Dawson of the Arnold Arboretum
writes of this Blueberry as follows :

" The High Bush Blueberry, Vaccinmm corymbosum,
forms handsome clumps of shrubbery from four to ten
feet high in deep swamps and moist woods, but sel-
dom reaches more than four feet in open pastures.

330

HIGH-BUSH BLUEBERRY

High-bush Blueberry, Vaccinium corymbositm.
Leaves i' to 3' long. Fruit %' to %' in diameter.

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

The young branches are usually yellowish green,
turning to a light gray when old or much exposed,
while the bark on old stems becomes rough and peels
off in shreds.

" The flowers are pretty, white bells, borne at the ex-
tremity of the branches of the previous year's growth.
They appear in May and early June, and the fruit is
ripe from August to late September. The latter is
variable in shape, size, flavor, and color. Of many
well marked varieties, one has large black fruit of a
pleasant acid which seems exactly the flavor to add to
a bowl of new milk. Another, a large one, has a deli-
cate sugary flavor. I chanced upon a bush one day
which was twelve feet high, loaded with berries of a
beautiful blue, rich, juicy variety and half an inch in
diameter, while some were even larger. In this
swamp ten or twelve good forms of fruit might have
been found and by careful selection and hybridization
there is no reason why the High Bush Blueberry
should not become an excellent and abundant fruit, as
it is more easily cultivated than any of the others. A
dwarf form of Vacciniuni corymbosum which rarely
grows more than eighteen inches high has large, fine,
abundant fruit of a bluish black color."

The High-bush Blueberry has many virtues, and by
no means the least is the gorgeous coloring that it
assumes in late October. Then it becomes indeed a
burning bush of the most brilliant scarlet and holds
its leaves late into November. It should be more
generally planted, for it is beautiful at all seasons, is
not difficult to transplant, and will grow in any good
garden soil.

332

DWARF BILBERRY

Dwarf Bilberry, Vaccininm caspitosmn.
Leaves %' to i' long.

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

DWARF BILBERRY
Vacctnittm ccespitbsum.

A low much branched shrub, three to seven inches high ;
found on the summits of the White Mountains. Ranges from
Labrador westward through subarctic America to Alaska, south
in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado.

Leaves. — Obovate, one-half to one inch long, wedge-shaped
at base, serrulate with small blunt teeth, obtuse or acute at apex,
nearly sessile, shining green above and beneath. In autumn the
leaves fall early.

Floivers. — June, July. White or pink bells ; mostly solitary
in the axils of the leaves ; calyx five or four-toothed ; corolla
obovoid or oblong-obovoid, pink or white, five, rarely four-
toothed ; stamens ten, rarely eight.

Fruit. — Berry, globular, blue with a bloom, sweet, about one-
fourth of an inch in diameter. August.

BOG BILBERRY. BOG WHORTLEBERRY

Vaccinium uliginbsum,

A low, stiff, much branched
shrub, six to twenty-four inches
high. Found on the summits of the
high mountains of New England
and New York mainly above the
timber line, along the shore of Lake
Superior and northward to Alaska.
Also found in northern Europe and
northern Asia.

Leaves. — Oval, obovate or ob-
long, one-half to one inch long,
wedge-shaped at the base, entire, ob-
tuse or retuse, nearly sessile ; when

Bog Bilberry, Vacciniun uliginosum, *"" §r°wn thick> br'ght g16611 aboVC>

in flower. dull, pale, or glaucous beneath.

334

MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY

Flowers. — June, July. Pink bells, solitary or in clusters of
two to four. Calyx four-lobed, rarely five-lobed ; corolla pink,
ovoid or urn-shaped, four-toothed ; stamens eight, two-awned at
the back, included.

Fruit. — Berry, globular, about one-fourth of an inch in diam-
eter, blue with a bloom, sweet, not abundant. July, August.

MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY. CROWBERRY

Vitis-Idcea vitis-idcca. Vaccinium vttis-idcea.

A low evergreen shrub, three to eight inches high, with creep-
ing stems and erect branches. Ranges from the higher moun-
tains of New England and the coast of Maine to Labrador, west-
ward to Lake Superior, British Columbia and Alaska ; ascends
5,300 feet in the Adirondacks. Native in northern Europe and
northern Asia ; prefers peat soil ; seeks the shelter of pine woods;
makes beds and mats.

Leaves. — Crowded on the stem, one-fourth to two-thirds of an
inch long, obovate or oval, obtuse at base, margin entire or
sparingly serrate, slightly revolute, rounded or slightly retuse at
apex : when full grown are thick, leathery, dark shining green
above, paler, and dotted with blackish points underneath, gla-
brous or minutely ciliate toward the base. Petioles short.

Flowers. — June, July. White or pinkish bells, in short, ter-
minal, secund racemes, nodding, longer than their pedicels.
Bracts reddish.

Calyx. — Adnate to ovary, four-toothed.

Corolla. — White or pink, open bell-shaped, four-lobed.

Stamens. — Eight ; anthers without awns, upwardly prolonged
into tubes ; cells opening by terminal pores.

Fruit. — Berry, globular, dark red, bitter-acid, about one-third
of an inch in diameter ; edible when cooked and used as a sub-
stitute for cranberries in the extreme north. August, September.

The Mountain Cranberry is one of those plants
which since the glacial period has returned apparent-
ly unchanged to its northern home ; and is found in

335

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

Europe, Asia, and America, well up toward the limit
of the timber line. Like all the alpine and arctic
plants it is dwarfed in stem and branch, although its
flowers are lovely and fruit abundant.

This dwarfing of plants native to high mountains or
northern latitudes is interesting from a physiological
point of view. Professor Correvon, Director of the
Alpine Garden of Geneva, Switzerland, writes con-
cerning it as follows :

" In the first place physiological experiments have
proved that it is during the night that the lengthen-
ing of tissues and the gradual expansion of the plant
occurs. In the daytime the greater the insolation the
less growth they accomplish, and, the Alpine night
being so extremely cold, there can scarcely be any
nocturnal development of mountain plants. It is un-
der the influence of attenuated solar rays and dur-
ing the warm dusks that the plants are able to in-
crease. The hot and powerful sun of high latitudes
causes the brilliancy and size of the corollas, but also
prevents the equal expansion of stems and leaves.
These latter have only the very short space of time be-
tween the setting of the sun and the beginning of the
glacial night for their growth, and in addition they
also profit by the short, cloudy, moist and tepid days
that precede the setting in of winter to put forth new
leaves and buds."

Mr. J. M. Macoun, of Ottawa, Canada, writing in
Garden and Forest says :

" The fruit of the Mountain Cranberry is consid-
ered of no value in the warmer parts of Canada ;
but in the cold rocky woods of the north, along the

336

MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY

Mountain Cranberry, Vacciniam vitis-idcea.

Leaves ^' to %' long. Fruit Y3' in diameter.

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

shores of Hudson Bay and the Arctic Ocean, it seems
to gain size and flavor out of the very conditions that
dwarf and destroy its less hardy competitors. For
there it is acid, not acrid, and pronounced to be the
equal, by those who have eaten it there, of the Cran-
berry. May not something be due to the appetite of
the eater in that northern clime ?

" It is true, however, that on the north shore of the
Gulf of St. Lawrence the fisher folk gather it in large
quantities for their own use, calling it the Low-bush
Cranberry.

" In some places together with Empetrum nigruni it
forms the sole food of the larger migratory birds as
they return to the north in the spring. In the spring
it is eagerly sought by the black bear, and on the
islands in Hudson Bay and along the Arctic coasts the
polar bear spends much of his time in tearing up the
low evergreen plants in order to get at the fruit more
easily ; for it is on the under side and almost touching
the earth that the berries are found in greatest num-
bers. Immense patches of ground covered with the
dead plants may often be found, telling where bruin
has been at work. All summer long the last season's
fruit may be found mixed with the flowers or with the
green berries, and is then eaten by many birds in pref-
erence to anything else."

338

DEERBERRY

Deerberry, Polycodinm stanuneiwi.
Leaves i' to 4' long. Fruit -h' to fa' in diameter.

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLEBERRY

Polycbdium stamineum. Vaccinium stamtncum.

Polycodium, many bells, referring to the abundant flowers.

A widely branching shrub two to five feet high, found in dry
gravelly soil and under the shade of deciduous trees. Ranges
from Massachusetts to Kentucky and Florida, west to Minnesota.

Stems.— Branches slender, green, downy at first, finally
brown.

Leaves. — Oval, ovate, oblong or obovate, one to four inches
long, rounded or heart-shaped at base, entire, slightly revolute
at margin, acute or acuminate at apex; when full grown are light
green above, pale or glaucous or slightly downy beneath ; mid-
vein and primary veins very prominent beneath. Autumnal
tints scarlet and crimson, or the leaves fall with little change of
color. Petiole short, downy.

Flowers. — April, June. Very numerous, pure white bells,
borne in graceful, leafy-bracted racemes.

Calyx. — Tube adnate to ovary, five-toothed.

Corolla. — Open bell-shaped, white, or white with a purplish
tinge, or yellowish green, about one-quarter of an inch long, five-
lobed.

Stamens. — Ten, exserted, anthers upwardly prolonged into
tubes ; cells opening by a terminal pore.

Pistil. — Ovary inferior, five-celled ; style exserted.

Fruit. — Berry globose or pear-shaped, greenish white, yellow-
ish or dull red, three to five-eighths of an inch in diameter, in-
edible. September.

The Deerberry is a plant of wide distribution, but is
principally a bush of the Alleghanies. When removed
from its wild- wood surroundings, given good soil and
generous treatment, it develops into a charming garden
plant. Its flowers may be distinguished by their very
long, straight stamens, which project far beyond the
short, spreading, corolla bells. The fruit is inedible.

340

AMERICAN CRANBERRY

CREEPING SNOWBERRY

Chidgenes serpyllifblia. Chi6gen.es Jiispidiila.

Chiogones, snow born, in allusion to the white berries.

A trailing and creeping evergreen, with slender
hairy branches and alternate two-ranked, oval or ovate,
small leaves and solitary, axillary,
small, greenish white flowers on
short recurved peduncles. A na-
tive of cold, wet woods, it ranges
across the continent from New-
foundland to British Columbia and
southward to Michigan and North
Carolina. The flowers appear in
May and June, are bell-shaped ;
calyx four-cleft ; corolla four-lobed ;
stamens eight ; ovary four-celled.
The berry is snow white, aromatic,
many-seeded, rather mealy ; usual-

ly minutely bristly.

CreePins snowterry,

bhpidula. Leaves

long.

AMERICAN CRANBERRY
Oxy coccus macrocdrpus.

Oxycocc^^s, sharp berry, of Greek derivation, referring to
the sharp acid of the fruit. Cranberry is referred to a fan-
cied resemblance between the stem, calyx, and petals, as
the bud is about to unfold, and the neck, head, and bill
of a crane ; hence craneberry, soon corrupted into cran-
berry.

A trailing evergreen shrub with short, erect fruiting
branches, alternate, nearly sessile leaves, and nodding
slender peduncles, pale pink flowers. The leaves are

341

HUCKLEBERRY FAMILY

dark green above, white or pale beneath, the margins
revolute. Flowers appear in June in few-flowered
clusters, slightly racemose. Calyx is four-parted ;
corolla four-parted, anthers exserted with very long
terminal tubes ; berry four-celled, red, acid. Found in
bogs from Newfoundland to the Northwest Territory
and southward to North Carolina, Michigan, and Min-
nesota. Extensively cultivated ; produces the cran-
berry of the market. The Small or European Cran-
berry, Oxy coccus oxy coccus, also
occurs in the extreme north, de-
scending as far south as New Jer-
sey and Michigan. A southern
form appears in the mountains of
Virginia and southward.

Professor Bailey, in " The Evo-
lution of Our Native Fruits,"
writes of the cranberry as follows :
" The cranberry, the most
unique of American horticultural
products, was first cultivated, or
rescued from mere wild bogs,
about 1810. Its cultivation began
to attract attention about 1840, although the difficulties
connected with the growing of this new crop did not
begin to clear away before 1850. Cape Cod was the
first cranberry-growing region, which was soon fol-
lowed by New Jersey, and later by Wisconsin and
other regions. The varieties now known are over a
hundred, all having been picked up in bogs, and the
annual product from tame bogs in the United States is
more than 800,000 bushels."

342

American Cranberry, Oxycoccus
macrocarpus. Leaves y±' to
%' long.

ERICACE/E— HEATH EAMILY

LABRADOR TEA

Ledum groen'dndicum. Ledum latifblium.
Ledum is without significance as applied to this plant.

A low, evergreen, undershrub one to four feet high, growing in
bogs and swamps and cold, damp, wooded glens. Ranges from
Greenland to British Columbia and southward to Massachusetts,
New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. Juices bitter, astrin-
gent and narcotic. Root or subterranean stem very large.

Steins. — Recent shoots densely covered with rusty tomentum.
Older branches reddish brown or copper-colored ; main stem
very dark.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, thick, one to two inches long,
one-fourth to one-half an inch wide, oblong, pointed or rounded
at base, obtuse at apex, margin entire, strongly revolute ; when
full grown are pale green, slightly rugose, sparingly dotted
with amber dots above, densely covered with soft brown wool
beneath. Those growing on branches near the ground are
sometimes destitute of tomentum and are flat, short, elliptical
and scattered, bearing resinous dots beneath. Fragrant when
crushed. Petioles short.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, white, three-eighths to one-
half an inch broad ; borne in dense terminal umbels one to one
and one-half inches across ; pedicels nearly an inch long, recurved
in fruit, brown-hairy or tomentose, bracted at the base; bracts
deciduous.

Calyx. — Small, five-toothed, persistent.

Corolla. — Petals five, white, nearly or quite distinct, oval, ob-
tuse, imbricate in bud.

343

HEATH FAMILY

Stamens. — Five to ten, hypogynous, exserted, filaments thread-
like, white ; anthers white, cells opening by terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, ovoid, scaly, five -celled; ovules
many ; style threadlike, persistent ; stigma five-lobed.

Fruit. — Capsule, a quarter of an inch long, oblong-oval,
crowned with the style, downy, nodding, five-celled, five-valved,
opening from the base. Seeds many.

Labrador Tea is an interesting example of a plant fitted to hold its own in
a subarctic climate. In the first place, it is clothed in wool ; it carries a
thick woolly coat over its stems and on the under-surface of its leaves.
This woolliness lessens the loss of water through the stomata. Then, too,
the leaves are partly rolled up with the upper surface outward, so as to give
the lower surface a deeply grooved form. This plant ranges far north into
regions where the temperature even in summer often falls so low that the
absorption of water by the roots ceases, since it has been shown that this
stops a little above the freezing point of water. Exposed to cold dry winds
the plant would then often be killed by complete drying up, if it were not for
the protection afforded by the woolly, channelled, under-surfaces of the leaves.

—JOSEPH Y. BERGEN.

The name Labrador Tea is more than a botanist's
fancy, — the resinous, astringent, and slightly bitter
leaves really have been used at the north as a substi-
tute for tea. There is no record that it is a good sub-
stitute ; and in Russia where the leaves of an allied
species are used instead of hops in the manufacture of
beer, the beer so made causes headache and vertigo.
Like all subarctic plants the roots are large in propor-
tion to the spread of stem and foliage. The leaves are
curiously recurved, a concession to the severity of the
climate in its chosen home. The handsome clusters
of white flowers are produced in May and June. It
prefers a peat soil, and like most broad-leaved ever-
greens in our climate is the better for a slight winter
covering, not as protection against winter cold, but
against winter sunshine.

344

LABRADOR TEA

Labrador Tea, Leditm graenlandicum.

Leaves i' to 2' long.

HEATH FAMILY

WILD HONEYSUCKLE. PINXTER FLOWER. PINK

AZALEA

Azalea nudtflbra.

Azalea, dry, arid, of Greek derivation, refers to the habi-
tat of the plant. Pinxter is Dutch for Whitsunday and re-
fers to the time of flowering.

A spreading shrub, two to six feet high, branched above, often
simple below ; grows in dry sandy or rocky woods, also loves
the banks of sluggish streams and borders of swamps. Ranges
from Maine to Florida, westward to Missouri and Texas. Vari-
able in habit and in choice of location.

Leaves. — Alternate, crowded toward the end of the branches,
simple, two to four inches long, oblong or obovate, acute at
both ends, serrate, margin finely ciliate. They come out of the
bud revolute, pale dull green, slightly hairy ; when full grown
are bright green, glabrous above, paler green and downy be-
neath. In autumn they turn dull yellow. Petioles short.

Flowers. — April, May, before or with the leaves. Perfect,
showy pink or nearly white, faintly odorous, borne in terminal
umbels developed from cone-like scaly buds which were formed
the previous autumn. Pedicels hairy, erect, about three-fourths
of an inch long.

Calyx. — Small, five-parted, persistent.

Corolla. — Varying from rose-color more or less intense to
white, funnel-form, somewhat irregular ; tube dark pink, scarcely
longer than the lobes of the corolla, hairy, slightly glandular ;
border paler pink, five-lobed, somewhat two-lipped, one and a
half to two inches broad.

Stamens. — Five, much exserted, declined ; filaments slender,
pink, often an inch and a half long; anthers awnless ; cells
opening by terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, five-celled ; style slender, pink; two
to two and a half inches long, declined ; ovules numerous.

Fruit. — -Capsule, linear-oblong, erect, five-celled, opening
down from the top, many-seeded.

346

WILD HONEYSUCKLE

Wild Honeysuckle, Azalea iiiidiflora.

HEATH FAMILY

Azaleas flush the island floors
And the tints of heaven reply.

— RALPH WALDO EMERSON.

Martha Bockee Flint in " A Garden of Simples "
writes of Azalea nudiflora as follows :

" In secluded forest dells where the wood soil is
rich and damp, on the verge of black, peaty swamps,
and even on rocky hillsides, there blooms the most
beautiful of the Azaleas, the Rhododendron, nudiflora.

No ' tree ' in its sub-arborescent
growth, it is truly a rose flower, for
the exquisite tints of the wild-rose
and the peach-blossom color its
clusters of airy bloom. . . . This
peerless azalea is familiarly known
in New England as the honeysuckle,
the swamp pink and the May apple.
The latter name comes from the ir-
regular excrescence, pale green and
glaucous, growing on the leaves
when stung by an insect, which
there deposits its eggs. Cool, crisp,
and juicy, they are the delight of children, and put for
a day in spiced vinegar, make the first pickles of the
year.

" But the name by which this May Queen of our
northern flora is dearest to New Netherland families
is Pingstcr-blocm, the flower of Pingster or Whitsun-
day. In the seventeenth century, the rocky glens and
woodland glades of the island of Manhattan were all
aglow with this pink azalea, blooming over a period
long enough to connect it with that movable feast, by

348

Leaves of Azalea nudiflora.

MOUNTAIN AZALEA

Mountain Azalea, Azalea canescens.

Leaves i J£' to 3' long.

HEATH FAMILY

the Dutch revered only less than the festival of their
own patron saint. With the prescribed religious ob-
servances the Pingster days had many features of the
Saturnalia and were in that staid community a time of
unwonted license. The slaves then had their holiday
and held riot, awakening on the banks of the Hudson
the wild echo of strains which had been chanted on
the Congo and the Gambia. But the custom in
Nieuw Amsterdam which is fairest in retrospect, and
which lingered longest, was the gathering of the Ping-
stcr-blocm. . . . From the day's woodland revels,
the youths and maidens returned laden with the
branches of the Pingstcr-blocm, to adorn the houses.
This yearly gathering of the Azalea is the nearest
spontaneous approach to a May Day celebration
which has ever thrived in our capricious climate.
This may be explained not only by the matchless
beauty of the sylvan spoil, but by the great rever-
ence with which Whitsunday was regarded in every
branch of the Christian church."

MOUNTAIN AZALEA

Azalea canescens.

A mountain form, native to the Catskill and Shawangunk
mountains and southward along the Alleghanies.

A branching shrub, four to fifteen feet high, the
twigs glabrous or sparingly pubescent. Leaves oval,
elliptic or sometimes obovate, wider and shorter than
those of Azalea nudi flora, more or less soft canescent
and pale beneath, and stiff hairy or pubescent on the
veins, varying to nearly glabrous, the margins ciliolate-

350

FLAMING AZALEA

Flaming Azalea, Azalea Intea.

Leaves 2' to 3^' long.

HEATH FAMILY

serrulate; pedicels glandular; flowers rose-color to
white, very fragrant, expanding with or before the
leaves ; corolla border of two inches across ; the tube
rather stout, densely glandular but scarcely viscid ;
stamens exserted ; capsule linear-oblong, narrowed
above, glandular, one-quarter to one-third of an inch
long.

FLAMING AZALEA

Azalea Ihtea. Azalea cale.ndula.cea.

Four to fifteen feet high ; erect, branches and twigs mostly
smooth ; in dry woods. Ranges from southern New York to
Georgia on the slopes of the Appalachian mountains. Attrac-
tive in cultivation.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, oblong, oval or obovate, wedge-
shaped at base, margins serrulate and ciliolate-serrulate, some-
what revolute, acute at apex ; when full grown bright green,
glabrous or slightly hairy above; more or less downy or tomen-
tose beneath. Petioles short.

Flowers. — May, June, with the leaves. Perfect, orange, yel-
low or red, very showy, slightly fragrant, borne in terminal um-
bels developed from cone-like scaly buds, which were formed
the previous autumn.

Calyx. — Small, five-parted.

Corolla. — Varying from lemon to orange and red, funnel-form,
somewhat irregular. Tube glandular-hairy, about the length of
the corolla-lobes ; border five-lobed, about two inches broad.

Stamens. — Five, long-exserted, declined, filaments slender,
yellow ; anthers awnless, cells opening by terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, five-celled ; style slender, three inches
long, yellow.

Fruit. — Capsule, linear-oblong, erect, more or less downy.

Hardly inferior to any of the garden varieties is our native Azalea calen-
dulacea ; and one of the great sights of this continent for the lover of
flowers is the slopes of the southern Alleghany mountains when they are
blazing in June with the great flame-colored masse* of this splendid plant.

— Garden and Forest.

TREE AZALEA

Tree Azalea, Azalea, aborescens.

Leaves i' to 2' long.

HEATH FAMILY

SMOOTH AZALEA. TREE AZALEA

Azalea arborescens.

The Tree Azalea under favorable conditions attains
the height of six to ten feet. Although found in the
mountains of Pennsylvania the plant is really southern
and finds its most congenial home in the Carolinas and
the Gulf states. The leaves are one to two inches
long, obovate or oval, acute or acuminate at apex,
margin entire and ciliate, bright green above, pale
green beneath, fragrant in drying.

The flowers, which appear in June and July, are of
the azalea type, white or tinged with pink, fragrant.
The border is nearly regular, and the tube slender and
glandular ; stamens and style are red, long-exserted.
The fruiting capsule is densely glandular, one-half to
three-fourths of an inch long.

This is one of the most beautiful and most fragrant
of the azaleas, and the length of its blooming period
makes it desirable in cultivation.

WHITE SWAMP HONEYSUCKLE. WHITE AZALEA.

CLAMMY AZALEA

Azalea viscbsa.

Four to six feet high, with numerous spreading branches,
grayish bark and hairy twigs ; the whole plant sticky and
clammy ; found in swamps, at the borders of ponds, on moist
highlands. Ranges from Maine to Florida and from Ohio to
Texas, not far from the coast. Variable.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, obovate-oblong or oblanceolate,
two to four inches long, short-petioled, wedge-shaped at base,
entire, ciliolate at margin, obtuse or acute and bristle pointed at

354

CLAMMY AZALEA

Clammy Azalea, Azalea viscosa.

Leaves 2' to 4' long.

HEATH FAMILY

apex ; when full grown, light green above, often glaucous, more
or less hairy, beneath.

Flowers. — June, July, after the leaves. Perfect, white, some-
times touched with pink, borne in terminal umbels developed
from cone-like scaly buds which were formed the previous
autumn ; all the parts viscid and glandular ; fragrant.

Calyx. — Minute, five-parted, glandular-bristly.

Corolla. — White, varying to pale pink, funnel-form, tube
slender, very viscid, densely glandular; border five-lobed, more
or less two-lipped, one to two inches broad, shorter than the tube.

Stamens. — Five, exserted, declined ; filaments white, pubes-
cent ; anthers orange, awnless, opening by terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, glandular-bristly, five-celled ; style
white, slender, pubescent, exserted.

Fruit. — Capsule, linear-oblong, about half an inch long,
glandular-bristly.

The Clammy White Azalea is found abundantly on
the borders of swamps, although it sometimes climbs
the mountain side. The books report its color as
white, but this is not always the case ; for some plants
bear pure white flowers while others have pink or
pale rose-colored blossoms; sometimes the tube of a
white one shows a flush of pink. The blossom is
thickly covered with glandular hairs ; they are on
pedicel, calyx, corolla, each one white crowned with a
minute crimson ball.

It is late in August before the last blossom has faded
on the White Honeysuckle that lives in a shaded nook
by a northern swamp. Transferred to the garden the
flowering period is shorter, but the bush belongs to
the group of summer bloomers. The flowers are de-
liciously fragrant and this fragrance seems to reside in
every part.

