tr^ 9r ^
The Nation Back of Us, The World in Front.
Out Vv^est
A Magazine; of
The Old Pacific and the New
( 1-()RMF.KLY THE I, AND OF SUNSHINKj
EDITED BY
Staff — David Starr Jordan, Joaquin Miller, Tlieodore H. Hittell, Mary Halloclv Foote, Marg-arei
Collier Graham, Charles Warren Stoddard, Grace Ellery Channiiig-, Ina Coolbrith, William
Keith, Dr. Washingrtou Matthews, Geo. Parker Winship, Frederick Webb Hodg-e,
Charles F. Holder, Edwin Markham, Geo. Hamlin Fitch, Chas. Howard Shinn,
Wm. E. Smythe, T. S. Van Dyke, Chas. A. Keeler, Louise M. Keeler,
A. F. Harmer, L. Maynard Dixon, Charlotte Perlcins Stetson,
Constance Goddard Dubois, Batterman Lindsay, Charles
Dwig-ht Willard, Elizabeth and Josepli Grinnell,
Frederick Starr, Charles Aniadon Moody,
Sharlot M. Hall.
Volume XVI
January to June, 1902
Out West Company
Los Angeles, Cal.
Copyright, 1902
BY
Out West Company
^Xx-^^
^ 3 ^ f d
Bancroft Library
OUT WEST.
Index to Vol. XVI.
A Modern Sapphira (story) , Grace Ellery Charming 503, 627
Annex Arid America, C. B. Boothe 92
Back There (poem), Tracy and Ivucy Robinson 391
Ballade of Wild Bees (poem), Eugene M. Rhodes 244
Bar Cross Iviar, The (story), Eugene M. Rhodes 619
Biennial, The Sixth, of the G. F. W. C, illustrated, Harriet H. Barry... 557
California Constructive Eeague, The, illustrated, Wm. E. Smythe,
197, 317, 332, 435, 545, 675
California, The Right Hand of the Continent, illustrated, Chas. F.
Eummis 569
Camino Real, The, and its Old Art, illustrated, Auguste Wey 480
Captain of the Gate, The (story), Eugene M. Rhodes 391
Certain Problems of Democracy in Hawaii, illustrated, David Starr
Jordan 25, 139
Child Birds in our Gardens, illustrated, Elizabeth Grinnell 597
Children of the Soil (poem), Eucy Robinson 512
Chinese Journalism in California, ilkistrated, Ednah Robinson 33
Citrus Fruits 250 Years Ago, illustrated, Chas. F. Eummis 126, 255, 377
Colorado River, The, illustrated, J. B. Eippincott 430
• Costanso, Miguel, letter on California in 1772 50^
County that Should be Great, A, Wm. E. Smythe 670
Cupa, The Exiles of, illustrated, C. F. E 465
Discovery of Our Pacific Coast, illustrated, R. A. Thompson 352, 489
Dodder (poem), Julia Boynton Green 282
Duel in the Desert, illustrated, Chas. F. Eummis 5
Early Western History, from documents never before published in
English— Costansd's letter on California in 1772 50 S V»
Diary of Junipero Serra (March 28- June 30, 1769) 293, 399, 513, 635
Fog (quatrain), Gertrude M. Chance... 512
For Vicente's Sake (story), Darwin Gish 179
Garden, The (poem), Edward S. Field 176
Hawaii, Certain Problems of Democracy in, illustrated, David Starr
Jordan 25, 139
His Star (poem), Ella Higginson 626
Hour and the Man, The (story), Eugene M. Rhodes 43
Illusion (poem) Juliette Estelle Mathis 185
In Absence (poem), Anna Spencer Twitchell 52
Indian Ba.sket-Maker, The (poem), Anna Ball 158
Indian Baskets, Porno, illustrated, Carl Purdy 9, 150, 262
In the Eion's Den (by the editor) 60, 186, 304, 416, 524, 651
In Western Eetters, with portraits, C. F. L-. 274, 389
Irrigation, Problems of, Geo. H. Maxwell 546
It Was His (story), Cloudesley Johns 397
June Wedding, A (poem), Chas. Elmer Jenney 619
Kings River Conquest, The, illustrated, Wm. E. Smythe 323, 437
Eace-Making by Indian Women, illustrated, Mrs. A. S. C. Forbes 613
98568
Landmarks Club, The 184, 303, 415,523
Lion's Den, In the (by the editor) 60, 186, 304, 416, 524, 651
Looking California in the Face, illustrated, Wm. E. Smythe...,323, 437, 670
Lubly Ge-Ge and Gruffangrim (story), Eugene M. Rhodes 166
Manzano Salt Lakes, The, illustrated, D. W. Johnson 367
Mascot of the Grays, The (story), Henry Wallace Phillips 283
Matilija Poppies (poem), Julia Boynton Green 165
Mesa Grande and its Indians, illustrated, C. P. L 602
Modern Sapphira, A (story), Grace Ellery Channing 503, 627
New Zealand Institutions, Wm. E. Smythe 82, 200, 440, 677
Oranges 250 Years Ago, illustrated, Chas. F. Lummis 126, 255, 377
Out West (poem), Sharlot M. Hall 3
Pacific Coast Discovery, illustrated, R. A. Thompson 352, 489
Ponio Indian Baskets, illustrated, Carl Purdy 9, 150, 262
Public Works of Irrigation, Wm. E. Smythe 88
Right Hand of the Continent, The, illustrated, Chas. F. Lummis 569
Riverside View of Reforms, illustrated, John G. North 443
Runaway Freight, The (story). Colvin B. Brown ■.. 53
Sapphira, A Modern (story), Grace Ellery Channing 5 3, 627
Sequoya League, The, " To Make Better Indians," C. F. L
177, 297, 391, 407, 519, 643
Serra, Fray Junipero, The Unpublished Diary of, 1769 293, 399, 513, 635
Simple Story of a Man, The, illustrated, Chas. Amadon Moody 159
Socialism and Construction, Wm. E. Smythe 527
Studies in Floral Portraiture, illustrated, O. V. Lange 244
Sunrise (poem), Marian Warner Wildman 555
That Which is Written (reviews by the editor and C. A. M.)
70, 194, 312, 421, 533, 659
The House that Once was Blessed of Thee (poem), Ella Higginson 32
The Wind Seems Kind Today (poem), Edward S. Field 511
Thoughts in the Campagna (poem), Nancy K. Foster 669
'Tis Very Trying to be Poor (verse), Edward S. Field 601
To Build the State, Wm. E. Smythe 317
To Eulalia (poem), A. B. Bennett 398
Twentieth Century West, The, illustrated, conducted by Wm. E. Smythe
75, 197, 317, 425, 537, 663
Two Bits (poem), Sharlot M. Hall 617
Two Days at Mesa Grande, illustrated, C. F. L 602
Valentine, John J., illustrated, Chas. Amadon Moody 159
Warner's Ranch, illustrated, C. F. L 65
(also pp. 66, 177, 300, 407, 519, 643)
Water and Forest Association, The 209
Week of Wonders, A, III, illustrated, C. F. L 19
Wyoming Law, The, Wm. E Smythe 329
AK'riCl,K.S ()!-• I<()CAI.ITIHS"
Prescott, A. T., illustrated, Sharlot M. Hall 101
San Mateo County, Cal., illustrated, Wm. deJung 223
San Diego Co., Cal., illustrated, H. P. Wood, 337
Sacramento Valley, illustrated, W. S. Greene 447
Petaluma, Sonoma Co., Cal., illustrated, R. A. Thompson 683
/
iiTHEiiTu iHt LAINU Uh ^Ul^^nil^
THE NATION BACK OF US, THE WORLD IN FRONT
A MAGAZINE OF
M OLD ECiriC AND 11 NW
EDITED BY CBAS. f. LIMMI5
Copyrighted 1901 by The Land of bunshine Pubhshing Co.
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You may not know, for instance, that in
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OUT WEST
A MAGAZINE OF THE OLD PACIFIC AND THE NEW
EDITED BY CHAS. F. 1.UMMIS.
AMONG THE STOCKHOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS, ARE:
DAVID STARR JORDAN
President of Stanford University.
FREDERICK STARR
Chicairo Uniyeraity.
THEODORE H. HITTELL
The Historian of California.
MARY HALLOCK FOOTE
Author of "The Led-Horse Claim," etc.
MARGARET COLLIER GRAHAM
Author of '* Stories of the Foothills."
GRACE ELLERY CHANNING
Author of " The Sister of a Saint," etc.
ELLA HIGGINSON
Author of " A Forest Orchid," etc.
JOHN VANCE CHENEY
Author of "Thistle Drift," etc.
CHARLES WARREN STODDARD
The Poet of the South Seas.
INA COOLBRITH
Author of " Songrs from the Golden Gate," etc.
EDWIN MARKHAM
Author of " The Man With the Hoe."
JOAQUIN MILLER
The Poet of the Sierras.
CHAS. FREDERICK HOLDER
Author of " The Life of Aarassiz," etc.
CONSTANCE GODDARD DU BOIS
A uthor of " The Shield of the Fleur de Lis."
SHARLOT M. HALL
WM. E. SMYTHE
Author of "The Conquest of Arid America«"etc.
WILLIAM KEITH
The irreatest Western Paintar.
DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS
Ex-Prest. American Folk-Lore Society.
GEO. PARKER WINSHIP
The Historian of Coronado's Marche*.
FREDERICK WEBB HODGE
of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
GEO. HAMLIN FITCH
Literary Editor S. F. " Chronicle."
CHARLOTTE PERKINS STETSON GILMAN
Author of " In This Our World."
CHAS. HOWARD SHINN
Author of "The Story of the Mine," etc.
T. S. VAN DYKE
Author of "Rod and Gun in California," etc
CHAS. A. KEELER
A Director of the California Academy of Science»
LOUISE M. KEELER
JOSEPH GRINNELL
L. MAYNARD DIXON
Illustrators.
ELIZABETH AND JOSEPH GRINNELL
Authors of " Our Feathered Friends.**
BATTERMAN LINDSAY
CHAS. DWIGHT WILLARD
Contents — January, 1902.
A Duel in the Desert Frontispiece
Out West (poem), Sharlot M. Hall 3
A Duel in the Desert, Chas. F. Lummis 5
Porno Indian Baskets, II, illustrated, Carl Purdy 8
A Week of Wonders, III, illustrated, Chas. F. Lummis 18
me Problems of Democracy in Hawaii, illustrated, David Starr Jordan 25
. le House that Once was Blessed of Thee (poem), Ella Higginson , 32
Chinese Journalism in California, illustrated, Ednah Robinson .' 33
The Hour and the Man (story), Eugene M. Rhodes 4^
Absence (poem), Anna Spencer Twitchell 52
lie Runaway Freight (story), Colvin B. Brown S3
.irly Western History — from documents never before published in English — California in 1772 ;
letters of Miguel Costansd, Fray Juan Crespi and Fray Francisco Palou 56
he Lion's Den (by the editor) 60
t Which is Written (reviews by the Editor and C. A. Moody) 70
20th Century West, conducted by Wm. E. Smythe 75
A Few Coming Features 81
New Zealand Institutions : 82
Public Works of Irrigation .. 88
Annex Arid America, by C. B. Boothe 92
A Notable Water System 94
Pnscott, Arizona, by Sharlot M. Hall, illustrated 99
Our Western Wonderland (views Snoqualmie Falls, Mt. Tacoma, Mt. Shasta, the Yosemite, etc. 116
Copyriffht 1901. Entered at the Loa Anreles Postoffice as aecond-class matter, (sbb pobusbkr's paob.)
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"THE CENTURY
J^
A YEAR OF AMERICAN HUMOR
THEdNnjior
ILLUSTRATED
MONTHLY
MAGAZINE
THE CENTURY, now beginning it.s32d year, is every-
where acknowledged to be "the worlds leading
periodical." It stands pre-eminent.
THE CENTURY'S career has been marked by many
great successes, — the famous War Papers, the
greatest lives of Lincoln, Napoleon and Cromwell
ever written, Kennan's world-thrilling expos^ of the
Siberian prisons, etc. Look back over what you
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THE CENTURY costs more to make, costs more to
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which the following may be noted here.
A Year of American Humor
The most famous American humorists
will contribute to TAe Century in 1902, in-
cluding Mark Twain, "Mr. Dooley,"
George Ade, Frank R. Stockton, " Un-
cle Remus," James Whitcomb Riley,
Oliver Herford, " Chimmie Fadden,"
Ruth McEnery Stuart, Tudor Jenks,
Charles Battell Loomis, Beatrice Her-
ford, and many others. There will also
be articles covering the lives (with portraits)
of the famous American humorists of the
past,— Petroleum V. Nasby, Josh Bill-
ings, John Q.Saxe,'*Mrs. Partington,"
Miles O'Reilly, Artemus Ward, Orpheus
C. Kerr, Bill Nye, Eugene Field, Sam
Slick, John Phoenix, Charles Q. Leiand,
"Q. K. Philander Doestlcks," Holmes,
Lowell, Warner, and others.
The Old and the New West
Articles, magnificently illustrated by Fred-
eric Remington and others, telling of the
settlement of the West, — the early flatboat
days, the early steamboat days, the trans-
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SOCIAL CUSTOMS in New York and
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Emerson, Browning, Bulwer, Holmes,
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ERNEST SETON-THOMPSON will con-
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mal story of the North, with his own illus-
trations.
IN ART the leading feature will be Tim-
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Spanish Masters, a single example of
which alone is worth the price of the mag-
azine.
FICTION includes a novelette by Cyrus
Townscnd Brady, " For Love of Country,"
to begin at once, and other novels will
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THE NATION BACK OF US, THE WORLD IN FRONT.
ilitlfW
OuT¥c5r
I i i I I ^^ I
Vol. XVI, No. I.
JANUARY, 1902.
OUT \v e: S T.
BY SHARLOT M. HALI,.
HEN the world of waters was parted by the stroke
of a mighty rod,
Her eyes were first of the lands of earth to look
on the face of God ;
The white mists robed and throned her, and the
sun in his orbit wide
Bent down from his ultimate pathwa}' and
claimed her his chosen bride ;
And He that had formed and dowered her with the dower of a
royal queen.
Decreed her the strength of mighty hills, the peace of the plains
between ;
The silence of utmost desert, and caiions rifted and riven.
And the music of wide-flung forests where strong winds shout
to heaven.
Then high and apart He set her, and bade the grey seas guard.
And the lean sands clutching her garment's hem keep stern and
solemn ward.
What dreams she knew as she waited ! What strange keels
touched her shore !
And feet went into the stillness, and returned to the sea no more.
They passed through her dream like shadows — till she woke one
pregnant morn,
And watched Magellan's white-winged ships swing round the
ice-bound Horn ;
She thrilled to their masterful presage, those dauntless sails
from afar,
And laughed as she leaned to the ocean till her face shone out
like a star.
Copyrleht 1901 by Land of Sunshine Publishing Co.
4 OUT WEST.
And men who toiled in the drudging hives of a world as flat as
a floor
Thrilled in their souls to her laughter, and turned with hand to
the door ;
And creeds as hoary as Adam, and feuds as old as Cain,
Fell deaf on the ear that harkened and caught that far refrain ;
Into dungeons by light forgotten, and prisons of grim despair,
Hope came with the pale reflection of her star on the swooning
air ;
And the old, hedged, human whirlpool, with its seething misery,
Burst through — as a pent-up river breaks through to the heal-
ing sea.
Calling — calling — calling — resistless, imperative, strong —
Soldier, and priest, and dreamer — she drew them, a mighty
throng.
The unmapped seas took tribute of many a dauntless band.
And many a brave hope measured but bleaching bones in the
sand ;
Yet for one that fell, a hundred sprang out to fill his place.
For death at her call was sweeter than life in a tamer race.
Sinew and bone she drew them ; steel-thewed — and the weaklings
shrank —
Grim-wrought of granite and iron were the men of her foremost
rank.
Stern as the land before them, and strong as the waters crossed ;
Men who had looked on the face of defeat nor counted the battle
lost ;
Uncrowned rulers and statesmen, shaping their daily need
To the law of brother with brother, till the world stood by to
heed ;
The sills of a greater empire they hewed and hammered and
turned.
And the torch of a larger freedom from their blazing hill-tops
burned ;
Till the old ideals that led them grew dim as a childhood's
dream,
And Caste went down in the balance, and Manhood stood
supreme.
The wanderers of earth turned to her — outcast of the older
lands —
With a promise and hope in their pleading, and she reached
them pitying hands ;
And she cried to the Old-World cities that drowse by the Eastern
main ;
'* Send me your weary, house-worn broods and I'll send you Men
again !
Lo, here in my wind-swept reaches, by my marshalled peaks of
snow.
Is room for a larger reaping than your o'er-tilled fields can grow;
Seed of the Man-Seed springing to stature and strength in my
sun.
Free with a limitless freedom no battles of men have won."
A DUEL IN THE DESERT. 5
For men, like the grain of the cornfields, grow small in the
huddled crowd.
And weak for the breath of spaces where a soul may speak aloud ;
For hills, like stairways to heaven, shaming- the level track ;
And sick with the clang of pavements and the marts of the
trafiicking pack.
Greatness is born of greatness, and breadth of a breadth pro-
found ;
The old Antaean fable of strength renewed from the ground
Was a human truth for the ages ; since the hour of the Eden-
birth
That man among men was strongest who stood with his feet on
the earth!
Nations are men grown greater — with the course of their des-
tinies
Fore-shaped in the womb that bore them to the ultimate fall or
rise ;
Doomed by a dull horizon, or damned by a tread-mill path
To sink into stolid slumber, or trample the grapes of wrath :
But shamed by Her tameless grandeur, what soul could be mean
and poor ?
Upheld by Her lofty courage, what heart would fail to endure ?
As the blood of the breast that suckled, the sons in their man-
hood are —
She has mothered a brood of lion's cubs, and they bear Her name
afar.
Prescott, Ariz.
' A DUEL IN THE DESERT.
BY CHAS. F. IvUMMIS.
F the innumerable tragedy of the wilderness
— the grim procession of life and death, the
irreconcilable conflict of the animals as bound-
en as we are to appetite and passion and self-
preservation — probably every hunter of con-
siderable experience has seen the eloquent
tokens ; and every reader has heard at least
of the sensational cases. The wonder is, per-
haps, that these latter are so few ; that only one death out
of a million is so far outside the vast inclusive rule as to be of
interest to us dull-eyed observers. For the law of conflict is in-
exorable. Outside of man and his protected servitors, only a
tiny fraction of a per cent, of the animals die "a natural death"
— that is, without violence. Of teeming sea and teem-
ing forest, a vast majority of the denizens perish "with
their boots on" — overwhelmingly a prey to that insatiate
"hollow feeling" which Nature has put for warder of the feral
population, lest it overwhelm the earth. The "defensive"
animals fall, as a rule, to the appetite of their predatory neigh-
bors ; the predatory beasts, in turn, have a reasonable expecta-
tion of death at the "hands" of their rivals in the tribe, their
foes outside, or the only unnatural killer, Man. Every acre of
field and forest has had its myriad tragedies of the humble
6 our WEST.
wild-folk — though we are too unobservant to note the fact. A
few bleaching- bones, a wisp of fur or feathers, a dim scurry in
the dust — this and no more is the chronicle of the snuffing out
of a life as gladly lived, as hardly parted with as our own.
Many authors have become famous by their skillful dissection
of the Beastliness of Man ; but we too seldom remember (un-
less while reading the Jungle Stories or Wahb) the Humanity
of the Beasts, which is quite as true a part of natural history.
This is mostly because in our civilized cushioning we know
nothing real about the beasts. They are very little more to
us than so many forms of speech, raw material for perfunctory
literature or for "hunting," whose only serious penetration is
put up in brass cylinders by the U.M.C. Co. It is nothing short
of astounding how little the average "hunter" knows of the
game he kills, except so much of its habit as shall enable him
to kill it. Indeed the very name " Game" is perhaps significant
of this blindness. It is a game, and a great game, if shrewdly
played ; but pity the man who can see in it nothing but the
killing ! He is as far from being what I would soberly call a
hunter, as the fellow whose only notion of whist is to play
trumps at every lead is far from being a whist player. One who
knows as well as anyone, and as well loves, the wild thrill of
the chase, who has hunted and been hunted, and found the
keenest "sport" when the "game" turned the tables and he
had to fight hand-to-hand for his own life, is not apt to be fool-
ishly sentimental. But he is very apt to pity those who have
never learned the higher side of hunting. To watch a beaver
colony at work ; or a vixen with her pups ; or a bear family at
play ; or the wild stallion herding his flirtatious vianada and
falling like a thunderbolt upon some mustang Lothario ; or
partridge or wild turke}' at mating time —cxpcrto crcditi\ it is
quite as much " fun" and rather more woodcraft than trapping
or killing or "creasing." Which is saying a great deal. And
to such as mix the game with brains, these things become more
and more the refinement and expertness of it. As a matter of
fact, a fox is a much smarter hunter than any man who hunts
only to kill. His eyes and ears are far better, his nose is a
genius of which no human has so much as an inkling, his foot-
fall is infinitely softer, his strategy far more competent. For
that matter, more foxes escape the allied force and wit of a score
of men and a half-score of hounds than partridges or c|uail
escape the unaided campaign of one fox. As to that, in the
average foxhunt at least (and leaving out of the count the
trapper and real wilderness hunter), one hound is worth in
effectiveness half a hundred people. Without a single dog to
lead them the whole chase could as soon stay at home.
More picturesque, perhaps, than the every-day sacrifice of a
life to an appetite is the animal dtiel to the death ; and particu-
larly when both parties fall. Feral combats — mostly deriving
from sexual jealousy, for it is comparatively rare that predatory
beasts shall fight outside their kind — are innumerable, though
in a small minority of cases fatal to either combatant ; perhaps
fifty times as rarely to both. Even in the extreme event, there
is generally little visible record left, and that of a sort that
A DUEL IN THE DESERT. 7
shamefully few of our hunters can identify. The best known
— because the most unmistakable — is the entang-lement of buck
deer by their horns in such inextricable fashion that the duellists
starve to death. This is not so extremely rare. I have found
such g-rappled skulls thrice — in Maine, in the Sierra Madre of
Mexico, and in Colorado so noble a duo of elk heads locked in
this Chinese puzzle of death that the inaccessibility of the range
and the impossibility of bringing- out these ponderous relics
have given me a standing grievance these seventeen years. The
swordfish pinned by his beak to starve beside the pierced hull ;
the rat in the fatal nip of a big clam ; the buffalo and the cin-
namon bear fallen together dead — all these I believe to be
authentic ; and of the mutual Pyrrhic victory of two rattle-
snakes I have seen the proof.
But beyond reasonable comparison the most extraordinar}'
"document" I have ever seen or heard of in this sort is the ab-
solutely unique relic found in 1900 by Kdwin R. Graham in the
desert count}" of Inyo, Cal., near Coalingo, and now in the
museum of the Leland Stanford, Jr., University. There is no
possible question of its authenticity. All the ingenuit}' of man
could not make a tolerable counterfeit of it. Nor do I believe
there is anj' reasonable doubt that it is the most remarkable
record ever found of a fight to the death.
It is unflattering but typical of our civilized observation that
thousands of people — including a great manj- "hunters" —
identified these mummied protagonists as " a coyote and an
eagle." Even the photograph shows what they are, as well as
the vindictiveness of their death-struggle.
A prowling wildcat (evidently too hungry to be fanciful)
finds a great horned owl blinking upon the brink of a cliflf, and
pounces upon it, catching a wing hold. The owl, somewhat
armored, even against those terrible teeth and claws, by its
quilting of feathers, flings itself upon its back ; pounding
fiercely with its free wing, tearing with its hooked beak, and
clenching its talons into the flesh with that peculiar mechanical
lock-grip of its kind — a grip which death does not loosen, as
more than one hunter who picked an owl up unripe has learned
to his sorrow. That even this large owl could not kill a full-
grown wildcat in any ordinary combat, probably ever}" hunter
knows. But this owl chanced to get a clutch on the wildcat's
open fore paw, one of his claws clinched behind a tendon — and
there it still is, traceable even in the photograph. Perhaps he
could not have withdrawn it himself, had he been the survivor
of the struggle. The cat's jaws are still locked upon the broken
bone of the owl's left wing. Neither is otherwise very badl}'
mangled : and doubtless the cat would have torn to shreds " the
body of this death" and gone about his business with no more
handicap than that ineradicable talon in his paw.
But in their wild and blind melee they overstepped the verge
of the cliff, and down they went together. The 40-foot fall
does not seem to have broken their clinch at all. If it did, they
renewed it. But though no fractures were sustained, the stum-
ble doubtless stunned the cat ; and there, irretrievably grappled
in immortal hate, they died together of thirst and loss of blood.
POMO INDIAN BASKETS. 9
There at the foot of the clifE they were found ; dessicated b)'
the furnace airs of the desert, light as mummies, but unbroken ;
their very eyeballs dried in their sockets; the plumage of the
owl practically complete, and enough fur of the wildcat's muz-
zle and paws left by the moths to identify it even to those who
could not recognize its unequivocal anatomy.
POMO INDIAN BASKETS.
BY CARI^ PURDY.
II.
NTO the life of a Pomo, baskets entered every
day from his birth to his death. He was
cradled in a papoose basket, and in it, hung
b)^ a broad band on his mother's brow, he made
his early journeys. His home was a great
thatched basket, his toys were baskets
modeled after the large ones that he saw.
He ate from a "da-1^," or fiat basket, and
drank from around "chi-ma." The seeds from which his meal
was made were ground in a "mu-chi," or mortar basket, and
his fish and meat were cooked in large mush bowls or " chi-
mas," and a large "chi-ma "was his water-bucket. His fish
was caught in a " biyoc-kow" or fish-net basket, his meal was
winnowed in winnowing baskets and screened in a " pa-se " or
sieve basket. When he traveled, his belongings were carried in
a "bu-gi," the conical burden basket, and these answered for
every purpose for which we use a wheelbarrow or wagon. If
1
^xi#^ .m
MU|P
r
A Cache Ckeek "Man-Basket.
POMO INDIAN BASKETS.
11
he g-ardened, his fences were of wickerware, and he trapped birds
and g-ame in long cylindrical baskets. On Clear Lake the art
of basketr}^ applied to tules was used in making- canoes.
Was it wonderful, then, that a people to whom baskets were
so much should have exhausted their ingenuity in weaves and
shapes, interwoven their mythology and superstition in the
meshes, copied nature in the designs, and lavished the richest
treasures of the chase, together with their precious money
and the brightest abalone shells from the distant sea shore, on
those gift-baskets which marked the culmination of their art ?
Such baskets were the pride of the owner and the envy
of his friends ; they were given to visitors, or on weddings, as
the highest possible token of esteem. A woman who was par-
RkD-BUD OK "MiLLE."
ticularly adept in their making had more than a local fame ; and
when their lucky possessor died his priceless baskets were placed
on the funeral pyre to accompany, as they fancied, his soul to
the other world.
In basketry the Pomos found an outlet for the highest con-
ceptions of art that their race was capable of. Protected by
their isolation from other tribes, they worked out their ideas un-
disturbed. With every incentive for excellence they had reached
a height in basketry when the American first disturbed them
which has never been equaled — not only by no other Indian tribe
but by no other people in the world in any age.
These stolid Indian women have a knowledge of materials
POMO INDIAN BASKETS. 13
and their preparation, a delicacy of touch, an artistic conception
of symmetry of form and design, a versatility in varying- and
inventing beautiful designs, and an eye for color which place
their work on a high plane of art. They alone, of all races,
adorn their baskets with feathers.
It was long before civilized people came to a realization of
the beaut}^ of the Indian baskets, and it was only about eighteen
years ago that collectors began to seek them. The history of
what some would call " the basket fad" is one of rapidl}^ grow-
ing interest, and at the beginning of the twentieth century
prices are willingly paid for the finest creations of fiber and
feathers which seem fabulous when compared to those of a few
years ago ; yet which are not an overpayment for the skill and
indefatigable patience shown in their manufacture. Such
baskets will never be cheaper, but will rather appreciate in
value as a greater number of people of taste and means come to
observe their beauty and seek the best.
Before beginning to describe the materials used in Pomo
basketr3% and the shapes, uses and designs of the baskets, I
would emphasize the fact that by Pomo baskets I mean the
baskets of all of the thirty or more tribes grouped by Mr. Powers
under that name ; while all of the words which I use are from
the dialect of the Ballo Kai Pomo of Potter Valley, Mendocino
count3\
The Pomo of today lives in the valleys occupied b}^ his an-
cestors, on lands purchased by his tribe or occupied by the per-
mission of some white friend. He has his mission school and
his church, owns a horse and wagon and often a buggy, dresses
like a "dude" in civilized garb on gala days, lives in a cabin
often neatly built, and has chickens and a garden. He works
industriously as a day laborer, and often takes a contract to care
for a crop for his white neighbors. A ride on the railroad is
not a novelt}" to him. If he is young he often has white blood
in his veins, and shows it. He is cheerful and happy, and by no
means improvident. There are no "Ramonas" or "Alessan-
dros" in his village, but occasionally one who has been sent to
the Indian training schools in Nevada or Oregon. By the side
of a neat cabin can be seen a house on the old model where his
old mother and father live as their ancestors did, surrounded by
all the aboriginal implements and devices. They are used to
the new civilization, but prefer the old "savagery." They weave
from the native fibers, and seek bulbs and plants still for food.
Their daily bread is of acorns ground in a " Mu-gi." If their
sons and daughters prefer the white doctor, the medicine man
is good enough for them.
The veneer of civilization is thin, and at times all throw
aside its garb and in scant feathered skirts join in the barbaric
dances and sing the weird songs of long ago.
BASKET MATERIALS.
All Pomo baskets are woven on a framework of slender willow
shoots. Except for the coarsest " Shakans," these shoots are
peeled and cured carefully. The Pomos call them "bam" and
from them several baskets are named as " bam-tush " and " bam
POMO INDIAN BASKETS.
IS
shibu." The willow tree is called "bam kalleh " or "bam
tree."
The bams are the framework ; the thread is obtained from the
bark of shrubs and the roots of trees and grasses. The most
important of these fibers is "ka-hum," which is the root of a
sedge (Carex Mendocinoensis), which g-rows in deep, moist soil
in most sections of the Pomo country. This sedge has long,
slender, grass}' leaves and a very long running root which is
quite tough. The Indian women split these roots with their
teeth and coil them in bundles which are dried ready for use.
When cured, "ka-hum" is of a light cream color, but deepens
with age into the rich, creamy brown so much admired in old
Pomo baskets.
Rarest and most valuable of all Pomo basket fibers is " Tsu-
wish," the root of a Scirpus (S. Maritima), a grass-like plant
growing among the tules on the border of marshy lands. When
fresh, the root is a dark brown. The color is usually deepened
by placing it in a mixture of mud, ashes and charcoal for a
period of from one to three days. The best is then nearl}' black.
The deeper the col-
or the more prized
the Tsu-wish. As
the color is in the
outer covering of the
root onl}", it has to
be split accordingly.
The common brake,
Pteris aquilina, a
fern widely scattered
throughout the north
temperate zone, has
a long running root.
In this root certain
black fibers are em-
bedded in a white
cellular structure.
These the Pomos call
"bis" and where
Tsu-wish is less common, as along the coast region, it is used
for a dark thread. I found the Washoes of Nevada using the
same fiber. The best basket-making Pomo tribes never em-
ploy it.
I have never known a Pomo to use the maiden-hair fern stems,
so commonly used from Humbolt county north.
The rich, reddish brown in the coarser Pomo baskets is the
bark of the "red-bud," Cercis occidentalis. The red-bud is a
handsome shrub with large leaves, rather suggestive of the
grape ; and in the spring, before the leaves are developed, the
shrubs are solid masses of bloom. The flowers are like those of
a pea and are magenta in color. Red-bud is very common
throughout eastern Mendocino and all Lake county. The split,
peeled stems are also used as basket fiber. The Pomo name is
"Mille." Other reddish brown barks may be used where Mille
cannot be had, but the first instance of their employment has
A Good " Ti.'" Plympton Collection.
16 OUT WEST.
yet to come to my knowledgfe. The red-bud bark is stripped in
long: bands and coiled to dr^-.
The staple fiber for the lighter color in coarse baskets is
obtained by digrgfingf the roots of the dig-ger pine, (P. Sabinana),
and tearing- them into long strips. These are of rich creamy
tint, exceedingly tough and pliable and rich in pitch, and are
an ideal basket fiber. The Pomo name is *'ka-li-she." Where
the digger pine is not found, the roots of other pines or Douglas
spruce may be substituted, but these are not as good.
"Ka-hum," "Tsu-wish," " Mille " and " Ka-li-she," for
threads, with willow "bams" for framework, are practically the
only materials used in Pomo baskets. Kach is collected at the
proper time, and (except the bams) coiled and hung up to dry.
The smoke and dust of the house begin the process of deepening
and enriching the color before the material finds its way into
the baskets.
Given these materials, a small, very sharp knife, an awl, and
a dish to hold the water in which the fiber is kept soaking to
render it pliable as used, and the Indian woman is ready for
work. The knife was formerly of obsidian or "bottle rock,"
fastened to a handle with sinew, and the awl a small bone from
the deer's leg.
The Pomos ornament their finer baskets with " kiah " or
Indian money, polished bits of abalone shells, and with various
bird feathers. At an earlj^ date beads were sold to them by
traders, and very naturally found a use in basket ornamentation.
The favorite feathers are taken from the red head and )'ellow
throat of the redheaded woodpecker and the green head of the
mallard duck. The plumes of the male vallej' quail are also
held in high esteem. The brilliant feathers of an}' bird are used
effectively in decoration.
ON WEAVES.
It must always be remembered that the Indian basket is not
plaited, as are those of most races, but woven. The willow
bams are the warp, the thread the woof. The Pomos have in
common use six distinct methods of weaving, and several more
are more rarelj' seen.
Of the six common weaves, four are soft, two hard. In the
soft weaves the warp or framework is of slender bam ribs
ascending from a common center at the base like the spokes of a
wheel. The coarsest of these is the Sha-kan, literally
SHA-KAN." "fish basket." This is an open wickerware basket. The
ascending ribs are from a half inch to two inches apart.
These are crossed at similar intervals b)' two similar willow
bams which take a single or double twist around each other in
each space. The sha-kan weave is the nearest approach to
European wicker-work found among the Pomos, and is much
used. Baskets of this weave may be placques, round bowls, or
tall storage baskets. Often conical burden-baskets are so
woven. The quaint fish-traps and long quail-traps are made in
this weave, as were the wicker-work fences and frame work for
the old thatched houses. These are the only baskets made by
the men. More often, willow bams were unpeeled in Sha-kans,
POMO INDIAN BASKETS. 17
but in the finer baskets peeled willows are used and quite a
pretty basket produced.
In this weave the ribs are of slender peeled bams as-
cending- close together. The woof is of two threads " bam-tush.
passing alternatel}^ over and under the ribs and taking a
half turn on each other in the spaces. At frequent intervals
the last courses are pressed closely upon the preceding ones.
The threads used are split evenly but are not usually trimmed.
The two threads, which on casual inspection, seem to go around
the basket, really form a spiral, beginning at the base and ter-
minating at the top of the basket. When making such a
basket the Indian woman prepares a number of threads and
weaves rapidly. To work the design she of tener turns the mille
thread over, as it is white on one side. Of course as the basket
widens, the spoke-like ribs get farther apart, and whenever the
space permits, an additional bam is sharpened and inserted. If
at the top the basket is narrowed, this process is reversed and
some of the ribs are cut out.
As the threads of the woof are used up, new ones are inserted,
and the loose end is always left on the inside. When completed,
these loose threads are shaved off so neatly as to leave hardly a
trace of their insertion, while the ribs are cut ofiE evenly. The
Pomo never puts a terminal binding on such baskets. A
basket before it is trimmed makes a very interesting exhibit of
Indian methods of construction.
When weaving, the woman sits flat on the ground, often hold-
ing some of the bams firmly with her toes to steady the basket
while she works.
The usual materials used for the " bam-tush " are red-bud
for designs, "ka-li-she" for light ground, and willow bams.
In fine pieces " ka-hum " is used for the light ground, and the
threads carefully evened with the knife. A well made basket
in the " bam-tush " weave is water-tight and very strong. It is
the most useful of all Pomo weaves. Shallow placques, mush
bowls, mortar baskets, cooking baskets, burden baskets and large
storage baskets are of tenest in this weave. While baskets for use,
they are often ornamented with beautiful designs carried out in
"mille." These designs are almost always in circular bands ;
very seldom in spirals, as is usual in the next weave.
This is lighter in construction but very similar to the
" bam-tush " The bams of the frame work are handled "chuskt."'
exactly the same, but the threads of the woof used, which
alternately pass over two, and then under two, ribs at a time.
This method gives the "chu-set" a much smoother outer sur-
face than the "bam-tush" and seems to make ornamentation
easier. Bowls and conical burden-baskets, and very rarely
placques, are made in this weave, and are ornamented with most
beautiful spiral designs. I consider a fine "chu-set" the most
beautiful product of Pomo art. In working out the design the
red-bud is thinner than the light material, and so the design
shows in relief on the inside of the basket.
In this weave the basket is started as the "bam-tush"
is. A short distance up, a bam is laid at right angles "xi."
to the ascending ribs, and the thread of the woof is
A WEEK Oh WONDERS. 19
whipped over this stick, then between the ascending bams.
The bams are added exactly as in the " bam-tush," and as a ti
stick is covered it is pieced out in a spiral ending- at the top of
the basket. When completed, the basket appears as a "bam-
tush " inside, and shows a spiral outside.
It would seem very difficult, indeed, to work out a really 'pretty
design in such a weave, but a skillful worker will execute a very
beautiful design nevertheless. The effects are particularly soft
and a fine " ti " is highly prized by both Indian and collector.
Bowls, placques, mortar baskets and storage baskets are made
in this weave, and in very many placques or mortar baskets in
the " bam-tush " weave a few courses in the " ti " are thrown in
to give stiffness. The light thread is " ka-hum," the red
"mille."
This is more properly an ornamental stitch. It is
used on "bam-tush " baskets by substituting two sets of "shat-six."
three threads each. The result is a very pretty corded
appearance. It is rarely used, and a complete basket in it is
rarer yet. No design can be worked in it, but as a course-band
on a "bam-tush" it is decidedly effective.
This ends the list of the "soft weaves," and we may now con-
sider the "hard weaves."
[to bk continued.]
A AVEi:n OF WONDERS.
III.
T this date I have no intention to add another
to the failures that have been made in trying
to describe the Greatest Thing in the World.
The Grand Caiion of the Colorado has already
been pecked at — how ineffectually, doubtless
all of us know who have tried ; at least, those
who have tried many times. All one can say,
after nearly a score of years' acquaintance, is :
"It is the biggest thing God ever did. Go look at it." But it
may be worth while to add to the innumerable list a few fresh
pictures — as incompetent as words are to grasp that incompar-
able chasm, that Geolog3'-on-Knd, that Alphabetical Index of
World-Building — and a few lines of cold information.
The "Santa Pe " railroad now runs (by branch from Will-
iams) clear to the Grand Caiion. There are a good many of us
who deem this a pity ; who think anyone too lazy to ride — or
walk — sixty miles to see the crowning wonder of the world
doesn't deserve to see it. But the Times hold over us ; and we
are willing to forgive the unearned sightseers — if only they will
refrain from squealing, as they stand on the very brink of that
Painted Abyss, "Oh, ain't it pretty ! " Them, we would con-
scientiously shove over the rim.
The view from Bright Angel (where the railroad comes) is
one of the most noble in the hundreds of miles of the canon —
and I know it all pretty reasonably. A little camp has sprung
up ; there are horses to go down the trail to the river — 6,000 feet
Morning in the Grand Canon. Photo, by Chas. F. Lummts.
PiNON Tree on Brink of the Grand Canon. Photo, by Chas. F. Lummis.
24 OUT WEST.
below, but looking almost as if one could jump in from the
Rim — and vehicles for drives along the Rim. And there are
comfortable accommodations.
One of the purposes of the visit of Prest. Ripley and Vice-
Prests. Morton and Kendrick was to select a site for the large
modern hotel which the railroad is to erect at this point. The
natural call of the wayfaring Philistine had been for a hotel
smack on the brink ; and an artist had painted a " plan " with
the caravansary dominating the canon. But he was too soon.
It was recognized by the party that in the first place this would
be an impudence — "You can't slap God Almighty in the face
like that," as was said in the discussion — and that the element
of surprise, so potent in literature and art, should not be forgot-
ten here ; particularly after the lesson taught at the Caiion-
point reached from Flagstaff. There the rough woodsman
John Hance had feeling enough to put his camp in a beautiful
hollow. You came in on the stage and entered the hotel with
hardly a hint that just beyond was Something different from
the park-like pineries of the last dozen miles. And from the
hotel you climbed a little slope for a hundred yards or so — and
on a sudden, unforeseen as death tomorrow, the earth fell away
before your feet and you were upon the very brink of the noblest
scene in the world.
Very much so it will be at Bright Angel. From the railroad
there is no hint of the canon ; and the hotel, instead of sniffing
in the face of Eternity, will rest respectfully among the elo-
quent pines a little down the hollow. One cannot lie in bed and
command the showman ; nor sit on the veranda and expectorate
into the gorge. Anyone who doesn't deem the caiion worth
walking a few rods to see — needn't see it.
For this— and as to so much the official decision is fixed —
every lover of Nature will be grateful. A hotel-site is not ordi-
narily a magazine text ; but even in a hotel site, this present
triumph of feeling over commercialism is no trivial thing.
On the morning of Oct. 28 we saw the sun come up and spill
over the Rim, and flood that vast subterranean world— of peaks
taller above their visible base than Mt. Washington above the
sea, but all below our feet. We had the day to explore the Rim;
and at 4 p. m. the special pulled out for Williams, and we took
up our way to California. In just seven days lacking 8 hours
we had made three trips, any one of which is more interesting
than any that is open to "Cookies" abroad ; had traveled 600
miles by rail and nearly 200 by wagon or horseback ; and had
seen two inhabited pueblos and six prehistoric stone "cities;"
three different Indian tribes, the most remarkably located town
and the greatest gorge in the world, the most impressive group
of ruins in America north of Mexico, and a scenery perhaps as
beautiful and as varied as any on earth, .nid unquestionably of
a sort visible nowhere on earth except in our Southwest. And
though nearly all of us were hardened travelers, we felt that we
had had our money's worth, and our time's worth, and some-
thing to boot. C. F. L.
25
ON CERTAIN PROBLEMS OF DEMOCRACY
IN HAW^AII.
BY DAVID STARR JORDAN.
^EMOCRACY is that form of government which regards
the common interests of all men, and recognizes with
Cromwell, "no other source of authority under God save
the will of the people." It is the only form of government
which does not perpetuate class distinctions among men. It is
the only form which can persist in communities in which the
individual is intelligent and capable. Therefore, a democracy,
notwithstanding its lack of show of power, is the strongest of
all forms of government, because it has its roots in the brain
and will of men trained to be free.
Kven with the most favored races, democracy has its serious
problems. The strong will override the weak, even though
numerically few. To dominate the weak mentally may lead to
the desire to exploit them financially. The demagogue, or
people's leader, will rise or tr}^ to rise wherever democracy or
people's rule exists. The struggles between individualism,
corporationism and State socialism are inseparable from free
institutions, and whichever of these tendencies may be in the
ascendant must give place in turn to the others. To make
government beneficent is to make it tyrannical, and tyranny
feeds the reaction in favor of individual freedom.
Democracy does not necessarily mean good government. As
a rule the people have not as high ideals of dignity, economy
and effectiveness as kings or tyrants may have. A despotic ruler
can call better men to his service than any body of voters can
nominate and elect. He can also call worse men than any body
of voters would tolerate.
Moreover a body of voters will learn by its mistakes. It is a
very important function of dem-
ocracy to allow the people
through their own experience
to educate themselves. A dem-
ocracy is a vast training school
in civics by which in the long
run popular government be-
comes free government. Such
training is possible onl}' where
those responsible for mistakes
are themselves sufferers by
them.
So much for a few of the
ordinary problems of democ-
racy. These, democracy is in
a fair way to solve, at least
as well as any problem in hu-
man behavior can be solved by
the changing millions who in
turn occupy the stage of life.
When men have common inter-
ests and are animated by com-
mon intelligence the progress Hawahan-born Chinese Childken.
^
M
1
'^k mJ*»
^
'^H?
EBB
^^^^s
_,-!_
9
HA WA II A A PROBL EMS.
27
A Fisherman.
of democracy is triumphant. But recent events have opened
other problems to which our democracy must ffive its atten-
tion, and in which no form of government has been more than
temporarily successful.
What can democracy do with a body of people, permanently
divided by blood and habits, one in which the component parts
have few or no interests in common, and in which no training-
of experience will bring" one class to look on industry, business
or government with the eyes of the other ? In such case shall
public affairs be ruled by tradition or by enterprise, by brains
or by numbers ?
There are three propositions in reg-ard to the suffrage, which
are fairly axiomatic :
1. The ag-greg-ate result is higher than the average of intel-
ligence, because the competent man exerts more influence than
the incompetent.
2. Economic and dignified government is best secured by
restriction of the suffrage to the provident and the intelligent
by a property and an educational qualification. In other words
28
OUT WEST.
men who have earned or kept money realize best how to handle
the funds of the public.
3. Personal and class jus-
tice is best secured by uni-
versal suffrage. In a democ-
racy, the man without a vote
is an alien and to some ex-
tent an outlaw. If the non-
voting- element stand in a
race or a class by them-
selves, they have no hold
on the attention of others.
They cannot speak when
their interests are jeopard-
ized, and so in the long run
their interests may be vio-
lated with impunity. In a
population of mixed races of
unequal intelligence and di-
vergent interests good gov-
ernment under democracy
will mean the rule of the
strongest race. This in turn
will mean, sooner or later,
the oppression of the others.
On the other hand, unre-
stricted popular goverment
may mean the rule of the
; incompetent, and this will
i be wasteful, destructive to
enterprise and offensive to
those of higher intelligence.
The concrete expression of
this problem of conciliation
of good government with
popular suffrage is now
found in the Territory of
Hawaii. Two very differ-
ent theories of suffrage have
been lately tried — both under
democratic forms — the oli-
garchic rule of intelligence
under the Republic, the pop-
ular rule of the ineffective
masses under the Territory.
Government which was rela-
tively "good," but not ide-
ally just, has been succeeded
b}' government which is rel-
atively "just," but not ide-
ally good. Neither is satis-
factory, and the problem is
still presented to us unsolved.
If a solution is possible, it
is very important that we
HAWAIIAN PROBLEMS.
29
should find it, for use in our colonial possessions. Of all of
these, Hawaii is the one most favorable for experiments of this
sort. Let us look for a moment at the actual conditions in the
Territory.
The eight islands constituting the Territory of Hawaii con-
tain an area of 6,449 square miles. Of this space, relatively
little is arable, probably not over 2,000 square miles, and this
small area is very rich, fitted for almost all forms of tropical
agriculture. As matters are, however, it is most profitably lused
for the cultivation of sugar cane.
The population of these islands in 1896 is estimated at
109,020. Of this number, 39,504 are classed as Hawaiian, 8,485
of them being of mixed blood ; 21,616 are Chinese ; 24,407 are
Diamond Head, Oahu.
Japanese; 15,100 Portuguese; while of the remainder, includ-
ing Americans, English, and all other nationalities, the number
is 8,493. The census of 1900 gives a total population of 154,000,
but I have not at hand its division as to nationalities. It is
probable that since 1896 the American element has largely^ in-
creased, but does not exceed 5,000 or 6,000, while of the British
there are about 2,500 ; of Germans, about 1,000 ; with a few
French, Norwegians, and about 500 natives of the Gilbert
Islands. Quite recently a few hundred natives of Porto Rico
have been added to the population of the islands.
Practically, the 10,000 Americans, British and Germans,
with a few of the old native nobility, own all the property of
the islands. The natives bear no relation to sugar culture, nor
indeed to any part of the industrial or commercial activity of
the islands. The Japanese, Chinese, Portuguese (from the
HAWAIIAN PROBLEMS.
31
Azores) and Porto Ricans were brought in to serve as laborers on
the sugar plantations. They were chosen as the cheapest of
cheap laborers available, and until 1900 worked under the con-
tract labor system, which
differed from ordinary
slavery mainl}' in not
being- hereditary.
The number of planta-
tion laborers is given in
1899 as 35,987; Japanese,
25,644; Chinese, 5,979;
Portuguese, 2,153; Ha-
waiians, 1,329 ; others,
882. The remainder of
the Japanese, Chinese and
Portuguese population is
chiefly gathered in the
towns of Honolulu and
Hilo, where all sorts of
industries are represented.
Among them, the fisher-
ies, formerly carried on
Chinese Carrying Pigs to Market- by the Mawaiians, are
now almost entirely in
the hands of the Japanese. The fish stalls are kept chiefly by
the Chinese, while shops of all sorts and small manufactories
are managed by men of either race.
The majority of the Chinese, and especially of the Japanese,
were originally drawn from the lowest classes at home. Many
of both races have, however, emancipated themselves, and some
of the most substantial merchants of Honolulu are among the
Chinese. Both Chinese and Japanese make use of the public
schools. In June last, the writer listened to an admirable ora-
tion on the future of China by a Chinese graduate of the High
School of Honolulu.
The fact that the Hawaiians are scarcel}^ represented in in-
dustrial matters is not due altogether to indolence, but rather
to the fact that when they feel like working at all they prefer
to work for themselves. They are largely used in the wharf
traffic, and it is said that they make good teamsters ; but con-
tinuous labor is distasteful to them, as is work for any specified
time. This is due, it is said, to " their native instinct which
is adverse to subjection, unless to Hawaiians of high standing
or to white people of authorit5^" In general, the Hawaiian
will not save money, unless he has inherited it. He is fond of
pleasure and of giving pleasure, and habits of thrift interfere
with this. In public estimation the Hawaiian who hoards his
earnings " is no better than a Haole" (foreigner), and such be-
havior is regarded as selfish and unworthy. Por this reason
most of them are generous, lavish and impecunious.
The Chinese and the Portuguese, originally imported as con-
tract laborers, have largely drifted off into individual work, as is
shown by the figures quoted above. The Japanese as laborers
32 our WEST.
are on the whole probabl)' best fitted for the needs of the sugfar
plantations.
It has been the misfortune of Hawaii that in its need for im-
migfrants it has sougfht the lowliest and weakest the world can
afEord. From this fact arise most of the problems of local grov-
ernment. If these classes are represented in its administration,
the administration becomes lavish and vacillating^. If their
needs and their existence are ig:norcd, the administration is
likely to be t3'rannical and unjust.
It is possible that the sugfar plantations could have been cul-
tivated by small farmers of European extraction, if in the
beginning: they had been divided into homesteads and
treated as American farms are treated. It is not clear that the
gfentle and g^enerous climate of these islands would offer in-
superable obstacles to this. Had such an adjustment taken
place, these islands migfht have constituted ideal communities,
self-ruling: and self-sufficient. As matters are, democracy has
scarcely yet found a foothold, nor can it ever be actually realized
in any country where the plantation system exists. White
labor in Hawaii is an actual impossibility, not because of the
climate, but because of the plantation system.
The essential features of the " plantation system" are the di-
vision of land into large tracts owned by individuals or by cor-
porations, with the employment of laborers in mass, under the
direction of overseers. The alternative is the individual owner-
ship of small farms, and the self-direction of labor.
Stanford University, Cal.
[to be CONTINUKD.]
THE HOUSE THAT ONCE WAS BLESSED
or THEE.
BY KIXA HIGGINSON.
Is this the house that once was blessed of thee ?
I know the pattern of the papered walls.
And how this window opens on the sea ;
Familiar is the shape of rooms and halls ;
The latches to my touch yield readily ;
I know the g:old that from the sunset falls
Athwart the sunken floor ; and can it be
I know the bird of storm that shrilly calls
From yonder crystal-headed wave ? . . Is this
The porch where, on a perfume-shaken nig:ht.
We watched the moon rise, lang:uorous and white,
Thro' purple passion-stars of clematis —
When first I yielded to love's strong: delig:ht
And trembled to thy arms, thy breast, thy kiss ?
New Whatcom, Wash.
33
CHINESi: JOURNALISM IN CALIFORNIA.
BY EDNAH ROBINSON.
■fhU-,
kHINA enjoys the distinction of claiming- the
oldest newspaper in the world, tradition
dating- the Peking Gazette from the tenth
century of the Christian era. This paper, the
Court Journal, called in China the King Paou
("Great Report," or otherwise interpreted,
"the Metropolitan Reporter"), dull, rigidly
censored and miserably printed from wooden
blocks on which each character had been labor-
iously carved, was long without a rival. A
thicket of superstitions, traditions and
mystery surrounded the government that
the people dared not explore, the fate of the
adventurous offering little inducement to
followers ; but the vernacular newspapers
of Shanghai and Hong-Kong have blazed a
trail over which the progress and liberation of New China will
pass. The march toward freedom has begun. Though ques-
tions involving controversy are carefully couched, or more often
excluded, the affairs in the capital are reported with accuracy
and promptitude. It is no longer an offense to include the word
" telegram" in an imperial edict. Telegraphic reports no
longer cause surprise or comment. Ten years ago there were
but eleven newspapers in the Empire, one in Canton, one in
Poo Chow, another in Tien-Tsin, three in Shanghai, and five in
the English colony of Hong-Kong. There are now more than
seventy-five magazines and newspapers published in the Chinese
language in China, though not all of these are avowedly owned
by natives, as they were transferred, after the coup d'etat, to
foreign nominal ownership, to evade the powerful wrath of the
Empress Dowager. The edict to local mandarins was to sup-
press entirely the native newspapers, and but for the prompt ad-
option and protection by the Europeans in the Empire, the
native press would have ceased to exist.
The land of liberty and free speech seemed to offer advant-
ages to the Chinese who would be journalist, and who would
say what he would say. In San Francisco there are four Chinese
dailies, besides several Iweeklies. It is the only city in the
United States where there is a Chinese colony strong enough
to support a Chinese newspaper. One, a weekly, was started
in New York, and another in Los Angeles, but neither lived.
The four Chinese dailies are the Chung-Sai-Tat-Po . the Ori-
ental News, the Commercial News, and the Chinese World.
The Chung- Sai- Tat- Po was the first daily, changing from a
weekly to a daily two years ago. Professor John Fryer, who
holds the chair of Chinese literature in the University of Cali-
fornia, is on its editorial staff, and the Reverend Ng- Poon
Chew, of the Presbyterian Chinese Church, is the editor. Mr.
Ng Poon Chew is ambitious to adopt New World methods in
journalism, and quite recentl}^ thrilled the conservative by con-
verting his whole force into a corps of detectives to work up a
Rev. Ng Poon Chew, Editor of the " Chung-Sai-Yat-Po." Photo, by Miss Tlioinpson-
Entrance to Office of the '•' Chung-Sai-Yat-Po." Photo, by Miss Thompson.
An Alley in Chinatown. San Francisco.
i'koto. A I C. F. L.
CHINESE fOURNALISM IN CALIFORNIA. 39
murder case, and his paper jumped, in a day, to modern journ-
alism, bearing on its front page a picture of the murderer, and
the "stor3'." Funeral baked meats will no longer be the ex-
clusive menu of the Chinese journals.
The Chinese World is the most radical in policy. Its editor
and proprietor, Mr. Tong K. Chong, is secretary of the Chinese
Empire Reform Association, to which five thousand of the
twenty thousand Chinese in San Francisco belong. This society
is doing all in its power to depose the masculine Manchu dow-
ager, to return the Emperor-in-leading-strings, Kwang-su, to
the throne of China, and to suppress the Boxers. In a word,
to unswathe the tin}'' toddling feet of the crippled empire. The
columns of the Chinese World are open to articles that further
this movement. For, according to the editor, it is a campaign
of education. Circulars are distributed by the Association to
the public, free lectures have been conducted at the Chinese the-
aters, and in the year just past, a novel venture was made for
this same cause. A weekly, edited by the same Mr. Tong K.
Chong, its editorials, leading articles, as well as its advertise-
ments, all written in English, was started in San Francisco.
To reach American sympathizers, and to assure the Califor-
nians that the Chinese in their midst, and more especially those
of the Chinese Empire Reform Association, deprecated the re-
cent Boxer outrages, and would do all in their power to prevent
future lawlessness, this journal was run for several months,
though at a distinct monetary loss.
That weekly, the Oriental and Occidental Press ^ was a unique
incident in journalism. It was written, edited and managed by
Chinese, who had had, however, the advantage of a thorough
English education. Mr. Tong Chong is not yet thirty. Coming
to San Francisco as a child, he first attended the Occidental
Mission on Clay street, went later to the public schools, finish-
ing his education at the Urban Academy, and while carrying
on his English work in the daytime, pushed on with his
Chinese studies at night. As translator for the Chinese Co7n-
mercial N'ezvs he became interested in journalism, and decided
to make it his profession. When he left that paper he became
editor, and subsequently proprietor, of the Chinese World. His
contact with Western freedom, and his derived experience and
insight, have made him an earnest worker for the advancement
of New China.
But that it is no simple matter openly to advocate reform,
even in the land where libert)^ and free speech are the watch-
words, Mr. Tong Chong has discovered. He has dared the
net of tradition and prejudice, and though he has not entangled
himself, his helpless relatives in China have been the victims.
Two years ago, Kang-yu-wai, chief adviser to Kuang-su, the
so-called emperor, sent papers and documents to Mr. Tong
Chong in San Francisco, asking him to publish them in his daily
paper. The editor promptly complied, but by so doing incurred
the displeasure of the Chinese consul, who represents the gov-
ernment controlled by the powerful Manchu woman. The con-
sul demanded that the editor of the Chinese World publish a re-
traction of the seditious articles that had appeared in his journal.
40 OU7 WEST.
Mr. Tong Chong refused to turn, as he expressed it, this jour-
nalistic somersault, and though he was finall)' threatened, he
stood his ground.
A year later, the news reached him that his mother, young-
est brother, a boy of nine, and two grand-uncles, harmless and
hoary, had been seized in their little village of Leong-Gor, in
the province of Kuang-Tung, and thrown into the jail of Yin-
Ping, on the charge of sedition. All his efforts, and those
of his American sympathizers, to liberate his relatives, have
been unavailing. The dangers of the new trail are not all
overcome.
The headquarters of the Chinese World., as of the other Chinese
journals, are clean and attractive. Though the presses used
are of American manufacture, the type was made in China.
All the men employed are Chinese, a few of them graduates
from the University of California. There is nothing to sug-
gest the Orient in the editor's office, except the odd characters
of the vertically written editorials on his desk. The printing-
room is more primitive, and the compositors still wear the
queue, that picturesque adjunct which Reform would sever
from the heads of the faithful. Before the end of the year
five thousand queues and over may be sacrificed to freedom in
San Francisco.
Typesetting for a Chinese paper is a vastly different matter
from typesetting for a journal in another language, for there
are eleven thousand characters in use. When one recalls the
statement of Chinese sinologues that the sayings of Confucius
require seven thousand characters, this seems to be a moderate
estimate. The Chinese language is derived from two hundred
and fourteen root-words, which expand into the four or five
thousand words of daily use, and the thirty-odd thousand of the
dictionary. It requires eleven thousand spaces to hold a font
of Chinese type. The large cases, or false partitions, are
ranged about the room, and divided into spaces for each in-
dividual type, each a word complete in itself. A Chinese
printer, it is estimated, can arrange four thousand characters
a day. The work has been carefully systematized, and the
characters are arranged according to their formation. A sim-
ple character designates its group, and the elaboration of form
is the elaboration of its meaning, as our terminatives and
prefixes elaborate the root. A division is devoted to the simple
character that stands for "wood," and all of its amplifications.
In this space or column are to be found "box," "bed," " plum-
tree," and so on, through a long list of objects pertaining to,
or made of, wood. Should an unusual word be needed, type is
cut and delicately patched to make the required character.
Comparing our combinations of twenty-six letters and ten fig-
ures, besides common symbols, an idea of the labor of a Chinese
compositor can be formed. Systematized as it is, it takes eight
men through a twelve-hour day to set the type for a modest
four-page daily, and a quaint sight it is to the Occidental to
watch the long-queued, blue-coated Chinese walk gravely around
the cased walls and false partitions, solemnly setting the type
for the next issue. To go directly from this placid and calm
CHINESE JOURNALISM IN CALIFORNIA.
41
Oriental '^Occidental Press
A NEWSPAPER DEVOTED TO THE INTERESTS OF CHINESE AND AMERICANS
Vol. I.
SAN FRANCISCO, JUNE 9, 1900
No. I.
Orlgntal^Occidgntal Press :nT„roi^d\^n^'r:b;tVlfr.
paper of our owu ? especially as the
•UttCKIirriOH RATI* .. _ !• J . ^ • J
above mentioned contingent is ready
SiroLS Copt. ■ . . . to c?au * , .,,. ,, ,., ,, ,
and willing to contribute liberally toward
OBeVor. ioxlTiDCC. |j.o» .. ., ,
sii Monihi 1.75 *" support. Next, we are not always
Ti"*' ■ >•» fairly treated by the American press,
Forriin.i«PMi.ii'oioo ptrrt.r. . ■ ■ iXt ""d, previous to the birth of this publi-
For all hi ill Mrtri'i«iirr,. lication we Were unable to defend our-
Enurtd .1 the S.D Francifco r<»i.oace •• McniO *<l^'es before the public. But thanks to
"'" °""" a wise provision in the fundamental law
tm iftd« lupiiUrd by ihe sas r»«iici»co K«i»» Co.. of the most liberal government on earth,
ill Ceiry SL, S P. j ^ »,.. », j . ■
we adopt this method to air our wrongs
Advtrtitfog ram ruroiihrd 00 Application tt Bvtlocia . ... j, ^ ,
oi5«. 535 CAT sm»«T. "°" express our gratitude for the many
blessings that have accrued to our coun-
tr)-men who have taken refuge beneath
BY WAY OF INTRO- that emblem of liberty, old Glory.
DUCTION.
Today the Oribntal and Occi-
dental Press makes its "kow-tow" to
the public. It is a weekly publication
devoted to the interests of the Chinese in
America and all matters of moment to
both Chinese and Americans.
The founders and editors of this little
journal consider it the most unique ven-
ture ever known in the history of jour-
nalism, for allhough it is published in
the English language, it will be managed
throughout by Chinese who have had
the advantage of more than ordinarj»
English education. Its editors are not
S3 weak and egotistical as to suppose
they can escape the severe criticism of
those who ha\-e been engaged for years
in the same field of labor; on the con-
trary, we expect to be roasted, toasted
and grilled for our audacity, but as we
are in a financial condition where we
may continue the publication of this
little journal for at least two years, des-
pite all unfavorable comment, and as the
paper will always be conducted with a
cleanliness that may prove somewhat
refreshing, we have reason to hope for
ultimate success.
The excuse for this journal was brought
about by a strange combination of facts
and conditions. In the first place it has
occurred to the Chinese of this city that
there is a community of their country-
men here numbering at least fifteen
thousand souls, and that fully one-third
of that number are readers of the Eng-
lish language (which is much easier of
accomplishment than Chinese), all of
True Story of the Bubonic
Plague Scare as Seen
Through Chinese
Spectacles.
The Chinese residents of San Fran-
cisco feel that they have suffered a great
wrong through the action of the local
Board of Health in quarantining China-
town. Not only have they been made to
suffer great financial loss, but many of
the poorer class have felt the pinching
pangs of hunger as well. The Chinese
do not understand why they have been
abused in this serious manner. All
through this period of supposed epi-
demic, deaths in . the Chinese quartej
have been far below the average recorded
during admitted healthy time.«. Those
of the Chinese who are able to read the
English language have found that the
great public educators, the newspapers,
have with but one or two exceptions,
agreed with them that there has been
nothing in the developments so far
recorded that could in any way indicate
the existence of a dangerous epidemic
in this city.
They were told in the beginning that,
all this hue and cry was the result of a
political job, that the Board of Super-
visors refused to make an appropriation
suflScient to satisfy the demands of the
Board of Health; that in order to econo-
mize, the Supervisors had concluded to
leave that very useful branch of the
municipal government without any visi-
ble means of support: that inirder to
force the Supervisors to do the fair thing
by them, these guardians of public
health had arranged a plague scare. If
this be true, or even half true, it is cer-
tainly a dastardly outrage.
Of course the Chinese realire that they
do not suffer alone in this case, for San
Francisco, and even the whole State of
California has been equally affected.
Eastern travel, or rather travel from the
East has been about ruined for the sea-
son, and no reasonable person could
'expect outside markets to purchase Cali-
fornia fruits under the existing condi-
tions. But this is not a case where
misery loves company, and all reasoning
Americans must surely realize that tbt
Chinese have too many property interests
at stake to enjoy this great slump in the
commerce of the State.
* ■* * * '
There seems to be one point in this
unfortunate affair that the Board of
Health and the whole municipal govern-
ment hv overlooked. They all affect to
believe that the Chinese would rather
enjoy an epidemic of plague. They
should be reminded of the fact th.it no
people on earth have had more experi-
ence witli this dread scourge than the
Chinese themselves; that it is more feared
by them than by any other people. But
the Chinese do not believe that the dis-
ease exists in this city, and they have
the very best of reasons for so thinking.
In the first place, they ask, where are
the results ? It is claimed by the Board
of Health th*t this awful malady has
been hibernating in the Chinese quarter
since the 7th of last March, over three
months, still, during all that period they
have succeeded in finding but an insig-
nificant number of even suspicious cases,
and what is passing strange, every one
of these cases had gone over to the
silent beyond, making it impossible for
the accused to make personal denial.
Next they base their reasoning on prece-
dent. Most of them have seen the effects
of bubonic plague in China, and they
remember how deaths occurred by the
score, not monthly but daily, so they
naturally conclude that there can be no
such thing in their midst They even
go so far as to say that if this is bubonic
plague and the results are no more seri-
ous than we have observed, why, then
Oriental way of getting- out news, into one of our large news-
paper buildings, with its modern presses, cabled news, and rush
and whirl of competition, is to step from the Old World into
the New, that is carrying us so swiftly that we have no time
to catch our breath and pause to wonder whither we are going.
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II
43
THE HOUR AND THE MAN.
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BY EUGENE MANI.OVE RHODES.
" When pain finds some ung^uarded gate,
And joy fails like a broken reed,
Remember that two strong- arms wait
To do and dare, when, in your need
Across the world your eyes shall lead.
And love shall light me to my fate !"
— The Challenge.
[HERE are three well-beaten paths marked out for the
feet of young- men disappointed in love. The one
most commonly followed is to marry another girl
and forget. Next in popularity is to be studiously
reckless and consume large quantities of spirituous
liquors — this being generally considered a high
tribute to the charms of the lady in the case. Third,
some few remain single and pose as cynics.
But Dave Kellum never was a well regulated
person ; so when Helen Dorsey would none of him,
he went to Hillsboro and got very drunk. And
when he left there with Tommy Borbonia, he took
occasion to state that he would kill her before she
should marry anyone else; saying also other things
as a guarantee of good faith, which were not neces-
sarily for publication — and, as a matter of fact,
were quite unfit for such purpose. Upon which,
Tommy, with vigor, brevity and candor, expressed
his profound conviction of Mr. Kellum's exceeding
un worth.
That person, being unarmed, reached for his
rope. So Tommy promptly knocked him off his
horse with his branding-iron, roped him around the
neck, and led him, on a gentle trot, to a secluded spot in the
hills, where he tangled Mr. Kellum in a tree, wrapped him and
the tree up by the simple process of riding round both a few
times — and then pulled his arms around the tree behind his back
and tied his wrists together.
Then he returned to Hillsboro and summoned Jim Simpson,
Dinny Morrison and myself as a Committee on Kellum. After
careful consideration we sentenced him to death ; but he begged
so hard we commuted the sentence to voluntary exile from New
Mexico.
To show that we were not arbitrary, we agreed to contribute
equally to buy Kellum's cattle, so he would have no excuse to re-
turn ; and played freeze-out to see who should own the brand.
Tommy won ; and while he and Simpson went back to Hillsboro
to rustle the money, Dinny and I endeavored to make it plain to
David that we, jointly and severally, would kill him on sight if
he returned ; and also tried to instill into his mind the idea that
in affairs of the heart it is as well to have the consent of the
party of the second part.
As Tommy had won the cattle, he was deputed to escort Dave
to El Paso. To show how little religion Kellum had, I will
44 OUT WEST.
state that thoug-h he swore he had 150 head, and was paid for
that number, Tommy never got over 80.
Before I go on to tell what came of our mistaken clemency, I
want to say that my friends, to whom I have shown this story,
feel that I am too cold-blooded and say too little in praise of
Dinny, or in disparagement of Kellum. As for the latter, he
was all that brave men hate and honest men despise ; and as
for Dinny — God bless him — I think he is to be envied, not pitied.
For I was one that married another, and forgot.
Three years later, about one o'clock in the morning of a
summer's night, five men were playing poker in the White Ele-
phant saloon at Lincoln. Dinny Morrison was one of these ;
and he was quietly qualifying for an inebriate's home. The
men chatted, as they played, about the recent killing of "Buck"
Guise, the probable fate of Casey, his slayer, of McKinley's
nomination, the future of free silver, and whom the Democratic
Convention was likely to select. Only Dinny said nothing, but
he played on in moody silence, while the pile of notes and coin
before him steadily diminished.
" By the way, Dinny," said Len Brennen, "As I left Roswell
this morning, I saw an old friend of yours. He was on a high
lonesome, and as he took the train for El Paso he said if I saw
you here to tell you he was going to have his name in the papers
by day after tomorrow."
" Who was he?" said Dinny.
"Dave Kellum."
Dinny sprang to his feet and the flush of liquor died from his
face as it grew grim and stern. " Almighty God !" he said ;
and then, quietly, "Boys, there is a girl to be married in Loma
Parda to night at seven o'clock, and that message means that
Kellum means to kill her. Oh, what a fool I am! I might have
known 1 I am going to stop him — and I want this money to
buy horses on the road. All of it !"
Good God, man !" said L'^n, "you can't do it. Wh)% it's
two hundred and thirty miles !" But he handed him the money
— uncounted — and the rest followed suit.
" Thank you, boys," said Dinny, " and adiosP'
They followed him to the door, and, as he untied his horse,
old Fredericks said, "You have no watch to time yourself with.
Take mine. It's five minutes past two."
" Thanks," said Dinny again, as he swung into the saddle and
clattered up the stony street.
A cheer rang out behind him ; and the race of flesh and blood
against steam and steel had begun.
What shall I say of her here, the brown-eyed maid for whom
this deed was done ? Naught of her beauty ; though there
were those for whom earth held no fairer sight. But that, in
the light of her pure eyes all evil things slunk away ashamed ;
that the beautiful soul behind the fair face encompassed her
about with womanly sweetness, with kindly charity and cheer-
ful hope ; so that more than one man has gone into her presence
desperate, smarting from undeserved defeat, feeling himself a
failure, a nonentity, an Ishmaclite, and has left her to proudly
THE HOUR AND THE MAN. 46
and patiently "take up the burden of life again, " knowing- him-
self to be a great-hearted gentleman, incapable of meanness or
deceit. So it was but fitting that, of the many her life had led
to honor and fine deeds, this one should do an impossible thing
to save her.
The moon was rising behind the Capitan range as he tore
down the Priest's Hill and splashed through the Bonito. He
was quite sober now, and counting the distance. "Two hun-
dred and thirty-two miles — seventeen hours — that's nearly four-
teen miles an hour, without counting the time lost in changing
horses. That (he referred to Kellum) will leave El Paso
on the Santa Fe ; reach Rincon at one, and it's over forty miles
from there, which he'll have to make horse-back ; but he'll sure
wait till the ceremony begins."
Half-past two — and he thundered at Tully's door at Ft. Stan-
ton. Tully was custodian of the absent post, and had under his
care a few government horses that were absent without leave
when the troops departed.
In a few minutes Dinny saddled one of these and galloped on
his way, muttering a curse on the government for tearing down
the old telegraph line. With that he could have warned Rincon
— and the country would have risen as one man to hunt Kellum
down. But now, no one knew of the danger but himself ; and a
failure to change horses, or a single misstep or fall would leave
her at Kellum's mercy.
He turned out of the valley of the Bonito and began the forty-
mile climb to the summit. As he rode down to cross Little Eagle
Creek to the VV Ranch he looked at the watch and smiled.
"Three-twenty. Twenty miles in an hour and a quarter, and
all uphill. Good enough."
Now the average New Mexico cattleman, being mindful of the
Golden Rule, offers every assistance to persons traveling in
haste, and asks no embarrassing questions. So to save tedious
explanations, Dinny said, when he roused JimEdmunson, "Jim,
they've got me watering at night. Let me have a horse and
I'll leave him at the mill. This one is Tully's."
" All right," said Jim, "I'll let you have my ' private.' "
On, high up over the pine-clad mesa, on a dim bridle path,
plunging down into the valley of Eagle Creek ; across the hills
and down Cedar Creek ; tearing down the wires of the VV pas-
ture to save a few miles, till he came to the brawling Ruidoso,
and roused the dogs at Dowlin's Mill.
;| Hallo! Hallo!"
"Who is it ? " said Joe Wingfield, coming to the door with a
Winchester.
"Me, Dinny. I'm traveling for my health — threatened with
acute throat disease. I want your best horse."
" Bueno. I'll just tell them I didn't see you."
From here he took the Apache cut-off, by the Carizo. Up
through the pines, on the tireless cat-like gallop that no horse
but those of the Southwest can achieve. Twenty-five miles be-
fore he could change again. The green velvet turf deadened
46 OUT WEST.
the noise of the flying: feet, and for the first time he began to
be aware of the witching beauty of the night, and feasted his
eyes upon the mighty rampart of the White Mountains glorified
in the moonlight. On, on, through the dim aisles of the forest
and through open glades where dew lay heavy on blade and
blossom. An owl hooted to his mate far away ; creatures,
winged, invisible, hurtled by him ; a deer crashed through the
underbrush. But, save for these sounds, the whole fair scene
was hushed and still.
If any thought came to him, that, far as he was beneath her,
only the poor, despised, forgotten cowboy could save her now,
he put by any bitterness as unworthy of him — and her — and
thanked God that his whole hard life had been training for the
supreme hour of her need ; that all the cowboy's rough virtues
— yes, and his very vices — would be needed. For this, he had
learned every pass and trail in the Southern Tier ; for this, he
knew every man along the way, who would help and who would
hinder ; for this, he had passed unscathed through a thousand
dangers ; and many a weary day and wearier night had gone to
give him strength and courage and endurance for the fiercest
ride that ever stars or sun looked down upon. And at the
thought, the brave true blood leaped swiftly in his veins, as if
it were a holiday excursion, instead of a lifetime's stress in a
day.
At last he reached the summit, turned down the thirty-mile
canon of the Tularosa and urged his weary horse at utmost
speed down the ten miles that lay between him and the Agency.
The stars were still shining when sweet Helen awoke to her
wedding morn, and prayed, with a happy smile on her lips, for
the home she was leaving, and for the lover that had won her.
But Dinny's name was not in her prayers. Why should it be ?
Or how should she know that far away, towards the dawn. Love
and Death raced fiercely to her feet ?
At five-thirty-seven he reached Mescalero. The Indian agent,
a lieutenant of the regular army, was an irascible youth and an
arbitrary ; so Dinny deemed it a useless formality to disturb his
slumbers. With considerate noiselessness he picked a horse
and sped swiftly down the tortuous caiion, escorted most of the
way by the dogs from the Mexican rancherias. The moonlight
paled before the day as he rode, and the sun sprang up behind
the Sacramentos, as he made a hasty bargain for a horse with
Luis Vigil, at Tularosa.
The road was level now, leading obliquely to the southwest,
across the vast gypsum plains, to where, seventy miles away,
the Organs rose misty and mysterious on the further mar-
gin. This was the risky part. Seventy miles — and he must
depend, for a change, on getting a horse at the wells half way,
or from a chance wagon on the road. He looked longingly
westward to the nearer range of the San Andreas. If he
were onl}' certain of finding a change at Hembrillo it would be
forty miles nearer that way. But it was forty-five miles to
Hembrillo and no road ; and thirty from there to Aleman, with
THE HOUR AND THE MAN, 47
an even chance that he would find no horse at Hembrillo — and
he dared not chance it.
He swept the miles behind him, and soon was riding- beside
the dazzling- hills of the White Sands, but had met no one-
Twenty — tyventy-five — thirty miles — in the choking dust, with
the blazing sun ever hotter and hotter in the cloudless sky, and
the tough little horse began to flag. At last he reached Casi-
miro's. No one at home, and no horse. With a heavy heart
Dinny urged his exhausted horse to Luna's wells, two miles
further on. There was no one at home ; but in the stables he
found a poor, dejected-looking gray. He hastily drew two
buckets of water for the faithful little horse that had borne him
so far ; and then rode on in the quivering heat. At first the
gray went well enough, but he was feeble, and the pace began
to tell. Weaker and weaker he grew, and still they met no
one, and despair came upon Dinny's heart.
At last he came to the big chalk hill where Col. Fountain had
been murdered six months before, and saw with joy that a
wagon was camped for the heat of the day, a half mile down
the road. It was time. Long since the gallop had turned to a
trot, the trot to a walk — and now the walk was but a stagger.
He urged the poor abused creature into a last effort and looked
at his watch. Eleven o'clock. He had been nearly two hours
coming eighteen miles. "But, after all," he said, " I'm ahead
of my work, bad luck and any. I've made a hundred and thirty-
five miles in nine hours, and I've got eight hours left to make a
hundred."
The "nooner," a grizzled old granger from the Presnal,
looked inquiringly, for with the worn out gray, his face streaked
with sweat and alkali dust, drawn and pinched with hard
riding and anxiety, Dinny was a hard-looking lot.
" Got any water ? "
*' Sure — right around here."
Dinny drank his fill and said:
"Stranger, I want to buy one of your horses — for cash."
" Can't do it. They're not for sale."
"Well, then, I want to hire them to go to Parker's Well,
twelve miles from here on the Cruces road ; you go with me
and bring them back. I'll give you twenty dollars."
"Can't get 'em anyway," said the other gruffly. "You've
done killed some one or been up to some devilment, and I'll
not help you."
Quick as a flash Dinny's hand went to his belt. The other
saw the motion and his hand started beltwards too — but he
looked into Dinny's six-shooter and over that into Dinny's steady
eyes, and put up both hands above his head instead. "Now,"
said Dinny, "Unbuckle your belt with your left hand, and let
it drop." The other sulkily complied. "Now put my saddle
on that black horse. More lively, please — I've an engagement
elsewhere."
When the horse was saddled, Dinny made the other trot up
the road with him a hundred yards, and said: " Thank you very
much for your courtesy. I'll leave the horse at Parker's."
Swiftl)^ he sped down the road, with a light heart now. He
48 OUT WEST.
left the El Paso road at the lake and turned up the long steep
slope to the San Agustin pass, where the shod feet rang on the
granite soil like the clash of hammers on an anvil.
At Parker's, Bob Burch came to the door at his summons.
" Why, hello, old man ! Haven't you strayed off your range ?
Thought you was working for the Blocks. Come in and have
dinner."
"Bob, I'm sent for — Life and Death. I want two of your
best horses — one to ride to the summit and one from there to
Detroit. And I want you to catch them and saddle one while I
run to the house and eat a bite."
" Nuff said. You will find cold bread, coffee, milk, and jerky
there." And Bob ran down to the corral where a bunch of
horses were drinking.
Five minutes later Dinny came out and said as he swung into
the saddle —
" Bob, I took that black from an unwilling old crank at Chalk
Hill ; shouldn't wonder if he was a bit excited. And if I
shouldn't happen to show up again — I left a noble little bay
Box X horse at Luna's. Rode him from Tularosa there in
three hours. You get him and pension him off— don't let any-
body abuse him. He did mighty well for me and I want to
set him free."
"All right," said Bob. ''Adiosr
Dinny had not gone two hundred yards when a bullet sung
viciously by him. He looked around and laughed as another
struck short. The Fresnal rancher was galloping after him,
shooting as he came. As Dinny spurred up, another struck a
rock in front of him, "Zip-ping — ping — g," and two more close
behind him. Then he heard another shot from towards the
house, looked round, and laughed again. Burch had shot the
horse, and the granger was just picking himself up.
At noon Dinn)' stood on the summit and saddled the led
horse. Below him lay the vast plain of the Jornada del Muerto,
with the Doiia Ana mountains rising abruptly in the center.
Far away in the west lay the Sierra Caballo, behind which lay
his goal ; and beyond the river the Black Range rose, tier on
tier on the western horizon. Not a breath of air stirred about
him as he dashed down the long dun ridges ; but the western
sky was banked with clouds, and threatening thunder-caps
moved swiftly eastward, driven by some mighty wind. He
rushed on over the plain to meet it, steering for the square-
topped hill of San Juan. An hour brought him to the old Ft.
Selden hay-road at the foot of the Dona Ana hills — and here a
sight met his eyes that gladdened his heart. Midnight, the pet
and pride of the Bar Cross caballada, was grazing near the
road with a bunch of mares. Now it was one of Midnight's
idiosyncracies that he objected to being driven too fast, and
manifested his disapproval by stopping and kicking. This
Dinny knew ; so down came his rope and away went the mares
with Midnight after them. Dinny crowded him, and up went
his heels. The circling loop passed fair and true over the
black head, but it settled too "deep" around his shoulders. As
the rope touched him, away he went like a flash, turning sharply
THE HOUR AND THE MAN. 49
to the left. Dinny tried desperately to turn his wearied horse's
head toward him, but could not, and when Midnight came to the
end of the rope, it was at right angles to Dinny's course, and
both horses were jerked violently down. Midnight scrambled
to his feet and started for liberty, but the neck of the other
horse was broken by the fall, the rope was fast to the saddle
horn — and Dinny lay there white and still.
O western sun, that once stayed your course for hate, pause
now for love ! Waken, Dinny ! Rouse, man ! You loved her —
love her — she is in mortal danger ! And of all the world of
men, you alone can save her I
But the minutes sweep relentlessly by and still he lies there
forgetful of his purpose and his love.
When at last he raised his head the sun was hidden behind
black rushing clouds. He rubbed his e3'^es and marveled to note
that the mountains were staggering. He got to his feet uncer-
tainly, and laughed. " Seems to me as if I heard a preacher say
something once about the mountains skipping like rams and the
hills like young lambs — and now I've caught them at it." And
then he saw Midnight ; and memory came back to his stunned
brain with a bitter pang. He looked at his watch. It was
broken. How long had he lain there ? With trembling fingers
he saddled Midnight. There was no galloping now, but mad
flight. He urged the best horse in the Southwest to his ut-
most speed with rope and spur, while his soul went out in his
first prayer, repeated over and over again : "O God ! don't let
me be too late ! Merciful God ! don't let me be too late ! "
John Yoast looked down the road and saw some one coming
furiously in a cloud of dust ; and a few minutes later. Mid-
night, panting, foaming, with bloodshot eyes and nostrils,
staggered to the gate, and "For God's sake, what time is it ? "
asked Dinny.
John looked at his watch. "Three o'clock. What's the matter
with you ? Where did you get Midnight ? "
But Dinny ran to the trough and buried his face in the cool
water, while his heart swelled with joy. He must have lain un-
conscious an hour; but Midnight's mighty thews had made up
for much of it. There was yet Time.
He sat up and spoke to the point. " John, Kellum will be at
Loma Parda tonight, and unless I get there he will kill Helen
and Miller. I want your horse and a watch — pronto. I roped
Midnight at the Dona Anas, and he jerked me down and broke
my horse's neck."
"Do you want Bishop or one of the others? They're ofif
about a quarter, hobbled."
"Bishop. But uncock him for me if he still pitches. I'm
awful tired. I left Lincoln at two o'clock this morning."
"Hell!" said John, by way of comment. Then after a
moment, " I'll go."
" You have a family," said Dinny. "I'll go myself."
In another minute, Bishop, a vicious looking Roman-nosed
bay, was struggling fiercely to avoid being saddled.
so OUT WEST.
Reuben, John's youngest boy, came toddling down to the
corral.
" Hello, Untie Dinny, I dot a pitty song ! "
" Have you, little Dick ? Tune up, let's have it."
Dick climbed on his knee and sang,
" Surely the captain can depend on me,
Though but an armor-bearer I may be,"
while John rode Bishop, bucking violently, twice around the
corral.
" That's very pretty, little Dick White-cotton," said Dinny,
"Good-by." And when, a week later, I traced back all those
weary miles, Dick's mother told me, with tears in her kind eyes,
how Dinny had stooped and kissed the little upturned face.
The air was electric with the coming storm as the Bishop
tore madly on his way, frantic at the unaccustomed spurs. The
relief of finding that he still had time had made a new man of
Dinny, and his heart sang within him. Little Dick's " pitty
song " rang in his ears. He rose in his stirrups and flung his
arm upwards in wild exultation. Surely — surely the Captain
might depend on him !
The big rain drops were beginning to fall when he reached
Rincon. A saddled horse stood at the rack in front of McClin-
tock's, and Dinny took him and threw two gold pieces to Lee
Elliott at the door. "Give that to the man who owns this
horse. I'll leave him at Myer's." And away he went into the
teeth of the storm.
That day will long be remembered in the Southwest — for it
was the day of the great storm and flood of '96. Through it
all, Dinny, cursing, praying, crying, struggled desperately on-
ward. The hail beat on his face, and the mud and water made
it impossible to move save by beating and spurring every step.
Every joint and muscle was cramped and aching. Thrice he
changed horses — at Myer's, McCleod's, and at Agapito Torres's.
He hoped against hope that the storm might stop Kellura —
but knowing the desperate character of the man, he did not
doubt that the game would be played out to the bitter end.
The night closed round him, thick, black, and impenetrable,
as he left Torres's for the last stage of the long race, and when
he reached the crossing it was 6:25. The storm had made him
take three hours to ride thirty-eight miles from Rincon, with
three horses. It was still nearly two miles, and a swollen river
to cross— and thirty-five minutes left. He spurred in over the
horse's head, where only a few hours before had been dry land.
The rain had ceased, and the lightning flashes showed him the
distant shore as the furious waves swept him down.
Half way across, the wearied horse dragged himself up on a
sand bar that formed an island, and refused to move another
foot. Dinny slipped off in despair. He could never swim that
stream, weary as he was. The chances were a thousand to one
that he would be attacked with cramps and drown. But he did
not hesitate for a moment, but threw off boots and hat and
overshirt, and fastening his revolver securely, plunged desper-
ately in. The waters tossed him, leaped over him, bore him
THE HOUR AND THE MAN. 51
down. He struggled on, ever weaker and weaker — sank — rose
— and sank again. Then his hands closed on a limb under the
water. It was an uprooted cotton wood, rolling and twisting in
the angry flood. He grabbed it with both hands ; it turned
over and drew him under, with his left arm tangled between two
branches, and when at last he reached the surf ace, half drowned,
his arm was broken above the elbow. He clung, gasping, to
the tree. A lightning flash showed him that the current was
bearing him close to the other shore. Another flash — and he
saw an overhanging tree not forty feet below him. Now or
never I He cast loose, and with a last desperate effort he swam
as well as he could toward it — a branch struck his cheek and he
threw up his hand, grasped it and drew himself to the bank,
more dead than alive. There he lay for five minutes, exhausted.
Human strength could do no more, without a respite. Then he
crawled painfully to his feet, and started to run — slowly at first
— then faster and faster. The thorns pierced his feet, but he
did not pause ; tornillo and mesquite limbs dragged across his
face and clutched at his wounded arm, but he did not falter.
Onward ! onward 1 Por life and love ! And at last he came out
in the road, and a dull blur of light glowed through the mist
and darkness. It was Dorsey's.
Notwithstanding the storm, many of the neighbors had
gathered under that hospitable roof ; for there was to be a
dance, and both Helen and Miller were very popular. A fire
was kindled in the fireplace in the great hall, and at seven
o'clock they stood up to be wed. But the ceremony had scarcely
begun when Kellum burst in from a side room, his face in-
flamed with drink, and insanity in his eye. Before anyone
could interfere, he leveled a revolver at Helen and burst out into
a storm of abuse. " The first man that moves, I fire," he
shouted. As in a dream, I heard Tommy behind me, cursing
softly because he had no gun ; and some girl praying. Miller,
like the good man and true that he was, stepped between Helen
and the danger ; and she — she looked up in her lover's eyes
and smiled. At this Kellum grew frantic.
"Yes, smile, my lady ! It'll be the last time. In another
minute you and your husband will be dead. None of your
lovers can save you now ! "
The door by his side flew open as he spoke, and some one
sprang between him and his victims ; an apparition, hatless,
barefooted, soaked, mud-spattered, with one arm hanging
limply by his side ; some one so weak he could hardly stand —
pale, bleeding, breathless, but alive ; and in his eyes the daunt-
less courage and indomitable will that had made him respected
in a land where no man is feared. " Wrong," gasped Dinny,
" One of them can I "
"Out of my way, or I'll kill you," shouted Kellum. "Fool!
you loved her too — do you want her to marry Miller and forget
you ? "
" She'll not forget," said Dinny, " She will remember " — his
hand stole downwards — "and tell her children's children ! "
A shot — two together — another and another, while the lamps
went out — and Kellum fell, with a bullet in his heart and
52 OUT WEST.
another in his brain. Dinny turned and looked at Helen, while
the blood welled upward from two wounds in his breast.
" O death, where is thy sting ? O grave, where is thy
victory ? "
The smoke curled around him ; the firelight played upon the
steadfast face, now set towards a longer journey yet. So I re-
member him— so I see him in my dreams. And one and all read
aright the unspoken message of his eyes : the message of Love
triumphant over Fate and Death.
Not lost, O loyal-hearted— not wasted, not thrown away 1
There is not one of all that company but will walk the better
and braver all his days for having seen that look.
A moment he stood thus, and then moved slowly towards
Helen, with his eyes still fixed on hers. One step — and Miller
stood aside and left them face to face. Two — and I sprang to
support him, but he put me by. He would go to the end alone.
Three — and Lilly Ensley shrieked aloud to see the shadow of
death darken his face ; and stretched out imploring arms to him
that he never saw. A single pace la)- between him and Helen,
but he paused. Oh, he had come so far — could she not come so
small a way to meet him ? He drew his weary form up proudly
— then sank slowly to his knees, and would have fallen — but she
caught him, sank with him to the floor, and pillowed his head
upon her breast, while her tears fell fast upon his face. And
so, with her name upon his lips, and her first, last kiss upon
his brow, his soul passed out from earthly night and storm into
the hush and peace Beyond.
Tularosa, N. M.
IN ABSENCE.
BY ANNA SPENCKR TWITCHHLL.
My window shows the stretch of pasture land —
The old wall where a dead vine feebly cling-s ;
Gaunt trees with bare uplifted arms, that stand
Dreaming their branches shelter nesting thing* ;
The drifted snow upon the window ledge ;
Beyond, the shrouded rosebush, desolate ;
A snow-bird twittering from the cedar hedge ;
The frost-bound pump ; the creaking, wind-swung gate.
We love this land of winter well — and yet,
The very dreams of us are woven through
With things of home our hearts cannot forget,
And all the olden sweetness that we knew ;
The queenly rose, the bended lily stalk,
The cactus' perfume heavy on the air,
The drooping pepper-trees along the walk,
The beauty and the languor everywhere.
O far-off California ! our blurred eyes
Are blind to all the waste of snow today,
And hold no visions but of tender skies,
The foothills green against the mountains gray ;
The wealth of mellow sunshine warmly spread ;
The ocean reaching out with amorous lips
To kiss the sky, till both in one are wed.
Far on the Wue horizon where there dips
A white sail. To our ear comes not the note
Of wintry wind's complaining, but we reach
To catch the music of a linnet's throat
Or drowsy wash of waves upou the beach.
BamlUon, O.
53
the: runaway freight.
BY COLVIN B. BROWN.
HE Central Pacific Railroad enters California
just west of the little town of Verdi, Nevada,
and climbs tortuously upward to near the limit
of perpetual snow at Summit Station. Prom
here, westward, it is all down hill, and only
enough fire is kept under the boilers to enable
the man at the throttle to control the engine as
his train goes whipping around the curves
down the mountain side, roaring through miles
upon miles of sinuous snowsheds and darting
over bridge and trestle spanning rushing streams and yawning
gorges. Many has been the deed of daring, and many the cal-
amity on this mountain division that has never found its way into
the newspapers ; for the railroad ofl&cials have a creed of silence,
and news of an accident seldom leaks through the Division
Superintendent's ofl&ce unless it has resulted in serious injury or
death to trainman or passenger.
So splendidly has the division been handled that the number
of serious accidents which have occurred on it is small in-
deed, but the narrow escapes on the part of trainmen have
been many and thrilling. This was especially true in the early
'70's when air-brakes first began to be used on the division and
engineers were none too familiar with the new invention.
Stories are told by old trainmen of runaway freights that all
the power of air and hand-brakes could not stop ; of telegrams
sent flashing over wires to ditch runaways before they could
strike passenger trains laden with precious human lives ; of de-
railing-switches thrown wide open, waiting to send a laden
freight train down a caiion side with cannon-ball speed ; of
daring leaps for life, and heroic standing at the post of duty
until death came or danger passed.
One such story that never found its way into print, despite
the acuteness of newspaper men engaged in hunting items at
division headquarters, was told to the writer by an old engineer
now doing police duty in an interior California town.
It was in the 70's that the event occurred. A west-bound
freight train had left the Summit a little after midnight, and
was being dropped down the mountain by two engines. Behind
the tender of the second engine were two flat-cars fitted with
racks and piled high with cord-wood. Behind the wood-racks
came a string of empty box cars, and at the far end was a ca-
boose. The trainmen, who had been doing a double shift during
the past twenty hours, were tired out, and had lain down in the
caboose.
It was close to the little station at Cascade that the engineer
of the second engine, finding that his air had given out,
tried to recharge and had failed. The train was then running
twenty miles an hour, and was rapidly* gathering momentum.
He at once began whistling for brakes, and the head engine
supplemented his efforts. Clear above the roar of the train
dashing through the snow sheds rose the wail of the engines
54 OUT WEST.
shrieking for help, but there was no response and the speed in-
creased at a startling rate. Openings in the snow-sheds a hun-
dred feet long seemed mere dashes of semi-light. Bridges were
crossed as a grayhound leaps a fence, and were only detected
by a new, swift note in the terrible roar of the train.
The faster an engine goes, the easier it rides. When it is
running away down hill at a rate of eighty miles an hour it rides
with a gently swaying motion like the rocking of a baby's
cradle. This is conducive to sickness such as one gets at sea,
but the sickness is not due to the motion, but to the terrible fear
that it engenders. When a train is running like that on a
curved track, every moment it remains on the rails is a fresh
miracle. Every curve seems certain death, and that it does not
bring death is a renewed agony instead of relief, for the next
curve is just beyond, and terrors multiply.
The engineer had some time before pulled the reverse lever and
the great drive-wheels were going at a tremendous rate in a di-
rection opposite to that of the train, sending out such a shower
of sparks from the rails that the canon walls were lighted up as
with a streak of fire. All thought of attempting to recharge
the air-brakes had passed. The speed was too great for that.
The engineer who told this story to the writer, relates how he
turned to his fireman and asked him to look out for signals at
Cisco. If there was a signal there showing a clear track, there
might yet be a chance that the men in the caboose would get to
the brakes and stop the speed of the runaway train. The sta-
tion at Cisco was near an opening in the sheds some 200 feet
long, and was reached just before crossing a high bridge. It
is here that a runaway train has since left the track and cut the
station ofl&ce half in two, leaving the station agent asleep in the
intact half until aroused by one of the survivors of the wreck.
" When I spoke to my fireman," remarked my narrator, "I
told him that if he saw a danger signal at Cisco he'd better jump
when we came to the opening in the sheds, thereby taking the
one chance in a thousand of landing in a soft place and saving
his life. I had determined to stay with the engine.
" A minute later we came to a flash of light, there was the
shrill note of a bridge under our wheels, and we were again
rushing through the sheds. We had passed Cisco.
" I turned to my fireman, who, since I had spoken to him, had
been gazing fixedly out of the cab window. He was white as
chalk, but all he said was, ' I did not even see the station.'
"There was no other opening of any length in the sheds be-
fore we reached Blue Canon, and the chances were that there
was more than one freight train on the track between there and
where we were. There was but one chance and that fireman of
mine took it. When he told me he was going to try to climb
over the wood racks and get to the brakes I knew it could not be
done, but I did not say so. I simply reached out my hand and
grasped his. Then I watched him.
"There are no holds on a wood rack. They are not made to
climb over, and if one ever has to do it he must place his hands
and feet wherever he can find spaces. This would be hard
enough were the car standing still, but when it is attached to a
THE RUNAWAY FREIGHT. 55
train going more than eighty miles an hour around curves, and
the sticks of wood are rolling and pitching about like logs in a
drive, one knows it is impossible.
"I watched him crawl over the tender, but when he began to
ascend the wood rack, I involuntarily closed my eyes. When I
opened them he was half way up the rack, with his arm hooked
behind one of the stacks and his legs swinging in the air. The
next moment he had gained his foot hold and I watched him slip
and almost fall a dozen times before he reached the top where he
disappeared.
" It is easier to climb up a dangerous place than to climb down
it. In climbing up you have your hand-hold, and if you cannot
get a new foothold you can return your feet where they last
were. In climbing down you must trust to Providence to find a
rest for your feet.
" If you ask me now if I had any hopes that he would be able
to reach those brakes, I will tell you no. I did not believe such
a thing in any way possible, for there was another rack behind
the one he had first climbed, and the speed of the train was in-
creasing every moment. I did think it possible that news of the
runaway had been wired to Sacramento, and that there was one
chance in hundreds that a clear track was ahead of us, but I did
not believe the train could stay on the rails another minute.
"I had not left my post at the cab window, and when we
rushed across trestle 13 I turned to look toward the track below
Blue Canon off to the right, knowing that it was visible from
this point. Here I saw what made me resolve to spring from the
cab the moment we rushed into Blue Canon, which would be
reached in less than five minutes at the speed we were going.
What I saw was the head-light of an engine toiling up the
grade toward us. This meant one of two things ; either word
had reached Blue Canon in time to have the derailing switch
thrown just below the station, or else we would plunge into the
up freight. Either meant being horribly mangled, if not in-
stantly killed, and there was no rule of God or man that should
make me longer stay with my engine. I at once stepped to the
platform and proposed to leap the moment the engine left the
sheds. As I did so, I became aware that the speed of the train
was lessening and I knew someone was at the brakes.
"We came to a standstill in Blue Canon, the pilot of the head
engine within a hundred feet of the derailing switch which had
been thrown wide open. A man had been sent ahead to flag the
up freight so it would not run into our wreck.
" What became of the crew that went to sleep in the caboose ?
"The conductor was hit over the head with a monkey wrench
when he tried to explain matters to the engineer of the head
engine, and he and the rest of the crew were given their time
next day at the headquarters. My fireman ? He was found
scattered along a mile of track. At least, it was supposed
to be the fireman, for he never has been heard of since. I don't
believe he ever got over the first wood rack.
" Yes, the crew stopped the train. They claimed they were
awake, and declared we did not whistle for brakes until after
we passed Cisco. "
56
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY.
Critical Translations from Documents Never Before Published in English.
California in YTl^.
P the compact, clear and important report of Don
Miguel Costanso upon the first expedition to Cali-
fornia in 1769 an expert translation was printed in
these paffes in the numbers for June and July,
1901. It was from an excessively rare print in
the Ramirez collection, now owned by Edward E.
Ayer, of Chicago. From a clerical MS. in the
same volume we present the following accurate
translation of a letter from Costanso transmitting
one from the great missionary and diary-keeper Fray Juan
Crespi at Monterey, and one from the even more famous Fray
Francisco Palou, the assistant, successor and biographer of
Fray Junipero Serra, with his own comments. These docu-
ments gave the world the first sure news of the discovery of San
Francisco Bay by the P^ranciscans. It was discovered by Vis-
caino in 1602, but thereafter lost for 170 years. Costanso was
the civil engineer of the first expedition — that which in 1769
first explored and settled our California.
Senor Secretary Don Melchor de Peramas.
After the adjoined letter was written, there arrived a mail from the new
Missions of Monte Key ; the Missionary Father Fray Juan Crespi writing
some information about those conquests. And because the principal [in-
formation] about them may please His Excellency by the happy news of
what has [been] discovered, it has seemed [well] to me to send you a copy
of it, in order that if it seems to you convenient you may communicate it
to His Excellency. Because there may be delay in his receiving from
Monterrey the news it treats of, as to what has been explored in the famous
Port of our Father St. Francis [San Francisco.]
The said Missionary Father writes me from the new Mission of the Port
of San Diego, under date of the 21st of May last,* and says to me :
[Here begins Crespi]
On the 13th day of the present [month] I arrived at this Mission of San
Diego. The cause of this new move was none other than the arrival at
Monterrey of the fatal news that this Mission was about to be given up
\^desatnpararse\ for lack of provisions. This news reached the Rev. Father
President Fray Junfpero Serra in his Mission of San Carlos the 25th of
March. At that time I found myself on an expedition with the Senor
Capt. Don Pedro Fages in search of the Port of San Francisco [to see] if
by the arrival of the Vessel there should arrive supplies for the founding
of the Mission at that Port, which ought to have been founded last year.
And it was not accomplished [then] because of the obstacle of an estuary
or arm of Sea which, in the year '69, we had seen to enter inland, when we
fell upon the roadstead \_cnsenada'\ of the Farallones from Point Reyes; in
which roadstead, according to the Histories, this Port of San Francisco is
conceived to be. on the other shore, the Northern, of said roadstead. I found
myself on the 30th day of March roaming with the said Senor Captain,
following the said estuary (or arm of the Sea) upward toward the north;
the which we followed forty-one leagues. And what at the south was salt
water from the Sea, upstream to the north in the latitude 39 degrees and
13 minutes the estuary began unfolding into a very great River, which they
call after Our Seraphic Father St. Francis, of sweet [fresh] wa^er, very
delicious ; and the River [has] its width a ifourth of a league. And in the
said latitude north, the said River is divided into three great arms by an
immense plain. This must be half the circle of the quadrant, 16 points,
• May 2l8t to Oct. 9, arives an Idea of the remoteness of California in 1771 The " correo"
[mailj was thus lonar in srettinir from San Dieiro to the City of Mexico.
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY. 67
from SW to NW. And the three arms giving- different snake-windings
[culebreadas] flowing toward the North ; and [when they] reunited, the
river went filtering Ycolandol toward the S. E., toward the inner Sierra,
through the said immensity of flat land. We conceived that this river
and the same estuary (or branch of the Sea) to the S.W. and in all direc-
tions, is of great depth ; and that without doubt ships, though they be of
Deep Draft, will be able to navigate inland, and not merely be able to pass
into said Port. Upon the which I have to formulate a diary as soon as I
can — and I do not know if this can be with the Barque [by which he sends
this letter]. If not, I will remit it to Your Reverence, that you may send
it to the College.
Already I have said that on the 30th day of March we found ourselves on
said search, when on this same day the mail reached us with the lament-
able news that this Mission of San Diego was to be abandoned for lack of
victuals. Wherefore on the very next day we turned back — the said Senor
Captain and I and the rest of the expeditionary corps — toward the Royal
Presidio of Monterrey, that the said Senor Captain might take measures
in this particular. And in six days we retraced seventy-one leagues which
we had gone from Monterrey. And as soon as we arrived, the Rev.
Father President [Serra] ordered me to this Mission of San Diego ; the
Senor Captain sending with me at the same time twenty-two Mules, and
with them fifteen half-loads of Flour for the succor of this Mission.
On the 13th day of April I sallied from the Mission of San Carlos, and
the 13th day of May arrived at this [Mission] of San Diego. I found
nothing new as to its being abandoned, tho' indeed I found very little vic-
tuals [consisting] of some six to seven fanegas of corn and a Half-Load of
Flour. I found only the novelty of finding Father Fray Luis Jayme
alone ; because Father Dumetz had gone accompanying Father Cambon,
who was sick [in a tour] through these Missions, and in search of succor
of victuals to prevent the abandonment of this Mission. With this scant
succor, and that which the said Father Dumetz may bring us from these
Missions, we will go on dragging it out so that it may last until the arrival
of the Barque.
I passed by way of the Mission of San Gabril [Gabriel] , and found the
Missionary Fathers without any special news, save only with the same lack
of victuals, and that for a considerable time, already, they had been using
the supplies which were on hand to found the Mission of San Buenaven-
tura ; and that though they have drawn their belts tight \tirando bien la
cuerdd\ there remains to them [provision] only for two months and a half.
This Mission of San Gabril is distant from that of this Port [San Diego]
about 40 leagues. It is located in a Place which — though it was not
founded where it was marked [to be founded] — is nevertheless the only one
in all that has been gone over ; and it can be counted for one of the
Marvels of this World. It is a va[lley] of five to six leagues in length,
and from three to four in width. It has a very great forest of oaks, fr6m
which issue something like fifty or more acequias of water, most of them
on the level of the land. And all the very extended plain is of most shaded
and fertile land. Outside of the aforesaid, it has another forest, close to
the Mission, of sufficient extent, with three or four bigarroyos, with much
Lands, Vines, and infinite Rose-fields, which, with ten or twenty laboring
peons, could produce much grain or seeds for whatever they may require,
and could in a short time supply some [other] Missions,
This Port of San Diego, though His Majesty has put his hand to so
much new Christianity as is [ here] , what are we to do if there is not wherewith
we can maintain ourselves ? If the escort for a long time is maintaining
itself with the sole ration of half a pint of corn, and of only twenty
ounces of Flour daily ; and the Fathers the same, with a little Milk — how
are they to be able to endure ? We are without pottage whatever, more
than the little Corn and Flour aforesaid. And they say that thus they
have passed the most of the year — without lard, without tallow, and with-
out one candle of this sort, nor even wine for masses — since only on Sun-
days and feast-days is Mass said. God grant that Father Dumetz arrive
promptly with the Succor for these Missions, and that the Barque bring it
to us. For otherwise we are Lost.
This Port, tho' it has lands has not waters with which to be able to
make sowings. The buildings [are] few and bad, nor is there a way to
make them ; for the few palisades have gone to wrack, wood is very scarce,
and it is necessary to withdraw for two leagues because all these lands for
58 OUT WEST.
many leagues are bald. To move the Mission apart from the Port is very
difficult. That is, finding- a place for it — as they say there is in San Luis,
four leagues distant, which they say has much land, and running water,
some palisades and a little wood. This necessitated seeing it — the which
I have not been able to do, being so recently arrived, to l)e able to inform
Your Reverence. The which for the present I advise you beforehand, that
as soon as Father Dumetz arrives with Succor, the Mules which came with
me (and that meantime are recuperating) shall go there. And so. Your
Reverence, for God's sake and the Virgin's, arrange to have ready provided
what you can of Succor at the Mission of San Fernando de Vellicatd.
[ Thus far the said Father Crespi.']
When this letter arrived. Father Frai Francisco Dumetz was already at
the Mission of San Fernando [de Velicati, Lower Cal.], with another com-
panion, who went in place of him that fell sick ; and the Succor is pro-
vided, and they will start out shortly for San Diego. And I doubt not that
they will find already Anchored in the Port [San Diego] the Packet " San
Carlos," which at the beginning of April sallied from San Bias with Suc-
cor. Notwithstanding, I will put my hand at once to send from this [Mis-
sion] of Loreto all the Succor that can be ; which will go by Sea to the
Bay of San Luis. I give this information to Your Grace in order that if it
seems well to you, 3'ou may communicate it to His Excellency, in order
that he may be relieved, and for the gladness it may cause him [to know]
what is newly discovered in the famous Port of San Francisco. And if it
does not seem well to you, you will do what you hold t)est ; since I have no
other end than that you [both] may not be without this information ; for
the Barques may be delayed in returning to San Bias.
I desire for Your Grace very abundant health; and I offer you that which
the Lord grants me — wherewith I pray Him guard your life many years.
Mission of Our Lady of Loreto of the Californias, and June 15 of 1772. I
kiss the hand of Your Grace. Your sincere Servant and Chaplain,
Fray Francisco Palou.
Most Excellent SeHor:
I have read with equal attention and gratification the letter written by
the Vice-Prest. of the Missions of California, the Rev. Father Fray Fran-
cisco Palou, to the Secretary of Your Excellency's Captaincy-General, Don
Melchor Peramas, concerning the new discoveries which he mentions as
having been made in March of the present year by Capt. Don Pedro Fages
in company with the Father Fray Juan Crespi ; [both] resident in Monter-
rey, urged on, both of them, by the desire to reconnoiter the Port of San
Francisco. And the same Don Melchor having intimated to me that it
would be agreeable to Your Excellency to have me give what information
occurs to me, I will say what is in my power to satisfy so praiseworthy
Curiosity.
In the voyage which I made by Land from the Port of San Diego with
the expedition destined to occupy that of Monterrey, after we had passed
in sight of the latter without recognizing it, we pursued our march, pre-
suming it must lie further ahead. And having arrived, on the 31st of
October, of the year 1769, at latitude 37 degrees and 31 minutes, we de-
scried from the crest of a Hill a very great Bay. From the Northwest side
of it a point ran considerably out to Sea, apparently trending from north-
east to southwest. To the South-southwest of said Point were seen seven
Farallones [small, pointed islands], tall and white. And scanning the
inside of the Bay, there were discovered to the Northwest, quarter West
(with respect to the spot in which we were) some White barrancas [bluffs],
precipitous [taxadas] to the Sea. There was also seen, toward the North,
another great, precipitous barranca ; and by it entered a copious estuary,
with two medium-sized Islets in the same mouth ; all in the form shown by
the adjoined small Plan, whose rough draft I made at that time.
At sight of these landmarks I consulted a book of sailing-direction*
which I carried, by one Cabrera, good Pilot,* who was of the Ships of the
Philippines. And as these [landmarks] agreed with the notices of thi«
[book], it seemed to me beyond all doubt that what we had before us wa»
the Port of San Francisco, in which, says the same Cabrera, the vessel
• So the text— "Un t.-il C.ibrera buen Piloto." But his n.ime was Joseph Oonzales Cabrera
Bueno. He was a native of Teneiiffe. and Senior Pilot of the Fhilipi>ine trade. In 1734
his book, " Naveffacion Especulativa, y practlca," was printed ; and it was this work which
was consulted by the expedition of 1769.
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY. 59
called the " San Agustin" was lost in the year of 1595,* coming to explore
the coasts of this continent of America, by order of the Seiior Phillip the
Second. But some Mariners of its Crew, with the Pilot, saved themselves.
Who, traversing the immense Country which intervenes between said Port
and New Biscay, arrived at the end of many days at Sombrerete, a Mining
Camp of that Government, bordering upon New Galicia.f
The rest of our expedition then recognized that we had jalready left be-
hind the Port which was being sought [Monterey]. But having suffered a
certain error, the scouts who went out to reconnoiter the land each day for
the morrow, returned at this juncture saying that the Gentile Indians had
given them clear signs of a Port in which they affirmed that a vessel was
anchored, with people dressed in clothing the same as ours. All these re-
ports vanished like smoke a few days later, but were sufficient to oblige us
to pursue the voyage, and not to take the trip, with a suspicion which made
strong impression on some ; for that is wont to be easily believed which is
much desired.
On the 4th day of November we raised our pompt ; and following the
eastern Shore or Beach of the Bay (which we already called [that] of San
Francisco), we entered into a Sierra, heading north ; from the top of it we
discovered the Estuary, whose mouth I have said we had seen some days
before. This ran back into the land, turning considerably to the east and
southeast. We made three marches, coasting along it on our left, and stop-
ped nearly at its end, at the banks of a rivulet which discharges into it.
From this spot we sent out the scouts, giving them four days' time to go
and discover the Port in which they supposed was anchored the vessel of
which the Indians gave them news. But the fourth day in the evening
they returned very disconsolate over not having been able to reach the Sea-
coast, because they were hindered therefrom by another immense estuary,
which, according to what they said, communicated with the first and en-
tirely closed their passage. [They] coasted! along it about 20 leagues
without attaining to see the end of it. As little could they acquire more
news from the Indians touching the desired vessel and Port. With this it
was resolved unanimously to take the back track ; and this was done the
11th day of November.
I presume. Most Excellent Seiior, that the estuary of which the Rev.
Father Crespi speaks in the narrative which the Vice President Fray Fran-
cisco Palou abridges, is none other than the one which our scouts saw.
And I merely infer from the same narrative that Father Crespi and Don
Pedro Fages coasted it a longer distance until they discovered the great
river which disembogues in it by three different arms, freshening the
waters of this [estuary] with their own, according to the expression of the
same Father.
I am induced to believe the same that I have referred to, by seeing that
the said Seiiores went with the intent to reconnoiter the Port of San Fran-
cisco, to seek a suitable spot whereon to locate the Mission which has been
ordered to be established at it [that Port] ; and as to reconnoiter it well
they would wish to reach Point Reyes, there must have befallen them the
same as befell our scouts — that is, to find the way to the Sea-coast closed
by the estuary. And coasting this, with a purpose to reach its head, they
encountered the copious river which forms its end.
I submit it to the prudent judgment of Your Excellency to decide if I
am well founded in what I have put forward. And this is as much as I
can inform [you] in this matter.
MiGDBI, COSTANSO.
Mexico, 9th of October of 1772.
* It was commanded by the pilot Sebastian Rodrigruez de Cermenon, and came from the
Philippines.
t Sombrerete is near Zacatecas, Mexico, and is one of the historic old bonanzas. It has
produced over two hundred millions in silver. See The Awakening of a Nation, p. 30. Th«
tramp of these shipwrecked men from San Francisco to Central Mexico must rank as one
of the most remarkable journeys ever recorded.
X Levantamos nro. Boato. The sense is not clear.
II Coheandolo, prob. error for costeandolo. Cojeandolo would be " limpinff alonir it."
60
ITS PI^ACE
ON THE
Out Wbst" it is, then — and grlad of it. Which is the
chronic disposition of Westerners. They are the people that
have Moved because they could Do Better. The West is made
up of volunteers from all over the world ; but nowhere in the
world is there a colon)^ of Westerners. That is one difference
between Happening and Selection. For it must alwa3'^s be re-
membered that the typical Westerner is an Easterner graduated.
There are noble types of men and women born of this broad
domain in its swift half-century ; but they are not quite its
typical folk. The vital Westerner has traveled much, and does
not live where he was born. He does not "forget the pit he
was digged out of, nor the rock from which he was hewn" — but
he has bettered them. Wherever he came from, and wherever
he dwells, he has made his choice as an intelligent being ; and
for that reason gets more joy of his home than any person can
who "never knew the difference. " The advantage of a man
over a coral "insect" is not so much in the beauty of his legs
as in the fact that they are good to carry him where he would
rather be ; not so much in the having a spinal marrow more or
less troublesomely enlarged at the upper end, as in the fact that
this swelling is useful, if he will use it, to show him how much
better he can treat himself than b)' persisting as a submerged
cellbuilder amid a million other stationary zoophytes.
And the geographical limitations of Out West — what
are they ? Well, there is no dead black line on the map
that can define it. Out West is anywhere that is far
enough from the East to be Out Prom Under. It begins where-
ever man can find Elbow Room and Freedom ; wherever he can
be escaped from the tyranny of crowds and the obsession of
their strange superstitions ; wherever he has space to stand
erect, and must stand because he will, and not because he is so
wedged in that he could not fall down if he tried. It is where
men can grow — and do grow. It cannot make a wise man of a
fool, a hero of a cur, a knight of a knave. But every man, ac-
cording as is the marrow in his bones, it does make bigger. It
widens his knowledge and his sympathies, it teaches him respon-
sibility and self reliance, it brings him back face to face with
the great laws that last forever, and clears his eyes of the
illusions which dazzle the cleverest when men are so sardined
together in their own smartness that they forget there is Gravi-
tation. It increases his respect for the enduring verities, even
as it relieves him of the necessity of bowing down to a host of
tinsel idols. It makes him a better citizen by teaching him to
be a more complete individual. It makes him a larger individual
by giving him to see his relation to his kind.
J
IN THE LION'S DEN. 61
Every traveled student of men has observed this evo- writtrn
lution in the individual case and in the mass. It is going ^^iACKBOARD.
on all the time, and on a tremendous scale. We have all
watched men and women transplanted from the old, stuffy, hud-
dled hothouses to the open — and how their habit has rounded
and grown tall. They were not so big, Back Yonder. They
never could have been so big, or the whole scheme of Nature is
a lie.
And it is the great good fortune, not of the West ^ pamiwar
alone, but of the Nation, that we have now at the diagram.
Nation's head one of the finest and fairest examples of
this very thing. Roosevelt is, by much, the best educated man
that ever came to the Presidential chair. There have been other
university graduates, others who have added to the sheepskin a
broad training in men and affairs ; and a few who have, in
narrower limit, acquired the same outdoor muscle. But the last
and highest post-graduate course, the most vital schooling in a
character practically unique in American statecraft, the train-
ing which, more than any other, stands him in foremost stead
every hour of every day in his trying position, and more than
any other one thing has made him loved (not tearfully, but
confidently)— where did Theodore Roosevelt get that ? He got
it — and I am rather sure he would say so himself — he got it
Out West.
To one who believes in the West and in Roosevelt — good
not as mere gratifying incidents but as Factors in his ^^° company
hope for his country — hardly a keener pleasure could be-
fall than the assurance that this superb young graduate of the
great Elbow-Room where they make Men is heartily in accord.
A constant reader of the magazine, and thoroughly in sym-
pathy with many of the things it is working for, Mr. Roose-
velt finds the new name and motto and scope more than
good. The Lion is just Western enough to go his own way for
all of forty Presidents ; but he frankly likes it when a President
who has had a chance to know deems that way a good way.
It was only a fleeting glimpse through an open door; a^nd the
the back of a Man in a Hurry, and muffled in a huge ^'^'^^Ickbonr.
ulster at that — but it was enough. The Lion knew that
back, and leaped up and followed it, though it was more than
fifteen years since he had last seen it — and in a land where
ulsters are not worn. Older, broader, heavier ; somehow graver
for the burdens it has carried ; a bit less swinging — even as the
face is greyer for the typhoid that came so near to break that
magnificent physique — but, after all, no stranger. For the
Leonard Wood who is now Military Governor of Cuba is the
same Leonard Wood that was post surgeon at Bowie when we
used to tramp the Arizona hills together — "only more so." For
even then he was a man " respected in a land where no man is
feared."
One could know the voice still among a thousand. The quiet,
adequate paw — I hope to be forgiven this scientific term — had
lost nothing of its convincingness. Nor had the level eye.
It is well enough known to any who will read these lines that
62 OUT WEST.
the Lion is no roaring: optimist in our recent national impolicies.
Nor is he a pessimist in anything. In a varied life he never
found any case too desperate to keep on figfhting: — nor anything
so perfect there was no hope in trying to better it. But his
journey, even to the immedicable East, gave him new heart of
grace. Two men — at least — are in the saddle, of the sort he
most believes in ; young, masterful, clean ; polished where alone
polish comes, in the attrition of men ; but backboned where that
serviceable marrow has its largest development — Out West. It
has comforted the Lion to talk with Theodore Roosevelt and
Leonard Wood. You and I are the only persons now extant who
never make mistakes ; but these two Men will not make the
same mistake twice. Nor will their blunders be of .22 calibre
B. B.
CUBA AND?, \i It was as the shadow of a great rock in a weary land
°"\oRD. *^ *^1^ with Gen. Wood about Cuba— the Cuba which
every congenital thief and receiver of stolen goods itches
to put into our pockets— be he Sugar Trust, petty politician, or
office editor of a religious weekly. For these gentlemen will
strike a snag. Cuba is to have fair play. The honor of the
United States, which pledged her thus much, is in no wobbly
hands. And after the inevitable fashion of amateurs who try
to "hold up" the Wrong Person, they who thought to "go
through " the distressful Isle will unbuckle their own pistol belts
instead. It was to meet these gentry that Gen. Wood had come
up. And I think they knew he met them.
In my opinion," he said to me, " annexation is the final out-
come. The people of property desire it for security's sake."
"But"— and he brought down that ponderable fist, with a look
in his eye no man that ever traveled outdoors would disregard
— " by heaven, if it is annexation it must be by the free choice
of Cubal "
And with the President and Gen. Wood and Secretary Root
standing elbow to elbow to see that we do not break our faith
with Cuba, that faith is pretty likely to be kept. It will take
more Man than there is in the "holdups" to get past these
three.
^^^ „-.,. -^^ ^^^ ^^^ Philippines, where we have good Eastern
^^^ men that never had a postgraduate course — let us live
in hope. We have, indeed, press dispatches that
"rigorous measures" are to be taken; "a stringent policy of
starvation " is to be followed ; the Island of Samar is to be so
desolated that a bird flying over it must carry its own food" —
and any American who likes to may think that out in all its
logic. We really were a little hasty in damning Weyler.
But the President's message is another story. The moment
he will amplify in a proclamation to the Filipinos what he has
said of them to the Congress and the People of the United
States — "You shall have self-government as fast and as far as
vou show yourselves fit for it" — that moment the war will he.
'over." Not in the reports of teakettle generals, but in very
truth. It is the first official ray of light we have had. It is a
bit different from "We have them and we shall keep them."
has no family resemblance to "Sovereignty" — it is tutelage.
WAV
IN THE LIONS DEN. 63
And, mirahile dictu, not a voice has yet been raised ag-ainst the
President for this startling- innovation. Which only goes to
show that it is not so hard to do business with the American
People on the lines the world's experience recognizes as honor-
able.
That we are bound by every obligation of decency to ''^^^ 5j^^^f,f.
CUBA.
make such tariff arrangements with Cuba as shall enable ^^ oward
the young republic to live and do business, every man
knows who can comprehend an obligation at all. For those who
can not, it is to be remarked that the "political necessity" is
just as cogent. Bad faith to the island at the behest of a few
Corporate Appetites would as certainly wreck the Republican
party as it is certain that a majority of the American people are
not thieves. After we have forced Cuba to grant this country
peculiar and rather Over-Lordl}^ rights as against all other
nations, even to the right of intervention ; after we have in
effect made this country her only commercial outlet — we cannot
starve her out. If we apply to her the same tariffs we apply to
the nations we have not given bond for to civilization, we shall
be starving her out.
To such of us as have feared that the piratical interests
which really (though secretly) brought about the War, would
triumph ; that having egged us on to a " work of charity and
necessity " they would manage to pocket the proceeds — it is
nothing short of inspiring to find that the Men On Top look
upon the Nation's faith as a thing to be kept. They know at
least as much of politics as the ward politician, doubtless ; but
they do not need to fall back on his horizons.
President Roosevelt in his message "most earnestly asks your
[Congress's] attention to the wisdom — indeed, to the vital need
— of providing a substantial reduction on Cuban exports into the
United States ;" to which " we are bound by every consideration
of honor and expediency."
Secretary of War Root in his Report ior 1901 "strongly urges"
our "duty of the highest obligation" to make "areasonable re-
duction in our duties upon Cuban sugar and tobacco." Major-
General Leonard Wood, Military Governor of Cuba, in his
Report, states the evident truth that "Cuba's prosperity and
development depend absolutely upon her commercial relations
with the United States. High duties against Cuban products
mean that the development will be slow, if at all." These are
men who know, and who have nothing to gain but the
honest discharge of high duties. With them on such a question
are, the Lion believes, an overwhelming majority of the Ameri-
can people. Against them are the few but moneyed interests
which do not care to know, but could get richer yet by a policy
opposite.
To quote — and with the fullest approval — almost the what
precise words to the Lion of a high oflS.cial than whom '"^^^ thing
no man alive has a better right to speak with the au-
thority both of his knowledge and his character : Cuba's new
freedom from yellow fever saves the United States in quarantine
expenses alone at least as much money as could derive from
MAANS.
64 OUT WEST.
the revenues on her sugfar ; to say nothing of the sacrifice of
life, the business paralysis and consequent financial loss inci-
dent to yellow fever in our South, so long communicated from
Cuba.
The United States produces 450,000 tons of sugar a year, and
consumes 2,300,000 tons. To "protect" the producers of one-
fifth of the sugar we use, we pay eighty million dollars duty
annually on the sugar we import. Since we have a surplus
revenue, why not cut the import duties on an article used by
every man, woman and child, instead of upon beer or other sug-
gested articles used by a far smaller proportion of our popula-
tion ? A reduction of 30 — or even 50 — per cent, on Cuban sugar
and tobacco will not injure anyone now engaged in either busi-
ness in the United States. We import annually at least 700,000
tons of European sugar in excess of sugars produced at home,
in Puerto Rico, Cuba, Hawaii and the Philippines. This fixes
the price of the home product.
Cuba is 90 miles off our coast. Whether we like her or not,
we must always have her in some sense on our hands. She has
room for ten million more people than her present population.
Are we going to crush her present industries and prevent that
population, or give her a chance to live ? With the enforce-
ment of reasonable sanitary precautions, the island is perfectly
healthful. Its trade today is 370,000,000. What other country
with a million and a half of population has such purchasing
power ? And what will it become under good business condi-
tions and the consequent increase of population ? The great
question is — shall we build up this island as a healthful, pros-
perous country, to be an element of strength to us ; or shall we
crush its industries and make it another Santo Domingo — a
nearer element of weakness, another and far greater menace to
our republic ?
PBNANCE— i Summoned East in November, the Lion was fain to
*^^' Idvancr. remember the Widow Bedott :
" Can't kalkilate with no precision
On naught beneath the sky,
And I've 'bout come to the decision
That 'taint worth while to try."
He had fondly imagined never to repeat the dose. Three
months of Eastern summer seemed to him full penance not only
for all the sins he could remember to have done in the body, but
for all he can ever reasonabl}-^ hope to do — now that he has more
white hairs than brown. But either he is a poor judge of
values in atonement, or destiny has a hard old age marked out
for him.
He struck Chicago July 3 last, at 100° in the shade. A few
days later, he saw the mercury point to 118° there. December
3 of the same year of grace, 1901, he reached Chicago in a
snowstorm. Dec. 14, coming to Chicago from Washington at 9
p.m., he found it 10° below zero. Next night, when he left, it
was 16° below.
NOT THR But this little gamut of 134° Fahrenheit was not
^°"^* OK IT *^^ wicked worst of it. The cold was no hardship to
the Lion. He has lived the better years of his life in
decent climates, but has not lost much stamina. He still wears
IN THE LION'S DEN. 65
his overcoat in his blood — which is much more convenient. He
was out an hour and a half in that minus 10° temperature, that
Saturday nig-ht ; with a thin shirt, no vest, and the window of
the cab open — and appeared to be the only comfortable person
outdoors in Chicag-o. The rest had as many overcoats and
ulsters as they could afford or get on ; red noses, watery eyes,
and telegraphic teeth. So it is in no spirit of a personal griev-
ance that these remarks are made. As anyone can understand
who really likes to learn, this sort of experience is really a •
pleasure. No mere closet theories of the stupidity of man m
situ could be half so illuminative as this object lesson in what
people will put up with — without knowing why.
But the critical point is not the coldness of a place where thbv
where, as Mark Twain once said, "they haven't a cli- ^'^'^^oSmate.
mate, they just have weather." It is that people who
live there — and as people there must live — cannot keep their
blood up to its due functions as an ulster. They do not come to
this meat-ax temperature from a normal life, strong and tough
— they have to stay with it. And no race that was ever bred
can stay with that sort of thing permanently, nowadays. In
old days, strong men came out of the North — but they were not
fattened on furnaces and steam heat. It is not the outdoor tem-
perature that kills, but the indoor heat which becomes neces-
sary to people in that environment of temperature and modern
"progress." Prom the winter steam-heated buildings in the
Bast (and now there are many buildings in the urban madhouses
each of which, for six or seven hours each business day, houses
10,000 people, steam-stewed in their own mutual — cleanliness)
one steps in two seconds through the storm doors from 80° or 90°
plus to 10° or 20° minus. No wonder pneumonia and consumption
are a little the most active winter industries in the East. No
wonder they ship trainloads of the pallid to God's country — and
then abuse us that we have no factory to replace lungs wantonly
thrown away.
It was bad enough for a Westerner — and a Calif ornian from
at that — to suffer the East in summer, when God turns ^^° ^^worse
on the heat ; but it was a good deal worse when every
shivering tenderfoot did. And if the Lion may be let down
easy, now, and excused from further attendance, he will try
humbly to be a model beast.
One of the best men the West ever had — one of the mmaamBi^^m^^
truest, cleanest, finest of Americans — is gone too soon passing of
from a stage that needed him. When John J. Valentine ■*■ ^"^^(Pfi^^^^o.
passed, last month, to whatever reward shall be beyond ^«^^^J^^^^
for Nature's noblemen, it was a loss, not to California
alone, but to his Day. In these congested times, few men of
high position have it in them to remain single-hearted, gentle,
unspoiled, serene ; but it was in him. Long-time head of the
great enterprise whose record as a common-carrier is not only
the most romantic but the most unblemished in history, he gave
the lie not alone to the familiar proverb that corporations have
no souls, but to the less noised but equally accurate proposition
that they have none too much brains. He won the respect and
66 OUT WEST.
love of every man that ever worked for Wells-Fargo ; he used
that tremendous corporate influence to make them all better men
and better citizens ; he made his office an example of what such
a leverage could do for the commonwealth, for clean politics,
and clean business — and what "g-ood business" it was to do it.
Probably more than any other man in the United States in a
like position, he proved that one may be president of a great
corporation and still be an ungagged patriot.
It is true that a pack of them whose god is their belly —
" business men" who would not recognize the basic principle of
all business if the)'^ met it on the street, time-servers to every
Administration and secretly despised by all — tried violently in
the last few years to punish him for being unlike them. They
could not embitter, but they did distress, his latter days. To a
nature like his — and he was no puny sentimentalist or vain
dreamer ; he conducted a larger and more complicated business,
and more successfully, than any five of his boy cotters put to-
gether—it was an actual shock that men could so easil)-^ and so
wholly wallow for the acorns of the modern Circe. But it never
swerved him. He did his duty as he saw it — and he saw through
clear eyes. Neither power nor persecution changed his homely
fibre. He died as he had lived — and he outlived his enemies,
for he leaves the inspiring memory of a Man. God rest him
for the gallant one he was I
FOUNDING A 'V\iQ. California organization to forward and assist a
-' VTIONAI.
MOVEMENT.
NATioNAi. more tolerable policy as toward the Indians of California
has taken broader lines. Based upon, and given excuse
by, the acute need of better conditions for the Mission Indians,
it will open for business on lines of national width. President
Roosevelt, Secretary of the Interior Hitchcock, Commissioner
of Indian Affairs Jones, all found " horse sense" in its plans as
outlined to them, and all promised cooperation. The foremost
men and women. East and West, of those who really know
Indians, have consented to take official hand in the movement.
Locally, in Southern California, where the crusade is born,
there are no better and no more influential people than those
already committed to it.
As to the Warner's Ranch Indians, we have secured promise
of all we ask — competent official investigation of the facts and
then the personal aid of those who stand highest to push
through Congress the needful relief in the fashion that shall be
found best. In advance of this official action it would be clearly
improper to go into details ; but in another month perhaps it
may be possible to outline the aims of the League and the
general lines upon which it will work. In the meantime there
need be no anxiety — and must be no June-bug butting against
the light. Everything is in trim, and on the right lines. What-
ever can be done for the Mission Indians is — by the highest
powers in the land — promised to be done ; and on the only lines
on which it is possible to do anything. Just now is the time to
Wait. Later, it will be time to Work. And thc7i we have a
right to hope for a long pull, a strong pull, and a pull all
together.
IN THE LION'S DEN. 67
Since we are born with what little brains we have, and ^^^ hazard
can only supple but not increase them, it is preposterous °^ opinion
to g-o about timidifying- and beg-ging- pardon for our
minds. God is to blame for what they are ; we, only for how
we use them.
The Lion doesn't know much ; but he thinks he knows the
difference between a Poem and a Fritter. If not, it is his own
fault, not Heaven's ; for he was suckled on Homer and the
Hebrew seers, and bred up on Chaucer and Milton and Shakes-
pere, and chastened by reading-, for the last seven years, an
average of over 300 " poems" a month. But if he does, the noble
stanzas which open this number are of a rare sort. Our Joaquin
ought to have written their like — but has not since the Ship in
the Desert. Kipling used — and perhaps still can. But neither
did — nor either has, in half his productive period. It was left
for a little round ranch-woman who never has been outside
Arizona six months in all since she was a child ; who never had
"schooling" or "social advantages," who has never had a
teacher more "up" in pedag-ogy and modern hysterics than God
Almig-hty and the Illimitable Spaces ; a backwoods girl who can
•still blush at a little compliment and turn white at a big one ; a
gfirl who milks cows and rides broncos right-side-out, and is
an Influence Unseeking- in a frontier community, a Means of
Grace to the amelioration of unlicked cubs from the metropolis
who cross her quiet orbit — it was left for her to do this Immin-
ent Thing.
The Lion may be wrong. He is no more infallible than the
bigger man now at the head of the Nation. "You know, I
think you made some mistakes as Governor," said a Well-Meant
Soul to him. "You think so?" retorted Our Man. "If you
don't know it, you don't know as much as you might. Por /do."
But the Lion is quite content to pin his judgment to this poem.
The arm-chair technicians can pick technical flaws in it — and
so can he. But if it is not, in breadth and depth and every
other creature that deals with the Long Count, a greater poem
than any of them are writing who have had every chance save
one to surpass this girl of the wilderness — why, he can endure
being- laughed at. And not only is this the sort of thing he
expects of the frontier when it shall come to its own — the sort of
thing this magazine is here to foster and give voice to — the
precise reason why thisUnadvantaged Young Person could write
it is the same reason that decided the choice of name for "Out
West."
That sound American, Louis R. Ehrich, of Colorado caring
Springs, has fathered a new and laudable idea and a new ^°* ^future
word to fit it — "Posteritism," which he defines as a
"sacred regard for the highest welfare of Posterity." That
is a good regard to have — so good that it would seem absurd to
commend it, were not the world full of people so nearsighted as
to agree with the cad's sentiment : " What has Posterity done
for me ?" As a matter of fact, it has done a great deal. It has
been and is the magnet of civilization. But for its promise,
humanity would stop for want of incentive. There is one
proverbial animal in the world "without pride of ancestry or
« OUT WEST.
hope of posterity." It progresses only when driven. And it is
closely related to the humans who can see no duty and no privi-
lege ahead.
Mr. Ehrich's formal christening of his idea was a function
as worthy to be copied for its material as its sentimental
aspects. At a large public meeting, the people of Colorado
Springs deposited a ' Century Chest" to be opened in the
year 2001. This chest contained a great amount of such
data as the historian a century hence will bless the Coloradans
for furnishing him ; and the high-minded and patriotic ad-
dress made by Mr. Ehrich on this occasion will show other
generations that we of this were not all Men-with-a-Muck-
Rake. If every city in America would bequeath its Century-
chest to the future, what a civilizing influence it would have !
Not on the future, may be — but on us.
WHRKK wK If the army and navy are to be run by the newspapers,
^^^^^ Mo^EY there seems to be no reason why, as a shrewd business
people, we should go on maintaining costly Departments.
We are taxed, now, tens of millions a year to pay all sorts of
officers for trying to do what the $20-a-week reporter would do
so much better for nothing at all and board himself. Wh}', also, '
bother with Courts of Inquiry — or Supreme Courts, or any
others, for that matter — when all we would need do would be to
telephone the City Editor ? Indeed, as one looks into the thing,
our whole government machinery could be dispensed with.
The Schley case is an example of our wasteful habit. The
court has found its verdict on the law and evidence ; the Secre-
tar}' of the Navy — of course with the concurrence of the Presi-
dent— has approved that finding. Mr. Dooley's "Cousin George"
— with something of the boyish glee in which he remarked, at a
historical time, that it "must be easy enough to be President"
— has rendered a minority "report," which, as it had nothing
whatever to do with the law of the case or with the matter be-
fore the court, naturally and precisely commended itself to the
"reportorial " mind. And the newspapers have done the rest.
NO* The Lion has no remarks to offer concerning Admiral
QUESTION Schley. Probably no one doubts his courage, his genial-
ity, his unsophisticated senescence. Those who remember
his exploit in Chile — as students will— may presume he knew no
better and never would ; and at any rate he was not on trial for
that. Doubtless even in the theatrical play of the present case
he has been less to blame than his fool friends — and some others
who are neither friends nor just that sort of fools. For it must
be remembered that the goodnatured old salt has managed to
sell a great many million newspapers.
But whatever one's prejudices for or against the individual, it
does not seem as if it should require a terrific exertion of mind
to perceive what all this emotional riot means. The plain, un-
veiled belief is "whooped up" — it is impossible to use a
more dignified word — that the "old hero," the " man who was
in the fight," is being "persecuted," "hounded," "conspired
against," by some rather vague but wholly dreadful Navy Ring.
Sho, now I That is bad ! But not half so bad as when you
THR
IN THE LION'S DEN. 69
stop to think who these "hounds," and "conspirators" and
"Ring-sters" are. They are, of course, all who approve the
iniquitous verdict which went by the law and evidence instead
of by the newsboys. But that includes not only nearly every
officer in the navy ; it includes Secretary Long- ; it includes
President Roosevelt. Really, it is the most unanimous and high-
reaching " conspiracy" on record ! Anyone who needs further
diagram as to the superb idiocy of this newspaper war is com-
mended not to try. He should not fight against Pate.
The navy is still composed of human, and therefore wherb
non-perfect, being-s; but it is not overwhelming:ly officered '^^^ ^stands
by cads and assassins. It is still mostly of men who
know their business and try to keep it clean. It requires more
training than to be a newspaper reporter, and develops perhaps
as strict a sense of honor. Perhaps it can be quite as safely
trusted with the honor of the nation. It has been kept freer
from politics than the army has; and is, in fact, the cleanest
and most perfect branch of our public service. And now there
is an intention — where an intention counts — that both army and
navy shall be lifted still further above politics ; that discipline
such as every rational person knows to be indispensable shall be
observed ; that the modern habit, under which it was hard to
tell by listening- whether a general was a g-eneral or stump-
orator, would be more honored in the breach than in the observ-
ance. And it is high time. If a man prefers to be a newspaper
orator, there is no law to compel him to remain a general ; but
he ought to choose one or the other. The justice of this is best
shown by the fact that there is no earthly doubt which he will
choose. For while he is glad to help the reporter make him
" famous," he is quite aware that he has the better job and the
more respected. Now all that is asked of him is that he shall
keep it respectable.
The Lion has no inside information, official or prophetic, on
these points; but he has his eyes. And he will stake his habitual
hat against a resident ownership of New York city — which he
counts big- odds — that within two years there will be better
discipline in army and navy than there has been since the latter
end of the Civil War, when use perfected it of necessity. And
Discipline in men sworn to it, is no "Goo-goo" fine-hairedness.
It means simply doing- one's duty as an honest and intelligent
being.
By the way — the Tutuilans will have to struggle along- as best
they can toward "complete civilization" without more of the
ennobling influence of B. P. Tilley. The United States has
paid something- like $100,000 for a court martial to clear him of
a crime which cannot even be hinted in type ; but he has been
recalled.
Chas. p. Lummis.
70
THAT
WHICH rs
WRITTEK
W^'-:^
^^v^^:-
If one may pardonably feel down-
cast after a general survey of the rab-
bitry of Literature as she is now littered ;
"^^|»iNi ''•* upon noticing how acute the disease has become even
within a decade ; how there are many times as many publishers where
too many were before, and all more or less daft with the new hallu-
cination that everything which might possibly sell ought to be printed ;
how writers are grown epidemic until they are as the sands of the
sea for multitude, and average about as high for worth ; how books
are become merely a polite patter — there is nevertheless a certain reas-
surance and assuagement in observing that the Enduring Book had never
before so good a chance. If a thousand times more trash is printed than
ever before — or, counting the newspapers and the magazines, a million
times — perhaps a larger number of worthy books is printed today than
ever ; and beyond question these books reach a far larger audience. It is
irritating enough, truly, to note what so many people read, how they read
it, and what dent it makes on their complacent ignorance ; but, after all,
these are merely a new set of readers. They are not the old reading-body
gone wrong, but raw recruits not yet habituated to go right.
Nor is it fair to forget that while the arena buzzes with publishers un-
predestined either by morals or by brains for such responsibility, and while
their elders and betters are a good deal stampeded by the rush of compe-
tition, the printing press is not yet wholly surrendered to the instant
market, Probably there was never before so large and sure circulation for
honest books as right now. Probably there was never before so large a
class numerically of authors and publishers desirous to put them forth —
though in both cases it is only in numbers and not in proportion that we
can afford comparison with the past. Only a few years ago, people wrote
only because they had something to say ; whereas nowadays they write be-
cause they feel it incumbent to say something. It is the age of "ticklers."
But "there are others." Various departments of the national govern-
ment (like the Bureau of Ethnology, etc.) set a handsome example of
solidity, though unfortunately in the shocking Philistine form invented
and persisted in by the Government Printing Office ; a little the cheapest
and sorriest form given to any books in this age. But while the paper is
shoddy, the form studiedly inconvenient and the makeup unredeemed by
one ray of artistic taste, there is a mine of lasting matter in these vol-
umes ; and one may be proud of the work we are officially doing for scholar-
ship.
Besides this, there are more than a few publishing houses in America
which cultivate books worth while. Probably the Burrows Bros. Co. of
Cleveland lead the list thus far, with the monumental 73-volume edition of
the Jesuit Relations ; and Francis P. Harper, N. Y., with his dignified edi-
tions of Dr. Coues's great works on Western history, may come next. And
there are many more, on a smaller scale, steadily or incidentally issuing
books which leave the reader rather less ignorant than they found him.
THAT WHICH IS WRITTEN. 71
And now the great house of McClurg-, Chicago — the largest publishers
west of New York, and the heaviest handlers of books in the world — pur-
poses to go deeply into the publication of works which will be as valued a
hundred years hence as today. That is the test by which not one-tenth of
one per cent, of the books of the day could aflFord to be judged. Ten years
from date probably no novel that sells 100,000 copies this year will be
known even by name, except to the bookworm. These are of the things
done in a hurry, to be read in a hurry, and in a hurry forgotten — or, rather,
never remembered at all after the next Pink Tea following the date they
are first heard of by the Ladies. livery book that has outlasted a century
had in its time a smaller sale than any publisher would take for a guaran-
tee now.
This may not be much of an argument to use to publishers to whom
letters are what a trough is to some others — but it may have some mean-
ing to some of those who desire to write, but at the same time retain a cer-
tain capacity to think. And if the rewards of lasting work are not so in-
stantly glittering, they wear better. As a cold business proposition the
least crowded path to success as an author nowadays is to know something
worth knowing and tell it reasonably.
C. F. Iv.
The Washingtonians is by no means the most ambitious of last A novri,
year's crop of American novels, nor was its publication heralded or oF uncommon
accompanied by the brass-band-and -circus-poster methods now wont powbr .
to be used for hawking literary wares. None the less it must be counted
among the most important, instructive and well-constructed of recent
works of fiction — if indeed " fiction" is the proper style for a book dealing
so candidly with political and social incidents well within the memory of
men not yet old, and veiling its personages most transparently, if at all.
Even of those who were too young in 1864 to take much notice of contem-
porary events, few will fail to recognize the brilliant, beautiful, but ill-
starred Kate Chase Sprague, her millionaire soldier-husband, her father —
jurist and statesman of the first rank, — Horace Greeley, and the eloquent,
unscrupulous Senator from Kansas, " Secret Circular" Pomeroy. The
action of the story is mainly concerned with the efforts of "Mrs. Mat-
thews" to further the Presidential ambitions of her father, " Secretary
West," by methods as little to the taste of that haughtily honorable gen-
tleman, as to that of blunt, loyal, intemperate "General Matthews."
Now this is dangerous ground for the novelist, with the mire of deadly
dullness threatening on one side and a tempting alternative of glittering
but worthless sensation-dust on the other. This author swerves never so
slightly in either direction, but tells her tale in such simple, straightfor-
ward and convincing fashion that one cannot choose but be fascinated and
persuaded.
But even this is not the best of the book. There is an insight into char-
acter of unusual clarity, and an equally rare power of depicting it with
the lightest touches. Witness the delightfully sympathetic scene in the
President's box at the theatre. And for portrait-painting in words, take
the first view of "Greenleaf, editor of the New York Chronicle'' whose
"fringe of whiskers framed a smooth -shaven face of almost infantile
blandness. This impression was almost immediately dispelled, however,
by a direct glance from his spectacled eyes, which had the shrewd, blue,
merry, innocent look of the immortal boy."
It adds to the pleasure of a California reviewer in noting such a book as
this that it may be fairly credited to the State. Pauline Bradford Mackie
(Mrs. Herbert Miiller Hopkins) is and will remain loyal Californian at
heart, though her husband's acceptance of a call to the chair of Latin at
Trinity College has removed her bodily presence to Connecticut. L. C.
Page & Co., Boston. - $1.50.
Grace MacGowan Cooke and Annie Booth McKinney have in Thb
joined forces to produce Mistress Joy, "a tale of Natchez in oi,dkr
1798." Joyce Valentine, the heroine, is daughter of a Methodist sotrXH.
minister, and herself plans to become a preacher, but takes one long
72 OUT WEST.
draught of the joys of the " world " at New Orleans. Aaron Burr strides
through the story and the Due d'Orleans appears long enough to lead
the sword-minuet with Mistress Joy at her first and only ball. The Cen-
tury Co., New York. $1.50.
AH,'s WKLiv Given a stern and scheming' father, a young and charming
THAT daughter, and a susceptible, available and unattached youth whom
ENDS WEI.!.. the father has already injured and plans to ruin, and you have
the groundwork of many a good story. Helen Churchill Camden uses
these materials and others in An Oklahoma Romance. The lover's
fortunes look sufficiently gloomy through twenty-four chapters, but
emerge triumphantly in the twenty-fifth. The Century Co., New York.
$1.50.
THR Probably Solomon did not have Marion Crawford in mind when
FBKTiivB he complained t)ecause "of making of books there is no end."
CRAWFORD. Mr. Crawford's most recent publication — unless others have ap-
peared between the writing of this note and the printing of it — is Mari-
etta, A Maiden of Venice. Interwoven with the story, which is partly
historical and of course entertaining, is some minute and interesting
detail concerning the Venetian glass-blowing guild and industry in the
fifteenth century. The Macmillan Co., New York. $1.50.
EASY Would you like to get a thousand dollars in return for a paltry
MONKV — dollar and a half ?
PKRHAPS. Twelve distinguished American story writers have joined hands
with a publishing firm to assist some one in that laudable ambition. All
you will have to do is to name correctly the author of each of the stories
in A House Party. The publishers say the volume " will appeal not only
to every person of literary taste, but to every lover of good stories." To
the crude and irreverent Western mind, this irresistibly suggests the late
lamented "Soapy" Smith and his devices for encouraging cleanly habits
— and, incidentally, profanity. These included sundry greenbacks of
tempting denomination and numerous two-inch squares of soap. The
soap was sold at three packages for a dollar, and the purchaser might find
one of the bills included. Mr. Smith was wont to dilate at length on the
merits of the soap. The money spoke for itself. Small, Maynard & Co.,
•Boston. $1.50.
Ai.i< THAT There is only one Scotchman in S. R. Crockett's latest story,
STOPPED The Firebrand, but how he does tower above the poor Span-
HiM. iards \<\\o give him opportunity to display his valor, wit, dis-
cretion and constancy ! One wonders that at the end of a few years —
and 510 pages — he is no more than Duke, "hatted grandee of Spain," and
Governor of Valencia. Surely his methods of putting down rebellion
" with jovial good humor, breaking their heads afi"ectionately with his
staff when they rioted," should have won him a dictatorship at least, in
a hundred more pages. McClure, Phillips & Co., New York. $1.50.
