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SMYTHE'S PRIMAK Y GRAMMAR

OUR OWN

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SMYTHE'S PRIMARY GRAMMAR

OUR OWN

PRIMARY GRAMMAR

FOR THE

USE OF BEGINNERS.

By CHARLES W. SMYTHE, A. M.,

PRINCIPAL OF THE LEXINGTON ENGLISH AND CLASSICAL SCHOOL.

GRBENSBOROUGH, N. C,

STERLING AND CAMPBELL.

RICHMOND, \ A \v. I! \r.< '• \
CHARLESTON, 8. i M'< ai: i I >>.\v>

1861.

Entered, according to Act of Congress, in the year one thou-
sand eight hundred and sixty-one, by

C. W. SMYTHE,

In the Clerk's Office of District Court of North Carolina.

BTROTHER & MARCOM PRINTERS, RALEIGH, N. C.

<^L*fc£l *^i *> < Tr, in.

PREFACE.

The political revolution in which we are now
engaged makes necessary an intellectual one.

To aid in this, and to supply an existing want,
I have undertaken the preparation of a series
of English Grammars, of which this is the first.

In its preparation, I shall follow as guides the
facts of the language, as shown in its memo-
rials, its history, and its present usage ; together
with all illustrative facts derived from the com-
parative study of language.

In this little book I have aimed to state only
the most simple facts of the language, leaving
all detail and discussion, beyond what seemed
necessary, for the higher books.

I have endeavored to state these facts clearly,
in such language as I hope may be easily learned
and understood.

I have arranged the material so that the
study of propositions, of language, may go on
with that of words.

• I .

IV PREFACE.

I should be glad to receive any suggestions
from others that their experience may dictate,
that the work may be made hereafter as suita-
ble as possible for the end it has in view.

"We are compelled to undertake these things

m

at our own risk and under great disadvantages,
and hope therefore to receive aid and encour-
agement from the friends of education.

The second number, "A Common. School
Grammar," will follow in a few months.

The third, "A High School Grammar," exhib-
iting the history, relations, etymological forms,
and philosophical structure of the language, is

in preparation.

C. W. SMYTHE.

Lexington, N. 0., Oct 1, 1861.

SUGGESTIONS TO TEACHERS.

1. Let each lesson be thoroughly learned and
applied before passing to the next.

2. Let the pupil be required to write upon his
slate or the blackboard, daily, exercises upon each
lesson and fact stated.

3. Let him take his reading book, and point out
nouns, verbs, and so forth as they may be assigned.

4. Let him be habituated to give the reasons for
everything either in the forms given or in such
as the teacher's own judgment may surest.

5. Make yourself, as far as possible, master of
the subject, that you may be able from your own
resources to illustrate and explain the subjects of

the lesson.

INTRODUCTION.

LESSON I.

1. If we wish to tell or write anything to each
other, we make use of words.

2. Words are like pictures. If I show you
a picture of a horse, or dog, you will instantly
think of those animals, and the picture tells you,
as it were, a short story.

3. So, if you hear the word horse or see it in a
book, you think at once of the animal called by
that name.

4. Thus the spoken or written word is a
picture to the mind of some thing or action.

5. We know there arc a great many words, yet
all have something to tell us, just as these hi

6. If we go into a garden we may find a great
many flowers and plants. But, if we look care-
fully at them, we shall find that there are but few
kinds of flowers. One kind may be ros< s, another
tulips, and BO on.

T. So it, is with words. They nil come into a
few cli

Some words tell us what the names of things
arc others what they arc doing, others still, tell

ENGLISH GRAMMAK.

what kind of tilings they arc, or how they do any-

thing.

8. Learning about such things as these is stud-
ying Grammar.

Grammar tells us about words.

LESSOX II.

NOUNS .

9. Such words as James, Susan, Mary, Charles,
chair, table, box we know are names of persons
or things.

There are a great many words that are names.

10. The word noun means name.
We call names nouns.

. 11. Remember now that : —

A jSr o u n is t h e name of any person,
place or thing.

Point out the nouns in these exercises and tell
why they are nouns, in this way: — James is a
noun, because it is a name.

EXERCISES.

James. Thomas. Susan. Chair. Table. V>ox.
Desk. Ink. Mary reads. The cat mews. The
dog barks. Horses run.

Pointing out words in this way is called pars-
ing.

AVrite nouns of your own on your slates or the
blackboard and be sure and spell them correctly.

PROPOSITIONS. 0

LESSON III.

VERBS.

12. When I say "John reads," " Mary sings,"
John and Mary I know are nouns, because they
are names.

13. Reads and sings are not names but they tell
what is done. They are called verbs.

Some verbs, like reads, tell that a thing is done,
others like is. are and icas tell that something is.

14. So we say that : —

A verb is a word that tells what is or
is done.

15. To assert means to tell, to declare, hence
we may say also that : — -

A verb is a word that asserts some-
thing.

EXERCISES.

Point out the nouns and verbs in this way:
Horse is a noun because it is a name. Runs is a
verb because it tells what is done.

The horse runs. Bain falls. Snow melts.
Water flows. Flowers bloom. Koses fade.

LESSON IV.

PROPOSITION.-.

16. In "John runs," John tells who does some-
thing, runs tells what he does.

John is called the subject, ruis the predicate.

10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

17. The s u bj e c t is that of which something is
said; as John, in John runs.

18. The predicate is that which is said of the
Bubject; like runs, m John runs.

19. Apropositio n consists of a subject and
predicate making good sen^c.

Point out the subjects and predicates, nouns and
verbs, in these propositions.

Do it in every lesson.

Model. John runs. John is the subject be-
cause it is that of which something is said. Runs
is the predicate, it is that which is said of the sub-
ject John is a noun, it is a name. Runs is a
verb, it asserts something.

EXERCISES.

John runs. The horse neighs. The wind blows.
The trees move. The grass grows. The moon
rises. Apples fall. Water runs.

LESSOR V.

PRONOUNS.

20. I may say "John runs," or " He runs;"
" Mary sings," or " She sings."

The word he and she stand for John and Mary.

21. They are called pronouns, because they stand
for nouns.

The word pronoun means for a noun.

ADJECTIVES. 11

22. A Pronoun is a word that stands for
a noun.

Point out in these exercises, the nouns, pro-
nouns, verbs, subjects and predicates.

Model. His is a pronoun, because it stands for
a noun, and relates to John.

EXERCISES.

John reads his book. Mary studies her lesson.
James loves his parents. The cows feed in their
pasture. The horses draw wagons, carts, ploughs
and harrows.

LESSON VI.

ADJECTIVES.

23. "When I say the "apple is sweet," sweet
tells what kind of an apple it is or describes it.

24. Words which describe arc called adjectives ;
as, The tree is tall. The hill is high. A red rose.

Tall, high, and red are adjectives.

25. An Adjective is a word joined to a
noun or pronoun to describe it.

Point out in each lesson all the things you have
learned and give reasons for every tiling.
Write out exercises of your own.

EXEB

Model. The apple is sweet. Sweet is an adjec-
tive, because it describes apple.

12 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

The apple is sweet. The rose is red. The
mountain is high. The ocean is broad. A sweet
apple. A tall tree. A stone wall. The cold wind
blows.

LESSON VII.

CLASSES OF NOUNS.

2G. The word city applies to all cities. The
word river to all rivers ; man to all men.

But Richmond, the Potomac, James are partic-
ular names of single cities, rivers and men.

27. There are two classes of nouns ; common,
and proper.

28. A Common noun is a general name of a
whole class of objects ; as, man, city, river, tree.

29. A Proper noun is a particular name of a
single person or thing ; as John, Norfolk, Yadkin.

This division applies properly only to those objects that
may form classes.

The names of objects like goodness, sweetness, love,
hatred, which have no bodily existence are called Abstract
nouns.

Nouns that signify many things taken as o*ie whole,
are c-alled Collective nouns; as, people, nation, army.

The names of persons with their titles are called Com-
plex nouns; as, lion. Thos. lluffin, Mr. Jas. Brown.

EXERCISES.

Model. London is a noun, it is a name ; proper,
it is a particular name, and is the subject of is.

N.UMBER. 13

City is a noun, it is a name, common, it is a gen-
eral name. London is a great city. Paris is the
capital of France. Bonaparte saw the burning of
Moscow. The Amazon is a mighty river.

LESSON VIIL

NUMBER.

33. We may say boy, boys ; man, men ; horse,
horses. Boy means one boy; boys, more than one.

This difference is called in Grammar number.

34. Number shows whether one, or more than
one is meant.

It belongs in English to nouns, pronouns and
verbs.

35. There are two numbers, singular and plural.
3G. The singular denotes but one.

The plural denotes more than one.