356

CULTIVATED AZALEAS

It is well known that the charming Azaleas which
glorify our lawns in the early spring are the product
of the gardener's art. Their range of color is nothing
less than marvellous. Through all the tints of buff and
sulphur and primrose, through all the range of salmon
and crimson and vermilion, fading from rose into white
and deepening from lemon to orange, they make their
bewildering way. Every morning is a fresh revela-
tion of what subtle and varied color these gorgeous
creatures can command ; and as the day ends the hawk
moth, which looks like a humming-bird, poised upon
wings whose motion is like the sleep of a top, hovers
in the twilight above the blossoms seeking the nectar
stored in the long tubes; and so makes sure there shall
be more Azaleas in days to come.

The story of their origin is most interesting, and in
this life history our own plants bear a distinguished
part. The entire American group possesses the char-
acteristic known as variability. That means simply
that a plant is in a state of " unstable equilibrium," and
will respond to influences so subtle that our gross
senses cannot divine what they are. The result is that
in minor characters the plant is continually vibrating
back and forth. It loves the swamp, but grows on
the dry rocky hillside as if it desired no other home.
Usually each flower has five stamens; some fine day a
plant produces a cluster in which each flower has ten.
Here the beautiful corolla-tube is smooth ; there it is
covered with clammy hairs. These characters* more-
over, do not persist with any degree of certainty.

357

HEATH FAMILY

Such a plant is the joy of the gardener, for its char-
acters are not fixed and he can easily mould them to
his purposes.

Our American Azaleas, notably Azalea midiflora,
Azalea lutea and Azalea arborescens, were sent to the
Belgian horticulturists at Ghent early in the eighteenth
century. They were first crossed with the Azalea pon-
tica of southern Europe — strains from India, from
China, from Japan, were introduced, and by a process
of hybridization and selection a wonderful group
known as the Ghent Azaleas was produced.

What the gardeners of Ghent began the horticult-
ural world has continued ; and now, in the selection
of hardy Azaleas, one is embarrassed by the number
of varieties from which to choose.

Azalea mollis, a rather recent introduction from
Japan, is a form which is winning its way to favor be-
cause of its hardiness, its low spreading growth and
its well-shaped, symmetrical head. The flowers of the
type are flame-colored, but seedlings and hybrids fur-
nish gorgeous blossoms of white, yellow, and orange.
The plant is an early bloomer and is a very desirable
species.

The Azaleas, like the rhododendrons, are intolerant
of lime. It is futile to expect flourishing plants in a
calcareous soil, for however well a bed may be pre-
pared it is only a question of time when the surround-
ing lime leaches through. Nor is a stiff clay soil really
suitable for the plant ; although by digging wide and
deep and filling in with sand and loam and leaf humus,
suitable conditions can be created.

358

RHODORA

Rhodora, Rbodora canadeiisis.

Leaves i' to 3' long.

HEATH FAMILY

RHODORA

Rhodbra canadensis.
Named from the Greek rhodon, a rose.

Early flowering, low, thin little shrub, one to three feet high,
growing in cool bogs, by the side of sluggish streams, in damp
woods and on wet hillsides. Ranges from Newfoundland to
New Jersey, westward to central New York and Pennsylvania.

Stems. — Recent shoots straight, erect, pale yellowish brown,
hairy. Older stems covered with an outer bark which peels off
early and leaves a bright, copper-colored, smooth
bark ; leaf-buds minute ; flower-buds terminal,
scaly, yellowish brown.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, one to three inches
long, oval or oblong, narrowed at base, entire,
slightly revolute, obtuse or acute, often with a
bristle at tip ; when full grown pale green above,
paler and glaucous and downy beneath. In au-
tumn they fall early with little change of color.
Petioles short.

Flowers. — April, May, just before or with the
leaves. Perfect, rose-purple, varying to white,
Rhodora Leaf. borne in corymbose terminal clusters. Pedicels
short, hairy.

Calyx. — Minute, five-toothed.

Corolla. — Rose-purple, an inch to an inch and a half broad,
two-lipped ; upper lip unequally two to three-lobed ; the lower
divided to the base ; the segments recurved.

Stamens. — Ten, as long as the corolla; filaments somewhat
hairy ; anthers short, roundish, purple ; cells opening by ter-
minal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, five-celled, bristly ; style slender,
purple, exserted ; stigma capitate.

Fruit. — Capsule, linear-oblong, five-celled, five-valved, many
seeded.

360

GREAT LAUREL

Great Laurel, Rhododendron maximum.

Leaves 4' to 7' long.

HEATH FAMILY

Rhodora ! if the sages ask you why

This charm is wasted on the marsh and sky,

Dear, tell them, that if eyes were made for seeing,

Then beauty is its own excuse for being.

Why thou wert there, O rival of the rose,

I never thought to ask ; I never knew,

But in my simple ignorance suppose

The selfsame Power that brought me there brought you.

—RALPH WALDO EMERSON.

On the margin of some quiet swamp a myriad of bare twigs seem sud-
denly overspread with purple butterflies, and we know that the Rhodora is
in bloom. Wordsworth never immortalized a flower more surely than
Emerson this, and it needs no weaker words ; there is nothing else in
which the change from nakedness to beauty is so sudden, and when you
bring home the great mass of blossoms they appear all ready to flutter away
again from your hands and leave you disenchanted.

—THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON.

The Rhodora grows from one to three feet high,
with each stem divided into four or five branchlets
which are terminated by the encircling flower clusters.
A native of swamps, it accepts the garden and will
grow and spread if provided with a peaty soil and an
open position. Like many others the flowers in order
to be effective should be seen in masses. This is a
genus of a single species; so far as known there is
but one Rhodora.

GREAT LAUREL. ROSE BAY

Rhododendron mdximum.

A tall shrub, sometimes a tree ; found in low woods
and along streams from Nova Scotia to Ontario and
south to Georgia, chiefly along the mountains, often
forming almost impenetrable thickets.

Leaves evergreen, alternate, four to seven inches

362

HYBRID RHODODENDRON

.•*

Hybrid Rhododendron.

HEATH FAMILY

long, oblong or lanceolate-oblong, dark green above,
slightly paler beneath, acute or short-acuminate at
apex, wedge-shaped at base. Flowers appear in June
and July, pale rose varying to white, borne in corym-
bose clusters from scaly, cone-like buds formed the au-
tumn before. Pedicels are glandular, viscid pubes-
cent ; corollas rather deeply five-cleft into oval obtuse
lobes, rose-colored varying to white, sprinkled with
yellowish or orange spots within ; calyx-lobes oblong-
obtuse ; capsule oblong, puberulent.

Notwithstanding the many beautiful hybrids now in
cultivation, our native Rhododendron is still a plant
that charms by its most commended beauty. Its
chosen home is a shaded nook by the side of a moun-
tain stream ; its pale pink flowers ere they fall are
overtopped by the shoot that started with the flower-
bud, and the blooming period, beginning with us at
the north in July, extends into late August.

Lapland Rose Bay, Rhododendron lapponicum — a
dwarfed subarctic form, still lingers on the summits
of the higher mountains of New England and New
York.

ALLEGHANY MENZIESIA

Menziesia pilbsa.

Named in honor of Archibald Menzies, surgeon and natu-
ralist, who in Vancouver's voyage brought the first known
species from the northwest coast.

Erect shrub, two to five feet high ; found in mountain woods
from Pennsylvania to Georgia. Twigs hairy and chaffy.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, oval, oblong or obovate, one to
two inches long, narrowed at base, margin entire, ciliate, obtuse

364

SAND MYRTLE

Sand Myrtle, Detidrittm buxi folium.
Leaves ^' to J£' long.

HEATH FAMILY

or acute with a glandular bristle at apex. When full grown
rough-hairy above, slightly glaucous and often chaffy on veins
below. Petioles short, downy.

F!owers.—Ma.y, June. Perfect, small, greenish purple bells,
borne on slender pedicels, in few-flowered terminal umbels, de-
veloped from scaly buds. Pedicels threadlike, glandular. Calyx
five-lobed, downy ; corolla urn-shaped ; stamens eight, included,
filaments smooth, anthers awnless ; ovary four-celled. Capsules
beset with short glandular bristles. Seeds many, pointed at
each end.

SAND MYRTLE

Dtridrium buxifblium, Leiophyllum buxifblium.

Dendrium, a tree, named according to the law of opposites
Leiophyllum, smooth leaf.

A low, evergreen shrub with box-like foliage, widely branch-
ing, four to eighteen inches high. Native of the sandy pine-
barrens of New Jersey and farther south.

Leaves. — Opposite, crowded, evergreen, simple, coriaceous,
one-fourth to one-half an inch long, oval or oblong, acute at
base, entire, somewhat revolute margin, obtuse at apex ; dark
green and shining above, paler and black-dotted beneath ; mid-
vein conspicuous ; other veins obscure.

Flowers. — April to June. Numerous, small, white or rose-
colored, borne in small terminal umbel-like clusters. Bracts per-
sistent.

Calyx. — Five-parted ; segments rigid, acute, persistent.

Corolla. — -Petals five, ovate, spreading, white or pink.

Stamens. — Ten, exserted ; anthers reddish purple, two-celled.

Pistil. — -Ovary superior, two to five-celled ; style slender,
straight.

Fruit. — Capsule, ovoid, two to five-valved, splitting from the
top.

This is an odd little evergreen bush which in blos-
soming time covers itself profusely with corymbs of
tiny white flowers conspicuous for their purplish an-
thers. It fruits just as profusely as it blossoms.

366

MOUNTAIN LAUREL

ALPINE OR TRAILING AZALEA

Chamacistus procumbcns.
ChamcEcistuS) meaning ground-cistus.

A tufted, much-branched, trailing, dwarf, evergreen shrub
with branches two to four inches long. Subarctic, found on the
summits of the White Mountains, in Labrador, arctic America,
Alaska.

Leaves. — Mostly opposite, crowded, evergreen, linear-oblong,
one-sixth to one-fourth an inch long, margin entire, revolute,
obtuse at apex ; dark green and shining above, paler beneath ;
midrib prominent below. Petioles short.

Flowers. — July, August. Small, pink or white bells, solitary
or clustered, from terminal buds.

Calyx. — Five-parted, segments purplish, ovate-lanceolate, per-
sistent.

Corolla. — Broad bell-shaped, pink or white, with five obtuse
lobes.

Stamens. — Five, included, inserted on corolla ; anthers didy-
mous.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, two-celled, style short ; stigma cap-
itate.

Fruit. — Capsule, subglobose, two to three-celled, many-
seeded.

MOUNTAIN LAUREL

Kdlmia latifblia.

Kalmia commemorates the labors of Peter Kalm, a pu-
pil of Linnaeus who was an enthusiastic admirer of the
plant and who travelled in this country early in the eigh-
teenth century.

A dense, broad shrub, five to ten feet high, with many stiff,
crooked branches and a round, compact head ; tolerant of many
locations and all soils except those containing lime. Ranges
from Newfoundland to Hudson Bay, and along highlands and

367

HEATH FAMILY

mountains southward to Georgia and Michigan. Root fibrous,
matted ; easily cultivated ; foliage has the bad reputation of
poisoning cattle.

Leaves. — Alternate or in pairs, or in threes, simple, evergreen,
three to four inches long, oblong, wedge-shaped at base, entire,
acute or rounded at apex and tipped with a callous point. They
come out of the bud conduplicate ; pale green slightly tinged
with pink and covered with glandular white hairs ; when full
grown are thick and rigid, dark shining green above, pale yellow
green beneath. They remain green and fall the second summer.
Petioles stout, short, slightly flattened.

Flowers. — May, June, from buds which are found in autumn
in the axils of the upper leaves in the form of slender cones of
downy green scales. These buds develop a compound many-
flowered corymb, four or five inches across, and overlapped at
the flowering time by the leafy branches of the year. Buds and
new flowers bright rose pink, afterward fading to pale pink or
white and only lined with pink. Pedicels are red or green,
hairy or scurfy and furnished with two bracts at base.

Calyx. — Five-parted ; lobes imbricate in bud, narrow, acute,
covered with glutinous hairs. Disk prominent, ten-lobed.

Corolla. — Saucer-shaped, rose-colored, white or pink, about
one inch across. Tube short, with ten tiny sacs just below the
five-parted border ; lobes ovate, acute, imbricate in bud. The
border is marked on the inner surface with a waving rosy line
and is .slightly purple above the sac. The buds are ten-ribbed
from the sacs to the acute apex.

Stamens. — Ten, hypogynous, shorter than the corolla ; at first
held in the sacs of the corolla ; filaments threadlike ; anthers
oblong, adnate, two-celled ; cells opening longitudinally.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, five - celled ; style threadlike, ex-
serted ; stigma capitate ; ovules many in each cell.

Fruit. — Woody capsule, many-seeded, depressed, globular,
slightly five-lobed, five-celled, five-valved ; crowned with the
persistent calyx, covered with viscid hairs. Seeds oblong.

The Laurels possess a remarkable adaptation for
cross-fertilization. As each curious, angular, pocketed
corolla-cup opens, the stigma appears erect in the very

368

MOUNTAIN LAUREL

Mountain Laurel, Kalmia latifolia.

Leaves 3' to 4' long. Corymbs 4' to 5' across.

HEATH FAMILY

centre of the flower. The anthers are all hiding their
youthful heads ; in fact, every one of them is tucked
into a pocket which fits it perfectly. The filaments
are strained to a bow, and so delicately is the mechan-
ism adjusted that a jar will release the anthers. Now
comes the wandering bee, " voluble, velvety, vehe-
ment," and enters the flower. The soft body covers
the stigma, the weight and the motion set the filaments
free and the bee departs " a dusty fellow " — whose legs
are " powdered with gold." In fact the bee carries
off the greater part of the pollen of that flower and
deposits some of it upon the stigma of the next flower
visited ; and so the process goes on through all the
summer day.

The Laurel flourishes in gardens if only there be
no lime there. The plant may be brought from the
mountain side and if the roots are uninjured and the
stems pruned back a little it will grow. It prefers leaf
mould, but will grow in any good soil.

Laurel wood is very hard and solid, and in great de-
mand for various purposes, one of which is indicated
by the common name Spoon-wood.

Kalmia angnstifolia, the Sheep Laurel or Lambkill,
is found growing in company with Kalmia latifolia.
It is a smaller bush, with narrower leaves and smaller
blossoms. The blossom is of the kalmia type, with the
saucer-shaped corolla, and the anthers caught in tiny
pockets. Possibly it prefers moister soil than Kalmia
latifolia, and is found in more open places. The
flower clusters are lateral and a stem in full bloom
looks like a flowery cylinder.

All the laurels are credited with poisoning young

370

LAMBKILL

Lambkill, Kalinia angiistifolia.

Leaves 2' to 5' long.

HEATH FAMILY

animals. Older cattle know enough to let them alone,
but in early spring when the tender leaves are appear-
ing, calves and young cattle, eager for green things,
eat, and unless promptly treated, die.

The plants are a constant menace to the farmers on
the mountains of Virginia, and the common names
Lambkill, Calf Kill, Sheep Poison, clearly voice the
"deep damnation " of rural opinion concerning them.

SWAMP LAUREL. PALE LAUREL
Kdlmia glauca.

Low, slender-stemmed, evergreen, six to eighteen inches high;
native of bogs and swamps. Ranges from Newfoundland to
Alaska, southward to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan.

Stems. — Smooth, yellow brown; branchlets two-ridged:
ridges change position at each node.

Leaves. — Evergreen : opposite or sometimes in threes, an inch
and a quarter to two inches long, a quarter of an inch wide,
nearly sessile, oblong or linear-oblong, margin entire and revo-
lute, apex acute, bright shining green above, glaucous or whitish
beneath ; midvein depressed, whitish above, prominent beneath.

Flowers. — April, May. Of kalmia type, bluish pink, borne
in simple terminal umbels of one to thirteen flowers. Pedicel an
inch long, slender, madder red ; each subtended by a bract.

Calyx. — Five -parted; segments scarious margined, pink-
tipped, imbricate in bud, persistent.

Corolla. — Saucer-shaped, about half an inch across, five-lobed,
ten-keeled in bud, with ten tiny sacs in the saucer, into which
the stamens are thrust.

Stamens. — Ten, shorter than corolla, filaments pink, stamens
dark reddish brown, pocketed in the corolla sacs, springing forth
by means of pressure and delivering pollen from terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary five-celled, ovules numerous; style slender, ex-
serted ; stigma depressed-capitate.

Fruit — Depressed-globose capsule, glabrous about an eighth
of an inch across.

372

SWAMP LAUREL

S\v;imp Laurel, Kalmia glauca.
Leaves \y±' to 2' long.

HEATH FAMILY

This exquisite little evergreen is found in company
with Andromeda poll folia, and they bloom together.
The flower is bright rose lilac, as it comes from the
bud, fading later after the fashion of all the kalmias,
but always beautiful. The blossoms are similar to
those of the well known Mountain Laurel, but the
flower cluster is much smaller, containing not more
than a dozen flowers ; each with a long slender pedi-
cel. In northern Michigan this plant covers acres of
swamp land and during the blooming period produces
magnificent color effects.

Transferred to the garden the little Laurel improves
in habit, is less straggling, but never becomes a com-
pact shrub. It blooms much earlier than either Kal-
mia latifolia or Kalmia angustifolia, and is worthy of

cultivation for that reason alone.

MOUNTAIN HEATH. BRYANTHUS

Phyllodoce ccerulea. Brydnthus taxifblius.

Bryanthus, from bryon, moss, and
anthos, flower, because growing
among mosses. Phyllodoce, a sea-
nymph.

Low, evergreen, arctic-alpine
undershrub, with yew-like leaves ;
found on the summits of the high-
er mountains of Maine and New
Hampshire. Leaves alternate, lin-
ear, crowded, about a quarter of an
inch long. Flowers pink or purplish bells, in nodding
terminal umbels. Corolla oblong urn-shaped, five-

374

Mountain Heath, Phyllodoce
coerulea. After Britton &
Brown.

SWAMP LEUCOTHOE

toothed, contracted at the throat. Stamens ten, in-
cluded ; ovary five-celled, style included ; capsule sub-
globose.

CASSIOPE

Cassiope hypno\des,

Cassiope was the mother of Andromeda. The name has
no obvious application to the plant.

An arctic-alpine, tufted, evergreen shrub with the
aspect of a moss ; stems rising two to four inches
high. Leaves loosely imbricate, linear, acute, flat
above, convex be-
neath, one-twelfth to
one-sixth of an inch
long. The flowers are
open bells, white or
rose-color, one-fourth
to one-third of an inch
across, solitary, nod-
ding on slender erect
peduncles.

Found on the sum-
mits of the higher mountains of New England and the
Adirondacks of New York ; throughout arctic Amer-
ica, also in arctic Europe and Asia.

SWAMP LEUCOTHOE

Leucothoii racemosa.

Leucothoe, a sea-nymph, one of the fifty daughters of Ne-
reus : possibly referring to the plant as loving wet places.

Five to twelve feet high ; found in swamps and moist thickets.
Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, mostly
near the coast. Suckers freely.

375

Cassiope, Cassiope hypnoides. After Britton & Brown.

HEATH FAMILY

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, one to three and a half inches long,
oblong to ovate, acute or rounded at base, serrulate, acute at apex,
usually with a glandular point ; when full grown are glabrous,
bright shining green above, paler, slightly pubescent on the
veins beneath. In autumn they become a brilliant scarlet or
vary through purple and scarlet and orange ; and remain until
beaten off by storms. Petioles very short.

Flowers. — May, June, with or before the leaves. Perfect, white,
bell-shaped, borne in one-sided racemes three to four inches
long, which are mostly terminal, solitary or clustered ; pedicels
short, bracted, jointed with the rachis. Fragrant.

Calyx. — Sepals five, distinct, acute, persistent, imbricate in
bud, bracted.

Corolla. — White, oblong-cylindrical, contracted at the mouth,
about three-eighths of an inch long, five-toothed.

Stamens. — Ten, included ; filaments white, awl-shaped ; an-
thers oblong, two-awned ; cells opening by terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, five-celled, five-valved; style slender,
exserted, stigma capitate.

Fruit. — Capsule, depressed-globose, surrounded by the per-
sistent calyx and bracts. August, September.

Garden and Forest says: " The value of the northern
native plant Lencothoc racemosa for the decoration of
the parks and gardens of the northern states is very
great. It is a hardy, fast - growing shrub which
sometimes attains the height of ten feet ; its slender
branches are covered with dark green leaves which late
in the autumn, long after those of every other tree
and shrub cultivated in gardens have fallen, assume a
brilliant and beautiful scarlet color. Its handsome,
waxy, white, cup-shaped flowers are produced in long,
erect, or slightly curved terminal racemes from buds
formed the previous autumn, and covered during the
winter with closely imbricated bracts. The splendid
color of the leaves of this shrub in the late autumn

376

SWAMP LEUCOTHOE

Swamp Leucothoe, LeucolloU raceitiosa.

Leaves i' to 3/^' long. Racemes 3' to 4' long.

HEATH FAMILY

makes it one of the most desirable hardy plants for our
northern gardens."

Although a swamp plant, LcucotJioe racemosa can be
readily cultivated ; it needs peat soil or sandy loam,
and a rather moist situation ; given these it grows
rapidly and becomes a broad bush. It is a tall, ele-
gant, clean-limbed plant, attractive in winter because
of the deep red of its twigs and branchlets. In spring-
time it bears racemes of small, fragrant, heath-like
flowers, but its time of glory is late November, when it
flames, a torch of scarlet, lighting up the swampy
thickets, within sight of the sea, from Massachusetts
to Florida.

CATESBY'S LEUCOTHOE

Leucothoe catesbaei.

An evergreen shrub, three to six feet high, found on the
banks of streams. Ranges from Virginia to Georgia, westward
to Tennessee. Is easily cultivated.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, evergreen, leathery, lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, three to six inches long, rounded at base,
sharply serrulate, acuminate at apex ; when full grown are dark
shining green above, paler green below ; midvein and primary
veins conspicuous. Petioles greenish brown, about half an inch
long.

Flowers. — April. Perfect, white, narrow bell-shaped, borne
in axillary, densely-flowered racemes ; central axis and pedicels
white.

Calyx. — Sepals five, distinct, not imbricated in flower.

Corolla. — White, narrowly cylindric, constricted at throat,
five-toothed.

Stamens. — Ten, included, filaments white, anthers yellow.

Pistil. — Ovary five-celled, style white, stigma green.

Fruit.- — Capsule, depressed-globular, five-celled, five-lobed.
Seeds many.

378

CATESBY'S LEUCOTHOE

Catesby's Leucothoe, Leiicothoe catesbcri.

Leaves 3' to 6' long.

HEATH FAMILY

Although Catesby's Leucothoe is a bush of southern
range it is perfectly hardy at the north and is a valu-
able addition to our cultivated shrubs.

It blooms early ; the flower buds are developed in
autumn in the axils of the persistent leaves of the year
and look like cylindric cones about half an inch long,
with close imbricate scales. As the weather grows
cold these scales turn a deep red, the same color
suffusing in a slighter degree the ends of the zigzag
stems ; at the same time the upper leaves with their
petioles often color as richly as the flower buds. The
lower leaves for the most part retain their deep lus-
trous green color, and the contrast between the upper
and the lower parts of the plant only adds to its
beauty.

The recurved stems are three to six feet high, the
evergreen leaves are thick and leathery ; and the white
waxen bells are borne in crowded spike-like racemes.
The plant prefers peat soil and damp situations, but
will make the best of almost any location.

WILD ROSEMARY. MARSH HOLY ROSE.

Andromeda polifblia.
Andromeda, a mythological name of fanciful application.

Slender, with stems but little branched, one to three feet high,
foliage acid ; found in bogs. Ranges from Labrador and New-
foundland through arctic America to Alaska and British Amer-
ica, southward to New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Michigan.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, linear-oblong or lanceolate, one
and one-half to three inches long, narrowed at base, margins
revolute, apex acute or obtuse, often with a small point ; when

380

WILD ROSEMARY

Wild Roseimry, Andromeda po/ifolia.

Leaves 1%' to 3' long.

HEATH FAMILY

full grown are dull green, smooth above, white-glaucous beneath;
midvein very strongly ridged beneath, petioles short.

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, tiny globes, white or tinged
with pink, borne in few-flowered terminal umbels. Bracts small,
persistent. Pedicels one-fourth to one-half an inch long.

Calyx. — Deeply five-pointed, persistent; lobes triangular-
ovate, acute. Disk ten-lobed.

Corolla. — White, globose, urn-shaped, about one-fourth of an
inch in diameter, five-toothed ; teeth recurved.

Stamens. — Ten, included ; filaments bearded ; anthers ovate,
obtuse, awned, fixed near the middle; cells opening by a termi-
nal pore.

Fruit. — Capsule, globose, five -celled, five-valved, many-
seeded.

This plant is always fixed in some turfy hillock in the midst of swamps,
as Andromeda herself was chained to a rock in the sea which bathed her
feet as the fresh water does the roots of this plant.

— "Tour of Lapland." LINN/EUS.

The lonely position of this little shrub in the midst of
its native swamps seems to have impressed Linnaeus
to a wonderful degree ; and consequently he named it
Andromeda — the rock-bound maiden. It is a semi-
aquatic, subarctic plant, and like so many of its kind
knows no distinction between Europe, America or
Asia, but is native to all. Although it loves the cold
deep swamps that border the limits of eternal snow,
nevertheless when transferred to the garden border
it will grow and flower as freely as in its native wilds.