THE PROPER The mighty Napoleon cuts but a sorry figure in Margaret L,.
KNGUSH '^ooA^s Sons of the Sword. Her English heroine flouts him, fools
MAIDEN. him, scorns his ofl'ered caresses, and generally treats him as a
self-respecting English maiden ought to deal with the French Emperor.
And the gallant French officer who dares his Emperor's displeasure for
her sake fares but little better. For though he wins her reluctant consent
to stand as bride with him at the altar, he is killed on the battlefield before
ever he enters upon possession of his marital kingdom. McClure, Phillips
& Co., New York. $1.50.
FOLKSTOKiES No more interesting addition to the available volumes of popu-
I'ROM lar folk-stories has been recently made than the Zanzihar Tales
ZANZIBAR. which George W. Bateman has gathered from natives of the East
Coast of Africa, and translated from the original Swahili. It will be a
curious child, indeed, who is not fascinated with these stories, and the
serious student of such matters cannot afford to neglect them. One
might wish that the " translation " followed more closely the original
forms of speech, and showed less effort for smart phrasing. The illus-
trations by Walter Babbitt are delightful, if sometimes reminiscent, and
the book as a whole is one of which its publishers may be proud. A. C. Mc-
Clurg & Co., Chicago.
STUDIES.
THAT WHICH IS WRITTEN. 73
Utterly remote from the din and scuffle and dust of every day saintly
life are the paths along which A. C. Farquharson leads us in St.
Nazarius. The book is mainly the study of a few rare and beau-
tiful character types, with barely enough plot and incident to justify one
in calling it a story at all. Such work can never be " popular," but the
man who can do it does not need nor care for the approval of the crowd.
The Macmillan Co., New York. $1.50.
John Kendrick Bangs's particular brand of humor retains its old
special tang through any number of successive vintages. The wtnE in
latest bottling is labeled Mr. Munchausen, and is a veracious nbw boTTlBS.
account of certain recent adventures of the celebrated Baron, as reported
by one Ananias for the Gehenna Gazette. Peter Newell's illustrations
confirm the text. Noyes, Piatt & Co., Boston. $1.50.
Itself as unpretentious in form as in title, Charles Wagner's A Parisian
The Simple Lije deserves no lesser qualification than "inspiring." prophet of
These earnest, direct and searching essays form a powerful plea SIMPLICITY*
for simplicity in living — a simplicity, be it understood, of the spirit, and
quite as attainable in a palace as in a hermit's cell. " Do not waste your
life" is the burden of this Parisian clergyman's discourse. "Make it
bear fruit ; learn how to give it, in order that it may not consume itself !"
This has been said often before, true enough, but so have most things that
are worth saving — and the text is this time driven home with unusual force.
McClure, Phillips & Co., New York. $1.25.
A bright twelve-year-old, who had abstracted Lady Lee and "ouT OE
Other Animal Stories from the reviewer's table, declared, after THE MOUTHS
emerging from its fascinations, "If I had to write about that OF babes."
book, I should tell them it was a fine one." With due allowance for youth-
ful enthusiasm, the judgment may stand as approved. An introductory
memoir of the author, Hermon Lee Ensign, by that kindly and discrimi-
nating critic, Francis Fisher Browne, adds to the weight of the volume.
A. C. McClurg «& Co., Chicago. $2.
A welcome addition to the "Tales from Foreign L/ands" series a dainty
is Nanna. translated by Francis Fisher Browne from the Danish Danish
of Holger Drachmann. The name of the scholarly editor of the LOVE-TALB.
Dial is sufficient assurance of the quality of the translation, while the
story is not unworthy its original title, Paul and Virginia of a Northern
Zo?ie. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. $1.
The experiences of a scholarly and earnest young clergyman " Tales OE
coming fresh from the Seminary to a "way-back" and case- A COUNTRY
hardened country village furnish the material for Kverett Tom- parish."
linson's Elder Boise. It offers close character-drawing, a reliable brand of
humor — though some of the fun is lugged in by the ears — a dialect with
remarkable features, and an undercurrent of sound and helpful thought.
Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. C. C. Parker, Los Angeles. $1.50,
Under the title George Washington, Norman Hapgood has more or less
gathered together a somewhat amazing variety of wholly undi- PERTAINING
gested material — historical, biographical, critical and gossipy. TO WASHINGTON.
Charles Lamb's opinion of Major Andr^, " Smyth's Journal's " opinion of
Hamilton, Napoleon Bonaparte's opinion of Lafayette, and Mr. Hapgood's
opinion of " the wise and patient constancy with which recent English
statesmen have endured our insolence " are doubtless all of importance and
interest. Yet one could spare them — and much more as little germane to
the subject — from a volume offering itself as a biography of Washington.
The publishers have done their part handsomely, and the book will be an
attractively appearing addition to library shelf or table. The Macmillan
Co., 66 Fifth Ave., New York. $1.75.
Joseph Grinnell (of the Land of Sunshine staff) spent the larger hunting gold
part of 1898-9 in Alaska, with a company of gold-seekers, though and birds
his personal attention was largely given to ornithological study. in alassca.
For the sake of the "folks at home " he kept quite a full diary, which has
been published, after some editing by his mother, Elizabeth Grinnell.
Fortunately the diary was written without any idea that it would ever be
put into print. Gold Hunters in Alaska is, therefore, an entirely frank
record of the observations and experiences of an exceedingly keen-eyed and
74 OUT WEST.
good-tempered young scientist. It is wholly readable, and more informed
and informiii^r than some more pretentious works. David C. Cook Pub-
lishing Co., Chicago.
Doubtless girls and boys both will follow with delight the adventures
of Marmot, as told by Millicent E. Mann. Daughter of the Huguenot
shoemaker to the court of Louis XIV, separated from her parents during
the flight to America to escape the effects of the revocation of the E^ict
of Nantes, beguiled and held in captivity by Indians of remarkable
names and characteristics, she is finally rescued, and all ends well. A. C.
McClurg «& Co., Chicago. $1.00 tut.
Mary E. Mannix gives the first glimpse at the beautiful and devoted
heroine of A Life's Labyrinth in a bandit's cavern in Greece ; the last, in
the chapel of her ancestral home in England. The occasion of her pres-
ence among the outlaws is the rescue from their clutches of the English
nobleman, with whom she stands at the altar in the final scene. The Ave
Maria, Notre Dame, Ind. $1.25.
Kev. Magee Pratt, of Hartford, Conn., believes that nearly all modem
churches are "swayed by worldliness" and " morally decadent." Hia
Orthodox Preacher and Nancy is a strong and tragic story designed to
enforce that theme. The book is marred by abominable proof-readiag.
Connecticut Magazine Co., Hartford.
One of the handsomest of recent '* nature books" is Nature Biof^raphies,
by Clarence Moores Ward. It deals entertainingly with the life history of
certain common butterflies, moths, grasshoppers and flies, and is beauti-
fully illustrated by photographic reproductions. Doubleday, Page & Co.,
New York. C. C. Parker, Los Angeles. $1.50, net.
In Alexander Hatnilton, James Schouler has made a creditable addition
to the satisfying little " Beacon Biographies." Closely pruned, of neces-
sity, it gives a more vivid and correct picture of the man of whom it
treats than some far bulkier efforts. Small, Maynard & Co., Boston.
75 cents, tiet.
Part II. of the valuable Education Hand Work Manuals deals with Paper
and Card Board Construction. Arthur H. Chamberlain, of the faculty of
Throop Polytechnic Institute, Pasadena, is the author of the very practical
little treatise. Whitaker & Ray Co., San Francisco. 75 cents, net.
Granting that Wallace Irwin's Love Sonnets of a Hoodluyn are well done,
it seems a pity that anyone should have thought it worth while to do them.
Gelett Burgess's introduction is an admirable bit of solemn foolery. Elder
& Shepard, San Francisco. 25 cents.
In the latest story of the " Young Kentuckian's Series," Byron A. Dunn
carries his youthful soldier-heroes From Atlanta to the Sea, with a suffi-
cient number of thrilling adventures and hair-breadth escapes. A. C.
McClurg & Co., Chicago. $1.25.
Whisky, machine politics and newspaper work form a combination
that might get through even a tough and hardened old hide. What
they did to a young college graduate, Kev. C. M. Sheldon tells in The
Wheels of the Machine. Advance Pub. Co., Chicago. 10c.
Devout, sincere and sunny are the verses by L. Adda Nichols, collected
under the title of Delphine and Other Poems. Whitaker & Ray Co., San
Francisco. $1.
Jane Pentzer Myers' Stories of Enchantment is a charming volume.
Well-told tales, beautifully printed, daintily illustrated, in a tasteful bind-
ing, make a combination that should be satisfying to the child clientage
for which the book is intended. A. C. McClurg &. Co., Chicago.
The California Floriculturist promises to be a useful and interesting
magazine in its special field. Its editor, Ernest Braunton, is competent
and enthusiastic, and is assured of the cooperation of other experts in
the same line. Los Angeles. Monthly. $1 a year.
C. A. M.
75
Conducted by WILLIAM E. SMYTHE.
The President of the United States is for irrigation ! But that is onlj
half the glorious truth. He is for irrigation on lines of wisdom and
everlasting justice. In dealing with the delicate relations of State and
Nation — of the vested rights of capital, on one hand, and the vested rights
of humanity, on the other — he has plucked the flower Safety, from the
nettle Danger. No President of our time has dealt with a grave question
surrounded by complicated interests, public and private, and brought forth
suggestions so lucid, so comprehensive, so thoroughly sane and workable,
as Theodore Roosevelt has done in dealing with the stupendous Problem
of the West. He has not merely submitted recommendations to Congress,
but has framed a platform upon which the friends of true progress can
march to victory in every State and Territory. As an evidence of the use-
fulness of his message in this respect, let the reader turn to the resolu-
tions adopted by T;he recent Water and Forest convention in San Fran-
cisco, published elsewhere in these pages. The cause that knew not where
to look for a powerful friend has at last found him in the White House.
TO FRKB
YKT OXHKR
SLAVES.
Roosevelt's service to irrigation bids fair to parallel Lincoln's
service to the cause of abolition. Lincoln was not one of the
fathers of the anti-slavery movement. Other men challenged the
wrong in the days of its arrogance and fought it in the days of its
strength. But when the hour arrived to strike the monster down to the
dust, Lincoln's hand held the sledge-hammer. Roosevelt was not among
the first to discover and declare the iniquity inherent in making merchan-
dise of the melting snow and the running brook. But he finds himself in
power at the time when the question rises into national prominence. When
he wrote into his message the flaming sGni^ncG,^* Private ownership of
water apart from land cannot prevail without causing enduring wrong,^^ he
signed an Emancipation Proclamation which differs from Lincoln's chiefly
in the fact that it liberates men of another race and color. Edward
Everett Hale, in announcing his conversion to the same doctrine some
years ago, referred to his experience as an abolitionist, and said : " I have
come to the conclusion that freedom for white men is just as important as
freedom for blacks." And where one man owns the water which is essen-
tial to another's existence, he virtually owns the land, and, in a very
vicious sense, he owns the man as well, since he may levy tribute upon
him and his descendants to the remotest generation. In declaring that
storage works ought to be built and owned by the public, and that water
and land must be inseparably united, the President has given an indelible
impress to public thought "in the pregnant years when institutions are
forming."
This brings me to the discussion of a letter which is interesting a plea
and important, both because of its matter and of the high stand- AGAINST
ing of its author. A gentleman who has long been identified
DELAY.
76 our WEST.
with the irrig^ation movement, rendering it valuable aervice in public and
private capacities, writes me as follows :
I have read with much interest your editorials in the last number of the
Land ok Sunshink. I would like, however, to call your attention to two
facts. First, you say : "These reforms must precede national works, and
Congress will fall short of its duty if it fails to make the performance of
these an imperative condition of the construction of reservoirs in any State
or Territory." Reformation of State laws will require a term of years,
quite likely extending beyond the limits of this administration. This
would lose a golden opportunity of taking advantage of the present favor-
able public sentiment towards irrigation problems.
Second, while it doubtless would be admitted by all that there are many
streams in the arid regions where serious complications would exist in case
storage reservoirs were constructed for impounding the floodwaters, and
wht-re such an adjudication is necessary, nevertheless it is equally true
that on nutnerous other streams these complications would not exist. This
being the case, it seems to me that it would he. entirely feasible to build
works without complications, on many streams. It should not be neces-
sary to delay all work until all these rights are adjudicated. Such a posi-
tion would so dampen the ardor of the present movement that it might in-
definitely postpone its success, which now seems almost in sight. Such a
delay as I understand you to advise, would, in my judgment, be a serious
blow to the movement.
(Signed) J. B. Lippincott,
In justice to Mr. Lippincott it should be said that, as an ofiBcial of the
Geological Survey, he is not seeking to influence public sentiment in
regard to the national policy, but rather to serve as a useful representative
of a bureau of information which has accumulated many valuable data on
the subject. In this spirit he calls attention to a point which he deems
of much importance in connection with tl.e quoted editorial.
THB The brief and decisive answer to Mr. Lippincott's question is
PRKSIDKNT s tQ say that no one can possibly object to the immediate con-
YARDSTICK . l- ^ j
struction of storage reservoirs by the government wherever con-
ditions will permit the use of water in the manner proposed by the Presi-
dent's message. The President calls attention to the " lax and uncertain
laws" which in many States "have made it possible to establish rights to
water in excess of actual uses or necessities." He also says: "With a
few creditable exceptions, the arid States have failed to provide for the
certain and just divisions of streams in times of scarcity." But far more
important than all else, he declares that " the only right to water which
should be recognized is that of use," and that "in irrigation this right
should attach to the land reclaimed and be inseparable therefrom."
Finally, he writes the forever memorable and epoch-making sentence :
" Private ownership of water apart from land cannot prevail without
causing enduring wrong."
Now, then, wherever the water may be turned into the stream without
encountering complications over existing rights, and wherever the lawa
orovide for attaching the ownership of water rights to the soil, instead
of leaving them open to speculative control by those who prefer farming
the farmer to farming the land, there is no objection to the immediate
construction of reservoirs. Personally, I am using what little influence I
have in favor of the immediate appropriation of several million dollars to
be applied at once to the construction of reservoirs by the government.
But in order to have this done safely and wisely the appropriation should
be made subject to a certain condition. That condition should provide for
expenditure of money under the act only in such localities as shall
guarantee protection of the rights of future settlers on the public domain.
Surely no honest man would be satisfied with less than this, while anjr
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST. 77
man who demands more would be fairly open to the suspicion of seeking
to delay action in order to serve private ends, or for the purpose of defeat-
ing the national irrigation policy. In other words, the President's message
is a yardstick by which the situation may be measured in various localities.
Wherever there is a demand for the nation to store the waters and mingle
them with the common flood of the streams, leaving their distribution to
be accomplished under the laws of the States, let the case be considered in
the light of the principles laid down by the message. If the circumstances
square with those principles, then it is perfectly safe to proceed without a
moment's delay. In this connection, it is worth while to consider Section
11 of the bill presented by Congressman Newlands in the last Congress.
It was in part as follows :
This act shall not be construed as affecting, or intending to affect, or in
any way interfere with the laws of any State relating to the rights of water
or its distribution for irrigation, and in the selection of locations for the
construction of reservoirs under this act, the Secretary of the Interior shall
select localities where, in his judgment, the provisions of this act can be
carried into effect without any conflict or interference with the laws of any
State relating to irrigation, and the Secretary of the Interior may decline
to let any contract for the construction of any proposed reservoir or irri-
gation works in any State, until, under the laws of such State, the right to
use the water from such reservoir or irrigation works, in accordance with
the provisions of this act, shall be assured under the laws of such State.
Now, then, if the provisions of the act require the interested State to
show that there are no complications on the streams involved which shall
prevent the delivery of the stored water to the public lands, and that the
water right shall belong to the settler and not to some person or corpora-
tion desiring to exploit the settler, the great end of national irrigation is
accomplished. I think it would be much wiser, however, to vest the power
of deciding these questions elsewhere than in the Secretary of the Interior,
who is already a sadly overworked official. Why not create a National Ir-
rigation Commission, composed of one representative each of the Agricul-
tural, War, and Interior Departments ? Let Congress make its appropria-
tions and indicate in what general localities they shall be expended, then
leave the administration of the work to this Commission of skilled, prac-
tical men, who will have time to ascertain the facts and act intelligently.
Mr. Ivippincott's letter serves a Useful purpose in enabling those i<KT us
who are fighting for the reform of State laws to define their posi- ^^^ PUi,i,
tion clearly in regard to national irrigation. But that is not the
end of its usefulness. It furnishes an opportunity for the friends of State
Reform to appeal to the business men throughout the West who are so gen-
erally interested in the early inauguration of the new national policy.
How long must we cry out to deaf ears that the State and national policies
are '* one and inseparable" — part and parcel of the same great struggle for
the reclamation of Arid America and the founding of millions of homes
on a basis of justice and security ? The President of the United States
has learned this great fact and placed it on record in his first message to
Congress. " The policy of the national government should be to aid irri-
gation in the several States and Territories," he says, " in such manner as
will enable the people in the local communities to help themselves, and as
will stimulate needed reforms in the State laws and regulations governing
irrigation." And the last words of his message on this subject are as fol-
lows: "Ultimately, it will probably be necessary for the nation to cooper-
ate with the several arid States in proportion as these States, by their
legislation and administration, show themselves fit to receive it^ Do you
78 OUT WEST.
realize the sig-nificance of those words, gentlemen of the Chambers of
Commerce from St. Paul to Los Angeles ? If so, you must see that while
it is the duty of all friends of the West to use every influence they possess
to secure appropriations at Washington, it is equally their duty to work fo""
the local reforms essential to the great result. Wherever there are prepos-
terous and unjust claims to water, wherever grave complications over ex-
isting rights prevail, such claims and rights must be adjudicated and such
complications straightened out. Wherever the laws permit water to be
owned apart from land and peddled out to needy settlers by merchants
dealing in melting- snows, the question of water ownership must be settled
upon the only basis that can make our future millions free men. Must the
whole splendid national program halt until this is accomplished ? By no
means. There are places, so Mr. Lippincott says, where such complica-
tions do not exist. There are States whose laws assert the public owner-
ship of the streams, and States which, in granting their bounty to private
individuals, recognize only the right which inheres in use and vests owner-
ship in the soil. Better yet, the States which now have bad laws are going-
to have good laws at an early day. That day can be tremendously hast-
ened if we all work tog-ether in good faith. For instance, let us consider
what the year may bring forth in California.
cauforkia's Two years ago the Agricultural Department informed certain
COMING citizens of California that it would lend its machinery to a thor-
BATTLfi
ough investigation of water laws and irrigation customs in this
State, and would defray a part of the expense of the work if the State
would pay the balance. The Water and Forest Association went out
among the business men of San Francisco and raised $10,000 in four daj's.
Local associations in the Sacramento, San Joaquin and Salinas Valleys
supplemented the fund with further contributions. Eight experts were en-
gaged under the direction of Elwood Mead. Each expert had a little staff
of assistants. Studies were begun upon eight representative streams, typi-
cal of conditions prevailing on the Eastern slope of the Sierras, in the
great valleys of the interior, in the coast region, and in Southern Cali-
fornia. Streams and ditches were measured, records of appropriations
were scrutinized, the history of litigation was brought under review. The
result of all this work is seen in the magnificent volume entitled " Report
on Irrigation Investigations in California," just issued by the Department
of Agriculture. That volume contains a detailed statement of conditions
existing in all parts of the State and a unanimous recommendation as to
the needed reforms. The report of the United States Commission is the
first step in the great battle which will make the State election year of
1902 one of the most memorable in California history ; for it is only by the
prudent use of the ballot that the people can be sure that their wishes will
be respected by Legislature and Executive.
SHAPING The second step in the battle for reform has now been taken.
THE NEW The California Water and Forest Association, at its third annual
^^^* convention held at San Francisco, December 20 last, assumed the
responsibility of creating an unpaid commission for the purpose of framing
a new irrigation law for California. While the members of this important
body will receive no salaries, several thousand dollars will be required to meet
their necessary expenses. These expenses will include the employment of
lawyers to search the decisions and study world-wide precedents touching
irrigation law ; for it is important that the new code shall be the wisest
that can be framed, and that it shall be constitutional. The Water and
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST. 79
Forest Association will not wait a year to ask the State to appropriate the
money necessary for the purpose, but will undertake to raise it at once by
popular subscription. Seven of the nine members of the Commission
have already been designated, as follows:
Hon. William H. Beatty, Chief Justice of the Supreme Court.
Hon. John D. Works, Ex-Associate Justice of the Supreme Court.
Hon. N. P. Chipman, Commissioner of the Supreme Court.
Dr. David Starr Jordan, President of Stanford University.
Dr. Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the University of California.
Prof. Charles D. Marx, of the Engineering- Department of Stanford
University.
Prof. Frank Soule, of the Engineering Department of the University
of California.
The two other members will be chosen, respectively, from the Agricul-
tural Department and the Interior Department. They will probably be
El wood Mead or J. M. Wilson, for the former, and Frederick H. Newell or
J. B. Eippincott, for the latter. And is not that a Commission worthy to
command public confidence ? Is it likely that any Governor would name a
better one ? At any rate, the Commission has been created, and will soon
enter upon its great task. If the California Water and Forest Association
should accomplish nothing more than it has already done in securing the
exhaustive government reports and creating this Commission, it would be
worthy of remembrance among the best popular movements that ever
sprang into life in this State. But what has been done represents but a
part of the struggle for better conditions.
Every believer in national irrigation should join in the work of THE
State Reform for which the Water and Forest Association stands. way of
The quotations already made from the President's message show victory.
how absolutely vital these reforms are to the success of the national cause.
Eet me now call the attention of all supporters of the national movement
— and I am proud to remind them that I was one of the earliest in their
ranks — to another fact which they ought to take into consideration. That
fact is that the State movement has now committed itself to the President's
policy in unequivocal terms. Read the resolutions adopted at San Fran-
cisco and you cannot doubt the utter sincerity of the support there given
to the national movement. The Water and Forest Association stands
shoulder to shoulder with the National Irrigation Association in support of
the policies advocated by the President of the United States. Moreover,
it accepts his policies as the model on which it would build a State policy
to do those things which admittedly lie beyond the scope of the national
plan. You wanted the support of the State movement at Washington.
You have got it with enthusiastic unanimity and without any reservations
whatever. We want your support for the program of State Reforms,
which is essential to the best and highest success of national irrigation.
Can we have it ? Shall we stand together in unbroken ranks fighting for
the reformation of State laws at Sacramento ? Shall we march to victory
under a banner inscribed, " State and Nationai, Irrigation — Now
AND Forever — One and Inseparable" ? If we can unite on these lines
success is certain, failure impossible. And the millions of the future will
be glad that we lived and labored and did our duty like men.
With the first issue of the New Year this magazine begins the i^ET's
discussion in detail of the " Program for California," outlined in Tai<k IT
general terms last month. The plan of the discussion will be to vbk.
state the proposed policies in simplest and plainest terms, then to invite
flO OUT WEST.
criticism and suggestion. No other method could possibly produce a vain-
able result. What our readers want to know is not what one man thinks,
but what everybody thinks. I can sit in my library and prepare what
seems to me like a complete presentation of the subject. But the first man
I meet on the street asks a question, or offers an objection, which opens up
an entirely new lirje of thought. Wisdom is not of the cloister, but of
wide-open spaces where men move among their fellows and toil at hard
tasks. Thus my part in the discussion is to suggest certain thoughts,
state them in words as plain and few as I may, and then wait to hear from
the people. When they are heard from, it will be both a duty and a pleasure
to discuss their views and do what I can to uphold my cause.
RBFORMS The irrigation policy, State and national, which forms a leading
THAT wii,i, feature of the suggested " Program," is quite fully set forth in
the resolutions prepared for the annual meeting of ihe California
Water and Forest Association. These resolutions should be read in con-
nection with the conclusions of the government experts, published in this
department in December. The specific recommendations in their report
cover the reforms which will be asked in the present water code. Beyond
this, the essence of the irrigation proposition is that all the large works to
be hereafter created for the reclamation of private estates in California
should be built and owned by the public under practically the same plan
that the President suggests for the reclamation of the public domain.
Whatever else may be said of these resolutions, they do meet all the re-
quirements of the water and forest situation as it now exists in California.
Perhaps they do not meet these requirements in the best and wisest way —
it is for the public to say as to that — but they have failed to take account of
nothing of importance under this head. Furthermore, they blend harmo-
niously into the proposed national policies.
NOT Those who want to study New Zealand institutions, and coopera-
^®**® tion in Europe, must sit at the feet of Henry Demarest Lloyd,
THEORY -f ^ J 1
author of "Newest England," "A Country without Strikes,"
"lyabor Co-partnership," "Wealth against Commonwealth," and other
luminous works dealing with a class of reforms which have been carried
into successful practice. Mr. Lloyd's work in this field has been entirely
unique. Instead of sitting down and spinning theories, he has chosen to
go out, notebook in hand, and study the actual operation of new institu-
tions. Thus in one book he made the first comprehensive study of the
trust and its possibilities. That was years before the public understood
the drift in the direction of consolidated industries. Then he went to Europe
and studied the great forces of cooperation in the life of the common
people of England, Ireland, and the Low Countries. Next, he visited New
Zealand and gave us, *' Newest England : Notes of a Democratic Traveler
in New Zealand and Australia." Of all his books the latter is most fasci-
nating, and, for California, most suggestive. Every reader of Out WbsT
who is interested in our "Program for California" should become a stu-
dent of " Newest England" in any event, and of " Labor Co-partnership,"
if especially interested in the cooperative feature. Of Mr. Lloyd, his
books, and his work for the people much will be said in these pages.
HOW TO This Department hopes its thousands of readers will have a
MAKE IT genuinely Happy New Year. The wish is expressed in no per-
functory sense, but with a heartiness which springs from deep
convictions. For the only way to have a Happy New Year is, after all, to
make it such. How shall we make the year count for California and the
West ? We may do so only by exerting our effort and influence in favor
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST. 81
of measures that shall make life better worth living for average folks.
We can have as good institutions as we are fit for. I believe we are fit for
something far better than we have at present. L/et us work together to
realize some of our ideals, and so make happy not only our own brief day,
but the long years that shall come and bring their millions to tread the
paths we made. Thus shall the bells that toll out the dying year in the
last hour of another December
Ring in the nobler modes of life,
With sweeter manners, purer laws.
A FEW COMING FEATURES.
^gJrtHE questions involved in the making of the Twentieth Century
^-^1 West will be discussed by a variety of writers in this Department
^ during the next few months. In each case men peculiarly fitted
by experience and ability to deal with the subject have been chosen.
For instance, it will be very interesting to know what the practical irri-
gators of an old-settled community like Riverside think of the sweeping
reforms in the California water code suggested by the United States Com-
mission. No one is better able to answer the question than John G. North,
son of the founder of the colony, formerly connected with the management
of the principal water company, and now one of the foremost lawyers of
Southern California. He will consider the proposed reforms in their rela-
tion to Riverside and similar communities, where the irrigation question
has been pretty well settled after years of strife and daring enterprise.
The series of papers recently published in these pages under the general
title, " How to Colonize the Pacific Coast," aroused wide discussion. How
do those plans appeal to men now actively engaged in land enterprises ?
This question will be answered, among others, by Arthur R. Briggs, of
Fresno, one of the prominent citizens of the San Joaquin Valley, and a
man who has ideas and is never afraid to defend them.
There are several different views of the relations that ought to exist
between the advocates of State and National policies concerning irrigation.
George H. Maxwell, Executive Chairman of the National Association, has
consented to write a candid statement of his view of the situation. He
lives in the very heart of the movement, and is himself largely the in-
spiration of it.
The New Zealand ideas touching land and labor reforms will be con-
sidered by a number of men of prominence in public life and labor circles.
We shall also have the assistance of Henry Demarest Lloyd, of Boston,
author of " Newest England," who is naturally deeply interested in the
progress of Western thought along these lines.
The series of papers on New Zealand institutions will be profusely illus-
trated with portraits of leading statesmen of that remarkable country and
scenes selected from localities which are being developed in response to
their land policy.
Perhaps one of the most important features of the year will be the series
of papers entitled, " Ivooking California in the Face." These articles will
present a truthful account of various localities considered from the stand-
point of the policies embodied in "A Program for California."
To put it briefly, this Department of OuT WEST will aim to go to the
very bottom of things social and economic, and expects to be accompanied
in its excursion by some of the strongest and brightest minds in the Union.
82
NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTIONS.
FIRST PAPER.
THE LAW OP COMPULSORY ARBITRATION AT WORK.
•|CI5>EW ZEALAND democracy is the talk of the world to-
^l^ day," says Henry Demarest Lloyd. "It has made itself
^"^ the policeman and partner of industry to an extent un-
known elsewhere. It is the ' experimental station' of advanced
legfislation. Reforms that others have only been talking: about,
New Zealand has done, and it has anticipated the others in
some they had not even begun to talk about."
We are going- to see a great deal of New Zealand institutions
in these pages during the current year. And why not ? New
Zealand, like the States of the Far West and the Pacific Coast,
is a new country with a small population dwelling in the midst
of enormous natural resources. Like them, New Zealand offers
an open door to the surplus men of old and crowded communi-
ties. Like them, too, New Zealand is dominated by men of
Saxon breed and English speech. The problems and the people
of New Zealand being like the problems and the people
of our own West, why should we not turn to that far island of
the Antipodes for inspiration, at least, and possibly even for a
few practical hints as to the methods which might be adopted
in constructing our civilization ?
At the beginning of our study of the subject, our debt to Mr.
Lloyd should be fully acknowledged. He is the explorer who
went upon a voyage of discovery far more important and inter-
esting than those of Nansen and Peary to the North Pole. He
has written the story of his observations in two books which
have all the interest of a popular novel and a thousand times
the practical value. These books are "Newest England" and
" A Country Without Strikes." Upon these works we shall find
it necessary to make liberal drafts in presenting the outline of
New Zealand Institutions to the readers of Out West. And
we hope this will lead thousands of Western men and women to
possess themselves of these fascinating and useful volumes.
The discussion in these pages is not, however, intended to be
purely academic. New Zealand progress has been won through
the ballot. We can talk and talk, but we shall never build Cali-
fornia and the West until we vote and vote. The object of this
Department is not merely to entertain and instruct its readers,
but to do all it can to bring' things to pass. This can onl)' be
done by inducing the great political parties to drop their squab-
bles over the offices and take up measures which will benefit the
public.
Many people ask how it happens that New Zealand has given
so many new ideas to the world. Mr. Lloyd throws some light
on the question in the following extracts from "Newest Eng-
land":
There is nothing' really new or sensational about the New Zealand
democracj'. Its political novelties prove upon inspection not to be novelties
at all, but merely, like most American and Australian slang-, old English
in a new place. The word of the day has been reform, not radicalism '^
resistance, not reconstruction. The New Zealanders are not in any sense
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 83
extraordinary. There is only one remarkable thing- about them, and that
is an accident. They are the most compact and homog-enous, the most
equal and manageable democracy in the world. This is luck — not intention
but circumstance. The country was too far away from Europe and from
the thousand-year-old stream of westward mig^ration to become New
Europe, as the United States has done. It became only Newest England —
what the Puritans and Pilgrims planned ; the kind of country those Eng--
lishmen — "Washington, Jefferson and Adams — expected would carry on
their constitution.
In New Zealand the best stock of civilization — ours — was isolated by
destiny for the culture of reform, as the bacteriologist isolates his culture
of g-erms. New Zealand has discovered the antitoxin of revolution, the
cure of monopoly by monopoly. New Zealand, because united, was able
to lead ; because she has led, others can follow.
HOW vSTRIEES WERE ABOLISHED.
The great San Francisco strike is so fresh in public remem-
brance that the New Zealand method of rendering such things
impossible claims first interest at this time.
The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act was the work
of William Pember Reeves, who was Minister of Labor at the
time of its adoption in 1894. Before presenting the measure to
Parliament, Mr. Reeves studied his subject for years and ex-
hausted the history of all legislative efforts to establish peace
between capital and labor. He came to the conclusion that
voluntary arbitration was a failure, and that some means must
be found to compel the settlement of strikes and then to enforce
the decrees of the tribunal which should pass upon them. When
his opponents sought to defeat the measure on the ground that
it was experimental, Mr. Reeves replied: " In Heaven's name,
if we are not to deal with it in an experimental way, how are
we to deal with it at all ?" He went on to declare that every
good and great change in the world has been an experiment in
the beginning.
It may be remarked, in passing, that the new Board of Arbi-
tration recently formed in New York, as the result of Bishop
Potter's patriotic efforts to abolish industrial warfare, has the
same fatal weakness that all similar undertakings have had in
the past. That is to say, no one can be compelled to seek its
assistance or to accept its decrees. It will probabl}' accomplish
some good, but it falls short of a scientific solution of the
problem if Mr. Reeves' deductions from the world's experience
are correct.
AN EXTRAORDINARY CONTRAST.
The scenes which marked the progress of the recent San
Francisco strike are too well remembered to require repetition.
They represented nothing but the appeal to brute force. The
employer's weapon was Starvation ; the striker's, the Good
Right Arm. Traffic stopped, mobs assembled in the streets,
extra police patrolled the thoroughfares, and there was a time
when it looked as if martial law might be declared. From that
scene turn to another which Mr. Lloyd beheld upon his arrival
at Christchurch.
We approached an interesting- Gothic building- which did not look like a
factory or trades-union hall, and passed into a long, open room, with vaulted
ceilings, galleries, stained g-lass windows, all familiar to anyone who has
been in the Parliament building's at Westminster. It was a New Zealand
84 OUT WEST.
miniature of the House of Commons — the Hall of the Provincial Assembly
of Canterbury.
A table ran along- the center of the hall ; on each side of it sat three or
four men, the brij,'hter toilets and the better grooming- of those on one
side showing them to belong to a different class from those on the other,
whose plain clothing and furrowed faces bespoke them to be working-men.
They were busy in controversj', and between them, at 'the head of the
table, in the white wig of an English chief-justice, was a judge of the
Supreme Court of New Zealand. On benches under the windows were
newspaper reporters and a number of spectators belonging evidently to
the same classes of society as the men sitting beside each other at the side
of the table.
" For five years," said my New Zealand friend, *' there has not been a
strike or a lockout in New Zealand that has not been held in a court-room."
While this interesting: scene was in progress, the factories in-
volved in the dispute were running as usual. The employers
were not losing- orders and sacrificing profits. The workmen
were not drawing down their accounts in the savings banks or
asking their wives and children to get along with less food and
clothing. Contrast that scene with those in San Francisco and
then answer the question : Which represents civilization, and
which stands for barbarism ?
GROUNDWORK OF THE PLAN.
As a means of preparing the way for the application of the
law, the Governor-General of New Zealand divides the country
into Industrial Districts of convenient size and geographical
location.
The law provides for two classes of tribunals. One is called
the Board of Conciliation, the other the Board of Arbitration.
These correspond in a general way to Superior and Supreme
Courts in California.
The Boards of Conciliation have four to six members and are
chosen every three years in each district by elections held separ-
ately by the associations of employers and the association of
employes, under procedure carefully arranged by law, and under
the supervision of a government officer called the Clerk of
Awards. The boards upon organization elect as chairman an
outsider, who must be "some impartial person," and "willing
to act." The chairman votes only in case of a tie.
The Court of Arbitration consists of three persons who hold
office for three years. They are all appointed by the Governor-
General. One of them must be chosen from men nominated by
the workingmen and one from men nominated by the capital-
ists. The third is a Judge of the Supreme Court.
The first element essential to a just settlement of any dispute
is a complete knowledge of all the facts. These tribunals make
sure of such knowledge by having both sides represented in
their membership. The law permits the calling of experts, and
even the addition of two for each side to the court itself, under
certain circumstances. Lawyers are also allowed to appear, but
only on condition that their presence is agreeable to both sides.
This almost never happens, and the result is that the legal fra-
ternity is conspicuously absent from these labor courts. It is
really surprising to observe how well they manage to get on
without the lawyers.
The proceedings before the board and the court are very
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST. 85
simple, informal, cheap, and expeditious. The board is required
to make its decisions within two months, and the court within
one month after the investij^ation begins.
The Boards of Conciliation have no other powers than those
of investij^ation, visitation, and intermediation. They can
make decisions, but the decisions are not binding-. It is the
Court of Arbitration which is the real business end of the sys-
tem. This court makes decisions that decide and issues decrees
that must be obeyed as much as the decisions of any other tri-
bunal in any land on earth.
SOME VERY IMPORTANT FEATURES.
The law applies only to industries in which there are trade-
unions. This fact does not, however, operate as a discrimina-
tion ag^ainst unorganized labor, since the law permits any seven
workmen to form a union and claim their full rights under its
provisions. The truth is that strikes always come from the
ranks of organized labor, so that there is no possibility of in-
justice in this feature of the plan.
Conciliation is exhausted by the State before it resorts to ar-
bitration. In the meantime, there is nothing in the system
which prevents private conciliation or even private arbitration.
If conciliation is unsuccessful, the disputants must arbitrate
if either side demands it. The case is analogous to civil liti-
gation in the United States. The parties have a difference
which they cannot settle themselves. Either can bring the
other into court and demand a settlement there according to the
law and the precedents.
The decree of the court must be obeyed. Pines ranging up
to $2,500 may be exacted from the employer or from the trade-
unions for each act of violation. If the trade-union is not
financially responsible, a fine of $50 may be collected from each
of the individual members. Failure to pay fines may be pun-
ished by imprisonment.
The compulsion of the law is threefold : compulsory publicity,
compulsory reference to a disinterested arbiter, compulsory
obedience to the Board.
It is important to note that the initiative rests with the
parties to the dispute, rather than with the State. Many be-
lieve the latter plan would be much more in accord with the
interests of society, but Minister Reeves thought public senti-
ment was not ripe for the method at the time the law was
adopted. As a matter of fact, the weaker side will almost al-
ways appeal to the courts. The statement that there has not
been a single strike in New Zealand, in the American sense of
the term, since the law has been in operation, shows that there
is no difficulty in leaving the initiative to the parties immedi-
ately interested.
A most important feature of the system is the fact that the
courts must take the interests of the whole trade into considera-
tion in making its decisions. It cannot decree that one em-
ployer shall pay wages which will put him at a disadvantage in
competing with other employers in the same business. On the
other hand, it can raise the level of all wages in that industry
86 OUT WEST.
in order to meet the needs of workmen and protect the interests
of employers at the same time.
Neither employers nor workmen can exempt themselves from
the operations of the law by refusing to form associations. The
law cannot be defeated by "going on strike" or locking-out
employes before a case has been instituted in the courts. De-
crees cannot be nullified by refusal to work or to conduct busi-
ness in accordance therewith, unless it can be shown that the
object of such a course is not merely to defy the law.
The truth is that nothing is so unprofitable to labor, so de-
moralizing to business, so injurious to society, as the constant
recurrence of strikes and their settlement by the barbarity of
force, whether that force take the form of the starvation of
workers or the commercial ruin of employers. Is it not worth
while to incur some financial risk in the effort to abolish these
evils by applying the power of government in this department
of society as it has been applied in other departments ? So the
New Zealanders thought, and so California may well think.
SOMK SAMPLE DECISIONS.
The writer has before him a fat little volume of 471 pages,
bound in the traditional blue of the British government service,
bearing this title: " Awards, Recommendations, Agreements,
etc., made under the Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration
Act, New Zealand, from August, 1894, to June 30, 1900."
Nothing short of a thorough study of all the hundreds of de-
cisions contained in this volume would throw any valuable light
upon the workings of the law. The six years of its operation
happened to fall in a time of abounding prosperity when the
worldwide tendency of wages and prices was upwards. It is
not strange, therefore, that the trend of decisions was favorable
to the labor side of the disputes.
How the system would stand the test of hard times remains
to be seen, but there is no good reason to doubt that it would
be equally strong under those conditions. It clearly appeals to
the sense of justice which is inherent in every civilized com-
munity. It must be remembered also, in this connection, that
the dominant influence in New Zealand politics is not the trade-
union vote, but the farmer vote. What the farmer wants is a
stable home market for his products. He does not desire to see
factories closed as a result of the unreasonable demands of
workmen or employers. He will always favor such an adminis-
tration of the law as shall keep the factories running and his
customers — the townspeople— in a condition to buy the products
of the farm.
It will be interesting to American readers to see the form of
one or two decisions of the court. Two very brief examples
are chosen for the purpose :
In the Court of Arbitration of New Zealand.— In the matter of an indus-
trial dispute between the Consolidated Goldtields of New Zealand
(Limited) and the Itian^'ahua Miners' Industrial Union of Workers,
referred to the said Court utider Section 46 of '* The Industrial Concili-
tion and Arbitration Act, 1894."
The Court, after hearing the parties to the said reference by their agents
and representatives, doth hereby award that, on and from Monday next.
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST. 87
the 28th day of September instant, up to and including- the 30th day of
June, 1897, the rate of wages to be paid by the Consolidated Goldfields of
New Zealand (Limited) shall be as follows, that is to say : Miners, 9s. 6d.
per day ; truckers, battery-feeders, and surface-feeders, 8s. per day.
And this Court doth further award that during the aforesaid period
wages at the above rates shall be accepted by the Inangahua Miners' In-
dustrial Union of Workers. And this Court doth further order that a
duplicate of this award be filed in the Supreme Court Office at Hokitika.
In witness whereof the seal of the said Court is hereunto affixed, and the
President of the said Court has hereunto set his hand, this 23rd day of
September, 18%.
(ly.S.) Joshua Strangb Wii,i.iams, President.
In the Court of Arbitration of New Zealand, Westland District— In the
matter of "The Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act, 1894,"
and the amendments thereto, and in the matter of a dispute between
the Inangahua Miners' Industrial Union of Workers (registered No.
82) and the Consolidated Goldfields of New Zealand (Limited) ; and in
the matter of an award of this Court, dated the 30th of September,
1897, whereby it was directed, inter alia, by Clause 10 of the said award,
" Men working rock-drills, per shift, 10s.," and by Clause 11, " Bngine-
drivers and wheelmen, per shift, lis. 8d." ; and in the matter of an
application for enforcement of such award, upon the grounds, " That
the said company have failed to pay men working rock-drills 10s. per
shift, and also failed to pay engine-drivers lis. 8d. per shift."
The above application was heard by this Court on the 1st day of April,
1899, at the Magistrate's Courthouse at Reefton, and the said Court found
and ordered as follows:
"The Court finds both breaches of the award alleged to be proved, and
imposes upon the company, in respect of the first breach alleged, a penalty
of £,2S sterling, and orders that penalty to be paid by the company to the
union. In respect of the second breach alleged, the Court imposes upon
the company the penalty of £\ sterling, and orders that penalty to be paid
by the company to the union. No costs."
Dated at Hokitika, this 19th July, 1899.
O. A. Barton, Clerk of Arbitration Court.
Most of the decisions contain much more elaborate details,
but these two exhibit the general form and the manner of their
enforcement.
THE LAW JUDGED BY ITS RESUXTS.
The manufacturing industries of New Zealand have prospered
under compulsory arbitration. How could it be otherwise when
they enjoy complete immunity from labor troubles and have the
assurance of a stable wage-scale for some time in advance ?
The workmen have been contented, while the storekeepers have
enjoyed a steady trade and the farmers a good home market.
Under such conditions capital does not hesitate to invest in new
enterprises. The following figures show the number of hands
employed during the first five years in which the new law was
in operation :
YEAR. HANDS EMPI^OYED. INCREASE.
1895 2^879 4,028
1896 32,387 2,508
1897 36,918 4,531
1898 39,672 2,754
1899 45,305 5,633
. Would New Zealand compulsory arbitration be a good thing
for the West, particularly for California ? Would it enhance
the prosperity of manufacturers, of workingmen, and of the
various elements of the community who depend upon them ?
And if not, why not ? What are the practical difficulties in the
way of its application ?
88 OUT WEST.
Some of the largest employers and some of tlie ablest leaders
of labor organizations will be invited to answer these questions
in the pages of Out West during the next few months. If the
answers are favorable, the next question will be propounded to
the leaders of political parties and it will be this : Why don't
you learn the lesson from the Schoolmasters of the Antipodes
and proceed to abolish disastrous strikes forever ?
PUBLIC worhs of irrigation.
Xhe UnmistaKable Declaration of tKe 'Water and Forest
y\ssociation.
The resolutions adopted by the California Water and Forest
Association at its recent convention in San Francisco are very
clear and definite. The influence of the President's message
on Western thought is already plainly seen. The following-
declaration speaks for itself.
The California Water and Forest Association, assembled in
third annual convention, makes the following declarations :
In accordance with the suggestion of President William
Thomas of this Association, we congratulate President Roose-
velt upon his espousal of the cause of forest preservation and
irrigation development and gratefully endorse the sentiment
contained in his recent message :
" The forest atid water problems are perhaps the most vital internal
questions of the United States."
We congratulate California and the West upon the Presi-
dent's vigorous championship of a cause which will give to the
country more homes and wealth, and bring to the American
name more power and renown, than any other economic move-
ment now before the people. We recognize in the President's
message something more than the formal endorsement of a
popular cause which, though wholly non-political, had the sup-
port of both great parties in the last Presidential campaign.
He has outlined a program of action which is comprehensive,
statesmanlike, and equally suited to the needs of the nation
and of the several States. We, therefore, gladly accept his
leadership in our dual effort to foster national progress and
State improvement by a policy of cooperation between the
government at Washington and the government at Sacramento.
THE TRUE FOREST POLICY.
We specifically endorse the following extracts from the mes-
sage relating to forestry :
"Forest protection is not an end of itself ; it is a means to increase and
sustain the resources of our country and the industries which depend upon
them. The preservation of our forests is an imperative business neces-
sity.
" The present diffusion of responsibility (between the General Land
Office, the Geological Survey, and the Bureau of Forestry) is bad from
every standpoint. It prevents that effective cooperation between the ffov-
erument and the men who utilize the resources of the reserves, without
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST. 89
which the interests of both must suffer. The scientific bureaus generally
should be put under the Department of Agriculture.
" The forest reserves will inevitably be of still greater use in the future
than in the past. Additions should be made to them whenever practicable,
and their usefulness should be increased by a thoroughly business-like
management.
" The forest reserves should be set apart forever for the use and benefit
of our people as a whole, and not sacrificed to the shortsighted greed of a
few."
Applying- the logic of these recommendations to our local
situation, we would urge upon the President the following ad-
ministrative acts in the interest of California :
1. That the forest reservations in this State be increased as
speedily as possible, especially at the headwaters of our prin-
cipal streams.
2. That the Chief Forester of the United States be instructed
to investigate and report upon the expediency of State legisla-
tion in the interest of the preservation of the forested areas of
California by the application of scientific principles to the re-
moval of ripened timber and the preservation of growing tim-
ber. Furthermore, that he shall advise as to whether it may
become necessary for the State to purchase and replant denuded
areas as a means of protecting watersheds already impaired by
wasteful lumbering.
We request our Senators and our Representatives in Congress
to urge the enactment of such legislation as will result in the
immediate reservation of all Government forest lands within
the State of California.
We also declare that the public interest imperatively requires
the enactment of such legislation as will compel all persons
cutting timber upon lands of this State, whether held in private
ownership or not, to adopt every reasonable and practicable pre-
caution for preventing the outbreak and spread of fires which
will destroy or endanger the young growth of forest trees upon
such lands.
We further declare that it is a matter of pressing importance
to determine how far it may be expedient to apply in this State
the experience gained in older countries in the systematic and
scientific selection of ripened timber only for cutting, while pre-
serving young and growing trees from indiscriminate waste and
destruction.
PUBLIC WORKS OF IRRIGATION.
The President's recommendations in favor of national con-
struction of storage reservoirs and of large main canals as a
means of reclaiming and opening to settlement the arid public
domain meet with our hearty approval. We agree with him
when he says :
" Great storage works are necessary to equalize the flow of streams and
to save the floodwaters. Their construction has been conclusively shown
to be an undertaking too vast for private effort."
And we further agree with the statement contained in his let-
ter to the Irrigation Congress of 1900 :
" It is not possible, and, if it were possible, it would not be wise, to have
this storage work done merely through private ownership."
90 our IVES T.
We hail with satisfaction these declarations by the President
of the United States that works of irrigation are essentially
public utilities and ought to be constructed, owned, and admin-
istered by the people and for the people.
WATER OWNERSHIP AND CONTROL.
With e(iual heartiness we commend the following quotations
from the message showing the President's familiarity with
conditions in the West and his conclusions based thereon :
" The distribution of the water, the division of the streams among irri-
gators, should be left to the settlers themselves, in conformity with the
State laws and without interference with those laws or with vested rights.
The policy of the national government should be to aid irrigation in the
several States and Territories in such manner as will enable the people in
the local communities to help themselves, and as will stimulate needed re-
forms in the State laws and regulations governing irrigation.
" Whoever controls a stream practically controls the land it renders pro-
ductive, and the doctrine of private ownership of water apart frotn land
cannot prevail without causing enduring wrong. The recognition of
such ownership, which has been permitted to grow up in the arid regions,
should give way to a more enlightened and larger recognition of the rights
of the public in the control and disposal of the public water supplies.
" In the arid States the only right to water which should be recognized
is that of use. In irrigation this right should attach to the land reclaimed
and be inseparable therefrom. Granting perpetual water right to others
than users, without compensation to the public, is open to all the objec-
tions which apply to giving away perpetual franchises to the public utili-
ties of cities.
" We are dealing with a new and momentous question in the pregnant
years while institutions are forming, and what we do will affect not only
the present but future generations.
" Our aim should be not simply to reclaim the largest area of land and
provide homes for the largest number of people, but to create for this new
industry the best possible social and industrial conditions.
" Ultimately it will probably be necessary for the nation to cooperate
with the several arid States in proportion as these States by their legisla-
tion and administration show themselves fit to receive it."
If it be unwise to permit private capital to construct storage
works for the reclamation of lands now publicly owned, but here-
after to pass into the proprietorship of millions of American
citizens, it follows with unerring logic that it is equally unwise
for private capital to build storage works in the great interior
valleys of California, in the coast region and in the South, for
the reclamation of lands already owned and occupied by private
individuals, but destined to be subdivided and disposed of to
thousands of new citizens when irrigation is supplied.
This Association neither asks nor expects national aid in the
reclamation of the private estates of California. It believes, on
the other hand, that this is a problem which must be solved by
the commonwealth itself, and to the solution of which the
genius of the commonwealth is entirely eciual.
If it be true, as the President says, that on the public lands
" the doctrine of private ownership of water apart from land
cannot prevail without causing ciidnrinfr wrong^''^ it is equally
true that '^ e/ic/urif/g 7crofig^' would follow the application of
that dangerous doctrine to private lands which must look for
irrigation to a source beyond their own control. Hence, it fol-
lows that " the recognition of such ownership should give way
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST. 91
to a more enlightened and larger recognition of the rights of
the public."
As a means of carrying out the recommendations of the
President, and of shaping the laws and institutions of Cali-
fornia in conformity with those which his administration pro-
poses for all the arid States of the West, we favor the following
course of action :
TO KE^FORM THE WATER CODE.
1. The water laws of California should be reformed by the
next legislature. It would be impracticable for the legislature
itself, in a single session, to frame, and enact a measure of
this far-reaching importance. We repeat our declaration
of a year ago in favor of the creation of a commission
by this Association itself, charged with the duty of formu-
lating a new law in accordance with the precise recommenda-
tions of the government experts, said Commission to consist of
the following persons : One expert to be chosen from the De-
partment of Agriculture ; one expert from the United States
Geological Survey ; the Presidents of the University of Cali-
fornia and of Leland Stanford Junior University ; one professor
of engineering from each of said Universities ; and three prac-
ticed lawyers, preferably men of high judicial experience, to be
named by the President of this Association.
2. We commend to the earnest consideration of said commis-
sion the report of the United States Irrigation Commission, en-
tited "Irrigation Investigations in California," recently issued
by the Department of Agriculture.
3. The money necessary to meet the expenses of this unpaid
commission shall be raised by the Executive Committee and
Advisory Council by an appeal to the members of this Associa-
tion and to the commercial interests of the State which are
vitally interested in the wise solution of the irrigation question.
4. The measures framed by this commission shall, after
being passed upon by the annual meeting of this Association
in December, 1902, be presented to the legislature and urged for
immediate passage.
STATE AND NATIONAL COOPERATION.
5. We reiterate our former demand for a generous appropria-
tion by the State to be expended in collaboration with the United
States Geological Survey and Irrigation Investigations of the
Department of Agriculture, and we shall renew our efforts to
secure the enactment into law of the bill having that end in
view which was passed by the last legislature, but, unfortu-
nately, did not receive the signature of the executive. But we
favor this appropriation only upon the express condition that
all reservoir sites and artesian basins discovered on public
land shall be held for public works to be hereafter constructed
by State or Nation, rather than turned over to private indi-
viduals or corporations.
STATE IRRIGATION FOR PRIVATE LANDS.
6. We are opposed to any attempt to store the flood waters of
the State by means of private enterprise, because such a policy
92 OUT WEST.
would foster and entrench the system of private water monopoly
which, in the language of President Roosevelt, "cannot pre-
vail without causing enduring wrong." We believe all such
storage works, together with large main canals should be con-
structed, maintained and managed under State administration.
The policy is practically identical with that proposed by
the President for public lands, under which the nation pro-
vides the capital and management necessary for the creation of
works, while " the cost of construction should as far as possible
be repaid by the land reclaimed."
7. The construction of large storage works under any plan,
on streams already in active use, will unavoidably conflict to
some extent with existing canals. While we declare our un-
alterable conviction that in all such cases the public interests
must be treated as paramount, we nevertheless favor the fullest
protection of vested rights now recognized by our laws and
judicial decisions.
THANKS TO NATIONAL ADMINISTRATION.
The thanks of this Association are hereby tendered to the
United States Geological Survey and to the irrigation investi-
gations of the Department of Agriculture for the efficient work
done and the admirable and instructive reports issued by them,
respectively, and for what has been accomplished in collabora-
tion with this Association during the year 1901. Our thanks
are also extended to the Secretaries of the Interior and of Ag-
riculture who made such collaboration possible. We hereby
pledge our support to any further work which maj' be un-
dertaken by the two departments of the Federal government
above referred to in the State of California.
We favor the creation of a Bureau of Irrigation, fully equipped
and supported with appropriations adequate to its importance,
said bureau to be under the Department of Agriculture.
We join with others of our fellow citizens in the expression
of an earnest desire that the President of the United States
ma)^ soon be able to visit California, and thus furnish us with
an opportunity to show our deep appreciation of his great ser-
vice to California and the West.
ANNEX ARID AMURICA.
BY C. B. BOOXHE.*
^rtHIS may be no longer referred to as a cry coming from
\ the wilderness — from the sparsely settled sections of the
Pacific Coast, from the dwellers along the borders of
that vast territory, labeled on earlier maps as the great Amer-
ican Desert, who know of its vast possibilities. From the busy
marts of trade in the great Middle West, from the overcrowded
centers of the older East comes now the earnest cry, " Annex
Arid America for the People."
With this voice from the people comes the problem to the law-
maker, " How shall it be done ?"
• Chairman of the Southern California Section of the National Irrigation Association.
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST. 95
From a movement small in numbers and impotent in strengfth,
a growth of many years, the embodiment of painstaking re-
search and study from the standpoint of every interest involved,
the National Irrigation Association comes forward to lead the
way toward the solution of the problem. Upon its banner is
inscribed its first platform, "Save the forests and store the
floods."
It is perhaps too much to expect in a work of the magnitude
of this, that while there may be a general agreement as to the
main issue, there will • not be a considerable divergence of
opinion as to the details. The friends of this movement will
generally be able to determine whether the plans proposed be
the offspring of selfish motives or the earnest desire to obtain
equitable and beneficial results in the interests of the people.
From actual and reliable surveys, it is now definitely known
that certain great works can be built on the basis of immediate
profit to the government. Formal reports have been made by
the Geological Survey on several propositions, notably on the
Gila river in Arizona, on the tributaries of the Truckee and
Carson rivers in California and Nevada, and the Milk river in
Montana.
The Secretary of the Interior, in his last annual report to the
President, recommended that steps should be taken looking
toward the construction of these works. A united and earnest
effort by the friends of irrigation, in favor of a definite and
particular plan is all that is necessary to carry this great
national policy into actual operation.
In works of magnitude, as well as matters of lesser import-
ance, experience has its value in teaching what not to do as
well as indicating the lines upon which it will be safe to
proceed.
It is to be expected that among the plans presented, there
will inevitably be ideas that are impracticable which will be
urged with as much insistence as those which are of the high-
est practicability. It will be the work of the legislators to
weed out the impractical ideas and harmonize those which seem
to be feasible.
Suggestions which may be perfectly practicable from a single
standpoint, that is, applicable to a certain section, may be found
impracticable in other sections where conditions are different.
The small diversified farming which is possible in the South-
west, and the higher altitudes in the Rocky Mountains where a
different class of productions are raised, readily suggest them-
selves as illustrations of this statement.
The question of vested rights suggests many possibilities for
difference of opinion, but The National Irrigation Association
suggests what would seem to be the natural and easy solution
of this matter in a single sentence. "It is not proposed to
take or disturb vested rights." Again, it is, from some
quarters, made to appear that the laws of most of the Western
States in their relation to irrigation are defective, and perhaps
so much so as to prohibit the carrying into effect of suitable legis-
lation by Congress. Undoubtedly many of the laws affecting
irrigation are more or less imperfect, but so far as their relation
94
OUT WES T.
to national irrigfation is concerned, it is not very apparent that
there will be any serious damage done if the work proposed is
commenced at once as the laws now stand. On the contrary, I
have the highest authority for stating that an examination of
the laws now in force in California, so far as they relate to
national irrigation, shows they are sufficient, and appropria-
tions may be made, as proposed by the National Irrigation As-
sociation, without the least necessity for a modification of its
laws. If any great movement was to be made to stand still
until the laws of all the States affected were adjusted to meet
the views of theoretical law-makers, progress would come to a
decided halt.
BROUGHT TOGETHER.
^rtWENTY years ago two "old timers," thoroughly well
\ posted on the resources of Southern California as then
known, were riding from Santa Ana to Elsinore over one
of the oldest roads in the State. One of them was a Southern
Pacific R. R. Co. land surveyor and knew every foot of accessible
Matkkial kok PiPK Link at Camp Arthur S. Bent.
land in the county. At a point about half way in the journey
their eyes fell upon a magnificent sweep of unbroken land
stretching away for miles in a uniform slope to the Santa Ana
mountains. "What a splendid body of land!" said one of
them. "Yes," replied the surveyor, "but absolutely worthless.
There isn't a drop of water anywhere in the country, and the
land is as dry and sterile as a desert."
To the traveler who today steps off the train at Corona and
looks across the same sweeping slope, now covered with thou-
sands of acres of bearing orange orchards, the miracle is not
lessened by the knowledge that the surveyor was right and that
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST.
95
no water has ever been found in the region. And the history
of this miracle would be an excellent epitome of the history of
the universal miracle of Southern California, the bringing- of
land and water together, and the marvelous results arising
therefrom. It is the purpose here, however, to speak only of
the last enterprise of this colony, the great water conduit from
Ferris to Temescal, built by them this summer. It is only a
further development of an already costly and elaborate system
of water supply, and yet is an achievement remarkable for its
proportions and swiftness
of execution.
It might well seem that
the previous investment
by a colony of less than
2,000 souls, of some $200,-
000 for water development
would be considered "all
the traffic would bear,"
but when the prop-
osition came be-
fore the
people to
buy water-bear-
ing land 40 miles
distant, sink
wells, install pumps
and engines suffici-
ent to produce 800
miner's inches of
water, and secure rights
of way and construct a
29-mile line of pipe and
ditch conduit to bring
down the water, it was quick-
ly carried by popular vote
and the enterprise put under
way at once. It was about
the first of March that the
vote was taken. Five months
later the water was running from the
lower end of the completed line.
Between these dates lay some "strenuous life" for a number of
people. The proposition had to be " financed," the entire route
surveyed, the rights of way through private property secured
and the contracts let, before the actual work was started at all.
Any one of these preliminaries usually consumes more time
than the whole took here.
The conduit as constructed is a gravity line about 29 miles long,
and traverses the narrow and rough San Jacinto Cation, follow-
ing the Santa Fe R. R. from the wells in Ferris Valley to Elsi-
Making Till-; i>H>E.
SbowinoIPlow in Open Ditch at thk End of thk Thirty-Milk System.
Showing How Mr. Bent Met Topographical Conditions.
98
OUT WEST.
nore, a distance of 17 miles. From Elsinore it turns into the
Temescal Canon, climbs the low hills, and finall}- discharges its
precious freijfht at Temescal into the head of the old 30-inch ce-
ment pipe line built several j'ears ago, through which it travels ten
miles farther to its destination. The new line is about one-half
cement-plastered open ditch with an eight-foot perimeter. The
other half is 26-inch, 28-inch and 30-inch cement pipe. Where
it dips below grade in inverted siphons, or traverses particularly
rocky hillsides, redwood pipe banded with iron was used. The
cement pipe was manufactured on the ground by the contrac-
tors in "camps" where the proper sand and gravel could be ob-
tained, and as fast as sufficiently seasoned it was hauled to the
trench, laid, and covered up. Our illustrations show a few por-
tions of the line where the pipe was laid on fills and could not
be covered. Some tunneling and some deep cutting through
hard material was necessary, and much rocky and difficult
country traversed, but a large force of engineers supplemented
the efforts of the contractors and the actual construction was
entirely performed within the incredibly short time of three
months. It is believed that this is a record hardly equaled
heretofore under similar conditions.
Simultaneously with the construction of the line, the work of
putting down the wells, setting the big centrifugal pumps and
installing the electric-power machiner)' to operate them was
being pushed with great energy. By the time the conduit was
ready, it reijuired but the throwing of a switch to lift a great
flood into the big measuring-box at the head and start the life-
giving stream on its fort3'-mile slide without a stop to the
thirsty orange orchards of Corona. The actual cost of the im-
provement was about $224,000, which amount was paid in cash
on completion of the work. The money was raised by the issu-
ing of corporation bonds which were sold to a Los Angeles
bank, the ready sale being a striking evidence of the confidence
of local capital in legitimate water enterprises.
A Quiet Road near Pkescott, Arizona.
101
PRUSCOTT, ARIZONA.
BY SHARLOT M. HAI^I,.
Gf F this " Mountain City," as it is sometimes called, should ever desire a
I coat of arms comprehending- its whole history, the design thereon
^ would be a pick and shovel and a gold pan. Prescott was born in a
gold pan and cradled in the firsfrude rocker with which the shining golden
grains were sifted out of what are now its streets and thoroughfares. It
grew step by step with " Long
Toms" and sluice boxes, tail-
ing dumps and arastras,
through the childhood of a
prosperous camp up to the dig-
nity of the largest and most
important mining town in
Arizona. Long before there
were any attempts at perma-
nent settlement, daring pros-
pectors penetrating its circling chain of mountains returned to the world
outside with romantic stories supported by buckskin pouches of compel-
ling hue and heaviness.
When in 1863 Arizona received its name and entered upon its territorial
existence, practically nothing was known of the country lying north of the
Gila and south of the San Francisco mountains, except rumors which as-
signed to it the richest placer-grounds in the Southwest. Under Mexican
rule the settlements clung along what is now the southern border, leaving
the whole mountainous region northward to the Indians, the few attempts
to explore it being in every instance inspired by the hope of gathering
Pkescott in 1864.
The Ikon Way to Prescott.
nuggets in fabulous quantities. After it passed into the hands of the
United States, the chief value of the whole region was reckoned in these
same gold fields, though in the mountains farther south valuable veins of
copper, silver, and gold-bearing quartz were being worked so far as cir-
circumstances would permit.
In the original draft of the act creating the new territory, Tucson, the
All photos by T. H. Bate, Prescott, Arizona.
102
OUT WEST
Pkescott in 1901.
oldest and much the larg-est town within its borders, was named as the seat
of government; but, when the bill finally passed, this clause was stricken
out and the executive-to-be left free to locate his capital by proclamation,
selecting- such location as he deemed most suitable.
There were, beyond a doubt, many political reasons
weighing against any point in the south, but there
can be no question that a golden magnet drew the
official party northward and that the newly discov-
ered placer mines influenced them to designate as
the seat of government the cluster of log cabins on
Granite Creek within hearing of tiie bugles of Ft.
Whipple. The fort itself had come into existence
as the guardian of the miners, and following its
wards, as so many western military posts have
done, had just moved from its original site in
"^v^ A
.^ A\.
A NBAnmii Vrsw
PRESCOTT, ARIZONA.
103
From a Distance.
Chino valley to be nearer the immensely rich Walker district in which
population was hastily centering-.
The new town was named Prescott, a fitting tribute from a land of ro-
mance to thg greatest of the romantic school of historians. But in spite
of official preference, it did not hold the right to the capital undisputed.
Tucson rose in her wrath, and supported by her sister towns of the south
swung the pendulum back and forth through many years in which an atlas
would have helped little in determining the capital of Arizona. At last
the long-disputed prize fell to neither of the older claimants, but to a
newer and more centrally located aspirant, Phoenix.
More and more with every year the history of Prescott became the his-
tory of the mining development of the country. When the first legislature
blocked the new territory off into four huge counties, Prescott was made
the county seat of the largest, Yavapai, which included within its borders
the richest placer mines of the territory.
It will never ba known with perfect certainty how much gold was taken
OF PKIiSCOTT.
Arizona Mining Scrnrs.
PRESCOrr, ARIZONA. . 105
out of these early working's, but the richest, Walker Creek (or Lynx Creek
as it is now called) and the Weaver district are reckoned to have produced
over a million dollars each in dust and nuggets. In the year 1873, scant
ten years from the date of discovery, the gold output of Yavapai county
was $103,600. Most of this passed in some way through Prescott and con-
tributed to the upbuilding of the place.
The protection which the nearness of government troops afforded prob-
ably did much to foster thorough and continuous prospecting in the sur-
rounding mountains, though weather-worn crosses and head-boards in the
old citizens' graveyard still record that more than one venturesome searcher
for gold staked his last claim to the ping of Apache bullets. Many of the
men in government employ were by turn scouts and prospectors, and every
expedition against the Indians added something to the knowledge of the
country. All this time, more or less mining in quartz had been going on
and rich leads of gold, copper and silver uncovered. Slowly the placers
were exhausted or their development rendered temporarily unprofitable by
drouth — and all the while the star of silver was rising to the ascendency.
Less extensive than those of Nevada, the early Arizona silver mines
were still immensely profitable, and the silver boom was scarcely less in-
toxicating while it lasted than the placer boom which preceded it. For-
tunes were made in a day. Almost at the grass roots, veins were dis-
covered out of which the pure metal could be cut with a knife. In 1880
Yavapai county produced $265,000 in silver ; three years later it had jumped
to $800,000— with bigger things ahead.
There were no railroads, and freight rates were tremendous. The first
crude smelters and mills came overland from San Francisco or Kansas
City by ox or mule wagons, and cost something like their weight in silver
if not in gold. Yet many of the mines met all this enormous expense and
netted fortunes to the men who owned them.
Then was born in the mind of the average Arizonian a magnificent con-
tempt for small things ; a genuine resentment against any property that
asked a preliminary investment of capital. He had seen princely sums
taken out of holes less than a hundred feet deep, and to sink five times that
far on the chance that a small lead might grow bigger or a low-grade one
richer struck him as preposterous. Having given so much, there was no
reason why the land should not give more. It was this feeling that for a
time led to the preference for silver rather than gold mines ; since many
of the richest gold ores were of a character that demanded more compli-
cated treatment than the primitive methods of the country afforded. And
the same feeling doubtless inspired the temporary belief that Arizona
mines would not " go down" — that their value was all on the surface and
if not found there could not be found by sinking. As a matter of fact no
country in the world has shown a larger proportion of rich mines at shallow
depth, but every year adds evidence that none will more surely repay deep
and extended development.
With the depreciation of silver and the consequent abandonment of the
silver workings, and the low price of copper which made the great copper
leads unprofitable, more and more attention was turned to the gold-bearing
ores — and just here entered a new and most potent factor in the growth
of the country.
It offers food for reflection to those watching the carloads of ore and
concentrates going out to the smelters and works of Pueblo, Silver City,
and El Paso to remember that the first ore smelted from Arizona went
down! the Colorado river and around the Horn in sailing vessels and so to
106
OUT WEST.
Approaching Point ok Rocks.
the smelters of Swansea, Wales ; something like twenty thousand miles
from mine to furnace.
Throughout the development of the "West mining and railroad interests
have been inextricably interwoven. The railroads have sought the mines,
and the mines have dated their larger prosperity from the day when the
whistle of the locomotive mingled with the clang of drill and the roar of
exploding " giant." If it has not been an unselfish alliance it has been a
necessary one ; each has grown by the other, and it is the centering of the
two interests within her limits that have made Prescott what she is today
— a city through which passes at a low estimate six times the volume of
business of any place of like size in the East.
The greatest development of city and country may be said to lie within
the past ten years, increasing yearly up to the present time, and most
notably in the two years just past. Today Prescott is connected with two
In Point ok Kocks.
PRESCOTT, ARIZONA. 107
transcontinental railway lines ; reaching the Santa F^ Pacific to the
north by the Santa F^, Prescott & Phoenix ; and the Southern Pacific by
the same line to Phoenix, and thence by connecting lines to Tucson and
Yuma.
From Prescott also the Prescott & Eastern, a branch of the S. F. P. & P.,
extends to Mayer, giving outlet to one of the richest mining sections in
the Territory. A spur of the same road building up Big Bug creek to the
Poland mine will open the rich and well-known Big Bug and Lynx Creek
districts, and the main line is expected to push on very shortly into the
Bradshaws and reach the famous Crown King properties.
Prescott is also connected by rail with Jerome — the richest mine in the
United States and one of the great mines of the world — and with Congress,
which has been Arizona's leading gold-producer for many years.
According to the shipping statistics of the S. F. P. & P., one thousand
tons of ore a month go out from Prescott, and the tonnage is constantly
increasing. One of the interesting facts connected with this ore output is
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A Road in the Pines.
that while new mines are entering the list weekly, much of it comes from
mines whose names were famous in early days and that were later under
the ban of the mistaken idea that Arizona ledges would not bear the test
of depth. The Mudhole, located more than thirty years ago, Groom Creek,
one of the oldest districts, the Great Octave, once Rich Hill, have been
part of mining history since the beginning ; so everywhere depth and
development are proving the old bonanzas true.
One of the greatest enterprises contributary to Prescott and most inter-
esting to expert and novice alike is the 8,000-foot tunnel projected to pierce
the dividing range between Big Bug and Lynx Creek from the Poland
mine inward. Though such tunnels are not unknown in Colorado this is
the first to be driven in Arizona. It is expected to cut many ore veins
which may be traced on the surface, permitting their development at
vastly greater depth than would be possible by means of vertical shafts,
and when completed it will be large enough to accommodate an electric
car line designed to bring the ores of the Lynx Creek district to the ter-
minus of the Big Bug railway, and so by the P. & F. to Prescott.
108 UUr WEST.
If much has been said so far of the country and conditions surrounding-
Prescott, and little of the city itself, it is only that the character of its
present and prospects of its future may be the more readily understood.
If the spirit of beauty rather than the spirit of gold had presided over the
selection the location of Prescott could hardly have been more satisfac-
tory. The dark, pine-covered Sierra Prieta range circles like the broad
rim of a sheltering basin around the terraced natural park over which the
town has spread till it climbs the hillsides in its eager growth. Great
pines linger along the quieter streets, reminiscent of the noble forest that
sheltered the first comers and still forms the peculiar charm of certain
residence portions of the town.
Thumb Butte, crouched sphinx-like, a dark, forest-fringed, sky-touching
peak ; Granite Mountain, a ragged, rugged, blue bulk against the north ;
and the far, dim, snow-covered dome of distant San Francisco, the king of
Arizona mountains, break the darker outline of the circling Sierra Prietas,
and make up a view seldom excelled in varied beauty.
A Mountain Gold Mine.
Though hedged on all sides by cloud-reaching hills, Prescott might
almost be said to stand on a mountain top, for it has an altitude of 5,500
feet and the rare climate of higher mountain levels in the southwest.
Never hot, never sultry— from early spring to midwinter the dry, sweet,
pine-scented air lures one outdoors in forgetfulness that wraps and colds
are part of the scheme of civilization. It has gone abroad that no spot on
earth is more favored as to health, and, indeed, Ft. Whipple, next door,
held through all its occupation by government troops the record of being
the healthiest post in the United States, and is now spoken of as a recruit-
ing station for homing Philippine regiments.
Like most mountain climates, the range of temperature is greater than
at lower levels, and with less unpleasant effect on the human organism.
A midsummer noon may touch 100°; a midwinter daybreak fall a dozen
degrees below the freezing-point ; but nobody is likely to know it without
consulting the thermometer. Christmas may occasionally bring a snow-
storm, and once in many years there may be a white Thanksgiving quickly
passed, but the winters average mild and dry, with weeks of such sparkling
sunshine and crisp, clear air as tnoister lands never know.
PRESCOTT, ARIZONA.
109
Senator Koad.
The beautiful nig-hts of this region are one of its greatest charms ;
nights, even in winter, of caressing softness, with deep, purple skies and
stars like " the wonderful Indian stars which are not all pricked out on
one plane, but preserving an orderly perspective draw the eye through the
velvet darkness of the void up to the barred doors of heaven itself."
Nor has the growth of the city shamed the beauty of its surroundings.
Even in its earlier days, when distance from railways made the cost of
construction a serious consideration (there is a tradition that nails were once
a hundred dollars a keg, and the sheathing of one room in the old Gov-
ernor's Mansion with very
ordinary planed pine boards
cost a thousand dollars), the
tendency was toward
buildings worthy of
permanency.
Later, every year
has seen beautiful
homes and substantial
business blocks added
to the city, till it is
doubtful if any town
of its size in the
West can show a
similar proportion
of fine buildings.
And when, a year
and a half ago, al-
most the entire bus-
iness portion of the
city was laid in ash-
es in a single night,
workmen were upon
the ground while
the embers were
still smoking. And
The Pkospectors' Friend.
no
OUT WEST.
before the charred bricks and beams were cold, they were being^ removed
to clear the ground for handsomer and more expensive buildings than
had stood there the day before. Two-thirds of the business men of the
city lost their entire stock, but in in lieu of houses for temporary occu-
pancy, tents were set up on the plaza, and in a few days the immediate
needs of the community were met as usual. While as fast as architects
could prepare plans, materials for the new buildings were hurried in and
their completion pushed at utmost speed.
Perhaps nothing could inore clearly indicate the business strength of the
city than the fact that most of the rebuilding was done with home capital,
and that much of what interest is being paid because of it goes to resident
lenders. In this, her greatest crisis, Prescott proved herself what she has
always been — supremely a business town, a center of wealth and enterprise.
Schools, churches, and water supply, the homes and the average culture
Thk LaKK at (iRAMTB DkLLS.
FRESCO TT, A R I ZONA .
Ill
and intelligence of the people are questions most pertinent to the home-
seeker. The public schools of Prescott have always maintained the high-
est standard ; two large brick buildings are now in use and a much larger
and finer one is to be erected before the next school term. There is also
the Academy of the Sisters of St. Joseph, a very successful private school
under the auspices of the Catholic sisters. Seven religious denominations
are represented, with six church buildings.
The present water supply is drawn by a recently completed pipe line
from large springs at Chino Valley, twenty miles away. Its purity was
favorably reported upon by the U. S. military inspector, with reference to
relocating troops at Whipple. The quantity is sufficient for a city ten
times the size of Prescott.
In the quality of her people, Prescott need not fear comparison with any
American city of her size. Her citizens represent the best development of
the East and the Old World. Arizona does not encourage the drone or the
incompetent. Her atmosphere is not one in which narrowness or stupidity
A Summer Camp at Iron Springs.
persists. Some of her people perhaps may have missed college degrees, but
they have taken a broader course in the bigger school of Do Something.
Of her homes Prescott may well be proud. Comfort is the rule, beauty
almost as much so ; and the man who does not own the house in which he
lives is decidedly in the minority. All of which says much for the town
socially and financially.
The city has many fine stores, and two banks that would do credit to a
place of double size — the Bank of Arizona, the oldest in the place, recently
established in a beautiful new building, and the Prescott National Bank,
which in a few weeks will be settled in one of the handsomest business
buildings in the Southwest. Adjoining this, two other blocks of similar
architecture are to be built in a few months, which will make the most
beautiful street in the city. When it is remembered that the population of
Prescott is probably not above five thousand, yet the yearly deposits in the
two banks average over a million dollars, some idea of the business of the
place may be gained.
PRESCOTT, ARIZONA. 115
Prescott has two large first-class hotels, the Burke and the Prescott
House, with a surprising number of smaller houses conducted in a manner
which is an index to the immense travel that passes through the place in
a year.
The fame of the climate, especially for tubercular patients, brings every
year a summer colony tenting in the pines, but as yet no attempt at accom-
modations exclusively for invalids has been made, though it would doubt-
less pay. But beside the public hospital the Catholic sisters have a large
and beautifully situated hospital in the pines of West Prescott.
So thorough a business center has yet not forgotten pleasui'e ; there are
several fraternity halls and an opera house of comfortable capacity. In
summer, Iron Springs and Granite Dells, two open-air resorts within easy
reach by train or driving, are popular with outdoor pleasure-seekers. Iron
Springs is said to have entertained a camping colony of six hundred
during the past summer ; ibeing the favorite resort of people from the
southern towns.
Prescott lost the nucleus of her public library in the fire, but already
plans are out for one of larger size, homed in its own btxilding.
The three newspapers of the city, two daily with a weekly edition, and
one weekly, have naturally devoted themselves closely to the mining inter-
ests. The Journal-Miner was, as the Arizona Miner, the oldest newspaper
in the Territory, and has been closely allied with the growth of the city
from its infancy, the first number being issued in Chino Valley in 1864 —
before the present town site was chosen. The Prescott Courier has also
grown up with the town, and represents the large democratic constituency
of the country. The Prospect is distinctly the organ of the mines.
There was a time when stock raising was near to leading in Yavapai
county, but dry years drifted the big herds elsewhere and the glory of the
cowboy departed, never to return.
Agriculture has never been more than an incident ; yet the time is coming
when irrigation will write another" story for the busy miners to read.
Yavapai apples have won prizes whenever exhibited, and need take on no
added blushes when lined up with old Missouri. And if the peaches that
grow deep-rooted in auriferous gravel and silt of centuries along the foot-
hill streams can be matched for color and flavor outside of Paradise, the
taster is lucky. Pears, too, and plums and grapes — all the fruits of a
temperate zone leaning to warmer — find here a perfection that must mean
something more than bullion and concentrates in the future of the country.
Yet over all that may be, Prescott is distinctly the representative of a
mining country that counts its growth by drifts and shafts and tonnage ;
by smelters and stamp mills— a lusty young giant of the West whose pedi-
gree is a mint certificate.
There is perhaps no other country left quite like this ; where romance
and civilization so jostle elbows ; where the old strong soul of the West, in
which manhood was more than dollars, touches hands so amiably with the
bustling commercialism of the new. It is a land that inspires to big
things — big ventures, big hopes ; a land which in its wild beauty so pos-
sesses the hearts of its dwellers that there is a local proverb that a man
who leaves it is never happy till he returns.
SiroguALMiB
Falls,
Near
Seattle,
Washingtov
Photo, by Pi/Uhkry.
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Sequoia Gigantea (of the Mariposa Big- Tree Grove, near Wawoaa, Cal.) Photo, by Litpincott.
Tnil.KKS (IK 11II-; Dki-.p. (Kciloiiilo, v;il.
HAND. EYE AND BRAIN.
A Trinity Upon "WKicH Education at TKroop PolytecHnic
Institute is Based.
Throop Polytechnic Institute at Pasadena, Cal., is very success-
fully fulfilling its mission of educating young people of both sexes
upon the broad basis implied in the above head-line. The school
had a larger enrollment for the first term of this year than any in
its history of ten years, and its new $20,000 building gives none
too much room for its work.
Throop Institute, as the only school of its kind in California,
or, indeed, on the Pacific Coast, supplies an education of which
manual training is an important factor. Its grammar school pupils,
including those from the fourth to the eighth grades, have their
usual book studies supplemented by daily work in the Sloyd shops,
where the use of tools is applied to the making of articles in wood,
designed to develop the pupil's accuracy in measurement, his man-
ual expertness, his perception of form, his love of the exact and
beautiful, his patience, his industry, his aptitude for doing some-
thing creditable with his own hands.
This principle of developing the student's self-helpfulness is
carried throughout his future manual work. In the first j'ear of
the Institute's Academy courses (equivalent in a general way to
High School courses), he spends the major part of his time in the
study of Mathematics, English, the Modern Languages, Latin,
Chemistry, Physics, Zoology, Botany, Physiography, Pree-hand
and Mechanical Drawing. But these branches of learning are
applied by daily practice (under careful personal instruction) in
Carpentry, Wood -turning, Wood- carving. Forging, Pattern-
making, Machine Shop Exercises, Cooking, Sewing, and Cla}'-
modelling. Chemistry is experimentally taught with the aid of
two expensively equipped laboratories ; and much attention is
bestowed upon the practical study of physics and the natural
sciences in laboratories furnished with latest apparatus and
appliances.
In addition to these departments, Throop Institute has College
courses of study, in which Electrical Engineering is prominent ;
a Normal department, embracing advanced courses in Manual
Training, Domestic Economy and Art ; and a Commercial, or
Business, department, thoroughly equipped for instruction in
Book-keeping, Stenography, Typewriting, etc.
There is but one price for tuition in any of these departments,
namely, $75 a year. Gymnastics is regularly taught without
extra charge ; while basket-ball, tennis, foot-ball and base-ball
clubs flourish among students of both sexes. The Institute build-
ings are of brick ; the shops are equipped with modern machinery.
The second term of the school year, 1901-1902, opens January
6. Send to the Secretary for catalogue.
u
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en
o
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O
V
A Suggestion to Basket Collectors.
Few basket collectors have time enough at their disposal to visit
in person all the different Indian reservations and make their own
selection of baskets. And even were the time at their disposal, such
a plan is scarcely feasible or possible. For, in many instances, one
might visit, at considerable expenditure of time, energy and money,
a certain Indian reservation or camp, there expecting and antici-
pating the pleasure of seeing the basket weavers at work, looking
at a variety of baskets of different shapes, styles and weaves, and.
after careful inspection, making a selection. This is the theory of
basket collecting some people hold, but, were they to seek to put
it into operation, how contrary to fact would they find it to be.
They might not find a single weaver at work, nor a completed speci-
men on hand, and to wait for the finished baskets might require weeks
or months of time. Hence, the collector who desires fine and rare
specimens will commit the duty of selecting them to one who makes
a business of it, and yet employs for the work only those who intelli-
gently comprehend the subject, and who are capable of giving accu-
rate information as to every specimen that passes through their
hands.
Such a dealer is Mr. E. Mehesy, Jr., of the Curio Store, opposite
the Van Nuys Hotel, corner Fourth and Main Streets, Los Angeles,
Cal., and the Knutsford, Salt Lake City, Utah. For many years he
has made the intelligent collecting of Indian baskets and other curios
an important branch of his large and increasing business. His as-
sistants in the field are well versed in Indian lore. They understand
the various methods of weave, and can wisely discriminate in the
purchase of all baskets, whether new or old, submitted to them.
They are purchasing in every field named by Carl Purdy and Mr.
George Wharton James, and there are but few specimens there
depicted that Mr. Mehesy cannot duplicate at any time, either
from his large and varied stock, or from the collections now and
again placed at his disposal, or, in the case of new baskets, by
special manufacture. He is prepared, therefore, to make complete
collections for his patrons, either by direct order, at his own selection,
or under the direction of any well-informed basket connoisseur. Bas-
kets will be sent on approval to responsible parties.
OUT WEST
Office of Publication!
121^ SoutH Broad-way
L.08 Angeles, California
PuBLisHKi) Monthly bv
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE
PUBLISHING COMPANY -co
BRANCH OFFICES
RoBT. A. Thompson. Manaifpr San Francisco Office -3K
Pine Street.
Shaklot M. Hall, Manairer Arizona Office— Prescott.
John H. Hamlin, Manatrer Nevada Office -Reno.
Entered at the Luk Amreles Postoffice as Recond-claHK matter.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
W.C.Patterson, President; Chas. F. Lummis, Vice-Pres.; P. A. Patteb, Secretary; Char. Cassat Davis, At-
torney; Cyrus M. Davis, Treasurer.
OTHER STOCKHOLDERS
Chas. Foreman, D. Freeman, F. W. Braun, John F. Francis, E. W. Jones, (;eo. H. Bonebrake estate, F, K. Rnl'
Andrew Mullen estate, I. B. Newton, S. H. Mott, Alfred P. Griffith, E. E. Bostwick, H. E. Brook, C. M. Davis Co., I.
Replojrle. J. C. Perry, F. A. Schnell, G. H. Paine, Louisa C. Bacon. For additional list, see Contents paare.)
Address all MSS. to the editor with return postatre. All other business to the re8i)ective departments.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES— $1 a year in the United States, Canada and Mexico. $1.50 a year to other countries.
#^'(r?
THE NEAV HOME. OF THE CUMNOCK SCHOOL OF EXPRESSION
Fijfueroa street will soon be srraccd by anotlier beautiful building' of which Los An^'eles may well be proud.
Address CutnnocK ScHool of Expression, 301-303 BlancHard Building. Three department>
-Elocution, Entrlish, Physical Culture. Full course includes Dramatic Art and Interpretaiioa. Gesture. Analysis and
Readinir, Voice Buildintr (as applied to the speakingr voice), Rhetoric, Literature, Parliamentary Law and Debate.
Physical Culture, Anatomy, Physiology and Hyiriene. A.DDIE MURPHY GRIGG. Director.
^/VWWWVWWVWWWVWWyVWWWWV^/WWWVWWVSA/VWVWWWW'
WAIMT A HOME?
Sonoma County, Cal.
WILL SUIT YOU
WEIGH THESE TACTS
Abundant Rainfall
No Irrigation
No Failures of Crops
Near San Francisco
Cheap Freights
Send stamp for ** THE LAND REGISTER," giving accurate description, with price, of
Fruit Farms, Dairies, Grain and Hay Farms, Potato, Berry and Chicken Ranches, Timt>er
Lands, Stock Ranches, etc. ^..^ ^.,., ^ ^^^^^^ ^^ ,. . ,» o i
THE GUY E. OROSSE CO., Santa Rosa, Cal.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST,
Soft
Harness
You can make your har-
Desa as soft aa a gluve
and aa tough as wire by
using EUREKA Har-
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lengthen its life— make it
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ordinarily would.
EUREKA
Harness Oil
makes a poor looking har-
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pure, heavy bodied oil, es-
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Stand the weather.
Sold everywhere
in cans— all sizes.
Made b) STANDARD OIL CO.
?^£i^
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i
TITPR^iii^MIKI^H
ROSES EXCLUSIVELY
Buy at Headquarters
and take no chances.
•^S-page photo-illustrated cata-
logue, 15 cents, which may be
deducted from first order.
WILL develop or reduce any
part of the body
A Perfect Complexion Beautifiier and
Remover of Wrinkles
Dr. John Wilson Gibbs'
THE ONLY
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(Patented United States, Europe,
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"Its work is not confined to the fact alone, but will do
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tion to the toilet-table." — Chicai^o Tribune.
"This delicate Electric Beautifier removes all facial
blemishes. It is the only positive remover of wrinkles and
crow's-feet. It never fails to perform all that is expected."
^Chicago Times- Herald.
" The Electric Roller is certainly productive of good re-
sults. I believe it is the best of any appliances. It is safe
and effective." Harriet Hubbard Ayer, New York World.
FOR MASSAGE and CIR4TIVE PURPOSES
An Electric Roller in all the term implies. The invention
of a physician and electrician know throug-hout this coun-
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Will remove wrinkles," crow's-feet" (premature or from
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Always ready for use on ALL PARTS OF THE BODY.
for all diseases. For Rheumatism, Sciatica, Neuralgia,
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Gold, S4.00. Silver, $3.00. By mail, or at office of Gibbs'
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The Only Electric Boiler. Al 1 others are fraudu-
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Copyright.
'Can take a pound a day off a patient, or put it on." —
Ne-w Tork Stin, ^ne.ia.WiX. Send for lecture on " Great
Subject of Fat." no dieting. ■ no hard work.
Dr. John Wilson Gibbs' Obesity Cure
For the Permanent Reduction and Cure of Obesity.
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The cure is based on Nature's laws.— iWrw Tork Her-
ald.'^ July 9, 1899.
CALIFORNIA
SEEDS "w*oVo-
Send for our large, beautifully illus-
trated Seed and Plant Catalogue.
GERMAIN SEED AND PLANT CO.
326-330 S. MAIN ST.
Los ANGELES, CAL.
Oldest and IMost Reliable Seed House in So. California
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
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FOX
Typewriters
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LIGHT TOUGH
SPEED AND
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In the Middle States and in the
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CATALOGUES MAILED UPON RE&UEST
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|} f OX TYPEWRITER CO.
p 104 Front Street
5 GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.
m
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Want a
Musical
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It is our aim to handle musical in-
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here the largest assortment to be found
in the Southwest.
ALL KINDS OF SMALL INSTRU-
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CATAI on
Southern California
Music Co.
216-218 W. Third St.
Bradbury Buildlnj;
Los Angeles
LOIN
time links business and
easure the world around
makes travel safe and every
engagement possible.
An Elgin Watch always
has the word "Elgin"
engraved on the works.
Sold by every jeweler in the land.
Booklet free.
Elgin National Watch Company,
Elgin, Illinois.
^•nEn'cnUars & Cuffs |//><^-
f^H°Rv WestTroy. NY. ^^£Ll^
SACHS BROS & CO.
San Francisco Coast Agents
$300,000,000.00 A YEAR
and you may have part of it if you work
for us. Uncle Sam's poultry product pays
that sum. Send lOc for samples and partic-
ulars. We furnish capital to start you ia
business. Draper Publishin!!Co.,Chicasro.lli.
VALENTINES.
■ lOc. AIlIGPACKAIiEo
250 LACE AND COMIC VAL.
• ENTINES AND MOTTOES for
10c. A niG I>A(KAIiEofUKAUTI£S25o. 1 poslCOMIO
or 60 lACE VAI-KNTINF.S, to De»ler» 60c. We piy poBtajo.
VALENTINE MFG. CO., ClIntoiiTlIle. Conn.
Ill
BRO'MANCEION
_0R^ 5A|;^Tg^QlER^
ISI^gli^
^mmmsm^^
^t3TnrRTE=^5?!cr«Fptr7Cffo
ilktUSTRATED BO^LEXa
Please Mention that You Saw it In OUT WEST.
g= The name •• SILVERWOOD" on an ^
^^ an article means the same as the ^
^ "STERLINO" mark on silver. I3
SILVERWOOD
LOSANCCLES
Our reputation and
full guarantee stand
bacl( of every hat
we tell. If you can-
not get a SILVER-
WOOD HAT in your
city send us your
height and size of
hat wo'h; sta'e
color and If a stiff
or soft hat is wan'-
ed, and we'll send
you the latest shape
express prepaid
$3.00 1
HATS I
^— You certainly iret as much style, as much — ^
^p- wear, as much satisfaction, out of a Silverwood — ^
^- Hat at three dollars— then why pay five? -^
^ F. B. SILVERWOOD ^
^ 221 S. Spring St. LOS ANGELES, CAL. ^
t
Staub's for
rine footwear
The most select line of foot-
wear on this Coast is displayed
in our store, and all the desir-
able new things as shown in
the leading stores of the
metropolis are included. The
correct swell shoes for every
occasion — golf, outing, street,
walking, dress, house and
fancy dancing slippers.
Mail orders are given our best
personal attenlion.
C. M. Staub Shoe Co.
255 SOUTH BROADWAY
LOS ANGELES
X
^ 3C. 3E^ 3C 3& 3CJ5K3C~«5&J3C-J3CJS& 3K 3CJ3C-^^
The interior
fittings determine the
coziness of the home.
Rich carpets, handsome rugs,
inviting draperies, portieres
and curtains. Come in and
take advantage of our ex-
perience in fitting up
...flttractlve Homes
GENUINE
COWHIDE
SUIT
CASES
Exactly
like Cut
22-inch
24-inch - • S5.B0
These suit cases are guaranteed
to be genuine cowhide. OLIVE,
RUSSET or CHOCOLATE col-
ors. Made on a steel frame ;
brass trimmings.
We sell the genuine at the same
price as others sell imitations.
Ask for Whitney's Genuine Cow-
hide Case of your dealers, or
send for Illustrated Catalogue.
D. WHITNEY & SONS
343-345 S. SPRING ST. lOS ANOEIIS. CAl.
S
ft
ft
ft
Help— All Kinds. See Hummel Bros. & Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
5<
^
San Joaquin bounty
Is the Place for You
I Fruit, Vineyard, Alfalfa, Vegetable and Grain Land for sale at prices
^ so low you will scarcely believe it possible.
I Wc have the BEST BARGAINS in Farm Lands to be found in the
I United States.
i San Joaquin County is the center of agricultural California. Nothing
I can stop it from becoming the center of the States* population. |
I CALL AND LOOK OVER OUR LISTS
I n. C. NORRIS & Co., 247 Wilcox Block, Los Angeles
§ Or write to our Correspondents, EATON & BUCKLEY, Stockton, Cal.
riartindell & Home
Real Estate and
Jb Insurance Jk
PRESCOTT
ARIZONA
4000 ACRES FINE LAND
Fine fruit and dairy land. Plenty of water for irrig'ation
within thirty feet of surface. Soil very deep and rich.
Santa Fe R. R. groes through the tract, which is in every
way suitable for a colony. Price $35 per Acre on
easy terms. JOHN P. FISK, REDLANDS, CAL.
There is lved.1 wOmtOrt from collars and
cuifs that have been ironed by our patented machine :
"NO S4W EDGE ON COLLARS AND ClffS"
No matter how frayed or sharp-edged the goods, this
machine finishes them more smoothly and comfortable than
when the goods were new.
Our place is convenient of access, modernly equipped,
and courtesy and business methods prevail.
If you cannot call, phone.
EMPIRE LAUNDRY
Phone Main 635
149 S. MAIN ST., LOS ANGELES
Satisfaction Guaranteed
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
amon/lToilet^oap
FOR ^ALE
EVERYWHERE
Until you try BONITA CATSUP you don't know what the best Sauce and Appetizer Is.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
^
H016I ?\mmm
SUTTER .NO *
JONES SIS.. *
SAN FRANCISCO «
Situated in a pleasant part of the city. Very con-
venient to all the theaters, churches and principal stores.
', Two lines of cable cars pass the hotel. Sutter Street
I line direct from the Ferries to the hotel and to Golden
Gate Park and other points of interest. Elegantly fur-
nished rooms, single or en suite, with or without private
bath. All modern improvements for the comfort and
safety of the guests. The excellence of the cuisine and
V service are leading features, and there is an atmosphere
<jf home comfort rarely met with in a hotel.
Rates on the American plan, from $2-50 to $5.00 per day for one
person. Special terms by the week and to families.
''"■"^^turb^7;comodated"*''°"' Q. M. BRENNAN. Proprietor.
H
PHOTO-MINI ATU R
A Monthly Magazine of Photographic Information. Supp. Illustrated.
EVERY NUMBER A COMPI,ETE BOOK, PI.AIN AND PRACTICAI.. EVERY MONTH DEALS WITH A
DIFFERENT BRANCH OF PHOTOGRAPHY. 31 NUMBERS PUBLISHED, ALl, OBTAINABLE. SEND
FOR FULL LIST OF SERIES. 25 CENTS PER COPY, $2.50 PER YEAR. NO FREE SAMPLES.
GET IT FROM YOUR DEALER. TENNANT &. WARD, PUBLISHERS, New York.
>*?5rI«paloma Toilet5?ap
AT AUL.
DRUG STORES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
m
17 Hniipc LOS ANGELES
^1 IIUUI O CAM FRAiyriCl
SAN ERANCISCO
BY-
Pacific Coast Steamsliip Co.
B EXPRESS SERViCE-SOUTH BOUIMD
^ Leave San Francisco : SANTA ROSA Sundays, 9.00, a.m.
^ STATK OF CAL Wednesdays, " "
S NORTH BOUND
fe Leave Los Angeles : SANTA ROSA Wednesdays, 9.00, a.m.
|g STATE OF CAL Saturdays, '' "
1^ Operate Steamers to and from Mexico, Humboldt Bay, British
1^ Columbia, Seattle and Alaska
B w. PARIS, Agent GOODALL, PERKINS & CO,,
fi 328 S. Spring St. GENERAL AGENTS
B LOS ANGELES, CAL. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
Hummel Bros. & Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
I am teaching intelligent men, brainwork-
ers, the ideal principles of attaining and pre-
serving perfect health. It is not a problem-
atical theory, but a system of physio-
logical exercise, based upon absolutely
correct scientific facts.
If you will follow my instructions
for a few weeks I will promise you
such a superb muscular development
and such a degree of vigorous health
as to forever convince you that intel-
ligent direction of muscular effort is
just as essential to success in life as intelligent mental
effort. No pupil of mine will need to digest his food
with pepsin nor assist Nature with a dose of physic. I
will give you an appetite and a strong stomach to take
care of it ; a digestive system that will fill your veins
with rich blood ; a strong heart that will regulate
circulation and improve assimilation ; a pair of lungs
that will purify your blood ; a liver that will work as
Nature designed it should ; a set of nerves that will
keep you up to the standard of physical and mental energy. I will increase
your nervous force and capacity for mental labor, making your daily work a
pleasure. You will sleep as a man ought to sleep. You will start the day as a
mental worker must who would get
the best of which his brain is capa-
ble. In a few words, this system
absolutely cures Constipation, Indi-
gestion, Sleeplessness, Nervous Ex-
haustion, and revitalizes the whole
body. I can promise you all of this
because it is common sense, rational
and just as logical as that study im-
proves the intellect.
My system is taught by mail only,
and with perfect success, requires no
apparatus whatever and but a few
minutes' time in your own room just
before retiring.
By this condensed system more
exercise and benefit can be obtained
in ten minutes than by any other in
two hours, and it is the only one that
does not overtax the heart. It is the
only natural, easy and speedy method
for obtaining perfect health, physical development and elasticity of mind and body.
Pupils are both sexes, ranging in age from fifteen to eighty-six, and all re-
commend the system. Since no two people are in the same physical condition,
individual instructions arc given in each case. Write at once, mentioning Out
West, lor full information and convincing endorsements from many of America's
leading citizens.
378 Western Book BIdg., CHICAGO
An appreciative testimonial from the Con-
tracting Freight Agent of the Chicago, Rock
Island and Pacific Railway Company.
Kansas City, Mo., December 22, 1900.
Mr. Alois P. Swoboda, Chicatro, 111.
My Dear Mr. Swoboda :—Althou8rh it is less than
two months since I first commenced work at your sys-
systemof physioloR-ical exercise, I am most thoroughly
convinced that your system is a decided success. A
comparative statement of my measurements will show
you what I have accomplished in the short period of
less than two months.
MEASUREMENTS
At beniniiing
Chest normal 33
" contracted 31 K
" expanded TAVi
Waist 29 ....
Neck \2,V^....
Biceps lOK
Forearms .. 9H —
Weight 137 ....
Heitrht S %%....
In addition to this larsre increased muscular develop-
ment, my Reneral health is decidedly improved.
ThankinsT you for what you have done for me, and
with best wishes for your continued success, I am,
Very sincerely, T. O. Jknninos, Contar. F^t. Agt.
In to days
... 385^
... 3lK
... 3951
... 29
...14
... 13K
... lOK
...150
...5»M
ALOIS P. SWOBODA
J ,,^_„, ,-^ r-^ r^-KM /^ r~% r-^ M t^ r— T-, For Pancake Griddles, llread. Biscuit. C.nke and I'i«
Little LjEM LrHEASE^fx pans. Metal and wood combined. Everlastinir K itt lica
necessity. Postpaid to you for 14 cents. HOUSEHOLD SPECIALTY CO., Los Anoblbs, Cal.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
MANY writing machines break down
in their youth, but Remingtons
have tough constitutions and, no mat-
ter how hard the work they do, they
are sure to reach a hale and vigorous
old age.
Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 327 Broadway, New York 113 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal.
IDYLLWILD
SAN GORGONIO MOUNTAINS
RIVERSIDE COUNTY
•AMONG-THE-PINES
STRAWBERRY VALLEY
Altitude 5250 feet
Drink pure water from the fountains of the mountains. Tents
and cottag^es to rent. Excellent store, meat market and dairy.
First-class hotel, electric light, complete sewer system, mountain
spring water piped throughout all buildings. Seven hundred and
thirty-four thousand acres of pine forests for hunting and moun-
tain climbing. Golf links, lawn tennis, croquet and billiards.
Round Trip Tickets on Santa Fe, Los Angeles to
San Jacinto, good on Tuesdays, Thursdays and
Saturdays— FIVE DOLLARS.
Daily stage meets all trains at San Jacinto. Sunset telephone
for guests. Call up "Idyllwild." For particulars address:
CALIFORNIA HEALTH RESORT CO.
1414 South Hope Street, LOS ANGELES, CAL.
John A. Smith, Burnt Wood Novelties, Hardwood Floors, Grille-work. 456 S. Broadway.
M'
Please Mention that You Saw it In OUT WEST.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
INIVERSITY OP SOITMERN
KIOHT
SCHOOIii
CAUfORNIA. lOS ANOEIES
THE COLLEGE. Faculty of 16. Ample equipment. Students
may pass from any class to the State University or any
ill the KiaKt.
THE PREPARATORY SCHOOL. As "Chaffey" stood amonjr the
highi-st accredited schools in the State. Utmost pains taken
with physical development, manners and character, as
well as with the intellect.
University Station.
Dean Wm. T. Randall, A. M.
PASADENA
130-134. S. EUCLID AVENUE MISS
OKTON'8 BOAKUINO AND DAT SCHOOL
FOK GIRLS.
New Building's. Gymnasium. Special care of health.
Entire chargre taken of pupils during school year and
summer vacation. Certificate admits to Eastern Col leges.
European teachers in art and music. 12th year began
Oct., 1901.
Occidental College
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Three Courftes : classical. Literary, Scientific,
leading to degrees of A. B., B. L., and B. S. Thoronffh
Preparatory Department and School of Music.
First semester begins Septemt>er 25, 1901.
Address the President,
Rev. any W. 'Wadsworth.
Pomona College
CLAREMONT
CALIFORNIA
Courses leading to degrees of B. A.. B. S., and B. L. It«
degrees are recognized by University of California, Stan-
ford University, and all the Eastern Universities.
Also Preparatory School, fitting for all CoUeees, and a
School of Music of high grade. Address,
Dr. Geo. A. Gate*, President.
Formerly Casa de Kosas.
Girls' Collegiate School
Adama and Hoover 8ts.,
Lob Angelea, Cal.
ALICE K. Passons, B.A.,
JeANNB W. DEMNEIt,
Principals.
THE LOS ANGELES MILITARY
I =ACADEMY=
EIGHTH YEAH, 1901—1902.
A select Boarding and Day School. Pre-
pares for colleges, government • schools,
technical schools and business. Faculty
large, competent, experienced ; all depart-
ments thoroughly equipped; location near
all city advantages, yet sufficiently iso-
lated to be beyond demoralizing influence
and dangers.
Before deciding upon a school investi-
gate the advantages we offer. Special rates
during vacation. Illustrated catalogue upon
application.
Telephone Main 1556.
WALTER I. BAILEY, A. M.,
Principal.
CAPT. CHARLES KIENER,
Commandant.
(Graduate Vienna Military Academy.)
The Harvard School
(MILITARY)
LOS ANGELES. CAL.
An English Classical Boardingand Day School for Boys.
GRENVILLE C. EMERY, A. B..
Head Master.
Reference : Chas. W. Elliot, LL. D., President Harvard
University.
Hon. Wm. P. Frye, Pres't pro tem. U. S. Sienate.
THE LOS ANGELES COLLEGE Of
fINE ARTS («P (»,
At Beautiful
GARVANZA
W. L. JUDSON
DIRBCTOR
Circulars oh application.
Los ^D^e/e6
'2.\'2. Aa^EST third ST.
Is the oldest established, has the larg-est attendance, and is the best equipped business collc(^
on the Pacific Coast. Catalogue and circulars free.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
OLDJfiST AND LAKGEST BANK IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
Farmers and Merchants Bank
OF LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Capital (paid up) . - $500,000.00
Surplus ... - $1,000,000.00
Deposits - . . - $5,500,000.00
OFFICERS
I. W. Hellman. Prest. H. W. Htllman, V.-Prest.
Charles Seyler, Cashier.
GUSTAV Heiman, Assistant Cashier.
W. H. Perry
O.W. Childs
C. E. Thorn
DIRECTORS
J. F. Francis
I.W. Hellman, Jr.
H. W. Hellman
J. A. Graves
I.N. VanNuys
I.W. Hellman
Special Collection Department. Correspondence invited.
Safety Deposit Boxes for rent.
W. C. Patterson. Prest. P. M. Green. Vice Pres.
Frank P. Flint. Second Vice- Prest.
W. D. Woolwine. Cashier
E. W CoE. Assistant Cashier
D. J. WlGDAL "
lie [OS Alleles NotliKil But
Cor. First and Spring Streets
Capital Stock
Surplus and Profits over
$500,000
150,000
This bank has the best location of any bank in Los
Angreles. It has the larg'est capital of any National bank
in Southern California, and is the only UNITED STATES
DEPOSITARY in Southern California.
e
Write for CATALOGUE JUST
PUBLISHED
SIGN OF THE ARK
Noah fARNHAM Morrison
Americana,
Genealogies and
General Literature
Wo. 893 Broad Street, = Newark, N. J.
Libraries and small collections of books pur-
chased from executors and others.
Refers by permission to the editor.
FOR ANY BOOK ON EARTH—
Write to H. H. TIMBY, Book Hunter
CATALOGUES FREE CONNEAUT. OHIO
OIL LANDS
We hold ten and a quarter sections of promising- Oil
Lands in what will soon be an active field. If you wish
to buy Oil Lands call and investig-ate.
DRY LAKE OIL CO.,
ROOM T F. A. PatTEE, Secretary
\2M/i Soutn Broadway L0» ANGbcES, CAL.
riRST NATIONAL BANK
OF LOS ANGELKS
Largest National Bank in Soutliern Caiifornla.
Capital Stock $ 400,000
Surplus and Undivided Profits over 350,000
Deposits 3,775,000
J. M. Elliott, Prest. W. G. Kerckhoff. V.-Prest.
J. C. Drake, Second V.-Prest.
W. T S. Hammond, Assistant Cashier
DIRECTOKS
J. D. Bicknell H. Jevne W. G. Kerckhoff
J. M. Elliott F. Q. Story J. D. Hooker
J. C Drake
All Dppartments cf a Mudern Banking Business Conducted
fiit««««««««««««it««««lt«««««lt«lt«lt««
OIL LaNDS
We have for sale all or part of
four sections of land havinsr
promising- oil indications. It lies from four to ten
miles from the S. P. Ry.,and has easy down grrade
adapted to pipe line. Development is progressing in
the vicinity, and as soon as oil is actually struck
and the territory thus proved, values will g-reatly
increase. Now is the time to buy, if you are inter-
ested.
SANDSTONE OIL AND MINING CO.
F. A. Pattee, Secretary,
Room 5, No. 121'A S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal.
9(»««)i(i»»»«)^»)|)i»)()(»ll)t««««K)()(»K«)itf
Maier & Zobeiein \
Brewery t
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
1
BOTTLED BEER
For Family use and Export a specialty.
A pure, wholesome beverage, recommended by
prominent physicians.
OFFICE, 440 ALISO STREET
Tel. Main 91
ANYVa THEATRICAL COLD CREAM
prevents early wrinkles. It is not a freckle coating ; it re-
moves them. ANYVO CO., 427 N Main St., Los Angeles.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
RtVERSIDE
For Exchange
OR
SALE.
FARMS,
HOMES.
ORANGE
GROVES
MINES
IN
EVERY
STATE
IN
THE
UNITED
ST TES
PADDOCK COMPANY, Riverside, Cal.
REOLANDS
RESIDENCE LOTS- $10,500 buj-8 12 lots
in best part of city, with $S,000 house haviner
wide verandas and all modern conveniences
— barn, oransre trees, etc.
ORANGE eROVE— 20,000 buys 15 acres in
full bearinjr, yieldintr income of $2,000 a
year, with $6,000 house that rents for $60 a
month unfurnished. Barn, outbuildings, etc
All near electric car line.
Redlands is unsurpassed for salubrious
climate, magnificent scenery, excellent
schools, churches, libraries and society. No
saloons.
Call upon or address: JOHN P. FISK, Rooms
1 and 2, Union Bank Block, Redlands. Cal.
PORTERVILlE
Come to Porterville !
Where Orang-es and Lemons
are grown free from Smut
and Scale.
CHEAP LAND, CHEAP WATER, Un-
equalled Climate. To in-
vestigate means to invest.
For information, address
secreiory Boord oi Trofle,
PASADENA
We Sell Oranye OrcHards
IN
That pay a steady investment, with
ffood water riirhts. We have them in
the suburbs of Pasadena, finely lo-
cated for homes, also in the country
for profit.
FINE HOMES
PASADENA A SPEQALTY
WOOD & CHIRCH
16 S. Raymond Avenue, PASADENA, CAL.
Los AngclM Office : 317-315 Brync Bldg.
1 LOS ANBELES |-
We Sell the Earth
BASSETT & SlVnTH
We deal in all kinds of Real Estate.
Orchard and Residence Property.
Write for descriptive pamphlet.
Room 208, 202>^ S- BROADWAY
NOLAN & SMITH IIIX)CK
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
SANTA BARBARA
PERFECT CLIMATE
FERTILE SOIL
BEAUTIFUL SCENERY
The home of the Lemon. Olive. Walnut and
Orange. Petroleum Mining. Rich farming
Lands. First Ciass Dairy Ranges.
The equable climate and wide ranjje of
products make the most charming home-
land on earth. Information and litera-
ture furnished on application to
Secretary Chamber of Commerce,
Santa Barbara. Cal.
SANTA ROSA
D. D. DAVISSON 1 Agent FOR {
SANTA ROSA, CAL, )
I liavc had over 50 yc.-xrs' experience In this
seekers or investors On my list are ranches
property. Write to me and (ret posted alwiM
years are the most profitable ones for the ran«
SONOMA COUN1
REA
locality, and am qual
of every kind, the mos
the part of Califurni
:he8.
PY AND NORTHERN CALIFORNIA
L ESTATE
ificd to furnish accurate Information to home-
t desirable modern homes and choice bnsines>
a where no irrigation Is necessary and drouth
Ramon A TOILET ^o A p
FOR .SALE
EVERYWHERE
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Before Locating in California
MaKe a XKorovig'K
Investigation of
San Joaquin County
It has the most fertile lands in the State at the lowest prices.
It has a navigable river and numerous railroads, causing the lowest trans-
portation charges in the State.
Its markets are constant and active for all farm produce.
It offers the best opportunity for the farmer or home-seeker that can be
found on this coast.
LOOK INTO THIS BEFORE YOU SETTLE PERMANENTLY,
FOR IT MAY MEAN A BIQ SAVING TO YOU
Call on or address Stockton Chamber of Comtnerce^ Stockton., Cal., or the
Chamber's Branch Office at 66 Bryson Block., Los Ang-eles, Cal.
Southern Califonia
Visitors
should
not fail to see
AZUSA
24 miles from Los Angeles, on the
Kite-shaped track of the Santa F6 Ry.
HOTBL AZUSA.
It has first-class hotel accommodations, good drives and fine scenic surroundings.
Its educational, social and religious facilities are complete. It is surrounded by the
most productive and beautiful orange and lemon groves in the world, and as a place of
residence is warmer in winter and cooler in summer than many other famous orange
districts.
For especial information or complete and handsome illustrated literature,
Write ""■ °A?ur?aSit Chamber of Commerce
Hummel Bros. & Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
ORANGE AND LEMON
GROVES X ^^
^"^ f The most profitable varieties on the best soil, in X^ ^S^
the finest condition. I have more than I want to
«*A»»
NOW PAYING A GOOD
INCOME ON PRICE
REQUIRED.
WILL PAY A BETTER
INCOME AS TREES
GET OLDER.
tJ^>W
take care of, and will sell part in ten-acre tracts at prices
«^x \ below present conservative values. Write me for >*^ .
,^<v \^particulars. Better yet, come and see propert)\ ^^^-V^V*
%\ A. P. GRIFFITH, Azusa, Cal. X<^
«M
WM
ORANGE RANCH....
of twenty acres, eight and
nine year old trees, situated
within two blocks of the
city limits of San Bernar-
dino, Cal. Five inches con-
tinuous water flow.
PRESENT CROP SOLD for $2,000 1^
Will sell for cash for $7,500.
Address: Box A,
HULBURT ADVERTISING CO.
605-607 FROST BLDG.
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
m
m
m
m
ft|ii|BilB|1&l&lBj1Bim|ft|ii|femi^l^m
No BETTER Sar^aw in
the State
I own, free from debt, a beautiful 160
acre ranch in the Santa Maria Valley,
San Diego County. 25 acres are now
in orchard, 5 acres choicest Olives, 8
acres Royal Apricots, the balance in
Figs, Apples, Peaches, Plums and
Grapes. No finer fruit raised any-
where. Irrigation is never necesssry.
About 75 acres more in fine land for
similar fruits. The balance in rolling
pasture land, all fenced and .cross-
fenced.
A 5-room California house with front
porch, barn, sheds, chicken house, etc.
Splendid water piped into the house
and about the place.
Elevation, 1600 feet above sea-level ;
climate simply perfection ; surrounding
scenery superb.
An industrious family can make a arood livinir
on till* place from the start, and accnmnlate a
fortune from it in time. I offer it away below
its real value only because bnslneBs interests
elsewhere will not allow me to live there.
$a.200 will buy it, and time of payment
c;in be arranired.
n. W. SMITH, 123 E. Ave. 42, Los Angeles. Cal.
ANYVU THEATRICAL CULD CREAM
prevents early wrinkles. It is not a Ireckle coalinif ; it re-
moves them. ANVVO CO.. 427 N. Main St.. Los Antfeles.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Imperial FRESNO
The richest county in California. Produces a greater
variety of products than any other county in the State. The
only county that can produce RAISINS and FIGS successfufly.
Its orange and lemon industry is still in its swaddling cloths,
but its citrus fruits can be shipped from two to four weeks
earlier than from any other section.
I have some exceptionally rich orange land, fully protected,
that will increase in value from 100 per cent to 1000 per cent
within the next few years. Alfalfa finds its HOME in Fresno
County, producing more FULL crops than any other section.
Its mineral resources are yet undeveloped, but they will
compare favorably with other counties of the State.
I will execute commissions of purchase and sale for non-
residents ; investigate and furnish special confidential reports on
Fresno city and country property ; take the entire management
of vineyards and other property and estates.
I DO A STRICTLY COMMISSION BUSINESS
References upon application.
J, D. WHITLAW
.^ THE REAL ESTATE MERCHANT ^
J03J J Street
FRESNO, CAL.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
I ORANGE AND LEMON LANDS
GREAT BARGAINS AT
I CORONA
Riverside County
...California 4
t
♦
♦
♦
The best Orange and Lemon Lands are found in this flourishing colon)',
and the location is unsurpassed. Mountain and valley scenery grand.
Great Abundance of Water
Another pipe line has just been constructed, bringing 800 inches of
pure good water.
Here is the Place for
Homes and Investments
Prices
Extraordinarily
Low
The best authorities in Southern California commend these lands for
the raising of lemons. Over 700 car loads of oranges and lemons shipped
the past season.
Corona has a population of about 2500, is located on a high, sloping
mesa, in Riverside County, California, fifty miles east of Los Angeles, and
fifteen miles from Riverside, on the Santa Fe Railroad. Come and see our
beautiful colony and let us show you some bargains in groves.
For full particulars address
DANIEL LORD & CO., CORONA. CAL.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
i
Costa Rica Development Co.
We invite you to write for a little book treating on Costa
Rica and its opportunities^ sent free on request
Two 3'ears ago this Company entered the business of cultivating rubber
and cacao. The Company has special advantages, resulting from the loca-
tion of its property, which lies between two navigable rivers, and is but a
few miles distant from the route of the proposed Nicaragua canal. The soil
is deep, rich, and its adaptability to rubber and cacao is shown by the abund-
ance of wild trees which were originally found upon it. The territory con-
sists of 7,500 acres. The Company have planted 75,000 rubber trees and
10,000 cacao trees.
Any individuals desiring a safe and profitable in-
vestment are invited to investigate this enterprise.
Its stability and the ability and integ^rity of its
officers are a perfect assurance of the greatest suc-
cess. Stock may be purchased o?i Installments.
$ 5.00 down and $5.00 per month buys 500 shares.
10.00 down and $10.00 per month buys 1,000 shares.
20.00 down and $20.00 per month buys 2,000 shares.
Stock sells for .50 cents per share.
Address—
Costa Rica Development Co. 203 Carrier Bidg,, LOS angeles, cal.
DIRECTORS
L. W. BLINN, President
C. S. HOGAN, 1st Vice-Pres't
W. B. RAYMUND, 2nd Vice-Pres't
J. B. HENDERSON, Secretary
E. B. MERRILL, Treasurer
H. HAWGOOD
A. C. HARPER
OCTAVIUS MORGAN
H. JEVNE
J. A. HENDERSON
B. A. BENJAMIN
l(^^^^7(y^y%%%f(^%7fJ('7<T<^f('^i<%7(''^^%7(^7(^^^^^
^WW^W/i
msi
R FINE YINEYRRO
AT A GREAT BARGAIN
Six Hundred Acres of foothill land in northern Sonoma County.
The soil is red loam, mixed with slate and quartz : contains a
high percentage of silica and oxide of iron, and is, therefore, spe-
cially suited to produce high-grade wines.
Sixty acres now planted in vines of the best varieties, mostly
on resistant stocks.
Water is piped from a living stream , on the place. Supply
always ample and of the best quality.
The wine cellar— capacity 60,000 gallons— is built of redwood
with a 15-inch concrete filling, maintaining uniform temperature
the year round. Crushing and fermenting rooms above the cellars.
Twenty acres in orchard — the choicest varieties of apples,
pears, peaches, plums and prunes. Also hundreds of olive trees,
the oil from which is of fine quality.
A good eight-room house, with large outside dining hall and
kitchen ; a six-room cottage and large barn and stables.
This fine property can be bought for $21,000. It is worth
much more.
For further information address
P. O. Box 425. Santa Rosa, Cal.
Help — All Kinds. See Hummel Bros. & Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
NEW ORLEANS AND THE EAST - Leaves Los Angeles Every Tuesday.
Thursday and Saturday at 8:30 A.M. Write Agent for Particulars
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
]^]^]^M
m
Grand Canon of Arizona
65 Miles from Williams, on the
LINE OF THE SANTA FE
m
m
m.
Words cannot express the grandeur of the scene as
one stands on the rim of the World's greatest chasm,
and gazes out over the awful depths. Stop-over privileges
allowed at Williams on both rail and sleeping car tickets.
Write for Grand Canon booklet*
JNO. J. BYRNE,
General Pass. Agent, Los Angeles, Cal.
fe
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
!
The Delightful Scenic Route
...To Santa cMonica
And Hollywood
Fine, Comfortable Observation Cars Free from Smoke, etc
Cars leave Fonrth street and Broadway, Los Anireles, for Santa Monica via. Sixteenth
street, every half hour from 6:35 a.m. to 6:35 p.m., then each hour till 11:35 ; or via Bellevue
Ave., for CoIegTove and Sherman every hour from 6:15a.m. to 11:15 p.m. Cars leave Ocean
Park, Santa Monica, for Los Anareles, at 5:40 and 6:40 a.m. and every half hour thereafter
till 7:40 p.m., and at 8:40, 9:40 and 10:40 p.m.
Cars leave Los Antreles for Santa Monica via. Hollywood and Sherman via. Bellevne
Ave., every hour from 6:45 a.m. to 5;45 p.m., and to Hollywood only every hour thereafter.
**"Por complete time-table and particulars call at office of company.
Sinsrle Round Trip, 50c. 10-Trip Tickets, $2.00.
316-322 WEST FOURTH STREET, LOS ANGELES ^
TROLLKY PARTIK9 BY DAY OK NIGHT A 8PECIALTY. S
I
-«.,»»»»J
^*
llfiRoSraiWfistefiRf.
The great transcontinental route
through Salt L/ake City and the
iosi MQOfiiiiceoi sceoery in Mm
No European trip of equal length
can compare with it in grandeur
of scenery or wealth of novel in-
terest. Pullman Palace and ordin-
ary Sleepers through to Omaha,
St. Louis and Chicago daily.
For information, handsomely
illustrated pamphlets, etc., call
'upon your nearest Ticket Airent,
or address :
G. VV. HEINTZ, Asst. Oen. Pass.-iiflrer Atrent,
Salt Lake City.
F. W. THOMPSON, Gen. Agent, 625 Market
St., San Francisco.
. Jft M M TK^K^r! ." M fK ^M^M'Mf^^^My^MJK Jf. Wk M M /^ J^ M ^
Pacific Coast Steamship Ca
FOR
SANTA BARBARA
AND
SAN FRANCISCO
Leave REDONDO
SANTA ROSA Wednesdays, 7 a.m.
STATE OF CAL Saturdays, 7 a.m.
Leave PORT LOS ANGELES
SANTA ROSA Wednesdays, 11:00 a.m.
STATE OF CAL Saturdays, 11 a.m.
Arrive at San Francisco Thursdays and
Sundays 1 p.m.
FOR SAN FRANCISCO
CALLING AT
Ventura, Carpenteria, Santa Barbara, Goleta,
Gaviota, Port Harford (San Luis Obispo),
Cayucos, San Simeon, Monterey and Santa Cruz.
Leave SAN PEDRO
CORONA MoNDAY-S, 6:30 p.m.
FOR SAN DIEQO
Leave PORT LOS ANGELES
SANTA ROSA Mondays, 4 p.m.
STATE OF CAL Thursdays, 4 p.m.
Leave REDONDO
SANTA ROSA Mondays, 8 p.iti.
STATE OF CAL — Thursdays. 8 p.m.
For further information obtain folder.
The company reserves the right to change
steamers, sailing days, and hours of sailing,
without previous notice.
W. PARR IS, Agent, 328 S. Spring «t., Lo«
Angeles. GOODALL. PERKINS A CO.,
General Agents, San Francisco.
* OF COURSE ALSO, OF COURSE, 2
ti YOU WILL VISIT YOU WILL STOP AT THE «
STOCKTON
Yosemite Hotel
«il»«iiii»»i»)%)i)i«»ii»ii(i»»««»»»»»)i««»»»»»»»»»»»»»«»»»tt»»»<^ «»»««««»»<»«»<(»»
ANYVO THEATRICAL COLD CREAM
prevents early wrinkles. It i<« n«>l a freckle coating ; it re-
moves them. ANYVO CO.. 427 N. Main St., Los Angeles.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
L
A
I
T
T
U
E
R
R
t:
(k)
A California Education
The bound volumes of tbe Land of Sunshine make the most interesting
and valuable library of the far West ever printed. The illustrations are lavish and
handsome, the text is of a high literary standard, and ol recognized authority in its
field. There is nothing else like this magazine. Among the thousands of publica-
tions in the United States, it is wholly unique. Every educated Californian and
Westerner should have these charming volumes. They will not long be secured at
the present rates, for back numbers are growing more and more scarce ; in fact the
June number, 1894, is already out of the market.
GENUINE }4 MOROCCO PLAIN LEATHER
Vols. 1 and 2. July, '94 to May, '95, inclusive $3.90
3 and 4. June, '95 to May, '96,
5 and 6. June, '96 to May, '97,
7 and 8. June, '97 to May, '9s,
9 and 10. June, '98 to May, '99,
11 and 12. June, '99 to May, '00,
13 and 14. June, '00 to June, '01,
15. June, '01 to Jan., '02,
tQDlimm
THE PIONEER EIRH OE SOUTHERN CT^LIEORNITX ^^
"";^-!A"^^.--" - ■" " ■^^TCTnTHTriTTTllTl 'III
IITmiT¥«
EVERY WOMAN
is interested and should know
about the wondeiful
Marvel s^:^
Douche
If your druggist cannot
supply the MARVEL,
accept no other, but write us for
Illustrated Book, sent free —
sealed. It gives price by mail,
particulars and directions invalu-
able to ladies. Endorsed by Ptayslclnns.
MARVEL CO., Room 33, Times Building, N.V.
t
DR. GUNN'SLiii
CURES SICK HEADACHE bv remov- ■ ^l*
inKthecause. CUBES DYSPEPSIA by nil | A
aiding digestion. CLEARS THE COM- B* | ll^
PliEXION, by purifying the blood. ■ ■^^^*
ONLY ONE FOR A DOSE.
These pills act quietly on the boweN, r*'movme the pestilent matter,
stimulates the liver into notion creating a healthy digestion eurinK
dyspepsia and sour stomach For pimply, pale or sallow people, they
imprt to the face that wholesome look that indicates health. Sold
by druggists or by mail. 2&C a box. Samples free.
DR. BO.SANKO CO., Philadelphia, Pa.
HUNTER & CAMFIELD -- --- ,„..e.
11 Qi/ SOUTH .NO LOANS
H^/2 BROADWAY
General Business Agents Los Anoblbs, Cal
Evohantres Telephones!
Ramon A TOILET 3o ap
FO R '3 ALE
EVERYWHERE
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
v3CJ3&J3ElJ3CJ3E-J3CJ3CJ3C^3BL3KJ3&-3E-J5C^3&
The
<<
Conquest of Arid Amcrica"
*
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4k
4k
4k
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I
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is pronounced by reviewers " one of the few really
best books on the West. A book every American
should read." "One of the most interesting, one of
the truest, most prophetic and most vital." " It is as
readable as a novel and has more brains in it than a
whole library of modern novels."
By special arrangement with Mr. Wm. E. Smythe, the
author of the above famous book, we are permitted to
oflfer it as a premium together with a year's subscri|>-
tion to Out West for $2.00, inclusive of postage. The
price of the book at all dealers is $1.50, or with postage,
$1.60. The price of a year's subscription to OuT Whst
being $1.00,
THUS OFFERING %Pj2«OU fOf 4)^.UU
Beginning with the July issue, 1901, this magazine
has regularly devoted some twenty pages to
Irrigation, Cooperation and Colonization, under the
personal supervision of Mr. Smythe. Those who desire
to keep in touch with the really big things of current
progress and interest, or enjoy the great variety of
articles which will appear in this department from the
pens of the foremost thinkers and writers of the West,
should take advantage of this premium offer.
Land of Sunshine Publishing Co.
Phone Ureen 1274
121^ South Broadway, LOS ANGELES, CAL.
>*?SrJ«Paloma Tpilet5?ap
AT ALL
DRUG STORES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Your choice at Half-price ^
Half-tone and Line-etching Cuts
We have accumulated over
2tXK) cuts of WesUrii subjects
whicli have been used but once in the Land of Sunshine or Out West.
They are practically a-v^ewoii' a* wrrv, but will be sold at half-price, viz.,8}^c
a square inch for half-tones larsrer than twelve square inches and $1 for those
under tliat size with 40c additional for vig-nettes. Line etchinsrs, 5c a square
inch for those over ten square inches and SOc for those under that size.
If you cannot call at our office send $1.50 to cover express charges on
proof book to be sent to you for inspection and return. The book is not for sale
and must be returned promptly. If j'ou order cuts to the amount of $5
the cost of expressagre on the proof book will be refunded.
Land of Sunshine Pub. Co.
Room 7, No. 121 >^ South
Broadway, Ivos Angeles
• -^ tS''S''i& sia"SS''^'S'S''&'S'S''S''^'S^'S''S'^'''^'S'S''S''TS'S''S''S' ■ S
7^
/jfl A NEAV NAME AND LOCATION
(f>
(f>
PRINTBRS AND BINDERS
OF "OUT AA^E,ST"
C. M. DAVIS CO.
sx.ooeediT.g Jling'sley - Barnes CSL Ne\iner Company
PRINTERS jS/ jZf je/ BINDERS
ENGRAVERS ^ STATIONERS
PHone Main -417
An Attractive Line of
Art Souvenirs
(1/
115 S. Broad^vay \|/
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
vl/
STEEL DIE AND COPPERPLATE \^rORHL
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
^is
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
AstKina Cure Free !
Asthmalene Brings Instant Relief and
Permanent Cure in all Cases
SENT ABSOLUTELY FREE ON RECEIPT OF POSTAL
CHAINED
FOR TEN
YEAFtS
There is nothings like Asthtnalene. It brings instant
relief, even in the worst cases. It cures when all else
fails.
The Fev. C. F. WELLS, of Villa Kidjfe. 111., says:
"Your trial bottle of Asthmalene received in good con-
dition. I cannot tell you how thankful I feel for the good
derived from it. I was a slave, chained with putrid sore
throat and asthma for ten years. 1 despaired of ever
being cured. I saw your advertisement for the cure of
this dreadful and tormenting disease, asthma, and thought
you had overspoken yourselves, but resolved to give it a
trial. To my astonisment, the trial acted like a charm.
Send me a full*sized bottle."
We want to send to every sufferer a trial treatment of
Asthmalene, similar to the one that cured Mr. Wells;
We'll send it by mail POSTPAID, ABSOLUTELY
FREE OF CHARGE, to any sufferer who will write for it, even on a
postal. Never mind, though you are despairing, however bad your case,
Asthmalene will relieve and cure. The worse yoitr case, the more glad
we are to send it. Do not delay. Write at once, addressing DR. TAFT
BROS. MEDICINE CO., 79 East 130 St., New York City. Sold by all
Druggists.
California
Crystallized Fruits
We crystallize about twenty different
kinds of fruits — they are perfectly pre-
served and keep indefinitely. Fancy Bo.xes,
assorted, sent prepaid, 75c Povmd.
i {
^ QlflCC Prunes stuffed with walnut Meats are Delicious.
m
Sent prepaid 75c Pound.
II Crystallized Navel Orange
9/li
^ 1'kkskkvkd Whole; retains perfect shape and
"^ individuality. Sent prepaid, $1.00 each.
9JA
W<
9M
Mail orders atlciided to promptly.
WELLS CANDY CO.
^ 447 South Spring Street
Los Angeles CRY3TALrZED NaVEL OfiANGr
^|gfMSS«§g»M»MS«l»^I^Sg§ij»ffiSg8g§i
Hummel Bros. & Co., "Help Center," 300 W. Secona St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
„-«^ rf««a* „^^tt*<SiSS^ ",--T-^-r- A^"l«- 1
=>/
nurv
XKe Ne-w Raymond
Exemplifies all that modern hotel science means.
All of its 400 rooms have the sun a portion of
the day and nearly all are en suite with private
bath. The office is spacious and inviting with
large open fireplace. There are several reception
or drawing rooms, billiard rooms for ladies and
gentlemen, a sun room, reading room, smoking
room, ball room, bazar, conservatory, and in the
center of the patio a typical Spanish garden.
The golf links are unique in their proximity to the
hotel to which they belong and the fine views af-
forded at every turn. The cuisine is as perfect as
can be made.
It is just far enough from Pasadena business
streets and railways to escape the noise, and just
near enough for convenience. From its sightly
location, the hotel - commands a magnificent and
unobstructed view, on all sides, of orange groves
and vineyards, of green valleys, "flower-carpeted
slopes and snow-capped mountains. There are
trolley and steam connections with Los Angeles
nine miles distant. The Raymond's Station for
three overland railways is but a few hundred
yards from the hotel, whence a brilliantly-lighted
subway leads to the basement elevator, or paths
and drives up the park-like eminence.
In fine, the New Raymond provides perfect
enjoyment among perfect natural surroun(^ings.
Walter Raymond, Prop. PASADENA, CAL M. C. Wcntworth, Mgr.
RoVal
Baking Powder
Made of Pure Grape Cream of Tartar.
Safeguards the food
against alum»
ROYAL BAMNG PO*DEH CO.. 100 WILLIAM ST , NEW >C>h
mm m im imai^ i
THE GENUINE
AtND
CHOCOLATE
Kw r m KiMEs urn. mm.
mm M) wm "sm. m? uml^
Walter Baker d( Co., Ltd.
ISTAIU ISIIII) I7H(). DOWflUsrtP. M/V">S.
FOREVER
Vol. AVI, No. 2
FEBRUARY. 1902
FORMERLY THE LAND OF SUNSHINE
Edited m CM^5W^f. Lumm
ANT>? ^
Copyrighted 190J by The Land of Sunshine Publishing Co.
1 i^ CENTS I OS ANnFI FS QAM PDAIvricrn
tf» 1 A
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
I
Hotel Westminster....
LOS ANQELES
American and
European Plans
1
The
Great
Tourist
Hotel
of
Los Angeles
Every Modern
Comfort and Convenience
"»' that can be found in
S\ any Hotel.
'^^^^!Samiimmmim^
^
\ Unsurpassed Golf Links.
\
Send (or Booklet on
Los Angeles and environs
F. O. JOHNSON, Proprietor
ictfi*
p-
B3 -^M
B D Si]
•1'
aia
■rr-'"'
TOlttlSTS and otliers troinff Easitward
will tiiid that a stop off of a few days
at Salt Lake City can be most pleasur-
ably spent. "The Knutsford" is the only
new fire-proof hotel, for the better class
of trade, in the city. Every place of in-
terest is nearby this hotel. Do not be
misled, but check your bairiraire direct to
"The Knutsford," Salt Lake City.
X.B. — An interestintr illustrated tx>ok-
■t on "ZIon," will be mailed to anyone
.IdressrnK'
«. ^. HOLMES. Prop.,
, Salt Lake City.
LOS ANGELES' FAMOLS HOTEL
The Angelus^
On the corner of Fourth
and Spring Streets, «>* J*
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Opened Dec 28, 1 90 1, by
G. S. HOLMES, Prop.
The " Kimisford" Hotel. Salt Lake City.
3Wjw?»W3»<j><s^;<<j><y>>ysiy».y,y.fr.a^y.,^,v.w^siy.yjwsi,^y^^^^
Please Mention that You Saw it In OUT WEST.
RE.f\OY-TO-\NE.f\K
GLOT-HING
If you have never worn any M. & B. Clothing you have yet
to experience that self-satisfied feeling that our customers tell
us about. We sell only the best, but our prices are not
extravagant. Mail orders filled promptly.
Suits or Overcoats, $10 to $25
/Vlullen & Bluett Clothing Co.
N. W. Cor. First and Spring Streets
LOS ANGELES
?#^^^^&#^^&^^^^^^^| ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD |^€#^^€€€
IRRIGATION !'"'A"«K
ARTHUR S. BENT
651 S. Broadway, Los Angeles
A DIFFERENT CALIFORNIA
Are all your ideas of California correct?
You may not know, for instance, that in
Fresno and Kings Counties, situate in the
noted San Joaquin Valley, is to be found
one of the richest tracts of land in the State.
60,000 acres of the Lag-iina de Tache
grant for sale at $30 to $45 per acre, in-
cluding Free Water Kijifht, at 62>^
cents per acre annual rental (the cheapest
water in California). Send your name and
address, and receive the local newspaper
free for two months, and with our circulars added you may learn some-
thing of this different California.
Address NARES & SAUNDERS, Managers,
BRANCH office: LATON, FRESNO CO., CAL.
1840 Mariposa St., Fresno, Cal.
C. A. HUBERT, 207 W. Third St.. Los Angeles, Cal.
TOURIST INFORMATION BUREAU, 10 Montgomery St., San Francisco, Cal.
NARES, ROBINSON & BLACK, Winnipeg, Man., Canada.
SAUNDERS, MUELLER & CO., Emraetsburg, Iowa.
C. A. HUBERT, 960 Fifth St., San Diego, Cal.
'Ji-iM.ufW'i >jW^'J!S7wmMm
_ ' MONEY REFUNDED IF NOT SATISFACTORY.
I4.-K-G0LD PEN- Sent ON APPROVAL TO RESPONS-
JBLE PEOPLE. TRY IT A WEEK. CATALOGUE FREE.
C^GRISWOLD ST.
DETROIT, MICH. U.SA.
OUT WEST
A MAGAZINE OF THE OLD PACIFIC AND THE NEW
EDITED BY CHAS. T. LUMMIS.
AMONa THE STOCKHOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ARE:
DAVID STARR JORDAN
President of Stanford University.
FREDERICK STARR
Chicago University.
THEODORE H. HITTELL
The Historian of California.
MARY HALLOCK POOTE
Author of The I<ed-Horse Claim," etc.
MARGARET COI^LIER GRAHAM
Author of " Stories of the Foothills."
GRACE ELLERY CHANNING
Author of The Sister of a Saint," etc.
ELLA HIGGINSON
Author of " A Forest Orchid," etc.
JOHN VANCE CHENEY
Author of Thistle Drift," etc.
CHARLES WARREN STODDARD
The Poet of the South Seas.
INA COOLBRITH
Author of Song's from the Golden Gate," etc.
EDWIN MARKHAM
Author of " The Man With the Hoe."
JOAQUIN MILLER
The Poet of the Sierras.
CHAS. FREDERICK HOLDER
Author of " The Life of Ag'assiz," etc.
CONSTANCE GODDARD DU BOIS
Author of " The Shield of the Fleur de Lis."
SHARLOT M. HALL
WM. E. SMYTHE
Author of "The Conquest of Arid Americat^etc.
WILLIAM KEITH
The arreatest Western Painter.
DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS
Ex-Prest. American Folk-I/ore Society.
GEO. PARKER WINSHIP
The Historian of Coronado*s Marches.
FREDERICK WEBB HODGE
of the Smithsonian Institntion, Washington.
GEO. HAMLIN FITCH
Literary Editor S. F. "Chronicle."
CHARLOTTE PERKINS STETSON GILMAN
Author of " In This Onr World."
CHAS. HOWARD SHINN
Author of " The Story of the Mine," etc.
T. S. VAN DYKE
Author of "Rod and Gun in California," etc.
CHAS. A. KEELER
A Director of the California Academy of Sciences
LOUISE M. KEELER
ALEX. F. HARMER
L. MAYNARD DIXON
Illnstrators.
ELIZABETH AND JOSEPH GRINNELL
Authors of " Onr Feathered Friends."
BATTERMAN LINDSAY
CHAS. DWIGHT WILLARD
Contents — Febriaary, 1902.
^Orang-es 250 years ago, illustrated, Chas. F. Luminis 127
On Certain Problems of Democracy in Hawaii, illustrated. David Starr Jordan 139
Porno Indian Baskets, illustrated, Carl Purdy 151
The Indian Basket Maker (poem), Anna Ball 158
The Simple Story of a Man, illustrated, Charles Amadon Moody 159
Matilija Poppies (poem), Julia Boynton Green 165
Ivubly Ge-Ge and Gruftang-rim (story), Eugene M. Rhodes 166
The California Poppy (poem), Joaquin Miller 172
The Anemone of the Kockies (poem), Mary A. Stokes 173
The American Cadmus, Margaret A. Logan 173
The Garden (poem), Edward Salisbury Field 176
'* To Make Better Indians," C. F. L, 177
For Vicente's Sake (story), Darwin Gish 179
The Landmarks Club 184
Illusion (poem), Juliette Estelle Mathis 185
In the Lion's Den (by the editor) 186
That Which is Written (reviews by the editor and C. A. Moody) 193
The 20th Century West, conducted by Wm. E. Smythe.
The California Constructive League l'*7
New Zealand Institutions (second paper), illustrated 200
A Record of Achievement, illustrated 209
San Mateo, illustrated, Wm. de Jung 221
Copyriirht 1902. Entered at the Los A nireles PostofHce as second-class matter, (seb pcblishek's pack.)
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
HOTEL CASA LOiVlA, REDLANDS
Charming in its
Surroundings
Luxurious in its
Appointments
Perfect in
Service
In the Midst of
Orange Groves
Surrounded by
Majestic
Mountains
With a Perfect
Climate
THE MOST BErtUTIFUU SPOT IN GftLIFORNIft
SEND FOR BOOKLET
J. H. BOHON, Mgr.
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^ 22 J S. Spring St. LOS ANGELES, CAL. ::^
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*
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[lastic felt Mattress, $10.00
This mattress is entirely different from any other mattress made, and
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225-227-229 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal.
opposite City Hall
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^VVVVVVVVVVVV%VVVVVVVVVV%VVVV%'VVVVVVVVVVV%%VVVVVVVVVV%V%^^^/V%V
^-^■J I
The Okanok Gardens of Akethusa, in LinrKiA. From Ffrrarims, tOjO.
(Seedlnir, plantidir, pottin«r, rraftinfr, and wall-traininir.)
HITHERTO
XKe Land of SiansKine.
THE NATION BACK OF US, THE WORLD IN FRONT.
OufWcST
Vol. XVI, No. 2.
FEBRUARY, 1902.
0RANGE:S 250 THARS AGO.
By CHAS. F. LUMMIS
O DOUBT the only permanent g-ood
a study of history can do any one
is by taking- — if indeed it shall be
able to take — the conceit out of
him. There is no virtue whatever
in the ability to patter dates, which
so many confound with a " knowl-
edg-e of history." Dates are acci-
dents— if there are such things —
whereas histor}' is a record (no
matter how stupid many of the
bookkeepers have been) of the in-
exorable procession of cause and
effect. It is a footing of the ex-
perience of mankind ; and its largest value is to dissuade
men from being so many kinds of fool again. Perhaps no
other one thing is so potent to keep a person from ever
really knowing anything about any subject as the facility and
taste to smatter its empty formulas b}^ rote. And fer contra,
common-sense has no better tool than a good working knowl-
edge of what others have done, why they did it, and what they
got by doing it,..^
One of the earliest and most valuable lessons history teaches
to such as can be taught anything is that You and I and our
times are not the Earth and the Fullness Thereof, but mere
drops in an inevitable tide ; that we did not invent Human
Copyrieht 1902 by Land of Sunshine Publishing Co.
128 our WEST.
Nature, and that we have not " cornered " it ; that We are not
so Smart as we Thougfht. Incredible as it may seem, there was
some World before we got here. And when we can face
and begfin to gfrasp that inconsiderate truth, we are in a fair
way to be able to get some good out of history.
Pretty examples of what I mean will suggest themselves at
once to any that are intimate with primitive peoples or with old
books — two things superficially far apart, but in very fact
rather near together. And for one such example we may take a
dog-eared volume from ni3' shelv^es.
Most Americans know an orange by sight ; and we of Cali-
fornia count it a blood relation. We do grow the best orange
in the world, and ship 18,000 carloads of it a year ; and we have
a modest notion that we invented it, and that we " know
oranges."
But the handsomest, the fullest and the most erudite treatise
on oranges ever printed does not derive from California, nor
yet from the Only Smart Nation and the First Time the World
was Safe. On the contrary, it was printed in Rome in the la-
mentable year of 1646 — and written at least two years earlier,
as the censor's permission (dated Sept. 6, 1644) shows. It is a
tall folio — my copy in vellum — of full 5>00 pages; in four Books,
and 91 chapters ; with 98 full page copper-plates — of which a
few are allegorical, but the great majority devoted to life-size
drawings of the foliage, flowers and fruit (round and in section)
of rather more citrus varieties than are familiar today. For
instance, it figures 5 kinds of citrons, 5 kinds of limes, 47 kinds
of lemons, 21 kinds of oranges. It quotes 148 still earlier
writers on citrus fruits — a longer list of authorities, I think,
than will be found in any modern book on this subject. More
accurate drawings of these fruits have never been printed ; and
the illustrations cover not only the varieties and even the
"freaks" of the Golden Apple, but the methods of planting,
budding, wall-training and housing it.
Perhaps the point likeliest to jar our complacent ignorance is
the fact that this venerable work describes and pictures seedless
oranges, and even the peculiar "sport," now an established
variety, which we know as the "Navel." Two hundred and
fifty seven years ago it was called the " Female, or Foetus-bear-
ing Orange " {aurautium focmiua, sivc fa-tit crum^ ; but no one
today can draw a better picture, nor a more unmistakable, of a
navel orange.* For that matter, the characteristic growth from
which our modern name derives is in this book called the "umbil-
icus " — the precise Latin (and English medical) word for navel.
This old prototype of the special fruit upon which, more than any
*Seep. 132.
ORANGES 250 TEARS AGO. 129
other one material thing-, the wealth of Southern California
hing-es, was so long- ag-o extensively grown in " Caieta, once the
nurse of the Great i^neas, now the name of an illustrious city"
in Latium. Its modern title is Gaieta.
The volume is (of course) in Latin — and the ver)- knotty-
Latin of its time and class. In a far from thoroug-h review of
it I have encountered more than 200 words which are not to be
found in any dictionarj^ I know of — and which certainl3- are
not in the best Latin dictionaries ever issued. Its title page,
when Englished, reads :
THE HESPERIDES
OR
About the Golden Apples,
Their Culture and Use
IN FOUR 'BOOKS
IBy] JOHN BAPTIST FERRARIUS OF SENA^"
Of the Society of Jesus
L H. S.
ROME
With the type of Herman Scheus
MDCXLVI
By permission of the Superiors.
Between these scholarl}" covers, all sorts of myths are given a
hearing- ; but the book as a whole is perhaps as sane as one of
our modern government reports. If it relates and illustrates the
story of Hercules and the Golden Apples — less hackneyed then
than now in writings on the orange — and the fables of Har-
* In Umbria.
l*T^
Sheds and Wall-training for Oranobs, />*«» Ftrrarh,*, lO^b.
IN A Roman Gardbn.
ORANGES 250 TEARS AGO,
monilla, Tirsenia and Leonilla, who from women were meta-
morphosed into orang-e trees — it also deals soberl}' with climatic
influences, protection against excessive heat and cold, manuring,
ditching-, irrigation and graft-
ing. If I may misrepresent its
real character in the following
pages, it will be for the very-
simple reason that the supersti-
tions we have outgrown are "more
interesting reading" than the ex-
pert details which stood the
test of centuries. T/iey may be
found in less flavorsome modern
works.
Book I deals with the general
history of the citrus family,
which it traces back to mythol-
ogic times. The fabled Hesper-
ides are sagely commented upon;
and an engraving shows an an-
cient statue of Hercules in the
original Orange Country. The
etymology of the various names
is discussed; "citrus" being
traced through Greek and Ara-
bic, and "lemon" of course re-
ferred to the Greek. "Orange"
(which we doubtless get from
mahwi aurantium) may derive its name from " Arantia, a town
of Greece, most prolific in this fruit, whence Hercules was be-
lieved to have brought it first," or from "Arianus, meaning
Persian;" or from the Latin word " rantius {raudiim) , that is,
of the yellow color of brass;" or from aurum, gold ; or from
several more desperate chances.
The orange is not only of the P. P. W.; our cheap human
acquaintance with it is of rather respectable antiquity. Varro,
100 years before Christ, mentions it as " the Lybian Citrus."
Macrobius, in the 5th Century, A.D., called it the "Citrus or
Persian Apple." By Pliny, about 50 A.D., it is termed the
"Assyrian or Median Apple," by Virgil, about 40 B.C., the
" Median Apple ;" by Phanias, the "Multiple Cedar." In the
ancient literature of the Hebrews it was " Hadar" or "the beau-
tiful;" in old Rome, "Adam's Apple" (that with which he was
tempted), "Paradise Apple," "Apple of the Hesperides,"
"Golden Apple," "Wedding Apple" (because it was said to
From Ferrarius, ib4b'
Thb Lisbon Orangr-— Very thin-skinned.
( About Vi life size.)
