An outline for a field study of a lumber operation

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B8
FORE

IRLF

B 3 fl4E

AN OUTLINE
|R A FIELD STUDY

OF A
MBER OPERATION

LRED BY R. c. BRYANT

ROFESSOR OF LUMBERING
\LE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY

AN OUTLINE
FOR A FIELD STUDY

OF A
LUMBER OPERATION

PREPARED BY R. C. BRYANT

PROFESSOR OF LUMBERING
YALE SCHOOL OF FORESTRY

. - £ orestry . Main Library

PREFACE

THIS outline was first published in 1912 for the use of
students of the senior class of the Yale School of Forestry
and for others who might wish a guide to aid them in the
preparation of a report on the field operations of a lumber
company. An effort has been made to include the general
methods and practices in all forest regions, hence certain
topics which appear in the outline will not apply to
specific operations, and on the other hand there may be
omissions of certain details which apply to local conditions
and which the student should cover.

Acknowledgment is hereby made to the various alumni
and others who have furnished criticisms and suggestions
of the first outline which have been of great aid in pre-
paring this revision.

New Haven, Connecticut,
March i, 1922.

** 4 t\ f\ "**

o 190 •

AN OUTLINE

FOR A FIELD STUDY OF A

LUMBER OPERATION

THIS outline is merely a guide to field observations
and the student is expected to cover all details of the
operation, even though some of them may not appear
in the outline. Strict attention should be given to
details even though they may appear of minor impor-
tance only. The written report should be presented
in readable form and the topics discussed in the order
in which they appear in the outline. Liberal use
should be made of maps, diagrams, sketches, and
photographs since they are a great aid in making the
text clear.

LOGGING AND LUMBER
MANUFACTURE

I. THE REGION

A. Topographic and climatic features of the region
and their influence on the methods and time of log-
ging and lumber manufacture.

II. OWNERSHIP AND MANAGEMENT

A. Organization chart showing the division of respon-
sibility among the management and subordinates.

B. Capital invested, or capital stock.

C. Property.

Title: fee simple— timber rights— from whom secured

(state chief features of timber contract and, if pos-
sible, secure copy of same).

Stumpage: original cost — present value — how ac-
quired.
Taxation: assessed value and tax rate.

D. Contracts.

Character of those used for any part of the operation,
including the sale or purchase of logs (secure copy
of all contracts, when possible).

E. Workmen's Compensation Act — chief features of.

F. Timber bonds : amount and value. Important fea-
tures of "Deed of Trust."

G. Annual and daily cut of company.

H. Average number of days worked per year ? Season

in which operations are carried on?
I. Association membership.
J. Accounting methods (secure copy of blank report

forms, if possible).
K. Costs of production, itemized.

III. THE FOREST

A. Area.

B. Silvicultural condition.

C. Stand per acre, and total for each merchantable
species.

D. Reproduction : present condition and possibilities
for, both on uncut and on cut-over lands.

E. Condition of cut-over lands at 5- and i o-year inter-
vals after logging.

F. Scheme of fire protection and its efficiency.

G. Attitude of owners toward forest management.
H. Form of management best adapted to the region.
I. Length of time logging has been in progress on the

tract and time at which the operation will be com-
pleted.

J. Disposal of cut-over lands.

K. Demarcation of forest boundaries.

L. Scheme of public land survey in region.

IV. THE LOGGING OPERATION*

A. The Timber Cruise.

1. Methods of cruising and mapping used in the
region.

2. Accuracy required and obtained for both cruise
and map.

3. Character of reports (submit blank forms if
possible).

4. Crew, equipment and supplies required, time con-
sumed, and total cost of making a cruise and map
of a given area and stand, according to local
practice.

B. Preliminary Work.

1. Planning the logging operation: methods.

2. Accuracy with which the various parts of the
operation are estimated — methods of estimating
costs in the field.

C. Labor.

1. Nationality.

2. How employed: day, week, month, year, or
contract.

3. Number of men and duties of each.

4. Wages and hours of labor.

5. Bonus or like systems.

6. Labor organizations.

7. Total daily expense for labor and board.

8. Average daily output per man.

D. Camps.

1. Factors governing selection of site.

2. Kind, size, number, and arrangement of buildings
required for a given crew. Make a ground plan,
drawn to scale, of the camp site showing all
buildings and topographic features.

*Report should be made on all rough products of the
forest, such as shingle bolts, fuel-wood, hewed cross ties,
poles, posts, stakes, etc., which are removed either at the
time of logging or at a later period.

8

3. Construction.

a. Material: kind and amount required for each
building — source — value.

b. Labor (manual and animal) : amount required
to build a given set of camps — cost.

c. Show interior arrangement of buildings by
accurate sketches.

d. Transportation: log and board camps (non-
portable)— portable houses — floating camps — car
camps.

e. Cost of lodging, if any, deducted from wage.

4. Equipment.*

a. Stoves : kind and size required for cooking and
heating.

b. Kitchen utensils and dining room ware — prepare
a complete list, stating total value.

c. Furniture : character and amount required —
make sketches of bunks, benches, tables, and
other camp-made furniture.

d. Bedding : character and amount per man — by
whom furnished — rules with reference to — total
value for the camp.

e. Laundry : equipment furnished — camp rules
with reference to.

f. Drying rooms: character of equipment and
amount required for a given number of men.

g. Refrigeration plants : size, character, and cost,
h. Cost of bedding, laundry, etc., per man.

5. Camp hygiene.

a. Sanitary arrangements, and rules.

b. Air and window space: number of cubic feet
per man?

c. Bathing: conveniences for — rules regarding.

d. Medical attention: provisions for — cost to
employee.