The flowers are clusters of small globes usually
white, but sometimes flesh-colored, and sometimes
tipped with red ; they retain their beauty for nearly a
month.

382

MOUNTAIN FETTER-BUSH

Mountain Fetter-bush, Pieris jloribiuida.

Leaves il/2' to 3' long.

HEATH FAMILY

MOUNTAIN FETTER-BUSH

Pier is floribiinda.
Pieris, from Pieria, a town in Thessaly.

Evergreen, native to the Alleghanies, found in Virginia and
southward ; also hardy in northern gardens. From two to six
feet high ; with stems nearly erect and with very leafy branches.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, evergreen, one and one-half to
three inches long, leathery, oblong to ovate-lanceolate, rounded
at base, serrulate and bristly-ciliate, acute or acuminate at apex ;
when full grown dark shining green above, paler and black-dot-
ted below. Petioles short, bristly when young.

flowers. — April, May. Perfect, white, five - angled bells,
borne in terminal, slender, clustered, dense racemes about three
inches long.

Calyx. — Five-lobed ; lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute, valvate in
the five-angled bud, persistent.

Corolla. — White, urn-shaped, slightly five-angled, five-saccate
at base ; five-toothed ; teeth recurved.

Stamens. — Ten, included, filaments without appendages ; an-
thers oblong, each with a slender awn on its back, two-celled ;
cells opening by terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, five-celled ; style slender, ovules
many.

Fruit. — Capsule, ovoid-globose, sitting in the calyx and
crowned with the slender style. Seeds many.

Pieris floribunda is one of the hardiest of the broad-
leaved evergreens peculiar to the Alleghany moun-
tains, and is a most charming ornamental shrub. The
foliage is so dense that the stems and branches are
concealed from sight. The flower buds practically
mature the previous autumn, and stand all winter
above the evergreen foliage, apparently without the
slightest protection, ready to burst into bloom when
the almanac says it is time. What is currently re-

384

STAGGER-BUSH

Stagger-bush, Fieri s manana.

Leaves 2' to 3' long. Flowers & to l/2' long.

HEATH FAMILY

garded as a late spring has little effect upon these flow-
ers ; the sun is up and so are they ; sometimes they
seem fairly to force the season. They are white,
urn-shaped, five-angled cups, borne in long, branching
racemes. The plant is worth cultivating, however,
even if it should never bear a flower; the leaves are so
green, clean, bright and glossy.

Gardeners recommend that the shrub be protected
with evergreen boughs to prevent winter burning.

STAGGER-BUSH

Pleris mariana.

Pieris, from Pieria, the town in Thessaly where the Muses
congregated ; of no application to this plant. Mariana,
because it was first described as a " Maryland shrub."
Stagger-bush refers to its reputation for poisoning cattle.

A low shrub, one to four feet high ; found in low, wet, sandy
locations. Ranges from Rhode Island to Florida, mostly near
the coast. Hardy throughout the north.

Leaves. — Simple, alternate, tardily deciduous, two to three
inches long, oval or oblong, narrowed or rounded at base, mar-
gin entire, slightly revolute, acute or obtuse at apex ; when full
grown are shining dark green, coriaceous, smooth above, spar-
ingly pubescent on the veins and black-dotted beneath. In
autumn they turn an intense scarlet, and cling late.

Flowers. — April, May. Perfect, white, bell-shaped, borne in
nodding lateral umbels on the many leafless branches of the pre-
ceding year, so forming a long compound inflorescence. Pedi-
cels bearing one to three bracts.

Calyx. — Deeply five-parted ; lobes lanceolate, acute, valvate
in bud, persistent ; disk ten-lobed.

Corolla. — White, or faintly pink, ovoid-cylindric, about half
an inch long, five-toothed ; teeth recurved.

Stamens. — Ten ; filaments hairy on the outer side, two-
toothed near the apex ; anthers awnless, two-celled ; cells open-
ing by a terminal pore.

386

PRIVET ANDROMEDA

Privet Andromeda, Xolisma ligiistnna, in fruit.

HEATH FAMILY

Pistil. — Ovary superior, five-celled ; style columnar ; stigma
truncate.

Fruit. — Capsule, ovoid-pyramidal, small five-angled, five-
celled. Seeds many.

The Stagger-bush is of somewhat straggling habit,
yet very pretty and useful as a border shrub, blossom-
ing profusely in early spring. The flowers are snow
white waxen bells which appear in clusters from axil-
lary buds crowded on the naked branches of last
year's wood. The branches are wand-like ; and the
leaves in autumn become intensely scarlet.

The plant was well known to our earlier botanists,
and was first described as a Maryland shrub with the
leaves of a euonymus and the flowers of an arbutus.
It was sent over to England in 1736, and has been cul-
tivated there for many years.

PRIVET ANDROMEDA

Xollsma ligustrina. Lybnia lignstrina. Andrdmeda ligustrina.

Ligiistrin, the bitter principle of the Privet. Otherwise,
these names seem to be without meaning.

Bushy, three to twelve feet high, growing in swamps and wet
soil ; stem and branches light ash-colored with stringy bark.
Ranges from New England to Florida and west to Arkansas.

Leaves. — Alternate, sometimes tufted, simple, oblong, obo-
vate, oval or ovate, one to two and a half inches long, wedge-
shaped at base, minutely serrulate or entire, acute or acuminate
at apex ; when full grown glabrous or pubescent above, usually
downy beneath. Petioles short, downy.

Flowers. — May, July. Perfect, small, white globes, borne in
terminal or axillary, panicled leafless racemes. Pedicels thread-
like, downy. Calyx-lobes triangular-ovate ; corolla an eighth of
an inch in diameter ; stamens eight or ten, included ; ovary five*
celled ; capsule depressed-globose, obtusely five-angled.

388

CASSANDRA

Cassandra, Chama-dapbne ca/j'ciilata.

Leaves J£' to i' long.

HEATH FAMILY

Most plants furnish at least some provocation for
the Latin names which they bear, but the Privet An-
dromeda seems most unfortunate of its class. The
botanic name of this shrub appears in the books as
"unexplained;" its English one is simply appropri-
ated from those of two other plants.

Apart from its ill luck as to names it seems fortu-
nate enough, for it is really a very pretty bush. In
early spring it is conspicuous for its long panicles of
tiny, white, globe-like flowers borne at the very end or
upon the upper part of the branching stems. It is
rare that a corolla so nearly attains a sphere. The
flowers are borne upon leafless stems, and these con-
tinue leafless so that the fruit apparently is upon a
dry branch.

CASSANDRA. LEATHER-LEAF

Chamceddphne calyculata. Andromeda calyculata.
Cassandra calyculata.

Chama-daphnc, ground or low Daphne. Andromeda and
Cassandra, mythical terms without obvious application.
Calyculata refers to the two bracts beneath the sepals as
forming a secondary calyx.

Low, leafy, evergreen, from two to four feet high, forming
large beds at the edge of swamps or in boggy meadows. Ranges
from Newfoundland to Alaska, south to Georgia, west to Michi-
gan and Illinois ; also occurs in northern Europe and Asia.

Stems. — Recent shoots covered with minute scurfy scales ;
older stems dark copper color, smooth.

Leaves. — Alternate, evergreen, shining, leathery, one-half to
an inch and a half long, oblong or oblanceolate, narrowed at
base, obscurely denticulate and revolute at margin, acute or
obtuse at apex, covered with scaly dots which are rust colored

390

CASSANDRA

beneath ; upper leaves gradually smaller ; the uppermost reduced
to mere bracts. Petioles short.

Flowers. — April. Perfect, solitary, white or tinged with rose
purple, urn-shaped, borne on short pedicels in the axils of the
small upper leaves, forming terminal one-sided, leafy racemes.

Calyx. — Sepals five, persistent, bracted at base.

Corolla. — White, oblong-cylindric, narrowed at the throat,
five-toothed, one-fourth of an inch long ; teeth recurved.

Stamens. — Ten, included; filaments flat, smooth ; anther-cells
tapering upward into tubular beaks, awnless ; cells opening by
terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, five-celled, five-grooved ; style slen-
der ; ovules many.

Fruit. — Capsule, depressed-globose, opening by five valves,
two-coated; outer coat splitting into five parts, inner into ten;
persistent throughout the winter, many seeded. Seeds flattened,
wingless.

The Cassandra often blooms before the snow is
gone, but this is not difficult, because the flower buds
were formed the summer before, and sometimes in late
autumn they show the white tips of the corolla extend-
ing beyond the stiff sepals. So well prepared are they
that a few days of sunshine develop the flowers. As
the little bells become perfect in form and texture they
droop upon their delicate slender stems and make a
most charming wand-like spray.

The common name Leather -leaf is appropriate
though not pretty ; Cassandra, the name of the daugh-
ter of Priam and Hecuba, is pretty but means nothing.
The foliage effect of the plant is good, and this with
its early flowers makes it worthy of cultivation.

391

HEATH FAMILY

MAYFLOWER. TRAILING ARBUTUS

Epigcsa repcns.

EpigcEa, upon the earth, in reference to its trailing growth.

A prostrate or trailing shrub, with short branches and ever-
green and reticulated leaves; bristly with rusty hairs. Found
in sandy or rocky woods and ranges from Newfoundland to the
Northwest Territories and southward to Michigan, Kentucky and
Florida. Frequently forms patches.

Its local distribution is governed largely by the character of
the protecting vegetation, and also to a great extent by the soil;
thriving best in light sandy or gravelly soil, but sometimes found
in clayey earth. But one species beside Epigim rcpcns is known,
and that is a native of Japan.

Leaves. — Alternate, thick, evergreen, pinnately veined, one to
three inches long, ovate or nearly orbicular, cordate or rounded
at base, mostly glabrous above, hairy beneath, green both sides.
Petioles short, downy, slender.

Flowers. — April, May. Perfect, or dioecious, pink or white,
in axillary clusters at the ends of the branches. Sepals five,
oblong, persistent, dry, imbricated; corolla salver-form; limb
five-lobed ; stamens ten ; filaments slender ; anthers oblong,
awnless, opening lengthwise. Style slender, its apex forming a
sort of ring and partly adnate to the five little lobes of the
stigma. Capsule depressed-globular, five-lobed, five-celled, many
seeded.

The flowers appear in early spring, exhaling a rich spicy fra-
grance ; are dimorphous as to style and stamens, and sub-di-
oecious.

This is the famous Mayflower of Pilgrim devotion,
and although by many supposed to be distinctively a
New England plant, as a matter of fact ranges from
Newfoundland to the borders of Alaska, and from
Florida to Minnesota. Probably no one would claim
that our Puritan ancestors were especially sensitive to

392

TRAILING ARBUTUS

Trailing Arbutus, Epiga-a repens.

Leaves i' to 3' long.

HEATH FAMILY

the beauties of nature, but this clustered pink sweet-
ness, smiling under the dry leaves of the forest and
blooming ere the snow banks had disappeared in the
hollows of the wood, touched even them. It must be
placed to their credit that they named it well ; how-
ever much they might have been assisted by the
month of the calendar or the ship in the harbor; and
it is not worth while to look too closely into the
sources of their inspiration. So well have time and
literature and imagination worked together that to
most of us the Trailing Arbutus seems one of the his-
toric assets of New England.

Sad Mayflower ! watched by winter stars,

And nursed by winter gales,
With petals of the sleeted spars,

And leaves of frozen sails !

What had she in those dreary hours

Within her ice-rimmed bay,
In common with the wild-wood flowers,

The first sweet smiles of May !

Yet, " God be praised " the Pilgrim said,

Who saw the blossoms peer
Above the brown leaves, dry and dead,

" Behold our Mayflower here ! "

" God wills it ; here our rest shall be,

Our years of wandering o'er,
For us the Mayflower of the sea

Shall spread her^sails no more."

O sacred flowers of faith and hope,

As sweetly now as then
Ye bloom on many a birchen slope,

In many a pine-dark glen.

— JOHN G. WHITTIER.

394

WINTERGREEN

Gaultheria proaimbens.

Gaultheria, named in honor of Gaulthier, a physician and
botanist of Canada.

A small evergreen shrub, with stems creeping on or below the
surface, and short, erect flowering branches three to five inches
high bearing at their summits a crowded group of aromatic
leaves. Found in cool, damp woods from
Newfoundland to Manitoba and south-
ward to Michigan and Georgia.

Leaves. — Alternate, evergreen, pin-
nately veined, two to two and a half
inches long, oval, oblong or ovate, nar-
rowed at the base, serrate with low
bristle-tipped teeth, acute at apex ; shin-
ing; when full grown dark shining green.
The young leaves are a shining yellow
green, often with a reddish tinge and de-
liciously aromatic.

Flowers. — Perfect, white or pinkish,
small, bell-like flowers, axillary near the
summit of the tiny erect branches. Ped-
icels with two bractlets. Calyx five-
parted, persistent ; corolla urn -shaped,
five-toothed ; stamens ten, included, inserted at the base of the
corolla ; filament dilated above the base ; anther-cells each two-
awned at the summit, opening by a terminal pore. Ovary five-
celled, five-lobed.

Fruit. — Capsule is enclosed by the calyx which thickens and
turns fleshy so as to appear as a globular red berry ; many seeded.

The leaves of the Wintergreen as they put forth
from the top of the upright stem are as near ambrosia
as anything our northern climate can produce. The
spicy aromatic flavor appears in leaf and stem and
fruit, but is most delicate and delicious in the young

395

Wintergreen, Gaiiltbcria pro-
cumbcns. After Britton &
Brown.

HEATH FAMILY

leaves. One who has sought and eaten them in child-
hood may wander far from his native home, may for-
get much of his youth ; but the picture of the leafy
glade of the forest where he picked the Wintergreen,
the carpet of shining leaves, the twin reel berries hang-
ing upon their stems, will never leave him.

The plant has several common names, Tea-berry,
Checkerberry, Box-berry, Partridge-berry ; the last is
also given to Mitchella rcpctis. The genus is mountain
born and bred ; its headquarters are the slopes of the
Andes, where nearly one hundred species appear. In
North America there is our own GaultJieria procumbent
and two or three other species.

RED BEARBERRY. KINNIKINIC

Arctostdphylos uva-ursi.

Arctostaphylos, of two Greek words — a bear and a grape.
Uva-ursi means the same ; the fruit is a favorite food of
bears.

Evergreen, with numerous trailing and spreading branches ;
the sterile ones two to three feet long, the fruiting branches
shorter ; twigs puberulent ; mature stems red. Found on rocky
hillsides and in dry sandy soils. Ranges from Labrador to
Alaska, south to New Jersey, and westward across the continent
through Pennsylvania, Illinois, Nebraska, Colorado and Califor-
nia. Also found in Europe and Asia. Root large and creep-
ing ; juices astringent ; leaves heavily charged with tannic acid.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, thick, rigid, one-half to an inch
long, spatulate, obtuse at apex, margin entire, base narrowed to a
short downy petiole. They come out of the bud slightly revo-
lute, pale, pubescent ; when full grown are dark shining green,
glabrous above and beneath. Mid vein prominent, secondary
veins finely reticulated.

396

RED BEARBERRY

Red Bearberry, Arctostapbylus uva-itrsi.

Leaves J£' to i' long.

HEATH FAMILY

Flowers. — May, June. Perfect, small, nodding, white or pink
bells, borne in few-flowered terminal racemes.

Calyx. — Reddish, persistent, five-parted ; lobes roundish.

Corolla. — Ovoid, constricted at the throat, hairy within, flesh
colored or white, and pink tipped ; five-toothed ; teeth re-
curved, imbricate in bud ; about one-sixth of an inch long.

Stamens. — Ten, included ; filaments awl-shaped, hairy ; an-
thers large, purple, two-awned, opening by terminal pores.

Pistil. — Ovary free from calyx, surrounded with three fleshy
scales.

Fruit. — Berry-like drupe seated in the persistent calyx, glo-
bose, red, glabrous, size of a large pea, with mealy insipid pulp
and containing five bony nutlets. They remain on the branches
through the winter and serve as food for the wild birds. July,
August.

This low-growing evergreen that trails in thick
mats over the inhospitable ground of barren uplands
possesses a goodly number of wild-wood names.
Very few plants of high degree can claim as many ;
among them are Foxberry, Mealberry, Bear's Grape,
Barren Myrtle and Bilberry. This too is the Kinni-
kinic of the western Indians who smoke the leaves
and believe the practice secures them from malarial
fevers. A curious corruption or an echo of uva-ursi
exists in a rural name for the plant "universe."

The flowers appear in May, and the urn-shaped,
flesh-colored, rosy-mouthed bells are succeeded by
astringent red berries, mealy and flavorless ; but which
have the virtue of staying on the bushes all winter and
no doubt comfort and sustain many a hungry bird and
possibly an errant bear. In winter the shining leaves
darken to chocolate above, and become reddish be-
neath. The plant is said to be easily cultivated and
will thrive in almost pure sand.

HEATHER

, \

: ft

fe k ^

r ^t _ *\

Heather, Calluna vulgaris.

HEATH FAMILY

Mairania alp~ina, Alpine or Black Bearberry, is an
Alpine species closely allied to Arctostaphylos n-ca-ursi.
Its leaves are deciduous, its flowers white, and its
drupes black. It seeks the summits of the higher
mountains of New England and crosses the continent
from Labrador to British Columbia.

LING. HEATHER

Callnna -vulgaris.

Calluna, Greek, from kallnno, to brush or sweep ; brooms
being made of it.

Low straggling evergreen forming tufts and mats ; the branches
ascending three to fifteen inches. Found along the coast, in
sandy and rocky soil, from Newfoundland to New Jersey ; natu-
ralized or adventive from Europe.

Leaves. — Opposite, minute, linear, sessile, about one-sixteenth
of an inch long, imbricated in four rows, usually two-auricled at
the base, three-angled, grooved on the back.

Flowers. — July, September. Perfect, bell-like, lilac -pink or
white, small, borne in terminal one-sided, dense, spike-like
racemes.

Calyx. — Sepals four, colored like the petals, oblong, about an
eighth of an inch in length, concealing the corolla. Four bracts
at the base.

Corolla. — Bell-shaped, pink or white, four-parted, slightly
twisted, persistent, shorter than the sepals.

Stamens. — Fight, filaments short, anthers brown, oblong, at-
tached to the filaments by their backs, opening by a longitudinal
slit, each sac with a dorsal reflexed appendage.

Pistil. — Ovary depressed-globose, eight-angled ; style slender,
exserted.

Fntit. — Capsule, four-sided, four-celled, four-valved, few seed-
ed ; seeds ovoid.

400

LING

Calluna I'nlgaris is believed to be identical with the
Scotch Heather, and although thoroughly established
through the British maritime provinces and the coast
regions of Maine and Massachusetts, is probably of
remote European introduction.

401

CLETHRACE.E.— WHITE-ALDER FAMILY

WHITE-ALDER. CLETHRA. SWEET PEPPERBUSH

Ctethra aluifblia.

Clethra, of Greek derivation, meaning alder, in reference
to the resemblance between its foliage and that of the
alder.

Late flowering, three to ten feet high, frequently cultivated.
Found in masses, growing in low or wet places, along the
banks of streams, sometimes in swamps where the roots are sub-
merged in early spring or after heavy rains. Ranges from Maine
to Florida, mostly near the coast.

Stems. — Slender, straight, not much branched, at first pale
green and stellate-downy, then dull, pale, brownish yellow ;
finally dark, yellowish brown.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, three and a half
to four inches long, obovate, narrowed or wedge-shaped at base,
sharply serrate at least beyond the middle, acute or obtuse at
apex. Midvein and primary veins depressed above, prominent
below. They come out of the bud slightly involute, pale green
tipped with/eddish brown, glabrous and shining above, densely
hairy beneath ; when full grown are deep dark green above, dull
yellow green beneath. In autumn they turn a bright clear yel-
low. Petioles half an inch long.

Flowers. — August, September. Perfect, white, fragrant, borne
in solitary or clustered slender racemes four to six inches long,
which are either terminal or appear in the axils of the upper
leaves. Central axis and pedicels pubescent, hairs in starry-like
groups.

402

CLETHRA

Clethra, Clethra alnifolia.
Leaves jJX' to 4' long. Racemes 4' to 6' long.

WHITE-ALDER FAMILY

Calyx. — Five-lobed ; lobes oblong, obtuse, nerved, downy,
imbricate in bud, persistent.

Corolla. — Petals five, slightly united at the base, white, obo-
vate or oblong, imbricate in bud.

Stamens. — Ten ; filaments white, smooth, slender ; anthers
sagittate, extrorse in bud but inverted in the flower, two-celled ;
cells opening by pores at the base.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, three-angled, three-celled, downy ;
style slender, exserted, three-cleft at apex ; ovules numerous.

Fruit. — Capsules, crowded in stiff, erect racemes, subglobose,
three-lobed, three-celled, one-eighth of an inch in diameter ;
each sits in persistent calyx, crowned with persistent style.

CletJira alnifolia, naturally a swamp plant, takes very
kindly to cultivation and possesses a peculiar value in
that it shows its long spikes of fragrant white flowers
late in summer when other shrubs are largely out of
bloom. The buds are arranged upon a long axis,
and they begin to open at the base, consequently the
flowering period is extended. The blossoms have a
delightful spicy fragrance, are full of nectar and are
eagerly sought by the bees.

Two peculiarities of the Clethra are of interest to a
botanist. One is the character of the hairs found upon
the stems and flowers ; under a common magnifying
glass these can be seen to be arranged in very perfect
stars. The other is the way that the arrow-headed
anthers reverse their position ; in the bud they look
out from the centre of the flower ; in the blossom they
look in.

The bush is a favorite of gardeners because it will
grow in poor soil and in shade ; thus possessing a gen-
eral utility value, at the same time that it has a high
personal value.

404

LILAC

Lilac, Syringa vulgaris.

OLEACE.E— OLIVE FAMILY

THE COMMON LILAC

Syringa vulgaris.

Syringa from sirinx, the native name in Barbary. Lilac
is from lilag, the Persian word for a flower. The plant was
cultivated' in England in 1597.

The year that the Lilac was brought to America is
in doubt, but we know that as early as 1652 it, together
with the Snowball, was the modest ornament of many
a cottage yard. When the tide of emigration set west-
ward the Lilac was the first flowering plant that
bloomed by the side of the log house in the frontier
settlement. Brought from New England along with
the household goods, it made one of the Penates of
the new home. At the time of fullest bloom and
greatest fragrance, women and children came to the
country church with lilac-spray in hand, and the fra-
grance of the flower mingled with the sound of prayer
and of sacred song. After a little the White Lilac
made its way into the new settlement, a welcome addi-
tion to be sure, but never for one moment a rival in
the hearts of the people of the flower they so deeply
loved. As the frontier line moved on toward the
setting sun, the Lilac went with it until there came a
day when it reached the region of long, hot, dry

406

PERSIAN LILAC

Persian Lilac, Syringa persica.

OLIVE FAMILY

summers, and at this point the Lilac faltered in its
march. For this is a native of the highlands ; it loves
cool, moist summers, and although centuries of culti-
vation have inured it to many changes, it has not yet
learned to flourish in heat and drought. Its native
land is somewhat in doubt, but it is accredited in the
books to the mountainous region of central Europe
from Piedmont to Hungary. It was made known to
European botanists by a plant brought from Constan-
tinople to Vienna toward the end of the sixteenth
century. Extremely showy, of easy culture and per-
fectly hardy, the shrub spread rapidly throughout the
gardens of Europe. In the survey of the royal gar-
dens of Nonsuch, planted in the time of Henry VIII.,
there is mentioned a fountain " set round with six
lilac trees, which bear no fruit, but only a very
pleasant smell."

The well known White Lilac is but a variety of the
Common Lilac. The Persian Lilac, Syringa pcrsica,
is native to the region extending from Caucasus to
Afghanistan, and was brought into Europe in 1640.
Its flowers are rose-lilac, deliciously fragrant and
borne in open thyrses. This appears in a white va-
riety ; also in one with cut leaves, Syringa laciniata.

A third species, long known, is Josika's Lilac, Syringa
Josikcea, so named in honor of the Baroness Von Jo-
sika, who discovered the plant in Transylvania. It is
an upright shrub with spreading branches and purple
twigs ; the leaves are elliptic-lanceolate, about three
inches long, bright shining green above and whitish
beneath. The flowers are bluish purple.

408

PRIVET

Privet, Ligmtnim vulgare.

OLIVE FAMILY

Since the discovery of the affinity that exists be-
tween the plants of northeastern Asia and northeastern
America a number of north China, Japanese and Man-
churian lilacs have been brought into this country.
From these has been evolved an astonishing number
of varieties, double-flowered and single-flowered, in
color melting from deep rose to blush and white, or
running through all the changes of a lilac which, los-
ing its pink by successive stages, attains at last a cool
pure blue. But after all is told, notwithstanding the
doubles and the singles, " my heart is in the high-
lands," and there is no Lilac like the old Lilac — which
gave its name to the color.

The French gardeners took up the Lilac upon its
first appearance in Europe, and in Paris it has been for
a hundred years a favorite forcing plant.

PRIVET. PRIM

Ligiistrum vulgare.