132
OUT WEST
^^
Thk "Navel" Orange ok Antiquity.
(About half life-size.)
From Ferrarius, lO^b.
have been a present b)'^ Tellus at the nuptials of Jupiter and
Juno). Dioscorides called it the "Cedar Apple;" Galen (about
A.D. ISO), the "Citrus Apple;" Aristophanes (so far back as B.C.
420), " Oximala" — and so on. A place in literature for 2300
years saves the orange from any suspicion of the parvenu that
might be suggested by its modern associations. The reverend
author mentions also the oranges of the Philippines, Brazil,
Palestine, India, Mauritius, Italy, Sicily, etc. He says that
the first orange trees were brought to Sardinia and Naples about
the year 1200 A.D. by Palladius ; and gives a beautiful allegor-
ical copperplate engraving of that significant event. It may as
well be confessed here that modern "half-tones" do scant
Thk iiKiNGiNG OK THK Okangk TO ITALY. From Fcrraiiiis, ib40.
134 OUT WEST.
justice to these splendid old copper-plates by Franciscus Alba-
nus, Andreas Sacchi, Nicholaus Pousinus, and others, engraved
by C. Bloemaert. It is still true — as it always will be — that no
other machine is so perfect as the human hand ; but no majja-
zine nowadays can afford to employ that kind of hands. The
iron machines are cheaper, and their product is as good as the
reader cares for. The plates are here reduced about one-half.
Simply in passing, I may remark that we in this country owe
the orange to Spain — as we owe many of our most important
products, like the best forage-plant in the world. The first
orange-trees in the New World were planted in Mexico, 350 years
or so ago, b}' Bernal Diaz del Castillo, a soldier of Cortez and
author of a book which is so much the most human story of the
Conquest of America that its value as scientific history can
easily be — and often has been — exaggerated greatly-. As has
been set forth in these pages more than once, the characteristic
orange of California, the " Washington Navel" — the best
orange in the world (to my taste), and nowhere else in the
world a commercial success — came to us thirty-two years ago by
way of Brazil. Two trees were sent from that countr}' to our
national Department of Agriculture, and from Washington two
trees born of them were planted in Riverside, Cal., in 1874, by
Luther C. Tibbits. Prom these two trees the profitable orange
groves of California derive. These parent trees have made mil-
lions of dollars even for the beautiful little city in which they
may still be seen — and, so proud should we be of our human
nature, the man who planted them goes to the poorhouse.
Nor will it do any harm to add, from easier sources, that the
orange probably originated in India and China (Gallesio seems
to have proved this), and was spread by the Arabs to Syria,
Africa and Spain. The Spanish name, "Naranja," is from
the Arabic " Naranj" — and that comes from the Sanskrit
" Nagrungo;" and has begotten the Italian "Arancia," and the
Proventjal "Orange" which we have adopted into our tongue.
But to return to our muttons. Book II of this work deals
specifically with the citron; Book III with the "Arethusa," or
lemon and lime; Book IV with the orange. For all these varie-
ties of the citrus family the treatment is studious, and — for its
time — exhaustive.
In a chapter (XVI, Book 2) on " Miracles of Art in Citrus
Fruits," the author tells how to secure sweeter fruit — "by soak-
ing the seeds three days in honey mixed with water or (what is
better) in sheep's milk." This is the advice of Palladius, who
also gives another formula:
" In the dead of winter, or in the month of February, they
The Changing of Tirsenia into an Orange Tree. From Ferrariiis, ib4b.
136 our WEST.
bore an opening- in the trunk, obliquely from the bottom. From
this they suffer the humor to flow while the fruit is forming: ;
then the opening is filled with clay." Directions are alsg given
for making the fruit larger ; for giving it various shapes ; for
making it hang on the tree all the year ; for making various
kinds of citrus fruits grow on the same tree — the latter from
Pontanus — and so on.
Book IV (beginning p. 367) is concerned exclusively with
" Hesperthusa or Orange"— the finest fruit of the Hesperides.
It "shines with more fiery gold " than any other. An excellent
copperplate shows the foliage and flowers life-size. Joannes
Tristanus — a Roman noble who had, ten years before, brought
out an erudite book of commentaries on the Roman princes —
is quoted to the effect that the first planting of oranges was by
the hand of Venus and on the island of Cyprus. Of the 25
chapters on the orange, there are those devoted to the wild orange,
"seedless" orange {seini)ia carcns, p. 381), the "curly-leaved" and
the "double-flowered" orange, the "starred" and the "rose-
marked" orange, the "striped" orange, the " fetus-bearing "
(navel) orange, the "hermaphrodite or horned" orange, the
"thick-skinned," the " distorted " the "Lisbon," the "Indian
orange in the Philippine Islands," the "sweet-rind," the "Maxi-
mus" (seven inches in diameter), and others. Of all these there
are life-size engravings showing the fruit whole and cut across.
Not only this, but the implements and methods of planting and
budding are shown ; and model housings against the weather.
Following are a few condensed translations from this curious
old book. In a later paper its dealings with the lemon, lime
and citron may be more briefl}' considered :
" Among Median apples, none is more robust than the orange
in its patience against cold. There are many witnesses of very
cold hours wherein its golden fruit shone liberally amid silver}'
snows. But it is remarked how to better the flavor by the
location; and expressly, that the meat of a sweet orange that is
in a sunny place is made sub-acid when removed from the solar
heat, and becomes bitterish, when shaded, from too much and un-
grateful sweetness." The author praises Naples as the best of
localities for the orange. [Book 4, Chap. XVIII.]
"Although the orange, being of hardier temperament, does not
demand the most exquisite culture, it does not refuse it. Hence,
it delights in dark, rich, well-crumbled, and humid soil ; although
it can be reared well in mediocre enough soil. . . If rich soil
be lacking, thou shalt enrich it as we have forwarned, by mixing
it^with manure ; and if thou wishest an orange liberal of its gold,
thoulshalt dol this liberally. ... If thou buriest a whole
Aegle, Chief of the Hesperideh, and Her Garden. From Fcrrariiis, it>4t>-
138 OUT WEST.
orang-e, from its corruption, nevertheless, crowded little trees
spring up — as many as the seeds that weighted it down. But
the slowness of planted trees is to be conquered by the artifice
of the grafter. Even of the seeds most selected for sowing, in-
deed, of the wild and undomesticated orange, they are wont to
grow up bearing fruit of harsh flavor and tiny growth. Hence,
the planted seeds of the sweet orange degenerate into acid and
wild fruits, which are afterward mitigated by grafting. Though
sometimes more cunning Nature thus out-does inexpert and un-
curious Art, as in the case of the seed-planted [a very rare use
of sativiis as opposed to silvestris — wild] orange, making it by
its own genius beautifully fruitful, and does not trouble to add
the budding. Wherefore the colonists in the Philippine Islands
plant them by seed in nurseries ; whence they transplant them,
a little adult, to prepared places. The people of Corfu, also,
very rarely bud, with mellow ones, the volunteer and wild
oranges sprung from fallen seeds ; but they have enough small
trees in the nursery to transplant, because from these, of their
own accord, fruits of absolute goodness are born. The Cretans,
however, propagate an orange tree sub-acid from the seed but
sweet by budding. But why do I traverse immense seas ? Why
journey in distant Isles ? The proof of what I seek afar, Rome
supplies. There tnay be seen in the cloister of the Godlike [St.]
Francis, in the Quintian Meadows,* beside the Tiber's banks,
a copse of orange trees having the name of "Curl3'-leaved,"
grown up happily without any aid of grafting, and most pro-
lific of fruit, which in size and suavity need not envy the
budded ones.
"But this same munificence of a more indulgent Nature, not
granted to all localities, shrewdly admonishes the Grafter that
by a natural art he should remove the Vice of the wild orange.
When it is, then, three or four years old, and certainly of the
thickness of a thumb already, he buds it with a well-tamed
orange ; or even if it is wild, applies to it the buds or shoots of
an improved [variety]. Thenceforth in the more delicate adopt-
ive tree the flavor will indeed be finer, but the life [of the tree]
shorter. That thou mayest couple together the Abundance and
the Flavor of the orange most perfectly, thou must bud its tree
upon the citrus, according to the land ; for thus in the advan-
tage of the Orange the universal fertilizing power of the Citron
is abundantly given forth."
[to be continued]
*Nained for Lucius Quintius Cincinuatus. and across the Tiber from the city.
139
ON CERTAIN PROBLEMS OF DEMOCRACT
IN HA\VAII.
By DA VI D STARR JORDAN.
II.
N THE extension of the rule of the United States a
number of things were possible, so far as the suf-
frage was concerned.
(l) Government by a governor or a commis-
sioner as a "Crown Colony," without local partici-
pation. This might give good government, but
it would not be in accordance with the methods of
democracy, and it has found few advocates in our
country. While in the actual control of colonial
dependencies such rule has its advantages, the re-
flex effects both of its successes and failures on the
welfare of the governing country are insidious and
~^ dangerous.
(2) Limitation of suffrage to American, European and
Hawaiian property holders. This was essentiall}' the arrange-
ment under the Republic. As a result, the local government
was, in general, economical, dignified and clean. There were
complaints of tyranny, and the majority of the people had no
voice.
(3) Suffrage limited to Americans and natives, with a lower
house elected by popular suffrage, and an upper house chosen
by those citizens having property. This arrangement was
earnestly recommended by the Hawaiian Commission of 1898,
Messrs. CuUom, Morgan, Hitt, Dole and Frear.
The bill prepared by these gentlemen provided that
" All white persons, including- Portuguese, and persons of African de-
scent, and all persons descended from the Hawaiian race, on either the pa-
ternal or maternal side, who were citizens of tbe Republic of Hawaii
immediately prior to the transfer of the sovereig"nty thereof to the United
States, are hereby declared to be citizens of the United States."
To be qualified to vote for representative it was proposed to
require that each voter
" (1) Shall be a male citizen of the United States ;
" (2) Shall have resided in the Territory for one year preceding, aAd
in the district three months preceding the time he offers to register ;
" (3) Shall have attained the age of 21 years ;
" (4) Prior to the election during the time prescribed by law shall have
caused his name to be entered on the register of voters for representative
for his district ;
" (5) Prior to such registration shall have paid on or before March 31
next preceding the date of registration all taxes due by him to the govern-
ment;
*' (6) Shall be able understandingly to speak, read and write the English
or the Hawaiian language."
Illustrated from photos by Henshaw, Hilo, H. I.
A Hawaiian LaM'IM
HA WAIIAN PROBLEMS.
141
To be qualified to vote for senators, a property qualification
was added as follows :
"To be qualified to vote for senators, a person must possess all the
qualifications and be subject to all the conditions required by this act for
voters for representatives, and, in addition thereto, shall own and possess
in his own right real property worth $1,000, upon which valuation legal
taxes shall have been paid for the year preceding- that in which he offers
to register, or shall have actually received a money income of not less than
$600 during the year next preceding the first day of April next preceding
the date of such registration."
The effect of this plan would be to recognize the Hawaiian
and American minority as the people of Hawaii, and the ori-
ental majority as non-resident aliens. This act would be justi-
fied only on the ground of distinctions of race, because many of
the Chinese and most of the Japanese in Hawaii are permanent
residents, having- no desire or intention to return to the mother
country. The recent policy of the sugar planters has been to
encourage laborers to remain permanently, and in late importa-
tions from Porto Rico married men have been given preference.
Laborers do better work and are more stable and tractable if
they try to build up homes. The exclusiveness of the Asiatics
tends to build up an imperium in imperio, a government within
a government to which they owe no allegiance. Alien people
having no share in public affairs will naturally develop leaders
and customs of their own choosing. Thus arises as
a matter of necessity a
rule of Tongs among the
Chinese, and among the
Japanese the growth of
their characteristic forms
of labor union. If the
orientals cannot govern
themselves under our
forms, they will do so
under forms of their own.
The second feature of
this proposed statute was
to form legislative bodies
of distinctive functions.
The senate, chosen by
men who have gained
some property, should be
a conservative body, inter-
ested in the financial wel-
fare and progress of the
Hawaiian-born Chinesk.
HAWAIIAN PROBLEMS.
143
Territory. The house of representatives, chosen by the people at
large, would serve as a guarantee of personal liberty and would
see that the whims and traditions of the native people were not
offended. In other words,
there should be a Hawaiian
house and an American sen-
ate, while oriental la-
borers should be with-
out representation, the
interests of their em-
ployers being their
chief protection
I may say in passing
that the requirement of
ability to read either
English or Hawaiian
is of little significance.
The Americans who go
to these islands are
never illiterate. There
is no place for unskilled
white labor. The Ha-
waiian language is a
very simple one, and
there are very few Ha-
waiians excluded from voting because they cannot read it.
(4) Suffrage limited to Hawaiians and Americans but with-
out other limitations of importance.
The objection to a property limitation is strong in the United
States, and the provision for such limitation in the election of
the local senate was stricken out in Congress. As a result, both
houses are chosen by a popular vote of the Hawaiians and
"Americans," that is, of citizens of American, European, or
African descent.
The result of the first election has been to give a Senate and
a House of Representatives characteristic of the majority of
the voters choosing them. Without entering on a detailed dis-
cussion, I may say that, officially, these bodies have shown
traits of irresponsible children. They have not been vicious or
corrupt, but trivial, incapable, and swayed by gusts of tempor-
ary feeling. On meeting an executive check from the Governor
of the Territory, the}^ sent a delegation to Washington to ask
for his removal. In the matter of appropriations, the public
revenue of the Territory was soon exceeded, and the question of
when and where the territorial band of public musicians should
Hawaiian Girls.
HAWAIIAN PROBLEMS. 145
play outweighed all questions of port improvement or of the
sanitation of Honolulu.
The conditions seen under the present suffrage act will im-
prove in the future. The experiences of the first )"ear will not
be repeated. With the passing- of novelty will come an increase
of responsibility. Besides, the American minority were in a
sense caught napping. In the future, efforts will be made to
divide the native vote, providing for the election to the legisla-
ture of a few men capable, through skill and familiaritj- with
parliamentary usage, of controlling its operations. Intimida-
tion is out of the question. Ingenuity and cajolery will serve
the same purpose. In the very nature of things, the white men
will dominate in Hawaii as everywhere else, when their com-
mercial interests are brought into opposition to the simple good
nature and love of pleasure of the native people. Already the
local politicians are calculating on the slow extinction of the
Hawaiians as compared with the rapid increase of the Portu-
guese. The Portuguese votes with the American, and before
many years his vote will be an offset to that of the native.
The extinction of the Hawaiian is, however, not a matter of
immediate prospect. The causes of decline in the race are
growing less potent. The disappearance of the native races
has been usually vaguely attributed to "the survival of the fit-
test" in the struggle between stronger and weaker races of men.
As commonly understood, there has been no such struggle in
Hawaii. The climate is favorable, and there has been food
enough and to spare for all. The strong race has shown no
desire to exterminate the weak. It has rather tried to foster it ;
for the first white residents came as missionaries, and the one
great need of the islands has been laborers.
So long as a day's work of unskilled labor will keep a man in
food and raiment for a week, the industrial stress cannot be a
cause in the decline of the lower race.
The causes of the decline of such races are not occult, nor
are they confined to Hawaii. They are, in general, drunkenness,
loss of self-respect, and far above all else, unchastity, with its
accompaniment of disease and sterility. This condition had its
origin in part in superstition and idolatry ; in part, it is due to
the presence in Hawaii, in the earlier da)'s, of large numbers of
whalers; in later days, of some 20,000 wifeless Chinese of the
lowest class of that race. Better social conditions, better sani-
tation and a more humane, more christian civilization is tending
to do away with these evils. The extirpation of the grosser
forms of vice will arrest the progress of Hawaiian extinction.
The chief evils of the present condition of the suffrage are
146 OUT WEST.
found in demagoguery, cajolery, wasteful and short-sigrhted
legislation ; in indifference to needs of sanitation, fishery pro-
tection, and other matters not in the intellectual foreground of
untrained men. To this end we may add a growing injustice
toward the non-voting classes, which constitute the majority of
the actual residents in each island. At the best such an admin-
istration is democratic only in name. If the American or non-
Hawaiian elements stood together, the condition would be
simpler. The real leaders of the native or " Home Rule" party
are not Hawaiians but "Americans." The three most con-
spicuous at present are respectively German, Russian and Irish.
The natives universally favor a return to the monarchy, but
they will not fight for it. They only mildly regret its disap-
pearance, or perhaps the loss of its show of force, its processions
and its feasts. The display of the Fourth of July celebrations
in its way tends to fill this want. The Americans themselves
are divided between two groups of conflicting tendencies. The
one is the "missionary" party which preserves the traditions
of the "Republic" and of the aristocracy which largely con-
trolled the declining monarchy. The other is the " American"
or " Carpet Bag" party, made up of late comers, who care noth-
ing for these or similar traditions. It is between these two
tendencies that the real political struggle in Hawaii exists, and
it will be fought out, not at the polls, but mainly with the ap-
pointing powers at Washington.
The executive, the judiciarj^ and the acts of Congress all
represent the limitations on local action exercised by the nation
at large. Some such limitations must exist in the case of every
State, Territory or community, forming part of a nation. In
the case of Hawaiian interests, it may be more important to in-
fluence or to control these than it is to direct the acts of the
local congress. For this reason, the real end of political move-
ments in the islands may be to make an impression at Washing-
ton. The Governor holds an especially important function. He
is a federal official and presumably represents the public opinion
of the country at large, of which these islands form a very
small and isolated part. His veto is supposed to hold legislation
to lines approved by the Administration at Washington. In
like manner, the federal courts have control over local legisla-
tion, it being their duty to interpret congressional legislation
and the provisions of the national constitution, in so far as this
constitution is sovereign law in the islands.
With absolute self-government unchecked by federal governors
or courts, all semblance of American forms and purposes would
soon be lost in Hawaii.
HAWAIIAN PROBLEMS. 147
(5) The use of some system of proportional representation,
whereby each form of interest would have a relative voice in
public affairs.
(6) The extension of the sufifrage on equal terms to residents
of all races.
(7) The extension of the suffrage to oriental householders, to
those who own property or to those who can read English, or to
any or all of these classes.
Some such arrangement as this would have advantages in the
way both of securing justice and of encouraging thrift on the
part of these people. The objections to this action are thus
stated by Governor Dole in his inaugural address on June 14,
1900:
" In our composite community the great world races are well represented
— Polynesian, Anglo-Saxon, Frank and Turanian. Because of this the
difficulties of g-overnment are much increased. For the protection of the
representative and other phases of modern civilized government, it has
been deemed essential to refuse citizenship to representatives of the
Chinese and Japanese nations, which together form a large part of our
population, although some of these are undoubtedly well qualified for the
duties of citizenship. The arbitrary denial of the franchise and conse-
quent representation to these, places upon the rest of the community —
whether as voters, legislators, the courts or the executive — the considera-
tion of the interests of these unrepresented persons. Neglect of this obli-
gation would not only be an injustice to them, but would inevitably menace
the welfare of all."
Governor Dole further points out that through the public
school system there will arise a better understanding among
the different races, and in time a larger and larger degree of
community of interests.
The present writer does not intend to argue in favor of exten-
sion of suffrage to Asiatics, nor in favor of any other proposi-
tion in regard to the suffrage. He has no desire to criticise or
to condone. The purpose of this paper is to point out as briefly
as may be some of the difficulties in the application of demo-
cratic forms of government to communities having differences
in racial traits and differences in interests which in a generation
at least cannot be obliterated. Any system of government
must represent in some degree a choice of evils. The nearest
approach to solution must come not through forms of govern-
ment, but through diffusion of education and especially of in-
dustrial training. This will give greater self-respect to the
classes of lower intelligence, make them more useful to them-
selves and to others, and tend to bring about that harmony of
feeling, community of interest and truthfulness of opinion
which are the foundation of all democracy.
The Hawaiians or any other simple-hearted people are fully
HAWAIIAN PROBLEMS. 149
capable of governing- themselves, through their own forms, in
their own way to their own satisfaction, and can do it in peace.
Ants and bears and beavers do the same. But their way is not
our way. It is not in the power of the Hawaiians to rule both
the Asiatic majority and the American minority to the satisfac-
tion of any of the parties concerned. They know nothing of
foreign relations nor of social problems, nor do they understand
or desire to promote American enterprise. The world and the
nation at large are remote to them and more or less repellent
also. They care nothing for extending business interests, and
the chief function of administration is to them the spending of
money. Government to them is represented by display. It is
not made up of police work, road-building, sanitation, scientific
investigation and schools, as the Anglo-Saxon mind has inter-
preted it.
It is not in accord with the theory of democracy that the
needs or energies of one class of men should be rated higher
than those of another in the same community. If we assume
that the efforts of the men of the European race should be
fostered without regard to others, our relation ceases to be
democratic. In such case the suffrage ought logically not to be
extended on equal terms to all resident races. If ours really is
a " white man's country," not an "all men's country," then it
is proper that only white men should be allowed to vote, especi-
ally when white men's business is mainly concerned.
A native legislature in Hawaii leaves the American unrepre-
sented. With an American legislature the Hawaiian is equally
unrepresented so far as his feelings and traditions are concerned,
though the American ma)^ better look after his material inter-
ests, matters for which as a rule the Hawaiian cares nothing.
A legislature of Hawaiians or of Americans or of both leaves
the Japanese and the Chinese still without a voice.
If Congress favors the Hawaiians or Americans or both, at the
expense of the still more numerous Orientals, it casts aside the
spirit of democracy. But this may find a justification in the
will of the nation as a whole, which is overwhelmingly on the
side of the American. As Mr. Lummis once said of the kindlj^
despotism of President Diaz in Mexico, " It is not republican-
ism but it is business." It is " business" so to limit the suf-
frage in our colonial possessions that business methods may
prevail in administration. It is justice so to extend our suffrage
that every human being, if he will, may find or earn a voice. It
is not necessary that suffrage should be universal, but in the in-
terest of justice it should be impartial, knowing no distinction of
race, color or previous condition.
Stanford Universit3', Cal.
ISl
"TSAI."
^ POMO INDIAN BASnilTS.
By CARL PURDY.
III.
N the preceding article we have dealt with the charac-
teristics of the "iSoft weaves" of Porao baskets. We
now come to the
"hard " WKAVKS.
In the "Tsai" weave a single stick is coiled
The thread passes through an awl-hole be
tween the alternate stitches below the preceding coil,
then over both preceding coil and the loose stick
above. Thus each stitch alternates with the stitches
above and below. In this way, beginning at the knob in the
center of the base of the basket, coil after coil is built up until
the end of the stick is sloped and neatlj^ bound down on the
upper margin. On each round one-half of the stitches are
plainly in sight and one-half partly concealed. The " Tsai" is
otherwise known as a "one-stick" basket.
The " Shi-bu" differs from the "one-stick" basket in
having three sticks bound in a bundle for its framework.
The thread passes through an awl-hole made in the upper edge
of the coil just below. As each of the sticks runs out a new
one is added. On a well-worked "three-stick" basket the
"SHI-BU.
The Snake Design ix Pomo Baskeis.
152
OUT WEST.
threads are all opposite, and completely cover the framework.
Placques and any modification of the bowl, canoe or basin, are
made in these two hard weaves, and they are the only weaves
upon which feathers or other ornaments can be used to advan-
tag-e. The " Shi-bu" is most hiofhly esteemed by the Indians,
and in it they can carry out the most intricate patterns, both in
the fiber itself and in the beads or feathers with which it is
ornamented. The most indefatigable patience is required in
the manufacture of these baskets, as for each stitch an awl-hole
must be made and the sharpened end of the fiber threaded
through. The thread is shaved down to such perfect evenness
that the eye can scarcely detect the shadow of a variation in its
thickness. As the basket is woven, beg-inning at the bottom,
the design is worked from the bottom upward. In working the
design the fiber is cut and a new piece inserted at every change
in color. In feather work each feather is plucked from the pre-
pared skin of the bird, and neatly caught in a stitch, which is
then pulled sotightl}' that the feather cannot be detached except
by breaking it off. When " kaia" is used, a thread is carried
along under the woof and the " kaia" threaded on as needed.
Beads are usually put on in the same way, but on some beauti-
fully beaded baskets the beads are strung on the woof itself.
Ka-dbb Lido (tmb Bottbkply).
POMO INDIAN BASKETS.
153
Butterfly Repeated.
Feathers are used in two wa3^s on baskets by the
Poraos. In the first way, they are secondary to the de-
sig-n, and only give a bit of color or a finishing- touch to a
basket with a pretty design. For this purpose the quail plume
and the red feathers from the woodpecker's head are almost the
only ones used. The red feathers are oftener placed regularly
but thinly on the lighter-colored fiber on the upper half of the
basket, and the quail plumes scattered, or below three crests of
" kaia" on the upper edge of the basket. These the Indians do
not consider feathered baskets at all.
In the feathered basket proper, there is little or no desig^n in
the fiber, and the basket is closely covered with feathers. The
Indians divide fully-feathered baskets into two classes, the
"ta-pi-ca" and the "e-pi-ca." The " ta-pi-ca" (literally
RED basket) is what is known among basket collectors and
dealers as the "sun" basket. The name sun basket is, I sup-
pose, owing to a misinterpretation of the Indian word. In
Pomo "da" is sun, " ta" is red. I have asked the name of
this basket fully a hundred times, of as many Indians, and in
all parts of the Indian country, and the name and interpretation
arc uniform, allowing for dialect, "ta-pi-ca," " ta-si-tol,"
" tan-kolob," all mean "red basket," with a sometimes secon-
dary meaning of ""pretty basket.'"'
FEATHKKKD
TA-PI-CA.
154
OUl WEST.
Clc-ka-ka Haya (Quail Plume).
In former days, the "ta-pi-ca," or "red basket," was alwaj'S
made in one pattern, shown in the oldest specimens, i.e., a
saucer-shaped basket closely covered with the red feathers, pro-
fusely decorated with pendants of "kaia" and abalone, with a
close circle of "kaia" around the top, surmounting- another close
circle of quail plumes, and often with a string of "kaia." This,
then, is the original " ta-pi-ca"; but for some years past it has
been beautifully varied by using the red feathers for a g-round
color and working in a design in other colors. More rarely other
feathers than the red are used for a groundwork. The use of
any other than red feathers is an innovation, though a charm-
ing one.
The Indian (Ballo Kai Pomo) name for a feathered basket of
any other shape than the one described is "e-pi-ca," or
" feathered basket," and this whether the red feathers and the
pendants are used or not.
I have still to meet an Indian who knew of such a thing as a
" moon basket"; and I repeat and emphasize the statement that
I have never met an Indian who knew of or used the terms
"sun" or "moon basket." There is no serious objection to
their use by basket collectors or dealers, but the names are not
Indian.
The " ta-pi-ca" is most highly prized by the Indian. A fine
POMO INDIAN BASKETS.
15-
specimen takes months, or even years, of the most patient and
painstaking- work of the woman, and long- hunts by her man.
Thirty to fifty feathers to every lineal inch are placed so per-
fectly that the surface of the completed work is like red plush,
and exquisitely perfect. I saw one which required two hundred
and forty quail plumes as a finishing" touch, and was fully two
years under wa3\
The real acme of Pomo art is not, however, in these beautiful
but barbaric feathered baskets, but rather in the "chuset,"
" tsai" and " shi-bu" bowls and canoes which combine so per-
fectly symmetry of form, soft colorings, and intricate designs —
perfect works of art from whichever point of view.
Perhaps the most interesting phase of the study of Indian
basketry is that of the names and meaning of the designs
with which the baskets are ornamented.
Next to a study of Indian myths and legends, this study re-
quires a knowledge of their language, at least of a good num-
ber of nouns. If this knowledge extends to several dialects, the
results obtained are much better, for if under such circumstances
the facts obtained are corroborative they are thereb}- proved
be)"ond reasonable doubt.
During the last three years I have made this branch of Pomo
basketry a particular study. I have a greater or less knowl-
Ka-cha-nac (Arrow-point).
156
0U7^ WEST.
ed^e of five dialects and a smattering of several others. When-
ever opportunity offers I propound the question in regard to any
basket at hand : "What is this desijrn ?" in the dialect of the
person addressed. In this way, giving them no clue whatever
to my previous knowledge, I have had the names of some de-
signs dozens, if not hundreds, of times, from individuals separ-
ated by both distance and language.
In some cases every witness agrees ; in others, the great ma-
jority. The field is a wide one, and I have by no means ex-
hausted it ; but as to some I feel I can speak with the weight of
evidence strongly in ray favor.
Whether the Porno woman first ornamented her baskets with
some mark and later gave it some name suggested by its form,
or whether she deliberately copied nature, we may never know\
Personally, I have no doubt that all of the designs originated in
an attempt to copy nature, and were afterwards gradually con-
ventionalized until in some instances it requires a vivid imagina-
tion to recognize in a design any semblance of the object whose
name it bears.
I have never seen in any Pomo basket a portrayal of an event,
or any attempt whatever at " picture writing," and I am per-
fectly convinced that there is not in existence a Pomo basket
POMO INDIAN BASKETS.
157
which is in that sense a " history basket." Moreover, I see in
the baskets of other tribes desig-ns identical with or similar to
those I know in the Porno, and must say that I view all such in-
terpretations with a degree of distrust. Before beg-inning- the
study of Pomo designs, I had been given by others certain names
for designs, which I accepted as correct and helped to dissemi-
nate ; but I am sorry to say that I find that in several instances
I have never had these names from a single Indian source, after
as many as a hundred inquiries among different tribes, inquiries
more frequently made in these instances because these were
mooted points. It does not necessarily follow that these de-
signs may not be known by the names formerly applied, among
some small tribe, but the evidence is indisputable that among
Bu-DE-LE ( Potato-head).
the leading Pomo tribes these designs have never been known
by those names. One peculiarity of Pomo designs is that there
is seldom a name for the entire design on a basket. As a mat-
ter of fact, the Pomo woman has at her command a large stock
of simple or root designs, each with a well known name. These
she varies, amplifies and combines in a purely artistic manner.
She is not trying to write a history of an occurrence, or to em-
bod}^ a religious belief. Her sole aim is to create something
beautiful. She is an artist, not a priestess or historian. Before
158 our WEST.
her basket is started she has in her mind's eye a clear picturejof
it as completed ; she counts no stitches and has no patternlbe-
fore her. She may have as her ideal a design she has seen, 'or
she may have evolved a new combination ; but whether|it takes
a year or twelve years, she keeps the plan clearly in view. For
the combination of root designs she has no name, and could not
well have. If you question her, she will analyze the intricate
pattern into its constituent parts, the names for which are com-
mon property. She does not know it as a whole, but only as a
composite. Again, her art is not a stationary one, a slavish
copying of others, but rather a progressive one, each woman
aiming to excel in the beauty of her product. How successful
they are in this attempt to vary and beautify, an examination
of a well selected collection of Pomo baskets will -show.
Scarcely two are alike, and when we consider how few original
designs are used, we cannot but find our admiration | for their
artistic ability growing very rapidly. The probabilities are that
no new root designs are being evolved. This is very strongly
indicated by the fact that as a rule the designs areiknown by
the same names by diflEerent tribes, an indication that the'root
designs were already well known before the original people
separated into the present many tribes.
[to be concluded.]
THE INDIAN BASnET-MAHER.
By ANNA BALL.
Pen, brush, nor chisel, needle, nay, nor tongue
By which my soul its right of speech may find.
But what can prove a fetter to the mind ?
Here are my ivory grasses ; once they clung
To mountain ledges where the great clouds hung.
And these slim jetty ferns their stems unwind.
By deep-down canon springs with dark moss lined.
And here are weeds and limber roots upstrung.
I weave my baskets ; all the high and low
Of my wild life in these wild stems I snare.
The jagged lightning and the star I show.
The spider and the trailing snake are there.
And many a mystic thought doth shape and flow,
Setting itself in picture firm and fair.
Colton, Cal.
159
THE SIMPLH STORY OF A MAN.
By CHARLES AM ADO N MOODY,
JN the editorial pages last month was printed a
concise estimate of one of the greatest men
the West has ever developed — the late John J.
Valentine. The following brief review of his
life gives perhaps a better idea of the man
than an}^ of the thousands of notices called
forth by his death. It is just and in-seeing,
enlightened by personal acquaintance and by
scrupulous investigation.
It was not a "story" life. It had no dramatic adventures
nor sensational fortunes. So even was the tenor of its way that
there is difficulty in showing forth its genuine mastery and
lesson. Yet it is doubtful if a braver man ever lived, or was
sorelier tested. Few men in America have wielded more abso-
lute power. Yet no man ever less abused it — and few ever used
it so wisely. And at no other time in American history has
there been such need of the example of a man who could handle
millions and not harden; who could rule and not for a moment
forget his trusteeship; who could "do business" and not be
"done" by it in any smallest atom of head or heart. Such a
man was this. — Ed.
Born in Kentucky in 1840, from the hardy and adventurous
stock that had earlier pushed across the mountains from Vir-
ginia into what was then the uttermost wilderness ; with com-
mon-school education, supplemented b}^ the more important
training of hard work and helpfulness ; starting at fourteen in
his native village to make his own way in the world as clerk in
the drugstore, which also happened to hold the agency for an
express company ; with the spirit of his pioneer ancestors
thrilling to the insistent call of the West, and lifting him in
1861 — when the miles must be counted by foot-paces, not blurred
by flying wheels — to California ; there soon appointed to a
minor agency of Wells Fargo & Co.; quickly promoted to the
important station at Virginia Cit}^ ; winning upward a step
at a time, without "pull" or " influence" except the inevitable
outgrowth of his native power and character, till, at thirty, he
was General Superintendent, at forty-two Vice-President, and
at fifty-one President, of the great corporation which meantime
(and largely as a result of his firm and wise control) had come to
count its stockholders and employees by the thousands, its mile-
age on railroad, steamship and stage lines by tens of thousands,
and its annual "turn-over" of dollars by tens of millions; dying
just past sixty-one, one of the best known and most widely
honored men in all the business world — these are the outlines
of a biography of John J. Valentine. When he entered the
THE SIMPLE STORT OE A MAN.
161
Mk. Valentine at the Time of His Election as
President of Wells-Fargo— 1892.
service of Wells-Farg-o, it w^as little more than a border stage-
coach line. When the reins slipped from his d3ang- fing-ers its
operations reached from ocean to ocean, and beyond, controlling
absolutely the express business in the larg-er part of the West
and in Mexico, and including one of the world's important
banks.
Of these vast and m ^ided interests, Mr. Valentine was
by no means merely outive officer, carrying into effect the
decisions of a mar ,ng board. Neither was he content to deal
with the large" lObleras, leaving " routine matters" wholly to
subordinates. He kept himself in touch with every thread of
the intricate web of its affairs. One of his methods was to
take frequent trips over the whole of the "Company's Terri-
tory," during which no detail, down to the lettering of an of&ce
sign or the blanketing of a horse, was too small for his scru-
tiny. And his interest extended far beyond the purely " busi-
162 OUT WEST.
ness matters," concerning- itself deeply with the personal welfare
of every Wells-Fargo employee. Each was to him something
more than a cog in a machine. It was his earnest desire that
every man of the thousands in the company's service should
grow to a sounder, fuller, better manhood by reason of his con-
nection with it. He was wont to justify this — and rightly — on
the ground of "the better the man, the better the employee."
An ordinary brain may accept the aphorism ; it took an extra-
ordinary heart to make of it a vital and controlling principle of
action.
To illustrate these points it is worth while to quote briefly
from the circular letters sent out at intervals to the employees —
letters, by the way, typical of the man and wholly unique in
"corporation literature." They were no bald, curt orders or
instructions, but were informed with such gentle and consider-
ate argument, advice and illustration as the wise head of a
family might use toward his household. Take this, referring to
his last trip before the final failure of health : "In some in-
stances, I heard of employees whose regular work required them
to be on duty longer than could fairly be considered an average
working day. I directed that steps should be taken to remedy-
this, feeling certain that suitable service cannot be rendered by
an overworked employee. . . . Economy is not to be gained
at the expense of impairing in any respect an effective, satis-
factory and becoming- service. ' There is that scattereth, and
yet increaseth ; and there is that withholdeth more than is
meet, but it tendeth to poverty.'" Or this, from a letter about
the extension of the company's library system: "Properly
considered, education goes on from the cradle to the grave ; and
the man who cherishes an abiding interest in whatever is tak-
ing place in the world at large proves, as a rule, the most effi-
cient workman." Or the letter giving most minute instructions
as to the care of horses in winter, which begins : " 'A righteous
man regardeth the life of his beast.' Prov. xii-10."
Not only did Mr. Valentine's broad and tender sagacity inspire
in greater or less degree every servant of the company — it made
of the corporation itself a live thing, not lacking heart, mind
or will. A few instances of its habit of well-doing will make
this clear. P^or many years no great disaster has overwhelmed
a community — be it Chicago fire, Kansas grasshopper plague or
Galveston flood — but Wells Fargo & Co. was at the front with
liberal contributions of money and free express service to re-
lieve the distress. It established its own circulating libraries,
so that its agents in the most remote places have at their com-
mand, without cost, the world's best literature. No faithful
employee need fear being turned out in sickness or old age to
THE SIMPLE STORT OF A MAN. 163
shift for himself — even
horses worn out[^in the ser-
vice are pensioned. Senti-
mental, and a sign of weak-
ness, will someone say ? But
the same company was gran-
ite against the attempts of
legislative "grafters" and
that ilk. Neither threat nor
persuasion could extract a
single dollar from it to
block a "cinch bill" or to
grease the ways for a desired
measure. It would do its
business cleanly and honor-
ably— or not at all. In more
recent years, this had be-
come so well understood that
members of the leech family
left Wells -Fargo severely
alone.
Mr. Valentine was neither
of those who can be gen-
erous with other people's
money while gripping
Mr. Valentine in the 'Seventies. , . ^
their own close, or iron
with a Board of Directors to brace them, but putty when stand-
ing alone ; nor of those whose kindliness or firmness is exer-
cised only within a narrow circle. His private charities, wholly
unostentatious, found their limit only in the needs of others
and his own ability to relieve them, while his kindly advice,
sincere sympathy and helping hand were at the service of any
who called upon them. No man could have won more delight
from the happiness of others, nor have been more continuously
thoughtful about adding to it. On the list of supplies for his
private car for his official trips through Mexico were regularly a
quantity of broken candy and a number of little gauze bags. At
each station, he would summon up enough Spanish to call to
the nearest urchin, "Hey, muchacho ! Venga ! " And both
mtichachos and muchachas soon learned to look for the passing of
el Senor Presidente de Welh-Fargo as one of the bright spots in
their lives.
During his last tour abroad, made necessary by failing health,
Mr. Valentine wrote to his life-long friend Aaron Stein — "Uncle
Aaron " — a series of long and delightful letters concerning the
164 OUT WEST.
scenes he was visiting; a series cut short, as was the trip itself,,
onl)' by the death of his friend. By previous arrangfement, these
letters as received were reproduced in manifold and a copy for-
warded to each of many friends whom he believed they would
interest. Similar instances of his thought fulness might be cited,
indefinitely.
All his life — though born in a "slave State' — a consistent
hater of human slavery, Mr. Valentine was among the most
outspoken opponents of recent American policy in the Philip-
pines. And he was of the few "men of affairs" who could not be
restrained from voicing his conviction on this subject fully and
on every occasion either by considerations of business policy,
personal abuse, threats to withdraw patronage from bank or
express company, or the persuasion of disagreeing or more
"politic" associates. All these were tried, but utterly without
avail. It was by no means the first time in his life that " busi-
ness policy " had seemed to compel one course, his own con-
ception of right and duty another ; nor did he ever fail to choose
the higher standard.* For the consideration of those who think
conduct should be squared to "will it pay?" the fact ma)-^ well
be noted that Wells Fargo & Co. has paid large and constant
dividends under Mr. Valentine's management ; and his private
estate proved to be larger than even his friends thought possible.
There is space here only to touch upon Mr. Valentine's intellect-
ual achievements, though these were amazing in view of his busy
life. It was not surprising, perhaps, that he should have been
a profound student of finance, transportation and economics.
But where he found time to make his mind a veritable store-
house of the choicest literature of the ages; to qualify himself
to discuss intelligently — and with experts — Homer, Spencer or
the Wagnerian school of music; how he could remain to the end
of his life responsive alike to the lightest play of wit or the most
delicate touch of pathos — this was a marvel to those who knew
him best.
His life was an answer to the question how to be a Christian
though in business. For many years President of the Y. M. C.
A. in San Francisco, and Senior Warden of his church in Oak-
land— indeed, preaching from the pulpit when occasion arose — his
religion was neither a cloak, a shield, nor an insurance policy.
*As an example at once of his safij^acity and his fearlessness, it may be
noted that when all the silver-producing' West, and a great share of the
East, was apparently following' after the strange gods of Free Silver, Mr.
Valentine had no hesitation whatever about opposing and exposing the
fetish of the great majority of the patrons of his company. In five yeara
the nation — including the West — overwhelmingly agreed with him. — Ed.
M ATI LI J A POPPIES.
165
He summed it up, when the Great Shadow was already drawing
near him, in the words, '*I fix my faith on the gentle Nazarene.
That is all." He did not talk much about What Jesus Would
Do — so far as he could, he lived it.
To the room where his body lay there came by hundreds
people from every walk in life, from leaders in the business and
social world to poor creatures who felt themselves friendless in-
deed, since he had gone. I have spoken since his death with
many who knew him well on some of his many sides — not yet
with one who could talk of him long without a choke in the
voice or a mist in the eye.
Los Auffeles, Cal.
MATIUIJA POPPIES.
By JULIA BOYNTON GREEN.
EN blithely hazard life and all, I hear ;
They give good years, foregoing home and friend,
Those over-bold adventurers who wend
Northward beyond the lands of sun and cheer.
Where Father Yukon pours his stately flood
Frenzied for wealth they fare, through fatal cold,
Peril, privation, hardship, all for gold ;
To pay for this how small a price is blood I
Yet here these bloom and guarded by no law,
Each with her proffer of resplendent dust
Yellow as ever lit the eye of lust ;
The peerless poppies of Matilija.
The fairy tissue of their fluted dress
Might tire Titania fitly; 'twere allowed
Love dying to implore so pure a shroud.
Or shriven souls to crave such spotlessness.
Redlands, Cal.
166
LUBLT GE-GE AND GRUFF ANGRIM.
By EUGENE M. RHODES.
UBLY Ge-gfe galloped merrily down the Lomitas road on
Mr. Dooley, the pink donkey, in the cheerful October
afternoon. Perhaps scampered is the better word to
describe the progress of Mr. Dooley ; who, with ears
thrown back and head thrust forward, his wicked eyes
alight with mischief, went down the way in a cloud of
dust, shying nimbly from one side of the road to the other
at judicious intervals, seriously jeopardizing Lubly Ge-ge's
precarious seat thereby.
But Ge-ge's mulemanship proved equal to the occasion. The
scratched brown legs clung fast, and at each of Mr. Dooley's
strategic efiForts, Ge-ge crowed ' ' Ha !" in the cheeriest, most
musical note that boy or bird ever startled a listening ear withal,
and encouraged Mr. Dooley with a stout mesquite branch.
Lubly Ge-ge's eyes were deep blue, like violets in winter.
He was freckled and tanned as to his face, and, alas, grimy as
to his hands. His hair was long — his mother said it was
auburn — and he looked the thing he was doubly not — a cherub.
His hilarity was heightened by the pleasing consciousness of
wickedness, for at this moment he was supposed to be visiting a
playmate at Tularosa.
The Mexican wood-haulers said, as this apparition scattered
dust on them in passing, "Ah, what a devil of a boy is Ge-ge 1
What a boy 1 and what a burro !"
For native and Saxon with one accord were loud in their de-
preciation of this audacious demon's pranks — and, with similar
unanimity, were wont to show their disapproval of the culprit
by the bestowal of assorted candies and sweetmeats much to the
comfort of the inner Ge-ge.
After a mile or two Mr. Dooley abated somewhat in his
reckless career, and Ge-ge sagely remarked:
"Ha! Guess we'll go back home now I Uncle Jim said
Giant Gruff angrim lived down there."
But Mr. Dooley seemed to have conscientious scruples about
returning ; and in the debate that followed, the mesquite argu-
ment was dropped.
"Hal" said Ge-ge — and slipped off to recover that symbol
of his domination over the beasts of the field. Alas for Ge-ge!
As he stooped to pick up his property, the perfidious Dooley per-
ceived his opportunity, and started to run. Ge-ge tugged at
the reins violently, but stumbled over a bush, and the faithless
Dooley left the road and set off across the mesquite-covered
LUBLT GE-GE AND GRUFFANGRIM. 167
desert, looking- back over first one shoulder and then the other
in contemptuous derision, and uttering- his discordant brays.
"Ha !" said Ge-ge — no whit daunted, and gave resolute chase
forthwith. Surely, there was never a burro so abandoned, so
recreant, so lost to shame as this Martin Dooley. He would
stand quietly, with lowered head and drooping ears, the image
of meekness, till the reins were almost within reach, always to
run again at the last moment. In vain did Ge-ge tempt him
with handfuls of grass and honeyed words alternated with
other reproachful remarks, which may not be written here lest
his mother should see and grieve.
But Dooley was proof against cajoleries, and deaf to the
dictates of honor — and even led his pursuer farther from the
road and out on the dim gray desert. And though Ge-ge did
not notice it, an ominous, dirty-white cloud grew in the north,
and the cold winds began to rise. The small bare feet were
bleeding from cruel thorns, and the small brown legs were
growing weary — and at last they ran into a bunch of wild
burros. Dooley, ceasing his unjustifiable and tantalizing tactics,
set off in unmusical and fleet pursuit.
Poor little Ge-ge ! The fictitious strength of rage begotten
of his wrongs died away, and he sat down and cried. He was
only five years old.
Long time he wept — till he was called to action by a sense of
bitter cold. The low afternoon sun was blotted out by a dry,
white mist-like dust, and a fierce, numbing wind chilled him
to his bones. Child as he was, he knew that the dreadful
Norther was upon him, and he must find Tularosa or die.
Brave little man 1 He dried his tears and stumbled wearily
along, and said, with a shivering attempt at cheerfulness,
" Guess my papa will find me." Then, with a memory of his
mother's knee, he painfully choked down a lump in his baby
throat and said " Maybe God'U send one of his angels. But — "
with a wisdom far beyond his years, which even gray hairs do
not always confer, "I'll just keep trying to go right home —
cause, maybe, God's pretty busy, and I don't want to be too
much trouble !"
No, Ge-ge I Fortunately for you, it was not ' ' too much
trouble;" for those poor bare legs could not have withstood the
cold another half-hour. As he went along, he shouted in a thin,
childish treble that he tried to make brave "like papa said,"
which even in his desperate pass retained a faint trace of the
jubilant "Ha!" of happier times.
Suddenly, "Hello!" shouted a startled voice close to him.
"Hello!" returned Ge-ge — and a moment later a form loomed
168 OUT WEST.
gigantically and indistinctly through the mist, and — '* O,.
mercy ! — that is not God's angel — that tall, fierce man with a
cocked six-shooter in his hand, rough, bearded, dusty and stern.
Oh — it is — it must be — Gruffangrim !"
The new-comer picked up the trembling little form. " Why,
you poor little fellow," he said; "who are you, and how did
you come here ?"
" I'm Fwedewick Ca'loss Morley, and I'm losted — and please,
Mr. Gruffangrim, take me home to my mam-m-m-ma !"
*' Don't cry, little man," said the stranger, "you're all right
now." But his face was troubled. He took Ge-ge down into a
"sink-hole" — a natural depression common in the alkali lands
— and wrapping his coat about the boy's form, warmed the poor
little bleeding feet at a very small fire that was burning there.
Gruffangrim showed no signs of devouring him, neither was he
half as tall as Uncle Jim said, and Ge-ge made a note to the
effect that Uncle Jim told wrong stories.
The grateful warmth, and the unexpected kindness of this
reputed monster, cheered him, and his natural boldness returned
somewhat.
"Why don't you put on more wood ?" he demanded ; " you've
got lots."
Gruffangrim looked somewhat embarassed. "Eh? I might
as well" he said. "It's no difference now. Say, tell me how
you got lost, anyhow."
Ge-ge told his woeful tale, and the other listened with knitted
brow and an air of preoccupation, as of one who is solving
some perplexing problem, "and" concluded Ge-ge with a diffi-
dence entirely foreign to his normal disposition, " and I thought
at first you was old — old Gruffangrim, but maybe you're one of
God's angels — after all ?"
The other coughed behind his hand. "Well — h-m — hardly,"
said he. "I'm old Gruffangrim, all right enough. And now — ,"
his face grew set and stern as if steeled against some present
danger. "Now, Frederick Carlos, you stay here a little, and
we will just mosey along to Tularosa." He disappeared, and
came back presently leading a thin and weary horse. He sad-
dled him up, leaving out one saddle blanket, which, with his
coat, he wrapped about the little form ; and the ill-matched pair
rode slowly out into the biting mist.
The child snuggled up against him. "Will you help me
whip Mr. Dooley when we find him ?" he said.
It was four o'clock when the coming storm caused Ge-ge's
mother to miss him and go to her neighbors in anxious search ;
LUBLT GE-GE AND GRUFFANGRIM. 169
and it was half-past before she realized that he was not with
any of his playmates.
The alarm was given, and men rode up and down every street
crying- aloud in English and Spanish that Lubly Ge-ge was
lost — was lost ! and enquiring who had seen him last. Presently
they came to the Mexican wood-haulers, who told of seeing
him on the Lomitas road two hours before.
A few minutes later every man in Tularosa who could get a
horse had started for the spot where the boy was last seen, while
the few who were left afoot prowled around the bushes nearer
town.
The Sheriff and Ge-ge's papa took charge of the party. It
was too near night to follow the trail far, so Ruperts, the In-
dian trailer, was left behind to trace it as far as he could. The
others, spreading out into a vast semicircle, rode at intervals of
two or three hundred yards, keeping their distance from each
other by continual calls.
Meantime the women and children built an immense bonfire
at the big horse corral, on the desert edge of town. Theirs
was — as always — the hardest part, to wait in maddening inac-
tivity. The Mexican women vied with their white sisters in
endeavoring to console and comfort the distracted mother with
tales of children who had been lost and found, and glib assur-
ances that the men would indubitably find him. All social dis-
tinctions, all previous unkindness and ancient grudges were for-
gotten.
Mrs. Judge and Mrs. Doctor — who had been at daggers drawn
for months — buried the past in their backing up of each other's
generous and optimistic lies. For the first time in a century of
sleepy years, Tularosa was bending every energy to a common
end.
The horsemen were far out on the plain, and it was swiftly
turning dark. The suspense was growing unendurable, and
hope was almost lost, when an answering shout came faintly
from far away.
" All ri-ght I The hoy is all right ! "
The father heard it, and the sheriff, and a dozen others as
well — and with a great cheer they all ran at full speed in con-
verging lines in the direction of the answer.
The father was a few yards in advance, and " Oh, my baby I"
he said, as he held out his arms — and then, "You 1 My God 1
Quick ! take my horse ! The sheriff is coming I " he cried, and
sprang down with Ge-ge. But it was too late. Even as he
spoke, men were nearing them on every side.
170 OUT WEST.
"No use," said the other quietly, as he mounted. *'But
thank ye kindly, just the same."
"Run, Ge-ge ! " said his father, setting- him down — "Run —
run 1" and drawing his six-shooter, he sprang on the other
horse and, spurring beside the stranger, faced the sheriff.
But the officer threw up his hands in warning, and shouted,
" Don't shoot ! Hold on, every one ! By God, John Brady, you
are a man all right ! And damned if you lose anything by this
day's work ! Listen. Come to Tularosa with us. I would let
a rattlesnake in to the fire, a night like this, and I promise you
shall go free with twelve hours' start tomorrow — and no man
shall touch you unless he kills me first." "And me," said Ga-
ge's father. "And me," echoed the other dozen men around
them, though up to that moment half of them had been his
bitter foes, ready to hunt him to death.
"Thank ye, gentlemen, thank ye," said Brady in a grave and
gentle drawl. "As you say, the night is rather chilly. I guess
I'd enjoy a good sleep in a real bed. But though your offer is
really lib'ral, there is another condition I'd like to make. Old
Zip here" — he patted his horse gently — "is about to lay 'em
down ; you-all shot him some the other evening, and if dark
hadn't of happened along just then you'd 'a got me sure. And
you see, I was sorter expectin' to get another horse tonight and
mebbe find a Winchester lay in' in the road somewhere."
"You shall have them," interrupted the Sheriff ; "an' by
God, we-all '11 get you a pardon too, or know why. 'Twas an
even break, anyhow — if you hadn' 'a' got him he'd 'a' got you."
" All right, Bill, I'll go," said Brady. "Call the kid."
" Shake," said the Sheriff, " and put on this coat — you must
be mighty nigh froze."
The little party turned back to the town, emptying their six-
shooters to notify the others of the successful termination of
their search, while Ge-ge again related his experiences, and the
father in a husky voice gave heartfelt thanks to the rescuer.
"Well," observed the sheriff, jocularly, "I reckon this here'U
finish my chances of being elected. You-all '11 vote against me
on general principles, and my side will be wild 'cause I let yer
go."
"Ye-es, that's so," assented Brady thoughtfully. "It's
kinder rough on you. Sheriff — and I'm mightily obleeged to ye.''
"Pshaw, man — I had a mighty slim chance anyhow; I ain't
precisely pop'lar, you know. When the Governor appointed me,
it did look as if no one was pleased but me, nohow. Say,
Brady, you look sorter peaked. Guess watering at night don't
agree with yer constitution and by-laws."
LUBLT GE-GE AND GRUFFANGRIM. 171
" Well— it's partly that," said Brady ; "and then you-all shot
me some round the edges, like, as I took up my departure."
They were drawing- near the light and the waiting crowd.
"You take him, Brady," said Ge-ge's father, " and give him to
his mother."
When the firing announced that the lost was found, it was
taken up all along the line, so that, though all knew the boy
was found, it was impossible, in the general fusillade, for many
to find where he was, and every one started top-speed for the
fire.
But the little party with Ge-ge rode slowly, on account of
Brady's weary horse, and so it was that practically all Tularosa
was waiting for them, and when the others fell back, and the
tall figure, with a gaunt, haggard face, bearing the boy in his
arms, rode into the circle of firelight, a hush like death fell
upon the throng. For a fortnight before, this man had raced
with death through their streets, through a rain of lead from
every house and wall, with half Tularosa in fierce pursuit — and
a quiet figure, with a pale face upturned to the sky, lay behind
him in the plaza.
One moment, and then they realized that he was braving a
shameful death, and — what he minded much more — risking the
triumph of his enemies, for the child's sake — and a thousand
voices swelled wild to heaven.
He gave the boy to the mother's arms, while she wept over
her darling, and sobbed broken thanks to the rescuer — and for
the first time in all his wild, hard, lonesome life, the hand of a
good woman clasped his.
"Mamma! mamma!" clamored Lubly Ge-ge, desirous of
showing due courtesy to his new acquaintance, " this is Old
Gruffangrim — and, mamma, he's not a bad man at all — and me
and him is going to settle wif Mr. Dooley, and now he's going
wif me. I'm tired and hungry — and now, Mr. Gruffangrim,
come home wif me !"
And so, through a line of sobbing women and cheering men
a child's hand led the rough wanderer home.
But on the morrow Brady was delirious. The wounds and
exposure had done their work — and there was nothing done in
Tularosa save parleying and planning and telegraphing. Also,
a picket kept guard around the town day and night for a week,
till everything was settled to their entire satisfaction — and they
that approached were gruffly informed that Tularosa was not
at home. "Go to — Alamogordo," was all the information they
vouchsafed; " it's not so far off as here."
172 OUl WEST.
A month later, in a crowded court-room, Brady, white and
worn, stood in the prisoner's dock, and listened gravely to the
absurd phraseology in which it pleases the legal mind to word
an indictment for murder.
" Prisoner at the bar — you have heard the indictment. Are
you guilty or not guilty ?"
" Guilty."
The Judge, in a few terse sentences, gave him the least
penalty the law allowed, and then there was a hush, and the
Governor of the Territory spoke briefly. He recited the circum-
stances of the killing — and of the child's rescue — and then "in
response to a petition signed by the great majority of the voters
of Otero county, and in recognition of the unselfish heroism of
your atonement, you are pardoned. And I trust that the man
who was brave enough to do that deed, will be brave and stead-
fast enough to live henceforth an honorable life! You are free."
He gave to little Ge-ge the paper which meant so much — and
the child handed it to Gruflfangrim and kissed him. And then,
in the Sheriff's vigorous language, " hell broke loose."
The Sheriff made one mistake. It is well known that West-
erners are a lawless race — far inferior to the Easterners in their
respect for justice, their love of the good, the true, and the
beautiful, and their devotion to those principles that make for
civic righteousness. The Easterners admit this themselves.
Doubtless that is why the Sheriff was re-elected by an over-
whelming majority, contrary to all expectations.
Tularosa, N. M.
THE CALIFORNIA POPPY.
By JOAQUIN MILLER.
^
HE golden poppy is God's gold,
The gold that lifts, nor weighs us down,
The gold that knows no miser's hold.
The gold that banks not in the town,
But singing, laughing, freely spills
Its hoard far up the happy hills ;
Far up, far down, on every turn.
What beggar has not gold to burn I
The HifflUs, Oakland, C.il.
173
THE ANEMONE OF THE ROCKIES.
By MARY A. STOKES
iHEN the foothill loosens her cloak of snow
And bares her breast to the warm Chinook,
There by her nude brown foot, we know
"We shall find if we but look.
Cradled in furs from throat to toe,
A baby anemone sleeping low.
The snowbirds twitter a chansonnette
And the babe peeps out with her soft blue eye.
Thirsting, she seeks the rivulet
'Neath the mother's cloak awry ;
Her velvet lip she creeps to wet
And her face in the snow cloak's fringe is set.
Helena, Mont.
THE AMERICAN CADMUS.
By MARGARET A. LOGAN.
HERE could hardly be more appropriate title than
this which has been given the truly great
aborigine who is commemorated by science in the
name of the hugest trees in the world — for the
Sequoia gigantea, the incomparable Redwood
of California, was christened in honor of the
only American Indian that ever invented a writ-
ten language, the only Indian "Educator" (as
we use the word nowadays), Se-quo-yah, the
Cherokee.
Se-quo-yah's mother was a Cherokee maiden whom a Dutch
peddler, named Gist, wooed and married while trading among
her people. Gist was a lazy vagabond, but admired industry in
others. He watched this girl as she prepared the venison and
birchen dish of hominy in her father's cabin, saw her go out
into the field to assist in cultivating the maize, and, on her re-
turn, pick up a moccasin that she was embroidering with many
colored beads ; and he thought, truly, that such a thrifty wife
would be cheaply purchased with the best contents of his pack.
The bargain with her father was soon made, and Gist took
this Indian bride to his home in eastern Georgia ; but, before
two years had passed, the roving habit returned, and he left
without a word. This was in 1771, and he was never seen or
heard from again ; but in three months a little son came to
cheer the widow's solitude. His mother called him Se-quo-yah,
174 OUT WEST.
which means '''' He guessed it,'''' a probable reference to the family
name Gist, or Guest; but poetically apt in the light of later
events. Among the English he was afterwards known as
George Guess.
A Cherokee woman was allowed to hold prop>erty in her own
right, and Mrs. Gist possessed a little farm of eight acres which
she could cultivate herself. The little Se-quo-yah's cradle was
made of dried buffalo skins, fastened to a straight board.
This, when working in the field, his mother would fasten to
her back or hang upon some bush near by ; and when engaged
in household duties, she stood the cradle with its little occupant
in some safe corner of the hut. As the boy grew older he
seemed to share his mother's energy, and was soon able to assist
her in farm work. Having no one to teach him the manly
sports in which other youths were engaged, Se-quo-)'ah often
amused himself with carving upon wood, or bark, and at last
became so expert in the use of his knife that he could make
many improvements in his mother's milking and cooking
utensils.
As her boy showed some of his father's taste for trading, Mrs.
Gist allowed him to visit the hunters' camps and exchange guns
and hatchets for furs and skins which would furnish them with
clothing and winter covering. So passed a peaceful youth.
But with manhood came the loss of the mother whom Se-quo-yah
tenderly loved, whose influence and guidance had been the great
blessing of his life.
In the lonely days that followed, he became the silversmith of
his tribe. He had, besides, some fame as a storyteller, and this
attracted many visitors to his wigwam ; but, feeling the need
of more gentle companionship, Se-quo-yah determined to seek a
wife. Choice being made, he proceeded to woo the girl in true
Indian fashion.
He painted his face, breast and arms in every color of the
rainbow, then he greased his black hair and adorned it with
Indian "jewels," and finally wrapped himself in the buffalo
robe, a symbol of care and protection which was offered to the
bride. Thus arrayed, Se-quo-yah stood day after day at the door
of her cabin, smiling whenever he obtained a glimpse of his be-
loved, but never daring to address her. Not until the price
which her parents chose to demand for the maiden had been de-
cided upon was she allowed to give a smile in return. This
weighty matter being settled, Se-quo-yah that night loaded his
horse with buffalo robes and tied it at the door of her hut. The
next morning he found that the robes had been taken in, a sure
THE AMERICAN CADMUS. 175
sign that she accepted his protection, and he could claim her as
his wife.
Se-quo-yah is said to have had a very pleasant countenance; his
face was Asiatic in contour, with the softness and refinement of
an Eastern sag-e. His wife was very handsome — tall, symmet-
rical and delicately formed. They lived happily tog-ether for
some years ; then Se-quo-yah grew dreamy and apparently in-
dolent, while she became absorbed in children and household
cares. The wife, not understanding his unwonted listlessness,
would often reprove her husband for lack of industry ; but Se-
quo-yah's mind was busy, for he was already brooding over the
mystery of " the talking leaf."
This was a paper found upon a white man taken prisoner by
the Cherokees. He explained to them that it was a letter from
one of his friends, and read it to them; but the Indians declared it
must be a message from the Great Spirit. ' ' No, " said Se-quo-yah,
" the white man knows how to make fast his words upon paper,
just as we catch a wild animal and tame it." The subject inter-
ested him more and more, so at last he borrowed the English
spelling-book from the mission school. But, not knowing a
single letter of that language, this could do him no good. Then
he said, " I will make an alphabet for my people, that they may
have talking leaves of their own." Receiving no encourage-
ment from family or friends, Se-quo-yah might have abandoned
the enterprise, but for a severe accident which crippled him for
many years.
Unable to engage in active pursuits, he sat alone at the door
of his cabin, listening to the songs of the birds, the rustling of
the leaves, and the rippling murmur of the water. Then he
thought, as every movement, emotion, or passion was represented
to the ear by some peculiar sound, why should not every sound
be depicted to the eye by some appropriate symbol. So Se-quo-
yah made his children bring pieces of bark from the woods and
gather herbs from which his wife could extract beautiful dyes ;
and again resorted to the knife with which he had before be-
come so skilful. He carved and painted upon these pieces of
bark symbols of things, or parts of things, which stood for cer-
tain sounds of the Cherokee tongue. After much labor, Se-quo-
yah discovered that with eighty-two of these signs he could repre-
sent every sound of his native language.
Then all the neighboring chiefs were summoned, to whom he
explained what he had accomplished ; and to prove its practical
use, called in his little daughter, Ahyokeh, the only one of his
family who had shown much faith in his self-appointed task.
The child was sent from the room, while some of the chiefs re-
176 OUT WEST.
peated sentences which Se-quo-yah wrote upon the bark ; and
when she returned, Ahyokeh read them off as readily as if
she had heard them spoken. The chiefs were at last convinced,
and news of the great discovery spread. When it reached Wash-
ington, Congress voted a silver medal and five hundred dollars
to be bestowed upon the inventor. He afterwards received a
literary pension.
Se-quo-yah lived to see four million pages of good literature in
his signs. In 1797, John Arch, a Cherokee who had been in-
structed by the missionaries of Tennessee, visited Se-quo-yah
and, after learning all about his work, translated the third chapter
of St. John into Sequoyah-syllabic characters. This translation
was copied and read by millions, and then other books were pre-
pared in the same way ; those who could obtain them read them
in preference to the English, the sounds of that language being
unknown and unfamiliar.
In 1840, this great Indian traveled towards the Rocky Mount-
tains, hoping to find some trace of a missing branch of his tribe
which, according to tradition, had strayed in that direction.
Near the banks of the Colorado, he was overcome by age and
fatigue, and his companions buried him there among the shifting
sands. When his bones were sought, that they might be given
honorable burial, not a trace remained. Yet he is not without
fitting memorial. In the Council hall of Tahlequah a marble
bust of Se-quo-yah was placed, and in the public library of Boston
an elegantly bound copy of his Testament may be seen. And
we may hope that at least, one grove of the giant Redwoods
may be spared, as an evergreen monument to this Cadmus of
America.
Pass Christian, Miss.
THE GARDEN.
By EDWARD SALISBURY FIELD,
Y%^ARKSPUR and eglantine,
I^M Heartsease and heather,
^"^^ Hollyhocks, four-o'clocks,
Poppies, mignonette and phlox
Growing wild together.
What a dear, old-fashioned nook,
And how few would heed it.
What a place to take a book —
And never read it !
177
"TO mahe better Indians."
^^flHE new Leag-ue (of national scope) "to make Better In-
J^ dians and! better- treated ones," is rapidly shaping its
organization. B)'- next month's issue it will be incor-
porated and officially at work, and it has already done a good
deal of work, unofficially but effectively.
Its constitution and platform will be published next month.
Those who have already consented to serve on its Advisory
Board for the first year are Mrs. Phebe A. Hearst, founder
of the Department of Anthropology of the University of Cali-
fornia ; Major J. W, Powell, the explorer of the Grand Canon
of Arizona, and head of the Bureau of American Ethnology ;
Prof. W. J. McGee, second in command in the same institution :
J. Sterling Morton, founder of Arbor Day and ex-Secretary of
Agriculture ; U. S. Senator Thos. R. Bard, of California ; Miss
Alice C. Fletcher, Fellow of the Peabody Museum, member of
the Council of the Department of Anthropology, Universit)'^ of
California, and the most successful intermediary with the Indians
the government has ever had ; F. W. Hodge, of the Smithsonian
Institution, co-laborer and successor of Dr. Elliott Coues, the
greatest critical editor of Western history ; Archbishop Ireland,
one of the foremost American publicists; Hamlin Garland, author;
Dr. Washington Matthews, the dean of American ethnologists;
Miss Estelle Reel, Superintendent of all Indian schools. The
rest of the Board will be of people equally distinguished for their
knowledge of Indians or their interest in humanitarian causes.
Among the Executive Committee will be Dr. David Starr
Jordan, president of Stanford University, Cal. ; C. Hart Merriam,
head of the government's Biological Survey, Washington, one
of the foremost living biologists, and a man of ripe experience
with Indians and the frontier ; and George Bird Grinnell, editor
of Forest and Stream (N. Y.), author of many standard books on
the Plains Indians, and an honorary chief of the Blackfeet.
The plans of the League have been carefully outlined in per-
sonal conversation with President Roosevelt, Secretary of the
Interior Hitchcock, and Commissioner of Indian Affairs Jones,
and by them all and severally heartily approved and promised
personal co-operation. U. S. Senators Geo. C. Perkins (of Cali-
fornia ) and Boies Penrose ( of Pennsylvania ) have promised
their assistance. Edward Everett Hale and ex-President Cleve-
land express their cordial interest in the League's work ; of
which the next issue of Out West will give a concise forecast.
The magazine will be the official organ of the League and will
keep pace with its aims and its acts.
178 OUT WEST.
With the proverbial slowness of legislative bodies, Congress
has as yet done nothing for the relief of the 300 evicted Mission
Indians ; but sufficient pressure is now on — beyond reasonable
doubt — to secure action in the only line in which it can be effec-
tive.
An earnest protest has already been forwarded by the League
against the proposed abolishment of the Mission-Tule River
Consolidated Agency and the turning of its duties over to the
Superintendent of the Perris government Indian School — or of
any other school. The man who shall run a government Indian
school of hundreds of pupils honestly and efficiently will have
both hands full with that one job. If — in adequate discharge of
his duties — he does not neglect his family, it will be because he
is an uncommonly good man and an uncommonly effective one.
If he tries to take any other man's business on his shoulders,
he will have to shirk either the old or the new duties.
The agent in charge of this agenc)', if he does his sworn duty,
has an even heavier contract. An administration as business-
like and clean-cut as we have now would, if it knew the facts,
appoint an extra agent and " disconsolidate " the agency, rather
than think to abolish the one agent — and it would be better
economy. So unbearable has become the state of things that
this League is formed primarily to remedy it ; and no member
of the League will for an instant favor a measure whose only
result would be to add incalculable confusion to a disgraceful
enough situation already, to block the work of the League, and
to impose almost incalculable hardships on the Mission Indians,
who have already had more than their share of trouble. Beyond
a reasonable doubt, the Department will heed this protest.
Without going into the details of the case, the folly of abol-
ishing this agency and giving its duties to a man who will have
all he can do to stay in his office and run a competent school, is
sufficiently shown by the following table of distances between
this agency and the 34 reservations under its control ; adding
merely that these journeys are to be made, not by Pullman, but
mostly by wagon or horseback :
50 miles, 75 miles, 35 miles, 130 miles, 170 miles, 120 miles, 70
miles, 100 miles, 85 miles, 25 miles, 75 miles, 40 miles, 35 miles,
75 miles, 65 miles, 110 miles, 240 miles, 480 miles, 160 miles, 150
miles, 130 miles, 80 miles, 85 miles, 6 miles, 55 miles, 52 miles,
35 miles, 75 miles, 190 miles, 60 miles, 65 miles, 55 miles, 60
miles.
Anyone who can believe that any one man can run any kind
of a school properly — or do any other business whatever — and
contemporaneously pay to these distant, scattered, desert reser-
vations any adequate attention, can believe anything.
The present incumbent of this agency seems to be doing his
FOR VICENTE'S SAKE. 179
duty as well as one can whose hands are tied. He is no longer
allowed even a clerk — and a reasonable service would require
two clerks, if not two agents. No provision is made for that
suffering of the Indians which is due exclusively to the failure
of the government to take care of them. A good many of them
would have stcirved to death long ago if private help had not
reached them.. For instance, Miss Du Bois is feeding half a
dozen old, helpless and penniless Mission Indians. Their help-
lessness is due not to the fact that they are Indians and impro-
vident, but to the fact that our government has not fulfilled its
obligations to them, and has suffered them — in its distant ignor-
ance of the facts — to be crowded into the deserts where a horned
toad might scratch a living if single, but must inevitably starve
if led into matrimony.
It will be a function of the League to remedy some of these
shocking facts. Its creed is based on the faith that the govern-
ment's intentions are honorable — and that the present adminis-
tration is peculiarly "horse-sense." Given the facts, it will do
the right thing — and the League proposes to give the facts.
FOR VICENTE'S SAIIE:.
By DARWIN GISH.
iOSEFA was Itired ; so tired that the distance
across the room seemed a long way to her
But when one is sixty years old, and bends all
day over a low washtub, it is not strange that
she is tired when night comes. And when
the drudgery has continued day in and day out
for many years, with no hope of relaxation in the future and
small store of happiness in the past, the weariness becomes
deadening.
Josefa knew that her mind had grown dull and her heart
hard, just as she knew that her glossy black hair had turned
gray, that her face was furrowed with wrinkles, and her back
grown bent almost to a deformity. But she had long since
ceased to care very much.
During the day, while at work, her mind was almost a blank ;
but at night, upon the little straw pallet that served for a bed,
the torture of strained and aching muscles kept her long awake;
and in these hours of quiet she would knock at the doors of
memory and somewhat laboriously recall the more important
incidents of her life, dwelling with a lingering fondness upon
anything that had meant happiness to her.
She could remember the days of her girlhood when she lived
at a beautiful little hacienda near San Gabriel. The memory
of her freedom from care at that time seemed like a dream of
some strange and impossible land, and she smiled a little in-
180 OUT WEST,
credulously to herself. There were horses and dog's and sheep,
and she had loved them all. And there were so many flowers.
And then Vicente had come, and had loved her. How hand-
some Vicente was ! She remembered how she would sit in the
shadow of the window to watch him ride past, so tall and
straight. How splendidly he rode his horse ! . What a noble
brow he had ! And she closed her eyes, even in the dark, to
get the picture of him clearer in her mind.
Finally they were married, and moved from the hacienda
into the town ; and then trouble began. But it was not Vi-
cente's fault. Vicente was always so kind, and Vicente worked
very hard. But he was unfortunate ; everthing that he under-
took went wrong, somehow, and often they had not bread in the
house. So they moved again, into the outskirts, into this same
little house. She did not mind it so much then, for she was
young, and the patter of baby feet on the hard dirt floor was
music to her ears.
Besides, she had Vicente.
But her youth faded in the poverty of the hut, and the little
feet ceased to patter on the hard floor. Two of her babies lay
under unlettered mounds in the churchyard, and the other, Jose
— Jose was a man now, but he was a roisterer, and cared noth-
ing about his mother. He had been very rough and unkind to
her when she saw him last, and she had not seen him for years.
Her heart overflowed with bitterness as she thought of Jose.
But she could endure it all until Vicente went. Why he went,
or where he went, she did not know. She tried and tried to re-
call the circumstances of his disappearance. It was so many
years ago. She couldn't remember whether he had said he was
going to find work or not ; but anyhow he had gone away one
day, and she had waited for him when night came, and then had
waited for him while the weeks grew into months, and the
months into years. She was still waiting for him, wasn't she ?
Of course she was. Why else did she work so hard, but to have
something saved up for Vicente when he should come home ?
For she thought Vicente might come home sick, and she knew
he would be old, although she always thought of him as a young
man, with his splendid carriage and the independent toss of his
raven black hair. For what other reason did she live so poor,
and for what purpose did she save every cent, except for Vi-
cente ? Had she not two hundred dollars in a can in the floor
just under where the string of chiles hung ?
Ah, she had counted the sum so often, and it had grown so
slowly. In all the years since Vicente went she had saved only
that. That would be a great sum for her, but Vicente could
FOR VICENTE'S SAKE. 181
not live as she had lived. Vicente must have nice things.
She would g-et up early in the morning' and work harder the
next day and try and make a little more.
People told her that Vicente would not come back, but she
knew better than that. They did not know Vicente as she
knew him. Vicente would come I And with this faith secure
in her heart she usually went to sleep.
She had worked even harder than usual today, but she had
earned cuatro realcs ; and when she thought of that she did not
feel quite so tired. That would be a great addition to "Vicente's
money" as she called it. The twilight had already turned into
dusk, and it had been long since she had permitted herself the
extravagance of a candle. When she heard a knock on the door
she dreaded to walk across the room to open it, she was so tired.
And then she was a little afraid, too, for her house was a long
way from the road and it was seldom that people came there at
night. But when she opened the door she saw an inoffensive
stranger, a little man stooped almost as much as she was her-
self, and quite old. His voice was not strong. He asked for a
night's lodging. It was a long way to the next house and he
was tired, he said. He would give her dos reales. She had
only a big pile of leaves for him to sleep on, but he said
he would take that. What should she do ? The dos reales
tempted her. It was as much as she usually made in a day.
That would be seventy-five cents in one day to put away for
Vicente. And then, she was as much afraid to refuse him as to
let him stay.
The dos reales turned the scales, and she let him in. He
gave her a little box to keep for him, which she thought was
strange, and then she went into the other little room in the hut
and lay down on her pallet of straw and pulled an old comforter
over her. Her back was so tired that she could not straighten
it out all at once ; but it seemed so good to lie down. She told
her beads and then began to "remember," as she did every
night. But tonight she could think of nothing but Vicente.
That was because she had made seventy-five cents for him
that day. How happy he would be when he should see how
much she had saved. If she could only make that much every
day 1 The stranger hadn't paid her the dos reales yet, but he
would in the morning. What if he went away before she was
up the next day, and should not leave her the money ? But he
could not do that, for he had given her that box to keep for
him. Why did he do that ? Mightn't there be something in
182 OUl WE S 7 .
the box to harm her ? She shook the box but it did not rattle.
Then she became curious. He had no right to give it to her,
anyway.
She crawled on hands and knees to the door and peeped
through the crack. The stranger was sleeping quietly. So she
crawled over into the moonlight where it came through the
window, and worked hard with the string before she could untie
the knot. Then she unwrapped the box and opened it. In the
top was cotton, and under that was roll after roll of paper
money. She always kept her money in gold, for she felt surer
of it in that way ; but she knew what bills were.
How much there was she could not tell, but she knew that
there was a great deal. She started to count it, but heard a
noise and slipped into bed trembling from hand to foot. She
thought there must be a thousand dollars! A thousand dollars!
If she only had that to put with "Vicente's money!" She
hugged the box close to her and smiled at the thought. A
thousand dollars 1 Then she would not have to work so hard,
and Vicente could have a horse when he came. Vicente was so
fond of horses. Who was this stranger ? He had not yet paid
her the dos reales that he owed her. He was probably going to
cheat her out of it too, although he had so much money.
Where did he get a thousand dollars ? He didn't look as if he
had earned so much. He stole it, probably.
And then something very strange happened. We are prone
to ridicule the Biblical expression, " and the devil entered into
him." But the devil entered into Josef a that night. The daily
hardening of her heart to all but Vicente made it easier for him
to enter ; the brutalizing effects of hard work and poverty gave
him a better hold ; but the deed of that night was the deed of
the devil that possessed her, not the deed of Josefa.
Suddenly her* jaw shut tight. She raised her head from the
bed with a new look in her eyes, and her hand began seeking
for the knife she kept in her bed for her defense. It was all
done very quickly. She found the knife and crept stealthily to
the door. She opened it very cautiously, and stole to the side of
the old man who was asleep. His head was turned away, but
the moonlight streamed across his breast and she could see the
beat, beat, beat of his heart. She poised the knife for just a
moment, then sunk it deep. The man gave one groan, and
turned half over. That was all. Her aim had been true.
The deed was done ; the devil came out and left her. She
dropped the knife in the leaves that made the old man's bed ;
the fierce light died out of her eyes and horror came in its
place. She gazed about the room terrified, and stumbled back
FOR VICENTE'S SAKE. 183
to her bed. Here she fell in a heap and drew the covers over
her head.
She was a poor little woman, and she had worked so hard and
tried to be good. Why had the devil used her so ? Slowly she
began to think. What had she done ? Slie trembled as if in
an ag-ue. The box was under the covers with her and she pushed
it out. It had grown hateful to her. What did she want with
money that was not hers ? The stranger would have given her
the dos reales^ and that, with the fifty cents she had earned,
would make seventy-five cents for Vicente. Besides that, she
had two hundred dollars. That would last Vicente a long time.
And Vicente would be too old to want a horse. Why had she
not thought of that ? How glad she would be when Vicente
came 1
And then the terror of her deed came back to her. Surely
she had not killed the old man 1 She had not meant to kill
him ! He was a stranger and very gentle. He would have
paid her the dos reales. But if she had killed him, then the law
would kill her and she would not see Vicente.
Oh, God, not to see Vicente 1
She tried to pray, but she could not get the words out. She
tried to begin her little routine of memory, commencing with
her girlhood, but things would not come out straight. Only in
the thought of Vicente could she get some comfort. Vicente
would come I He would protect her ! Not even the law could
make him give her up. She would hide the body in the morn-
ing, and no one would know. Nobody saw the old man come
there. And then Vicente would come soon, and she would not
tell him where she had got so much money. And they would
be so happy. Vicente would take her in his arms again and
put his cheek against hers. "Yes, Vicente will come, Vicente
will come !"
Repeating this to herself, she lay until the first light of day
entered her window. Then she arose to hide the body of the
stranger. It was pitiful to see how she staggered. She had
grown so much older in one night.
She took the body of the man she had killed in her arms and
dragged it to the door. As the light fell upon them she saw a
saber scar on his neck and a little tattooed anchor on his fore-
arm. With a gasp she pushed back the hair from his brow and
looked searchingly into his face. Then without a word or a
cry, she sat down on the doorstep and took his head in her lap.
Vicente had come.
San Francisco, Cal.
184
LAMDMARKS
TO CONSERVE THE MISSIONS
AND OTHER HISTORIC
LANDMARKS OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA.
DIRECTORS.
J. G. Mossin.
Henry W. O'Melveny.
Rev. M. S. Liebana.
Snmner P. Hunt.
Arthur B. Benton.
Margaret Collier Graham.
Cbas. F. Lummis.
OFFICERS.
President. Chaa. F. Lummis.
Vice-Piesident, Marsraret Collier Graham.
Secretary, Arthur B. Benton, 114 N Sprinir St.
Treasurer, J. G. Mossin.
Corresponding Secretary. Mrs. M. E. Stilson.
812 Kensingrton Road, Los Antreles.
Honorary Life Members : R. Ejran, Tessa L. Kelso.
Life Members : Jas. B. Lankershim, J. Downey Ha rrey, Edward E. Ayer, John F.
Francis, Mrs. John F. Francis, Mrs. Alfred Solano, Marjrart't Collier Graham, Miss Collier,
Andrew McNally, Rt. Rev. Geo. Montjromery, Miss M. F. Wills, B. F. Porter, Prof. Chas.
C. Bra«rdon, Mrs. Jas. W. Scott, Mrs. Phebe A. H.;arst, Mrs. Annie D. Apperson, Miss
Airnes Lane, Mrs. M. W. Kincaid, Col. H. G. Otis, H. Jevne, J. R. Newberry, Dr. W. Jarvis
Barlow, Marion Brooks Barlow, Geo. W. Marston, Chas. L. Hutchinson, U. S. Grant, jr.,
Isabel M. R. Severance, Mrs. Louisa C. Bacon, Miss Susan Bacon.
Advisory Board : Jessie Benton Fremont. Col. H. G. Otis, R. Earan, W. C. Patterson,
Adeline Stearns Winir, Tessa L. Kelso, Don Marcos Forster, Chas. Cassat Davis, Miss
M. F. Wills, C. D. WillJird, John F. Francis, Frank J. Polley, Rev. Huffh K. Walker,
Elmer Wachtel, Maj. H. T. Lee, Rt. Rev. Joseph H. Johnson, Bishop of Los Anireles, Mrs.
Caroline M. Severance.
Chairman Membership Committee, Mrs. J. G. Mossin.
@f?HK Club begs to remind those whose g-enerous help enables
X it to carry out its work that all annual memberships lapse
January 1st, and that these fees are now due. P^orjjetfulness to
send in dues seriously handicaps the Club's labors.
All persons who can care for such a cause as the preservation,
from vandalism and decay, of the finest architectural remains in
the United States — and of historic landmarks in general — are
invited to become members of the Club. No other formality is
necessary beyond the payment of dues of $1 per year. Life
memberships are $25 ; and several contributions of larger
amounts have been received. All moneys go net to the work ;
the officers of the club all serving without compensation of any
sort.
Two of the Club's most indefatigable workers, Mrs. J. G.
Mossin and Mrs. Harriet C. Wadleigh, have now in press in this
office, and for the Club's benefit, a large and invaluable Land-
marks Club Cook-Book — the only authoritative and characteristic
California cook-book thus far. Besides a great number of proved
recipes from all over the world — no city has a more cosmopolitan
population than Los Angeles — it has a larger and more de-
pendable array, probably, than was ever before published in
English, of the best typical dishes of early California, Mexico
and Peru. These are not the usual cook-book *' Spanish " foods,
but the real thing, gathered by the Club's president from the
foremost cooks during many years of intimate acquaintance with
nearly all Spanish-America — and competently as becomes a
ILLUSION.
185
pretty fair cook himself. It is hoped to have the book on the
market within a few weeks.
For the information of strangers it may be added that the
Club has raised over $4600, and has expended most of that
amount in expert protective repairs to the principal buildings of
the San Juan Capistrano, San Fernando and San Diego Missions.
There is no "restoring" and no botching. All work is done
under the supervision of recognized experts. The result thus
far attained is that the most important structures at these three
Missions will now stand about as they are for another full cen-
tury ; whereas without the safe-guardings that have been given
by the Club, all would have been hopeless ruins within the pres-
ent decade. But a great amount of work remains to be done ;
steps have been taken for repairs to the picturesque Mission
chapel at Pala, and for imminently needful work at San Juan
Capistrano ; and the Club earnestly urges all friends of such a
cause to contribute.
Excursion. — A joint excursion of the Landmarks Club and
the Daughters of the American Revolution will visit the Mis-
sion San Juan Capistrano on Washington's Birthday, Feb. 22.
CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE) CLUB'S WORK.
Previously acknowledged, $4607.50.
New contributions : — Anonymous, Hawaii, $5 ; D. M. Rior-
dan, Los Angeles, $5; Rev. G. D. Haldemann, Chicago, $5; J.
C. Nolan, St. Paul, Minn., $3 ; Mrs. Stephen Mallory White,
$2 ; James Slauson, $2 — both Los Angeles.
$1 each: — Miss Elizabeth W. Johnson, N. Y. ; Edmund G.
Hamersly, Philadelphia.; Wm. S. White, J. G. Mossin, Mrs. J.
G. Mossin, Los Angeles ; Mrs. Francis F. Browne, Chicago ;
Mrs. H. T. Lee, A. G. Wells, Los Angeles.
How
ILLUSION.
By JULIETTE ES TELLE MA THIS.
HUSH thy throbbing restless heart ! Through
dim, wide aisles of night
It is his voice that sings and calls.
thrills the old delight !
I hear the low, responsive leaves as soft winds
strike the trees.
Caressing and bewildering — such magic notes
are these 1
In louder strains it swells, it rings, repeats my name, O hark 1
Sing on, cease not, I come, I come swift through the fragrant
dark.
O'er tangled vine and drifting bloom, thy song of many keys
Compelling floats as gales which smite the near resounding seas.
The swinging eucalyptus censers beat against my face,
All empty of thy touch and tone, the fair, sweet trysting place,
Alas ! 'Twas but a mockery of joy forever slain,
An ever haunting dream of bliss, a waking unto pain.
San Francisco.
186
TO LOVC WHAT !• TKUC, TO MAT! OMAMa, TO rCAH NOTMIHO WITHOUT, AND TO THINK A LITTkC.
NBw ISSUES Naturally, the President's determination that we shall
^•''tk^^rs " ^^^P ^"^ faith with Cuba has roused to open rebellion
those who think their "business interests" will suffer if
the nation's honor is not prostituted. It is onlj' a teapot, but
it boils hard ; and as there are people professionally devoted to
believing everything they hear, people who would chloroform
their mother if they were told by anonymous telephone that the old
lady's health was a source of satisfaction to the Sugar Trust,
a few men have scared up a considerable array of disciples.
One humor of the affair — and it has many — is that these same
people and papers who are now bitterly fighting the solemn and
immovable intention of the President of the United States be-
cause they fear their pockets will suffer, are the very ones who a
year or two ago were shrieking " Traitor" at men who opposed
a President for a policy into which he had been driven against
his will and his often expressed convictions ; and who opposed
him simply on moral grounds and at their own pecuniary loss.
A lot of these present rebels, a little further back, were also
fighting the national government and bitterly denouncing the
few men in the West who had sense enough to oppose the silver
craze. But such people never learn from their own experience
nor from history — the experience of mankind.
OUR Here in California, for instance, one would fancy (to
SHARK hear these gentlemen) that our entire population was
engaged in the beet sugar industr)^ and that a fifty per
cent, reduction on Cuban raw sugar would so dock, hamstring
and eviscerate the commonwealth that no industry would be left
of it but the Pulmonary Brigade.
As a matter of fact and the United States Census, beet-sugar
is not all there is of California. There are eight factories.
How many people do you suppose are employed in the business
in California— salaried ofl&cers, clerks, foremen, wage-earners
and all ? The grand total of 1020. Tenants and contract
farmers cultivate 56,352 acres of beets, and their gross returns
average $24 per acre. Also, if they were not growing beets,
they would grow something else.
Now, how many people in California eat sugar, as against the
1020 who make.it? Some 1,480,000 and odd— or 1456 to 1.
They all pay an excessive price for their sugar to " foster" the
1457th man. The average protection given all the industries
of the United States is 50 per cent. ; but the Beet Sugar people
are getting about 100 per cent, protection. Their uproar, their
fight against the President, their "treason," is not because of a
proposition for free trade. They are wailing to high heaven
IN THE LION'S DEN. 187
lest they should have to g-et along- with anything' less than
twice the protection other American industries have.
In the whole United States, including- California, somb
there are 31 beet-sugar factories, with altogether 48 ^^'*"^>igurbs.
salaried officers, 302 superintendents, managers, clerks
and salesmen, and 1970 wage-earners — a g-rand total of 2424
persons making beet sug-ar in a country of 76,303,387 people,
most of whom eat sugar. When we figure out, then, that the
beet-sugar man is less than one in every 31,478 of us ; and that
his business has managed to increase 300 per cent, in three
years, we have come somewhat nearer the real proportion of
things. We haven't protested at paying- him such a tribute for
ever}^ meal we sit down to ; but when each one of him requests
the other thirty-odd thousand of us to throw away also for iris
sake whatever regard we may have for our country's honor — he
really is too modest. And when he roars "Sugar Trust," he
will naturally capture the same degree of intelligence which en-
abled English mothers for a generation to quiet their unruly
offspring- — " If you don't hush up, now, Napoleon will g-et you."
If the beet-crusher increases the price of sugar, what worse
could the " Sugar Trust " do ?
Far more than 99 per cent, of the whole American where
people — far more than 99 per cent, of the entire popu- " ^°comb in.
lation of California — would be benefited, every time they
sat down to the table, by cheaper sug-ar ; and benefited materi-
all}^ even at a rate which would still allow the beet sugar in-
dustry to flourish like a California bay tree. And I mean bene-
fited in their pockets, even if they could not see any " benefit "
in keeping- the country from being- a drab.
As much is true of all the other items in the proposed from
reciprocity with Cuba. How many persons did you ever ^"*^to smoke.
see making cigars ? How many persons did you ever
see smoking cigars ? But millions of people are forced to smoke
indecent weeds — and all who smoke decent ones are heavily
fined — all for the benefit of a few thousand persons, mostly of
alien birth, whose only important achievement in history is that
they largely brought on a war which has cost us half a billion
dollars and many thousand lives, and has given us nothing in
return but more wars, more costs, more burdens, and some Courts
of Inquiry. Por example, a Mexican cigarette I am familiar
with costs in Mexico 6 cents Mexican (half as much in gold) ; in
the United States it costs 40 cents gold. It, and all other real
cigarettes, are " impossibilitated " to us in order that a few con-
cerns here may poison our boys with their vile-smelling de-
coctions. We may not be read}^ to kill the American cigarette
manufacturer, nor to drive him out of business, but he could
still maintain his steam yacht if you and I and other persons of
taste could get Havana cigarettes at a livable figure, and left
him those predestined to "coffin-nails."
As for the relation of beet-sugar to California, no one, California
from the President down, desires to starve out that In- ^sugar^eet
f ant Industry which fattens faster than ciny other in the
188 OUT WEST.
State, so nobly have we pampered it. But the total beet-sugrar
output of California — and roug^hly this one State has half the
total acreag-e, investment, production and number of employees
of the whole Union — is less than three and a half million dol-
lars. Leaving- out oranges altogether, our fruit-growers pro-
duce in fresh and canned fruits alone over sixteen and a quarter
millions of dollars a year. Not only do they and their families
eat sugar ; cheaper sugar would enormously increase their busi-
ness. There is no other staple of life, the cheapening of which
would so stimulate the growth of California. Our orange crop
is worth $18,000,000 — and that figure would go up 30 per cent,
without the planting of another tree, if cheaper sugar enabled
us to turn our culls into marmalades, instead of throwing them
away and paying fancy prices for marmalades made in Dundee
of oranges shipped from California. The growers of these
18,000 cars of oranges shipped in a year — and of the thousands
of carloads wasted — all eat sugar.
Our product of grapes and raisins comes to more than our
beet-sugar ; our prunes to nearly as much ; our dried fruits to
nearly twice as much ; our barley to more than twice as much ;
our milk, butter and cheese to more than three times as much ;
our lumber to four times as much, our wheat to over six times
as much, our alfalfa hay to over seven times as much, our min-
ing to over eight times as much, our manufactures to over
seventy-one times as much. Even our whale-fisheries — and
very likely you never knew we had any — are nearly three times
as productive as our beet-sugar. Even among the farm-prod-
ducts of California, beet-sugar is less than three and a half is to
eighty-seven. And all these people eat sugar — and have to pay
a fancy price for it. And none of them, I believe, have 100 per
cent, protection for their products.
IN GOOD In January this magazine printed brief extracts from
coMPANY^^^^ t^c straight utterances of President Roosevelt, Secretary
Root, and Major-General Wood, Military Governor of
Cuba, that we are " bound by every consideration of honor and
expediency " to make liberal tariff concessions to Cuba, now
that we have deprived her of other markets. The conviction
was also expressed by me that failure to do the honest thing in
this case would shipwreck the Republican party. Since then,
Senator Proctor — certainly as good a protectionist as any of
them — has seriously warned his colleagues of the same thing.
A rock-ribbed Republican paper of New York declares that "the
Republican press of the country is practically a unit for Cuba,"
and that those who oppose the intended reciprocity care more
for their private interests than they do for honor and "plain
duty." Public Opinion^ easily foremost record of the national
pulse, sums it up pithily with : "It is hard to see how any but
the most selfish motives can oppose it." Which is quite true.
And when Western newspapers, and the people who depend
upon newspapers for their ' education " cease to be as easily
made fools of as in free silver and now in beet-sugar, the West
will be a great deal better off. And when the West is sane, the
nation's Right Arm is free.
IN THE LION'S DEN. 189
Since the earlier pag-es of this number went to press, copying
there has befallen this Den a sudden avalanche of letters, ^^^dblilah
enclosing newspaper clippings, and invariably with in-
dignant comment, as to an alleged order of the Indian Bureau.
These letters have been not from people that do not "know
Indians," but precisely people that do. Even the newspapers,
almost without exception, "have fun" with this alleged order ;
and the Baltimore Sun prints for its leading editorial (Jan. 18)
as bitter a jest as perhaps has ever been printed with reference
to our Indian Policy. It need not be quoted here — accurate as
it is, if its information be accurate. It is not hard to be sar-
castic ; but in the present case the Lion would rather not say
the things anyone who knows the field would be tempted to say
— and that scores of his correspondents have said within these
few days. The League he is interested in is here not to be
smart but to get something done for the Indians. It is here not
to fight, but to assist, the honorable men now in charge of our
Indian service ; not to jeer at them when they err — as men may
who deal with an unfamiliar subject — but to try to help them to
that understanding which keeps honorable people from further
blunders.
The Lion is on his way to find out ; but until there is some
stronger evidence than newspaper clippings he will not believe
that any such order has been issued under the hand and seal of
Ethan Allen Hitchcock, Secretary of the Interior, and W. A.
Jones, Commissioner of Indian Affairs. Only a few weeks ago
he talked with these gentlemen, pretty fully and several times ;
and their general horse-sense encouraged him. Neither pretends
to know much about Indians ; both are honest, clean, manly,
practical business men, bankers, with every intention to do their
full duty to the Indian, whom the whole power of the United
States forces to submit to whatever plan they may formulate. A
brief consideration of this alleged order— which shall be more
fully discussed next month — will show why it seems likelier to
be a newspaper fake than the official action of two such men,
whom it is to be hoped no malicious adviser could so egre-
giously befool. i
" The wearing of long hair by the male population of your agency is not
in keeping with the advancement they are making, or soon will be expected
to make, in civilization. The wearing of short hair by the males will
greatly hasten their progress toward civilization. . . . On many of the
reservations the Indians of both sexes paint . . . this paint melts when
the Indian perspires and runs down into the eyes . . . leads to many
diseases of the eyes . . . causes many cases of blindness." *
" You are therefore directed to induce your male Indians to cut their hair
and both sexes to stop painting. With some of the Indians this will be an
easy matter; with others it will require considerable tact and perseverance.
. . . Non-compliance with this order may be made a reason for dis-
charge [of employees] or withholding rations and supplies. . . If they be-
come obstreperous, a short confinement in the guardhouse at hard labor,
with shorn locks, should furnish a cure."
" The wearing of citizen's clothing instead of the Indian costume and
blanket should be encouraged."
" Indian dances and so-called Indian feasts should be prohibited. In
many cases these dances and feasts are simply subterfuges to cover degrad-
ing acts and to disguise immoral purposes. You are directed to use your
best efforts to the suppression of these evils. On or before June 30, 1902,
you will report to this office the progress you have made in the suppression
of these evils."
190 OUT WEST.
Now to anyone who knows Indians or stops to consider human
nature, this requires no comment ; but as there are many who
neither know the one nor reflect upon the other, it may be well
to make a few remarks.
First and generally, such measure would better be deferred until
we get our 60,000 troops back to this country. We have not
enough soldiers in the United States now to kill off all the In-
dians who object to being "civilized" by spitting in their faces.
Is that a strong word ? You wear your hair as suits you.
You shave your face clean, or wear a moustache, or "siders," or
a full beard. You probably have not studied exhaustively if
your style of barbering is the best esthetic adornment of your
special countenance. You don't have to. What would you
think of a law compelling every voter to shave his face smooth
every day ? Or to have his hair clipped once a month ? Or to
wear cutaway coats and creased trousers ? There is no law to
prevent Captain Jack or a street quack from wearing long hair.
If there were such a law passed, you and I, who wear our hair
short, would be first to rebel against it. In fact, the way to
make free Americans wear long hair would be to order them to
cut it short.
And why confine it to the males? Are not the female Indians
equally worth "civilizing?" It would still more hasten their
"progress toward civilization" — if the way to civilize is to crush
the spirit and destroy self respect, and make a lot of renegades.
Aren't many of our most "progressive women" wearing short
hair now ?
As for painting the face — is there an)^ law yet to forbid an
American woman to put on face-powder — or even rouge — if she
wishes ? It is neither sanitary nor pretty ; but who has author-
ity to put a lady in the guardhouse for it ? As to the paint
"causing blindness by running down into the eyes," it may do so
when the Indian stands on his head long enough to perspire.
"Rations and supplies," where they are given, are not the
alms of the Indian office, but a sacred obligation of the govern-
ment. Should these pledges be broken and an Indian starved
to death because he does not rub his nose in the dirt ?
There are, fortunately, people who know what an "Indian
dance or feast" really is. Several hundred books — and some
scores of them by the officials of the United States government
who have been best qualified to give adequate service for their
salaries — tell. No Indian dance or feast in the world's history
— and the Lion pretends to be adequate authority to say so —
was ever a "subterfuge." No Indian dance "covers" immoral
purposes — though there are a few which have features that
seem to the ignorant as dreadful as the drinking of beer by a
German seems to some very good people. The best Police Com-
missioner New York ever had has said, "There are people who
would sooner have the city in the hands of Tammany than that
a German should have his glass of beer."
I have seen various books of such title as From the Ball Room
to Hell. There are people who deem waltzing wicked and las-
civious. Every grown man knows of cases where our select
dances have in fact helped to ruin girls. But who cares to pass
a national law forbidding dancing in the United States ?
IN THE LION'S DEN. 191
The main difference between our dancing: and Indian dancing-
— for our low-cut ball-dresses and their masks or paint are far
less unlike — is that we dance for fun. The Indian never dances
except reverently. It is as sacred a function to him as the com-
munion is to a Methodist. It is as worthy of respect — for
respect goes not by the final truth, of which no man living has
the last word, but by the spirit of reverence.
The Indians have feasts to celebrate their planting, to cele-
brate harvest home, in memory of their dead, in honor of their
ancestors. They have feasts for the calendar-days of their
Christian church. Because one ignorant agent — or the collective
and thereby enlarged stupidity of a hundred agents — detects un-
prettiness in a dance ( by hearsay), shall we forbid all dances?
At least some of our Indian tribes have been dancing their
ceremonial dances for at least 1000 years. Between ten days
ago and June 30 of this year is time enough to undo an older
custom than the English-speaking race possesses — or to report
progress in undoing- it ! Now isn't it ? It is statesmanlike,
isn't it, to make a cast-iron etiquette for all mankind ? We can
draw a dead-line at murder, theft, rape and the like. The com-
mon-sense of mankind has agreed to that — and Indian laws on
these points are at least as well enforced and as wise as ours.
But the common-sense of mankind has not agreed that a man
must wear his hair so many inches long, and shave his face all,
half, or at all ; that a woman shall wear her hair one, two or
three feet longer, and shall not shave unless it amuses her ; that
either sex shall dress sensibly ; that neither sex shall communi-
cate with the other except by telephone ; and that no person,
male or female, shall apply vaseline, rice powder, talcum pow-
der, salves, ung-uents, rouges, court-plasters or mustard-plasters
to the face or any other portion of the body where the personal
tenant of said body may have the foolish notion that they would
feel gfood.
The Lion is perfectly willing to leave this matter to a jury of
all the men and women in the United States who know any thing-
whatever about Indians — which is merely another way of saying-
" who know anything about human nature." For Indians are
human. They are also Americans. If you and I have got no-
tions of personal dignity and freedom by being only 125 years
on the Rig-ht Side of the World, they ( who have been here ten
times as long ) have the same notions quite as deep-seated.
Anyone who does not know that an Indian's personality is as
strong as our own — and as indispensable to any sensible scheme
of uplifting him — anyone who does not know that the only way
in the world to make any man better is by using what he has —
has a good deal to learn. And we shall have an " Indian Prob-
lem " growing more shameful every day — which is quite need-
less —as long as we shut our eyes to the fact that the same things
you and I would resent, the same things that would make it im-
possible for the British Empire (for instance) to "civilize" us,
antagonize the Indian just as much The ways in which you
and I could be made wiser than we now are — and these ways are
many — are precisel)^ the ways in which the Indian can be
changed from a much older habit. Por you and me any such
192 OUT WEST.
measures would have to be based on common-sense, knowledgfe of
the facts, and patience. No less is true of the Indian.
You and I could be killed off if we were unwilling: to become
Perfectly Wise fast enou^^fh to suit some benevolent civilizer. So
can the Indian — and more easily, because the majority of him
has been killed off already. But it really seems as if a better
use might be made of either of us than to madden us by indig-
nity and then send in troops to shoot us down.
The Lion, however, still refuses to credit that this alleged
order is official. It sounds much more like a burlesque, invented
by some malicious person. If indeed it be authentic, nothing
could more clearly show the need of such a national League as
is now forming than the fact that the Department has had to
rely on advisers who could urge so unpractical and lamentable a
measure. The League can safely promise that the Department
need not again be so egregiously imposed upon. For the League
will be — and now is — prepared to give " information and advice
based exclusively on common sense and knowledge of the
Indians."
A provisional protest will of course be forwarded by the
League at once. This League has been organized not only
because, as every one knows, present conditions in the Indian
service are unsatisfactory, but because it believes that the
present Administration is of honest men who desire to remedy
the past follies and injustices ; men who care more to be right
than to play infallible ; men who would rescind an order if they
discovered it to be wrong or absurd.
''^^ It would be unfair to hold any cause responsible for the
'^"they'keep. rabble that follow its sutlers' wagons. On the other
hand, all great causes have at the outset few and lean
sutlers, and campfollowers none. These things come in force
only when the case is grown fat and popular — that is to say,
" the easiest thing to do." They belong chiefly to the side which
doesn't take the trouble to think.
For instance, while there are doubtless foolish and dishonor-
able persons who, so far as they know, believe in Freedom in
South Africa and the Philippines, I do not believe — nor is it of
record — that any man of all that have this faith ever did or ever
would write the sort of letters noted below. These are types of
a considerable class. Neither Life nor Out West is calculated
to circulate much among the riff-raff. Yet both have received
large numbers of such letters. And while not quite enough to
decide a question of ethics, these letters certainly tend to con-
firm any respectable person in the belief that he must be on the
the right track when he has such opponents.
Life (No. 1003, p. 73) prints a letter whose character may be
judged by these extracts :
" To the Editor of Life :
Though I suppose I should really have too much contempt for
your miserable rag of a paper, yet I really can't help noticing
that lying and detestable paragraph. . . Does it make your yellow
rag sell better ? . . . Where do you get your information
from re the Boer women and children dying of exposure and
starvation ?
IN THE LION'S DEN. - 193
Did you take the trouble to prove your statement ? No, 3^ou
didn't. You allow any lie, adverse to the British, being- put in
your paper.
Continue, Yankee liar, skunk, and cad, to put in your detest-
able lies.
I only regret that the King's Regulations forbid me to sign
my name, so I have to be contented with
British Officer.
South African Field Force, Orang-e River Colony."
To which the only answer vouchsafed is :
" Life's information concerning the deaths in the British re-
concentration camps is derived from the published statements of
the British War Ofl&ce. — Editor."
But think of this refined gentleman being in charge of an
enemy's women and children!
A postal card, in a disguised handwriting-, signed with an
assumed name, and mailed at the car to avoid postmark, asks
the Lion :
" Are you the creature referred toby the British Calif ornian ?
Can you disprove it ? If not, why not ? Such then being- your
character, your malicious cackle in your dirty yellow ra^ — on
the principle of two negatives equalling: an affirmative, is a
testimony to the benevolent action of Gt. Britain to the Boer
women and children — as praise from you would be disgrace ! ! !
A. L. Browne."
" There are a few thousand of us to attend to you if necessary
— don't forget — -right here in California."
If there are a "few thousand " of the fatherless Mr. "Browne's"
sort, here or anywhere, by getting all together and encouraging-
one another they ought to be able to "attend to" a person of
146 pounds who will give them a check for his last dollar for the
comfort of seeing their faces.
The official reports of the British War Office state that in the
British reconcentrado camps there died
In October, 2633 Boer children.
" November, 2271 "
As to the Boer men who are prisoners of war in Bermuda,
Rev. Edward Everett Hale — no mean name in the United
States — has sent his assistant. Rev. W. S. Key, to inspect con-
ditions. "All the prisoners complain of having- no clothing ex-
cept what they had when captured. Some of them have not had
a change of underclothing in sixteen months^ Dr. Hale, as
President of the Lend-a-Hand Society, which for many months
has been shipping to these Boer prisoners the decencies which
the British government does not supply them, asks for "such
food as oatmeal, cornmeal, condensed milk, all kinds of cereals,
tea, coffee, peas, beans, rice, sagfo, evaporated apples, canned
corn, dessicated veg-etables and tobacco for the old men. Money
is also needed. The Lend-a-Hand Society, Boston, ships all
contributions." This list, if you stop to think about it, shows
just about how the British g-overnment treats its male prisoners.
Chas. F. Lummis.
194
THAT
WHICH IS
WRiTTEK
To be, without much question,
the handsomest and most sumptuous
books yet printed in America is, in itself, no
small distinction. But that is not the best that can be
said of the two superb volumes of The Harriman Alaska Expedition.
The work (of which these two first volumes are, as it were, the literary and
artistic side, the narrative for the general public) not only surpasses all
previous books on Alaska, but in fullness, competency and beauty together
makes a wholly new standard for reports of an expedition, artistic or
scientific, under private or governmental auspices. As a whole — and the
scientific work will run on into many volumes — this book will be, beyond
reasonable comparison, the most perfect example extant of how such things
should be done.
The two "popular" volumes in themselves are easily the foremost of their
kind ; and there is a distinct delight not only in their richness and beauty,
but in the fact that all this costly elaboration is of a field worth while^
Books which make us less ignorant than when we began them are gener-
ally those which have to count the cost of production pretty closely. But
in these thick, tall octavos, of generous type and page, we have 39 superb
colored plates, 86 of the best photogravures yet produced, 5 maps, and
nearly 250 line-drawings. Nor is it this enormous number alone that
should be counted — enough for a reasonable average library. It is illus-
tration that illustrates ; and it is selected and arranged with exquisite
skill. Indeed, too much cannot be said for the part played by the editor.
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, to whose taste, learning and sagacity the perfection
of these volumes is due. He has managed every detail of the publication,
artistic, literary and mechanical ; and it is not too much to say that if we
could spare from his appointed work, as Chief of the Biological Survey, this
great biologist, we could use him as publishers' censor, to the great better-
ment of the face of our literature.
And it is expert company. Vol. I, " Narrative, Glaciers, Natives," is by
John Burroughs, John Muir and George Bird Grinnell ; with papers by
Wm. H. Dall, dean of our Alaska students, E. E. Fernow (forests), Henry
Gannett (geography). Dr. Merriam and others. Vol. II, " History, Geog-
raphy, Resources," is by Wm. H. Dall, Chas. Keeler, Henry Gannett, Wm.
H. Brewer, C. Hart Merriam, George Bird Grinnell and M. L*. Washburn.
The artists are R. Swain Gifford and F. S. Dellenbaugh ; and Louis Agas-
siz Fuertes, the foremost American portrayer of birds. A large proportion
of the admirable line-drawings are by Louise M. Keeler, of the staff of this
magazine ; and Charles Keeler (her husband, and also of this staff) is re-
sponsible for no small portion of the text.
The expedition, organized by the railroad magnate E. H. Harriman,
spent two months of the summer of 1899 in cruising about Alaska in the
chartered steamship "Geo. W. Elder." It was equipped with everything
scholarship and experience could suggest and money buy ; and it probably
achieved more than any other scientific expedition did in the same length
THAT WHICH IS WRIIl EN. 195
of time. The Harriman family party numbered 14 ; the scientific party,
25 ; there were three artists, two professional photographers ; stenog-
raphers, doctors, hunters, etc., a ship's crew of 65, and others to bring the
number up to 126. To such as are naturally suspicious of a " gilt-edged
outfit" (as people of frontier experience usually are) it is enough to remark
that the party brought back in its natural history collections thirteen gen-
era and 600 species new to science. In a word, the expedition has seriously
multiplied our scientific knowledge of Alaska.
For the ordinary reader the book is charming ; and its surpassing beauty
will make it the treasure of many who "really oughtn't" to afford it,
and certainly of all that have as much money as taste. Doubleday, Page
& Co., New York. 2 Vols., $15.
Western novels of any real depth and vitality are so few and onb
far between that the advent of a new one may almost be hailed mors
as an " angel's visit" — of the improved sort we are in no special
danger to entertain unaware. So much might be said, of course, as to
novels in general, these days ; but the West is so broad, so deep, so infin-
itely full with the elemental and the enduring, so literally oppressive with
great things aching for utterance in letters and in art, that it seems a
little extra-pitiful when its giant back is used to carry the pettinesses to
which the progressive diseases of *' Modernitis" have so largely brought
our literature. It is entirely within bounds to say that of every hundred
books of or upon the West, not more than one betrays any reasonable com-
prehension of the West's generic meaning, or yet a thorough familiarity
with the specific phases chosen for setting.
Stewart Edward White has written not only the one book in the hundred,
but the one in several hundred. If his name be unfamiliar now, it will
never be so again to such as shall read his first book. He will be remem-
bered and looked forward to. The Westerners is, from any aspect, an un-
usual novel ; as a novel of the West it must stand high up. It lacks some-
thing of the power to win — which is the dearest a novel can have — but
nothing of the power to compel. Any novel is a success — not by the stand
ard of the shambles, where only sales count, but in the terms of them that
know and respect Time — which adds to a category still brief, after so
many centuries of fiction, one character unforgettable in love or hate. Mr.
White does not, indeed, win out on the rarer side. His heroine, " Molly," is
not of the immortals ; though she is decidedly a creation, and her skating
on the thin ice — unaware Puritan that she is, set down to, and swayed by,
putative dregs — is diagraphed with almost brutal coolness. She shall be
liked, but she shall not be loved. Her mother, who is but an incident,
comes nearer to that Design to which all women, in fiction as in life, must
square. There are several other real characters — particularly "Billy" and
"Jim."
But Mr. White's great triumph — and it is enough to carry any book — is
the begetting of a new villain. " Michail L<afond" is a new scoundrel,
and need " take a back seat for no one." His long hate, his halfbreed
finesse and Indian patience, his fatalism, his ease in stress — perhaps the
most powerful point in all the picture — these are drawn with really sur-
prising power.
It is a depressing story ; it is foreshortened, as doubtless all fiction must
be ; in a very few points it limps. But no person not yet a mental con-
sumptive will read as far as the early chapter wherein " Prue" is " taken
along," and not finish the book to the last word. McClure, Phillips «& Co.,
New York. $1.50.
1% OUT WEST.
A MH,ESTONE The Thousandth Number of Li/e, as a historical fact, is more
IN THE than the mere anniversary of a successful publication. It is an
WILDERNESS. earnest that enoujjh unspoiled Americans remain to make success-
ful a publication of that particular sort. For Li/e is not only a weekly — it
is a Promise. So long- as it is "worth living^," just so long- no one need
despair of the republic. Perhaps we should come out better in general, if
we looked upon all our publications not so much as periodicals and more a&
Types of the Thing That Is. As a number, this anniversary issue is pecu-
liarly interesting. For the first time we are let into the " living-room,"
to meet the men who have made Li/e what it is- and this is a favor for
which probably every reader will feel grateful. These are our Preferred
Creditors. I have Li/e from its first number ; and would as soon turn
from coffee to burnt beans as give up this weekly Fountain of Youth.
The portly and cosmopolitan volume of Argonaut Letters, by Jerome
Hart, editor of the most ponderable weekly west of the Hudson, has run
through its second edition, and is now out of print.
C. F. U
THEIR Whether the proper prefix to J. P. Mowbray's name is *' Miss*'
COUNTRY or "Mrs." may be open to question; it is pretty certainly not
EXPERIENCES. " Mr.," as the publishers of The Making o/ a Country Home
have taken some pains to put it. Personally, I should wager on the "Miss"
or a very recent "Mrs." The view-points and intimate knowledges are
throughout feminine. Yet the baby iu the book is but a stage property,
and never once gets mixed with the dog or the cat or the puddle of red mud
, ■ — clear enough proof that the author's dealings with healthy three-year-
olds have not been closely personal. The table of " Possible L/iving Ex-
penses," by a strict adherence to which the young couple who had been
spending their whole income of $2,400 a year, succeed in saving $2,900 in
two years, soars aloft quite as untrammeled by clogging experience. Per-
haps the young wife might have done her own housework in a New York
flat — family washing, scrubbing, and even the husband's laundry included.
Possibly, also, they might have dispensed utterly with books, newspapers
and magazines — such a course would have its merits. It is even credible
that $100 would cover the cost of clothing all three for two years, since the
property baby would have been equally comfortable with none at all. But kt
it likely that they went to bed at sundown through two New York winters?
At least, the $50 which they had been recklessly squandering for gas each
year is wholly cut off, and no item for oil or candles takes its place.
It would not be fair to leave the impression that the book is on the whole
blundering or ill-informed. To the contrary, it is full of charm and sin-
cerity— good reading from cover to cover. And its main position — that
even such "country" as is accessible to "commuters" on the railroads
makes infinitely better homes than a New York flat — is perfectly unassail-
able. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. $1.50.
The " Beacon Biography" of Samuel F. B. Morse is not one of the best
. of th^t useful series, though by no means wholly incompetent. It gives
the impression of hasty preparation from ill-digested material. Small,
Maynard &. Co., Boston. 75 cents.
Half-a-dozen short stories by women writers of this vicinity have been
published in a neat, brown-paper-covered, little volume, under the title of
From The Old Pueblo, for the benefit of the local College Settlement. The
authors are Amanda Mathews, Gwendolen Overton, Nancy K. Foster,
Lillian Corbett Barnes and Olive Percival. Not one of the stories is dull,
though the minor key dominates throughout. Miss Foster's " Monsieur
La Tribe" is an uncommonly dainty and sympathic study.
Dr. Lorenzo G. Yates's carefully prepared and useful check-list of the
Marine Algae of Santa Barbara county, originally appearing in Bulletin
No. 3 of the Santa Barbara Society of Natural History, has l)een reprinted
in pamphlet form.
Of convenient side-pocket size and entertaining as to contents are the
reprinted Stories /rom McClure^s. The "Comedy" volume has tales by
Robert Barr, Stewart Edward White, E. Hough and others — seven in all.
McClure, Phillips & Co., New York ; C. C. Parker, Los Angeles.
C. A. M.
197
Conducted by WILLIAVI E. SMYTHE.
the california constructive
league:.
And it shall come to pass that California will consider,
at least, in a mild academic way, a program devised for
its economic betterment. Two months ago this maga-
zine published an article presenting five points as worthy of
discussion by those who would like to see the West rapidly de-
veloped on sensible lines. These points were, very briefly, as
follows : Induce the political parties to deal with constructive
legislation ; build public works of irrigation ; purchase the
great estates and dispose of them in small holdings under the
New Zealand plan ; abolish strikes and lockouts b}^ means of
arbitration, legal and compulsory; develop the full possibilities
of cooperation in the economic life of the State. This program,
set out with some fullness, though not with real amplitude, was
submitted to the public, first, as an outline of magazine topics
to be considered in these pages during the present year ; second,
as a possible platform for political action in case the develop-
ment of public sentiment should justify it. Well, what was the
result? Simply this — that enough people have expressed their
interest in the program to justify its sponsors in bringing it
before the public for definite discussion as a practical means of
making California a place where more people ma}' live, with
more comfort and prosperity, than live here now.
The publication of this program impressed the writer
with one thing that he had not fully appreciated. That
is, that a great many people, in widely scattered com-
munities, read the pages of this magazine with considerable
care. Moreover, many of them sit down and write letters when
the}' find something that strikes them favorably. It would not
be correct to say that the matter has resulted in a popular up-
rising. But it is wholly within bounds to say that it has
brought forth an amount of earnest expression of interest and
encouragement to convince the writer that the people are in a
receptive mood, and that it is nothing less than a public duty
to respond to the cordial overtures which have been made.
Many prominent citizens of California have addressed a letter to
the author of the program, in which they say :
We are strongly of the opinion that this line of thought ought to be sub-
mitted to our people and become the subject of general discussion. The
State is greatly in need of some new economic impulse, which might be
imparted to it bj' such an experience. The irrigation part of your program
THINGS AKE
COMING
TO PASS.
The people
WANT TO
HEAK.
198 OUT WEST.
seems to be closely in line with President Roosevelt's recommendations to
Congress on the same subject. The cooperative feature is already illus-
trated by the progress of the fruit exchanges. The New Zealand ideas are
certainly well worthy of consideration in a State where industrial condi-
tions and elements of population approximate so nearly to those of
Australasia.
And they invite the writer to take the platform and discuss
these issues before the people, "making such plans for a sup-
porting: organization as shall seem most feasible to you in view
of your experience in dealing with public movements." This
letter, with the names of its more prominent signers, and a re-
print of the program as it appeared in the December issue, will
be published in pamphlet form and used as the initial tract of a
new movement.
A POPULAR So it is settled that we are to have a discussion of
CRUSADE, these subjects in California, and possibly throughout the
West. The seed will be planted and watered and culti-
vated. Whether it will sprout in any tangible sense remains to
be seen. But the lecture tour and the magazine symposium are
assured. We are going to have a popular crusade. Its purpose
is expressed in four short words— to build the State ! And
the name of the organization which will take the work in hand
will be The California Constructive League. Its nucleus is al-
ready formed. Its officers will be announced through the dail)'
press at an early date. And its champions will go forth to see
if they can slay the dragon of Public Indifference and start an
intellectual friction which will result in Bringing These Things
to Pass. Already a number of strong men in the world of
thought, in California and out of it, have promised to lend a
hand. There will be speeches, clubs and literature. Whether
there will be politics of a practical kind depends entirely upon
future events. But we have been gratified to learn that a num-
ber of leading politicians in various parties have been caught
in the act of reading "A Program for California," with a
thoughtful expression on their faces, as if there might, after
all, be " votes" in a proposition to do something for the benefit
of the great State of California.
wcAi. One of the most useful institutions that ever existed
coNSTRucTivK '^^ ^jjg intellectual life of America was what was known
in Horace Greeley's day as the Village Lyceum. It
began with a lecture bureau and ended in a debating society. It
reached its finest development in the twenty years between 1850
and 1870. It died when the spirit of commercialism poisoned
the intellectual atmosphere and strangled, for a time, popular
interest in public affairs. But it was a goodly forum, and now
that public thought is turning again so strongly into economic
channels, it ought to be revived, at least on the Pacific Coast,
where we are still so largely a rural folk. The new movement
will attempt to establish a series of debating societies, known
as Constructive Clubs, which will be combined in the State
League. Is it possible to form these local centers and keep
them alive for the discussion of the practical questions of the
day ? Many wise heads say it is not, and yet only exjierience
can answer the question conclusively. It all depends upon the
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST. 199
appeal which this new cause shall make to the popular heart,
and upon the kind of men who shall be attracted to its support.
If the people of California believe this movement stands for
their economic salvation, they will ligfht the lamp and keep it
trimmed and burning. At least they shall have the chance.
The Constructive League will endorse the latest plat- ^o
forms of the National Irrigation Congress and of the ^"^^^^^*^here
California Water and Forest Association. If it has anj'^
influence or votes, it will use them in the enthusiastic support of
candidates for public office pledged to assist in the realization of
the principles of these two associations. Let it be understood,
then, once and for all, that the new movement does not antag-
onize either of the old ones which occupy one corner of the field
the Constructive League has chosen for itself. Neither of the
old organizations is political in character. Both are purely non-
partisan and devoted to the cultivation of public sentiment out-
side of political lines. The Constructive League is non-partisan,
but it is frankly and deliberately political. It is composed of
those who think that Moral Influence is of little avail in chang-
ing the face of the times unless backed up by good white ballots,
decorated with certain marks in appropriate places. Thus it
may be able to accomplish for the irrigation organizations. Na-
tional and State, some important things which they cannot do
for themselves.
The Constructive League starts out with one fixed irrigation
political object. That is to endeavor to send men to both lkgislature
branches of the Legislature who will attempt to secure
the passage of the new water laws to be framed by the commis-
sion of which Chief Justice Beatty is the head. We have learned
by sad experience that irrigation legislation will not enact itself.
It requires the attention of its friends. We shall never get good
laws until we have men at Sacramento who go there for the ex-
press purpose of putting them on the statute books. It is one of
the cases where God helps those who help themselves.
No popular movement of educational character cande- wteraturb;
pend on its speakers alone. They are here today and °^Jove ent
there tomorrow. There must be literature and period-
icals. Out West will be the textbook of the movement within
the limitations of this Department. Cheap editions of valuable
works dealing with the objects of the League will be brought
within reach of its membership. The most important book
which it is hoped may be put into the hands of thousands by this
method is Henry D. Lloyd's description of New Zealand institu-
tions, called "Newest England." If the movement succeeds in
enlisting a large membership and taking on the form of a per-
manent organization, it will endeavor to have a number of books
forming the Constructive Library, And thus it will attempt
gradually to educate public sentiment to an understanding of the
propositions covered in its program for building California and
the West. Further details of the progress of the League will
appear in these pages from month to month.
200 OUT WEST.
IRRIGATION 'pjjg Western Representatives in Congfress appear to
"ROGRKSS AT & r-i-
WASHINGTON.
PROGRESS AT u ^ • • i. xt. i •
have agreed upon a measure aiming at the early inau-
guration of the national irrigation polic}-. It is in some
respects a strange bill. It creates an Arid Land Reclamation
Fund from the proceeds of land sales, which now amount to
about $2,000,000 a year. This is a very small sum to begin so
great a work. It ought to be at least five times as much, but
President Roosevelt distinctly said in his message that the new
policy should be regarded as "experimental" at first; and no
doubt the Western congressmen concluded that they could not
safely ask for more at this time. The measure vests large power
in the hands of the Secretary of the Interior. He can say where
the money shall be expended, what price shall be charged for
land and water, and what shall be the maximum size of the farms
acquired under the new law. These are all details of the first
importance. The success of this first experiment in national
irrigation will depend mostly upon the wisdom of the Secretary
of the Interior. The bill practically says to him: "Here is
$2,000,000. Spend it as you think best." The bill leaves the
distribution of the water to the respective States and Territories,
and, while it says that beneficial use shall be the measure and the
limit of the right, and that the ownership of water shall attach
to the soil, it makes no requirement for the reform of local laws
in accordance with these principles. No doubt the bill will lead
to an interesting debate on the whole subject of irrigation as
presented in the President's message. What the result will be
no one can tell in advance of the event. The gratifying feature
of the situation is the fact that the cause of national irrigation
is unquestionably stronger at Washington today than ever before
since it first began to attract attention in the East. The man in
the White House is for it. The Western congressmen have
wisely harmonized their differences. The friends of the cause
throughout the country are pulling together, as far as it lies in
human nature for people of pronounced and varying views to do
so. Nothing is more certain than that in the next few years the
reclamation of the desert lands will begin in earnest, and that
under this new policy the public domain will be the salvation of
the nation from social congestion and the evils inherent in that
condition. By all means, let Congress make a start during the
present session and give us a chance to demonstrate the vast
possibilities of such a policy.
THE PREMIER OF NEW ZEALAND.
^"
>EW ZEALAND institutions are attracting the attention
of the civilized world. What personality best repre-
sents them? Who is "the man behind the gun?"
Many minds have co-operated in the development of New Zea-
land political ideas, but the responsible statesman who stands at
the helm is the Premier, Richard J. Seddon, familiarly and
lovingly known to his followers as " Digger Dick " The explan-
ation of this humble sobriquet lies in the fact that the Premier
was a miner before he became a statesman. It was in the
mines that he got his start in life, making money, becoming the
TWENTIETH CENTURT WEST 201
Premier Seddon.
champion of the rights of laborers, and establishing a successful
mercantile business.
Born in Lancashire, England, of sturdy farming stock, he
learned the engineer's trade, arrived in Australia in 1863, was
attracted to the New Zealand gold fields three years latter, and
steadily rose in prosperity and popular esteem. He began his
public service as a member of local road boards, provincial coun-
cils, and board of education, and was elected Mayor of Kumara.
Then, in 1879, he went to the New Zealand Parliament, where
he has remained ever since.
Seddon was from the first identified with the Labor Party,
which finds its strength among the labor and farming elements
of New Zealand. This party came into full power under Premier
Pallance, whose untimely death was received with consternation.
It seemed as if the Liberal cause must die with him," said one
writer. Who would take the place of the leader of whom so
much was expected, but whose strong hand had now dropped life-
less from the helm ? Seddon had been made Minister of Public
202 OUT WEST.
Works by Pallance. He succeeded the dead statesman as head
of the party and of the administration. The rest is history —
history which we shall see in these pages for some months to
come.
Premier Seddon is now 57 years of ag-e and in the prime of
his powers. He is a democrat of democrats. He has absolute
faith in the people. He has no caution or diplomacy in the
sense familiar to American politicans. He does not have " his
ear to the ground." He has his face to the stars. He believes
in the rights of man, thinks he knows how these rights may be
achieved, and proceeds to lay down his program with utter dis-
regard of the conseciuences to himself or his party. The result
is that the people hold up his hands and that he is able proudly
to boast: ' I am the Premier of the paradise of the British
Empire." The measures which his party has put into force
have made New Zealand a paradise for average folks — a place
where the masses of men can get access to the soil, where public
utilities are built and owned by the people, where the barbarism
of strikes and lockouts has been abolished, and where the lost
art of the ancients, cooperation, has been restored to bless the
land with prosperity.
We shall learn the life and principles of Richard J. Seddon as
we proceed with the study of New Zealand institutions, for his
name and fame are written with indelible characters on the hills
and valleys of his country.
NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTIONS.*
SECOND PAPER.
THE GOVERNMENT AS A COLONIZING AGENCY.
^rt HE series of papers in this magazine entitled, "How to
\ Colonize the Pacific Coast," ended in November with this
question :
Is it necessary to leave the destinies of California to be worked
out by private enterprise ? May it not be true, after all, that
colonization is a function of government ? The answer to that
question leads us to New Zealand.
At first thought the conservative reader may be inclined to
look upon this proposition as a trifle startling. "Would you
really have the government go into the business of promoting
settlement and handling lands ?" he will ask. And he will pro-
ceed to tell you that this is a new and dangerous departure.
Such criticism is entirely mistaken. It is not a new departure,
it is not startling, and it is not dangerous. The greatest col-
onizing agency the world has ever seen is the United States
government. First and last, it has disposed of something like
a billion and a half acres of land. True, much of its work was
done in a loose and wasteful manner. This was not due to the
inherent inability of the government to deal with such matters,
but to the fact that the country was new and largely unexplored
and that the true value of the public domain was not appreci-
*The first paper in this serits appeared in the January nnmber and was entitled, " The
Law of Compulsory Arbitration at Work."
TWENTIETH CENTURT WEST. 203
ated. The fact remains that Uncle Sam has been the greatest
promoter of settlement and most extensive real estate dealer in
history. New Zealand is now doing in a scientilfic way what
the United States has done less intelligently. It is helping its
people to make homes upon the land.
THE PROBI.EM OF GREAT PRIVATE ESTATES.
Our national land policy dealt only with the public domain.
The New Zealand policy, on the other hand, was compelled to
deal with great tracts of fertile soil which had passed out of the
hands of the government to become lordly private estates. In
this respect the conditions of California are ver}'^ similar to those
in New Zealand. Here, as there, immense land holdings have
grown up in places which would otherwise be most favorable to
settlement in small homesteads. In large part these holdings
trace back to Spanish land grants, but they have also been
readily acquired under United States land laws. Not only have
agricultural lands been monopolized in this way, but vast tracts
of forest, valuable alike for timber and for water supply, have
been taken in the same manner ; oil lands and mining properties
have been separated from the public estate and converted into
private property, with slight compensation to the people who
once owned them. Thus it happens that in California we have
a large population, living in the midst of enormous natural
wealth, yet that population is not able to get access to the soil
on terms which it can accept, and realizes benefit from its prox-
mity to forest, mine and oil-well only as it is able to draw wages
from employment obtained in developing them for the benefit of
others.
In this article it is proposed to deal only with the monopoly
represented by large private estates of agricultural soil. Cali-
fornia is yet in the primer of its twentieth-century economics.
New Zealand has got further along in the curriculum. It knows
how to save its timber, and how to make its mineral resources
pa}^ tribute to the public treasury.
The New Zealand method of dealing with private estates is to
make them pay their full share of taxation, or to purchase them
from their owners and apply them to higher public uses. When
the State comes into possession of them it does not wait weary
years for private capitalists to make improvements essential to
their settlement. If they need to be irrigated, the State irri-
gates them. If they need roads — even railroads — the State
builds them. In a word, the State takes these great raw hold-
ings of land and makes them fit for immediate settlement in
small tracts. And it doesn't invite anybody to make his home
upon them until they are actually fit for home-making purposes.
They cannot be suited to that purpose until large public im-
provements, beyond the reach of individuals, have been made.
To leave these improvements to private enterprise involves two
dangers. First, there is the danger that the settler will eat his
heart out while he is waiting for the improvements to be made.
Next, there is the equally urgent danger that if private enter-
prise does these things the settler will be exploited to a point
which will prohibit his prosperity.
204 0U7 WEST.
WHY LEASEHOLD IS BETTER THAN FREEHOLD.
Having acquired these great estates and IprovidedCthem with
necessary public improvements, New Zealand leases them to
settlers for a term of 999 years. Why is the long leasehold
better than the freehold — better for the people and better for the
State ?
It is better for the people, because at least a hundred times as
many of them can get possession of the property in that way as
can do so under the ordinary plan of purchase. There are few
men so poor that the)' cannot get homes in New Zealand. It
may be a small home, but it is a home. And by acquiring it
they become attached to the soil, become their own masters, and
rise from the servitude of employment to the sovereignty of
proprietorship. The State asks them to pa)'^ perpetual interest
of five per cent on what it has cost the State to purchase, im-
prove, and subdivide the lands. Since money in new countries
— and even in old countries, when required for agricultural pur-
poses— is worth more than five per cent, the transaction repre-
sents a substantial gain to the settler. But since the govern-
ment can borrow all the money it wants at three and one-half
per cent, the transaction is also profitable to the government.
The great point about the leasehold, however, is this : Under
this plan poor men, and men of very moderate means, can actu-
ally get access to the soil, whereas they cannot do so when they
must have sufficient capital to buy land, to improve it, and to-
await the return. And is it not for the highest interest of all
elements in the community — bankers, merchants, railroads, pro-
fessional men — that there should be a large and prosperous
population upon the soil ?
Why is the leasehold wiser public policy than the freehold ?
Because it prevents speculation, that baneful epidemic which
everywhere attends the opening of new countries under the other
plan. There is no chance whatever for land speculation in a
community which is built on the leasehold, under these condi-
tions. Land values may rise, but the profit takes the form of
enhanced prices for products, and these enhanced prices are
distributed among all the people.
There is a second advantage to the State. The leasehold
system prevents the recurrence of that monopoly, to abolish
which the estates are purchased. Wherever land is owned in
freehold, speculation and resulting hard-times quickly restore
the original condition of land monopoly. Men mortgage their
farms and lose them. The land passes out of their hands and is
consolidated again into large estates. The leasehold system
renders this result absolutely impossible. By retaining title to-
itself, the government is able to dictate the size of farms, the
character of improvements, and the manner in which the prop-
erty shall pass from one person to another.
WHAT SHALL WE PAY FOR THE ESTATES ?
If California should adopt the policy of purchasing the large
estates, what price would it pay for them ? Would there not be
danger of corruption with resulting injury to the people ?
New Zealand statesmanship deals with this phase of the pro-
TWENTIETH CENT URT WEST. 205
blem in a way which avoids alike all danger of corruption and
of injustice to public or to landowner. The method adopted is
so obviously simple and just that California could do no better
than to imitate it.
New Zealand invites the landowner to act as his own assessor
in fixing- the valuation of his property for purposes of taxation.
The State then reserves to itself the privilege of bu3dng the
land at the owner's valuation, plus ten per cent. This simple
plan puts the landowner in a position to protect himself without
doing injustice to the public. If he values his property above
its fair market price, the State collects taxes upon that basis and
goes its way rejoicing. If the valuation is less than the market
price, the State avails itself of the opportunity to make money
for the people by exercising its reserved privilege of buying the
property at that valuation, plus ten per cent. Hence, if the
owner puts the valuation too high, he is compelled to pay taxes
on more than the property is worth. If he puts the valuation
too low, he is compelled to sell to the State at less than the
property is worth. In either case the public interest is secure —
the people come out on top.
Sometimes New Zealand wants property which the owners do
not care to sell. In that case the State exercises the right of
eminent domain, and acquires the property just the same. But
it should be distinctly understood that though New Zealand in-
sists upon policies which enable the largest number of men,
women and children to get homes on the soil, it avoids anything
savoring of confiscation. It acquires the land it needs by pur-
chase and pays for it honestly in coin of the realm, generally at
a figure fixed by the owner as its true valuation for purposes of
taxation.
NEW Zealand's money-making debt.
The proposed land policy will be objected to on the ground
that it involves the creation of a public debt. The same objec-
tion was made in New Zealand. But events have proven that
the debt incurred in connection with land settlement and ad-
vances to settlers has been profitable, directly and indirectly.
The State has made money when the proposition is considered
as a financial transaction by itself alone. The farmers have
made money as a result of getting homes upon the soil. The
storekeepers, manufacturers, railroads and professional men
have made money in consequence of the growth of population
and the general prosperity of the community. While the social
and economic gain may not be calculated in dollars and cents,
the effect upon the public treasury is revealed in the latest re-
ports issued by the government.
In the past twelve years New Zealand has expended in the
purchase of private estates the sum of $10,377,830. The annual
cost of this debt is $361,435. The annual earning of the debt
is $518,890.
During the same period New Zealand has used in advances to
settlers the sum of $11,900,000. The annual cost is $361,750.
annual earning is $535,500.
rWENTIEl H CENTURT WEST. 207
When it is remembered that, without the expenditure of these
suras, New Zealand could not have expanded its agricultural
population, while, with the expenditure, she is able to open the
door of opportunity to the humblest citizen, the reader must ap-
preciate the fact that this form of money-making-, reproductive,
public debt is a piece of financiering to be commended on the
most practical business grounds.
Another thing must be remembered — that new countries are
always settled by comparatively poor men, and that these set-
tlers are always compelled to borrow vast sums of money for
public and private improvements In Kansas and Nebraska the
money was borrowed from banks and loan companies at a cost,
including interest and commissions, which probably averaged at
least ten per cent. Aside from the private indebtedness incurred
in this way by settlers, there was a vast sum of corporate in-
debtedness incurred by railroads and other semi-public enter-
prises. This money was also obtained at high cost. If the
private debts of Kansas and Nebraska during the early period
of their settlement were added to the public debt of those com-
munities, it would be found to represent an amount per capita
probably much in excess of the New Zealand public indebtedness.
The New Zealand method is infinitely shrewder. There, the
people issue the note of the commonwealth and borrow at whole-
sale rates the money required to develop the resources of a new
country. The State can borrow mone)' for less than one-third
the price charged struggling settlers and doubtful corporations.
It can then turn round and loan money to its settlers at a higher
rate than it pays, and yet on better terms than the average
western bank can get in rediscounting the paper at New York
and Boston. Since debt cannot possibly be avoided in settling
a new country, are not those the wisest people who borrow on
the shrewdest terms?
THE CASE OF THE CHEVIOT ESTATE.
The first great estate which New Zealand acquired was the
beautiful property known as Cheviot. The owner had died and
his executors could not agree as to the proper valuation for tax-
ation purposes. Finally, the executors fixed the valuation them-
selves, whereupon the State promptly purchased the property at
that figure, plus ten per cent. It consisted of 84,000 acres. At
the time the State bought it "one man owned as far as he could
see," and the splendid domain was "occupied" by a single
family and its attendants.
In six years the population had increased to over 1,000, and
there was still ample room for expansion. The State had paid
for the property $1,312,145, involving an annual interest charge
of $44,330. The property earned interest from the beginning,
from pasture rents. At the end of six years settlers were paj--
ing $72,500 per annum in rent, and only $859 was in arrears.
There were 4,019 acres in grain ; 7,374 in green and root crops,
and 11,430 in English grasses. And still only a beginning had
been made in settlement; yet over the beautiful landscape of
Cheviot, New Zealand statesmanship had written, in letters of
living light, the song of " Home, Sweet Home.'
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST. 209
We have as 5^et barely crossed the threshhold of New Zealand
institutions. The story of Cheviot, for instance, is well worth
telling- in detail. But follow these pages during- the current
year, and you will see the economic problems of California, as
they appear under the searchlight of New Zealand experience.
A RECORD or ACHIEVEMENT.
The EpocH-MaKing "WorK of tKe "Water and Forest
Association.
YKAR and a half ago, while prosecuting an active cam-
paign which resulted in the enrollment of a membership
of thousands, the friends of the California Water and
Forest Association frequently referred to it as "the most hope-
ful movement that ever arose in the life of this State." So it
was, and so it is, even when measured by the yardstick of " the
arduous greatness of things done." This is not extravag-ance.
It is sober truth, and it is time the fact was more generally ap-
preciated.
What, then, has the movement accomplished ?
First and foremost, it smashed the smug complacency of
California with itself, startled the inertia of its stagnating in-
difference to intolerable conditions, and enlisted many of the
leading minds of the State in the effort to turn the tide of
public sentiment toward achievement. That of itself, even
when phrased in general terms, was a very big- thing to do.
Then, having arraigned existing laws and customs touching-
the use and abuse of water and land as unfit for the time and
place, it proceeded to preach the Gospel of Progress through Ir-
rigation by means of three State conventions, scores of local
meetings, and newspaper articles and special publications
innumerable.
Next, it induced the Government to search out undiscovered
reservoir sites aud artesian basins, and to project plans by
means of which the wasted waters could be saved. In order to
do this the Association had to raise money to supply public
needs which had been denied by Executive veto.
Still further, it arranged for a thoroug-hly scientific investiga-
tion of California water laws and irrigation practice as the first
essential step toward reform. And here, again, it was neces-
sary to " pass the hat" to raise the money which a great State
could not spare for the purpose, even though its Legislature
was practically unanimous in favor of the appropriation. The
report of the United States Commission belongs to the economic
literature of California. In the end it will be found to have
210 OUT WEST.
contributed more to the real progress of the commonwealth
than anything else which has occurred in many j'ears.
Finally, at its last convention, the Water and Forest Associa-
tion, taking its cue from the President's message, enunciated an
irrigation policy for California which will lay the foundation
for a population of millions by making irrigation possible on
the largest scale and on the sanest conditions. In declaring- in
unequivocal terms "that works of irrigation arc essentially
fublic utilities, and ought to be constructed, owned and adminis-
tered by the -people and for the people,'''' the Association has
erected a milestone that marks the beginning of a new epoch in
California history. Furthermore, it has again proceeded from
words to deeds by creating a commission to revise the water
laws and to frame measures by which its policies may be carried
into effect.
WHY THE COMMISSION ?
The need of a complete reformation of the California water
laws is now generally understood, thanks to the educational
work done by the Water and Forest Association and to the investi-
gations prosecuted by the Government experts. But is a com-
mission necessary as a means of bringing about this reforma-
tion, and, if so, why is it created by this Association rather
than by the law-making and executive power of the State?
These are questions which have not been widely discussed in
the press, but which ought to be fully answered for the informa-
tion of the public.
The work of reforming the water laws is preeminently one
which calls for wide knowledge, expert ability, and concentrated
effort. It may be said without the slightest disrespect to the
Legislature that that body could not be expected to peform such
a task successfully in a single session of sixty days. In that
brief period it is compelled to consider a mass of general
legislation and to provide appropriations to cover all classes of
State expenditure for the next two years. The next Legislature
will also have to deal with the distracting business of a sena-
torial election. To expect it to frame, discuss, and enact into
law a new water code, sufficiently comprehensive to deliver
the people from the evils that now oppress them and to provide
broad policies for the development of the State on new and pro-
gressive lines, would be unreasonable. Besides, the needed
legislation makes peculiar demands upon its framers. They
must have a thorough grasp of the nature of water as an ele-
ment in the life of an arid or semi-arid land. They must be
familiar with irrigation law and practice throughout the world.
They must have an intimate acquaintance with judicial decisions
TWENTIETH CENTURT WEST. 211
in this State and the requirements of our constitution. It is
one thing- to prepare a law, but it may be quite a different thing-
to prepare one that will stand the test of practical experience
and judicial interpretation. Is it necessary to say anything
more to justify the creation of a special commission to perform
this work which means so much to the future of California ? It
remains to explain why the appointment should be made by the
Water and Forest Association.
WHY THK ASSOCIATION MAKES THE COMMISSION.
Before the Governor could appoint a commission to revise the
water laws it would be necessar}^ for the Legislature to provide
a special authorization and an appropriation. For four reasons,
all of which are perfectly patent upon the mere statement of
them, this would be impracticable in view of the urgent neces-
sity of action.
In the first place, to induce the Legislature to authorize the
creation of a commission would involve a struggle in nowise in-
ferior to that which must accompany the effort to pass the re-
formed statutes themselves. And it would be far easier for
opponents to defeat the commission bill than to frustrate the
actual accomplishment of the reform when it shall take shape
in definite measures presented, after months of labor, by a body
of men who enjoy the public confidence in the highest degree.
It is always easy to defeat a demand for a new commission. It
is especially easy to do so when the object for which it is to be
created is not generally understood, and when the proposals it
may bring forth are involved in more or less doubt. These
dangers are avoided by the action of the Water and Forest
Association in making its own commission. The Legislature is
not asked to authorize the body. Nor will it be asked to do
something the nature of which is not clearly defined in advance.
The measures presented hy the commission will be specific.
No man can say that the object of the movement is inscrutable.
The object will stand revealed in the clear light of the commis-
sion's report and in the plain provisions of its Reform Bills.
There is another reason why the course adopted was eminently
wise. A commission authorized by the Legislature and ap-
pointed b)' the Governor would require an appropriation from
the public treasury. Nobody knows who will be Governor next
year. It may be some man with a broad conception of the needs
of the State, who would gladl)' see a few thousand dollars ex-
pended for this purpose. It may be some cheese-paring states-
man with no idea above a reputation for economy, even if it be
that kind of economy which saves a thousand dollars by wasting
212 GUI ]^ES1.
a million. In this case no small soul can hide himself behind
a dollar mark. The commission asks no appropriation. The
Water and Forest Association raised many thousand dollars in
order that the State might have the benefit of national surveys
and investigations, and it will now undertake to raise thousands
more to meet the expenses of this commission. Its only means
of doing this is by popular subscription, which involves the
hardest kind of work on the part of men whose time is some-
what valuable. But the plan has its advantages. An " appro-
priation" obtained by this method is not subject to Executive
veto.
There is another advantage — one of the highest moment — in
having the Water and Forest Association name the commission
and permit it to begin its labors almost immediately. This is
the fact that at least two years will be saved over the time that
would be required to get results from a commission authorized
by the Legislature. And when one thinks of the floods which
will run to waste during those two years — of the homes they
might create, of the millions of value thej' might add to the
wealth of the State — one sees that those years are very precious.
The very best the Legislature which will assemble in January,
1903, could do would be to authorize a commission which should
report measures to be acted upon by the Legislature in 1905.
On the other hand, the report of the present commission will be
presented for legislative action next January. Thus the method
which has been adopted represents a saving of time which is
worth much to the people of California.
There is a fourth reason which may be named in justification
of the action of the Association, and which of itself is quite
conclusive. If the undiscovered statesman who is to emerge
from the smoke of battle as Governor-elect next November
should appoint a commission, what kind of a body would it be ?
Would it be composed of men eminently fitted for the great
task? Would it represent expert knowledge and ripe experience?
Or would it be a body packed with hungry politicians ? To
have a commission composed of unfit men would l)e little short
of calamity. The Water and Forest Association is not political.
It is entirely impersonal. It has no means of helping itself
except by rendering good service to the people. It cannot exist
without public confidence. Naturally, it would seek to select
the best possible elements to be found within the State for the
commission whose work will give the Association a clear title
to public gratitude, or consign it to public contempt. Its com-
mission is already named. No Governor could select one of
higher character or larger fitness to produce the best results.
TWENTIETH CENTURl WEST. 213
THE MEMBERSHIP OF THE COMMISSION.
The new commission consists of nine members, of whom six
were named by the resolutions adopted at the third annual con-
vention on December 20, 1901, and three were appointed by the
President of the Association in further compliance with the
resolutions. President Thomas's appointees were Chief Justice
William H. Beattj^ Supreme Court Commissioner N. P. Chip-
man, and ex-Supreme Judg-e John D. Works. The members
named by the resolutions were the Presidents of Stanford
University and the University of California, the professors of
Engineering in those Universities, and one representative each
from the Interior Department and the Agricultural Department
at Washing-ton, to be nominated by their respective Secretaries.
Frederick H. Newell and Elwood Mead would be the logical re-
presentatives of these two departments, except for the fact that
their presence cannot be spared from Washington for a long
period. It is likely that they will be represented by their as-
sistants in California, who are J. B. Lippincott and J. M.
Wilson, respectively. It is worth while to look more carefully
at the personnel of this commission in order that the reader
may appreciate the mental capacity and moral and public char-
acter which the Water and Forest Association has brought to
bear upon the reform of the water laws.
The honored Chief Justice of our Supreme Court knows Cali-
fornia and its needs as well as any man who could possibly be
named. The fact that he is an enthusiastic lover of his State,
willing to sacrifice something for its advancement, was suffi-
ciently attested by the manner in which he gave time and effort
from his busy life to the work of this Association. No squeam-
ish conception of judicial dignity and etiquette prevented him
from lending his name to the movement from the start. He be-
lieved it had a great public service to perform, and that the
people who had honored him with one of their highest distinc-
tions would not misunderstand his action in stepping outside
the boundary of his official territory to accomplish something
for their benefit. His name alone was a tower of strength.
His faithful attendance upon the meetings of the Executive
Committee was an example and an inspiration to all others.
Finally, his acceptance of a place on the commission, of which
he will inevitably become the head, is a subject for public con-
gratulation. Furthermore, it is a guarantee that the new
measures will be conservative and in accord with constitutional
requirements.