37. The plural of most nouns is formed by ad-
ding s to the singular; as, boy, boys; horse,
horses.

38. "Where the s added to the word would be
hard to pronounce cs is added ; as lash, lashes ;
fox, foxes ; church, churches,

39. The letters a, e, i, o, u, arc called vowels.
The rest are called consonants.

40. A few nouns form their plurals by changing
the vowel; as, man, men; goose, geese; foot,
feet ; mouse, mice.

14 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

Some add en ; as, ox, oxen.

41. Some are found only in the singular ; as,
gold, silver^ cheat, icisdom.

Some arc found only in the plural ; as, ashes,
dregs, embers, goods, bellows, scissors.

Some are found both in the singular and plural ;
as, deer, sheep.

Form the plural of these nouns : — boy, girl,
chair, table; desk, book, inkstand, pen, man, goose,
foot, mouse, lash, miss, fox, church.

"What number are these and why ? — Man, boys,
girl, men, books, guns, top, churches, dishes,
mouse, lice, annals, iron, wheat, deer.

EXERCISES. |

Model. Horse is a noun it is a name; common
it is a general name ; singular number, it means
but one, and it is the subject of trots. My horse
trots. Your horse is large. My books are new.
Those cows are fine.

LESSON IX.

PERSON.

42. We say, I run, You run, He runs or John
runs.

1 is the speaker, you the one spoken to, he or
John the one spoken of,

43. This distinction is called perspn.

GENDER. 15

There are three persons, first, second, and third.

44. The first person denotes the speaker.
The second person denotes the one spoken

to.

The third person denotes the one spoken of.

45. Nouns are generally in the third person,
/is always first, you second ; he, she and it third.
Verbs have the three persons to agree with the

subject.

EXERCISES.

Model. John is a proper noun, it is a particular
name; third person, spoken of ; singular number,
it means but one, and is the subject of sings.
Sings is a verb, it is used to assert, third person,
singular number to agree with its subject John by

46. Rule II. The verb must agree with its subject
in number and person.

John sings. Mary plays. The apple falls.
The sun is bright. Susan reads her book. Thom-
as flies his kite.

LESSON X.

GENDER.

47. All living things are divided into two cl;
es, males and femal

This distinction is called

4 8. All nouns are divided into three clas

10 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

those that are names of males, those that are
names of females, and those that are neither male
nor female.

49. This distinction is called Gender.
Gender is a distinction of nouns in regard to

sex.

50. There are three genders, masculine, fem-
inine, and neuter.

51. The names of males are masculine.
The names of females are feminine.

The names of things without life are neu-
ter. The word neuter means neither.

52. A few nouns like parent, cousin, deer, sheep,
may be either masculine or feminine.

They are sometimes said to be of the common
gender. If their gender is not known, they may
be parsed as "of the masculine or feminine gender."

EXERCISES.

Model. John is a proper noun, it is a particular
name; masculine gender, it is the najneof a male;
third person, it is spoken of; singular number, it
means but one, and is the subject of studies. His
is a pronoun, it stamds for a noun; masculine gen-
der ; third person ; singular number to agree with
John by

53. Rule IX. Pronouns agree with their nouns
in gender, number, and person.

John studies his lesson. He studies Arithmetic.
Mary plays upon the piano. Jane reads her
books. The green grass grows in the fields.

CASES. 17

LESSOR XL

CASES.

54. I say John runs. John's horse runs. James
teaches Johu. Here John appears in three ways
or relations.

These relations are called cases.

55. Case is the relation that nouns and pro-
nouns have to other words in the same sentence.

56. In John runs, John is the subject and is in
the nominative case.

In John's horse runs, John's denotes the pos-
sessor and is in the possesire case.

In James teaches John, John is the ohject of
the verb teach, or'thc person acted on, and is in
the ohject ire case.

57. The Nominative case is the subject of
the verb.

The Possessive case denotes possession, ori-
gin, or fitness; as John's hat, the sun's rays, men's
shoes.

The Objective case is the object of the verb.

58. When a person is addressed, the noun is in
the Vocative case.

50. To decline is to give the cases, numbers and
persons.

Noun- arc declined thus : —

Singular. Plural.

ninativi Boy. A m. Boys,

Possessive Boj P . B r

Objective Boy,* Obj, Boj ,

Decline girl, bird, box, hand.

18 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

BXERCTSES.

Model. Busau is a noun, it is a name ; proper,
it is a particular name ; feminine gender, it is the
name of a female ; third person, spoken of: sin-
gular number, it means but one; nominative case,
it is the subject of reads by

60. Rule I. The subject of the verb is put in
the nominative case.

Susan reads. James studies. The wind blows.
Water flows. Roses bloom. Apples fall. Horses
run. The Saviour lives.

LESSON XII.

FORMATION OF THE CASKS.

61. The nominative and objective cases have the
same form.

62. The Possessive case is formed by adding

the apostrophe (') and letter s to the singular; as,
John's hat.

63. "When the s cannot be easily pronounced
with the word, the apostrophe only is added ; as,
Moses' seat. Thetis' son. For conscience' sake.

64. When the plural ends in s the apostrophe
only is added ; as, Boys' play.

When it does not end in s, the s and apostro-
phe arc both added ; as, men's shoes.
Form the possessive case of these nouns, Man,

ApJICTIVES. 19

Tree, Girl, Horse, Wiliam, Thomas, Susan. Mary,
Cow, Horses, Boys, Girls. Decline these words.

EXERCISES.

Model. Mary's is a proper noun, a particular
name ; feminine gender, the name of a female ;
third person, spoken of; singular number, means
but one; possessive case, denotes posession and
limits book by.

65. Kule V. A n o u n or pronoun limiting
another noun denoting a different person or thing is
put in the possessive case,

Mary's book is new. John's father came. His
horse is white. The elephant's skin is thick.

LESSON XIII.

ADJECTIVES.

66. I say a good man, a tall man, this man, that
man. Good and tall describe man. This and tha t
point out which one is meant.

They are all adjectives.

67. An Adjective is a word joined to a noun
or pronoun to di scribe or define it.

68. There are two kinds of adjective , crip-
fie< . and definitm .

69. Descriptive adjectives describe nouns
mT pointing out their qualities : as, B good man, a
kind num.

20 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

70. Definitive adjectives define or limit
nouns, by pointing- out which one, or how many ;
as, tin's man, that man, each man, ten men.

EXERCISES.

Model. Sweet is a descriptive adjective, it is a
word joined to a noun to describe it, and belongs
to apples by

71. Rule VI. A dj ectives belong to nouns which
they describe or define.

Table is a common noun, a general name; neu-
ter gender, neither male nor female ; third person,
spoken of; singular number, means but one;
and objective case, it is the object of strikes by

Rule X. The o bj ecf of the transitive verb is put
in the objective case.

The apple is sweet. James strikes the table.
The strong wind overturns the trees. Large deep
rivers float long heavy rafts.

LESSON XIV.

CLASSES OF ADJECTIVES CONTINUED.

72. Properadj ectives are those derived
from proper names. They should begin with
capital or large letters; as Roman, American.

73. Definitive adjectives are divided into
X u m e r al s and P r o n o m i n a 1 adjectives.

74. Xu morals are those used in counting;
as, one, two.

ADJECTIVE 21

75. P rono m i n a 1 adjectives, when used with
nouns, arc adjectives; when used without, are
pronouns: as, This man. This is mine.

76. Numerals are divided into cardinals,
and ordinals.

77. The cardinals show how many are meant;
as, one, two, three.

78. The o r d i n al s show which ones arc meant
as, first, second, third.

79. Pronominal adjectives arc divided into
demonstratives, distributives, and indefinites.

80. The demonstratives are this, that, these,
those, former, latter. They point out precisely
which arc meant.

81. The distributives are each, every, either
and neither. They point out separately ; as, each
man, each separate man.

82. The indefinites are, some, one, all, such,
no, none, same, several, other, another, many, f etc, £c.

They point out no particular person or thing.

EXERCISES.

Model, This is a definitive adjective, demonstra-
tive kind, it defines precisely what is meant; it
defines man by Rule VI.

83. Remark. Definitives must agree with their
nouns in number.

This man is tall. This excellent little boy re-
spects all other good boys. Good studious girls

22 ENGLISH GRAMMAK.

like fine new books. That famous Roman gene
ral conquered several Grecian generals.

Each flying soldier sought some secure hiding
place.

LESSON XV.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES.

84. I may say, this man is taU, that man is taller,
but James is the tallest.

85. There are three different degrees of height.
This distinction is called in Grammar comparison.

86. There are three degrees, positive, com-
parative, and superlative.

87. The positive describes without compart
son.

The comparative makes a comparison be-
tween two; as " John is taller than James."

The superlative degree makes a comparison
between three or more ; as, " John is the tallest
of the family."

88. The comparative degree is formed by
adding r or er to the positive.

The superlative is formed by adding st or est
to the positive.

Positive small, comparative smaller, superlative
smallest.

89. Compare in this manner, high, pretty, low,
green, rough, sweet, sour, happy, tall.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 23

The comparative degree is followed by than and
a noun in the nominative to a verb understood ;
as, wisdom is better than rubies [are].