The Privet of old English gardens, a native of both
Europe and Asia, has been very generally introduced
into this country as a hedge plant. The plant, how-
ever, is so well adapted for city life that gardeners are
beginning to use it not for a hedge merely, but as an
ornamental shrub. Its virtues are many, — it bears a
smoky atmosphere with composure and increases in
stature ; is remarkably free from insect pests and from
disease ; the foliage, a dark handsome green, remains
until destroyed by the storms of winter. On the

southern shore of Lake Erie it is fresh and bright and

410

FORSYTHIA

Forsytbia suspensa.

OLIVE FAMILY

beautiful well into December ; indeed, it is the last
plant to succumb to winter storms ; it just misses being
an evergreen. When permitted, it will develop into a
shapely bush six to ten feet high.

The flower cluster is a thyrsus, in general effect a
diminutive copy of a lilac cluster ; fragrant, with a
rather heavy odor. The individual blossom is in shape
very like a small, white, lilac blossom ; in fact, the
family characters are apparent and the relationship
somewhat emphasized. The fruit is a small black
berry. Flowers are rarely seen in hedge rows as they
appear on new wood and that is usually cut away
when the hedges are trimmed. Several species are in
cultivation.

FORSYTHIA
Forsythia.

Since the Forsythia was introduced into this country
it has ever been counted a permanent and valuable
addition to our ornamental shrubs. Its golden bells
gleam in the April sunlight and transform the brown
bush into a glowing mass of color. The bloom pre-
cedes the leaves, but before its splendor has passed the
leaves are half grown.

Three forms of the plant appear in our gardens. One,
Forsythia viridissinia, a stiff, upright little bush well
covered with yellow bells in the spring but not notice-
able at any other time. This is the form first intro-
duced into Europe, and first brought here. The second
is distinguished by the long, slender, graceful branches
which rise and curve and droop and sometimes trail

412

FORSYTHIA

Leaf of Forsvthia viri-
dissima.

upon the ground. This appears in the dealers' cata-
logues under whatsoever name their fancy prompts, —
ForsytJiia snspcnsa, ForsytJiia sciboldi,
ForsytJiia fortnnci. It is good opinion
that ForsytJiia snspcnsa should be re-
garded as the specific form and For-
sytJiia sciboldi and ForsytJiia fortunei
varieties. As the three stand side by
side in the Arnold Arboretum the dif-
ference seems to be mainly a matter of
foliage ; in habit they are very much
alike. The leaves of the F. suspcnsa
group are both simple and trifoliate ;
those of F. viridissiina are always sim-
ple. There is an intermediate form,—
probably a hybrid, which carries the
leaf of F. viridissima slightly modified and whose
branches have somewhat the grace of F. suspensa ;
this is known as ForsytJiia intermedia. A third form
is of recent introduction ; it comes from Albania, is
named ForsytJiia europcea and is distinguished by small,
ovate-lanceolate, quite entire leaves.

As the flower buds are formed the
summer before, in order to get the best
results the bushes should be pruned
some little time after the flowering
period. Then every new shoot will
be laden with flower buds which will
give an excellent account of them-
selves the following April. If the
plants are pruned in winter the flowering spray is
very largely removed.

413

Simple Leaf of For
sytbia suspensa.

OLIVE FAMILY

Forsythia was introduced from China about the end
of the eighteenth century and first bloomed in Eng-
land in the gardens of the king at Kensington ; it was
named in honor of William Forsyth, director of the
royal gardens.

414

LAURACE^E— LAUREL FAMILY

SPICE-BUSH. CAROLINA ALLSPICE. BENJAMIN-BUSH

Benzoin benzoin. Ltndera benzoin.

Named for John Linder, a Swedish botanist of the eighteenth
century. Benzoin refers to its aromatic odor, somewhat
resembling that of gum-benzoin.

Tall, well-shaped, four to twelve feet high. Found in damp
woods throughout New England, westward as far as Michigan
and Kansas and southward. Leaves, fruit and bark are aromatic.
Easily cultivated.

Bark. — Branchlets at first bright green, smooth, later olive
green, sometimes pearly gray, finally grayish brown. Branches
are long, tapering and brittle.

Winter buds. — Flower and leaf buds distinct. Leaf buds
small, one-eighth of an inch long, acute, solitary. Flower buds
globose, in groups of two to five.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, three to six inches
long, one and one-half to three wide, oval, oblong-oval, or obovate,
wedge-shaped at base, entire, abruptly acute, sometimes rounded
at apex ; midvein, primary and secondary veins depressed above,
prominent beneath. They come out of the bud revolute, ciliate at
margin, pale green ; when full grown are dull dark green above,
pale or glaucous green below. In autumn they turn a clear
bright yellow. Petiole about half an inch long, terete.

Flowers. --March, April; before the leaves. Polygamo-
dioecious, greenish yellow, small, borne in almost sessile umbel-
like clusters in the axils of last year's leaves. Each cluster is
made up of secondary clusters of four to six flowers, surrounded
by an involucre of four deciduous scales.

415

LAUREL FAMILY

Spice-bush, Benzoin benzoin, in flower.

SPICE-BUSH

Spice-bush, Benzoin benzoin, in fruit.

Leaves 3' to 6' long. Fruit %' long.

LAUREL FAMILY

Calyx. — Six-parted, yellow ; segments oblong, obtuse, spread-
ing, imbricate in bud.

Corolla. — Wanting.

Stamens. — Staminate flowers with nine stamens in three rows,
the inner filaments one to two-lobed and gland-bearing at base ;
anthers two-celled, opening by two uplifted valves. The pistil-
late flowers with fifteen to eighteen rudiments of stamens in two
forms, and a globular ovary, with short thick style.

Fruit. — Drupe, oblong, or obovoid, scarlet, shining, half an
inch long, borne singly or in clusters of two to five. Flesh thin,
yellow, aromatic ; seed large, oblong.

The Spice-bush begins and ends its sylvan year in
yellow. The pale blossoms fairly cover the branches
in April, coming forth in company with the first maples
and early elms. The late October finds it a glow of
sunshine from the yellow of its changing leaves.

The shrub is erect and trim and so easily cultivated
that it is worthy of a place in yard or lawn ; it is also
excellent for roadside planting. The leaves are large
and beautiful and the plant is thickly clothed with them
when it grows in a damp, shaded location. But where
it produces most foliage it bears the least fruit ; like
many other plants it develops the one at the expense
of the other. The bush is aromatic in bark, fruit, and
leaf, and possessed some reputation in times past for
medicinal qualities.

There is a notable difference in the yellow color of
the flowers on different bushes. Ordinarily, stamens
and pistils are produced in separate flowers and these
flowers are usually found on different plants. The
staminate flowers have not only the yellow calyx but
the yellow anthers as well — this brightens them to a
marked degree ; the pistillate flowers are duller.

418

THYMELEACE/E— MEZEREUM FAMILY

LEATHERWOOD. MOOSEWOOD

Dirca palustris.

Dirca is the name of a fountain of ancient Thebes. Leath-
erwood refers to the tough, fibrous bark.

Much branched, two to six feet high, found mostly in wet,
shady places. Ranges from New Brunswick to Virginia and
westward to Minnesota and Missouri. Juices acrid, producing
nausea.

Stem. — Twigs yellowish green, smooth ; bark of mature stems
golden brown ; inner bark tough, fibrous, and of great strength.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, two to three inches long, one and
one-half wide, oval or obovate, wedge-shaped at base, entire,
obtuse at apex ; midvein and primary veins depressed above,
prominent beneath. They come out of the bud involute, pale
yellow green, downy, when full grown are pale yellow and
smooth. In autumn they turn a clear yellow. Petioles short ;
the bases conceal the buds of the next season.

Flowers. — April, before the leaves. Perfect, light yellow,
borne three or four in a cluster, from a bud of three or four dark
hairy scales, which form an involucre, from which soon after pro-
ceeds a leafy branch.

Calyx. — Corolla-like, tubular, funnel-shaped, truncate, the
border wavy or obscurely four-toothed.

Corolla. — Wanting.

Stamens. — Eight, in two rows, inserted on the calyx-tube,
above the middle, exserted, the alternate ones longer ; filaments
very slender ; anthers large, ovoid.

419

MEZEREUM FAMILY

Pistil. — Ovary superior, one-celled, one-ovuled ; style thread-
like, exserted ; stigma capitate.

Fruit. — Drupe, reddish, oblong-oval, pointed at both ends,
containing one large, shining, brown seed.

A marked peculiarity of Dirca palustris is the char-
acter of its thick porous bark. This is soft and pliant
and to outward appearance innocent enough, yet its
tenacity and toughness are astonishing. If one wishes
to know exactly how this bark behaves he has only to
break a stem from the bush and attempt to go away
with it. The wood is easily broken, it offers no great
resistance ; it is in managing the bark that madness
lies. For that bark will neither yield nor give ; it is
soft, you can indent it ; it is pliant, will move as you
wish ; but it simply will not part. Its fibres are a
wonderful example of a natural string, and the Indians
who used it for bow strings and fish lines and in the
manufacture of baskets well understood its properties.

Dirca blooms early and the fruit matures quickly,
but is so hidden among the leaves and falls so soon
that it easily escapes notice. The books call it a
drupe, but that seems a courtesy title only, for the
flesh is exceedingly thin and very leathery.

The petioles are swollen at the base sufficiently to
conceal and protect the brown velvety buds of next
year's leaves. There is no terminal bud, the stem
ends in a point ; the bud which will continue next
year's growth is axillary. What decorative value the
plant has lies chiefly in the yellow green of its foliage,
which might be used advantageously to brighten a
dark place.

420

LEATHERWOOD

Leatherwood, Dirca palnstris.

Leaves 2' to 3' long.

MEZEREUM FAMILY

DAPHNE. SPURGE LAUREL. MEZERON

Daphne mezereum.

Daphne, the name of the nymph transformed by Apollo
into a laurel.

Low, hardy, one to four feet high ; a native of Europe and
Asia which has escaped from cultivation and is now found spar-
ingly in Massachusetts and New York, also in Canada.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, thin, three to five inches long,
oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, narrowed at base, entire, acute
at apex, smooth, bright green. Petioles very short.

Floivers. — April, before the leaves. Perfect, rose-purple,
rarely white, very fragrant, borne in sessile clusters of two to
five, on the shoots of the preceding year.

Calyx. — Salver-shaped ; tube about half an inch long, downy ;
lobes four, spreading, about as long as the tube.

Stamens. — Eight, in two rows, included, inserted on the calyx-
tube ; filaments very short.

Pistil. — Ovary superior, one-celled ; style short ; stigma large,
capitate.

fruit. — An oblong-oval red drupe, a quarter of an inch long.

Daphne mezereum is widely distributed, common
over nearly the whole of Europe and northern Asia
and found in the Arctic regions. For cen-
turies it has been a favorite garden plant
in Europe, but in this country is too rarely
seen. It is of erect habit, one to three feet
high, with rigid branches ; in summer each
is crowned with a tuft of narrow deciduous
leaves.

The flowers appear before the leaves, in
numerous clusters of two or three, along
the wood of the preceding year, and are
422

Daphne me^ere
um, in flower.

MEZERON

Mezeron, Daphne me^ereum.

Leaves 3' to 5' long.

MEZEREUM FAMILY

succeeded by large, red, handsome berries. This is
a very attractive little shrub, which thrives in any
good garden soil. A variety with white flowers is
known and there is another which blooms in the
autumn.

The bark has medicinal properties, and is now
used as one of the ingredients in the compound of
Sarsaparilla.

DAPHNE

Daphne cncbrum,

DapJuic cncoruni is one of the sweetest plants that
grows. Its native home is the calcareous soil of the
southern Alps ; it is also found in Hungary and Tran-
sylvania. In those rocky highlands it seems to have
touched the feelings and stirred the fancy of the peo-
ple, and is there known as the Pearl of the Moun-
tains.

The sweet-scented pink blossoms are borne in close
terminal clusters on each of the many branches. In
outward appearance an individual flower looks not un-
like an individual lilac blossom. The apparent corolla
is a long tube with a spreading four-lobed border,
and is about the size of a lilac corolla. As there is
but one of the floral envelopes, the perianth must be
called a calyx. Under favorable conditions these blos-
soms are produced from early spring until late au-
tumn. I

The leaves are olive green, persistent, alternate,
somewhat crowded on the stem, about three-fourths
of an inch long. The roots are fine and threadlike
and spread vigorously in a rich sandy soil.

424

DAPHNE

Daphne, Daphne cneornm.

Leaves J£' to \' long.

MEZEREUM FAMILY

Like so many evergreens removed from their pro-
tecting forests it sunburns in our winters ; yet will
not endure thick covering. Gardeners recommend a
slight sprinkling of straw over it which will give pro-
tection from the sun, and yet allow the air to circulate
freely.

426

OLEASTER FAMILY

SILVER BERRY. EL^EAGNUS

Elczdgnus argentea.

Elaagnus, sacred olive ; the Greek name of an entirely dif-
ferent plant. Oleaster is a Latin word, which is interpreted
wild olive tree ; derivation doubtful.

Silvery -scaly, much-branched, six to twelve feet high. Ranges
from Minnesota to South Dakota, Utah, and Montana. Stolonif-
erous.

Stems. — Young twigs covered with brown scurf, which finally
becomes silvery.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, one to four inches long, elliptic to
lanceolate, wedge-shaped at base, undulate or entire, acute or
obtuse at apex, densely silvery on both sides. Petioles short.

Floiuers. — May, July. Perfect, numerous, borne solitary, or
in clusters of two or three, in the axils of the leaves; silvery
without, pale yellow within, fragrant.

Calyx, — Tube bell-shaped ; border four-lobed, silvery without,
pale yellow within ; lobes ovate, valvate.
Corolla. — Wan ti ng.

Stamens. — Four, borne at the throat of the calyx-tube; fila-
ments short.

Pistil. — Ovary one- celled; style linear, long.

Fruit. — Drupe-like, ovoid, silvery, dry and mealy, edible.

The Silver Berry is one of the best of the wood}7
plants with light colored foliage. Its range is north-
ern, consequently it is rather difficult to cultivate,

427

OLEASTER FAMILY

since subarctic plants seem less tolerant of heat, than
plants of more temperate range are of cold. The
flowers are whitish without and yellow within, not
very beautiful but delightfully fragrant. The chief
attraction of the bush is its silvery foliage, whose
metallic lustre is due to an immense number of tiny
white hairs arranged in starry groups, and so. com-
pactly placed that they look like a covering of silver.

Of cultivated species the Garden Elasagnus or Wild
Olive Tree, Elceagnus angnstifolia, a native of south-
eastern Europe and western Asia, is one of the best.
This is believed to be the veritable wild olive of the
classic authors. It is often called the Jerusalem Wil-
low ; not without reason, for it certainly looks very
like a willow. The Portuguese call it the Tree of
Paradise, basing their admiration largely upon the
rare fragrance of the flowers. These are silvery with-
out and yellow within, borne in the axils of the leaves,
two or three together. The silvery whiteness of the
foliage renders the plant conspicuous wherever it may
be. The reddish oblong fruit, which somewhat re-
sembles a date, is said to be common in the markets
of the Levant. In its native land the plant is a tree ;
here it is both tree and shrub.

The Long-stemmed Elasagnus, Elceagnus longipes, has
recently been introduced into this country from Japan,
and is highly recommended by gardeners. Another
excellent species for cultivation is Elceagnus innbcllata,
which in foliage closely resembles Elceagnus longipes.
The specific difference is found in the fruit. The
leaves of both species are a beautiful dark green above
and silvery white beneath. There are many other in-

428

SILVER BERRY

Silver Berry, Ela-aginis argentea.

Leaves %' to 2' long.

OLEASTER FAMILY

trod need species under observation in nurseries and
experiment stations which will no doubt in time give
an excellent account of themselves.

BUFFALO-BERRY. RABBIT-BERRY

Lepargyrcea argentea. Shepherdia argentea.

Lepargyrcea, of Greek derivation, silvery-scaly. Shepher-
dia in honor of John Shepherd, once curator of the Liver-
pool Botanic Garden.

Slender, growing from six to fifteen feet high, peculiar for the
silvery pubescence which covers stem and leaves. Branches are
covered with gray bark, twigs silvery white, often terminating
in thorns. Ranges from Minnesota to Kansas and Nevada,
northward to Manitoba.

Leaves. — Opposite, oblong or oblong-lanceolate, one to two
and a half inches long, about half an inch wide, somewhat pointed
at base, margin entire, obtuse at apex, silvery-stellate-pubescent
above and below. Petioles about five-eighths of an inch long.

Flowers. — April, May. Small, yellow, dioecious, fascicled at
the axils of the leaves of the preceding season. Staminate flow-
ers with a four-parted perianth and eight stamens; filaments
short. Pistillate flowers with a four-lobed perianth, bearing an
eight-lobed disk at its mouth which nearly closes it; style some-
what exserted. ^

Fruit. — Drupe-like, oval or ovoid, scarlet, sour, about one-
fourth of an inch long, edible.

The Buffalo-berry is an interesting plant, whose
native home is the far west, but which takes very
kindly to eastern cultivation. A marked characteristic
is the peculiar metallic lustre of its leaves, which is
produced by a starry white pubescence that so covers
their surfaces as to make theni look as if sheathed with
silver. This pubescence is sometimes brown, but usu-
ally white, and is not confined to the leaves alone, but

430

GARDEN EL^EAGNUS

Garden Elaeagnus, E/a-agints angnstifolia.

OLEASTER FAMILY

covers pedicels, petioles and twigs as well. This gives
the bush a very decorative effect, clothed as it is in
grayish white, among the surrounding green.

The flowers appear during April and May in small,
compact clusters at the axils of last year's leaves. They
are not especially beautiful, but by their numbers they
make the plant attractive at the flowering season.
The fruit is scarlet or crimson, the size of currants,
and often so abundant as to redden the entire bush ; in
flavor an agreeable acid, just a trifle astringent.

The difficulty in cultivating the plant for its fruit
lies in the fact that it is dioecious ; both pistillate and
staminate bushes are essential to success.

CANADIAN BUFFALO-BERRY

Lepargyrcva canadensis. SJicpJicrdia canadensis.

A thornless shrub, three to eight feet high ; the young shoots
brown scurfy, later becoming white ; found on gravelly banks
and sterile soils where little else will thrive. Ranges from New-
foundland to Alaska, southward to Maine, New York, Michigan
and Utah. Hardy in its native wilds under very adverse condi-
tions ; but difficult to transplant.

Leaves. — Opposite, ovate or oval, one to two inches long,
pointed at base, margin entire, obtuse at apex. Somewhat sil-
very-stellate-pubescent above, densely so beneath ; often much
of this pubescence is brown. Petioles short, also stellate-pu-
bescent.

Flowers. — April, June. Small, dioecious, yellowish, borne in
clusters at the axils of last year's leaves. Staminate flowers with
a four-parted perianth and eight stamens. Pistillate flowers
with a four-lobed perianth, bearing an eight-lobed disk at its
mouth which nearly closes it ; style somewhat exserted.

Fruit. — Drupe-like, oval, red or yellowish, about a quarter of
an inch long, the flesh insipid. July, August.

432

BUFFALO-BERRY

Buffalo-berry, Lepargyrcca argentea

Leaves i' to 2J4' long.

LORANTHACE.E— MISTLETOE FAMILY

AMERICAN MISTLETOE

Phoradendron flavescens.
Phoradendron, tree-thief, because of its parasitic habit.

A many-jointed, much branching, yellowish green shrub, six
to twelve inches high, parasitic on the branches of deciduous
leaved trees ; notably the tupelo and the maples. Of southern
range, yet appears in the southern counties of New Jersey, Penn-
sylvania, Ohio, Indiana and Illinois, as well as throughout the
south.

Leaves. — Opposite, obscurely three-nerved, three-fourths to
one and a half inches long, oval, oblong or obovate, wedge-
shaped at base, obtuse at apex, thick, yellow green above and
beneath. Petioles short.

Flowers. — May, July. Dioecious, in short catkin-like jointed
spikes, usually several to each short fleshy bract or scale, and
sunk in the joint. Calyx globular, three-lobed ; in the stami-
nate flowers a sessile anther is borne on the base of each lobe,
transversely two-celled ; each cell opening by a pore or slit ; in
the pistillate flowers the calyx-tube adheres to the ovary; stigma
sessile. Berry globose, white, fleshy.

Our American Mistletoe is not the same species as
the European Mistletoe, though greatly resembling it.
Its range is southern, yet it appears sparingly within
our northern lines.

The name Tree-thief is well deserved, for the plant

434

MISTLETOE

Cross-section of a Branch of a Maple Tree upon which a Mistletoe was

established; life size.

At this point the diameter of the branch is doubled. The lighter parts of the wood are

MISTLETOE FAMILY

lives upon juices that it has not elaborated and is sup-
ported by root and trunk that are not its own. When
a Mistletoe is fairly established upon a branch it eats
into the very structure of the wood ; the branch is

Fruiting Spray of American Mistletoe.

enlarged at the point of contact — often its diameter is
doubled. Our plant has fallen heir to the sentiment
and the folk-lore of Europe, and figures to a greater or
less extent in our Christmas decorations.

436

MYRICACE/E— BAYBERRY FAMILY

SWEET GALE. DUTCH MYRTLE

Afyrica gale.

Myrica, of Greek derivation, but of obscure application to

this plant.

Erect, three to five feet high, and forming tangled patches;
growing in places which are inundated through a part of the
year. Ranges from Labrador and Newfoundland through New
England and the Middle States as far south as Virginia and
along the Great Lakes to Minnesota. Roots long, matted.

Stems. — Branches and upper part a rich dark purple, polished
and shining. On old and lower stems the outer bark cracks and
rolls horizontally, becoming rough, and in color pale.

Winter buds. — -Leaf buds minute. Staminate aments in the
axils of the upper leaves in short, ovoid, pointed buds.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, one and one-half to two and one-
half inches long, oblanceolate, wedge-shaped at base, partly
entire but serrate toward the apex, which is a little pointed.
They come out of the bud revolute, pale green, slightly hairy,
dotted with pale amber resinous dots above and below; when full
grown are a dull dark green, glabrous above, downy on the veins
below and sprinkled with minute, yellow, resinous dots above and
below. Fragrant.

Flowers. — April. Mostly dioecious, individual flowers solitary
under a scale-like bract. Staminate flowers borne in catkins an
inch or more long, terminal ; scales on short stalks, covered with
resinous dots. Stamens three or four; anthers large, opening
with four valves. Pistillate catkins are ovoid ; scales triangular ;
stigmas two-lobed, purple, threadlike.

437

BAYBERRY FAMILY

Sweet Gale, Myrica gale, in fruit.

SWEET GALE

Sweet Gale, Myrica gale, in flower.

BAYBERRY FAMILY

Fruit. — Nuts in imbricated heads; each nut uvo-winged by
means of two fleshy ovate scales which are attached at the base.

Although a denizen of cold northern swamps, the
Sweet Gale is wonderfully tolerant of changed con-
ditions, and will grow on a dry, gravelly, exposed
ridge. Like the Bayberry, the leaves are densely cov-
ered with small resinous dots which are the source of
their fragrance.

BAYBERRY. WAXBERRY

Myrica carolinhisis. Merica cerifera.
Myrica, the ancient name of an unknown shrub.

Stiff, crooked, growing in miniature thickets ; found in every
variety of situation and soil ; from dry, rocky hills to sandy
plains, from the border of marshes to the edge of the sea-shore ;
varies from three to eight feet in height. Ranges near the coast
from Nova Scotia to Florida and Alabama; sparingly found on
the borders of the Great Lakes.

Bark. — Brownish gray, dark and pale irregularly mixed ;
young stems golden brown, somewhat hairy and covered with
resinous dots. Leaf buds minute, globular, reddish brown.

Leaves. — Alternate, or irregularly scattered or tufted, simple,
two to three and one-half inches long, obovate or oblong, nar-
rowed at the base, entire, or with three or four serrate teeth near
the apex which bears a tiny point at the end. They come out
of the bud revolute, pale green tinged with red, shining, covered
with white woolly hairs, thickly covered with pale amber resi-
nous dots ; appear rather late ; when full grown are leathery,
shining, bright green, resinous, dotted on both sides, fragrant.
In autumn they darken to a bronze purple or fall with little
change of color.

Fhnvers. — May. Dioecious, individual flowers without calyx
or corolla, solitary on a scale-like bract. Staminate flowers ex-
pand with the leaves, borne in stiff, erect catkins less than an
inch long, on last year's wood ; scales roundish, loose ; stamens

440

BAYBERRY

Bayberry, Myrica carolinensis.

Leaves 2' to 3%' long.

BAYBERRY FAMILY

three to four ; anthers divided. Pistillate catkins small, erect ;
scales oval, pointed ; ovary bearing two awl-shaped stigmas.

Fruit. — Dry, waxy berries or drupes, one-eighth of an inch in
diameter, borne in clusters of four to nine, on short stalks. At
first green, then blackish, finally pale gray, almost white, con-
sisting of a stone coated with dry wax which has a slightly aro-
matic taste. They persist for two or three years.

At the mouths of their rivers, and all along upon the sea, and near
many of their creeks and swamps, the myrtle grows, bearing a berry of
which they make a hard, brittle wax of a curious green color, which by re-
fining becomes almost transparent. Of this they make candles, which are
never greasy to the touch and do not melt with lying in the hottest weather ;
neither does the snuff of these ever offend the sense like that of a tallow
candle, but instead of being disagreeable if an accident puts the candle out,
it yields a pleasant fragrance to all who are in the room, insomuch that nice
people often put them out on purpose to have the incense of the expiring

snuff.