Of General Chipman it is not too much to say that he is one
of the most useful citizens of California and far more identified
214
OCT WEST
Chief Justice Beatty.
with efforts aiming: to conserve the public welfare than with the
mone3'-mad race for personal agg^randizement. He particularly
represents Northern and Central California, where he has been
for many years a leader and a prophet of progress. Probably
there is nothing he desires more than to see the Sacramento and
San Joaquin Valleys start out upon a career of genuine pros-
perity within his lifetime. He can be depended upon to favor
irrigation laws, which he sincerely believes will accomplish that
result.
Judge Works, though a man whose reputation has been won
by public service for the entire State, represents interests pecu-
liar to Southern California. Having his home in San Diego and
then in Los Angeles, his public life has been contemporaneous
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST
215
I
ft
N. p. Chipman.
with the transformation of the Southland from desert to g-arden.
Since his retirement from the Supreme Bench he has been the
legal representative of great investments in irrigation. It is
not only proper, but in the highest degree important, that these
large vested interests should be represented on the commission,
and by a man whose ability and integrity are everywhere ac-
knowledged. The appointment of Judge Works was, therefore,
one eminently fit to be made.
The University representatives on the commission will lend it
216
OUT WEST.
Benjamin Ide Whkei.kk.
the hig-hest educational and scientific character. Probably no
other service of the many which Dr. Jordan and Dr. Wheeler
have rendered to California, outside of strictly collejre duties,
begins to compare in importance with what they will do in this
capacity. It is indeed fortunate for the State that the heads of
its great Universities are men who gladly keep in touch with
the economic life of the people and stand ready to bear their
full share of the burdens of practical, as well as of academic,
affairs. Professor Charles D. Mjirx, of Stanford, and Frank
Soule, of Berkeley, belong to the commission by virtue of their
places in the engineering departments of those institutions. To
the training which they have gained from years of scientific
TWENTIETH CENTURT WEST.
217
David Stakk Jordan.
work they have recently added a most valuable experience b}"^
their studies of the San Joaquin and Salinas Rivers as members
of the body of experts employed hy the Government for its
California investigations.
The Representatives of the Interior and Agricultural Depart-
ments bring- to the work a large fund of practical experience
and valuable information obtained by years of labor throughout
the arid region.
All in all, the Irrigation Commission of the Water and Forest
Association combines as much in the wa}^ of ability, character,
education, special training and experience as could possiblj' be
218
OUT WEST
William Thomas, I'h-miIimu California Waicr and Forest Association.
brought toyfothcr in the personnel of any simihir number to be
chosen from all the land. Measuring: our words, we may say
that this is a commission greatly fitted for great duties — one
which could not be surpassed and one which probably would not
have been approached by a different method of appointment
than that which called it into being.
OPPICEKvS OF THE ASSOCIATION.
The officers of the California Water and Forest Association
for the present year are as follows:
rWENTIETH CENTURT WEST.
219
T. C. Friedlandbr.
President — William Thomas.
Vice-Presidents — N. P. Chipman, Arthur R.'Brig-gs and J. B.
Lippincott.
Secretary — T. C. Friedlander.
Treasurer — P. W. Dohrmann.
Executive Committee — Chief Justice Beatty, President Ben-
jamin Ide Wheeler, Prank J. Symmes, W. H. Mills, John D.
Works and E. B. Willis.
Advisory Council — President David Starr Jordan, Edward P.
Adams, Will S. Green, William E. Smythe, Scipio Craig-, J. M.
Wilson, C. D. Marx, T. J. Field, Timothy Hopkins, Charles W.
Thomas, Frank Soule and A. J. Pillsbury.
220
our WEST.
F. W. DOHKMANN.
While the Association owes much to the representative mem
composing: its Executive Committee and Advisory Council, it.
owes more to its President, its Secretary and its Treasurer. The
movement begfan with these men, and it has lived because their
interest and enthusiasm have survived and overcome difficulties
at various critical periods. In re-electinjj them unanimously
for the third time, the annual meeting: honored itself and g^ave
the best g^uarantee of the perpetuity and continued usefulness,
of the Association.
A Vista Along thk County Road, San Mateo.
#
4
223
- SAN MATEO COUNTY.
By WM. DE JUNG.
OUTH of San Francisco, the Contra Costa Hills and Mt. Hamilton
Range make the eastern setting of a landscape rising from the bay
to the redwood-crested heights of the Sierra Morena Mountains.
Over the foothills are groups of old oak trees, not unlike colossal beasts
herding together, with here and there a sequoia standing sentinel. Cations
and dells offer cool and quiet retreats within these slopes, which are alto-
gether the most beautiful in the vicinity of San Francisco, and enjoy a
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A San Mateo Ho.mi:
mild atmosphere, free from the high winds which prevail nearer the ocean.
Only those specially favored by fortune, however, have heeded nature's
invitation and built homes in this Fl Dorado.
Iveaving San Francisco the train passes through a fog belt, which, in-
creasing in density, obscures the outlook and does not diminish until San
Bruno is reached. Here, however, the mountains, rising to an elevation of
2,000 feet, hold the fog banks and divert them into the foothill valleys.
The sun holds full sway, and the moisture that chills the evening air of the
city is almost absent south of San Bruno. Millbrae is all the name im-
plies, and from now on the eye rests upon the richest rural scenery.
Burlingame, west of the railroad line, lies partly in a shaded valley,
partly among the foothills of the coast range, and preparations to make
this spot an ideal place for homes reach almost thirty years back.
Driveways and bridlepaths lead through the hills for miles. Residences
have been built each upon a large tract, the landscape gardener's art hav-
ing done everything possible to keep up unity of plan, so that lines of
division are not noticeable. The whole is a grand park. The houses,
dropped here and there, are alii in keeping with the forest-like scenery^
Illustrated from photog-raphs by Langre, Berkeley.
and the people living there
are a community singularly
fitted for their surroundiiijfs.
A view toward the east from
any eminence reveals an ex-
panse of water so g-rand, with
tints so beautiful, vessels of
every kind, outward and home-
ward t)ound, giving life to the
scene, that a better sight can
nowhere be found, and yacht-
ing, of course, is a feature in-
separable from such a marine
picture. The Beach near Bur-
lingame is extensive and much
frequented by bathers. The
sportsman can find every var-
iety of game, even deer in the
higher ridges around Montara
Peak,
From a climatic and artistic
point of view no better place
for a home of the refined and
cultured could be found, and
here provision has also been
made for the rising genera-
tion, in that St. Matthew's
School, the oldest and most
noted Church School west of
the Kocky Mountains, is sit-
uated just to the south of, and
jutting upon, this locality.
The founder, who is closely
connected with everything
progressive and of high stand-
ard in this county, has carried
out magnificently his high
plan to provide the best iu
every way for the education
of the young.
The early history of this
district must be read from the
shell mounds along the banks
of the creeks, where many in-
teresting relics have been un-
earthed, showing that here
are the burial places of the
original dweller. The Missions
left their stamp of advance
everywhere, and by a subse-
(lucnt Spanish grant all the
territory between Burlingame
and Palo Alto was set aside
as the San Mateo Rancho. In
the part most suitable for the
purposes of a pueblo, San
Mateo sprung up, the nucleus
being " the old adobe house,"
referred to in surveys and
transfers, but long since
crumbled away.
The town of today is pro-
gressive and interesting. It
furnishes ample proof that
everything is done to meet
the tastes of the exclusive
community. The sanitary
arrangements are of the
latest, and every invention
for the furthering of muni-
cipal and home comforts is
utilized. The streets and roads
in and about the town are
beautiful. The building of
homes and laying out of the
ways have been effected in
such a manner as to compel
admiration and call forth a
desire to seek no farther. A
home-feeling is here induced
by the cosy appearance of the
smaller as the more imposing
dwellings, nestling among
semi-tropical verdure. It is
indeed a spot to cause dull
care to flee and leave the mind
free to absorb with satisfac-
tion the effect of such well-
ordered beauty.
Further south the hills step
nearer to the bay and on the
narrowed strip of flat land
prosperous hamlets are strung
out. Homes within vast en-
closures are numerous, and
all along the route to Menlo
Park the various scenes are
so imposing that it would be
a difficult task, indeed — leav-
ing the distance from San
Francisco out of the question
— to single out any one lo-
cality that could rightly be
preferred to another.
The vicinity of the railway
depot at San Mateo appears to
226
OUl WEST.
St. Matthew's Chukch, San Matbo.
best advantage at about ten o'clock A.M., when the stage coach stands
ready to convey passengers, who left the city at nine, to Spanish Town
and Pescadero. With bright clatter of hoofs the conveyance sways grace-
fully round the corners of the streets and soon passes out on the county
road, at the juncture of which stands the ivy-covered church of St. Mat-
thew, perhaps the prettiest of its kind. Following the meanderings of the
San Mateo creek the road passes into the hills, winding about among
stately trees of every variety. Everything is picturesque. The California
laurel casts its deep shade near the stream. Groves of oaks, magnificent
in growth, spread on both sides. Smaller cafions open here and there into
the hills, displaying vistas of indescribable beauty alluring to the artist.
A Chukch Diumit
The Episcopalian School at San Mateo.
228
OUT WE S T
Looking West
Buckeye and maple stand within the natural lawns where browsing' cattle
testify by their sleek appearance to the abundance of sweet fodder. The
hills become more rug-ged, and precipitous rock walls rise beside the road,
and climbing- up the grade the scenery grows more wild. Chaparral here
lays its dense cloak over the ground. Trees stand out in lesser groups,
but the next dip brings us again among the ferns and flowers. So the
journey proceeds, now in the shady groves, now among moss-covered rock,
steadily rising higher and higher, and after rounding a mountain to which
the road seems to cling, the traveler looks down from the coach with per-
haps a feeling of insecurity into the deep cafion which a short distance
above has been dammed up to gather in a large lake the 30,000,000,000
gallons of water that are stored here to provide water for San Francisco.
The Crystal Springs Dam is 176 feet thick at its base and about 170 feet
high. The lake, formed by the water shed from the surrounding mount-
ains, measures about nine miles in length. Following and crossing the
lake higher up the road proceeds to the mountain ridge, and from there
down toward the ocean. Now, winding in and out among the hills, a some-
what different view lies before us. Deep down a green and widening valley
is seen, and in the end the coach rattles into Spanish Town, typical, as its
name implies, of Spanish life, adobe cottages, and the inimitable cadence
of its people's speech.
SAN MATEO COUNTT.
229
IN BCJRLINGAME CaNON.
In this neighborhood are the gardens that supply San Francisco with
vegetables. The long and even rows of green attract the eye rather
pleasantly, giving somewhat the impression of lacework such as the Span-
ish excel in making by drawing linen threads after certain designs.
It is quite surprising that such a beautiful county as this should as yet
be so little known. True, many from the city take an occasional outing in
this direction, but comparatively few seem to take into account that they
might be permanent sharers in what now conies to them only as an occa-
sional treat.
Burlingame, San Mateo, and other desirable places for homes are reached
by frequent trains of the Southern Pacific Company in about as short a
time as it takes to get to the other suburbs of the city across the bay. The
fares are reasonable, and the advantages to the resident no way inferior to
those of other localities. Churches, libraries, public and private schools,
commercial banks, and business enterprises of every description are
flourishing.
San Mateo county fronts upon the bay of San Francisco on the east, and
upon the ocean on the west. Two-thirds of its area is mountainous, the
remainder level or rising into the foothills. In the southern portion of the
county a forest of redwood spreads over a hundred thousand acres.
Wheat, barley, beans, potatoes are produced' in the western portion of the
Snap Shots at San Matbo.
Bits of Burlinoamb,
SAN MATEO COUNTT.
233
county, while vegetables, fruits and flowers are more particularly raised in
the eastern part. Every kind of tree flourishes, and ferns and wild flowers
are endless in their variety.
Through the length of the county along the railroad from San Francisco
are Colma, Baden, South San Francisco, San Bruno, Millbrae, Burlinganie,
San Mateo, Belmont, San Carlos, Redwood City, Fair Oaks and Menlo Park.
On the seacoast are Pescadero, Spanish Town (sometimes called Half
Moon Bay), and Amesport. Within the Sierra Morena mountains are
Searsville, Woodside and La Honda.
The temperature in the vicinity of San Mateo is remarkably even, the
changes coming gradually as a rule, there being never a time of insuffer-
Thk Approach to Burling amb Station.
able heat nor extreme cold. After the warmest day the night is pleasant
and cool, as during the colder season the average temperature registered
is still mostly comfortable. During the rainy season, which is by no
means a dreary time, but rather refreshing through seeing nature taking on
fresher tints, there is hardly. a day when walking abroad would not be
pleasant ; indeed one half the rainfall occurs by night.
For those pursuing business in San Francisco and desirous of a suburban
residence, Burlingame, San Mateo and a few of the places further south
are ideally suitable to establish homes. The railway service is excellent,
frequent trains running at convenient hours all through the day. There
are no noisy industries to mar the idyllic character of the country or to
disturb the rest needed to renew the forces expended in daily toil.
oi
2?
td >
J- H
Where Two's Company.
Photo, by y. A. Ramsey.
In EASTLAKt I'AKK, UosAngklks.
/'//,./,.. /., PilUburx.
St. James Park, Los A.NCitLEs.
riiolo. by Pillsbury.
In Wkstlakk 1'akk.
Photo, h V I'illsbury.
At Wiisn-AKK I'akk, Los AMiJiLi-S.
J'hoiC! t,i Jiamicj'.
OUT WEST
Office of Publication :
121j4 SoMtH Broad-way
Los Angeles, California
PuBi/iSHKD Monthly by
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE
PUBLISHING COMPANY .ncorpob.tcc
BRANCH OFFICES
RoBT. A. Thompson, Manag-er San Francisco Office— 310
Pine Street.
Sharlot M. Hall, Manag-er Arizona Office— Prescott.
John H. Hamlin, Manag-er Nevada Office— Reno.
Entered at the Los Ang-eles Postoffice as second-class matter.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
VV. C. Patterson, President; Chas. F. Lummis, Vice-Pres.; F. A. Pattee, Secretary ; Chas. Cassat Davis, At-
torney; Cyrus M. Davis, Treasurer.
OTHER STOCKHOLDERS
Chas. Foreman, D. Freeman, F. W. Braun, John F. Francis, E. W. Jones, Geo. H. Bonebrake estate, F. K. Rule,
Andrew Mullen estate, I. B. Newton, S. H. Mott, Alfred P. Griffith, E. E. Bostwick, H. E. Brook, C. M. Davis Co., L.
Replogle, J. C. Perry, F. A. Schnell, G. H. Paine, Louisa C. Bacon. (For additional list, see Contents page.)
Address all MSS. to the editor with return postage. All other business to the respective departments.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES-^1 a year in the United States, Canada and Mexico. $1.50 a year to other countries.
AGENTS WANTED
OUT "WEST vv^arits Subscription Ag-ents all over the country. Liberal commission and ex-
clusive territory to active workers.
Address, Subscription Department,
Land of SunsHine PviblisHing Co.,
Los Angeles, Cal.
japa9G5^ apd ^171985^
WORKS OF ART
We Announce the Recent Arrival
OF MR. KINGMAN from Japan with a
Large Collection of Rare Antiques,
AND THE BE.ST Examples of the Work of
Modern Artists.
Kingman & Co.
William Wyles 345 and 347 SOUTH SPRING STREET
Frederick H. Kingman LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
PAUL P. BERNHARDT & CO. RED RUBBER STAMPS Tei.Mai„5367
Seals, Badg-es, Checks, Steel Stamps, Stencils, &c. 434 Montgomery St., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
E. MeKesy, Jr.
Dealer in ^ j^
PRACTICAL
FURRIER,
FUR DRESSER
AND
TAXIDERMIST
Indian and Mexican
DlanKets
BasKets ^
Relics
s
UtaK ^ California
Souvenir
Goods ^
Curiosities
SOUVENIR SPOONS, NATIVE
SHELL and AGATE JEWELRY
Salt Lake City, Utah:
ANIMAL FUR
RUGS AND
GAME HEADS
A SPECIALTY
Two Sale-rooms, Hotel Kimtsford Bkl^.
Factory and Warehouses, Busby Ave.
Los Angeles, CaK:
Corner Fourth and Main Streets,
Opposite Van Nuys and Westminster Hotels
THE LARGEST BUSINESS OF ITS KIND IN THE WORLD
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
WILL develop or reduce any
part of the body
A Perfect Complexion Beautifier and
Remover of Wrinkles
Dr. John Wilson Gibbs'
THE ONLY
Electric Massage Roller
Patented United States, Europe,
Canada.)
"Its work is not confined to the face alone, but will do
kfood to anv part of the body to which it is applied, de-
velopinjfor reducina' as desired. It Is a very pretty addi-
tion to the toilet-table."— C'A/caA'-o Tribune.
"This delicate Electric Beautifier removes all facial
blemishes. It is the only positive remover of wrinkles and
crow's-feet It never fails to perform all that is expected.''
— Chicago Times- Herald.
" The Electric Roller is certainly productive of irood re-
sults. I believe it is the best of any appliances. It is saff
and effective." Hakkiet Hubbakd Ayek, New I'ork World.
rOR M4SS4GE and CIR4TIVC PURPOSES
An Electric Roller in all the term implies. The invention
of a physician and electrician know througrhout this coun-
try and Europe. A most perfect complexion beautifier.
Will remove wrinkles," crow's-feet" (premature or from
afire), and all facial blemishes — POSITIVE. Whenever
electricity is to be used for massasrintr or curative pur-
poses, it has no equal. No chanrinfir. It will last forever.
Always ready for use on ALL PARTS OF THE BODY.
for all diseases. For Rheumatism, Sciatica, Neuralsria,
Nervous and Circulatory Diseases, a specific. The pro-
fessional standintrof the inventor (you are referred to the
public press for the past fifteen years), with the approval
of thiscountry and Europe, isaperfect (fuarantee. PRICE:
Gold, $4.a). Silver, J3.0(). By mail, or at office of Gibbs"
('ompany, 1370 Bkoadwayi New York. Circular free.
The Only Klectric Kuller. All others are fraudu-
lent linltHtioiiH.
CopyriR-lit.
"Can lake a iiound a day off a patient, or put it on." —
New rork Suit, Autr. 30. l*)!. Send for lecture on " Great
Subject of Fat." no dieting, no hard work.
Dr. John Wilson Gibbs' Obesity Cure
For the Permanent Reductlun and Cure of Obesity.
Purely Vegetable. Harmless and Positive. NO FAIL-
URE. Your reduction is assured — reduced to stay. One
montir« treatment $5.iiO. Mail, or office, 1370 Broadway,
N. Y. "On obesity. Dr. Gibbs is a recosrnized authority."
— New Tork Press, 1«99. reduction quarantcco.
"The cure is based on Nature's laws.— /V(fw Tork Her-
ald," July 0, IHO').
e^/wwww% WW wwww w
' (AlirORNIA SCENES
56 bedutifiil views, Southern California,
artistic and attractive. Postpaid, 10c.
CALIFORNIA ART CO.. Frost BIdg., Los Angeles
4^WWWWWWWWWWVW%WWWi
NO DRY YE.\R at MAY>v<)on Coi.onv, Toliania
County, Cal. Land in small parcels at low prices. The
srreatest colony in the world. Over one million thrifty
fruit trees, railroad facilities, fruit dryer and cannery,
fine hotel, opera house, churches, graded school, weekly
newspaper, 3,000 residents, numerous social, reliarious and
fraternal orcranizations, superb soil, plenty of water, un-
surpassed climate. Free Illustrated literature, etc., fur-
nished by Ralph Hoyt, Southern California Office, 241
Dousrlas Building, Los Anireles, Cal.
Don't tlo the top of year
Jelly and presorvo Jars In
theoldfu.sbionetlway. Keal
tliem hy the new, quick,
al)6oluicly sore way —by
a thin coatlnsrof Pure
Rellncd Paralllne. llus
no tanto or odor. Id
air tipht and acid
proof. Easily applied.
Useful In a dozen other
ways al>out the hou.se.
Full directions with
each cake.
Sold everywhere. Mode by
STANDARD OIL CO.
WM.
POCKET INHALER— Cures headache, asthma, catarrh,
sore throat. Sent postpaid for SI.OO. U.S. currency sent
safely by mail. P. O. Bo.x (j43. Atlanta, Ga.
.iciou;
BRO'HANGEION
1 Pkge Bromangelon
^PlNT BoILINGWATER
W Nothing More
Send 3 cents in stamps
FOR FREE SAMPLE AND
ILLUSTRATED BOOKLETS
Stern ^SaALBERG, New York.
You can be iii>
abandon spectacli
tific instructions
; I'.storc your eyosijrht
, used whatever, scien
S. currency sent safely
by mail. P. O. Box .■-..., .i^. ........ v..i'.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST,
Red Cloud /Hining Stock
50c.
Per Share
But a few thousand shares more for sale. Mills will be running In 90 days.
Read this page carefully and see what our stockholders own.
2 steel boilers, 130-horse power; weig-ht 17,000 lbs.
1 Corliss enffine, 130-horse power; weisrht 22,000 lbs.
1 Hardwick water heater; weigrht 3,000 lbs.
1 rock crusher; weigrht 20,000 lbs.
1 rock crusher; weight 4,000 lbs.
2 sets Cornish rolls; weight (each) 17,700 lbs.;
weight, 35,400 lbs.
1 smelter, capacity of 100 tons; weight 45.000 lbs.
1 28-horse power gasoline hoist, with 700 feet wire
rope; weight 10,000 lbs.
1 30-horse power boiler; weight 8,000 lbs.
1 25-horse power engine; weight 7,200 lbs.
1 lot shafting, pulleys, beltings, etc ; weight 20,000
lbs.
1 Lane slow-speed mill.
1 new Standard concentrator.
1 double set stamps.
3 miles 3-inch water pipe.
1 mile 2-inch water pipe.
1 lot small machines, pumps, etc.
1 general store, 24x40 feet-
1 drug store and physician's office; also a numbi-r
of nice cottages, bunk-house, cook-house, tool-
rooms, harness rooms, etc., at Mill Camp
1 warehouse at Salton, 24x40, roof and sides covered
with corrugated iron; also 1 bunk-house, 1 hay
and grain room and 1 corral.
At Dos Palmos, six miles from Salton, on the way
to the mines, we have 160 acres of land, about 40
acres of which are enclosed with a barb wire
fence, and used as a pasture for our team.-; also
have here:
1 warehouse, cottage, bunk-house, corral, and
1 large spring with 65-iiich flow of water.
At Dry Camp, Corn Springs and Mill Camp our build-
ings, mills and machinery are covered with corru-
gated iron.
All our buildings are modern and substantial.
The Red Cloud Mining Company owns a great many
horses, mules, burros, stages and wagons.
We have built many good roads and trails through
the desert and over the mountains. We have lo-
cated several hundred acres of oil lands, sandstone
quarries, gypsum beds, iron claims, etc.
At Corn Springs there is a spring of soft water from
which the supply is greater than the mills will pos-
sibly use. In connection with this is a five-acre
garden on which are grown many vegetables.
Having enumerated for the benefit of our stockholders
a list of the many things which our company owns,
we will call attention to some things we do not have.
There are no saloons in our camp, no liquor or beer
being allowed upon our grounds There are no
gambling or dance-houses. The Sabbath Day is
observed and no work allowed except in cases of
necessity.
Our miners are all American citizens, intelligent and
gentlemanly. Everyone who has visited our mines
has been favorably impressed with the class of
miners we employ. They are quiet and peaceable,
and we confess we feel proud of our employees, for
they are good workmen.
Stock in the Red Cloud Mining Co. is selling for a
short time only at 50 cents per share. We believe
this is one of the best investments that can be made.
Call at our offices, or send New York draft, Postoffice
money order or registered letter at once, if you wish
to invest, i3ir~ADDRESS AS BELOW.
Red Cloud /Wining Co.
218 S. Broadway
Los Angeles, Cal.
S. p. CREASIN6ER, President
W. L. ELDER, Secretary
THIS AD. WILL NOT APPEAR AGAIN
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
The only perfected piano player in
the world is the Pianola. We are
sole agents in Southern California.
The Pianola is bringing to life
many silent pianos.
■^^ta^^^Wi^^^*
An Art
Product.
vose
PIANOS
are Ideally perfect. In Tone, design
or construction they have always been
far in advance of the "commercially
good " pianos of the same period.
Never has its standard of excellence
been lowered in the slightest degree
to meet the competition of price. To-
day one of the world's greatest pi?->os
Is the Vose.
SOLO FOR CASH OR ON THE SMALL MONTHLY
PAYMENT PLAN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA MUSIC CO.,
210-ai8 West Third St.,
tOS ANOELES, CALIFOKNIA.
We are the largest dealers in small
musical instruments in the South-
west. We can make the lowest
prices and sell any instrument on
the easiest tertns.
I FOX
Typewriters
GIVE
Satisfaction |
LIGHT TOUGH
SPEED AND
DURABILITY
Are the
DUtinctive
Features
•f
"The Fox"
In the Middle States and in the
East where " The Fox " is bet-
ter known, it is " The Leader."
Its EXTREME SIMPLICITY
and EASY ACTION have
made it the STANDARD. : : :
CATALOGUES MAILED UPON REItVEST
DESIRABLE DEALERS WANTED
FOR THE PACIFIC COAST. .- : :
fOX TYPEWRITER CO.
104 Front Street
GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.
Hummel Bros. &, Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mentipn that You Saw it In OUT WEST.
S»^
Before Locating in California
MaKe a XHoroxi^K
Investigation of
San Joaquin County
It has the most fertile lands in the State at the lowest prices.
It has a navigable river and numerous railroads, causing the lowest trans-
portation charges in the State.
Its markets are constant and active for all farm produce.
It offers the best opportunity for the farmer or home-seeker that can be
found on this coast.
LOOK INTO THIS BEFORE YOU SETTLE PERMANENTLY,
FOR IT MAY MEAN A BIQ SAVING TO YOU
Call on or address Stockton Chamber of Commerce, Stockton, Cal., or the
Cham-hefs Branch Office at 66 Bryson Block, Los Angeles, Cal.
I San Joaquin (Bounty
I Is the Place for You
IK
I Fruit, Vineyard, Alfalfa, Vegetable and Grain Land for sale at prices
I SO low you will scarcely believe it possible*
I We have the BEST BARGAINS in Farm Lands to be found in the
I United States,
S San Joaquin County is the center of agricultural California. Nothing
I can stop it from becoming the center of the States' population, |
CALL AND LOOK OVER OUR LISTS
n. C. NORRIS & Co., 247 Wilcox Block, Los Angeles
Or write to our Correspondents, EATON & BUCKLEY, Stockton, Cal.
V( ' "" ' ' ' jg
T T'l^~rT 'Cr t^in^A ^ EDTT a CETCD ^°^ pancake Griddles, Bread, Biscuit, Cake and Pie
-L-i / i L^C^ KJ ClVl \J tX. CL ^ J IL tX Pans. Metal and Wood combined. Everlasting kitchen
necessity. Postpaid to you for 14 cents. HOUSEHOLD SPECIALTY CO., Los Angbles, Cal.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
H
PH OXO-M I N I AXU R EI
A Monthly Magazine of Photographic Information. Supp. Illustrated.
EVERY NUMBER A COMPLBTE BOOK, PI^AIN AND PRACTICAL. EVERY MONTH DEALS WITH A
DIFFERENT BRANCH OF PHOTOGRAPHY. 31 NUMBERS PUBLISHED, ALL OBTAINABLE. SEND
FOR FULL LIST OF SERIES. 25 CENTS PER COPY, $2.50 PER YEAR. NO FREE SAMPLES.
GKT IT FROM YOUR DEALER. TENNANT & WARD, Publishers, new York
PEW R ITERS ARE
MANY writing machines break down
in their youth, but Remingtons
have tough constitutions and, no mat-
ter how hard the work they do, they
are sure to reach a hale and vigorous
old age.
Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 327 Broadway, New York 113 S. Broadway, Los AngelCS, Cal.
ANYVO THEATRICAL COLD CREAM
preventK early wrinkles. It is not a freckle coatinr ; It re-
moves them. ANYVO CO., 437 N. Main St., Lo« AngelM.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
ROSES EXCLUSIVELY
Buy at Headquarters
and take no chances.
4'8-pa^e photo-illustrated cata-
logue, 15 cents, which may be
deducted from first order.
All kinds,
Olive,
THE BEST TREES
= Orang-e,
Lemon, Walnut and everythinsr else. Best-
grown and larcest stock of street and ornamen-
tal trees in Southern California. Roses, shrubs,
etc. Best varieties, lowest prices.
J. E. MORGAN, 4584 Pasadena Avenue
uly Florlcultural Magazine published on Pacific Coast
lOmCULTMST
Devoted to the care and ornamentation of the home
grounds. Published monthlv, $1.00 per year.
FLORTICULTURIST PUBLISHING CO., 203 New High
Street, los Angeles. Cal.
WITH "OUT WEST" - - - $ 1 50
Cox Seed Co.
4n-413-415 Sansome St.
San Francisco, Cat.
THE LARGEST ASSORTMENT Of
SEEDS ON THE COAST
Garden and Flower Seeds, Alfalfa,
Clover, Kentucky Blue Grass,
Australian Rye Grass, Orna-
mental Trees, Roses, Fruit
Trees and Small Fruit Trees,
French Prune on Almond Root,
French Prune on Peach Root,
Blenheim and Royal Apricots
on Peach and M3'^robolan Root.
Send for 1902 Annual Catalogue,
beautifully illustrated, free by mail.
CALIFORNIA
W t t U O *■ WORLD^
Send for our large, beautifully illus-
trated Seed and Plant Catalogue.
QER/VIAIN SEED AND PLANT CO.
326-330 S. MAIN ST.
Los ANGELES, CAL.
Oldest and Most Reliable Seed tlouse In So. California
The Farmer
The Gardener
and
The Housewife
They cost a little more. They
' are wortti a great deal more
than the ordinary kind. Sold
everywhere. 1902 annual free.
D. M. FERRY & CO.
Detroit, Mich.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Schacht
Open Runabout
Nothinir on the Market
Equals it for the Money asked.
»
b¥
b^
^ The SCHACHT PATENT BALL-BEARING AXLE takes up
49 its own wear. Equipped with J ^ inch Cushion Tires, Choice of
2 Colors in Trimming and Painting.
49
<9
49
♦?
«9
♦J
<9
<9
The DEERE PLOW
WE HAVE THEM
Two to Six-Gang: Wallcing, Subsoil, Sulky, Steel,
Chilled, Shovels, etc., to meet any want.
Haivleyf King & Company
Farm Implement Department :
49 r64-168 N. Los Angeles St.
49
Dealers in Fine Carriaires and Harness:
501-505 S* Broadway S
PUMPS
-FOR-
PIPE LINES OR STORAGE
Air Compressors,
Boilers
Pipe Casing, Drive
Pipe, Cordage
IRRIGATION
SUPPLIES
PACIFIC COAST MANUFACTURING CO., LOS ANGELES, CAL.
EVERY DISEASE CURABLE
Every man his own Doctor
without medical fakery of any
kind. The Schaefer Healing-
Apparatus will cure where
everything else fails. It will cure all dis-
eases of the lung's, stomach, liver, kid-
neys, bladder, nerves, skin and blood.
If you want to cure yourselves, or
want to cure others, and have a good
paying business, then write for testi-
monials and other literature to the in-
ventor. Dr. Geo. Schaefer, 315 Mad-
ison St., Buffalo, N.Y. ^°i1e rt^'o.l'c"!
STEAM and GASOLINE ENGINES
STEAM and IRRIGATION PUMPS
BOILERS and AIR COMPRESSORS
FRUIT and FARMING IMPLEMENTS
POPULAR VEHICLES and BAIN WAGONS
Factory! THE BENICIA A6RICULTURAL WORKS
CAU OR WRITE
Oar Prices are Very Attractive
Baker & Hamilton
LOS ANGELES. CAL
Sm FraicKro nd Sacramfiito
Help — All Kinds. See Hummel Bros. A Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
«<«S«?«?«i)g«^«^5^«i5^«i«?)^«^«i)^)^«^««««5^)^«<«^«i«i««5^«««««^«^^
WHERE DO YOU
PUT YOUR
SAVINGS
We invite you to write for a little book treating on Costa
Rica and its opportunities, sent free on request
Two years ago this Company entered the business of cultivating' rubber
and cacao. The Company has special advantages, resulting from the loca-
tion of its property, which lies between two navigable rivers. The soil
is deep, rich, and its adaptability to rubber and cacao is shown by the abund-
ance of wild trees which were originally found upon it. The territory con-
sists of 7,500 acres. The Company have planted 75,000 rubber trees and
10,000 cacao trees.
Any individuals desiring a safe and profitable in-
vestment are invited to investigate this enterprise.
Its stability and the ability and integrity of its
officers are a perfect assurance of the greatest suc-
cess. Stock may be purchased on Installments.
5j( % 5.00 down and $5.00 per month buys 500 shares.
% 10.00 down and $10.00 per month buys 1.000 shares,
a 20.00 down and $20.00 per month buys 2,000 shares.
V( Stock sells for 50 cents per share.
S Address —
I Costa Rica Development Co. 203 Currier Bidg,, LOS angeles, cal.
DIRECTORS
L. W. BLINN, President
C. S. HOGAN, 1st Vice-Pres't
W. B. RAYMUND, 2nd Vice-Pres't
J. B. HENDERSON, Secretary
E. B. MERRILL, Treasurer
H. HAWGOOD
A. C. HARPER
OCTAVIUS MORGAN
H. JEVNE
J. A. HENDERSON
B. A. BENJAMIN
RIVERSIDE
For
OR
SALE,
FARMS,
HOMES,
ORANGE
GROVES
MINES 1
PADDOCK
1
Exchange
Riv
IN
EVERY
STATE
IN
THE
UNITED
STATES
erside, Cal.
i^-^-m^
COMPANY,
WE SELL THE EARTH
BASSETT & SMITH
We deal in all kinds of Real Estate.
Orchard and Resident Property.
Write for descriptive pampiiiet.
232 W. Second St., Room 208, Los Angeles, Cal.
inn VISITING CARDS AND Oil ^
lUU LEATHER CARD CASE WHUi
We will send you 100 Visiting- Cards with yourname printed
in the latest style and an elegrant black Seal Grain Card
Case for only 64 cents, postpaid. Satisfaction (fuaraateed.
Send for free samples and our catalogue.
J. R. MILLER, PROSPECT PARK, CAL.
BARGAIN
$7,000
BUYS a beautiful orange ranch in the
only district in California where the frost
does not reach the fruit. Abundance of g-ood
water piped all over the place. Large two-
story modern eight-room house, hard finished,
cost $3000 to build, good two-story barn,
horses, farming implements, etc. — a complete
outfit, all ready to step right into. Soil very
fertile, yields an income of $1000 yearly from
ground cultivated between the trees. Place
gives easily an income of $2000 yearly. A
good industrious man or woman could easily
make a fortune on this place in a few years.
I am getting old and want to retire and am
not willing to allow place to depreciate, and
offer to sell at the above ridiculously low
figure in order to get the place into good
hands. For further particulars apply to
A. T. JERQINS & CO.,
337 Douglas Bidg. Los Angeles, Cal.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
mRmmmmwiiWiimisiiBiMmfemmRMiimmmmmmisimiftmmm
fe
27 Hours
LOS ANGELES
SAN ERANCISCO
BY
I Pacific Coast Steamstiip Co
m
m
m
g EXPRESS SERVICE-SOUTH BOUND
M Leave San Francisco : SANTA ROSA Sundays, 9.00 a.m.
^ STATE OP CAL Wednesdays, " "
1^ NORTH BOUND
fe Leave Los Angeles : SANTA ROSA Wednesdays, 10.00 a.m.
^ STATE OF CAL Saturdays, " "
^ Operate Steamers to and from Mexico, Humboldt Bay, British
1^ Columbia, Seattle and Alaska
B W. PARRIS. Agent GOODALL, PERKINS & CO.,
B 328 S. Spring St. GENERAL AGENTS
B LOS ANGELES, CAL. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
Hummel Bros. & Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
■*
M
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
UNIVERSITY or SOUTHERN
EIGHT
SCHOOLS
CALIfORNIA, LOS ANGELES
THE COLLEGE. Faculty of 16. Ample equipment. Students
may pass from any class to the State University or any
in the East.
THE PREPARATORY SCHOOL. As "Chaffey" stood amone the
highest accredited schools in the State, ytmost pains taken
with physical development, manners and character, as
well as with the intellect.
University Station. Dean Wm. T. Randall, A. M.
PASADENA
130-134 S. EUCLID AVENUE MISS
ORTON'8 BOAKDING AND DAY SCHOOX.
FOR OIRI.S.
New Building's. Gymnasium. Special care of health.
Entire chargre taken of pupils during- school year and
summer vacation. Certificate admits to Eastern Colleges.
European teachers in art and music. 12th year began
Oct., 1901.
Occidental College
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Three Courses : classical. Literary, Scientific,
leading to degrees of A. B., B. L., and B. S. Thorough'
Preparatory Department and School of Music.
First semester begins September 25, 1901.
Address the President,
ReT. Ouy W. TV^adaworth.
Pomona College
CLAREMONT
CALIFORNIA
Courses leading to degrees of B. A., B. S., and B. L. Its
degrees are recognized by University of California, Stan-
ford University, and all the Eastern Universities.
Also Preparatory School, fitting for all Colleges, and a
School of Music of high grade. Address,
Dr. Geo. A. Gate«, Pr««ldeut.
Formerly Casa de Rosas.
Girls' Collegiate ScKool
Adams and Hoover Sta.,
I<os Anseles, Cal.
ALICE K. Parsons, B.A.,
Jeanne W. Dbnnen,
Principals.
THE LOS ANGELES MILITARY
=ACADEMY=
EIOHTII YEAR, I90I— 1902.
A select Boarding and Day School. Pre-
pares for colleges, government schools,
technical schools and business. Faculty
large, competent, experienced ; all depart-
ments thoroughly equipped; location near
all city advantages, yet suflSciently iso-
lated to be beyond demoralizing influence
and dangers.
Before deciding upon a school investi-
gate the advantages we offer. Special rates
during vacation. Illustrated catalogue upon
application.
Telephone Main 1556.
WALTER J, BAILEY, A. M.,
Principal.
CAPT. CHARLES KIENER,
Commandant.
(Graduate Vienna Military Academy.)
The Harvard School
(MILITARY)
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
An English Classical Boarding and Day School for Boys.
GRENVILLE C. EMERY, A. B.,
Head Master.
Reference : Chas. W. Elliot, LL. D., President Harvard
University.
Hon. Wm. P. Frye, Pres't pro tem. U. S. Senate.
THE LOS 4NGELES COLLEGE Of
flNE ARTS (sr «b
At Beautiful
GARVANZA
W. L. JUDSON
DIRECTOR
Circulars on application.
212 lAiEST THIRD ST.
Is the oldest established, has the largest attendance, and is the best equipped business college
on the Pacific Coast. Catalogue and circulars free.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
OliDBST AND I.AKOEST BANK IN SOUTHERN
CAI.1FORNIA
THE FARMERS AND MERCHANTS BANK
OF LOS ANGELES
Incorporated 1871
Capital .... $500.00U.OO
Surplus and Undiyided Profits. $878,000.00
Deix>sits . . . , $6,300,000.00
OFFICERS
I. W. HBI.LMAN, Pres. H. W. Hbllman, Vice-Pres.
J. A. Ghaves, 2nd Vice-Pres. Charles Sbylrr, Cashier
G. Hbimann, Assistant Cashier
W. H. Perry
I.N.VanNuys
H. W. Hellman
A. Haas
DIRECTORS
I.W. Hellman, Jr.
J. A. Graves
J. F. Francis
Wm. Lacy
O.W. Childs
I. W. Hellman
C. E. Thom
Drafts and Letters of Credit issued and Teleifraph ic and
Cable Transfers to all parts of the world.
Special Safety Deposit Department and Storajre Vaults.
W. C. Pattbrson, Prest. P. M. Green, Vice Pres,
Frank P. Flint, Second Vice- Prest.
W. D. WOOLWINE, Cashier
E. W. COE. Assistant Cashier
D. J. WlGDAL "
lie in mm mtiQi Boni
Cor. First and Spring Streets
Capital Stock
Surplus and Profits over
$500,000
150,000
This bank has the best location of any bank in Los
Ansretes. It has the largest capital of any National bank
in Southern California, and is the only UNITED STATES
DEPOSITARY in Southern California.
riRST NATIONAL BANK
OF LOS ANGKLKS
Largest National BaRk Ir Soytbeni Cillfinili.
Capital Stock S 400/100
Surplus and Undivided Profits over jso.oao
Deposits 5.775,000
J. M Elliott, Prest. W. G. Kerckhoff. V.-Pre«t
J. C. Drake. Second V.-Prest.
W. T. S. Hammond, Assistant Cashier
DIRECTORS
J. D. Bicknell H. Jevne W. G. Kerckhoff
J. M Elliott F. Q. Story J. D Hooker
J. C Drake
All Departments of a Modern Banking Business Conducted
e
Write for CATALOGUE JUST
PUBLISHED
Noah fmnm Morrison
Boons
RARE,
OLD AND
CURIOUS
Americana,
Genealogies and
General Literature
No. 893 Broad Street,
Newark, N. J.
Libraries and small collections of books pur-
chased from executors and others.
Refers by permission to the editor.
ELECTRIC INSOLES— Cures cold feet, rheuniatisin,
cramps; restores circulation. Give size of shoe worn. U.S.
currency sent safely. Price $1, postpaid. P. O. Box 643,
Atlanta, Ga-
\m^
FOR ANY BOOK ON EARTH—
Write to N. H. TIMBY, Book Nunter
CATALOGUES FREE CONNEAIT. OHIO
:ft:ft:fe*:ft:ft:ft**AA:ft:ftj^j^:ft:ft:ftjfej^*j^4^;j^;ft;j^^,
Phone Main 635.
^iJolft ^!ft^ SIRS'?*
loMinnMiiiii"
No matter how frayed or sharp-edg-ed the g^oods, this
machine finishes them more smoothly and comfortable than
when the ^oods were new.
Our place is convenient of access, modernly equipped,
and courtesy and busine.ss methods prevail.
If you cannot call, phone.
EMPIRE LAUNDRY
149 5. MAIN ST., LOS ANOELES
SathfactiM GaarMtreil
5»
i?9>9'¥9>9>¥¥^¥¥$^9>iE^¥$^$¥$$tF9^¥¥¥¥$'$¥$^9> 1? $9^¥9>9>9>$¥$'$^
ANYVO THEATRICAL COLD CREAM
prevents early wrinkles. It Is not a freckle coating; it re-
moves them. ANYVO CO., 427 N Main St., Lo« An ««!«•.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
PASADENA
W6 Sell Oranoe Orctiards
That pay a steady investment, with
grood water rigrhts. "We have them in
the suburbs of Pasadena, finely lo-
cated for homes, also in the country
for profit.
FINE HOMES
IN PASADENA A SPECIALTY
WOOD & CHURCH
J 6 S. Raymond Avenue, PASADENA, C AL.
Los Angeles Office : 3 J 7-3 1 5 Bryne BIdg.
LOS ANGELES
1
We Sell the Earth
BASSETT & SMITH
We deal in all kinds of Real Estate, Orchard and
Residence Property. Write for descriptive pamphlet.
Room 208, 202)4 S- BROADWAY
NOLAN & SMITH BLOCK LOS ANGELES, CAL.
REDLANDS
ORANGE GROVES
209 Orange Street
For reliable information as to cost,
care and culture of Redlands
Orang-« Groves, call on or address
CH. FOWLER
Redlands, Cal.
REDLANDS
FINE Rl
magfnificen
BSIDENCE in RedU
t outlook, near to E
inds, with
LECTRIC
Come to Porterville !
car line, modern house, elegrantly furnished,
all modern conveniences, wide verandas.
Where Oranges and Lemons
plate g-lass windows. For sale at half its
cost.
are grown free from Smut
ORANGE eROVE— $20,000 buys 145^ acres
and Scale.
in full bearinsr. $6,000 house, barns, etc.,
situated near electric car line, having- masr-
CHEAP LAND, CHEAP WATER, Un-
nificent view of Redlands and the mount-
equalled Climate. To in-
ains beyond.
Redlands is unsurpassed for salubrious
vestigate means to invest.
climate, magruiflcent scenery, excellent
For information, address
schools, churches, libraries and society. No
saloons.
Call upon or address: JOHN P. FISK, Rooms
secreiory Boofii oi irofle.
1 and 2, Union Bank Block, Redlands, Cal.
Porienfiiie. Goiilornia.
Southern Califonia
Visitors
should
not fall to see
AZUSA
24 miles from lyos Angeles, on the
Kite-shaped track of the Santa F^ Ry.
HOTBL AZUSA.
It has first-class hotel accommodations, good drives and fine scenic surroundings.
Its educational, social and religious facilities are complete. It, is surrounded by the
most productive and beautiful orange and lemon groves in the world, and as a place of
residence is warmer in winter and cooler in summer than many other famous orange
districts.
For especial information or complete and handsome illustrated literature,
Write ° "ifurcaJf^^r^ Chamber of Commerce
Hummel Bros. & Co, furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
^ ^r The most profitable varieties on the best soil, in^\^ y^
the finest condition. I have more than I want to
ORANGE AND LEMON
GROVES
The most profitable varieties on the best soil, in\^ u^
NOW PAYING A GOOD
INCOME ON PRICE
REQUIRED.
take care of, and will sell part in ten-acre tracts at prices
<^X \ below present conservative values. Write me for >/ ^
V
,^^ X particulars. Better yet, come and see property
%\ A. P. GRIFFITH, Azusa, Cal.
WILL PAY A BETTER
INCOME AS TREES
GET OLDER.
«1t«««««1»1t1l«««««««««1t«1t1t««1(««1t«1l«1t«««1t«lt««««««««««««««1t1t«««««««
DO YOU READ
The ARGONAUT ?
It contains strongly American Editorials, Letters from Washing-ton,
New York, London and Paris by trained correspondents ; its short
stories are famous and are widely copied throughout the United States ;
its selected Departments, both verse and prose, are edited with the
greatest care ; Art, Music, the Drama and Society notes are handled by
experienced writers.
The ARGONAUT is acknowledged by all to be the best Weekly on
the Pacific Coast and one of the best in the United States. Persona
once having formed the habit of reading The ARGONAUT find they
CANNOT DO WITHOUT IT
Send us a postal card and we will forward you, postage paid, some
sample copies.
The ARGONAUT PUBLISHING CO.
246-5utter Street San Francisco, Cal.
»ik»<i»ii(iii»iiii)i»iiiiiii(«)i»iiii»ii)iiiiiiii»«i)i»«»«ii»»tti»ii»)iftii«iiiftiiii)i»iiiift«i»iiiitt»tt
oohn A. Smith, Burnt Wood Novelties, Hardwood Floors, Grille-work. 456 S. Broadway.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Imperial FRESNO
The richest county in California. Produces a greater
variety of products than any other county in the State. The
only county that can produce RAISINS and FIGS successfully.
Its orange and lemon industry is still in its swaddling clothes,
but its citrus fruits can be shipped from two to four weeks
earlier than from any other section.
I have some exceptionally rich orange land, fully protected,
that will increase in value from 100 per cent to 1000 per cent
within the next few years. Alfalfa finds its HOME in Fresno
County, producing more FULL crops than any other section.
Its mineral resources are yet UNDEVELOPED, but they will
compare favorably with other counties of the State.
I will execute commissions of purchase and sale for non-
residents ; investigate and furnish special confidential reports on
Fresno city and country property ; take the entire management
of vineyards and other property and estates.
i DO A STRICTLY COMMISSION BLSINESS
References upon application.
J. D. WHITLAW
The Real Estate Merchant
Northern California Office: Central California Office : Southern California Office:
10 Montgomery St., San Francisco 1031 J St., Fresno 123 S. Broadway, Los Angeles
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
««
c
c
JS
a
II
No Nature lover
To all who love Nature and
the Country
We make a special introductory offer of
The New Nature Library
7 superb volumes re-
tailing: for $18.00
And a year's subscrip-
tion to "Country Life
in America," 3.00
$21.00
All for $2 down
and $2 a nxontK for
8 months,
if accepted immediately and
this magazine mentioned.
" Country Life in America -
is a beautiful, practical and season-
able mag-azine of every sort of
work and pleasure under the
open sky. Size 10jixl4>^ ; all
•'' X. coated paper. Libbkty H.
Bailey, Editor.
Bound in polished Buckram, -with
Leather Title Labels and Gilt Top.
THE INSECT BOOK. By Leland
O. Howard. 16 colored and 32 black
and white full pasres, taken direct
from the insects themselves, and
nearly 300 text cuts. Price $3 net.
THE BUTTERFLY BOOK. By Dr.
W. J. Holland. 48 plates in colors
and many text cuts. Price $3 net.
NATURE'S GARDEN (Wild Flow-
ers). By Neltje Blanchan. 32
full-pag-e plates in colors, 48 black
and white. Price $3 net.
THE MUSHROOM BOOK. By
Nina L. Marshall. 24 colored
plates, 24 black and white ; over
1(X) text cuts. Price $3 net.
BIRD NEIGHBORS. By Neltje
Blanchan. 48 colored plates. Price
2 .
GAME BIRDS. By Neltjk Blan-
chan 48 colored plates. Price $2.
BIRD HOMES. By A. Radclyffe
DuGMORE- 16 colored plates and
50 other pictures. Price f2 net.
7t),(xjo .sold at these prices.
Send your order at once, using this coupon and enclosing $2.
The bool($ will be sent by prepaid express, and the sub-
r^ ,, - ^, scription to the magazine will start with the first
<t?-5>°'V>> (November) number. If cash is remitted with
%/% ov^^^ order 5 per cent may be deducted, making the
'''-"'-r^eX'-., price $17.10 net. If the books are not
e. ^i-.i satisfactory on examination they may be
•v*^ . ^^SA returned and the $2 will be refunded.
Out Wkst 202
The right is reserved to withdraw
this offer any time without notice.
D01BLEDAY,PAGE&C0.
34 Union Square, E., New York
siqi ^noqiiAv
s
o
a.
A REMARKABLE CHANCE
P. S.— We are plannlnir a " Personal Edition " of Shakespeare's Works similar to tho vi-ry anccesafnl Personal Eliot.
There will be 12 handsome volumes, with introductions dealinir with the m.in Shakosin-are and the places made famous
by him, and with remarkably beautiful photonrapliic illustrations. Wt> liave decided to offer a</;',i«i<v subscribers a n-duced
rate on this work. If you order /xjic we will send you the set when ready and a year's subscription to The World's Work
for t^—fust half the retail price of the u Tohimes •.vithoiit the mn.vn'i'ie. The set irill not he sold for this prieeafier it is puhtishrd.
Reliable help promptly furnished. Hummel Bros. A Co., Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
FIRST EDITION SOLD
BEFORE PUBLICATION
Camera SKots
at Bi^ Game >^
By MR. and MRS. A. G. WALLIHAN
Introduotion by ■
the:odori: roosevelt
y^ MOST remarkable collection of photographs of
deer, antelope, elk, cougar, wild cat, bear and
other animals of our great West, taken from life in their
native wilds.
As MR. ROOSEVELT says. tHis col-
lection can ne-ver be duplicated. ^ >jF
Large paper and type, with 21 photogravures and 40 full-page
half-tones.
Price $10.00 net.
DOUBLEDAY, PAGE C8L CO., PublisKers
CUT THIS OUT A.VD MAIL TO US WITH $10.00.
Doubleday, Page &. Co., 34 Union Sq., E., N. Y. City
I enclose %Vdm, for which send me CAMERA SHOTS AT BIG GAME.
Out West 202
A
John A. Smith, Burnt Wood Novelties, Hardwood Floors, Grille-work. 456 S. Broadway.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Ladies
Laxakola Is the only laxative that acts
as a tonic to the whole female svatoia,
BtrenKtlioninir the orprans and purifying? the
blood. It will cure tho most confirmed case
of constipation after every other remedy
has fiiileri.
With your hovFols and stomach free
from refuse and impurities; with your
kidneys and liver working naturally, and
your blood pure and rich, backaches, head-
aches, weak nerves, blotchy, muddy, fal-
low complexions and all similar troubles
will vanish, and you will feel and look
Strom,', healthy and vigorous.
Because of its puriiy, pleasant taste,
■yid f^entle, yet cfTective, action, infants
un/' the most delicate invalids can take it
without any disagreeable or harmful after-
offects.
lAxakola combined two medicines, Tiz: laxatlra
«ii<l tonic, and at one prioi . No other remedy (riVM
■o much for the money. At dnnrfrists i&r and
6«f., or free sample of THE I.AXAKOLA CO., ISt
llasiwu Street, N. Y. or SSO Dearborn Street, CUcatftk
HEARING RESTORED if theeardrnra is not perforated
—painless, harmless, or money refunded after three
months' dilisrent trial. Printed instructions with appli-
ances, for Sl.uo. U. S. currency sent safely by mail. P.O.
Box 643, Atlanta, Ga.
5
TO START TOU IN BUSiNESi
till pri'Ki-nt you with the flrst l&yoa
taki- In to Htitrt von In a ifood paying huiij-
neHH. tsend lU cents for full liiu) of SMiiplai
and dln-ctlonH how tu tn-ifln.
DRAPER FUBLISHINQ CO.. Chictf^ IIU.
MAKE $3.00 TO $10.00 PER DAY -,^-f ,,,
Photo-Jewelry and Novelties. A sample button from any
picture with illustrated catalogue and full particulars for
10 cents. L. Kelman & CO., 5541 Fifth Ave., Cbicaffo. 111.
n-nn
75,000
Genuine
Mexican
OPALS
For sale at lubs than half price. We want an agent in
every town and city in the U. 8. Send 36c. (uruLmpU
opal worth |2. Good agents make $10 a day.
Kezican Opal Co., 607 Frost Bldg., Los Angeles, Cat
Bank reference. State Loan and Tnist Oo
Send lOCts. and get this,
beautiful solid rolled gold '
Lovers Heart Bangle set i '
with aMort«4l itont... Or our '
oil* eye r\ng\ It'i the be.1 bmr-
L'.ln y^u ever f^ot fi,r 10 cent.; ft tyremlam ftbeo-
lutelv FRKE Cfttalotne tnf, rfnp wvrranU.4
.'v!^n 1 w.lVy Co., 87-89 Wuhingtoii SL, Chicagu. IIL
RIPANS
The simplest remedy for indigestion, constipation,
biliousness and the many ailments arising from a dis-
ordered stomach, liver or bowels is Ripans Tabules.
They have accomplished wonders, and their timely aid
removes the necessity of calling a physician for the
many little ills that beset mankind. They go straight
to the seat of the trouble, relieve the distress, cleanse
and cure the affected parts and give the system a
general toning up.
AT DRUGGISTS
The five-cent packet is enougfh for an ordinary occasion. The family bottle^ sixty
cents, contains a supply for a year.
Help — All Kinds. See Hummel Bros. A Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
It has taken a great deal of
money and care to perfect our
track and prompt train service,
but we pride ourselves on
being- able to offer the travel-
ing public the finest and
smoothest track in California,
with up-to-date trains, having
all the needful appliances for
comfort and speed, running at
convenient hours to the best
ocean resorts on the Pacific
Coast. Among the most prom-
inent are Long- Beach, Cata-
lina Island, San Pedro and
Terminal Island. Excursion
Tickets sold every day.
^g'Write Agents of the Salt LaKe Rovjte
for illustrated leaflets and desired infor-
mation. All inquiries cheerfully answered.
E. W. GILLETT, GenH Pass. Agi.
T. C. PECK, Assi. Gen'l Pass. Agt.
AT OFFICE, 237 SOUTH SPRING STREET
lOS ANGELES, CAL.
ORANGE RANCH....
of twenty acres, eight and
nine year old trees, situated
within two blocks of the
city limits of San Bernar-
dino, Cal. Five inches con-
tinuous water flow.
PRESENT CROP SOLD for $2,000
Will sell for cash for $7,500.
Address: Box A,
HULBURT ADVERTISING CO.
605-607 FROST BLOG.
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
I IVIaier & Zobelein
* Brewery
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
BOTTLED BEER
For Family use and Export a specialty.
A pure, wholesome beyerag^e, recommended by
prominent physicians.
OFFICE, 440 ALISO STREET
Tel. Main 91
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
TAKE THE
L
unset JL/imited
fc- TO ALL POINTS
I EAST
fer Solid "Vestibvile Train Los Angeles to Ne^v Orleans
^ Leaving Los Angeles
fc Every Tuesday, THvirsday and Saturday
^ At &:30 a. m.
^ BEST EQUIPPED TRANS-CONTINENTAL TRAIN IN THE W^ORLD
F" VIA
SOUTHERN PACIFIC CO.
^ Write or ask G. A. PARKYNS, Assistant General Freisrht and Passen- ^S
^ srer Asrent, 261 South Spring Street, Los Angreles, Cal., for particulars. _^
^iuiuiuiuiuiuiumiumiuiuiiiiuiuiuiuiiiiuiuiiiiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiuiu^
IDYLLWILD
SAN G0R60NI0 MOUNTAINS
RIVERSIDE COUNTY
-AMONG-THE-riNES
STRAWBERRY VALLEY
Altitude 5250 Feet
Drink pure water from the fountains of the mountains. Tents
and cottages to rent. Excellent store, meat market and dairy.
First-class hotel, electric light, complete sewer system, mountain
spring water piped throughout all buildings. Seven hundred and
thirty-four thousand acres of pine forests for hunting and moun-
tain climbing. Golf links, lawn tennis, croquet and billiards.
Round Trip Tickets on Santa Fe, Los Angeles to
San Jacinto, good on Tuesdays, Tliursdays and
Saturdays— FIVE DOLLARS.
Daily stage meets all trains at San Jacinto. Sunset telephone
for guests. Call up *' Idyllwild." For particulars address '•
CALIFORNIA HEALTH RESORT CO.
1414 South Hope Street, LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Reliable help promptly furnished. Hummel Bros. d. Co., Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
California Limited
THE RESULT OF AN
ENDEAVOR TO CREATE
A PERFECT TRAIN
HIGH CLASS ACCOMMODATIONS
HAVE MADE IT THE MOST
POPULAR WITH TRAVELERS
Daily Service Bctwecn SdH Francisco
Los Angeles and Chicago
641 iVlarket Street 200 S. Spring Street
SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
-*,fx-.
The Delightful Scenic Route
To Santa cMonica
And Hollywood
Fine, Comfortable Observation Cart Free from Smoke, ete
Cars leave Fourth street and Broadway, Los Antreles, for Santa Monica via. Sixteenth
street, every half hour from 6:35 a.m. to 6:35 p.m., then each hour till 11:35 ; or via Bellevne
Ave., for Colegrove and Sherman, every hour from 6:15 a.m. to 11:15 p.m. Cars leave Ocea.n
Park, Santa Monica, for Los Ansreles, at 5:40 and 6:4U a.m. and every half hour thereafter
till 7:40 p.m., and at 8:40, 9:40 and 10:40 p.m.
Cars lea-ve Los Ansreles for Santa Monica via. Hollywood and Sherman via. Bellevne
Ave., every hour from 6:45 a.m. to 5;45 p.m., and to Hollywood only every hour thereafter.
■ -(^ For complete time-table and particulars call at oflBce of company.
Single Round Trip, SOc. 10-Trip Tickets, $2.00.
316-322 WEST FOURTH STREET. LOS ANGELES
TBOLLiKY PABTIK8 BY DAY OR NIGHT A SPKCIALTY.
'* A^iCliCiiCAAiiCiiC^liC^A^AAA'A'^
The great transcontinental route
through Salt Lake City and the
iostmoDOiiicentsceoefniiflmefica
No European trip of equal length
can compare with it in grandeur
of scenery or wealth of novel in-
terest. Pullman Palace and ordin-
ary Sleepers through to Omaha,
St. Louis and Chicago daily.
For information, handsomely
illustrated pamphlets, etc., call
upon your nearest Ticket Asrent,
or address :
G. W. HEINTZ, Asst. Gen. Passensrer Aarent,
Salt Lake City.
F. W. THOMPSON, Gen. Agent, 625 Market
St., San Francisco.
t&* )if )if )|f jif jif )k ifcijfiicitcifcik^A^AjiciifA^AAM
4»
PACIf IC COAST STEAMSHIP CO.
FOR
5ANTA BARBARA
AND
SAN FRANCISCO
Leave REDONDO
SANTA ROSA Wednesdays, 7 a.m.
STATE OF CAL Saturdays, 7 a.m.
Leave PORT LOS ANGELES
SANTA ROSA Wednesdays, 11:00 a.m.
STATE OF CAL Saturdays, H a.m.
Arrive at San Francisco Thursdays and
Sundays 1 p.m.
FOR SAN FRANCISCO
CALLING AT
Ventnra, Cari>enteria, Santa Barbara, Goleta,
Gaviota, Port Harford (San Luis Obispo),
Cayucos, San Simeon, Monterev and Santa Cruz.
Leave SAN PEDRO
CORONA Mondays, 6:30 p.m.
FOR SAN DIEQO
Leave PORT LOS ANGELES
SANTA ROSA Mondays, 4 p.m.
STATE OF CAL Thursdays. 4 p.m.
Leave REDONDO
SANTA ROSA Mondays, 8 p.m.
STATE OF CAL Thursdays. 8 p.m.
For further information obtain folder.
The company reserves the right to chanare
steamers, sailing days, and hours of sailing,
without previous notice.
W. PARRIS, Agent. 328 S. Spring St., Loe
Angeles. GOODALL, PERKINS A CO.,
General Agents, S.an Francisco.
4*
«»
«•
«»
«»
OF COURSE ALSO. OF COURSE, 2
YOU WILL VISIT YOU WILL STOP AT THE S
STOCKTON
Yosemtte Hotel
mm THEATRICAL COLD CREAM
prevents oarlv wrinkles. It is not a freckle coating ; it re-
moves them- ANYVO CO.. 427 N. Main St., Los Angeles.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
A California Education
The bound volumes of the Land of Sunshine make the most interesting
and valuable library of the far West ever printed. The illustrations are lavish and
handsome, the text is of a high literary standard, and ot recognized authority in its
field. There is nothing else like this magazine. Among the thousands of publica-
tions in the United States, it is wholly unique. Every educated Californian and
Westerner should have these charming volumes. They will not long be secured at
the present rates, for back numbers are growing more and more scarce ; in fact the
June number, 1894, is already out of the market.
GENUINE % MOROCCO PLAIN LEATBBM
Vols. 1 and 2. July, '94 to May, '95, inclusive $3.9o
3 and 4. June, '95 to May, '%,
5 and 6. June, '96 to May, '97,
7 and 8. June, '97 to May, '98,
9 and 10. June, '98 to May, '99,
11 and 12. June, '99 to May, '00,
13 and 14. June, '00 to June, '01,
15. June, '01 to Jan., '02,
EVERY WOMAN
is interested and should know
about the wonderful
Marvel 1'^°'
Douche
If your druggist cannot
supply the MARVEL,
accept no other, but write us for
Illustrated Hook, sent free —
sealed. It gives price by mail,
particulars and directions in\n'u-
able to ladies. Endorsed by Pbystclnns.
MARVEL CO., Room 33, Times Building, N.V.
DR. GUNN'SLii
PILLS
CURES SICK HEADACHE by remov-
ing the cause. CUKES DYSPEl'SIAby
aiding digestion. CLEARS THE COM-
PLEXION, by purifying the blood.
ONLY ONE FOR A DOSE.
These pills act quietly on the bowel*, removing the pestilent matter,
stimulates the liver into action cresting a healthy digestion curii.ir
dyspepsia and sonr stomach For pimply, pale or sallow people, they
imp'Ft to the face that wholesome look thnt indicates health Sold
by druggists or hy mail. 25c a box. Samples free.
DR. BOSANKO CO., Philadelphia.
Iladelphia, Pa. S
wwwww
cwwwwvwwwvwww
How tofirrow beautiful as we grrow older, and how to re-
move wrinkles and sallow complexion, for a smooth fair
face. Scientific research g-ives the correct wav to do mas-
sag-e to accomplish it. Printed instructions sent for $l.(iO.
U. S. currency sent safely by mail. P. O. Box 643, Atlanta,
Georsfia.
AMONA.T0ILET ^OiiVP
FOR .SALE
E V E R Y V^ H E P? E
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
The
"Conquest of Arid Amcrica"
is pronounced by reviewers " one of the few really
best books on the West. A book every American
should read." "One of the most interesting, one of
the truest, most prophetic and most vital." "It is as
readable as a novel and has more brains in it than a
whole library of modern novels."
By special arrangement with Mr. Wm. E. Smythe, the
author of the above famous book, we are permitted to
offer it as a premium together with a year's subscrip-
tion to Out WbsT for $2.00, inclusive of postage. The
price of the book at all dealers is $1.50, or with postage.
$1.60. The price of a year's subscription to Out West
being $1.00,
WE ARE
THUS OFFERING
$2.60 for $2.00
Beginning with the July issue, 1901, this magazine
has regularly devoted some twenty pages to
Irrigation, Cooperation and Colonization, under the
personal supervision of Mr. Smythe. Those who desire
to keep in touch with the really big things of current
progress and interest, or enjoy the great variety of
articles which will appear in this department from the
pens of the foremost thinkers and writers of the West,
should take advantage of this premium oflFer.
Land of Sunshine Publishing Co.
Phone Ureen 1274
I2\y2 South Broadway, LOS ANGELES, CAL.
9i'^^^^^^^^99^^^99^^^^^^^^^^^9999^^99^9^'*
b¥
^PiPVatoma Toilet5?ap
DRUG STORES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Your choice at Half-price
Half-tone and Line-etching Cuts
We have accumulated over
2000 cuts of Western subjects
which have been used but once in the Land of Sunshine or Out West.
They are practically a* ^oorfaj w^Tv, but will be sold at half-price, viE.,8Mc
a square inch for half-tones largrer than twelve square inches and $1 for those
under that size with 40c additional for vig-nettes. Line etching's, 5c a square
inch for those over ten square inches and 50c for those under that size.
If you cannot call at our office send $1.50 to cover express charges on
proof book to be sent to you for inspection and return. The book is not for sale
and must be returned promptly. If you order cuts to the amount of $5
the cost of expressage on the proof book will be refunded.
land of Sunshine Pub. Co. ^ZZl^yT^'i^^.
wvwwvwwwwwwww
A NEW NAME AND
— LOCATION—
CM.
DAVIS
CO.
Succeeding J^
K-in^sley-Barnes
CSL Nevaner Co.
Printers and
Binders of
OUT AVEST'
An
Attractive
I^ine of
Art
Souvenirs
S. Broad^vV
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
PRINTE:RS JEf ^^^^,
STE-EL
BINDERS ^ DIE and
COPPER
ENGRAVERS plate
STATIONERS ^<^*^"^
Phone Main -417
VWWWWWV9
Help — All kinds. See Hummel Bros. & Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
HOTEL VENDOM[
HcAdquartcn for all Touriiti
to the
great Lick Otaervatory
Charming Summer
and Winter Resort
SINNY SKIES
aiMATE UNSURPASSED
This beautiful hotel is sit-
uated in the wonderful
Santa Clara Valley, "the
Garden of California," at
SAN JOSE
In a word, the Vendome
is Modern, Comfortable,
Homelike.
Is First-class in every res-
pect, and so are its patrons.
Write for Ratbs and
Illustrated SotrvBNiK.
GEO. P. SNEll,
Manaarer
Name
Town
I was born the
he New 5^,, 20-Year Qold Bonds cf the
Equitable Life
Assurance Society
the stronsrest financial institution in the world,
will provide an income for your family, if you
should die; or for yourself in old age, if you live.
Bonds sold on installments allowing you 20
years to pay for them.
Fill out the coupon and mail it to
A. M. JONES, Qen'I Agt.
A. M. JONES. Gen. Agt . 414 Wilcox BIk.. Los Angeles
Pli';!--!' s»Mi(l full iejforni.ition about
tlie new 5'l Gold Bonds to
Street No.
Sfatr
day of ..
)'t'ar
Vol. XVI, No. 3
MARCH, 1902
FORMSkv THE LAND OF SUNSHINE
Copyiiytuea iaOi oy i ne Land of Sunshine Publishing Co.
=4-
y
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Hotel Westminster....
LOS ANQELES
American and
European Plans
The
Ureat
Tourist
Hotel
Send for Booklet on
Los Angeles and environs
of
Lo8 Angeles
Every Modem
Comfort and Convenience
that can be found in
3 any Hotel.
Unsurpassed Golf Links.
F. O. JOHNSON, Proprietor
TOURISTS and others iroine Eastward
will find that a stop off of a few days
at Salt Lake City can be most pleasur-
ab;y sjient. "The Knutsford" is the only
new fli '-proof hotel, for the t>etter class
of trade, 'n the city. Every place of in-
terest is nee ~by this hotel. Do not be
misled, but ch\ -k your baffiraffe direct to
"The Knutsford. ' Salt Lake City.
N.B. — An intereSk'ng- illustrated book-
let on "Zion," will be mailed to anyone
addressinir
G. S. HOLMES, Prop.,
Salt La'-«t do
LOS ANGELES' FAMOUS HOTEL
The Angelusei^
opened Dec 28, 1901, by
G.S. HOLMES, p«.p.
On the corner of Fourth
and Spring Streets, ^ J*
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
The " Knutvforrt" HoTrl. S.nlt Lake City.
Please Mention that You Saw it In OUT WEST.
Stylish Spring Clotliing
FOR MEIN AND YOUTHS
There is style in every point of every garment ottered
in our high-class clothing for men and youths. .'. Well
selected patterns that are refined and pleasing. These
garments at our "regular" prices are better values than
are usually ofliered elsewhere at '* special prices."
Suits or Overcoats, $10 to $25
/Hullen & Bluett Clothing Co.
N. W. Cor. First and Spring Streets
LOS ANGELES
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD
IRRIGATION
ESTABLISHED 1886
PIPE LINES
ARTHUR S. BENT
651 S. Broadway, Los Angeles
999
TKere are many -wortHy people
^ not needing more tKan ^
THREE FIGURES
to write the amount of their available assets, who would like a home in California, but are deterred on
account of the mistaken idea that they cannot buy land there or make a start without a fortune already
in hand. SucV- people should investig'ate the
LACUNA DE TACHE GRANT
in Fresno and Kingrs Counties, California, where you can buy some of the best and most fertile land in the
State at $35 and $40 per acre. Land on which can be raised not only all the California fruits, but all the
cereals, such as they know how to raise in the East, including' the three great money-making products,
CATTLE, CORN and HOGS
If you want to change your location, if you are tired of cold winters, cyclones and blizzards, come to
L-AGUNA DE TACHE.. If you have $1,000 or even less, and an ambition to work, you can
succeed. Write to-day for descriptive printed matter. A postal card brings it.
NARES CEL SAUNDERS, Managers
Mention Out West. EATON, Fresno Covinty. CAL.
OUT WEST
A MAGAZINE OF THE OLD PACIFIC AND THE NEW
EDITED BY CHAS. F. LUMMIS.
AMONG THE STOCKHOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ARE:
DAVID STARR JORDAN
President of Stanford University.
FREDERICK STARR
Chicaaro University.
THEODORE H. HITTELL
The Historian of California.
MARY HALLOCK FOOTE
Autlior of Tiie Led-Horse Claim," etc.
MARGARET COLLIER GRAHAM
Author of Stories of the Foothills."
GRACE ELLERY CHANNING
Author of The Sister of a Saint," etc.
ELLA HIGGINSON
Author of A Forest Orchid," etc.
JOHN VANCE CHENEY
Author of Thistle Drift," etc.
CHARLES WARREN STODDARD
The Poet of the South Seas.
INA COOLBRITH
Author of SOUK'S from the Golden Gate," etc.
EDWIN MARKHAM
Author of The Man With the Hoe."
JOAQUIN MILLER
The Poet of the Sierras.
CHAS. FREDERICK HOLDER
Author of "The Life of Aarassiz," etc.
CONSTANCE GODDARD DU BOIS
. Author of " The Shield of the Flenr de Lis."
SHARLOT M. HALL
WM. E. SMYTHE
Author of "The Conquest of Arid America,"eic.
WILLIAM KEITH
The greatest Western Painter.
DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS
Ex-Prest. American Folk-Lore Society.
GEO. PARKER WINSHIP
The Historian of Coronado's Marches.
FREDERICK WEBB HODGE
of the Smithsonian Institntion, Washington.
GEO. HAMLIN FITCH
Literary Editor S. P. "Chronicle."
CHARLOTTE PERKINS STETSON GILMAN
Author of " In This Onr World."
CHAS. HOWARD SHINN
Author of " The Story of the Mine," etc.
T. S. VAN DYKE
Author of "Rod and Gnn in California," etc.
CHAS. A. KEELER
A Director of the California Academy of Sciences
LOUISE M. KEELER
ALEX. F. HARMER
L. MAYNARD DIXON
Illustrators.
ELIZABETH AND JOSEPH GRINNELL
Authors of " Our Feathered Friends."
BATTERMAN LINDSAY
CHAS. DWIGHT WILLARD
Contents— March, 1902.
A Ballade of Wild Bees (poem), Eugene M. Rhodes ^^^^^^^K. 243
^Studies in Floral Portraiture, illustrated, O. V. Lange ^I^l^llr -■***
'jtOranges 250 years ago, illustrated, Chas. F. Lummis 255
APomo Indian Baskets, illustrated, Carl Purdy 262
In Western Letters, illustrated, with original portraits, C. F. L, 274
Dodder (poem), Julia Boynton Green 282
The Mascot of the Grays (story), Henry Wallace Phillips 283
The North Wind in California (poem), Herbert Miiller Hopkins 292
Early Western History — from documents never before published in English — Diary of Father
Jun(pero Serra from Loreto to San Diego, 1769 y^^
The Sequoya League, " To Make Better Indians "
The Landmarks Club .i. k>4
In the Lion's Den (by the editor) u\l..»...^.. 305
That Which is Written (reviews by the editor and C. A. Moody) .312
The 20th Century West, conducted by Wm. E. Smythe .317
Looking California in the Face — The Kings River Conquest, illustrated 323
Wyoming Decisions on Irrigation 229
California Constructive League 332
Ideas From The Mail Bag .vU
San Diego, illustrated, by H. P. Wood .>36
Y.'
Copyright 1902. Entered at tiie Los A nireles PostoflSce as second-class m.ittor. (skk publishek's paqk.)
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
wwvww»
HOTEL ARCADIA
SANTA MONICA BY-THE-SEA, CAL.
Modern hotel with steam heat and open grates ; surf bathing- all the year ; hot and cold salt
water baths ; fine g-olf links ; tennis ; boating- and fishing- ; delig-htful drives.
HOTEL REDONDO
THE OUEEN OF THE PACIFIC
REDONDO BEACH, CAL.
An ideal home by the sea ; 200 rooms heated with open grates ; hot and cold water in every room ;
private baths ; splendid bowling alleys. Redondo Beach boasts of having- the best fishing- on the
coast ; the largest carnation gardens in the world, and tennis courts and golf links second to none.
Both these
Hotels are
equally
distant
(18 miles)
from
Los Angeles
and possess
the finest
Winter
Climate in
the World.
For Rates and
further Infor-
mation address
A. D. Wright
Proprietor
wwwv»/»^
ONE OF THE MOST CHARMING RESORTS IN THE' WORLD
AN ELEGANT HOTEL AND SANITARIUM
FOR THE HEALTH AND PLEASURE SEEKER
In the foothills of the San Bernardino Mountains near Redlands.
For information address The Loma Linda Association, Loma Linda, California.
Los Angeles Office : 1319 South Grand Ave.
Tel. IfOma Linda, or West 10, Los Angeles.
Reliable help promptly furnished. Hummel Bros. & Co., Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Barker's''' is Synonymous with "Good Furniture''' — Since iSSo
Bf^RKER'S
FURNITURE,
is the standard of California, and the standard
by which all furniture is judged.
We do not stop with simply selling furniture,
carpets and draperies, but broaden our use-
fulness to assuming all responsibility in
DESIGNING
INT&RIORS
We have every facility and every wanted
thing to make good our assertion. Five
floors and basement filled with the
Sw' newest and best.
BARKER BROS.
A20-424 S. SPRINQ ST.
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Banner School iind (liurcli Furnlsliin^ (o.
ROOMS 330-331 COPP BUILDING
LOS ANGELES. CAU.
,.xLL KINDS School, Church and Office Fur-
''O-X nishingfs. Pacific Coast Agents for Olm-
stead's Artificial Stone Slate Black Board,
Burlington Venetian Blinds. School
Boards' Attention is called to the above board —
can be put up without seam or joint. Guaranteed
satisfaction. Best board on the market. If you
are building a Church, School House, or furnishing
an Office or Lodge Room, it will be of interest to
you to get our prices.
BEST AND LATEST GOODS
CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED
SATISFACTION GUARANTEED
SEND FOR CATALOGUE
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Revolving Book-cases
Compact, convenient, to stand next your desk or in a
corner. The famous "Banner" Revolving- Book-case is so
well built and so well balanced, a touch of your finger
turns it. A revolving- Book-case puts your whole library
within reach of your hand. The}" come in fourteen
different sizes — varying in height and width. Some have
an adjustable shelf for dictionary, all made to help a
busy man quickly find the book he wants.
225-227-229 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal.
Opposite City Hall
DEPENDABLE FURNITURE AT A FAIR PRICE
Ef\STERN PEOPLE.
THIS annotfticement is addressed
especially to those readers who
are familiar with the best fur-
niture assortments in eastern cities.
We assure you that there is just such
a display on our floors and would like
you to come in and test our state-
ment.
Three floors arc gfiven over entirely
to the furniture display, the fourth
floor being devoted to carpets, rugfs
and draperies.
Niles Pease furniture Co.
439-44T-443 S Spring St., Los Angeles
Send for our new booklet of ideas — //'* free
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
THe PNEUlMflTlc iviauress
DOIBLC
PNEIMATIC MATTRESS
FOR THE HOME OR CAMP
Always retains its shape, has no furrows, holes or humps, never has to be turned or beaten, requires
no sprinirs, furnishes no hidinu places for vermin, can be cleaned with a six>nife, and can be taken
with you to your summer house or camp. It costs no more than any other g-ood mattress, and does double
duty— in house and camp; for you can deflate it and pack it in your trunk or roll it in a shawl strap.
Weifirht of two-part mattress, 24 pounds.
PRICE— Full size, one piece, 6 feet 3 inches by 4 feet 6 inches - - $32.00
" — In two parts, divided in center, lentrtliwise - - - - 35 00
" — Ji size, one piece, 6 feet 3 inches by 3 feet 6 inches - - - 25.50
" — % size, one piece, 6 feet 3 inches by 3 feet .... 22.(X)
EOR HOSPITALS, AMBILANCES AND SICK ROOMS
the Pneumatic Mattri'ss is invaluable. After use in cases of contasrious
disease, use a kettle full of hot water and clean the mattress with a
sponife or hose. Can be washed with boilinir water or cleansed with dis-
infectants. No bed sores will ever be caused by it.
PRICE HOSPITAL MATTRESS. 923.00
FAD THF RARV It is hygrienlc, harburinir no g-erras. It rests all
1 vn I IIL UMUl parts evenly, conforminsr to the shape of the
tender little body with every movement. It never grows musty, and can
be w:ishi-d and dried in a few minutes. It is not dusty, and you can take
it with you wherever you take tlie baby.
PRICE CRIB MATTRESS (4 feet by 2J4 feet), 911.00
Weight, deflated, 7 pounds.
READY FOR TRAVEI.JNn
FAD THF PAMP Wherever night overtakes you, you have only to throw it on the ground or
I vw I 111. v>A^lTll Hoor, inflate it, and in five minutes you have a dry bed as soft as down (or hard
if you choose).
No. 1, Rbckbation, b feet 3 inches by 2 feet 1 inch, $18.00
No. 2, " 6 feet 2 inches by 2 feet 3 inches, 21.00
Weight of No. 1, deflated, 10 iHiunds.
With pillow, $».00
23.00
I carried oae of your air beds through Alaska with me, and it trave excellent satisfaction
I would advise everyone to obtain one of them if they antici|>ate a sea or land voyage.
P. H. HUKSTIS. Boston.
If I could not get another, I would not swap It for a farm. Kverv sj»<>rtsman oui;ln i.
have one. JOHN A. DELANOY. Nkw ^
If I had had one when I first went West, 1 would have saved years of rhouin;!:
ing. ERNEST SETON-THOM I
Since returning from the mountains, we have used the pneumatic mattress in preleinu .
to our hair mattress, and do not hesitate to recommend it to all our friends.
O. P. BI(;EL0W, ok OtiDEN State Bank. Oodkn, Utah.
"Nothing SO rare as resting on air."
Manufactured by THE PNEUMATIC MATTRESS AND CUSI1I0N CO.. 2 and 3 South St.. N. Y. City
*(»-' 'II-H^S rKATKI) C.VTAI.OiifK IKI 1
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
^ The name "SILVERWOOD" on an -
^ an article means the same as the -
^ "STERLINU" mark on silver.
\j£jS-j£j£j£j£j£-j£jEjEj£-j£j£JSE^^
SILVERWOOO
U)SANCELeS
Our reputation and
full guarantee stand
back of every hat
we sell. If you can-
not get a SILVER-
WOOD HAT In your
city send us your
lieight and size of
hat worn ; state
color and If a stiff
or soft hat is want-
ed, and we'll send
youthe latest shape
express prepaid
$3.00 i
HATSi
^•- You certainly gret as much style, as much -"^
^r- wear, as much satisfaction, out of a Silyerwood -^
^~ Hat at three dollars — then why pay five? ~^
^ F. B. SILVERWOOD 3
^ 22 J S. Spring St. LOS ANGELES, CAL. z^
SHOE STYLES
AT $3.50
Most stores only show one or two
styles in shoes at $3.50. Some stores
get every $3.50 shoe they sell from one
factory. Not so with us — we have
more than a dozen styles and kinds that
all sell at the one price of $3.50. We
go to the different factories and get the
best shoe at that price the factory turns
out. We can fill mail orders with the
best $3.50 shoes in the market for dress
wear, for street wear — for any purpose.
Mail orders given our personal atten-
tion.
C. M. Staub Shoe Co.
255 SOUTH BROADWAY
LOS ANQELES
The interior
fittings determine the
coziness of the home.
Rich carpets, handsome rugs,
inviting draperies, portieres
and curtains. Come in and
take advantage of our ex-
perience in fitting up
...ftltractlve Homes
GENUINE
COWHIDE
SUIT
Exactly
like Cut
CASES
22-inch
$5.»«
24-inch - - $5. BO
These suit cases are guaranteed
to be genuine cowhide. OLIVE,
RUSSET or CHOCOLATE col-
ors. Made on a steel frame ;
brass trimmings.
We sell the genuine at the same
price as others sell imitations.
Ask for Whitney's Genuine Cow-
hide Case of your dealers, or
send for Illustrated Catalogue
of trunks and bags
D. D. WHITNEY & SONS
343-345 S. SPRING ST. loS ANOELCS, CAL-
Help— All Kinds. See Hummel Bros. & Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
WASHINGTON MINES
We are authorizttd fiscal ai^ents
for three of the larirest and best
mininir corporations in Washinff-
ARE GOOD MINES ton, to-wit :
MONTEZUMA MINING COMPANY
^ GOLD, COPPER. COAL. COKE
Eleven copper-jfold claimn, 2,00() acres cokini; coal lands, both produciiiK': 175 men employed, bunkers
completed, railway built, Montezuma postoffice established; only blacksmithinir coal on the Pacific
Coast; his'h-K'radecokinir coal, best by Government test; two quarterly dividends paid, and will come
resrularly hereafter; an Al investment stock. A small block left at 32 cents a sliare cash, or 37 cents
on installments.
The TACOMA OOMRANY
MINING STEEL RAILS SHIPPING
SMELTING STRUCTURAL STEEL AND IRON LUMBERING
This bifir company Is just orgranized for the operatintr of mines, smelters, rolling mills, lumlierinir and
shipplndf business. It owns extensive iron mines on Texada Island, B. C; Barclay Sound, B C , and
in Skatrit County, Washinsrton; also owns 7,000 acres rich cokintr coal lands in Washinjrton. Its
''Marble Bay" mineon Texada Island is now producing copper-trold ore to the amount of $12,000 net
.monthly, and output will be larsrely increased by new manatrement. This company will control steel
business of the Northwest, to which country it will be what the trreat steel concerns are to the East.
Manag'ement the best. It will sell a little stock for development purposes, and we are authorized to
offer a limited issue at 12^ cents cash, or IS cents on installments. We predict these share.s will pay
dividends by January next.
Copper King Mining Syndicate
COPPER, GOLD. SILVER
The Copper King- Mining- Syndicate owns and controls 65 adjacent claims in the Carbon River district.
The considerable development work done indicates the presence of veins of high values. Reports arc
most satisfactory. To obtain funds for machinery and extensive development, shares are offered for
a short time at 5 cents cash, or 6 cents on installments. These shares are honest speculation, and will
soon be worth several times the price asked.
S'.<K;'™;2;:.s^i"s:,i,;js THE AMERICAN guaranty and trust CO.
COR. CAUFORNIA AND MONTGOMERY STS., SAN FRANCISCO, CAU.
6'VVVV^/VVVVVVVVVVV%VV\VVV^^/VVVVV%VVVVVVVVVVVVVVV%VVVVV%VVVVVVV'>
CONTINENTAL BUILDING
AND LOAN ASSOCIATION
OF CALIFORNIA
ESTABLISHED J889
SUBSCRIBED CAPITAL -.---". - $12,000,000
PAID-IN CAPITAL - ---- 2,150,000
PROFIT AND RESERVE FUND - - - - - 275,000
MONTHLY INCOME, OVER -.--... 100,000
ITS PURPOSE IS
To help its members to build domes, also to make loans on improved property, the
members giving first liens on their real estate as security. To help its stock-
holders to earn from 8 to (2 per cent, per annum on their stock, and to allow them
to open deposit accounts bearing interest at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum, ordi-
nary, and 6 per cent, per annum, term.
HOME OFFICE: 301 California St , San Francisco, California
WM. CORBIN, Secretary and General Manager
CVVVVVVVV%%VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV^/VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV%^%VVVVVV%%%V%-^
Studies in Flokai- Poktraiti'kk.
The Kosk
Pholo hy l.O. I.„IIA..
rorxnerly
TKe Land of SiansKine.
THE NATION BACK OF US, THE WORLD IN FRONT.
4
WM^&m iT^fe?? m
OufWcST
Vol. XVI, No. 3.
MARCH, 1902.
A ballade: or wild bees.
By EUGENE M. RHODES.
AR, in a dim and lonely land,
Where desert breezes swoon and die,
She dwells, and waves of drifting- sand
In leag-ue-long- silence 'round her lie ;
She hears the wild bees humming- by
In drowsy minor melodies ;
She calls them friends — yet scarce knows why —
My Lady of the Honey Bees !
She loves at eventide to stand
And watch the sunset flame and die.
Shading her clear eyes with her hand
She marks her cheerful comrades fly
Athwart the golden glory nigh ;
She hears the night winds in the trees ;
She jo3^s in God's fair earth and sky,
My Lady of the Honey Bees !
Dear, have you learned to understand
The wild bees' lore and mystery ?
The love that makes all labor grand,
The grateful heart, the patient eye,
Copyright, 1902, by Land of Sunshine Publishing Company
244 OUT WEST
That from a barren land and dry
Can gather sweets and song — like these
Your wise wee kin, whose courage high
Is 3' ours— my Queen of Honey Bees !
L'Envoi.
Brave heart 1 Too strong for moan or sigh,
You shame us in our slothful ease ;
Sing on ! The grudging fates defy,
And learn life's lesson — from the bees !
Tularosa, N. Mex.
STUDIES IN FLORAL PORTRAITURE:.
By V. O. LANGE.
["California needed you, indeed," wrote a virile writer of the
new president of the State University at Berkeley ; " but when
you have been with us for awhile you will discover also that you
needed California."
It can be said of the new movement in photography, by which
it has really entered the domain of art as distinguished from a
mere mechanical craft, that no State in the union was in position
to profit so greatly by such transition ; and that on the other
hand, the art could not find elsewhere such opportunities. Alike
in summer and the so-called '' winter," the mountains, seashore
and Valleys fling perpetual challenge to the artist of any grade;
and to the true artist of the camera few regions of the globe, if
any, hold out corresponding inducements. The climatic zones
range from the mists of Scotland on the north coast of Mendo-
cino county to the perfect Mediterranean translucency of the
interior valley basins. That in the southern half of the State
one can actually travel (by electricity) from perpetual rosebuds
and orange orchards to snow-fields in an hour and a half, with
the same sunshine prevailing at the different elevations, particu-
larly invites to out-of-doors, and to "photo as you go." All
this is fully reflected in the photographic progress of the State.
The Second Photographic Salon, held in San Francisco in Janu-
ary, was a really notable one, well deserving the recognition
implied by its being housed in the Hopkins Art Institute.
It should surprise no one that art portraiture and landscape
photography have reached a very high standard on this coast.
But it may be a more novel thought that there is an adept who is
to the flora of this State almost as Sargent is to human features,
in his intuition of the true pose and the typical expression of
petal and leaf. But so much seems to be fair to say of the modest
artist whose other photographic work has been known to the
elect for its extraordinary quality.
The examples of his floral portraiture here given need no
eulogy. Unless the writer is mistaken, they are at high-water
Studies in Floral Portraiture.
The "Blue-Gum" Blossom.
246 OUT WEST
mark, uniting true art with mechanics, and science with both.
Below follows Mr. Lange's statement of his own methods in ob-
taining these remarkable results. O. C. Ellison.]
URING some recent experiments in photograph-
ing seaweeds in the Botanical Department of
the University of California, I was impressed
with their natural beauty and grace of outline.
It occurred to me to try and obtain studies in
land flowers having extreme simplicity as one
of the dominant motives. In the course of my
investigations it soon became apparent that beauty of outline
and shape in flowers were not the only artistic values to be
sought after, and that much might be added by the proper
handling of the source of illumination, so as to give the best
possible relief in chiaroscuro, thus assisting in the rendition of
texture, which constitutes much of the individuality and peculiar
charm of flowers. It will be mj' endeavor to try to prove the
correctness of the above statements by analyzing and explaining
the accompanying reproductions of flower studies. The first
illustration is*a specimen of the single sunflower, which was the
onl}' one, out of a lot of thirty or more, that had enough artistic
grace of outline to warrant its being used. One of the first
requisites in obtaining pleasing effects lies in selection of shape,
size and color. The shape should have variety, mingled with a
certain amount of S3'mmetry and dignity. To show this to the
best a,dvantage, it is necessary to pose the subject at the proper
angle to the lens, so as to show it somewhat in perspective,
although not too much, as the petals are liable to be fore-
shortened.
The size of the flower, if for an 8x10 plate, should be so
selected as to need neither much reduction nor enlargement ; for
then the texture values of the original can be obtained in addi-
tion to a more natural apj^earance.
The night-blooming cereus I found a somewhat difficult subject
to handle, as it was over ten inches in diameter, and had to be
reduced to fit the plate. The color was a pale green, so that an
isochromatic plate was not needed. Its cup was fully four and a
half inches deep; and to avoid getting the interior too dark, it
had to be turned slightly to a soft, broad light, while a canary-
colored reflector was found necessary to modify the intensity of
the deeper shadows. The background used was a plain card-
board of a light olive tint. By a careful handling of the cur-
tains a fine gradation from a delicate gray to a pure black was
secured in the background, thus giving a rich quality, setting^
off in bold relief this truly regal flower.
Studies in Floral Portraiture.
A California Sunflower.
248 OUT WEST
The wild "California poppy," although very difficult to han-
dle, gives most gratifying results on account of its wild, un-
affected gracefulness, the flowers having such a variety of
positions upon the stems, together with the slender drooping
foliage. Most of the wild flowers suggest the idea of freedom
and absence of all restraint. They must, therefore, be handled
in a spirit of tolerance to their native characteristics. This can
be done only by having them free and airy, not bunched up like
cultivated ones, with stems all emanating from one common
center in an elaborate vase, thus proving to us from the start
that they are sorry captives.
As the wild flower in its native heath usually stands somewhat
apart, it is necessary, if we wish to preserve its nature, to handle
the background with much delicacy so as to environ the plants
with the feeling that they are nodding and bending in a moving
atmosphere.
To get this desirable result, no two square inches of back-
ground should be of the same tone value, yet each value per-
forming its function in its proper place. This depends upon
lighting the ground independently of the flower, and not having
it too dark or too light, too plain or too spotted, but a happy
medium between the seemingly visible and invisible.
The Eucalyptus Globulus, sometimes called the lAustralian
"Blue Gum," makes a very striking appearance when in bloom.
The spray that has been photographed hardly does the subject
justice, because a great deal of its charm lies in the natural color
of its leaves, and the very fine filaments that the buds are com-
posed of are very difficult to render photographically. Thus,
much of the pictorial value in this study lies in the shape of the
stem and its relation to the flower and its leaves. In the back-
ground in this case, it will be noticed that the lower part is of a
light gray, and the upper part very much darker. By handling
the ground in this way a great deal of relief and atmospheric
effect seems to environ the spray.
The tree of the Japanese Magnolia when in bloom has shed
all its leaves, which come out again after the budding season.
Therefore in the acccompanying picture these are wanting. On
account of the position of the magnolia buds on the stem, the
best way to photograph them is to suspend them from above and
let them hang in front of the lens. As there is a great deal of
variety of light-and-shade effect in the buds, a plain black back-
ground seemed to be the best to show off and enhance the values
of different light gradations that the petals rendered. It will
be noticed that the bud upon which the light is concentrated
most is also the sharpest, while the others, in the more subdued
FLORAL PORTRAITURE
249
V. O. Lange.
lig-ht, are less sharply focused, giving-, therefore, variety to the
composition.
Of all the flowers, I have found the rose to give the most un-
satisfactory results — especially the highly cultivated ones, as
they usually seem to be so painfully prim and proper that they
lack most of the simple grace and delightful abandonment that
the wild rose expresses. However, by careful selection, I ob-
tained a fairly good spray of the Marie Van Houtte ; the arrange-
ment of the petals in this rose adapting itself very readily to .
Stitdies in Flokal Portraiturr.
WHITF Gkranu'm.
Studies in Floral Portraiturk-
The California "Wild Poppy.'"
Studies in Flokal Poktkaitukk.
NiOHT-BLOOMINO CBRBUS.
Studies in Floral Portraiture.
The Magnolia.
254 OUT W EST
catch high lights, preserve middle tints, and render the deeper
shadows to good advantage. Consequently, it makes a study
that is both pleasing and interesting. It will be noticed that
there is a great variety of tone values in this background. The
lower left-hand corner is very light, intended to make the darker
petals stand out from the background. The upper right-hand
corner is very dark, gradually becoming lighter toward the cen-
ter. In front of the darker portions of the background the white
petals stand out in bold relief. The lightening of the back-
ground relatively to the flowers was done intentionally, because
by this means the best possible effect of plastic relief was obtain-
able. In the original print the veins in the petals of the lower
buds are readily discernible.
The principal features of the little geranium plant are its
quaintness of outline and its contrasts in tone values. It may
be of interest to know that it was taken in its earthen jar. I
might state here, in passing, that there is a notion that flowers
should be taken when on the growing plant. On the contrary,
there are many that adapt themselves better for artistic effects
two, and even three, days after being cut, as they then become
more pliable and fall readily into pleasing curves. The light in
this case was somewhat from above, affording contrast, and no
reflector was used ; the petals being very white, as much shadow
as possible was desired. It will also be noticed that the illum-
inated leaves are against the dark part of the ground, and the
leaves in shadow against the lighter. This was so arranged for
the purpose of emphasizing the leaves and bringing them into
relief so as to keep up the interest, after having studied the play
of light and shade on the more striking part of the picture, thus
giving a feeling of unity of effect. Here we see that the leaves
are much made of, and are quite sharp.
These jottings on a few flower studies are made with the de-
sire to awaken an interest in this fascinating branch of the art,
and to show in humble beginnings the possibilities in the un-
trodden paths that are before those who earnestly seek to get
rid of some of the seeming lijnitations, and thus assist in placing^
photography upon a higher plane of expression, so that it may
be accorded the recognition it deserves, as among the sisterhood
of art, and not a mere mechanical craft.
Berkeley, Cal.
^ ORANGES 250 YEARS AGO.
By CHAS. F. LUMMIS.
ir.
JOURTHER condensed translations fromFerrarius's erudite-
X^ work (printed in 1646) on the orange and other citrus
fruits, follow :
"In this place it is proper to set forth the notes of the
Wild orange. The thorns of this tree are more Incessant,
very Long and Bristling ; the Globe of the fruit more
contracted ; the Color of the Pulp more pale ; its Flavor
extremely sour; its Juice scantier and quick to dry out ;
its spikes contumacious and facing. But if after the
ninth or tenth month the fruits are gathered, out of
thousands, 200 are found dried out; with a few buddings,
the delaying of the tree detains the juice much longer.
Wherefore the oranges with sweet Juice — whereof the milder
flavor of the sweetness is not native to the seed but adventitious
to the necessary budding — hang juicy very long. Nor do they
fear the Winter ; inasmuch as the}^ are by habit warmer.'*
As to planting, propagation^ tra)isplanting and setting out
[Chap. XX]. " From the cognate trees of the citron and lemon
the orange varies extremely, inasmuch as it will not root from
a branch or truncheon — except one [variety] full of citrus oil
and most retentive of the temperament of the citron. Its hardier
and more compact structure does not throw forth many roots. It
befalls sometimes that a buried branch somewhere takes Root :
but it is unfitting that the provident cultivator trust rare and
fortuitous cases. Moreover the formulas already prescribed for
Budding oranges outlast the ages. For the young planted tree
is moved from the nursery, is fixed in an orchard, movable in
earthern Pots, dressed along Walls, or tutelary in an enclosure ;
and branches clinging to the tree — either dug up from the
ground or set in vessels, with the earth packed around, putting
out new roots— are brought up unto trees. Those which are of
tall stature are properly given Libert}^ in spacious soil, or are
delivered up to clothe Walls. But those of short growth either
are had in pots or Disposed in humble Hedges to gardens, albeit
the better oranges, especially those that are of rarer or tenderer
sort, are better committed to Vases. Thenceforth the}^ are en-
joyed by names^which name they take from the sweet Skin of
the fruit, from the citron-like Roughness, from a star-like
Jointure of the stem, from a distorted Shape, from Curly leaves,
or from their supposed native land, Sina.* The fruit is distin-
* This is not in the Latin dictionaries. Perhaps for Sena, a town on the coast of Umbria..
Begun in February number.
'^^^
.'\-ndcsKoii^'. ^^^rtis Mediccorii
Ancient Statue ov Uekciiles in tiik (". vkdi-.n.s
UK THE HkSPKRIDKS.
/■;..;« /./;j; ;;,... ;, .
ORANGES 250 YEARS AGO
257
The "Distorted" Orange.
(About half life-size.)
From Ferrarius, 1646.
guished, also, by the three-fold flavor of the Pulp, as 'sweet,'
'sour,' and 'middling-,' and more rarely by the Skin as
* Sweet-skin,' 'striped-skin,' and 'curly-leaved.'"
As to the " manuring-, ditching, irrigation, and pruning" of
the orange, the author remarks that "this most fragrant of trees
delights in fetid food," and should be well manured at least
every other year — though it responds more g-ratefully to annual
fertilizingf. It requires ditching- between rows every other year.
The young- trees need frequent watering; the mature ones not so
often. The irrigation of the mature trees varies with the
258 O UT WEST
localit}'. " The Ligurians minister Water to it ever)' 40th da)"
throughout the heat of summer ; the Neapolitans either every
day, or at most every other day, from the beginning: of June till
the end of September. But the people of Regium* maintain
that almost no time is Seasonable or proper for irrigating the
orange or other Apples of the Medes. For in April or May,
when they begin to Blossom, irrigation causes the flowers to
fall off. Many others do not irrigate, unless the dryness of the
summer compels. For if in the summer the orange thirsts, it
aborts, nor does the flower come to fruit. But if with the first
rains of autumn it springs anew, growing heavy in unfit
months — as November and December — then it falls short with
second-crop or Inferior fruit — particularly in being wrinkled, of
insipid flesh, and with little Pulp or juice. Antonius Venutus
Netissus, sound and diligent, a cultivator of the Sicilian fruit,
in a small book brought forth a hundred years ago, thus wrote
of the present matter : ' The orange, easily foremost of the
Median trees, being naturally dry and thirsty, exhausts and
burns up the fertility of the earth more vehemently than any
other tree whatever. Therefore, thou shalt not permit the place
around it to become Grassy, but shalt largely irrigate and fre-
quently weed around it. . . . Take this advice, salubrious
and known to Few — during the summer, irrigate oranges by
Night.'
" Though Pruning is more rarely done on the orange-tree [than
on others], do it every other year, or even third ; for this makes
it fruit more profusely."
A chapter is given on "Medicine and Safeguarding " of the
orange tree. Against excessive cold and heat the practice of
housing the trees — learned in bitterness by Florida of late
years — was already familiar in 1646 ; and there are several full-
page engravings which show not only the care of oranges in
massive buildings, but even extensive sheds or "lath-houses,'*
with elevations and ground-plans. Among these are the elab-
orate gardens of the Duke of Parma.
A chapter on " Maturity " sets the time of ripening for Janu-
uary — about the average for California.
Chapter XXIV, Book 4, deals with the uses of the tree. An
essential oil was distilled from the leaves and flowers, which
was sovereign for cuts or bruises. A water distilled from the
flowers was of a "joyous odor," and a remedy for a sluggish
stomach. Another orange-water was remedial for "pestilent
fevers accompanied by eruptions." A distilled oil from the
flowers had not only "a heavenly odor," a "pre-eminent utility
* Reffffio, in Southern Calabria.
The Metamorphosis of Leonilla.
From Fcrrarins, ib4b.
260
O UT WEST
The "Callous-Skinnbd" OKANtiE. From Ftrrarimt, Hub.
(About half life-size.)
and deligfht," but was a wonderful aperient. A fermentation
of the flowers was a great remedy for heart-disease. Orange /
brandy was already made ; also a Julep preserve ; candied
ORANGES 250 YEARS AGO
,261
Sweet-kind Orange. Sinas Orange ( Seedless.)
(About half life-siEC.)
From FerrariuSy ib4b.
orange-flowers ; orange troches ; orange balsam and perfumes ;
orange-butter of five sorts; " angel-water " of four kinds, all
good for the heart and ventricles. Recipes are given for the
making and use of all these.
262
OUT WEST
Chapter XXV of Book 4 deals with the uses of the fruit*
From the rind a snuff was made which "provokes sneez-
ing and cleans the head." The crushed pulp, seed and
rind were roasted in ashes, and used as ointment about the
navels of children suffering from worms. A marmalade, made
much as we make it now, was esteemed as an appetizer for
elderl}' people. The juice of unripe oranges was used as a sauce
in Crete, and great quantities of it were exported to Turkej'.
The rind was dried for "a new and most elegant use, to be
transformed into little vessels, convenient for carrying about,
for taking through the nostrils (as is the recent custom), dried
and ground fine into powder, the American henbane which the
aborigines call ' Petun ' and we call tobacco."
The matter of lemons, limes, and so forth, must be reserved
for another chapter.
[to be continued.]
POMO INDIAN BASKETS.
By CARL PURDY.
IV.
E may now proceed to a consideration of some
of the designs most commonly used among the
Pomos. Perhaps the commonest is simply a
triangle.
This has been interpreted erroneously as a
"hill" or a "red hill." Throughout Lake
county and among the Sanel and Yokaia
Pomos this is the butterfly, the idea being of a butterfly with
folded wings. Some very beautiful designs are worked out with
this alone.
The Calpella and Ballo-kai Pomos call it da-tor-ka-ta or the
" o/(f/ design," indi-
cating that they have
borrowed it. In one
small tribe it is "^/k''
arrow head.'*'' In some
way it enters into
three-fourths of all
Pomo baskets, and
the name butterflj^ is
by far most common-
ly used. The design
called "lightning
pattern" by collect-
.\ L;in-.sK I iSowL.
I /'/«/*/«]
POMO INDIAN BASKETS
263
likM*H';
^is^y*"
w
*"%
^\viwm%
1 ^f^^mmmmmmw^^^^^ ,««**-^
MUNIHfllftNli^illlilM
»|M«»»»**^
^^^ll^lJ^'^^f ^'*^»*^'<^«l»»f »»#*Hiiiw»w^ *Jl^
''^'^■mffyii
,1WI^^
Big Arrowhead Design.
[P/ate /q]
ors is never known by that name among the Pomos. In
every tribe it is tsi-ot-sio, or "zig-zag-." In its various modi-
fications it is used very frequently by them. To squares or
rhomboids, however arranged, they give the name bu-she-mi-a,
or "deer-neck," the idea being the angle between the deer's
head and shoulders and neck; rather a fanciful idea, but one
which seems to have taken deep root, for every tribe has it. The
mark like a quarter note in music is the Pomo's idea of a quail
plume. In Ballo-kai Pomo this is chi-kakh. It is most taste-
fully used and in some of its adaptations is the prettiest of all.
Alternate checks of white and color in a circular design is
264
OUT WEST
universally called
bai-ya-kau, or "holes
in a fish-trap." The
idea is from the alter-
nate light and dark
in a fish trap basket
of unpeeled willow.
Acute triangles,
however arranged,
are arrow-points, or
ka-cha; plate 26,
shows how beauti-
fully they can be
used. The same de-
sign is used halved,
and with a very broad
base is ka-chai-ma-
to, or ' ' big arrow-
head" (plate 19).
Plate 27 is a de-
sign known through-
out Lake county as ka-wil-in (Lower Lake) or ka-na-di-wa
(Upper Lake) the turtle design. Very similar is that known
about Clear Lake as ka-na-di-wa-koi, or turtle neck.
Butterfly Pattern Repeated.
[PiaU no]
'BU-8HB-MI\" I>i .;..N, IN Si IKALS. [Plat* tA
POMO INDIAN BASKETS
265
POMO "TSAIS.'
[P/aif 22\
An odd idea is embodied in a design known as ka-tuni-tah
i-bah, or "lizard tail," executed thus [ "^3, the idea beingf of a
lizard's tail cut off and wrig-g-lingf.
A common, and one of the finest, Pomo desig-ns in plate 17*, is
known widely as bu-di-le ; bu is the Indian word for the bulbous
plant known as Brodiaea, used as food by the Pomos, and di-le
is forehead. Indians have frequently given me the translation
"potato head," but I have never got any clue to the connection
between the name and the design.
Plate 26 is a ver)^ common design among the Pomos, and, when
well executed, one of the most beautiful. Among basket col-
lectors it has long been interpreted as a " hill with pine trees."
Inquiry of Indians on numerous occasions has elucidated but
--' *Patre 157, February number.
266
OUT WEST
y"'
'■':"■■' u'smRm
":i:'^.
The So-calleu "Pono-lily" Design.
Plate 23\
one answer, ka-cha, arrow points. The Ponios have no other
name for it. The Pomos have no portra)'al of trees, hills,
mountains, rivers or sloujj:hs. I question if they ever attempt
flowers or leaves.
A Variation of thk Qoail-toft Pattern.
\PltU* i4\
POMO INDIAN BASKETS
267
A ver)" prett}' desig-n, often found on coarse bowls, is a repre-
sentation of a spotted snake, plate 11*. The Yokaias and Sanels
call it sa-kal-le or garter snake ; the Calpella and Ballo-kai
Pomos have the very odd name of ho-do-du-du, also the name
of a spotted snake.
Deer teeth, snake, water scorpion, grasshoppers' shoulders
and ant, and many other designs, I have met, but I have not
good material for illustration at hand. The figures of men and
Arrow-point Designs on a "Tsai.'
[P/ai^ 2j]
animals are rather rarely used. The}' have been made for a
very long time, but are more frequently made of late 5'^ears.
BASKETS AND THEIR USES.
The Indian has a name for each weave (which also may be
applied to the form most commonl)- made in that weave) and
other names according to the use.
The fiat baskets which we generally call placques are used by
the Indians as we use plates and platters, also as winnowing
baskets, and as receptacles for cooked food, dried fish, or other
household goods. I have heard that the Pomos sometimes use
flat baskets in a gambling game, but have never seen one so
*Pa(re 151, February number.
268
OUT WEST
used. The generic name for all placquesof whatever weave, is
dala, the Indian equivalent of our word "plate." They speak
of a dala as a bam-tush dala, a ti dala, a tsai dala, etc., accord-
ing to the weave.
The bowl-shaped baskets found an infinite variety of uses with
the Porno. They were his water vessels, and the smaller ones
his drinking cups. After heating rocks and then brushing away
the coals he could place on them large baskets filled with meats
or mush and thoroughly boil the food, or he would heat rocks and
throw into the baskets of food, and so cook it. The larger
bowls were used for receptacles for clothing, acorns, etc., as
Ka-cua— "AkKOW-I'uI.S i-
[/>/•/« iO]
POMO INDIAN BASKETS
269
"Turtle" Design Repeated.
[P/ate 2t\
were the open wicker-work sha-kans. The Pomo name for a
bowl-shaped basket used for food was chi-maa, literally " mush-
basket." The name of the weave migfht be prefixed, but as
often bam-tush was used alone as the name of a tight bowl.
One of the most interesting of all baskets was the mu-chi, a
basket made like a dala but with a strong- rim of willow, and
with a circular hole in the bottom. This basket was placed
over a stone and used as the mortars of the Southern tribes are.
The Indian woman sat flat on the ground and held the mu-chi
firmly in place by putting a leg over each side while she wielded
a heavy stone pestle with both hands.
The mu-chi was usually in the bam-tush weave, with several
ti courses to give it added strength. In its construction it was
woven in a perfect cone, and when completed the bottom was
'""S
m
^^H
..... "^^li
j^^^^l
^^^^^^^E^ -' :-\
^^B
■
^^^^^^Hv
^F'
W^^
m^
3
"-1iW»^
w^^
^^^^1
^^^^KiXll _i.i:^
■
I^^B
1
^^^
^^H
An Elegant Bam-Tush.
iPlate 28\
270
OUT WEST
"LOL,"
' Ll iN'.-l'dlNT.'
[P/alc ^]
cut out and strong fiber woven in to prevent the loose ends from
wearing-. The meal when ground in a mu-chi was screened in
a sieve called pas6. This was a basket made in the ti weave,
only the ribs and ti courses were far enough apart to leave a
fine mesh. The pas6 answered its purpose admirably.
"UUAIL-PLITME" DKSIGN.
i/'taUjol
POMO INDIAN BASKETS
271
Variation of Arrow-point Pattern.
\I'/,ii,:s!]
The conical burden baskets were called hu-gi and the net
which supported them was called ka-bu. Originally the head
net was made of native flax, but at the present time hop twine
A PoMO "E-PI-CA.
IJ'/aie 32\
A Ghuci' ok Pomo Uaskkts ok Bam-ti'sm Wkavk.
\l'laU3*\
POMO INDIAN BASKETS
273
is almost universall}^ used for it. The ka-bu is sometimes orna-
mented profusely with kaia and beautifully woven.
Three-stick baskets of whatever form are called shi-bu or chi-
bu according- to the dialect, and one-stick baskets tsai. These
names are used regardless of whether the baskets are round or
oblong in shape. The commoner baskets of these weaves were
used as mush bowls or receptacles, but finely woven and orna-
mented baskets were the treasures of the family, carefully pre-
served, presented to guests (who were always expected to re-
A Batu and Two Baskets in "Chit-sin" Weave.
[Plate 33]
ciprocate), or at weddings, and placed with the deceased on the
funeral pyre. At the last they all found their end in the latter
way.
A curious use of basketry was in the ba-tu or seed beater, a
long-handled basket used to beat seed from plants into burden
baskets. The ba-tu was wielded with one hand while the other
held the burden basket in a proper position to catch the seed.
The ba-tu was woven like a bam-tush but of willow sticks. It
was reinforced by willow sticks passing across the middle to
the rim on each side and tied down with fibers.
As with nearly all Western Indians, the Pomo infant was
wrapped in swaddling clothes and tightly laced in a pappoose
basket. The pappoose basket of the Pomo is a neat piece of
weaving, but was never so ornate as those of the Klamaths and
many other tribes.
Ukiah. Cal.
274
.>V^7f'^A'.Qjjf2P
NEW book b}' John Muir is not only a
Hterarj' event — far more sig^nificant, to
such as can discriminate, than all the
Popular Novels of any year, since it has more
literature in it, and better employed — it is also
a Reminder to such as forget the Attraction of
(Gravitation. If there is any name in letters
that may serve the Westerner for a text, it is
his ; for he is the ver)' apodixis of what the
West can do for a man. Another Thoreau in
the East, he has become out here, between
bigger horizons, as much more as his Muir
Glacier overtops a Walden snowdrift. There
have been, and there are, exquisite writers of
Nature in the East ; but when one compares
Ihc Mountains of California^ or the new Out
National Parks, with the Burroughses, Van
Dykes and all that delightful school, it is enough to make one
wish for a despotic law which might drive them also forth into
the wilderness. For these are men who would Learn if they
had a Chance — if they might come up at the knee of Nature as
she is, Titan and All-Mother, not a fine-groomed Gibson Girl.
A man is known by the company he keeps — and not known,
only, but made. By the company he has kept these twenty -odd
years, Muir has become one of the most wonderful personalities
alive — the companionship with giant glaciers and splintered
Alps, with trees to which the largest in the East are as child's
switches, and such outlooks as no man ever saw, for Room and
Wonder, anywhere east of the Missouri^ — nor ever shall sec. It
ought not to be a marvel — for God made us all competent till we
threw the heritage away — but it sounds fairly uncanny to the
average brave, thoughtful, serious citizen that this thin, wiry
Scotchman, shrewd as a squirrel in the woods, a very Jeremiah
when the mood of speech befalls him, a seer in the truest sense,
a writer of unspeakable delicacy and charm, and of biblical
power withal - should sleep alone, unblanketed, on riven glaciers
and untrodden peaks, should fare into the heart of Alpine
storms, not of bravado but of serene choice and with that deep
IN WESTERN LETTERS
275
TiiK Jkremiah of the Siekka.
Photo, hv ( . F. L., iQui.
trust and love whicli knows Nature just as maternal in temp-
est as in sunshine ; should shin, for instance, to the 200-foot
crest of a Sierran pine to be whipt there with the storm that
bows a forest whose very branches would make giant trees in
Maine. How far we have fallen from sanity, is perhaps best
measured by our astonishment when one makes it a business to
stay sane. For until he lapsed into the worse company of his
John Mvik at Home.
IN WESTERN LETTERS
■277
Pauline Bradford Mackie Hopkins.
(Author of "The Washingrtonians.")
own making-, man was a familiar of Nature. He got the good
of her, he drew the strength of her, and he was unafraid.
Whereas now, so sardined are we and crutched one upon another,
not only the average man, but the average Master of Men would
be lost, helpless, hopeless and irretrievable, if pitched apart ten
leagues into the wilderness where Man was meant to be at least
as competent as a chipmunk. Think of a squirrel "losing his
way! " Or a wild goose ! It is only the tame breed that can do
it. The unspoiled animal always Knows.
Perhaps the hardest shock for the hermetically-civilized man
278 OUT WEST
is to discover that this outlandish person who has not only kept
our natural heritage of the Joy of Life, but added to it what one
may who can really stand on the shoulders of the 20th century,
instead of under its heel — is not a brawny, urg-ent, two-fisted,
stentorian, hell-bent rampageousness, but a modest, unplatformed,
slow-writing man, more refined than most women, more immov-
able than most rocks. One cannot say of him that he is braver
than other men ; for he who has not surrendered his eyes need
not (/arc. But this wise man does habitually for very joy — and
gets his pay, as so few of us do — what no mere athlete, no mere
" hero of a hundred battles " could do for a test week. If I know
anything about either the wilderness or courage — as I have tried
to study both — this is no exaggeration whatever.
If there is anything in the West to be proud of — and I seem
to detect several things — it is John Muir. And not because he
is Muir, not because he is set to a certain flyspeck on the map ;
not even because he is one of the few Old Testament person-
alities that still perdure — but because he is an Example on the
blackboard. "Of every man according to his strength; to
every man according to his need " — the West requires and gives.
And unto him, for one thing, it has given that he should come
to write as no man has written before of the Out of Doors.
While the late Collis P. Huntington would not fall within an}'
category of Western Letters by virtue of his personal fist, he
doubtless caused more — and more vigorous — Western literature
than any other one individual text. This, no doubt, is a merely
empiric connection ; but there is literary suggestion in the ac-
companying portrait. We put so much into pictures, and get so
little back ! Out of every million photographs, if there be one
portrait — we are favored of fate.
There are some reasons for this — as for most other things in
the tolerably reasonable scheme we call creation. One is that
every man has a thousand faces, most of which are accidental
or casual, and only a few indexical. The man takes this un-
catalogued assortment with him to a stranger with power to act.
He doesn't know which face he is wearing, the person who bids
him look pleasant doesn't know which one he ought to wear.
And the result, after a few moments of self consciousness and
taxidermy, is generally what might be expected. It is the man's
stuffed skin— eyes, nose, and other dimensions but we look in
vain for the man.
We can forgive our friends much — even their i)ictures. But
when we are confronted with the photograph of some great man
COLLIS P. Huntington. From a Photo, by Win. Keith.
^^ mMni*r>j y^-^^ l^c^ «*>^^^^^^>»^ ^a^ ^^^ ^^
/^ '^-^^ ^y '*'*^ '^'^ ii;^^^— «/-*^«i»u«^ /^ ^^ ;/^^ ^^^
V'*^/' Iffi'^*^-'^,^'^^^ /A^u.^^'a^^^t^^^no ^e_Ao/Je.tZiL^yich''ej^,
>
r
■ai
^^^^ y^rnay yft'f.--^^ ^^^j^^r <^<:^a>^f<*'*y'=^'^^'^f-t*^^
■ ■ .. ' fxiif^ -
Facsimilk ok a Pack fkom thb Diary ok Jumipbro Sbkra, 1769.
KSt* pag* aoj.)
IN WESTERN LETTER,
we know but have never seen, we have very generally to wonder
how a person who looks like that can have done the things he
has done. In other words, the so-called "portrait" almost in-
variably fails to account for the man — particularly with our in-
tellectual modern desire to have the retoucher steal our hide and
add us to Mrs. Jarley's Waxworks.
There have been many pictures of Huntington, but no others
that seem to explain the man. No one has been more structur-
ally opposed to his policies, no one more irreconcilably convinced
that his economics were medieval and mistaken ; but I conceive
that there can be no doubt that his was the mightiest mind
that ever laid hold upon commerce in the United States ; not
the wisest but the weightiest, not the best but the most
dominant, a personality whose strength it would be hard to
exaggerate. In any place, in any country, he would have been
a great man ; in some places (and with the mere accident of a
different point of view) a much greater one. He had all the
attributes of a king — far more than most kings.
But what photograph of a stuffy old gentleman with full
beard betrays this ? Where do you find in that burnished
platitude any hint of the power that could carry States in his
breeches pocket, and set foot in front of the wheels of National
government and block them— with less jar than another man
would attempt a village school-board withal ? Of all the pic-
tures of the man, this is the only one I can read him in. It was
made, a few months before Mr. Huntington's death, by Wm.
Keith, who painted a life-size portrait no less extraordinary
than this photograph. The negative — unfortunately not copy-
righted—has been coolly appropriated by some one else, and
prints have circulated without credit to the artist ; a dishonesty
it seems worth while to mention in the case of so extraordinary
a portrait.
C. P. L.
* *
There are two kinds of "native Californians." One happened
to be born here and had sense enough — most of them — to appre-
ciate their good fortune ; the other happened to be born some-
where else, but recognized their rightful citizenship on sight
and promptly claimed it. The author of that really notable
novel, T/ie Washing-tonians, briefly reviewed in the January
Out WEvST, is of the latter kind.
Pauline Bradford Mackie was born in Fairfield, Conn.,
twenty-eight years ago. Her father — an Episcopal clergyman
— died while she was very j^oung. Most of her early life was
spent in Toledo, Ohio. Her first writing was done for the
282
OUT WEST
Toledo Blade, and she counts the newspaper training as a valu-
able part of her equipment. Indeed, a newspaper may be one of
the best of schools, as it is apt to be one of the worst of habits.
She wrote "a great many" short stories, of which "all but two
or three" failed to suit the editors who saw them. Her first
novel, Madamoiselle de Bcrny found a publisher — the last of
nine to whom it was submitted — in 1897. Since then have ap-
peared Te Lyttle Salem Maide, and A Georgian Actress. In
1899, she married Herbert Miiller Hopkins. The wedding trip
took them to California, where Mr. Hopkins became assistant
in Latin at the State University. An invitation to take charge
of the same department in Trinity College tempted the young
couple back to Connecticut last year. But both The Washing-
tonians and Mr. Hopkins' The Fighting Bishop — now on the press
— were written in California, and Mrs. Hopkins is particularly
proud of her membership in the Spinners' Club of San Fran-
cisco.
C. A. M.
DODDHR.
By fULIA BOY N TON GREEN.
EAUTY to spare ! this desert parasite,
The common dodder, sets the wastes alight ;
Out, far out, where all other color wanes
The shrubs are splendid with the tawny skeins.
Jason, no dragon here, unless it be
The armored cactus ; and the prize you see,
Hung low in the wild garden, every crease
And fold as yellow as the famous fleece
It may be Clotho wearied of her task ;
" I'll spin no more, it is too much to ask."
And flung life's tangled web, a shining mas?,
Upon these wayside brambles where we pass.
Or else Titania's robes of cloth of gold
^Just needs be aired ; so, full as they can hold,
These desert bushes, stiff and briery
Present the shimmering glory to the sky.
Redlanda, Cal.
,283
mBSkmIB
1
THE MASCOT OF THE GRAYS.
By HENRY WALLACE PHILLIPS.
;HY, yes!" said Mr. Perkins, "I'll tell you all
about it, if you've got the time to spare. "I
was managing the Grays — that was the club
from the west side of the river, you know —
and we thought ourselves the prettiest things
that ever played base ball in Dakota; for awhile.
And then we had hard luck. Our fancy pitcher
was an ex-soldier named Fitzeben ; a well-built, pale, handsome
fellow, with lots of style, and no heart. As long as things were
coming his way, he could put up a game of baseball that would
make a man forget his religion ; but if they began to find him
on the other side, Pitz would go to slops on the run. First-base
was this man Falk you was speaking about. There was a Hoo-
doo playing second. 'Hindoo?' Yes, that's it. You've got it.
He'd come a long ways to our town. Nice, pleasant little man
he was, too, with a name that would have made him an overcoat
and a pair of pants, and then something left for the babies —
'Dammerjoodeljubberjubberchah,' or words to that effect. The
boys called him ' Jub,' so it didn't matter so much about that."
Mr. Perkins stopped to crook his elbow, as they say in the
vernacular, and stood awhile in silence as the tears of ecstacy
gathered in his eyes.
" Whoo, Jimmy !" said he, " there ought to go a damper with
that whisky — it's almost too good with the full draught on.
Blast your seltzer ! Give me water. I like my whisky and my
water straight, just as God made 'em. Well, I was telling you
about our outfit. One of our fellers was crooked as a ram's
horn — Jim Burke, that played short. Darn his buttons ! He
couldn't keep his hands off'n other people's property to save his
neck — and gall I Say, that man was nothing but one big gall
with a thin wrapper of meat around it. One day old Solomon,
that had the clothing store, comes to me oozing trouble.
" 'Misder Berkints,' says he, ' Dere ain't nubuddy vich dakes
more pleasure in der pall-blaying as I do. If you vant ten tollar
or dwenty tollar vor der club, vy, dake id ! dake id 1 I gif it mid-
out some words, but I ain't goink to stand such monkey-doodle
peesnesses.'
" 'What's the matter now, Sol ?'
" 'Vot ees der madder ? I tell you vat ees der madder. Dot
feller Burke, he goom by der store, unt he walk off mid a case.
A case 1 Mein Gott ! A whole case of zusbenders, und gollar
puttons, unt so fort ! I find him in Gurley's blace, puddin' it
284 OUT WEST
oop vor der drinks. I don't vant to sboil der pall blaying, bud
dot feller ort to bin in chail.'
" I went with him, and we hunted brother Burke up. I read
him the riot act, but he was brassy.
'* 'Why, he gfive me the case ! ' says he.
" 'Gif you der case!' yells old Solomon, *I! Vich ees me ?
Dis shentleman rig-ht here ?' tapping himself on the chest. ' I
gif you dot case ? Gott ! Mein frendt 1 You talk like a
sausage 1
" There was no use of my trying to keep my face straight.
Talking like a sausage hit me on the funny-bone, and I had to
holler.
" But as soon as I could get my head shut, I went for Burke
bald-headed. I told him I'd knock fourteen different styles of
doctrine in him if he didn't behave better.
"There's where that big stiff Falk and I came together for
the first time.
" ' What have you got to do with it ?' says he. 'No harm done
if he cleaned the d — d Jew out entirely.' Well, now mostly I
hate a Jew as well as the next man, but old Sol was a free
spender. He'd put up for anything that was going, and, Jew
or no Jew, it made me hot to hear Falk talk like that. More
especially as his tone wasn't any too pleasant.
"'Who the devil are you talking to ?' says I, 'Me, or the
hired man ? I want you to understand I'm running this thing,
pardner ! '
" ' Little chance anybody has to forget it,' he says with a big
jarring laugh. Don't you know that dirt}', sneering laugh he
had?
"Well, I was some warm. First off, I thought I would walk
off and not make any trouble ; then I thought to myself, 'Here,
I fought Jack Dempsey sixteen rounds the last time I appeared
in the ring, and I reckon I'm not going to let any big swagger-
ing stiff of a Dutchman get away with any such crack as that ! '
Those fellers didn't know about my being a profesh. I changed
my name when I quit, after Dempsey licked me, and I never was
much of a hand to talk.
"So without any words, I drove a right-hander into Mr.
Falk's Adam's apple. You'll hear this and that place spoken of
as a tender spot, but when you want to settle a man quick and
thorough, jam him in the Adam's apple. Falk must have
weighed a hundred pounds more than I did, but he went down
like a load of bricks. I wasn't taking any chances with such
odds in weight against me. To be sure, I had the science, but
the only science I ever saw that was worth a cuss in a street
THE MASCOT OF THE GRAYS 285
fight is to hit the other man early and often, and with all the
enthusiasm you can bring- to bear. Palk laid on his back, very
thoughtful, wondering where he was going to get his next
breath of air from. A crack in the Adam's apple does a good
many things at the same time : It stops your wind ; gives you
a pain in the head ; a ringing in your ears ; a cramp in the
stomach, and a looseness in the joints, all to once. I realized
that Mr. Falk wouldn't be in condition to do business for some
time, and as I was right in the spirit of the thing, now that I'd
got started, I thought I might as well head Burke up.
"I cut him on the end of his Irish nose, and stood it up in the
air like the stack of an old wood-burner. Then I whaled him in
the butt of the jaw for keeps.
'' He fell all over Solomon, and down the}'^ went together.
" 'Don'd you mindt me, Mr. Berkints,' says old Sol, as he
scrambled after his hat ; ' Id's all righd. Dot's for der zuspend-
ers ; gif him a vew vor der gollar-puttons.' He was a funny
motzer, that Solomon. It broke me up so the fight all went out
of me. But I upended Burke and gave him a medicine talk.
"'I've been too easy with you fellers, and I see it,' says I.
'From this on, however, there won't be any complaint on that
score. You'll feel like a lost heathen god in the wilderness, if
you try any more playing horse with me ; I think that blasted
stubborn Dutchman is beyond reason — perhaps I'll have to really
hurt him yet — but I think there's reason in yotc, and you'd better
use it, unless you want me to spread you all over the fair face of
nature. '
" You see, the citizens of the town had been liberal in coming
forward for the ball team, and naturally they took the greatest
pride in it. We were like soldiers going out to fight. Every
time we went away from home to play, the town saw us off with
the band, and welcomed us back with the same — winner or loser.
Now, I was the manager, and of course, everybody looked to me
to see that things were run right ; consequently, when fellers
cut up like Burke and Palk, it wasn't to be stood.
"Well, Burke said he'd give the matter his careful consid-
eration.
" 'All right, see that you do,' says I. 'Now screw your nut
home, and put your face in a sling till you look better. We don't
want any such picture of hard times as you are on the ball field.'
"When Palk got so he could understand language, I gave him
a few passages of the strongest conversation I had on tap.
"He listened, to be sure, and didn't give me any slack ; but it
was a sullen kind of listening — just that he was afraid to do
different, that's all.
286 OUT WEST
" I forgot to tell you that these two fellers was really hired to
play ball. The Superintendent of the division gave them a job
in the shops, and we paid 'em extra. Falk, he was a painter ;
and I wish you could see the blue, green and yaller ruin he made
of a passenger car. The boss painter wasn't onto the game,
and took the supe's talk in earnest, therefore he starts Falk out
single-handed to paint the car. The boss painter was a quiet
man usually, but when he saw that work of art, he let go of
some expressions that would have done credit to a steamboat
rooster. More, he heaved a can of red paint on brother Falk,
and swore he'd kill him too dead to skin, if he dared put foot in
the shop again. He was a sandy little man, even if he wasn't
as big as a pint of cider, and had been leaded so man)' times
that he shook like a quaking asp. The supe had to argue with
him loud and long before he'd hear of Falk's coming back.
"Burke went into the round-house, where all the fellers were
more or less sports, and understood the play.
"Not square to hire 'em ? Well, it wasn't exactly ; but the
crowd across the river taught us the game — they did it first.
" Well, now I'll tell you how we came bj' the Injun — the mas-
cot. He was an old feller — the Lord only knows how old — who
used to hang around the station selling Injun trinkets to the
passengers. He had a stick with notches cut into it to tell how
old he was, but the boj'S used to get the stick and cut more
notches when his nibs wasn't looking, until Methusalom was a
suckling kid alongside of that record. 'Me so old — huh,' the
Injun used to say, and hand the stick to the passengers. They'd
be full of interest until they counted up to four or five hundred,
when they would smile in a sickly way, and go about their busi-
ness, feeling that they had been taken in shameful, and much
regretting the quarter, or whatever chicken-feed it was they
contributed to old Bloody-Ripping-Thunder's support. No,
' Bloody-Ripping-Thunder ' probably wasn't his name ; but
that's what young Solomon christened him,
"Young Solomon was nephew to the old feller, and his pard-
ner in the clothing store. He was a great sport. A darned de-
cent young lad. It was his idea that we needed a mascot. We
sure did need something about that time, for if there was any-
thing in Dakota that hadn't beaten us, it was only because they
didn't know our address.
"Ike Solomon takes Rip — that's short for the aforesaid Injun —
into his store one day, a bent, white-haired old man, clad in a
dirty blanket, moccasins, and a hat that looked as if it had come
off the rag heap, and he works a miracle with him. He wouldn't
let nary one of t'.s in^^idc until he'd carried out his plans.
THE MASCOT OF THE GRAYS 287
"When we did g-o in, there stood as spruce a young gent of a
hundred or so as ever 3^ou see. That Injun had on a cheap but
decent light hand-me-down suit, b'iled shirt and paper collar,
red necktie, canvas shoes — mighty small they were ; he had feet
like a lady — pocket-handkercher with red border sticking out of
his pocket, cane in his hand, a white plug hat on his head and
a pair of specs on his nose. We were simply dumfoundered; that's
the only word for it. The old cuss carried himself pretty well.
Darned if you'd find a white man of his years that had as much
style to him. And proud I Well, that don't give you any idea
of it. He strutted around like a squint-eyed girl that's hooked
a feller.
" When he started off down the street to give the folks a ben-
efit, we had our laugh out.
"Into every store of the place goes Mr. Rip. Walks up and
down and says 'Huh !' After he thinks the folks have had a
fair show to take in his glory, ' Huh I' says he again, and tries
next door. The whole town was worked up over it. The fellers
would shake him by the hand, bowing and scraping and giving
him all sorts of steers.
" Well, we had our mascot now, so there was no particular
reason why we shouldn't try to get somebody's scalp.
" We sent a challenge to the Maroons, which they accepted,
too quick. The game was to be played on our grounds, and
with the eyes of our friends on us, you bet we meant to do our
little best ; but luck was against us. Our second base, the Hoo-
doo, had got snake bit. Rattler struck him in the right hand.
He had a mighty close squeak for his life. The right field. Doc-
tor Andis, the nicest gentleman that ever wore shoes, was com-
ing down with the fever that carried him off.
"To crown all, just when I should have been rustling around
the liveliest, I had one of my headaches — the worst I ever had.
Lord ! For three days I couldn't see, and then a fool of a man
told me whisky was good for it, and I took his advice. When
the drink started my heart up, darned if I didn't think the top
of my head was coming off. I ought to have been in bed the
day of the game, but of course that wasn't to be thought of.
Well, the boys were nervous, and I was sick, and though I
tried my best to put a good foot forward, I'm afraid I didn't help
matters any.
"Everybody and his grandmother turned out. The town
knocked off business altogether. The weather was fine for ball,
with this exception, the wind blew strong up-field. That was
dead against us, I mean ; it helped their pitcher mightily, as he
was weak on curves, and pitching into the wind added at least
288 OUT WEST
a foot to his range. With our man, Fitzeben, it wasldifferent ;
he had a tremendous knack on curves ; blamed if he couldn't
almost send a ball around a tree, and the extra twist threw him
off his reckoning so badly that he lost all command of the ball,
and finally got so rattled that we had to put another man in, in
the fifth inning. They were slaughtering us then — the score
was fifteen to two. We picked up a little after that, and in the
ninth it looked as if we might tie them, if we had barrels of
good luck.
" Falk went to bat. I cautioned him to wait for his chance ;
but you know what a band-stand player he was ; he had the gal-
lery in his eye all the time. He was a big, fine looking feller,
in a way, but stuck on his shape beyond all reason ; so, instead
of taking it easy, he swipes at everything that came, keeping
up a running fire of brag all the time that made everybody very
tired.
"Just before the last ball crossed the plate, he gave the folks
to understand that he was going to belt the cover off it, and the
remains would land down by the river. He made a fierce pass
at it ; missed it a mile, caught his toe and waltzed off on his
ear. He got a dirty fall and everybody was glad of it. We all
laughed 'Haw ! Haw !' just as loud as we could. Falk got up,
boiling mad. He looked at us as if he'd like to eat us raw ; but
there wasn't any one round there he felt safe to make trouble
with, until his eye fell on old Ripping-Thunder, sitting up
straight in his new clothes and specs and plug hat and cane,
and laughing as fine as anybody. Then that big Dutchman did
the cowardliest thing I ever saw ; he walks up and smashes poor
Rip in the face, just as hard as he could drive. ' Now laugh !
you d — d Injun !' says he. There was a riot in a minute, and I
had to keep the fellers off of Falk, though the Lord knows my
mind was different ! The other Captain refused to play the game
out. He didn't want any truck with such people, he said, and
while our boys were crying hot we couldn't do a thing but let
'em go.
" I picked up old Rip and asked him if he was hurt. He tried
to smile — although his mouth looked like an accident to a bal-
loon, where that big lubber hit him — and told me no, not hurt.
"But his eyes were on Falk all the time, following every move
he made. I tell you what, my son, never you hit an Injun un-
awares. No matter how old, or helpless he may seem, it ain't
safe. An Injun's not out of it till he's dead, and then it's just
as well to be careful. I know one buck that lashed the trigger
of his rifle to his arm with his dying hands, and blew a hole
like a railroad tunnel through the feller that tried to take his
THE MASCOT OF THE GRAYS , 289
gun away from him ; as well as changing the appearance of
the next man behind, which was me ; you can see the mark run-
ning back from my eyebrow. I'll tell you about that skirmish
sometime. It was the liveliest I ever got into. Well, the In-
jun's eyes were a little bleary from age before, but they were
bright enough now. I know I thought it won't be well for you,
brother Palk, if the old man gets a crack at you ; but being so
disgusted with the way things come out, and sick besides, I
didn't pay much attention.
"The next day was prairie-chicken day. Fifteenth of August
the law's up, ain't it ? I can remember the day all right, but
I'm never quite sure of the date— and all of the fellers turned
out in force to reduce the visible supply of chicken ; me and my
friend Stevens among the rest. We got a later start than most
of the boys, and it must have been ten or after before we reached
McMillan's flat, where we were going to do our shooting. We
drove around here and there, but we never flushed a feather.
"'Now, Jay,' says Stevens, 'let's cut for old man Simon's
shack ; there is likely to be some birds in his wheat stubble.'
So off we went. We were sailing down the little sharp coulee
which opens on Simon bottom when we heard a gun-shot to the
right, and not far off.
" 'Hello !' says Stevens, ' there's a fellow in luck ; we'll give
him a lift if he's got more than he can handle.'
Sounded more like a rifle to me, Steve,' says I.
" 'Well, let's investigate anyhow — what the blazes is that ?'
For just then riz up a wild howl, ' Don't shoot ! Don't shoot ! '
it says.
" ' I could swear that that was the voice of that sweet gentle-
man, Mr. Palk,' says I. 'Tie up, and we'll creep to the top of
the bank and see what's going on ; if Palk's in trouble, I
wouldn't miss it for anything.' We made our sneak and looked
down. Beneath us was a sort of big pot-hole, say forty foot
across. On one side was brother Falk, his face as serious as
though he was playing a rubber with the gent that always wins,
but stepping it high, wide, and frolicsome. Gee ! what pigeon
wings and didoes he cut ! And the reason of it sat on the other
side of the pot-hole watching him — Brother Ripping Thunder,
with a rifle in his hand, enjoying himself much, and smiling as
good as the damaged condition of his mouth would allow.
Hunh !' says he, ' that's plenty dance — now stand on head.'
" ' I can't !' says Falk, ' I don't know how ! '
Learn !' says the Injun, ' now good time.'
" Falk started to make some objections, but old Rip raised the
rifle, and Falk, with a wild, despairing cuss, up-ended himself.
290 OUT WEST
He was a big man, as I've told you, and when he keeled over he
come down so hard it jarred the earth.
Wakstashonee !' cries Rip, ' that worst I ever see ! Got to
do better, or I shoot anyhow ! '
"So up goes Falk, and down he comes, and up he goes and
down he comes, in all kinds of shapes and styles till Steve and
me, we had to jam our hankerchers in our mouths for fear we'd
snort out loud and spoil the game.
Holy sufferin' ! ' says Steve, 'but ain't he just everlastingly
run up against the worst of it this heat ! We couldn't have
wished no better if we tried. Jay ! '
"Well, I should say that there wasn't a piece as big as a quarter
on Palk that wasn't black and blue when at last he seemed to
get the knack of it, and held himself up in a wobbly sort of way.
"'There,' say Rip, 'that's more like business. Just keep
feet still — I going to shoot heels off boots. '
"Falk hollered murder.
"Old Rip shook his head. ' You make such noise I get rattled
and shoot hole through foot,' he complained. Falk shut up
like a clam.
Here we go fresh !' says Rip ' Now don't move feet.'
"Blam! And the right heel zipped into space. Blim ! And
away went the left one.
" 'Good shooting for old man ! ' says Rip. ' Now you rest.
Bimeby we have some more fun.'
"You should have seen Falk's face as he sat there resting, with
the pleasant future in his mind. He wasn't happy, and he showed
it. As soon as he got his wind he tried to bribe Rip, but it
didn't go. He promised him money and ponies and whisky and
tobacco, and every thing under the sun. Rip simply shook his
head. ' Don't want ! ' says he. ' Having plenty good time
now. Don't talk any more. Want think what do next.'
" So there they sat, and whenever Rip looked at a place, Falk,
he looked too, for he had a large interest in the matter, and it
was pretty medium hard to figure out what was passing through
Rip's head.
" There was a mud-puddle with about six inches of water and
six foot of mud at the end of the pot-hole. Rip took that in
very earnest.
Hunh,' says he, 'you rested now ! '
" 'No, I ain't !' cries Falk, with the sweat starting out all over
him. ' I ain't rested a little bit. Now, just wait a minute —
honest, I'm all played out ! '
No ask question — tell you about it. I say rested, you
RESTED,' answers Rip, in a tone of voice that wasn't to be
THE MASCOT OF THE GRAYS -291
arg-ued with. Palk knuckled. ' For God's sake ! What's it
going- to be now ? ' he asked.
" 'You ^s^,' says Rip. 'Plenty dam big fat fish, you !' He
pointed to the puddle. ' Now swim ! '
"I may have mentioned that Falk was stuck on his appearance?
Well, he was — powerful. So when it came to wallowing around
in a mud-puddle with his brand new hunting clothes on, he
beefed for fair. Moses ! How he cussed !
"Then old Rip raised the rifle again, and there was a bad light
in his old eyes. I can't give )^ou no idea of the satisfaction he
expressed as he simply repeated the one word, ' swim !'
"Brother Falk ground his teeth till the slivers flew ; Rip moved
his fore-finger. That was enough. Into the mud, ker-sock !
goes Falk, and the slime splashed a rod around.
"All this time the Injun had been sort of quiet and sneering,
but now he entered into the spirit of the thing. He capered
like a school-boy. ' Leelah ouashtay ! ' He hollered. ' Swim,
fish ! Kick, fat fish 1 Kick I Make hand g-o ! Make head go !
Make foot go ! W)^upee ! Chantay meatow leelah ouashtay-
da ! ' Then he took to spanking Falk with the butt of the rifle.
It was 'a animated scene,' as the poet says. You don't often
g-et a chance to see a two-hundred-and-twenty pound bully lying-
on his stomach in a mud-puddle swimming for dear life, so Steve
and me made the most of it.
"There was Falk hooking mud like a raving maniac — fount-
ains and geysers and water spouts of mud — while Rip pranced
around him, war-whooping and yelling, and laying it on to him
with the rifle-butt until each crack sounded like a pistol-shot. It
seldom falls to the lot of man or boy to get such a thorough,
heartfelt, soul-searching spanking as that ugly Dutchman re-
ceived. My ! I could feel every swat clear down to my toes,
and there isn't a shadow of doubt in my mind that Falk did too.
"And that Injun looked so comical flying around in his high
hat and specs and new clothes and shiny shoes ! It was a sight
to make a horse laugh. By and by Steve couldn't stand it and
he roared right out. That stopped the matinee. Rip looked up
at us and grinned. 'I got openers, this pot,' says he, tapping
the rifle. ' Play nice game with friend — stand up, big, fat
fish.'
"Well, we had a conniption fit when Palk made himself per-
pendicular. He WAS a sight 1 If there ever a man lived whose
name ought to be Mud, 'twas Falk. His hair was full of it ;
his face was gobbed with it, and drops of it fell off the end of
his trickling Dutch muss-ta.sh.. To say nothing of them nice
new clothes 1 Steve hollered, and I hollered, and the Injun hoi-
292 OUT WEST
lered. We moreen hollered ; we rocked on our heels and laid
back our ears and screeched — Falk looking from one to the
other, oozing slough-juice at every vein, and wishing he had
been buried young.
"At last he kind of whimpers out, ' Well, what are you going
to do with me now ? '
" ' Kika-lap !' says Rip, ' fly.'
"And Falk flew, like a little bird ; up the side of the pot-hole,
over the coulee and across the prairie — vanished, vamoosed,
faded, gone forever. He didn't even stop for his clothes. The
first train out was soon enough for him.
" So now you say he's fallen into a bushel of money, and has a
fine house, and drives his trotters in New York ? Well ! By
Gum ! But this t's a strange world ! Why couldn't some decent
man have gotten the rocks ? I tell you what we ought to do ;
we ought to take a nice photograph of that pot-hole, of which
the general features are impressed on his memory perfect enough
not to need no label, I guess, and send it on to him with the
compliments of Bloody Ripping Thunder, for him to hang as
the principal ornament in his art gallery ! Old Falk a million-
aire ! Well, wouldn't that cramp you ! I've got to have some-
thing to take the taste of that out of my mouth. Yes, the
same, Jimmy, with plain water on the side. Well, here's luck,
young feller, even to old Falk !"
Richmond, N. Y.
THE NORTH WIND IN CALIFORNIA.
By HERBERT MULLER HOPKINS.
OW, to the wonder of the waiting night.
The arid North comes stealing o'er the hills,
First in slow puffs, and then the whole house
thrills
With steady blows of that mysterious might.
How strange to hear, beneath the hot starlight,
The same wild note that comes with driven snows
Against New England panes, where warmly glows
The dark green holly and its berries bright !
And what the meaning of the wild refrain.
And what the message that the North Wind brings ?
It sings of cactus on a desert plain.
Of bones that bleach beside the sand-choked springs,
Of strange red mountains, unre freshed by rain,
A land of gruesome and forgotten things.
Hartford, Conn.
293
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY.
From Documents never before published in English.
Diary of Junipero Serra ; Loreto to San Die^o, MarcK
28— June 30, 1769.
MONG other contents of the invaluable "Ra-
mirez Collection " is a holograph diary of his
journey from the Mission of Loreto, Lower
California, to San Diego in our present State,
by that great apostle and founder of California,
Father Junipero Serra, on his first entrada. It
fills 34 close folio pages of finely written manu-
script, a sample of which is given in facsimile on page 280.
This account of the hard journey — few are bold enough to
make it nowadays — that resulted in the founding of the first
Mission and the settlement of California is a most human
document. It is full, not only of the humility and faith and
quenchless courage of the greatest missionary who ever trod
the soil of the United States ; it is also vital with his quiet
humor. The "Ramirez Collection" is now part of the prob-
ably matchless library of Americana of Kdward E- Ayer of
Chicago ; to whom we are indebted for the chance to present this
critical translation.
JESUS, MARY AND JOSEPH. YEAR OF 1769.
Governing- as Bishop of the city of Guadalaxara the Senor Don Diego de
Rivas ; governing this Kingdom of New Spain as Viceroy Don Carlos
Francisco Croix ; under the Coinniandancy-in-Chief the Most Illustrious
Seiior Don Joseph de Galvez, of the Council of his Magesty, and Inspector-
General of the Kingdom ; being Guardian of the Apostolic College of San
Fernando of Mexico the Rev. Father Fray Juan Andres, Apostolic Preacher;
and being President of the Missions of the Californias the Rev. Father
Fray Junipero Serra, Reader and Fx-Professor of theology of the Univer-
sity of Mallorca ; being chiefs of the expedition by land from the Royal
Presidio of Our I^ady of Loreto first in command Don Gaspar de Portala,
Captain of Dragoons, and Governor of California ; and second the Captain
of said Presidio, Don Fernando Rivera y Moncada — the latter in the first
division of Soldiers of the Presidio, to the number of 29 ; the former with
ten leather-jacket Soldiers. They undertook [the journey] by order of His
Magesty (whom God guard) Don Carlos Third. Said Expedition was under
the protection of St. Joseph.
DIARY.
[Of the expedition] to the ports of San Diego and Monte Rey by land ;
which for the greater honor and glory of God, and the conversion of the
Ynfidels to our Holy Catholic Faith, the said Father President, Fray Juni-
pero Serra, undertook from his Mission and Royal Presidio of Our Lady of
the Loreto in [Lower] California (after having visited the Missions of the
South, and there agreed and communicated extensively concerning the ex-
pedition with the Most Illustrious Seiior Don Joseph de Galvez, of Hi^
^
294 OUT WEST
Magesty's Council and Chamber, Inspector-General of this New Spain,
and Principal Director and Commandant of these Conquests) on the 28th
day of March, the third day of Resurrection Easter in the year of 1769.
NOTE 1st.
That on the 6th day of January of this same year, finding myself in the
Port of L/a Paz with His Eminence the Senor Inspector, I blessed the
Packet named the " San Carlos," sang the Mass aboard her, blessed the
Standards ; the Litany was sung, and other devotions to Our Lady. And
His Eminence made a fervent exhortation with which he kindled the spirits
of those who were to go in that vessel to said Ports of San Diego and
Monte Rey. These embarked on the 9th, at night, and on the 10th set sail.