*Where camp is composed of families and the company
provides houses only, state terms under which the latter
are furnished.

e. Camp disinfection : character — frequency —
method.

f. Social welfare: provision for.

6. Blacksmith and machine shop.

a. Kind and value of equipment — supplies carried
in stock — crew employed — character of work
done — cost for supplies and for labor.

7. Tool fitting.

a. Saws and axes : methods and equipment.

8. Camp store.

a. Stock on hand and sale prices.

b. Average monthly expense per family, or per
man.

9. Commissary Department.

a. Kind, amount, and value of supplies carried on
hand.

b. Rations : kind and amount — bill of fare for a
given week.

c. Average cost of board per week. State items
included in cost.

10. Transportation of supplies.

a. Toting.

aa. Principles and methods involved in the loca-
tion, construction, and maintenance of tote
roads.

bb. Crew required to build and maintain roads —
cost per rod, mile, or other unit.

cc. Equipment used in toting, tonnage hauled
per load — cost of toting per ton for given dis-
tances and conditions.

b. Method of transporting supplies other than by
sled or wagon — cost per ton.

E. Animals.

1. Kind used, source, value.

2. Type of animal preferred, weight, average life.

3. Rations : kind — quantity — cost per animal.

4. Stable equipment for each animal — total stable
equipment for a given number of animals.

10

5. Veterinary care of animals : common ailments —
causes — effect on efficiency of animals.

6. Stable: special features of, shown by sketch,
drawn to scale.

F. Felling and Log Making.

1. Tools: quantity and purpose for which used —
methods of use — value of each kind. (Submit
sketch of any special tools used.)

2. Crews: organization and supervision.

3. Felling.

a. Deadening: object — method — number of trees
per day — cost per tree.

b. Felling strips : object — size — how and by whom
are they laid out.

c. Felling direction : factors influencing — methods
of determining.

d. Stumps : minimum diameter — height — influence
of defects on selection of cutting point.

e. Undercut: object — size with reference to diam-
eter at cutting point — position with reference to
felling direction — variation in practice for hard-
woods and soft woods and for small and very
large timber — for uphill fall as opposed to
downhill.

f . Sawing or chopping : location of cut with
reference to undercut — methods.

g. Special methods for power skidding.

h. Bed for large trees: object — character.

i. Splitting large logs: method — powder charge
used — character and amount of loss occasioned
by.

j. Breakage in felling: character — amount —
reasons for.

k. Bedding trees : character, size, and disposition
of.

1. Power felling devices : character — efficiency —
crew required — output — cost of machine. Com-
pare with hand methods.

II

m. Peeling (other than for tanbark) : species
peeled (reason for) — volume of bark — influence
of season — methods and tools — daily output per
man — cost.

n. Burning refuse : season — methods — tools —
crew — cost.

4. Log making or bucking.

a. Log lengths : maximum, minimum, and average
length — how and by whom determined — trimming
length.

b. Tops : minimum diameter — rules regarding.

c. Hand and power methods : relative efficiency —
output per unit — advantages of system used.

d. Supervision: character of.

5. Swamping or limbing : when done (before or
after marking) — if done before swamping does it
affect utilization and cause waste — tools used —
daily output per man — cost.

6. Regulations: lodged trees — injury to young
growth or other timber left standing — swamping —
top lopping — species to be removed — quality of
timber to be removed — manner of enforcing regu-
lations— efficiency of system.

7. Payment: basis — reasons for choice — cost per
unit. (Describe in detail any bonus or like system
used and its merits.)

8. Utilization : character and amount of waste in
felling or log-making due to high stumps, improper
log lengths, improper division of defective boles,
failure to utilize fully the top, and breakage due
to carelessness. (Instructor will furnish a special
form for recording the field data.)

G. Skidding and Yarding,
i. With animals.

a. Preparation of logs for skidding (swamping,
sniping, barking, etc.).

b. Describe fully, and illustrate with sketches
drawn to scale, the equipment used to skid logs

12

(harness, chokers, grabs, tongs, go-devils, drays,
yarding sleds, self-loading skidders, two wheeled
carts, etc.). Cost and make of each kind of
equipment.

c. Crews : organization — number of men and
animals in each — tools and equipment required
per crew — number of crews required to put in a
given amount of timber per day.

d. Skidding trails and roads : location — method of
construction — maintenance. Average cost of
trails and roads, per rod.

e. Skidways : rules for location — method of con-
struction— kind and size of timber used — crew
required for construction — cost.

f. Describe fully the method of skidding logs.
When logging is done by contract, state terms.
On what is contract price based?

g. Amount of timber handled in a given time,
with a given form of equipment, for 100 — 200 —
500 and 750 feet and for 1-4, 1-2, and 3-4 of
a mile. Cost per 1000 feet log scale. (State
average length and contents of logs, character
and topography, condition of bottom, climatic
conditions, kind and condition of animals, wages,
and team hire. Instructor will provide a special
form for recording field data.)

h. Relation of animal skidding to forest manage-
ment.
2. With power (other than tractors).

a. Special preparation of logs for skidding with
power (including deadening, swamping, noseing,
or other processes).

b. System of power skidding used (cableway, slack
rope, or snaking) and advantages for the specific
operation — cost of one unit.

c. Describe fully the power skidding and loading
equipment, and the accessories such as water
tanks, repair outfit, and blocks — spark arresters

13

used and their efficiency, regulations with refer-
ence to their use — method of changing runs, etc.
(Submit sketches showing chief features of
machine, methods of changing runs, and location
of landing and runs from one set-up.)

d. Factors governing the choice of landings and
limits of area to be logged from one set-up.

e. General scheme of railroad or other means of
transport for machines and logs. (Submit map
showing transportation layout for a limited area. )

f. Cables: number, size, length, type, quality,
make, average life in terms of feet log scale,
maintenance methods, value, disposition of worn
cables.

g. Methods of operation, including laying-out job,
moving and setting up equipment, skidding, and
loading.

h. Crew : organization, number of men, .qualifi-
cations, and duties.

i. Animals : number — duties.

j. Fuel: kind, amount, how secured, relative
efficiency, cost per unit.

k. Water requirements per day — how provided.