— ROBERT BEVERLY in " History of Virginia."

This little shrub when planted along the shore withstands the ocean
winds and storms perhaps better than any other plant known in cultivation,
and can be made to do good service in establishing plantations by the sea
side. It is now coming largely into use for that purpose, as it affords
protection to more attractive specimens which may be planted to leeward.
Beginning with a hedge of these Myricas, plantations may often be estab-
lished where without something of this nature the task would be hopeless.
Almost any bleak and barren exposure can be covered in this way and be-
come comparatively beautiful.

— Lucius D. DAVIS in "Ornamental Shrubs."

The fruit, leaves, and recent shoots of the Bayberry
are fragrant with a balsamic odor which comes from

the minute, transparent, resinous dots with which the
recent shoots and under surface of the leaves are pro-
fusely covered.

Bayberry wax is obtained by boiling the berries in
water. The wax dissolves, rises to the surface and
hardens on cooling; it is estimated that about one-
third of the weight of the berries consists of wax. In

442

SWEET FERN

the early days of the settlement of this country this
wax had a commercial value.

In the renaming of plants according to the rules of
the American Association of Science, the Bayberry
has lost its specific name of cerifera and gained that of
Caroline nsis ; cerifera is now given to a southern tree,
the Wax Myrtle.

SWEET FERN

Comptbnia peregrina. Myrica asplenifblia.

Cotnptonia, in honor of Rev. Henry Compton, bishop of
Oxford.

Fragrant, round-headed, about two feet high, growing on
hillsides and in the openings of woods. Ranges from New
Brunswick to the Saskatchewan, occurs abundantly throughout
New England and the Middle States and on the Appalachian
range. Roots long, creeping ; suckers freely.

Bark. — Young stems green or yellowish or reddish brown and
sprinkled with tiny resinous dots ; the older stems yellowish
brown with shining surface, somewhat hairy ; oldest are reddish
purple or coppery brown.

Winter buds. — Leaf buds minute, globular, hairy. Pistillate
aments crowded at the summit of the stems, stiff, erect, one-
fourth of an inch long, cylindrical, pale brown, hairy.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, fragrant, three to six inches long,
less than an inch wide, pointed, cut into obtuse or pointed lobes
by sinuses reaching to the midrib, margin of these lobes entire,
somewhat reflexed. They come out of the bud conduplicate,
pale green ; when full grown they are dark lustrous green ; mid-
rib depressed above, prominently ridged and pubescent beneath,
secondary veins small but also ridged. Petioles short ; stipules
half an inch long, auriculate or half heart-shaped, often with
a pair of smaller stipules below. Leaves, petioles and stipules
densely sprinkled with minute, yellow shining resinous dots.

443

BAYBERRY FAMILY

Flowers. — April, May. Dioecious, often monoecious; the in-
dividual flower without calyx or corolla, solitary under a scale-
like bract. Staminate catkins one-half an inch long, borne at the
end of the branch. Scales kidney or heart-shaped with long
point. Pistillate catkins globular, and bur-like. Ovary one-
celled, surrounded by eight long awl-shaped persistent scales.
Stamens two to eight; filaments somewhat united below ; an-
thers two-celled.

Fruit. — Nut, ovoid-oblong, smooth, shining, surrounded by
bristly scales. September.

This is a plant that looks like a fern and grows like
a bush ; fragrant even when flowerless. An inhabitant

of the north, it goes south by way of the mountain
tops. The pleasant spicy fragrance which it diffuses
is due to the vast number of minute grains of resin
which are profusely sprinkled over leaf and stem.

The long slender pinnatifid leaf certainly suggests a
fern ; so that the common name seems significant and
appropriate. The foliage is very attractive ; the plant
thrives in sterile soils, flourishes at the seaside, and
is certainly worthy of cultivation.

444

SWEET FERN

Sweet Fern, Comptoiiia peregrina.

Leaves 3' to 6' long.

FAG ACE^E— BEECH FAMILY

CHINQUAPIN

Castanea pumila.

\ ' *

From Castanea, a town in Thessaly, or from another town
of that name in Pontus ; the ancient name of the genus.

A shrub, rarely a tree, growing in dry soil. Ranges from New
Jersey to Florida, from Pennsylvania to Texas.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, veins very prom-
inent beneath, three to six inches long, wedge-shaped at base,
sharply serrate, acute at apex. They come out of the bud pale
green, shining and woolly; when full grown are dark green and
smooth above, densely white tomentose beneath. In autumn
they turn a bright, clear yellow. Petioles short, stout, slightly
angled. Stipules fugitive.

Flowers. — June, July : monoecious, fragrant. Staminate
catkins erect or somewhat spreading, three to five inches long,
about a quarter of an inch in diameter. Pistillate flowers are
borne in prickly involucres at the base of the staminate catkins.

Fruit. — Nut small, ovoid, brown, enclosed in a prickly pointed
bur. Kernel sweet.

The Chinquapin is a bush that in its best estate is
twelve feet high, although it fruits at three. The leaves
are of the chestnut type, sometimes six inches long,
and underneath are densely covered with cream-white
woolly hairs.

The burs are small, about an inch in diameter, some-

446

CHINQUAPIN

Chinquapin, Castanea pitmila.
Leaves 3' to 6' long.

BEECH FAMILY

times less ; the size varying with the number of en-
closed nuts, which frequently are two, though normally
one. In fruiting this chestnut apparently makes up in
number what it lacks in size ; it is more prolific branch
for branch than our common chestnut Castanea den-
tata. The plant is southern ; it crosses the border
in New Jersey and Pennsylvania, but its chosen home
is upon the slopes of the southern Alleghanies.

448

BETULACE^E— BIRCH FAMILY

HAZEL-NUT. AMERICAN HAZEL

Corylus americana.

The husk of the hazel resembles a cap ; whence its English
name from the Saxon haesle, a cap ; its botanic name from
the Greek, corys, a helmet.

Three to six feet high, growing in clumps and thickets in dry
or moist light soil at the edge of woods or beside walls. Ranges
from Maine and Ontario, south to Florida and Kansas. Suckers
freely.

Stems. — Young shoots russet-brown, densely hispid-pubescent
with pinkish hairs, the twig finally becoming smooth ; stem
dark brown.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, three to six
inches long, ovate or broadly oval, heart-shaped or rounded at
base, irregularly and somewhat doubly serrate, acute or acumi-
nate at apex. When full grown are dark yellow green, nearly
smooth above, pale green and finely tomentose beneath. In au-
tumn they turn a dull yellow. Petioles short, terete, glandular-
hairy. Stipules large, acute, toothed, fugitive.

Flowers. - - March, April, before the leaves ; monoecious.
Staminate aments borne in the axils of last year's leaves along
the stem toward the end ; when mature are slender, cylin-
drical, tremulous catkins, three to four inches long, terminal or
dependent from lateral foot stalks, solitary or rarely clustered.
The flowers, solitary in the axil of each bract, consist of four
stamens and two bractlets ; filaments are two-cleft, each fork
bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate flowers are little star-like tufts
of crimson stigmas, projecting above a short scaly bud of many

449

BIRCH FAMILY

H'izel-nut, Corylus aint>rica>,a>

Leaves 3' to (/ long.

HAZEL-NUT

Hazel-nut, Coiylus americana.
Catkins 3' to 4' long.

BIRCH FAMILY

scales ; the outer scales broad and edged with hair, the inner lan-
ceolate hairy and fleshy. Ovary incompletely two-celled, adnate
to the calyx ; style short, stigmas two, threadlike. These inner
scales increase in size with the nut and become the husk, or in-
volucre.

Fruit. — Nut, ovoid, or oblong, about half an inch high,
slightly flattened ; pale brown, roughish at base where it adheres
to the involucre. Involucre compressed, composed of two nearly
distinct, downy, leaf-like bractlets, fringed on their margins, com-
monly broader than high, more or less exceeding the nut, becom-
ing grayish brown when mature. Kernel sweet. July, August.

The Hazel-nut responds to the first smile of spring
in the same way as the alders. The staminate catkins
hang stiff and rigid throughout the
winter, but they relax as soon as
warmth comes, develop their pollen,
fling it upon the wind and fade away.

The fruit of the American Hazel
resembles the filbert of commerce ; in
flavor it is fully equal, many consider
it superior. Certainly the size and
quality of the nut is such, that were
it worth while, by careful cultivation,
and by judicious selection of seedlings,
a race of fruit-bearing hazels could
be produced whose product would
equal if it did not surpass that of the
European species. But as it is, our
hazel-nuts comfort the squirrels, who
gallantly resent intrusion upon their
preserves, and delight the children who
wish to go nutting. Possibly this wild
service is sufficient ; who shall say that it is not ?
The name of this bush has always expressed the feel

452

Winter Branch of
American Hazel-nut.
Catkins scattered
along the branch, as
well as grouped at
the end.

BEAKED HAZEL-NUT

Beaked Hazel-nut, Coiyhts rostrata.

Leaves 2' to 4' long.

BIRCH FAMILY

ing that the fruit wears a helmet. That which finally
forms this leafy helmet or involucre around the nut,
exists around the young ovary as a little girdle of two
tiny scales with fringed margins.

BEAKED HAZEL-NUT

Corylus rostrata.

Two to six feet high, growing in clumps and in thickets.
Ranges from Nova Scotia to British Columbia, south to Georgia
and Tennessee, west to Kansas and Oregon. Suckers freely.

Stems. — Recent shoots yellowish brown, densely hairy or
smooth ; older branches darker brown and rough, stems dark
brown.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, veins depressed
above, very prominent beneath, two to four inches long, ovate,
oblong-ovate, or obovate, heart-shaped or rounded at base, irreg-
ularly and somewhat doubly serrate, acute or acuminate at apex.
When full grown are bright green, hairy or smooth above, paler
and sparingly hairy or very downy below. In autumn they
turn bright yellow. Petioles short, terete, smooth.

Floivers. — April, May, before the leaves ; monoecious. Stami-
nate aments very similar to those of Corylus americana. Pistil
late flowers cluster in a scaly bud and bristle with crimson
threadlike stigmas.

Fruit. — Nut ovoid, somewhat compressed, pale brown. In-
volucre composed of two bristly, hairy bractlets united to the
summit and lengthened into a tubular beak about twice the length
of the nut ; tube minutely grooved, fringed at the summit, and
densely hairy. As the nut ripens the involucre becomes a pale
yellow brown varying to a rich reddish brown ; kernel sweet.

The marked character of the Beaked Hazel-nut is
the involucre which surrounds the nut. It certainly
suggests a narrow long-necked bottle with the nut
snugly packed inside. As these involucres mature

454

LOW BIRCH

Low Birch, Betiila. pnimla.

Leaves l/2' to \%' long.

BIRCH FAMILY

with the ripening nut, they show a rare scheme of
color which varies from yellows through browns to
red ; and the dense hairs give a velvety look. The
nuts are all terminal, but out of a cluster that seem to
start even, two or three outstrip the rest and grow, —
the others abort, leaving their little bottle necks to
show where they began life.

LOW BIRCH. BOG BIRCH

Betula pitmila. Betiila humilis.
Betitla, an ancient name of uncertain derivation.

A bog shrub two to fifteen feet high, with twigs densely pubes-
cent at first, afterward glabrous. Ranges from Newfoundland to
the Northwest Territories, southward to New Jersey, Ohio and
Minnesota.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, veins very prom-
inent beneath, one-half to an inch and a half long, obovate,
broadly oval or orbicular, rounded or wedge-shaped at base,
coarsely and irregularly dentate, obtuse or slightly acute at apex.
They come out of the bud pale green, densely pubescent, brown-
ish ; when full grown are thick, dull green, pubescent or glabrous
above, pale green, brownish tomentose or glabrous and very retic-
ulately-veined beneath. Autumnal tint clear, bright yellow.
Petioles short. Stipules fugacious.

Flowers. — May, June, with the leaves. Monoecious ; the
flowers of both kinds borne in catkins. Staminate flower consists
of a four-toothed perianth, subtended by two bractlets and bear-
ing two stamens ; filaments short, deeply two-cleft ; each fork
bearing an anther-sac. Pistillate flowers two or three in the axil
of each bract, the bracts deciduous with the fruits ; perianth
none; ovary sessile, two-celled ; styles two, mostly persistent.

Fruit. — Strobile, oblong-cylindric, about three-fourths of an
inch long, erect, peduncled. Fruiting bract puberulent or cili-
ate, three-lobed, lateral lobes shorter than the middle one. Nut
small, oblong, rather broader than its wings.

456

DWARF BIRCH

Dwarf Birch, Betula glandulosa.

Leaves 24' to i' long.

BIRCH FAMILY

Our two low birches undoubtedly owe their hum-
ble position in an arborescent genus to their environ-
ment. One is a denizen of storm-swept mountain
tops; the other dwells in the bogs. Both are excel-
lent shrubs in cultivation, clean cut, slender-stemmed;
bright-foliaged.

The birch fruit is an exceedingly interesting form,
It appears as a cone made up of a large number of
three-lobed scales closely packed one above another,
all attached to a central axis. Lying above each
one, in fact fitting into a little hollow prepared for it,
is a small winged nut, which as the cone matures is re-
leased from its protecting scale and permitted to sail
away as the wind directs. One has to reconstruct
one's idea of a nut to make this minute winged seed
seem to be one, but so the botanists call it.

DWARF BIRCH. GLANDULAR BIRCH

Bctula glandulbsa.

A shrub,, one to four feet high ; twigs brown, glandular-dotted,
not pubescent ; found in wet meadows and on mountain sides.
Ranges from Newfoundland to Alaska, the higher mountains of
New England and northern New York, west to Michigan, Min-
nesota and in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado ; also in Asia.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, pinnately veined, three-fourths to
an inch long, orbicular, oval or obovate, rounded or slightly
cordate at base, irregularly clentulate-serrate, rounded at apex.
When full grown are very reticulate. Thick, bright green,
glabrous above, pale and glandular-dotted beneath. Autumnal
tint clear bright yellow. Petioles short. Stipules fugacious.

Flowers. — June, July. Monoecious. Staminate aments soli-
tary, about half an inch long ; the flowers, about three together
in the axil of each bract, consisting of a membranous four-

453

SPECKLED ALDER

Speckled Alder, Alnns incana.

Leaves 3' to 5' long.

BIRCH FAMILY

toothed scale, two stamens, and subtended by two bractlets ;
filaments short, deeply two-cleft, each fork bearing an anther-
sac. Pistillate aments cylindric, erect, peduncled ; flowers two
or three in the axil of each bract ; the bracts three-lobed, lateral
lobes divergent, deciduous with the fruit ; ovary sessile, two-
celled ; styles two.

Fruit. — Strobile, oblong-cylindric, a half to an inch long,
erect, peduncled, obtuse at base and apex. Fruiting bract gla-
brous, three-lobed, lateral lobes divergent, rather shorter than the
middle one. Nut tiny, oblong, usually narrower than its wings.

A little inland on the North Cape, the dwarf birch makes its appearance ;
when sheltered attaining a length of about a foot with a stem of a quarter to
a third of an inch in diameter, and requiring a generation or two to reach
these dimensions. It did not raise its top toward the sun, but crouched to
the earth, clinging to it like a creeping plant, to escape being torn away by
the force of the winds.

— " Land of the Midnight Sun." PAUL B. Du CHAILLU.

SPECKLED ALDER. HOARY ALDER

Alnus incana.

Abuts, an ancient Latin name derived from the Celtic ; in
allusion to the growth of these plants along streams.

The common northern brook-side alder, abundant at the edge
of streams and in swamps ; reaches a height of eight to ten feet.
Ranges from Newfoundland to Pennsylvania and west to Nebraska.

Stems. — Recent shoots and fruit stalks brown and downy,
dotted with orange lenticels, which gradually become ashen or
grayish brown. Those stems that are deeply shaded are often
deep red or dark green. All are speckled with conspicuous
light gray lenticels.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, three to five inches long, two to
four inches wide, broad-oval, rounded or cordate at base, doubly
or irregularly serrate, acute at apex. They come out of the bud
very downy ; when full grown are bright dark green above,
pale, sometimes pubescent and often whitish, below ; midvein
and primary veins depressed above, ridged below. In autumn
they turn a bright, clear yellow. Petiole short, stout.

460

SPECKLED ALDER

Upper Spray, Catkins of Alnus nigosa.
Lower Spray, Catkins of Alnus iiicaua.

BIRCH FAMILY

Flowers. — March, April, before the leaves. Monoecious.
Staminate aments are slender, cylindrical, formed in the previous
autumn and hang in stiff and terminal clusters of three, four or
five together on short, leafless branches or peduncles ; when ma-
ture they become two or three inches long. They then consist
of a central axis bearing brown or purple scales on short stalks ;
beneath each scale are three similar ones, each containing a
three to five-lobed calyx-cup, with three to five stamens from
whose anthers issues a cloud of pollen. The pistillate aments
are also formed during the previous autumn ; are one-fourth to
three-eighths of an inch long, clustered usually in threes; when
mature they become deep purple, bristling with scarlet styles.
The position of these pistillate aments is a distinguishing charac-
ter of the plant ; they look upward.

Fruit. — Strobile of woody scales grown together, composed of
the pistillate ament enlarged and hardened. Its scales have be-
come woody and each protects a wingless seed-vessel which is
one-celled and one-seeded. October.

The Speckled Alder is easily distinguished by the brilliant, polished,
reddish green color of its stem-bark, and the size, regularity, impressed
reticulations and the downy under-surface of the leaves. The branchlets, at
the time of flowering, are dependent, and the long, pendulous, sterile cat-
kins are thus terminal, while the ovate fertile ones are on shorter, lateral
foot-stalks just above. This is the reverse of the arrangement of the catkins
in the Common Alder in which the fertile aments, being erect, seem termi-
nal, while the sterile ones bend down. The flowers of the alder are among

the earliest harbingers of spring.

— GEORGE H. EMERSON.

The earliest familiar token of the coming season is the expansion of the
stiT catkins of the alder into soft drooping tresses. These are so sensitive,
that if you pluck them at almost any time during the winter, a few days'
sunshine will make them open in a vase of water, and thus they eagerly
yield to every moment of April warmth. The blossom of the birch is more
delicate, that of the willow more showy, but the alders come first. They
cluster and dance everywhere upon the bare bough above the watercourses ;
the blackness of the buds is softened into rich brown and yellow, and as
this graceful creature thus comes waving into the spring, it is pleasant to
remember that the Norse Eddas fabled the first woman to have been named
Embla, because she was created from an alder-bough.

—THOMAS WENTWORTH HIGGINSON.

462

SPECKLED ALDER

The Speckled Alder crowds as near to the water's
edge as it is possible to grow and then leans over as if
hoping to go farther. In midsummer its dark green
foliage fringes the northern watercourses and forms a
natural hedge. Its strong matted roots give stability
to the soft banks and keep the stream within bounds.

Throughout the winter many of the slender stems
bear terminal clusters of stiff, cylindrical, uncompro-
mising catkins which were formed the previous autumn,
and which without protection withstand the assaults of
frost and snow and ice. These catkins like the flower
buds of the Silver Maple respond to the first breath of
spring ; the stiff fibres relax, the scales open, and
clusters of long plumy tassels, royal in their purple
and gold, droop from every twig and branchlet. The
catkin-scales are a deep brownish purple and the an-
thers bear immense quantities of pollen which when
mature fall in clouds of golden dust.

The fruit looks like a small pine cone ; each woody
scale protects a woody seed-vessel which in time is
released as the little cone opens. The seeds are dis-
charged in the autumn and early winter, but the cones
persist until the following summer.

Lenticels appear more or less abundantly upon all
exogenous woody stems ; upon many quite as abun-
dantly as upon the Almis incana, but in comparison
with Almis riigosa it bears a great many, whence the
common name Speckled Alder.

In very young shoots of shrubs and trees there are
stomata or breathing pores which occur abundantly in
the epidermis, serving for the admission of air and the
escape of moisture ; while the green layer of the bark

463

BIRCH FAMILY

answers the same purpose that is served by the green
pulp of the leaf. As the shoot matures, the stomata
are succeeded by lenticels or spongy places, which
scattered over the external surface of the bark serve to
admit air to the interior of the stem. They appear at
first as roundish spots of very small size, but as the
shoot on which they occur increases in diameter the
lenticels enlarge.

Gardeners think well of the Speckled Alder. It
thrives in wet places, its leaves push out early, making
it attractive when other shrubs are bare. Alders
transplant well, are natural adjuncts to a slow-flowing
stream, and appropriate companions for the willows.

SMOOTH ALDER

Alnus rugbsa. Alnus serrulata.

The common alder of the southern states ; often found grow-
ing with the northern form, frequently forming thickets at the
edge of streams and in swamps ; usually six to twelve feet high.
Roots large, strong, throwing up many suckers ; bark astringent.
Ranges from Massachusetts to Florida, westward to southern
Minnesota and Texas.

Stems. — When young, brownish green, smooth or downy ;
older stems grayish green or dark green.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, two and one-half to four and one-
half inches long, broad, oval or obovate, rounded or wedge-
shaped at base, minutely serrulate and undulate, rounded or
with a blunt point at apex. They come out of the bud pale
green and downy ; when full grown are thick, dark green, gla-
brous and shining above, paler green, and usually pubescent on
the veins beneath. Small, resinous dots appear on young leaves.
Midvein and primary veins depressed above, ridged beneath ;
downy when leaves are young, afterward downy at the axils only.
The autumnal tint is yellow touched with red. Stipules broad-

464

SMOOTH ALDER

Smooth Alder, Alnm rugosa

Leaves 2^' to 4^' long.

BIRCH FAMILY

oval, rounded and enclose the unexpanded leaf. Petioles short,
scaly, dotted.

Flowers. — March, April, before the leaves. Monoecious. The
staminate aments are slender, cylindrical ; formed in the pre-
vious autumn, and hang stiff, in terminal clusters of three, four
or five together on short leafless branches or peduncles. When
mature they become drooping tassels loaded with pollen. They
consist of a central axis, which bears brown or purple, heart-
shaped or rhomboidal scales on short stalks. Beneath each scale
are three smaller ones, each containing a three to five-lobed
calyx-cup, with three to five stamens from whose anthers issues a
cloud of pollen. The pistillate aments are also formed during
the previous autumn ; are one-fourth to three-eighths of an inch
long, clustered usually in threes ; when mature they become deep
purple bristling with scarlet styles. The pistillate aments look
forward and downward.

Fruit. — Strobile of woody scales grown together, composed of
the pistillate ament enlarged and hardened. Its scales have be-
come woody, and each protects a wingless seed-vessel which is
one-celled and one-seeded. October.

The two Alders, Alnus incana and Alnus rngosa, are
very much alike in habit; they enter upon the heritage
of the spring-time like two Dromios, — not one before
the other. The change that the first warm days in
early spring produce in the Alder bushes is very grati-
fying to one who is listening for the call of the robin
and the song of the bluebird. It gives an added ap-
preciation of the power of sunshine.

Through all the black days of winter, assailed by ice
and snow and cutting winds, the stiff, ungainly catkins
have held their place untouched and unchanged ; but
when " The hounds of spring are on winter's traces,"
and the March sun has warmed the earth a little, the
dark, stiff cylinders begin to soften and lengthen,—
gradually they lose the purple and take on the yellow,
the color of many stamens and much pollen. The su-

466

MOUNTAIN ALDER

Mountain Alder, flints alnobetula.

Leaves 2' to 5' long.

BIRCH FAMILY

preme moment is brief ; for a day or two they are the
perfection of grace and beauty, then the axis weakens
and becomes lax ; they cast their pollen to the winds
and pass away.

GREEN OR MOUNTAIN ALDER

Alnus alnobetula. Alnus viridis.

A shrub of northern habitat, ranging from New-
foundland to Alaska, southward to Michigan and New
York, and down to the Carolinas along the Alleghany
mountains. It attains a height of six feet; the young
foliage is glutinous and more or less pubescent.

The leaves are broadly oval or ovate, two to five
inches long, minutely incised-serrulate, rounded or
slightly heart-shaped at base, acute or obtuse at apex.
When mature dark green and glabrous above, paler
and pubescent on the veins beneath. The next year's
buds are found well grown in the axils of the leaves in
July, are three-eighths of an inch long, reddish, slender,
pointed, — quite a marked summer character of the bush.

For an alder it is a late bloomer, the catkins expand-
ing with the leaves. The staminate are very large and
handsome and quite abundant. Like all our alders the
sterile catkins are exposed during the winter; but the
small fertile ones are protected within large brown
buds, thus differing from the two better known species,
which have all the catkins exposed during the winter.
The fruiting cones are one-half to five-eighths of an
inch long ; the nut is winged. The bush gives the im-
pression of lush, strong growth ; possibly it is no
greener than its neighbors.

468

SALICACE^E— WILLOW FAMILY

THE WILLOW

Salix.

" The role that the willow plays in the north temperate zone
is to a certain extent analogous to that of the Eucalyptus in sub-
tropical regions in that it flourishes in wet ground and absorbs
and transpires immense quantities of water. But while most of the
species occur spontaneously in wet ground or along the banks of
streams, the willow may be cultivated in various locations."

— " Cyclopedia of American Horticulture."