The Commandant determined upon for the Expedition by Sea was Don
Vicente Vila, a Pilot famed on the Seas of Europe ; the Engineer, Don
Miguel Costanso; Chief of the troops of (25 men, and with the Lieutenant,
26) Don Pedro Fages, Lieutenant of the Company of Catalonian Volun-
teers. And for Missionary of the Expedition, and for one of the Missions,
I fixed upon the Father Preacher Fray Fernando Parron, who had been my
Companion in Loreto since we arrived in California. And all together
1 they set forth joyfully on the said 10th day of January.
NOTB 2nd.
That on the 15th day of February, I having already returned toward
Loreto, the same duties were performed at Cape San Lucas in blessing the
Packet " San Antonio," alias the " Principe," which set out the same day
for said Ports. And there embarked in it for the same end the Father
Preachers Fray Juan Gonzales, a Biscayan, and Fray Francisco Gomez ;
the 1st recently arrived from Mexico ; and the 2nd had been Minister at the
Mission of the Passion, which, by order of His Eminence, had been ex-
tinguished, and its Indians transferred to the [Mission] of Todos Santos.
And with this the Maritime or Naval expedition was complete.
NOTE 3 k D.
That for the expedition by land His Eminence determined that what was
necessary of Cavalry [horses], beasts of burden, and all kind of provision
and food, should be provided by the Seiior Captain of the Company or
Presidio of this Peninsula, Don Fernando de Rivera y Moncada ; the same
who was in the time of the Fathers of the Company [of Jesus], and was
much traveled through all the Missions with his Eminence's orders for the
Missionary Fathers of them ; and the temporal concerns of these [Mis-
sions] were already in his charge. And for this, and to journey afterward
to said Ports, at the request of His Magesty, on the 28th of Sept. I sang
the Mass of supplication to St. Joseph, who had been chosen patron of
these two expeditions, by sea and by land. And two days later he [Rivera
y Moncada] set forth from Loreto to the [Mission] of San Xavier, to com-
mence his Operation of taking out from it, and from the other [Missions]
next it, whatever he might choose of what was in them. Thus he did ;
and altho' it was with a somewhat heavy hand, it was undergone for God
and the King. And with the collection of articles which seemed to him
competent, he set forth, after having recruited his toasts sufficient time in
the place called Vila Catha (which now is a new Mission ; it was founded
on the day of Pentecost), with 25 Soldiers and three muleteers, with a suffi-
cient number of Indians on foot, the 24th day of March ; carrying with
him for Missionary Father of that division of the expedition the Father
Preacher Fray Juan Crespi, Minister until then of the Mission La Purisiiii.i
de Cadegomo. God upl>ear them well : and may they arrive happily.
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY . 295
NOTE 4th.
That for the fulfilment of the expedition by land His Eminence ordered
at the beginning- of the month of March that the Governor Commanding
this Peninsula, Don Gaspar de Portala, should set forth with the Mission-
aries that remained of them that were designated, as Commandant-in-
Chief of both divisions of the expedition by land, with the residuum of
the Soldiers, the victuals and other necessaries for so arduous and exten-
sive an enterprise. And in fulfilment of said Order, the aforementioned
Governor set forth from his royal Presidio of L/oreto on the 9th of March
with his retinue. And altho' I was always minded to follow this expedi-
tion, I could not set forth so soon ; proposing and promising to do it with
the utmost possible haste (as I afterward did). And in the interim I desig-
nated to follow these Travelers the Father Preacher Fray Miguel de la
Campa, who had been Minister of the frontier Mission called Santa Maria
de los Angeles ; where it was necessary that they make a long detention to
await the victuals which had to come by Sea to the Bay of San Luis Gon-
zaga, near that last [mentioned] Mission, and to arrange the herd, and
other arrangements — until I joined the retinue there, as I have said later.
1*. On the 28th day of March, third [day] of the Resurrection of Our
Lord Jesus Christ, of this year of 1769, after having celebrated all the func-
tions of Holy Week with all possible solemnity and devotion, and having
sung the Mass on the day of Easter and preached in it my farewell discoiirse
(on the day which punctually fulfilled an Ecclesiastic year of my having
preached to them [since] the first time when I took possession of spiritual
matters at said Mission and Church); and on the two following [days] hav-
ing celebrated [services] to Our Lady of Loreto, beseeching her protection
for a journey so difiicult — I set forth after Mass of the said third feast. And
my day's journey was to arrive at the Mission of San Francisco Xavier de
Biaundo ; on the which [journey] there befell me nothing worthy of note ;
and as it is a road and land known to all, I say nothing about it. And the
same I will observe with respect to the line of the old Missions.
2. The 29th, 30th and 31st of the same month I tarried in said Mission
for many motives. Reason enough for said detention was the very especial
and mutual love between myself and its Minister, the Rev. Father Reader
Francisco Palou, my Disciplef ; Commissary of the Holy Office, and elected
by our College:}: to succeed me in the Presidency of these Missions in case
of my death or long absence. This last circumstance was the principal
motive of said detention, to confer [with him] as to what was best with re-
gard to what remained in his charge during my absence, for the stability of
these Missions and of those that were to be founded, and to clear matters up
for the coming of the Most Illustrious Seiior Inspector-General to Loreto,
the which was expected shortly. The third — and to me the [reason] most
worthy to be noted, albeit in token of thankfulness — is the fact that from
my Mission of Loreto I did not take more provision for so long an excursion
than one loaf of bread and a piece of cheese. For I was there all the year,
so far as temporal matters go, as the mere Guest for the crumbs of the Royal
Commissary, whose liberality at my departure did not extend further than
the aforesaid. But the said Father supplied that lack with so efficacious
arrangements — in the way of his provision of food, clothing for my use,
and comforts for my journey— that not even I myself could have managed
to contrive them, tho' for my sins I do not cease to be fond of my conveu-
ience. May God repay so much charity.
3. On the 1st day of April I bade farewell with much sorrow to said
Father, my Beloved since his childhood ; and starting at break of day I
traveled toward the next Mission, [that] of San Joseph Comondu. To the
which (tho' it is distant more than 12 leagues) I came at about eleven
of the same morning, so early was the start I took. And I found myself
there without [meeting] the Ministering Father there, who was — and is —
the Father Fray Antonio Martinez, my old-time Companion ever since we
came together in the City of Cadiz to come to our College ; and since my
Fellow-Missionary in the Sierra Gorda. For the said Father had gone on
to the Mission of Purisima, of which he was left in charge because of the
absence of its Minister, the Father Preacher Fray Juan Crespi, who had
gone forth to the first division of the expedition, as has been said. But
*The paragraph numbers mark day's journeys-
+Serra's successor and biographer.
iXhe Colleg'e of San Fernando, Mex.
2% OUT WEST
nothing was lacking' for me, thanks to the provision which the said Father
Martinez had made against the chancel of my arriving in his absence.
On the 2nd, which was Sunday, I sang the Mass in Albis, and preached
to them of the Pueblo or Mission. On that day, had it not been for my
arrival, they would have gone without the one or the other [mass or ser-
mon] ; so with this, and the various confessions I heard, my tarrying was
not idle. The 3rd was also a festival day, the Annunciation of Our Lady
being celebrated. Because it fell on Holy Saturday, I took the same pains
to sing the Mass, etc., and in the forenoon the Father Missionary arrived,
already advised of these events at his Mission.
The 4th (and part of the foregoing day) went, with us, in arranging
certain things pertaining to my outfit, which could not be made up at San
Xavier. Meanwhile, the arrieros arranged the harness, for they came in
bad shape for want of sweatcloths, hay, reatas, etc. And there everything
was put in good order, thanks to the liberality of the said Father, who re-
peatedly asked me to see if some other thing of whatever he had there
would not be useful. God repay him.
4. On the 5th I set forth, accompanied by the said Father, for the Mis-
sion of the Purissima, at which, without special novelty, we arrived the
same morning. The first and only Minister of ours* [therej had been the
Father Preacher Fray Juan Crespi, another esteemed by me since his child-
hood. Who, at his going away, left various things prepared for my outfit in
charge of the Soldier Don Francisco Maria de Castro, Mayordomo and Es-
cort of that Mission, that he should deliver them to me, with whatever else
might serve me. With [thanks to] this providing, and to the conscientious-
ness of the said Soldier, we were received with a dance of the Indians with
all the solemnity possible to be secured in such places. The 6th and part
of the day before was occupied in arranging that which the mules had to
carry, among which were four loads of biscuits, which by order of the Senor
Captain, and care of Father Crespi, had been allotted for the sustenance of
the Religious of the expedition. Flour, pinolef , wheat, raisins and what-
ever else might serve for their relief — everything which, by the forethought
of the Father [priest] of San Joseph, as I have said, the .said Mission had
in its charge — was put in order. And all ray outfit, and that of them that
went with me, was supplied with much more abundance than I could desire
or imagine. Blessed be God.
The 7th, having bidden farewell to the Rev. Father [priest] of San Joseph,
who remained at the Mission to go forth, a little later, to his own [Mis-
sion], I took my way at early daybreak for the next [Mission] of Guada-
lupe. I walked all day, except a little halt which I made at middaj' to take
\some fesTand a rribiftnful. And when night came on, I arrived at the place
of the Teasel, where I tarried on the ground. There I talked with some
ten families of Indians, men and women, boys and girls. And when I
a.sked them for the reason of their being there, they told me with much
sorrow that they were of the mission of Guadalupe, and not of any rancheria
but of the head place itself ; and that the Father, for want of provisions,
had found himself obliged to send them out to the mountains to seek their
food ; and that as they were not accustomed to this, they were not handy
at it; their hardship was much, particularly in seeing their babies suffer
and hearing them cry. I felt sorry enough, and tho' it was somewhat un-
fortunate that the pack-train was tiehind and could not arrive that night,
they were not left without some alleviation. For with a portion of pinole I
carried they made themselves an olla of good Atole, which was for the
women and children. And afterward the same diligence was repeated,
filling it a second time for the men. Wherewith they were consoled — the
more, when I told them that they should travel to their Mission; that
glready corn was on its way to the FatJier by sea Canoe from Mulege, by
rder of the Most Illustrious Inspector. I took my rest, and [had] them
pray in concert ; and they concluded by singing a very tender song of the
love of God. And as they of that Mission have (with reason ) the fame of
singing with especial sweetness, I had a good bit of consolation in honring
them.
[ TO BB CONTINTTEI). 1
•That is, Franciscan. The J-'-^iiit-^ li ail been cxpelloil two years before.
I (t A meal of parched Com.
. 297
THE, SEQUOYA LEAGUE.
" Xo MaKe Better Indians."
BXECUTIva COMMITTEE.
Dr. David Starr Jordan, Prest. Stanford University, Cal.
Dr. C. Hart Merrian, Chief Biological Survey, Washing-ton
Dr. Geo. Bird Grinnell, editor Forest and Stream, New York
D. M. Riordan, Los Angeles, Cal.
Richard Egan, Capistrano, Cal.
Chas. Cassatt Davis, attorney, l/os Angeles
Chas. F. lyummis, L/OS Angeles
ADVISORY BOARD.
Mrs. Phebe A. Hearst, University of California
Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Nebraska
Archbishop Ireland, St. Paul, Minn.
U. S. Senator Thos. R. Bard, California
Maj. J. W. Powell, Director Bureau of Ethnology, Washington
Edward E. Ayer, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago
Miss Estelle Reel, Supt. all Indian Schools, Washington
W. J. McGee, Ethnologist in Charge, Bureau of Ethnology
P. W. Putnam, Peabody Museum, Harvard College
Stewart Culin, University of Pennsylvania
Dr. T. Mitchell Prudden, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York
Dr. Geo. J. Engelmann, Boston
Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington
F. W. Hodge, Smithsonian Institution, Washington
Hamlin Garland, author, Chicago
Mrs. F. M. Doubleday, New York
Dr. Washington Matthews, Washington
Hon. A. K. Smiley (Mohonk), Redlands, Cal.
(Others to be added)
Treasurer, W. C. Patterson, Prest. Eos Angeles National Bank
§EQUOYA, " the American Cadmus," was the
onl)'^ Indian that ever invented a written lan-
guage ; the only aboriginal leader of his
people toward what we call education. In the
name of the noblest trees in the world — the Se-
quoia Giganteaof California — science has honored
this truly great Cherokee; and a League '"to
make better Indians" may appropriately honor
him as well. A brief sketch in the February
number gave the salient points in the life of this
remarkable Indian; and further details will follow.
The Big Tree grows nowhere in the world except in Cali-
fornia; the Sequoya League, while native to California, will
take root wherever there are People who Care. Its scope and its
plans are national.
It was deemed vital that the name of the League be short,
easy and significant. "Catalogue" titles are a weariness to the
flesh. Two words — one, if possible, an Indian name of the
right significance — were felt to be enough. Of all the names
suggested, in the consensus of the people most competent to
suggest, Sequoya had an overwhelming majority. Among
others, Edward Everett Hale, David Starr Jordan, Mrs. Hearst,
Miss Fletcher, Prof. McG^e, and a majority of the Executive
Committee favored it. The objection that it might be con-
founded with a League to preserve the Big Trees, is easily an-
swered. There could be worse causes to be confounded with,
298 OUT WEST
under almost any title ; and, having a right significance, the
public may reasonably be trusted to learn what the name does
mean. The Primrose League in England is not exactly to raise
primroses ; but the English — and some others — have discovered
what it does stand for.
Papers are now being drawn for the incorporation of the
League ; and in spite of vexatious and unavoidable delays the
work is being pushed on. A harp of a thousand strings — and
some of them thousands of miles long — cannot be played upon all
in a minute ; and the League means to make no grave mistakes.
The League itself is a national affair. Local councils will
be formed all over the United States, deriving authority from
the national organization, and pledged to carry out its policies.
It cannot be too constantly remembered that the contract is an
enormous one. The first struggle will be not to arouse sympathy
but to inform with slow patience and long wisdom the wide-
spread sympathy which already exists. We cannot take the
Indians out of the hands of the National Government; we can-
not take the National Government into our own hands. There-
fore we must work with the National Government in any large
plan for the betterment of Indian conditions. The League
means, in absolute good faith, not to fight but to assist the In-
dian Bureau. It means to give the money of many and the
time and brains and experience of more than a few to honest
assistance to the Bureau in doing the work for which it has
never had either enough money or enough disinterested and
expert assistance to do in the best way the thing it and every
American would like to see done.
The plans of the League have been outlined, in personal con-
versation, to the President, the Secretary of the Interior and the
Commissioner of Indian Affairs. All three welcomed these
plans, and promised every assistance in their power. In sincere
cooperation with such men, the League can reasonably hope to
be of service to the Indians and to the Government.
A draft of the League's constitution, subject to amendment,
follows :
CONSTITUTION.
I— NAME.
This Corporation shall be known as the Sequoya League.
II — OBJECT.
Its object shall be "to make Better Indians," and t)etter-treated ones.
1. By cooperating with the Interior Department and the Indian Bureau
of the National Government to devise, secure legislation for, and carry out,
policies based on patience, common-sense, steady pressure, and exact
knowledge of the facts at issue — the Indian, his nature, his needs, his pos-
sibilities, and his environment.
A. By furnishing specific, responsible, authentic and disinterested
information.
B. By maintaining a friendly watchfulness over the manner in which
agreed policies are carried out in the field ; by knowing precisely what
agents, teachers, and other employee* of the service are doing, and what
its results are ; by assisting and defending good employees from malicious
THE SEQUOYA LEAGUE 299
or partisan attacks ; by preferring charg-es agaiast unfit emploj'ces — in
neither case as irresponsible gossip, but in such form as would be com-
petent in a court of law.
C. By assisting to awaken public sentiment along these lines, and by
all proper means to influence legislation to these ends.
2. By direct, practical and familiar dealing with the Party of the Second
Part. It is better and cheaper that the Indian shall understand what the
Government means to do, and shall assent to it, than that he shall have to
be crushed by costly wars or coercions into a sullen submission to whatever
it may see fit to do. A function of the Iveague, therefore, will be to gain
the consent and cooperation of the Indians in measures for their benefit ;
working through persons whom the Indians know and trust, and not
through strangers and interpreters.
A. By assisting the Indians to security in those rights of home, of in-
dividuality and of family which must be the basis of successful dealing by
statecraft with any race.
B. By encouraging the Indians to acquire as much " education " as they
can reasonably use, and in the directions in which they can possibly use it.
To any such plan, the family and the tribe must be made allies, instead of
being treated as enemies.
C. By reviving, encouraging, and providing market for, such of the
aboriginal industries as can be made profitable. In the case of tribes which
had no such industries, to assist in securing those that shall be best suited
to their abilities and their market.
Ill — ADMINISTRATION.
The management of this Corporation shall vest in an Executive Com-
mittee of seven, elected by the incorporators ; with full power to act, to fill
vacancies in its own number, and to increase that number — in each case,
by five-sevenths vote.
IV — ADVISORY BOARD.
The Executive Committee shall annually appoint an Advisory Board, at
present of 25 members. The functions of this Board shall be to advise
the Executive Committee ; and in general to forward the aims of the
league.
V— OFFICERS.
The only officers of the League, besides the said Executive Committee
and Advisory Board, shall be a Secretary and a Treasurer. The Secretary
shall be paid a reasonable compensation for his services. All others shall
give their services to the League without pay. The Treasurer shall furnish
bond in $10,000.
VI — MEMBERSHIP.
Membership in the League shall be open to any person who shall sub-
scribe to the constitution and pay the annual dues. These dues shall be
$2 per annum, in advance, delinquent January 15 of each year. '* Junior
Membership," for boys and girls under 16, shall be 50 cents per annum, in
advance. Life Memberships shall be $50.
VII — I,OCAI. COUNCII,S.
Local Councils, taking their charter from the League, may be formed in
any town or city in the United States, on petition of three responsible
persons. Acceptance of the charter shall pledge the said Council to ob-
serve the provisions of this Constitution, and to work within lines approved
by the League.
VIII — MEMBERSHIP IN I,OCAI. COTJNCII<S.
Membership in local Councils shall be by application, and in accordance
300 OUT IV EST
with the by-laws of said local Council. The annual fees shall be $2, of
which sum one-half shall be remitted by the Treasurer of the local Council
to the Treasurer of the I^eag-ue. And at least one-half of all moneys col-
lected by any local Council, in excess of $1 per annum local membership
fees, shall be converted into the treasury of the League for the furtherance
of its national work. "Junior memberships" in local Councils shall be SO
cents.
IX — AMENDMENTS.
This Constitution may be amended by a five-sevenths vote of the
Executive Committee.
*
* *
In November a memorial was presented to the Indian Bureau
urging the appointment of a commission to examine into and re-
port upon the condition of the Mission Indians of Southern Cali-
fornia (see this magazine for December). Not only does the
acute case of the 300 Indians now subject to eviction from War-
ner's Ranch, and with no place on earth to go to, require im-
mediate attention ; there are few of the 35 reservations under
the Mission agency where conditions are not in serious need of
improvement. Inadequate lands, worthless lands, lack of water,
insecurity of title — these are among the matters requiring in-
vestigation. The status of the whole matter is not a credit
either to our humanity or to our business methods. A commis-
sion of well known, competent men, familiar with local con-
ditions, should not only investigate and recommend what can
best be done for the immediate relief of the Warner's Ranch
Indians, but should report a general plan for the final disen-
tanglement of the collective snarl ; a plan not necessarily to be
carried out at one fell swoop, but to be worked toward logically
step by step.
Following the memorial, I went over the subject in person
with the Interior Department and the Indian Bureau ; the com-
mission was promised, and steps were taken for its appointment.
Since that time an Indian Inspector has examined some of the
many tracts of land offered for sale for the location of the War-
ner's Ranch Indians, and has recommended that the government
purchase the Monserrate Rancho for $70,000.
So far from removing the need of a commission, this merely
emphasizes it. The Monserrate Rancho is a beautiful piece of
scenery ; but the consensus of opinion among experienced Cali-
fornians who are familiar with it is that it would be a mistake
— and many use a stronger word — to put the Indians there. In
going over the ranch myself, recently — though with no thought
of it as an Indian location — I saw nothing which would con-
vince me that this adverse opinion is mistaken. To prove its
fitness for the purpose would at least require a far more thorough
investigation than the Inspector has given it. It would make a
handsome stock-ranch ; but for obvious reasons the Indian can-
not be a stock-raiser here; nor is it desirable that he should. He
should be a farmer, tilling the soil ; and to till the soil here he
must have irrigation. The ranch is said to have been sold at
foreclosure, some years ago, for $25,000 ; and the history of its
transfers is curious.
On the other han^ I probably know no more about the matter
■ THE SEQUOYA LEAGUE 301
than the Inspector does, and have no wish to condemn the land.
Neither of us knows enoug-h It is precisely why the Sequoya
League urg-es the appointment of the Commission to go into the
matter thoroughly. It has been rather the misfortune than the
fault of our Indian Bureau ever since its organization that it
has had to depend on peripatetic, unfamiliar, and more than oc-
casionally incompetent, inspectors. With the results of follow-
ing their advice, we are all more or less familiar. Now that a
commission of men of national standing and of familiarity with
the facts are willing- to g^ive their time and services, without
compensation, to straighten out the matter thoroug-hly and
authoritatively, it would seem the most businesslike way to per-
mit them to do so.
* *
The receipt of $70 in various contributions for the benefit of
the Indians has already been acknowledged. Further gifts are:
Mrs. Peter Goddard Gates, Pasadena, Cal., $5 ; Miss Molly
Dillon, Los Angeles, $2.50 ; Dr. David P. Barrows, Manila, $2 ;
Juliette Estelle Mathis, San Francisco, $1.
*
* *
The " Hair-Cut Order," over which the press of the country
has made so merry, was not a newspaper invention. A copy of
the ofl&cial document follows. In view of the fact that the sup-
plementary order practically nullifies the original — since it for-
bids giving the Indians "any just cause for revolt," and any
enforcement of the original would be unmistakable and inevit-
able cause for revolt — the Leag-ue has no desire to pursue the
matter. It may be accepted as a certainty that in the event of
some stupid agent trying- to enforce the order for hair-cutting-
and the suppression of feasts, a test case would be carried up to
the Supreme Court of the United States — where of course plain-
tiff would win, as there is no law to force any American, even
an original one, to cut his hair. But it is not probable that the
wealthy champions who have expressed this determination will
have any need to carry it out. The order will probably be al-
lowed to die its natural death. The copy is printed here merely
as a matter of the archives.
Department op the Interior, Office of Indian Affairs,
Washington, Jan., 1902.
Sir — This office desires to call your attention to a few customs among-
the Indians which, it is believed, should be modified or discontinued.
The wearing of long- hair by the male population of your agency is not
in keeping- with the advancement they are making-, or will soon be expected
to make, in civilization. The wearing of short hair by the males will be a
great step in advance, and will certainly hasten their progress toward
civilization. The returned male student far too frequently goes back to
the reservation and falls back into the old custom of letting his hair grow
long. He also paints profusely and adopts all the old habits and customs
which his education in our industrial schools has tried to eradicate. The
fault does not lie so much with the schools as with the conditions found on
the reservations. These conditions are very often due to the policy of the
Government toward the Indian and are often perpetuated by the agent
not caring to take the initiative in fastening any neV policy on his admin-
istration of the affairs of the agency.
302 OUT WEST
On many of the reservations the Indians of both sexes paint, claiming
that it keeps the skin warm in winter and cool in summer ; but, instead,
this paint melts when the Indian perspires, and runs down into the eyes.
The use of this paint leads to many diseases of the eyes among those
Indians who paint. Persons who have given considerable thought and
investigation to the subject are satisfied that this custom causes the
majority of the cases of blindness among the Indians of the United States.
You are therefore directed to induce your male Indians to cut their hair,
and both sexes to stop painting. With some of the Indians this will be an
easy matter ; with others it will require considerable tact and perseverance
on the part of yourself and your employes to successfully carry out these
instructions. With your Indian employes and those Indians who draw
rations and supplies it should be an easy matter, as a non-compliance with
this order may be made a reason for discharge or for withholding rations
and supplies. Many may be induced to comply with the order voluntarily,
especially the returned student. The returned students who do not comply
voluntarily should be dealt with summarily. Employment, supplies, etc.,
should be withdrawn until they do comply, and if they become obstreperous
about the matter a short confinement in the guard-house at hard labor,
with shorn locks, should furnish a cure. Certainly all the younger men
should wear short hair, and it is believed that by tact, perseverance, firm-
ness, and withdrawal of supplies the agent can induce all to comply with
this order.
The wearing of citizen's clothing, instead of the Indian costume and
blanket, should be encouraged.
Indian dances and so-called Indian feasts should be prohibited. In many
cases these dances and feasts are simply subterfuges to cover degrading
acts and disguise immoral purposes. You are directed to use your best
efforts in the suppression of these evils.
On or before June 30, 1902, you will report to this ofifice the progress you
have made in carrying out the above orders and instructions.
Very respectfully,
W. A. JONES,
Commissioner.
Dbpartment of thb Interior, Office of Indian Affairs.
Washington, Jan., 1902.
Sir — Prom criticisms that have appeared in the newspapers and from in-
formation that has reached this office from other quarters, it appears that
the recent circular letter issued, directing the modification or discontinu-
ance of certain savage customs prevailing among Indian tribes, has been mis-
understood. This letter is therefore written to remove any doubt on the
subject.
The circular letter referred to was simplj' a declaration of the policy of
this office and indicated what should be carried out by those having charge
of the Indians, using tact, judgment and perseverance. It was not expected
or intended that they should be so precipitated as to give the Indians any
just cause for revolt, but that they should begin gradually and work
steadily and tactfully till the end in view should be accomplished. Let it
be distinctly understood that this is not a withdrawal or revocation of the
circular letter referred to, but an authoritative interpretation of its meaning.
Very respectfully,
W. A. JONES,
Commissioner.
^03
TO CONSERVE THE MISSIONS
AND OTHER HISTORIC
LANDMARKS OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
DIRECTORS.
J. G. Mossin.
Henry W. O'Melveny.
Rev. M. S. Liebana.
Sumner P. Hunt.
Arthur B. Benton.
Mareraret Collier Graham.
Chas. F. Lummis.
1033 Santee St.
OFFICERS.
President, Chas. F. Lummis.
Vice-President, Marg-aret Collier Graham.
Secretary, Arthur B. Benton, 114 N. Spring St.
Treasurer, J. G. Mossin, California Bank.
Corresponding- Secretary, Mrs. M. E. Stilson.
812 Kensington Road.
Chairman Membership Committee, Mrs. J. G. Mossin,
INCE the last issue, two pleasant fortunes have befallen
the Landmarks Club. At Pala, where extensive repairs
have been undertaken, one of the inscrutable blunders of
a far-off government had alienated the Mission properties from
the church many years ago. The chapel and g-raveyard had
been deeded back by the homesteader ; but he reserved the rest.
It would be unlike the club's notion of "business" to repair
building's on private lands which might be sold tomorrow ; and
it has arranged and carried out a plan by which all the ruins
revert to their proper ownership — so that the Club can now, as
means permit, safeguard all the buildings with entire security,
under a long lease.
Eschscholtzia Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolu-
tion, has joined the Landmarks Club as a Chapter, feeling that
there can be no more patriotic work than that which the Club
is attempting to do. The joint excursion of Club and Chapter
to the Mission of San Juan Capistrano, Feb. 22nd, was handi-
capped by rain. A score, however, of the less easily daunted
passed the day delightfully at this peculiarly beautiful spot,
where the Landmarks Club has done extensive work.
Funds are urgently needed to enable the Club to carry out its
work. Membership is but $1 a year, and is open to all ; life
membership is $25.
Previously acknowledged, $4,637.50.
New contributions — Mrs. Mir a Hershey, Los Angeles, $25 ;
Jeremiah Ahern, U. S. Geological Survey, $25 ; Eschscholtzia
Chapter, Daughters of the American Revolution, Los Angeles,
$20 ; Frank C. Chase, Ethanac, Cal., $5.
$2 each — Mrs. J. E. Meeker, Miss A. L. Meeker, Julia A.
Meeker, Pasadena.
$1 each— Mrs. M. F. Woodward, Buffalo, N. Y.; Adolph
Petsch, Mrs. Jennie S. Price, C. B. Boothe, Mrs. C. B. Boothe,
Los Angeles ; Oliver Hewlett Hicks, Mrs- Oliver Hewlett Hicks,
Mrs. Peter Goddard Gates, Pasadena ; D. M. McDonald, Miss
A. E. Wadleigh, Los Angeles ; G. H. Buek, New York ; R. J.
Vesque, Terre Haute, Indiana ; Dr. T. Mitchell Prudden, Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons, N. Y.
304
TO leVB WHAT IS rnUC, TO NATS •HAMB, TO rCAH NOTHINa WITHOUT, AND TO THINK A LITTLS.
Probably the greatest common denominator of phrase in the
multitudes of letters which come to this Den monthly is: "I
do not ag-ree with everything the Lion says, but — "
When most people shall agree with everything the Lion says,
he will cease to say anything. He can use himself more profit-
ably in building his serial stone wall than in saying what no one
needs to hear said.
The main object of speech is to express our disagreements.
If everyone thought and knew the same thing, a vocabulary of
1000 words at most would be a Morganesque sufficiency for the
needs of the human race. The savage has few words because
he needs few, being always orthodox. As we become civilized,
language multiplies, because we find every day some new point
to wrangle over. A modern language has to have 50,000 words
wherewith to explain to most of its natives a few of the things
they do not know. As we who talk English are the most dis-
agreeing people on earth, our dictionary has mounted up to
some 275,000 words — and some of us would need every word in
the lot to express adequately our dissent from some others.
Among savages, children and Chautauquans, the prime object
of speech is to express thought — such as it may be in the specific
case. Among the mature its most important function is to
evoke thought. And — in a fashion naturally limited by its limi-
tations— that is the main object of language in this Den. It is
not compulsory that we think alike ; the only vital point is that
we shall think.
THB COURT Two months ago these pages expressed a conviction
OF i^sT ^jjg^^ there was going to be a revival of discipline in the
army and navy ; and that, among other small but typical
things, the discreditable Schley episode would be closed accord-
ing to the law and the evidence, and not according to the news-
boys and the emotions of them that have a chronic cold in the
back of the head.
This did not at all flatter the administration. It has proved
itself all it was expected to be. President Roosevelt's summing*
up of the Schley appeal to him is a model of justice, clearness
and " horse sense." It is an example of how simple a proposi-
IN THE LION'S DBN 305
tion that the crowd have befog-ged becomes in the hands of a
man of honesty, courag^e, common sense and the historical
training. Summarily shaken free of the dust the newspapers
have raised, the matter becomes almost absurdly plain.
Sampson laid the plans on which the battle of Santiago was
fought and won. Only the popular intelligence which pictures
Grant leading every charge in the Wilderness could have for-
g-otten this. Schley, precisely like the other subordinates,
fought the battle according to his lights at the moment. He "com-
manded" nothing. No other ship obeyed any order from him.
With Capt. Cook, he handled the "Brooklyn." The "Brook-
lyn's" famous "loop" by Schley's order was, in Roosevelt's
words, "the one grave mistake made by any American ship
that day." Schley says he made it to avoid " dangerous prox-
imity" to the Spanish ships ; but " Teddy," who never shirked
a Dangerous Proximity himself, remarks with a certain deadly
quiet that if the proximity was dangerous for Schley it was
also dangerous for the Spaniards — a retort courteous to which
the fact that about as much American blood was shed in this
" great naval engagement" as is sometimes shed in a prize-fight
adds poignant edge. Furthermore, remarks the President, the
danger Schley avoided was not so great as that which Wain-
wright eagerly sought in his cockleshell, nor even so great as
that to which Schley's loop exposed our own ship the " Texas."
President McKinley settled the Santiago matter once, and
settled it right. President Roosevelt in clearer and more defini-
tive fashion, has settled it right again. Himself a soldier and a
historian, Roosevelt has adjudicated the case as history will
write it. If we may now be spared any more sorehead proces-
sions, Thanksgiving Day cannot come around any too soon.
The observance of Washington's birthday by a fist- fists and
fight in the United States Senate (another potential other
volume, by the wa}^ for the Rev. Cyrus Brainsend
Towdy's projected series of All the Fights as Ever Was) is cer-
tainly hot " to be proud of." Yet as jugs are almost the only
things known to science whose handle is all on one side, it may
be well to remember a few things which "rank" even Senatorial
courtesy.
It is fit to hold the two South Carolina Senators in contempt
of the Senate. Let us hope the}'^ shall be adequately fined or
imprisoned — or both — for usurping the prerogative of the people-
at-large. Senator Tillman, in particular, is one with whom the
Lion has no shred of congenital sympathy — ^partisan, sociologic
or de gustihus. He talks too much, too hard, and too soon. He
is an unreconstructed limb of the society which has suffered in-
306 OUT WBST
comparably more by Negro slavery than the Negro did — the
chivalry which learned from slave-owning that work is only for
Slaves, and forgets the wisdom of the ages that the only Free
Man is the man who Works.
But on the other hand, Mr. Tillman seems to have a soul of
his own, such as it is — and any sort is a good deal, nowadays.
I do not know of any advantage he can gain — or can think to
gain — by his diatribes. Certainly there seems to be no lead-
ing up to contracts in them. Many of them are ill-judged; some
of them are absurd. But it is something, in these days, for a
man to dare to protest — and to care to protest; for certainly there
are more that dare than that care.
The Lion has no prevalent regard for the Southern idea of
"honor" — the duello code which a year or so ago we seemed
about to adopt in national affairs It is mostly a matter of
maturity. But the Lion can understand it, having once been 19
years old himself. He is not yet wholly past the capacity to
find the next man's nose, under due provocation ; he still be-
lieves there are noses and cases whereunto any other logic is
inadequate ; he would be sorry ever to become so senile that he
had not a fist for occasion. But he would be sorrier yet to have
no panacea for every ill but a swat. Man is first and last an
animal, and at the very last must fall back upon the only animal
argument. But bet ween- times, how far he has improved upon
the common run of animals is best proved by his alternatives.
The man who can fight, and will fight if must be — but won't
fight if his brains are a successful Third Party — is the man the
world hinges on. The man who Fights Anyhow, because he
knows no other way, is at least an animal. The featherless
biped who canH fight on occasion is neither man nor longer even
animal.
Indecent as the Tillman-McLaurin discussion was, there have
been unmanlier things done in the United States Senate. Not
to mention worse aspects ; not to dwell on the *' trades " which
are made in that august chamber every day ; not to be humor-
ous over the Senate's virtuous horror when the uncouth Tillman
mentions one of them — calling names is only a more timid form
of fisticufi's. It may be "culture" that keeps the gentlemen
from physical contact, or it may be cowardice — and this is a
differentiation we doubtless all have to think of for ourselves as
we grow older and less impetuous and less competent. Civili-
zation (another name for age) has enabled us to find a consoling
difference between being called parliamentary liars and plain
liars. But it is as well to remember that there is some draw-
back in bein£r a liar, even in an economy where "everything:
goes."
IN THE LION'S DEN 307
While we Have Pun watching- each political division our
of Burope forg-et its ancient digfnities in an endeavor to sense of
establish that it was Our Only Friend in Time of
Trouble ; while recent events have proved that Eng:land (not
the English People, on whose blood friendship we may reason-
ably count, but the same litter of Eng-lish politicians that hoped
to "do" us in 1776, in 1812, in 1861) was not our "friend" in
1898 ; while we have now learned from the oflScial papers — a
little late but sharply enough to make up — that instead of stand-
ing- off all Europe it was England that took the initiative in
opposing our Spanish war, and would have rallied the nations
in protest if Germany had not "sat down upon" the proposi-
tion ; while the American Sense of Humor has its due exercise
with these international funninesses — it is just as well not to
forget the deeper fact that every civilized power on earth (includ-
ing England, which tried to say so ; including Germany, which
kept England or anyone else from saying so) felt that we were
unjustified in our war with Spain. And while our cheap poli-
ticians now thumb their nose at the "consent of any other
nation," this country was founded (as everyone knows who ever
read the Declaration of Independence) and will endure only
"with a decent regard to the opinions of mankind."
It has also been proved that our Spanish War was needless.
It has been proved that Spain made every concession we asked ;
that it revoked the Reconcentrado policy ; that it ordered in
Cuba " an immediate and unconditional cessation of hostilities
for six months." It is proved that Prest. McKinley did not in-
form Congress or the country of this vital fact. It is proved
that a downhill Congress declared war on Spain "for not doing"
what Spain had already done — and would have done thrice over
if we had asked it and given her a chance.
But she was given no chance. The Newspapers which could
sell copies ; the Promoters who could get franchises ; the Con-
tractors who could poison American soldiers with Alger-Egan
beef ; the Congressmen who could play to the gallery — these
had to have War Anyhow. War is a Warm Market. It sells
papers and canned meats — and Boys who know no better.
Bands play and girls cry, and the Boys march. I personally
saw the vast majority of them that sailed for the Philippines,
and found out what they were thinking ; I personally have
talked with thousands of those that have come back. I have
yet to meet a single one who Liked his Job. That this my
personal experience is no accident is best proved by the noto-
rious fact that the American boys in the Philippines do not re-
308 OUT WEST
enlist. We need soldiers there ; but"they are willing: to let
someone else have the job.
It is earlyfto write history ; but it is not too soon to remember
some of the truths from which history will be written.
TOO QUICK In the Golden Age of New Mexico and Arizona, there
ON THB were some hasty gentlemen (the Lion knew two of them)
for whom the course of Nature and the expedition of
Col. Colt were too slow. They could not wait to go off even at
half-cock ; but lashed the triggers of their six-shooters back
to the guard, and " fanned " the hammer with their left hand.
This made impressively immediate shooting, and many times
caused popular resorts to become void in short order. But the
Lion never knew it to hit anything, save on the historic occasion
when Wm. Martin, Esq., walked into the only ball of six he
could find at a six-foot range, took it in good part and a short
rib, and dispassionately cracked the " fanner's" skull with his
fist. Perhaps to make plain how eloquent was this his comment
on "fanning," it should be added that Mr. Martin probably
never struck anyone before or since. His native tongue was a
pair of six-shooters, with which it was his familiar diversion to
crack twelve bottles in ten seconds at thirty feet, and with
which his little tally of twenty-three men had been mostly — if
not altogether — made. This one pugilism was his verdict, too
contemptuous for words or lead, as to persons too hurried to
shoot straight.
The people who have, as to national affairs in the last three
years, tied back the trigger and fanned their tongues, are far
more numerous but no better shots. If the capacity to blush for
misses generally went with this sort of fiddling with fire-arras,
there would be by now a rubicund cast around most of the hori-
zon. I am not referring at all to the born buzzards who look at
a national policy only to see what pickings there may be in it.
These are not numerous enough in any country in the world to
do any special harm if half the decent people do half their duty
— as they are numerous enough in every country to prostitute it
if we permit them. The p'int of this lies in the application on't
to the people who in their heart know better but who have raged
perfunctorily at the tail of the torchlight procession of the pro-
moters. They talked mob ; they would have been a mob if they
had not lacked courage and conviction. But they got no farther
— because they really did not believe themselves— than perfectly
secure boycotting of such people as insisted that the country
should save a shred of honor.
And now they find themselves with their "guns " empty and
no one hit. They are spiked, silent, inconsequent. No one
IN THE LION'S DBN 309
cares — not even themselves — what they thought they thought.
The world has gone on and left them. The promoters are still
there ; but they have awakened to a slow consciousness that
they do not belong with the promoters.
It is no longer " treason" to quote the Constitution or we have
the Declaration of Independence. Even the newspaper changed
mind no longer suffers epilepsy about "copperheads."
The " traitors " have become so many and so big that the word
falls back down cautious throats — and they are always cautious
alone who roar loudest in their own crowd.
" Treason doth never prosper. What's the reason ?
Why, if it prosper, none dare call it treason."
And now it prospers. President Roosevelt, in his first message
to Congress, not only calls the Philippine war " a great burden"
but says :
" We do not desire to do for the islanders merely what has elsewhere
been done for tropic peoples by even the best foreig"n governments. We
hope to do for them what has never before been done for any people of the
tropics — to make them fit for self-government after the fashion of the really
free nations."
"What does this mean," comments Dr. Schurman, president
of McKinley's Philippine Commission, in his magnificent ad-
dress,* "but that the Filipinos are to be taught to govern
themselves as Americans or Englishmen govern themselves ?"
It means nothing else. It means Filipino Independence
whenever they can handle it. It means that we are not
"going to keep them." It means that the Flag is going to
Come Down when it has done its work ; as it came down in
Mexico, as it came down in China. It means that in spite of
the ranters and the cormorants. Old Glory is not to be a flag of
Conquest. It means an American sobering-up after our opium-
dream of Expansion. It means that the Beveridge sophomorics
are outgrown.
With this unmistakable forecast we who have fought the tem-
porary madness that would have misused the war, may forbear
to twit further upon the initial blunder. We all make mistakes.
But if out of this mistake we may build up a real advantage to
humanity, let us cease harping and begin to help constructing.
With a united nation at his back, Roosevelt's noble words can
be made to come true. As soon as Americans can be sure that
this is really our policy, our ranks will close up. As soon as the
Filipinos can be assured of the same thing, there will be no
war, no disgraceful sedition law, no reconcentration, no water
cure, "no nothing" for anyone to be sorry for who desires free-
dom for himself or for others.
* Now pnblished in book form by Scribaers, New York. Price 60 cents.
310 OUT WEST
°^® The kind of intelligence it takes to be a Congressman
KIND OP ^-^ ^ long-suffering public needs any diagram) is ably
delineated by Congressman Weeks, of Michigan, who
has recently been over to the Philippines to "investigate."
"For over three centuries," says this legislative Sleuth,
" there has never been a land title on record [in the Philippines]
outside of the church. . . . The archives of the church
are the public archives of the Philippine archipelago." And
more of the same sort.
If this is what Mr. Weeks learned by junketing 7,000 miles,
he could have saved money and credit by staying at home.
Even if he had spent his vacation in feeding his mind on news-
papers, he could not have emerged more ignorant.
As a matter of fact, no land title in the Philippines was ever
recorded inside the church. Land titles in the Philippines have
as much to do with the church as they have in Washington or
Cheboygan. "The archives of the church" are as much "the
public archives of the Philippine archipelago" as they are the
archives of the U. S. Land Office. Just so much and no more.
An American Congressman " investigating" in Manila must
be an industrious person to evade this truth. I chance to know
that Congressman Weeks was in a room whose walls are lined
with cases of land titles, and that they were pointed out to him.
They were part of the archives of the Philippine archipelago ;
they are part of the archives of our government. They were
not looted from churches by Gov. Taft.
To anyone who knows anything about the subject such ignor-
ance might seem incredible — except that the same men who
know these things have mostly had experience with the Con-
gressman Abroad; and those who have had experience with him
are prepared for anything — though Mr. Weeks may well stagger
the most prepared. It is hardly necessary to add that this
Wise Person finds the Filipino race "crafty, treacherous and
immoral."
CROWING The advantages of a short memory to one about to
^°° brag are recalled by estimates from the Treasury Bureau
^^" ■ of Statistics. "In gold, silver [and several other
metals] the product of the United States exceeds that of any
other country, and in every instance, except possibly copper,
surpasses her own record in any preceding year. These esti-
mates put the gold production of 1901 at $80,218,800, against
$79,171,000 in 1900, which was the highest record in gold pro-
duction that the United States ever made. They put the silver
production of 1901 at 59,653,788 ounces."
Indeed ! In 1893 the silver production of the United States
IN THB LION'S DBN 311
was 60,000,000 ounces. In 1892 it was 63,000,000. As for gold,
the one State of California in the year 1852 produced $85,000,000
— which is nearly $5,000,000 more than the figures now alleged
to be the highest the whole United States ever touched. The
present tendency of our national bird to sit up on the top rail
and crow is all well enough in its way; but there are dangers in
the Rooster Habit.
"December has been a good month for education," from the
writes Miss Gilder in the Critic. "Thirty million center of
CUI<TURK.
dollars from Mrs. Stanford to the University of Cali-
fornia, and ten million dollars from Mr. Carnegie for a Uni-
versity at Washington."
Any month is a good month for " Education " in the West ;
but it is hard to perceive that December differed from any other
month in its effect on the intelligence of the East. Maybe Mr.
Carnegie's University will remedy all this, when it gets to go-
ing— if those shall attend who most need to.
In Berlin, Manila and Sidney, it is known that the Leland
Stanford, jr.. University was founded ten years ago ; that it
is about twice as well endowed as any other university in the
world ; that its president is David Starr Jordan (who has also
been heard of there); that it turns out graduates as well equipped
as any ; that the Stanford millions are in the Stanford Univer-
sity and in no other ; that there is a University of California
many years older, presided over by the not unknown Benj. Ide
Wheeler ; that it is one of the largest and best State Univer-
sities in America ; that it is supported by the State and by
private benefactions ; that not so many years ago as to be be-
yond the ken of such as know or care anything about "Edu-
cation," Mrs. Phebe A. Hearst instituted a competition, open to
all the architects of the world and on princely lines, for a com-
plete architectural plan for the University of California, and
that a plan of extraordinary beauty and scope (whose buildings
will cost ten times as much as all the buildings of any univer-
sity in the East or in England) wOn the prize. There is also
more or less awareness in Hongkong and Buda-Pesth that Mrs.
Hearst and Mrs. Stanford are not aliases for the same person ;
that Jordan and Wheeler differ in avoirdupois ; that Berkeley
and Palo Alto are not like some Mexican land-grants, two or
three deep in the same township. In a word, that California
has two Universities, both big, both successful, both deserving
success, both with sinews of war ; in proportion to population
about four times ahead of any State east of the Missouri.
And now and then someone complains that the Lion is hard
on the complacent illiteracy of the East.
Chas. F. Lummis.
312
THAT
WHICH IS
WRiTTEH
■'W-s
To " view with sneemess" the
Rev. Cyrus Townsend Brady's recent
secession from the pulpit so that he mig-ht
"^ ' ■' have leisure to write more than three books a year —
all about various breeds of " Fighters" — clearly does not pertain to any
who wot not what sort of a parson he was. If his ministry resembled hi»
writing, he doubtless hath chosen the better part.
Mr. Brady has points. He writes eagerly, sympathetically, sometimes
vividly — though in a somewhat popgun rhetoric. He could do work that
would be worth something if — this is hard to have to say of a clergyman,
even past the ex-, but it is true — if he would learn that there are morals
even in the making of books.
By compulsion of duty I have read all Mr. Brady's " Works;" the only
one to remain on my shelves is his latest — and that because of its peculiar
noxiousness in a field I know, and as to which my library must retain not
only the dependable books but the " terrible examples." His — partly be'-
cause of his position and quondam calling, partly for its sheer ignorance —
is prominent among the latter.
To a rough lay Westerner there is a certain curiosity in the phenomenon
of a preacher to whom the only " heroes" worth writing about — in a very
incontinence of books — are all "killers." I have seen more killing than
Mr. Brady has seen or is like to; and am quite as fond of a good fight ; and
have known and loved more good fighters. But I never knew a real fighter
who could not talk, write, eat, breatlR or dream anything but Gore. Those
symptoms are generally confined to such as suffer from a disease compara-
ble to senile desire. And I would a little rather see even a person who fights
on paper find occasionally some other of the topics which might give him
scope. Most people who hunt real hard can find something to hit, nowa-
days, a little more consequent than a bloody nose. But this is purely a
matter of taste, proverbially not to be disputed — particularly with those
who have none.
When, however, Mr. Brady, to gratify his plush bellicosity, takes to
" historical" throat-cutting — as he does more or less in all his books, and
most disastrously the latest, Colonial Fig'hts and Fighters, it is time for
some one to remind him. For here he meddles not with taste alone but
with facts eternal. He deals, through nearly one-third of this book, with
Spanish-American history ; and he was not ready. He has the confidence
to say, over his own signature, in his prefatory note, "I have freely made
use of every source of information which would throw light upon the sub"
ject." But he will doubtless retract that foolish statement. Mr. Brady
knows that he has not made any use whatever of one per cent, of the
sources that would throw light upon the subject. If he doesn't know it,
he simply doesn't know what the sources are — which is doubtless the case.
The one source he names is Parkman — truly the greatest of American
historians, but certainly no encyclopedia of authority on the history of
Spanish-America. As a matter of fact, Mr. Brady not only never has read,
THAT WHICH IS WRITTEN 313
he cannot now read, any vital source which " throws light" on the first
nine chapters of his book. If he will prove me wrong, he shall have (with
the reader who has prior claim) the humblest apology I can learn to give.
De Soto and De Gourgues indeed ! What does the Reverend author think
he knows about them ? Who informed him that de Soto was the " best of
the Conquistadors^^ — and in what language did he learn that able word? Has
he so soon forgotten, since he swapped the ministry for a tickling of other
warriors-in-law, that as soon as he had eaten of the Tree of Knowledge
even that primordial person Adam was ashamed of his nakedness ? Even
so shall Mr. Brady be, if he is ever tempted and Eats.
His ambitions (so he tells us) look "to the completion of a Battle History
of America, in which the stories of all the conflicts, wars, and adventures,
which have taken place on the continent will eventually find a place." The
"language" and the modesty are Mr. Brady's; the italics mine. Of
course, even Mr. Brady's crepitatious typewriter will never be so much as
aimed at the ten-thousandth part of " all the wars, conflicts and adven-
tures" on this continent. But a " Battle History" — any kind of a history
— from Mr. Brady ! This is really a little too much, even in a day when
words are about as precise as bean-bags. How much too much, every vol-
ume he has printed shows. Mr. Brady is not solitary in his concept of the
functions of the historian — that one need only take a few short-order meals
of predigested food, and atone with adjectives for the rest. Of the historical
digestion he is innocent as a babe — that heaven-sent stomach which takes
fish, flesh, fowl and Welsh rabbit, throws off their dead matter and turns
their virtues to blood and tissue and bone wherewith to go and Do Things.
In this, his present book, the impression is of about every fifth word an
epithet. If he has in his life consulted one original source, the fact is
neither mentioned nor indicated in his writings ; but he has already enough
adjectives to serve all the historians in a generation.
It is not worth while now to make categoric fun of Mr. Brady's innocence
of Spanish-American history ; nor to mock overmuch at his guiltlessness
of History all-and-several. The vital point is that not even by throwing up
the pulpit can a man elude responsibility ; and that history is no less con-
consecrated a temple than the one he has quit. Let him take his hat off be-
fore he goes in.
A man who writes only because he has something to say, on the
subjects it is worth while to say something about — and who says reai^
it, withal, in a medium unanilined as the Word — is nowadays one thing.
of the rarest bipeds without feathers. It would be a little of an impertin-
ence to "review" John Muir's Our National Parks. It doesn't need it.
There are only a few people alive competent (by equal parts of knowledge
of the theme and an equivalent literary gift) to appraise it. But all that
have the Breath of I^ife in them are competent to read it and grow by it ;
nor will any of them find it hard reading. It is the very antithesis of
Sheridan's epigram. And it is one of the books everyone should read who
cares for beauty either in nature or in letters.* Houghton, Mifflin & Co.,
Boston.
That extraordinarily able and meatj' little editorial weekly, The Public,
will raise its price, April 12, to $2 a year. It is already worth it. Of late
I find myself disagreeing more and more often with Mr. Post's theories ;
but the pleasure of reading his fine, direct and powerful English, and of
noting his moral courage, continues sufficient excuse for a busy man to give
its due time each week to The Public. Chicago. $1 a year.
The long-expected magazine Records of the Past, edited by Rev. Henry
Mason Baum, D. C. L., has appeared in generous and attractive form. Its
plan to present the results of investigation and discovery in the history of
man, giving especial attention to American antiquities, will commend it-
self to the thoughtful. Washington, D.C. $2 a year.
C. P. L.
* See page 274.
314 OUT W EST
KIPLING If every other line that Kipling has ever written were blotted
HIMSBI.F out, his fame would rest securely on Kim alone. This latest book^
indeed, shows a sustained power, a largeness of grasp, and a
breadth of conception almost up to the hopes of his most judicious ad-
mirers, and incredibly beyond the level of most of his recent work. Nor i»
this extension of his horizons set off by any loss of intension. There i»
the same micro-photographic eye for detail, the same relentless mastery
of vivid, nervous English, the same sure instinct for the points of a breath-
less story that made his earlier Indian Tales a revelation and a delight.
He has returned to India in this maturer work— and the reading world
may be thankful. For, solely as a panorama of life in that Motherland of
Nations and quite apart from the fascinations of the story, it is a rich and
lasting addition to literature. And, on the other hand, the story of Kim-
ball O'Hara — an Irish Gavroche, orphaned in India — how he became chela
to a Tibetan lama, how he qualified for the " Great Game" of the Indian
Secret Service, and how he took his first trick in the playing of it — these
need no further excuse for their telling than the absorbing interest with
which Mr. Kipling has invested them. Whoever has not already made the
acquaintance of the " Little Friend of All the World ;" of the red lama.
Abbot of Suchzen before he set out in search of the River of the Arrow
which should wash away all sin ; of Hurree Chunder Moodkerjee, that
"most fearful man" whose occupation leads him constantly into "damn-
tight places ;" of the scarlet-bearded Pathan horse-dealer; of the Mahar-
anee of Saharunpore and the Woman of Shamlegh — should make haste to
introduce himself to that goodly company.
Yet Mr. Kipling must gain something, and lose more, if he is ever to
rank — as some of us have hoped — among the Immortals. Some of his work
will doubtless endure, but the man himself will be but a name. He sees,
within the limits of his vision, with almost supernal clearness — and enables
us to see with him. But he rarely makes us feel Bit all. It is a cold heart
that has no love for Gavroche — Kim, with all his cleverness, wins from us
no more than interest and admiration. As for love between man and
woman — which enters not at all into the present book — Kipling seems to
regard it as a sort of trap into which every man is bound to fall one or
more times — generally many more — and from which he is lucky to escape
only scarred. And his mingled fear and hatred of Frenchman, Russ and
whoever else not of "Anglo-Saxon" blood, lest they may essay to bear a
part of the " White's Man's Burden," shows no sign of abatement.
All the same, Kim is a great book, and one no reader can afford to miss.
Doubleday, Page «& Co., New York ; C. C. Parker, Los Angeles. $1.50.
IF HE Compressed without crowding or omission, appreciative without
ONLY over-enthusiasm, balanced without coldness, George Rice Carpen-
^^^ ■ ter's Study of Longfellow, in the " Beacon Biographies" is a
thoroughly admirable piece of work. Here is a taste of it, peculiarly apt
for quotation in these pages. The reference is to the time of his second
marriage, at 36: " Could his good angel have translated him to the Far
West, where in the open stinging air he could have toiled hard and fought
long with man and nature; . . . could he have married some vigorous
Western girl who had small patience with his books and his foreign tastes;
... it would either have put an end forever to his versifying or have
made him a poet of far higher rank, one who sings not of the past, but of
the present and future, not of distant lands but of home, not of gentle pas-
sion, but of the real warfare of life." The frontispiece portrait is wholly
satisfying, though it is not of the silver-haired singer who is within the
memory of this generation, but of the scholarly Harvard professor of fiftj
years ago. Small, Maynard & Co., Boston. 75 cents.
THAT WHICH IS WRITTEN 315
A savage and relentless book is The House With the Green born of
Shutters — a book apparently inspired by bitter personal hatred GALiy and
and contempt. What did any Scotch village do to George Douglass BITTERNESS,
that the young Oxonian should paint it in his first book as a veritable
Place of Torment, without charity, without affection, without sympathy,
without a single high aspiration or uplifting purpose. A powerful story it
is, without doubt — one of the strongest and most pitiless studies in morbid
psychology ever written — and both artistic and true in the converging of
the ways of heritage and circumstance and choice to lead the Gourlay
family down to the pit of utter and shameful destruction. But the artist
in color who chooses for his models the inmates of a cancer hospital, an in-
ebriate asylum and a sanitarium for consumptives, neither has made a wise
choice nor can represent physical humanity truly in any large sense. No
more right has the artist in words to picture men by their sins and follies
and failures alone. Mr. Brown has it in him to do work of the first order,
but he must first purge his heart, curb his passion and clear his eyes. Mc-
Clure, Phillips «& Co., New York ; C. C. Parker, Ivos Angeles. $1.50.
" Historical fiction " is at once a tempting and a betray- GOOD
ing field for the teller of tales. It looks easy to a fluent and as to
imaginative writer to cut and shape the cloth of fact into a BOTH,
fit robe for the form of fancy. But quite too often the garment proves
to be no more than a clumsy and bedraggled skirt, quite useless
except to get under the feet of the story at every few pages and
throw it out of its stride. Allen French's The Colonials does not
fail thus — nor, indeed, in any other way. Dealing, after the few open-
ing chapters, with Boston in the earliest days of the Revolution, the history
is careful, undistorted and clearly demarked from the fiction, without
impeding it. The story is vigorous, rarely overpassing probability and
not too bloodthirsty. Even a reader somewhat surfeited with death at
the swordpoint finds the duel-scene between Bllery and Sotheran worth a
second reading. Doubleday, Page & Co., New York. $1.50.
It was not enough for Clara Morris to have been the NEW laurEI<S
most compelling emotional actress of her day. She for an oi,d
must now, as the shadows lengthen, give the world favorite.
such a book as many a veteran of literary struggle . would sur-
render half his laurels to be able to write — and make the best bargain of
his life in doing it. Her Life on the Stage is a wholly delightful volume of
reminiscence and autobiography. Fascinating as a romance, clean as a
prayer-book, simple and straightforward as a child's tale, yet informed
with a wide and clear-eyed experience, the only fault I find with it is that
it stops at page 399 — and at the beginning of her fullest and most successful
years. For this offense the only fitting penalty is adjudged to be that she
shall forthwith proceed to write another volume just like it — only more so,
McClure, Phillips «& Co., New York ; C. C. Parker, Ivos Angeles. $1,50,
net.
Most people find their own photographs interesting, and made
Anna Farquhar's Her Boston Experiences h3.s doubtless sold in
largely in Boston. It may fairly be described as a kind BOSTON,
of glorified guide-book of fads and foibles as well as streets and
buildings, illuminated by undeniable cleverness, illustrated with
good half-tones, and reprinted from the Ivadies' Home Journal.
The "rich verdancy" of a mind not blessed with a Bostonian's share of "a
large percentage of hereditary intelligence " may well enough extract
useful additions to its working vocabulary from this book. " Viand booth,"
for example, seems a pleasing variant of lunch counter. !<. C. Page & Co.,
Boston. $1.25.
Books of " popular science" are quite too commonly neither EOHIPPUS,
popular nor scientific. Frederick A. Ivucas's Animals of the hesperornis
Past is scientific and ought to be popular. It is a successful at- and others.
tempt to put into form suited for the average digestion the latest expert
knowledge and conjecture concerning the animal life of geologic periods
prior to our own. The very full and careful illustrations are especially
notable, and the book is admirable in many respects, McClure, Phillips &
Co., New York, $2, net.
316 OUT WEST
The third number of Country Life in America is devoted larg^ely to Cali-
fornia, and is quite up to the high standard of previous issues. The half-
tone reproductions are of really remarkable quality.
Albert Lathrop Lawrence has made a readable story of Juell Denting.
His young- Canadian hero has a narrow shave with "brain fever" in Illi-
nois, another with a bullet wound in Cuba, and a third with a fall over a
cliff in South Africa, and comes dangerously near to marrying the wrong
woman. He escapes all these perils, and none of his experiences shake his
belief in a coming " Anglosaxony" which " shall be bounded as the world
is bounded." A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. $1.25.
In Maggie McLanahan, Gulielma Zollinger tells the story of a fifteen-
year-old orphan girl who has to solve the problem of supporting herself and
a three-year-old cousin, with just five dollars for a starting point. The
spirit with which she attacks it may be gathered from her cheerful reflec-
tion when there is little else to cheer her, " Sure, and the air's good, any-
way, and there's plenty of it, too." It is a bright, amusing, and entirely
wholesome tale, in which the little heroine fully earns the homely success
she wins. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago. $1, net.
Mrs. Salzscheider's Pandora is a reasonably well looking book with un-
reasonably small excuse for being. The Whitaker & Ray Co., San Fran-
cisco. $1.00.
Probably Sam C. Dunham would not ask to have his verses published
under the title of The Goldsmith of Nome, judged as poetrj-. But there is
a good deal of grim humor about them, the sure touch of a man who is
saturated with his subjects, and the breezy, rough-and-ready swing that
belongs with Cape Nome and the Klondike. Their main text- the failure
at Washington to provide fit government for Alaska — is driven home. The
Neale Publishing Co., Washington ; The Whitaker & Ray Co., San Fran-
cisco. $1.
Vol. VI in the '* Western Series of Readers" is Stories of Our Mother
Earth, by Dr. Harold W. Fairbanks, of the State University. Its purpose
is to put into form to interest and instruct a child some of the elementary
facts about the form, structure and composition of the earth's surface —
most successful when the effort to " write down " to the child's comprehen-
sion is least in evidence. The Whitaker & Ray Co., San Francisco.
Ivionel Josaphare has a musical ear, a profuse vocabulary, an imagination
that works overtime and at high pressure. But it sadly needs a governor.
There is some golden poetry in his Turquoise and Iron — and a good deal of
brazen nonsense. For example, an enquiry why human life should be, in
one line, a " hideous, tortured cripple," and in the next " a serpent's fangy
jole. And the foldings of its tail still in the cursed future roll " might well
enough make anyone want an explanation "Why my haunted crisscross brain
In this manor should be dwelling while my heart flies in the rain." A. M.
Robertson, San Francisco. $1.20, net.
An edition de luxe of dear old Mother Goose would have seemed to the
author of that epic a richer absurdity than any of its own. But W. W.
Denslow has perpetrated precisely that thing, and done it with entire suc-
cess. The illustrations simply hit the top-notch of artistic comicality. The
child who fails to see this will clearly have been defrauded. McClure,
Phillips & Co., New York ; C. C. Parker, Los Angeles. $1.50.
Carolyn Wells's jingles and Peter Newell's illustrations in color, aided by
excellent work on the publisher's side^ have made Mother Goose's Men-
agerie a book to be gloated over by the very little people. Noyes, Piatt & Co.,
Boston. $1.50.
Evelyn Sharp's Youngest (rirl in the School is a lively and interesting
story of English school-girl life and manners. It is a little startling to
find the talk to his sister of the gently-bred son of a lecturer on philosophy
larded — within two pages — with "rotten," " rottenest of rotters," "got
in a funk," and "such rot." But this may be only uuexpurgated re-
porting. The Macmillan Company, New York and London. $1.50.
C. A. M.
317
^O^Ccifcl»ny ^e.^t
Conducted by WILLIAM E. SMYTHE.
Kn?
TO BUILD THE STATE!
HAT'S the thing-; and, while we are doing- it,
to build it plumb and true ! And when I
say the State, I am not thinking of Cali-
fornia alone, but of the whole broad West,
which is our heritage. Nor would I confine the
expression to the West. The State of which I am
thinking is the Republic, and never for one mo-
ment would I admit that it is of more consequence
to the people of California, Nevada, Colorado or
any other Western community, that we should
build a civilization among these valleys and moun-
tains than it is to the people of the Atlantic seaboard and the
Mississippi Valley. These questions with which we are deal-
ing, in working out the economic and social institutions of the
New America, possess a sharp significance for every man who
dwells within the United States, whether he is employer or work-
man, banker or borrower, prosperous or pinched with poverty.
Two hundred years ago men and communities were, in a large
measure, independent. Now they are absolutely interdependent.
They are like a row of bricks: push one and all the rest topple
over. Stagnation in the West means depression in the East.
We are all producers and all consumers. When the outlet for
our products is blocked, we suffer from industrial congestion.
So it comes that in building the State, in the broad and compre-
hensive sense of the term, we are making the future of all our
people between the two oceans.
To one who has studied the Greater West with pas-
sionate interest during the last dozen years — who has
held his ear to count the heartbeats of Arid America —
the slow and halting steps by which progress has been made are
painful to contemplate. True, the raining industry has ex-
panded by strides and bounds. Railroads have been somewhat
extended. Large cities have grown larger. But what of the
growth of civilization in its higher aspects ? Are more people
becoming independent ? Are homes multiplying upon the soil ?
Have the cooperative forces, which worked such wonders in the
way of consolidating industries and transportation lines worked
out equally important results for those who toil with hand and
brain in humble occupations? Have we raised the common
standard of living and ennobled the lives of those average peo-
PUBLIC AND
PRIVATE
FORTUNES.
318 OUT WEST
pie who make up the masses of our population ? Have we
softened the rough edges of our frontier life — twined the honey-
suckle over the door and filled the air with the fragrance of the
rose? In a word, has our social progress kept pace with our
material achievement? Frankly, it has not. Private fortunes
we have made, but the public fortune has been neglected. And
still the West stands vacant, voiceless, waiting — waiting for the
electric touch which shall speak a mighty civilization into being
to the gain of our common humanity. Whence shall the im-
pulse come ?
THE MIGHT OF The impulse must come from the body politic. We
oKGANizED have been trying to accomplish things by private enter-
prise which largely belong to the sphere of government.
By means of private enterprise we tried to irrigate the arid
lands. The effort was a failure. By the same means we tried
to colonize lands which we had managed to irrigate, and that
was mostly a failure, too. By the same means we tried to
organize our producers into working cooperative bodies. This
effort has been attended with much success, yet it stops far
short of the realization of its possibilities. By private means
we tried to avoid constant strife between workman and em-
ployer. Our effort in this direction was an abject failure, with
consequences that cry aloud for reform. We have outgrown our
day of little things. We stand awed and cowed before the maj-
esty of great things. Their problems defy the pun}- efforts of
individuals and small associations of individuals. But what no
one of us can do alone, and what no small group of us can ac-
complish, the people organized in the form of government are
able to do with ease and success. The American people can
store all the floods that now go to waste in the Gulf of Mexico
and the Pacific Ocean. The President of the United States
says they should do so by a system of public works, to take the
place of that system of private works which has confessedly
failed. So the people of the West, backed by the nation, can
solve the problem of giving the masses of men easy access to the
soil. That is the essence of the colonization problem. They
can also decree that strikes and lockouts shall be no more, by
putting compulsory arbitration in place of force. Indeed, they
can solve the economic problem of the time, which, in simplest
terms, is this : How shall we give the largest number of people
the greatest possible prosperity ? This is only another way of
phrasing George Eliot's philosophy, as she put it into the
mouth of Felix Holt: "The greatest question in the world is
this — how to give every man in the world a man's share of what
goes on in life ? "
THRKR To be more specific, the problem presents itself in
cHuciAi. these new Western States, with their tremendous unde-
yuESTioNs. ygiQpgd natural wealth, in the following pointed way:
First, how shall we get the water on the land ?
Second, how shall we get the man on the land ?
Third, how shall we make the man prosperous — secure in his
living and his home — after he has gone upon the land ?
Answer these questions, and we solve the problem of prosper-
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 319
ity, not merely for an agricultural population, but for those
^nofagfed in the manifold employments of the town, and for
those who move the people and their products over land and sea.
The first question is already on the highroad to solu- o^ thb
tion. About all of us have recovered from the fever of ^'^'^solution
speculation in water and are now prepared to subscribe
to the doctrine of public ownership of irrigation works. The
President's message marked out a comprehensive plan for re-
claiming the public domain. In California we have another as-
pect of the question, with which we must deal ourselves. We
have millions of acres of lands which have been long in private
ownership, reclaimed to some extent by numerous conflicting
private canals. Here there is a demand for better titles to water,
for improved methods of distribution, and for the storage of the
floods. The most striking example of this sort of situation is
found in the Kings River country, with which another article in
this number deals quite fully. The reader who has followed the
irrigation discussion in these pages must, I think, begin to see
that the only logical answer to the first of our three questions is
a system of public works and the exercise of public authority
over the distribution of the water supply, even where the own-
ership of canals continues in private hands.
For the answer to the second question the New Zea- new zeai<and
land institutions offer the best suggestions. The two ^^thbTway
articles on those institutions which have already ap-
peared in these pages tell us how the man can be got upon the soil
and how the workmen remaining in the town may be relieved of
the agony of strikes. Whatever the public may think of the
New Zealand plans there can be no question that the State must
use its great power in directing scientific colonization and com-
pelling peace between labor and capital. Nothing is more
clearly beyond the reach of private enterprise ; nothing more
closely related to the prosperity of the community.
V But we still have left the third question : How shall conditions
the man be made prosperous after he has gone upon the prosperity
•soil ? He must have a profitable market for what he
produces. He must have a means of purchasing his supplies
on the shrewdest terms. He must be able to borrow money
when he needs it for a productive purpose or as a means of hold-
ing his crop until the favorable moment for selling. If he can-
not enjoy a large measure of independence in all these respects,
he will surely be the victim of those who control the sale of his
products, of those who furnish him with supplies, and of those
who lend him mone)" to meet his urgent needs. The farmer is
a business man. He must sell at the highest price, buy at the
cheapest, and borrow money on the best terms. Otherwise he
will soon find himself working for the enrichment of other men
rather than of himself and his children.
The answer to this third question may be found in a ^^^ word
single word— cooperation. That is to be the most won- 20TH^cm
derful word in the bright lexicon of the twentieth cen-
320 OUT WEST
tury. The law of cooperation among- human being-s is stronger
than any man-made statute. It was enacted in the Legislature
of the Infinite. It will never be repealed while the stars move
in their courses. The fruit exchanges of California have their
troubles, but they must be triumphant in the end. Not only so,
but the principle which they represent must be extended in all
directions until it shall furnish a broad foundation of economic
freedom for the entire industrial life of California and the West.
And here again we encounter the unavoidable necessity of exer-
cising the powers of government for the benefit of society.
Back of cooperation there is a long and gallant history. No
other force has done so much during the past sixty j'ears to
change the face of the times, particularly in those European
countries where industrial conditions had reached their lowest
ebb — where the impoverishment of the soil by centuries of culti-
vation, the incubus of a landed aristocracy, and the burden of
great standing armies had brought millions almost to the bitter
choice between starvation and revolution. The time has come
in the West, when — through the action of State or nation or
both — government must reach forth its strong arm to secure the
success of cooperation and thus preserve the small man from
economic extinction at the hands of forces too powerful for him
to withstand alone.
ROSY TINTS ^ In the spring of 1898 I spent a memorable week at
^^ ^ECONOMY. Dublin. I had looked forward with some dread to the
misery to be seen in that land of historic woes. To my
surprise and delight, I found Ireland swimming on a wave of
optimism, and all because it had discovered the magic charm of
cooperation. A few years previous, Horace Plunkett had begun
to preach the gospel of industrial regeneration by means of mu-
tual self-help. In 18% he induced the government to create a
body of investigators, called the Recess Committee, to look into
the methods and achievements of cooperation on the Continent.
The results of these studies were just at hand when I reached
Ireland and I had a most unusual opportunit}' to examine them
and to participate in their discussion by men who were bent,
with desperate zeal, upon the economic redemption of their
downtrodden country. Among those who did the work of the
investigation were Thomas P. Gill, formerly one of the right-
hand men of Parnell in Parliament ; M. G. Mulhall, the famous
British statistician ; and M. Tisseraud, Director-General of
Agriculture in France. In pursuing their work they had the
cordial assistance of every cabinet and high economic authority
in Europe. Would that every high school and college in the
West might introduce that luminous report of the Recess Com-
mittee as a text-book for their students to learn by heart ! It
would be as much more valuable to them than the dead lan-
guages as bread and meat are more important than silver-topped
canes and picture hats.
TRIUMPHANT It is impossible in the space now available to give
a)"-oPERATioN. "^^^^ *^^" *^^ barest outline of the policy pursued
by European governments in making cot>peration effec-
tive among all classes of their people, particularly' those who
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 331
till the soil. But it is one of the most important features of
their internal administration. First of all — and this is the
point that ought just now to be most deeply impressed upon
the minds of our people — they lend the whole moral weight of
the nation in favor of organization among the producers. In
Europe there is no one left to argue that cooperative effort is
chimerical and certain to result in failure. The government
officially declares that cooperation is the thing. It then pro-
ceeds to organize an educational propaganda to show the people
how to make a succesg of the undertaking in the various depart-
ments of their life. It maintains lecturers to go from place to
place urging the farmers to organize, and preaching that by
this means alone may they hope to maintain and increase their
prosperity. It furnishes plans and specifications, so to speak,
for the organization of cooperative bodies centering in a national
council, but reaching out through all the provinces to the re-
motest hamlet. It shows the farmers how to cooperate in con-
verting their raw material into all sorts of finished food prod-
ucts ; how to cooperate in purchasing supplies at wholesale
rates ; how to cooperate in selling their goods to the best ad-
vantage at home and abroad ; and, possibly best of all, how to
cooperate in borrowing money at four per cent, per annum (No,
this is not a misprint for four per cent, per month!). The
government also secures a minimum transportation rate on the
railroads. Of course it constructs public works for water and
unwatering lands, even when it must do so at an expense of
$270 per acre, as in the case of Holland's great labor in pump-
ing out the Zuyder Zee. Aside from this purely economic work
the government makes cooperation effective in educational and
social ways. Does an3^one imagine that the Raisin Growers'
Association would have any difficulty in making binding agree-
ments with its members if the government of California pursued
the same methods ? Decidedly not ; and the time has come
when the government of California and other Western States
could be engaged in no more profitable business than in that of
making cooperation successful. In future numbers of this
magazine European methods and results will be given in more
detail.
The wheat-growers of the great central valley of fate
California have at last seen the logic of the situation. w^eat men
Probably there is no other industry presenting more
difficulties to successful combination. And yet they realize
that the alternative is simply this : Cooperate or perish ! Wit-
ness the following quotation from a circular recently issued by
their chairman :
Nearly twenty million dollars' worth of farm property in California is
now held by the banks of our State. Many millions more have passed
from the hands of the orig^inal owners, through forced sales. Not less than
one hundred million dollars is now loaned on farm property in California.
Unless something- be done to make the business of the farmer more re-
munerative much of that property will be lost by the present owners.
Thousands of families now enjoy their farm homes only because of the
fact that the holders of the mortgagees on the places cannot so handle the
property as to secure a fair rate of interest on the money invested. Dan-
gerous ground that ! The banks do not want our land, and in time they
322 OUT WEST
will not want our securities, unless we can do something to enhance and
maintain their values. The latter we can only do by increasing the value
of our products.
And how, pray, do they hope to increase the value of their
product ? Listen again :
For many months past we have paid from eight to eleven dollars per
ton on our grain to Liverpool. The shipping of our crops was considered a
good business when we paid but five and six dollars per ton. Combinations
have been formed that are seriously crippling us. The profits from our
produce, which legitimately belong to us, now go to others. Combination
did it. Combination begets combination. The challenge is out. Shall we
accept it ? Organize and have a royal battle, with the prospects of success
in our favor ? Or shall we continue to be the slaves of those with foresight
enough to organize and properly prepare for the contest ?
Brave words, Mr. Wheatgrower, and we hope you may win.
But if you had at your back the entire moral influence of Cali-
fornia, and the whole-hearted official support of the government
of California, the coming- struggle would not be " a royal
battle" — it would be a walkover for the men who raise the staff
of life against those who only raise the ocean freight rates.
FACE THE A movement has been organized to discuss these ideas
Li^K ft^N with the hope that definite action may result. Person-
ally, I do not believe in alwa3'S talking and never doing ;
in always preaching and never practicing. It is well enough
to write and make speeches, but the best writings are those in-
scribed on the face of the earth, and the most eloquent speeches
are those uttered by the voice of prosperous industry. The
happiest day in the intellectual life of the American people was
the day of Horace Greeley, the Weekly Tribune, and the village
lyceum. In that day the public was interested in public ques-
tions. Then, they were discussed at every fireside, every cross-
roads, every country store. The giants of that day were the
men of thought rather than the men of money. Shall we revive
that tradition of the mid-century and set our people to talking
and thinking of these great economic questions on the solution
'of which our civilization will turn ? And from the fires of
discussion shall we bring forth the molten metal of high
thoughts and noble aspirations, to be hammered and shaped into
fair and enduring institutions on the anvil of debate ? Yes,
that is precisely what we shall do if the old stock still retains
its fiber.
:nbw ZEALAND The series of papers on the political institutions of
INSTITUTIONS. New Zealand, of which two have already appeared, will
be continued from time to time in these pages. They
will be illustrated with portraits and scenes from Mr. Henry D.
Lloyd's notable work, "Newest England," used by the courtesy
of his publishers, Doubleday, Page «& Co., of New York. The
next paper on this subject will be entitled " How the People
Smashed the Money Ring."
323
THi: RINGS RIVER CONQUEST.
FIRST PAPER IN THE SERIES: "ivOOKING CALIFORNIA IN THE
FACE."
^N this series of papers we are to look California squarely in
I the face. What we want to know is the plain truth about
the conditions affecting those three fundamental elements
of its social and economic life — water, land, and labor. Pro-
ceeding on the theor}' that there is a margin of natural wealth
as yet undeveloped sufficient to support a population of many
millions, and that those of us who are now here are charged
with the responsibility of laying the foundations for a wonder-
ful future, we are interested, first of all, in learning the real facts
of the present situation. The reputation of this State is too
well established to suffer aught from a candid consideration of
the evils which have grown up from the mistakes of pioneers
who, not unnaturally, failed to appreciate the nature of their
environment in a new and strange land. It is no discredit to
any country that mistakes were made at the beginning. It is
in the highest degree creditable when the people set out ear-
nestl}^ to correct those errors and to make the future better than
the past.
The best study of irrigation as related to home-making to be
had in California is that offered by the remarkable Kings River
region. It is not that this stream is the largest in the State.
The Sacramento and Colorado Rivers each carry ten times as
much water. The Kern serves a larger area of irrigated land.
Neither does the interest of the Kings River region arise from
the fact that it has given birth to the most famous settlements
on California soil. It is indeed the home of notable colonies,
but in this respect it does not rival certain localities in the
south.
The peculiar claim of this region to popular interest at this
juncture is the fact that here, rather more perfectly than any-
where else in the State, the laws governing our irrigation indus-
tr}^ have worked out to logical conclusions. If the}- are good
laws, then peace and progress must hold sway in the large dis-
trict watered by the Kings. On the other hand, if the laws are
bad, we shall find friction, disturbance, litigation, and stagna-
tion. For the past twenty years this district has been the scene
of the most active water and land development. Enterprise has
not been carried on by one or two large companies alone, but by
quite a multitude of small ones. Hence, in all respects. Kings
River is the best example of the working of our water laws to
be found within the wide boundaries of California. But in
many respects it is typical of the general situation, and as such
it may be studied by all interested in bettering the economic
conditions of the State.
I.
THE COUNTRY AS GOD MADE IT.
The domain commanded by Kings River — in Fresno, Kings
and Tulare counties — was made for a land of little homes. It
was designed to be densely populated and to give its people
largest measure of independence by enabling them to be self-
324 OUT W EST
sustaining: in consequence of diversified production. It was not
intended to V)e the playground of the rich, but the workingfield
and homespot of that great element of moderately well-to-do
who make up the majority of our vast population. Here the
conditions of soil, climate and water supply, of geographical
situation and surrounding resources, are about all that could be
desired. In spreading out this fertile plain which slopes gently
from the rugged foothills to the heart of the valley, in assigning
the mountain sentinels to eternal guard on either hand, in send-
ing the melting snows to supply the summer's need, and then giv-
ing the favored land a gentle and compelling climate, God did his
best for the Kings River country.
In spite of many difficulties, the region is one of the garden
spots of California. But it is capable of being more than that.
It might be one of the chiefest glories of all the West. Inter-
mittent prosperity it has had, but it should be the home and
abiding place of prosperity. Average people should find here
the highest satisfaction for all their needs. The twentieth-
century civilization, of which the poets dream, ought to spring
into being in response to the magic touch of the waters of the
Kings. Where now there is one home and family, there ought
to be a hundred families and homes. Where now there is scant
water supply, there ought to be abundance. Where now there
is anxiety about raising the crop, and solicitude lest the profits
be sacrificed in the sale, there ought to be the blessed certainty-
of raising the crop and selling it to advantage. Where now
there is loneliness and heart-hunger, there ought to be a multi-
tude of neighbors and the very highest social and intellectual
advantages. Where now there are difficulties of transportation,
over roads deep with dust or with mud, there ought to be cheap
and easy means for moving people and products. All this God
evidently intended. The plain import of His expectation is
written in His own large characters on the works of His omni-
potence. And first and foremost of these is the river which,
gathering its supplies from peak and slope, breaks through the
foothills and sweeps in sinuous course through the fertile domain
God gave it for its own.
The drainage area tributary to the Kings covers 1742 square
miles. It is rich in water-yielding character. The average
rainfall in the locality suited to cultivation is 9 or 10 inches,
which makes irrigation absolutely necessary. The flow of the
stream is most irregular. It varies much with different years
and with difi^erent seasons of the same year. But the highest
scientific authority places the average at from 5,000 to 10,000
cubic feet per second. As water rights are sold under the
principal Fresno canals, this would be sufficient to irrigate
anywhere from 500,000 to 1,000,000 acres of land.
The Kings River region raises successfully more different
kinds of fruit than are grown elsewhere in California. Near
the foothills it is an orange country, producing crops alike re-
markable for quality, quantity and the early date at which they
are ready for market. The plains are peculiarly suited to the
production of grapes — both wine and raisin. All the deciduous
fruits are extensively cultivated with good results. Great crops
Jwnjf'ainwiii^Sy '"T'mmm
m^ ^i^^m^% WM mmmM inns
'^mm $mm^ n^Mmw m^m^ i^mi
From photos, furnished by the
Agricultural Dept., Washington.
326 OUT WEST
of alfalfa are harvested, and the dairj' industry is profitable.
In a word, under irrigation the Kings River region is one of the
garden spots of the earth.
II.
THE COUNTRY AS MAN MADE IT AND MARRED IT.
Irrigation and colonization have been far from a failure in
this region. On the contrary, large sums of money have been
expended in bringing the water to the lands, and thousands of
people now live where cattle obtained only scant subsistence
before the day of canal-building.
The city of Fresno is the monument to a colonization effort
which was wonderfully successful. There is no more beautiful
or substantial community in the State, and Kings River made
it possible. In many respects, Fresno, with its surrounding
colonies and great vineyards, represents the most ideal coloni-
zation result in the State. Hanford, the county seat of Kings,
is another very notable community. Fowler, Selma and Kings-
burg are beautiful settlements on the main line of the Southern
Pacific. North and east of these lie Sanger, Reedlej', Dinuha,
Munson and smaller places, which have also grown up in re-
sponse to the irrigation development. Further down the course
of the river, on its rich bottomland, is the great property known
as the Rancho Laguna de Tache, where still other and newer
communities are coming into prominence. In all, a total area of
about 200,000 acres are irrigated by the Kings River supply.
By no means all the land receives sufficient moisture, but what
has been done in the way of cultivation stands to the credit of
the irrigation development.
IN SPITE OF BAD LAWS.
What has been accomplished in the Kings River district is an
achievement made in spite of the worst water laws ever imposed
upon a civilized community. The water rights, which are the
foundation of these thousands of homes and tens of thousands
of cultivated acres, originated in our loose method of appropria-
tion. By this method we post a notice at the point of proposed
diversion, bury a copy of it in the county records, and proceed
to build a canal. There is no means of knowing how much
water really flows in the stream, how much has been legally ap-
propriated, or how much remains to be claimed for the benefit
of new ditches. This river flows through three counties. The
records of each must be searched in order to get even a vague
idea of the amount of water which has been claimed.
The expert investigation of this stream, made by C. E.
Grunsky, the well known San Francisco engineer, revealed 355
claims which had been filed upon its waters, distributed through
three counties. How much water had been claimed in this way?
A total of about 750,000 cubic feet per second, or more than a
hundred times the total volume in its channel. Could there be
a better foundation for litigation than 355 claims, with a total
of 750,000 cubic feet, to a stream having a normal flow of 5,000
to 10,000 cubic feet per second ?
Yes, the foundation of trouble is capable of being made yet
wider. Permit everv man to handle his own headgate, and to
BHHIlffliniiSnfflHJnil^JJJ
99RHai»niHUiHiuii»iiiiiiiiiifiiu
From photos, furnished by the
Agricultural Dept., Washington.
328 OUT WEST
shut down his neighbor's headgate at will, and you have added
another element which cannot fail to increase the interest of
the situation from a dramatic standpoint. Here are people
claiming- one hundred times as much water as is available, from
a common source. Without the water their land is worthless;
with it, it is the choicest land in the world, for it will grow all
the crops of the temperate and semitropic climate to perfection.
Just as there was no exercise of public authority over their
original appropriations, so there is none over the distribution of
the water to the various canals. And of these canals no less
than 55 find detailed mention in Mr. Grunsky's report. Think
of it! A stream a share in which is essential to property values
— even to the existence of human life — which is utterly without
public supervision of an}' sort ! Something more valuable than
gold, because there is so little of it in proportion to the amount
of land waiting to be reclaimed, is left to be fought for with
shotguns and endless lawsuits.
But the inevitable strife arising out of such conditions is by
no means the worse aspect of the situation. The worst is the
fact that after all the fighting and litigation nothing is really
determined and no man can be absolutely sure that the title to
the water which represents the real value of his home is secure.
"What," somebody asks, "do )'OU mean to say that a court de-
cision does not give final title to the water ? " Most emphatic-
ally it does not. And there never can be any such thing as
secure, unassailable title to water in California until the State
itself has asserted its paramount control, adjudicated titles, and
issued them directly upon its own authorit}'. Then titles will
be secure, and not before. Until then no man depending upon
the waters of Kings River may go to sleep at night without
knowing that he may awake in the morning to use his last
dollar in defense of that water right without which his home
would be worthless.
SOME LITIGATION AND ITS RESULTS.
To illustrate, let us look at some of the results of litigation.
September 12, 1885, judgment was entered decreeing that the
Centervilleand Kingsburg Irrigation Ditch Company is required
to remove all dams and other obstructions placed or maintained
by that company in Kings River, and enjoining it from divert-
ing any waters from the river or in any manner interfering with
its flow.
Surely there was a decision which seemed conclusive enous^h
for anybody. But did it prove so ? By no means.
February 25, 1900, the same Centerville and Kingsburg Com-
pany is awarded 600 cubic feet per second, subject to the prior
rights of the People's Ditch Company, of the Lower Kings
River Ditch Company, and of the Last Chance Ditch. And the
Centerville and Kingsburg is still in business.
It was also decreed on November 5, 1885, that the Kings River
and Fresno Canal Conii)any should take no water from the river
and should fill in the head of its ditch. A similar judgment was
entered against the 76 Canal, now Alta Irrigation District, on
Nov. 4, 1889, except that the 76 was permitted to water certain
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 329
riparian lands in Fresno County. Spite of these sweeping- de-
cisions, both canals are still taking- water from the river.
It is stated, on the authority of the United States Geological
Survey, that the expense of litigation for the last ten years has
averaged $40,000 a year. This would be bad enough if the liti-
gation settled anything, but of the 103 important lawsuits which
have occurred in the last few years not one has really and finally
settled rights to the stream.
THE TENDENCY TO MONOPOIvY.
The inevitable result of all this wearing and indeterminate
litigation is a tendenc}" to monopoly, brought about by the con-
solidation of canal interests. If this consolidation were under-
taken in the interest of the public, it would be a step in the right
direction. But it goes without saying that the larger interests,
having capital with which to operate, naturally seek to assert
their control over the element which dominates the situation.
The fact that water rights are not attached to the soil, but are
represented by shares in the various companies, makes it com-
paratively easy for the controlling interest to be acquired by
those having money to invest. The result is that the Kings
River situation is not improving as the years go by. There is
not water enough, as water is now handled, to irrigate all the
lands which have been put into cultivation, not to mention the
vast areas capable of improvement if irrigation might be more
extensively applied. More and more the control of the stream
goes into the hands of those who treat it as a merchantable com-
modity— water merchants who sell the melting snows.
Space is not available for a full discussion of the subject. But
enough has been said to show how well worthy of development
is this magnificent Kings River district, and how ill-suited to
that development are existing water laws. The question re-
mains : How can Kings River be made to irrigate all the lands
depending upon it and tens of thousands of acres more, and so
bring peace and prosperity to a great community?
[to be continued.]
' THE FAMOUS WYOMING LAAV.
TN the two-years' fight that has been conducted in California
i for the reform of the water laws, the Wyoming system has
been constantly held up as an example of sound principles
and good administration. As a consequence, some of those
who are opposed to any change of the existing laws have
recently attacked the Wyoming method and declared that
it has failed in important respects. It has been asserted,
(1) that recent court decisions deny the right of the Board of
Control to exclusive jurisdiction in the settlement of water con-
troversies, and (2) permit the appropriator having more water
than he needs to sell a portion of his right to others. The
effect of such decisions would be to unsettle thousands of titles
which have been adjudicated by the Board of Control, and to
overturn the doctrine of State ownership of water with the
330 OUT WEST
rigfht of use attached to the soil. In view of the prominence of
the Wyoming system in the California debate on this subject,
it is a matter of the highest importance to have the truth made
known in connection with this subject.
The head of the Wyoming water administration is State
Engineer Fred Bond, Writing in reply to the inquiries of Out
West, he treats of these matters as follows :
ADJUDICATION OF TITLES.
"Our Supreme Court has not rendered any decision to the
effect that water rights may be adjudicated by the courts or by
the Board of Control at option bf water users; on the contrary,
it has upheld the authority of the Board of Control to determine
and adjudicate all water rights in the first instance.
" In a case entitled, 'Farm Investment Company vs. Carpen-
ter et al.,' decided May 26, 1900, the Supreme Court held that
in case a party had failed to appear before the Board to make
proof of appropriation at the time of an adjudication of water,
he would not necessarily be estopped or barred from having his
rights determined. The Court uses the following language :
" 'Under the statutes now in force, there being no provision
expressly barring or estopping a claimant failing to participate
in the adjudication proceedings, and the decree not being res
judicata, he is at liberty to assert and maintain those rights in
the courts, through the regular medium of some form of pro-
cedure recognized by the law for the redress of grievances, or the
granting of appropriate relief.'
"This only applies to those who have failed to take part in
adjudication proceedings, and has nothing whatever to do with
original adjudication by the Board of Control.
" The Board had previously held, however, that their determi-
nation of water rights did actually bar those not participating,
so that under this decision it became necessary to amend our laws
in such a way that these undetermined rights would be actually
determined by the Board of Control under an additional proced-
ure rather than through the courts.
"Our Legislature was in session the following winter, and in
February, 1901, passed an amendment to our water laws in
which may be found the following : It is found in Chapter 67,
Section 3, on pages 70 and 71, session laws of Wyoming, 1901.
"Any person claiming a right to the use of water of any stream hereto"
fore adjudicated by the Board of Control, being- or claiming to be an app'"o-
priator therefrom, who shall have failed to appear and submit proof of his
claims at the time of the adjudication of the rights of the various claimants
to the water of such stream, shall be permitted at any time within one year
after the passage of this Act, but not thereafter, to file a petition with the
Board of Control for a hearing in respect to his claims to the use of water
from such stream, and for the reopening of the decree heretofore entered for
that purpose. Said petition shall embrace all the particulars required by
law in the proofs of claimants in original proceedings before the Board and
shall be verified by the oath of the claimant. Upon the filing of said peti-
tion, if it shall apjiear to the Board that the petitioner had not appeared in
the proceedings and submitted proof of his claims, the State Board of Con-
trol shall make and enter an order reopening the decree heretofore entered,
determining the rights to the use of water upon such stream, for the pur-
pose of receiving the testimony on behalf of the petitioner and determining
his rights to the use of such water. Thereupon the division superintendent
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 331
of the proper division shall fix a time and place for taking- the testimony
and shall give notice thereof as required by the provisions of Sections 861
and 862 of the Revised Statutes, 1899; in the case of original hearings. The
petitioner shall at the time of submitting his proof and testimony at such
hearing, file a correct map of his ditch and the lands irrigated therefrom,
provided, that the hearings permitted by this section shall be subject to the
same provisions of law as to inspection of testimony, contests and appeals,
as in other cases."
" This act went into force and effect February 16th, 1901. For
a full report of our Supreme Court's decision, in the case referred
to above, please refer to Pacific Reporter, Vol. 61, pages 258 et
segui, the substance of the decree being- found chiefly on pages
269 to 270.
" It cannot be too forcibly stated that water rights in Wyom-
ing must be adjusted by the State Board of Control, and that
our law provides no other method, whatever, for the determin-
ation of these rights in the first instance. Differences which
ma}^ arise between individuals trespassing upon each others rights
can be taken into the Courts just the same as differences between
them in other matters can be taken there, but under the holdings
of our Supreme Court as to the duty and authorit}^ of the Board
of Control and the statute quoted, all original determinations of
water rights are made solely by the Board of Control."
TRANSFER OF WATER RIGHTS.
"As to whether or not a person can sell water in this State, as
you know, the Board of Control has uniformly held that no
person acquires a property right in water, and that, therefore,
he cannot sell that which he does not own,
"In a recent decision by one of our district courts, it was held
where a user of water had made his appropriation before Wyom-
ing became a State, and had transferred a part of it during each
alternate week to another party for his use in the irrigation
seiason, that such transfer was valid. This is not a case of hav-
ing secured water from the State of Wyoming, but it involves
the question at least as to whether or not territorial water rights
may not be transferred from one user to another. So it has been
appealed to our Supreme Court, and will probably be argued
sometime this winter. So far as I am informed, there have been
no other attempts to transfer water, although this one was de-
cided nearly a year and a half ago, as I remember. Nor do I
think that transfers will be undertaken under this district court
decision, as the Supreme Court may reverse it, in which event a
transfer would create complications not desired by any of those
in interest."
So the model administrative methods of Wyoming go on
serenely, undisturbed by the decisions which gave rise to the
talk about the " failure of the system."
332
/Vt'.v /</<■«/ —William E. Smythe.
Vice- President— H. T. Fowlek.
SecretaryTreasurei — BiSHOP J. Edmonds.
STATE COMMITTTE.
Will S. Green, Colusa.
Marshal R. Beard, Sacramento.
H. P. Stabler, Marysville.
Harvey C. Stiles, Chico.
John Kirby, San Francisco.
N. J. Bird, San Francisco.
Frank Cornwall, San Francisco.
John S. Dore, Fresno.
John Fairweather, Reedley.
E. H. Tucker. Selma
A. Hallner, King'sburir.
A. H. Naftzsrer, Los Ansreles.
S. W. Ferirusson, Los Angeles.
Walter J. Thompson, Los AnireleiB.
A. R. Sprafirue, Los Anseles-
Charles F. Lummis, Los Anireles.
E. T. Dunnintr. Los AnsreleK.
Scipio Craitr, Redlauds.
Elwood Cooi)er, Santa Barbara.
W. H Porterfield, San Diegru.
Georjre W. Marston, San Dieg-o.
Bishop J. Edmonds, San Dieiro.
William E. Smytbe, San Dieg-o.
^^rtHE State League was organized at a meeting held in the
\ directors' room of the Southern California. Fruit Ex-
change Saturday, Feb. 15th, and provisional organiza-
tion effected as above. The formation of local Constructive
Clubs was begun in Fresno county Monday, Feb. I7th, with a
large and enthusiastic meeting in the town of Fowler, which
thus goes into history as the starting point of a new movement
in the economic life of California.
THE POPULAR CAMPAIGN.
The President and Secretary-Treasurer of the League are
addressing large crowds at least once, and frequently twice,
each day. By the time these words are read they will have
presented the Constructive cause to the voters in the leading
points of Fresno, Tuolumne, Stanislaus, Kings, Tulare and
Kern counties. Local clubs are organized at the close of each
meeting.
Other speakers will take the platform later, among them
Henry D. Lloyd of Boston, Thaddeus B. Wakeman, president
of the Liberal University of Oregon, Benjamin Fay Mills of
Oakland, Prof. Fowler, several members of the State Committee
and many prominent members of local clubs.
Among the newspapers which have already declared their
earnest and aggressive support of the construction policies are
the San Dicgan Sun (daily), the Fo-u'ler Ensign, the Schna
Irrigator, the Rcedlcy Exponent, and the famous Citrograph of
Redlands. Doubtless many others will be reported later in the
month, which cannot now be definitely included, owing to the
early date at which this paragraph is written.
THE EDUCATION AI. PROGRAM.
The State Committee announces the following program for
discussion in the local clubs or village lyceums during the ne.xt
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 333
three months, which is intended to be a period of intellectual
awakening-, to be followed later by the sharp iig-hting- at the
polls for a working force in the legislature to " bring- things
to pass" :
IRRIGATION.
1. The present water laws.
2. The reforms recommended by the United States Irrigation Com-
mission.
[Material for above in volume issued by the Agricultural Department,
called " Bulletin No. 100," which will be furnished to the secretary of the
local club.]
3. The Constructive League plan for converting all existing works on
Kings River into one comprehensive public system, with provision for
mountain storage and valle3' drainage.
[Material for this in "King's River Conquest," March and April numbers
of Out West.]
4. New Zealand Land System. Principles of the plan for purchase of
large estates and their improvement and colonization.
[Material in Henry D. Lloyd's " Newest England," of which at least
one copy should be purchased by local club.]
5. Application of method to California estates.
[February and future numbers of Out West.]
6. Compulsory arbitration. The San Francisco strike and its effects on
agriculture, horticulture and civilization generally.
[January and future numbers of Out West.]
7. The New Zealand method of enforcing peace between labor and
capital.
[See "Newest England."]
8. Progress in Cooperation. Present situation of the Raisin Growers
Association discussed from standpoint of local experience.
9. The general cooperative movement in California.
[See " Cooperative Journal," published in Oakland.]
10. The cooperative industries of Great Britain.
[Local clubs should have at least one copy of Henry D. Lloyd's book,
" Labor Copartnership."]
11. The European method of assisting cooperative organization through
the government administration.
[See current and future numbers of Out West.]
ARBITRATION AND THE WORKERS.
The program for California and the West brought forward in
these pages included compulsory arbitration of all disputes be-
tween labor and capital. This feature was added to the pro-
gram for two reasons : first, because it seemed to be in the line
of civilization ; second, because it seemed clearly in the interest
of the workers in our cities, who must be joined to the workers
in the country if we are to carry out the policies essential to the
building up of the State. But it appears that influential leaders
of organized labor do not favor compulsory arbitration.
Why ? Because they think the forcible settlement of disputes
is better ? No, they concede that the present method is practi-
cally a resort to barbarism. And they concede that the New
Zealand method is the only scientific basis for the settlement of
labor troubles. Why, then, do they not approve of its adoption
in California ? For the saddest reason in the world — that they
have no confidence in our courts of justice. They say experience
has shown that those courts are not on the side of the masses of
men — that they will not be on their side until working-men here
follow the example of their brothers in New Zealand and stand
solidly tog-ether in political action. Well, the Constructive
334 OUT W EST
movement may furnish the opportunity for just such action and
guarantee its success by uniting the workingmen of the country
with those of the town.
But the same labor leaders who shrink from the adoption of
compulsory arbitration at this time assure us that they are
heartily in favor of the water, land and cooperative features of
the program. They regard the cooperative store and factory
as a part of the solution of the labor problem. The other part
of the solution they see in our proposition to open the great
estates to settlement by the landless and to give them the assist-
ance of the State in making homes. "When the employer
knows we can turn to the soil and work for ourselves," said one
man, "he will understand that we cannot be starved into sub-
mission to hours and wages we think unjust." We are assured
that the workingmen of our cities will give a very large measure
of support to the constructive policies.
The present preliminary campaign is academic in its nature.
It is intended both to educate and to test public sentiment. By
the time the political campaign opens, the League, in its State
convention, can determine how much of its original program
may reasonably be demanded from the great parties.
In the meantime, let us agitate, educate and organize. What
a glorious privilege to fight for California ! Ah, this is a land
worth fighting for !
T
IDEAS FROM THE! MAIL BAG.
^HE discussion of live economic questions in this depart-
ment is bringing a large and interesting correspondence
to the editor's home in San Diego. There is abundant
evidence that the problems involved in making a great popula-
tion prosperous on the soil are now being debated at many a fire-
side and in many a social and political club. Probablj' there has
not been a time since the fifties when so many people were dis-
cussing the condition and future of society as are doing so to-
day. In spite of the prosperous surface of things, there is a
widespread suspicion of breakers ahead and a strong conviction
that out of the throes of a nation's labor will come a new birth
of institutions.
Many good suggestions have been received from correspond-
ents both West and East, but they all betoken the same general
trend — the demand for new ideas to meet the new needs of new
times.
A clergyman, who has made his home in a new district just
coming under irrigation, writes to suggest a plan for founding
an industrial colony " to support a Christian school as a home
missionar)"^ agency — a school giving prominence to the industrial
features of our advanced educational institutions." His idea is
that colonists would be securing a home and an education at the
same time. Seeing the values to be created with the growth of
improvements and population, he thinks it possible to secure
from this source a permanent fund to sustain the public insti-
tions.
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 335
There is certainly an element of value in the suggestion.
Take a perfectly blank desert, put water and men upon it, and
millions of dollars will be wrought out from the union of these
forces. Under a well ordered plan of development, a large por-
tion of these values might be applied not only to create schools,
but libraries, gymnasiums, social clubs, and everything that ca-
ters to the finer instincts and higher development of men.
But what becomes of these potential values under our present
methods ? The clergyman tells the sad story in the last sentence
of his letter : "I am studying the possibilities of this district.
The difficulty of securing enough land in a body without pay-
ing too much confronts me here." That is to say, the speculator
has forestalled the homemaker and the architect of institutions.
The profits that might have been reserved for education and
social betterment have gone to greedy individuals who saw the
chance to take the profits that really belong to the public. For,
be it understood, the very soil of which the clergyman speaks
belonged two short years ago — every blessed acre of it — to the
people of the United States. The water which is making it val-
uable belonged to the people also. But now both water and land
have been gobbled up by speculators, and those who have been
deprived of their heritage, under the operation of our unjust laws,
cannot get it "without paying too much." If the people will
give their support to the constructive policy advocated by this
magazine, we will put a stop to that sort of thing forever.
One of the leaders of a struggling cooperative colony in the
mountains of Western Colorado writes to describe how 300 men
and women are working hand-in-hand to get homes on the
public domain. They are still in the first struggle of canal-
building, and must of course get the water before the}^ can grow
crops Many of them are paying for their interest in the
colony with their labor, but about half the number are still
"back East" working at their trades and earning money to
help sustain those at the front. The method is somewhat
similar to that employed in founding Anaheim, the mother
colony of Southern California. But it may be suspected that
the thrifty Germans had rather more capital, while the Colorado
settlers have rather more ideals. It is devoutly to be hoped
that the brave cooperators will get firm hold of the beautiful
valley among the mountains, but how much better it would be
for the settlers and the government if Uncle Sam himself would
put the water on that land and save all these trials and hard-
ships! Even with water provided, enough difficulties would
remain to develop the robust character we want to see main-
tained in our pioneers.
A civil engineer in Chicago submits a detailed plan for making
beautiful railroad towns in the Southwest, which is so good that
space will be found for it in these pages hereafter.
33:
A SOUTHERN PRINCIPALITY.
By H. P. WOOD.
Lly California is wonderfully attractive. It is a
land of sunshine, health, happiness and op-
portunity. One of its most desirable por-
tions is San Dieg-o. This is a principality
unto itself, having an area of 8,500 square
miles, or slightly more than Massachusetts.
On the north the county is bounded by Orange
and Riverside counties; on the east by the Col-
orado river, which here divides Arizona from
California ; on the south by Baja California,
a territory of Old Mexico, a land rich in
minerals ; while on the west the Pacific ocean
washes the shores of the county for a stretch of 75 miles. The land rises
gently from the ocean a distance of from 30 to 60 miles to a chain of
mountain peaks, forming the backbone of the county, descending again
rapidly to the Colorado River Valley.
The arable portion of the western slope is divided into a series of irregular
terraces or plateaus. The Tia Juana, Otay, Sweetwater, Mission, Soledad,
San Dieguito, Agua Hedionda, San lyuis Rey, and Santa Margarita or Los
Flores valleys, form the lower or coast terrace, comprising a large acreage
of practically frostless laud. Next come the Jamul, Jamacha, Dehesa, El
Cajon, Poway, Bernardo, San Pasqual, Escondido, San Marcos and Vista
valleys, varying in elevation from 400 to 500 feet above sea level.
The altitude of the third terrace or foothill region ranges from 1,000 to
2,500 feet. The area of tillable land in these valleys and adjoining mesas
is approximately 600,000 acres, a much larger area being suited to pasture
and grazing. The elevation of the mountain valleys varies from 2,000 to
4,500 feet. These are now chiefly devoted to stock-raising ; but in time,
with the improvement of transportation facilities which are being rapidly
extended, many of them will be found well adapted to the growing of
small fruits, vegetables and diversified farming.
To the east of the mountains in the valley of the Colorado is an immense
area of fertile soil, which until quite recently has been lying dormant ;
but now water is being brought from the Colorado River and fully 500,000
acres of the richest and most productive land is being rapidly taken up by
homeseekers. These broad acres will soon add their products of barley,
sugar beets, sorghum, alfalfa, wheat and corn to the output of San Diego
county. Many miles of main canals and laterals have already been built;
construction is being pushed ; and, although the enterprise was only fairly
commenced some two years since, water is being delivered to several
thousand acres. During the past season large crops of millet and sorghum
were raised, proving the fertility of the land. While there are sections
here and there containing more or less alkali, the soil of the valley is for
the greater part of the very best, being the silt washed down by the Colo-
rado River during countless ages, rich in plant food, which with good
management can be depended upon for profitable returns. The towns of
Imperial, Paringa, and Calexico have already sprung into existence ;
Imperial boasting a church and parsonage, national bank, general mer-
chandise store, lumber yard, hotel and printing office.
Gen. A. W. Greely, Chief U. S. Signal Service, is authority for the state-
338
OUT WEST
ment that the forty square miles
in which the city of San Diego is
situated, has the most equable
temperature known. The wind*
from the Colorado delta on the
east and the never failing sea
breezes fanning the western
boundary of the county, together
with a humidity that is never
oppressive, combine to produce
the most perfect climate that is
found the world over. That this
fact is becoming generally recog-
nized is shown by the constantly
increasing number of seekers
after health and comfort who fly
to this place of refuge to escape
the heat of the interior during
the summer as well as the rigors
of winter ; for here December
and June are more pleasant than
the most delightful spring and
autumn anywhere in the Bast.
The average annual rainfall in
the city of San Diego is about
ten inches. The amount of rain,
however, increases and greater
extremes of temperature occur
as you leave the coast, the higher
mountain peaks being often cov-
ered with snow to a considerable
depth during part of the winter
season.
The population of San Diego
county according to the last cen-
sus was 35,090, but it is safe to
assume that this land, which is
as productive as its European
counterpart, Italy, can and will
eventually support a proportion-
ate number of people, which
would give the county practi-
cally two and one-half millions.
While the pueblo of San Diego
is the oldest municipalil)' in
California, the modern city
(which according to the last cen-
sus had a population of 17,700)
was founded by A. E. Horton in
1867. The situation is not only
sanitary and attractive, with
its hills and slopes following
the curves of the beautiful bay.
A SOUTHERN PRINCIPALITY
339
so well protected by Point Loma;
but it is also admirably adapted
for the ocean commerce that is
now seeking- entrance through
the silver gate. The bay of
San Diego has an area of over
22 square miles. It is the only
landlocked harbor for a stretch
of 600 miles south of San Fran-
cisco, and is perfectly safe at
all times of the year. Numerous
wharves extend into deep water,
and in their neighborhood may
be found lumber yards, planing
mills, warehouses, foundries, etc.
Then come the retail business
blocks, many of them very hand-
some structures ; and beyond
these, spreading out over the
undulating hill land is the resi-
dence portion of the city, hun-
dreds of charming homes fill-
ing up block after block.
The electric street railway
system is equipped with mod-
ern cars, and is complete in
every respect. Pure and whole-
some water is provided in
abundance, the supply and dis-
tribution being controlled by the
municipality. The sewage sys-
tem was wisely planned and is
ample for a population of 100,-
000. The streets of the city are
well lighted by electricity. San
Diego's schools, private and pub-
lic, have an excellent reputation.
An attractive public library
made possible by the generosity
of Andrew Carnegie, supple-
mented by the liberality of the
citizens of San Diego, has just
been completed. Besides sev-
eral weekly papers, the city
supports three excellent dailies,
one morning and two evening. A
large and handsome opera house,
perfect in its appointments, is on
the circuit of the best theatrical
and operatic companies. The dif-
ferent religious organizations
worship in attractive edifices ;
secret societies and benevolent as-
A SOUTHERN PRINCIPALITY
341
sociations have their lodge rooms; numerous musical and literary clubs are
supported by an active membership of ladies and gentlemen. The Country
Club, a prosperous institution, has extensive and well kept golf grounds.
There are several strong banking institutions in the city ; a large number
of excellent retail stores ; markets well supplied with meats, game, fish,
vegetables and fruit ; excellent hotel accommodations and lodgings, and
restaurants noted for their cheapness and excellence. Houses large and
small, furnished and unfurnished, may be had at reasonable rentals, while
for invalids and those requiring special medical and surgical care there are
several thoroughly modern sanitariums. The visitor should not fail to go
to Point L<oma — not only for the sake of the magnificent view, but also to
note the interesting work being carried on by the Theosophist colony under
the leadership of Katherine Tingley. A few miles up the valley is the
One of the Business Stkeets.. Photo from the F.tt li Stu.iio.
Old Mission, the first founded in California ; and many other places of
interest.
Coronado, just across the bay from San Diego, is the great summer and
winter resort of the Pacific Coast. Hotel del Coronado is known the world
over, an immense caravansary, perfect in every detail, where nothing is
left undone that can in any way contribute to the comfort and entertain-
ment of guests. The Coronado Beach Company has at great expense pre-
pared a portion of its land just between bay and ocean, about half a mile
south of the hotel, upon which it has created a " Tented City," a special
resort for visitors from the interior and neighboring States, who do not
care for hotel life and yet wish to enjoy the many privileges ofl^ered at this
attractive resort. Here you may pitch your own tent, or rent one already
furnished, and proceed to enjoy a life of ease, comfort and pleasure. In
this delightful region, summer or winter, you may engage in walking,
golfing^ wheeling, driving, fishing, shooting, boating, swimming, gaining
in health and strength with each day's sojourn. A large number of wealthy
people have been attracted to Coronado, and there are many beautiful pri-
vate residences, the number increasing rapidly from year to year.
• A charming drive southward from Coronado over the ocean boulevard
A SOUTHERN PRINCIPALITY
343
takes you to Coronado Heights, a location with charming possibilities. A
short distance further on, and just at the head of the bay, is the beauti-
fully situated townsite of South San Diego, having connection with Coro-
nado and San Diego over an excellent boulevard and bicycle path, as well
as by the Coronado Belt Line of railway.
Otay is the principal village between the head of the bay and the Mexi-
can line, only a few miles distant. This place, and the land tributary to
it, are directly under the Otay Reservoir and will be the first localitv to
benefit by the completion of the Southern California Mountain Water Com-
pany's great system of reservoirs.
Adjoining San Diego on the south is National City, which has a popu-
lation of about 1,200, and is the center of the lemon industry of San Diego
county, a large manufactory of citrus products being located at this point.
South of National City is Chula Vista with its many beautiful homes,
each surrounded by from ten to twenty acres of oranges and lemons.
La Jolla, " the jewel " is situated about fifteen miles north of San Diego,
being the present terminus of the San Diego, Pacific Beach and La Jolla
On the Bay.
Photo, from the Fitch Studio.
Railway. This is a charming village of cottage homes, a seaside resort
whose bathing beach and storm-worn clifi's honeycomed with caves, well
repay a visit. Near La Jolla is the grove of Torrey Pines found only in
this locality ; and from the top of Mount Soledad, back of the village, and
within easy walking distance, a wonderful view may be had of the sur-
rounding country, mesa, hill and mountain towards the north , east and
south, while to the west the panorama takes in a sweep of 200 miles of coast
line.
Escondid<j, a place of about 1,000 inhabitants, attractively situated in the
fertile valley of the same name, is one of the most prosperous towns in
Southern California.
Oceanside, about thirty miles north of San Diego has a population of
nearly 500. This place is becoming popular as a summer bathing resort,
and is easily reached, being on the main line of the Southern California
Railway, with branches running to Escondido and Fallbrook.
There are many other interesting villages in the county. Pacific Beach,
overlooking False Bay, noted for its thrifty lemon orchards ; Del Mar, at-
tractively situated near the ocean ; Encinitas, with its interesting cactus
gardens ; Carlsbad, the center of quite a salt industry ; Raniona, in the
Samples ok San Diboo Scbnbry. Photo, from th* FUck Stwiiio
Some San Diego Homes.
Photos, from the Fitch Studio.
A SOUTHERN PRINCIPALITY 347
beautiful and productive Santa MariaValley; Julian and Banner, the principal
mining towns ; Descanso, Campo and Dulzura, El Cajon and Lakeside, in the
Cajon Valley (which magnificent stretch of land is noted for its fine oranges
and superior rasins) ; Spring Valley, La Mesa and Lemon Grove, along the
line of the Cuyamaca Railway, are also active centers for quite a suburban
population.
There are 150 school-houses distributed throughout the county, and the
instruction is up to the usual high standard found throughout California.
From the port of San Diego, which has one of the finest harbors on the
Pacific Coast, transportation may be had by either rail or water, thus as-
suring low rates on all classes of products, a wide range of which is made
possible by the difl'erence in elevation of the various parts of the country.
The progress of any locality in the Southwest is largely dependent upon
its water supply ; and in this line of work San Diego county has made
excellent progress, as the following table of development on the western
slope will show :
PRINCIPAI, RESERVOIR SITE IN SAN DIEGO COUNTY.
Elevation above Capacity in
Name of Reservoir sea level million
at base of dam ga.ls.
Barrett, under construction 1,600 ft. 15,226
Cuyamaca, built 4,650 " 3,718
Dye Valley 2,200 " 1,275
Bscondido, built 1,300 " 1,150
La Meca, built 453 " 2,000
Lower Otay, built 400 " 21,653
Morena, under construction 3,100 " 15,226
Pine Valley 3,700 '* 6,800
Pamo 803 " 16,000
San Luis Key 2,613 " 62,950
Santa Marie ...1,500 " 3,000
'Sweetwater, built 145 " 5,882
Upper Otay, completed to 70 ft. contour 540" 1,000
Water is impounded mainly for the citrus orchards of the frostless
plateaus bordering the coast ; the higher valleys requiring but little or no
irrigation for their crops of cereals, deciduous fruits, olives, etc.
Unimproved citrus land is worth from $50 to $300 per acre with water.
Improved orchards from $200 per acre up. Land for deciduous fruit,
olive, grape, and general farming, $5 to $50 per acre. Values are not in-
flated, and there are many safe investments for capital.
It is estimated that a carload of citrus fruit is shipped out of Southern
California every twenty minutes during the entire year, a fair proportion of
which comes from San Diego county.
The lemon and orange culls, which were formerly allowed to rot and sour
the land, are now taken to the Citrus Products factory and turned into
citric acid, oil of lemon, oil of orange, extracts, etc.
San Diego county olive oil received a gold medal at the last Paris Expo-
sition. The demand for pure oil is much greater than the supply, while
the superiority of the California pickled olive is creating an increased in-
quiry for that product.
Last year's crop of apples grown in the justly famed Julian "apple
belt" represented about 50,000 boxes.
The county's honey crop for 1901 amounted to 100 carloads, having a
value of about $1,000 per car. ,
Low Til>K AT La Jolla. Photo, from the I-'ilcli .Slmdic.
A SOUTHERN PRINCIPALITY
349
The dairy interests of the county are extensive. The system of havingf
creameries at convenient points enables the owner of only a few cows to
g-et all the benefits of modern methods, thus g^reatly encouraging the
industry.
The question is often asked what can a man do in San Diego county with
from two to five thousand dollars. Many instances of success may be
cited where a beginning was made with very much less, and it would seem
that this should be so under conditions so favorable, where the soil is so
rich and productive ; and where, in addition to the ordinary horicultural and
agricultural pursuits, there are so many opportunities for the development
of industries as yet comparatively new to the Southwest, such as tobacco
raising, silk and cotton culture, the growing of tlower bulbs, seeds, etc.
The cost of living is reasonable, and the price of building material com-
The Cliffs at La Jolla.
Photo, from the Fitch Studio.
pares very favorably with other parts of the country. The opportunities
for getting products to market are quite good today, and with the comple-
tion of a direct line of railway east from San Diego, a route for which is
now being surveyed under the auspices of the San Diego Chamber of
Commerce, the entire county will be especially favored as regards
transportation.
In addition to the horticultural and agricultural" interests of the county,
the opportunities for investment in inining are attractive. One of the
largest producing gold mines in the State is located at Hedges in the east-
ern part of the county, while the towns of Julian and Banner are almost
entirely supported by the mines in their vicinity. Besides gold, some ex-
cellent copper prospects are being developed. Silver, zinc, lead and tin
have been found, as also antimony, while the largest deposit of lepodilite
known is situated near Pala in the northern part of the county. Kaolin of
350
OUT WEST
good quality has been found, and considerable development is now going*
on for oil, which is thought lo exist throughout the county. Coal prospects
also exist, and are receiving some attention. The following minerals are
found as well — asbestos, cement, fire clay, Fuller's earth, gypsum, lime-
stone, manganese, marble, mineral paint, mineral water, salt, mica,
graphite, sulphur and alum.
Quite recently a deposit of unusually beautiful tourmaline was uncovered
near Mesa Grande, from which gems valued at many thousands of dollars
have been taken out.
The sportsman reading this article will probably ask what of the shoot-
ing and fishing ? And it is enough to answer that quail are abundant in
the foothills, with an occasional deer lo reward the hardy hunter, while
the variety of fish to be caught in the bay and just off shore anywhere
along the coast is almost endless.
In summing up it may be truthfully said that no part of the United
States offers greater inducements to seekers after health, pleasure or profit
than San J)iego county. There are many who expect to see it become a
great commercial metropolis — indeed, this is inevitable if the country
about it is ever so thickly settled as localities elsewhere less favored by
nature. But however this may be, it is certain that those who now make
their homes in San Diego may count on having the best the world has
to offer on the purely physical side of living, no lack of the best of in-
tellectual and social companionship, and ample opportunity for doing
profitably their share of the world's work.
A Front Vikw of thk Swbetwatkr Dam.
OUT WEST
PuBLisHKD Monthly by
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE
PUBLISHING COMPANY .-co
Office of Publication I
115 SoutH Droad-wray t«T floor
L.OS Angeles. California
BRANCH OFFICES
RoBT. A. Thompson, Maaairer San Francisco Office— 310
Pine Street.
Shaklot M. Hall, Manager Arizona Office — Prescott.
John H. Hamlin, Manager Nevada Office— Reno.
Entered at the Los Anreles Postoffice as second-class matter.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
W. C Pattkrson, President; Chas. F. Lummis, Vice-Pres. ; F. A. Pattbr, Secretary; Chas. Cassat Davis, At-
torney; Cyrus M. Davis, Treasurer.
OTHER STOCKHOLDERS
Chas. Foreman, D. Freeman, F. W. Braun, John F. Francis, E. W. Jones, Geo. H. Bonebrake esUte, F. K. Rnle.
Andrew Mullen estate, I. B. Newton, S. H. Mott, Alfred P. Griffith, E. E. Bostwick, H. E. Brook, C. M. Davis Co., L.
Replonrle, J. C. Perry, F. A. Schnell, G. H. Paine, Louisa C. Bacon. (For additional list, see Contents pare.)
Address all MSS. to the editor with return postafre. All other business to the respective departments.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES— 11 a year in the United States, Canada and Mexico. fl.-V) a year to other countries.
FROM THOSE WHO KNOW OUT WEST
" I always read it, for I am heartily in sympathy with
so many of the thinsrs for which it works."
THEODORE ROOSEVELT,
THE JANUARY OUT 'WE.ST.
"The finest California niafrazine ever printed. A happy
chanire of title."— San Francisco .Star.
* *
A fine number. The new title is so superior in every
way to the old that it seems stransre anyone should fail to
see the wisdom of the chansre. — San Francisco Chronicie.
We were determined not to like "Out West." We were
always in love with "The Laud of Sunshine." We had
watched it irrow in fame, in usefulness, in circulation, in
influence and in power, with pride and interest.
We are now reconciled. The mairazine is even better
than before. It has become the occupant of a wider field.
It takes in a broader scope of country. It looks at tbinars
from a more elevated standpoint, and thus thrusts back the
horizon to a arreater distance. It retains all the old writers
who have delisrhted and instructed us all these years, and
adds new ones.
Yes, since we have read Oi't West we like it and rec-
ommend it most heartily.— Redlands, Cal., Citrograpk.
j a pa 935^ ai;)d ^t7i9e5^
WORKS OF ART
Direct Importers of the IvArgest
Stock in Los Angeles. Kahe Old Blue
AND White Pokcelains, Satsuma, Cloi-
sonne AND Bronzes. Beautiful Kimona.s
AND Rugs a Specialty.
William Wylrs
Fkbdrrick H. Kinuman
Kingman & Co.
345 and 347 SOUTH SPRING STREET
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
GROW A MOUSTACHE I
Boys and youngr men, a handsjome moustache or fine
beard crown on the smoothest face by use of our
PERSIAN HAIR GROWER. Will strengthen hair on
head, cures dandruff, thickens eyebrows and is per-
fectly harmless to tenderest skin. Ladies will find it
unexcelled for hair and scalp. Send 25c. for treatment
worth $1.00.— Dudley nig. Co., Roxbury, Mass.
NEVER LOSE A FISH
if^^" FISHING MADEEASY^
V The beat Fish Hook on earth for S«. Luke and Rtrer fishlnp, Noi
'losing bait. No coming- home without your largest fish. No breakine:
'loose or tearingflut. No one can afford to fish vriihoutone. Nosprings
to get out of ordipr. It issimple and strong; beine a levek the harder a
'fish pulls the stronper it wiU hold him. It is easily adjusted lo ail kinds
of fishing by slidinR the little clamp on ihe rod. Made in three sizes.
"' Ask jour dealer (or the QRGBI^ LEVER HOOKS. If vou cannot
gel them, they will be sent direct on receipt of price. .Send postal
note or ac stamps.
Greer Lever Fish Hook Co.,
. Eocm 581 AusteU Building, ATLANTA, OA.
'BARKER BR^ND^
^"^^•^'CnUars & Cuffs Wf^^-.
f^H2Rv West -moY. N Y.'te^^'
SACKS BROS & CO.
San Francisco Coas^ Ag^ents
I t^ v^ :<?* '^ v9* t.?* (^ «^* (,?• t^* (,?• (^* t,5* (^* t.^ «,?• «^* cdT* «,?• (,$• «^* t^ i5* <^* t^* «,?• ^* »^* t^* *^* <^* fc?* «(?* «,?* (,5* <,5* (,5* <^* t^* ^* ^* ^* t^*
It;
Id
H016I Fieasanion
SUTTER AND
JONES STS.,
SAN FRANCISCO
Situated in a pleasant part of the city. Very con-
venient to all the theaters, churches and principal stores.
Two lines of cable cars pass the hotel. Sutter Street
line direct from the Ferries to the hotel and to Golden
Gate Park and other points of interest. Elegantly fur-
nished rooms, single or en suite, with or without private
I bath. All modern improvements for the comfort and
* safety of the guests. The excellence of the cuisine and
service are leading features, and there is an atmosphere
of home comfort rarely met with in a hotel.
Rates on the American plan, from $2.50 to $5.00 per day for one
person. Special terms by the week and to families.
O. M. BRENNAN, Proprietor.
Guests desinng^ rooms wuhom board
will be accomodated.
ANYVO THEATRICAL COLD CREAM
prevents early wrinkles. It is not a freckle coatinir ; It re-
moves them. ANYVO CO., 427 N. Main St., Los Anfireles.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
WILL develop or reduce any
part of the body
A Perfect Complexion Beautifier and
Remover of Wrinkles
Dr. John Wilson Gibbs'
THE ONLY
Electric Maisage Roller
(Patented United States, Europe,
L — islJSkUttiHIi Canada.)
"lis work is not confined to the face alone, but will do
kfood to any part of the body to which it is applied, de-
veloping or reducinir as desired. It is a very pretty addi-
tion to the toilet-table."— C'A/'caf'o Tribune.
"This delicate Electric Beautifier removes all facial
blemishes. It is the only positive remover of wrinkles and
crow's-feet. It never fails to perform all that is expected."
— Chicago Times- Herald.
" The Electric Roller is certainly productive of irood re-
sults. I believe it is the best of any appliances. It is safe
and effective." Hakkiet Hubbard Ayer, JVew York World.
f OR MASSAGE and CIJRATJVE PDRPOSES
An Electric KoUer in all the term implies. The invention
of a physician and electrician know throusrhout this coun-
try and Eurojie. A most perfect complexion beautifier.
Will remove wrinkles," crow's-feet" (premature or from
agre), and all facial blemishes — POSITIVE. Whenever
electricity is to be used for massatrintr or curative pur-
poses, it has no equal. No charsrinsr. It will last forever.
Always ready for use on ALL PARTS OF THE BODY,
for all diseases. For Rheumatism, Sciatica, Neuralgia,
Nervous and Circulatory Diseases, a specific. The pro-
fessional standintr of the inventor (you are referred to the
public press for the past fifteen years), with the approval
of this country and Europe, isaperfect iruarantee. PRICE:
Gold, $4.00. Silver, $3.00. By mail, or at office of Gibbs'
Company, 1370 BroadwaYi New York. Circular free.
The Only Jfileotric Roller. All othera are fraudu-
lent Imltationa.
Copyrijrht.
"Can take a pound a day off a patient, or put it on."—
New Tork Sun, AuR. 30, 1891. Send for lecture on " Great
Snbjectof Fat." no dieting, no hard work.
Dr. John Wilson Gibbs' Obesity Cure
For the Permanent Reduction and Cure of Obesity.
Purely Vearetable. Harmless and Positive. NO FAIL-
URE. Your reduction is assured— reduced to stay. One
month's treatment $5.00. Mail, or office, 1370 Broadway,
N. Y. "On obesity, Dr. Gibbs is a recosmized authority."
— New Tork Press, 1899. ncduction quarantccd.
"The cure is based on Nature's laws. — A^<r«/ Tork Her-
ald," July 9, 1899.
TO START YOU IN BUSINESS
Wo will iir.'scnt .vou witli tlio llrst t!\ you
taki' ill to Hi lilt .v<Mi In a i^oixl paying l)"8t-
lu'HH. Si'ikI 10 ci'iitH for full line of samplos
mill cllri'ctlons Ik.w t<i l>('»;in.
DRAPER PUBLISHING CO.. ChtoltP. IIU.
Send lOCts. and get this,
beautiful solid rolled gold^
Lovers Heart Bangle set i '
with iiMoii«<l itonet. Or oiir '
raU «y» Hiik; lt*i th« b«at bar-
irnin you ever %ni fnr 10 c«iiU; % premium abio-
liitflv mKK Calalnmii! fnw; rfii(tt warr«nl.-d
S ytani. iScrtn J wiry Co., 87-89 WaihlDKUiii St., ('hl<'aK», lit
Oaeh for REAL ESTATE
%^ Q ^P 11 no matter wliprn it In. Sond do-
iKTiptlon And cHBh prl<w niul kcI »iy
wonrterfnlly miopoimful plan. W, M. OSTRAN-
DER, ^o^tll American UlUg., I'lUlaUulpbl*, I'a.
Give
ur
Horse a
Chance!
Scheirs Patent Adjustable Torm
FOR DRESSMAKING
It Is tiresoine to fit people
by the usual methods. It Is a
pleasure to fit and carry out
the most unique
design by
means of this
forniiwhich
is made to
dnpl icate
a ny on e's
form, and
can be iMte-
pendently
andmlMtely
corrected
as the per-
son's form
chang-es.
Is made
to stand as
;>ris(in Stands, for-
u.ml or backward,
iiiiisequenlly skirts
will bans' and waists
fit with perfection and
comfort. Whenorder-
inir send a perfectly
rated linins' with
waist-line aMrked, also
skirt measures from
waist-line to floor
(front, hips and back!,
with close flttinff col-
lar and sleeres.
Los Angeles Office: 316 South Broadway
Rooms 3 and 4 Phonc Jamcs 4441
San Francisco: \\505 Powell St.
GeT OUT"
of the other man's HOUSE and into vour own. Don't
Horrowa HOME. Huv it! See "W. J. BEAVER
about It, 212 LaugHHn Bldg.. L,ob Angeles
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
i^ Stop and Think !
The Equitable Life
Assurance Society
"strongest in the world," is selling a 5% Gold
Bond running 20 years. You can buy this bond on
installments, paying for it in 20 years. The bond
is insured. If you die before completing your pay-
ments, the bond will be delivered to your family at
once. Thus you can buy protection for your family now and an income for your-
self in old age, if you live.
Fill out the coupon and mailit to A. M. JONES, Gen'l Agt.
A. M. JONES, General Agent, 414 Wilcox Block, Los Angeles. Please send
full information about the new 5% Gold Bonds to
Name Street No.
Town State
/ was born the day of Year.
Mount (Diiipliell Ordn^e Triict
WILL PRODUCE THE BEST
ORANGES IN CALIFORNIA
Soil rich, deep and specially adapted to citrus fruits.
\VILL PRODUCE ORANGES AT
THE VERY LOW^EST COST
Unlimited water for irrigation at 25 to so cents a year.
No need for fertilizers. No scale or other insect pests
to fight. No frost to guard against.
WILL PRODUCE ORANGES TO
SELL FOR THE TOP PRICE
C ondition of soil and climate m.ake the fruit ready
for the market by Thanksgiving, -when prices are much
higher than later in the year.
These facts ought to make it the highest
priced orange land in California. Instead,
it can be bought for less than one-third the
price of less desirable property elsewhere.
Whether you are an old orange-grower, a
newcomer wanting to go into the business,
or merely looking for information, write to
me and find out about it.
W^. N. ROHRER, Fresno, Cal.
ITMTiT^
BUSINESS COLLEGE
24 Post Street San Francisco, Cai.
The Leading- Business Trainingr School of the
West. Prepares Young' Men and Women
for Business Careers.
Graduates now successfully
applying- their knowledg-e.
Stenographers have been
trained at Heald's.
Nearly 1,000 pupils enrolled
last year.
Average daily attendance.
Nearly 300 graduates last
year.
Positions filled during- the
year.
Additional positions offered
last year that could not be
filled for lack of graduates.
Typewriting- machines in
the Typing Department.
Counties in California repre-
sented last year.
Heald's Business Colleg-e is
nearly 40 years old.
Teachers employed in the
school.
States and Territories .sent
students to the college
last year.
Foreign countries were rep-
resented in the student
body last year.
There are three Banks in
the Business Practice
Department.
School is open the entire year, day and night.
WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE— FREE
18,000
3,500
1,000
450
300
274
250
65
53
40
28
17
7
3
18,000
3,500
1,000
450
300
274
250
65
53
40
28
17
7
3
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
THE VOSE PIANO
The Vose Piano is popular because it
MEETS EVERY DEMAND of
the lover of music. It has a powerful,
musical tone, an ideal action, excels in
architectural symmetry and beauty of
case desig-n, and is scientifically con-
structed on lines that give great dura-
bility.
THE PIANOLA
has removed all the annoying obstacles
in piano playing. The Pianola has
made it possible for thousands to play
the piano artistically. It needs no
muscial study and requires no musical
taste. It is the perfected piano player,
and will play any grand, square or
upright piano.
SMALL INSTRIMENTS
When you're going to select a small
musical instrument, make your choice
from a broad assortment of the best
made instruments — such as we carry.
Our stock is complete — more so than
any other stock in Southern California.
Banjos, Mandolins, Guitars, Violins, &c.
EASY PAYMENTS
No firm sells musical instruments on
easier terms than we. You can buy an
instrument here and make any reason-
able arrangement for payments that
suit you. In this way you can have
any instrument you want and *' play as
you pay."
Southern California Music Co.
216 218 West Third St.
Los Angeles, California
STENOGRAPHERS
FIRNISHED
NO CHARGE
Again
and again,
for many years,"
under all conditions?
by countless users,
R^ennir^gtoriL
Typewriter
has been tried and
tested, and its
superior merits
proved^
Wyckoff, Seamans
and Benedict
JSIew York
113 S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal.
TYPE-
WRITERS
FOR
RENT
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
ami (om id
ORE ASSAYS OVER S/OO PER TON
A Combination of the Rich Pahlen Mountain Properties and
the Badger Group, Comprising- Twenty-one Claims of the
Richest and Most Extensive Copper and Gold Ore Bodies
in the entire State of California.
A large number of men and teams at work, and the deeper the
work the richer the ore. We have water and fuel in abun-
dance, and are developing one of the greatest mines in all
the West. It is the Company's purpose to push this enter-
prise as fast as the sale of stock will permit, and have a
smelter turning out copper bullion at the earliest possible
da)'. 7^0 realize money for imniediate use we offer
Shares, Par Value $1.00, at 10 Cents a Share
To those who may wish to purchase blocks of stock on the in-
stallment plan at the present selling price, the following
plan is offered, but is subject to withdrawal when stock is
advanced in price :
Less than 500 shares — All cash.
500 shares — $25.00 cash and $12.50 per month for 2 months.
750 " — 25.00 " 12.50 " 4
1000 " — 25.00 " 12.50 " 6
1250 " — 25.00 " 12.50 " 8 "
1500 " — 25.00 " 12.50 " 10
Special Offer to Agents — Who are Wanted in Every City
)NRITE FOR PARTICULARS
For Stock, send New York Draft,
P. O, Order or Registered Letter, to
California Copper King %% >f«.ff.?^gr^
S. p. CREASIIMGER, President
Stanley Harris, Sec'y and Treas. H. R. Adams, 1st Vice-Pres. and Mgr.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
" ...^
^
'^yyiid^^.
No. I The Mongoose — *'Yovi can't taKe a picture, -yo\x have no tripod I
H
PHOXO-MIN I AXU R
A Monthly Magazine of Photographic Information. Supp. Illustrated.
EVERY NUMBER A COMPI.ETE BOOK, PLAIN AND PRACTICAL. EVERY MONTH DEALS WITH A
DIFFERENT BRANCH OF PHOTOGRAPHY. 31 NUMBERS PUBLISHED, ALL OBTAINABLE. SEND
FOR FULL LIST OF SERIES. 25 CENTS PER COPY, $2.50 PER YEAR. NO FREE SAMPLES.
GKT IT FROM YOUR DEALER. TENNANT d, WARD, Publishers, New York.
^^^^^^HF
This Orange
^ fl
sent
by
Mail,
.flHHk^ j/
prepaid.
'^^SHiiP'^
$1.00
CRy.^TALizED Navel Orange
California
Crystallized Fruits
Assorted in lib, 2tt> and Stt> Fancy
Boxes, sent prepaid, 75c. per pound.
We send our fruits to all parts of the
U. S. Properly packed to insure
}>erfect delivery. We give careful
attention to mail orders and till them
promptly.
Wells Candy Co. 447 S. Spring St., los Angeles, (dl.
John A. Smith, Burnt Wood Novelties, Hardwood Floors, Grille-work. 456 S. Broadwa)
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Schacht
Open Runabout
Nothingr on the Market
Equals it for the Money asked.
•5!35x3o 363o*3o3o IJo** 3o3o* Sil* S*)R3l*)ft* 35* * * * * *3o * *3l * * * * * *
}»
5^ The SCHACHT PATENT BALL-BEARING AXLE takes up ^
49 its own wear. Equipped with 1% inch Cushion Tires* Choice of ?♦
- - - - - ^
&»
Dealers in Fine Carriagres and Harness: ^
50 J -505 S> Broadway hh
•S( Of op or oji^ op or or or or or or or or or
2 Colors in Trimming and Painting*
I The DEERE PLOW
Jd we have them
^ Two to Six-Gang Walking, Subsoil, Sulky, Steel
M3 Chilled, Shovels, etc., to meet any want.
<9
49
49
49
49 164-168 N. Los 4nqeles St.
49
Haivley^ King & Company
Farm Implement Department ;
OUR
5
COUPON
GOLD BONDS
Secured by First Mortg-agfes held in trust
by the State Bank and Trust Co., are as
SAFE as
GOVERNMENT BONDS
Six years of unqualified satisfaction.
Write for Booklet.
THE PROTECTIVE SAVINdS MUTUAl BUIIDINO AND lOAN ASS'N
101 N. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES
Help — All Kinds. See Hummel Bros. & Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
NEW TRIIT CREATIONS
VCOCTASLC, rLOWER and FARM
SEEDS :: SEEDS
FRUIT *NO ORNAMENTAL
TREES :: TREES
Oranges, Lemons and Oi.ivks, Small Fruits,
Roses, Palms, Etc. UeautifuUy illustrated
cataloiirue mailt-d FREE.
TRUMBULL <£ BEEBE
419-421 SANSOMm St. San Francisco
Ferry's
Seeds make
good crops, good
crops make more cus-
tomers—so eac)i year the
crops and customers have
grown greater. That's the
secret of the Ferry fume.
More Ferry's Seeds sold
and sown than any other
kind. Sold by all dealers.
, m)2Ne€dAniin(il FREE.
D. M. Ferry & Co.
Detroit,
Mich.
Cox Seed Co.
411-413-415 Sansome St.
San Francisco, Cal.
THE LARGEST ASSORTMENT
SEEDS ON THE COAST
OE
Alfalfa, Clover, Brome Grass, Austra-
lian Rye Grass, Garden and Flower
Seeds.
Ornamental Trees, Roses, Fruit Trees
and Small Fruits, French Prune on
Myrobolan Root, Blenheim and Royal
Apricots on Peach Root.
Muir Peaches.
Almonds — IXL, Nonpareil and Ne Plus
Ultra.
Apples — Yellow Newtown Pippin and
Bellflower.
Pear— Bartlett.
Sugar Prune.
Mammoth Blackberry.
Send for 1902 Annual Catalogue,
beautifully illustrated, free by mail.
Rose Bushes
By Mail
CALIEORNIA ROSE COMPANY
62"' Soiitli Spiimr Stret't. Los Anjfeles
'4'8-page photo-illustrated cata-
logue, 15 cents, which may be
deducted from first order.
^®t^V>^,-
.MM.
l6D.&C.Roses»I.OO
i.llliT
•IfE
T<> still further extend the knowledge of the
ttl ready famous D. «fe C. Uosos, we havo hi'-
lectod from tli<' million plunts which wc grow
yearly, nuniherlnn over a thousand In variety.
Our (ircat TrinI ('allection-I6 D. A: V.
RoNCH for t!!ll .OU. This we send, poi)tnK<> i>ald,
to any part of the U. .■^. an<l Colonies, satl.sractlon
and Hafe arrival KUaranteed. The collection In-
cludes some varieties truly Rrent In iH'auty of form,
richness of (■()lorlnt;,vlKor and hardiness. These Hoses
will hlooni freely this yeur.contlnuini; through the season.
All different l<lii(is. proiierly lalielwl. Htron^ plants, not slips,
on thrir own roota. Orders hooked nt any time, and for-
warded at the proper planting season, or when you dlr«>ct.
Seymour V. Kraslck, Kast Uoekaway, N. Y., writes: "Your
Kr<'nt •■ rrialCollecliotr'nf roses readied me Safel v liy ninll. Kvery
plant livecl; hiis trown lliicly. mid hloomed continuously. I would
not sell the collection for live times Its cost."
FKRR with rverr order for the above the grrat nrtr Riw YcUom Mamaii
Cachet ita Olio of tiie It) vnrivtli's aii'l » r<>tiirii oluvk (okI r<ir 'i.'< cimiiii i.ii ur\i i,f[,t
[i-\ y..ii i.i.iin..,, whrn- .vou •«» thi« a.l»vril..nH'iil. The liSd Annnul F.dltlon of 6i
<i)ul<le to Ititoe Culturr. Ill |iniiii— iilli liuw lorrnn , niwl <1<'..'riS<'v. ..nr riMviii rc»r< and all '
ll,.»-.M "■.nh Kr..«ii,-_trii' niiliovrv or.l.-r for llio bU.\.. .\Uo free on requrat. Auk for It
THE DINOEE &. CONARD CO., West Grove, Penn'a, U. 8. A.
K.atnhllahiMl tH:>0. 70 (inrnhonw..
— ~ -la. — — -
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
INIVERSITY or SOITHERN
EIGHT
SCHOOLS
CALIfORNIA, LOS ANGELES
THE COLLEGE. Faculty of 16. Ample equipment. Students
may pass from any class to the State University or any
in the East.
THE PREPARATORY SCHOOL. As "Chaffey" stood amonir the
highest accredited schools in the State. Utmost pains taken
with physical development, manners and character, as
well as with the intellect.
University Station.
Dean Wm. T. Randall, A. M.
PASADENA
130-134 S. EUCLID AVENUE MISS
ORTON'S BOAKDINO AND DAY SCHOOI^
FOR 6IRI.S.
New Building's. Gymnasium. Special care of health.
Entire charge taken of pupils during school year and
summer vacation. Certificate admits to Eastern Collegres.
European teachers in art and music. 12th year beeran
Oct., 1901.
Occidental College
.LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Three Courses : Classical, Literary, Scientific,
leading to degrees of A. B., B. L., and B. S. Thorough
Preparatory Department and School of Music.
First semester begins September 25, 1901.
Address the President,
Rev. Ouy "VT. Wadsworth.
ST. VINCENT'S COLLEGE
GRAND AVENUE LOS ANGELES, CAL.
A Boarding and Day College for Boys and Young Men
COURSES l Classical, Scientific, Commercial and
Academic
For further Infornnation address REV. J. S. GLASS, C. M,, D. D.
Formerly Casa de Rosas.
Girls' Collegiate ScKool
Adams and Hoover Sta.,
Lob Angeles, Cal.
Ai/icB K. Parsons, B.A.,
Jeannb w. Dbnhbit,
Prindpals.
THE LOS ANGELES MILITARY
=ACADEMY=
EIGHTH YEAR, 1901—1902.
A select Boarding and Day School. Pre-
pares for colleges, government schools,
technical schools and business. Faculty
large, competent, experienced ; all depart-
ments thoroughly equipped; location near
all city advantages, yet sufficiently iso-
lated to be beyond demoralizing influence
and dangers.
Before deciding upon a school investi-
gate the advantages we offer. Special rates
during vacation. Illustrated catalogue upon
application.
Telephone Main 1556.
WALTER J. BAILEY, A. M.,
Principal.
CAPT. CHARLES KIENER,
Commandant.
(Graduate Vienna Military Academy.)
The Harvard School ]
(MILITARY)
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
An English Classical Boarding and Day School for Boys.
GRENVILLE C. EMERY, A. B.,
Head Master.
Reference : Chas. W. Elliot, LL. D., President Harvard
University.
Hon. Wm. P. Frye, Pres't pro tern. U. S. Senate.
Pomona College
CIvAREMONT
CALIFORNIA
Courses leading to degrees of B. A., B. S., and B. L. fts
degrees are recognized by University of California, Stan-
ford University, and all the Eastern Universities.
Also Preparatory School, fitting for all Colleges, and a
School of Music of high grade. Address,
Dr. Geo. A. Gate8, President.
Zos jfjo^e/CiS
212 iA£eST THIRD ST.
Is the oldest established, has the largest attendance, and is the best equipped business colleg'e
on the Pacific Coast. Catalogue and circulars free.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
The Kodak came from us, but being in rnM|)i\rT TD|Dnn(
a hurry he failed to get one of our wrlrAvl IKirUUO
KODAKS dnd PHOTO SUPPLIES of all kinds
CALIFORNIA
VIEWS
KODAK
FINISHING
FRED E. MUNSEY & CO.
406 SOUTH BROADWAY
Under Chamber of Commerne
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
John A. Smith, Burnt Wood Noveities, Hardwood Floors, Grille-work. 456 S. Broadway
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
I III k ^
Two things that
always go together,
The
^"^ Elg^in
Watch
and a time table. More than 9,000,000
Elgin Watches regulate the hours of
business and travel the world around.
Every Elgin Watch has "Elgin" en- |
graved on the works. Booklet free. |
ELGIN NATIONAL WATCH CO. I
Elgin, Illinois.
Headquarters for all Tourist*
to the
great Lick Observatory
Charming Summer
^^rrv 30(1 ^'Winter! Rcsort
SUNNY SKIES
CLIMATE UNSURPASSED
This beautiful hotel is sit-
uated in the wonderful
Santa Clara Valley, "the
Garden of California," at
SAN JOSE
In a word, the Vendome
is Modern, Comfortable,
Homelike.
Is First-class in every res-
pect, and so are its patrons.
Write for Ratbs and
Illustrated Souvenir.
GEO. P. SNELL,
Manager
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
OI.DE8T AND LARGEST BANK IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
THE FARiRS AND mmm BAi
OF LOS ANGELES
Incorporated 1871
Capital .... $600,000.00
Surplns and Undivided Profits, $878,000.00
Deposits .... $6,300,000.00
OFFICERS
I. W. Hbllman, Pres. H. W. Hellman, Vice-Pres.
J. A. Gkavbs, 2nd Vice-Pres. Charles Sbylbr, Cashier
G. Hbimann, Assistant Cashier
W. H. Perry
I. N. VanNuys
H. W. Hellman
A. Haas
DIRECTORS
I.W. Hellman, Jr.
J. A. Graves
J. F. Francis
Wm. Lacy
O.W. Childs
I.W. Hellman
C. E. Thom
Drafts and Letters of Credit issned and Telearrapfaic and
Cable Transfers to all parts of the world.
Special Safety Deposit Department and Storajre Vaults.
W. C. Pattbrson, Prest. P. M. Grbbn. VIce-Pres.
Frank P. Flint, Second VIce-Prest.
W. D. WOOLWINE, Cashier
E. W. COE, Assistant Cashier
D. J. Wigdal " " X
lie [OS Meles Nalionol BqiI
Cor. First and Spring Streets
Capital Stock
Surplus and Profits over
$500,000
150,000
This bank has the best location of any bank in Los
Anareles. It has the larerest capital of any National bank
in Southern California, and is the only UNITED STATES
DEPOSITARY in Southern California.
FIRST NATIONAL BANK
OF LOS ANGELES
Largest National Bank in Southern Calltornla.
Capital Stock S *oo/x>o
Surplus and Undivided Profits over }5o,oco
Deposits t,ooojaoo
J. M. Elliott, Prest. W. G. Kbbckhoff, V.-Prest
J. C. Drake, Second V.-Prest.
W. T. S. Hammond, Cashl<r
DIRECTORS
J. D. Bicknell H. Jevne W. G. Kcrckhoft
J. M. Elliott F. Q. Story J. D Hooker
J. .C Drake
All Dppartments of a Modern Banking Business Conducted
STEAM and GASOLINE ENGIINES
STEAM and IRRIGATION PUMPS
BOILERS and AIR COMPRESSORS
FRUIT and FARMING IMPLEMENTS
POPULAR VEHICLES and BAIN WAGONS
Factory: THE BENICIA A6RICULTURAL WOttKS
J^f^\ CALL OR WRITE
jgfff-^yf'.y^ ^ O"' P""'"* "I"* Very Attractive
''^^> Baker & Hamilton
LOS ANGELES. CAL.
San Francisco and Sacrameito
^T— 25//
A GOOD INVESTMENT
COROTOIVIAN DRIFT GRAVEL MINE
Capital $200,000 divided into 40,000 shares, par value $5.00. The comp.-iny owns absolutely SX) acres of
proven irround and is a mine, no prospect. $8,000 produced in last four months. A comparatively
small sum of money will put us in a position to pay biff dividends. For this puri>ose A L,IMITEI>
AMOUNT OF STOCK HAS BEEN PLACED ON THE MARKET at $1.00 per share. Write to
the Secretary, Henry A. Greene, for maps and prospectus.