1. Capacity, daily, of machine in logs and log
scale, for given distances (to be determined by
time studies, showing distribution of time for
each part of operation).

m. Relation of power skidding to forest manage-
ment, based on damage to young growth and
disturbance of ground surface.

n. Spare parts carried in stock for each unit.
. With tractors.

a. Type of tractor used — horse power — speed
loaded and empty — hauling capacity.

b. Loading devices: winches or other equipment.

c. Trailers: type— capacity — method of attach-
ment to tractor.

d. Maintenance : character of repairs necessary—

M

frequency — skill demanded — spare parts carried
in stock — cost of.

e. Oil and fuel requirements.

f. Crew: number, duties, and wages.

g. Character of roads, trails, or slides.

h. Method of operation — working radius.

i. Prepare tables showing number of trips made

under stated conditions of bottom, topography,

and size of timber for given distances (to be

determined by time studies),
j. Prepare sketches showing important features of

the machine and of the auxiliary equipment,
k. Logging costs as compared to other methods

used on same job.

H. Scaling.

1. Log rule used.

2. Log sealer's equipment: scale stick — books —
crayons.

3. Method of scaling: scheme for "cutting" defec-
tive logs — interpretation of a merchantable log —
measurement of sound logs — recording results.

4. Check scaling : how and by whom done.

5. Scaling crew : number of men — manner of
employment.

6. Reports (character and to whom submitted).

7. Marking logs: method — tools — log marks in
use — law in regard to log marks.

I. Brush Disposal.

1. Object.

2. Laws in regard to.

3. Lopping : methods — efficiency — crew.

4. Scattering brush: methods — efficiency — crew.

5. Piling : season — method.

6. Burning: season — method — tools — efficiency of
burning operation.

7. Cost per 1000 feet, log scale.

8. Influence on cost of logging.

15

J. Land Transportation of Logs.

1. On sleds.

a. Two-sleds, or other types.

aa. Type : describe and illustrate with sketches
the equipment — loading methods, hand, power,
and animal.

bb. Draught power.

Animals: kind and number per sled — average
load hauled under given conditions — number of
round trips made in a given time on hauls of
specified lengths and under given conditions.
Power: character of machine used — crew:
number — duties — wages. Fuel and water re-
quirements— efficiency, loaded, on different
grades — method of operation — equipment re-
quired for hauling a given amount a specified
distance, under stated conditions.

b. Roads.

aa. Location : principles — methods.

bb. Construction: grading — corduroy work —
bridge construction — season — crews ; number
of men, duties, wages, time required to build a
given amount of specified road — cost of each
part of work — total cost per mile, or other unit.

cc. Maintenance: character of repairs — crews:
duties and wages.

Equipment: describe and submit sketch of
snow plough, rutt cutter, and sprinkler — cost.

dd. Cost of roads itemized.

c. Landings : character — size — capacity — methods
of construction — unloading and banking — crew —
itemized cost per 1000 feet, log scale.

2. On wheels.

a. High wheels.

aa. Type and make of cart and equipment —

advantages of. (Submit sketches.)
bb. Preparation of logs for hauling — length and

size of logs handled — swamping — bunching —

loading — unloading.

i6

cc. Operation : methods.

dd. Draught power: animals — kind, number,

efficiency,
ee. Output: amount handled daily for given

distances and conditions — cost per 1000 feet,

log scale (based on time studies),
ff. Relative efficiency as compared to wagons,
. motor trucks, and other forms of equipment

used to move logs.

b. Wagons, 4-, 6-, and 8-wheeled.

aa. Type used: wagon equipment — cost.

bb. Logs : lengths handled — swamping — "bunch-
ing"— loading — unloading.

cc. Draught power.

Animals : kind — number — efficiency — cost.
Mechanical: type of draught power used — cost
— kind, amount, and value of fuel — advantage.

dd. Crews.

Organisation: wages — number of men and
animals required for a given job.

ee. Roads : location — construction — maintenance
— cost.

ff. Operation: prepare a tabular statement
showing time required per trip for given con-
ditions and distance — minimum, average, and
maximum loads hauled — crew — wages — condi-
tions of road bed — grades — and physical con-
dition of animals. Average daily output per
unit — cost per 1000 feet, log scale (based on
time studies).

gg. Relative efficiency as compared to carts,
motor trucks, and other equipment used for
moving logs.

c. Motor trucks.

aa. Type used — rated capacity in tons — capacity
in feet log scale — engine horse-power — advan-
tages of type for logging purposes.

bb. Type of body used; including bunks, load-

17

ing devices, etc. (show special features by
sketches).

cc. Type of trailer used. Describe and illustrate
any special features by sketches.

dd. Size and length of logs that can be handled,
and average number per load.

ee. Fuel and oil requirements, daily and monthly.

ff. Maintenance requirements — chief troubles —
spare parts carried on hand — skill required in
repair work — crew for repair work.

gg. Loading and hauling practice.

hh. Number of trips per day for given distances,
bottom, topography, and loads (based on time
studies).

ii. Roads: character, construction, and main-
tenance.

jj. Crews: number of men — duties.

kk. Cost per 1000 feet, log scale, for given
distances and conditions. Compare with other
forms of transport for similar conditions.