Salix is a genus of dioecious trees and shrubs, char-
acterized by simple leaves, much longer than broad ;
buds with a single bud scale ; flowers in lax scaly cat-
kins ; each flower subtended by a single entire scale
and nearly or quite destitute of a perianth. The stam-
inate flowers have one, two, or three to six stamens ;
the pistillate flowers consist of a single pistil, composed
of two carpels and two more or less divided stigmas.
At maturity the pistil opens, setting free the small
seeds which are furnished with long silky down.

The willow hybridizes naturally, and it is this which
makes the determination of the different species so
difficult. The most that an amateur can hope to do is
to know the marked types. Yet we at least can know

469

WILLOW FAMILY

Pussy Willow, Salix discolor.
Catkins on the stem at the left are pistillate ; those on the stems at the right are staminate.

BALSAM WILLOW

Balsam Willow, Salt'x balsamifera.

Leaves ^' to 4' long.

WILLOW FAMILY

the shrubs that follow the watercourses, that shine
and gleam in the winter sunshine ; telling by their
brilliancy in February that spring is coming. One
species, the Pussy Willow, meets the goddess half
way, with its furry catkins creeping out from under
their protecting scales.

In order really to know a willow, it should be seen
leafless, when bursting into bloom, in full leaf, and in
fruit ; and as each species is dioecious, both pistillate
and staminate forms should be studied. This can be
done satisfactorily only in plantations definitely ar-
ranged for the purpose.

BALSAM WILLOW

Salix balsamifera.

An irregularly branching shrub four to ten feet high, often
growing in clumps ; found in open swamps and low lands.
Ranges across the continent from Labrador to Manitoba, south-
ward to Maine and Minnesota ; has been found in the White
Mountains.

Stems. — Bark of old stems smooth, dull gray, branches olive ;
recent twigs reddish brown, shining.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, very reticulate- veined, two to four
inches long, elliptic, ovate or obovate, rounded or heart-shaped
at base, glandular-serrate, acute or obtuse at apex. When full
grown are dark green, glabrous above, pale green or glaucous
beneath. Petioles long and slender. Stipules minute or none.

Flowers. — May. Catkins borne on slender leafy peduncles,
expanding with the leaves. The staminate densely-flowered,
silky, cylindric, about an inch long ; scales rosy, anthers at first
reddish, becoming deep yellow. The pistillate catkin in fruit, be-
comes very lax, two to three inches long. Fruiting capsule very
narrow, acute, not quite a quarter of an inch long.

472

BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW

Broad-leaved Willow, Salix glancopbj'lla.

Leaves 3' to 4' long.

WILLOW FAMILY

With the fertile capsules opening and coalescing into huge soft balls of
whitest wool almost hiding the beautiful red and maroon leaves of the grow-
ing tips, it (Salix balsamifera] is certainly the handsomest willow I ever

saw.

— TORREY BOTANIC CLUB.

The Balsam Willow assumes its finest form in open
swampy grounds, where it is exposed to the sun on all
sides ; under these conditions it forms large broad
clumps. When in flower, it is one of the most beauti-
ful of willows.

BROAD-LEAVED WILLOW

Salix glaucophylla.

Two to six feet high, found on the sandy shores of the Great
Lakes. Ranges from Illinois and Michigan to Wisconsin ; occa-
sionally found somewhat back from the shore.

Stems. — Light gray; shoots and twigs smooth and yellowish.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, three to four inches long, nearly
two inches wide, ovate, obovate or oblong-lanceolate, rounded or
acute at base, serrulate with gland-tipped teeth, short acuminate
at apex ; when full grown dark green and shining above, glaucous
beneath. Petioles stout, a quarter to half an inch long. Stip-
ules large, persistent, auriculate, dentate.

Flowers. — April. Catkins expanding before the leaves; very
silky, leafy-bracted at base. Staminate about two inches long ;
pistillate often three inches long in fruit. Bracts densely white,
downy, persistent. Fruiting capsules long- beaked from an ovoid
base, acute, about a quarter of an inch long.

Salix glaucopJiylla lives by choice on the sand ridges
and dunes of the Great Lakes, and is especially abun-
dant on the shore of Lake Michigan. Every plant that
lives among shifting sands develops its own means of
self-protection; and this is usually either a peculiarly
fibrous root or an extremely vital stem. This willow
depends largely upon its stem, which takes root

474

HEART-LEAVED WILLOW

Heart-leaved Willow, Sal/x cordata.

WILLOW FAMILY

readily at the nodes and quickly sends shoots into the
air while the roots take hold of the sand. In this way
extensive clumps are formed which crown the low

hills.

HEART-LEAVED WILLOW. DIAMOND WILLOW

Salix cor data.

Five to twelve feet high, growing in clumps in wet soil and
along the watercourses. Range from New Brunswick to British
Columbia, south to Virginia, Missouri and California. Hybri-
dizes freely.

Stems. — Brown or on older stems ashy gray or yellowish brown.
Branches greenish brown, or bright green or bronze yellow,
smooth ; recent shoots yellowish, or pale green, or downy white.

Leaves.— Alternate, simple, oblong, lanceolate, narrowed, ob-
tuse or heart-shaped at base, sharply serrulate with glandular
teeth, acuminate at apex. They come out of the bud condupli-
cate, downy ; when full grown, green on both sides or paler be-
neath. Petioles half to three-fourths of an inch long. Stipules
oblique, serrulate, usually large and persistent.

flowers. — April, May. Catkins expanding before the leaves.
Staminate about three-fourths of an inch long, about three sta-
mens to a flower ; the pistillate one to two inches long in fruit.
Fruiting capsule narrowly-ovoid, acute.

This shrub of the watercourses grows in character-
istic clumps which are formed by the development of
sprouts from the original plant. In the larger clumps
the first or oldest stem is usually dead or dying ; its
vitality sapped by the gradual formation of the stems
about it. These stems are smooth and flexible, but
tough as well, and are sometimes used in basket work.

The name Diamond Willow, which seems to be local
to the west, is due to the peculiar way in which the
bark cracks on the older stems.

476

FURRY WILLOW

The plant loves water and prefers locations that are
frequently submerged. The roots form large tangled
masses on the sides of streams, and are much larger
than the stems proceeding from them.

FURRY WILLOW

Stlti.v adcnophylla.

Straggling shrub, three to seven feet high, found in the sand
of lake shores and river banks. Ranges from Labrador to On-
tario, southward to Pennsylvania and Illinois. Hybridizes with
Salix cordata.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, one to two inches long, ovate,
heart-shaped or rounded at base, finely serrulate with gland-tipped
teeth, acute, or short acuminate, or the lower obtuse at apex.
When young densely silky tomentose, the silky hairs falling away
from the leaves when old. Petioles stout, short, dilated at the
base, densely silky. Stipules ovate-cordate, obtuse serrulate, per-
sistent, densely silky.

Flowers. — April, May. Catkins expanding with the leaves,
leafy-bracted at base, densely flowered. Staminate less than an
inch long ; pistillate about two inches long in fruit. Fruiting
capsule small, ovoid-conic, acute.

The Furry Willow like the Broad-leaved Willow
loves the sands. Its common name is not misapplied,
for the growing shoot is densely covered — twigs,
petioles, stipules, and opening leaves — with a furry
white coat of woolly hairs which give a grayish green
aspect to the bush. In order to hold its own in adverse
conditions, its stems are endowed with an intense
vitality, and where the sand drifts over and buries
one, it there takes root and sends up other stems and
so forms clumps which in time cover the barren waste.

The economic value of those plants of the shore that

477

WILLOW FAMILY

bind down the moving sand is very great ; for the pro-
tection of valuable property from the encroachment of
shifting dunes is becoming an important problem in
many parts of our country. The regions most affected
are the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, the lake district of
Michigan, and the Columbia river district of Washing-
ton and Oregon. Very successful work in holding the
sand by grass and shrub planting has already been
done by the State of Massachusetts on a portion of
Cape Cod known as the Province Lands.

BOG WILLOW

Salix myrtilloides.

Erect, slender, glabrous, twigs pale brown, attains the height
of one to three feet, found in bogs. Ranges from New Bruns-
wick and Quebec to British Columbia, south to New Jersey and
Iowa; also in northern Europe.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, an inch to an inch and a halt
long, oblong, elliptic or somewhat obovate, mostly narrowed at
the base, entire, slightly revolute, obtuse or acute at the apex,
when full grown bright green above, pale or glaucous beneath.
Petioles short.

Flowers. — April, May. Catkins expanding with the leaves,
leafy-bracted at the base, rather dense. The staminate rather
less than an inch long ; the pistillate rather more. Fruiting
capsule oblong-conic, obtuse, glabrous, about one-fourth of an
inch long.

PRAIRIE WILLOW

Salix humilis.

Upland grayish willow, three to eight feet high, varying much
in size and shape of leaves ; found on dry soil. Ranges from
Nova Scotia to Ontario, south to North Carolina and Tennessee,
and west to Nebraska. Hybridizes with Salix discolor.

478

BOG WILLOW

Bog Willow, Salix nivrtilloides,

Leaves i' to \\'z' long.

WILLOW FAMILY

Prairie Willow, Saltx Immilis.

Leaves 2' to 4' long.

DWARF GRAY WILLOW

Dwarf Gray Willow, Salix tristis.

Leaves J^' to 2' long.

WILLOW FAMILY

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, two to four inches long, lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, the lowest obovate, acute at both ends,
or obtuse at the apex, sparingly denticulate, and slightly revo-
lute. When full grown dark green, dull, puberulent or gla-
brous above, glaucous and somewhat downy beneath. Petioles
short. Stipules obliquely lanceolate or ovate.

Flowers. — April, May. Catkins unfolding much before the
leaves, sessile, short, dense, recurved. Fruiting capsule nar-
rowly conic.

SAGE WILLOW. DWARF GRAY WILLOW

Salix tristis.

A shrub with slender tufted stems, one to two feet high, found
in dry soils. Ranges from Maine to Minnesota, southward to
Florida and Tennessee.

Leaves. — Simple, alternate, three-fourths to two inches long,
three-eighths to half an inch wide, oblanceolate or linear-oblong,
wedge-shaped or rounded at base, obscurely undulate and revo-
lute, acute or obtuse at apex. When full grown thick, very
reticulate, yellow-green above, densely woolly, pubescent be-
neath. Petioles short. Stipules minute, deciduous.

Flowers. — March, April. Catkins expanding with the leaves,
small, globular or oval, sessile, densely flowered ; bracts persist-
ent. Fruiting capsule about a quarter of an inch long.

The Dwarf Gray Willow obtains its common name
from the grayish or olive green effect which the white
pubescence of the under surface of the leaves gives to
the bush. The slender stems are erect and the leaves
stand up well so that much of the under surface is
seen. This willow is rather common and is to be
looked for on sandy plains and on the borders of hill-
side thickets.

482

HOARY WILLOW

Hoary Willow, Salix Candida.
Leaves 2' to 4' long.

WILLOW FAMILY

HOARY WILLOW

Sdlix Candida.

A dwarf whitish shrub, two to five feet high, the older twigs
red or purple, the younger densely white-tomentose ; found in
bogs. Ranges from Labrador to the Northwest Territories,
southward to New Jersey, Iowa and Montana.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, very reticulate-veined, two to four
inches long, narrow-oblong or oblong-lanceolate, acute at both
ends, or sometimes obtuse at apex, margin obscurely repand-
denticulate or entire, slightly revolute ; midvein white above,
very prominent beneath. When young densely covered above
and beneath with white tomentum ; when full grown are thick,
green, loosely tomentose or glabrate above, densely tomentose
beneath. Petioles short. Stipules ovate, very revolute, semi-
persistent, green above, white tomentose beneath, about equalling
the petioles in length.

Floivcrs. — May. Catkins expanding before the leaves, densely-
flowered, cylindric ; the staminate about an inch long ; the pis-
tillate one to two inches long in fruit; bracts hairy, persistent.
Fruiting capsule ovoid-conic, acute, one-fourth of an inch long.

On its native bogs the Hoary Willow appears as a
sprawling, straggling bush, and in the garden where it
readily makes itself at home it never becomes attrac-
tive in habit ; yet it is always conspicuous, for its leaves
as well as the young shoots are densely covered with
a white weblike wool, which marks it among its com-
panions. The blossoms are extremely beautiful, as
what color they have is emphasized by the white down
about them. The staminate catkins are at first tipped
by red anthers which give a rosy color to the whole ;
later as the pollen escapes they become bright yellow.
The pistillate catkins are hoary at first, later the pistils
are tipped by dark red stigmas. Its flowers and its
foliage entitle it to a place in any garden.

484

SILKY WILLOW

Silky Willow, Salix sertcea.

Leaves 2' to 4' long.

WILLOW FAMILY

SILKY WILLOW

Salix sericea.

A tall willow with slender, purplish, slightly downy twigs,
found in swamps and along streams. Ranges from Maine to
Michigan and southward to Virginia.

Leaves. — Alternate, simple, two to four inches long, oblong or
lanceolate, narrowed or obtuse at base, serrate with glandular
teeth, acuminate at apex. The young leaves are densely silky-
pubescent, when full grown they become glabrous, dark green
above, paler and somewhat glaucous beneath. Petioles short,
sometimes glandular. Stipules narrow, deciduous.

Flowers. — May. Catkins expanding before the leaves, sessile,
usually with a few leafy bracts at the base, densely flowered.
The staminate about an inch long; the pistillate in fruit nearly
two inches. Fruiting capsule small, ovoid-oblong, obtuse, pu-
bescent.

Salix petiolaris, the Slender Willow, is very similar in
general appearance to Salix sericea, only it is of a more
delicate type. Its home is the swamps, its range more
northern and western. The flowers appear in May.

486

SLENDER WILLOW

Slender Willow, Salix petiolaris.

Leaves 2' to 4' long.

EMPETRACE^— CROWBERRY FAMILY

BLACK CROWBERRY. HEATHBERRY

Kmpetrum iiigrum.

Empetrum, upon a rock ; an ancient Greek name, refer-
ring to the growth of these plants in rocky places.

A low, evergreen, much branched shrub, forming dense masses
in rocky places ; branches closely beset with oblong-linear leaves.
Found on the high mountains of New England and New York,
on the northern shore of Lake Superior, on the banks of the
Saguenay, along the international boundary to British Columbia
and in Alaska. Bark reddish brown; that of branches rough-
ened with the remains of petioles.

Leaves. — Simple, thickly scattered or whorled, three-eighths
to one-fourth of an inch long, oblong-linear, entire, edges so
revolute that they meet at the back ; bright green. The leaves
are jointed to short pulvini, channelled on the lower side by the
revolute margins.

flowers. — Summer; dioecious, inconspicuous, solitary in the
axils of the upper leaves, purplish. Sepals and petals mostly
three. Staminate flowers with three stamens, the anthers in-
trorse. Pistillate flowers with a globose, six to nine-celled ovary
and a short thick style with six to nine-toothed segments.

Fruit. — Berry-like drupe, globular, black, seated in the calyx
and crowned with remnants of the stigma. Flesh juicy, slightly
acid, not unpleasant, containing six to nine seed-like nutlets.
Eaten by birds.

The Black Crowberry is a subarctic plant, found in
America, Europe, and Asia, which seeks the cold thin

BLACK CROWBERRY

Black Crowberry, Empetntm nigrum.

Leaves %' to y^' long.

CRQWBERRY FAMILY

air of mountain tops and is not very particular as to
wet or dry if only its home is cool enough. It lifts its
branches three to four inches. It curves the edges of
its tiny leaves backward until they meet, in order to
lessen evaporation. Although it lives amid moisture,
it must economize its store because so much of the
time the temperature is below freezing, when no leafy
plant can work. Linnaeus records that it lives on the
mountains of Lapland, where other plants perish with
the cold. Just over the mountains from Sitka it is
found in great abundance ; also in Scotland it abounds,
and is there the badge of the clan McLean. Cattle do
not browse upon its foliage. The berries are rather
pleasant to the taste ; are eaten by man and eagerly
sought by the arctic birds. The plant will grow in
northern gardens, but requires a moist, boggy soil and
a shaded situation. The seeds are slow to germinate,
and the seedlings are slow in growth.

Among its many local names are Crakeberry, Crow-
pea, Black-berried Heath, Wire Ling, and the Cana-
dians call the berries Camerines.

In a certain way an arctic plant appeals to the imag-
ination more than other plants. It has by variation
and natural selection, through ages unmeasured and
immeasurable, adapted itself to the harshest climate
that this earth produces ; and looking out toward the
limit of everlasting snow, it apparently calls life good
and the earth enjoyable. Most of the distinctively
arctic plants encircle the globe with little or no varia-
tion in form. There seems to be no distinct Asia,
Europe, or America, along those higher latitudes; all
are alike in their pitiless cold.

490

CONRAD'S BROOM CROWBERRY

Conrad's Broom Crowberry, Corenia conradii.

Leaves j3,' to y^' long.

CROWBERRY FAMILY

CONRAD'S BROOM CROWBERRY

Corema conrddii.
Corema, broom, in allusion to the bushy habit.

Low, evergreen, much branched, densely leafy ; growing in
large patches on rocky or sandy soil. Ranges from Newfound-
land to New Jersey, near the coast ; has been reported on the
Shawangunk mountains in Ulster County, New York.

Leaves. — Crowded, narrowly-linear, three-sixteenths to one-
fourth of an inch long. Thickened, obtuse, bright green, puberu-
lent when young, glabrous when mature. Leaves are jointed to
short pulvini, and channelled on the lower side by the meeting
of the revolute margins.

Flowers. — April, May. Dioecious, small, borne in terminal
heads. Corolla none. Staminate flowers with three or four
long exserted purple stamens with brown anthers, occasionally
with a rudimentary or a perfect pistil. The pistillate flowers
have a two to five-celled ovary, a slender two to five-cleft style,
and are almost concealed by the upper leaves.

Fruit. — 1A very small, globose drupe, nearly dry, usually with
three nutlets.

This is one of the rarest of North American shrubs ;
as a matter of fact it does not look very much like a
shrub, but wanders over the ground as if it were a
Christmas-green ; and in the regions where it abides
will often densely cover vast sandy stretches.

The leaf is apparently linear, but what has really
happened is that each half of the leaf has turned itself
backward until the opposite edges have met, and the
channel at the back shows the line of union. The well
known Labrador Tea turns the edges of its leaves
backward, but they do not meet ; in the Crowberries
the edges meet.

492

TAXACE^E— YEW FAMILY

AMERICAN YEW. GROUND HEMLOCK

'Idxus canadensis.

Taxus, said to be derived from taxon, the Greek word
for bow ; on account of the use made of the wood of the
European species.

Low, straggling, evergreen bush, one to four feet high, with
wide-spreading branches, common in northern woods, often
covering large areas of low, moist, shaded land. Ranges from
Newfoundland to Lake Winnipeg and southward to Virginia and
Iowa.

Leaves.-- Evergreen, alternate, linear, sharp-pointed; dis-
posed in asubspiral and appearing two-ranked by the twisting of
the short compressed petioles. Dark green above, somewhat
paler beneath.

Flowers. — Dioeciousoor monoecious, solitary, axillary. Stami-
nate-flowers have four to eight stamens collected into a globular
head. Pistillate flower consists of an erect ovule on a ring-like
disk, which enlarges as the fruit matures and becomes a bright
red fleshy cup, and nearly encloses the ripe seed.

Fruit. — Nut-like seed ; nearly enclosed in a red, pulpy, berry-
like cup.

In various parts of the western counties of Massachusetts occurs a hum-
ble, almost prostrate evergreen, conspicuous for the rich and deep green of
its foliage. It is the American Yew.

— GEORGE H. EMERSON.

The Yew at first sight looks like a seedling hemlock
that perhaps has not fared quite well, and is inclined to

493

YEW FAMILY

American Yew, Taxns canadensis.

EUROPEAN YEW

straggle and sprawl. Closer observation, however,
shows a larger, stronger leaf of darker green, with its
under surface a decided yellow green where the hem-
lock is glaucous or a pale blue green. Then, too, the
Yew leaves break ranks much oftener than those of the
hemlock.

In midsummer one may find, scattered and solitary,
sometimes at the end of a branch and sometimes at
the side, a beautiful translucent red berry, the size of a
currant or a trifle larger. When one examines this
red berry it is found to have a cylindrical opening
down to its very heart, an opening an eighth of an
inch across : and at its heart, surrounded by all this
red pulpy protection, is a dark brown bony seed. In
taste this berry is sweetish and rather insipid.

This little bush can be made very useful in covering
moist ground which is well shaded. To plant it in
sunny locations is a mistake, it languishes if it does
not die.

EUROPEAN YEW

Tdxus baccata.

The Yew-tree of the poet and the historian is Taxus
baccata, a plant of wide distribution, found throughout
Europe, save in the extreme north, and also native to
western Asia. It is not native in America, nor has the
type ever really flourished here, though hybrids are
abundant and fairly hardy. A few well grown Yew-
trees are reported in New York, Philadelphia, and
Baltimore where they were planted fully one hundred
years ago ; but the climate of New England is too
severe for them, and they will grow there only if well

495

YEW FAMILY

European Yew, Taxus baccata.

EUROPEAN YEW

protected ; which being translated means that they
will not grow satisfactorily at all.

In England the tree usually attains the height of
thirty to forty feet with low spreading branches.

The English custom of planting Yews in church-
yards has never been satisfactorily explained, nor is it
understood why the trees should be so closely con-
nected with superstitions relating to ghosts and fairies.
Possibly both may be of druidical origin. The fact
that the leaves are poisonous may account for some of
it ; certainly the belief that the tree was noxious was
very widespread.

Shakespeare did not omit the Yew in his pictures of
English life, for the Clown in " Twelfth Night " lament-
ing the indifference of his lady-love sings, —

My shroud of white, stuck all with yew,
O, prepare it !

and in " Macbeth " among the contents of the witches'
caldron are, —

* * * slips of yew
Slivered in the moon's eclipse.

In " Richard II." Scroop says to the fallen king, —

Thy very beadsmen learn to bend their bows
Of double-fatal yew against thy state.

Two garden forms of Taxus baccata are extensively
planted under the names of Irish Yew, Taxus baccata
fastigiata, and Japanese Yew, Taxus baccata adpressa.
Other forms appear, but these two are the most dis-
tinct and the most interesting.

The Irish Yew is distinguished by its erect branches,
which produce a narrow, compact, cylindrical form,

497

YEW FAMILY

sometimes broadened at the apex in old age. The
leaves are not two-ranked, but are spirally arranged,
of large size and very dark green. The fruit is oblong,
not spherical. All the individuals of this variety are
pistillate. The original plant was found during the
last century on the mountains of County Fermanagh,
Ireland, and planted in the garden at Florence Court,
a seat of the Earl of Enniskillen. It is a very beauti-
ful plant, particularly in autumn, when the dark green
branches are studded with scarlet berries.

The Japanese Yew was long believed to be of
eastern origin, but is now generally supposed to be a
seedling of Taxus baccata. It is, however, fair to say
that all horticulturists do not assent to this opinion.
It is characterized by its numerous spreading branches
and its very short, broad leaves. It, too, is pistillate and
is rather hardier than other allied forms. Varieties
with yellow and with variegated leaves have also been
developed.

498

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

ACHENE. — A dry one-seeded indehiscent fruit with the pericarp fitting close-
ly around the seed.

ACUMINATE. — Gradually tapering to the apex.

ACUTE. — Sharp pointed.

ADNATE. — An organ adhering to a contiguous differing one.

ADVENTIVE. — Not indigenous, but apparently becoming naturalized.

ALTERNATE. — Applied to that form of leaf arrangement in which only one
leaf occurs at a node.

AMENT. — A spike of imperfect flowers subtended by scarious bracts, as in
willows. Used interchangeably with catkin.

ANTHER. — The part of the stamen which contains the pollen.

APETALOUS. — Without a corolla.

APPRESSED. — Lying close and flat against.

ARBORESCENT. — Tree-like in size and habit of growth.

ARIL. — A fleshy organ growing at the point of attachment of a seed to the
pericarp.

ASCENDING. — Growing obliquely upward, or upcurved.

AWL-SHAPED. — Narrow upward from the base to a slender or rigid point,

AWN. — A slender bristle-like organ.

AXIL. — The point on the stem immediately above the base of the leaf.

Axis. — The central line of any organ or support of a group of organs; a
stem.

AXILLARY. — Borne at, or pertaining to, an axil.

BACCATE. — Berry-like; pulpy.

BEAKED. — Ending in a prolonged tip.

BERRY. — A fruit whose pericarp is wholly pulpy.

BIENNIAL. — Of two years' duration.

BlPlNNATE. — Twice pinnate.

BLADE. — The flat expanded part of a leaf.

BRACT. — A leaf, usually small, subtending a flower or flower-cluster.

BRACTEATE. — Having bracts.

499

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

BRACTLET. — A secondary bract, borne on a pedicel, or immediately be-
neath a flower ; sometimes applied to minute bracts.

BUD. — The rudimentary state of a stem or branch ; an unexpanded flower.

BUSH. — A low and much branched shrub. Used interchangeably with
shrub.

CESPITOSE. — Growing in tufts.

CALYX. — The outer whorl of floral envelopes.

CAMPANULATE. — Bell-shaped.

CANESCENT. — With gray, or hoary, fine pubescence.