COROTOMAN MINING COMPANY
512 LANIiERSHlM DLDG.. LOS ANGELES, CAL.
OUT WEST WANTS
SUBSCRIPTION AGENTS EVERYWHERE
>*PWPaloma Tpilet5?ap
AX ALL
DRUG STORES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
WESTERN IRON
WORKS
TEL. MAIN 1240
908-920 N. MAIN ST.
LOS ANGELES
Some of our Specialties
"OTTO" GASOLINE and
DISTILLATE ENGINES
Recofftiized Standard of the
world. Saves you $100 to $500 per
year in fuel. Prices greatlj' re-
duced and within the reach of all.
One firm in Minnesota using- 92
Ottoeng-ines has purchased 60 in
the last two years. Write us for their testimonial, also others, and for catalog-ue and prices.
"WESTERN" DISTILLATE or
CRIDE OIL ENGINE, ^^i^^f
will run on g-as, g-asoline, distillate or
crude oil. The only reversible gas en-
g-ine in the market. Speed variable in-
stantly at a touch of the hand while run-
ning. Simple; easy to buy; easy to start;
on crude oil costs less than K of a cent
per horse-power per hour. Splendid eng-ine
for the farmer or irrig-ator. Lowest prices.
IRRIGATING MACHINERY
All
kinds
of pumps and complete pumping plants.
Our long- experience enables us to select
the best possible pump for your special con-
ditions. Our prices always satisfactory
and results g-uaranteed.
OLIVER
TYPEWRITER
Latest and best. Writes
in sig-ht. Fastest speed.
One Chicago firm uses
over 120 Olivers. One
San Francisco firm uses
over 60. Larg-est firms in
East using- larg-e num-
bers. Many special points
of advantag-e.
f\GENTS
Wf\NTED
THE WINTON MOTOR CARRIAGES— 15-Horse power-^'" ^° «"y""'«'^« y°" '^^'^ "^^ ^'^^ ^'^^^
•^ and wagon, as fast or slow as you wish to
ride. Holds World's speed record one to ten miles. Gasoline eng-ine motor. Always ready for any distance. ISO miles
without a stop. No explosions, no
dang-er, easy and comfortable to
ride in. A veritable road locomotive
and palace car combined.
WRITE FOR
CATALOGUE
We have one of the best
equipped Foundries, Pat-
tern and Machine Shops
on the Coast.
Our aim— to PLEASE
our CUSTOMERS. Let
us g-ive you prices on any-
thing- you need.
WE SAVE YOU
TIME, TROUBLE AND MONEY
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
THE BEST EYE HELP
When your eyes need attention, and
when you need gflasses — for the very
best service — come to us. We have all
the latest improved scientific instru-
ments to help us in our work, and are
thoroughly equipped in every way. We
give you competent, conscientious ser-
vice and the assurance that your eyes
will get just the help they need.
BOSTON OPTICAL GO.
KYTE & eilANICHER, Props.
PHONE JAMES lae
236 South Spring St.
LOS ANGELES
^ir COLBY'S
REMEDY^
RHEUMATISM
NEURALGIA
SCIATICA .NO
•.LAME BACK
Los Angelku, Cal., Sept. 16, 1901.
This is to certify that I have personally used
Colby's Death to Rheumatism and Neuralfirla,
both upon myself and patients, and that I have
found it an invaluable remedy in muscular rheu-
matism, ifivinar immediate relief, which I am
pleased to say proved permanent.
Very sincerely, Dr.Nbstor A. Young.
"Colby's Death to Rheumatism and Nearal-
sria" cured me. I had been usinir crutches for
three weeks. I was relieved of all pain in a few
minutes. One bottle cured me.
University Planinir Mill. N. E. JoHNBON.
I had sufifered for a year and a half with my
back. One application of "Colby's Death to
Rheumatism and Ncuraliria" cured me.
226 W. Jefferson St. J. A. Brown.
PK EPA RED
ONLY BY
548 S. SPRING ST
ALBERT H. COLBY
LOS ANGELES. CAL.
PRICE PER BOTTLE, »2: THREE BOTTUES, »S
Hours— a to i) a.m., u to J p.m.. and 0 to - p-m.
THE STANDARD GOLD COMPANY
OrrERS FOR PUBLIC SUBSCRIPTION a limited amount of its Treasury
Stock at the bed-rock price of lO cents per share, par value ONE. DOLLAR, full paid
and non-assessable. Incorporated under the laws of Arizona. Mines in Arizona. Capital-
ization, $1,000,000.00. One million shares. No personal liability. Estimated amount of ore
in sight, over $600,000.00. The money to be used in installing mill and machinery. For
further particulars and prospectuses, address : ^ ,^„ „ „,,.,«.„«
^ t- f ' g2S BYRNE BUILDINQ
STANDARD GOLD COMPANY los anqeles. cal.
Modern ness
is the spirit and fact of our entire establishment.
Our mechanical plant represents the most up-to-
I date laundry equipment in the West, and includes
— facilities, such as our " NO SAW EDGE on
Collars and Cuffs " machine, which is our own patent. Experience and circumstances
have enabled us to weed out inefficient help. Skillfulness, promptness and courtesy
prevail.
We occupy our own building, from the ground floor up, in the business center of
the city, and are therefore convenient of access. Call or phone.
Empire Laundry
Phone Main 635.
149 5. MAIN ST., LOS ANOELES
SatlsfacttoR Caaraiitrrd
RamonaToilet «soap
rOR .SALE
EVERYWMEWE
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
r
MINES IN THE GREAT
DRAGOON OORRER BELT
OF COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA, NEAR BISBEE
Main shaft down to 220 feet to water level, where high grade sulphides have
been developed. Development stock, 25 cents per sKare, par value
$1.00. Absolutely Non-assessable.
Ezra T. Stimson, President
Treasurer Stimson Mill Co.
L. W. Blinn, Vice-President
L. W. Blinn Lumber Co.
Warken Gillelen, Treasurer
Pres. Broadway Bank & Trust Co.
P. H. Clark, Secretary
WRITE FOR RROSPECTUS
Office 224 BYRNE BUILDING
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
ORANGE RANCH....
of twenty acres, eight and
nine year old trees, situated
within two blocks of the
city limits of San Bernar-
dino, Cal. Five inches con-
tinuous water flow.
PRESENT CROP SOLD for $2,000
Will sell for cash for $7,500.
Address: Box A,
HULBURT ADVERTISING CO.
605-607 FROST BLDG.
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Orange l^and
I offer for sale Ten -Acres
of land in Thermalito, near Oro-
ville, Butte Co., in the heart of
the Northern Citrus Belt, at
Fifty Dollars per acre.
In this district are grown the
finest Navel Oranges in the
world, ripening- from four to six
weeks earlier than in any other
place in California. Title perfect.
for Particulars address
D. C. McCALLUM
Oroville, Butte Co., California
lUVlin TUCITDIPAI nni n HDCAM prevents early wnnkles. It is not a freckle coatiuff ; it re-
AnllU lllLAInlUAL bULU UllLAifl moves them. ANYVO CO.. 427 N Main St., Los Ansreles.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
PASADENA
We Sell Oranae OrcHards
That pay a steady investment, with
trood water riffhts. We have them in
the snburbs of Pasadena, finely lo-
cated for homes, also in the conntry
for profit.
HNE HOMES
IN PASADENA A SPEQALTY
WOOD & CHURCH
1 6 S. Raymond Avenue, PASADENA, C AL.
Los Angeles Office : 3 J 7-3 J 5 Bryne Bldg.
SAN DIEGO
(AlirORNIA LEMON ORCHARD
For Sale, $0,000. 20 -acre
Lemon Orchard in full bearing, with
good six-room house, barn, etc. W'ater
piped for irrigation. Absolutely frost-
less. Located in one of the most
healthful and attractive portions of
San Diego County, near railroad,
schools, church, and only ten miles
from San Diego.
THIS PLACE HAS COST FULLY $10,000. It is now
owned by a business man livintr in Los Ancreles
who has no time to look after it. The place has
been kept up iu first-class condition, and offers
one of those rare opportunities for a purchaser
to settle down without having- to fix up a
nesrlected place.— R. W. Poindkxter, 309 Wil-
cox Ulock, Los Anjfeles.
REDLANDS
1
FINE RESIDENCE in Redlands, with
mafirnificent outlook, near to KLECTRIC
car line, modern house, elegantly furnished,
all modern conveniences, wide verandas,
plate glass windows. For sale at half its
cost.
ORAN6E 6R0VE— $20,000 buys 145^ acres
in full bearing. $6,000 house, barns, etc.,
situated near electric car line, having mag-
nificent view of Redlands and the mount-
ains beyond.
Redlands is unsurpassed for salubrious .
climate, mag-nificent scenery, excellent
schools, churches, libraries and society. No
saloons.
Call upon or address: JOIIN P. rlSK, Rooms
land 2, Union Bank Block, Redlands, Cal.
If you wish A HOME IN LOS ANQELES
a practically new seven-room cottage with all modern
conveniences and surrounded with lawns and rare semi-
tropic trees, plants and flowers, address 449 N. Grand
Avenue, Los Angeles.
PORTERVILLE
Come to Porterville !
Where Oranges and Lemons
are grown free from Smut
and Scale.
CHEAP UNO, CHEAP WATER, Un-
equalled Climate. To in-
vestigate means to invest.
For information, address
• secreiory Boord oi Trade.
RIVERSIDE
'
For
1
Exchange
OR
g£^qpHinK!
..
SALE
BHp^^R^t^!
EVERY
FARMS,
STATE
HOMES,
IN
ORANGE
TtlE
GROVES
w^Sr^^^^t!JsA
INITED
MINES [
3^^'9^^^^^^
STATES
PADDOCK COMPANY, Riverside, Gal.
LOS ANGELES
1
We Sell the Earth
BASSETT & SMITH
We deal in all kinds of Real Estate, Orchard and
Residence Property. Write for descriptive pamphlet.
Room 208, 202>^ S. BROADWAY
NOLAN » SMITH BI-OCK LOS ANGELES, CAL.
LOS ANGELES
1
Land Agent for I. W. Uellman, the largett property owMtr
in Los Angeles City.
P. A. STANTON i** s. broadway
REAL ESTATE LOS ANGELES. CAL.
References ; Farmers ami Merchants Hank, Los Ann'tlis .•
Nez'aJa National Hank, San Francisco.
REDLANDS
ORANGE GROVES
209 Orange Street
For reliable information as to coat,
care and culture of Redlands
Oranar* Groves, call on or address
C H. FOWLER
RcdUtvU, Ctl.
No Dry
Seasons at
MAYWOOD COLONY,
Corning, Tehama
County, Cal.
fOSTtR& WOODSON.
Proprietor*.
Land in Small Pain-lH at Low I'ricos. Thi> (iroati'st Fruit Colonv in the World. Over One Million Thrifty Fruit
Trct'S ; Railroad Facilities ; Fruit Dryer and Cannery ; Fine Hotel, Opera House, Churche.«, Gr.ided School, Weekly
Newspaper, ."iOdO Ki-sidfiits, Numerous Social, Reliarioiis and Fratern:i1 Orjf.mizations, S«i>«>rb Soil, rienly of W.itcr,
Unsurpassed Climate. Free Illustrated Literature fiii nisln-il l>v
RALPH HOYT. Southern California Office. 2»l Dounliis lUiiMlny. I OS Wlill I >. C \l .
Please Mention that You Saw It in OUT WEST.
Before Locating in California
MaKe a XKorovi^H
Investigation of
San Joaquin County
It has the most fertile lands in the State at the lowest prices.
It has a navigable river and numerous railroads, causing- the lowest trans-
portation charges in the State.
Its markets are constant and active for all farm produce.
It offers the best opportunity for the farmer or home-seeker that can^be
found on this coast.
LOOK INTO THIS BEFORE YOU SETTLE PERMANENTLY,
FOR IT MAY MEAN A BIQ SAVING TO YOU
Call on or address Stockton Chamber of Commerce, Stockton, Cat., or the
Chatnber's Branch Office at 66 Bryson Block, Los Angeles, Cal.
San Joaouin (Bounty
IS THE PLACE FOR YOU
Fruity Vineyard, Alfalfa, Vegetable and Grain Land for sale at prices
so low you will scarcely believe it possible.
Wc have the BEST BARGAINS in Farm Lands to be found in the
United States,
San Joaquin County is the center of agricultural California. Nothing
can stop it from becoming the center of the States* population.
CALL AIND LOOK OVER OUR LISTS
n. C. NORRIS & Co., 247 Wilcox Block, Los Angeles
Or write to our Correspondents, EATON & BUCKLEY, Stockton, Cal.
J |._ — —J J—, ^ nr T\ A r^ T^TT A ^ TZ^ T^ ■^*"' Pancake Griddles, Bread, Biscuit, Cake and Pie
L^l 1 I L^C, \J lL iVi \J t^ tl^ ^ ^ C^ ti Pans. Metal and Wood combined. Everlastinsr kitchen
necessity. Postpaid to you for 14 cents. HOUSEHOLD SPECIALTY CO., Los Angeles, Cal.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Southern Califonia
Visitors
should
not fall to see
AZUSA
24 miles from Los Angeles, on the
Kite-shaped track of the Santa T6 Ry.
ilOTKl- AZLSA.
It has first-class hotel accommodations, good drives and fine scenic surroundings.
Its educational, social and religious facilities are complete. It is surrounded by the
most productive and beautiful orange and lemon groves in the world, and as a place of
residence is warmer in winter and cooler in summer than many other famous orange
districts.
For especial information or complete and handsome illustrated literature,
Write ^- ^AfuS.^Jiiff'^^ir'^ Chamber of Commerce
OLDEST AND BEST ON THIS COAST
SPECIALTIES
INDIAN BASKETS
and NAVAJO
BLANKETS
REFERS BY PERMISSION
TO THE EDITOR
OR OUT WEST
r*-^
329
South
Spring St.
Los Angeles
(dl.
^^^^...^
Full line of . . .
Opals, Turquoise
Drawn-work
Zarapes, Pottery
Mexican Art Work
California Souvenirs
Carved and Burnt
Leather Goods. &c.
RAMONA TotLET .SOAP
FO R ^ A L E
BVERYWMEWE
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Imperial FRESNO
The richest county in California* Produces a greater
variety of products than any other county in the State. The
only county that can produce RAISINS and FIGS successfufly.
Its orange and lemon industry is still in its swaddling clothes,
but its citrus fruits can be shipped from two to four weeks
earlier than from any other section.
I have some exceptionally rich orange land, fully protected,
that will increase in value from J 00 per cent to 1000 per cent
withiri the next few years. Alfalfa finds its HOME in Fresno
County, producing more FULL crops than any other section.
Its mineral resources are yet UNDEVELOPED, but they will
compare favorably with other counties of the State.
I will execute commissions of purchase and sale for non-
residents ; investigate and furnish special confidential reports on
Fresno city and country property ; take the entire management
of vineyards and other property and estates.
i DO A STRICTLY COMMISSION BISINESS
References upon application.
J. D. WHITLAW
The Real Estate Merchant
Northern California Office: Central California Office : Southern California Office:
10 Montgomery St., San Francisco 1031 J St., Fresno 123 S. Broadway, Los Angeles
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
RUBBER
A SMALL MONTHLY INVESTMENT
BUILDS UP A SNUG INCOME
IF YOU ARE ABLE to lay aside a few dollars each month, we
have a business investment to tell you about that will insure you a handsome
and increasing^ income for your lifetime. The immense profit in growing
rubber exceeds the revenue from any known business. We have a plantation
of 7500 acres in the rubber district of Costa Rica, where a small army of
diligent workmen are engaged day after day in turning the land into planta-
tion property ; 75,000 rubber trees have already been planted, and 10,000 cacao
trees are well along toward maturity. We have prepared some valuable
literature on the matter which will be mailed free.
MONTHLY PAYMENT PLAN. A limited block of treasury
stock may be purchased on monthly payments as follows: $5.00 down and
$5.00 per month buys 500 shares; $10.00 down and $10.00 per month buys 1000
shares. Price of stock, 50c per share. For further particulars, address
COSTA RICA DEVELOPMENT CO.
203 CURRIER BUILDING LOS ANGELES. CAL,
^"If 11 ^ 'W 'W t! -^ *¥ -^ ^ "IB 11 JV Ti ^ if, 11 7l ^ -^ ^ ^ ^^r^r^r^^VW^
<>
ORANGE AND LEMON
GROVES
•The most profitable varieties on the best soil, in
the finest condition. I have more than I want to
««^*»
NOW PAYING A GOOD
INCOME ON PRICE
REQUIRED.
w^
«*^*»
WILL PAY A BETTER
INCOME AS TREES
GET OLDER.
•^7«w
take care of, and will sell part in ten-acre tracts at prices
«^^ X below present conservative values. Write me iox y
,j/^\^particulars. Better )'et, come and see proper t v. ^^^^o*^
A. P. GRIFFITH, Azusa, Cal. ^^
.tohn A. Smith, Burnt Wood Novelties, Hardwood Floors, Grille-work. 456 S. Broadway.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Maier & Zobelein
Brewery
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
BOTTLED BEER
For Family use and Export a specialty.
A pure, wholesome beverage, recommended by
prominent physicians.
OFFICE, 440 ALISO STREET
TEL. Main 91
FOX
Typewriters
aiVE
Satisfaction
LIGHT TOUGH
SPEEO AND
OURABILITY
Are the
Distinctive
Features
of
"The Fox"
In the Middle States and in the
East where " The Fox " is bet-
ter known, it is " The Iveader."
Its EXTREME SIMPEICITY
and EASY ACTION have
made it the STANDARD. : : :
CATALOGUES MAILED UPON REQUEST
DESIRABLE DEALERS WANTED
FOR THE PACIFIC COAST. : : : :
fOX TYPEWRITER CO.
104 Front Street
GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.
Hummel Bros. & Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
TAKE THE
L
unset -L/imited
fc- TO ALL POINTS
I EAST
fc: Solid Vestibvile Train Los Angeles to Ne-w Orleans
^ Leaving Los ^Vn^eles
fc Every Tuesday, TK\arsday and Saturday
^ At 8:30 a. m.
^ BEST EQUIPPED TRANS-CONTINENTAL TRAIN IN THE WORLD ^
VIA
SOUTHERN PACIFIC CO.
^I Write or ask 6. A. PARKYNS, Assistant General Freiarbt and Passen- ^S
^ g-er Airent, 261 South Spring Street, Los A nreles, Cal., for particulars. -^
k$
WHEN IN CALirORNI4 TAKE THL...
[islde Track Fluer"
DAILY SERVICE between LOS ANGELES and RIVERSIDE,
LOMA LINDA, REDLANDS, SAN BERNARDINO
VIA
SOITHERN
PACinC CO.
ITINERARY
LEAVE Lo» Angeles— Arcade Depot 8:45 am
ARRIVE Colton. 10:42 am
" Riverside 11 :00 am
[2 hours and 30 minutes stop, allowinsr time for
lunch; drive on Victoria Avenue by way of
Arlintrton Heiarhts and New Indian School,
returniiiK' on the famous Masrnolia Avenue.]
LEAVE Riverside 1:30 pm
ARRIVE Loma Linda 1:60 pm
[Stop of 33 minutes to enjoy the beautiful pan-
oramic view from plateau surroundinir Loma
Linda Hotel.]
ARRIVE Redlands 8:36 pm
[Stop of 1 hour and 30 niinntes to permit drive to
Smiley Heitrlits and other points of interest.]
LEAVE Redlands 4:05pm
ARRIVE Los Anieles. 1:20 pm
[In ample time for dinner ]
Leaving Los Aiitfeles this train will travel by
way of Puente, Pomona .ind Ontario, returning
via Covina; tlius affordinir the opportunity of
seeinir the famous Citrus Fruit Belt of Cali-
fornia, passinir the old San Gabriel Mission.
.^99" For further particulars see Apent Southern Pacific Co., or write
a. A. PARKYNS, As5t. Qcn'I Frt. & Pass. Agt.
261 South Spring Street LOS ANQELES, CAL.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
^
3
California Limited
THE RESULT OF AN
ENDEAVOR TO CREATE
A PERFECT TRAIN
HIGH CLASS ACCO/VIMODATIONS
HAVE MADE IT THE MOST
POPULAR WITH TRAVELERS
Daily Service BetwecH San Francisco
$ Los Angeles and Chicago
641 iWarkct Street 200 S. Spring Street
SAN FRAINCISCO LOS ANGELES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
?K — - - - - -^ — The Delightful Scenic Route
^•^To Santa cMonica
And Hollywood
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Cars leave Fourth street and Broadway, Los Antreles, for Santa Monica via. Sixteenth
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till 7:40 p.m., and at 8:40, 9:40 and 10:40 p.m.
Cars leave Los Anireles for Santa Monica via. Hollywood and Sherman via. BelleTne
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For information, handsomely
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and valuable library of the far West ever printed. The illustrations are lavish and
handsome, the text is of a high literary standard, and ot recognized authority in its
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Westerner should have these charming volumes. They will not long be secured at
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THE STANDARD
FOR SEOURITY
AND LIBERALITY
ORGANIZED 1868
PROVEN BY
34. YEARS OF
SUCCESSFUL
BUSINESS
The Pacific Mutual
Life Insurdnce (ompdny of (alifornid
HOME OFFICE:
PACIFIC MUTUAL BUILDING. SAN FRANCISCO
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LIFE AND ENDOWMENT POLICIES
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Wakefield Baker
James Carolan
W. R. Cluness
W. H. Crocker
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Chas. N. Fox
M. R. Higgins
ORRICERS
GEO. A. MOORE, President Geo. W. Scott, Vice-President
M. R. Higgins, 2nd Vice-President and General Superintendent
S. M. Marks, tiecretary R. J. Mier, Assistant Secretary
W. R. Cluness, M. D., Medical Director
W. R. Cluness, Jr., M. D., Assistant Medical Director
Pacific Mutual Building
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HJYAL BAKING POWDER CO . 100 WILLIAM ST . NEW YORK.
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has the largest sale in t/te United
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yvrKii^. ivv^:«
Vol. XVI, No. 4
EOEMEtv THE LAND OF SUNSHINE
Copyrighted 1902 by The Land of Sunshine Publishing Co.
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Hotel Westminster....
LOS ANGELES
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Every Modern
Comfort and Convenience
that can be found in
any Hotel.
Unsurpassed Golf Links.
Send for Booklet on
Los Angeles and environs
F. O. JOHNSON, Proprietor
TOURISTS and otbers going Eastward
will find that a stop off of a few days
at Salt Lake City can be most pleasur-
ably spent. "The Knutsford" Is the only
new fire-proof hotel, for the better class
of trade, in the city. Every place of in-
terest is nearby this hotel. Do not be
misled, but check your bairtraire direct to
"The Knutsford," Salt Lake City.
N.B. — An interesting illustrated book-
let on "Zion." will be mailed to anyone
addressinar
G. S.
HOLMES, Prop.,
Salt Lake City.
LOS ANGELES' FAMOUS HOTEL
The Angelas e^
On the corner of Fourth
and Spring Streets, J* «M
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Opened Dec 28, 1901, by
G.S. HOLMES, Pror
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Stylish Spring Clothing
FOR iVlEIN AND YOUTHS
There is style in every point of every garment offered
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Suits or Overcoats, $10 to $25
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IRRIGATION ■'■■'E ■-■'■Es
■ ■■■■l%Mi^ I I VII ARTHUR S. BENT
ESTABLISHED 1886 651 S. BROADWAY, Los Angeles ^
999
THere are many -wortKy people
Vf not needing more tKan V?
THREE FIGURES
to write the amount of their available assets, who would like a home in California, but are deterred on
account of the mistaken idea that they cannot buy land there or make a start without a fortune already
in hand. Such people should investigrate the
LACUNA DE TACHE GRANT
in Fresno and Kings Counties, California, where you can buy some of the best and most fertile land in the
State at $35 and $4U per acre. Land on which can be raised not only all the California fruits, but all the
cereals, such as they know how to raise in the East, including the three great money-making- products,
CATTLE. CORN and HOGS
If you want to chanue your location, if you are tired of cold winters, cyclones and blizzards, come to
LACUNA DE. TACHE.. If you have $1,000 or even less, and an ambition to work, you can
succeed. Write to-day for descriptive printed matter. A postal card brings it.
NARES CSL SAUNDERS, Managers
Mention Out West. LATON, Trestio County, CAL.
T T'T'TT C^ r^ C^ A/T ^ rD XT A C^ TTT^ ^°^ Pancake Griddles, Bread, Biscuit, Cake and
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ing kitchen necessity. Postpaid to you for 14 cents. HOUSEHOLD SPECIALTY CO., Los Angeles, Cal.
OUT WEST
A MAGAZINE OF THE OLD PACIFIC AND THE NEW
EDITED BY CHAS. F. LUMMIS.
AMONG THE STOCKHOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ARE:
DAVID STARR JORDAN
President of Stanford UniTersity.
FREDERICK STARR
Chicairo University.
THEODORE H. HITTELL
The Historian of California.
MARY HALLOCK FOOTE
Author of "The Led-Horse Claim," etc.
MARGARET COLLIER GRAHAM
Author of " Stories of the Foothills."
GRACE ELLERY CHANNING
Author of " The Sister of a Saint," etc.
ELLA HIGGINSON
Author of " A Forest Orchid," etc.
CHARLES WARREN STODDARD
The Poet of the South Seas.
INA COOLBRITH
Author of " Sonars from the Golden Gate," etc.
EDWIN MARKHAM
Author of "The Man With the Hoe."
JOAQUIN MILLER
The Poet of the Sierras.
CHAS. FREDERICK HOLDER
Author of " The Life of Aflrassiz," etc.
CONSTANCE GODDARD DU BOIS
A uthor of " The Shield of the Fleur de Lis."
SHARLOT M. HALL
CHAS. DWIGHT WILLARD
WM. E. SMYTHE
Author of "The Conquest of Arid Amerlca,"etc.
WILLIAM KEITH
The greatest Western Painter.
DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS
Ex-Prest. American Folk-Lore Society.
GEO. PARKER WINSHIP
The Historian of Coronado's Marches.
FREDERICK WEBB HODGE
of the Smithsonian Institntion, Washinston.
GEO. HAMLIN FITCH
Literary Editor S. F. "Chronicle."
CHARLOTTE PERKINS STETSON GILMAN
Author of " In This Our World."
CHAS. HOWARD SHINN
Author of "The Story of the Mine," etc
T. S. VAN DYKE
Author of " Rod and Gun In California," etc.
CHAS. A. KEELER
A Director of the California Academy of Sciences
LOUISE M. KEELER
ALEX. F. HARMER
L. MAYNARD DIXON
Illustrators.
ELIZABETH AND JOSEPH GRINNELL
Authors of "Our Feathered Friends."
BATTERMAN LINDSAY
Contents— April, 1902.
The Discovery of our Pacific Coast, illustrated, R. A. Thotnpson .353
The Manzano Salt Lake, illustrated, D. W. Johnson .367
Citrus Fruits 250 years ag-o, illustrated, Chas. F. Lummis .377
In Western Letters, illustrated, C. F. L ,>sq
Sequoya, " The American Cadtnus" (portrait) "n'»0
"Back There" (poem), Tracy and Lucy Kobinson 391
The Captain of the Gate (story), Eugene Manlove Rhodes .391
It Was His (storj-). Cloudsley Johns .397
To F.ulalia (poem), A. B. Bennett 398
Early Western History — from documents never before published in English — Diary of Father
Junfpero Serra from Loreto to San Diego, 1769 (continued from March> 399
The Sequoya League, " To Make Better Indians " 407
The Landmarks Club .411
In the Lion's Den (by the editor) .412
That Which is Written (reviews by the editor and C. A. Moody) .420
The 20th Century West, conducted by Wm. E. Smythe 425
The Colorado River, illustrated, J. P. Lippincott 430
The California Constructive League 435
The Kings River Conquest, first paper in the series "Looking California in the Pace" (con-
tinued from March) 437
How the People Smashed the Money Ring, illustrated— third paper in the series <ii! x.-w
Zealand Institutitions 440
Riverside View of Reforms, illustrated, John G. North 443
The Sacramento Valley, illustrated, W. S. Green 447
Copyright 1902. Entered at the Los Angeles Postoffice aa aecond-class matter, (sbb pububbbr'b paqb.)
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
WASHINGTON MINES
ARE GOOD MINES
We are authorized fiscal ag'ents
for three of the largest and best
mining' corporations in U'ashingr-
ton, to-wit :
MONTEZUMA MINING COMPANY
GOLD, COPPER. COAL. COKE
Eleven copper-grold claims, 2,000 acres coking- coal lauds, both producing-; 175 men employed, bunkers
completed, railway built, Montezuma postoffice established; only blacksmithing- coal on the Pacific
Coast; hig-h-g^rade coking- coal, best by Government test; two quarterly dividends paid, and will come
reg-ularly hereafter; an Al investment stock. A small block left at 32 cents a share cash, or 37 cents
on installments.
The TACOMA COMPANY
MINING STEEL RAILS SHIPPING
SMELTING STRUCTURAL STEEL AND IRON LUMBERING
This big- company is just org-anized for the operating- of mines, smelters, rolling- mills, lumbering- and
shipping- business. It owns extensive iron mines on Texada Island, B. C.; Barclay Sound, B C , and
in Skag-it County, Washing-ton; also owns 7,000 acres rich coking- coal lands in Washing-ton. Its
"Marble Bay" mine on Texada Island is now producing- copper-g-old ore to the amount of $12,000 net
monthly, and output will be largrely increased by new manag-ement. This company will control steel
business of the Northwest, to which country it will be what the g-reat steel concerns are to the East.
Manag-ement the best. It will sell a little stock for development purposes, and we are authorized to
offer a limited issue at 12K cents cash, or 15 cents on installments. We predict these shares will pay
dividends by January next.
Copper King Mining Syndicate
COPPER. GOLD. SILVER
The Copper King- Mining- Syndicate owns and controls 65 adjacent claims in the Carbon River district.
The considerable development work done indicates the presence of veins of hig-h values. Reports are
most satisfactory. To obtain funds for machinery and extensive development, shares are offered for
a short time at 5 cents cash, or 6 cents on installments. These shares are honest speculation, and will
soon be worth several times the price asked.
Write for prospectus of any or all these
companies. Address the selling afrents.
THE AMERICAN GUARANTY AND TRUST CO.
COR. CAUFORNIA AND MONTGOMERY STS., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
DBLIGHTFUL
Reliable help promptly furnished. Hummel Bros. & Co., Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
ORIENTAL RUGS
m:
Our present stock is worth com-
ing- miles to see. People livinj^ in Red-
lands, Riverside, Pomona, and other
Southern California towns will find it to
their advantage to make the trip to Los
Angeles in order to make early selections from
this beautiful stock. RUGS FROM FIVE DOL-
LARS TO THIRTY-FIVE HUNDRED DOLLARS, and
every rug guaranteed to be just exactly as rep-
resented. Our Oriental Rug Department is in
charge of an artist and collector of thirteen
years' experience, and he will gladly explain
to visitors the fine points of the various pieces
shown. There are over 400 rugs in the
stock in every size, from the small mat
up to those large enough to cover a full
size room. I
LOS ANGELES FURNITURE CO.
CARPETS, RUGS, DRAPERIES, FURNITURE
225-27-29 S. Broadway, Los Angeles
Opposite City Hall
DEPENDABLE FURNITURE AT A FAIR PRICE
/^UR curtain and upholstery de-
^^ partment is equipped to work
out the most elaborate schemes of
interior decorating and furnishing.
The present stock of
DRAPERIES
was selected with this idea in view.
We will be pleased to make sugges-
tions and submit sketches for all
of the curtains, hangings, draperies
and upholstering of an establish-
ment, or any part of them. Write
for particulars.
The Spring furniture is all on display.
MILES PEASE
FIRNITIRE CO.
439-441-443 S. Spring St., Los Angeles
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City of Richmond
Adjoining' shops of Santa F^
K. R., near terminus. Across
Bay from San Francisco.
The largest corporations in
California are the Standard
Oil Co., the Santa F6 R.R. and
the Southern Pacific R. R.
ONLY POINT WHERE THESE
LARGE INTERESTS CONCEN-
TRATE IS AT RICHMOND
With all available shipping fa-
cilities to be had by rail, deep-
est water on San Francisco
Bay, and cheapest fuel at hand
from Standard Oil Co., 'this
will be the greatest manufao-
turing- city on the Pacific Coast.
Lots from $180 to $300— $25 cash, Balance $5
per month. t9^ Send for Catalogues. "^KL
RICHMOND LAND CO.
CROCKER BUILDING SAN FRANCISCO
^tjAr.
i
S^Z-S^_S^Z_rJz. :^Z-y^Z_S*Z_S^S^ S^E_S^Z_S*r.yOz S^3:^A^t_!r^Z_S^Z_S^.S^Z_S^ZJ^Z_S^ S^3LJS*Z-S*Z_ste
IDEAL
CALIFORNIA
FURNITURE
Carex Stricta, commonly called wire grass, grows in abundance in the marshes
and peat lands of Northern Minnesota and Wisconsin. It attains a height of three to
four feet, and grows up from the roots in a straight stem without joints or lateral
leaves. When dried, it is woven or braided, and wrapped about furniture frames simi-
lar to the method of utilizing the willow*, and presents a beautiful appearance. It is
finished in a soft green or in natural color. It is toug-h and durable, and can be man-
ipulated into all sorts of artistic, unique and
attractive shapes.
We have the agency for the genuine and
only Raflfia Furniture which is made of this
grass. We are putting it into the most lux-
uriously furnished houses in the Southwest.
It appeals directly to those who are well
posted and have advanced ideas on the fur-
niture question.
Our assortment includes all sorts of porch
pieces, hall pieces, fancy chairs, settees, etc.
BARKER BROS.
420-424 S. SPRING ST.
LOS ANGBLES, CAL.
?H
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wvwwwv
HOTEL ARCADIA
SANTA MONICA BY-THE-SEA. GAL.
Modern hotel with steam heat and open crrates ; surf bathing- all the year; hot and cold salt
water baths ; fine srolf links; tennis; boatinar and fishinir ; deliifhtful driven.
HOTEL REDONDO
THE OUEEN OF THE PACIFIC
REDONDO BEACH. CAL.
An ideal home by the sea ; 200 rooms heated with open srrates ; hot and cold water in every room ;
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coast ; the largest carnation gardens in the world, and tennis courts and golf links second to none.
Both these
Hotels are
equally
distant
(18 miles)
from
Los Angeles
and possess
the finest
Winter
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For Rates ami
further Infor-
mation address
A. D. Wright
Proprietor
WVVWWWl
The Delightful Scenic Route to
Santa cMonica
And Hollywood
Fine, Comtnrttble Obttrvatlon Cars- -
FfM fiom .>moke
Cars leave Fourtli ^Uf»-t ami Hroadw.tv, Los Angeles, for Santa Monica via. Sixteenth
street, every half hour from 6:35 a.m. to 7:35 p.m., then each hour till 11:35 ; or via Bellevne
Ave., for Colegrove and Sherman every hour from 6:15a.m. to 11:15 p.m. Cars leave Ocean
Park, Santa Monica, for Los Angeles, at 5:45, ():10and 6:35 a.m. and every half hour from
6:55 a.m. till 8:25 p.m., and at 9:25, 10:25 and 11:05 p.m.
Ctrs leave Los Angeles for Santa Monica via. Hollywood and Sherman via. BelleToe
Ave., every hour from 6:45 a.m. to 6:45 p.m., and to Hollywood and Sherman only eTery
Itour thereafter to 11:45 p.m.
•ir'Por complete time-table and particulars call at office of company.
Single Round Trip, 50c. 1(>-Trip Tickets, $2.00.
316-322 WEST FOURTH STREET, LOS ANGELES
A SPECIALTY j»
TROLLEY PARTIES BY DAY Olf NIQHT
IF SO, WHY SO ?
Those conteinplatinf.^ kx;atinj,f in Southern California,
either temporarily or pennaneiitly, don't fail to visit
Ocean Park (South Santa Monica). This is considered one of the most l>eautiful seaside re-
sorts on the Pacific. Elegant, modern and completely furnished cottages for SALE and RENT
at reasonable rates. Full particulars and information will be carefully and promptly g-iven
by addressing J. E. WARFIELD & CO. Real f$tate and Rental Agency
TMLmPHONm MAIN I03 »Of OCmAN FRONT, OCmAN PAHK, OAL^
^tfiaVatoma tpilet5?ap
AT ALL
DRUG STORES
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E. MEHESY, JR.
Dealer in ^
PRACTICAL
FURRIER,
FUR DRESSER
AND
TAXIDERMIST
INDIAN and MEXICAN
Blankets, Baskets
and Relics
IN MIND
UtaK ^ California
Souvenir
Goods ^
Curiosities
ANIMAL FUR
RUGS AND
GAME HEADS
A SPECIALTY
SOUVENIR SPOONS, NATIVE
SHELL and AGATE JEWELRY
Salt Lake City, Utah :
Two Sale-rooms, Hotel Knutsford Bldg-.
Factory and Warehouses, Busby Ave.
Los Angeles, CaL:
Corner Fourth and Main Streets,
Opposite Van Nuys and Westminster Hotels
THE LARGEST BUSINESS OF ITS KIND IN THE WORLD
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Schell's Patent Adjustable rorm
For d r es s making
It Is tiresome to fit people
by the nsuai methods. It Is a
pleasure to* fit and carry out
the most unique
design by
means of this
form, which
is made to
dupl icate
anyone's
form, and
can be Inde-
pendently
and minutely
corrected
as the per-
son's form
chancres.
Is made
to stand as
person stands, for-
ward or backward,
consequently skirts
will hansT and waists
fit with perfection and
comfort. When order-
ing- send a perfectly
fitted lining' with
waist-line marked, also
skirt measures from
waist-line to floor
(front, hips and back),
with close fitting col-
lar and sleeves.
Los Angeles Office: 316 South Broadway
Rooms 3 and 4 Phonc James 4441
San Francisco : 505 Powell St.
The name •• SILVERWOOD" on an
article means the same as the
"STERLINO" mark on silver.
Our reputation and
full guarantee stand
back of every hat
we sell. If you can-
not get a SILVER-
WOOD NAT In yoir
city send us your
height and sl/e of
hat worn ; state
color and If a stiff
or soft hat Is want-
ed, and we'll send
you the latest shape
express prepaid
Carriaire prepaid
to any point.
MAIL
ORDERS
WANTED
Yon certainly iret as mnch style, as mnch
wear, as much satisfaction, ont of a Silrerwood
Hat at three dollars — then why pay five?
F.^. SILVERWOOD
221 S. Spring St. LOS ANGELES, CAL.
^W%/VWV% WW WW WV^ vvvvvvvv^vvvvvvv vvvvvvvv vvvvvvvvvvvvvvvv-^
'"liiiffii«r"
^SOCIATloi
C=..^^L_iF=-<:r5f=9 r^«j i>^
ESTABLISHED J889
SUBSCRIBED CAPITAL
PAID-IN CAPITAL - - -
PROFIT AND RESERVE FUND
MONTHLY INCOME, OVER
$12,000,000
2.150,000
275,000
100,000
ITS PURPOSE IS
To help its members to build tiomest a-lso to make loans on improved property, the
members giving first liens on their real estate as security. To help its stock-
holders to earn from 8 to 12 per cent, per annum on their stock, and to allo'w them
to open deposit accounts bearing interest at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum, ordi-
nary, and 6 per cent, per annum, term.
HOME OFFICE : 301 California St., San Francisco, California
WM. CORBIN, Secretary and General Manager
SiK 1''k.\mis 1>kaki:. /■fnin tin- iot'l',rr'liil,- hv fti, ,>fiis //ni/rtnieM iiOnH' rr/ml.
Formerly
XKe Land of SxinsKine.
THE NATION BACK OF US, THE WORLD IN FRONT.
kmMxM^ iT»ti?^W
OufWcST
I I I
Vol. XVI, No. 4.
APRIL, 1902.
the: discovert or our pacific
COAST.
By R. A. THOMPSON.
N the summer of 1542, just fifty years after \
the discovery of America by Columbus,
the first expedition for the exploration of the
coast of northern California left Mexico. It
originated in a period of intense activity in
^_ New Spain. Conflict of authority, of&cial
jealousy, disappointed ambition, the tragic
ending of the life of the most daring of the lieutenants of
Cortez, and in fact the fall of Cortez himself, were all involved
in its organization and final departure from Mexico.
A few years before this time, Cortez had discovered the penin-
sula of Lower California. The name given the then supposed
island has been traced by Edward Everett Hale to the romance
of chivalry, entitled The Adventures of Esplandian, a continu-
ation of Amadis de Gaul, in which California is described as
an island lying on the right hand side of India. Amadis de
Gaul was the most popular work of its time ; it was translated
and reprinted in all the leading languages of Europe; children
were named, and kings and queens assumed titles, from its
fancies. It was the only work of its class that escaped the
flames when the library of Don Quixote was expurgated ; and
Bernal Diaz says it was the favorite book of the conquistadores.
"Califria," feminine for Calif, was the Queen, and "Cali-
fornia" the island oyer which she ruled. She hated men,
dressed as a warrior, for the better use of armsj and was
Copyrieht, 1902, by Land of Sunshine. Publishing Company
Map of the New World In 1704.
/■'rom //arris's " Voj-a4frs.
DISCOVERY OF OUR PACIFIC COAST 355
El ADtLANTADO DoN Pedro de Alvarado, de Badajoz.
guarded b}^ grif&ns who crouched at her feet or fought in battle
against her foes. "Freely translated, California means Land of
the Amazon Queen" (Ticknor's Spanish Literature, Vol. I,
Chapter III). ^
The explorers of this time did not know that America was a
separate continent. They had no conception of the width of
the Pacific ocean, and thought the coast of Asia was near by,
if not conterminous with, that of Mexico.
Lower California was the limit of northern exploration.
Cortez was preparing for a voyage beyond the ocean coast of the
peninsula, which would have brought him to northern Cali-
fornia, when a change in the administration of civil affairs in
New Spain put a stop to all further ventures by him in the New
World.
No man of the white race was ever more honored by the
North American Indians than Hernando Cortez. He had over-
356
OUT WEST
Chakles the Fifth.
thrown and destroyed their rulers and their heathen gfods, and
they seemed to idolize him in their stead. His reception in
Mexico on his return from Honduras was an exhibition of bar-
baric splendor, perhaps never before or since equaled on the
continent of America. These and other princely attitudes
alarmed the court. It feared that Cortez would forswear his
allegiance and establish, with his native allies, an American
Empire of his own.*
As a check to Cortez it was determined to establish a vice-
regal government for New Spain. In the absence of the Em-
peror in Germany, the selection of a viceroy was left to the
Empress, who named Don Antonio de Mendoza, ignoring the
pretensions of Cortez to the position. t
* It feared well. This is precisely what Cortez was arranorinir to do. He wan the next
srreatest soldier of all the Conquest, but a traitor to his wife and to his kincr. It is peca*
liarly typical of the Closet Historians that the sentimental idea is rife that Cortet was
treated with "injustice" and ' insrratitude." No one familiar with contemporary record*
can maintain this sentimentalism. Cortez wa« not punished for his treason ; he was
simply estopped in it. — Ed. •• iBn*
t That the irreat con<|ueror was not a statesman at all is abundantly shown by his 'whole
course thereafter. His measures and his documents show an almost childish petnlance.
Mendoza, on the other hand, was not only an honorable and clean man: he was the irreatest
statesman Spanisli-Aiuerica lias had from his day till the time of Diaz; and he prored
himself not only in Mexico but later in Peru.- Ei>.
DISCOVERY OF OUR PACIFIC COAST 357
Magkllan.
The arrival of the Viceroy stripped Cortez of the last vestig-e
of civil authority in Mexico. He held, however, a previously
granted concession for private exploration, of which he could
not legally be deprived. Under this privilege he hoped to re-
store his prestige by discoveries as great as those he had already
made, but soon found that his efforts in that direction brought
him into conflict with the Viceroy, who had plans of his own
for a northern voyage, and instructions to thwart those of
Cortez, without openly interdicting them.
To understand why there should have been a struggle over
northern exploration at this time it should be kept in mind that
the country north of Mexico was thought to be a part of the con-
tinent of Asia, and that China could be reached by sailing
northwesterly along this supposed coast, or by a short vo.vage
directly across the ocean from Mexico. The Aztecs were sup-
posed to have migrated from that country, and it was thought
that other rich kingdoms would be founded there.
The Viceroy was also about to despatch the large and splen-
didly equipped expedidion of Coronado in search of the Seven
Cities of Cibola, thought to be near the coast, and he proposed
to send a fleet to cooperate with it.
Hbrnando CoRTK7.. I'holo h\ (.'. F. A.
From the tiaiiitiitu' said to have heoii preHeiitcd by IWni to the hospital he f<>undi*d in
Mexico in 1527, and still prenervod there.
DISCOVERY OF OUR PACIFIC COAST 359
In the lig-ht of the present daj^ it is hard to believe that such
erroneous ideas could have prevailed; but it took a hundred
years of exploration to establish the fact that there was no con-
nection between the continents of Asia and America.
Pedro de Alvarado, hero of the "Leap," sole survivor of the
lieutenants of Cortez, by now Governor of Guatemala, a bold,
daring- and ambitious man, had for some time been building- a
fleet of ships, at g-reat cost, in his province. They were now
about ready for sea. He was in high favor with the court,
having recently married a lady of noble birth. Not in sympathy
with the ambitions of his former chief, Alvarado joined for-
Cape Mendocino. Photo, by Mrs. M. P. Giles.
tunes with the Viceroy, who became part owner in the Guate-
malan fleet.
Cortez succeeded in sending a fleet of two vessels up the ocean
coast of the peninsula as far as Cedros Island, almost in sig-ht
of the higher mountains in northern California. This ended
his career as an explorer. On the return of his ships they were
denied the privilege of the ports of Mexico, his supplies were
seized and his officers imprisoned.
Chafing over the curtailment of his once absolute power, in
January, 1540, he returned to Spain to plead his cause in per-
son before the Emperor. He was coolly received by Charles V,
and was forbidden to return to Mexico. He died in 1547, a rich
and distinguished — but disappointed — man.
Cortez was among- the last survivors of the illustrious men of
the first conquest. While not wholly free from the cruelties
which characterized the age, he wis an angel of mercy in his
DISCOVERY OF OUR PACIFIC COAST 361
treatment of the natives in comparison with some conquerors
of his time. Of all the conquistadores he was the most
esteemed by the Indians of Mexico, which speaks well for his
general humanity.
On the departure of Cortez, Alvarado came with his fleet of
splendidly equipped little vessels, and six hundred men, to
Natividad, in Jalisco. Here a formal agreement was made
with the Viceroy as to their respective shares in the proposed
northern exploration.
When all was ready for sea, a revolt broke out among- the
North Mexican Indians, and the fighting Adelantado turned
aside to chastise them before his departure. He organized a
force of cavalry, footmen and native allies for the assault. He
was told that the natives were strongly entrenched, on their
own territory, which they would stubbornly defend, and he was
earnestly advised to wait for reinforcement. " By Santiago! "
he exclaimed, " there are not Indians enough in the country to
stand before my attack." He accomplished in a day and night
a journey which usually occupied three days, and attacked the
native stronghold on the native crag of the Mixton, whose top
was protected by seven stonewalls and an abattis of fallen trees.
His men were repulsed with heavy loss ; and Alvarado, struck
down with a boulder rolled from up the cliff, received his death
wound. He was laid on a litter beneath a pine tree, dying but
not insensible, and a priest was hurriedly called in to shrive
him. Asked where he suffered, he pointed to his wound and
exclaimed, " Agui, y en el ahnay^
Thus perished, in probably the most desperate charge in
American history, "Alvarado of the Leap," — the " Murat of
the Conquest," the "Child of the Sun," as the Aztecs called
him, the right hand of Cortez, a hero also of the conquest of
Peru.t
The Mixton war, in which the North Mexican Indians made
their last desperate rally, followed the tragic death of Alvarado
and lasted for more than a year. On its close the Viceroy
turned his attention to the fleet in the harbor of Natividad, of
which he was now the sole owner. The fervor for northern
discoveries passed with Alvarado — perhaps the only man just
then best suited to lead them. Only two of the twelve vessels
of his fleet were fitted out for a voyage, and the command was
given to Don Rodriguez de Cabrillo, a Portuguese navigator in
the viceregal service.
Cabrillo sailed from Natividad, Mexico, on the 17th of June, \
* " Here, and in my soul." '
t Alvarado crossed the Cordillera in 1534, from Guyaquil [Ecuador] to Quito, with an army,
losing- many of his men from a storm of dust and ashes from the volcano of Chimborazo.
DISCOVERY OF OUR PACIFIC COAST
363
1542, on his memorable voyage which resulted in the discovery
of California. Crossing- the Gulf he tracked the ocean coast of
Lower California to Cedros Island, the limit of the last voyage
of Cortez. Leaving Cedros Island, on the 17th of September
he discovered, and slipped the anchors of the "Santiago" and
"Victoria" in the harbor of San Diego, which he called San
Miguel. These were the first vessels, other than Indian canoes,
that ever ruffled the surface of that smooth and beautiful bay.
Indian Men of California.
From //arrt's, 1764.
He remained six days at this port, sailed north, and entered the
harbors of San Pedro, Santa Monica, and Buenaventura. He
passed through the Santa Barbara Channel and named many of
its highlands and prominent headlands. The natives were
friendly. They lived mainlj-- by fishing, and ventured far out
to sea in their well modeled canoes, which were manned by ten
or twelve oars each. Steering north from Santa Barbara, he
passed the inhospitable coast of the Santa Lucia range, and in
December, off Point Pinos, was driven back by a heavy storm
to the channel for shelter. He anchored under the lee of the
island of San Miguel and died there, January 3rd, 1543, from
DISCOVERY OF OUR PACIFIC COAST
365
the effects of a fall aggravated by anxiety and exposure. He
was buried on the island, but no trace of the grave of the dis-
coverer of California has ever been found. His last order to his
chief pilot, Perrelo, was to continue the voyage as originally
planned.
Perrelo sailed north on the 18th of February, and made quick
work of his part of the voyage. He was carried by favorable
winds as far north as Cape Mendocino, possibly a little beyond
Indian Women ok California.
From Harris, r'b4.
that point, where he encountered a strong southerly gale which
drove him rapidly back to Point Pinos. His northern cruise
lasted but six days, during which time he made no attempt to
land. Returning to the Channel Islands he sailed thence for
Mexico, and reached Natividad April 3rd, 1843, after an ab-
sence of about ten months.
Thus ended the voyage of Cabrillo, over which such fierce
contention had raged. The interest of the Viceroy in explora-
tion had lost its edge. The land expedition of Coronado, from
which so much had been expected, had returned, and the Seven
Cities of Cibola had turned out to be mere adobe pueblos.
366 OUT WEST
The voyage otherwise was a success. It rounded out the
most brilliant era of discover)' in the history of the world, be-
ginning with the voyage of Columbus in 1-192, and ending with
that of Cabrillo in 154,2. In the fifty years between, the
" Columbian era," the greatest discoveries and conquests by the
Spaniards in the New World were made. When the size and
class of the ships of that period, their rude equipment, and
limited contrivances for navigation, are considered, the fabled
wanderings of Odysseus and the Grecian Argonauts sink into
insignificance before the actual performance of the explorers in
the heroic age of Spain. It is a theme for an epic, were there
another Homer. The bare recital, however, of its achievement
is more marvelous than the fancies of a poet. All the West
India Islands, the coast of the Carribean sea and the Gulf of
Mexico, from Darien to Key West, and the eastern shore of
Florida ; all the coast of South America, from the Orinoco to
the Amazon and from the Amazon to the Strait of Magellan;
all the Pacific coast of South America, from Tierra del Fuego
to Panama and from Panama to Cape Mendocino, were explored
and in part colonized.
The route to India by way of the Cape of Good Hope was
opened. The Pacific ocean was discovered, from a peak in
Darien ; it was reached through the Strait of Magellan, crossed
to the Philippines (not 3'et so named), and the "Victoria,"
flying the flag of Spain, was the first ship to sail around the
world.
The Aztec and Inca "empires," Darien, Nicaragua and
Guatemela, were conquered and brought under the sovereignty
of Spain. The Amazon river had been descended from the
Andes to the Atlantic. North America had been crossed by
land from the Gulf of Mexico to California, and recrossed from
the Pacific through Arizona, New Mexico, and part of Colorado
to the southern boundary of the present State of Kansas. The
Colorado river was ascended from its mouth to the entrance of
the Grand Caiion, and that wonderful gorge had been visited
further up the river, from the Moqui villages. The southern
Staties of Florida, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississ-
ippi and Tennessee had been traversed, and the Mississippi
river had been descended from the Lower Chickasaw Bluff to
the Gulf of Mexico.
NoTK. " The age of Columbus was perhaps the most illustrious of ages."
— Arthur Helps' Spauis/i Conquest in America. *' Where in the history of
nations," says" Alexander Humboldt, " can one find an epoch so fraught
with important results as the discovery of America, the passage to India
round the Cape of Good Hope, and Magellan's first circumnavigation of
the world." — Cosmos, Vol. H, p. 673.
[to be concluded.]
367
TO the: manzano salt lahes.
By D. W. JOHNSON.
BOUT seventy-five miles southeast of Albu-
querque, and east of the Manzano mount-
ains, lies a reg-ion of plains bounded on the
west by the foothills of the Manzanos, and
on the east by a low and barren ridge. To
the south loom up the red bluffs of the Juma-
nos mesa, while toward the north the plains
stretch unbroken to the Cerrillos and Ortiz
mountains. The southern half of this low plain region, whose
altitude is about 5,000 feet above the sea, is included in one of
the old Spanish land grants, known as the Antonio Sandoval
Grant, and is especially noted for its salt lakes and alkali
basins.
During the summer of 1900 I had occasion to visit this re-
gion in the interests of the Geological Survey of the Uni-
versity of New Mexico. One of my most frequent compan-
ions on such trips, a young man named Merrick, accompanied
me in this instance. Our outfit consisted of a light mountain
wagon drawn by two Mexican ponies, a small amount of bed-
ding, a box of "grub," and camp utensils, and the instru-
ments necessary in our geological investigations. Although
the rainy season was near at hand we took no tent, as it
would add materially to our load. We were arrayed in our
usual camp costumes — blue outing shirt, heavy corduroy trous-
ers and leather leggings, gray neckerchief and light sombrero.
Each wore his cartridge belt and hunting knife, while Merrick
had his " 30-30" Winchester and I carried a Colt's sixshooter.
In addition we had a twenty-two rifle for small game.
The country which we had to study was entirely new to us,
and as we started out on that bright morning of the eleventh
of June we felt that there would probably be enough of ad-
venture in our trip to lend a touch of romance to it. The map
indicated that our course lay through a region but little in-
habited, for after we had once passed through to the eastern
slope of the Sandia and Manzano mountains, only two small
villages were noted in all the country which we expected to
traverse. In view of this fact we had taken care to provide
ourselves with all the provender we could conveniently carry,
and also with a new ten-gallon water-can. Experience had
taught us that to be in a salt country without plenty of
fresh water was hazardous.
The first night found us well through the mountain canon,
and we went into camp in a group of tall pines on the eastern
slope of the Manzanos. Camp life with us is reduced to its
simplest elements, and the ordinary routine of camp duties is
so well known that no delay occurs from the moment the word
is given to halt until supper is served on the battered tin
plates. Supper over, the ponies are tethered out where grazing
is good, and we roll into our blankets to sleep. We are gen-
erally quite tired at the end of a day's driving, and an early
retiring hour is very fashionable.
THE MANZANO SALT LAKES 369
Next morning found us cooking breakfast before the day had
fairly dawned, and we were on the road again before sun-up.
The well traveled roads of the mountain canons gave place to
less distinct wood roads, and not a few were the hours that
were lost in following false trails. But we were used to such an-
noyances, and as the day was bright, the scenery beautiful and
small game plenty, we were in the best of spirits. Pew in-
deed were the meals that were not graced by some such sav-
ory dish as young squirrel, rabbit, dove, wild pigeon or night
hawk. An occasional shot at a coyote, and one little adventure
in which a gray fox was the loser, served to lend interest to
the passing hours.
As the afternoon wore away we passed down out of the tim-
ber belt, and by evening we were on the edge of the plains at
the upper end of the Antonio Sandoval Grant. No gloomier
picture could have been presented to us that evening. As far
as the eye could see there stretched the unbroken monotony
of the plains. We knew that somewhere off to the south-
east were the salt lakes we were seeking. Whether any hu-
man being lived on that vast expanse of sand and sage brush,
we knew not. Were the two villages marked on the map really
there, or would they prove to be only ruined pueblos ? Was
there any water free from salt in all that region ? What would
become of us if we got down in that country and found no
water which we or our ponies could drink ? These were the
questions that appealed to us very forcibly that night. The
water in our can was getting low, and out-door appetites had
produced an astonishing effect upon the small box of provis-
ions we were able to carry.
Karly next morning we broke camp and started eastward over
the plains. We had not journeyed over three miles, when pass-
ing around a low swell in the ground we saw a small ranch near
a spring of cold, clear water. Here we filled our water can,
and learned that the first of the two places named on the
map, Antelope Springs, was but a few miles distant ; while
both there and at Pinos Wells — a day's drive further on-
plenty of water was obtainable. The ranchman also gave
glowing descriptions of the salt lakes, so that as we jour-
neyed onward we were more anxious than ever to see them.
We soon passed Antelope Springs, a single big ranch with
the numerous smaller buildings and stock pens all painted
white. Here we turned southward, and all the morning we
drove lazily along, the glaring sun beaming down upon us
with an ardor that was unmitigated by either cloud or shade
tree. There was nothing to relieve the monotony of the
plains — a rolling stretch of white sand covered with a scat-
tered growth of sage and clumps of coarse grass. But the
monotony of the slowly passing hours was occasionally brok-
en into when a luckless rabbit would raise his head out of his
warren to watch us pass by, or a coyote would come within rifle
range to regard our movements.
About two o'clock in the afternoon we neared a low ridge,
some twenty-five feet in height perhaps, which seemed to
curve off to the southeast and southwest as far as we could
THE MANZANO SALT LAKES
371
On the Edge of the Manzano Salt Lake.
see. The road appeared to pass over this ridge, but what
direction it took beyond that we could not tell. The whole
formation was very curious, and many were the comments
we made as we approached it. At length we came to the ridge
and drove up the short but steep ascent to the summit. The
sight which now met our eyes defies description. It was as
though some fairy had touched the barren plains with her
magic wand and caused the ground at our feet to roll away,
revealing a deep valley covered with snow, and surrounded on
every side by rainbow-hued walls studded with sparkling dia-
monds. It was the Laguna del Perro, or Dog Lake, the largest
of the group of salt lakes in the Antonio Sandoval Grant.
At this point the lake was something less than a mile in
width, but stretched away to the south farther than the eye
could reach. The lake was over a hundred feet below us, and
the bottom was covered with a thick coating of snow-white
salt. There was no water present, except a few shallow pools
farther to the south. On every side the walls rose almost per-
pendicularly, and as they were composed of alternating layers
of blue, yellow, orange, tan and red shaley clay, the effect was
truly beautiful. Imbedded in this clay were numberless crys-
tals of gypsum, and the sunlight reflected by these made the
diamonds of this fair}^ valley. In many places the sand from
THE MANZANO SALT LAKES 373
the surrounding- ridges had washed down over the colored strata
and hidden them, but even this rather added to than detracted
from the g-eneral effect. It was a wonderful sight, and one that
will long remain fresh in our memories. Almost the first word
spoken was one of regret that we had not brought a camera.*
The road plunged down the abrupt embankment to the lake
bottom below, and then wound around the eastern side for a
couple of miles to a point where it passed up on the ridg^e
again. Down in that valley the heat was intense. The sun
beamed down upon the g-littering coat of snowy salt, while
not a breath of moving- air reached the bottom of that deep de-
pression. We secured our samples of the salt and subsoils as
quickly as possible, and made haste to reach the place where
the road ag-ain ascended to the top of the ridge. The ascent
was steeper than we had feared, and our ponies almost gave
out before the summit was reached.
The view which now greeted us was not that of a vast ex-
panse of plains, but instead we found ourselves surrounded
on every hand by smaller salt lakes. We kept a general
southward course, stopping now and then to take samples of
the salt crust and saline subsoils from the different lakes. All
of these smaller lakes were perfectly dry when we first came,
but late that afternoon one of the most terrific storms I ever
witnessed swept over the valley. Several inches of muddy
water soon covered the lake bottoms, and the salt crusts
were entirely dissolved. The roads were washed out so badly
that our progress was greatly retarded, while our spirits were
dampened as badly as our clothing-. Soaked through and
through, not a dry thread to put on, no wood for a fire, we
were as cold, wet and miserable as two campers could well be.
When night came we crawled into our wet bedding and lay
down in the wagon bed to forget our discomforts in sleep.
Morning dawned bright and beautiful, and under the influence
of the genial sun we were soon dried out and in good spirits
again. After continuing our course southward for some miles,
we reached Lake Salinas, the most important lake in the whole
group. It is rather circular in shape, not over half a mile in
diameter, and is similar in appearance to the other lakes.
But instead of a dry crust of salt over the bottom, some
three feet of water stand in the lake the entire year. This
water is a supersaturated solution of common salt, and large
cubes of the salt are constantly crystallizing out and falling
to the bottom. As a result there is a thick bed of pure salt under
the water, varying in thickness from six inches to a foot or
more. This one lake supplies all the ranches within the ra-
dius of a hundred miles, and we met Mexicans with wagon
loads of the salt on their way to Santa Pe, Albuquerque, and
other points equally distant. These men load their wagons
by driving well out into the lake and then shoveling the salt
up from the bottom, allowing the water to drain off through
the cracks in the wagon bed.
In the archives at Santa Pe are records of proclamations is-
sued in the days when hostile Indians roamed the plains, calling
*This omission has been partly remedied thro' the courtesy 'of Messrs. W. P. Metcalf
and J. E. S:iint who have loaned photos, of that regrion. — Ed.
THE MANZANO SALT LAKES
375
The Manzano Salt Lake.
all the people to meet at some rendezvous, whence they might
journe}' south to the Salinas for their year's supply of salt.
The Galisteo divide was the usual meeting place, and here the
men would cong-reg-ate with their wagons all fitted out for
the trip. The government would furnish an escort of soldiers^
and under this protection the long wagon train would make the
trip to the "great salt lake " and back.
After collecting samples from this lake we continued our
journey, passing numberless smaller lakes and ponds, and gath-
ering what data seemed necessary for our report. Not until
evening were we fairh' out of the salt basins, and then we
hastened on toward Pinos Wells to replenish our larder and
water can. Provisions were astonishingly scarce, and we had
to depend almost entirel}^ on game. Antelope were seen now
and then, but were always well out of range. A deer was
sighted about dusk one evening, but it too was far in the
distance. Smaller game was abundant, however.
At Pinos Wells we secured plenty of water and a small stock
of canned goods, and then began our trip home. This was
accomplished in good time, our return course lying to the
east of the valley, where we had to inspect several other salt
basins. But none of these proved to be so full of interest as
those of the Antonio Sandoval Grant.
University of N. Mex. Geological Survey.
377
<^ CITRUS FRUITS 250 YEARS AGO.
By CHAS. F. LUMMIS.
WN two preceding papers we have seen something, by pic-
^ ture and by text, of what was known in Rome, two cen-
turies and a half ago, concerning- oranges, as set forth
by the learned Jesuit Ferrarius in his sumptuous volume
printed in 1646. Before dismissing this fine old book, it
may be interesting to outline briefly something of its lore
as to the other citrus fruits.
Book II devotes 21 chapters, 131 pages, to the Citron — which
it calls "Aegle," after the chief of the Hesperides, as it
names the Lemon "Arethusa," and the Orange " Hesper-
thusa." Five kinds of citron are specified, out of many ;
the "Common," the "Embroidered," the "Gourd-
shaped," the "Sweet-pulp," the "Fingered or Multiform."
Oranges and lemons were budded on the citron root, as the
hardiest of the family. It particularly flourished in Regium
and Spain. It once caused a war between Patavium [Padua]
and Venice. Flavius Josephus, writing in the First Century,
mentions that the Seditious Jews pelted their king Alexander
Jannaeus with citrons at the Scenophagia or Feast of the
Tabernacles. "Bedraddinus Arabs,
son of Cadiba Albech, illustrious
in philosophy and medicine, who
deceased in the 655th year of the
Hegira [Hijra] of Mahomet, in the
book which he wrote on ' Relaxation
of the Mind through the Body,'
testifies that he heard from Aloy-
sius [Italian Jesuit, 1568-1591 ;
patron saint of colleges] that the
sweet-pulp citron was of the In-
dies, and that citrons had been
found in the Fortunate Isles, which
are also called the Canaries, one en-
closing another ; the one of sweet pulp and the
other of sour."
Citron trees, according to our author, should
be planted with a south exposure, and sheltered
from the north, southeast and southwest wind.
An " aside" gives a just appreciation of
Nicholas Poussin, the great French painter
(born 1591) who drew some of the copper-
plates for this book (see February number.
From Ferrartus, ib4b
The Common Lemon.
(Reduced about %.)
378
OUT WEST
From FtrrartMS. 1646.
Thr Multiform Citron.
(Reduced one-half.)
page 137, for one of his illustrations). Theophrastus,
three centuries before Christ, wrote that the seeds, exactly
purged, should be put in most diligently cultivated furrows ;
on the 4th or 5th day, watered ; transplanted, when already
"a little large," to soft and well watered soil ; afterward put
CITRUS FRUITS 250 TEARS AGO
379
in perforated earthen pots. But
Ferrarius advises that if you would
be fully up-to-date you choose "full
and solid seeds from whole, gen-
erous and ripe fruit, put in an
earthen vase one finger deep, in
the richest and most minutely
crumbled soil, in the month of March
or September, if the weather is
warm or hot ; if it is cold, at the
end of March or in April. Do it
under a waxing moon, and one or
two days before the full."
Every kind of citrus fruit can be
budded on the citron. Bven to get
a "bigger and more jocund" citron,
bud citron on citron. Many meth-
,ods of budding are described. Even
the numerous shoots which a trunch-
eon throws out if buried, can prop-
agate their kind ; as Caelius Cal-
cagninus, in his Commentarius de
Citrio^ remarks.
There were three ways of raising
the citrus after transplanting it
from the nursery — either in low earthen pots, or in a space
open to the sky, or trained on a wall. The latter method was
the most approved ; because thus the tree was most easily
covered in cold weather, its bearing fruitage was supported
without taxing the limbs ; and the fruit, being all exposed
to the sun, ripened faster. Directions are given for all three
methods.
In transplanting, the roots of the citrus trees were " balled,"
even as now. The fit time to set them out was in October or
November, and best when the moon was aging. Manuring
varied with the temperature of the location ; a warm spot re-
quiring it annually; a cold spot oftener. The various customs,
in this matter, of the Calabrians, Regians, Sicilians. Cretans,
Florentines, Maltans, and others are described.
"Prom its thirsty fatherland, the citron has brought im-
moderate thirst, and desires to drink water largely. But it
does not thirst equally in diverse places and seasons. In sunn)^,
dry and bibulous soil, in summer and dry months, it loves con-
tinuous irrigations ; in shaded and humid soil less frequent."
Care must be taken that the water does not stagnate, or the
From Ferrarius, ib4b.
Flowkrs of the Lemon.
(Reduced about three- fourths.)
380 OUT WEST
earth "putrify." Irrigating should be done in the early
morning or in the evening, that the water may not be heated by
the sun.
Directions are given as to pruning in the way best adapted to
each of the three fashions of growing the tree (in pots, in an
open space, or wall-trained ) and as to the tools used— billhook,
forceps, saw, pruning-knife and refined wax. Pruning was
done twice a year, in spring and autumn.
A chapter is given to the ripening, picking and "curing" of
the fruit. Palladius advises to pick by night ; Calcagninus to
pick on a cloudy night. After picking, the fruits should be put
where they do not touch one another, in separate wrappers, or
smeared over with gypsum, and kept in a dark place, either in
cedar sawdust or in chopped straw, and well covered with dry
chaff.
Two long chapters deal with "the Commoner" and "the
More Occult Utility of the Citron."
"The golden apples enrich the human race with precious
benefits. Their beneficent force and multiple utilit}- have been
slowly discovered by the experiments of men through the march
of ages. In rude antiquity, this apple was exposed in houses
for the delight of the eyes and nostrils ; it waS laid away in
clothes-presses to kill moths by its perfume ; and, as though a
thing of vast price, it was preserved in treasure-chests. De-
tested for bitterness of rind and harshness of pulp, it was not
regarded among eatables, but was employed as a medicament.
On the other hand, Athenaeus Naucratica — an erudite enter-
tainer of the Sophists, in the age of M. Antoninus Princeps,
who gave directions in his volume* for a supper of elegant
magnificence — testifies that in the memory of his ancestors this
citron was used as a food. Furthermore, he thus narrates that
the power of these api)les against poison was understood in
Egypt in his time. ' That a citron, whether fresh or dry, taken
before a meal, resists all poisons, was proved by a fellow-citizen
of mine to whom was committed the administration of Egypt.
After the Alexandrine code, he condemned certain criminals to
be bitten by serpents. As they were proceding to the place
destined for the punishment of murderers, a certain wench, wife
of a huckster on that same road, chanced to have in her hands
a citron, which she was nibbling; and in pity held it out to
them. They, when they had chewed this apple, being put
among huge and most savage snakes, received their venomous
strokes without harm. Astounded at the novelty of the thing,
the judge inquired of the soldier who guarded them whether
• " DipnoBophia."
CITRUS FRUITS 250 TEARS AGO
381
From Ferrurius, 164(3.
Section and Seeds of "Multiform" Citron.
(Reduced about one-half.)
the criminals had not drunken or eaten any antidote. And
when he ascertained that a citron had been given them without
guile, he ordered that on the next day the same [i.e., a citron]
should be given to one of two [criminals], and both at once
thrown to the snakes. Prom which it happened that he who
had eaten the citron escaped uninjured, while the other expired
on the spot. Following this, constant experiments made the
faith most certain that the citron resists all poisons.'
382
OUT WEST
Thb Liourian "Spongy" Lemon.
(Reduced about one-half.)
From Ftrrarims, i(>4t>.
*' But Plutarch, a century earlier than Athenieus, indicates
that the citron was hardly in his time accepted as amontr foods ;
since many of the older men then living abstained from it al-
together, not being accustomed to it as food. ' Many things,' he
says, ' which no one used to care to eat or taste, are now become
CITRUS FRUITS 250 TEARS AGO
383
most agreeable — like mead, brains,
pumpkin, pepper and the Median
apple' [all the orang-e family].
The citron tree — an alien long- re-
fusing the hospitality of our soil —
Palladius (later than Pliny) made
Italian by accurate and lucky trans-
planting ; whence it has already
crossed into Spain and other regions
and become accustomed there. By
sedulous obstetric culture it has
forgotten to grow up in multiform
growths, and has lost its harsh-
ness and become of various uses
for medicaments, foods and delica-
cies. I omit here to enumerate the
infinite opportunities wherein the
Median trees and their apples serve
most excellently the race of men — in med-
icine, in foodstuffs and in pleasure ; for this
would be a labor of immense and peculiar
volume." Wherefore he "omits" whatever
he cannot get into 26 folio pages. He quotes
the widely variant medical opinions of Galen,
Paulus Aegineta, Avicenna, Rafis the fa-
mous Arab, Averroes, and other doctors of
antiquity, as to whether the citron should
rank in the second or third " grade of dryness " — that is,
as a preventive of gross humors. Galen held that
citron rind, chewed fine, was "of value to invigorate the
stomach." The juice of the rind was also used by him as an
aperient. Avicenna cured " languor of the stomach " with cit-
ron preserve. The rind was also used for heart-disease, "on
account of its latent heat,'" and as an antidote against poisonous
bites of beasts and snakes. The seed was used against all
poisons. The acid of the fruit was commended by Avicenna as
a styptic, and a preventive of cholera. Averroes held the
seeds to be a "most instant antidote against every sort of
poison ; but that the fleshy part procreated gross humors." A
decoction of it, rinsed in the mouth, aids in difficult}^ of breath-
ing; and is a help to pregnant women in nausea. A decoction
of the bitter part is good for heart-disease, an appetizer, cholera-
preventive, a stomachic; "it quenches the heat of the liver,
and abolishes sadness." But it prejudices the lungs and nerves
by its bitterness. Mesue prescribes two syrups of citron ; one
From Ferrarius, ib4b.
A "Fluted" Lemon.
Reduced about three-fourths.)
Thk Hakhadorus Lbmon.
(Rftlucfd about one-half.)
CITRUS FRUITS 250 VEARS AGO
385
from the rind, to settle the stomach and give a good breath ;
the other from the acid juice, to cure bile and fever, quench
thirst, prevent drunkenness, cure vertigo, expel contagious fevers.
Joannes Costaeus wrote that this s)'rup strengthens the whole
body; "while torpid blood and a half-dead spirit are refreshed
and revived b}^ a smell of citrus odor softly burned. It is best
to add musk, in treating women — most of whom rejoice in that
odor."
The author goes on through many pages, quoting the opinions
of many "more recent" medical
writers, with their special syrups,
decoctions, and so on. Incidentally
we learn (through a quotation from
Bredaddinus) that the Arabs made
a lamp-oil from the seeds. The seed,
crushed and soaked in tepid water,
was used by them as a sure antidote
for scorpion-bites, Ferrarius names
a long list of medicos who had al-
ready by 1644 printed their testi-
mony as to the medicinal virtues of
the citrus family; but passes "in
silence very many others, that I,
who love brevity, may not be inter-
minable."
The chapter on "The More Oc-
cult Utility of the Citron " (XXI)
is no less entertaining.
"Although this tree does not ex-
ude voluntarj' tears of precious
gum, as do some of our native
and exotic trees, by distillation,
and by force of that process which
the chemists call 'Refrigerating,'
it yields liberally and in variety from leaf, flower and
fruit, for manifold needs of man." A "most salubrious oil"
was made from the flowers of the citron ; as also from the
flowers of the orange — the latter oil being "vulgarly called
Quintessence." An oil was made of the leaves of the citron,
and another from its rind ; another from the rinds of oranges
which hung too long on the tree or fell too early ; another from
lemon rind — all by distillation. An oil was also expressed from
citron rind. This oil was used as a flavoring-extract in cookery,
by " inodorating " sugar or salt with it. Two sorts of citron
Ir^.
Sweet and Sour Limes. From Fen
(Reduced about three-fourths.)
'CiTRONizKn Limk"— "Oblong or StAinn am> MoNhiKor
(Reduced about one-half.)
From Ferrarms, ittjb.
CITRUS FRUITS 250 TEARS AGO 387
Juleps are described. A compound of citron rind was made for
the heart, stomach and breath ; and citron lozenges of several
kinds for the same use ; the best being- made in Naples. A
" citron- water," was used to flavor delicacies. Recipes are also
given for a diaphoretic made from citron rind ; and for many
sorts of confections, lozenges, oils, compotes, tinctures, flavors,
etc. The crushed leaves and buds are also said to be most salu-
tary for bruises and wounds.
Turning to lemons and limes, the author devotes to them the
Third Book, of 35 chapters, 170 pages, with 53 full-page copper-
plate engravings — nearly all of them life-size illustrations of
the fruit. The varieties described are the "Common Lemon"
(of which there were many sorts), the " San Remo " or " Li-
gurian," the " Ball-tipped," the " Gareta " and "Amalfi,"the
small" Calabrian," the "Rio," the "Laura "Lemon (after a Nea-
politan woman in whose garden this variety originated ; the fruit
was 8/^ inches long, but with little pulp), the "Incomparable,"
the "Imperial," the "Sweet-Pulp," the "Lisbon Sweet-Pulp,"
the "Pear-Shaped," the "Fluted," the "Cluster," the
"Common Fluted," the "Amalfi Fluted," the " Sbardonius "
and the "Rosolinus" (after two famous Roman growers),
the "Barbadorus" (after a Florentine grower), the "Scabby"
(from its very rough skin), the " Citronized," (of several
varieties), the "Inclusive" (with one lemon inside another),
the "Pseudo-Citronized," the "Wild Citronized," the "Wax-
Colored " (of many sorts, including one peculiar to Tripoli),
the "Spongy," the " Wrinkled," the "Warty," the "Paradise
Apple," the " Adam's Apple " (of several sorts), the " Lumia "
(of many varieties). Of limes there are the "Sweet" and
"Bitter," the "Oblong," the "Round," and several others.
There are explanations as to the mode of growing the lemon
and lime, and their various uses, just as for the orange and
citron.
Philadelphia was not founded till 34 years after Ferrarius was
printed , Boston and New York were not yet 20 years old— and
none of these cities has even yet put forth so scholarly and so
handsome a book on citrus fruits. Even from these superficial
sketches it may perhaps be apparent that We are not the Only
People.
'CiTRONizRD Lemons Inclcdino 0th kks."
(Reduced about one-half.)
389
•^"^^Tf^^.Qgijr
@rtHK death of Col. Richard J. Hinton re-
j[ moves an interesting- and sympathetic
fig-ure from the fast-thinning ranks of
the "Old Timers" of the Southwest. Born
in London, England, Nov. 25, 1830, he came
to the United States just before reaching his
majorit)'. A stone-mason by trade, he had
had very little schooling, but had studied
alone after working- hours. In this country
he learned typesetting-, ari.d came to be a re-
porter. His sympathies were strongly anti-
slavery ; and as the Western sky g:rew dark
with the coming storm, young Hinton went
J^^ to Kansas and joined John Brown, becoming
^^ a co-worker with that g-rim John the Baptist
of Freedom. Missing Harper's Perry, Hinton
served through three and a half years of the
civil war, coming out a brevet colonel. After the war he went
back to newspapering and literary work, editing various papers
in New York, Washington and San Francisco. He was manag-
ing editor of the San Francisco Post for several years, beginning
with 1876. He made, at various times, investigations of irri-
gation and other matters for the government, and was the
author of a number of books besides these reports. Lives of
Lincoln, Seward and Sheridan ; English Radical Leaders ;
Handbook of Arizona; John Brown ; and The Making of the
New West, are among- his works.
Within a few years he collected,
edited and published the poems of
Richard Realf ; and later he was
preparing a volume of The John
BroTun Papers. Last July he re-
visited the land of his birth, and
he died in London Dec, 20th.
Rather journalist than man of
letters, he was aggressive and sin-
cere, a hater of oppression and of
sham, a staunch friend ; and as to
the Southwest an earl}^, ardent and
COL. RicHAKi, .1, HiMuN. cuduring lover.
Sbquoya, "the American Cadmui).'
391
"BACK, there:."
By TRACY AND LUCY ROBINSON.
ACK There, the g-ambler-wind the snow is shuffling",
Plake after flake down-dealing- in despair ;
The bladeless field, the birdless thicket muffling,
But now no more the river's stillness ruffling.
Oh, bitter is the sky, and blank its stare —
Back There !
Back There, the wires are down. The blizzard, meaning
No good to man or beast, shakes loose his hair.
The storm-bound train and locomotive preening
His sable plume, the ferry-boat, careening
Between the ice-cakes, icy fringes wear —
Back There !
* *
Out Here, a mocker trills his carol olden.
High-perched upon some eucal3'ptus near.
The meadow-lark replies ; oranges golden
Peer from the green wherewith they are infolden,
And perfume fills the winey atmosphere —
Out Here I
Out Here, through virgin soil, in sunlight mellow —
Ay, and in moonlight ! — man his plow may steer,
Nor lose life's edge in friction with his fellow ;
Nor, parchment-bound, with yellowing creeds turn yellow,
But feel his heart grow younger every year —
Out Here !
Hollywood, Cal.
THE CAPTAIN OF THE GATE.
By EUGENE MAN LOVE RHODES.
HAT a wild face 1 And what manners I Why do
you men associate with such a fellow — a gam-
bler and a brawler, and heaven only knows
what else ? Who is he, anyhow ?"
Thus Alice Milburn — pretty, lovable. East-
ern — whose father had but recently settled
in New Mexico. It was in the Black Range,
where a party of young people from the little
mining town of Chloride had been enjoying a
day in the hills, and were now preparing for a
moonlight ride home.
The owner of the wild face, with another member of the party,
had gone to catch the hobbled horses. The question was ad-
dressed to the company in general. It was her cousin, Harry
Gray, who answered.
392 OUT WEST
" My dear young Puritan maid, you should not be so prone to
judge your fellow worm. Who is he ? Really couldn't say. He
comes when you call Bud Keyes. But that may be only his
summer name, you know. Where does he come from ? Quten
sabe ? He does not encourage research. But he has a good edu-
cation, and so is doubtless from the East. Q. E. D. What do
we know of him ? Well, that he will stand without being tied,
that he stays with his friends, and looks all and sundry square
between the eyes. As to the gambling — " he glanced at the
crowd with amusement in his eyes — " there are several pillars
of society in this heathen land who indulge in that pastime
when there are no special attractions at the Grand Opera House.
I, myself" — he coughed deprecatingly — "in my younger days
have sometimes played marbles for keeps."
The grin which ran round the circle fully confirmed this state-
ment, and he took up his parable again.
"A brawler — not at all — an anachronism. He has shown
himself willing and able to hold his own with all comers. He
is reputed invincible and is certainly absolutely fearless, which
out here, like charity at home, covers a multitude of sins. Had
he lived in the days of King Arthur or Cceur-de-Lion, when
homicide was a fashionable recreation, he would have been a
hero. You idolize Ivanhoe and Launcelot for the same qualities
you condemn in him. As for moving on equal terms with him,
that is a peculiarity of people out here — due to climate perhaps
— that however much you look down on them, they never look
up to you. Probably it doesn't occur to them."
*' He steals cattle," insisted Alice defiantly.
" 'Convey, the wise it call' — convey, dear child. Apparently
you don't understand the situation. The prisoner at the bar is
guided by the morality of this latitude and longitude. The
ethics of the cattle business are erratic the world over, and have
been ever since Jacob took Laban's cattle on shares. The Greeks,
always fond of making fine distinctions, made Hermes the god
of merchants, cattlemen and thieves. Now in this country, the
code of the upright cow-man disapproves of the conveyance of
the stock belonging to your friends, to strangers not well-to-do,
or cattle companies from which you have accepted any unusual
favors. All other peccadilloes in this line are condoned— if suc-
cessful."
His dissertation was cut short by the approach of Keyes and
the horses.
The sun was just sinking, and as the shadows crept eastward
thousands of evening primroses burst into blossom, as if at the
touch of some fairy wand.
THE CAPTAIN OF THE GATE 393
" What beautiful flowers these are I" said Alice. *' It always
seems to me there should be a poem written about them. May-
be there are lives like them, which only blossom into beauty
when the shadows of night reach them."
"All aboard!" called Keyes, "bundle your traps into the
wagon."
"That man," said Alice to herself, " has positively no soul."
A few days afterward she found in her mail these verses,
without signature, and in a handwriting obviously assumed.
WITH AN EVENING PRIMROSE.
" How may you know that I love you, dear ?"
Mark the primrose when night is near,
When the sleeping shadows are soft and still,
And the sun dips downward behind the hill,
Bright it blooms on the mountain's breast,
Turns its face to the gleaming west ;
Opens its pure white heart to greet
The tryst of twilight with welcome sweet.
All day long hath the glowing sun
Beat on that hillside, bare and dun,
Where now the touch of the night wind's breath
A thousand .blossoms hath waked from death ;
Fair as the fields of asphodel,
In the twilight tales that our grandsires tell.
So my life, to a stranger's eye.
Seems harsh and barren and bleak and dry;
So, unfolding, my heart unknown
Blooms to beauty for you alone.
Listen, dear love, what the primrose saith.
With its stainless petal and perfumed breath,
" I love thee ever, in life and death,
And wait thy coming with folded faith."
'''' Poor o\6. Harry," she said, as she laid them away with a
sigh. For Harry had been her lover ever since they had been
children together in far New England, and since she had come
to the Southwest she had promised herself to Worth Hartley, a
prosperous young stockman near Chloride.
When, a year later, they dressed her for her wedding with
Hartley, she saw, hidden away in the wreath of orange blossoms,
specially imported from California for the occasion, a little
folded primrose bud.
" Who brought this wreath from town, Lily ?" she asked of
her small handmaiden.
"Mister Harry, he brought 'em. He told your maw he'd
reckoned them was the first flowers like that was ever in these
mountains. He said that there Keyes fellow carried 'em all
394 OUT WEST
way from Engfle to Mister Harry's place in the night time,
'cause they might get wilted comin' in the stage."
A lump came in her throat. "So like Harry," she thought
— remembering a hundred delicate attentions of his in bygone
days. "The gods take pa3' for the gifts they give." She hesi-
tated for a moment as she looked at the fragile bloom, so elo-
quent of love which gave all and asked for nothing. So pure
— so spotless — what harm could it do ? She took it out at
last with a sigh ; but, being a woman, put it away with the
verses.
But she laughed, not many months later, as she burned both,
when Harry was married.
A perfect day was drawing to its close, and Alice sat under a
spreading juniper in the pass, a book of poems in her lap neg-
lected for the pages of the fairer book of Nature, outspread be-
fore her delighted eyes. The ranch buildings lay half a mile
below her, and, looking down on the other side of the pass, she
saw the deep winding caiion, the long ridges starred over with
cedar and pinon — and further, a seemingly bottomless chasm of
which she could see only the opposite side — in the depths of
which the Cuchillo Negro tinkled its way toward the far-off
ocean ; then the massive pine-clad mountains, framing the wide
mystery of mesa beyond, checkered with cloud — shadow and
sun — vast, level, illimitable like the sea; then a gulf, a nothing-
ness, which she knew was the broad valley of the Rio Grande ;
beyond, a yellow blotch of sunshine which was the Jornado del
Muerto — and far away on the eastern horizon — so mistj' and
dim, and dwarfed by the distance that the weary ej'e could
scarce know if it were sky or hill — a low, jagged line that
marked where the blue of the sky melted into the purple of the
Sierra Oscura, nearly two hundred miles away.
But as she feasted her eyes on that fair prospect a horseman
came in sight around a bend in the caiion below her. " His
riding is as the riding of Jehu the son of Nimshi," observed
Alice, "for he rideth furiously," and she stepped behind a
mighty boulder, so he could pass without seeing her.
As he came closer, she saw that it was Keyes. She had not
seen him for long, though rumors of his wild doings had
reached her — for he was now an Ishmaelite, shunned and feared
— "trying to live up to the bad reputation foisted upon him by
the unco' guid" — according to Harry Gray's version.
He carried a rifle across his saddle, and looked back down the
canon as he toiled heavily up the last steep slope to the divide.
The wild face was drawn and gray.
THB CAPTAIN OF THE GATE 395
"He is fleeing from justice," she thought, her heart harden-
ing, and drew further back. Then she remembered how her hus-
band had told her that this man's indomitable courage had saved
twenty lives at the burning of the Lady Godiva mine, when all
others, however brave or reckless, had faltered. Relenting,
thinking to offer him help — a hiding place or a fresh horse —
she stepped out.
"Mr. Keyes !"
He sprang to the ground and came to meet her — and then — a
miracle I For, as he came, the lines, deep traced by years of
hardship, peril and dissipation, fell from him as a mask — the
wild face, a moment since so worn and haggard, was calm and
peaceful. The youth and beauty of the man had returned in a
heart beat — he stood there a man such as his mother dreamed
of over his cradle, with every energy of body and heart and
brain collected, alert, set to one high purpose.
He spoke abruptly without greeting. " Where's Hartley ?"
" At the Anchor X round-up — near the Dalles."
" Who is at the ranch ?"
"No one but Lily Strong and the cook and Walter Hearn who
has been quite ill — what is the matter, Mr. Keyes ?"
"Much. Any horses at the ranch ?"
" Plenty in the pasture, and the work horses in the stable."
The wild face grew radiant — glorified. This was his hour.
For the moment he was the equal of the gods and master of
events, a fate-compeller.
" Take my horse — ride fast— hitch up and drive for your lives.
The Apaches are out. They killed John Adams and Harvey
Moreland, and God knows how many more today."
"Are the3^ chasing you?" she gasped, as he lifted her to the
saddle.
He flushed — and then, remembering that he was done with
earthly pride forever — smiled. " It is a mere detail — Mrs.
Hartley — but as it happens, they were coming my road and I
■passed them." He raised his arm and showed the blood dripping
from a wound. "They are close behind. Tell the boys to
warn the country — and — adios !"
But she waited. The air tingled with premonitions — the
wind whispered of prophecy to her. "And you?" she said
faintly, "you?" "I," he said gently, "I will rest here!"
"Oh," she gasped, "they will kill you. Come — "
"No — they would only kill us all." He looked at his rifle.
"I will detain them here and give you a start." He raised his
hat, and looked around reverently. " No man had ever a fairer
396 OUT WEST
spot to die in, or a better chance to redeem an evil life. Go now I
every second counts."
Each harsh judgment, every ungenerous word, rose up before
her, smote her heart with reproach. She buried her face in her
hands. " Oh why do you do this thing for me ?"
" Why ?" His soul flamed in his eyes — he took one quick step
toward her and stopped. The sun had dropped down behind the
hill; the shadows gathered round him ; but she, above him, was
still in the sun. "Look !" he said — as the primroses unfolded
round his feet, as if his very gesture had called them into being.
It is a curious fact that in a great crisis, when the world is
crumbling about us, we see and note and remember the most
trifling things. It was so with Alice. Every detail of that fair
and peaceful scene — all the calm beauty of earth and sky — was
photographed on her mind forever.
And, as she listened to him, in some sub-conscious under-
current of her mind, old half- forgotten words rang insistently
like a wind-blown knell.
" Look, Hector, how the sun begins to set,
How ugly night comes breathing at his heels ;
Even with the vail and darkling of the sun
To close the day up, Hector's day is done !"
And she knew that here and now a knightlier than Hector
was to die.
" Once — long since," said the quiet voice, '* you said that there
might be lives like these flowers — that blossomed only at night-
fall. It may be mine is one of them. It may be that my trysting
time has come at last."
She flashed one look at him. It is long and long ago — but
she has not yet forgotten the tender smile she saw through her
burning tears.
'' rouV
"I have dared — forgive me ! You must go now. Gk)od bye."
Let no man dare to think of her as other than a true and loyal
wife, because — though life and death hung trembling in the
balance — she paused a moment yet to kiss the outcast's brow,
and set high tryst where they should meet again.
That night the dew fell upon the wild face ; the rising moon
showed a moisture that was not dew, staining its primrose
pillow. But the upturned face was smiling still.
Tularosa, N. M.
397
IT \SrAS HIS.
By CLOUDESLEY JOHNS.
ATER ! water ! Take the gold ; I'll give it all
^j^^M^S^M for a little water." He was quiet for a mo-
. AWt„i4^mTgi ment and then : "I'm rich. It's pure gold,
and I found it ; it's mine. I won't tell any
one. No ; I must have it all. Oh ! how I
suffered ; that terrible heat, and the thirst !
Water / No, it's all right now ; I don't need
any water ; I've got the £-old I The hot sun
blinded me, and my tongue dried up and
cracked ; but it's all right, I've got the gold."
"He's the most violent patient we have," remarked the at-
tendant. "He was brought here over a year ago ; but he's the
same now as he was then. Some prospectors found him on the
Mojave desert, half buried in the sand. He must have lain there
two or three days. Not one man in a thousand would have
lived."
*
* *
It was hot. Very hot. The sand reflected the sun's rays like
a mirror. Some people may think that you cannot see heat ;
but you could see it here. In any direction you cared to look
you could see a few miles of glaring sand and then the landscape
was blotted out by heat !
Do you know what heat looks like ? Watch a bonfire when it
is burning brightly in the daylight ; between the flame and the
smoke there is a hazy something of no particular color. Your
fire must be very hot for you to see it plainly ; but on the Mojave
it hides mountains and hills from view like a curtain.
There is a saying that "it is useless to set a snare in sight of
a bird ;" but though the Mojave is a trap, and evident to all,
the bait is irresistible.
Two men and two little burros were making their way slowly
across the scorching sand in the direction of Death Valley.
Gold, they were looking for, gold the God I
At night thej'^ came to a pool of hot, slimy water ; this was to
be the base of operations. Next day they would start out to
hunt for the precious yellow gold ; and if the fierce heat didn't
melt their brains and drive them insane, they would get back to
the "spring " at night.
For four days they came and went, each day going farther
from the camp. On the fifth day no one came back. The day
after that, one man came, but he passed the water. He had for-
gotten it was there. He was mad.
398 OUT WEST
Two days later, some prospectors found something on the
desert. The sand had drifted over it till it was nearly covered.
They pulled it out and examined it. They were glad they did.
It was still alive — but that wasn't what made them glad.
They took him back to civilization and told where they had
found him ; but they didn't tell what else they had found. He
was mad ; it could do him no good ; they could have it all.
" Poor fellow ;" said one of the visitors. " And he never found
any gold after (ill."
" Yes !" screamed the maniac. "I found it; all good gold!
No one shall have it. It's mine ! D' you hear ? Mine 1 "
Harold, Cal.
!
TO EULALIA.
By A. B. BENNETT.
SING the dew-kissed figs of Calendu,
The drowsy morn is smiling down the vale ;
The purple hills are nodding in the shadows of the dawn,
The cotton-tails are frisking to the warning of the quail:
'''' Cuidado /" cry the quails of Calendu ;
Yea, heed, I beg, the warning, both in moonlight and
in morning.
For Eulalia is the love of Calendu 1
Sand and cacti grimly guard this Calendu
In wastes of burning desert either side ;
And foothills, grim as death-heads, roast in quiet, intense
quiet.
And buzzards croak and mumble at your stumbles as you
ride :
'"''Cuidado ! " cry the voices of the valley ;
Heed the hut behind the grove, for it holds the valley's love,
For Eulalia is the life of Calendu !
There a stream all cool and quiet in the valley
A grove of grotesque fig-trees wanders through ;
Which was planted on a morning such as this is, round-returning,
By a priest who owned the valley and the folk of Calendu :
''''Cuidado 1 " cry the busy quail at morning ;
Yea, heed, O Sir, the warning, both in moonlight and in
morning.
For Eulalia is the love of Calendu I
God rest you little valley, Calendu 1
In your wrinkle in the long-drawn wilderness.
And Eulalia gathering brevas in the dew :
I return ye what ye gave me, for I bless.
Euaenada, Mex.
399
'EARLY WESTERN HISTORY.
Frofn Documents never before published in English.
Diary of Junipero Serra; McK. 28-J\ane 30, 1709.
II.
N the 8th I set forth from said place, and over those so painful hills
arrived at the Pueblo of San Miguel, which is a branch \visitd\
of that mission, about midday. I found a like, or greater, number
of- Indians of .said head-settlement \cabecerd\ who told me the same
story, and I gave them the same remedy. And leaving them, [though] some
followed me, I set out that evening for the Mission of Guadalupe and
reached it after night had come on, and well tired. And with this I
reached the end of what I had previously traveled of California in this
direction.
On the 9th, which was Sunday, I said Mass and rested, of which I was
well in need. And as the long distance from the foregoing Mission to this,
which is counted as 30 leagues, was the first in which the Mules came
entirely wearied and loaded, they were three days longer in arriving. And
so for that, as well as that they might recuperate somewhat after their
arrival ; and still more to write concerning various Affairs which remaitied
unsettled, and to reply to various letters, I had to delay besides this day
the following— the 10th, 11th, 12th and 13th. And in them the Father
Reader Fray Juan Sancho, Master of Arts, ex-professor of Philosophy
and later Reader of Theology in his Native Land, Minister of that Mis-
sion, took great pains, with the greatest solicitude, to add alleviations for
my road. And having understood that they said that of all the beasts
saddled {^cruzadas, lit. crossed] for the expedition none were so forlorn as
those they had assigned me, he caused to be gathered all that the Mission
had, and [arranged] that with them the loads should be carried on to the
next Mission. As was done, by this means giving the rest of going un-
laden to those [mules] that I brought, for the four following marches.
And it was seen that that favor was thus necessary, from the fact that not
even unladen could they all arrive, and one had to be abandoned midway
and another at the next Mission. This benefit extended even further, if it
is remembered that the few beasts that had remained in that Mission after
the Captain's heavy spoliation were only the old ones, and little less than
unserviceable. In such sort that the Father, finding himself so scant of
provisions, as has been said, and knowing that I would surely find it at the
Purissima, did not dare to send off the Mules, for fear of finishing them
up with that hardship. Besides this, he added among other [favors] the
favor by me of most esteem, which was to give me a little page who served
his Reverence ; a Spanish-speaking \ladino~\ Indian of IS years, who
knows how to assist at Mass, read, and the other [duties] pertaining to the
service. And he clothed him [new for me, with his changes of clothing,
leather jacket, boots, etc., and fitted him out with all the trappings to go
Horseback, and gave him a saddle-Mule, whereat he was very contented.
And'th'us not only the lad but his parents took it for much good-fortune,
and it was agreeable to all. Likewise in this Father the circumstance
coincides that he was an acquaintance of mine ever since his days as a regu-
lar student. God bless him.
On the 10th there arrived at this Mission the Father Minister of Santa
Rosalia de Mulege, to bid me farewell — it being understood that this Mis-
sion is the only one which is not traversed on this road, since it is situated
on the Coast of the gulf of California. This Father was one of those
400 OUT W EST
that came with me from Spain, and afterward my Co-Missionary in the
Sierra Gorda. This is the Father Fray Juan Gaston, on whom I have
looked with special affection— and I believe likewise he has returned it.
So in this and the following days, between the three of us we consoled one
another for our parting (which, it might easily be inferred, would be until
the morrow of death, or after it) with the consideration that it was ar-
ranged for the greater honor and glory of God ; and to gain for Him, some
of us on one side and the others on another, many souls for His Most Holy
Magesty. So may it be ! Amen.
On the 11th and 12th the aforesaid was continued.
On the 13th the F"'ather Gaston returned to his Mission, and we two were
left, employing ourselves with the last arrangements for my journey, and
in assigning from the ornaments of the Sacristy those which this Mission
could contribute for the founding of the new [Missions], according to the
charge of the Most Illustrious Seiior Inspector-General, with a view to
economize expenses for said foundings. And a very competent list was
made of phials, and an incensory, incense holder. Chalice, Cruets, all of
silver ; Chasubles, frontals, albs, amices, girdles, purificatories, a large
bell, and various other utensils, which appear in said list, which I
sent to Loreto. And the Father agreed to remit everything to Mulege,
that it might go from there by sea to Loreto, where everything which the
remaining Missions contribute for the same end is being assembled. And
on this day the cargoes set forth, so that by their going ahead this day's
journey I should not have to wait so long at the next Mission.
6. On the 14th I set forth from the Mission of Guadalupe a debtor to
its Father Minister for a thousand favors. And with my new page I ar-
rived at midday at the place called Santa Cruz, and by night at the ranch-
eria of San Borja ; and I slept on the open ground. In the morning I
encountered the Arrieros [muleteers] who had set out the day before.
[They had] the news that they had taken a notion to fire off a bad enough
gun with which those in the office at Loreto had armed one of the raw
Soldiers that came with me ; nor had it been possible — though they knew
its worth, or I would better say its worthlessness — to get the Seiior Com-
missary Trillo to change it for another, though they begged it of him.
And on firing it, it burst from above downward, and burned all the hand
of the Soldier Marcelo Bravo, who fired it (though it belonged to his com-
rade Carlos Rubio). And it left him for many days disabled for all work
in the packtrain. I left in his place a Mozo of those that were traveling
with me, and I passed on ahead.
On the 15th, rising good and early, I arrived at the Mission of San
1 Ygnacio at about 3 in the morning, or a little later. The new Father
Minister of that Mission, the Father Preacher Fray Juan Madina Veitia,
had the night before sent me out supper to the place where I slept ; and
this [jiijjlit] he came forth to meet me about a league from the Mission.
And after we had greeted one another and talked a little, walking along
together, he pushed on ahead ; and dressed in surplice, stole and pluvial,
he received me with [his] people in the door of the church, into which we
entered to give thanks to God Our Lord, and to praise Him for the benefits
received, etc. The Minister of this Mission ever since we arrived in Cali-
fornia had been the Father Preacher Fray Miguel de la Campa, a Son of
our College, a Missionary practiced many years in the Missions of the
Sierra Gorda whence he had come forth to these [Missions] ; and he was
already on his way accompanying the 2nd division of the expedition b''
land, as has been said in Note 4. On the 27th day of March, said Father
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY 401
set forth from this his Mission ; and for the time there came to occupy his
place the Father Fray Juan L/Con, who at the beg-innings was assig-ned as
Minister of that [Mission] of Santa Maria de los Angeles. In the which
he was almost always discontented because of the lack of provisions to
maintain so many sons of it, and to regale the Gentiles ; for many came
every day in quest of Baptism. And for this reason he had absented himself
from it, his absences being supplied by the Father Minister of the Mission
of San Borja, which was nearest; and he had besought me to change him to
some other Mission. I sent him to this one, it being understood that the
Father of San Borja was in the said [Mission] of Santa Maria de los Angeles,
while his [Mission] was being supplied by the Father Fray Andres Villa
Umbrales, who had been Minister of that of San Ivuis Gonzaga, one of
those extinguished by the Most Illustrious Inspector, And at the time,
having no assignment of his own, the said Father Fray Juan Leon had
come to this [Mission] of San Ygnacio from that of Santa Gertrudes,
where he was resting from his past hardships and giving the Father of
this Mission the consolation of having a companion.
On the 16th, which was Sunday, and the day of the Profession of Our
Father St. Francis, on which our Order celebrates to the Holy Archangel
St. Raphael, who is Patron of travelers, 1 celebrated it quietly ; renewing
my Profession, as the Religious in all our Order do on this day. And tho'
I intended to set forth the following day, the said Rev. Father besought
me to tarry, even for one day longer, for various reasons which he adduced ;
and I had to yield to his humble supplication.
The 17th I employed in writing some letters, and in receiving the favors
of the Father, and in looking over, with a bit of a walk, that great Mission
— for so it can be called, in comparison with the Foregoing ones, and with
the rest which follow it — since this was the first time I had seen it. The
Father gave me liberally whatever I desired for myself and for my people.
And as it is understood that there had already been taken from that Mis-
sion the list of Church ornaments with which it had to aid the founding of
the new [Missions], and that thesaid Father Canipa was carrying them on,
according to my instructions, there was nothing more to do except to
journey forward.
7. On the 18th, in the morning, I set forth from San Ygnacio ; and as I
failed to vaken early, and the day was very burning, I could not make the
regular day's march. I made noon, much heated, in a Cave which they
say is called [Cave] of la Magdalena ; and in the evening arrived at the
place which is called Santa Marta, where I slept on the earth.
On the 19th I made noon on the dry L/agoon of the plains of San Gregoi-io,
and at night we arrived in the vicinity of the place [known as] San Juan —
not being able to reach the Rosario as we intended.
On the 20th, with a very early rising, I passed the Rosario after dawn,
and arrived that morning at the Mission of Santa Ge[r]trudes. The Indians
sallied to meet me with dancing and festive demonstrations ; the Father
Minister, the Father Preacher Fray Dionisio Basterra, awaited me in the
door of the Church, dressed with his pluvial and accompanied by acolytes
with a Cross, candlesticks, incensory and holy-water. I adored the Holy
Cross in his hands and offered incense to it, I sprinkled the people with
holj'-water, and we entered to give thanks unto God for so much as we owed
Him. As soon as the said [Father] had doffed the sacred vestures and we
g'ave one another the first embrace, the eyes of both overflowed with tears
(the which even now come to me anew when I write this), without our be-
ing able to speak a word until for a long time we had paid this permissible
402 OUT WEST
tribute to Nature. Many days before, the Father had fallen into a pro-
found sadness over his being- alone among so many shut-in Indians, without
a Soldier rt'or a Servant — for both the one and the other the Captain had
taken away from him for the Expedition — nor even an Interpreter of any
use. He had communicated to me by various L<etters his disconsolateness,
asking me for relief ; which I could not give him, much as I desired to ;
and I tried in various ways not only consoling him but talking with the
Most Illustrious Inspector-General, writing to the Captain, and talking to
. the Governor, all without fruit — since by no one of these means could I pro-
cure one soldier for his escort, whereby he could have had some relief and
comfort. His Eminence told me that the escort had l)een taken away
against his express order ; but that the Captain would fix it, and if not he,
the Governor. I wrote to the former with this view [receiving] the reply
that the Governor should fix it, as he [the Captain] needed the Soldiers. I
talked to the Governor, and the Father himself talked to him earnestly
when he passed by his Mission, where he regaled him as well as he could.
And what he [the Governor] answered was that he not only could not give
him an escort, but that he was minded to leave without one the next Mission
of San Borja, which has had three [soldiers] when fewest. All these con-
siderations, joined with affection for this Young Relig-ious — ever since he
first appeared in the apostolic Ministry of Missions among the faithful ;
as my companion in my long peregrinations on the coast of Oaxaca, navi-
gation of the River of the Miges, city of Antequera, and King's Highway
from it to Mexico — caused that tenderness which culminated in the consol-
ation of seeing one another [now] at the end of a little more than a j'ear
since our arrival and last parting from Loreto.
In order to give him [consolation] with somewhat more amplitude, I
tarried, in compliance with his entreaties, for the five days following — and
not idly. For we occupied ourselves in assembling the [Indians of the]
rancherias to propose to them the idea of the Most Illustrious Inspector-
General, [which was] very much to my taste ; that a sufficient number .of
families of them — even though there should be two hundred [families] —
should pass on to the Purissima de Cadegomo and domicile themselves
there, where there is lack of people and abundance of provisions ; land and
water wherewith to plant for all in common ; and in particular and above
all, where their food would be assured three times a day, and their sufficient
clothing, all of which they have lacked and always will lack at their own
Mission — or it were better to say, in the hills of it, for they have no lands
for it, not even possible ones. In these proposals, responses and explan-
ations of them, in awaiting [the Indians of] other rancherias which, being-
more distant and further back in the hills, could not arrive so promptly, those
days were passed ; leaving the matter in good shape and the Father con-
soled.
8. On the 26th I set forth from Santa Ge[r]trude8 for the next [Mission].
On the 27th I pursued my way.
On the 28th I arrived in the morning at the Mission of San Borja, where
its Minister, the Father Preacher Fray Fermin Francisco Lasuen, received
me with the same solemnity as the foregoing Father had. And altho' I
much desired to join the body of the expedition, which was at the next
Mission, out of especial aff'ection for this Minister I tarried the two days
following, which for me were of much enjoyment, owing to his lovable con-
verse.
This day of the 29th we employed in discussing matters of the expedition
[to the] Gentiles, to the which he has asked me urgently to be admitted ;
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY 403
in examining the so numerous matters of that poor Mission, and in treat-
ing of the next [Mission], at which the Father had been a pretty long time
supplying the absences of its proper Minister.
On the 30th, which was Sunday, [there was] High Mass which I cele- |
brated, at the request of the Father, and I preached to those poor Neophytes
what the L,ord inspired me. As I had likewise done the Sunday preceding
at the [Mission] of Santa Ge[r]trudes at the request of its Minister.
9. On the first day of May, in the evening, I set forth from the Mission
of San Borja, and arrived at the place called " the Beginning." There,
night having already come on, I received mail, which on account of the in-
convenience of the place and the hour, was returned without reply, simply
as a sign of having fulfilled its commissioQ.
On the 2nd I got from the foregoing place to that of Juvay, and from
there I did not sally, because I had arrived tired, altho' there was time to
have walked a little in the evening.
On the~3rd T arrived at the old Mission of Calomofue, where I tarried all
the evening and celebrated Mass the following day with the ornaments I
had already asked of the Mission of Santa Maria.
On the 4th, which was the day of the Ascension of the Lord to the
Heavens, I celebrated Mass in that deserted Church, a ruinous /acal [hut of
palisades], and employed the rest of the morning in answering all the back
letters ; and the mail set forth a little after midday for the Mission of San
Borja. I set forth from this spot, and arrived at that of San Francisco.
On the 5th I rose good and early, and by a most grievous road, which
they call [that of] the Caxon,* arrived at about half -past eight of the morn-
ing at the Mission of Santa Maria de los Angeles. Here I encountered the
Seiior Governor with the Father Fray Miguel de la Campa ; and part of
the Retinue had already gone on ahead to Vila Catha, for the recuperation
of the beasts, which there had .grass that they lacked here. We were
mutually glad to see ourselves already joined to begin anew our peregrin-
ation through a desert land populated o^ly with Infidelity, with innum-
erable Gentiles.
On the 6th, while they should bring from the beach of San L,uis Gonzaga
the cargo of Maize and other provisions which had arrived there on the
Ganoe "San Xavier " for this expedition — in which [bringing] some 4
days Were spent — and finish the fixing of the Aparejos and harness for the
beasts of burden— the Father Campa, the Senor Governor and I, accom-
panied by the Soldier Salgado, the escort of that Mission, examined its
watering places and arable lands, estimated the conveniences it offered in
its vicinity for pasture and watering-places for beasts, and the other
matters a Mission needs. And it did not seem to us so bad as they had
very differently painted it to us. So that though- 1 had before been entirely
inclined that the Mission should be moved from there on account of what
they had reported to me concerning it, now that I saw it I remained firmly
addicted to the spot and to the contrary opinion. And thus I wrote it to
the Most Illustrious Inspector-General, and to the Father-Reader Palou
who had to administer it as President of the Missions who had to remain
in my absence.
On the 7th, which was Sunday, I said High Mass and preached to those
NeopTiytes, [who were] the poorest of all. In the evening I went to the
new discovery of a road to the beach of San Ivuis and we found it to be a
half shorter than the one which until now had been traveled ; and that al-
though it was rough, being through rocky hills, they say the other is worse
Cajon, a great box ; a " box-canon."
\
404 OUT WEST.
besides being long-er. And •we found the convenience that just midway it
had a handsome waterin);f-place, until now unknown, with plenty of pasture
for the passage of the beasts. And because a handsome antelope was
caught there, and we saw the dexterous method of hunting them, the place
and water were called " of the Antelope." [del Verrendo'\. I went with the
idea of [seeing] if that water might serve for some cultivation, but saw
that [it could] not, because there is not in all those surroundings any level
land. And so it can serve for the aforesaid [i. e., for watering stock on the
road], and to put some beasts there sometimes. But in crossing, both go- //
ing and returning, we passed an arroyo, less than half [maybe] quarter of //q'
a league from the Mission, of which I will speak later. / p
On the 8th, 9th and 10th we continued in said Mission, partly to await
the cargo, partly to give the Setior Governor the Jast arrangements for our
March. From that Mission I took Ornaments to celebrate [services] on
the road — Chalice, chasuble, and everything necessary, of which I gave in-
dividual account to Loreto, in order that it might be repaid to this Mission,
as it is so poor. And I took my farewell from those poor [people] with
pain at having to leave them for the time without a Minister, altho' with
the hope that their orphanage should not endure for a great while.
10. On the 11th in the morning we set forth from the Mission, we two
Fathers with the Seiior Governor. And after a short bit, entering upon
the arroyo of which I have already made mention, and following it for
more than a league, we saw it all most leafy with the innumerable palms,
grass and water which it contains throughout, and that it offers various
declivities to which the water could be applied for irrigation, and to people
it with fruit trees and some sowing ; and in fine that it can give much
utility to the Missio«. The water can be dammed at a sufficient altitude ;
and so I do not find any imi)ediment which might delay this improvement
and benefit. Leaving the arroyo, we pursued our journey, and arrived to
make noon at the arroyo called San Antonio. And in the evening we
traveled a little less than two leagues and arrived at the place called San
Nicolks.
On the 12th we arrived at the place called la Poza de aguadulce ["sweet-
water well"]. By the road we saw various little ranchos of Gentile Indians,
and recent tracks of them. But not one, little or big, let himself be seen ;
their retreat mortifying my desires to talk to them and caress them.
On the 13th, considering that if we went at the gait of the pack-train, we
would have to make two other Days' Journey to arrive, and that the second
of them would be the day of Pentecost, I prayed the Senor Governor that
we might go ahead in light order to accomplish the road in one day which
the pack-train had to make in two. Thus it was done ; and we two Fathers
with the said Seiior and one soldier, and the pages, traveling all the day,
arrived at the fall of evening at Vila Catha, where the number of soldiers
that were there received us with much content. Likewise we saw various
little houses and tracks of the Indians, but of themselves not a one. All
this stretch of country is even [less] supplied than the rest of the Cali-
fornias for the poor sustenance of its inhabitants ; since from Santa Maria
unto here, inclusive, I did not see even a single tree of pitahaias, neither
the sweet nor the sour — but only now and then a cactus, and a rare garam-
bullo. The most are candle [cactus], a tree useless for everything, even
for fire.
On the 14th, the Easter of the Holy Ghost, in the morning, a little
Jacal* was cleaned and adorned. It was one of several that the first divi-
sion of the expedition left built ; the one which they told us had served for
a chapel -on the day of St. Margaret of Cortona. Feb. 22, when the Father
Preacher Lasuen said the first Mass in Vila Catha, to give the communion
to the Captain and Soldiers who had gone from Santa Maria to confession,
in fulfillment of the annual precept and in preparation for the expedition.
And it is said that this was the first Mass ; for altho' the Jesuit Father
Linch was there (as is shown by his diary) the Soldiers who accompanied
him say he did not hold services there. In that Jacal, then, the altar was
arranged, the Soldiers were drawn up under arms, with their leathern
jackets and shields, and with all the neatness of Holy Poverty I celebrated
Mass on that so great day, with the consolation that this was first of those
* Hut of palisades.
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY 405
[masses] which must be continued with the permanency of that new Mis-V
sion of San Fernando, which dated from that day. The Mass while it \
lasted was solemnized by the very repeated discharges of the muskets of
the soldiers ; the fumes of the powder supplying, in this instance, the
place of that of incense, which we could not offer because we had it not.
And as there was no more Wax that would burn, except a short end of
candle that I found, the Father's only taper for that day was the Mass, and
the Father heard the Mass with the rest in fulfillment of the precept.
After we had sung the Vent Creator, etc., we made the concourse with the
Soldiers and the Indian Neophytes who accompanied us, without a single
Gentile being visible. Perhaps they were scared by so many thunders.
Then we erected in the precinct the Standard of the Holy Cross ; and I
nominated for first Minister of that new Mission the said Father Preacher
Fray Miguel de la Campa, who was very joyous in this employment, with
the knowledge of the many gentiles that frequented the place, and
with seeing that this [spot] offers all the conveniences of land and water to
maintain those that may gather to form the Mission.
In the evening we more particularly reconnoitered the arroyo [as to]
where the dam for irrigation could easily be made ; and all appeared to ua
very good, except the great lack of poles and timbers for the Edifices.
But we took into account that perhaps in the unknown surroundings time
may discover some thing ; and that if not, this is not such a lack that for
it the settlement must be abandoned, even though it cost the hardship of
bringing them [the timbers] from far. In other respects the situation ap-
pears excellent, and thus I hope that with time it will be a good Mission.
By order of the Most Illustrious Inspector General, the Father was given
the fifth part of the cattle-herd that had been Gathered there for the expe-
dition. I left him one of the 4 loads* of Biscuit, a tercio\ of Flour, and
Soap of that which I was carrying for the expedition ; and on behalf of the
Seiior Governor [I gave him] some chocolate, grape raisins, [dried] figs ;
and of Maize more than 40 [F]anegast. And so he remained with what
he could get along with, and treat the Gentiles for some time ; until he
shall be relieved with new succor.
On the 15th, as the packs had arrived, we 2 Fathers had Wax to hold
services, one after the other ; and it was for me a day of much consolation;
for soon after the Masses, I being retired inside the Xacal, they advised
me that Gentiles were coming and already near. I praised the Lord. I
kissed the earth, giving His Magesty thanks that after so many years of
desiring them, He had granted me to see myself among them in their land»
I sallied promptly, and found myself with 12 of them, all males and grown,
except two who were Boys, one about of 10 years, and the other of about
15. I saw that which I had hardly managed to believe when I used to read
it or they told me of it — which was their going totally nude, as Adam in
Paradise before his sin. So they go, and so they presented themselves to
us, and we conversed a long while ; without there being perceptible in
them in all that [while], though they saw us all clothed, the least blush for
being in that manner. I put my two hands on the heads of them all, one
by one, in token of affection ; I filled both their hands with dried figs,
which they at once began to eat ; and we received with signs of much ap-
f)reciating it the regalement which they presented to us — which was a net
full] of mescal tatemado [roasted in the oven ; a Queretaro provincialism] ,
and four fish, more than middling — altho', as the poor fellows had not had
the advertency to disembowel them, and much less to salt them, the cook
said that they were already of no account. The Father Campa also regaled
them with some raisins, the Seiior Governor gave them tobacco in the leaf,
all the soldiers treated them and gave them to eat. And I, with the Ynter-
preter, gave them to know that in that very spot a Father would remain
constantly, namely this one, pointing him out, and that he was called Fray
Miguel ; that they should come, and the other people of their acquaintance^
to visit him, and that they should tell them [the other gentiles] not to have
fear or suspicion ; that the Father would be their very friend ; that those
Seiiores the Soldiers who remained there with the Father wonld do them
much good and would not do them harm ; that they must not steal the
* Carsra— 275 lbs.
t Tercio, 162 lbs.
% Fanesra=l,6 bushels
ih^
'/
406 OUT WEST
cattle running loose, but that if they were in need they must come to tell
the Father, and he would always give them what he could. These and
other like arguments, it appears they attended very well, and they gave
signs of assenting to it all. In such sort, that it seemed to me that they
would fall shortly into the apostolic and evangelic net — and so it was, and
I will tell directly after. To him that passed as Captain among them, the
Sefior Governor said that if hitherto he had been [Captain] only by the say
and wish of his people, from this day forth he would make him such Cap-
tain with the authority and in the name of Our Lord the King. That
same evening, with pain at parting from them and their new Minister who
remained with them, I took my way with the Serior Governor and retinue ;
and traveling about 3 hours, or a little more, we halted and passed the
night in the open, without water, in a spot with some pasturage, which is
halfway to the next ^Misaiuii].
j 11. On the 16th, with 3 hours more of Roading, we arrived at the place
I [called] of San Juan de Dios. It is agreeable, with plenty of water, and
pasture, willows, tule and a glad sky. Here for some days h^d been the
Sergeant Don Francisco Ortega and some Soldiers, with part of the beasts,
which had to follow our route in order to refresh themselves in a place so
well suited. It was a consoling day, because in it all of us were reunited
who had to go together on the expedition — except two natives of San Borja,
who did not arrive until two days later. One descends to this arroyo and
spot by a pretty high hill ; but as it is already well trodden and mended, the
descent does not cause especial hardship.
On the l7th I said Mass thesre — altho' with the great hardship it cost me
to hold myself on my feet, because of my left foot having become much in-
flamed; from which for about a year, or something more, I have been suf-
fering ; and now it has become very swollen to halfway up my leg, and its
\ wounds are inflamed. Wherefore the days that we were detained here I
passed mostly at full length upon the bed, and feared that soon I would
have to follow the expedition on a stretcher [Tapestle, a Mexican provincial-
ism]. In the meantime, the Governor and his people went on arranging
the packs and the division of the herds, and recuperating the beasts that
had arrived last and were in need of recuperation.
On the 18th, over which our detention continued, I could not hold services
for the aforesaid reason. But I had great consolation with a letter which
arrived from Vila Catha, in which the Father of that Mission informed me
that the same Gentile Captain that I had already seen and regaled with
his eleven others, had gone [to Vila Catha] with a larger number of men,
women, boys and girls, to the number of 44 altogether, and that all asked
for Holy Baptism and had that same day entered upon instruction. I was
infinitely rejoiced, and wrote to the Father a thousand congratulations. I
begged him that so honest a Captain should be the first he baptized, and
should be called Francisco, in reverence to Our Father St. Francis, from
whose intercession I devoutly believed this happy novelty proceeded. In
fulfillment of the word which God hath given in these last centuries (as is
affirmed by the Venerable Mother Maria de Jesus de Agreda), that at only
the sight of his [St. Francis's] sons the Gentiles shall be converted to oar
Holy Faith. And it seems to nie worthy to advise that this Captain of Vila
Catha, once made a Christian, shall be very much a creditor that to him
and to his family and to his rancheria attention shall always be paid ; for
as soon as the Spaniards set foot in his country he began to visit, regale and
serve them, putting himself in the midst of them. Thus he did with the
first division of the Expedition ; and when (before us, but after the first
had gone on) the Sergeant Ortega arrived with some Soldiers, some Gen-
tiles presented themselves at once ; and the said Captain arrived in three
days, and gave as his excuse for not having been more prompt, that he had
found himself very distant, toward the further coast, when he received
notice from his people of the arrival of the Spaniards ; whereupon he at
once set out with all speed — so, that not only two days but also the night
intervening he had been traveling, to arrive quickly. And he brought as
a present 2 tercios of Mescal, and offered him [Ortega] to send people to
fish, and their services in anything else that might offer. Now with us he
did as I have already stated ; and above all, he was, as has been said, the
first to ask Holy Baptism, with his so numerous retinue and with a promise
to bring more. May God make him a Saint.
[to BB CONTINUKD.]
407
THE SEQUOYA LEAGUE.
"To MaKe Better Indians."
BXECUXIVB COMMITTEB.
Dr. David Starr Jordan, President Stanford University, Cal.
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief Biological Survey, Washington.
Dr. Geo. Bird Grinnell, editor Forest and Stream, New York.
D. M. Riordan, Los Angeles, Cal.
Richard Egan, Capistrano, Cal.
Chas. Cassatt Davis, attorney, Los Angeles.
' Chas. F. Ivummis, Los Angeles.
ADVISORY BOARD.
Mrs. Phebe A. Hearst, University of California.
Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Nebraska.
Archbishop Ireland, St. Paul, Minn.
U. S. Senator Thos. R. Bard, California.
Maj. J. W. Powell, Director Bureau of Ethnology, Washington.
Edward E. Ayer, Newberry Library, Chicago.
Miss Estelle Reel, Supt. all Indian Schools, Washington.
W. J. McGee, Ethnologist in Charge, Bureau of Ethnology.
F. W. Putnam, Peabody Museum, Harvard College.
Stewart Culin, University of Pennsylvania.
Geo. A. Dorsey, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.
Dr.T.Mitchell Prudden, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York.
Dr. Geo. J. Engelmann, Boston.
Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington.
F. W. Hodge, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
Hamlin Garland, author, Chicago.
Mrs. P. N. Doubleday, New York.
Dr. Washington Matthews, Washington.
Hon. A. K. Smiley (Mohonk), Redlands, Cal.
(Others to be added.)
Treasurer, W. C. Patterson, Prest. Los Angeles National Bank.
ISPATCHES from Washing-ton, as this number
is on the press, state that the special Com-
mission asked for by the League in its Me-
morial of Nov. 22 has at last been decided
upon by the proper authorities ; to investigate
the needs of the Mission Indians evicted by
law from their immemorial homes, and to select
a proper location for them, which the govern-
ment will purchase. Thus, after more than four months of
patient but steady pressure, the League wins its first campaign
— thanks to the staunch and earnest advocacy of Senator Bard,
the personal interest of President Roosevelt, and the cooperation
of the Commissioner of Indian Affairs, Hon. W. A. Jones. It
is understood that the Commission will be named without delay,
and will enter upon its long task immediately thereafter. So
.much, indeed, is indispensable ; for the successful claimants to
Warner's Ranch are impatient and will proceed to actual eviction
unless immediate provision is made for the Indians.
The Commission's task will be an arduous, and in the usual
sense a thankless, one. It will have to travel much over 500
miles by wagon, and do a large amount of "legging " besides,
■to inspect the reservations and the offers of land ; for it will do
its work thoroughly. It will make a scrupulous investigation
of the properties offered — which are already many — and *will
-take no one's word for what can be learned by personal investi-
408 OUT WEST
gation. It will have a rather complicated problem to select the
lands best suited to the Indians ; for there will be many thingrs
to consider. Acreagre, neighborhood, water supply, irrigable
lands, timber, pasturage, altitude, price — all these things, and
others, must be reckoned with.
*
* *
It may be well to remark here that no " holdups " will be tol-
erated. The Commission is not "standing in." It means to
get for the government whatever land it selects just as cheaply
as its individual members would buy for themselves. Any tack-
ing-on of two prices or a price-and-a-half because it is the gov-
ernment, will be enough to insure the rejection of any offer.
Only people who really care to sell need apply ; the Commission
is not here to be " an eas}^ thing " nor is it likely to be "played
for a tenderfoot." On the other hand, it will aim to be abso-
lutely fair and impartial, and to do business on strictly business
lines. Instead of robbing the government, it will aim to save
it money.
* *
Anyone who has propert}' to offer — sufficient for 300 Indians
to make a comfortable living on, and in San Diego county or
the southern end of Riverside county — should send in at once to
the editor of this magazine the offer and description of the
property ; and if possible a map (which will be preserved and
returned). The government requires a specific proffer to sell ;
and no property will be considered whose owner does not comply
with this condition. The following form should be used.
" hereby offer and agree to sell to the United States within four
months from date, for the sum of $ , U. S. gold coin, the following
property, free from all incumbrances and with satisfactory certificate of
title."
[Follow with description.]
Specify location, name of property, total acreage, number of
acres of arable land, number of acres of irrigable land, acreage
now cultivated (if any), acreage now irrigated (if any), all ap-
proximately ; character and source of water supply, number of
inches, title ; approximate acreage in timber, and of what sort;
average altitude above sea-level (from nearest stake of U. S
Geological Survey); character of non-cultivated land (if timber,
pasture or desert) ; number, size, uses and condition of buildings
now on the property — barns, dwellings, etc. — how much fencing,
if any, and of how many wires.
Less than 1000 acres cannot be considered ; nor tracts on
which there is not water for irrigation of at least 200 acres by
gravitation.
1 have just returned from a week's wagon trip through the
region involved. Pew travelers in California have any dream
of the "back country." In that one county there are — back of
the Eden the tourist visits — more mountains and more rocks
than are in the State of New Hampshire. Thousands of
square miles are worthless now and forever. All the ingenuity
THE SBQUOYA LEAGUE 409
of man will never find a use for them. Even their rocks are
decrepit and without value whatever. Here and there are tiny
valleys and rare springs and circumscribed groves ; but the
region is fairly knuckled with barren ranges, as close together
as hills can be set, and as hopeless for farming, grazing or any
other human industry as a cement sidewalk. One can drive 100
miles on the excellent county road without passing a dozen in-
habited houses — and this in spite of the fierce demand for cheap
lands in Southern California.
The condition of the Indian reservations in this vast waste is
anything but creditable to us. The former owners of all the
face of this land, in which so many hundred thousand of us are
now content, have been dispossessed of their fertile valleys —
sometimes under color of law, sometimes at the end of a shotgun
— and driven back upon the ragged edge of the desert. It has
become a standing jest with all who are familiar with the facts,
on seeing an absolutely worthless peak of dry rocks to remark
" That must be an Indian reservation." Almost nothing that
a white man would take as a gift has been left these original
Americans. There will be much to say, later, of these matters,
and of many kindred ones. An interesting human story, never
yet fairly told, is in these inhospitable hills.
*
* *
At Warner's Ranch and other points I had long juntas with
the Indians, which shall be related in another number. If these
harried people could say in Washington what they said to me,
and as they said it, they would need no advocate. The un-
vexed truth, the simplicity, the directness, the earnestness, and
yet the perfect self-control of these aboriginal speeches ; the
dignity and the satire of them — sometimes unconscious, but
oftener mildly intentional — would give them distinction in any
parliamentary body. In another number I shall try to reproduce
a typical one or two, with photographs of the people and the
locality. Though it is too late to secure justice from courts
acting in marvelous ignorance of the laws from which every
land tenure in California derives, it is never too late for Amer-
icans to understand a matter in which, on proof, no genuine
American can fail to feel some interest.
*
* *
Immediately following the consultation with the evicted
Indians came one with Mr. J. Downey Harvey, the successful
claimant, whom I have known for 18 years. He is not a shy-
lock, but a usual American. If the Supreme Court gave me a
decision, I might be fool enough to let the Indians stay on ; but
I cannot blame Mr. Harve}^ for being more in accord with the
American Idea. As a business proposition,, the Indians are
prejudicial to his cattle ranch. Some Indians sometimes eat
Harvey cattle. Some Harvey cattle eat the little Indian fields
— but that's another story. The clear thing is, however, that
the Indians are the government's wards and not Mr. Harvey's.
410 OUT wnST
The government has been generous at his expense for nearly a
year. If it maintains a Supreme Court so blissfully ignorant of
the laws of Spain as to oust under a Spanish grant people
whom the very Crown of Spain could not have ousted — why, it
should have the courage of its convictions and be willing to pay
for its luxuries. It has no right to ask — nor we a right to ex-
pect— that Mr. Harvey should foot the bill. The Indians ought
to stay where they are — not because it is the best place, but be-
cause it is their home and the only place in the world they wish
to inhabit — but if they are to stay, it is the government and not
the man the government decides is legal owner, who should pay
the piper. And this is out of the question. The government
will not buy 30,000 acres, of which 28,000 is worthless, for
$245,000. I do not believe any expert Californian would give
half that for the whole ranch. Mr. Harvey, I think, does not
wish to sell. He has waited ever since last May for the gov-
ernment to remove the people it has decided are trespassers on
his land ; and he feels that he has done his share. Fortunately
the government — after losing the Indians their land by one of
the most incredible laws ever framed by ignorance afar off —
feels its responsibility, and is taking steps to make what repar-
ation it thinks it can.
* *
Receipt of $80.50 for the work of the League has already been
acknowledged. Further contributions are : C. E. Rumsey,
Riverside, Cal., $25; John Muir, Martinez, Cal., $10; G. W.
Marston, San Diego, Cal., $4.50 ; Mrs. Josephine H. Babbitt,
Warner's Ranch, Cal., $2; S. M. McCowan, Chilocco, Okla-
homa, $2 ; T. N. Boutelle, San Diego, Cal., $2.
*
* *
The first local council under the League was formed in New
York city March 20, at a meeting at the residence of Mrs. F. N.
Doubleday, who is widely known for her deep and intelligent
interest in Indian industries. Among the active spirits in this
new council are. Dr. Geo. Bird Grinnell, of the League's national
Executive Committee ; Hamlin Garland and Mrs. Doubledaj', of
the national Advisory Board ; Professor Geo. H. Pepper, of the
American Museum of Natural History; Newell Martin and E.
W. Deming.
* *
Conditions in the Mission Indian agency will always re-
main unsatisfactory so long as its affairs are crippled by lack of
force. Anyone who will visit the 32 reservations under this
agency — or the easiest half of them — will gasp at learning that
the Department no longer allows even a clerk to this agency.
Three trained and industrious men could barely cover its
routine ; but one is expected to do it all. Even to those who
know nothing of the administration of an agency, the accom-
panying table of reservations in Southern California will be
enough to prove this point. It is to be remembered, of course,
that nearly all these distances have to be covered by wagon.
The table has never before been published, and is of value for
reference. It is from official sources
THE SEQUOYA LEAGUE
411
Miles Number
Name of Reservation Agency Acres indfans Conditions
Agua Caliente No. 2 ... 50... 3,844... 54.. Desert, very little water for
irrigation. P.
Augustine 75... 615... 43.. Desert, no water. P.
Cahuilla 35... 18, 240... 226.. Mountain valley, stock
land, little water.
Capitan Grande 130... 10,253... 133. .Portion good, very little
water ; allotted. P.
Campo 170... 280... 21.. Poor land, no water. P.
Cuyapipi 120... 880... 39.. Poor land, no water. P.
Cabezon 70... 640... 42.. Desert, produces nothing,
no water. P.
Inaja 100... 280... 40.. Small amount poor land. P.
Los Co3'Otes 85. ..22,640.. .126. .Mountainous, very little
farming land.
Morong-O 25. . .38,600. . .228.. Fair land, with water.
Mesa Grande 75... 120... 206. .Small amount of farming
land, but little water; por-
tion good stock land. P.
Pala 40... 160... 53.. Good land, water ; allotted.
P.
Pauma 35... 250... 46.. Portion good land with
water.
T) i J La Jolla 75... 8, 329... 254.. Portion good, water on
±'otrero -j ya piche part ; allotted. P.
Rincon 65... 2,552... 153. .Sandy, portion watered;
allotted. P.
Sycuan 110... 640... 38.. Small quantity of agricul-
tural land ; allotted. P.
Santa Ysabel (Volcan) . 80. ..29,845... 75.. Mountainous, stock land,
no water. P.
San Felipe 85 78.. Title decided against In-
dians.
San Jacinto 6... 2, 960. ..145. .Mostly poor land, very lit-
tle water.
San Manuel 55... 640... 38.. Worthless, dry hills. P.
Santa Rosa 52... veyed ... 51.. Mountainous; timber, but
little farming land.
Santa Ynez 240 66.. In litigation. Good land,
plenty of water.
Tule River 480... 45,000... 191. .Good reservations, small
quantity farming land,
well watered, excellent
stock and timber land.
La Posta 160... 238... 30.. Practically worthless, no
water. P.
Manzanita 150... 640... 35.. Practically worthless, no
water. P.
Martinez 150 Practically worthless, poor
land, no water.
Laguna 130... 160... 7.. Small quantity farm land;
springs. P.
Temecula 35... 3,360... 189. .Almost worthless for lack
of water ; allotted. P.
Torres (includes Martinez) 75. . .19,200. . .320.. Desert. Artesian water re-
cently obtained.
Twenty-Nine Palms. ..190... 160... 13.. Desert. P.
Agua Caliente No. 1... 60 154. .Some good land, portion
(Warner's Ranch) watered. Value lies in
hot springs.
Mataguay 65 30.. Fair land, no water.
Puerta la Cruz 55 IL.Small amount good land.
San Jose 60 10.. Small amount good land.
The four last-named are all on Warner's Ranch, and are now lost to the Indians.
P. indicates that Patent has been issued for the reservation.
412 OUT WEST
ALLOTMENTS.
Six reservations have been allotted, agfi:regating 361 allot-
ments, as follows :
Resekvations No. of Allotueitts
Rincon 51
Potrero 156
Pala 15
Temecula Pachanga 85
Sycuan 17
Capitan Grande 37
The allotments are small, and many are worthless on account
of poor soil and lack of water.
*
* *
It is pertinent to remark from the personal observation of one
who is not a sentimentalist nor yet a "tenderfoot," that the
reports of suffering among the Mission Indians are true. Some
newspaper reporter may have piled on a little undue agony ;
but the statements of Right Rev. Joseph H. Johnson, Episcopal
bishop of this diocese. Rev. H. B. Restarick, Dean of San
Diego, and other similar observers, who at their own cost made
difficult tours of investigation, are strictly reliable. I need not,
of course, vouch for the veracity of these gentlemen ; I speak
merely as one who knows Indians (as they do not pretend to)
and makes due allowance for Indian content with conditions
which would not satisfy us. With all that discount, it is true
that there is deprivation, suffering, in cases almost starvation,
among these scattered remnants. The reason for saying this is
that some persons of white complexion neighboring the Indians
have made newspaper denial of these reports, and have accused
the gentlemen of exaggeration. It is not a matter which can
for a moment fool any expert. The gentlemen who deny un-
doubtedly believe what they say. They are of a class sadly
familiar to every student — the people who could live forty years
beside a reservation and know no more than when they squatted;
the people who will not let an Indian gather acorns froip under
one of their oaks ; the people who never build a fence but let
their cattle ravage the little Indian fields — but impound an
Indian calf the minute they find it off the reservation, whether
doing damage or not ; the people who in all their lives and with
all their chances never talked with Indians, and who are even
more ignorant of them (though in a different way) than the
veriest tenderfoot philanthropist. And if these people them-
selves care to press the issue, I am perfectly ready to name
names. They know nothing whatever about the lives, the
thoughts or the larders of the Indians who live within a mile
or two from them ; and if they think they do, I shall be glad
to cross-examine them before any public audience in either of
the two chief cities in Southern California and prove them mis-
taken.
♦
One of the most serious functions of the National Sequoya
League will be to work on the white neighbors of the Indians.
It will be no greenhorn meddling. It will be in the hands of
men, a majority of whom have had as long and as varied exixi-
THE SEQUOYA LEAGUE 413
rience with the frontier as any of the people they deal with,
and have learned quite as much from that experience. They
will go at it with the patience and the gfood humor of the real
old-timer. They will hope to show the white neighbors of the
Mission Indians in California — and of all Indians everywhere —
in a friendly way, that the manly and businesslike and satisfac-
tory thing- is to " act white" toward the Indians, and not to
impose on them " because you can." Because now you can't!
If anyone shall insist on skullduggery, the League can pledge
its faith — and does — that the infamy of the act shall not be
buried in the records of rural Dogberries or the memories of the
careless. It shall become a specific part of history, with name,
date, place and circumstance. It shall carry an entail of dis-
grace that the posterity of the offender cannot dodge. And
the League is absolutely in a position to make its word good.
The white-trash squatter who runs an Indian off the Indian's
own property with a shotgun; the ranch company which gets a
pliant surveyor to push its fences a little farther whenever it
finds a possible half-acre the Indians have not already been
robbed of ; the gentleman who runs his own stock over Indian
gardens and impounds an Indian cow on his mountain top —
these worthies will no longer be able to "make it stick."
Neither will the legal of&cers who connive at violation of the
law in favor of a white against an Indian. These gentlemen
have had their day for 25 years — and most of them have made
hay. But their harvest is past and their summer ended. The
League is in deadly earnest ; and it has the government at its
back, as well as all decent public opinion. It is not " gunning
for anyone," but it is sitting up on a commanding point, with a
scatter-gun across its knees ; and it is going to " get" any
trespassers on law, decency and the feeling of all real Americans
— and with both barrels. It will defend the Indians in the
courts — and higher — and it will give any further thieves the
only immortality they will ever get — it will brand them before
the world.
It g-ives this fair warning- in a conciliatory spirit. It would much rather
that the people who have carelessly or ignorantly imposed on the Indians
because it was safe, would take this hint that now it isn't safe ; but if any
of them shall insist upon a kick, they will find that these heels are loaded.
Nothing- in the world is truer than that the time is now past when anyone
can rob an Indian in Southern California with impunity ; and if anyone
wishes to discover if this is a " bluff," let him try it on.
The g-eneral plan of the League is to let bygones be bygones. It is not
vindictive. The history of our dealings with the Mission Indians thus far
is a disgrace ; but it has its explanation if not its apology. Now, the
government understands the case, and there is a legal organization which
will include the foremost people in California, and tens of thousands
throughout the country, to stop this shame. And there is no one who can
make a success of "bucking it" for selfish reasons. If there are people
who think they are strong enough to fight this organization to secure
simple fair play, let them try ; if there are people who think they are foxy
enough to fool this organization, let them try. But if they will take a
fool's advice they will save money and credit by accepting the inevitable.
The I^eague has on its side the law, the equity and the numbers ; and so
it expects that it will find no permanent opposition. People who really
knew better have maltreated the Indians just because it was no one's or-
ganized business to stop them ; but now it is some one's business.
C. F. L.
414
LANDMARKS
CLUB
imORMIUTtpT"" "^
TO CONSERVE THE MISSIONS
AND OTHER HISTORIC
LANDMARKS OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
DIKBCTORS.
J. G. Moasin.
Henry W. CMelveny,
Rev. M. S. Liebana.
Sumner P. Hunt.
Arthur B. Benton.
Margaret Collier Graham.
Chas. F. Lummis.
OFFICERS.
President, Chas. F. Lummis.
Vice-President, Mariraret Collier Graham.
Secretary, Arthur B. Benton, 114 N. Sprinsr St.
Treasurer, J. G. Mossin, California Bank.
Correspondintr Secretary, Mrs. M. E. Stilson.
812 Kensinerton Road.
Chairman Membership Committee, Mrs. J. G. Mossin, 1033 Santee St.
Honorary Lifb Members : R. Esran, Tessa L. Kelso.
Life Members : Jas. B. Lankershira, J. Downey Harvey, Edward E. Ayer, John F
Francis, Mrs. John F.Francis, Mrs. Alfred Solano, Marsraret Collier Graham, Miss Collier'
Andrew McNally, Rt. Rev. Geo. MontsTomery, Miss M. F. Wills, B. F. Porter, Prof. Chas-
C. Brajrdon, Mrs. Jas. W. Scott, Mrs. Phebe A. Hearst, Mrs. Annie D. Apperson, Miu
Ajrnes Lane, Mrs. M. W. Kincaid, Col. H. G. Otis, H. Jevne. J. R. Newberry, Dr. W. Janris
Barlow, Marion Brooks Barlow, Geo. W. Marston, Chas. L. Hutchinson, U. S. Grant, jr..
Isabel M. R. Severance, Mrs. Louisa C. Bacon, Miss Susan Bacon, Mrs. Mira Hersbey,
Jeremiah Ahem.
Advisory Board : Jessie Benton Fremont, Col. H. G. Otis, R. Earan, W. C. Patterson,
Adeline Stearns Winsr, Tessa L. Kelso, Don Marcos Forster, Chas. Cassat Davis, Mfss
M. F. Wills, C. D. Willard, John F. Francis, Frank J. Policy, Rev. Huffh K. Walker,
Elmer Wachtel, Maj. H. T. Lee, Rt. Rev. Joseph H. Johnson, Bishop of Los Anreles, Mrs.
Caroline M. Severance.
^&rtHK transaction outlined in the March number has been
^ consummated, and the ruins of the Mission chapel at Pala
— with certain surrounding lands — have passed back
from the hands of squatters to the hands of their rig-htful
owners — through the efforts of the Landmarks Club. Thus the
extensive repairs there contemplated by the club are made pos-
sible and safe.
Work is also under way at San Juan Capistrano ; and it is
earnestly desired to make extensive repairs at the Mother Mission
at San Diego. At San Luis Rey, also, the most elaborate of all
the California Missions, there is need to re-erect cloisters which
have fallen. All this is purely a matter of funds ; and the club
again urges all members who have not yet paid their dues for
1902 to do so. Membership is $1 a year ; and is open to all at
that figure.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WORK.
Previously acknowledged, $4,461.50.
New contributions — H. W. Vail, Los Angeles, $20.
$1 each— Juliette Estelle Mathis, San Francisco ; Ella P.
Hubbard, Azusa, Cal.; Mary Hallock Foote, Grass Valley, Cal.;
T. N. Boutelle, San Diego, Cal.
415
No one more than the Lion believes in women. And
not after the fashion of the dinner-end, God-bless-'em
effusioner who Dickenses about them on his feet, when
the wine hath moved itself aright, and then sits down to
tell decomposed stories about them. Nay, but as a man mind-
ful of the pure soul that bore him, and of her like that have
girded his way ; a man who has studied women of a hundred
races ; who has known (he thinks) the best women in the world
and some of the worst ; who has found the worst still informed
with a certain fine quality that even good men habitually have
not ; and the best so structurally better than any other mundane
thing that there are no real synonyms. He is no idolater of the
sex. He has known as many she-fools as he-fools, and of rather
more varieties. They are apt to be extremists, for the simple
reason that they are less stolid. If they have hollows in the
head, they are seldom deficient in heart — while the he-fool is
often a balanced vacuity in both. The pity of it is when a
woman who has mislaid her mind gets her heart on the wrong
side. She can do more harm than a man, because she cares
more.
THE WOMAX
THOU
GAVEST ME.
It is impossible for the Lion not to sympathize with
the Southern woman on the color question. She has
reason enough to make her emotion natural ; and the
personal reason is a hard thing to get above. The Lion also
sympathizes with the Southern woman of a generation ago,
who sent her son, her brother, her lover forth to fight for what
she believed to be home. The Lion sympathizes with the front-
ier people whose loved ones were butchered by the Indians. He
can understand all these fierce emotions, and apologize for them
— but that doesn't make him believe them reasonable. The fire-
sides for which a quarter of a million Southerners died were not
threatened after all. The South was conquered — but the
Southern people still have homes ; and better homes, on the av-
erage, than they would have had if they had won their sincere
but mistaken fight. As for the color question, the South is
still paying for its own folly ; and it will have to keep up the
installments for a long time to come. It forgot human rights
SYMPATHY
AND
SENSE.
416 OUT IV EST
for its selfish convenience ; and now it must deal with a long re-
minder. It went at thingfs wrong-end-on ; and unhappily it
tends to make the same blunder over again in a smaller way,
after a lesson that anyone who did not study human nature
might suppose would have been sufficient for all time.
"kature" It is natural enough for Southern clubwomen to feel
AND as they do about clubs of colored women ; but it is as
UPWARD, short-sighted as was their feeling about their homes in
'61. It will no better stand the test of time. These same women
— or their daughters — will live to see that they were mistaken
again. For justice and truth were born before we were, and
shall outlive us ; and our little selfish spasms would be laugh-
able if anyone remembered them afterward. And while it is
*' natural" for a woman to feel what she feels, it is also
" natural " for a woman to go about with a grass girdle and
claw her enemy. We are judged nowadays precisely by the ad-
vance we have made — and Nature designs us to make — above
the original crudeness. It certainly isn't "natural" for a
woman to belong to a Sorosis and be a delegate to a National
Federation of Women's Clubs — it is a triumph. If the women
who are coming to Los Angeles next month to pick bones on
the color line hadn't advanced more in a good many things than
they have in this one thing, they wouldn't be coming.
ITS MOST '^^^ National Federation will doubtless be an agree-
iMPORTANT able — and in some ways an important — affair ; but all
FUNCTION, -^g other functions will be trivial compared to what it
does on this point. There have been laments that this question
has been left to be fought out at this convention ; but that is a
mistake. Probably no other matter will be touched by the
convention which the historian would take up for an instant ;
but this is a matter of permanent value, and so will the Federa-
tion's attitude upon it be. Nothing better can be done than to
fight it out ; and every real friend of the new freedom of women
will hope that it may be to a finish. We have been asked
within a few years to "give women a show." We have given it.
Now we would like to see how they use it. If the white woman
who twenty years ago dared not speak in a public meeting, and
only ten years ago never dreamed of such a function as the
Biennial will be, is going to use her new privilege to choke the
woman next under her, she will delight the stupid male brute
who has opposed her own progress, but she will grieve the man
who has made it possible for her to "have a chance." And
more than that, she will write herself among the failures of
history. If she has demanded justice only for herself, and not
for all women — and all creatures — if she has sought equality
IN THE LION'S DBN 417
only that she may make some one else unequal — why, all is, she
is not herself ready for the Emancipation Proclamation, and
cannot uphold her premature manumission.
The tempest in a tomato-can is very simple. The ^^^^j,
"Woman's Era Club," of Boston, was duly and reg-u- it's ai.i,
larly admitted to the National Federation of Women's about.
Clubs. It isn't quite white. It isn't altogether black — thanks
to the intervention, at some unspecified date, of the brothers,
sons, lovers and husbands of Southern women. It is a woman's
club with the general purposes of women's clubs — and, so far
as has ever been shown, with the general average intelligence
of them. It paid its dues and received its certificate of mem-
bership in the Federation. But at Milwaukee the club's presi-
dent and delegate, Mrs. Ruffin, was assaulted and "thrown out"
with her club ; in plain violation of the laws of the Federation,
to say nothing of higher laws. It is this illegal action that
the Biennial will be asked to indorse. But the Lion reckons it
will decline. There will be some women there who are of the
blood that always wins in the long run ; the blood that puts
principle before preference ; the blood of Protest, of Abolition,
of every minority that has conquered the selfish or heedless
multitude ; and in this day the chances are that they will win
on this very field. If not, it will be simply a question of how
much their opponents care to pay for an Appomattox. For it
has to come.