EXERCISES.

Model. Taller is an adjective, a word joined to
a noun to modify it ; descriptive, it describes Thom-
as; comparative degree, it makes a comparison be-
tween two, and belongs to Thomas, by Rule VI.

Thomas is taller than James. Wisdom is better
than rubies. Platinum is heavier than gold ; it
is the heaviest of the metals. The best and wisest
men are sometimes wrong.

LESSOR XVI.

COMPARISON CONTINUED.

90. Most long adjectives are compared by the
help of more and most, or less and least ; as pleas-
ant, more pleasant, most pleasant, industrious less
industrious, least industrious.

91. Some adjectives are wanting in some of the
degrees, which are supplied by other words.

EXAMPLES.

Positive. Comparative. Superlative.

Good, better, best.

Bad, ill, or evil worse, worst.

Much, or many more, most.

Little, less, least.

24 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

EXERCISES.

The best men are not the most successful.

The worst men are often successful. Honesty is
the best policy. Truth is more wonderful than
fiction.

>

LESSON XVII.

ARTICLES.

92. The words a or an and the are called arti-
cles.

93. A or a n is called the indefinite article.
T h e is called the definite article.

94. The noun without the article is used in its
widest sense. Man means all men, the race of
men.

A man means one man, but no particular man.
The man means a particular man, who was
known before.

95. A is used before consonant sounds only. An
is used before vowels.

96. A or an is used with singular nouns, the with
singular or plural.

Correct these exercises.

A inkstand. A apple. A hour. A ounce. An
horse. An high hill. A industrious man.
The indefinite article limits nouns, by

97. Rule VII. The indefinite article limits nouns
in the singular number.

PRONOUNS. 25

The definite article by

98. Rule VIII. The definite article limits nouns
in the singular or plural number.

LESSON" XVIIL

PRONOUNS.

99. Pronouns are divided into Personal,
Relative, Interrogative, Possessive,
and Definitive pronouns.

100. Personal pronouns are those which al-
ways represent the same person.

101. They are 1, thou or you, he, she, and it.

1 is first person, thou or you, second lie, she, and
it, third. He is masculine ; she feminine ; it neuter.

102. They are thus declined :

SINGULAR

PLURAL.

JVom. Poss.

Ob I.

Nom.

Poss.

Obj.

I, mJ,

me ;

We,

our,

us.

Thou, thy,

thee ;

You,

your,

you.

He, his,

him ;

They,

their,

them

She, her,

her ;

They,

their,

them

It, its,

it;

They,

their,

them

EXERCISE .

Model. He is a pronoun, it stands for a noun ;
personal, it represents the same person ; masculine
gender, third person, singular to agree with John
by Rule IX.

2

26 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

John studies, lie will excel. My horse is stron-
ger than your uncle's horse. T! \v saw us. We
respect our friends. Thou, God, seest me." He
knew its faults. My uncle came to our house.

LESSOR XIX.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

^

103. " The boy, whostudies, will learn." Who
relates to boy raid stands for it. It also connects
li\\ho studies " with "The boy will learn."

Who is called a relative pronoun.

104. The Relative pronouns arc who, which
and that. As is a relative after inarm, such, and
same.

105. Eelative pronouns stan d for nouns
and connect propositions or clauses.

106. Who stands for persons, which for animals
and things. That is used in the place of who or
which.

They have the same form in both numbers and
are thus declined :

SINGULAR. PLURAL.

Nora. Poss. Obj. Nom. Poss. Obj.

SVho, whose, who.u; Who, whose, whom.

Which, whose, which; Which, whose, which.

That, whose, that; That, whose, that.

PRONOUNS CONTINUED. 27

EXERCISES.

Model. Who is a pronoun, it stands for a noun ;
relative, it relates to man and connects the clauses,
third person, singular to agree with man by Rule
IX, and in the nominative case, the subject of is
by Hule I.

Point out the clauses, thus : " The man is hap-
py " is the principal clause, " who is good," is
the relative clause. Who connects the two to-
together.

The man, who is good, is happy. He is the
man, whom I saw. The orator, whom we heard,
was eloquent. The rose, which we saw, was fading.
The lady, who visited us, has gone to Europe.

LESSOR XX.

PRONOUNS CONTINUED.

107. The Interrogative pronouns are those
used in asking questions. They are who, which,
and what. When joined to nouns they are interrog-
ative adjectives ; as, " ivhat man is that ?

108. The Possessive pronouns are mine, thine,
ours, yours, his, her% its, and theirs.

109. They are found in the nominative and ob-
jective castes; as, This book is mine. Tie has lost
yours but she has found h<rs.

110. The Definitive pronouns arc the same
as the* Pronominal adjectives.

28 KMJLISH (iltAMMAK.

111. This ) that, these, and those are demonstra-
tives.

Each, every, either, neither arc distributives.
Some, any, all, other, both, same, another, one, such,
none, few, many, are indefinites.

112. The pronouns, whoever, whichever, who-
soever, whichsoever, what, whatsoever perform a
a double office and are called Double Rela-
tives. The simplest way of parsing them is as
follows: "I know not what you say." "What
you say " is the object of know, and " what" the
object of say. "Whoever studies will learn."
"Whoever studies" is the subject of will learn,
and, "whoever," the subject of studies.

EXERCISES.

Model. Who is a pronoun, it stands for a noun ;
interrogative, it asks a question ; third person, sin-
gular to agree with the answer, father, by Rule IX.

Who gave this book to you ? My father gave it
to me. Which is your book ? The one with a
red cover is mine. What man is that ? Which
rose will you take? Whoever is industrious and
temperate will succeed.

LESSON XXL

THE VERB AND ITS CLASSES.

113. The verb is a word that asserts something.

114. When I say " John runs " I express a com-
plete thought, but when I say " John reads " some-

VERBS. 29

thing else, a book or paper is necessary to com-
plete the thought.

115. Hence, there are two classes of verbs.
They arc called Transitive and Intransi-
tive.

116. Transitive means passing over, because
the action passes over from the actor to the object.

Intransitive means not passing over.

117. Transitive verbs are those which require
the addition of an object to complete the sense;
as, John reads his booh.

Intransitive verbs are those which do not
require an object; as John runs.

118. If it or them can follow a verb it is transi-
tive, otherwise it is intransitive.

119. Transitive verbs have two forms called the
Active and Passive voices.

120. In the Active voice the subject acts upon
some object ; as, James teaches William.

In the Passive voice the object is acted upon
and is the subject of the verb; as, William is
struck by James.

EXERCISES.

Model, Falls is a verb, it asserts something;
intransitive, it docs not require an object; third,
singular to agree with rain by Rule II,

Rain falls. The snow melts. The warm sun
revives the earth. The trees put forth their leaves,
The flowers and grass spring up.

SO ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

LESSOX XXII.

THE MODES.

121. Verbs assert action, or being in different
ways or manners.

122. The manner in which assertion is made
is called Mode.

123. There are fourmodes; the Indicative?
the Potential , the Subjunctive and the Im-
perative.

124. The Indicative indicates or declares
positively.

125. The Potential asserts power, liberty and
necessity.

126. The Subjunctive implies a condition or
supposition.

127. There are other forms which do not assert
and therefore are not modes. They represent
action in an indefinite manner.

128. They are the Infinitives, Partici-
ples and Verbal noun.

The Infinitives of the verb learn arc To learn
and To have learned.

The Participles are Learning, Learned,
Having Learned.

The Verbal noun is Learning.

129. It can be the subject of a proposition. The
participle in infj cannot be.

THE TENSES. 31

EXERCISES.

Model. Shines is a verb, it asserts ; intransitive,
it does not require an object ; indicative mode, it
asserts positively ; third, singular to agree with
sun by Rule II.

The sun shines. The waves beat. The sea roars.
The carpenter builds houses. Fire biirns wood
and coal. The smoke rises. The farmer sows
his seed. Writing is a useful exercise. Writing
letters to our friends is a pleasant labor.

LESSON XXIII.

THE SIMPLE TENSES.

130. There are three divisions of time, presen t,
past, and future .

131. In each of these an action may be asserted
as indefinite, going on or progressive, and
completed.

He writes is indefinite. He is writing is pro-
gressive. He has written is completed.

These distinctions of time are called Tenses.

132. Tense means time.

133. There are six tenses : Present, Past, Future,
Present Perfect, Past Perfect, Future Perfect

'' ' re are two forms in each, the simple and
the progressive.

134. The progressive is formed by adding the
Participle in ing to the verb. Be or Am.

32 ENGLISH (GRAMMAR.

135. The Present tense denotes pres-
ent time.

First, as indefinite. c/IIe writes well," that is,
he is accustomed to write well.

Second, as progressive. "lie is writing" now.

136. The Past tense denotes past
time .

First, as indefinite. " lie wrote well," that is, he
was accustomed to do it.