11. Make sketches of, and describe carefully all
important features of the motor truck, auxil-
iary equipment and special forms of roadbeds.

3. Slides and chutes.

a. Conditions under which used.

b. Location: principles and methods — curves,
grades, etc.

c. Form of slide and terminals: describe and
show by sketches, drawn to scale.

d. Construction: methods— material — crews.

e. Operation: feeding and tending the slide —
length and diameter of logs handled— log control
— crews — cost per 1000 feet handled.

f . Maintenance : life of slide— character of repairs
— crew required — cost.

4. Aerial tramways.

a. Conditions under which used.

b. Construction: methods— materials required—

i8

cost for labor and materials — make sketches
drawn to scale of towers, cable supports, trolleys,
loading and unloading platforms, and other
essential features.

c. Power : character ^f device used for operation
of trolley.

d. Operation : method — crews — capacity — cost

e. Maintenance : average life — character of and
amount of repairs inquired — supplies carried on
hand — cost.

5. Road engine (Bull Donkey).

a. Adaptability.

b. Equipment : types and dimensions of boiler and
rated horse power — engines : size of cylinders
and length of stroke — cables ; size, length,
quality, life, cost — number and size of road
spools, sheaves, fair-leaders, and like equipment
— type of spark arrester used. Cost of equip-
ment per unit.

c. Road : . character, location, construction, main-
tenance, cost.

d. Landings : location, construction, and equip-
ment.

e. Operation : method — crews — cost.

6. Railroad.

a. General: relation of logging road to lumber
company — if chartered, reasons for same.

b. Location: factors governing — survey; crews,
methods, equipment, cost — curves and grades per-
missible.

c. Rights-of-way : how secured — width — cost per
acre or other unit.

aa. Construction.

(i) Clearing right-of-way :,
Methods of felling timber and cutting brush,
log lengths of merchantable timber — brush
disposal, stumps, height on grade and off
grade, methods of stump removal by grub-

bing, blasting or burning, relative ease of
removing stumps of different species, amount
and kind of explosive used for stumps of
given size and species — length of time right-
of-way is cut in advance of grading — size
and organization of crew and amount of
work done, daily, per man — cost of clearing
per acre or other unit.

(2) Grading:

Material: classification of, and determina-
tion of amount of yardage.
Rock: Methods of blasting or other means
of reducing to a size that can be handled,
including drilling, loading holes, kind and
amount of explosive, fuse and caps ; labor
required; cost per cubic yard for supplies.
Earth: methods and equipment used in
moving ; labor required ; cost per cubic yard.
Labor: organization of crews, daily output
per man, cost per cubic yard.
Grade cross section: profile on level and on
fills and in cuts, shown by sketches drawn to
scale.

(3) Timber work:

Trestles: type — character and size of timber
used for the various members — character
and amount of hardware required — equip-
ment used for construction purposes —
methods of construction — amount of timber
required in construction — when are trestles
used in preference to a fill or a truss bridge.
Culverts: same data as for trestles.
Cribbing: same data as for trestles.
Corduroy: same data as for trestles.
Bridges: same data as for trestles.
Labor: organization of crews, number of
men required and qualifications, daily output
per man for structures of different heights.

20

Cost for labor and materials itemized, for
different classes of structures, per linear
foot.

(4) Supplies.

Rails: weight, condition, and cost.

Rail accessories: character of rail fastenings,

bolts, spikes, rail braces, crossings, switch

frogs, and throws.

Ties (standard and switch): species, size,

source, life, number per rail, cost.

(5) Steel laying and removal: equipment,
including description and sketch of rail and
tie car or track-laying machine — crew ;
organization, size, and duties — methods —
number of rails laid or taken up, daily, per
man ; cost.

(6) Surfacing: character of work, crew
required and its organization ; methods, cost.

bb. Maintenance of way : character of work —
methods — number and size of section crews —
wages — cost,
d. Equipment.

aa. Locomotives: number, type, make, tonnage
loaded, hauling ability on given grades — general
efficiency — fuel, water, and oil requirements —
spare arresters; type, efficiency, state laws
with reference to.

bb. Cars : number, character, capacity, make,
weight, bunk spikes or chock blocks — chain
holding devices — length of logs handled (max-
imum, minimum, and average) — character of
usual repairs and maintenance necessary.
Show special features of cars by sketches,
drawn to scale.

cc. Repair shop: equipment, methods, crew.

dd. Loading equipment:

(i) Type of loading device used: cross-haul,
gin pole, sky line, other power loaders.

21

(Describe and illustrate by sketches any
special features connected with the loading
equipment.)

(2) Capacity : length and size of logs handled
(maximum, minimum, and average lengths
and diameters) — time required to load cars —
fuel, oil, and water requirements of power
loaders — maximum working radius — size and
duties of crew — methods used in loading.

(3) Repairs: character, method, equipment
required, crews, cost.