The commonest trouble with dreams is that you dirigible
are asleep. Sometimes they are good, sometimes dreams.
they are bad, but always they are slippery. By breakfast
time at best only the shreds of their unsubstantial fabric are
left — if they have not been altogether lost in the wash. And
this is bad management. The only real way to Dream as a
Fine Art is to Conduct it Personally. If your dreams are good,
let them be " continued in our next ;" if bad, turn them off as
you would a gas-jet. If the Lion ever finds another uncensored
dictionary — for someone has blacked-out " leisure" and all its
synonyms from his present copy — he is going to perfect and
patent his old Self-Steering Dream. It is a very simple device.
All it needs is enough intention. He used to know pretty inti-
mately a boy of ten who, from being a succubus of nightmares,
came up to "run" his own dreams as they had been a serial
story. He could take up the next chapter the next night, al-
most without fail ; and any little jog in the connection was not
noticed. If the Apache or the grizzly bit too hard or went to
take the ears with the scalp — why, just turn over, and take a
418 OUT WEST
new hold ! P'ang: or scalping knife fade away — and here is just
a gfood game of
" Three old cat
My first bat."
It was a Great Scheme, which it is a pity to have lost the
specifications of ; but the same boy hasn't had time in twenty
years to dream once in his sleep. The only visions he sees now
are inside the very stone his hand is hewing— but now his
dreams always come true. Such things "go by contraries"
only when we lie down. The wilful, perpendicular, two-handed
dream " wakes up straight."
*" *" T^^THB '^^^ dreaming of this magazine has been done in this
POINT, way; and its dreams come true with agreeable regularity
and speed. A change of name is generally held to be a great
risk, and there were not lacking doleful prophecies ; but in the
three months since this magazine became Out West its circu-
lation has increased fifty per cent. To speak out what little
mind you have is commonly regarded as impolitic ; but this
magazine has grown to success by doing that very thing — suc-
cess of esteem and success materially.
STANDING With this issue the magazine is manufactured by its
OWN FRET, own plant. iThe Out West Co., just incorporated, owns
probably the most competent publishing establishment on the
Pacific Coast — this magazine, fully equipped printing, binding,
and engraving plants, paper-stock, stationery and other depart-
ments of a general printing and publishing business ; and all
with an established patronage.
QUANTITY In the nearly eight years of its life the Magazine has
QUAWTY. already been enlarged six times; but its price has re-
mained unchanged. For a good while, now, it has been giving
too much for the money. A careful comparison with the
high-class Eastern magazines will show this. Out West is
now printing 110 to 120 pages per month at 10 cents ; giving
more matter than most of the 25 cent magazines. It costs more
than ten cents to print such a magazine ; and Out West is
Western in its ideas. If the somewhat stampeded Eastern
monthlies, bedeviled with competition, wish to sell below cost,
that is their privilege ; but it isn't business. Out West isn't
stampeded. It has no competition and wouldn't lie awake nights
if it had. It is not running foot-races with anyone. It knows
its own mind, and follows it, regardless of what other publishers
may do. It is only for *' the sort of people who like that sort of
thing " — and it has found and held a gallant army of them. It
is no rabble-chaser, no tickler, no all-things-to-all-men ; but dis-
IN THE LION'S DUN 419
tinctly a class mag-azine. There are really but two sorts of
people in the world — those who think, and those who do not ;
and this magazine is for the ponderable minority. It has no
illusion that every thoughtful person will approve of all its
views ; but it has already proved that there are enough thought-
ful people who like it for having a soul of its own to make it a
success. It plans now to put its business on a business basis ;
one result of which will be to give far better service to its
readers. It is going to abandon the bargain-counter method of
selling below cost to make up on something else.
Beginning with the June number the magazine will be morb
"L until
WORTH.
again and materially enlarged ; the publication of the money s
most important series ever printed in any Western publi-
cation will be begun, and the price will be $2 per year, 20 cents
a number. The magazine will then be one of the largest in
America ; and if not one of the best, the only one of its kind,
and with a steady effort at betterment. It will have the most
generous and easiest-reading page, the largest amount of actual
illustration (as distinguished from decoration), the largest
amount of matter of lasting interest, among all the magazine
category. It will be worth the price, compared with any other
magazine ; and at the new price it will be able to make some
more of its dreams come true. Of course, all subscriptions
entered before the June number (May 25) will be filled at the
present price.
Even if the Boers never won a fight, their sheer re- '^^^
"il'AiJ
OUTDONB.
sistance is enough to stir any person fit to be classed as spartans
American. But they do win. Five thousand against
250,000, shut off from the world, their homes burned, their
wives and sisters and mothers and babies legally murdered in
concentration camps, not a nation in the alleged civilized world
brave enough to speak out loud for them — they fight on serene,
quiet, quenchless. And when, every now and again, they win
a battle — when they rout and run for five miles an equal force
of British soldiers, and capture British guns and British Lords
and Generals — why, every American who is not himself a cow-
ard, every American woman fit to mother an American, must
and does exult at heart, despite the fact that we wish no ill to
England. There is a spirit in man that was given to keep the
race from becoming curs ; the spirit that maintains manhood
by loving it; the spirit of Thermopylae and '76, and the Alamo
and Spionkop. The huckster — and he is as sorry an apology
for man whose peddlings are by the hundred million as is the
tramp peddler of the same mind — may lament the ' ' folly of
prolonging a hopeless struggle;" but no man or woman of red
Ijlood will ever feel that way. There are no "hopeless strug-
gles" for freedom. The blood of martyrs is the seed of Liberty.
The Boers are fighting for home — but for your home and mine
as well as their own. They are fighting for mankind. They
are the Old Guard of Patriotism. We grow sleek and timid ;
we have lost the spirit of '76 — have we forgotten, as well as lost?
They are its last witnesses. To us, war is waged by the young,
the thoughtless and the unplaced, for the benefit of the syndi-
420 OUT IV EST
cates ; to them, war is the last appeal of old men and lads, father
and son and grandson side by side.
As a matter of fact, 90% of Americans sympathize with the
Boers ; 85% of us would cheer if Uncle Sam would say calmly,
politely, but with a level eye: " Friend John, you really would
oblige me by dropping that war." Fight Us ? England fight
Us ? Boo to a goose ! There is probably not an American
alive so easy a mark that he believes England would fight the
United States for anything short of life. She wouldn't fight us
again for the sake of her Joey Chamberlains.
Shame on us ! What are we come to, that we let the tinhorn
politicians and the peddlers smother our sympathies? That
we let them misrepresent the real feelings of the alleged re-
public? We hoorayed at an impolite and undiplomatic ''hands
off " to England about dirty little Venezuela ; and we would
cheer a good deal louder an administration which would say
quietly to England about South Africa, "Thus far and no
farther."
Meantime, it is to be noted that the Boers are as manful in
mercy as in courage. They release Lord Methuen — after the
British have officially murdered Scheepers and while they i)lan
to do the same by Kritzinger. That is one of the differences
between men who fight for principles and men who fight for
greed.
THE BURDEN Geu. Fuustou as a type of the American fist was
OK THE rather convincing ; but as an example of the American
^^ ^ • conscience or of the American intellect, he is a Kansas
grasshopper year. We all applauded him as a soldier ; most of
us forgave him when he turned spy ; but when he takes up his
mouth, most of us perceive that he "cannot play on it." We
hire these little bantams to go and fight ; and we pat them on
the back, and promote them from Kansas nobodies to brigadier
generals of the U. S. if they fight well. But their combs
mustn't grow too tall. Because we feed them, they must not
get the notion that we are German mud, appointed by Provi-
dence to be under their feet. When Mr. Funston hones, in a
public speech, to hang ever}' American who doesn't seal his
mouth and put his mind in cold storage while Funston battles,
he merely shows how easy it is for a small man to get top-
heavy, and how far in advance of his intellect he was promoted.
It is the American way to talk about American affairs. It al-
ways will be. That's what a republic means. The only coun-
try where Brig. Gen. Funston can find the awed hush he wants
while he goes by is Russia. But if he wants to be an American
soldier, he will have to put up with American criticism, as his
betters have to. And he will do as well to remember also that
while a good soldier is a good thing, an American citizen is a
bigger one. If Gen. Funston really has to hang somebody, let
him go back and hang P^ilipinos ; for his ten-year-old talk
about hanging grown-up Americans simply makes him a litile
more ridiculous than he needs to be.
Chas. F. Lxjj.imis.
A little maid alone in the forest
beset by unspeakable dragons ; a Fairy-
Prince who gaily bears her to life and safety,
and charges his vassals with her care for many a
year, while he rides away to seek adventure, as fairy princes are wont
to do ; the Prince returning years after to look down through the shining
eyes of the little maid, grown woman while he had forgotten her, and find
his image shrined sacredly in her heart.
Thus, perhaps, may one give a fanciful short-hand reading of the
idyllic opening chapters of Mary Johnston's latest — and best — romance,
Audrey. The child's blindly-trusting worship blooms to woman's love,
trusting yet more blindly ; answering passion — most cruel when most
kind, as passion is wont to be — springs in the heart of the man ; then
comes clear vision to the maid, and with it heartbreak. If the story ended
here, the tragedy would be bitter indeed. Tragical enough the actual end-
ing is, but the maiden's death is of her own glad choice to save the life of
the Fairy Prince, who has become at last most true and tender lover.
This is not, of course, a synopsis of the story— only a hint of the way its
main current runs. Of its real charm, the beauty of its style, the skill of
its setting, the patient accuracy of its historical color, and above all the
"holding" quality of the story itself, no adequate idea can be obtained ex-
cept by reading it, which is accordingly recommended. The illustrations
in color add to the attractiveness of the book. Houghton, Mifflin & Co. ,
Boston. $1.50.
Stephen Phillips has succeeded — where many masters of poetry
have failed — in producing a drama of high literary quality that
should also make an unqualified hit on the stage. Doubtless the
success of Ulysses before a lyondon audience has been greatly aided by
the very elaborate and costly accessories of scenery and costume. But of the
unusual power and melody of much of the verse there can be no question.
Here is Ulysses' reply to Calypso's offer of immortality :
" I would not take life but on terms of death,
That sting in the wine of being, salt of its feast.
To me what rapture in the ocean path
Save in the white leap and the dance of doom ?
O death, thou hast a beckon to the brave,
Thou last sea of the navigator, last
Plunge of the diver, and last hunter's leap."
Not every line rings like these — that would be too much to expect. On
the other hand, there are even finer passages too long for present quota-
tion.
Mr. Phillips has taken many liberties with the story as Homer told it,
but deliberately and to meet the necessities of the playwright. The Mac-
millan Company, New York and L^ondon. $1.25.
A HOMERIC
*' REVIVAI,.
422 OUT WEST
GREAT Edwin Booth is a fairly satisfactory addition to the useful
AMONG HIS series of Beacon Biographies. A striking- measure of Booth's
PBBRS. stature among his contemporaries is the list of the Presentation
Committee which offered him a medal in 1867. It included Louis Agassiz,
George Bancroft, Bayard Taylor, George William Curtis, and Charles A.
Dana. Striking, too, is the contrast between his four years of strug^gle in
California from 1852 to 1856, and the triumphant eight weeks in San
Francisco twenty years later which netted him $96,000. Mr. Copeland has
allowed himself to slip occasionally, as when he speaks of Booth's actings
with "Salvini, Janauschek, Ristori, Irving, Davison and several other
C^rwaw^ of high renown in their own country." And. ihc macheeto is not
a weapon known to Central America under that spelling-. The portrait
frontispiece is an excellent reproduction from the rare photog^raph which
Booth himself counted his best likeness. Small, Maynard & Co., Boston.
75 cents.
WITH THR There is not the least doubt that every healthy boy will find The
NORSE Thrall of Leif the Lucky an entranciag story. And I know of no
SEA ROVERS. more competent critics of a tale of adventure. It is a story of
Viking days, its action is as swift and thrilling as needs be, and its author,
Ottilie A. Iviljencrantz, is to be congratulated for her restraint in the
matter of bloodshed. Nor for this alone, by any means. Careful anti-
quarian research is evident — but not too evident — and one may praise the
work as a whole with a clear conscience. The illustrations in color, by
Troy and Margaret Kinney, are entirely successful. A. C. McClurg «& Co.,
Chicago. $1.50.
A SERPENT The stories of Alabama life, by Samuel Minturn Peck, just pub-
OE RARE lished under the title of Alabama Sketches, are pleasant reading,
DISCERNMENT. ^^^ ^^ local color, both black and white, is convincing and not
too thickly laid on. The anaconda, which, in escaping from a traveling
circus, helped the editor of the Oakville Chronicle declare his love, and
later returned to the editor's den on the evening set for the wedding, seems
to have been a reptile of rare qualities — worth at least the $10,000 at which
the owner valued her. The wedding was postponed, by the way, but for
reasons quite unconnected with " Mary Ellen." A. C. McClurg & Co.,
Chicago. $1.
Bushrod Washington James evidently writes with ease, and has positive
opinions on a range of subjects reaching from the "treacherous vindic-
tiveness and cruelty of the North American Indian" to the conditions
favorable to the rapid germination of microbes. His Political Freshman
expounds these views — in the course of more or less thrilling personal and
political adventures — on the lecture platform and in both houses of Con-
gress. " Sophomore" would have been more accurately descriptive than
" Freshman." The Bushrod I^ibrary, Philadelphia.
During the trip to the Holy L/and which was ended by his death, Dr.
Babcock, Pastor of the Brick Presbyterian Church of New York, wrote a
series of interesting letters to the Young Men's Association of his parish.
They are now published in a tasteful little book, illustrated with good
half-tone reproductions. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York. $1, net.
A handsome little volume bound in cartridge boards contains the product
of Lorenzo Sosso's muse for the last ten years. The verses are thought-
ful, sincere and musical. D. P. Elder and Morgan Shepard, San Francisco.
$1, net.
THAT WHICH IS WRITTEN 423
To weld a religious creed, an economic code and a racial a new
-pride into a new and coherent system of evolutionary philos- brand of
ophy— of which the Principles of Western Civilisation, just economics.
published, is announced as the first volume — seems to be the task
which Benjamin Kidd has set for himself. He is convinced that
the English-speaking people are destined to rule the earth, and that
the secret of their success lies in the high degree of social efl&ciency
developed through the acceptance by a powerful and conquering people of
altruistic and other-worldly motives first introduced on earth by Christian-
ity. This was the essence of his first book. Social Evolution, which ap-
peared seven or eight years ago, and attracted much attention at the time.
The present volume amplifies and expands the same theorem, in the light
of what the author calls " the Principle of Projected Efficiency," Ac-
cording to this principle, Natural Selection concerns itself not at all with
the interests of individuals living at any given time, but solely with those
of the incomparably greater number yet to come. It follows that economic
theories based upon an effort to obtain " the greatest good for the greatest
number" in present time, or even in the near future, are out of harmony
with evolutionary laws, and must fail to be practically fruitful. Mr. Kidd
believes, accordingly, that organized society will eventually emancipate
self from the rule of the present, and consciously bend its energies
toward objects lying in the indefinitely far-off future. He even Specifies
the " rushing tide of the life of New York or Chicago" as yielding " an
overwhelming sense of the character of the future" along these lines.
Now it may be that the English-speaking people in general, and the resi-
dents of New York and Chicago in particular, " engendered by the majestic
process of cosmic ethics" are to " project the controlling meaning of the
world-process beyond the present" — are to become not merely utterly
altruistic, but totally oblivious of present interests in the effort to secure
the good of generations yet unborn. But the philosopher who thinks he
sees the process going on now is possessed of a rare type of vision. The
Macmillan Company, New York. $2.
It is not often that the ideals of the quick-lunch school of IMPRESSIONS
writers — those fore-ordained newspaper correspondents for whom versus
to write what people -vv-ant to read, when they want to read it, and
in the most " popular" manner is the final goal in " literature" — are so
frankly stated as by Archibald R. Colquhoun, in the preface to The Mas-
tery of the Pacific. He says : " This work, however, is neither scientific
nor historical . . . the main object has been to present a vivid impres-
sion of the various countries — their peoples, scenery, social and political
life, and the parts they are destined to play in the great drama of the
Pacific." The italics are mine ; the idea that vivid impressions are of more
importance than exact knowledge is common to a large majority of both
writers and readers. In fact, given a certain fluency of pen, a willingness
to generalize from scanty data, a quick eye and a retentive memory, and
vivid impressions are easy to produce, and — since mental charlotte-russes
are pleasant to the taste and not burdensome to the digestion — often profit-
able to publish. But to really master a subject— even one much smaller
than the lands of the Pacific and all their peoples — inside and out, from
top to bottom, and then to write a fully competent book about it — that
would [require quite a different quality and quantity of work from any
that has gone to the making of this one.
It is true that the phrases above quoted have been taken from their con-
text, and that Mr. Colquhoun did not intend to say what they make him
424 OUT WEST
say as they stand here. But just as they are, they indicate the precise fact
concerning his book. I have no personal acquaintance with the larger
part of the field about which he writes, and cannot therefore check his
statements in detail. But when one who knows this State finds "the
Californian," described as " tall, thin, excitable, and yet languid," or
reads of " the south of California, where continued droughts, followed by
sudden storms, play havoc with the crops," he can no longer place much
confidence in the author's exactness of either observation or statement.
And similar examples might be given in quantity. This is the greater
pity, since some part of his field Mr. Colquhoun doubtless knows well, and
if one could tell just when to trust him implicitly the book would be of
considerable value. It is profusely illustrated, and handsome in appear-
ance throughout. The Macmillan Company, New York. $4.
HOW TO The books so thoroughly well worth the careful reading of
MAKB BETTER every thoughtful person as is Preston W. Search's ^n Ideal
SCHOOLS. School are indeed few and far between. Its criticisms of existing
school methods and traditions, while radical and uncompromising, are en-
tirely constructive in their character, never condemning an old way without
clearly pointing out a better one. Far removed as are the author's ideals
from present everyday practices, every essential feature of them has been
successfully tested in actual school work. It is quite impossible to give
here even a resum^ of the 350 meaty pages into which Mr. Search has con-
densed the best products of his own experience as an educator — part of it
gained as Superintendent of Schools in Los Angeles — and that of many
others. But the foundation of his educational creed is that the true func-
tion of the school is to promote most fully the health and vigor of each
child in mind; body and morals. And he not only shows how far and
why present methods fall short of this, but oflers sound plans for its ac-
complishment. One is at a loss to see why Dr. W. T. Harris, U. S. Com-
missioner of Education, should have conceived it his duty as editor of the
International Educational Series, of which this volume is No. 52, to write
a wet-blanket preface to so sane and balanced a book as this. D. Appleton
& Co., New York. $1.20 net.
CHARITY In a note accompanying a copy of The Golden Poppy, its editor
NOT NEEDED and publisher, Emory E. Smith, modestly asks that the reviewer
THIS TIME. exercise " that charity which rightfully attaches to first editions
and to books of a popular nature." The book needs no charity of any
kind, since it does thoroughly what it set out to do, and in wholly admirable
fashion. The purpose was to collect and put into attractive form the botan-
ical and historical facts, as well as the romance and legend, concerning
the Eschscholtzia — State Flower of California — to add to them the
best of the verse which it has called out, and to illustrate the whole ade-
quately. Thanks to the unselfish collaboration of many helpers the plan
has been fully carried out. The result is a really beautiful, interesting
and valuable book of over 200 pages, which deserves a place in every
library. Emory E. Smith, Palo Alto, Cal. $1.50 net.
John Forsyth's Aunts appear to have been as interesting a trio of elderly
maiden ladies as one would often find even in New England — richest of
hunting grounds for that species. The eleven episodes from their lives
which Eliza Orme White has chosen to relate make wholly agreeable read-
ing. McClure, Phillips & Co., New York. $1.50.
One who reads at a sitting all the eleven tales of the Irish gentry of long
ago included under the title of The Paint of Honour will be apt to get more
than his fill of duelling pistols and buttered claret. But taken in modera-
tion, as Mr. Hinkson probably intended they should be, they are pretty
sure to give the lover of adventurous romance about the kind of reading he
wants. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.
Humor is the dominant note in the stories, fables and sketches by Wil-
liam Gary Campbell, published under the title of The Colorado Colonel^
but there is not a little genuine pathos. The scenes and characters are
all Western, and the author ventures on no ground with which he is not
familiar. The appearance of the book is creditable to its publishers. —
Crane «& Co., Topeka, Kan. $1.50.
C. A. M.
425
Conducted by WILLIAM E. SMYTHE.
The program submitted through these pages for the
development of California along social and economic
lines has now been before the public for about ten weeks.
It has evoked a large and interesting response, voiced by
thoughtful men, not only in California but throug'hout the West.
Even the distant East has been heard from to some extent. It
is not too much to say that the favorable response has been
wholly beyond the expectations of those who framed the pro-
gram. It has come from men of all political parties and all
classes of society. And it has been marked b}^ a quality of
enthusiasm as unusual as it is inspiring. Already the program
has won large popular support, as well as backing- from men of
exceptional influence. On the other hand, there has been much
criticism and objection, all framed in the most kindly and even
genial terms, but none the less earnest on that account. This
was to be expected. We are not living in a world which is or
can be unanimous upon any subject. On every question which
affects the whole body of society good men are divided. It is
quite desirable that they should be. It is the running- stream
which refreshes the world rather than the stagnant pool.
Intellectual friction lights the spark of progress. There was
a homely poet who once remarked :
" The man who won't arger
Should be stabbed with a darger."
There is no occasion for physical violence in this case, but it
is well for men to argue about matters which come home to
every fireside and affect the future of all who now live in the
West and of their posterity to the remotest generation. Let us
consider some of the objections which have been urged to this
program.
The program
PRO AND
The commonest argument is that the program is not
a practical one. It is too ideal. One critic says : "The
trouble isn't that the program is not g-ood, but that it is
too good — altogether too good for the California public to take
up and carry out." This critic adds that our grandchildren
may do something of this sort, but that it is quite beyond the
reach of those now living in the thick of affairs. Even so, it
is well enough to give our grandchildren a chance to respect
their ancestors for what they tried to do. In that event we shall
not be wholly disgraced. But let us see about this matter of
"the impracticable." To convict the friends of the prog-ram of
this charge, it must be shown that the laws which we want to
change are good laws which work satisfactorily. In a word, we
THE
COMMONEST
OBJECTION.
426 OUT WBST
must be living: under conditions which are " practicable," as
otherwise the reversal of those conditions would not necessarily
involve a departure which is "totally impracticable."
PRACTICAL" Let it be assumed that those who are satisfied with
WATER ^^^ things as they now exist are " practical men," and that
those who want to change things are "quite impractic-
able." What have the "practical men" done for us in the
matter of water, land and labor in California? These "practical
men" have given us conditions under which every stream used
for irrigation is overappropriated to a ridiculous extent, so that
nobody knows or can find out who is reall)' entitled to the use of
the water, and in what measure or what order of priority.
These "practical men" have got us up to our ears — or rather
over our heads — in litigation, until some communities are im-
poverished and others discouraged to the point of abandoning
their homes. These "practical men" are standing for a system
which leaves the distribution of water to anarchy and chaos, so
that neighbors shut down each other's headgates and frequentlj'
resort to shotguns. These " practical men" have brought upon
the irrigation industry a condition of utter stagnation, so that
it is no longer possible, save with very rare exceptions, to inter-
est capital in water development. These " practical men" are
letting the floodwaters of our not too rainy winter go to waste
in the infinite ocean, where it will be beyond reach in the hour
of need, which is coming with swift footsteps. That is the
achievement of our " practical men" in regard to water. Are
they proud of it? If so, they are clearly entitled to the leather
medal for self-complacency.
pRACTiCAi," What have our "practical" friends done in the matter
^^^^oLicY ^^ land ? They have tried to colonize it by every means
in their power. They have advertised and exhibited,
organized and speechified. In fact, they have done everything
— except to colonize the land. There are millions of men wait-
ing for homes. There are millions of homes waiting for men.
But our "practical" friends have not got the genius to bring
the willing men to the waiting homes. Why not give an inning
to the " impractical" men, who want to try the New Zealand
method under -vfrhich large land holdings are purchased by the
State, improved with roads and canals, and opened to settlement
under perpetual leasehold at five per cent on cost ? Who seri-
ously doubts that //' such a policy could be adopted and put into
operation, California would quickly become the Mecca of home-
seekers, pouring out of our own crowded cities as well as
those in other parts of the United States ? Who is so blind
that he cannot see how this result would benefit every merchant,
mechanic, professional man and railroad ? At any rate, our
expansion on the soil is practically nothing. We have less than
half the population of Massachusetts, which is not strange,
since our State is so much younger ; but there is another aspect
of the matter, which is not merely strange but appalling. This
is the fact that, spite of our tremendous margin of undeveloped
resources, our percentage of increase during the past ten years
was actually less than that of the outworn State of Massachu-
TWBNTIBTH CENTURY WEST 427
setts. What do our "practical" men think of the results of
their land policy, with its big unproductive estates tottering
under their burden of mortgag-es, and with the vast areas al-
ready passed to loan companies under foreclosure ? What com-
fort is left our critics, save the darling fact that they are in-
tensely " practical," as no doubt they would be amid the clash
of matter and the wreck of worlds ?
So with the labor question in our cities, these " prac- " practicai,"
' VBOR
CONDITIONS.
tical" men have made a delightful success of their i^abor
management. Their ideas have produced a riotous crop
of strikes and lockouts, punctuated with murder, assault, arson
and millions of losses to industry and commerce. All this is
barbaric, but that matters not so long as it is " practical." New
Zealand has abolished strikes and lockouts and South Australia
is following in her footsteps. There is no more need of men
fighting and trying to starve each other into submission, because
they cannot agree about hours and wages, than there is need of
doing the same thing because they cannot agree about any other
subject which we settle by legal arbitration. In fact, there is
only one argument against the system which has given peace
and security to New Zealand industr}^ and enabled it rapidly to
multiply the number of its workmen and the amount of capital
invested in manufacturing. There is but one argument, but it
is absolutely conclusive. This is the fact that the New Zea-
land system is not " practical." It cannot be, simply because it
is not hoary with age.
Now the real fact about the matter is this : Mankind thrbe
is divided into three classes or schools. There is the kinds ^^^^^^
School of Let-Alone. It stands for Things as They
Are. It will let well-enough alone if things happen to be well,
and let bad-enough alone, if things happen to be bad. The
scientific term for this element is laissez faire. Then there is
the School of Go- Ahead. Its object in life is to Bring Things
to Pass. It generally occupies a middle ground between those
who would do nothing and those who would attempt too much.
Finally, there is the School of Go-to-the-Bxtreme. This element
wants the entire world reformed before breakfast. It would
have its new institutions served up tomorrow morning along
with its coffee, omelet and toast. The world could not spare
either of these three schools. Each has its important part to
play in that ceaseless evolution which has gone on from the
dawn of history, at least. Your extremist is working with
might and main to push the world ahead at lightning speed.
Your petrified conservative is holding on to the extremist's coat-
tails and shouting lustily for help. Mr. Go-Ahead comes along,
lays one hand on the collar of the extremist and the other hand
on the collar of the petrified conservative. Taking firm grasp
of both, he holds one from the brink of the precipice while
dragging the other up to the Doughdish of Events. And thus
the world manages to make constant progress without losing
its equilibrium. A man is not necessarily "practical" because
he is afraid, because he is ignorant, nor even because his
back is covered with moss. The truly practical man is the
428 OUT [VEST
one who knows how to stand still or to go ahead according to
times and conditions. The sensible questions to ask about the
program now under discussion are as follows : First, do we
need reform in our water, land and labor matters ? Second, if
we do, then are these proposed reforms workable and reasonable?
The first question must certainly be answered in the affirmative.
The second question we are debating with the hope that we may
eventually be able to answer it, one way or the other, to the
great gain of California, the West and society in general.
^^^^^^ There is another objection which easily ranks second
°^ ^^opi.H ^^ *^^ ^"^ already discussed. This is the contention
that our politics ishoplelessly corrupt and that by extend-
ing political control over water, land and labor affairs we shall
only intensify evils from which we now suffer. The man who
makes this objection is not a good American — even though his
ancestors came over in the Mayflower. The objection amounts
to an indictment of the institutions under which we live. It
is in effect a declaration that popular government is a failure.
If these objectors want an autocracy, or a limited monarchy,
why do they not say so frankly ? We are living in a Republic.
Our fathers solemnly decided that they and their descendants
should trust the people. Now the people can be trusted, or they
cannot be trusted. Which ? If they cannot be trusted we must
bear the ills we have, however disheartening they may be, or we
must try to abolish the Republic and build a monarchy upon its
ruins. Those who favor the proposed program decline to accept
either of these alternatives. They will not be content to do
nothing, .and they will not try to abolish the Republic. They
believe the people are all right and perfectly willing to build
this State if the political parties will show them how to do it.
But can the political parties be induced to make the effort ?
That remains to be seen. Surely they cannot if they are not in-
vited to enter upon the work and if they see no "votes" in an
effort to develop the State on enlightened lines. But we are
going to show them that enough of the people to make or mar
the fortunes of either of the great parties demand this program
which stands for better conditions in regard to water, land and
labor. If we cannot accomplish this in one year, perhaps we
may in five or ten years. The harder the task, the more we
must work and the sooner begin. Well, we have begun and we
are working. And it may be remarked in passing that the period
which finds the idealist, Seth Low, Mayor of Greater New York,
and that other idealist, Theodore Roosevelt, President of the
United States, is a poor time to despair of popular government.
ABOUT There is still another objection which has found ex-
iNDiviDUAiv pression in strong and eloquent language uttered by one
of the ablest and most important men in California.
This is an objection which is no doubt in the minds of thousands
who could not give adequate expression to it. The following
quotation is from a letter written in criticism of the proposition
to build public works of irrigation and have the State engage in
colonization after the manner of New Zealand :
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 429
The elimination of individuality and the paralysis of private enter-
prise would change the character, happiness and thoughts of the individual
citizen so rapidly as to transform the entire character of our civilization.
The highest office of life is to acquire being. Force and energy are developed
by individual enterprise. Character and faculty are acquired by the exer-
cise of the intellect, the discipline of the disposition, and the cultivation
of higher capacities. These things are possible only where there is high
incentive for the exercise of the executive faculties, administrative experi-
ence, and individualization of each citizen. In the aggregate, a nation is
great because of the individual energies of its citizens, since the unities are
aggregated into the whole. The tendency toward nationalizing everything,
toward subsidizing every public undertaking, toward the absorption of
public utilities, and their administration by the government itself, is one
which may reach results fatal to the personal character of our citizenship,
and necessarily transform in its influence the national character and the;
very status of civilization itself.
It looks like a pretty serious matter, doesn't it ? And i'he cart
yet this argument, so plausibly put, cannot be turned ^^mb^orse
against the proposition to build public reservoirs and to
open the land to settlement under the New Zealand system. As
a matter of fact, it works precisely the other way. Our critic has
got the cart before the horse Those things which are most de-
sirable in life — which are, indeed, the essence of civilization —
" are possible only where there is high incentive for the exercise
of the executive faculties, administrative experience, and indi-
vidualization of each citizen." Well, when you have laws which
practically prohibit the construction of reservoirs, since private
capital has lost wherever it attempted them and will not attempt
them further ; and when you have land holdings which abso-
lutely prevent the access of men to the soil, have you opened the
door of "high incentive," or have you closed the door? Say to
one man, " You shall own the stream as a private monopoly."
Say to another man, "You shall own the land as a private mon-
oply." Then turn to the masses of men and say, " We cannot
let you have any water, and we cannot permit you to have any
land, because if we do so we should destroy that high incentive
which is essential to the development of your executive faculties
and to the individualization of each citizen." Nonsense I High
incentive is destroyed when those things essential to human ex-
istence pass into the hands of men who cannot use them, or can
use them only to exploit the necessities of their fellow men. And
high incentive is restored when each man may claim his share
of the benediction of falling rain and melting snow and when he .
may obtain possession of a little piece of land whereon to rear
his home and support his family. It is the very fact that the
stream is now frittered away in wasteful use or permitted to go
unused to the sea, and that private enterprise is powerless to
prevent this public misfortune, that drives us to the conclusion
that the people must step in and see that those waters are saved
and justly distributed. It is the very fact that these great hold-
ings forbid the existence of a multitude of little holdings, that
compels us to believe that the people must acquire them, improve
with public utilities, subdivide and open to settlement upon
easiest terms. Modern economic conditions have destroyed much
of that individual incentive, the exercise of which made the Re-
public what it is today. And it is the business of our states-
430 OUT WEST
manship to see that the incentive is restored before we become
so abject in our dependence upon others that we can no longer
" acquire being " and thus fulfill what our critic considers " the
highest office of life." In other words, there are certain large
matters with which the public must deal in order to give the
individual a chance to develop his character — or even to earn
three square meals a day and keep a roof between himself and
the sky.
THE COLORADO RIVEIR,
By J. B. LIPPINCOTT.
URING the past few years, with modern presumption, we
have been "discovering" the wonders of the Colorado
River ; however, some of our historical friends have ex-
humed evidences of many ancient journeys in this region, a few
references to which are given below.
In 1539 Uloa sailed to the head of the Gulf of California and
noting the turbid condition of the water inferred that a great
river entered the gulf near its head. He, however, did not
see the river, but indicated its supposed position on a sketch
map made by him at the time. The actual discovery of the
Colorado River took place in 1540, three explorers, one by sea
and two by land, having reached it in that year. Alarcon, the
first to arrive, sailing up the Gulf of California to its head
entered the Colorado River and ascended it in boats for 15 days
to a point possibly beyond the Gila.
Cardenas, a lieutenant of Coronado's, traveling through what
is now Northern Arizona, according to the historian of the
expedition, "arrived at a river the banks of which were so high
that they seemed to be three or four leagues in the air."* This
is the first written description of ithe Grand Canon of the
Colorado.
In 1776 Father Garces explored the Colorado from the mouth
of the Gila to the present site of Ft. Mojave. This journey was
the second through this region, and the first of which we have
a detailed account. Extensive information is given therein
regarding the geography of the country passed through. This
journey was made on foot and largely alone through an un-
known desert which was occupied by savages, the sole motive
being religious zeal. In 1780 Father Garces established the
mission LaPurisima Concepcion opposite the mouth of the Gila,,
on the site where seventy years afterward Ft. Yuma was estab-
lished. In the same year he also founded the mission of San
Pablo y San Pedro on the right bank of the river, and a few
miles below the mouth of the Gila. Both of these missions were
destroyed by Indians in 1781^ and about fifty Spaniards were
killed, including Father Garces and three other priests. This
was the only attempt to establish missions on the Colorado. t
•This Is the current translation; but the correct one l« that they "s««med three or fonr
learuoB apart In an air-line."— En.
t Father Garc6s' journal was translated by the late Dr. Elliott Coues, with copious f<»ol-
notes, and published in two volumes under the title "On the Trail of a Sixinish Pioneer."
Rbd Canon — Colorado River
432
OUT IV EST
m£
^abM
^^
^
iP
ha
MMUll
-jjm
ll^wa
.^
Coi-()KA»o River Bottom.
Other devotees followed in these footsteps, crossing and re-
crossing- the burning: sands of the deserts between Santa Fe and
Yuma.
As early as 1825, American trappers appeared along the
Colorado river. On his overland journey to California in 1826,
Jedediah S. Smith followed the Colorado from the mouth of the
Virg-in river to near the present crossing of the Santa Fe rail-
road, and from thence proceeded to the Coast. He was the first
American to reach California by the overland route.
From 1846 to the beginning of the Civil War, the lower
Colorado river was visited by surveying and exploring parties
under the direction of the War Department. The most detailed
examination of the river made during this period was by Lieut.
J. C. Ives, in 1857-58. An iron steamboat fifty feet long was
built in Philadelphia and shipped in sections to the mouth of
the Colorado river, via San Francisco, with which he ascended
the river. A very detailed examination was made from the
Gulf of California to the mouth of Las Vegas Wash, with a
view of determining how far the stream was navigable for
steamboats.
In the , negotiations for the Gadsen purchase, the United
Colorado River at Empire.
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST
433
States Commissioners endeavored to obtain a port on the head
of the Gulf of California. This was refused, but the Mexican
Government contracted to maintain free and open navigation on
the river.
Thus we cannot now lay claim to any priority of discovery;
but these historical references certainly have a rejuvenating
interest.
Last December a party of four connected with the Hydro-
graphic Branch of the United States Geological Survey, pur-
chasing a boat at the Needles (where, by the way, they know
how to make them well and cheaply) started down the river to
Yuma, distant 291 miles, from which point one may return home
by rail. During the winter months the climatic conditions are
perfect for camping and the trip is absolutely without danger.
As the river is swift and going your way, traveling is easy.
Things ma}^ be helped along nicely with a sail, as the prevail-
A Natural Dam Site on the Colorado River.
ing wind is down stream in winter. The views indicate some
of the scenes en route. It is a unique trip in a boat through a
great and interesting desert. Any one who has the price can
sneer at the desert through a car window ; but to travel through
it and live with it requires some energy and originality, and to
get on speaking terms with it once, usually results in an endur-
ing friendship. The purpose of the reconnaissance was to de-
termine whether opportunities offered for vitalizing this desert
by the diversion of the river.
The Colorado River, draining 225,049 square miles, and re-
ceiving its principal water supply from Colorado and the high
mountains of Utah and Wyoming, from the melting snows,
attains its maximum annual flood state of about 50,000 second-
feet (2,500,000 miner's inches) during the month of June. The
river gradually decreases in volume through the late summer
and fall,, reaching its lowest stage of about 4,000 second-feet
(200,000 miner's inches) in midwinter, during freezing in the
high mountains.
434
OUT WEST
This water supply is particularly adapted to the demands of
irrigation, as the period of greatest flow is coincident with that
of largest demand, and conversely the low stage of the river is
during the season when plant life is least vigorous and the re-
quirements of irrigation are not so great. The river can furnish
an abundant supply of water to irrigate fully 3,000,000 acres or
more of land, which is probably a greater area than can ever be
commanded in the United States by canals from this stream.
Between the Needles and Yuma there are fully 500,000 acres
of good and fertile river bottom lands that may be reclaimed by
this stream. They occur mostly in the Great Valley of the
Colorado, which is between Parker, Arizona, and Picacho, Cali-
fornia. This alluvial valley is 100 miles long with a width of
about 8 miles. These lands are practically all arid public do-
main. Immense reservoir sites were found on the river, but in
view of the natural water supply they are not now considered as
CaNBBRAKB CAf^ON ON THE COLORADO RiVBR.
requisite. The problems involving the ultimate maximum bene-
ficial use of the stream, can only be solved after extensive and
careful investigation commensurate with the magnitude of the
task. A great river, vast tracts of arid public lands, climatic
conditions capable of producing numerous and abundant crops
following the union of the water and the land ; a stream where
the supply is greater than any probable demand within the
United States ; many natural mining resources to follow agri-
cultural development ; certainly here is an opportunity to
"Build the State." Here is a sleeping empire at our doors
awaiting the touch of some Siegfried to awaken it. Its re-
demption should be by the people and for the people.
'!l!:JiMUilL.'g5iC^''*^i^i^^
.r*-/*"
435
President— WiL.i.iAM^ E. Smythe.
Vice- Preside7it~-\). T. Fowler.
Secretary-Treasure} — Bishop J. Edmonds.
STATE COMMITTTE.
Will S. Green, Colusa.
Marshal R. Beard, Sacramento.
H. P. Stabler, Marysville.
Harvey C. Stiles, Chico.
John Kirby, San Francisco.
N. J. Bird, San Francisco.
Frank Cornwall, San Francisco.
John S. Dore, Fresno.
John Fairweather, Reedley.
E. H. Tucker. Selma
A. Hallner, Kiug'sbure'.
A. H. Naftzgrer, Los Angeles.
S. W. Fergrusson, Los Angreles.
Walter J. Thompson, Los Anereles.
A. R. Sprasrue, Los Angeles.
Charles F. Lummis, Los Ang-eles.
E. T. Dunnintr, Los Ang-eles.
Scipio Craig-, Redlands.
Elwood Cooper, Santa Barbara.
W. H Porterfield, San Dieeo.
Georg-e W. Marston, San Dieg-o.
Bishop J. Edmonds, San Diego.
William E. Smythe, San Diego.
The campaign for the conquest of California g-oes bravely on
from day to day and from week to week. The sun never sets
except upon an increased enrollment, and seldom does it fail to
see the formation of a new local constructive club. The degree
of interest manifested by the public generally in the territory
thus far covered — from Bakersfield to Woodland — is most grati-
fying to the friends of the cause. The copious rains which fell
throughout the San Joaquin Valley during the latter half of
February interfered with attendance in many places, particularly
in purely agricultural communities. It goes against human
nature — as well as irrigation — when the roads are deep in mud
and the streams flowing bank-full. Nevertheless, there is no
place where a meeting was held which has not now an earnest
in the League, while in the majority of places the membership
is large and enthusiastic.
Those actively engaged in the work have been impressed with
the great variety of conditions which must be dealt with in
applying the proposed constructive policies. The conditions ex-
isting in the Kings River region have been quite fully described
in these pages. They are conditions which make the need of a
great system of public works extremely urgent, and in the large
territory which depends upon this stream for its existence the
sentiment in favor of the new policies is very strong indeed.
One feature of the situation in this neighborhood is not generally
realized throughout the State. This is the absolute need of
drainage in certain localities where the wasteful use of water
during the past thirty years has resulted in a gradual rise of the
ground water and the development of alkali. In some places
lands have been abandoned in consequence, and over a much
wider area the problem of drainage grows in urgency every j^ear.
The work must be done upon so comprehensive a scale that
nothing except a public system can possibly meet the needs of
the present and the future. Indeed, getting the water off the
436 OUT WEST
land is just as important as g-ettingf it on ; and drainage should
everywhere be treated as the handmaid of irrigation.
In the Madera country, the monopolistic character of Cali-
fornia land and water ownership is most conspicuous. There is
absolutely no question that the supply of irrigating water of
the San Joaquin from its large tributaries is capable of develop-
ing homes for tens of thousands, and with this development
would rise a large city at Madera. But the results of unre-
stricted private enterprise in dealing with these great natural
resources are such as forbid the growth which would be so wel-
come to nearly all elements in the community. There seems no
reasonable solution, except the irrigation and land policies advo-
cated by the Constructive League. Little wonder, then, that
the new movement finds hosts of friends in this locality.
In the large territory watered by Turlock Irrigation District,,
and in the adjoining territories soon to be watered by the
Modesto works, the people are in a very cheerful frame of mind
over the prospects of immediate settlement. It is quite true
that they are solving their water problem for the present, but
in order to solve it permanently the perennial flow of the stream
must be reinforced by storage on the head waters of the
Tuolumne River. Only State action can meet such a de-
mand. There would be no obstacle, however, to the absorption
of the present district works for the greater public system
which will come in the future if the constructive policy be ac-
cepted by the State.
In the Sacramento Valley the present situation is most inter-
esting. There is a genuine awakening among the more enter-
prising elements of the community. These realize that the
country is in a condition of stagnation, particularly on its agri-
cultural sides, and that the charming conditions of life which
have been developed in Southern California may only be realized
here by the adoption of similar methods, of which irrigation is
the foremost. They realize also that the size of the streams
with which they must deal is such that nothing less than great
public works would meet the demands of the situation. The
commercial awakening in the North is receiving marvelous sup-
port from the newspapers and organized public bodies. It is
conceded, however, by the most thoughtful men of the section
that this commercial awakening must be supplemented by a
true economic and political movement in order to enable Northern
California to reap the harvest of homes and industries where
the seed of publicity is now being sown with so generous and
determined a hand.
The degree of interest which Stockton showed in the new
movement was very surprising. A good-sized hall was filled to
the point of overflow, and the audience was as representative as
could be desired. Stockton has a wonderful situation and ought
to be one of the greatest cities in the West. The fact that its
rainfall is sufficient to grow some crops without irrigation is the
only serious misfortune of the country. We proceed along the
lines of least resistance. Where grain may be raised by depend-
ence upon the rainfall, men will not turn the water from its
channel to enjoy the nobler forms of agriculture which this.
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 43T
policy encourages. Hence they have the large farm and the
civilization which it implies, rather than the small farm, dense
population and the highest social institutions. The degree of
interest manifested at the Stockton meeting indicates that the
new day is dawning for San Joaquin county, and that the water
which has been allowed to run to waste will some day be saved
and guarded as the most valuable of all the wonderful resources
of the neighborhood.
A pleasing development of the campaign is the way in which
the friends of National and State irrigation are beginning to
cooperate. Everywhere the cause is presented as "Both one
and inseparable,"' and it is stated that we shall depend upon the
nation to do those things outlined in the President's Message,
while depending upon the State to supplement the work with
streams of distribution and drainage. Under this conception
the movement has seemed to be broadened in character. It pro-
vides for irrigation, for drainage, for power, for navigation.
All these great results are invaluable in the scientific mastery
of the streams in the great interior valleys of California.
As these words are written, we may say that the campaign is
transferred to Southern California. Later it will be pushed in
larger cities There are many evidences that the working men
of the towns are as deeply interested in this new movement as
the working men in the countr}'.
c-the: rings river conquest.
FIRST PAPER IN THE SERIES: " LOOKING CALIFORNIA IN THE
FACE."
e in.
THE COUNTRY AS THE STATE MIGHT MAKE IT.
'LL that could possibly be accomplished in the use of Kings.
River under present inadequate laws has been done. A
people less energetic and determined would long ago have
paused — discouraged, baffled, beaten — in the face of such difficul-
ties. But this field has been so attractive to enterprise, and the
thousands gone there to make their homes have so clearh' dis-
cerned the opportunity to achieve prosperity if the}" could but
obtain a share in the water supply, that they have persevered
against all obstacles. Now, at last, the limit has been reached.
Individual men can no longer deal with the situation. Large
capital is required for the work. The great stream must be
treated as a monopoly. Shall it be a private or a public monop-
oly? That is the question which must now be answered.
THE ESSENCE OF THE PROBLEM.
The problem, in a nutshell, is for man to assert his control in
such a manner that the waters of Kings River shall reclaim the
utmost acre and permit the building of the utmost home. To
accomplish this the waste of precious water must be reduced to
the minimum b}" skillful engineering and scientific irrigation
methods. If a cubic foot per second is equal to the watering of
160 acres, then each cubic foot lost during the season of floods,
or wasted by evaporation or seepage from poorh- constructed
438 OUT W EST
canals, represents a loss of eiy-ht families, or about forty per-
sons, who might otherwise be supported on twenty-acre farms.
Thus, if we follow this loss of water to its legitimate conclusion,
we shall find that it reduces the earnings of ever}- bank, every
store, every railroad, every professional and working man in the
community, for the waste runs into thousands of cubic feet per
second. In a word, wasting the water of Kings River is equiv-
alent to striking a blow full in the face of the common
prosperity.
"Who then is interested in the solution of the question ? Not
one man, not one company, but the whole public — every man,
woman and childliving within the influence of this noble stream.
It is the consensus of opinion in the American financial world
that the consolidation of industries under one ownership and
management saves the wastes arising from the division of the
business into many ownerships and managements. If this be
true when men are dealing with steel and cotton, it is more em-
phatically true when they are dealing with water. But there is
a fundamental difference between steel mills and cotton factories,
on the one hand, and a natural stream upon the other. The mill
and the factory may be duplicated indefinitely. But the natural
stream cannot be duplicated. It furnishes all the water there
is. Hence, while there may be a menace to the people in the
private monopoly of mill and factory, it is nothing compared to
the menace involved in the private monopoly of the natural
stream. Consolidation of ownership and management must
come on Kings River. But when it comes it must do so in the
form of a public monopoly, unless, indeed, California is read)-
-deliberately to make the interests of moneykind superior to the
interests of mankind.
THE DUTY OF THE STATE — FIRST STEP.
Before there can be progress of any kind, a means must be
devised of straightening out the tangled skein of water rights
and settling titles definitely and permanently. Then there
must be adequate means for having water distributed under
public authority in accordance with these adjudications. The
same authority must see that no new complications are created
by further attempts to appropriate water in excess of the supply.
During the past two years great progress has been made in
the direction of these reforms. A United States commission
has made a thorough study of existing conditions on eight
typical streams, including the Kings, and produced an elaborate
report, with specific suggestions as to needed reforms. The
"Wlater and Forest Association has selected nine men of great
ability and experience, even of eminence, in their respective
walks, to prepare the new law. Chief Justice Beatty is the head
of this commission, and his reputation alone is strong and pure
enough to command the unanimous confidence of the public.
But these reforms do not go far enough to solve the Kings
River problem. The wasted floods must be stored at a place
where nature has provided the most favorable opportunity for
the work.
TWBNTIBTH CENTURY WEST 439
THE SECOND STEP — STORING THE FLOODS.
How is this reservoir to be built ? The President of the
United States, the Secretary of the Interior, and the Secretary
of Agriculture have each officially declared that the construction
of such works may not safely be left to private enterprise.
True, they were dealing- with the question of public lands, and
that does not include the Kings River country. But the Water
and Forest Association, after careful consideration, declared
itself as follows :
We are opposed to any attempt to store the flood waters of the State by
means of private enterprise, because such a policy would foster and en-
trench the system of private water monopoly, which, in the language of
President Roosevelt, "cannot prevail without causing enduring wrong."
We believe all such storage works, together with large main canals, should
be constructed, maintained and managed under State administration.
Who is left to champion the cause of private storage works at
the head of Kings River ? Surely no person who carries any
weight with the people of California. As the work seems to
lie outside of the new national policy, it is a thing for the State
to undertake. Let the new system of water control which we
are about to establish deal with the Kings River reservoir. Let
the State supply both capital and management, but let the cost
be repaid over a long period (say a century) by direct taxation
on the locality immediately benefited. Then there will be
water to supply all existing needs and to reclaim a large area of
land not now improved. There will be no more litigation and
no more shotgun affairs in the distribution of water.
Still, the really scientific solution has not yet been reached.
Mr. Grunsky's report shows that the network of Kings River
canals involves the unavoidable loss of large quantities of water
by the needless duplication of ditches and by evaporation and
seepage which occur in connection with works built and oper-
ated in a slovenly manner. Besides, there are the evils arising
from lack of drainage. To quote Mr. Grunsky :
Soils being saturated, the sinks of the creek can no longer dispose of
the same volume as before, and the runofl" seeks some outfall point farther
to the west. When another wet winter or two shall have further incon-
venienced the people residing along the path of these storm waters, some
steps will no doubt be taken to make suitable provision for surface
drainage.
The fact is that in order to achieve the best result, the entire
work of storing, transporting and distributing the waters of
Kings River, together with the work of draining the lands
where necessary, ought to be brought under one comprehensive
system. In that way alone can the river be made to do its
greatest service. In that wa}" alone can the utmost economy
and highest efficiency be realized. And only a great public
enterprise is adequate to the undertaking.
LAYING THE AX AT THE ROOT.
When the people get ready to rise to the full height of the
opportunity which God gave them in the Kings River country
they will pursue the following policy :
Under enabling laws which the legislature might pass, they
will form the Kings River Irrigation District. This district
440 OUT IV EST
will ac<iuire by negfotiation or condemnation all existing: rigfhts
and canals, together with all propert}- valuable for reservoir
purposes. They will proceed by construction and reconstruction
to create one grand, comprehensive system, which shall store
the water at the head of the stream, transport it in high-line
canals offering the least opportunity for loss by evaporation and
seepage, and distribute it by means of ditches and laterals
throughout a vast territory. Wherever necessar}', old wasteful
ditches will be abandoned and filled up. Wherever necessary,
drainage canals will be constructed. The same district organi-
zation will deal with the pumping problem, so far as supplying
the main plant is concerned, when the growth of settlement
shall make such action desirable.
The financial and engineering plans of such a work should be
made by the State itself, under the supervision of the Board of
Control of Waters, which we hope will be created by the next
Legislature. The actual work, not only of construction, but of
permanent operation, ought also to be in the hands of the expert
authorities whom the State can employ. The State should buy
the district bonds promptly at par for gold coin, issuing its own
bonds at a lower rate of interest for the purpose, and making the
difference in cost of interest pay the expense of administration.
The money ought not to cost the district above four and one-half
per cent. The financial scheme should provide for the collection
of only the interest for at least twenty years, and for the crea-
tion of a sinking fund to pay off the principal in eighty to one
hundred years. Let future generations pay their share of the
great benefits they are to enjoy.
This plan is perfectly feasible from an engineering, financial,
and political point of view. It is the plan which Napoleon gave
to Italy, to Spain, and to France — a victory more brilliant and
enduring than those of Marengo and Austerlitz. The day it is
accepted here will mark the true conquest of Kings River.
Ni:W ZEALAND INSTITUTIONS.
THIKD PAPKK.*
HOW THE PEOPI.K SMASHED THE MONEY KING.
PROMINENT labor leader, who advised me of his hearty
approval of the New Zealand land system, brought for-
ward by the California Conservative League, added this
interesting suggestion : " In order to give the masses of our
people fullest access to the land you must go further and adopt
the New Zealand method of making advances to settlers."
What is this method ? Mr. Lloyd describes it in his luminous
work on "Newest England," and it is certainly well worthy of
consideration as one of the economic questions of the future.
In the first place, it must be remembered that the settler of
new regions is generally a comparatively poor man ; that the
farmer is, in the nature of things, a borrower at times, because
he must plant before he can reap and thus invest money and
•Previous pjipcrB In this series: "The Law of Conuuilsory Arbitration at Work." in
January number; "The Governntent as a Colonizing AKency," in February.
TWBNTIBTH CENTURY WEST 441
1
The Hon. William Pember Reeves.*
[Author of the Compulsory Arbitration Law.]
labor in advance of the returns ; and that in all countries the
settlers and farmers possess some means of meeting- these ob-
vious needs. In the United States the lender is the bank, the
loan company, or the petty broker in money, sometimes known
as " the 3-percenter" — which does not mean 3 per cent a year
but 3 per cent a month. In Europe the lender is generally the
village bank organized under the Raffeisen System, or, in coun-
tries where the usurer has not been abolished it is "the gom-
been man," as they call him in Ireland. Who is the lender
in New Zealand ? Let us read the notice which the settlers find
hung up in the postofifices of that progressive and interesting
land of the Antipodes :
* From Henry D.
PaRe & Co.
Lloyd's Nevjest England, by courtesy of its publishers, Doubleday,
442 OUT WEST
ADVANCES TO SETTLERS.
THE GOVERNMENT ADVANCES TO SETTLERS OFFICE HAS MONEY TO LEND.
Upon Fixed and Installment Mortgages in sums of from $125 to $15,000.
On Freehold or Ground Leasehold, for use for Agricultural, Pastnral,
Dairying, or Market Gardening Purposes.
Borrowers have the Right to Repay Loans Partly or Wholly
AT ANY TIME.
Fixed Loans are Granted upon Freeholds for Any Term not Exceeding
Five Years, and Installment Loans
FOR 36 )i YEARS."
Interest Five Per Cent, with (in the case of Installment Mortgages) an
Additional One Per Cent, op Account of the Repayment of Principal.
All Costs Very Low. No Commission or Brokerage Fees Charged.
PUBLIC AND PRIVATE DKBT.
" Ah," says the reader j who prides himself on his conserva-
tism, "^such a policy as this must involve a public debt." Assur-
edly it does, but let the reader rememljer that new countries are
never settled without incurring deb|i ^' What difference is there
between public debt and the vast agg^regate of private and cor-
porate indebtedness which we have piled up in trying to settle
our Western States — an indebtedness which in time must be
paid off by the labor and savings of the whole community ?
There are two chief differences, as follows:
First, a difference of anywhere from 5 to 9 per cent, in the
amount of interest paid for the use of the money — a difference
running into millions every -;^ear and into tens of millions in the
whole term of the loan.. ;,,' v^ V' > 'i ^a.
Second, a difference in the iihai"acter dhd. disposition of the
creditor — for the private creditor w^ts ^h is " pound of flesh,"
and the public creditor — moved't)}*" ttoe very same motive of
self-interest — is kindly and humai^e, even reducing his interest
charge when circumstances permit of it.
We have by no means escaped debt in the development of the
West, but we have incurred it on less favorable terms than the
New Zealanders. While we borrow of private sources, they
borrow at lowest rates on the credit of the entire community,
then turn around and lend the money to themselves at a cheaper
rate than even the average bank can borrow. And they appear
to think "that's business." At any rate, they make their lands
actually accessible to men of small means which is more than
we have been able to do in this country. We "make homes" for
a few ; they for the many. We " make homes" for those who
need them least ; they for those who need them most.
HOW THEY DO IT.
When the panic of 1893 depressed the prices of all agricultural
products, the New Zealanders found themselves groaning under
the weight of their private debts, the interest upon which did
not decline with the price of their crops. They then awoke to
the fact that they had a government of their own and that they
had a perfect legal and moral right to use that government for
the amelioration of their economic conditions. So they had
that government borrow $10,000,000 at 3 per cent per annum
and proceed to loan it to the settlers on the terms of the adver-
tisement we have seen in the postoftices.
TWBNTIBTH CENTURY WBST 443
In April, 1900, the g-overnment announced that it had made
cans to over 7,000 individuals, and added the interesting- state-
ment : " We have not lost one shilling-. For the year there is not
one penny of principal or interest uncollected. " The truth is they
had loaned money to those who could use it profitably on terms
they could easily bear. It was a g-ood thing for the borrowers,
a good thing for the g-overnment, a good thing for all elements
of New Zealand Society, including merchants, professional and
laboring men, who prosper with the prosperity of the commun-
ity. Of course, it may have hurt some money brokers who had
been making money out of extravagant interest and commissions
charged borrowers. But the r€al lenders — the people who sup-
plied the money to the broker and, later, furnished it to the
government — made about as much as formerly and enjoyed
better security, since they had the government behind their
loans.
It is this system of financing the industry of the people which
the labor leader mentioned at the beginning of this article
meant, when he said the New Zealand land system, supplemented
by the New Zealand method of making advances to settlers,
would solve the labor problem.
RIVERSIDE VIi:W OT REFORMS.
By JOHN G. NORTH.
[Nothing- could be more interesting' or important to the friends of irriga-
tion reform in California than the view of the historic community of
Riverside, which is well voiced by one of the leading citizens of the
colony in the following article. It will be commented on later in these
pages.— W. E. S.]
^ FIND a statement of the proposed reforms in the December
J number of the magazine (Volume XV, page 499), and I
will take up the discussion of the paragraphs as there
numbered.
1. Regarding the creation of a "Board of Control of
Waters," as is proposed, I think such might be of great advan-
tage, and that it might be wise to give such board " the control
of establishment of rights hereafter." I question, however,
whether it would be wise to provide that such board "shall
have the determination of existing water rights," as granting
such power would be creating a new and special court for the
determination of rights already vested, only one member of
which court would be expected to be learned in the law, and all
members of which would hold their positions for life, unless
removed for cause. Even if the constitution of California
should be so amended as to permit of the establishment of such
court or board, with such judicial powers, I believe that its
rulings in the matter of existing water rights would not tend
to clear or better the condition. If it should be provided that
an appeal would lie from such board or court to the regularly
constituted courts of the State, there would still be no particular
improvement over the present method of determining existing
rights.
As to new rights to be created or established in accordance
444 OUT WEST
with the proposed new laws, such " Board of Control" migrht
well take an immediate and very useful part, and the State con-
trol of the waters of the State oufjht to result in great advan-
tagfe to the best interests of the State. Those who have
watched the growth of water rights and the operation of our
water laws for the past thirty years will, I think, agree with me
in this.
2. The office of "State Hydraulic Engineer" would be a
necessary and proper one under such Board of Control. Of
course, his "supreme control over the administration of the
water supply and its distribution to the parties entitled to its
use" would have to be exercised under and in conformity with
the law, and respecting fully the already existing rights.
3. This recommendation by the experts who prepared the
government report, as I find it in the December number of the
magazine, reads :
" The State Lep^islature should by statute declare that the common law
doctrine of riparian rights is unapplicable to the prevailing conditions in
California, except so far as to make riparian owners on streams preferred
users of the natural stream flow for domestic purposes."
I do not know how far it is contemplated to go in an attempt
to limit the doctrine of riparian rights, but I am inclined to
think that the rights of riparian proprietors have become so
completely established and vested under our laws as they now
stand, and as interpreted by our courts, that any attempt to de-
stroy or modify them without just compensation to the riparian
owners, would be held to be in contravention of the state and
federal constitutions.
While I recognize the antagonism between the doctrine of
" riparian rights" and the appropriation and diversion of the
water of natural streams, for irrigation, or for any purpose
which impairs its quality or diminishes its quantity, I think
that any steps taken to change the present relations and rights
of the riparian owner and the appropriator will have to be taken
with most conservative and careful consideration.
If there is to be State control of waters, I see no reason why
this State control should not be complete, and still recognize the
established and vested rights which have grown up during a
half century. If the right of a riparian proprietor to have the
stream continue to flow in its natural channel, or the right of
a private person or corporation to an established and long con-
tinued use of water by means of canal, reservoir or distributing
system, is such as to stand in the way of broader, more import-
ant and more valuable use of the waters by the people, then the
State might purchase such riparian right or distributing system
at an agreed price or by the exercise of the power of eminent
domain. In this way many of the distributing systems now
existing might fall into the hands of the State, but always and
necessarily without prejudice to the rights of individual users.
4. I can say emphatically that I believe that with duo con-
sideration for existing rights " all unappropriated waters not
utilized for irrigation" should be held to be public property, and
" all irrigation rights to be established hereafter should be at-
tached to the land for which the appropriation is made." I be-
lieve further, that as to such rights the volume used should be
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST
446
John G. North.
" limited to the actual
necessities of economi-
cal use," and that this
amount should be de-
termined officially.
Also that "priority of
use should give a bet-
ter rigfht as between
parties using water for
the same purpose."
I believe that Presi-
dent Roosevelt spoke
most wisely so far as
afifects water for irri-
gation purposes, when
he said "Private own-
ership of water apart
from land cannot pre-
vail without causing
enduring wrong."
5. I agree entirely
that there should be
" harmony and cooper-
ation between the state
and national govern-
ments looking to the
fullest possible use of
the waters of the State for irrigation, particularly in all cases
where the diversion of water from the streams may tend to
render navigable streams, non-navigable." In this connection,
wise action by the national government to maintain slack
water on the streams would seem most necessary and beneficial,
in order, without preventing navigation, to permit the largest
possible diversion of water for irrigation purposes.
6. I am unqualifiedly in favor of the fullest protection of the
forests by the national government, as well as the construction
of storage reservoirs to impound water for the public lands and
the continued and extended hydrographic and topographic work
of the geological survey, as well as the work of the department
of agriculture for the promotion of economic methods of irri-
gation. These things cannot fail to appeal to all who give
serious thought to the subject.
7. While it is eminently proper that national aid be used to
store waters for public lands, in most instances there would be
more or less land held in private ownership within the flow of
these waters, and I hardly think it would be wise to exclude
private lands from the use of such waters. A just provision
should be made by which the private lands could share in the
benefit by sharing also the burden.
8. It is unquestionably true that "the use of water for domes-
tic purposes should take precedence over all other uses." When
it comes, however, to laying down the order of precedence of the
other uses, I think there will be more difficulty. It will be found
difficult to draw the line between "those sections of the State
446 OUT WEST
where mining' is the prevailing industry," and those sections
where irrigation is the principal use of water. The order of
precedence suggested is probably a wise one, and in adapting it
to the needs of the various sections the proposed Board of Con-
trol would, of course, be required to exercise some discretionary
power.
9. The suggestion that the Governor appoint a commission
to frame a new law of waters is a good one, unless the commis-
sion already named by the Water and Forest Association pre-
sents something worthy of adoption by the Legislature of 1903,
and thus avoids the delay attend^pt upon the appointment, in-
vestigation and report of such state commission.
10. I see no objection to entrusting to the proposed Board of
Control the power, and imposing upon it the duty, of fixing
equitable rates for the sale of water for irrigation by private
corporations. That power should be placed somewhere. It now
rests with the supervisors of the counties, and the proposed
Board of Control, if wisely selected, would probably be a most
fit body to control these rates. This, of course, refers to the
rates outside of municipalities, within the limits of which the
City Council should fix the rates in accordance with the present
provision of our Constitution.
Before closing this communication, I desire to say that I have
discussed the subject-matter of it with a number of gentlemen
representing the leading irrigation interests in this section, and
I believe that they agree with my views as here expressed. I
may say further that I think the general sentiment regarding
these matters contains an element of fear, lest in the effort to
better the condition of our water laws, there may be attempted
such radical changes as to complicate rather than systematize or
simplify them. There is a very pronounced feeling that what-
ever is done in this regard should be done in a careful and con-
servative spirit. The efforts which have been made in the past
to broaden the sphere of irrigation in this State and to enable
the people to vote bonds and assessments upon property for that
purpose, have not been uniformly satisfactory, but in many in-
stances of their practical operation, have resulted most dis-
astrously. Notwithstanding this, I think there is a general
feeling that an effort should be made to place our water laws
and water rights upon a wise, just, and systematic basis, but
this should be done without attempting to compel owners of
existing rights to submit to a general re-adjudication under
penalty of forfeiture.
Riverside, Cal.
^ X
447
@p^
THi: SACRAMENTO VALLEY.
By W. S. GREEN,
{President of the Sacramento Valley Development Association].
[HE two great ranges of mountains of California, the Sierra Nevada
and the Coast Range, run almost parallel for a distance of about
500 miles, the one on the eastern border of the State and the other
along the coast. They are tied together at the north by the Siski-
you range, and at the south by the Tehachapi range. Between these four
mountain ranges, washing the foot of each, was once a great inland lake,
or arm of the Pacific ocean. Somewhere between the time when God said
"L/Ct there be light and there was light," and the writing of this paper,
the rains came and washed the earth, the decaying rocks, and the dying
and decayed vegetation down into this water and builded up a land of un-
paralleled fertility, and big enough for an empire.
Two great rivers were formed. Down from the south flowed the San
Joaquin ; down from the north flowed the Sacramento, building future
A Sacramento Valley Orange Grove.
homes for the people of a bright civilization, and, meeting, they entered
the ocean together, or, joining with a mighty force, they burst the barriers
of the Golden Gate.
That part drained by the stream running north was called the San
Joaquin Valley, and that part drained by the pure crystal stream which
the Padres who first saw it thought worthy of bearing the name of the
Holy Eucharist, was called, after the river, the Sacramento Valley. It is to
this valley, with its fringe of green and gold, that we wish to introduce
the reader.
Another pen could doubtless give you a better picture of this valley in
a state of nature, but I cannot do better than quote from an address de-
livered by myself at a citrus fair held at Sacramento, at which there had
been assigned to me " The Sacramento Valley" :
" But Dr. Latham knows my weakness ; he knew that
the most diffident swain would attempt even poetry, if asked to describe the graces and
beauties of his sweetheart, and he knew I would attempt anything- in the world — except
448
OUT WEST
SCKNKS ALOM. I II
SaCRAMBNTO K'i\i:
poetry— in behalf of the unparalleled
IreautieR and wealth of the Sacra-
n ento Valley. I should not ha%-e been
1 ere toniifht— I Khould not have dip-
ped a |)en in ink -had I not known
there had been asKi(fned to me the
irarden Kpot of California, and when
I say of California, it means of the
United States, and when I say of the
United Stat«»s, it means the world!
" You may, perhaps, think this is
an extravairant beirinnintr — may
take it as the vaporings of a brair-
trart, instead of one who comes to
deal in sober facts ; but you did dot
see the SacramentoiValley as*I saw
it. Perhaps you never saw a spot of
earth so beautiful that the love of it
would take you from all the enchant-
ment of sDCh a mining excitement
as that of 1K40, and cause you to set-
tle down and turn a deaf ear to all
the stories of bonanzas found and
fortunes made. There are but few
men now llvintf who saw the Sacra-
mento Valley as I saw it. No man
livInK will, perhaps, ever see another
such countryl Will yon iro with me
as my memory beholds the vision
and my pen traces it out, albeit that
% ision is dimmed by an intervening^
i)eriod of more than thirty-six 3 ears.
I was a mere boy then, with enthusi-
asm enough to push me out into a
Nveird, unknown land in search of
'ortune, and perhaps of fame. It
was in IK50. Steam btiats were rnn-
ning with some show of regularity
to Marysville, but when I stood at
the wheel and turned the nose of the
steamer Colusa into the Sacramento,
she began to plow waters almost un-
known to steam. This was, in fact,
tlie first boat that had attempted
that stream, exceptone or t*o during
flood time the previous winter. Did
vou ever feel the thrill of enthusi-
asm of handling a t>oat in unknown
waters, when every scene as it burst
upon you, around every bend, was
lU'w not only to you, but to the eye of
civilized man? Nexttothis istlieec-
static enthusiasm of making new
tracks in a new land with a conscious-
ness that millions upon millions of
feet must tread therein. How often
did the boy allow his imagination to
run on adown the vista of time,
when, perhaps bent with age and
frosted o'er with Time's artistic
touch, the trackless plain he walked
would be covered over with garden
and orchard and vineyard and low-
ing herds, possessed by a happy and
prosperous people, while upon the
l>osoni of the river, so new, so Ix-auli-
lul, would float a commerce richer
than that of the fabled Indias, with
stories of which our grandmothers
whiled away the winter nights. Aye,
this was not only the dream of the
boy, it has been the life-dre.im of the
man. It /,v the dream of the man who
has passed the summit of the Alps of
life, and is so far down on the other
Ride that he can see the very foot of
the hill where winds the little stream
around about the cemetery. Hat I
feet that the fulfillment of all this
is near at hand.
"On and on steamed the littlecraft,
scaring myriads of ducks and other
water fowl by the newness of its
form and voice, scaring deor that
hid in the tangled wo<nIs, ,-tnd even
the grizzly b«>ar, so abundant in the
river iHMtds, I fancied sought safety
from so formidable .1 looking mon-
ster. We could nowhere se<* out.
The banks of the river, something
OV.Mtui>ni\ f,-.« l.itrh, w.-r,. Ii,i..,1 ..11
SACRAMENTO VALLEY
449
both sides with willows, (jrape vines,
etc., clean down to the water's edK'e,
while upon the banks were tall oaks,
sycamore, ash, and Cottonwood.
Some of those monster trees buns'
out over the stream, as if to dispute
the passagre of the advance gruard of
civilization. Without trouble we
reached Colusa. It was not a town
then. There was no white man there,
but there I pitclied my tent, there I
have remained, and there I expect to
remain. I walked ashore, but I
could see nothing-. I was only six
feet two inches hisrh, but the wild
oats that surrounded me were much
hifirhertha.n that. Alongr paths made
by the Indians, I wandered back to-
ward the plains. Let me stop here
to say that the river runs on a ridg^e,
and its overflow falls back into
what we call the trough, into which
also the small streams from the hills,
twelve or fifteen miles away, empty
in winter. To the bottom of this
troug-h we call the river lands— land
made by the river. The other lands
are "the plains."' The river lands
were pretty much all covered with
this dense growth of wild oats, but
beyond was as beautiful a scene as
ever met the vision of man. There
was one endless sea of white and
blue, purple and gold. It seemed a
sea, as the gentle breeze made those
myriads of wild flowers wave and
glisten in the sunshine. I seemed
to be reveling in a very Garden of
Eden, and I wondered if God had
made for Adam a more beautiful
paradise.
Over this vast plain roamed tens
of thousands of antelope; skirting
the timber and the foothills were
great bands of elk; in the hills and
along the river were an abundance
of deer, and grizzly bear, by the way.
And here, too, I found primitive
man. He had not progressed even
to the fig leaf. Some people won-
der why he had not progressed with
all these advantages ; but why
should he? It is not advantages
that make men progress and go
forward. Necessity is the mother
of invention, and poverty and trial
and struggle are the mothers of
progress. This Digger Indian had
but to gather the grass, seed, and
acorns, that grew in such an abund-
ance, for bread ; he had but to set
his nets to catch the finest fish in the
world, but to bend his bow to kill all
sorts of game. The climate was so
even and mild that he felt no neces-
sity for clothes, and so he lived on,
and was as happy as Adam could
have been before he had knowledge
of good and evil." ....
The area of the Sacramento
Valley proper is about 6,000
square miles ; the area of the
valley and the arable portions
of the foothills and moutnain-
ous region forming its water-
shed is not less than 2,000
square miles. This body of
rich arable land is about equal
in extent to the States of Con-
necticut and Rhode Island ;
but in this comparison re-
member that we are excluding
every acre of land not fit for
cultivation. Imagine those
two States all fine arable land.
Some Sacramento Valley
Orchards.
450
OUT WEST
^ ^^>^rkK
■ ■^"""•'""•^ ''
Fbather Rivkk in tiik Mountains North of Okoville.
What kind of population would they contain ?
Belgium has a population of 6,134,444 on an area of 11,373 square miles,
but the arable portion is not greater than that of the Sacramento Valley and
its water-shed, nor can it yield any such variety and quality of products as
the Sacramento Valley. Yet its revenue for the support of the govern-
ment is not less than $65,000,000 !
But be it remembered that neither Belgium, nor any other country has
such vast mineral wealth as lies in the mountains surrounding the Sacra-
mento Valley. The output of gold last year was over $15,000,000. Beside
the gold the mountains in every direction abound in copper, quicksilver
and iron. Some of the largest copper mines in the world are located in
Shasta county at the head of the valley. The mountains also abound in
limestone, cement, marble, granite and the verj' finest quality of building
sandstone. Natural gas abounds throughout the foothill region, and there
are several oil wells being bored with every prospect of success. On these
mountains are vast areas of sugar pine, yellow pine, cedar, fir, and other
timber of commerce. On the mountain sides are springs and rivulets fed
''kaiiii-.k Rivkk in ihk Sackamknto Vai i.i-.v.
SACRAMENTO VALLEY
451
Irrigating Ditch from thk Feathkr Rivkr.
by eternal snow, which as they glide on toward the ocean form the Mokel-
umne, the Calaveras, the American, the Bear, the Yuba, and the Feather
river, with other lesser tributaries to the mighty Sacramento. These
streams as they bound down the mountain side carrj-^ a capacity for power
enough to employ a million people in manufacturing industries, and make
it certain that there can never be a lack of water to irrigate every acre of
arable land in the valley.
Where is there another such favored spot on this planet ?
Should the Sacramento Valley and its water-shed be shut out from all the
world it could supply a population equal to that of Belgium with all the
necessities and luxuries of life. There could be no possible danger of
famine or want unless the eternal snow should turn to dust.
The thousands of people whose attention has been called to California
Dredger-Mining for Gold in the Sacramento Valley.
SACRAMENTO VALLEY
453
on account of climate naturally
want to know something- of
our climate if they would pros-
pect this valley for a home.
The valley is fringed around
with snow-capped mountains,
and almost at the very foot of
Mount Shasta, the most nor-
thern peak, and the highest —
14,440 feet — grow the orange
and the lemon. All along the
sides of these mountains you
can find groves of citrus fruits.
It is hard for Eastern people
to separate^ in their minds
latitude from climatic condi-
tions. In California, however,
latitude counts for almost
nothing. It is to altitude, and
the effect of the coast breezes,
that we look more for climatic
conditions. It is true that the
further north we go the great-
er the rainfall, and this of
itself has some bearing on
the climate. Instead of win-
ter and summer, our seasons
are divided into wet and
dry. The wet season begins
lasts until May. After that a
A Sacramento Valley Product.
(23 varieties of roses picked outdoors on January 25th.)
generally in October or November, and
rain is phenomenal. The wet months of
winter and early spring make really our growing season. As we have
more rain in the valley than our neighbors further south — cloudy weather
is never as warm as sunshine — it is naturally a little colder in winter. It
is exceptional for the thermometer to get below thirty, and it is a cold
winter that gives us ten days down to thirty degrees at night or early in
the morning. We had two exceptionably cold spells last winter, and it is per-
fectly fair to give the readings of the thermometer during those "spells."
Commencing December 13 I read : 30°, 28°, 28°, 28°, 27°, 28°, 27°, 30°, 31°,
34°. For the last ten days in January I read : 32°, 34°, 37°, 31°, 28°, 25°,
30°, 29°, 32°, 25°. The highest points reached by the thermometer during
the December cold " spell" were, commencing again on the 13th : 58°, 46°,
52°, 48°, 43°, 51°, 52°, 50°, 51°, 58°. The highest during the January
The Orange iJLOssoM.
454
OUT WEST
iitrt!iSA.i.,i:*?"&i£A :
;.£2E3I^^^i**SiSiRfeSi'.-S*St«
A Ykakling Orangk Gkovb
" spell" were as follows : 49°, 49°, 50°, 52°, 58°, 63°, 53°, 66°, 68°, 71°. I
think it would be hard to pick out two periods of ten days during any
winter colder than these. During- these periods there were oranges and
lemons on our trees unhurt ; they are hanging there now — March 17.
It is very seldom that we have ten hot days coming together, but last
summer we did have, and I am going to give you my readings during that
period, commencing July 25: 102°, 103°, 101°, 94°, 101°, 92°, 101°, 104°, 104°,
106°. During the evening we nearly always have a breeze from the south-
east, and there is then a falling of the thermometer of from 35° to 40°,
making the nights delightful, and sleep most refreshing. Kor instance,
here are the night temperatures during the above hot "spell": 65°, 61°,
63°, 51°, 58°, 63°, 72°, 73°, 71°, 70°.
These figures cover as warm a ten days as can be found in all the
records, but it must be remembered that, owing to the dryness of our
atmosphere, men can go on and work in the harvest field without feeling
any oppression whatever, and that sunstroke is almost entirely unknown ;
and then when the thermometer comes down 35° you do sleep so delight-
fully, and feel so gloriously refreshed in the morning — so like battling with
any conditions.
I do not want to make any comparisons that are odious, but as our East-
ern friends are crowding into L,os Angeles for climate, let us simply say
that it gets as hot and as cold in Los Angeles as in the Sacramento Valley.
CITRUS KKUIT CULTURE.
All over the Sacramento Valley oranges and lemons grow to perfection.
As early as 1886 a citrus fair was held at Sacramento, and there were car-
loads of oranges in the exhibit taken from yards and gardens. Although
it could be seen that the fruit grew here to perfection, it was thought that
we could not successfully enter the market, and the first orange orchard
for commerce was planted at Oroville, Butte county, in that year. It was
considered too hazardous for any single individual, and a number of enter-
prising gentlemen formed a corporation and expended some $24,000. Three
years after planting the orchard yielded $25 an acre above the cost of pick-
ing and packing. This corporation now has some 75 acres in bearing.
l»ACKisti Okanoks in tiik Sackamknto Vallky.
SACRAMENTO VALLEY
455
IN THE Sacramento Vallk^.
the property is worth at least $100,000, and each shareholder has long since
gotten back his original investment. There were shipped from Oroville
this year some 500 carloads of oranges, and next year, owing to increased
acreage coming into bearing, double that amount is expected. But oranges
and lemons are being planted all over the valley, and from statistics
gathered principally from the assessors, who never get enough, we find
that there are in the valley 816,942 orange trees in full bearing, 331,937 non-
bearing, planted prior to this winter, and 144,245 planted this season that
we can find out, making in all 1,293,124 orange trees in the valley.
Our oranges ripen in November, a month earlier than in Southern Cali-
fornia, and should any one fear damage by freezing all he would have to
do would be to gather and sell before the freezing weather comes on ; but,
as we have seen, it does not get cold enough to hurt the ripe orange. The
bloom comes after the frost in the spring, and so there is nothing to hurt
at any time. Citrus culture is then no longer an experiment in any part of
the valley.
FIBER PI.ANTS.
Hemp is indigenous to the Sacramento Valley. The Indians used it for
everything : for their fish and bird nets ; the women made of it a kind of
garment to tie around the waist, and it was used for everything for which
they wanted a string. I have seen the wild hemp growing as high as
twelve feet. Hemp is grown at a very large profit in the valley, and I am
of the opinion that it will be a leading industry in a few years. Flax has
also been long grown for a seed, and a considerable profit made. As soon
as we get machinery for the manufacture of the fiber it will be exceedingly
profitable. Ramie has been tried, and it is claimed that it will be more
profitable than either of the others. Some experiments have been made
with cotton, and we may say the valley is adapted in soil and climate to its
growth, and did it not require so much hand labor it would be profitable.
First Orange Grove Planted in the Sacramento Valley.
456
OUT WEST
GKASS, STOCK AND DAIRYING.
The greatest and most reliable of the coming- industries of the valley,
however, are stock-raising^ and dairying. The wild ranges are fast giving
out, and as we must fall back on the farm, it is the man who can produce
grass cheapest who must succeed at the great industry of America. Every
grass-growing country since Adam has been rich, and it will always be so.
We have such abundant water for irrigation, can put it on our lands so
cheaply, and the land produces so abundantly, as to put us in the lead.
As the ability to produce feed is the only thing to discuss in this regard, I
have only to say that where we irrigate alfalfa we can produce from eight
to twelve tons to the acre of hay. We never have to house our cows.
You can see by the climate above discussed that stock can run out all the
year. There are also some overflowed basins in the valley that will pro-
duce of Indian corn, and other forage plants ten or twelve tons to the acre.
DECIDUOU.S FKUIT AND OLIVES.
Notwithstanding the fact that we are slow to get out of the grain busi-
ness, and that our valley seems almost entirely unsettled, I have figures
A Sackame.nto Vallky Law.n.
from a reliable source showing that that of the green fruit shipped during
1901, not counting the immense amount shipped down the river by steamer,
60,374 tons came from the Sacramento valley as against 33,492 tons from all
the balance of the State. Then we have the Stanford vineyard in Tehama
county of 2,500 acres, and the Natoma vineyard in Saci'amento county, with
2,500 acres, each claiming the largest output of any single vineyard in the
world. Then as a fact every county in the valley and its water-shed ships
every year more or less deciduous fruit. Within a radius of three miles of
Corning, in Tehama county, there are four thousand acres of olives, some
of which are just coming into bearing. These facts, and the rapid extension
of the citrus industry, encourage us to think that we are not so terribly
slow after all, and that we are justified in asking some of our eastern
friends to join us in making this valley just what God designed it to be, the
great fountain for the reliable supply of the necessities of man.
The climate of the valley is absolutely perfect for the growing and dry-
ing of deciduous fruit. The immunity from rain during the drying time is
of immense advantage. You will see broad areas of drying-trays left out
from the time the fruit is cut until it is dry. (irapes will grow away up on
the hill-sides, where land is yet cheap, and the seasons give a chance for a
small force to gather and dry a large crop of raisins. Olives, as well as
grafjes, do well on our hill-sides, and there is an unlimited market for the
product of each. Our high mountain lands grow also the finest apples in the
world. A good apple orchard in the mountains is a bonanza. Every county
of our water-shed ships apples, many going to the Eastern States.
Olives in the Sacramento Valley— From Blossom to Bottle.
458
OUT WEST
-mi^ >-*,i<i._ TC^-,-
Tui I I l< t'ILK KtKI.DS OK THK
Sa^KAMKNTO Vallbx.
POULTRY.
One has only to look at our
climatic conditions to see that
we have an unsurpassed coun-
try for poultry. Chickens need
but little housing^ ; a shelter of
any kind for the wet season,
and plenty of room, water and
shade, with a little feed, is all
that is required for the dry
season There is special room
for poultry growers, as some-
how Californians have come
to think it too small a busi-
ness, and we actually import
chickens from sections where
they have to build fires in the
chicken-houses to keep the toes
of the chickens from freezing'
off. A chicken can be grown
here for one-half the labor re-
quired in the Northwestern
States.
nkckssity'ifok irrigation.
The district in which are
Vacaville in Solano county,
and Winters in Yolo county,
shipping- more green fruit -
principally apricots, cherries
and peaches — than any like
district in the United States,
does not irrigate. Yet I would
not hold out to any one the
idea that irrigation was not
necessary to produce the very
best results. The rainfall
varies in different parts of
the valley and foothills. In
the mountains there is always
plenty. In the area of least
rainfall we have an average
of between 16 and 17 inches
during the winter. The av-
erage season will bring good
cereal crops in the dryest dis-
trict, but for everything else
irrigation is necessary. As I
have said, the further north
one goes, the more rain, so
that in the very upper end of
the valley there is not so much
need for irrigation; but even
there, on most land, it is
necessary to the best results —
but water is plenty.
C.RAIN FARMING AND
I'OPULATION.
This brings me to speak of
grain farming and the spjirse
population. As grain went
down in price the small farmer
who could not afford big ma-
chinery, and who had to count
in the family support out of
the income of a small farm,
found that he had to quit ;
but did you know that the man
i
SACRAMENTO VALLEY
459
with the "know how" and
with money can make interest
on forty dollars an acre at one
dollar a cental for wheat on
our best land ? It had to get
below that before any of them
were willing- to let go the great
farms. A man in any market
always has to pay for advan-
tages, and while land is per-
haps higher in improved dis-
tricts here than in other por-
tions of the State, it is worth
more. Land is as cheap now
at $20 to $100 an acre, accord-
ing to the developments that
are fast coming, as it was at
an early day at $1.25 an acre.
How quick can you pay for a
small tract of land on which
you can grow ten tons of hay
to the acre, when you can take
your milk to the creamery and
get twenty to twenty-six cents
a pound for the butter — and
the creamery make the but-
ter ? I have known Chinamen
to make one thousand dollars
an acre selling ordinary vege-
tables to farmers. I have
known fifty dollars an acre
cleared on Irish potatoes.
Onions retailed here this sea-
son at six cents a pound, and
some onions I bought weighed
over a pound each. At six
cents each for onions — just
plain, common onions — how
1 ong would it take to pay for
a tract of land ? It is " know
how," energy and vim you
want— the rest is all here.
We have not cared to boast
of it much, but this has been
the reliable grain-producing
area of the State, and grain is
produced with so little care
that men have not cared to
change, even to put the land
to a more profitable use. But
grain-growing is not good for
the development of a country.
You can put on a harvester
cutting thirty-six feet, and
drawn by a traction engine,
which will cut, thresh and
sack over one hundred acres a
day, and with a crew of six
men. This does not put popu-
lation on the land ; it does not
build homes, but it encourages
non-resident land holdings,
and drives away school-houses
and churches. Do you blame
us, then, when we can show
that we are bringing about a
diff"erent order of things, for
asking our Eastern friends to
come among us and take ad-
Prime Orchards in the
Sacramento Valley.
460
OUT WEST
vantage of the unparalleled opportunities we can offer them ? Cer-
tainly whoever accepts the invitation will thank us for extending it.
DIFFERENCE IN LOCATION.
While we have a vast area of fertile land, yet there is a difference in soil
even in the same quarter section. One getting a farm almost anywhere in
the valley or foothills could produce every kind of fruit for home con-
sumption, but there is some land adapted better to one kind than another,
and if one should have an idea of wanting to grow this or that fruit, he
should make special inquiry as to that particular kind. The State Univer-
sity helps out on this and will analyze the soil free of cost and advise those
intending to plant, and do this free of cost except the express charges on a
small amount of earth. There are places, of course, where one can tell by
A Bluk Fig Tkkb at Okovii
adjoining land where it is safe to plant a certain kind of fruit. Alfalfa
will grow on almost any irrigable land in the valley.
TRANSPORTATION.
The Sacramento river is navigable to Red Bluff, the very head of the
Sacramento valley. A line of railroad runs up each side of the valley,
connecting just below Ked Bluff, and forming there the trunk line to
Oregon, and connecting with the several overland roads. The river, which
is, of course, free to everybody, regulates the charges on both these rail-
road lines clear through the valley, and hence the people here have never
cared anything about railroad commissiotis. The river is their commis-
sioner. Freight is carried on barges in tow of small steamers. From
Colusa down a barge will carry UKX) tons, and above that about 300 tons.
The lower rate of freight which these conditions have brought about has
enabled the wheat farmer to hold on much longer than he could otherwise
have done. But in whatever avocation one may engage it is always pleas-
ing to know that in so important a matter as transportation he can never
SACRAMENTO VALLEY
461
be imposed upon. If one does not
like railroad charges he can haul to
the river for awhile and bring the
road to terms.
GAME AND FISH.
The antelope and the elk that
could once be counted by the thou-
sands on the plains of the valley,
have entirely disappeared, but deer
are still very plentiful in the foot-
hills and mountains. Ducks and
geese can yet be killed by the hun-
dreds. Our law prohibits the killing
of more than fifty ducks by one
person in a day, and a number of
my acquaintances complain because
of the loss of so many good shots
after the limit had been reached.
Dove shooting is a favorite pas-
time ; but perhaps the most fascin-
ating sport is quail shooting. We
have a valley quail that is a most
beautiful bird, but there is a quail
that inhabits the mountains that is
larger and finer still. There are
squirrels and rabbits, but our hunt-
ers do not take to them — they can do
better.
The best fish in our rivers are
salmon, shad, bass and perch. Of
these there are great abundance.
All our mountain streams are
stocked with trout. The young peo-
ple of the valley often spend a few
weeks of the summer camping out
in the mountains catching trout and
killing deer.
HKAI^TH RESORTS.
People go in summer from the
cities up into the cool atmosphere
of the mountains, there to drink
the water as it is just freed from
the snow. Some go to hotels, and
some camp out. There are also
mineral springs of great value to
which people resort for health, and
from which the water is shipped in
great quantities. People from the
cold and fogs of the coast come in-
to the hottest part of the valley for
a change in summer and their
health is improved. As I have said
before, the heat of the valley is not
oppressive as it is in the East, and
hence, is not dreaded. I have suf-
ered more in the East in the shade
with the thermometer at 80 de-
grees, than I ever did here in the
harvest-field when it was as high as
107 degrees.
SACRAMENTO VAUEY DEVEI.OPMENT
ASSOCIATION.
The Sacramento Valley Develop-
ment Association is an organization
of gentlemen, who meet once a
462
OUT WEST
Picking Oranges in November in Butte Cointy.
month somewhere in the valley, and discuss
the interests of the valley, and take such
action as to them shall seem best for the
whole. They serve without pay, and defray
their own personal expenses. One of the
principal objects of the association is to look
out for the welfare of those who come
among them for the purpose of making
homes. It is supported in its expenditures
— other than personal — by contributions
from the counties in the association. If any
stranger will call upon any of the Vice-Presi-
dents he will be given reliable and impartial
information about any locality in the valley,
and thorough knowledge about the immediate
surroundings. They invite people to make
inquiry which they will answer; they invite
them to come, look at the country which
they will show them. The names of these
gentlemen are : C. F. Foster, Corning, Te-
hama county : P. R. Garrett, Willows, Glenn
county ; R. M. Green, Oroville, Butte county ;
H. P. Stabler, Yuba City, Sutter county ; E.
A. Forbes, Marysville, Yuba county ; C. F.
Thomas, Woodland, Yolo county ; Raleigh
Barcar, Vacaville, Solano county : J. W.
Kearth, Colusa. Colusa county ; M. R. Beard,
Sacramento, Sacramento county ; J. J.
Chambers, Redding, Shasta county ; F. A.
Stewart, Auburn, Placer county ; W. F.
Englebright, Nevada, Nevada county ; and
W. C. Green, Eldorado county. F. E. Wright,
Colusa, is the Secretary of the Association. Requests for information ad-
dressed to any one of them will receive prompt and full attention.
A 6-POUND Bunch ok Grapes
KKOM Butte County.
A Sacramento Vali.kv String ok Trout.
Bkidal Veil Falls, Yosemite.
OUT WEST
PnBLiBHKD Monthly by
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE
PUBLISHING COMPANY -co
Office of Publication I
113 SoutK Droad-way
Los Angeles, California
IBT FLOOn
BRANCH OFFICES
RoBT. A. Thompson, Manairer San Francisco Office— 310
Pine Street.
SuAKixjT M. Hall, Manairer Arizona Office— Prescott.
John H. Hamlin, Manairer Nevada Office —Reno.
Entered at the Los Angreles Postoffice as second-class matter.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
W. C. Pattkrson, President; Chas. F. Lummis. Vice-Pres.; F. A. Pattbb. Secretary; Chas. Cassat Davis, At-
torney; Cyrus M. Davis, Treasurer.
OTHER STOCKHOLDERS
Chas. Foreman, D. Freeman, F. W. Braun, John F. Francis, E. W. Jones, Geo. H. Bonebrake estate, F. K. Rule.
Andrew Mullen estate, I. B. Newton, S. H. Mott, Alfred P. Griffith, E. E. Bostwick, H. E. Brook, C. M. Davis Co.. L.
Reploirle, J. C. Perry, V. A. Schnell, G. H. Paine, Louisa C. Bacon. (For additional list, see Contents pagre.)
Address all MSS. to the editor with return postaire. All other business to the respective departments.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES— $1 a year in the United States, Canada and Mexico. $1.50 a year to other countries.
FROM THOSE WHO KNOW OUT WEST
"I always read it, for I am heartily in sympathy with
so many of the things for which it works."
THEODORE ROOSEVELT.
***
" The finest California macrazine ever printed. A happy
chanire of title."— San Francisco Star.
* •
A fine number. The new title is so superior in every
way to the old that it seems stranjre anyone should fail to
see the wisdom of the chanire.- San Francisco Chronicle.
We were determined not to like "Out West." We were
always in love with "The Land of Sunshine." We had
watched it irrow in fame, in usefulness, in circulation, ia
influence and in power, with pride and interest.
We are now reconciled. The mairazine is even better
than before. It has become the occupant of a wider field.
It takes in a broader scope of country. It looks at tbinrs
from a more elevated standpoint, and thus thrusts back the
horizon to a irreater distance. It retains all the old writers
who have delighted and instructed us all these years, and
adds new ones. — Redlands Citrograph.
MAYWOOD COL.ONY
THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BRANCH OFFICE OF THE
MAYWOOD COLONY IS IN ROOM 241 DOUGLAS
BUILDING, LOS ANGELES, WHERE RALPH HOYT SUPPLIES
VISITORS AND CORRESPONDENTS WITH FREE LITERATURE AND
VERBAL INFORMATION CONCERNING THE GREATEST
FRUIT COLONY IN THE WORLD. *^'C.\tj. ok Write as Above.
NEW rRUIT CREATIONS
VtGETABLC, FLOWER ANO FARM
SEEDS :: SEEDS
PRUIT ANO ORNAMENTAL
TREES ;; TREES
ORAN(iKs, LKMONsand Olivks, Small Fruits.
RoSKS, Palmb, Etc. Beautifully illustrated
cataloarue mailed FREE.
TRUMBULL <£ BEEBE
<*10'A21 SANaoMM St. San FitANOiaco
Learn to Write Well
for 25 Cents
.\ smalt iiifi-hanic.il ilrv iic iust invciitcil
by a I'rofossor in Heidelberg. Ger-
many, ni.ikcs tlie jMKjrest penman a -
splendid Mrriter in a fow days.
Euilorsod by prominent CoIleir»- Presidents
and Educators, irenerallv, in Eurotio and
America. Sent postpaid on receipt of 25c.
ill coin or stamps. State whether for man,
woman or child. Airents wanted on salary
and commission.
Educational Mfg. Co.
119 S. -ftH St.. PhilndelpHia. Pa.
R. B. YOUNG, ARCHITECT, 300-301 Lankershim BIk.. Cor. Brd and Spring Sts., Los Angetes, Cal. Tel Main 151
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Don't tie the top of your
Jelly and prescrvo jars in
the old fashioned way. Seal
them by the new, quick,
absolutely suroway— by
a thin coating of Pure
Refined Parafflne. lias
no taste or odor. la
air tight and acid
proof. Easily applied.
Useful in a dozen other
waya about the house.
Full directions with
each cake.
Sold everywhere. Made by
STANDARD OIL CO.
Seasickness
lyiervousness
Neuralgia
It is a mild
Laxative
Price 10c, 25c, 50c
and $1.00 Bottles
HP" FOR SALE EVERYWHERE
PAUL p. BERNHARDT & GO.
RED RUBBER
Tel. Main 5367
STAMPS
Seals, Badg-es, Checks, Steel Stamps, Stencils, &c.
434 Montg-omery St., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
WILL develop or reduce any
part of the body
A Perfect Complexion Beautifier and
Remover of Wrinkles
Dr. John Wilson Gibbs'
THE ONLY
Electric Massage Roller
(Patented United States, Europe,
Canada.)
"Its work is not confined to the face alone, but will do
good to anv part of the body to which it is applied, de-
veloping or reducing as desired. It is a very pretty addi-
tion to the toilet-table."— CAica^o Tribune.
"This delicate Electric Beautifier removes all facial
blemishes. It is the only positive remover of wrinkles and
crow's-feet. It never fails to perform all that is expected."
— Chicago Times-Herald.
" The Electric Roller is certainly productive of good re-
sults. I believe it is the best of any appliances. It is safe
and effective." Harriet Hubbard Ayer, New York World.
tOR IVI/VSSAOE and CIRATIYE PURPOSES
An Electric Roller in all the term implies. The invention
of a physician and electrician know throughout this coun-
try and Europe. A mo.st perfect complexion beautifier.
Will remove wrinkles," crow's-feet" (premature or from
age), and all facial blemishes — POSITIVE. Whenever
electricity is to be used for massaging or curative pur-
poses, it has no equal. No charging. It will last forever.
Always ready for use on ALL PARTS OF THE BODY,
for all diseases. For Rheumatism, Sciatica, Neuralgia,
Nervous and Circulatory Diseases, a specific. The pro-
fessional standing of the inventor (you are referred to the
public press for the past fifteen years), with the approval
of this country and Europe, is a perfect guarantee . PRICE :
Gold, $4.00. Silver, $3.00. By mail, or at office of Gibbs'
Company, 1370 Broadway, New York. Circular free.
The Only Klectric Kollei. All others are fraudu-
lent imitations.
Copyright.
"Can take a pound a day off a patient, or put it on."—
New York Sun, Aug. 30, 1891. Send for lecture on Great
Sttbjectof Fat." no dieting, no hard work.
Dr. Jolin Wilson Gibbs' Obesity Cure
For the Permanent Reduction and Cure of Obesity.
Purely Vegetable. Harmless and Positive. NO FAIL-
URE. Your reduction is assured — reduced to stay. One
month's treatment $5.00. Mail, or office, 1370 Broadway,
N. Y. "On obesity. Dr. Gibbs is a recognized authority."
—New York Press, 1899. reduction guaranteed.
"The cure is based on Nature's laws.— iV^ew York Her-
ald," July 9, 1899.
i
Odkland Poultry Ydrds
1301 CASTRO ST.
OAKLAND. CAU.
Oldest Poultry Establishment on the Coast.
Manufacturers of the
PACIFIC INCUBATOR
AND BROODER
The Best Machines in the world.
Absolutely SELF-REGUL,ATING,
Over 60 Yards of Fowls.
[@° Send for 60-Page Catalogue
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
i^t^^^^^^^i
ir YOU WANT THE CKEAM OF CALIFORNIA
LOOK TOWARD THE TOP OF THE MAP
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The Sacramento Valley
Offers better opportunities to Home Seekers, all things
considered, than any other part of the State. Fertile
Soil, Perfect Climate, Beautiful Natural Surround ing-s.
The Orange, Olive and Fig, as well as all Decidu-
ous Fruits, reach their Greatest Perfection Here.
A HOME IN THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY
THe Sacramento 'Valle>^ Development A.ssociation has been formed,
among other purposes, to furnish any enquirer with reliable and impartial
information about any locality in the Valley. The Vice-Presidents of the
Association, for the different counties, are as follows :
C. F. Foster, Corning Tehama Co.
P. R. Garrett, Willows, Glenn Co.
R. M. Green, Oroville, Butte Co.
H. P. Stabler, Yuba City, Sutter Co.
E. A. Forbes, Marysville, Yuba Co.
C. F. Thomas, Woodland, Yolo Co.
Raleigh Barcar, Vacaville, Solano Co.
J. W. Kearth, Colusa, Colusa Co.
M. R. Beard, Sacramento,
Sacramento Co.
J. J. Chambers, Redding, Shasta Co.
F. A. Stewart. Auburn, Placer Co.
W. F. Englebright, Nevada, Nevada Co.
W. C. Green, Eldorado Co.
Any of them will promptly and fully anawer enquiries
The Sacramento Valley Development Ass'n
W. C. Grbbn, Prtsf., Colusa, Cal.
F. E. Wright, Scry., Colusa, Cal.
b¥
b¥
•^¥¥¥¥¥9>¥¥¥9¥^¥$9$¥¥¥9>9>$¥9¥¥9'9>9^$^¥9^^9^$99^¥¥''^
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Biiiifyi MAiiiiJA mu
The Beauties of Matilija Springs, near NordhofF, in Ventura county, cannot
be told in words, or in photographs. It must be seen to be appreciated.
Altitude 1000 feet. Bubbling Curative Springs, tumbling waterfalls and
towering cliffs. Air bracing and free from fogs. Far enough from the sea to
get its ozone freed from the chill of a direct ocean atmosphere. An ideal winter
and summer resort.
A PLACE
TO REST
THE BEST
IN THE
WEST
By tHe side of tHe CreeK
Under the vigorous inspiration of the new [owner, Mr. S. P. Creasinger,|the
Ivos Angeles capitalist, this famous resort has had a thorough rejuvenation and
has been put under new management. Just recently Mr. Creasinger has pur-
chased additional land adjoining Matilija, which now gives him a beautiful
forest park of 400 acres.
TKe accommodations are ample. There is a general store where all
necessaries can be purchased. One may obtain rooms in cottages, California
houses or tents, while in the upper part of the caiion fine shady grounds have
been set apart for campers. There is a large dining-room with excellent table
service (and at Matilija one has an appetite). Rates are from $10 to $25 per
week for room and board, but one may obtain a tent or one may rent grounds for
camping for $1 a week and up.
Matilija Springfs can be reached by Southern Pacific trains to
Nordhoff, via Ventura, thence b}^ a charming stage ride of five miles.
Address : IMatiiija, Ventura County, Cal.
OK S. P. Creasinger, 218 S. Broadway, Los Angeles
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
BUY A
GOOD
PIANO
When you make up your mind
to buy a Piano, buy a g-ood one.
Buy it from a house whose guar-
antee is worth something — a
house that will be in business
when you want to make the guar-
antee good.
If you invest in a
Chickering
it will last you a life time, and
be a good piano when you are
gone.
We sell Pianos and all other
Musical Instruments on easy pay-
ments and guarantee them, and
our guarantee is good.
* *
MANDOLIN, $15.00
Has 22 ribs, solid rosewood; in:ihoifuii.v iu*cl<;
l)pautlfullT inlaid and bound with celluloid;
canvas case.
Southern California Music Co.
216-218 West Third St.
Los Angeles, California
I The [liindnn Olive Oil i
is Absolutely i
Pure
WE WILL fORfEIT
$1,000
and pay for the chem-
ical test if any adul-
teration is found in
the Ehmann Olive Oil.
Elimdnn Olive Oil (o., orovme, qi.
.^ ti^i«^ i^>V J^l^ 1^>^ 1^>^ >!V>V J<^>C
^ CENTRAL CALIFORNIA
ORANGE LANDS
i
HAWK & CARLY i
REAL ESTATE
101A FOURTH ST.. SACRAMENTO. CAL.
We make a specialty of orange
and deciduous fruit lands im-
proved and unimproved. We
have the largest list of desir-
able properties on sale in Nor- ^
thern and Central California. L
I HAWK & CARLY [
* 1014. FOURTH ST. ^
SACRAMENTO. CAL.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
READY TO AVEAR
tf«a<¥««««^«^lLVk'^J'^niVk^>«iU«^iU«>^U^ t>'^wltF^^^'^%M'ji'if.M'^*jt^
«^u>rkF^^a)nL'ii^^^<^i<«^«'<<^<i>x^u«««Wtfv^«>^ijr<^Wk^k'k>«L*imini;
i2i 60 '^' Torino St
LOS AN<iELE.S
A "SPIER" STYLE
Expresses /V I I there is to correct
Millinery, ^"^ * ' For it to be a
SPIER hat is to be the Acme of Millinery
Perfection- If you would have hats that are
absolutely correct, from the most important de-
tail to the very thread it is sewed with, you will
have to buy SPIER HATS.
\ SRiER \
\ MILLINERY IMPORTER \
5 Sole Asrent for K
I J. t1. CONNELLY Turbans \
5 121 S. SPRING ST. LOS ANGELES 5
THE NEW \
PRINCESSE \
PETTICOAT
is a tailor-made grar- 5
ment without "draw- 5
string's, without lacin? t
cords, without hooks j
and eyes, and with- c
out a yoke. It g-ives ?
5 A PERFECT GLOVE FIT \
i at the top, impossible to attain with any »
5 other skirt. It does away with all wrink- J
i les at the hips and waist, and adds that t
i artistic grace to the beauty-lines of a grace- J
5 fnl fig'ure, that cannot be obtained with any {
i other petticoat. J
5 Every lady knows the advantage of a tail- «
5 or-made garment, and these Petticoats are t
* appreciated by all who care for that ease, §
i comfort and style of a well-fitting garment, 5
5 and ladies who wear these Petticoats have a ?
J well-dressed appearance. See them at J
\ 555 S. Broadway, los Angeles I
EEPING
STEP
WITH THE TIMES. HANDWNO
EXCLUSIVE NOVELTIES
IN IMPORTED SHIRTINGS
Makin^r to order MEN'S SHIRTS and
LADIES' SHIRT WAISTS. We carry in
stock a .large assortment of our own
tailor-made, ready-to-wear
SHIRT WAISTS
STOCK TIES AND BELTS
.iCH GRADE
I LOVELIEST \
\ TAILOR-MADE SUITS \
\ FOR WOMEN \
i YOU SHOULD BUY THEM >
\ IN LOS ANGELES \
5 Isn't much need of telling you how i
I widely popular our suits have become. §
? Bvery woman in the whole Southwest !
\ has heard of the elegance, the exclu- j
5 siveness, and the charms of Sherman & 5
5 Henshey suits for women. We never >
5 vary from the policy of moderate prices j
I on everything. We can supply you 5
« with a tempting costume that cannot S
5 possibly be had elsewhere outside of (
I the largest Eastern cities. Prices as 5
J low as $12.50. Do not think of buying ?
5 a Spring suit without writing or calling j
5 at this new women's store. 5
\ Sherman & Henshey \
\ COR, THIRD AND BROADWAY \
I LOS ANGELES. CAL. |
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
01.DK8T AND L.AKOKST BANK IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
TH[ \mm AID mmm bknk
OF L,OS ANGKLSS
Incorporated 1871
Capital .... $500,000.00
Surplus and Undivided Profits, $878,000.00
Deposits . . . , $6,300,000.00
OFFICERS
I. W. Hbllman, Pres. H. W. Hellman, Vice-Pres.
J. A. Graves, 2nd Vice-Pres. Chaklbs Sbyler, Cashier
G. Hbimann, Assistant Cashier
W. H. Perry
LN.VanNnys
H. W. Hellman
A. Haas
DIRECTORS
I.W. Hellman, Jr.
J. A. Grares
J. F. Francis
Wm. Lacy
O.W, Childs
I. W. Hellman
C. S. Thom
Drafts and Letters of Credit issued and Telegrraphic and
Cable Transfers to all parts of the world.
Special Safety Deposit Department and Storatre Vaults.
riRST NATIONAL BANK
OF LOS ANOSLKS
Largest National Bank in Southern Calltornla.
Capital Stock $ 400,000
Surplus and Undivided Profits over 350,000
Deposits 4,oco,ooo
J. M. Elliott, Prest. W. G. Kerckhofp, V.-Prwt.
J. C. Drake, Second V.-Prest.
W. T. S. Hammond, Cashier
J. D. Bicknell
J. M. Elliott
DIRECTORS
H. Jevne
F. Q. Story
J. .C Drake
W. G. Kcrckhoff
J. D. Hooker
All Departments of a Msdern Banking Business Conducted
W. C Pattirson, Prest. P. M. Grbbn, Vice PfM.
Frank P. Flint, Second Vlce-Pre»t.
W. D. Woolwine, Cashier
E. W. Cob, Assistant Cashier
O. J. WlODAL "
llie Ui nudes Hfltial Bail
UNITED STATES DEPOSITARY
Cor. First and Spriag Stre«ts
Capital Stock
Surplus and Profits over
$500,000
150,000
Largrest capital of any National bank in Southern Cal-
ifornia. This bank is fortunate in havingr a strong- direc-
tory and a larire list of substantial stockholders.
STEAM and GASOLINE ENGINES
STEAM and IRRIGATION PUMPS
BOILERS and AIR COMPRESSORS
FRUIT and FARMING IMPLEMENTS
POPULAR VEHICLES and BAIN WAGOf^S
Factory: THE BENICIA AeRICULTURAL WORK!>
CAU OR WRITE
Our Prices are Very AttractN*
Baker & Hamilton
LOS ANGELES, CAL
Saa Francisco aid Sacrameato
.Oi fOi fO> fP^
u_rth--ta>_AL-.fg< 1^ f^ fgi
COROTOMAN RLACER GOLD MINE
Capital $200,000, divided into 40,000 shares— par value $5.0a The company owns absolutely 300
acres of proven R-round, which is a mine — no prospect. $8,000 in srold produced in last four months.
Our property is in Sierra County, California, which, thouirh one of the smallest in area, has produced
$190,000,000 since »fold was discovered in California. A comparatively small sum of money will put na
in a position to pay dividends. 'For this purpose a limited amount of stock has been placed on the
market at $1.50 per share. Write to the Secretary, HENRT A. GREENE, for maps and prospectus.
<
i
<
i
i
i COROTOMAN MINING COMPANY
4 511-512 LANKERSHIM DLDG. LOS ANGELUS, CAL. ^
PRANK P. BURCH, Cashier
Tklkphonk Mai n *»
Southern California Grain and Stocl( Co.
Share and Grain Brokers New York Markets.
Correspondents in Pomona, San Bernardino,
Redlands, Riverside and San DicK'o.
118 STIIVISON BLOCK
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
COR. THIRD AND
SPRINO STRKSTB
Ramona Toilet 30AP
FOR .SALE
EVERYWHERE
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
r
MINES IN THE GREAT
ft
DRAGOON CORRER BELT
OF COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA, NKAR BISBEB
Main shaft down to 220 feet to water level, where high grade sulphides have
been developed. Development stock, 25 cents per sHare, par value
$1.00. Absolutely Non-assessable.
Ezra T. Stimson, President Warrrn Gillelen, Treasurer
Treasurer Stimson Mill Co. Pres. Broadway Bank & Trust Co.
I(. W. Blinn, Vice-President P. H. Clark, Secretary
L. W. Blinn Lumber Co.
WRITE FOR PROSPECTUS
Office 224 BYRNE BUILDING LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Ityf ^^J% r^'tm*^ 4^ i-^^y ir* ^^ *^^ spirit and fact of our entire establishment.
X T Evf UCm li nC^^ Our mechanical plant represents the most up-to-
— ^— date laundry equipment in the West, and includes
^^-^— — ^■^— — — — — ^^ facilities, such as our " NO SAW EDGE on
Collars and Cuffs " machine, which is our own patent. Experience and circumstances
have enabled us to weed out inefficient help. Skillfulness, promptness and courtesy
prevail.
We occupy our own building, from the ground floor up, in the business center of
the city, and are therefore convenient of access. Call or phone.
Empire Laundry
Phone Main 635. 149 5. MAIN ST., LOS ANQELES Satisfaction Cparantecd
.M.^)LM.^)t>^.^>t^>tJ^.^iL^>^tL^)L^.J)t^.^)LJ»L^iCJ>L^>L^)^^
\ WM. GRAHAM
PHone
Green
ie>03
California Views
in Platinum, Solio
and Plating- Papers
View PKoto^rapKer j^
KODAK 119K S. Spring' St., Los Angeles fc
rINISMING MAIL ORDBRS PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO |1
ANYUn TUCATDIPAI PniR PDCAM prevents early wrinkles. It is not a freckle coating ; it re-
AHllU inLAIIlluAL UULU UIILAItI movestbem. ANYVO CO., 427 N Main St., Los Auireles.
itk.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
INIVERSITY Of SOUTHERN
EIGHT
8CU00LS
CAlIf ORNIA. LOS ANGELES
THE COLLEGE. Facnlty of 16. Ample equipment. Students
may pass from any class to the State University or any
in the East.
THE PREPARATORY SCHOOL As "Chaffey" stood among the
highest accredited schools in the State. Utmost pains taken
with physical development, manners and character, as
well as with the intellect.
University Station.
Dean Wm. T. Randall, A. M.
PASADENA
130-154 S.
EUCLID AVENUE
ENGLISH CLASSICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS
Boarding and Day Pupils
New Buildinffs. Gymnasium. Special care of health.
Entire chargre taken of pupils durintr school year and
summer vacation. Certificate admits to Eastern Colleg-es.
European teachers in art and music. 12th year besran
Oct- 1901. Apypy^ B ORTOIM, Principal
Occidental College
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Three CourAeS : Classical, Literary, Scientific,
leadinif to detrrees of A. B., B. L., and B. S. Thoroaffb
Preparatory Department and School of Music.
First semester bearins September 2S, 1901.
Address the President,
R«T. Ouy W. Wadsworth.
ST. VINCENT'S COLLEGE
QRAND AVENUE LOS ANQELES, CAI-.
A Boarding and Day Collag* for Boys and Youne Men
COURSES : classical, Scientific, Commercial and
Academic
For further Information addreit REV. J. S. GLASS, C. M., D. D.
Formerly Casa de Rosas.
Girls' Collegiate ScKool
Adams and Hoover St«.,
I.oa AnK«lea, 0»1.
ALICB K. PAK80N8, B.A.,
JBAMMB W. DBIflfBN,
Principals
THE HARVARD SCHOOL
(MILITARY)
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
An Entrllsh Classical Boardinirand Day School for Boys.
GRENVILLE C. EMERY, A. B.,
Head Master.
Reference : Chas. W. Eliot, LL. D., President Harvard
University.
Hon. Wm. P. Frye, Pres't pro tern. U. S. Senate.
THE LOS ANGELES MILITARY
=ACADEMY==
EiGllTn YEAR, 1901—1902.
A select Boardinar and Day School. Pre-
pares for colleires, government schools,
technical schools and business. Faculty
larire, competent, experienced ; all depart-
ments thoroutrhly equipped; location near
all city advantages, yet sufficiently iso-
lated to be beyond demoralizinar influence
and dansrers.
Before dccidinir uix>n a school investi-
irate the advantaores we offer. Special rates
during- vacation. Illustrated cataloirtie upon
application.
Telephone Main 1556.
WALTER J. BAILEY, A. M..
PHncipal.
CAPT. CHARLES KIENER,
Comnuindant.
(Graduate Vienna Military Academy.)
T
1
MM
BUSINESS COLLEGE
24 Post Street San Francisco, Cal.
The Leadinir Business Training School of the
West. Prepares Yountr Men and Women
for Business Careers.
lO nnn Graduates now successfully
"'^^" applyinir their knowledire.
1 '^flfl Stenoirra;)hers have been
^,xt\f\f trained at Heald'8.
Nearly l.OUO pupils enrolled
last year.
Averatre daily attendance.
Nearly 300 graduates last
year.
Positions filled during the
year.
Additional positions oCFered
last year that could not be
tilled for lack of graduates.
Typewriting machines in
the Typing Department.
Counties in California repre-
sented last year.
Heald's Business College is
nearly 40 years old.
Teachers employed in the
school.
States and Territories sent
students to the college
last year.
Foreign countries were rep-
restMitrd in the student
btnly last year.
There are thrt'o Banks in
the Business Practice
Department.
School is open the entiri> year, d.iv and night.
WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATCO CATALOQUE FREE
1,000
450
300
274
230
65
53
40
28
17
7
3
18,000
3,500
1,000
450
300
274
250
65
53
40
28
17
7
3
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
WILL OPEN APRIL 7th
THE NEW HOME OF THE CUMNOCK SCHOOL OF EXPRESSION.
Modeled after Shakespeare's house at Stratford=on=Avon. 1500 Figueroa Street, Los Angeles. Spring term
begins April 7, 1902. For catalogue and full information address ADDIE MURPHEY GREGG, Director.
Zos jf/y^e/e^s
212 lAZeST THIRD ST.
Is the oldest established, has the largest attendance, and is the best equipped business college
on the Pacific Coast. Catalogue and circulars free.
Rare Old Books
and Manuscripts
REI-ATINQ
CHIEFL-Y TO
SPANISH
AMERICA
Largest Stock in America
SIXTH CATALOGUE f.^To^^ll^f^f^ll^
50 cents, which will be refunded on first order of $5.00
or more.
W. W. BLAKE
QAUTE a CITY OF MEXICO
Refers by permission to the Editor.
pOR ANY BOOK ON EARTH— ^
Write to H. H. TIMBY, Book Hunter
«* CATALOGUES FREE CONNEAUT, OHiO"&^
BO II II H volumes of this mag'azine should be
U U II U in every well equipped library.
The Mccormick Sdeltzer (o.
ESTABLISHED 25 YEARS
[inc.]
REDDING. SHASTA CO., CALIFORNIA
Bkanchfs: Carrville, Trinity County
DeLaMar, Shasta Countj^
Larg-est Interior Department House in No. California
Mine and Miners' Supplies
General Merchandise
Eastern
Ag-encies
R. M. SAELTZER
PRES. AND MANAGER
SAN rRANCISbU
Visitors and tourists, as well as old r
expecting friends from the East, will
that they can now secure OeWitt'S
Francisco for only 35 cents. It con
formation tourists wish, is systematic
ively arrang-ed, and srives a very clear
and how best to see it. A fine new mai:
F. IM. DeWitt
318 Post Street San
ssidents who are
be fflad to learn
Guide to San
tains just the in-
ally and attract-
idea of the city
) is also inserted.
Francisco, Cat.
C^
60 Beautiful Tri-colored Haif-Tone Views of California, in book form, neatly bound in
handsomely decorated covers. A work of Art, compiled and collected at great expense. To
introduce this work we make this offer for 90 days only: Send 25 cents to cover cost of
wrapping, postage, etc. Los Angeles Art Cn&raving Co., 123 S. Broadway, Los Angeles
7=7
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
WHICH
IS THE BEST (IN
EVENT DF YnilR DEATH )
FDR
FAMILY,
HANDED
YDUR
TD BE
THIS
The
INew
5
Gold
Bonds
OF
THE
Ai M< JONES, aCN-L AaCNT
*1* WILCOX BLK.
L.OS ANOeUES, GAL..
EQUITABLE
LIFE
ASSURANCE
SOCIETY
" Stronirest in the World "
Are the best safe
investment on the
market.
They are sold on
installments, allowing-
)'ou 20 years to pay
for them. They are insured.
By investing- your savings in these
bonds you i)rotect your family if you
die, and provide an income in j'our old
age, if you live.
Full infomiatiou on appliratiou,
A. M. JONES, Gen'l A^t.
PHONE MAIN 910
414 Wilcox BIk. lOS ANdElfS, (Al.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
PASADENA
/ SELL ORANGE ORCHARDS
That pay a steady inyestment, with ffood water
rifirhts. I have them in the suburbs of Pasadena,
fiuely located for homes, also in the country for
profit. Fine homes in Pasadena a specialty.
REAL ESTATE,
INSUPANCL- , LC^ANS^
lKVt:STI/ENT3.
16 S. Raymond Ave.,
Pasadena, Cal.
1 15 S. Broadway
Los Ansreles, Cal.
REDLANDS
ORANGE GROVE
An extra BARGAIN — 24'4 acres
bearing oranges, cement flumes, house,
barn, horses, wagon and farming im-
plements. One of the finest sites on
Redlands Heights. On electric car line.
Call or write for particulars of this
and other properties in Redlands.
JOHN P. FISK
First Nat'l Bank Blk. Redlands, Cal.
RIVFRSIDE
DO YOU WANT
TO OWN AN
ORANGE ORCHARD
IN RIVERSIDE, CAL,
and get a steady and guaranteed in-
come at once, no matter where you
live ? If so, write for full particulars
to
R. W. POINDEXTER CO.
309 Wilcox Block
Los Angeles, Cal.
We refer for our standingr to First National
Bank, I<os Antfeles.
If you wish A HOME IN LOS ANQELES
a practically new seven-room cottage with all modern
conveniences and surrounded with lawns and rare semi-
tropic trees, plants and ilowers, address 449 N. Grand
Avenue, Los Angreles.
PORTERVILLE
Come to Porterville !
Where Oranges and Lemons
are grown free from Smut
and Scale.
CHEAP LAND, CHEAP WATER, Un-
equalled Climate. To in-
vestigate means to invest.
For information, address
secrem Boord oi M,
RIVERSIE
^ 1
For
OR
SALE,
Exchange
FARMS,
HOMES,
mm
S^l STATE
ORANGE
GROVES
Lf9 IINITFD
MINES
'^^P^^^j^^ STATES
PADDOCK
COMPANY, Riverside, Cal.
LOS ANGELES
1
We Sell the Earth
BASSETT & SMITH
We deal in all kinds of Real Estate, Orchard and
Residence Property. Write for descriptive pamphlet.
Room 208, 202>^ S BR04D«^AY
NOLAN & SMITH BLOCK LOS ANGELES, CAL.
LOS ANGELES
Land Agent for 1
P. A. STA
REAL ES
References ; Far
Nevada
. W'. Hellman, the largi
in Los Angeles City.
NTON 144
TATE LOS
mers and Merchants Be
National Bank, San F
st property owner
S. BROADWAY
ANGELES, CAL.
ink, Los Angeles ;
■ancisco.
RtDLANDS
ORANGE GROVES
209 Orange Street
For reliable information as to cost,
care and culture of Redlands
Orangre Groves, call on or address
C. H. FOWLER
Redlands, Cal.
5 OF COURSE ALSO, OF COURSE, {!
tl YOU WILL VISIT YOU WILL STOP AT THE Jc
I STOCKTON Yosemtte Hotel \
Please Mention that You baw it in OUT WEST.
\
k
No. 1. A ScKeme "WKicH Pailed.
^M .^B.^tf Af Ai' -flj Ai 'Ai' Ai' Ai Jfa"* Ai' Af iJfa' Af Ai^iJIi.A^iAi' AjT^^te A>- At Aj-.^y^.^te- A>.^te.^te.^te ^^
RUBBER CULTURE
We now have growing over 75,000 highest grade rubber trees, and our plan-
tation of 7,vS00 acres is being quickly cleared and prepared for the next planting
season. Estimating our profits, on neighboring plantations, some of which lack
the natural advantages of our own land, and none of which have at their com-
mand the modern implements and equipments with which our workmen are sup-
plied, we should be able to pay 40% dividends on the par value of every share.
STOCK 50 CENTS RER SHARE
DIRECTORS
L. W. BUNN H. HAWGOOD
San Pedro Lumber Co. and Chiof Entriiifcr San Pedro, Lom Anirelefl
Tv. W. Blinn Lumber Co. and Salt Lake R. R. Co.
A. C. HARPER B. A. BENJAMIN
Harp«'r & Reynold-, Wholesale and Retail Hardware. Cashier Cudaby Packinif Co.. Los An^eleii.
OCTAVIUS MORGAN J. B. HENDERSON C. S. HOGAN
Morijan & Walls, Arcliiti'Cts. Gen'I Mtfr. K»Tn Oiieen Oil Co. Builder ami Contractor.
H. JEVNE J. A. HENDERSON
Wholesale and Keiail (Irocer. President Calitonn.i H.ii dw.ue Co.
E. B. MERRILL. W. B. RAYMUND
Cashier Western Union Teleirraph Co. Wholesale and Retail Coal and Hay Denlei .
COSTA RICA DEVELOPMENT CO.
203 CURRIER BUILDING
LOS ANGELES. CAL.
l^#Nr^»^^^»^#^^#^^%#^#^'^%#»^'»»%«lr<»#H
>*^5i^l«Paloina Toilet5?ap
AX ALL
DRUG STORES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
The R[MINGTON Typewriter
is the universal saver. It is a time saver, a labor saver, a
trouble saver, an expense saver, and a business builder.
Wyckoff, Sedmdns & Bmdkt
113 S. Broadway, Los Angeles
211 Montgomery St., San Francisco
249 Stark St., Portland, Ore
Southern California
Visitors
should
not fall to see
AZUSA
24 miles from L<os Angeles, on the
Kite-shaped track of the Santa F^ Ry.
HOTKL AZUSA.
It has first-class hotel accommodations, good drives and fine scenic surroundings.
Its educational, social and religious facilities are complete. It is surrounded by the
most productive and beautiful orange and lemon groves in the world, and as a place of
residence is warmer in winter and cooler in summer than many other famous orange
districts.
For especial information or complete and handsome illustrated literature,
Write ^ "AfuSf^SSi^ '^ Chamber of Commerce
Help — All Kinds. See Hummel Bros. & Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
OCEAN TO OCEAN
By J. W. G. Walker, U. S. N.
Ready in February.
A charming account, personal and historical, of Nicaragua
and its people, by the son of Rear Admiral Walker, the
head of the Nicaraguan Commission. Lieutenant Walker
participated in the survey of 1898, and gives his impressions
of the country from the standpoint of the observant traveller.
It is equally mteresting. to the admirer of entertaining travel
notes, and to the reader who desires new information on a
vital topic of the hour. The full text of the Clayton-Bulwer
and Hay-Pauncefote treaties is included in the volume,
which also contains a graphic account of the Walker Fili-
bustering Expedition.
With 15 full-page plates and 4 maps.
i2mo, indexed. $1.25 net.
Also a New Edition of
Notes on the Nicaragua Canal
By Henry I. Sheldon.
Ready in February.
A brief for the Nicaragua Canal, written by a business man,
who states clearly ana forcibly the reasons for his choice.
All the great canal projects of the world are considered in
connection with the discussion of the present enterprise.
The book has been a strong factor in the literature of the
subject and a new edition has become necessary. It is
uniform in style with "Ocean to Ocean," and each book
supplements the other admirably. Together they give the
latest word on a question of national mterest.
With 22 full-page illustrations and 5 maps.
i2mo, indexed. $1.25.
Published by A. C McCLURG & CO., Chicago.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
*
OROVILLE
THE COUNTY SEAT OF BUTTE
COUNTY, IS IN THE HEART OF THE
NORTHERN CALIFORNIA CITRUS BELT
Surrounding Oroville are the largest deciduous
fruit orchards in the world ; in the city is the
largest olive-pickling establishment in the United
States ; and within one-half mile is the largest
navel orange grove in California.
At the California Mid-winter Fair we took first
premium for oranges and olives, and $1,235 in pre-
miums out of a total award of $2,500 for fruits of
the entire State. Gold Medal for olive oil at Paris
Exposition. First premium at World's Fair in
Chicago for fruits dried and in jars.
Oroville produces the finest navel orange in the
world, which ripens and reaches the Eastern
marliets six weeivs earlier than those of any
other section of California, receiving the highest
prices.
Cheapest irrigation water and plenty of it from
Feather river.
Our shipments of oranges and olives are increas-
ing at the rate of 300 carloads annually, and the
industry is still in its infancy with us.
Semi-tropical climate all the year ; within one
day's drive of excellent summer camping, hunting
and fishing ; 150 miles from San Francisco ; 85
miles from State
Capital. Efficient
train service.
Orange and olive
land for sale in tracts
of five acres and up-
wards from $20.00
to $100.00 per acre,
according to 1 o c a -
tion.
FOR PARTICULARS, ADDRESS
W. C. McCALLUM
OROVILLE, BUTTE COUNTY
CALIFORNIA
A CLUSTER OF OROVILLE ORANOES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
No. 2'
THE, PHOTO = MINIATURE,
A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION : ILLUSTRATED
Every number a complete book. Every month a different subject. The best library of photosrraphic informa-
tion obtainable. Plain and practical. Beautifully illustrated. 35 numbers published, all obtainable. 'iS cents each.
Per year, $2.50 in advance. No free samples. Send for Blue Booklet describinK the series — free on application.
GET IT FROM YOUR DEALER : TENNANT & WARD, PUBLISHERS. NEW YORK
^^^p5!|^'
^^^K^" v^i^
This Orange
jAHK' .. *^:Jl
sent
mm. fj
by
Mall,
^mm^^. . ;.,^
prepaid.
^ ^^'^^HheT
$1.00
CRY3TALIZED NaVEL OrANOE:
California
Crystallized Fruits
Assorted in Itb, 2fi> and Stt> Fancy
Boxes, sent prepaid, 75c. per pound.
We send our fruits to all parts of the
U. S. Properly packed to insure
perfect delivery. We give careful
alteiitioii to mail orders and fill them
promptly.
Wells Candy Co. 447 S. Spring St., los Anodes, (al.
^
^
%
Hummel Bros. & Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
4
^
Before Locating in California
MaKe a XHoro\j^K
Investigation of
San Joaquin County
^
It has the most fertile lands in the State at the lowest prices.
It has a navigable river and numerous railroads, causing the lowest ?r
transportation charges in the State.
Its markets are constant and active for all farm produce.
It offers the best opportunity for the farmer or home-seeker that can ^
be found on this coast.
LOOK INTO THIS BEFORE YOU SETTLE PERMANENTLY,
FOR IT MAY MEAN A BIQ SAVING TO YOU
Cal/ on or address Stockton Chamber of Comtnerce, Stockton, Cal., or
the Chamber''s Branch Office at 6io S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal.
_C&_dai_lSh__cSh. .rCb-_cftl _CftL_£ftl__C&_cSl_rftl_dK
:5^S^ IS THE PLACElJFOR YOU
San Joaquin County
^
Frutt, Vineyard, Alfalfa, Vegetable and Grain Land for sale at
f S '~igprices so low you will scarcely believe it possible.
We have the BEST BARGAINS in Farm Lands to be found ^
in the United States, ^
San Joaquin County is the center of agricultural California.
Nothing can stop it from becoming the center of the
States' population.
CALL AND LOOK OVER OUR LISTS
\ n. C. NORRIS & CO., 247 Wilcox Block, Los Angeles
LOr write to oor Correspondents, EATON & BUCKLEY, Stockton, Cal.
^
Ramona Toilet ^oap
l=f.lr1:¥.fB=
EVERY^HEFPE
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
I*!:
8
The M\M Pudft
%
%
a
%
"Will afford you a most pleasant route to th.e East,
passing through the entire Northwest, by way of
Portland, Tacoma, Seattle, Spokane, Helena,
Butte, Bismarck, Fargo, Minneapolis and St. Paul.
S
»
%
8
Two Ovctlanil Trains Daily
Carrying Elegant Pullman and Toixrist Sleepers
and Dining Cars.
diM Scenery and tlie Best of Service
Are Special Features of this popular lino.
E^MEMBER THAT THE INORTHERN PACIFIC
IS~THE ONLY RAIL LINE TO YELLOWSTONE
NATIONAL PARK.
Mets Sold to All Eistern Mts
in
Sit
»
«(
Information cheerfully furnished.
C E. JOHNSON,
fO 125 West Third Street, Passenger Department, VR
JU Los Angeles, Cal. 647 Market Street, |^
|w San Francisco, Cal. \^
T. K. STATEUR.
Oeneral Agent,
Passenger Department,
647 Market Street,
San Francisco, Cal.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
THE
NORTH-
WESTERN
LINE
AFFORDS the most luxurious
accommodations between
CALIFORNIA and
CHICAGO and the
EAST.
The Best of Everything
THE NEW
COMPRISES
NE^M^ Observation Cars, Com-
partment Cars, Drawing-room
Sleeping Cars, Buffet-Library-
Smoking Cars, with Barber
and Bath.
E-lectric li^Kted tKrou^K-
oxxX — Reading Lamp in every
berth.
XKrovi^K Xovirist Sleeping
Cars daily, and personally con-
ducted Tourist Excursions in
the most modern Pullman
Tourist Sleeping Cars.
Office: 24? S. Spring St., Los Angeles, (dl.
W. D. CAMPBELL, Gen'l Agrt.
W. B. KNISKERN, G. P. and T. A.,
Chicag-o, 111.
ii ^ ^ ^ ^
■T* -T^ -T* •T*"
f A ^ ^ ^ ^
(AllfORNIA VIEWS
The most complete line of Pho-
tographs in the West. Views
of all the objects of interest in
California, Arizona and Ore-
gon, reproduced in all .sizes
and styles, for your album, for
framing and as souvenir nov-
elties.
Note the reproduction of our views
on precedinsr pag-es of this magrazine.
Plates and films developed, printed
and enlargred.
Commercial and
View Photog- raphe rs
I Retail Bmncti: 252 S. Spring St., Los Angeles
Estimates given on all kinds of,.,
ELECTRICAL CONSTRUCTION
C. O. D.
Electric Works
WM. BARKER, PROP.
Manufacturing
and Repairing
Electrical
Supplies
314 WEST riRST STREET
Phone John 4311 LOS ANGELES
Taught by Correspondence
Instruction in Commercial Dr.
ing. Illustrative Drawing, Lettering and
Design, General Drawing, Architectural and Me-
' chanical Perspective, Newspaper Drawing, etc. Instruc-
Hon endorsed by leading authorities. Successful students.
PRACTICAL Drawing taught by PRACTICAL methods. Write
for further information.
SCHOOL OF APPLIED ART (Box 8800), - Battle Crfek, Mlehlaran.
Please Mention that /ou Saw it in OUT WEST.
/(e»^i/c
No. 3.
GENUINE
COWHIDE
SUIT
CASES
Exactly
like Cut
22-inch
$5.«o
24-inch - - $5.50
These suit cases are guaranteed to be
genuine cowhide. OLIVE, RUSSET or
CHOCOLATE colors. Made on a steel
frame; brass trimmings. We sell the
f^enuine at the same price as others sell
imitations. Ask for Whitney's Genuine
COWHIDE CASE of your dealers, or
Send (or Illustrated (dtdlo^ue
of trunks and bags.
D. D. WHITNEY & SONS
343-345 S. SPRING ST. los ANGELES. CAl.
EVERY MAN, WOMAN
AND CHILD
Ought to wear Staub Shoes I
Why?
Because they make t>etter men, wo-
men and children.
How so ?
Because they are scientifically and
physiologically the best.
Again, Staub shoes wear longer and
give more comfortable service than any
others, and they cost less.
These are great reasons why every-
body should buy only Staub footwear.
Wise men and women should pay
serious attention to these words, for
these words are facts; our claims are
true. Mail orders filled.
C. M. Staub Shoe Co.
255 SOUTH BROADWAY
LOS ANQELES
ANYVO THEATRICAL COLD CREAM
prevents early wriukleK. It is not a freckle coatiita ; it re-
move* them. ANYVO CO.. 427 N. Main St., Los Anrele*.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
HOTEL VENDOME
Headquarters for all TouriBti
to the
great Lick Observatory
Charming Summer
and Winter Resort
SUNNY SKIES
CLIMATE UNSURPASSED
This beautiful hotel is sit-
uated in the wonderful
Santa Clara Valley, "the
Garden of California," at
SAN JOSE
In a word, the Vendome
is Modern, Comfortable,
Hoifielike.
Is First-class in every res-
pect, and so are its patrons.
Writb for Rates and
Illustrated Souvenir.
GEO. P. SNELL,
Manatrer.
OUR
5
COUPON
GOLD BONDS
Secured by First Mortg-ag-es held in trust
by the State Bank and Trust Co., are as
SAFE as
GOVERNMENT BONDS
Six years of unqualified satisfaction.
Write for Booklet.
THE PROTECTIVE SAVINOS MUTUAL BUILDINd AND LOAN ASSN
101 N. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES
Reliable help promptly furnished. Hummel Bros. & Co., Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw It in OUT WEST.
TEH DAYS FREE TRIAL
alUnvpd on our bicycles. Wo ship on
approval withmit a cent di-jmsit.
1902 MODELS, $9 to $15
1900 & 1901 Models, best makes. $7 to $11
BOO Socond - Hand ¥fhB9lm
nil makes and iiiodi'ls, (;""<' "!< '"'w J3 to
$8. (Ircat. Fiirfofii Clenrimi Snh:
RIDER AGENTS WANTED to, li.
A ijliil.it ^iimi.le. Kiirn»lilnydo&immiMii..n.-v.lntrilnitlnj
laUil.ina. Writ,, iil on.-i- for |.rloc» k NpcCIHl of f«r.
DfpL :1,IT
UIUUAQO, ILL.
NEVER LOSE A FISH
TIm bnl I'M' Hoot on nnh lur lo. Lake Mtf Rhar fiMac M*
ur loll. JVt, mmnf kamtt mUMMil ynr It^nl /lit. M* tonH'g
(aoM or uwiM.o«<. No om cma aVonl u *ak wtlhoM oa>. N*am>M
o tM o«l ol arSUr. Il litlnpta tad urMc: kdMt mma. <W k«r4« a
aak aalU Ik* mh^Wr » •III koU Uai. It U aaallf a^law^ la all Ua«l
al lablac 67 alMlac Ike lllila daap oa Iha rod. Ma^ la Ikna alaaa.
^Adi Ta«r4aaU> (or Uu 0*8W» LSVSS NOOKS. - I( raa ca»aM
|a<(kcm, Ihar slU la atnt Hn^\ 00 nceipl o< prtc*. Mn* paawl
n^a er Jc •umpa.
Greer Lever Fish Hook Co.,
Boom 631 ▲uatall Bnilding. ATT<A17TA. OA.
'BARKER BRANO^
•■'n^n-CnUars ft Cuffs f//^'
fACTORv WestT^oy. NY. ^'^^^
SACHS BROS at CO.
San Frsnclsoo Coaa^ Amenta
j»j«,^,^jejt^^j*j*.;«^^j8je^,^^^^^,^jjj»j«,^j«j«j«vJ«j«.^^j«w?«,j«^w««.'*j«c<j»j»j«
H016I PiBasanion
SUTTER .«o •
JONES STS., «
SAN FRANCISCO ]^
(IcsiiiMjj rodiiis without h
will l>e accoitiodatrd.
«;ird
Situated in a plea.saiit part of the city. Very con-
venient to all the theaters, churches and principal stores.
^ Two lines of cable cars pass the hotel. Sutter Street
line direct from the Ferries to the hotel and to Golden
Gate Park and other points of interest. Elegantly fur-
nished rooms, sing^le or en suite, with or without private
bath. All modern improvements for the comfort and
safety of the guests. The excellence of the cuisine and
service are leading features, and there is an atmosphere
of home comfort rarely met with in a hotel.
Rates on the American plan, from $2.50 to $5.00 per day for one
person. Special terms bj' the week and to families.
O. M. BRENNAN, Proprietor.
k
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IT >c K" ^' >' ^' ^" >^ ^" ^' ^^ ^^ ^" h" ^" jo ^* jc ic jc »o jc K" jc ic ic K* ir ic jc* ic ir ir tc ic ic IT ic K* ir K" K* IT K*
ANYVO THEATRICAL COLD CREAM
preveiitA early wriitklcH. It in not a freckle coating ; It re-
moveRthem. ANYVO CO., 427 N. Main St., Lo« AbbvIw.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
THE BEST EYE HELP
When your eyes need attention, and
when you need glasses — for the very
best service — come to us. We have all
the latest improved scientific instru-
ments to help us in our work, and are
thoroughly equipped in every way. We
give you competent, conscientious ser-
vice and the assurance that your eyes
will get just the help they need.
BOSTON OPTICAL GO.
KYTE & eRANICHER, Props.
PHONE JAMES 186
23B South Spring St.
LOS ANGELES
Ladies
Laxakola is the only laxative that acta
aa a tonic to the whole female system,
strength eniner the organs and purifying the
blood. It will cure the most confirmed case
of constipation after every other remedy
has failed.
With your bowels and stomach free
from refuse and impurities; with your
kidneys and liver working naturally, and
your blood pure and rich, backaches, head-
aches, weak nerves, blotchy, muddy, sal-
low comi)lexions and all similar troubles
will vanish, and you will feel and look
strong, healthy and vigorous.
Because of its purity, pleasant taste,
and gentle, yet effective, action, infanta
and the most delicate invalids can take it
without any disagreeable or harmful af ter-
©fifects.
Laiiakola combines two medicines, viz: lazatira
and tonic, and at one prict. No other remedy gives
go much for the money. At drucr^sts 25c and
60c., or free sample of THE LAXAKOLA CO., 133
liaasau Street, N. Y. or 35S Dearborn Street, Chicaga
SURE CURE FOR PILES,
ITCHING Piles produce moisture and cause itching. This form,
as well as Blind. Bleeding or Protruding Piles are cured by
Dr. Bo-Ban-ko'B Pile Beznedy. Stops itching and bleeding. Ab-
sorbs tumors. 50c, ajar at druggists or sent by mail. Treatise free
Write me about your case. DR. BOSANEO, Philadelphia, Pa
ORANCEINE
ITS ORIGIN, AIM AND RESULTS
By P. A. AIRMAN, M.D., Windsor, Ontario.
In 1892 I was appointed medical director of the
Monroe Sanitarium, at Windsor, Ont. I had
there an opportunity of studying the effect of
morphine, cocaine and other remedies usually
prescribed by physicians for the relief of pain.
I saw how these drugs, while giving only tem-
porary relief, destroyed the nerves, stomach,
liver, kidneys, heart, etc.
It seemed to me that some formula could be
devised which would ease pain and at the same
time benefit the system. With this object in
view I first experimented with the various reme-
dies in daily use with no satisfactory results.
I then began a systematic test of numerous
drugs upon my own person and finally discovered
that a properly balanced combination of Acetan-
ilid, Caffeine and Bicarbonate of Soda would re-
lieve pain but left a reaction upon the heart and
digestive organs.
My next aim was to procure a remedy which
would counteract such effect, and after months
of further test upon myself and a number of
patients, I found that a homeopathically pro-
portioned combination of Podophyllin, Niix
Vomica and Blue Flag, combined with the above,
counteracted all objectionable effects and pro-
duced a positive corrective agency of unlimited
scope.
My experiences for the past eight years are
now confirmed by millions of powders taken
Under public, varied tests, and PROVE that
"Orangeine" powders not only relieve pain bet-
ter than any baneful opiate, but at the same
time have far reaching power to cure even
chronic ailments, among them HEADACHE,
NEURALGIA, AEL PAIN, INDIGESTION,
DYSPEPSIA, COLDS, SORE THROAT,
"GRIP," ASTHMA, HAY PEVER, STOM-
ACH UPSETS, FATIGUE, NERVOUS PROS-
TRATION, MELANCHOLIA, etc.
Personally I have taken from one to five pow-
ders daily for the last eight years and find my-
self in better physical condition than before.
My case is particularly significant as, for a num-
ber of years I was troubled with a weak heart
which has been wonderfully strengthened by
"Orangeine." I now prescribe "Orangeine''
more frequently than any remedy in my medi-
cine case, and my whole experience shows that
"Orangeine" regulates the digestive organs,
purifies the blood, builds up the nervous system,
strengthens the heart action, feeds the brain,
thereby not only CURING but PREVENTING
disease.
10c. Trial Package, FREE
Every progressive drugg-ist now sells "Oran^eitie"
powders in 2Sc packag-es— 6 powders, 50c; 15 packag'es — 35
powders, $1.00. For intellig-ent trial we will mail 10c pack-
ag'es free, with full information, on receipt of 2c postag-e.
Orang-eine Chemical Co., 15 Michig-an Ave., Chicaeo.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
ORANGE AND LEMON
GROVES
^ ^ The most profitable varieties on the best soil, in \^'*c!(^
the finest condition. I have more than I want to
_«»J«»_
NOW PAYING A GOOD
INCOME ON PRICE
REQUIRED.
WILL PAY A BETTER
INCOME AS TREES
GET OLDER.
*J^
take care of, and will sell part in ten-acre tracts at prices
^^ \ below present conservative values. Write me for
^^t^ X particulars. Better yet, come and see property.
%\ A. P. GRIFFITH, Azusa, Cal.
<s
.^^
.♦
V
DO YOU READ
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246
It contains strongly American Editorials, Letters from Washington,
New York, London and Paris by trained correspondents; its short
stories are famous and are widely copied throughout the United States ;
its selected Departments, both verse and prose, are edited with the
greatest care ; Art, Music, the Drama and Society notes are handled by
experienced writers.
The ARGONAUT is acknowledged by all to be the best Weekly on
the Pacific Coast and one of the best in the United States. Persons
once having formed the habit of reading The ARGONAUT find they
CANNOT DO WITHOUT IT
Send us a postal card and we will forward you, postage paid, some
sample copies.
The ARGONAUT PUBLIShlNQ CO.
Sutter Street San Francisco, Cal.
John A. Smith, Burnt Wood Novelties, Hardwood Floors, Grille-work. 456 S. Broadway
Please Mention that You Saw It In OUT WEST.
THe ?mmm iviauress
DOUBLE
PNEUMATIC MATTRESS
rOR THE HOME OR CAMP
Always retains its shape, has no furrows, holes or humps, never has to be turned or beaten, requires
no springrs, furnishes no hiding" places for vermin, can be cleaned with a spongre, and can be taken
with you to your summer house or camp. It costs no more than any other grood mattress, and does double
duty — in house and camp; for you can deflate it and pack it in your trunk or roll it in a shawl strap.
Weiirht of two-part mattress, 24 pounds.
PRICE — Full size, one piece, 6 feet 3 inches by 4 feet 6 inches
" — In two parts, divided in center, lengrthwise ...
" — % size, one piece, 6 feet 3 inches by 3 feet 6 inches
" — % size, one piece, 6 feet 3 inches by 3 feet: ...
$32.00
35 00
25.50
22.00
FOR HOSPITALS, AMBULANCES AND SICK ROOMS
the Pneumatic Mattress is invaluable. After use in cases of contag-ious
disease, use a kettle full of hot water and clean the mattress with a
spong-e or hose. Can be washed with boiling- water or cleansed with dis-
infectants. No bed sores will ever be caused by it.
PRICE HOSPITAL MATTRESS, S23.00ZI^
FflD THF RARV ^* '® hyg-ienlc, harboring" no germs. It rests all
• vn I III- wnui parts evenly, conforming" to the shape of the
tender little body with every movement. It never grows musty, and can
be washed and dried in a few minutes. It is not dusty, and you can take
it with you wherever you take the baby.
PRICE CRIB MATTRESS (4 feet by 2^ feet), S11.00
Weig"ht, deflated, 7 pounds.
READY FOR TRAVELINR
^■^'"■^^'-•^■•ilW
FQP THF CAMP wherever night overtakes you, you have only to throw it on the ground or
vniTii floor, inflate it, and in five minutes you have a dry bed as soft as down (or hard
if you choose).
No. 1, Recreation, 6 feet 3 inches by 2 feet 1 inch, $18.00 With pillow, $20.00
No. 2, " 6 feet 2 inches by 2 feet 3 inches, 21.00 " 23.00
Weight of No. 1, deflated, 10 pounds.
I carried one of your air beds through Alaska with me, and it gave excellent satisfaction .
I would advise everyone to obtain one of them if they anticipate a sea or land voyage.
F. H. HUESTIS, Boston.
If I could not get another, I would not swap it for a farm. Every sportsman ought to
have one. JOHN A. DELANOY, New York.
If I had had one when I flrst went West, I would have saved years of rheumatic suffer-
ing. ERNEST SETON-THOMPSON.
Since returning from the mountains, we have used the pneumatic mattress in preference
to our hair mattress, and do not hesitate to recommend it to all our friends.
O. P. BIGELOW, OF Ogden State Bank, Ogden, Utah.
"Nothing so rare as resting on air."
Manufactured by THE PNEUMATIC MATTRESS AND CUSI1I0N CO.. 2 and 5 South St., N. Y. City
•^^"illustrated NO. "w" CATALOGUE FREE
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
'A Weekly Feast to Nourish Hungry Minds." — N. T. Evangelist.
FOUNDED BY E. LITTELL IN 184^4-
TtlC LIVING AGE
THE LIVING AGE, one of the oldest and most mdely-known of American liter-
ary magazines, was founded by E. Littei,!,, in 1844, and has been published
weekly without interruption for fifty-seven years.
It presents the cream of foreign periodical literature, and reprints without
abridgment the most noteworthy essays, travel sketches, fiction, social and political
papers, and discussions of literary, artistic and scientific subjects from the leading
quarterlies, monthly magazines, reviews, and literary and scientific weekly journals.