Second, as progressive. " He was writing " then.

137. The future tense denotes fu-
ture time.

First, as indefinite. "He will write " sometime.
Second, as progressive. " He will he writing"
then.

EXERCISER.

Model. Studies is a verb, it asserts ; transitive,
it requires an ohject ; indicative mode, it asserts
positively ; present tense, it denotes present time ;
third, singular to agree with Mary by Rule II,

Mary studies her lesson. The birds are sing-
ing. He retired early. The farmer was ploughing
his field. The sun was shining.

LESSON XXIV.

THE TENSES OF COMPLETED ACTION.

138. The Present Perfect tense deno-
notes an action or state completed i u

THE TENSES CONTINUED. 33

past time connected with the pres-
ent; as "James has written a letter to clay."

The progressive form denotes an action going
on in past time connected with the present; as,
"He has been writing to day. "

139. The Past Perfect tense denote s
an action or state completed before
some past time; as, " He had gone when I
came."

The progressive form denotes an action or state
going on before some past time ; as "Pie had been
writing before I came. "

140. The Future Tor feet tense d e-
notes that an action or state will be
completed before some future time;
as "He will have gone before you get there."

The progresive form denotes an action or state
going on before some future time: as, "He will
have been travelling a week tomorrow. '

exercises.

Model. Has written is a verb, it asserts; transitive,
it requires an object ; indicative mode, it asserts
positively ; present perfect tense, it denotes an ac-
tion completed in present time ; third, singular to
agree with he by Rule II.

lie has written a Letter. Thomas had <rone
before the stage came. The messenger will have
reached him by to-morrow.
2b

odt ENGLISH GUtAMMAK.

He lias been studying Latin and Greek. Mary
had been playing with her doll. James will have
been studying an hour when the clock strikes.

LESSOR XXV.

TEXSES OF THE POTENTIAL.

141. These six tenses belong only to the Indic-
ative mode, since that, only, asserts positively.

The tenses do not have the same definite mean-
ing in the other modes.

142. The Potential has four forms :
Present, Past, P resent P e r f e c t , P a s t

Per f e c t.

143. The signs of the Present are may, can, mast.
The signs of the Past are might, coul'd, would and

should.

The signs of the Present Perfect, may have, can
have, must have.

The signs of the Past Perfect, might have, could
have, Ape.

144. The Present tense denotes present or
future time ; as, " He may go now," or " He may
go to-morrow."

The Past tense denotes what might take place
at any time.

The Present Perfect tense denotes what
may have taken place in past time.

The P a s t Perfect tense denotes what might
have taken place in past time.

STRONG AND WEAK VERBS. 35

TENSES OF THE SUBJUNCTIVE, IMPERATIVE, AC.

145. The S u b i u n c t i v e mode has two forms
called the Present and Past tenses.

The P r e s e n t denotes a future condition ; as
"If lie study" means if he shall study.

The P a s t denotes a supposition in present
time which is known not to be real; as, "If he
were studious, he would learn," but he is not stu-
dious.

The I m pe r a t i v e has only the Present tense
and, second person.

The I n f i n i t i v e has twro forms. Present,
To love ; and Perfect, To have loved.

The Participle has three forms, the Im-
perfect, Loving; the Perfect, Loved; and
the C o m p o u n d , Having Loved.

EXERCISES.

The apple is sour. The time has come. The
wind blew. His farm produces, corn, wheat, hay,
and oa1

LESSON XWI.

I HE REGH I. \K \Ni> [RREGUL W <»i; STRONG
WEAK VERBS.

14o\ The 'principal parts of a verb are the Pr
ent and Past tenses indicative and the P< r
fe ct Participl e.

36* ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

147. iyrom these the other parts of the verb are
formed.

There are two ways of forming these principal
parts, and therefore two classes of verbs.

148. One class adds a syllable to the present
tense, the other changes the vowel ; as, learn,
learned, learned ; smg, sang, sung.

149. They are commonly called Regular and
Irregular, and are thus defined :

150. The Regular verbs add d or cd to form
their principal parts.

Their regular verbs do not add d or cd to form
their principal parts.

151. The later and more correct division is into
Strong and Weak verbs.

152. The Strong verbs form their principal
parts by changing the vowel ; as, s/'ng, sang. Bung.

The Weak verbs require the addition of a
letter or syllable, t, d, or cd ; as, keep, keptf, kep£;
love, loved, lover/; learn, learned, learned.

The Strong verbs are so called, because they
form their parts in themselves; while the weak
require an addition.

EXERCISES.

Model. Had studied is a verb, it asserts ; weak
(or regular) it adds cd to form its principal parts;
indicative mode, it asserts positively ; past perfect
tense, it denotes what had taken place before some
other action ; third, singular to agree with he by
Rule II.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB BE OR AM. 37

He had studied his lesson before he went to
recite. He has gone. The river has fallen. The
birds have flown.

It is sufficient to say in parsing that the verb adds ed to
form the past tense.

LESSON XXVII.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB BE OR AM.

153. The verb Be is a defective verb made up
of the verbs, am, be, and ukts.

Principal Paris.
Present, am. Past, was. Perfect Part. been.

INDICATIVE MODE.
PRESENT TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

1st Person; I am, 1st Person, We are,

2d Person, Thou art, 2d Person. Xou are,

jBd Person, He is, 3d Person. They are,

PAST TENSE

Singular. Plural.

1. I was, I . We were,

2. Thou wast, 1. Y"u were,
:'». 1 [e was : They were.

FUTURE TF.

gular. PI''

1. 1 shall or will be, 1. We shall or will be,

2. Thoushaltorwilthe, 2. STou jhall or will bi

3. He .d.all <>r will be; 3. Th< v shall or will be

38 ENGLtSH GRAMMAR.

PRESENT PERFECT TEXSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. I have been, 1. We have been.

2. Thou hasl been, 2. You have been,

3. He has been. 3. They have been.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. T had been. 1. We had been,

2. Thou hadst been, 2. You had been,

3. He had been. 3. They had be

FUTURE PERFECT TEX.^E.

Singular. Plural.

1. I shall or will have been, 1. We shall or will have

been,

2. Thou shalt or wilt have 2. You shall or will have

been, been,

3. He shall or will have been. 3. They shall or will have

been.

EXERCISES.

He had been rich. James was a painter. lie
will be wise if he listens to his advice. It is sum-
mer and the fields are screen.

LESSON XXVIII.

POTENTIAL MODE OF BE OR AM.

PRESENT.

Signs, may, can, must. Conjugate with each,
Singular. Plural.

1. I may be, 1. We may be,

2. Thou ma) ;t be, 2. You may be,

3. He may be ; '.). Thev mav be.

CONJUGATION OF BE Oil AM.

39

PAST.

Signs, might, could, would and should.
Singular^ Plural.

1. I might be, 1. T\ o might be,

2. Thou mi glits t be, 2. You might be,

3. He might be; 3. They might be.

PRESENT PERFECT.

Signs, may have, can have, must have.

Singular. Plural.

1. I may have been, 1. We may have been,

2. Thou mayst have been, 2. You may have been,

3. He may have been; 3. They may have been.

PAST PERFECT.

Signs, might have, could have, would have,
should have.

Plural.

1. We might have been.

2. You might have been,

3. They might have been.

Singular.

1. I might have been

2. Thou mightst have been.

3. He might have been.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

PRESENT.

Singular

1. Tf I be,

2. If thou be,

3. If he be;

Plural.

1. If we be,

2. If you be,

3. If they be.

1' 1ST.

Singular

1. If 1 were,

2 If thou wert,
3. If he were ;

Plural.

1 . Tf wp were,

2. It' you were,
•°>. If they wore.

40

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

Singular.
2 Be thou or you.

Present. To be.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

J y hi rah
2. Be ye or you.

INFINITIVES.

Perfect. To hare been.

PARTICIPLES.

Imperfect. Being. Perfect. Been. Compound. Having been

154. A synopsis is given by naming the
first persons singular of each mode and tense.

155. Synopsis of Be or Am.

INDICATIVE. POTENTIAL.

Present. I am. I may, can or must be.

Past, I was. I might, could, would or
Future, I shall or will be. should be.

Pres. Perf.j I have been. I may, or can have been.

Past Per/., I had been. I might or could have been
Put, Perf, I shall or will have
been.

Present. If I be.

Present, To be.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

Past, If I were.

IMPERATIVB.

Be, thou, or you.

INFINITIVES.

Perfect, To have been.

PARTICIPLES.

Imperfect, Being. Per., Been. Compound, Having been.

EXERCISES.

He may be there if he is not at home. He will
be happy. James might have been rich if he had
been prudent.

CONJUGATION OF LOVE.

LESSON XXIX.

CONJUGATION OF THE VERB LOVE.