K. Water Transport.

i. Streams, lakes, and the ocean.

a. Requirements of driveable stream or other body
of water.

b. Improvements.

aa. Dams : requirements for a good site ;
methods, crews, amount of material required
and cost of construction ; form of gates used.
Show structure of dam and gates by sketches,
drawn to scale.

bb. Booms, wing dams, etc. : form ; construc-
tion ; use ; and cost. Illustrate different forms
by sketches, drawn to scale.

cc. Sluices and log flumes: conditions under
which used ; form ; location ; construction ;
operation; maintenance; cost.

dd. Stream cleaning; removal of debris, drift
wood, rock, etc.; methods; equipment; cost.

ee. Sorting gaps: form; purpose for which
used; show arrangement and construction of
gaps, booms, piers, etc., by sketches drawn
to scale.

c. The drive. «•
aa. Season and distance.

bb. Landing: "breaking down," movement of

logs through splash dam.
cc. Management of drive on small and large

22

streams (private, union, boom company, or
combination of two or more) ; character and
amount of equipment required.

dd. Crews : number of men, wages, camp man-
agement.

ee. Sorting: objects — methods — crews — contents
in feet — log scale of average log — daily and
annual capacity of sorting works — cost per
1000 feet, log scale.

ft". Deadheads : equipment for and methods of
recovery; percentage of loss in scale between
"bank" and mill, and reasons for same ; owner-
ship and value of logs ; transportation to mill.

gg. Log damage : character and amount due to
toredos, "brooming," breakage, sap rot, or other
causes.

d. Rafting.

aa. Reasons for and laws with reference to.

bb. Raft construction : methods ; form and
size; equipment and crew required to con-
struct ; cost.

e. Towing: character of tug boats and other
equipment used ; pulling ability ; amount of fuel
used; crew; cost of operation per 1000 feet.

f . Flumes : see schedule, page 32.

g. Prepare a tabulated statement showing total
crew employed, duties, wages, and division of
responsibility and daily output per man.

L. Prepare a Glossary of Terms used in Logging.

V. LUMBER MANUFACTURE
A. The Plant.

1. Location and advantages of the site.

2. Character of plant, including mills, dwellings,
commissaries, office buildings, etc.

3. Form of local government, incorporated or non-
incorporated — reasons for, and advantages of plan.

4. Merits of the plant.

5. Daily and annual output.

23

6. Organization : prepare a chart showing the
scheme of organization of labor, duties, wages, and
division of responsibility.

7. Prepare a ground plan of entire plant (scale
i inch = 200 feet), showing location of all build-
ings, lumber yard, refuse burners, water tanks,
hose houses, fire plugs, log pond, etc.

B. Sawmill.
i. Log storage.

a. Water.

aa. Rollways : form of rollway at log pond or
on stream including height of brow above
water. Show construction by sketches drawn
to scale.

bb. Log unloading devices : describe the equip-
ment used for unloading log cars — efficiency of
method — log breakage in unloading — danger to
workmen — does train crew or special crew do
the unloading — show important features by
sketch drawn to scale.

cc. Pond or stream : area, capacity in 1000 feet,
log scale, arrangement of booms, method of
handling logs, control of flood water.

dd. Character and amount of damage from
toredo or other causes due to long storage in
water.

ee. Power log bucking devices : equipment used,
location with reference to mill, method of
operation, crew required. Make sketch of
equipment.

ff . Deadheads : class of logs that sink ; equip-
ment for, and methods of raising; cost.

gg. Hot ponds : method of keeping pond open
in cold weather.

b. Land.

aa. Rollways : form of rollway or storage

ground, area, capacity,
bb. Log handling devices : character, method of

operation, crew required, capacity.

cc. Sketch drawn to scale of log storage area
and log handling devices.

c. Labor : crews, organization, duties, wages.

d. Storage expense: statement showing expense
per 1000 feet.

2. Equipment and operation of mill.

a. Make a ground plan, to scale, showing arrange-
ment of machinery on sawing floor.

b. Building: dimensions; type of construction;
necessity for and character of natural and arti-
ficial light; amount of material required for
construction; size of important members; cost
per unit for labor and materials.

c. Log hoisting machinery : describe and illustrate
the equipment used for and the methods of
bringing logs from the pond or storage yard to
the log deck.

d. Log washing devices : objects, character,
amount of water required, source.

e. Deck machinery : describe and illustrate the
deck machines and equipment, and the mode of
operation (cut off saws, drag saws, log-stops-
and loaders, "niggers," log turners, etc.), amount
of manual labor involved in operation.

f. Log carriage: describe carriages (length, max-
imum diameter of log handled, log "dogs," set
works, knees, blocks, offset, trailer, etc.).

g. Carriage feed.

aa. Steam : length and diameter of cylinder,
diameter of piston, attachment to carriage,
valves, method of speed control, length of run,
steam requirements.

bb. Cable: size, power, and location of engine;
length, size, and character of cable; length of
run; speed; attachment to carriage; control.

cc. Rack and pinion: dimensions of rack and

of pinion ; speed ; method of control,
h. Carriage tracks: length of run; gauge, size,

and form of track ; number of rails and method

of attachment to floor; type of track cleaners.

25

«. Bumpers : object, form, location.

j. Band mills: chief features; make; diameter

of wheels, crown, saw stretching device, r.p.m.,*

h.p.f required, length of saw (maximum and

minimum), largest log passing under the saw

guide; log splitters, character, and when used.$

k. Circular mill: chief features of husk; make;

r.p.m. of saw; board spreader; feed works;

h.p. required : character of logs sawed ; top saw,

direction of rotation, r.p.m.

1. Rock saw: object of ; character; power appli-
cation; method of use.

m. Sash gang mill : chief features ; make ; size ;
number of saws; strokes per minute; founda-
tion; h.p. required; character of logs sawed;
advantages of gang saw.

n. Resaws : chief features, advantages (follow
band mill, or circular mill, schedule according to
character of resaw).
o. Saws.

aa. Band : length, width, gauge of teeth and of
t>lade, number of teeth per linear foot, shape
of teeth, tension, tire, kerf, feed speed, number
of 1000 feet B.M.§ sawed at one filing, average
life, daily cut per saw, number of saws on
hand, use made of worn saws, cost of saws
per linear foot.

bb. Circular: diameter; gauge; tension; speed;
shape, size, and number of teeth ; kerf ; feed ;
number of 1000 feet B.M. sawed at one riling;
life of saw; daily cut; number of saws on
hand ; cost.