CAPITATE. — Shaped like a head.

CAPSULE. — A dry fruit of two carpels or more, usually opening by valves
or teeth.

CARPEL. — A simple pistil, or one member of a compound pistil.

CATKIN. — An ament.

CELL. — A cavity of an anther or ovary.

CILIATE. — Provided with marginal hairs.

CLEFT. — Cut about halfway to the midvein.

COHERE. — The union of one organ with another.

COMPOUND. — Composed of two or more similar parts united into a whole.

CONDUPLICATE. — Folded lengthwise.

COMPOUND-LEAF. — One divided into separate leaflets.

CONNATE. — Similar organs more or less united.

CONNECTIVE. — The end of the filament between the anther-sacs.

CONVOLUTE. — Rolled around or rolled up longitudinally.

CORDATE. — Heart-shaped.

CORIACEOUS. — Leathery in texture.

COROLLA. — The inner whorl of floral envelopes.

CORYMB. — A convex or flat-topped flower-cluster, of the racemose type ;
the outer flowers unfold first.

CORYMBOSE. — Corymb-like.

CRENATE. — Scalloped ; with rounded teeth.

CRENULATE. — Diminutive of crenate.

CROSS-FERTILIZATION. — When the stigma of one flower receives the pollen
of a different flower.

CUNEATE. — Wedge-shaped.

CUSPIDATE. — Sharp pointed.

CYME. — A convex or flat flower cluster in which the central flowers unfold
first.

CYMOSE. — Cyme-like; arranged in cymes.

DECIDUOUS. — Falling away at the close of the growing period.

DECUMBENT. — Stems or branches in an inclined position, but the end as-
cending.

500

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

DECURRENT. — Applied to the prolongation of an organ, or part of an organ
running along the sides of another.

DEHISCENT. — Opening to emit the contents.

DELTOID. — Broadly triangular, like the Greek letter delta.

DENTATE. — Toothed, especially with outwardly projecting teeth.

DENTICULATE. — Diminutive of dentate.

DETERMINATE. — Limited or denned.

DIFFUSE. — Loosely spreading.

DKECIOUS. — Bearing staminate flowers on one plant and pistillate ones on
another of the same species.

DISK. — An enlargement or prolongation of the receptacle of a flower around
the base of the pistil.

DISTINCT. — Separate from each other.

DRUPE. — A simple fruit, usually indehiscent, with fleshy exocarp and bony
endocarp.

DRUPELET. — Diminutive of drupe.

ECHINATE. — Prickly.

ELLIPTIC. — With the outline of an ellipse ; oval.

EMARGINATE. — Notched at the apex.

ENDOCARP. — The inner layer of the pericarp.

ENTIRE. — Without divisions, lobes or teeth. Used largely with regard to
margins of leaves, petals and sepals.

EPIGYNOUS. — Adnate to or borne on the upper part of the ovary.

EROSE. — Irregularly margined, as if gnawed.

EVERGREEN. — Bearing green leaves throughout the year.

EXFOLIATING. — Peeling off in layers.

EXOCARP. — The outer layer of the pericarp.

EXSERTED. — Prolonged past surrounding organs.

EXSTRORSE. — Facing outward.

FALCATE. — Scythe-shaped.

FERTILE. — Capable of producing fruit.

FERTILIZATION. — The union which takes place when the contents of the
pollen cell enters the ovule.

FILAMENT. — The stalk of an anther, the two forming a stamen ; any thread-
like body.

FOLLICLE. — A fruit consisting of a simple carpel opening by the ventral
suture.

FRUIT. — The seed-bearing product of a plant, simple, compound, or aggre-
gated, of whatever form.

Frc.ACious. — Falling soon after development.

FUGITIVE. — Plants not native, but occurring here and there without direct
evidence of being established.

501

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

GAMOPET ALDUS. — With petals more or less united.

GAMOSEPALOUS. — With sepals more or less united.

GENUS, pi. GENERA. — When several species resemble each other sodistinctly
that their general characters indicate relationship, the group is called a
genus.

GIBBOUS. — Enlarged or swollen on one side.

GLABRATE. — Nearly, or without hairs.

GLABROUS. — Devoid of hairs.

GLAND. — A secreting cell or group of cells ; any protuberance or append-
age having the appearance of such an organ.

GLANDULAR. — Bearing glands or gland-like.

GLAUCOUS. — Covered with a bluish-white or white bloom; hoary.

GLOBOSE. — Globular, spherical or nearly so.

HABIT. — The general appearance of a plant.

HABITAT. — A plant's natural place of growth.

HEART-SHAPED. — As applied to leaves it means a sinus more or less deep
where the petiole meets the blade.

HEAD. — A dense round cluster of sessile or nearly sessile flowers.

HIRSUTE. — With rather coarse stiff hairs.

HISPID. — With stiff bristly hairs.

HISPIDULOUS. — Diminutive of hispid.

HOARY. — Grayish-white with fine close pubescence.

HYBRID. — Across between two species.

HYPOGYNOUS. — Situated on the receptacle, beneath the ovary and free from
it and from the calyx.

IMBRICATE. — Overlapping.

INCISED. — Cut into sharp lobes.

INCLUDED. — Not projecting beyond surrounding parts.

INDEFINITE. — In regard to stamens ; inconstant in number or very numer-
ous.

INDIGENOUS. — Native and original to the country.

INDEHISCENT. — Not opening to emit the contents.

INFERIOR. — Lower or below. Inferior ovary, one that is adnate to the
calyx.

INFLATED. — Bladdery.

INFLORESCENCE. — The flowering part of a plant, and especially its mode of
arrangement.

INFRA. — In composition, below; infrastipular, below the stipules.

INSERTED. — Attached to or growing out of.

INTER OR INTRA. — In composition, between.

INTERNODE. — Portion of stem or branch between two successive nodes.

INTRORSE. — Facing inward ; applied to stamens that face toward the pistil.

502

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

INVOLUCRE. — A whorl of bracts, subtending a flower or flower cluster.

INVOLUTE. — Rolled inward.

IRREGULAR (FLOWER). — Showing inequality in the size, form or union of
its similar parts.

KEEL. — A central dorsal ridge ; the two anterior united petals of a papilio-
naceous flower.

LANCEOLATE. — Considerably longer than broad, tapering upward from the
middle or below.

LEAFLET. — One of the divisions of a compound leaf.

LEGUME. — A simple dry fruit, dehiscent along both sutures; is the charac-
teristic fruit of the Pea Family.

LIMB. — The expanded part of a petal, sepal or gamopetalous corolla.

LINEAR. — Elongated, narrow with sides nearly parallel.

LIP. — Each of the upper and lower divisions of a bilabiate corolla or calyx.

LOBE. — Any segment of an organ.

LOBED. — Divided into lobes.

MESOCARP. — The middle layer of a pericarp.

MIDVEIN. — The central vein or rib of a leaf or other organ.

MoNADELPHOUS. — Applied to stamens united by their filaments into a tube
or column.

MONCECIOUS. — With stamens and pistils in separate flowers on the same
plant.

MUCRONATE. — -With a short, sharp, abrupt tip.

NAKED. — Lacking organs or parts which are normally present in related
species.

NATURALIZED. — Plants not indigenous to the region, but so firmly estab-
lished as to have become part of the flora.

NODE. — The place upon a stem which normally bears a leaf or a whorl of
leaves.

NUT. — An indehiscent one-seeded fruit with a hard or bony pericarp.

NUTLET. — Diminutive of nut.

OBCONIC. — Inversely cone-shaped.

OBCORDATE. — Inversely heart-shaped.

OBLANCEOLATE. — Inversely lanceolate.

OBLONG. — Considerably longer than broad and with nearly parallel sides.

OBOVATE. — Inversely ovate.

OBTUSE. — Blunt or rounded at the end.

ORBICULAR. — Approximately circular.

OVAL. — Broadly elliptical.

OVARY. — The ovule-bearing part of the pistil.

OVATE. — In outline like a longitudinal section of a hen's egg.

OVULE. — The rudimentary seed.

503

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

PALMATE. — Diverging radiately like the fingers.

PANICLE. — A compound flower-cluster of the racemose type.

PANICULATE. — Borne in or resembling a panicle.

PAPILIONACEOUS. — Term applied to the irregular flowers of the Pea Family.

PAPPUS. — Down, as that on the seeds of some plants.

PARASITIC. — Growing upon other plants and absorbing their juices.

PEDICEL. — The stem of a flower in a flower cluster.

PEDUNCLE. — Stem of a flower, or of a flower cluster.

PERFECT. — Flowers with both stamens and pistils.

PERIANTH. — The floral envelopes, — sepals and petals, considered collec-
tively.

PERICARP. — The walls of the ripened ovary, the part of the fruit that en-
closes the seeds.

PERIGYNOUS. — Borne on the perianth, around the ovary.

PERSISTENT. — Organs remaining attached to those bearing them, after the
growing period.

PETAL. — One of the leaves of the corolla.

PETALOID. — Similar to petals.

PETIOLE. — The stem of the leaf.

PINNA, //. PINN.*. — A primary division of a pinnately compound leaf.

PINNATE. — Leaves divided into leaflets or segments on each side of a com-
mon axis.

PISTIL. — The seed-bearing organ of the flower, consisting of the ovary,
stigma, and style when present.

PISTILLATE. — With pistils, usually in the sense of without stamens.

PLICATE. — Folded into plaits like a fan.

POD. — Any dry and dehiscent fruit.

POLLEN. — The fertilizing grains contained in the anther.

POLYGAMOUS. — Applied to plants which produce staminate, pistillate and
perfect flowers all on the same plant.

POME. — The fleshy fruit of the Apple Family.

PRICKLE. — A slender sharp outgrowth from the bark of a plant

PROCUMBENT. — Trailing or lying on the ground.

PUBESCENT. — Downy, covered with soft hairs.

PUNCTATE. — With translucent dots or pits.

PYRIFORM. — Pear-shaped.

RACEME. — A simple inflorescence of pedicelled flowers upon a common,
more or less elongated axis.

RACEMOSE. — Resembling a raceme.

RACHIS. — The axis of a compound leaf or of a spike or raceme.

RADIANT. — With the marginal flowers enlarged.

RECEPTACLE. — The end of the flower stalk bearing the floral organs.

504

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

REFLEXED. — Bent backward abruptly.

REGULAR. — Uniform in shape or structure.

REPAND. — With slightly uneven and somewhat sinuate margin.

RETICULATE. — In the form of a network.

RETRORSE. — Facing outward ; applied to stamens that face away from the
pistil.

REVOLUTE. — Rolled backwards.

ROOT. — The underground part of a plant which supplies it with nourish-
ment.

ROSTRATE. — Having a beak.

ROTATE. — With a flat, circular, corolla limb.

SALVER-SHAPED. — Having a slender tube abruptly expanded into a flat limb
or border.

SAMARA. — An indehiscent winged fruit.

SEED. — The ripened ovule.

SECUND. — Borne along one side of an axis.

SEGMENT. — A division of a leaf or fruit.

SEPAL. — One of the leaves of a calyx.

SERRATE. — With teeth projecting forward.

SERRULATE. — Diminutive of serrate.

SESSILE. — Without a stalk.

SILKY. — Covered with close-pressed, soft and straight pubescence.

SIMPLE. — As applied to leaves ; in one piece, undivided.

SINUATE. — With wavy margins.

SINUS. — The cleft between two lobes.

SMOOTH. — Without irregularities ; destitute of hairs.

SPORT. — A sudden variation from the normal type of structure.

SPECIES. — A group of individuals which possess in common such a number
of constant characters that they may be considered to be descended from
a common ancestral form.

SPIKE. — An elongated flower cluster.

SPINE. — A sharp woody or rigid outgrowth from the stem.

SPRAY. — The ultimate division of a branch.

STAMEN. — The organ of the flower that bears the pollen.

STANDARD. — The upper dilated petal of a papilionaceous corolla.

STELLATE. — Star-like.

STERILE. — Unproductive ; as a flower without pistil or stamen without an-
ther.

STIGMA. — The summit or side of the pistil to which the pollen grains become
attached.

STIPULATE. — With stipules.

STIPULE. — Appendages at the base of a petiole, often adnate to it.

505

GLOSSARY OF BOTANICAL TERMS

STOLON.— A runner ; or any basal branch that is disposed to root.
STOMATA, pi. — The transpiring orifices in the epidermis of plants.
STRIATE. — Marked with fine longitudinal lines or ridges.
STROBILE. — A compact flower cluster with large scales, concealing the

flowers. When this cluster matures and contains seeds, it is still

called a strobile.
STYLE. — The attenuated portion of the pistil connecting the stigma and the

ovary.

SUTURE. — Aline of splitting or opening.
TERETE. — Circular in cross section.
THROAT. — The part between the proper tube and the limb of a gamopetal-

ous corolla.

THYRSE, OR THYRSUS. — A compact panicle.
TOMENTOSE. — Covered with tomentum.
TOMENTUM. — Dense, matted wool-like hairs.
TRUNCATE. — Ending abruptly as if cut off.
UMBEL. — A flower-cluster, flat or convex, with all the pedicels arising from

the same point.

UMBELLATE. — Borne in umbels ; resembling an umbel.
UNDULATE. — With wavy margins.
VALVATE. — Meeting by the margins ; not overlapping.
VEIN. — One of the branches of the woody portion of leaves or other organs.
VEINLET. — A branch of a vein.
VENATION. — Arrangement of veins.
VERNATION. — The arrangement of leaves in the bud.

VERSATILE. — Applied to an anther attached at or near its middle to the fila-
ment.

VILLOUS. — Covered with long, soft, shaggy hairs.
WHORL. — A group of three or more similar organs at a node.
WING. — Any thin expansion bordering or surrounding an organ. The lateral

petal of a papilionaceous corolla.
WOOLLY. — Clothed with long and matted hairs.

506

GLOSSARY OF LATIN SPECIFIC TERMS

THE scientific name of a plant consists of two Latin
words. The first names the genus and is a noun ; the
second which indicates the species is an adjective. If
there is a second adjective it indicates a variety.

The names of the genera often emphasize a charac-
ter belonging to the entire plant-group, are frequently
ancient, sometimes fanciful, and now and then immor-
talize a man's name.

The specific terms are intended to point out some
distinctive peculiarity of the plant. These are all in
Latin form ; in the main they consist of correct or cor-
rupted Latin adjectives, Greek derivatives, and Latin-
ized proper names. The endings of course vary with
the gender of the generic noun. If a surname is used
to designate a species it is usually put into the geni-
tive case.

acerifolium — maple-leaved. alternifolia — alternate-leaved,

acuminate — pointed. americanus-a-um — American,

adenophylla — furry-leaved. amomum — referring to the acrid

adpressed — pressed together. seeds of the plant. A name of

alba — white. an East Indian genus,

allegheniensis — growing in the Al- amygdalus — almond.

leghanies. angustifolia — narrow-leaved,

alnifolia-um — alder-leaved. apiifolia — celery-leaved,

alnobetula — alder-birch. aquifolium — holly-leaved,

alpina — alpine. arborescens — tree-like.

507

GLOSSARY OF LATIN SPECIFIC TERMS

arbutifolia — arbutus-leaved,
argentea — silvery,
argutus — sharp.

arkansana — belonging to Arkansas.
aromatica — aromatic,
asperifolia — rough-leaved,
asplenifolia — leaf like that of a fern,
atropurpureus — dark-purple.

baccata — berry-like,
balsamifera — bearing balsam,
blanda — smooth, charming,
botriapium — grape-pear,
brachycera — short-horned ; without

wax.
buxifolium — box-leaved.

caespitosum — tufted, growing in

mats.

calendulacea — yellow,
calyculata — having bracts around the

calyx, imitating an outer calyx,
canadensis — Canadian.
Candida — white, hoary,
candidissima — most white,
canina — canine.

canescens — downy with white hairs,
carolinensis — Carolinian,
cassinoides — helmet-like,
cathartica — purging,
cerifera — producing wax.
ciliate — marginally fringed with

hairs.

circinata — round-leaved,
cneorum — ancient generic name,
coccinea — scarlet,
coerulea — blue,
colchica — from Colchis,
copallina — producing gum-copal,
concinna — neat,
conspicua — observed, showy,
cordata — heart-shaped.

coronarms — wearing a crown,
corymbosum — corymbed.
cuneata — wedge-shaped,
cynosbati — dogberry.
crux andreae — St. Andrew's-cross.

densiflorum — densely-flowered.

dentatum — toothed.

discolor — two-colored.

dumosa — found in thickets, bushy.

ericoides — heath-like.

fascicularis — tufted, or in fascicles,
fastigiata — with branches erect and

parallel.

fertilis — fruitful,
flavescens — yellow,
floridus-a-um — flowering,
floribunda — with abundant flowers,
frangula — breaking,
frondosus-a — leafy,
fruticosa — bushy.

gale — myrtle bush,
glabra — without hairs,
glandulosa — glandular,
glauca — whitish,
glaucophylla — white-leaved,
gracilis — slender.

grandiflorus-a-um — great-flowered,
groenlandicum — Greenland,
grossularia — rough.

halimifolia — halimus-leaved.
hispidula — with minute hairs,
hispidus — with rigid hairs,
humilis — low.

hypericoides — hypericum-like. .
hypnoides — narcotic.

incana — hoary,
involucrata — involucred.

508

GLOSSARY OF LATIN SPECIFIC TERMS

japonica — Japanese.

laciniata — cut into pointed lobes,
lacustre — by the lake,
laevigata — smooth-leaved,
lanceolata — lance-shaped,
lantana — viburnum,
lantanoides — Ian tana-like,
latifolia — broad-leaved,
ligustrina — flexible, privet-leaved,
longipes — long-stemmed,
lucida — shining-leaved,
lutea — yellow.

macrostachya — great-spiked,
mariana — Maryland,
maritima — growing by the sea
maximum — greatest,
microcarpus-a — small-fruited,
mollis — soft.

mucronata — bristle-pointed,
myrtilloides — myrtle-like.

nana — dwarf.

nigrobaccus — blackberry.

nigrum-a — black.

nitida — shining.

nudum — bare, naked.

nudiflora — flowers without leaves.

occidentalis — western,
oblongifolia — oblong-leaved,
obovatus-a-um — obovate.
odoratus-a — fragrant,
oligocarpa — short-carpeled.
opulifolius — opulus-leaved.
opulus — cranberry,
oxyacanthoides — short-spined.

palustris — growing in the marsh,
paniculata — bearing panicles,
parvifolia — small-leaved.

paucifolium — few-leaved.

pennsylvanicum — Pennsylvanian.

pentagyna — five-fruited.

peregrina — spreading, wandering.

petiolaris — petiolate.

pilosa — downy, with silky hairs.

polifolia — many-leaved.

pontica — by the sea.

procumbens — trailing.

prolificum — prolific.

prostratum — prostrate.

prunifolium — plum-leaved.

pubens — downy.

pubescens — downy, with soft, short

hairs.

pumilis-a — low, dwarf,
purpurea — purple,
pyracanthus — fire-blossom.

racemosus-a — bearing racemes.

radicans — striking root.

repens — creeping.

resinosa — resinous.

rosea — rose-colored.

rostrata — beaked.

rotundif ol ium-a — round-leaved.

rubiginosa — rusty.

rubrum — red.

rugosa — wrinkled.

salicifolia — willow-leaved.

sanguinea — bloody.

scabra — rough to the touch.

sericea — silky.

serpyllifolia — wild-thyme-leaved.

serrulata — serrate or serrulate.

setigera — bristly.

spicata — pointed.

spinosa — spiny.

stamineum — long-stemmed.

stans — erect, standing firm.

stellata — star-like.

509

GLOSSARY OF LATIN SPECIFIC TERMS

stolonifera — producing stolons,
strigosus — rough, scraggly, meagre,
suspensa — drooping.

taxifolius — yew-leaved,
tinctoria — capable of coloring,
tomentosa — woolly, covered with to-

mentum.

toxicodendron — poison-tree,
trifoliata — three-leaved,
trifida — three-cleft,
trilobata — three-lobed.
tripetala — three- petaled.
tristis — sad-colored, gray.

uliginosum — growing in mud.
umbellata — bearing umbels,
uva ursi — bearberry.

vacillans — unstable, unsteady,
venenata — poisonous,
vernix — varnish,
verticillata — whorled.
villosus — downy,
virginiana — Virginian,
virginica — Virginian,
viridis — green,
viscosa — clammy.

vitis idaea — ancient name of doubt-
ful meaning,
vulgaris-e — common.

wichuraiana — given in honor of
Wichuray, a Russian bota-
nist.

xylosteum — bony wood, hard-wood.

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

JE.SCULUS MACROSTACHYA, 71

^Esculus parviflora, 71
Alnus alnobetula, 468
Alnus incana, 460
Alnus rugosa, 464
Alnus serrulata, 464
Alnus viridis, 468
Amelanchier botriapium, 192
Amelanchier canadensis, 194
Amelanchier oligocarpa, 196
Amelanchier rotundifolia, 196
Amelanchier spicata, 196
Amorpha canescens, 98
Amorpha fruticosa, 95
Amorpha naiia, 100
Anacardiaceae, 78
Andromeda calyculata, 390
Andromeda ligustrina, 388
Andromeda polifolia, 380
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, 396
Aronia arbutifolia, 187
Aronia atropurpurea, 190
Aronia nigra, 190
Ascyrum crux-andreae, 28
Ascyrum hypericoides, 28
Ascyrum stans, 28
Azalea arborescens, 354
Azalea calendulacea, 352
Azalea canescens, 350
Azalea lutea, 352
Azalea mollis, 358
Azalea nudiflora, 346
Azalea pontica, 358
Azalea viscosa, 354

BACCHARIS HALIMIFOLIA, 312
Benzoin benzoin, 415
Berberidaceas, 12
Berberis aquifolium, 16
Berberis canadensis, 14
Berberis concinna, 16
Berberus vulgaris, 12
Betula glandulosa, 458
Betula humilis, 456
Betula pumila, 456
Betulaceas, 449
Butneria fertilis, 206
Butneria florida, 203
Byranthus taxifolius, 374

CALLUNA VULGARIS, 400
Calycanthus floridus, 203
Calycanthacese, 203
Caprifoliaceas, 262
Cassandra calyculata, 390
Cassiope hypnoides, 375
Castanea pumila, 446
Ceanothus americanus, 68
Ceanothus ovatus, 70
Celastracere, 58
Cephalanthus occidentalis, 308
Chamaecistus procumbens, 367
Chamasdaphne calyculata, 390
Chiogenes hispidula, 341
Chiogenes serpyllifolia, 341
Cistacese, 19
Clethra alnifolia, 402
Clethraceae, 402
Composite, 311

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Comptonia peregrina, 443
Corchorus, 134
Corema conradii, 492
Cornaceae, 241
Cornus alba, 242, 258
Cornus alternifolia, 242, 256
Cornus amomum, 248
Cornus asperifolia, 250
Cornus baileyi, 256
Cornus candidissima, 254
Cornus circinata, 246
Cornus florida, 244
Cornus paniculata, 254
Cornus sariguinea, 258
Cornus sericea, 248
Cornus stolonifera, 252
Corylus americana, 449
Corylus rostrata, 454
Cotinus cotinus, 90
Cotinus cotinoides, 92
Cotoneaster pyracantha, 198
Cydonia japonica, 200

DAPHNE CNEORUM, 424
Daphne mezereum, 422
Dendrium buxifolium, 366
Deutzia candidissima, 220
Deutzia gracilis, 217
Deutzia purpurea plena, 220
Deutzia scabra, 217
Diervilla diervilla, 304
Diervilla trifida, 304
Diervilla rosea, 306
Dirca palustris, 419
Drupaceas, 107

Elaeagnus angustifolia, 428
Elseagnus argentea, 427
Elaeagnus longipes, 428
Elaeagnus umbellata, 428
Empetraceae, 488
Empetrum nigrum, 488
Epigaea repens, 392
Ericaceae, 343
Euonymus americanus, 60
Euonymus atropurpureus, 61

Euonymus obovatus, 58
Exochorda grandiflora, 132

FAGACE^;, 446
Forsythia europosa, 413
Forsythia fortune!, 413
Forsythia intermedia, 413
Forsythia seiboldi, 413
Forsythia suspensa, 413
Forsythia viridissima, 412

GAULTHERIA PROCUMBENS, 395
Gaylussacia brachycera, 323
Gaylussacia dumosa, 322
Gaylussacia frondosa, 318
Gaylussacia resinosa, 320
Genista tinctoria, 100
Gordonia altamaha, 34
Gordonia pubescens, 34
Grossulariaceas, 224

HAMAMELIDAC^;, 238
Hamamelis virginiana, 238
Hibiscus syriacus, 36
Hippocastanaceae, 71
Hudsonia ericoides, 22
Hudsonia tomentosa, 19
Hydrangea arborescens, 208
Hydrangea paniculata grandiflora, 210
Hydrangeaceas, 208
Hypericaceae, 23
Hypericum densiflorum, 24
Hypericum kalmianum, 26
Hypericum prolificum, 23

ILEX GLABRA, 54
Ilex laevigata, 52
Ilex verticillata, 48
Ilicineas, 48

Ilicioides mucronata, 56
Itea virginica, 221
Iteaceas, 221

KALMIA ANGUSTIFOLIA, 370
Kalmia glauca, 372
Kalmia latifolia, 367
Kerria japonica, 134