Principal Parts.
Present, love. Pasty loved. Perfect Part, loved,

INDICATIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

\. I love. 1. We love,

2. Thou lovest, 2. You love,

3. He loves; 3. They love.

FAST TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. I loved. 1. We loved,

2. Thou lovedst, 2. You loved.

3. He loved; 3 They loved.

FUTURE TEXSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. J shall or will love, 1. We shall or will love,

2. Thou shalt or wilt love. 2. You shall or will love.

3. lie shall or will love; 3. They shall or will love.

PRESENT PERFECT TEN8K.

Singular. Plural.

1. 1 have loved. 1. We have loved,

2. Thou hast loved, 2. You have loved.

3. He has loved; 3. They have loved.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. I had loved, 1. We had loved,

2. Thou hadst loved, 2. 5Tou had loved,

3. He had loved; They had loved

40

42 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. I shall or will have loved, 1. We shall or will have

2. Thou shalt or wilt have loved.

loved, 2. You shall or will have

3. He si all or will have loved; loved,

3. They shall or will have
loved.

POTENTIAL.

PRESENT.

Singular. Plural,

1. I may love, 1. We may love,

2. Thou mayst love, 2. You may love,

3. He may love; 3. They may love.

PAST.

Singular. Plural.

1. T might love, 1. We might love,

2. Thou mighst love, 2. You might love,
8. He might love; 3. They might love.

PRESENT PERFECT.

Singular. Plural.

1. I may have loved, 1. We may have loved.

2. Thou mayst Lave loved. 2. You may have loved,

3. He may have loved; 3. They may have loved.

PAST PERFECT.

Singular. Plural.

1. I might have loved, 1. We might have loved,

2. Thou mights t, have loved, 2. You might have loved,

3. He might have loved; 3. They might have loved.

I

CONJUGATION OF LOVE. 43

SUBJUNCTIVE.

PRESENT.

Singular. Plural.

1. If Hove, 1. If we love,

2. If thou love, 2. If you love,

3. If he love ; 3. If They love.

156. The Present is the only conditional form
that differs from the indicative except the past of
be or am,

IMPERATIVE,
Singular. Plural.

|2. Love thou or you 2. Love ye or you.

INFINITIVES,

Present, To love. Perfect, To have loved.

r.VUTICIPLES.

piper., Loving. Per., Loved. Confound, Having loved.

Let the pupil write or give a synopsis of this
verb.

EXERCISES.

Model May have loved is a verb, it asserts-, weak
(or regular,) it adds ed to form the past tense ; tran-
sitive it recpiircs an object, potential, it implies pos-
sibility: present perfect, it asserts what may have
taken place; third, singular to agree with he by
Rule II.

He may have loved. I learn u; m by hard

Btudy. James had played until he was tire d. We
'play ball after we have learned our lesson
Like love conjugate learn, study, play.

.«

44 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

LESSON XXX.

PROGRESSIVE FORM OF LEARN.

157. The progressive form is conjugated by
adding the Imperfect Participle of any verb to the
forms of be or am.

158. Synopsis of Learn, Progressive Form.

INDICTATIVE MODE. POTENTIAL MODE.

Present, I am learning. I may be learning.

Past, I was learning. I might be learning.

Future, I shall or will be

learning.
Pres. Per., I have been learn- I may have been learning.

ing.
Past Per/., I had been learn- I might have been learning,

ing.
Fvt. Per/., I shall have been

learning

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.

Present, If I be learning. Past, If I were learning.

IMPERATIVE MODE.

Singula?' Plural.

2. Be thou learning. 2. Be ye learning.

INFINITIVES.

Present, To be learning. Ferf., To have been learning:

Conjugate thus : I am learning, Thou art learn-
ing, He is learning, We are learning, &c.

EXERCISES.

Model. (If he) learn is a verb, it asserts, weak, it
adds ed to form the past tense ; transitive, it re-

PASSIVE voice: of love. 45

■

quires au object; subjunctive mode, it implies a
future condition; present tense in its form; third,
singular to agree with he by Rule II. If he learti
he will please us, If it rain to-morrow I cannot
go. If it were he, he would come to see us. Come
to me and bring me your book. I saw a boy read-
ins: his book.

LESSON XXXI,

THE PASSIVE VOICE OF LOVE,

159. The Passive voice is formed by adding the
perfect participle of any transitive verb to the
forms of the verb be or am.

INDICATIVE MODE.

PRESENT TENSE.

Shigular. Plural,

1. I am loved, 1. We are loved,

2. Thou art loved, 2. You are loved,

3. He is loved; 3. They are loved.

PAST TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. I was loved, 1. We were loved,

2. Thou wast loved, 2. You were loved,

3. He was loved; 3. They were loved.

FUTURE TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. I shall be loved, 1. We shall be loved,

2. Thou wilt be loved, 2. You will be loved,

3. He will be loved; 3. They will be loved.

^r> ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

i

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. I have been loved. 1. We have been loved,

2. Thou hast been loved. 2. You have been loved,

3. He has been loved; 3. They have been loved.

PAST PERFECT TENSE.

Siriffuiar. Plural.

1. I had been loved, 1. We had been loved,

2. Thou hadst been loved, 2. You had been loved,

3. He had been loved; 3. They had been loved.

FUTURE PERFECT TENSE.

Singular. Plural.

1. I shall have been loved. 1. We shall have been loved,

2. Thou wilt have been loved, 2. You will have been lovedj

3. He will have been loved. 3. They will have been loved.

POTENTIAL MOOD.

PRESENT.

Singular. Plural.

1. I may be loved, 1. We may be loved,

2. Thou mayst be loved, 2. You may be loved,

3. He may be loved ; 3. They may be loved.

PAST.

Singular. Plural

1. I might be loved, 1. We might be loved,

2. Thou mightst be loved, 2. You might be loved,

3. He might be loved; 3. They might be loved.

PRESENT PERFECT.

Singular. Plural.

1. I may have been loved, 1. We may have been loved,

2. Thou mayst have been 2. You may have been loved,

loved, 3. They may have been loved

3. He may have been loved ;

PASSIVE OF LOVE. 47

PAST PERFECT.

Singular. Plural.

1. I might have been loved, 1. "We might have been

2. Thou mightst have been loved,

loved, . 2. You might have been

3. He might have been loved; loved,

3. They might have been
loved.

SUBJUNCTIVE MODE.
PRE8ENT.

Singular. Plural.

1. If I be loved, 1. If we be loved,

2. If thou be loved, 2. If you be loved,

3. If he be loved; 3. If they be loved.

PAST.

Singular. Plural.

1. If I were loved, 1. If we were loved,

2. If thou wert loved, 2. If you were loved,

3. If he were loved ; 3. If they were loved.

IMPERATIVE.

Singular. Plural

2. Be thou or you loved. 2. Be ye or you loved.

%

INFINITIVE?.

Present, To be loved, Perfect, To have been loved.

PA RTF

Imperfect. Being loved. Perf ct, Loved.

( omponnd, Having been loved.

Conjugate in like manner, learn, place, teach.

48 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

EXERCISES.

Model. Am praised is a verb, it asserts ; weak,*
it forms its past tense by adding ed; transitive, it
requires an object; passive voice, the object is
used as subject, Indicative, present, first singular
to agree with I by Rule II. I am praised. You
are loved. They are blessed. We were esteemed.
James was accused. He has heard the news. She
had learned her lesson. TheyT will be loved.

LESSON XXXIL

160. CONJUGATION 0E THE STRONG VERB TAKE.

Principal Partd.
Present, take. Past, took. Perfect Participle, taken.

INDICATIVE

MODE.

1.

2.

o.

Singular.

I take,
Thou takest,
He takes;

PRESENl
1.

2.
3.

Plural.

We take,
You take,
They take.

1.

2.
3.

Singula r.

I took,

Thou tookest,

He took;

PAST.

1.

2.

3.

Plural.

We took,
You took,
They took.

*The teacher may use the terms weak or regular as he may
desire. The terms regular and irregular though long used are
not scientifically correct and are objectionable. 1 prefer to
follow the highest authorities in the use of iveak and strong.

CONJUGATION OF TAKK. 49

FUTURE.

Singular. Plural.

1. I shall take. 1- We shall take.

PRESENT PERFECT.

Singular. Plural.

1. I have taken. 1. We have taken.

PA8T PERFECT.

Singular. Plural.

1. I had taken. 1. We had taken.

FUTURE PERFECT.

Sing ular. Plural.

1. I shall have taken. 1. We shall have taken.

POTENTIAL.

PRESENT.

Singular. Plural.

1. I may, can, or must take. 1. We may, can,or must take-

PAST.

Singular. Plural.

1. I might, could would, or 1. We might, could, would
should take. or should take.

PRESENT PERFECT-

Singular. Plural.

1. I may, can, or must have 1. We may, can or must have
taken. taken.

PABT PERFECT.

Singular. Plural.

1. I might, could, would, or 1. We might, could, would
should have taken. or should have taken.

3

50 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

SUBJUNCTIVE.

prese:^.
Singular. Plural.