^Revolutions per minute.

fHorse power.

^Describe band log splitter under same headings as for

band mill.
§Board ^measure.

26

cc. Gang saw : length ; width ; gauge of teeth
and saw blades; tension; size and shape of
teeth; kerf; feed; number of 1000 feet B.M.
sawed at one filing; life of saw; number of
saws on hand; cost.

dd. Resaw : follow schedule for band or circu-
lar, as required.

p. Filing : arrangement and equipment of filing
room; character of work performed; principles
of "saw-fitting" ; methods ; crew organization,
qualifications, and wages; cost per 1000 feet
B.M.

q. Edgers: type; number; diameter, and gauge
of saw blade and of teeth, arrangement and
control of saws ; r.p.m. ; kerf ; feed speed ;
daily output; h.p. required; crew organization;
maximum size of material handled,
r. Trimmer: type; number, diameter, gauge of
saws ; gauge of teeth ; arrangement and control
of saws ; kerf ; r.p.m. ; h.p. required ; daily out-
put; maximum length and thickness of boards
handled.

s. Slasher: type; arrangement; number, diam-
eter, and gauge of saws ; kerf ; r.p.m. ; h.p.
required; disposal of refuse; loss of lath stock
due to careless feeding of slabs and edgings to
saws.

t. Hog, or refuse grinder: type; arrangement
and number of knives; r.p.m.; h.p. required;
capacity in cords per hour; class of material
ground in the hog.

u. Lumber and cant trips : describe and illustrate
the various kinds of trips used in handling
lumber, cants, and other material,
v. Board drops or "ease downs" ; character and
effectiveness in preventing splits behind head
saws.

w. Transfer chains and accessories : describe and
illustrate the various types of chains used for

27

conveying lumber, shingles, laths, sawdust, slabs

and other refuse.
x. Live rollers : character ; arrangement ; form of

drive; speed; control; h.p. required,
y. Assorting table : length ; height ; width ; kind

of chains used ; patent assorting and labor

saving devices; method of handling lumber;

crew,
z. Loading docks : type used for storage and

loading of timbers. (Submit sketch, drawn to

scale.)
C. Power Plant.

1. Building: character of construction ; dimensions;
location with reference to yards, sawmills, and
other buildings.

2. Boilers: character; number; arrangement;
make ; size ; steam pressure ; horse power ; boiler
accessories, steam drum, water heaters, injectors;
character of grates, Dutch ovens, and other special
facilities for burning a given kind of fuel ; size of
fire box ; diameter and height of stack.

3. Fuel : kind and amount used ; method of fuel
transfer to "dust" house and power house ; stoking
devices.

4. Engines: number; type; make; r.p.m. ; h.p.
developed; frequency of tests to determine effi-
ciency.

5. Pumps : number ; type ; make ; size of steam,
air, and water cylinders; capacity of free air or
water ; purpose for which used.

6. Power transmission : shafting ; size, and location
of main and secondary shafts for driving sawmill
machinery — belting or rope drive; dimensions and
arrangement of all belts and ropes used for trans-
mission.

7. Mill repair : millwright equipment for mill
repair ; character of repairs made ; supplies carried
on hand ; crew. Frequency of inspection of car-
riages, mills, and other machinery.

28

D. Sawing: plain and quarter sawing; manner in
which logs of different sizes and possessing various
defects (rot, crooks, knots, etc.) are sawed; dimen-
sions of rough green, 4/4, 6/4, 8/4 and other standard
sizes, when they leave the saw. Thickness of flitches
or planks to be sawed on the resaw. Show diagram-
matically the manner in which logs of various sizes
are sawed. Method of sawing rough, smooth, and
defective logs, also those with sweep. Influence of
visible defects on the sawing contents of logs both
as to volume and grade as compared to sound, straight
logs of the same length and diameter. Character of
material reworked on the gang or resaw. Are logs
sawed parallel to surface or to axis? Policy with
reference to sawing butt-end or small end first.
Policy with reference to slabbing. Are slabs
resawed? Determine by time studies the per cent of
total elapsed time that the sawyer spends on operating
log-stop-and-loader, steam nigger, gigging back the
carriage, and running the saw in the cut. (Instructor
will supply a special outline and detailed instructions.)

E. Logs : number sawed daily ; grades produced ; per
cent of each lumber grade in average daily run of
mill ; log rule used on the deck ; per cent of "over-
run" ; class of logs that yield the higher and highest
grades of lumber.

F. Lumber : kinds of lumber products manufactured ;
method of manufacture (in detail) from pond to
car ; grading rules used ; grading methods and crew ;
grades which are air-dried and kiln-dried ; shrinkage
in seasoning; loss in weight during seasoning; ship-
ping weights of lumber. Per cent of different thick-
nesses cut. Tallying output of mill.