513

LABURNUM VULGARE, 103
Lauraceas, 415
Ledum groenlandicum, 343
Ledum latifolium, 343
Leiophyllum buxifolium, 366
Lepargyrasa argentea, 430
Lepargyrasa canadensis, 432
Leucothoe catesbazi, 378
Leucothoe raceinosa, 375
, Ligustrum vulgare, 410
Lindera benzoin, 415
Lonicera canadensis, 298
Lonicera ciliata, 298
Lonicera coerulea, 296
Lonicera involucrata, 302
Lonicera oblongifolia, 294
Lonicera tartarica, 300
Lonicera xylosteum, 292
Loranthacese, 434
Lyonia ligustrina, 388

MAGNOLIA ACUMINATA, n
Magnolia conspicua, 6
Magnolia discolor, 8
Magnolia kobus, 10
Magnolia lennei, 8
Magnolia obovata, 8
Magnolia purpurea, 8
Magnolia soulangeana, 8
Magnolia stellata, 8
Magnolia tripetala, n
Magnoliacea;, 6
Mahonia aquifolia, 16
Mairania alpina, 400
Malvacere. 36
Menziesia pilosa, 364
Michella repens, 396
Myrica asplenifolia, 443
Myrica carolinensis, 440
Myrica cerifera, 440
Myrica gale, 437
Myricaceas, 437

NEMOPANTHES FASCICULARIS, 56

OLRA.CFJE, 406
Opulaster opulifolius, 129

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Oxycoccus macrocarpus, 341
Oxycoccus oxycoccus, 342

PAPILIONACE.«, 94
Philadelphia coronarius, 212
Philadelphus grandiflorus, 216
Philadelphus inodorus, 216
Phoradendron flavescens, 434
Phyllodoce ccerulea, 374
Physocarpos opulifolius, 129
Pieris floribunda, 384
Pieris mariana, 386
Polycodium staniineum, 340
Pomacese, 187
Potentilla fruticosa, 161
Prinos verticillata, 50
Pyracantha coccinea, 198
Prunus amygdalus, 114
Prunus cuneata, 112
Prunus gravesii, no
Prunus japonica, 114
Prunus maritima, 108
Prunus nana, 114
Prunus pumila, no
Prunus spinosa, no
Prunus virginiana, 112
Ptelea trifoliata, 45
Pyrus japonica, 200

RANUNCULACE.E, 3
Rhamnaceae, 62
Rhamnus alnifolia, 62
Rhamnus cathartica, 64
Rhamnus frangula, 68
Rhamnus lanceolata, 62
Rhododendron maximum, 362
Rhododendron lapponicum, 364
Rhodora canadensis, 360
Rhus aromatica, 88
Rhus canadensis, 88
Rhus copallina, 80
Rhus glabra, 78
Rhus microcarpa, 86
Rhus radicans, 84
Rhus trilobata, 90
Rhus toxicodendron, 84
Rhus venenata, 82

513

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Rhus vernix, 82

Ribes americanum, 233

Ribes aureum, 235

Ribes cynosbati, 224

Ribes floridum, 233

Ribes grossularia, 228

Ribes lacustre, 231

Ribes nigrum, 235

Ribes o'xyacanthoides. 229

Ribes prostratum, 231

Ribes rotundifolium, 228

Ribes rubruni, 232

Ribes uva-crispa, 228

Robinia hispida, 103

Rosa arkansana, 168

Rosa blanda, 167

Rosa canina, 181

Rosa Carolina, 170

Rosa humilis, 173

Rosa lucida, 176

Rosa nitida, 176

Rosa rubiginosa, 178

Rosa rugosa, 184

Rosa setigera. it>4

Rosa wichuraiana, 184

Rosaceoe, 118

Rubiaceae, 308

Rubus allegheniensis, 156

Rubus argutus, 154

Rubus canadensis, 154

Rubus frondosus, 154

Rubus hispidus, 158

Rubus millspaughii, 154

Rubus nigrobaccus, 146

Rubus occidentalis, 143

Rubus odoratus, 137

Rubus procumbens. 158

Rubus randii, 153

Rubus strigosus, 140

Rubus villosus, 146

Rubus villosus montanus, 156

Rutacere, 43

SALICACE.F., 469
Salix adenophylla, 477
Salix balsamifera, 472
Salix Candida, 484

Salix cordata, 476

Salix discolor, 470

Salix glaucophylla, 474

Salix humilis, 478

Salix myrtilloides, 478

Salix petiolaris, 486

Salix sericea, 486

Salix tristis, 482

Sambucus canadensis, 262

Sambucus pubens, 266

Sambucus racemosa, 266

Saxifragacens, 217

Shepherdia argentea, 430

Shepherdia canadensis. 432

Spirrea anthony-waterer, 126

Spiraea prunifolia, 126

Spiraea salicifolia, 118

Spiraea thunbergii, 125

Spiraea tomentosa, 120

Spirrea vanhouttei, 126

Staphylea colchica, 76

Staphylea trifolia, 74

Staphyleaceos, 74

Stuartia pentagyna, 31

Symphoricarpos racemosus, 287

Symphoricarpos Symphoricarpos, 290

Symphoricarpos vulgaris, 290

Syringa alba, 408

Syringa josikaea, 408

Syringa laciniata, 408

Syringa persica, 408

Syringa vulgaris, 406

TAMAKISCE.*, 39
Tamarix, 39
Taxacere, 493
Taxus baccata, 495
Taxus canadensis, 493
Theacere, 31
Thymeleacese, 419

VACCINIACE^E, 315
Vaccinium caespitosum, 334
Vaccinium canadensis, 326
Vaccinium corymbosum. 329
Vaccinium pennsylvanicum, 324
Vaccinium stamineum, 340

514

INDEX OF LATIN NAMES

Vaccinium uliginosum, 334
Vaccinium vacillans, 328
Vaccinium vitis-idaea, 335
Viburnum acerifolium, 278
Viburnum alnifolium, 270
Viburnum cassinoides, 284
Viburnum dentatum, 282
Viburnum lantana, 285
Viburnum lantanoides, 270
Viburnum molle, 284
Viburnum nudum, 285

Viburnum opulus, 273
Viburnum opulus sterilis, 276
Viburnum pubescens, 280
Viburnum paucifolium, 276
Vitis-idzta vitis-idaea, 335

WEIGELA, 306

XANTHORRHIZA APIIFOLIA, 3
Xanthoxylum americanum, 43
Xolisma ligustrina, 388

515

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

ACACIA, ROSE, 104
Alder, 460

Black, 48

Green, 468

Hoary, 460

Mountain, 468

Smooth, 464

Speckled, 460

White, 402

Allspice, Carolina, 203, 415
Almond, Flowering, 114
Althrea, Shrubby, 36
Amorpha, Downy, 98
Andromeda, Privet, 388
Apple Family, 187
Arbutus, Trailing, 392
Arrow-wood, 278, 282
Ash, 43

Prickly, 43

Wafer, 45
Azalea, 346

Alpine, 367

Clammy, 354

Cultivated, 357

Flaming, 352

Mountain, 350

Pink, 346

Smooth, 354

Trailing, 367

Tree, 354

White, 354

BARBERRY FAMILY, 12
Barberry, 12

American, 14

Common, 12
Bay, 362

Lapland Rose, 364

Rose, 362

Bayberry Family, 437
Bayberry, 440
Bearberry, 396

Alpine, 400

Black, 400

Red, 396

Beech Family, 446
Benjamin-bush, 415
Bilberry, Bog, 334
Bilberry, Dwarf, 334
Birch Family, 449
Birch, 456

Bog, 456

Dwarf, 458

Glandular, 458

Low, 456
Blackberry, 146

High-bush, 146

Leafy-bracted, 154

Leafy-cluster, 154

Low Running, 158

Millspaugh's, 154

Mountain, 156

Rand's, 153

Running Swamp, 158

Thornless, 154
Black-cap, 143
Blackthorn, no
Bladder-nut Family, 74
Bladder-nut, American, 74
Blueberry, 324

Canadian, 326

Dwarf, 324

High Bush, 329

Low, 328

Low Bush, 324

Swamp, 329

Tall, 329
Bramble, 136

517

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

Brier, Common, 146
Buckeye, Dwarf, 71
Buckthorn Family, 62
Buckthorn, no

Alder, 63

Alder-leaved, 62

Common, 64

Lance-leaved, 62
Buffalo-berry, 430

Canadian, ^32
Burning Bush, 61
Bush-honeysuckle, 300

Common, 304

Tartarian, 300
Button Bush, 308

CASSANDRA, 390
Cassiope, 375
Checkerberry, 395
Cherry, no

Appalachian, 112

Choke, 112

Dwarf, no

Sand, no
Chinquapin, 446
Choke-berry, 187

Black, 190

Purple-fruited, 190

Red, 187

Cinquefoil, Shrubby, 161
Clethra, 402
Climath, 84

Composite Family, 311
Coral-berry, 290
Corchorus, 134
Cornel, 241
Cranberry, 273

American, 341

High Bush, 273

Mountain, 335
Cranberry-tree, 273
Cross, St. Andrew's, 28
Crowberry Family, 488
Crowberry, 335

Black, 488

Conrad's Broom, 492
Crowfoot Family, 3

Currant, 231
Buffalo, 235
Fetid, 231
Golden, 235
Indian, 290
Missouri, 235
Prostrate, 231
Red, 232
Wild Black, 233

DANGLEBERRV, 318

Daphne, 422, 424

Deerberry, 340

Deutzia, 217

Dewberry, 158

Diervilla, 304

Dogwood Family, 241

Dogwood, 2.) i
Alternate-leaved, 256
Bailey's, 256
Flowering, 244
Panicled, 254
Red-flowering, 246
Red-osier, 252
Red-stemmed, 258
Rough-leaved, 250
Round-leaved, 246
Silky, 248
Swamp, 248

EGLANTINE, 178
Elasagnus, 427
Elder, 262

American, 262

Mountain, 266

Red-berried, 266

Sweet, 262
Euonymus, Running, 58

FERN, SWEET, 443
Fetter-bush, Mountain, 3
Fly-honeysuckle, 298

Blue, 296

Involucred, 302

Mountain, 296

Swamp, 294
Forsythia, 412

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

GALE, SWEET, 437
Globe Flower, 134
Golden Chain, 104
Gooseberry Family, 224
Gooseberry, 224

Eastern Wild, 228

European, 228

Garden, 228

Hawthorn, 229

Northern, 229

Prickly Wild, 226

Round-leaved, 228

Swamp, 231
Gordonia, 34
Grape, Oregon, 16
Greemveed, Dyer's, 100
Groundsel-tree, 311
Guelder-rose, 273

HARDHACK, 120
Hazel-nut, 449

Beaked, 454
Heath Family, 343
Heath, Mountain, 374
Heathberry, 488
Heather, 400
Hemlock, Ground, 493
Hobble-bush, 270
Holly Family, 48
Holly, Mountain, 56
Honey Balls, 308
Honeysuckle Family, 262
Honeysuckle, 292

Bush, 304

Tartarian, 302

White Swamp, 354

Wild, 346
Hop-tree, 46

Horse-chestnut Family, 71
Horse-chestnut, Dwarf, 71
Huckleberry Family, 315
Huckleberry, 315

Black, 320

Blue, 328

Box, 323

Dwarf, 322

High-bush, 320

Huckleberry, Squaw, 340
Hudsonia, 19

Downy, 19

Heath-like, 22
Hydrangea Family, 208
Hydrangea, 208

Hardy, 210

Wild, 208

INDIGO, FALSE, 95
Inkberry, 54
Ivy, 84

Northern Poison, 86

Poison, 84

JUNE-BERRY, 192
Low, 196

Oblong-fruited, 196
Round-leaved, 196

KERRIA, 134
Kinnikinnik, 248

LABURNUM, 104
Laurel Family, 415
Laurel, 367

Great, 362

Mountain, 367

Pale, 372

Sheep, 370

Spurge, 422

Swamp, 372
Lead Plant, 98
Leatherleaf, 390
Leatherwood, 419
Leucothoe, 375

Catesby's, 378

Swamp, 375
Lilac, 406

Common, 406

Josika's, 408

Persian, 408

White, 408
Ling, 400
Locust, Moss, 103

•'

MADDER FAMILY. 308
Magnolia Family, 6

519

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

Magnolia, 6

Kobus, 10

Purple-flowered, 8

Soulange's, 8

Star, 10

White, 6

Yulan, 6
Mahonia, 16
Mallow Family, 36
Mayflower, 392
Meadow Sweet, 118
Menziesia, Alleghany, 364
Mezereum Family, 419
Mezeron, 422
Mistletoe Family, 434
Mistletoe, American, 434
Mock Orange, 212
Mooscwood, 419
Myrtle, 366

Dutch, 437

Sand, 366

NINEBARK, 129

OLEASTER FAMILY, 427
Olive Family, 406
Orange, Mock, 212
Oregon Grape, 16

PARTRIDGE-BERRY, 396
Pea Family, 94
Pearl Bush, 132
Pepperbush, Sweet, 402
Pinxter-flower, 346
Plum Family, 107
Plum, 107

Beach, 108

Graves' Beach, no
Poison Oak, 84

Northern, 86
Prim, 410
Privot, 410
Privet Andromeda, 3^8

QUINCE, JAPAN, 200

RABBIT-BERRY, 430
Raspberry, 136
Black, 143

Raspberry, Purple-flowering, 137

Thimble-berry, 143

Wild Red, 140
Red-root, 68
Rhodora, 360
Rock-rose Family, 19
Rose Family, 118
Rose, 163

Arkansas, 168

Canker, 181

Carolina, 170

Climbing, 164

Dog, 181

Dwarf Swamp, 176

Dwarf Wild, 173

Early Wild, 167

Glossy, 176

Japanese, 184

Japanese Trailing, 184

Low, 173

Marsh Holy, 380

Meadow, 167

Michigan, 164

Northeastern, 176

Pasture, 173

Prairie, 164

Smooth, 167

Swamp, 170

Sweetbrier. 178
Rosemary, Wild, 380
Rose-of-Sharon, 36
Rue Family, 43

ST. ANDREW'S CROSS. 28
St. John's-wort Family, 23
St. John's-wort, 23

Dense-flowered, 24

Kalm's, 26

Shrubby, 23
St. Peter's-wort, 2!
Saxifrage Family, 217
Shad-bush, 192
Shrub, Sweet-scented, 203
Shrub Yellow-root, 3
Silver-berry, 427
Smoke-tree, 90
Snowberry, 287
Snowberry, Creeping, 341

52O

INDEX OF ENGLISH NAMES

Spice Bush, 415
Spircea, 118, 125
Staff-tree Family, 58
Stagger-bush, 386
Steeple-bush, 120
Strawberry Bush, 58
Strawberry Bush, Running, 60
Strawberry-shrub Family, 203
Strawberry-shrub, 203
Stuartia, 31
Sumach Family, 78
Sumach, 78

Dwarf, So

Fern-leaved, 80

Fragrant, 88

Ill-scented, 90

Mountain, 80

Poison, 82

Scarlet, 78

Smooth, 78

Sweet-scented, 88
Sweetbrier, 178
Syringa, Garden, 212

TAMARISK FAMILY, 39
Tamarisk, 39
Tangle-berry, 318
Tea Family, 31
Tea, 343

Labrador, 343

New Jersey, 63
Thimble-berry, 143
Thorn, 198

Evergreen, 198

Fire, 198

VIBURNUM, DOWNY, 280

Maple-leaved, 278
Virginia Willow Family, 221

Virginia \YiIIow, 221

WAHOO, 61
Waxberry, 440
Wayfaring-tree, 285

American, 270
Weigela, 306
White-alder Family, 402
Whortleberry, Bog, 334
Willow Family, 469
Willow, 469

Balsam, 472

Bog, 478

Broad-leaved, 474

Diamond, 476

Dwarf Gray, 482

Furry, 477

Heart-leaved, 476

Hoary, 484

Prairie, 478

Pussy, 472

Sage, 482

Silky, 486

Slender, 486
Winterberry, 48

Evergreen, 54

Smooth, 52
Wintergreen, 395
Witch Hazel Family, 238
Witch Hazel, 238
Withe- rod, 284
Woad Waxen, 100

YELLOW-ROOT SHRUB, 3
Yew Family, 493
Yew, American, 493

European, 495

Irish, 497

Japanese, 498

521

SCRIBNER'S BOOKS FOR NATURE LOVERS

By HARRIET L. KEELER

Our Northern Shrubs

With 205 photographic plates and 35 pen-and-ink draw-
ings. Crown 8vo, $2.00 net (postage 16 cents).

This book is a companion volume to Miss Keeler's very popular " Our
Native Trees " and will prove equally helpful to the amateur. It is designed
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The photographic plates are an important feature, making the identifica-
tion of shrubs easy.

Our Native Trees

AND HOW TO IDENTIFY THEM

With 178 full-page plates from photographs, and ^62 text-
drawings. Crown 8vo, $2.00 net.

CRITICAL OPINIONS

C. S. SARGENT, Professor of Arboriculture in Harvard University :

" Of such popular books the latest and by far the most interesting is by
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" The value of a book of this character is not only enhanced by its
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she has long been dear." — N. Y. Times Saturday Review.

SCRIBNER'S BOOKS FOR NATURE LOVERS
By H. E. PARKHURST

Trees, Shrubs, and Vines

OF THE NORTH-EASTERN UNITED STATES

With over 250 illustrations, maps, etc. $1.50 net (postage
12 cents).

A general account and explicit botanical details of all the native trees,
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those, native and foreign, everywhere decorating our lawns.

How to Name the Birds

Illustrated. i6mo, leather, $1.00 net.

" Mr. Parkhurst has compiled a convenient pocket guide to the birds of
the New England States, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania. He has
greatly simplified the common system of bird classification for the beginner by
omitting such details as are invisible at field range, and by emphasizing such
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Song Birds and Water Fowl

Illustrated. 121110, $1.50 net.

"It will be welcome to the many friends his former book made. The
illustrations are the finest that have ever been printed in this country in black
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The Birds' Calendar

Illustrated. 12 mo, $1.50 net.

"A charming book. It contains a year's individual experience."

— The Outlook.

SCRIBNER'S BOOKS FOR NATURE LOVERS

By DWIGHT W. HUNTINGTON

A HANDBOOK FOR SPORTSMEN

Our Feathered Game

With eight full-page illustrations of typical sporting scenes
from drawings by the author, and with photographic
reproductions of more than one hundred game birds.
$2.00 net (postage 15 cents).

The purpose of Mr. Huntington's Book is to describe all the game birds
of the United States and to tell where and how they may be shot. With the
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Introduction

Guns and Dogs

Game Clubs, 'Parks and Preserves

Book I

GALLINACEOUS BIRDS

The Gallinaceous Birds

Pheasants

The Wild Turkey
The Pheasant

Grouse

The North American Grouse

The Prairie Grouse

The Heath Hen

The Sharp- Tailed Grouse

The Sige Cock— Cock of the Plains

The Ruffled Grouse

The Dusky or Blue Grou>e

The Canadian Grouse — Spruce

Grouse or Black Grouse
Ptarmigan

The Partridges

Bob White

The California Partridges

The Southwestern Partridges

Book II

THE WILD FOWL OR

SWIMMERS

The Wild Fowl or Swimmers
The Wild Swans
The Canada Wild Goose
Snow Geese — Brant, etc.
Tree Ducks

Sea Ducks

Sea Duck Shooting

The Canvas-Back Duck

The Red Head

The Scaup Ducks

The Golden Eye and other Sea

Ducks
Old Squaws, Coot and Eiders

River Ducks

River Duck Shooting

The Mallard

The Dusky Ducks

The Teal

The Wood Duck

Other River Ducks

Mergansers

Book III

THE SHORE BIRDS OR
WADERS

The Shore Birds or Waders
The Woodcock
The Snipe

The Bartramian Sandpiper— Up-
land Plover
Bav Bird Shooting
The Snipes and Sandpipers
The Plovers
Other Shore Birds
The Cranes

The Rails and Reed Birds
Wild Pigeons and Doves

SCRIBNER'S BOOKS FOR NATURE LOVERS

By ERNEST THOMPSON SETON

Lives of the Hunted

Illustrated by more than 200 drawings by the author. Both
thousand. $1.75 net (postage 15 cents).

CONTENTS

Krag, the Kootenay Ram. Chink ; the Development of a Pup.

A Street Troubadour, being the Ad- The Kangaroo Rat.

ventures of a Cock Sparrow. Tito; The Story of the Coyote that
Johnny Bear. Learned How.

The Mother Teal and the Overland Why the Chickadee Goes Crazy Once

Route. a Year.

" Surely no more entertaining book could be devised for children of all
ages." — Chicago Evening Post.

" The breadth of Mr. Thompson-Seton's sympathy is the finest charm of
his work."— Agnes Repplier.

Wild Animals I Have Known

With 200 illustrations from drawings by the author. io5th
thousand. Square 121110, $2.00.

" It should be put with Kipling and Hans Christian Andersen as a classic."

— The Athenceum.

"Mr. Thompson is now drawing the best mammals of any American artist.
• . . This is artistic fidelity to nature in high degree. . . . Nothing of
equal simplicity could be more effective than these little marginal oddities and
whimsies. The book is thoroughly good, both in purpose and execution."

—New York Evening Post.

The Trail of the Sandhill Stag

Written and illustrated with 60 drawings. Square 121110,

$1.50.

" Bliss Carman, speaking of 'The Trail of the Sandhill Stag,' says: ' I had
fancied that no one could touch " The Jungle Book " for a generation at least,
but Mr. Thompson has done it. We must give him place among the young
masters at once.' And we agree with Mr. Carman." — The Bookman.

SCRIBNER'S BOOKS FOR NATURE LOVERS

By FRANCES THEODORA PARSONS

According to Season

TALKS ABOUT THE FLOWERS IN THE ORDER OF
THEIR APPEARANCE IN THE WOODS AND FIELDS

With 32 full-page illustrations in colors, from drawings by
ELSIE LOUISE SHAW, $1.75 net (postage 14 cents).

" It is a privilege to own such a book for its artistic charm, and its con-
tents well deserve their setting." — The Dial.

" The charm of this book is as pervading and enduring as is the charm of
nature." — N. Y. Times.

" Delightful talks upon the beauty of the changing year, and the parts
contributed to such pleasures by forest, grove, and stream." — The Interior,

By MRS. WILLIAM STARR DANA

(FRANCES THEODORA PARSONS)

How to Know the Wild
Flowers

With 48 colored plates and new black and white drawings,
enlarged, rewritten, and entirely reset. Sixtieth
thousand. Crown 8vo, $2.00 net.

" I am delighted with it. ... It so exactly the kind of work needed
for outdoor folks who live in the country but know little of systematic botany
that it is a wonder no one has written it before."— Hon. Theodore Roosevelt.

" It is not often that a book so suggestive of pleasure, pure and simple,
comes our way. So far as we recall books on flowers, it is the first that makes
country walks an intelligent joy for those who know nothing of botany and
who have eyes to see and minds to question."— 7"A<? New York Times.

" Every flower-lover who has spent weary hours puzzling over a botanical
key in the effort to name unknown plants, will welcome this satisfactory book,
which stands ready to lead him to the desired knowledge by a royal road "

— The Nation.

(OVER)

SCRIBNER'S BOOKS FOR NATURE LOVERS

By FRANCES THEODORA PARSONS

(Mrs. DANA)

How to Know the Ferns

With 150 full-page illustrations. Crown 8vo, $1.50 net.

" This is a notably thorough little volume. The text is not voluminous,
and even with its many full-page illustrations the book is small ; but brevity,
as we are glad to see so many writers on nature learning, is the first of virtues
in this field. . . . The author of ' How to Know the Ferns ' has mastered
her subject, and she treats it with authority." — New York Tribune.

"The inspiration that entered into and made 'How to Know the Wild
Flowers ' so deservedly popular has not been lost in ' How to Know the
Ferns.' " — New York Times.

By JOHN B. GRANT

Our Common Birds and How
to Know Them

With 64 full-page plates. Oblong 121110, $1.50 net.

PARTIAL LIST OF PLATES: HOOT OWL, BELTED KINGFISHER, WHIP-
POOR-WILL, KINGBIRD, PHCEBE, BLUE JAY, BOBOLINK, MEADOWLARK, ORCHARD
ORIOLE, PURPLE FINCH, RED CROSSBILL, SNOWFLAKE, SNOWBIRD, SONG SPAR-
ROW, CARDINAL, SUMMER RED BIRD, CEDARBIRD, MAGNOLIA WARBLER, BROWN
THRUSH, WINTER WREN. WOOD THRUSH, ROBIN, and 42 Others.

" The book is learned, but not too much so for common use, and, if care-
fully studied, it will introduce the student into that interesting world of bird
life where a few favored mortals, such as the author, Bradford Torrey, Olive
Thome Miller, and a small handful more, have won their way and brought
back so much of delight. The book has more than sixty plates of the com-
moner American birds, with descriptions, and a very enjoyable and instructive
introductory essay." — The Congregationalist.

" It gives plain, practical illustration regarding birds and how best to study
them in their haunts and homes in the woods and fields. The plates adorn
the pages and give value to the concise, clearly written text."

—Chicago Inter-Ocean.

CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS, Publishers
153-157 Fifth Avenue, New York

8H0011

NOV 1 2 1997

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