1. If I take, If thou take, &c. 1. If we take.

IMPERATIVE.

Singular. Plural.

2. Take thou or you. 2. Take ye or you.

INFINITIVES.

Present, To take. Perfect, To have taken.

PARTICIPLES.

Imperfect, Taking. Perfect, Taken.

Compound, Having taken.
Give a synopsis in full of this verb.

EXERCISES.

He sang a song. The birds were singing. In
all the meadows the flowers are blooming, for
joyous spring has come again*

LESSOR XXXIII.

161. INTERROGATIVE FORM OF LEARN.
INDICTATIVE. POTENTIAL.

Present^ Do I learn ? Present, May I learn ?

Past, i>id I learn ? Past, Might I learn ?

Future, Shall I learn ?

Pres, Perf.f Have I lcarneaf Pres, Perf, May I have
Past Perf., Had I learned? learned ?

Put. Perf, Shall I have Past Perf, Might I have
learned ? learned ?

INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES. 51

162. THE INFINITIVES AND PARTICIPLES.

There arc two forms of the infinitive, the simple
infinitive without Ho, and the form with to or the
prepositional infinitive.

The first is the true infinitive, the last is a case
of the infinitive.

Note for tite Teacher. — In Saxon the infinitive of
love was lufian while the prepositional form was to lufi&nne.
The last is called a supine and is the source of our to love.

163. The simple infinitive is now found only
after may, can, must, will, shall, do, let, make, need,
have, hear, see, bid, dare, feel, and sometimes, ob-
serve, perceive, know, help.

164. The Infinitive depends upon verbs, nouns,
and adjectives ; as, He desires to play : A time to
learn ; He is anxious to improve.

165. The compound tenses will love, may love
can love are indicative tenses of will, may, and can,
followed by the simple infinitive.

166. The Participle partakes of the nature of the
adjective.

167. It is sometimes used as an adjective; a?,
the rising sun, the opening flowers.

It is then called a Participial adjective.

168. When un is joined to the perfect participle
it becomes an adjective unless there is a verb of
that form ; as, tmawakened wiconcerned.

EXERCISE-.

Model. To play is the present infinitive of the
verb play and depends upon desires by

02 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

1C9. Rule XXI. The Infinitive depends upon Verbs,
nouns, and adjectives,

Having learned is a compound participle from
the verb learned and refers to James by

170. Rule XXIII. Participles refer to nouns
and pronouns. He desires to play in the fields.
James, having learned his lesson, recited it. He
is eager to iearn. ~Boys love to play. The rising
sun dispels the darkness.

LESSOR XXXIV.

THE IRREGULAR OR STRONG VERB.

171. The Irregular verb, commonly so called,
includes several classes. 1st. The strong verbs ;
as, sing, sang, sung. 2d. Some defectives ; as,
Am, was, been. 3d. Those that are weak in the
past tense but have the participle in en, 4th. Those
that have also a weak or Regular form, marked
R. 5th. Those that change the vowel and add
the terminal ion; as, seek, sough-t, marked "W.
The parts not now in use arc marked *.

PRESENT. PAST. PERF. PARTICIPLE.

Abide, abode, abode.

Am or be, was, been.

Awake, awoke, R. awaked.

Bear, bore, bare, * borne.

Beat, beat, beat, beaten.

Begin, began, begun.

TABLE OF IRREGULAR VERBS.

o3

PRESENT.

PAST.

PERF. PARTICIPLE.

Bend,

bent, bended,

bent.

Beseech,

besought,

besought, TV.

Bid,

bid, bade,

bidden, bid.

Bind,

bound,

bound.

Bite,

bit,

bitten, bit.

Bleed,

bled,

bled.

Blow,

blew,

blown.

Break,

broke, brake, *

broken.

Breed,

bred,

bred.

Bring,

Burst,

brought,
burst,

brought, AY.

burst

Buy,

Cast,

bought,
cast,

bought, W;
cast.

Catch,
Chide,

caught,
chid,

cauffh". "W.

chidden, chid.

Choose,

chose,

chosen.

Cleave,

cleaved, clave, *

: cleaved.

Cleave,

clove, clave, *
cleft,

cloven, cleft.

Cling,
Clothe,

clung,
clad, R.

el u 112.

clad.

Come,

came,

come.

Cost,

cost,

cost.

Creep,

crept,

crept.

Crow,

crew, R.

crown, K.

Cut,

cut,

cut.

Dare,

durst, R.

durst.

Deal,

dealt, R.

dealt.

Dig-

dug, K.

dug.

Do,

did.

done.

Draw,

drew,

drawn.

Drink,

drank,

drunk.

Drive,

drove, drave, *

driven.

Eat,

ate, caf.

eaten.

Fall,

11,

fallen.

54 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

PRESENT.

PAST.

PERF. PARTICIPLE

Feed,

fed,

i'od.

Fight,

fought,

fought, W.

Find,

found,

found.

Fling,

flung,

flung.

Fly,

flew,

flown.

Forsake,

forsook,

forsaken.

Freeze,

froze,

frozen.

Get,

got, gat, *

gotten, got.

Give,
Go,

gave,
went,

given,
gone,

Grind,

ground,

ground.

Grow

grew,

grown.

llano*,
Have,

Lung, R.
had,

hung.
had.

Heave,

hove, R.

hoven.

Hew,

hewed,

hewn.

Hide,

hid,

hidden, hid.

Hold,

held,

held, holden.

Hurt,

hurt,

hurt.

Knit,

knit, R.

knit.

Know,

knew,

known.

Lade,

laded,

laden.

Lay,

laid,

laid.

Lead,

led,

led.

Lie,

lav,

lain.

Light,

lit, R.

lit.

Lose,

lost,

lost.

Make,

made,

made.

Meet,

met,

met.

Mow,

mowed,

mown.

Put,

put,

put.

Read,

read, (Pron.

rc(7)read (red.)

Rid,

rid,

rid.

Ride,

rode,

ridden, rid.

Ring,

rang, rung,

rung.

TABLE OF IRREGULAR VEKIJS. 65

PRESENT.

PAST.

PERF. PARTICIPLE

Rise,

rose,

risen.

Run,

ran,

run.

See,

saw,

seen.

Seek,

sought,

sought. W.

Sell,

sold,

sold, \V.

Set,

set,

set.

Sit,

sat,

sat.

Shake,

shook,

shaken.

Shed,

shed,

shed.

Shine,

shone, R.

shone.

Shoot,

shot,

shot.

Shrink,

shrunk, shrank,

shrunk.

Sing,
Sink,

sang, sung,
sunk,^sank,

suns:,
sunk

Slay,

slew, -

slain.

Slide,

slid,

slidden.

Sling,

slung, slang, *

slung.

Smite,

smote,

smitten,

Speak,

spoke, spake,

spoken.

Spin,

span, span,

spun.

Spring,
Stand,

sprang, sprung,
stood,

sprung,
stood.

Steal,

stole,

stolen.

Stick,

stuck,

stuck.

Stine,

stung,

stung.

Stride,

strode,

stridden.

Strike,

struck,

.struck, strickeu.

String,

strung,

strung.

Strive,

strove,

striven.

Swear,

swore, sware,*

sworn.

Swell,

swelled,

swollen.

Swim,

swum, swam,

swum.

Swing,

swung,

swung.

Take,

took,

taken.

Teach,

taught,

taught, W",

56

ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

PRESENT.

PAST.

PERF. PARTICIPLE

Tear,

tore, tare,

torn .

Tell,

told,

told.

Think,

'thought,

thought, W.

Thrive,

throve,

thriven.

Throw,

threw,

thrown.

Tread,

trod,

trodden.

Wear,

wore,

worn.

Weave,

wove.

woven.

Win,

won,

won.

Wind,

wound.

wound.

Wring,

wrung, B,

wrung.

Write,

wrote,

written.

The past tense and past participle should not
be used for each other.

EXERCISES FOR CORRECTION.

The horses drawed the carriage. The horses
were drove. The birds have flew away. The
stream has froze over. They have wrote to-day.
The meeting has began. She has sang a song.
The sun has rose. They done their work. My
watch was stole. The ball was throwed. The
apples have fell. The letter Avas writ. The letter
was wrote badly. We rid a mile. I have not saw
him. My uncle has came. The bird has flew
away.

LESSON XXXV.

DEFECTIVE VERBS.

172. A few verbs are defective or wanting in
gome of their parts,

*

ADVERBS. 57

Am, was, been is a defective, made up of
am, was, be, three words.

Go, went, gone is defective. Went is the
past tense of wend^

173. The auxiliary verbs^shall, will, may,
can, must are defective in all but the present and
past tenses, indicative./

UNIPERSONAL VERBS.

174. Unipersonal verbs arc those that are
found only in the Cthird person singular; as, It
rains; It hails ; It snows.

LESSON XXXVI.

ADVERB. 3.