G. Conditioning Lumber:

1. Objects.

2. Methods.

a. "Dipping": objects; stain, cause of, kind of
wood and species attacked, season of attack;

construction of dipping tank (draw to scale) ;
formula for dipping solution; preparation of
solution ; length of time lumber is immersed ;
amount of chemical solution required to dip 1000
board feet; subsequent treatment of lumber;
origin and cost of chemicals ; crew ; cost per
1000 board feet.

b. Yards: area; distance from mill and other
buildings ; arrangement and construction of
"dolly ways" ; width and condition of alley ways ;
equipment for, and method of transporting lumber
from the assorting table to yard and yard to
planer, or car; character of lumber dried in
yard; advantages and disadvantages of yard
drying ; piles, arrangement, dimensions, founda-
tions, roof, location with reference to prevailing
winds, average contents ; crews and work per-
formed daily ; weight of lumber before and after
drying ; total crew on yard work ; cost of yard
work per 1000 board feet.

c. Dry kilns : type ; capacity ; average tempera-
ture and humidity maintained at each end in
progressive kiln ; kind, size, and amount of heat-
ing pipe and its location in kiln ; source of heat
and steam pressure; disposal of water of con-
densation ; time required to dry lumber of differ-
ent species and thickness; special problems
involved in kiln drying; kiln trucks, character
and capacity, method of piling lumber on, auto-
matic stackers; other kiln equipment; handling
lumber at receiving and discharging end; per
cent of total cut and the grades kiln dried;
weight of lumber before and after drying; crew,
wages, and duties ; labor saving devices used in
handling kiln truck loads; cost per 1000 board
feet.

d. Dry sheds: construction and capacity (show
important features of construction in a sketch

30

drawn to scale) ; class of lumber stored and

length of time.

3. Plant sanitation : measures in use to keep sheds,
yards, and various parts of the plant in a sanitary
condition with reference to wood decay.

H. Planing Mill.

1. Building: dimensions; type of construction;
location with reference to remainder of plant;
character of construction.

2. Equipment: type of machines used; speed and
capacity of each machine and of entire plant; h.p.
required for each machine and for plant ; applica-
tion of power; make ground plan of building
showing location of different machines.

3. Power transmission (see power transmission, saw
mill).

4. Output: patterns of finished lumber produced;
degree of dryness of lumber for best results ; thick-
ness lumber must be in rough to make different
patterns ; quality and size of lumber from which
various patterns are made ; waste in manufacture.

5. Assorting lumber : arrangements for and methods
of ; grading ; assorting and handling lumber.

6. Power Plant (see sawmill — power plant).

7. Fuel (see sawmill — fuel).

8. Labor : prepare a chart showing planing mill
labor, organization, duties, cost.

I. Study and describe in detail any special forms of
utilization practiced in any part of the plant, whereby
"shorts," odd lengths, edging strips, trimmings,
defective lumber, or refuse are made into a commer-
cial product. (Instructor will provide a special out-
line.)

J. Refuse Disposal : method for sawmill and planing
mill ; character and location of enclosed burners and
open pits; conveyors; exhaust system; size and
character of fan, r.p.m., h.p. required; length and
diameter of blow-pipe, volume, velocity, pressure of

31

air. "Cyclone," size and construction ; compressed
air cleaning systems.

K. Electric Plant : type, make, and capacity of dyna-
mos ; number, candlepower, and location of lights
around the plant ; capacity of motors and purpose for
which used ; attitude towards electric machine drive ;
cost of plant.

L. Water Supply: location and capacity of storage
tanks; number, make, type, size, and capacity of
pumps ; average tank pressure ; fire pressure ; source
of water supply.

M. Fire Protection: equipment for fire protection;
fire companies, fire drill ; system of automatic
sprinklers.

N. Insurance: amount, character, and cost on each
part of plant. Insurance requirements.

O. Lubricating Oil: kinds and quantities used for
different purposes around the plant, amount carried
on hand.

P. Machine Shop: equipment; class of work per-
formed— crew ; organization, duties, and wages.

Q. Supply Department : character and amount of
supplies carried on hand; how are supplies issued.

R. Submit an itemized statement showing the cost of
the following buildings and equipment : the sawmill,
power house, planing mill, dry kilns, dry sheds, and
other structures.

S. Determine the number of one-man hours required,
for each manufacturing process, to produce 1000
board feet of lumber; hours of labor; manner of
payment (special outline to be provided by in-
structor).

T. Submit a chart showing sawmill crew organization,
duties and wages. Daily output per man.

U. Glossary of terms used in lumber manufacture,
which are peculiar to the region.

32

VI. LUMBER SHIPMENT AND TRANSPORTA-
TION

A. Shipping Department: organization; duties and
qualifications of shipping clerk ; blank forms used ;
crews, wages, duties, and daily output per man ; total
cost of department per 1000 board feet.

B. Rail Transport: loading: facilities for; methods
for flat and box cars; labor saving devices used in
loading; capacity in 1000 board feet of cars of
various sizes; minimum car capacity; size, quality,
and quantity of lumber required to stake flat cars,
cost of material and labor per car; weighing cars;
demurrage rules ; "billing out" cars ; crews and daily
output; cost per 1000 board feet for loading.

C. Water Transport:

1. Vessels: character of vessels and capacity;
method of loading and storing lumber on board for
coastwise and ocean cargoes; time and crew
required for loading; cost of loading; form of
ship charter; general shipping regulations for
foreign and domestic trade.

2. Rafts: object; method of raft construction;
capacity, length of time and crew required to build ;
cost of construction; method of transporting to
market ; cost of transportation ; success or failure
of past rafting.

3. Flumes :

a. Location: principles and methods.

b. Construction: clearing right of way; organ-
ization of work; source and kind of material
used; form of box used; trestle work; ter-
minals ; grades ; curves ; material and labor
requirements ; costs.

c. Operation: crew required; daily capacity;
cost.

d. Maintenance: average life of flume; repairs
required ; cost.