175. When I say "lie runs swiftly," u She
speaks correctly," swiftly and correctly tell how the
thing or action is done, and modify the verb.

Tliey are called adverbs, which means to a
verb, that is, added to a verb.

xVdverbs also modify adjectives and other ad-
verbs; as, most pleasant , v< ry slowly.

170. An adverb is a word joined to
verbs, adjectives and other adverbs to
m o d i f y the m .

177. They are divided into classes according to
their meaning.

Adverbs of maimer; justly, pleasantly, sweetly,
3b

58 ENGLISH GUAM MAIL

Adverbs of time; now, to-day, lately, since,
then.

Adverbs of place; here, there, where, hence.
Adverbs of degree; more, most, hardly, less.
Adverbs of affirmation ; yea, yes, certainly.
Adverbs of negation ; no, not.

178. Some adverbs are used to connect propo-
sitions and clauses, and are called Connective
Adverbs; as, " He will hear the newa when he
arrives/'

179. Adverbs are compared like adjectives ; as,
far, farther, farthest; loisely, more wisely, most
wisely.

EXERCISES.

Model. Brightly is an adverb, it is a word used
to modify verbs, and modifies shines by

180. Rule XVI. Adverbs modify verbs, adjec-
tives and other adverbs.

The sun shines brightly. Thomas learns rapidly.
Susan is very diligent. He drove very swiftly.
They came to-day. They are very young. The
trees bend, when the wind blows.

LESSON XXXVII.

PREPOSITIONS.

181. He came with me. With connects the
objective case me with came, and shows the relation
between them.

It is called a preposition.

PREPOSITIONS. 59

The word which follows the preposition is always
in the objective case.

182. A Preposition is a word which
shows the relation between its objective
case and some other word in the same
sentence.

183. The preposition with its object is called an
adjunct ; as, "He came with me." With me is an
adjunct modifying came.

184. The principal prepositions are: — About,
above, after, against, among, around, before, be-
hind, beside, be}*ond, by, down, ihv from, in, into,
of, on, OvTer, through, under, unto, up, upon,
with, within, without.

EXERCISES.

31odd. In is a preposition, a word used to show
the relation of nouns and pronouns to other words,
it shows the relation between Richmond and
les by

185 . Rule XVII. P repo s i tlons sho w the
relation be1 ■"'•en nouns and 'pronouns and other words
in the, same sentence,

Richmond is the object of in by

18G. Rule XVIII. Prepositions arc follou
by the olji ctiv a

He resides in Richmond. Flowers bloom i i i
summer. .Rivers flow into the sea, lie came from
Rome. Birds ily through the air. The ball rolls
along the ground.

60 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

LESSOX XXXVIII.

CONJUNCTIONS.

187. John writes and Thomas reads. Here and
connects two propositions without forming a part
of either.

It is called a conjunction, which means joining
together.

1 88. A conjunction is a word used to
connect w o r d s a n d propositions.

189. The principal conjunctions are;-^-And, as,
although, because, hut, either, except, for, if, lest,
neither, nor, or, than, that, though, unless, whether,
vet.

INTERJECTIONS. .

190. The interjection is a word used in cries of
pain, anger, sorrow, calling, &c. They are chiefly,
0 ! Oh ! ah ! alas ! hold ! shame ! tush ! away !
16 ! &c.

191. There adenine classes of words called p&rts
of speed). They are the Noun, Pronoun, Verb,
Adjective, Article, Adverb, Preposition, Conjunc-
tion and Interjection.

EXERCISES.

Model. And is a conjunction, it is used to connc ct
words and sentences. It connects Mary and sister by

192. Rule XIX. Conjunctions connect words
and, sentences.

Mary and her sister have come. The winter is
past and Spring has come. James or his brother
will come to-morrow. Peaches, apples and pears
grow in the orchard.

SYNTAX. 61

PAET SECOND.

SYNTAX.

LESSON XXXIX.

193. Syntax treats of the construction of sen-
tences according to the laws of the language.

194. Language consists of sentences, proposi-
tions, clauses, and phrases.

19-5. A Sentence is a collection of words mak-
ing complete sense.

190. A Proposition is a simple assertion ; as,
John runs.

197. When a sentence contains but one proposi-
tion, it is a simple sentence; when more than one,
a compound sentence.

198. The clause is a proposition or a collection
of words introducing some new fact, and which is
dependent upojjj some word in the sentence; as,
"The tree. whicb^ou sec is a maple." "Which
yon see,1' is a clause dependent upon tree.

is may be used as members of a proposi-
tion.

199. A Phrase is a short expression like, /.
in Jim , in short, to In stit .

They express a single idea when taken together.
Taken word by word they have no grammatical
connection with the rest of the proposition.

THE R ULi:* OF s YXTA X(
LESSOR XL.

200. Hide I. Wio subject o verb is

put in the nominative c a

02 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

The infinitive, a clause, or a sentence may be
used as the subject of the verb; as, " T<> err is
human, to forgive, divine." " Whoever runs, may
read." " That t olumbus discovered America is well
known."

2 01 Rule II. T he verb must agree wit h
its subject in number and person.

Two or more subjects connected by and require
a plural verb.

202. Two or more subjects connected by or or
nor require a singular verb.

203. Collective nouns take a plural verb when
they maybe substituted for them, in other eases the
singular.

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED AND PABSED.

The clouds has dispersed. The biids sings.
There was three men in the company. There is
men who never think. Idleness and ignorance is
the parent of many viees. James and John was
there. John or William have come. The horse
or cow are his.

A meeting were called. The crowd were
very great. The council was unanimous. The
assembly was divided in opinion.

LESSON XLL
204.(Rule III. The noun or pronoun
in the predicate agrees with the sub-
ject in case; as, "It is I;" " It is he ;" "It

is they. I'

IThe infinitive or clause may take the place of
the noun : " To sleep is to drcarn.'f " The old
-lying is, ' Birds of a feather flock together.' '

RULES OF SYNTAX. 68

EXERCISES.

Correct. It was be that said it. It is they who
are to blame. James is a skillful workman.

Incorrect. It was me that you saw. It is them.
If it is them whom you saw, it is right.

205£l\ule IV. A n 01:11 o r p r o 11 o u u 1 i ra-
it i n g anot h e r n o u n d e 11 o t i 11 g the
s a m e person or thing is p 11 tin the
s a m e ease. This is ealled Apposition}

fTlic names of persons form complex nouns and
are parsed as one word ; as, Mark Antony mourned
the death of Julius Caesar/

f As sometimes connects words in apposition ; as,
" Clay as an orator was unrivalled y

Distributive pronouns and nouns modified by
distributive adjectives, in the singular agree with
nouns in the plural; as, They lied, every man to
hia tent.

They love each other. Here each is in apposi-
tion with they, and other is the object of love.

A noun may be in apposition with a sentence,
and an infinitive or sentence may be in apposition
with a noun.

Correct. Newton, the great philosopher, was
an humble Christian. W< are mortal. Ye

men of Athens. Jane and Mary, our com
Thou, even thou art feared.

Incorrect. It was Virgil, him who wrol
Aeneid. I speak of Cromwell he who behea
Charles. Thomas ami Maria, our cousin.

1. 'I.

200. Rule V. T li e noun or pronoun
limiting another noun denoting
d i ffe rent p e r s 0 n ort hi' put in

the possessive c

61 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

Or, The Possessive case limits the following noun.

The possessive case modifies like an adjective;
as "John's hat," -John's limits or describes hat.

The noun, and preposition of are often used in-
stead of the possessive case; as, "The hat of
John," for John's hat.

2,7. When two or three nouns' in apposition fol-
low each other the sign of the possessive is an-
nexed to the last; as, "Paul, the apostle's, journey."

208. When the thing possessed belongs to^sev-
eral persons the sign is annexed to the last only*;
as, "James, Thomas, and William's house."

When the thing belongs to each one separately
the sign is annexed to each ; as, ;t Webster's and
Worcester's Dictionaries."

209 .Words united so as to form a complex
noun add the sign to the- last; as, "Henry the
eighth's reign."

Correct. He accompanied me to St. Mary's
church. The church of St. Mary. That is Brown,
the printer's house. Smith, Brown, and Jones's
sto»-e. Sargent's and Sanders' readers. Sterling
and Campbell's series of " Our Own Books." The
Kins: of Saxonv's arm v.

Incorrect. This was your fathers estate. One
mans loss is often another mans gain. These
bonks are their's, those are yonr's. The men
shoes are in the box. Daniel's Websters speech.
David and Solomon's reign were prosperous. Ma-
ry's sister's cousin's child is sick.

LESSOR XLIII.

210. Rule VI. Adjectives modify nouns
a n d p r o nouns.
Definitives must agree with their nouns in number.

RULES OF .SYNTAX. (35

They modify infinitives; as, "To sec the sun is
pleasant;" and sentences; as, "That he should
have refused the appointment is extraordinary"

They sometimes modify other adjectives; as,
" Red hot iron."