33

VII. SALE OF LUMBER

A. Sales Department : organization ; force required ;
methods of sale; cost per 1000 board feet.

B. Markets: territory in which lumber is sold; rail
and water freight rates to important markets ; chief
demands of foreign and domestic markets.

C. Prices : value of lumber f .o.b. car, and at important
wholesale markets.

VIII. LATH MANUFACTURE

A. Plastering Lath.

1. Character of raw product used; yield per cord;
yield per 1000 board feet of lumber manufactured.

2. Manufacturing plant.

a. Equipment: character, number, and location of
various machines in the plant; relation to saw-
mill plant (follow schedule for circular saws,
when describing saws used in bolter, lath mill,
and lath trimmer) ; character and location of
transfer devices for bringing raw product to mill,
and removing finished product, and refuse — daily
capacity.

3. Manufacture : describe in detail methods of man-
ufacture; sizes of finished product; method of
packing; grades; cost for labor, repairs, sup-
plies, etc.

4. Seasoning lath: facilities for; methods; length
of time required ; shed storage ; weight before and
after drying.

5. Shipment : methods ; car capacities.

6. Crews : crews required to operate, wages, quali-
fications.

7. Markets and value of product.

8. Trade prejudices against the use of certain species
for lath; reasons.

B. Byrkit, or patent lath.

1. Character of material from which made.

2. Advantages of this form of lath.

34

3. Equipment for, and method of manufacture.

4. Grades.

5. Cost of manufacture and handling.

6. Markets and value of product.

C. Glossary of Terms used in Lath Manufacture.

IX. SHINGLE MANUFACTURE

A. Raw material from which manufactured ; yield per
cord of bolts, and per 1000 feet, log scale.

B. Manufacture.

1. Plant: location with reference to saw mill;
character of power plant; shingle machines, char-
acter, number, daily output, crews (follow schedule
for circular saws, sawmill, in describing shingle
saws) — cost of manufacture.

2. Classification, size, and weight.

3. Packing : methods ; daily output per man ; cost.

4. Seasoning: methods; time required.

5. Shipment : loading devices ; car capacity.

6. Markets : localities in which sold ; rates to
market; value f .o.b. ; chief competing species in
important markets.

7. Quality of "mill shingles" as compared to those
made from bolts.

8. Glossary of Terms used in Shingle Manufacture.

X. NAVAL STORES INDUSTRY

A. General Data.

*i. Organization of woods force; duties.

2. Lease: form and value; operating regulations.

3. Number of crops worked.

4. Number of men employed and character of labor.

5. Size and arrangement of various camp buildings.

6. Total annual output of crude resin and refined
turpentine and rosin.

B. Operation.

1. Litter burning; time and method.

2. Class of trees bled.

35

3. Length of time bled.

4. Yield.

5. Boxing : season ; method ; dimensions and capac-
ity of box, height of box above ground; average
number of boxes per tree; tools used; number of
boxes cut daily per man ; cost per box.

6. Patent cups.

a. Preparation of face for cup ; " season ; cost ;
method and cost of inserting gutters, aprons, or
other equipment; method and cost of hanging
cup; value of cups; capacity; total cost of
placing a crop of cups ; yield of crude turpentine
in cups ; expense of operation ; merits of differ-
ent cup systems; superiority over box system.

7. Cornering : season ; method ; tools used ; number
cut daily per man ; cost.

8. Chipping and pulling : season ; method ; tools
used; cost; number of boxes worked per man;
size and length of "streaks" ; how often made ;
designations of various aged boxes; length of
various aged faces.

9. Dipping: frequency; yield; method; cost;
method and cost of transportation of "dip" to still.

10. Scraping: season; method of collection ; tools;
yield of different aged faces.

11. Raking: season; method; cost; efficiency.

12. Effect of box system and cup system on the
forest ; per cent of trees killed ; damage to lumber
product.

C. Distillation.

1. Still: equipment, arrangement, capacity, cost.

2. Operation: season; charging the still; time
required for distillation; skimming; condensation
and storage of spirits of turpentine; determination
of progress of distillation; rosin straining appa-
ratus and straining methods; yield of products in
quantity and grade.

D. Preparation for Market.

i. Turpentine: character, size, and preparation of

36

package; cost of package; gauging and deter-i
mining quality of product.

2. Rosin : character and size of package ; equipment .
of cooperage shop ; method and cost of manufac-
turing barrels; grades.

E. Markets : chiefs centers for sale of product ;
freight rates to market; character of middlemen in
chief markets; value of product.

F. Glossary of Terms used in Naval Stores Industry.

XL HARVESTING TANBARK

A. Species used.

B. Yield per average tree of a given diameter and per jf
1000 feet, log scale.

C. Peeling: season; tools required (saws, axes,
"spuds," etc.); crew, duties, wages, daily output;
felling; ringing; relation to time of logging.

D. Seasoning: method of piling at time of peeling; j
time required for drying; stacking in the forest;
weight per cord green and dry.

E. Transportation: season; equipment (sleds, chut s,
carts, wagons, pack animals, manual labor
methods ; cost.

F. Markets and sale value of product; freight raljcs
to market; storage at the tannery.

G. Cost of tanbark harvesting.
H. Disposition of peeled wood.

I. Glossary of Terms used in Tanbark Harvesting.

U.C. BERKELEY LIBRARIES

RETURN FORESTRY LIBRARY
TO—* 260 Mulford Hall

642-293<

Mill !

3

4 5

6

ALL BOOKS AAAY BE RECALLED AFTER 7 DAYS

DUE AS STAMPED BELOW

*

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELE^
RFPKFI FY CA 94790