They modify also a noun and adjective taken
together as one idea; as, a poor old man. A fine
bay horse.

211. They modify intransitive verbs, and with
them form the predicate; as, "He fell ill." "He
looks pale"

They modify also transitive verbs, to show the
effect produced; as, "lie made me glad)' "Thou
makest the earth soft with showers." Making glad
is the assertion, and me is the object of it. See
Rule XIII.

Adjectives should not be used in the place of
adverbs, except in cases like those just given.

With the they are used as nouns; as, " The rich
are not always happy."

212. \Vhen comparison is made between two
objects the comparative degree must be used;
when it is made between three or more, the super-
lative is used.

EXERCISES.

Incorrect. A new barrel of flour. (It should be
"A barrel of new flour.") Aclear spring of water.
A green load of wood. A new pair of boots. She
reads proper, writes neat, and sings elegant. A
tree fifty foot high. Twenty ton of hay.

•James is the tallest of the two. lie is the
oldest of the two. It is the most beat. His is the
bestest. Eve was the fairest of all her daughters,

6*6 ENGLISH GRAMMAR.

LESSON XLIV.

213. Rule VII, The Indefinite article
limits nouns in the singular number

on I y .

214. Rule VIII. The Definite article
limits nouns in the singular or plural
n u m b era.

Articles sometimes modify the sense of adjec-
tives; as, " A few days." l,So much the stronger
seemed he."

T, le often modifies adverbs; as, "the longer you
delay the worse it will be."

EXERCISES.

Correct. I saw a white and black horse. A
white and a black horse were in the pasture. He
has a little reverence, but not much, lie has little,
if any, reverence.

Incorrect. Those sort of questions. These kind
of people is troublesome, lie sold six bushels of
wheat at nine shilling a bushel, lie bought an
old span of horses and a new set of harness. I
have a lemon and orange. He ma}- be a judge or
doctor. Oak produces acorns. A rose is the beau-
tiful flower.

215. Rule^TX. Pro nouns agree with their
nouns in gender, n u m b e r and person .)

When the pronoun agrees with two or more
nouns taken together itQnust be plural): but when
they are taken separately it must h(( singular}

when there are several persons (the first is pre-
ferred to the second, and the second to the third?;
as, "James, you, and I must study our lessons."

EXERCISES.

Incorrect. Rebecca took goodly raiment and put
them upon Jacob. One cannot be too careful of

HULKS or SYNTAX. 07

their reputation. George and Charles are diligent
in his studies.

You and I will recite your lessons.

James or John lost their book.

LESSON XLV.
216.flEtule X. The object of the Transi-
tive verb is put in the objective c a s (y.

A (few verba not transitive take after them a
noun of similar meaning as to run a race, to live a
fife.)

* The infinitives, p a ft ici plea, and v e r b a 1
nouns have the same government^ as their verbs 'J
as, To make clothes. "'The man making clothes.
Making clothes. Clothes is the object in each case.

The infinitive or clause may be used as the ob-
ject; as, lie desires to learn. He said that he would

'go.

EXERCISES.

Incorrect. Who did you see? He I must pun-
ish. Thou have I chosen. She who yon met.
He and they we know, but whom art thou ? 2So
one should practice of stealing.

217. (Rule XI . V e r b s o f a s k i n g a n d
t eachi ng a re fol lowed by twk
jive c asea o n e <> f p e r a o n a n -1 1 h <* o th-
er o ;' jth i ng/ as, " II" taught
- I!c ask< d mo a auestiou."

X\rheu these vi aged t«> I

form the ol ':i '"' ■'

while that of thing remains in t.
as, "I was taugl

Correct, Our | na. The <-'a:

builds houses. 1niller SHn'U 8«Wer' H,!

OS ENGLISH QRAMMA1.

ran a long race. He lived a happy life. lie
taught James Arithmetic. William asked hiin
many questions.

LESSON XL VI.

218. Rule XII. Verbs o f g i v i ri g, grant-
ing, alio w i n g, &c, are f o 1 1 o w e d by t w o
objectives, the direct and the indi-
rect object.

The indirec object precedes the direct, and is
properly in the Dative case.

If it tollows, it becomes a noun and preposition;
as, " He gave me a book." " He gave a book to
me."

When these verbs take the passive voice, the-
direct object becomes the subject, while the indi-
rect remains unchanged; as, UA book was given
me."

There is also a form where the indirect object
bocomes the subject; as, " He promised me a
present." "I was promised a present."

219. Itule XIII. V e r b s of choosing, ma-
king, rendering and c o n s t i t u t i n g a r e
followed by two o b j e c t i v e s, one the
direct object and the other the ef-
fect produced; as " They chose him gener-
al." Choosing general is the assertion, him the
direct object, and general the cifect produced.

In the passive voice the direct object becomes
the subject, and the object of effect is put in the
same case ; as, " He was chosen general."

The object of effect may be a noun; as, "They
elected him President ;" an adjective; as, " They
make us glad" "They esteemed Socrates wise /

KUhKS OF SYNTAX. fj\)

fcr, an infinitive; as, "They made him <jo." "Thou
wilt make us to lire."

The adjective in such cases agrees with the
noun, but modifies the verb by expressing the ef-
fect produced by its action.

220. Rule XIV. Nouns denoting dur a-
1 1 o n of time^ distance, weight, meas-
ure, and price are put in the objective
case after adjectives and verbs.

221. Bale XV. The adjectives like,
u n 1 i k e, n e a r, and nigh are folio w e d
by the objective case. [Or more correct-
ly, the dative, as that was their former power.]

EXERCTSES.

He gave me a book. A present was promised
me. They chose him secretary. He was chosen
clerk. It made them delirious. They were made
delirious. He is like his father. He was sitting
near me. His son is unlike him, The sight made
him shout for joy.

LESSOR XLVIL

222. Rule XVI. Adverbs modify verbs,
adjectives and other adverbs.

They sometimes modify prepositions, adjuncts,
and phrases ; as. u Just below the surface;" " In-
mependently of these things;" u I lived almost in
vai n . "

Yes, and, ??o, yea, way, and amen are used inde-
pendently. / - us.-d as an introductory word
without any force in the sentence; as, " There
was a man." It i^ Used when the subject is to be
put after the verb. Adrerbl are sometimes used
as nouns; as, "Until -now." " Since token"

70 ENGLISH GftAMMAR.

223. Rule XVII. Prepositions connect
w o r d 8 a n d s h o w the relation bet w c e n
the in.

224. Rule XVIII. The object of the
preposition is put in t h e objective?
case.

225. Rule XIX. Conjunctions connect

words and sentences.

When the}' connect words they may be consid-
ered as connecting sentences : James and John*
were studying, that is, James was studying, John'
was stud vine.

226. The connectives are conjunctions, connec-
tive adverbs and relative pronouns.

227. Rule XX. The interjections 0!
oh! ah! are followed by the objective
of the first person and the nomina-
tive oft he second.

EXERCISES.

lie heard him gladly. The journey was very
tiresome. He outran him very easily. Just
above the house there was a large tree. Did you
hear me? Yes. There is a happy land far, far
away. I had not heard it until now. lie left on
Monday. James and his brother came with me.
They came with the intention of speaking.

LESSOX XL VIII.

228. Rule XXI. The In fi n i ti ve d ep en ds

noon nouns, verbs, and adjectives.

229. The infinitive, in its nature, is a verbal

noun, and may be used as a uoun in nearly all

cases; as, rlo Ik is base, (subject.) To lie w to d*'

tlCLES OF SYNTAX. 71

ceive, (predicate.) He loves to play, (object) He
taught him to write, or they taught him writing.
They chose him to lead the way, or they chose him
as guide. lie permitted him to choose. He permit-
tea or granted him the choice.

230. It also denotes the purpose, and is equal to
a contracted sentence ; as, "lie prepared to go,"
that is, "He prepared that he might go." He
reads to learn." "He reads that he may learn."

231. Rule XXII. The simple infinitive—
without to — i 8 u s e d after bid, feel,
do, have, hear, let, m a k e , need, see,
may, can, will, shall, must.

232. Rule XXIII. The subject of the
infinitive is put in the objective; as,
" I advised him to do it," " I advised that he should
doit."

233. Rule XXIV. Participles refer to
nouns or p r o n 0 u n s .

234. Rule XXV. A noun joined with a
participle having no dependence u p-
o h othe r w o r d s is put in the nomin a-
t i v e case absolute; as, " He being defeated,
the arm}- returned."

235. Rule XXVI. The name o f t h e per-
son or thing addressed is put in the
vocative case*

EXERCISES.

lie desires to go abroad. He is anxious to hear
the news. There ia a time to die. He let him go
without farther trouble. H<- desired us to come
with him. John having learned his I-'- on recited

it. He being dead, we shall live. John come
hero. O Judgment thou art fled to brutish breasts.

•

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