To these long-established and distinctive features, it has added an editorial de-
partment, devoted to "Books and Authors," in which are published (weekly) para-
graphs of literary news and comment, and careful, honest and discriminating
notices of the more important [new: publications.
THE LIVING AGE
holds a unique position in the periodical world as a weekly eclectic magazine. In-
telligent Americans who want presented to them from week to week the most im-
portant and timely articles from foreign periodicals find what they want in Thb
Living Age, and can find it nowhere else.
THE LIVING AGE
is a weekly sixty-four page magazine, which prints in the course of a year twice as
much matter as most of the monthly magazines, and is able, by reason of its wide
field of selection, to publish articles by a larger number of writers of the first rank
than any other magazine. I
MTO INTRODUCE THE MAGAZINE
to readers who are not now familiar with it, the publishers of Thb Living
Age will send it by mail, postpaid, to any name not already on the sub-
scription lists, for -THREE MONTHS —
THIRTEEN WEEKS FOR ONE DOLLAR
These [thirteen issues will^ aggregate about eight Ihundred and fifty
octavo pages of the World's Best Current Literature. Subscriptions may
begin with any desired date.
THE LIVING AGE COMRANY
p. O. BOX 5206 BOSTON, MASS.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
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BRO-MANGEION
SSS^S
fc
Maier & Zobelein
Brewery
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
BOTTLED BEER
For Pamily use and Sxport a specialty.
▲ pure, wholesome beverage, recommended by
prominent physicians.
OFFICE, 440 ALISO STREET
Tel. Main 91
FOX
Typewriters
GIVE
Satisfaction
LIGHT TOUGH
SPEED AND
DURABILITY
Are the
Distinctive
Features
of
"The Fox"
In the Middle States and in the
East where " The Fox" is bet-
ter known, it is '* The Leader."
Its EXTREME SIMPLICITY
and EASY ACTION have
made it the STANDARD. : : :
CATALOGUES MAILED UPON RESIUEST
DESIRABLE DEALERS WANTED
FOR THE PACIFIC COAST. : : : :
fOX TYPEWRITER CO.
104 Front Street
GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.
Hummel Bros. & Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Wanted, Local Managers
$2,000 to $5,000 FOR THE RIGHT MEN
Ia7E are about to offer to the general public a block of stock in one of
•^ ' the largest mining and smelting companies in North America; and
when the facts become known the demand for shares will be
immediate and strong.
Before advertising! this stock for public subscription we wish to ap-
point a man or a firm in all principal cities and towns to represent us.
It should be understood that we are not seeking canvassers.
The work of the local managers will be confined — unless the}' wish
to do some canvassing on their own account — to handle inquiries in
their locality.
That is to say, all inquiries in answer to our newspaper and maga-
zine advertising will be referred to our local managers in the towns and
cities from which the letters are written.
The duties of our local managers will be to call, or send a represent-
ative to call, upon the writers of these letters of inquiry, and to lay be-
fore them the facts and information for which they have asked.
It will be seen at once that this is not only a legitimate but a dig-
nified position, and we can assure interested parties that -w^e "will
xnaKe it an extremely profitable one as -well.
We can guarantee to our local managers a handsome income and
certain opportunities and interests which will double in value within a
few months.
It should be borne in Imind that is this not a small catch-penny
scheme, but one of the greatest and most comprehensive mining enter-
prises in America today.
It should further be understood that we are not seeking cheap men.
We want the best men to be had. Men who are capable of earning
$2,000 to $5,000 a year. We want men of good reputation, gentlemanly
address, wide acquaintance and most undisputed reliability.
To those who give us satisfactory references we can offer a satis-
factory position. We can offer a good income to men who can give even
a small portion of their time to our business.
Prompt application should be made, as we are anxious to make all
appointments as early as possible. Write at once for full information
concerning our proposition.
the: ALBERT £. HALL COMPANY
220M Broadway, New YorK City
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
IMW
17 Hniipc LOS ANGELES
SAN ERANGISCO
BY
Pacific Coast Steamstiip Co,
EXPRESS SERVICE-SOUTH BOUND
Leave San Francisco : SANTA ROSA Sundays, 9.00 a.m.
STATE OP CAL Wednesdays,
NORTH BOUND
a a
Leave Los Angeles : SANTA ROSA Wednesdays, 10.00 a.m.
STATE OP CAL Saturdays, " "
Operate Steamers to and from Mexico, Humboldt Bay, British
Columbia, Seattle and Alaska
W, PARRIS. Agent
328 S. Spring St.
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
GOODALL, PERKINS & CO,,
GENERAL AGENTS
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
Hummel Bros. & Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You 8r.w it in OUT WEST.
THE WAY TO SEE
Southern California
IS VIA
THE SOITHERN PACinC CO/S
IMDt TM(K"
DAILY
SERVICE
between
Los Angeles
and
Riverside,
Loma Linda
Redlands,
San Bernar-
dino
ITINERARY
THE "FLYER"
LEAVES Los Anieles— Arcade Depot 8:46 am
ARRIVE Colton. ■ 10:42 am
" Riverside 11:00 am
[2 hours and 30 minutes stop, allowinir time for
lunch; drive on Victoria Avenue by way of
Arlinirtou Heisrhts and New Indian School,
returninfr on the famous Matrnolia Avenue.]
LEAVE Riverside 1:30 pm
ARRIVE Loma Linda 1:50 pm
[Stop of 33 minutes to enjoy the beautiful pa«t-
oramic view from plateau surrounding Loma
Linda Hotel.]
ARRIVE Rediands 2:35 pm
[Stop of 1 hour and 30 minutes to permit drive to
Smiley Heiirhts and other points of interest.]
LEAVE Rediands 4:05pm
ARRIVE Los Angeles 6:20 pm
[In ample time for dinner-]
Leaving Los Antreles this train will travel by
way of Puente. Pomona and Ontario, returninir
via Covina; thus affording the opportunity of
seeintr the famous Citrus Fruit Belt of Cali-
fornia, passiufr the old San Gabriel Mission.
I'or (ill 111. 1 jiaiticulars see Airent Southern Pacific Co., or write
Q. A. PARKYNS, Asst. Qen'l Frt. & Pass. Agt
261 S. Spring St., LOS ANQELES, CAL.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
California Limited
THE RESULT OF AN
ENDEAVOR TO CREATE
A PERFECT TRAIN
HIGH CLASS ACCOMMODATIONS
HAVE MADE IT THE MOST
POPULAR WITH TRAVELERS
Daily Service BetwecH San Fraficisco
Los Angeles and Chicago
641 Market Street 200 S. Spring Street
SAN FRANCISCO LOS ANGELES!
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Hach Buyers for Farms
^J Q ^1 11 or other real eHtate may Tm found
tliroiiKli me, no matter wtiere located.
Rend desrrlption and price and learn my succegsful
method for rimllnR buyers. W, M. Q8TRANDER,
Murtb American liuildlni,'. I'hlladelphla, Pa.
EVERY WOMAN
_-.. ^ ^ is interested and should ktiow
abuut the woudeiful
S^ Marvel ^l:?'"
Douche
-D^
If your druggist cannot
supply the MARVEL,
accept no other, but write us for
Illustrated Book, aent free —
sealed. It gives price by mail,
particulars and directions invalu-
able to ladies. Bndoraed by PtajratclanB.
MARVEL CO.. Room 33, Times Building, N.Y.
Pnm
75,000
Genuine
Mexican
OPALS
^ >>r Kale at lew than half price. We want an ag eot in
every town and city in the U. 8. Send S6c. for Mmpto
opal worth $2. Good at^enta make $10 a day.
Mexican Opal Co., 607 Frost Bldg., Lot Anf ele«, C«L
Bank reference, State Loan and Trust Oo.
'DR. GUNN'S LIVER
PILLS
CURES SICK HEADACHK by remov-
ini,' the cause. CURES DYSPEPSIA by
aidini; digestion. CLEARS THE COM-
FliEXION. by purifying the blood.
ONLY ONE FOR A DOSE
These pills act quiptly on the bowels, remoTinic the pMtilent matter,
stimulateH the tiver into action erentiriK a liealthy difertion. •mrisff
dyspepsia and sour fttoiiiach For i»iinply, pale or tallow p*opU. tkcy
impirt to the face that wholfsome look that indicatM health ftoU
by druggists or by mail. 2bc a box. Samples free.
DR. BOSANKO CO., PtUladelptila, Pi.
^VV%WW%WWWWWVVWWWVWVi
RIPANS
I had nervous indigestion and a general derangement of
the entire system. It had been a continual torture for 12
years. My blood became very poor and at times my toe and
finger nails would be diseased. After eating I would sit in
a chair and put my feet on something to keep them from
swelling, and at times would take off my shoes for the misery
I had. Whenever I experience anything to remind me of past
aches I cannot be too elated to tell what Ripans Tabules
have done for me. I still take one now and then, because
I know how bad I have been. They were just what I needed.
AT DRUGGISTS
The five-cent packet is enougfh for an ordinary occasion. The family bottlCf sixty
cents^ contains a supply for a year.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
nFFD lA/DINUIFQ wholly eradicated and Full Con-
L/LLr WW rf llll\L^Lk3 tour firmly built up. POCK MARKS, MOTH,
FRECKLES, all FACIAL BLEMISHES, positively removed in ten days. You can again
possess a skin absolutely new and as soft as in youth. Work guaranteed; city references.
iWRS. iW. SHERWOOD dermatologist
Room 40, Hotel Nahant, 727 S. Broadway, Los Angeles Tel. Green 704
Prol. G. GUST. P. BLOMQVIST
GRf^DUf^TED N\f\SSEUR
ORIGINATOR
OF THE
BLOMQV/ST SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EXERCISE
Gives the only true and scientific physical treatment for bodily deformities, nervous exhaustion
and muscular development, in existence. His treatment is based upon a thorougrh knowledge of
the physical anatomy of men and yomen. A THOROUGH DIAGNOSIS
OK YOUR CASE IS MADE. YOUR PHYSICAL
NEEDS DETERn5INED and a treatment g-iven which will meet
your particular case. There are over one thousand different movements each
for a separate purpose in the Blomqvist System. Every disease or deformity is
[ g-iven a specific movement. Other systems boast of twenty-five separate move-
ments and are g-iven without intellig-ent direction. If you have liver trouble,
dyspepsia or indig-estion, or are threatened with lung disease, nervous prostra-
tion, or if you want a strong, healthy, well developed body, write us. Any muscle
developed to any size. The Blomqvist system is the only treatment that will cure curvature Of the
spine. No need of children going through life all crooked and maimed when our treatment will make
them strong, straight and robust. Ladies can have wrinkles removed, irregularities corrected, cold
feet and hands made warm by our treatment for the circulation. Strong-est testimonials furnished
from U. S. senators, physicians, and people of the highest social rank. A trial of the Blomqvist System
will convince anyone. Consult j-our physician. Individual treatment by mail only, no apparatus or
chart. Booklet, full information and indorsements sent free. Write today.
BLOMQVIST GYMNftSTlG & ORTHOPEDIC INSTITUTE, GreiQhton Block, Omaha, Neb.
John A. Smith, Burnt Wood Novelties, Hardwood Floors, Grille-work. 456 S. Broadway.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
A California Education
FOR OLD AND YOUNG
The bound volumes of the Land of Sunshine make the most interesting
and valnable library of the far West ever printed. The illustrations are lavish and
handsome, the text is of a high literary standard, and ol recognized authority in its
field. There is nothing else like this magazine. Among the thousands of publica-
tions in the United States, it is wholly unique. Every educated Californian and
Westerner should have these charming volumes. They will not long be secured at
the present rates, for back numbers are growing more and more scarce ; in fact the
June number, 1894, is already out of the market.
OBNUINB M MOKOCCO
2. Jnly,'94to May, '95, inclnsive $3.90
""' "' ■" * 2.6S
3.40
2.65
Vols. 1 and
3 and 4. June, '95 to May, '96,
5 and 6. June, '% to May, '97,
7 and 8. June, '97 to May, '98,
9 and 10. June, '98 to May, '99,
11 and 12. June, '99 to May, '00,
13 and 14. June, '00 to June, '01,
15. June, '01 to Jan., '02,
LAND OF SUNSHINE PUB CO.
2.50
2.50
2.50
2.25
PLAIN LBATHBI
$3.40
2.15
2.90
2.15
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.75
115 S. Broadway, Loa Angeles
OUT WEST' WANTS SUBSCR/PT/ON
AGENTS EVERYWHERE
ADDRESS LAND OF SUNSHINE PUBLISHING CO,
115 S. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES, GAL.
Your choice at Half-price
Half-tone and Line-etching Cuts
We have ^ccnmnlated over
2000 cuts of Wetttrn subjectt
which have been used but once in the Land of Sdnshinb or Got West.
They are practically aj^ooi/aj »«f, but will be sold at half-price, vii.,8Kc
a square inch for half-tones larcrer than twelve square inches and $1 for those
under that size with 40c additional for viirnettes. Line etchinrs, 5c a square
inch for those over ten square inches and 50c for those under that site.
If yon cannot call at our office send $1.50 to cover express charg-es on
proof book to be sent to you for inspection and return. The book ia not for sale
and must be returned promptly. If you order cuts to the amount of $5
the cost of expre8.sag« on the proof book will be refunded.
Land of Sunshine Pub. Co.
115 South Broadway
LOS ANGELES
Ik
I
mf^9V'VW¥WViVi^^
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
)|##4a^4^##^MiP<4Ma^<%4r^H)^<4^<^
The Question
and
Its Answer
Is there so completely equipped a concefn in Los
Angeles that it can (in the printing line) assist you
in preparing copy, design an attractive cat, engrave
same, set the type, do the presswork, and bind the
completed job in most attractive manner — promptly, and at reasonable
cost to you?
THERE IS I
This MODERN plant is the one:
a M T>avis Co,
[ Succeeding KINGSLEY-'BA'JiNES & NEUNER CO,]
PRINTERS, ENGRAVERS
STATIONERS
AND BOOKBINDERS
//5 5* Broad'way
Telephone
Main 417
Los Angeles
'Printers of " OUT WEST"
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
MURRAY M. HARRIS
ORGAN CO.
$7
/^/^/^ Mahoffany-cased electric parlor orifaii in residence of Mr. C. K. tireen.
♦ ^-'^^^^ San Mateo, Cal. This Org-an is also tdayed by automatic attachment in
another part of the room, connected by cable under floor.
BUILDERS OF
CHURCH, CHAPEL and
PARLOR ORGANS
ONLY COMPLETE ORGAN
FACTORY IN THE WEST
t
754760 Sun rernanilo St. Tel. Ndin 363
LOS ANOELES. (ALIEORNIA
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
lie Mutudl Li(e teurnflie (o.
OF NEW YORK
RICHARD A. MCCURDY, PRESIDENT
STATEMENT FOR THE YEAR ENDING DECEMBER 31, J901
According to the Standard of the Insurance Dept. of the State of New York.
INCOME
Received for Premiums
From all other Sources
DISBURSEMENTS
To Policy-holders for Claims by Death
To Policy-holders for Endowments, Dividends, etc.
For all other Accounts
ASSETS
United States Bonds and other Securities
First Lien Loans on Bond and Mortgage
Loans on Bonds and other Securities
Loans on Company's own Policies
Real Estate : Company's Office Buildings in London,
Paris, Berlin, New York, Boston, Philadelphia,
San Francisco, Seattle, Sydney and Mexico, and
other Real Estate ......
Cash in Banks and Trust Companies
Accrued interest. Net Deferred Premiums, etc.
LIABILITIES
Liability for Policy Reserves, etc. ....
Liability for Contingent Guarantee Fund
Liability for Authorized Dividends
Insurance and Annuities in force
$51,446,787 73
14,177,517 78
$65,624,305 51
$17,344,023 13
11,335,646 77
13,772,936 60
$42,452,606 50
$198,063,981 24
81,564,209 88
10,638,000 00
11,319,067 23
27,542.442 44
16,746,894 46
6,964,376 42
$352,838,971 67
$289,652,388 84
60,706,582 83
2,480,000 00
$352,838,971 67
$1,243,503,101 11
/ have carefully exanihied the fore^oin^ Statement and find the satne to be correct;
liabilities calculated by the Insurance Department. Chaki^es A. Prei^IvER, Auditor.
NoTK — Insurance merely written is discarded from this Statement as misleadintr, and only insur-
ance actually issued and paid for in cash is Included.
U. E. MAXSON, DisT. Mgk.
318 Bkadbuky Bldg.
Los Angeles, Cal.
A. B. FORBES & SON
Agents
San Francisco, Cal.
^OYil^
The "Koyal Raker and Pastry
Cook " — containing; over
800 most practical and valu-
able cookinjj receipts — free
to every patron. Send postal
card with your full address.
Care must he taken to avoid bakins;
powders made lioni alum. Such
IMJwdfrs are sold cheap, because they
cost but a few cents pjcr j>oimo.
Alum is a corrosive acid, which
taken in food means injury to health.
ROYAL BAKING POWDER CO., NEW YORK.
DELICIOUS DRINKS
and DAINTY DISHES
are made from
BAKERY'S
BREAKFAST
COCOA
ABSOLUTELY PURE
Unequaled for smooth-
ness, delicacy, and flavor
Our Choice Recipe Book
will tell you how to make
Fudge, and a great variety
of dainty dishes, from our
Cocoa and Chocolate . Sent
FKEE to any address J»
WALTER BAKER & CO. Limited
KsTAiii.isHKi) irSo DORCHESTER. MASS.
STEVENS
FIRE
ARMS
are the most popular ones made, and if
you want a strictly KELIABLE and
ACCURATE shooter, use no other. They
have been made for 38 years, and are
acknowledged as STANDARD.
Jt^'Sold by nearly every dealer in Sport-
ing- Goods. An interesting^ catalog mailed
upon request.
J. STEVENS ARMS AND TOOL CO.
270 Main Street
Chicopee falls, Mass.
ESMISLY XHE LAND OF SUNSHINE
Copyrighted 1902 by The Land of Sunshine Publishing Co.
lO S^c"?,?^ LOS ANGELES
115 S. Broadway
SAN FRANCISCO
310 Pine St.
Jjil YEAH
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
WifftM'iS!it^m^'»ft!'X'ili)ii'M*)i'>i'>i>^^^^
TOURISTS and otlierK troinir BaHtward
will riiid that a stop off of a few days
at Salt LaWe City can be most pleasnr-
ably spent. "The KnutHford" is the only
new fire-proof hotel, for the better class
of trade, in the city. Every place of in-
terest is nearby this hotel. Do not be
misled, but check your batfiratre direct to
"The Knutsford," Salt Lake City.
N.B. — An interestlnflT illustrated book-
let on "Zion," will be mailed to anyone
addressinir
«. S. HOLMES, Prop-
Salt Lake City.
o nil ri n r»-,. -. .
al3 At.
iil iik^iHIIf
im 4 «
rm
fa tfir.-u.i t,„
LOS ANGELES' FAMOUS HOTEL
The Angelus^^
Opened Dec 28, J 90 1, by
G, S. HOLMES, Prop.
On the corner of Fourth
and Spring Streets, J^ <i^
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
The " Knutsford" Hotel. Salt Lake City
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
READY - TAILORED
MEN'S CLOTHING
No man need have the least particle of bother over his
Spring Suit. It is ready for you here Of course, we
tnay possibly have to shorten or lengthen the trousers or
the coat sleeves, or snug- the collar — but that's a detail.
The suit will fit you as though a high-class custom tailor
made every stitch of it to your order — and you've only
half as much to pay —
S10.00 TO $30.00
/Vlullen & Bluett Clothing Co.
N. W. Cor. First and Spring Streets
LOS AN6ELES
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD
IRRIGATION
rSTABLISHED 1886
PIPE LINES
ARTHUR S. BENT
651 S. Broadway. Los Angeles
999
XKere are many "wortKy people
^ not needing more tKan ^
THREE FIGURES
to write the amount of their available assets, who would like a home in California, but are deterred on
account of the mistaken idea that they cannot buy land there or make a start without a fortune a I read v
in hand. Such people should investigrate the
LAGUNA DE TACHE GRANT
in Fresno and King's Counties, California, where you can buy some of the best and most fertile land in the
State at $35 and $4u per acre. Land on which can be raised not only all the California fruits, but all the
cereals, such as they know how to raise in the East, includinsr the three great money-making- products,
CATTLE. CORN and HOGS
If you want to chanure your location, if you are tired of cold winters, cyclones and blizzards, come to
LAGUNA DEI TACHE.. If you have $1,000 or even less, and an ambition to work, you can
succeed. Write to-day for descriptive printed matter. A postal card brings it.
NARES CEL SAUNDERS, Managers
Mention Out West. LATON, Fresno County, CAL.
KAMONA TOILET 3o A P
FOR 3ALE
EVERYWHERE
OUT WEST
A MAGAZINE OF THE OLD PACIFIC AND THE NEW
EDITED BY CHAS. F. LUMMIS.
AMONG THE STOCKHOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ARE:
DAVID STARR JORDAN
President of Stanford University.
WILLIAM E. SMYTHE
Author of "The Conquest of Arid America, "etc.
FREDERICK STARR
THEODORE H. HITTELL
Chicaffo University.
The Historian of California.
WILLIAM KEITH
The Brreatest Western Painter.
MARY HALLOCK FOOTE
Author of The Led-Horse Claim," etc.
MARGARET COLLIER GRAHAM
Author of " Stories of the Foothills."
GRACE ELLERY CHANNING
Author of " Ttae Sister of a Saint," etc.
ELLA HIGGINSON
Author of A Forest Orchid," etc.
CHARLES WARREN STODDARD
The Poet of the South Seas.
INA COOLBRITH
Author of " Sonsrs from the Golden Gate," etc.
EDWIN MARKHAM
Author of " The Man With the Hoe."
JOAQUIN MILLER
The Poet of the Sierras.
CHAS. FREDERICK HOLDER
Author of '* The Life of Affassiz," etc.
CONSTANCE GODDARD DU BOIS
Author of "The Shield of the Fleur de Lis."
SHARLOT M. HALL
CHA.«5. DWIGHT WILLARD
DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS
Ex-Prest. American Folk-Lore Society.
GEO. PARKER WINSHIP
The Historian of Coronado*s Marches.
FREDERICK WEBB HODGE
of the Smithsonian Institution, Washinffton.
GEO. HAMLIN FITCH
Literary Editor S. F. Chronicle."
CHARLOTTE PERKINS STETSON GILMAN
Author of " In This Our World."
CHAS. HOWARD SHINN
Author of "The Story of the Mine," etc
T. S. VAN DYKE
Author of " Rod and Gnn in California," etc.
CHAS. A. KEELER
LOUISE M. KEELER
ALEX. F. HARMER
L. MAYNARD DIXON
Illnstrators.
ELIZABETH AND JOSEPH GRINNELL
Authors of " Our Feathered Friends."
BATTERMAN LINDSAY
Contents— May, 1902.
Lookinff out thro' the Golden Gate Frontia
The Exiles of Cupa, illustrated, C. F. L, ^ 465
The Catnino Real and its Old Art, illustrated, Aug-uste Wey 480
The Discovery of Our Pacific Coast, illustrated, concluded, R. A. Thompson 489
A Modern Sapphira (story), Grace Ellery Channing 503
The Wind Seems Kind Today (poem), E. S. Field .511
Children of the Soil (poem), Lucy Robinson ...512
Fog (quatrain), Gertrude M. Trace 512
Early. Western History — from documents never before published in English — Diary of Father
Junfpero Serra, March 28- June 30, 1769 .513
The Sequoya League, " To Make Better Indians " ..519
The Landmarks Club ..523
In the Lion's Den (by the editor) ..524
That Which is Written (reviews by the editor and C. A. Moody) ..532
The 20th Century West, conducted by Wm. E. Smythe :
Socialism and Construction ..537
Henry Demarest Lloyd ..542
The California Constructive League — The Procession of Ideas ..544
The Problems of Irrigation, George H. Maxwell ...546
Sunrise (poem)» Marion Warner Wildman 554
Biennial Meeting of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, Harriet H. Barry 555
Copyrirbt 1902. Entered at the Los Anireles Postofflce aa •econd<lass matter, (sbb pt7BusRBit'8 paob.)
WASHINGTON MINES
ARE GOOD MINES
We are authorized fiscal agrents
for three of the largrest and best
mining- corporations in Washingr-
ton, to-wit :
MONTEZUMA MINING COMPANY
GOLD. COPPER, COAL. COKE
Eleven copper-grold claims, 2,000 acres cokingr coal lands, both producing-; 175 men employed, bunkers
completed, railway built, Montezuma postoffice established; only blacksmithing- coal on the Pacific
Coast; hig-h-g-rade coking- coal, best by Government test; two quarterly dividends paid, and will come
reg-ularly hereafter; an Al investment stock. A small block left at32ceuts a share cash, or 37 cents
on installments.
The TACOMA COMPANY
MINING STEEL RAILS SHIPPING
SMELTING STRUCTURAL STEEL AND IRON LUMBERING
This big- company is just orgranized for the operating- of mines, smelters, rolling- mills, lumbering- and
shipping- business. It owns extensive iron mines on Texada Island, B. C.; Barclay Sound, B. C , and
in Skag-it County, Washing-ton; also owns 7,000 acres rich coking- coal lands in Washing-ton. Its
"Marble Bay" niineon Texada Island is now producing- copper-g-old ore to theamount of $12,000 net
monthly, and output will be larg-ely increased by new raanag-ement. This company will control steel
business of the Northwest, to which country it will be what the g-reat steel concerns are to the East.
Manag-ement the best. It will sell a little stock for development purposes, and we are authorized to
offer a limited issue at 12M cents cash, or 15 cents on installments. We predict these shares will pay
dividends by January next. *
Copper King Mining Syndicate
COPPER. GOLD. SILVER
The Copper King- Mining- Syndicate owns and controls 65 adjacent claims in the Carbon River district.
The considerable development work done indicates the presence of veins of hig-h values. Reports are
most satisfactory. To obtain funds for machinery and extensive development, shares are offered for
a short time at 5 cents cash, or 6 cents on installments. These shares are honest speculation, and will
soon be worth several times the price asked.
Write for prospectus of any or all these
companies. Address the selling agents^
COR. CAUFORNIA AND MONTGOMERY STS., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
THE AMERICAN GUARANTY AND TRUST CO.
SPEND YOUR SUMMER
A MILE ABOVE THE SEA
IDYLLWILD
AMONG
THE
P/NES
IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL.
MOUNTAIN RETREAT ON EARTH
4,284 ACRES
THE FALI-S AT IOYLL.WIL.O
of Pine Forest, in the
center of Government
Forest Reserve of 784,000 acres.
Fvery surrounding- and convenience to make
your outing- a deligHt and an inspiration.
FurnisKed Tents for campers at low
rates. Fxirnished Cottages for those who
want them. Good Board at a moderate
price, and General Store, Dairy and Meat
MarKet for those who prefer housekeeping-.
The Most Healthful and Desirable Summer Resort
in Southern California
For full information, address
R. A. Lowe, M^r., Idyllwild, Riverside County, (di.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
WAWONA
*
*
*
The Beauty Spot of the Sierras
Mariposa Big Tree Orove
Nearest Resort to the Yosemfte
Quickest Time - Finest Scenery
This Hotel offers the Finest
Accommodations of any
riountaln Resort in California
Terms Reasonable
WASHBURN BROS., Proprietors
Wawona, Cal.
ft »♦»»»♦♦♦ %»»%%♦♦
NORTH MANHAITAN BEA(H I
Your livintr in Southern California will not be |
complete unlpRR yon buy a lot and bnild a sum- S
mer or winter lionie at North Manhattan Heach |
the NEAREST TO LOS ANGELES, BEST and |
MOST EXCLUSIVE BEACH IN SOUTHERN \
CALIFORNIA. Lots for sale. $175 to $500, on |
easy terms. Improvements all furnished. Send |
for booklet or call and see us. X
hSK
: NORTH MANHATTAN BEACH CO.
\ WILLUMS & SAUNDERS. Agents 123 S. Broadwiy
* CLUSTER OF-
OROVILLS ORANOES
ORANGE LAND
NEAR OROVILLE. THE COUNTY
SEAT OF BUTTE COUNTY.
Where orang-es ripen and reach Eastern markets six weeks earlier
tliaii llii>se of Southern California. Finest Navel Oranges
in tKe "World. One-half mile from Oroville is the largest
navfl oransre orchard in California. In the City of Oroville is the
larvest olive picklinir plant in the United States, and within three
miles are the largest deciduous fruit orchards in the world.
Orange and Olive output exceeding 300
carloads annually. Semi-tropical cli-
mate all the year. Cheapest irriyfation
water and plenty ni ii liom Ke.itiiiM kner ilowmu ilirouuli (.)ri)ville,
alontr which there is excellent huntinir and fishlnir and summer
campinir.
Unimproved Orange and OUve Land. S20 to SlOO per Acre, aciord-
insr to location. A few hiirhly improved and profitable orchards. Write for particulars to
D. C. McCALLlM, OROVILLf, BUTTE COUNTY, CAL.
ANNOUNCEMENT EXTRAORDINARY
THE
RidiiT tiiD or iii[ mmm
CALIFORNIA^
WHATT ITT IS —
WHAT IT IS "TO BK —
AND WHY
By CHAS. F. LUMMIS.
On the top of 18 years' residence, Mr. Lummis
has given three years of special work and thou-
sands of miles of travel to this most important
series of studies of Califcrnia, under contract with
Harper's Magazine^ in which (January, 1900) the
first article appeared. Feeling- that such matter
should really belong- to the magazine of whose
field the text is. Out West has succeeded in pur-
chasing the remaining articles from the Harpers,
at the original price paid Mr. Lummis ($400 per
article), with the right to reprint the opening
chapter. The series will beg-in with the June num-
ber, and will run for at least eight months —
possibly more, by the addition of other chapters
for the book into which the series is to be collected
by one of the great Eastern publishing houses.
Beyond comparison the most vivid and vital ar-
ticles ever printed in the West or about it ; and
with more liberal, more typical and more beautiful
illustrations than any perio'dical has ever given
any portion of the West.
Practically all important books on the West have
been by visiting strangers ; but here is the West
from the Western point of view. There is no
question, we believe, that this will rank as the
best work of a recognized authority on Western
thought, history and economics.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
OLD HICKORY Furniture
Old Hickory Furniture in its quaint rustic beauty
is an addition to any porch or lawn. It is not
only the strongest and most lasting: of all porch
furniture, but it is less costly as well. Every piece
is comfortable, and it is a furniture that will stand
all kinds of weather and its appearance and durability
not be hurt in the least. Chairs, rockers, settees,
tables, taborettes and other pieces.
To readers who mention Out West we will send
an elegfant booklet showing- over 100 illustrations of
Old Hickory Furniture.
Los Angeles Furniture Co. I
225 27-29
Broadway
Los Angeles
DEPENDABLE FURNITURE AT A FAIR PKICE
Furniture Buying
is made easy at this store. The best
factories are looked over and our
stock is selected piece by piece.
Nothing- is admitted except it con-
forms to our high-quality standards.
But prices are not exorbitant, and
every article is marked in plain fig-
ures— easy to make comparisons —
easy to buy.
SEND FOR NEW FREE BOOKLET
NILES PEASE
FURNITIRE CO.
439-441-443 S. Spring St.. los Angeles
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
^
¥(
5K
^
^
5«
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
Situated at the base of the San Francisco Mountains, in the heart of the
great pine forest (altitude 7,000 feet). Flag-staff is in the midst of a verit-
able paradise of scenic wonders— Cave Dwellings, Cliff Dwellings, Great
Lava Beds, Natural Ice Caves, Painted Desert, Adam's Cave, Indian Villages,
Montezuma Castle, Montezuma Well, Bottomless Pits, Doyle's Trail to San
Francisco Peak ( 14,000 feet ), Grand Canyon of Arizona, etc. Amusements
— Golf, Tennis, Baseball, Polo, Fishing-, Huntiugr, Dancing-, Bowling-,
Driving-, Gymnasium, Riding-, Billiards, Pool, Private Parties, etc.
Prof. Lowell's Observatory was placed here because of the meteorologic
condition of the atmosphere. Summer temperature rarely exceeds 85°.
WATER ABSOLUTELY PURE. Climatic conditions are perfect.
No frogs, flies nor vermin.
FLAGSTAFF
OF HEALTH
IS THE HOME
AND PLEASURE
THE ONLY OSTEOPATHIC SANITARIUM IN THE WEST.
If yo.u will write me a history of your case as you understand it, I will render you, a profes-
sional opinion without charge. All patients receive my personal attention. Enclose stamp.
ADDRESS DR. C. H. WOODRUFF
Graduate of the American School of Osteopathy, Kirksville, Mo.
CARE OF WOODRUFF SANITARIUM
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
i
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.^>^Ki4.i^>^>^i^l^>^>^jiVi^i^>^i^i^i^i^>Vi^i^j^i^>^i^i^i^>^>^j^>v
i
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Modern homes are incomplete without grandfather clocks. The oldest
of our readers will remember the massive time-pieces that marked the fleet-
ing moments of childhood. Such clocks are now sought for as necessary
pieces of furniture in fashionable residences.
We have secured from various manufacturers the finest specimens of
grandfather clocks that are to be had. They include various styles and
finishes. Some of them are open to the floor ; the lower parts of others are
utilized for books or bric-a-brac.
The works in nearly all of our clocks are of the celebrated Seth Thomas
make or of the best imported makes. The frames are substantial and last-
ing. These clocks are finished in mahogany, golden oak, Flemish oak,
weathered oak, etc. Some are built to hang on the wall, others are desig-ned
to stand upon the floor. The illustration shows one of the many styles we
have secured. Among others you will find
Six
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^BARKER BROS.
Floors and Basement
Filled with
Finest Furniture
BERKELEY HALL
OLD DUTCH
MISSION STYLES
FLEMISH STYLES
EMPIRE DESIGNS
OLD ENGLISH
420 424 SOUTH SPRIINIC STREET
LOS AMCELES, CAL
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
REAr3Y
TO WEAK
SHirt Wdiiti
OUR OWN TAILOH-MAOm
READY TO WEAR
All the Newest Materials
and Style incladinar Gib-
son Side Pleats, Tncks,
etc. All waists fitted.
Wc Arc Always UP-TO-DATE
'^AA^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^A^
THE NEW
PRINCESSE
PETTICOAT
is a tailor-made irar-
ment without draw-
string's, without lacintr
cords, without hooks
and eyes, and with-
out a yolte. It gives
A PERFECT GLOVE FIT
at the top, impossible to attain with any
other skirt. It does away with all wrink-
les at the hips and waist, and adds that
arlisiic grace to the beauty-lines of a grace-
ful figure, that cannot be obtained with any
otiier petticoat.
Every lady knows the advantage of a tail-
or-made garment, and those Petticoats are
appreciated by all who care for that ease,
comfort and style of a well-litting garment,
and ladies who wear these Pettico.its have a
well-dressed appearance. Sec them at
555 S. Broadway, los Angeles
Beautitui Mmes
FOR WOMEN
Prices Temptingly Small
When you want something' decidedly
new YOU should come, or send, at once
to this new woman's store. Things
are just a little newer, quite a little
nicer, and altog-ethcr prettier than you
will find elsewhere. Prices are never
any higher and often much lower than
you would expect to pay.
Write for prices.
B. B. HENSHEY
Successor to Sherman i<c Uensbey
CO/V. THIRD AND BROADWAY
LOS ANQELES. CAL.
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I FOR WOMEN!
ON EVERY
PAIR
TWELVE STORES IN NEW YORK CITY ALONE are re-
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New York women are the most particular about
their shoes. No better shoe at any price.
Men's Reg-als are also best. Factory to wear-
er. Sent prepaid anywhere in the U. S. on re-
ceipt of $3.75. Send for catalog-ue.
222 WEST
BRADBURY BUK .
BUREAU TRUNKS. The handiest and most dur-
able trunk on the market. Made of 3-ply lum-
ber ; all trimming's riveted on. Separate com-
partments for all articles of clothing'. Send for
catalogue. Style for men, $21; for women, $25.
D. D. WHITNEY <£ SONS
341-345 S. SPRING ST. lOS ANGELES. CAL.
THIRD ST. 5
LOS ANGELES \
The name " SILVERWOOD" on an
article means the same as the
"STERLINQ" mark on sliver.
i^t3 ^ W .SILVERWOOD II \</
1 ^^ LOSANCELES
Our reputation and
full guarantee stand
back of every hat
we sell. If you can-
not get a SILVER-
WOOD HAT In your
city send us your
height and size of
hat worn ; state
color and if a stiff
or soft hat is want-
ed, and we'll send
you the latest shape
express prepaid
BY
MAIL
Carriage prepaid
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You certainly sret as much style, as much
wear, as much satisfaction, out of a Silverwood
Hat at three dollars— then why pay five?
F. B. SILVERWOOD
22 J S. Spring St. LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Wear Staub's Shoes
Every man, woman and child who
wears Staub's Shoes is better shod and
more comfortably shod than the rest
of the people.
STAUB'S SHOES FIT
ARE MADE FOR COMFORT
ARE THE BEST STYLE
ARE THE BEST MADE
Staub Shoes are a good cure for
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You'll feel better and walk better when
our shoes are on your feet. Join the
majority and buy your shoes at
Staub's. Personal attention given to
all mail orders.
C. M. Staub Shoe Co.
255 SOUTH BROADWAY
LOS ANQELES
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THE
PIANOLA
D
more than doubles the value of every
piano. Wouldn't you consider your
piano more valuable if it were an in-
strument every member of your family
could play, and that without spending
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The Pianola literally makes the piano
an instrument that everyone can play,
even the smallest child. It requires
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Could any instrument have any severer
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more than 250 homes in Southern
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about the Pianola, or come in and let
us show it to you. Everybody welcome.
Southern California Music Co.
216 218 West Third St.
Los Anleles. Calirornia
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when you need glasses — for the very
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BOSTON OPTICAL GO.
KYTE & GRANICHER, Props,
PHONE JAMES lae
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'TIS A PLEASIRE
to reap the rewards of sowing our
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can supply every want. We also
make a specialty of Poultry and
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Germain Seed and Plant Co.
326-330 South Main Street
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BROMANGEION
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HOTEL ARCADIA
SANTA MONICA BY-THE-SEA. CAL.
Modern hotel with steam heat and open crrates ; surf bathinir all the year ; hot and cold salt
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HOTEL REDONDO
"THE OUEEN OF THE PACIFIC"
REDONDO BEACH. CAL.
An ideal home by the sea ; 200 rooms heated with open grates ; hot and cold water in every room ;
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coast ; the larorest carnation (fardens in the world, and tennis courts and srolf links second to none.
Both these
hotels are
equally
distant
'18 mileS)
from
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and possess
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Winter
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For Rates and
further Infor-
mation address
A. D.Wright
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wvvv%vw\
The Delightful Scenic Route to i
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5«
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Free from smoke
Cars leave Fourth street and Broad waj', Los Ansreles, for Santa Monica via. Sixteenth
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Park, Santa Monica, for Los Anareles, at 5:45, 6:10 and 6:35 a.m. and every half hour from
6:55 a.m. till 8:25 p.m., and ai 9:25, 10:25 and 11:05 p.m.
Cars leave Los Antreles for Santa Monica via. Hollywood and Sherman via. lietlevue
Ave., every hour from 6:45 a.m. to 6:45 p.m., and to Hollywood and Sherman only every
hour thereafter to 11:45 p.m.
••Si^For complete time-table and particulars call at office of company.
Sinsrle Round Trip, 50c. 10-Trip Tickets, $Z0O.
316-322 WEST FOURTH STREET, LOS ANGELES
TROLLEY PARTIES BY DAY OR NIGHT A SPECIALTY
ir so, WHY so ?
Tho.se contenii)latiii(^ locatiiiK' in Southern Califoniia,
either temporarily or permanently, don't fail to visit
Ocean Park (South Santa Monica). This is considered one of the most lieautiful seaside re-
sorts on the Pacific. KlcK'ant, modern and completely furnished cottajjesfor SALE and RENT
at reasonable rates. Full particulars and information will be carefully and promptly g'iven
by addressing? J. E. WARFIELD A CO. Real Estate and Reatal Agency
TELSPHONE MAIN 103 tOt OCEAN FRONT, OCEAN PARK, CAL.
ANYVO THEATRICAL COLD CRFAM
prevents early wrinkles. It is not a freckle coatinff ; It re-
moves them- ANYVO CO.. 427 N. Main St., Los Angeles.
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T116 PNEU1MATI6 iMatiress
DOIBLE
PNEIMATIC M4TTRESS
rOR THE HOME OR CAMP
Always retains its shape, has no furrows, holes or humps, never has to be turned or beaten, requires
no springs, furnishes no hidinsr places for vermin, can be cleaned with a sponge, and can be taken
with you to your summer house or camp. It costs no more than any other good mattress, and does double
^yty_iu house and camp; for you can deflate it and pack it in your trunk or roll it in a shawl strap
Weight of two-part mattress, Z4 pounds.
PRICE— Full size, one piece, 6 feet 3 inches by 4 feet 6 inches
" — In two parts, divided in center, lengthwise
" _^ si2e, one piece, 6. feet 3 inches by 3 feet 6 inches
" — J^ size, one piece, 6 feet 3 inches by 3 feet
FOR HOSPITALS, AMBILANCES AND SICK ROOMS
the Pneumatic Mattress is invaluable. After use in cases of contagious
disease, use a kettle full of hot water and clean the mattress with a
sponge or hose. Can be washed with boiling water or cleansed with dis
infectants. No bed sores will ever be caused by it.
PRICE HOSPITAL MATTRESS. S23.00
$32.00
35 00
25.50
22.00
FOR THE BABY
It is hygienic, harboring no germs. It rests all
parts evenly, conforming to the shape of the
tender little body with every movement. It never grows musty, and can
be washed and dried in a few minutes. It is not dusty, and you can take
it with you wherever you take the baby.
PRICE CRIB MATTRESS (4 feet by 2'A feet), $11.00
Weight, deflated, 7 pounds.
READY FOR TRAVELINO
FAD THF f AMP Wherever night overtakes you, you have only to throw it on the ground or
if you choose).
floor, inflate it, and in five minutes you have a dry bed as soft as down {or hard
No. 1, Recreation, 6 feet 3 inches by 2 feet 1 inch, $18.00
No. 2, " 6 feet 2 inches by 2 feet 3 inches, 21.00
Weight of No. 1, deflated, 10 pounds.
With pillow, $20.00
23.00
I carried one of your air beds through Alaska with me, and it gave excellent satisfaction .
I would advise everyone to obtain one of them if they anticipate a sea or land voyage.
F. H. HUESTIS, Boston.
If I could not get another, I would not swap it for a farm. Every sportsman ought to
have one. JOHN A. DELANOY, New York.
If I had had one when I first went West, I would have saved years of rheumatic suffer-
ing. ERNEST SETON-THOMPSON.
Since returning from the mountains, we have used the pneumatic mattress in preference
to our hair mattress, and do not hesitate to recommend it to all our friends.
O. P. BIGELOW, OF Ogden State Bank, Ogden, Utah.
''^Nothing so rare as resting on air.''^
Manufactured by THE PNEUMATIC MATTRESS AND CUSHION CO., 2 and 5 South St., N. Y. City
*S"illustrated no. "w" catalogue free
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Before Locating in California
MaKe a XKorou^K
Investigation of
San Joaquin County
It has the most fertile lands in the State at the lowest prices.
It has a navigable river and numerous railroads, causing the lowest
transportation charges in the State.
Its markets are constant and active for all farm produce.
It offers the best opportunity for the farmer or home-seeker that can
be found on this coast.
LOOK INTO THIS BEFORE YOU SETTLE PERMANENTLY,
FOR IT MAY MEAN A BIG SAVING TO YOU
Call on or address Stockton Chamber of Commerce^ Stockton, Cat., or
the Chamber's Branch Office at 6io S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal.
San Joaquin County
IS THE PLACE
FOR YOU
Fruit, Vineyard, Alfalfa, Vegetable and Grain land for sale at
prices so low you will scarcely believe it possible. We have the BEST
BARGAINS in Farm lands to be found in the United States.
San Joaquin County is the center of agricultural California. Noth-
ing can stop it from becoming the center of the State's population.
Call and Look Over Our Lists
n. C. NORRIS & CO., 247 Wilcox Block, Los Angeles
Or write to oor CorrespondenU, EATON & BUCKLEY, Stockton, Cal.
Ramon A Toilet ^o A p
FOR .SALE
EVERYWHERE
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E. MEHESY, JR.
Dealer in
PRACTICAL
FURRIER,
FUR DRESSER
AND
TAXIDERMIST
INDIAN and MEXICAN
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and Relics
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UtaK ^ California
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Goods ^
Curiosities
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RUGS AND
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A SPECIALTY
SOUVENIR SPOONS, NATIVE
SHELL and AGATE JEWELRY
Salt Lake City, Utah :
Two Sale-rooms, Hotel Knutsford Bldg.
Factory and Warehouses, Busby Ave.
Los Angeles, CaL:
Corner Fourth and Main Streets,
Opposite Van Nuys and Westminster Hotels
THE LARGEST BUSINESS OF ITS KIND IN THE WORLD
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Scheirs Patent Adjustable form
JF OR Dp E S Sjyi A K I N r.
It Is tiresome to fit people
by the usual methods. It Is a
pleasure to fit and carry out
the most unique
design by
means of this
form, which
is made to
dnpl i ca te
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to stand as
person stands, for-
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consequently skirts
will hang- and waists
fit with perfection and
comfort. Whenorder-
ingr send a perfectly
fitted lininif with
waist-line marked, also
skirt measures from
waist-line to floor
(front, hips and back),
with close fittiuR col-
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Los Angeles Office : 316 South Broadway
Rooms 3 and a Phone Red 2986
Sa« rranclsco: 503 Powell St.
YOU WANT
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Be it an investment, or
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" STRONGEST IN
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to be the best safe invest-
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A. M. JONES^ Gen'l Agt.
414 Wilcox Block, Los Anjfeles
6'VVVVVV^/VVVV\VVVV^/V%^V\/VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV^/VVV%%VVVVVVVV'>
<=>v= Oi>Xi_i f="ci5P^ r^^ I y^
ESTABLISHED 1889
SUBSCRIBED CAPITAL ------ - $12,000,000
PAID-IN CAPITAL - ---.-.-- 2,150,000
PROFIT AND RESERVE FUND - - - . - 275,000
MONTHLY INCOME, OVER ------- > 00,000
ITS PURPOSE IS
To help its members to build Domes, also to make loans on improved property, the
members giving first liens on their real estate as security. To help its stock-
holders to earn from 8 to 12 par cent, per annum on h;ir stock, and to allow them
to open deposit accounts bearing interest at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum, ordi-
nary, and 6 per cent, per annum, term.
I HOME OFFICE: 301 California St., San Francisco, California
I WM. CORBIN, Secretary and General Manager
^'
n; iff it i
merly
XHe Land of S\insKine.
THE NATION BACK OF US, THE WORLD IN FRONT.
km^» i T^tlf ?
OufWcST
Vol. XVI, No. 5.
MAY, 1902.
THE EXILES OF CUBA.
JHE time for a historical sketch of the Warner's
Ranch eviction has not yet come, though such a
paper may confidently be looked for in these pages
in its due season. But this humble tragedy,
of which the bare fact has become generally known,
may properly have now some little verbal and pic-
torial annotation. It will be seen that these are
not scalping savages who are being driven out from
their immemorial home, but quiet, gentle, hard-
working farmers.
There are no railroads to the Mission Indian res-
ervations. To visit them one must go by horse or
wagon, and it is a long enough trip, either way —
lonely, picturesque and interesting. To the
average Californian — to say nothing of the tourist
along frequented ways — it is little short of a reve-
lation, this discovery of a consecutive wilderness as
big as the State of Massachusetts, threaded by
hundreds of leagues of good county roads, traversed
by semi-occasional mail-carriers, miners, cattlemen, and long-
haul ranchers ; with little oases here and there, and lonely
schoolhouses ; with sparse forests and groves of noble trees, and
vast reaches of chaparral — but in its overwhelming majority an
irremediable waste of crumbling granite and barren peaks. It
is^a beautiful country to look upon, but saddening withal for
its destiny of desolation. No human wit nor patience will ever
make it less than it is, nor more.
Leaving the pretty little American village of San Jacinto,
Copyright, 1902, bv Land of Sunshine Publishing Company
466 OUT WEST
end of a branch of the California Southern R.R., and at the
vefy foot of the mountain of the same name (one of the finest
peaks in North America), we pass in three miles the rival vil-
lage of Hemet, no less attractive, and turn toward the hills.
This is the last "civilized" hamlet we shall encounter until we
leave the Indian countr}- behind. We might travel many hundred
miles, now, without seeing a settlement of a dozen Americans.
Sixteen miles out, we make noon at Sage, the little pocket-ranch
of an old timer who has 30 acres of plow-land in his tiny bowl
of a valley. Fourteen miles further on we reach the second
inhabited house, the store and postoffice of Aguanga, with no
other building within the range of a telescope ; and in eight
more the third, the old stage-station of Oak Grove — two
tenanted houses in 35 miles. This long old adobe — cased with
timber since the earthquake of two years ago, which was severe
in this region — was a historic point on the old overland road
— the longest regular stageline in all history, the famous Butter-
field route from the East to San Francisco ; fare $250 ; best
time 20 days. It is a pretty little valley without irrigation, but
graced by groves of mighty live-oaks. Here we pass the night
in solid comfort, thanks to the housewifely skill of a handsome
matron whose ancestors dwelt on Warner's Ranch. This spot
used to be called by the Cahuillas "Tevenil," a bowl-shaped
basket — which well describes the little valley. The altitude is
2727 feet.
Just over the first divide, next morning, we pass the gate of
Warner's Ranch, and look out over its exquisite barrenness.
We stop briefly at the tiny Indian hamlet of Puerto de la Cruz,
the home of eleven of the evicted Agua Calientes, and push on
to the historic Hot Springs, 60 miles from our starting point.
The Agua Caliente, or Warner's Hot Springs, lies on the east
side of Warner's Ranch, walled from the desert only by the
narrow range whose chief peaks are the "Eagle," "Rabbit,"
and "Squaw." The altitude is about 3,000 feet. A litile
ravine runs down from the foothills. Toward its upper end
several tiny seepages of cold water break out, and by the time
they reach the village there is a faint trickle. At the village
itself, the beautiful hot springs well up from the bottom of a
rocky cleft, their sulphurous steam clearly visible on a cool
morning. The water is led in wooden flumes to rough-board
bath-houses, whence it issues to form several bluish pools, and
then trickles on down the arroyo, irrigating a few score of
acres. The Indian village consists of some forty houses; of
adobe, except two or three ; comfortable, substantial and neat.
There is a little adobe chapel, and a new $1200 schoolhouse.
The Old Overland Stage Station at Oak Grove. Photo by C. I'. L,
The Hot Springs. Copyright iqo2, by Ckas. F. Lummis.
Captain Blacktooth and Ambrosio.
470
OUT WEST
with a resident teacher — Mrs. Josephine Babbitt, who has been
with these people a dozen years. Several hundred acres are
cultivated — careful little fields and orchards. There are irriga-
ing ditches and a reservoir.
Except the school, which was built by the g^overnment a
couple of years agfo, and a pipe-line to it from a spring;-, every-
thing- at the Agua Caliente is the work of the Indians. Of the
American ownership, claimed to have lasted more than 58 years,
there is not a stick erect nor one stone on another for token.
The improvements the Indians will have to abandon on their
eviction, stand, at a cortservative estimate, for $10,000. There
are 154 men, women and children living on this spot. I saw
and talked with four generations in one family — all born here.
The usual wiseacre — who never fails on the like occasion — has
Thk Old Chapel.
Photo hv ( . r I..
stated " from personal recollection" that there were no Indians
on Warner's Ranch fifty years ago, and that their story of im-
memorial residence is therefore a myth. Which only shows
the value of a memory without a mind behind it. Not to go
further back (into the Mission records), but merely far enough
to antedate any person now living who can testify in this case,
it is enough to refer to the first "American" books which
touch this locality at all. Lieut. -Col. W. H. Emory, who marched
overland from Ft. Leavenworth, Mo., to San Diego, Cal., where
he joined Gen. Kearney, stopped at Warner's Ranch Dec. 3, 1846.
He states that the Indians were there then (Ex. Doc. No. 41,
30th Congress, 1st session, p. 105) :
THE EXILES OF CUP A
471
"Above us was Mr. Warner's
backwoods American-looking'
house, built of adobe and cov-
ered with a thatched roof.
Around were the thatched
huts of the more than half-
naked Indians, who are held
in a sort of serfdom to the
master of the Rancheria. I
visited one or two of these
huts, and found their inmates
living in great poverty. The
thermometer was at 30°, and
they had no fires and no cov-
erings but sheepskins. The3'
told me that when they were
under the charge of the Mis-
sions they were all comfort-
able and happy, but since the
good priests had been re-
moved and the Missionis
placed in the hands of. the people of the country they had been
ill-treated. . . . Near the house is the source of the Agua Caliente, a
magnificent hot spring- of the temperature of 137° Fahrenheit, discharging
from the fissure of a granite rock a large volume of water, which, for a
long distance down, charges the air with the fumes of sulphuretted hydro-
gen. . . . The Indians have made pools for bathing. They huddle
around the basin of the spring to catch the genial warmth of the vapors,
and in cold nights immerse themselves in the pools to keep warm. A day
will'come, no doubt, when the invalid and pleasure-seeking portion of the
white race will assemble here to drink and bathe in these waters."
Col. Emory was a good prophet. Hundreds of Americans do
now frequent the springs, which are sovereign for diseases
Two OF THK E\ ICTKI
Taylor.
Children of Cupa.
Photo by Amy Taylor.
\
472 OUT WEST
known only to civilization. From their coming, the Indians
derive a revenue of some thousands of dollars. Undue import-
ance has been given by some good people to the fact that the
bathing privileges are controlled by a few families. While this
is true, every one in the village derives collateral revenue from
the visitors ; by rental of houses, sale of baskets, vegetables,
game, wood, etc. On the other hand, it is not to be forgotten
that the class of people with the class of diseases that make up
a large part of the visitors cannot be reckoned the best company
for the Indians.
Capt. A. R. Johnston, who was killed at the battle of San
Pasqual, Dec. 6, 1846, also mentions the Warner's Ranch In-
dians " who are stimulated to work by $3 per month and re-
peated floggings."
It is also a matter of history that in 1851 the Agua Caliente
Indians living at the springs revolted against Col. Warner ; four
ringleaders were executed by Gen. Heintzelman ; a treaty was
made with the Indians by U. S. Commissioner Dr. Wozencraft,
Lieut. Hamilton, representing the army, and Col. J. J. Warner,
the ranch-owner, giving the Indians their lands.
So much for the cheap attempt of cheap gossips to dis-
count the pity of the judicial action which has evicted the
Warner's Ranch Indians.
Our surrey was noted afar oflE ; and we no sooner reached the
center of the village than we were surrounded by the troubled
natives, who were anxious to know their fate. Shortly after
lunch we had a junta in the school-room, which was attended
by every man at home — many had gone 90 miles for work at a
sheep-shearing — and by many of the women. It was as deco-
rous and as respectful a gathering as ever assembled anywhere.
A similar meeting was held next morning at our quarters. In
an hour's direct talk, without need of an interpreter, 1 told these
harried people the exact status of their case in court and at
Washington, and advised them to ponder it over night. There
was practically no possibility that the government would pur-
' chase their own land for them— since the Supreme Court had
held it to belong to the ranch claimants, who refused to sell the
900 acres occupied by the Indians, or any less land than the
30,000 acres, which was held at $245,000. They would better
think over the outside country and decide what they would like
best after their old home.
At the second junta, for the first time, they "talked back."
The case was again put before them. They had had time to
think it over — and it is safe to say there was little sleep in Agua
Caliente that night. We began in Spanish ; but, after a little,
THE EXILES OF CUP A
A12>
Cecilio Blacktooth,
Captain of Warner's Ranch Indians.
Photo by C. F. L.
a fine-looking: young woman came to the front as spokesman^
and talked to us in perfectly lucid Englisli the answers of her
people to my Spanish discourse. They could all understand
that ; but under the stress of deep feeling they talked in the
Cupeno — for from centuries they have called the Hot Springs
Cupa ; and since long before any "American" ever heard of
California, they have been known to the people who did not
evict them as Cupeiios — the Cupa folks.
What was said from our side is unimportant. I shall give
literally the words of the Cupenos as Mrs. Celsa Apapas spoke
THE EXILES OF CUP A
475
A RUG-MAKEK AT CUPA.
Photo by Amy Taylor.
them. For she
rendered the cap-
tain's answers
better than he
could say them,
yet with exact
truth to the spirit:
"We thank you
for coming here
to talk to us in a
way we can un-
derstand. It is the
first time anyone
has done so. You
ask us to think
what place we like
next best to this
place where we
always live. You see that graveyard out there? There are
our fathers and our grandfathers. You see that Eagle-nest
mountain and that Rabbit-hole mountain ? When God made
them, He gave us this place. We have always been here. We
do not care for any other place. It may be good, but it is not
ours. We have always lived here. We would rather die here.
Our fathers did. We cannot leave them. Our children born
here — how can we go away ? If you give us the best place in
the world, it is not so good for us as this. The Captain he say
his people cannot go anywhere else ; they cannot live anywhere
else. Here they always live ; their people always live here.
There is no other place. This is our home. We ask 3^ou to get
it for us. If Harvey Downey say he own this place, that is-
wrong. The Indians always here. We do not go on his land.
We staj' here. Everybody knows this Indian land. These Hot
Springs always Indian. We cannot live anywhere else. We
were born here and our fathers are buried here. We do not
think of any place after this. We want this place, and not any
other place."
"But if the government cannot buy this place for you, then
what would you like next best ?"
" There is no other place for us. We do not want you to buy
any other place. If you will not buy this place we will go into
the mountains like quail, and die there, the old people and the
women and the children. Let the government be glad and
proud. It can kill us. We do not fight. We do what it says.
If we cannot live here we want to go into those mountains and
die. We do not want any other home.''
THE EXILES OF CUP A
477
It was not an easy conversation. There are cases wherein
one could conceive of a pleasanter position than that of advo-
cate of the g-overnment attitude toward people who know noth-
ing: of the political machine, but have the old notion that law
and equity ought to be identical It need not be said, of course,
to any student, that no Indian tribe in history ever took such a
procedure under color of peace and law as is now evicting- the
Cupeiios. If any of the people who have oppressed these In-
dians had ever talked with them as man to man — they never
would have oppressed them, that's all ; whether Washington
jurist, or politician, or land-claimant. And this is pretty much
true the world over, and through all the history of oppression.
The oppressor is invariably the man who never found out how
human his slaves are — and not even a fool could help finding
out if he talked with them eye to eye. It is a relatively low
order of intelligence, of course — reckoning by our present
standards — which does not know that it is worth while to sound
your enemy or your inferior before acting ; but we must expect
about this sort of stupidity for a few centuries to come, in busi-
ness and in politics.
Besides their agriculture and their hot springs, the Cupenos
have other industries of serious consideration. They are skilled
basket-makers. If you would take the "art-work" of any com-
munity of American women and compare it side by side in a
public exposition with the handicraft of these women of
Warner's Ranch, the civilized ladies would instantly demand
that their ' 'f anc}^ work"
be withdrawn from the
comparison. Neither in
art, nor in dignity nor
in utility could they
for a moment afford the
test. Some are more
expert than others; but
every grown woman in
Cupa can make a more
artistic and more val-
uable article than one
American woman in a
thousand can. To peo-
ple who think straight,
this fact is not trivial.
Besides baskets — of all
shapes, sizes and de-
signs, made from three
The ORAVhYARD.
Photo by Amy Taylor.
478
OUT WEST
native vegetable products ("seyil," "sii-a-vish," and "sul")
— the Cupeiios make a very attractive and serviceable saddle-
blanket or rug: of the fiber of the yucca or Spanish bayonet. In
both these industries, their hot springs are of the highest value
to them for softening the materials. Among the minor hard-
ships of the inevitable moving, the loss of the springs alone
will be to the Indians precisely equivalent to taking from a
fortunate American woman of today her gas range, her hot-
water appliances and her washing machine, and turning her
back to the facilities her grandmother had. To the grand-
THE EXILES OF CUP A
479
Ambrosio Ortega (one of the evicted Indians
Photo by C. F. L.
mother this deprivation of things unknown would not have been
a hardship ; but when we are once accustomed to telephone and
telegraph and electric lights it would be as hard to do without
them as to do without some more important things. Certainly
if any American community had become used to the utilities of
these hot springs — leaving out of count altogether their medic-
inal properties and their value as revenue — it would fight to
the last ditch in protest against losing them.
In later papers something may be said of conditions on other
of the Mission Indian reservations. C. F. L.
480
THE CAMINO RHAL AND ITS OLD ART.
By AUGUSTE HEY.
'RT iron, that is," said
the best iron-worker
in Los Angeles, as
to certain Mission Indian
work in the Coronel Collec-
tion. "No one in my foun-
dry could do a better job in
iron today," he added, meas-
uring with the eyes of a
connoisseur the plow-points,
the gold-scales, the chains
and hinges, the carreta hubs,
the venerable door-locks
with their keys rusted in
them — turned for the last
time, perhaps, by the mayor-
domo when Secularization
came suddenly upon him in
1834. Then the ironmaster
picks up one of the branding
irons, and, holding it be-
fore him, explains why this work is "Art" in conception and
execution.
The hierros, or brands, are perhaps the most artistic expres-
sion in all the metal-working comprised in this collection.
There are, maybe, twelve of them, most of them having the
interlinked initials which denoted the ownership of that gallant
caballero Don Antonio Coronel, by whom this highly interesting
and valuable collection was assembled. Two, however, are of
the interwoven SandT (see initial) which made the ecclesiastic
monogram of San Gabriel de los Temblores, " the Earthquake
Mission" — none other than our familiar San Gabriel Arcangel.
This monogram as a brand on stock was known all the way
from San Diego on the south to Santa Barbara on the north —
and further. The " temblor" is still a word to conjure with,
but its terrors are lost. After a century and a half of Cali-
fornia security, the fear of the 'Quake may be relegated to the
first expedition from San Diego to Monterey, which felt and
recorded the phenomenon in 1769.
Starting then with the art iron brand of San Gabriel — doubt-
less made at the picturesque Mission of San Fernando, which by
tradition and record was the Toledo of Spanish California, let
us see if a rehabilitation of the Camino Real might have some-
San Gabriel de Los Temblores.
Musician's Stairway and Accolyte.
THE C AMINO REAL
483
thing- to say with other "Good Road"
possibilities and the revival of a special
and consummate art.
What is this cabalistic Camino Real ?
Camino means "road." Real is "ro3^al."
So el Camino Real is simply " the
King-'s Highway," and is a rather more
musical synon3"m than the "Rotten
Row" to which Eng-lish tong-ues have
corrupted the equivalent French Route
du Roi.
The Spanish phrase stands today not
only for the vag-rom trail first marked
out in 1769 by the greatest missionary
that ever trod the soil that is now
United States ; it also represents a plan
— which is to revive and rehabilitate
that venerable road, recall its ancient
amenities, resurrect its ancient indus-
tries, preserve its superb monuments,
and bring: its beauty, its romance and
its utilities into the lives of today.
Alike to them that live along- this five-
hundred-mile line which threads the
coast counties of California, and to the
almost equal multitude that cross a
continent yearly for transient touch of
such points on it as the}'^ may chance
to find, the rehabilitation of this old
trail as a thoroug-hfare — and not as a
thoroughfare alone, but also as the
artery of life that it was — would mean a great deal ; and
both classes may well join in the attempt to realize this
plan. The Landmarks Club is already well advanced in repair-
ing and safeguarding the Missions from San Diego north to
San Buenaventura; and with this important initiative it should
be possible to broaden and carry out the more elaborate plan.
Practically all the way from San Diego to San Francisco the
original Camino Real still exists in the shape of good county
roads covering the same ground. If these roads could be
united into a State road the whole distance, the King's High-
way of original California would be restored ; with its 21
Missions still extant as a nucleus unto which the other things
might be added without special difficulty. As art, these Mis-
sions are more worthy than any other architecture in the United
The Iniluknce ok AIukii.ij
484 OUT WEST
States. There is, therefore, reason why their preservation
should interest all bodies that represent Art and its influences
in America — by no means excepting, of course, the Art Com-
mittee of the General Federation of Women's Clubs, now rally-
inji: to its 6th Biennial Session in Los Angeles. And not from
the point of view of art only ; the plans for the Camino Real
would equally harmonize with, and be an important part of,
the national " Good Roads" movement.
A special exhibit at the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce
will show by record and example the influence of the Camino
Real — or perhaps we should say of the Missions connected by
this highway — upon the first art of California ; the patterns.
Camulus ani> thb Sbnoka's Cross.
the colors, the symbolism, in cases even the technique, derived
from the Franciscan pioneers. Though it was influenced from
abroad and b}-^ the local aborigine, this art was essentially Cali-
fornian, and is unmistakable still. In architectural detail, the
wrought-iron window-grills of San Fernando and Santa Bar-
bara ; the campaniles at Pala and Capistrano and San Gabriel ;
the musician's staircases at San Luis Rey and San Gabriel ; the
cloisters at Purisima, San Miguel, San Juan Bautista ; the
fachadas of Santa Barbara, Dolores and San Luis Rey — and so
on for quantity. The exhibit will show, also, how each Mis-
sion had its own characteristic art-traditions — founded in part
on the local ideas. It will show the colors and designs of the
frescoing of San Luis Rey, Pala. San Buenaventura, Santa
THE CAMINO REAL
485
Thk Campanilk at Pala.
Clara ; the carving-s in wood at San Juan Capistrano and San
Antonio ; the painting- of the Via Crucis at San Fernando in
pigments made of flowers and clays ; the work in silver and
leather at Santa Ynez, in iron and copper at San Fernando,
in feathers at San Francisco Solano. There will be some ex-
amples of the historic weaving at San Gabriel, San Lui^" Re}^
and San Juan Capistrano, where forty expert Indian women
often sat together at their looms ; and of the California illumi-
nation of missals, with the Kyrie, the Gloria, the Alleluias and
Amens in vermillion and yellow, upon the staff in black, like
the quaint pages of the Catalan Mass still preserved in the
486
OUT WEST
Indian Painting of "Stations" of the Via Ckucis.
Cathedral of Santa Vibiana in Los Ang-eles. Old vellum
bindings — like that which still encloses Palou's Life of Fray
Junipero Serra — manuscript music and memoranda in pome-
granate ink ; carving in horn ; burnt-graving in wood ; simple
pottery ; consummate basketry — all these exist unto this day as
things to be seen along the Camino Real, and survivals of its
characteristic arts. The Franciscans were not onl}' masters of
the crafts ; they were also versed in the elements of the arts.
They decorated every article, as a necessary part of its utility.
A whole school of design might well be based on the character-
istic corner-stone originally laid in California.
The intimated State highway north and south will undoubt-
edly sometime be built. It will almost as certainly follow, in
the main, the venerable lines of the Camino Real — even without
design. We may expect it to be the last word of American
utility. Shall we not plan that it be more than merely useful ?
The road was once beautiful — even so late as when it came to
us by the occupation of California. Shall we not preserve the
beauties it had, and perhaps, out of our infinitely greater oppor-
tunity and means, add what may almost amount to a glorifica-
tion of it ? We are very tired of bending the knee before Our
A MiHStoN Pulpit.
Photo hv lircvjster.
488
OUT WES r
Wall Nichu and Hkatkn Cori'i.K I-Oni, I'ai.a.
Lady of Ugfliness. These devotions are, after all, onlj' a kind
of serpent-worship. Wh}' not broaden our creed ? Beaut}' does
not hinder utility, but helps it. We might insist, even in so
small a matter, that a " jjood road" isn't ([uite gfood unless it is
attractive as well as traversable. The Camino Keal should be
preserved and restored, with its superb Missions and its fasci-
nating- handicrafts, since all these thinjjs are of the first im-
portance, both as historic landmarks and as art.
Pasadena, Cat.
489
H the: discovery of our pacific
CO /VST.
By R. A. THOMPSON.
[concluded.]
IT was an age of Titans. Its chief navigators were
Columbus, Vasco de Gama, the Pinzons, Alonzo de
Ojeda, Rodrigo dc Bastidas, the discoverer of Darien,
Fernando de Magellan, Bartolome de Ruiz (the pilot of
Pizarro), and Juan Rodriguez de Cabrillo. Among its
greatest soldiers were Francisco Pizarro, HernanCortez,
Pedro de Valdivia, Gonzalo Ximenez de Quesada,
Domingo Petriz de Cruzate, Pedro de Alvarado, Gonzalo
de Sandoval, Diego de Vargas, Hernando Pizarro, Diego de
Almagro, and Francisco de Carvajal.
Its inland explorers were Vasco Nunez de Balboa, Gil Gon-
zales the discoverer of Lake Nicaragua, Cabeza de Vaca, Fray
Marcos of Niza, Francisco de Orellana, Hernando de Soto, and
Francisco Vasquez Coronado. Among its great religious were
Bartolome de Las Casas, Sebastian Ramirez de Fuenleal, bishop
of Santo Domingo, and president of the first Audiencia of
Mexico, Juan de Zumarraga, first archbishop of Mexico and
father of printing in the New World, the Dominican Father
Domingo de Betanzos, Fra)'^ Juan de Padilla and many more.
Its historians were Peter Martyr, Oviedo, Gomara, old Bernal
Diaz del Castillo, and Castaneda, the journalist of the expedition
of Coronado. Its poet was Camoens. Its chief cosmographers
were the young German Waldseemiiller, who, in 1507, at the
SoGARLOAF RocK, OFF Cape Mendocino. (328 feet higrh.)
DISCOVERY OF OUR PACIFIC COAST
491
little town of St. Die, near Strasburg-, christened the New
World, and named it "America," and Gerard Mercator, who, in
1541, extended the name, so given, over both continents of the
newly discovered hemisphere.*
The next voyage to the coast of California was of a wholly
different character in its personnel, its organization, its equip-
ment, aims, ends and achievement.
In the year 1557, Francis Drake was cruising in the Gulf of
Mexico, with a fleet of five vessels, under the command of Cap-
tain John Hawkins. Disabled by a severe tempest the fleet ran
Arch at West End of the Farallones
(For a standard of measure, note the human fig-ure on top )
into the port of San Juan De Ulua, now Vera Cruz, for repair
and supplies, under a compact with the Spanish authorities that
neither side should make war on the other. Pour days after
entering the port the English ships were furiously attacked!
from sea and land, three were destro5^ed and two escaped, one
of which was the Judith, commanded by Drake. Most of the
English were captured and subjected to terrible suffering. The
Judith reached England safely after a long and stormy passage,
and from that day Spain had one determined foe on the high
seas.
* Waldseemuller, in his"Cog-mo8rraphie Introductio," in which the name first appeared,
applied it only to the southern hemisphere. The discoveries further north were supposed
to be part of the continent of Asia. There was no intended injustice to Columbus.
tin view of Drake's subsequent career of unabashed piracy, it is reasonable to presume
that the fault was not all on one side.— Ed.
DISCOVERY OF OUR PACIFIC COAST
493
•pTP'"K2_(l^^ciin()n
'O/
^SSvETi?^*/' a^^ f-ot-^b^-^ ,>.A.1p»co ^'U^"" '
^toi-^C i'^'^'A' - "^^
He first sought re-
dress from the Spanish
court, backed by the
diplomacy of his own
government, but to no
avail. He then deter-
mined to take the mat-
ter of reprisal into his
own hands, assigning
as a motive his desire
to avenge the treach-
ery and wrong done
him at San Juan de
Ulua. He fitted out
two vessels, the Pasha
and the Swan, with no
pretense of trade, but
solely to ravage the
Spanish main. He
sailed with his little
fleet for the Isthmus of
Darien, attacked Nom-
bre de Dios, Cartagena
and other ports. While
at Darien he procured
Indian guides and
crossed the Isthmus,
getting his first view
of the Pacific Ocean
from a point not far
from the heights of
Quarequa, from which
it was first seen b}^ Vasco Nunez de Balboa, sixty-three years
before. He was "vehemently transported with a desire to nav-
igate that sea, fell upon his knees and implored the divine
assistance that he might at some time sail thither and make
perfect the discovery of the same." (Camden Society's Miscel-
lanies, Vol. V.)
" Then felt I like some watcher of the skies
When a new planet swims into his ken ;
Or like stout Cortez* when with eagle eyes
He stared at the Pacific — and all his men
Looked at each other in a wild surmise — -
Silent, upon a peak in Darien."
J^,»^to6,*««'^'
.'^^^M^'^''^^^^-^ e^""'' ^''--'-'-^'^
A 16th Century Ms. Photo. h_\
OF THE Letters of Cortez.
In fact Cortez never saw the Isthmus of Darien ; Keats should have said Balboa.
494
OUT WEST
Drake returned to England with a "pretty sum of money,"
but had not yet squared his account with Spain. He fitted out
another fleet of five vessels, equipped with all that money, fore-
thought and a wide experience as a navig-ator could suggest for
a long voyage. His flagship, the Pelican, one hundred tons
l)urden, carried twenty guns of brass and iron, with others in
her hold. She carried pinnaces in parts to be fitted up when
needed. Her furniture was luxurious, " all the vessels for the
table, yea, many even of the cook-room, were of pure silver."
Drake sailed from England, December 13th, 1577, under the
pretense of a trading voyage to Egypt. Clearing the
LoOKIN(i TOWAKDS DoUBF.K PolNT. KROM DrAKE's BaY.
coast he steered direct for South America and the Straits of
Magellan, and reached that wild entrance to the South Sea in
September. Before entering the strait he changed the name of
the "Pelican" to "The Golden Hinde", and on the 28th of
•October the newly christened "Admiral" was breasting the waves
of the Pacific — but she was alone. There was no sign of any
other sail in the range of the horizon on that lonely sea. The
other vessels had deserted and were seen no more.
Drake sailed north, regardless of his consorts, followed the
<;oast to Valparaiso, and captured a large ship at anchor there,
•called " El Capitan del Sud." Proceeding north to Callao he
seized a number of vessels in that harbor. From one he took
fifteen hundred bars ot silver. Hearing that a treasure ship
ii.lllilli'!li:'ll'J!lll!lilPMliillii!ii-'!iiPlllliilllllll^ J' __: LJ! " "" 'lllil
liiiiiiiiJiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiM^^
//7/V7/ //VV// f7H
Another Portrait of Dkakk. From Harris's Voyages, 1764-
496
OUT WEST
had sailed a few days before, he pursued and captured her. He
secured from this ship a quantity of jewels and precious stones,
thirteen chests of silver, eig^hty pounds' weight of gold, twenty-
six tons of uncoined silver, and two silver drinking bowls, valued
in all at three hundred and sixty thousand pesos. He released
the ship and her master after six days' detention. The name
of this rich prize was "The Cacafuego." The Spanish govern-
ment estimated its loss from her capture at over three million
dollars.
Drake's ship was now loaded with treasure. He knew that
every possible effort would be made by the Spanish government
to capture him on his return voyage. To avert this risk he
Arch and Scgarloaf, Farallonks.
conceived the singularly bold design of sailing north in the
hope of finding the western end of a supposed strait connecting
the Pacific Ocean with Hudson's Bay, through which he might
safely return to Europe. He sailed north to the coast of
Mexico, thence west beyond the influence of the coast winds,
and then north for fourteen hundred leagues, making his first
landfall in latitude 42 on the coast of Oregon, which he first
discovered.
Head winds, " stinkinge fogges," and above all the rapid
trend of the coast toward Asia, soon convinced him that there
was no connection between the seas in that direction. Fletcher,
in his narrative of the voyage, says, "Wee coniecture that
either there is no passage at all through these Northerne coasts,
Standing Rock off Point Firmin.
urt»« -
DISCOVERY OF OUR PACIFIC COAST 499
or if there bee it is vrinauigable, the land running- continually
to the North-West as if it went directly to meet with Asia."
Drake landed on the coast of Oregon for wood and water, and
then sailed south in search of a harbor where he might haul
down his ship and repair her for a voyage around the Cape of
Good Hope, by which route he now determined to return to
England. This daring resolve required the utmost courage and
self-confidence, and has ever since challenged the admiration of
mariners. It is known to this day as " The Famous Voyage."
In latitude 30:38, he found " a fine harborough," formed by a
point of land projecting far out to sea, in which he anchored
the Golden Hinde. It was at Point Reyes, in Marin county,
which has ever since been known as Drake's Bay.
He was well received by the natives and modestly understood
that they " bestowed upon him the sovereignty of the countr}-,"
which he accepted in the name of Queen Elizabeth, He named
the country "New Albion," because of the "white bancks and
cliffes which lie toward the sea," and that it might " haue some
affinitie with our own country sometimes so called."
He says, "The inland wee found farre different from the
shoare, a goodly country stored with blessings fit for the vse of
man. There is no part of the earth here to bee taken up,
wherein there is not some speciall likelihood of gold or siluer."
There is a tradition among the Nicasio Indians, who lived
near Drake's Bay, that the celebrated chief, Marin, from whom
the county takes its name, was a descendant of a deserter from
Drake's ship. Be that as it may, Marin was one of the bravest,
most impatient of control, and most imperious of California
Indians.
' Drake's ship was now in good order and he prepared to embark
on his long voyage over unknown seas. Before leaving he
" atached a plate of brasse faste nailed to a firme post, whereon
was engrauen her grace's name, and the day and year of our
arriual there, and the free giuing up of the prouince and king-
dom, by both the king and people, vnderneath was likewise en-
grauen the name of our g-enerall."
As a brace, presumably, to the posessory title acquired to the
land he says, ' ' The Spaniards nauer so much as set a foote in this
countrie, the utmost of their discouries reaching to many de-
grees southward of this place."
On the 23rd of July Drake took sorrowful leave of his "sub-
jects," and crossed over to the Farallone Islands, where he spent
a day in killing seals to provide meat for his voyage, and then
bent his sails for the Orient. He made the coast of Asia on the
13th of October, without sight of land for three months,
rounded the Cape of Good Hope, and safely reached home on
500 OUT WBST
the 26th of September, 1580, carrying the flag of England for
the first time around the world.*
On reaching home Drake was received with undisguised en-
thusiasm, notwithstanding his piracies, (^ueen Elizabeth dined
with him on the Golden Hinde, and he was made Sir Francis
Drake, very possibly on the deck of the vessel hauled down on
the coast of Marin County. The enlightened international pol-
icy of today did not then prevail, and the narrator of the voyage
in a combined panegyric and apology for his general quaintly
says : " The Maine Ocean is the Lord's and is left free for all
men to deal withal, and very sufficient for all mens industry.
And therefore that valiant enterprise accompanied with happy
successe, which that right rare and thrice worthy Captaine Fran-
cis Drake atcheuied, in first turning a furrow around the world,
doth not onley ouermatch the ancient Argonauts, but also out-
reacheth in many respects the noble mariner Magellanus. But
of this let posterity judge."
The place of Drake's anchorage in California has been a
matter of dispute among historians ; some of whom have con-
tended that he discovered and refitted his ships in the harbor of
San Francisco. The late General M. G. Vallejo, a high
authority, thought his landfall was at Bodega Bay. The points
in dispute have since been fully investigated, and it is now
certain that his landing was in the present Drake's Ba3', and he
did not see or certainly did not enter the harbor of San Fran-
cisco. If he heard of it from the natives there is no mention of
that fact in the accounts of the voyage, of which, unfortunately,
none by Drake himself is known to exist. The entrance to the
bay of San Francisco can be seen from the headland of Point
Reyes, but is so deeply inset into the land that the coast seems
to present a solid wall to the sea. Drake was not on a voyage
of exploration, his ship was loaded with treasure and his main
object was to land it safely in England. If he heard of an in-
land sea to the south of his anchorage, he had neither the time
nor the inclination to explore it.
Some years after his return to England Drake took a conspic-
uous part in the defeat and dispersion of the Armada, which
forever broke the maritime supremacy of the Spanish Empire.
Twenty-three years after the meteoric appearance of Francis
Drake on the Pacific Coast, California was visited by Sebastian
Vizcaino, the only voyage made by the Spaniards, after that of
Cabrillo, until the final occupation of the country one hundred
and sixty-six years later.
Vizcaino sailed from Acapulco, May 5th, 1602, under the pat-
^ Juan Sebastian de £lcauo, Mairellati's tienteiiaiit, circnmiiavliratad the irlube 5*^ yean
ahead of Drake— Ed.
■ ^
^H 4^
>^i
^^BBfc-a»,it,L . '■MLa
ii*^
^^
i
'»''/ .'
Point Reyes.
The Lighthouse on the Farallones,
502 OUT W EST
ronagfe of the Conde de Monterey, then Viceroy of Mexico. He
followed the track of Cabrillo up the coast, and landed in the
harbor of San Diego, November 12th, just sixty years after its
discovery, and gave it the name it has ever since borne. He
passed the Santa Barbara Channel without landing, and on De-
cember 16th rounded Point Pinos and slipped his anchor in the
harbor, which he named Monterey, in honor of his patron the
Viceroy. From here he wrote a letter to the King of Spain
giving a glowing account of the harbor, its climate and the
natural resources of the country. It was the first of its kind,
and the florid style of the discoverer of Monterey, and the first
promoter of the resources of California, has ever since been
followed by his successors on these lines.* Vizcaino sailed from
Monterey January 3rd, entered Drake's Bay on the sixth, but
made no landing. He named Point Reyes, and proceeded north
as far as Cape Mendocino. As many of his crew were down with
scurvy, he was forced to return to Mexico. He reached Mazat-
lan in April after an absence of eleven months.
For one hundred and sixty-six years no other direct voyage
was made to North California by Spain. The native tribes
astonished by the appearance of Cabrillo in San Diego and
Santa Barbara, those who had done homage to Drake in what is
now Marin county, those met b}' Vizcaino in Monterey, were
not again startled by the coming of white men with fire-breath-
ing arms, until five generations of their race had appeared and
disappeared from the scenes of life. The coming and going of
the white man, if remembered at all, was only a dim tradition
of the past. Nature supplied their wants ; the acorns ripened,
the salmon flushed the streams, wild fowl darkened the air.
and the shell mounds along the inlets from the sea still attest
the tribute of the ocean to their support.
Once, sometimes twice, a year the white sail of a galleon
would flit like a phantom down the coast, passing unnoticed
the lotus land of the poppy, of gigantic trees, of gold and silver
veins, and gilded plains awaiting a richer harvest.
Just one hundred and thirty-three years ago, the natives of
California were again astonished by the appearance of the white
man on their coast — the invasion of the Franciscan missionaries,
of whose woi^derful exploration so many original documents
have been printed in this magazine. What followed may be
told in an account of the discovery of the Bay of San Francisco,
first seen from the background of the ocean mist, which so long
veiled its entrance from the sea.
• F*or foil text of this typical " write up," see excellent translation by G. Butler (Iriffin.
Sutro documents. Historical Society of Southern California, Vol. II, containinfr also the
best account of ilie voyage of Vizcaino.
503
A MODERN SAPPHIRA.
By GRACE ELLERY CHANNING.
jFTER the leag-ues of sunny sky ; after the
wide mesa which the Pacific breeze, salt with
sea and sweet with orang-e-blossoms, swept
all day, and the Sierra breeze, pungent with
pine and spicy with sag-e, swept all night ;
after the songs of birds up the caiion, of
mocking-birds singing by night and med-larks
caroling by day — after all that — Smithville !
Perhaps it went to my head a little ; I don't say it didn't.
Certainly on any other basis the thing is inexplicable, even
with my own knowledge of my moral character.
Not that Smithville is worse than any other town of its class
and kind. Neither am I worse than other women of my kind
and character. But the two were never meant to go together.
Smithville is not remoter from Southern California than I from
Smithville — than we^ for with all his divine quality of adjust-
ment (learned, I suppose, by means of his patients, but cer-
tainly not from them) Robert was as much a misfit as I.
Yet it was as a haven of refuge that Smithville entered the
field of our cognition. Tom, Robert's old classmate, with
whom he had kept up a correspondence sufficient for Tom to
know the serpent in our western Eden, wanted to go to Europe
for a year, and offered Robert his practice for that period, with
a chance to build up one of his own meanwhile — Smithville be-
ing a growing center of steel industries. It meant a couple of
thousand a year ; nothing magnificent, but Robert's own prac-
tice at this time amounted to a sum which I do not think even
now Robert would care to have me name.
Spring, too, was over ; the pink almonds had blossomed and
faded, the banksia had finished blooming ; we never could have
gone with the banksia in bloom. Moreover the drought was
upon us. I sometimes think that drought was sent by Jehovah
— not God, you understand ; I am a Churchwoman, and I hope
not irreligious— but just plain Jehovah, the same who used to
devise plagues for the Egyptians and then harden their hearts
on purpose to have the pleasure of devising worse ones. He
had tried on us nearly every plague known to modern agricul-
ture— the cut-worm, the black scale and the white scale — but it
was the three years' drought which, like the slaying of the first-
born, did the business. The oranges dropped before they
ripened ; the lemon groves were one curl of leaves ; the roses
became pot-pourri on the trees, just a wizzle of petals, and when
504 OUT WEST
even the bees forsook the chaparral we knew the end was near.
We had sunk our last dollars, literally, in an artesian well that
didn't artese. Day after day the sun hung over the mesa and
withered it ; night after night the stars came out like smaller
suns and glared at the crumpled land ; the canon shriveled to
an autumnal leafage, and the thirsty rocks thrust forth hot
tongues above the slender trickle — our torrent. In that abom-
ination of desolation, Smithville sounded like a translation, into
the vulgate, of "heaven."
Tom was in a hurry. It was a wedding trip. Robert and
I understood that, because we had been married ourselves. We
had to decide, pack up, lock up, and start within forty-eight
hours. We wired "Yes." It does not take long to " break-up'*
a tent house, even when a part of it is made-over barn ; and
we had nothing else to do but notify the mortgagee.
Two thousand and Smithville as against Eden with a mort-
gage hovering on the brink of foreclosure — that was the
situation. In this regard our Garden went the original
one one better, for apples and expulsion — what are they
to years of mortgage, interest and expulsion ? The end
is the same, but a really vengeful Jehovah would not
only have allowed but encouraged the First Proprietor to mort-
gage his property — at ten per cent — would have assessed him
occasionally for " betterments" (such as widening Eve's and
his favorite secluded walk, and cutting down the trees in their
private bower), would have suffered the seed-time and harvest
to fail a few times, and when Adam had cultivated the tract
long enough to become attached to it, and Eve's hair had begun
to turn grey, would have promptly foreclosed. Well, Mr. Hew-
litt was not the Almighty, but he came as near to it in Alta-
Vista as the period admitted, and we knew he was cleverer in
this one particular, inasmuch as he would surely foreclose.
In forty-eight hours we were on our way, dropping the walls
of Sierras and Rockies behind us ; in five days we were at
Smithville, and within a week Tom was taking up the journey
just where we left it and beaming over the side of a Cunarder
with his bride beside him, while he shouted out last injunctions
to Robert.
"And above all don't forget the Culpeppers."
We had inherited Tom's newly-furnished cottage, and for
awhile reveled in the sense of a settled and secure position,
making ourselves perfectly happy fighting mosquitos and
grilling on a six-foot porch, with a commanding view of side-
walk instead of Sierra.
Robert, indeed, was too busy to be homesick ; men are saved
A MODERN SAPPHIRA 505
a great many temptations and sins by the mere fact of not
having- time for them. It is the idle woman who falls. And
in that small Eastern house with its one trained servant, with
money enough to pay the market bills and rent, and the whole
day to myself, I was the idle woman. I suppose I contracted a
kind of nostalgia — as you might a malarial taint without ^sus-
pecting it. Robert was away all day, and I had been used to
working: with him all the years of our married life out West.
That is one of the awful seductions of the West — the out-
door comradeship it first tempts you into and then makes a
necessity. Even when there was nothing else I could do, I could
stand for hours and watch Robert sprinkle.
But in Smithville there was no outdoor life, there was only
one kind of life anyway — that spoken of vaguely and reveren-
tially as " the social life." It was a species of game which
everybody played, and its stake was social position. Having
nothing else to do I began to plaj^ for that stake myself ; I grew
socially ambitious.
There was one club, the Sesostris (a woman's club of course).
I joined it, and without taxing my grey fiber — or is it the white
you write papers with? — I was soon writing the leading papers.
A physician of Robert's stamp is always socially correct, even
if his income is not expressed in many figures, and we fairly
rolled into what might be called the second-best set. There
was however a Smithville Pour Hundred, just to prove how
democratic we were, and Mrs. Culpepper was its oracle. It was
an aristocracy of money of course, but also represented such
culture as Smithville possessed, for the steel and iron magnates,
whose interests kept them there a part of the time, spent the
rest of it, and considerable of their money, in traveling.
Now, Mrs. Culpepper was among Robert's inherited patients,
or her consumptive boy was ; a lucky accident had put him in
Tom's hands at first, and Mrs. Culpepper took such a fancy to
Tom that he traveled with them for two years. It had already
begun to dawn upon me that Smithville meant ultimate extinc-
tion ; why shouldn't Mrs. Culpepper take a fancy to Robert ?
Robert's remarkable hospital career was a matter of record ;
tuberculosis was his specialty ; and the belief that he would
have been one of the foremost men of his years in his profes-
sion, but for that accident of premature interment out West,
did not rest upon my wifely conviction. His Eastern professors
and confreres have never ceased to say so, and Tom, who looked
up to Robert with single-hearted faith, had rehearsed all these
things to his best patients, con amore. That western mesa of
ours itself was witness to m}^ husband's vocation, since nothing
506 OUT WEST
but the very genius of enthusiasm could have led him thither
with the mirag-e dream of a sanatorium for tuberculosis cases.
I really think tubercles endeared one to Robert more than the
possession of the highest moral qualities. It was only natural
then that he should throw himself into the case of young Cul-
pepper with a devotion calculated to stir a mother's heart. But
Smithville reputed Mrs. Culpepper to be a woman of the world
before she was a mother. It set her down for snobbish to a de-
gree— dealing wholly in the weights and measures of family
and fortune, and even finding Sesostris not good enough for
her.
As for family, Robert's was the best old New England, and
mine, on my mother's side, is old Virginian. I suppose if I had
been all New England, with the unadulterated New England
conscience, this which I am setting down could never have hap-
pened. I always thought it was my Southern blood which
made me take so kindly to California, but Robert is not to be
explained on that ground. Good as our families are, however —
and we are both rather proud of them — they were hardly good
enough to dazzle Mrs. Culpepper, whose were no better. None
of our near ancestry had done anything remarkable enough to
cause our faces to shine thereby ; they had not even written a
book among them ; and when it came to estates, why I suppose
we were the poorest people in Smithville ; if not, probably no
one will arise to dispute the preeminence. For all these reasons
I had not much hope where Mrs. Culpepper was concerned.
Still less had I any fixed plan of action. Evil was not in my
heart nor guile in my mind when I rose in my best walking-
gown and bonnet to read my paper on " Californian Missions,"
just as I had risen to read it on a like occasion — a monotonously
like occasion, one might say, before the Thursday Forenoon
Club of Los Angeles.
I write rather good papers — rather good papers for such pur-
poses, I mean — and I read them rather well. And Robert said
ray walking-dress (the first one in seven years) was rather be-
coming. He did not say it until I dragged it out of him, of
course ; and I presume if it had been an operating-sheet or a
Raglan he would have said the same, but the fact remained un-
impeachable.
After my paper was finished there was a buzz of compliment.
I think the Western phraseology impressed Sesostris as being
erudite. I had talked a good deal about rebozos and caballcros
and tamalcs and broncos^ besides working in the names of a good
many Indian tribes, borrowed from my friend Mr. Lummis. Any-
way, Sesostris was impressed, and the president brought up Mrs.
Culpepper to be introduced.
A MODERN SAPFHIRA 507
This was in the nature of a social triumph.
" I have been very much interested in your paper, Mrs. Ren-
ton," she said, and then we stood exchanging sentences in the
full view of the Club, each sentence worth a computable amount
to me socially, and possibly financially to Robert.
Mrs. Culpepper was a very handsome, white-haired woman,
perfectly dressed and mannered, and she owned a charming
smile. I liked her at once and felt instantly that she was my
kind, as the Smithville Sesostris Club (speaking- largely) was
not. I understood too why one heard so much about her ; she
was distinctly impressive, with a certain reserve of bearing
which might be, or might give the impression of being, hauteur
— an unconscious or conscious condescension. There was no
question that she knew her position as social leader. When she
spoke to the president it was as evident that she bestowed honor
as that the president received it — in her lap, so to speak. You
could almost see her hold up her apron for it. Possibly this
imparted a preternatural shade of dignity to my own manner ;
at any rate I know I didn't hold up my apron. I could feel Mrs.
Culpepper's quiet eyes measuring me and drawing silent infer-
ences.
" I hope to see more of you, Mrs. Renton," she said, shaking
hands cordially.
" Mrs. Culpepper is a dear," I told Robert at dinner that night.
"She is a very fine woman," answered that husband of mine.
" I wish the boy had half her physique."
' ' I suppose he inherits consumption from his father ; he died
of it, didn't he ?"
"My dear, consumption is not inherited," was Robert's calm
reply. " The boy is delicate, and being the only son — "
" And heir to all those millions."
I couldn't help thinking of it the next day, meeting them out
driving. He was a nice boy, but so frail, and beside his splendid
mother he looked more so still. While I was thinking this, Mrs.
Culpepper spoke suddenly to her coachman and the carriage
drew up to the curbstone. Mrs. Culpepper leaned forward with
a certain cordial magnificence. I was thankful I had donned
my new walking-suit.
"We were intending to call on you, Mrs. Renton, but now I
hope 3'^ou will waive ceremon}^ and dine with me, you and Dr.
Renton, next Friday; there will be only a few friends."
I murmured that we should be delighted, and thought with
horror of my wardrobe. Robert found me dissecting garments
when he came home from the hospital that afternoon.
" What in the world are you doing?" he demanded.
508 OUT WEST
"Trying," said I grimly, "to make a choice between my
bicycle-suit and blue denim,"
" Are you going- to join the golf club ?"
"No, much worse. We are going to dine with Mrs. Culpepper,
and oh, Robert, I haven't a thing to wear !"
Robert immediately looked wise, after the manner of men
when they are going to say something foolish.
"Why don't )'OU wear that pretty gown you read your paper
in ? I thought it very becoming ; blue, wasn't it ?"
"Green," said I resignedly, " and it is a street dress, heavy at
that. I might as well wear the denims; they would be cooler, at
least."
"Well, dear," said Robert with a kiss, "whatever you wear
you are sure to look pretty. For that matter, why need we go
at all ?"
Now was not that exactly like a man ?
"Not go ! We are going if I wear the blue denim. But — "
I added energetically, " I shall not wear the denim. Mercifully
this is a lace year and — Robert, how much money have you to
waste ?"
I did not spend much, however, having lost the habit, but I
did not need Robert to tell me I was looking my best when we
entered Mrs. Culpepper's drawing-room, though a resurrected
silk and the lace flounces of my Virginian ancestress had chiefly
conspired to produce the effect. I owed it to Virginia, too, that
I was convent-bred in my youth and can use a needle.
Mrs. Culpepper was majestic in velvet and I covertly admired
her all the evening. It was not a gorgeous dinner as dinners
go, only some dozen eminent Smithvillians present, not of the
Sesostris brand, and an English guest who took Mrs. Culpepper
out and sat between her and me, and who, hearing Robert say he
was a Harvard man, suddenly asked me if we lived in Cambridge?
" Oh, no," said I, and Mrs. Culpepper answered for me with
that charming smile of hers :
" Nothing so provincial ; Mrs. Renton has been living in Cali-
fornia."
" Indeed," said the Englishman, looking at me with interest.
" I was there years ago. Were you anywhere near Los An-
geles ?"
" Very near, just a little way outside."
He grew quite animated.
" On a ranch, of course ?" said he.
"Yes," said I without thinking, but indeed we always called
it so ; everything is a ranch in California.
" How charming," exclaimed Mrs. Culpepper.
A MODERN SAPPHIRA 509
"I had a ranch, too," said the Eng-lishman. " Was yours a
large one, Mrs. Renton ?"
And then I saw my mistake. I saw too that Mrs. Culpepper
was listening- ; it was no time to hesitate.
" Oh," said I with a laugh, " ours was quite a little one. We
do have small ranches, you know."
The Englishman laughed too.
"Yes, I know those small Californian ranches. Something
under a square mile, I suppose ?"
"Yes," said I recklessly, " a good deal under." It was just
three quarters of an acre, unless you counted the canon.
"What did you raise ?" persisted that Englishman. " Cattle?
Fruit ? Grain ? Mine was sheep. Did you have any sheep ?"
I thought of Curly and her lamb.
"A few."
" Cattle, I suppose ?"
"Er — not many," I answered desperately. You couldn't very
well call old Betts many, could you ?
Mrs. Culpepper was still listening with interest.
"Why did you give it up ?" asked the Englishman. " Don't
you get homesick for it ?"
A vision of the poor little chaparral-grown patch, wind-
swept and dusty, rose before me, and I felt the tears fill my
eyes.
"I never was so homesick in my life," I said. At that mo-
ment I would have exchanged all Mrs. Culpepper's glories for it.
"By Jove, I don't blame you, you know," went on my neigh-
bor genially. " I never had such a good time in my life ; never
lived so much to the minute ; and we were roughing it too. What
kind of a ranch house did you have, Mrs. Renton ?"
"Oh, quite simple," I replied. It was a combination of shack
and canvass.
" One of those charming Spanish types, I daresay," interposed
Mrs. Culpepper, leaning forward. "I have seen such fascinat-
ing pictures of them. You had a fatio^ of course ?"
"Oh, of course," I murmured. The place was all patio in
fact, with the mountains for a fence.
" Did you build in adobe ?" persisted the man at my side.
That Englishman knew too much.
"No," said I, " plaster mostly — and wood."
Aw — yes ; I understand they're getting some nice effects in
plaster. You kept to the out-door sleeping-rooms, I suppose ?"
I thought of the tents ; they were a good deal more out-doors
than in.
"Yes," said I.
510 OUT WEST
"Oh, by Jove," declared the Engflishman again (he really
was a nice boy). " You make me homesick. I say, Mrs. Ren-
ton, what would you give to be there this minute?"
"Anything, everything," said I fervently. And I meant it.
" Do I understand that you have this charming place still,
Mrs. Renton ?" asked Mrs. Culpepper ; she had a way of speak-
ing each word so that it was a kind of exquisite pleasure to hear
— that is, usually.
" No," said I briefly. I added, obeying a sudden impulse, "we
lost it ; the bad years and drought ruined us ; that is why we
are here."
" Oh, indeed," Mrs. Culpepper looked at me with fresh interest.
I liked her better still, and I had liked her from the first. Her
eyes were kind and unembarrassed.
" What a pity," she said simply.
" Beastly shame," murmured the Britisher sympathetically.
"But such a lot of people do lose their ranches out there.
Drought, frost, crops fail and all that. I suppose your crops
failed ?"
I remembered our one vegetable bed — a tragedy in brown ; and
answered " Yes."
" Then your live stock would sufi^er ?"
" Ours did," said I. Bees are not dead stock surely, and we
really had several hives.
" Oh, I know the whole story, first the deciduous fruits go — "
He was right ; it was the six apricots which dried up first.
"And then your citrus."
True again ; those six seedling oranges were the last to wizzle.
"Which did you raise most of — deciduous or citrus, Mrs.
Renton ?"
I computed rapidly. There were six apricots and three
peaches ; but then there were six oranges and five lemons.
"Citrus," said I.
"Awful loss," ejaculated the Englishman. "Navels, of
course, and in full bearing ?"
I nodded. They were in as full bearing as they ever would be;
in fact most of them were going out of bearing.
" You can sink an awful lot that waj%" said he. " I know no
end of men who have done it."
" We sank all we had."
" But what ever possessed your husband — a professional man ?
Health, I suppose ?"
" That was it," said I, " health." I did not feel called upon
to explain whose health.
"Some of those places are beastly tfwhealthy, too," he went
on. " You can get malaria in the low parts."
THE WIND SEEMS KIND TODAY 511
" Ours was ver}' hif^-h," said I truthfully. There is nothing-
higher than the foothills, except the Sierras themselves.
" You had a view, of course, then ?" Mrs. Culpepper remarked.
"Twenty-five miles south to the Pacific Ocean with its
islands, and sixty miles east to the snow mountains, with all
the Garden of Eden between." This was light-minded, but m)^
nerve was rapidly becoming plural.
" Wonderful. I can fancy myself on your veranda now," said
my hostess with a smile. ''I understand it is the most im-
portant part of a house out there, isn't it ?"
" Ours was quite," and in spite of myself I laug-hed, and looked
at Robert — at the farther end of the table, thank heaven, and
talking a mile a minute. We had made that veranda ourselves
out of packing boxes. Whither my rising hysterics would have
led me, I don't know, but just then Mrs. Culpepper g-ave the
signal and we rose.
" I'm awfully g-1 ad to have met you, Mrs. Renton," confided
my neig-hbor under cover of the rising rustle. "You just took
me back to those g-ay old days in California. I say, did you
ride astride?"
" Always,^' I replied with emphasis and a parting nod. In
fact Major (our burro) could never be induced to carry anyone
otherwise.
"I must hear more of that western Paradise of yours," said
Mrs. Culpepper, as she shook hands with Robert and myself. " I
shall come to see you very soon. Haven't you some photographs
of it ?"
" Has she been talking California ?" inquired Robert smiling
at me. "I more than half suspect her of homesickness. Yes,
certainly we have some shots I made myself — that is, if we
haven't lost them in our hegira."
We had not, but we did the next day. I saw to it myself.
[to BK CONCI.UDKD.]
THE WIND SEEMS RIND TODAY.
By EDWARD SALISBURY FIELD.
The trees nod east, the trees nod west ;
The wind seems kind today, most kind ;
It lulls the little leaves to rest.
The trees nod east, the trees nod west ;
Do you suppose it has a quest ?
Has something definite to find ?
The trees nod east, the trees nod west ;
The wind seems kind toda}', most kind.
512
CHILDREN OF THE SOIL.
By LUCY ROBINSON.
LOVE the quaint names and the quainter faces
Of Californian flowers :
"Bird's-eyes" up-peering beween Winter's
paces ;
" Golden-e)'ed grass" that cowers,
Paling and withering in the rambler's clutch ;
False and true " tidj'-tips,"
White-frilled and yellow-flounced. Almost as
much
I love the parted lips
Of that weird flower folk call " farewell-to-spring ;"
Nor less the claret-plash
Of the March " mariposa's" tilted wing ;
Even the wild color-clash
When " Indian pinks" plunge after " prickly phlox"
Flirting her damask hem
And chasing her own shadow down the rocks.
Then " stars-of-Bethlehem ;"
The ivory petals of the "Cherokee,"
(Rose that will only thrive
Where the red man hath tented!) " filaree"
Bristling with needles live ;
June's "scarlet-bugler," February's shower
Of " shooting-stars" minute ;
Flakes of the white and yellow "popcorn-flower ;"
The delicate parachute
Of "baby-blue-eyes;" trailing " four-o-clocks ;"
"Cream-cups" and " cups-of-gold ;"
Pinkness of " paintbrush" and " wild hollyhocks ;"
"Mock-orange" over-bold.
— Nor least of all love I your flaming crest.
Your smouldering indignation,
Stern "Indian warrior," with fierce lips compressed.
Stalking your reservation.
And marking, measuring, powerless to protest,
• Your tribe's annihilation.
roG.
By GERTRUDE M. TRACE.
Across the mountain-top Aurora came.
Trailing her robes in careless woman-way ;
A rough, wild oak reached out and snatched a fold,
And in a gorge I saw the scrap today.
San Jo8^, Cal.
513
fEARLY ^STESTERN HISTORY.
From Documents never before published in English.
Diary of Jvinipero Serra ; McK, 28-J\ine 30, 17C>9.
N the 19th I found myself much improved \adelantado\ , and I cele-
brated Mass ; and the most of it [the day] went in disposing-
matters for my setting forth and pursuing my road the following
day. And there arrived the Indians of the Mission of San Borja who were
to follow us, together with those who were there from the Missions of
Santa Ge[r]trudes and Santa Maria.
On the 20th it dawned raining and with the horizon very loaded [with
rain] , reason for which the march was deferred till the next day.
On the 21st, Sunday and feast of the Most Holy Trinity, after I had cele-
brated, and all had heard, Mass, I made them a brief exhortation concern-
ing the good conduct which we ought all to observe on a road whose prin-
cipal end was the greater honor and glory of God. I gave them the bene-
diction of the Father, of the Son and of the Holy Ghost, which Trinity of
Persons in Unity of Divine nature we were celebrating on that day. And
in the name of God, Triune and One, our march was ordered and begun.
We sallied from the place headed toward the west ; but after a little
stretch the turn of the high Mountain which we had on our right forced
us to the north. We followed [it]. From a height they showed me great
number of Gentiles, who were descried to our right, in a lower place ; and
although two Neophytes went to invite them with our friendship, they
went off, leaving a bow and a good handful of arrows, which our men
brought. And in them I admired the exquisiteness and skill of their flint
points and the variety of most vivid colors with which their reeds were
painted. We plunged into a leafy arroyo, with grass and water, and after
three hours of travel, or a little more, the Indians said we must stop there,
because ahead there was no water for very far ; and though afterwards we
saw that this was not so, at the time we had to stop for this reason. In the
spot where we stopped we found a gentile man, old and naked as all [of
them]. We treated him, we gave him to eat. He told us that many of his
people lived near there, and that when on another occasion a Father passed
with much people — by all signs he was of the Company [of Jesus] — the
others fled, and they had done the same now ; but he never fled. And it
was well perceived that the old man did not concern himself at all for
anyone ; for while he was conversing with us in the middle of the circle,
he squatted, and as there was no clothing to loosen he promptly satisfied
his necessity, still conversing with us, and remained as serene as relieved.
.The Ynterpreters asked him if he wished to be a Christian, and he said
" yes;" and asking him when, he said " now," and that as the Father was
already there he could baptize him that evening. They replied that first
it was needful to teach him the L<aw of God, and he replied that they
should teach him ; and in fact the Ynterpreter began to catechise him, and
■employed the greater part of the evening at it, and the old man was very
fervent to learn. Thus far a courier had come with us, who from this
point had to return to Villa Chata the next day, as he did ; and I arranged
that the old man should go there with him, in order that after having fin-
ished catechising him the Padre might baptize him. I know not what
outcome it had ; only that if the good old man was contented he would not
fail to tell his people of the good reception he had with us.
514 OUT WBST
13. On the 22ud, in the morning-, while they were making- the arrange-
ments to start, harnessing-, saddling and loading, I labored hard to finish
my writing-, so as to dispatch the courier who ought to have started from
San Juan de Dios; and to do it [the writing] completely, since it was the
last farewell, I had to keep at it longer than the time required for loading.
And so the pack-train set forth, and the Sergeant and others remained
with me to accompany me afterwards. So I had time for all, and dispatched
my courier with a IvCtter to the Most YUustrious Senor Inspector-General
and to the Padres of the Missions. And to Padre Palou I transmitted his
commission as President of the Missions ; and to the Padres I wrote that
they should recognize and obey him as such, it being understood that the
case of my civil death (through my absence) had come ; for the which our
College at the beginning had named the said Padre for such President as
my successor, as appeared from the commission itself, which had the Cordil-
lera in signature, so that all might read it. Finally I bade them all fare-
well, dispatched the courier, and set forth from this place following the
rest, who had gone on ahead. And after two hours and a half of travel
we came up with the Sefior Governor and all his Retinue, who had already
halted and unloaded. And in this consisted the Journey of this day, so
that we well saw that what had been done in two days could be done in one.
But there was no remedy now, and we could not go further, because from
there it was necessary to leave the arroyo and take to the high ground ;
and it was a sufficient Day's Journey to set forth from there in the morn-
ing to reach a fitting place [by night]. Also we saw tracks of Gentiles,
but of them not a one.
14. On the 23rd we pursued our route, leaving the arroyo and taking to
the sierra, in the direction of the Contracosta. And out of four hours and a
half which, according to my count, we traveled this day, more than the
half was a way of climbings and descents, rocky and toilsome, and the
re.st was over some level mesas. Whereon, encountering the clear signs
that the first division of the expedition had halted there, we also halted ;
and seeing that there was no water, a water-hole* was dug, and the animals
drank in it — though in a little while it was learned that this labor might
have been dispensed with, since at the distance of one league or a little
more, running water was found and good pasture. This spacious spot we
called Santiago, as on this day was celebrated his apparition in aid of the
Spaniards.
15. On the 24th we followed our march, which was of three and a half
hours, and about half the Journey was through an arroyo secof and toil-
some with much sand ; and it had some few palms, and the rest is painful
and ugly hills. And through these we came out into a plain surrounded by
Hills, through which passes an arroyo seco ; and in its center it has a very
leafy palm, under whose shade we made halt, and the spot was named
Corpus Christi. For the people they brought us water in a little while,
but the beasts did not get a taste — but they had drunk at midday ; for in
provision for this, the Journey of this day was made in the afternoon,
starting from the last stopping-place at 12 noon, for which reason, with
the much Sun, the [journey] was more painful to us. All these nights for
I the last 4 days a Lion has been roaring at us from round about. God de-
i liver us from him, as [He has done] thus far. Some cottontail rabbits
' have been seen along the way, and only two have been caught. Tracks of
Gentiles, but none of them have been seen.
* Batetrne, for Bat^ui, a Sinaloa proTinciallam for a well; from the Caliita "Iki,**^
water. /
t Dry ravine.
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY 515
16. On the 25th, the great feast ot Corpus, I said Mass in said spot, and
all heard it. And afterwards we pursued our march, traveling' about half
an hour up the arroyo, the same one that passes through the place we left ;
and in this stretch it has some palms, and its verdure is cheerful. And
afterwards we entered upon the ascent of a high Mountain, and with only-
some level places which now and then offered. The rest was to descend
by a declivity, all somewhat painful. And at the end of the 4 hours of
march which we made this day, we discovered from the height a. handsome
arroyo peopled with cottonwoods and much leafage. We descended into it
and halted ; and seeing that there was no water, a water-hole was opened,
and we had abundance for the people and the animals to drink. But at
night of the same day, seeking for the beasts a place convenient for their
pasturage, it was found that a little lower down the same arroyo there was
plenty of water and excellent pasture. Along the road this day we en-
countered, after about two hours, on a bench, a little pueblo of 10 Chozas
[huts] Joined together, and well made, but not a Gentile. A little later
our attention was called by a tree, very tall and leafy, a thing we had not
seen until now, outside the Missions. And coming up to it, I saw it was an
Alamo [cottonwood], a thing which still more caused me to admire ; and
we called the place Alamo Solo [Lone Cottonwood]. Thereafter the land
began to be more smiling and gladsome than thus far, with trees tall and
tufted (altho' not so much as the said Alamo), whose branches and leaves
are altogether like the Cypress* ; and various other trees of like height,
various little flowers — and in fine it appeared a new country. This evening
there loomed up on a hillock, which we had in sight from the spot where .
we were halted, some three Gentiles. We sent two Indians of ours to in-
vite them, that we were their friends ; but soon as they saw them near
they fled, and we could not manage to get them to come.
On the 26th we remained in this same stopping-place, because the excelv
lence of it invited to the refreshment of the beasts, which in the last pre-
ceding Journeys had been somewhat overworked. Two Gentiles were
again visible on the same height, and our Indians — shrewder than yester-
day— went to catch them with caution, that they should not escape them.
And altho' [one] fled from between their hands, they caught the other.
They tied him, and it was all necessary ; for, even bound, he defended
himself that they should not bring him, and flung himself upon the
ground with such violence that he scraped and bruised his thighs and
knees. But at last they brought him. They set him before me ; and set-
ting him on his knees I put my hands upon his head and recited the Gospel
of St. John, made the sign of the Cross upon him, and untied him. He
was most frightened and very disturbed. We took him to the tent of the
Senor Governor, trying to console him, that no harm would be done him.
He was a robust young person, seemingly of about 20 years. Asking him
what his name was, he answered Axajui. These Seiiores wished to know
what the word meant in his language, but this was much to ask this poor
folk, and so they said it was his name or Nation. We passed our Axajui
some figs, meat and tortillas, for him to eat. He ate some, but little,
always with perturbation ; and taking a handful of earth and conveying
it to his mouth, he said " pinole. "f We marveled whence he knew of
pinole. A jar of pinole was got out for him, and he took a little. And
another jar was made for him [of pinole] dissolved in water, which he
drank all up. All his much talk in the midst of his perturbation [was] to
* Doabtless the small tree known in this reg-ion as " red-shank."
t ITlour of parched popcorn ; eaten dry or as a grruel.
516 OUT WBST
excuse himself for having looked at us from the hill, the day before as
well as today. And in exonerating- this venial sin he committed a pretty
mortal one, with saying that he came there sent by his Captain to spy on us,
in order that when we took up our march onward the said Captain and his
rancheria, and 4 other [captains] with their [rancherias] , who had all been
convoked, hiding behind some cliffs, should sally to kill the Padre and his
Retinue, altho' they were many. We pardoned him his suchlike intentions,
and having regaled him well we dispatched him to recount to his people
how we had treated him, and what we had told him, and that they should
come to treat with us. But not one came, altho' this evening^ some have
been descried on the same ridge. He went naked like all, with his bow
and arrows, which were returned to him, his disheveled hair long and
bound with a little cord of blue wool, very well made, the which we could
not discover where he had got it.
17. On the 27th we pursued our March, heading North, and the road is
of the best we have had thus far — all over outstretched hills, with only
now and then a declivity ; and tho' we ascended plenty, it was gently,
and the footing all strong ground, with rare enough rocks. The
same hills, and the Mountains near, [were] all smiling with many
flowers of various colors. And after 4 hours on the road, we
arrived at the stopping-place which is, and is so called, the Cienega,
or Cieneguilla.* Half an hour after starting, we saw a Gentile, who
was watching us from a ridge ; and in about an hour afterward
another was seen on another ridge ; but none of them came near us. In
this place we found water in which some of the beasts drank, but it did
not suffice for all, and a water-hole was dug in which the rest drank. Thus
far we have followed the road which the Jesuit Padre Linck took in his
entrada\ in the year 1766, as we are assured by one of the Soldiers who was
along with that entrada ; but from here we are going to take another
course.
On the 28th, Sunday, before we set out, there loomed up near us some
Gentiles (of those whom the Soldiers that watched the beasts by night had
seen near there, their rancheria being of about 12 Huts), and promptly our
Neophytes approached them to lay hold upon them. At this there arose ■
among [the gentiles] a great jargon [A/^arrabia, lit. Arabic], and various
times the Gentiles menaced that they would shoot at them, but the more
our men talked peace. At last they brought them, but so indignant that
there was no way to content them. It was already the hour for Mass, and
that the Soldiers might hear it they formed a ring, and put them [the In-
dians] in the middle, seated, while it lasted. And when it was finished,
another greater number of them arrived, and the cries were continued. To
the first ones (for they were four) food was given before and after the
Mass, and they drew forth their pipe, with which they all smoked. And
as soon as we parted with them in good relations, they joined the others,
who in a short time exceeded 40, and there was no way to hush them nor
to get them away. What they said (according to our Ynterpreters) was
that we must not pass on, but that we should return back, and that they
wanted to fight. Long and most troublesome time was spent in getting
rid of them in a good way, but all fruitlessly, and not without fear that
they would break out. By order of the Governor, 4 Soldiers set on horses
put themselves in a row, forcing them to retire. They resisted even this,
and one of [the soldiers] firing a musket shot in the air toward them, and
* Marshy meadow.
t The 8peciflc " entry" of an expedition or explorer.
IN WESTERN LETTERS 517
after a bit another, they went fleeing' ; and our men went on loading the
beasts to pursue our March.
18. Our setting forth was at 10 a.m. ; and as the Day's Journey was of
4 hours, the Sun was most painful withal. After half an hour or less, of
the road, we descended into an arroyo very leafy but without water ; and
through it to a most handsome plain, and of good earth. Its width is
about of a quarter-league, but in length [it is] more than two leagues.
The first is of good earth, and the second is mostly of sand very fine. On
the good land is seen at the foot of the Hills toward the Contracosta (that
of the sea) much verdure ; and one of our Neophytes told us there was
plenty of water. If this is so, we all Judged it a place most handsome for
a Mission. After all this the Mountains narrow ; and thro' an arroyo
seco between Mountains we arrived at the stopping-place, which we found
with running water and good pasture, wherewith the beasts did well. The
Gentiles of the morning, it seems, wished to make good the declaration of
Axajui on the 26th ; not only with what has been said, but at our departure
from today's stopping-place they went following us through the hills of
the Contracosta, in such sort that thro' all the Day's Journey we saw great
crowds of them, following our route through said eminences; but as to reach
us they would have had to descend to the plain — which, as has been said,
was spacious — it gave us no anxiety. But it did so when some of the hills
met the others, and we had to pass through the narrows. Then all the
Soldiers put on their leathern jackets, and they and the Arrieros laid
hand to their weapons. All had an eye out, but the enemy did not appear.
We had a suspicion whether these Indians might be those of the Bay of
San Quintin, of whom the Admiral Cabrera Bueno in his Speculative and
Practical Navigation, part 5, chap. 4, says that they are bellicose and dar-
ing ; and that said Bay is in 33° (tho' this author is not accurate in the de-
grees he puts down, following the Coast from Monte Rey) on the Contra-
costa. But in fine we did not see them more. And to temper the disgust
we had had with them, God our Ivord presented us with other Indians of
very different customs. For, about a league before arriving at the stop-
ping-place to which we were going, 12 new Gentiles Joined us, very merry,
saying they would show us the way and the stopping-place ; and they kept
their word. And with their sort of prudence, when we arrived, they — as.
if not to embarrass us during the task of unloading — withdrew to a decliv-
ity in front of us, and there stayed without moving. As soon as we were
disoccupied, I sent to them, by my page and an Indian Ynterpreter, their
treat of figs and meat, with the assurance that they could come to us
securely, and that they should come to salute us all ; that we were all their
friends. They responded with signs of gratefulness, but that they could
not come to see us until the treat they wished to give us should arrive \
that they had sent for it to their rancheria, which was near. So it befell '
that after we had eaten and rested, they came down with their nets of
cooked mescal, and [with] all their arms ; and putting the latter on the
ground, they began to explain to us the use of them, one by one, in their
battles. They played all the roles, as well of him who gave the wound as
of him that was wounded, with so much liveliness and grace that we had
a good bit of recreation. For so much as they wished to tell us in this
matter, the Ynterpreters were very superfluous. Until now we had not
seen any Woman among them ; and I desired for the present not to see
them — fearing that they went naked as the men. When amid these fiestas
two [women] appeared, talking as rapidly \tupidd\ and efficaciously as this
sex knows how and is accustomed to do ; and when I saw them so honestly
518 OUT WEST
covered that we could take it in good part if greater nudities were never
seen among the Christian women of the Missions, I was not sorry for their
arrival. The most girlish one — who was, they said, the wife of the Cap-
tain, who was there — carried upon her head the treat, which I had never
seen — which was a great pancake of a thing like dough, but full of some
fibers. I went to put my hands upon her head, and the dough was left on
them ; and at once she and her husband began to explain to me how it was
eaten. The old woman also talked, more than all, and in yells. The ex-
planation of the Captain and his Companions continued, and [we were] all
so absorbed in it that we did not notice when the women w«nt back ; for,
after a little while, asking for them, that we might thank them for their
kindness, we found that they had already disappeared. To the Captain
we gave wherewith to make a present to his wife and to all the rest ; and
we bade them farewell, and they went away obediently and contented, but
^saying that they wished to go on ahead with us and to follow us as friends.
19. On the 29th we set forth from the place, and the Day's Journey was
of three hours, even ; but most painful, for all of it was through hills, as-
cents, descents, all slopes of earth, but steep and troublesome. At last we
descended to the plaiu ; and the hardship could be considered well em-
ployed, because of the excellence of the stopping-place, without peer in all
that we have seen thus far. At the beginning of this Day's Journey we
came, in a short level, upon the little houses or chozas of our friendly Gen-
tiles of the preceding day ; very well built, like those we have frequently
come upon in these last Days' Journeys. And from the slope which soon
, followed, the said Indians of the day before came sliding down on us,
already in much greater number, in fulfillment of their vow that they must
accompany us ; and they came with great hurrahings. But as the way was
bad and narrow, they happened to do us other harm, [despite] their good
intention ; for the beasts took fright, and were in peril of falling head-
long down the bluff. It was said to them that this was enough already,
that we were very content [and sure] of their fine Friendship (which they
countersigned with new [gifts of] mescales, that they brought for the
Neophytes afoot). But since for the uproar they did not attend nor under-
stand, we remained in the same [fix] , and the bad matter progressed be-
cause the way* grew always worse. The Captain of them was called and
was charged concerning the matter, and tried to compose and gather his
people, in which he succeeded only in part. At last the Seiior Governor,
who had gone forward, turned back and reinforced the request. And see-
ing that it was not enough, he ordered a musket-shot into the air in their
direction. They ceased, and the trouble was ended — altho' I already felt
that with this demonstration we left them some doubt of our love toward
them. Theirs toward us we found confirmed, in that a little after we
reached this stopping-place, three Gentiles, of those from here presented
themselves to us with no other weapons than the pipe in hand, and told us
that from the preceding stopping-place they had sent on warning that they
[here] should receive us in peace, because we were good, and good people ;
and so they have done. May God Our L<ord make these [here] and those
[back there] Christians. I well believe that it would be so, if here were
founded shortly a Mission, inasmuch as the place invites to it.
[to BK CONTINDBD.]
519
THE SBQUOTA LIIAGUE.
"Xo MaKe Better Indians."
EXBCOTIVK COMMITTEE.
Dr. David Starr Jordan, President Stanford University, Cal.
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief Biological Survey, Washington.
Dr. Geo. Bird Grinnell, editor Forest and Stream, New York.
D. M. Riordan, Los Angeles, Cal.
Richard Egan, Capistrano, Cal.
Chas. Cassatt Davis, attorney, L<os Angeles.
Chas. F. Ivummis, I^os Angeles.
ADVISORY BOARD.
Mrs. Phebe A. Hearst, University of California.
Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Nebraska.
Archbishop Ireland, St. Paul, Minn.
U. S. Senator Thos. R. Bard, California.
Maj. J. W. Powell, Director Bureau of Ethnology, Washington.
Edward E. Ayer, Newberry Library, Chicago.
Miss Estelle Reel, Supt. all Indian Schools, Washington.
W. J. McGee, Ethnologist in Charge, Bureau of Ethnology.
E. W. Putnam, Peabody Museum, Harvard College.
Stewart Culin, University of Pennsylvania.
Geo. A. Dorsey, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.
Dr.T. Mitchell Prudden, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York .
Dr. Geo. J. Engelmann, Boston.
Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington.
F. W. Hodge, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
Hamlin Garland, author, Chicago.
Mrs. F. N. Doubleday, New York.
Dr. Washington Matthews, Washington.
Hon. A. K. Smiley (Mohonk), Redlands, Cal.
(Others to be added.)
Treasurer, W. C. Patterson, Prest. Los Angeles National Bank.
LITTLE over fourteen years ag^o — or precisely
Jan. 23, 1888 — the Senate Committee on In-
dian affairs presented to the Senate of the
United States a careful and accurate report on
the status and condition of the Mission In-
dians of Southern California, beginning with
these words, which are fully justified by the
body of the document * (italics mine) :
" The history of the Mission Indians for a century may be written in four
words, conversion, civilization, neglect, outrage. The conversion and civili-
zation were the work of the Mission Fathers previous to our acquisition of
California ; the neglect and outrage have been mainly our own. Justice
and humanitj' alike demand the immediate action of Government to pre-
serve for their occupation the fragments of land not already taken from
them."
"Justice and humanity" have not got much ahead in the four-
teen years since. The same words are true today ; and to the
long list of oppression and wrong detailed in Senator Piatt's old
report, a vast new assortment could now be added. Of course
" immediate action " was not taken. As a matter of fact, noth-
ing whatever looking to a real solution of the discreditable situ-
*Report No. 74, SOtli Congress, 1st Session, d 1.
520 OUT IV EST
ation has ever been done. Yet in this same report is outlined
the plan which would have settled the whole matter satisfacto-
rily a dozen years agfo, if it had been followed — the very plan
which the Sequoya League is now pushing to probable success.
The Commissioner of Indian Affairs at that date — Hon. J. D. C.
Atkins — says :*
" For many years this office has urged upon Congress the necessity of
having the rights of Indians and settlers determined by a commission ofcotn-
Petent and disinterested persons, who could go upon the ground and care-
fully investigate the whole matter. . . . Until this is done, permanent
provision cannot be made for these Indians, nor can the disputes continu-
ally arising between the Government and intruders be finally and equitably
settled."
Neither have the fourteen years shaken the wisdom of Com^
missioner Atkins's plan. Matters have gone from bad to worse,
simply because his advice was not taken ; and now the case is
become so critical that even Congress cannot longer evade ac-
tion ; and the action taken is to the appointment of such a com-
mission— though with only a fraction of the powers it would
need to remedy the generic case and keep the Mission Indian
problem from being a perennial annoyance and discredit to the
Government. But if it succeeds in the specific case, that will
at least be a beginning — the first beginning this great nation
has made in 54 years to deal wisely and justly by the hapless
Mission Indians.
This is a little the more disquieting to thoughtful Americans,
in view of the historic and impregnable fact that in 54 years —
a century earlier — devilish Spain had converted about 100,000 of
these Indians from savagery to Christianity; had built 21 costly
and beautiful temples for them to worship in — and the best of
those Indian churches could not be replaced today for $100,000 —
had given them schools and industrial schools, in far greater
number than they have today, after 54 years of American rule ;
had taught them a religion and a language they have not yet
forgotten, and to which ninety-nine per cent, of them are still
devoted to the exclusion of anything we have been at pains to
teach them ; had taught them to build good houses, to be good
carpenters, masons, plasterers, blacksmiths, soapmakers, tan-
ners, shoemakers, cooks, brickmakers, spinners, weavers, sad-
dlers, shepherds, cowboys, vineyardists, fruit-growers, millers,
wagon-makers, and so on. In all the Spanish occupation of Cal-
ifornia, I cannot discover that it ever once happened that an In-
dian was driven off his land ; under our regime it has seldom
happened that an Indian has escaped being so driven oflF — and,
in many cases, time after time, till now the poor devils are
•Ibid, p. 3.
THE SEQUOYA LEAGUE 521
elbowed off practically all the lands that even "poor white
trash " would take for a gift. If there is in human history
any more pitiful chapter of oppression and cowardly wrong
than the record of the successive steps by which the Mission
Indians, who once owned all Southern California, have been
crowded into the waste places, a student of more than 20 years
has failed to find it — and hopes never to find it. I say " cow-
ardly," without reservation ; because all the people who have
made this unclean record for you and me to live under
would not, if all together in one body, dare evict one wide-awake
American from lands he held by half the title these Indians
had. They have been brave, simply because they knew the
Indians couldn't help themselves. They would not have done it
even if the Indians had been Apaches. But the gentle, timid,
unwarlike, hardworking, agricultural Mission Indians — they
were fair game for a certain class of people who have the face
to call themselves Americans, and who by their nature lower
the average of the name you and I are proud of. It is appar-
ently about time for you and me to begin to raise that average.
While it is a fact that 95% of our official American dealings
with the Indians has been disgraceful ; while it is beyond dis-
pute that in the history of the contact of the races the Indians
have hardly ever fallen short of honorable dealings, and the
whites have hardly ever risen so high — in spite of all this
shameful truth, it is equally true that the American people
have not as a class been wilful accomplices. Ten thousand
exemplary church-members, nodding in their chairs, do not
hinder one burglar from his work. It is only when these estim-
able people awake from their nap enough to realize that
habitual burglary is a disgrace to the community, that the
cracksman's activities begin to be less safe. Yet as the good
people could always stop these oppressions of the weak if they
tried, they cannot wholly disclaim responsibility for the sins
they permit. We expect thieves to steal ; but we do not expect
civilized communities to let them steal at will. It is time now for
us to remember that you and I are as trul)'- to blame (though not
so much to blame) as the individual scrubs who have robbed the
Mission Indians. They could not have done it if public opinion
on this point had not been of a low order. There have been
many excuses for this comatose condition of our conscience on
the local Indian question ; but there is no excuse any longer.
It is somebody's business now. Competent people have brought
the matter to a head and are prepared to do the work. All they
need is the backing of the community — and in a population like
that of Southern California there is no doubt that they will
have that.
522 OUT WEST
The superstition that " Indians won't work" is of course
precisely as intelligent as the creed that Fridays and spilled
salt and 13 are "unlucky" — thougfh it is still harbored by many
who are well read enough to know that the other cited super-
stitions are mere relics of the ages in which the white race was
more ignorant and more fetich-worshiping than any Indian tribe
in the United States now is. It may be worth while, then, to
pay occasional attention in these pages to facts competent to
enlighten public opinion on this point. Indians work as hard
as anyone ; but like everyone, they are bound by what we call
etiquette. The warrior tribes, as a rule, will not do work that
is, in their concept, the peculiar prerogative of women. Neither
will most white Americans. How many of your male friends
help their wives sweep, dust, cook and " change" the baby ?
On the other hand, every student of anthropology, which is the
science of Human Nature, knows that the Indian economy is
the more logical and the less selfish or lazy. But this is matter
for a longer paper.
The most industrious farmers in New Mexico, as a class, are
the Pueblo Indians. They live almost exclusively by agricul-
ture (with irrigation, which the}'^ have practiced for over 1,000
years). The Navajos are as careful stockmen as any of their
white cattle-ranch neighbors — besides having a national domes-
tic industry, as no class of "American" cow-men ever had.
They weave every year tens of thousands of dollars worth of
blankets better than the product of any American loom ; besides
a large production of tanned buckskins, silver jewelry, etc.
The best railroad labor in New Mexico, Arizona and Cali-
fornia is Indian — Pueblo, Navajo and Mojave. It is more reli-
able and more effective than any other . employed ; and a far
better investment for the railroads, as interesting to travelers.
The Mexican labor, imported from El Paso and shamefully mal-
treated by the contractors, does not compare with it. For some
years the track labor on the Santa Fe route in New Mexico and
Arizona has been done almost entirely' by Indians. Last year,
for instance, contractor C. N. Cotton of Gallup, N. M., paid
$70,134 in wages to Indian laborers on the Santa Fe. I know
personally many hundreds of these Indians, and have known
their industry for 18 years and more. 0. P. L. *
523
TO CONSERVE THE MISSIOMS
AND OTHER HISTORIC
LANDMARKS OF SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
DIRECTORS.
J. G. Mossin.
Henry W. O'Melveny.
Rev. M. S. Liebana.
Sumner P. Hunt.
Arthur B. Benton.
Margaret Collier Grriham.
Chas. F. Irunimis.
Mossin, 1033 Santee St.
OFFICERS.
President, Chas. F. I/ummis.
Vice-President, Margraret Collier Graham.
Secretary, Arthur B. Benton, 114 N. Spring- St.
Treasurer, J. G. Mossin, California Bank.
Corresponding Secretary, Mrs. M. E. Stilson.
812 Kensington Road.
Chairman Membership Committee, Mrs. J. G,
Honorary Life Members : R. Egan, Tessa L. Kelso.
Life Members : Jas. B. Laukershim, J. Downey Harvey, Edward 'R. Ayer, JohiiF
Francis, Mrs. John F. Francis, Mrs. Alfred Solano, Margaret Collier Graham, Miss Collieri
Andrew McNally, Rt. Rev. Geo. Montgomery, Miss M. F. Wills, B. F. Porter, Prof. Chas.
C. Bragdon, Mrs. Jas. W. Scott, Mrs. Phebe A. Hearst, Mrs. Annie D. Apperson, Miss
Agnes Lane, Mrs. M. W. Kincaid, Col. H. G. Otis, H. Jevne, J. R. Newberry, Dr. W. Jarvis
Barlow, Marion Brooks Barlow, Geo. W. Marston, Chas. L. Hutchinson, U. S. Grant, jr.,
Isabel M. R. Severance, Mrs. Louisa C. Bacon, Miss Susan Bacon, Mrs. Mira Hersliey,
Jeremiah Ahern.
INCK it undertook its work, the Landmarks Club has raised
over $4,800; and has expended most of these moneys in
making- the most urgent protective repairs at the Missions
of San Juan Capistrano, San Fernando and San Diego. These
repairs have been made under expert supervision and with
strict economy. Any jury of architects will say on inspection
that at each of these places the Club has got a great deal for its
money. There are no salaries ; the club work is done for love
and public spirit. All moneys received go net to the work of
preserving the historic landmarks of Southern California.
Thus ,f ar the Old Missions — the most impressive monuments in
the United States — have required the Club's chief attention ;
and their critical need is by no means concluded, while there
are many other, if minor, things requiring the care of really
civilized people. The Club earnestly invites all good Americans
to join its membership. The fees are $1 per year, open to all.
Life memberships are $25.
CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE WORK.
Previously acknowledged, $4755.50. (In the April number the
footing $4461.50 was a misprint for $4731.50.) Blinn Lumber
Co. Los Angeles, material, $25; Los Angeles Lime Co., mat-
erial, $15 ; Ganahl Lumber Co., material, $12.50 ; " A Friend,"
Newtonville, Mass., $L2; N. N., Cincinnati, O., $4 ; Mrs. O.
Flood, San Francisco, $2.
$1 each— W. E. R. Fitz-Gerald, Liverpool, Eng.; Mrs. C. M.
Stone, Mrs. Frank H. Brooks, T. M. Howard, A. P. Taft, J. H.
Paddock, all St. Johnsbury, Vt. ; Tracy Robinson, Hollywood,
Cal.; Mrs. Jennie S. Pierce, Miss Amelia Smead, Mrs. E. G.
Smead, Helen de Forest Boothe, Los Ang-eles.
524
TO LOVC WHAT IB THUS, TO MATC ■MAMS, TO rCAH MOTMINO WITHOUT, AND TO THINK « LITTLC.
^^^ One of the finest, ripest and most useful women of her
QUESTION, generation — herself an original abolitionist, and be-
yond suspicion in her personal tolerance — writes the Lion her
disagreement with his belief that the "color question" should
be fought out at the Biennial of the General Federation of
Women's Clubs, even now assembling in this city. She believes
we should first cast out the beam from our own eye ; that we
of the North should draw our line not at color but at character,
before we ask the South to do the same ; that we should " wait
for the sober, second thought of the nation to crystalize;" that
it would be in bad taste to force on our guests the consideration
of a distasteful problem ; that while we live in glass houses we
should not throw stones. Why, she asks, should the responsi-
bility of such a national reform be thrown on a federation of
women's clubs?
All this is plausible until you stop to think. But cream never
yet made itself butter. If Luther had been "polite," there
would have been no Reformation. If William Lloyd Garrison
and Wendell Phillips had waited for New England to see
straight there would have been no Abolition. Nay, if a man
who was once nailed up against a tree — the first international
sacrifice for human freedom, the first world-advocate of equality
for women and others — had refrained from telling his guests
their duty, or had waited for Palestine to bat its eyes clear,
there would be no Biennial this month, nor several other things
almost as important.
Like butter, reform "comes" only by agitation. Six thousand
women cross the continent not to fan one another, but to get
good and give good. It would be indecent enough to invite a
guest to play whist and then tackle her as to the condition of
her immortal soul ; but we are not asking the ladies to whist.
Either the General Federation is rallying here to do something,
to learn something, to grow — or else it is a consummate fraud.
If it is to be pink tea and tickling ; if it is to avoid any heavier
stress on the grey matter than is involved in rehashing a cyclo-
pedia article ; if it is to dodge every question that cuts to the
quick of human life, and that might set some fellow-lady's hat
out of plumb — why, let us understand it. But if these women
IN THE LION'S DUN 525
come (as the Lion believes) to use their minds and widen them ;
if it is a Biennial of real women, and not of paper-doll ladies —
why, then they will touch (and by their circumstance can
touch) no other thingf which roots so deep and towers so high,
which has lasted so long-, and shall so long outlast every other
word they will utter, as this question whether our ethical and
social standards shall be superstitious or real.
If the Lion had to draw a color-line, he would draw it at
people whose faces look like unleavened dough. No one is to
blame for inherited brown, black or yellow ; but people are to
blame for an underdone-mush complexion produced by their
own unfit living. If the Biennial will vote to exclude from the
Federated Clubs any woman who hasn't brains enough to keep
a clear skin, the Lion will say amen. But if the Biennial shall
fail to record its sense that no woman who is womanly and
wise shall be excluded for a thing she can't help, and because
her great-grandmother had for a master the man whose great-
granddaughter now wishes to exclude her — all is, with all its
feathers and all its pretty rhetoric, the Biennial will be a his-
toric failure. These things are not done with when they ad-
journ— they only begin then. Beyond any question, the Bien-
nial will look very pretty and sound very well. So did the
capture of Fort Sumter. But history sends in its bill after the
lights are out.
Why should a social question the nation ought to solve be
left to the weak Federation of 200,000 women ? Well, now,
why ? Is the Federation here to take up questions, or not ?
Do the clubs leave Shakespeare and kindergartens and Art until
men's clubs shall get ready to tote even ? What are women's
clubs for, but to remedy the neglect of the rest of us ? And if
they must hunt — and thank heaven they think they must —
mightn't they as well tackle the real bear as stuffed rugs on
the floors of convention ?
As one who, in all his life has believed in giving women a fair
show, the Lion hopes that these women, whose new freedom
brings six thousand of them to convene in California will insist
that it be passed on. And if there are not Massachusetts
women to take the forefront for freedom — as there used to be —
he hopes that there will be women of California who can take
up the cause that they drank with their mother's milk and
should feel more strongly in freer air.
The passing of Cecil Rhodes is a striking reminder of thb staturk
the complexity of human nature, and of our tendency to colossus.
judge it by jumps. This pirate of empires, who has made whole
peoples walk the plank, startles the world by a will whose be-
526 OUT WBST
neficences are as colossal as his larcenies. Millions to educate
in an English university young- men from all the English speak-
ing world ! Its direction is a token of the times — only of late
has it come to be universally understood that the safest monu-
ment a man with too much money can build himself withal is
to forward education — but its ethics are almost as old as the
predatory instinct. Famous highwaymen have always been
generous. The gambling spirit tends to the open hand. Nor
has any man ever wholly despised ultimate public opinion, no
matter how defiant of it he may have stood. Largel}' for this
free hand, there has always been a soft corner in the average
human heart for the Robin Hoods.
Those modest prototypes of Rhodes, Sir Francis Drake and
Sir John Hawkins, and all that gilded category, were, as every
student knows, pirates pure and simple. They burned and
looted cities, desecrated churches, murdered men, women and
children, to get money. Yet the average face of literature even
to this day is eulogistic of them. For that matter, I do not
recall any English history which pretends to qualify the pirates
judicially. They £rot the money for which they burned and
murdered. They got it by the million — they spent it as that
class of men always spend money. It bought them knighthood,
it made the queen of England full accomplice to their piracy, it
gave them fame and that fair gloss in history (of a certain kind)
which is for the robber who steals big enough. England
showered them with honors two centuries before she had ceased
to hang the man who stole a farthing loaf of bread. She had
more than 150 capital offenses, punishable by instant death
without benefit of clergy ; but for her dashing millionaire
pirates only glory and rojal favors. And in a vast majoritj' of
our careless books they have the same honor still, though critical
history long ago settled their status. Even so, the Buccaneer of
South Africa will dazzle the thoughtless, and be not wholly
without sympathy of the thoughtful.
Now a man's death does not alter any of the facts of his life.
Nor does his will. These may give new light ; they may re-
mind us again of the broad truth that no man is so white as he
looks to himself, nor so black as his enemies see him ; that the
worst man has more good than bad in him, and the best man
some evil. But it should not confound judgment. The mere
stoppage of a man's breath does not change the moral aspect of
anything he did — nor yet our obligation to judge his acts by the
standards that never die. There was never a usage more per-
versive of good morals — nor one more irrationally retained
from the savage superstitions of which we have outgrown
most — than the de inortuis nil nisi bonum fetichism. No man
IN THB LION'S DBN 527
will attack the dead : but onl}^ those without the power of
thought will pretend to believe that we should not teach our
children and discuss among ourselves the real character of the
acts of a dead man so dazzling that he ma)- easily be taken for
an example. All the bad men and women that ever lived up to
a century ago, are dead. Are we to take no warning of Nero
because he is not contemporary ? And if it be said that neither
has he known heirs to be pained by our verdict upon him, the
short answer is that he, not we, is custodian of their feeling for
his reputation. It is a very simple thing to avoid being damned
after death.
Rhodes stood for — and was perhaps foremost giant of — the
unscrupulous Gospel of Might. By any analysis, he was a rob-
ber. The blood of unnumbered thousands is upon his head.
But his distances were so magnificent, his murder so imperson-
ally wholesale, his thefts so imperial, the belief that he stole
largely to enrich and enlarge his country so plausible (though
he kept enough "divvy" to make him one of the rich men of
the world), that we who admire power — as all sane humans
do — are in danger to forget that the man who kills 50,000 people
for money and steals a continent for an empire is really not very
much better than the man who kills one person to get mone)' to
keep his family alive.
There will doubtless be plenty of Americans down in the dust
to accept Mr. Rhodes's scholarships ; but it is doubtful if they
will have the result he saw in his imperial dream. The}'^ are not
likely to carry much weight toward "drawing the countries
together." In Mr. Rhodes's vocabulary, that means drawing us
to English ideals ; and that will be the way these young men
will pull, with what social biceps they may have. But from the
nature of the case, it may be fairly expected that these will be
a class of young men somewhat expatriated ; somewhat de-
Americanized ; somewhat given to a graduate accent which will
not commend them to American ears {.in Americans • for only
the hydrophobic hate an Englishman's accent in an Englishman);
naturally obligated to revere the memory of their benefactor ;
naturally partisans of the man who caused the Boer war — as to
which not two Americans in the hundred sympathise with the
aggressor. Such a class of young persons will not do much to
swing American public opinion. We may take the testator's
intentions at face value. We may — and I think should — accept
his act at what he undoubtedly meant it to be. There is no
reason to sneer at it as an " atonement" — partly because a mil-
lion times more would not atone, but chiefly because ( as every
student of human nature knows ) men of these ethics never
realize that they need to atone. We may be grateful that from
528 OUT WEST
a life superbly misspent comes this posthumous proof that it
was still human. But we do not need to forget all that we ever
knew, all that we try to practice individually, of morals. Nor
need we forget what Rhodes himself would think in his heart of
the American who shall send his son to accept Rhodes's charity.
It was an Englishman who wrote the fittest epitaph for
Rhodes :
" He left a Corsair's name to other times,
Linked with one virtue and a thousand crimes."
so MANY General Miles is one of the handsomest persons now
PRESIDENTS, cxtant, and a sight for sore eyes. Possibly it is due to
a conspiracy of the Amalgamated Oculists that he has been
somewhat withdrawn from public gaze of late years. He is
also a brave and clever soldier ; and all the more to be hon-
ored because he has ascended from being a Boston crockery
clerk to be Lieutenant General " commanding " the army of the
United States, without the adventitious aid of West Point and
its genial curriculum of hazing as a preparation for Hydro-
pathy in the Philippines.
Gen. Miles cannot properly be blamed for his fatal gift of
beauty ; nor for having heard of it. God made him ; and mili-
tary gentlemen who look like a fire-sale beside him should put the
responsibility where it belongs, and not lay it up against their
brother.
It has been Gen. Miles's misfortune, however, to be born superb
too late — or too early. Through an improvidence in our political
machinery, he is subordinate to the President of the United States;
and our modern Presidents, though good men, have limped on
the esthetic side. He has had rather a liberal assortment of
them to bear with, too, since he came up against them — Gar-
field, Harrison, Cleveland, McKinley, Roosevelt ; well-meaning
men of both parties, and of several shades of adaptability ; all
but one of them men of some experience in war ; all of them up
to the constitutional reqLuirements as to age, sex, color and av-
erage intelligence for Presidents of the United States. But
none of them have been able to refrain from a present tired feel-
ing when Gen. Miles hove in sight. Very likely they were
jealous.
Through one or two administrations, this might doubtless be
forgiven. But the shocking unanimity of our Presidents in
having business in the inner office when a stately military foot-
fall was heard in the ante-room, forces us to a reluctant conclu-
sion. Either we shall have to get along without Presidents, or
without Miles. Unless, indeed, we can split the difference.
IN THE LION'S DBN 529
The Lion can claim no originality in this latter alternative.
Gen. Miles foresaw — before he had had half his present experi-
ence with the hereditary obtuseness of the White House — the
only way in which we can hope to get a President who will re-
alize the worth of Miles. It is as simple as his recent plan for
equipping the army with Scythian chariots or something of the
sort— running mowing-machines in front of the Boys, to cut
down the enemy as it were alfalfa.
For reasons easily delimited, it cannot have been later
than 1888 that California and other newspaper ofl&ces were
besieged with tuberose endorsements of Gen. Miles for the
Presidency. Tuberose ? Were you ever in a closed room
with a vase of these modest flowers ? They are so
sweet that one has to open the window. How these
Sabean odors came to all newspapers, the Lion has no
means of knowing ; but he does know how they reached the
one in which he was at the time active. The documents were
handed him personally by Gen. Miles's aide-de-camp, with a
fervent exhortation to publish — not necessarily as a guarantee
of good faith, but anyhow. In a somewhat ripe experience with
the arts of advertising, the Lion has never encountered any-
thing else to compare with these effusions — for they were not
discouraged by a single "declined with thanks." And the
presidential bee then let loose seems to have buzzed in a lonely
bonnet these sixteen years since. Perhaps, however, Gen.
Miles did not know what his aide-de-camp was doing.
Certain valued friends of the Lion seem to feel that the
present inquiry into Philippine affairs is " due chiefly to Gen.
Miles." Maybe so, maybe not so. If so, a new halo for that
classic head. God knows the inquiry was needed, and the truth
never hurts true people. But the Lion suspects that it is a good
deal more due to the general spirit of openness and teachable-
ness and strenuous desire to know and do the right thing which
marks this administration, than it is to the gentleman who is
fighting it. Whether President Roosevelt's mental attitude
toward the Philippine war is right or wrong, no sane person
who knows him — or his history — can doubt that he means to be
right, and means with the vigor that usually comes right. He
is not the man to sin against light nor to pretend there is no
light. And any judge of men would sooner trust him than one
who, in all a long and honorable enough career, has never been
suspected of unselfishness, of modesty, of devotion to any cause
except his own. The way to trust a good man, however, is not
to go sleep and leave him to work it out ; but to stay awake and
help him.
530 OUT WEST
TAi,KRB- There have come to be two thing's in the world whose
<;enerai.s. mouths are big-ger than their heads, where only one was
intended. Nature assigned rivers to be so, but not people.
Of late years our }»-enerals have grown only less distinguished
than our prize-fighters in the ease of their vocal chords. Un-
bosomed warriors have come to be as audible as phonographic
parlors. There is no other civilized country in the world where
these things would be tolerated ; but a republic is good-natured
to a fault — its own inclusive.
Now, however, we really seem to have an administration
which knows what discipline and dignity in the army are, and
means to have them. If the button-up gentleman in shoulder
straps is really better than we — as neither he nor we deny — let
him act better. We do not expect manners of the rabble ; but
people to whom we are to look up must have them.
It is a good thing to be an American ; but when you have to
discriminate, there is just one thing that is better — and that is
to be a Man. Naturally best of all is it when the two can
conjoin.
It is American, certainly, to say what you think ; but it is
better American to think what you say. The freest man is the
man who recognizes the qualifications he has assumed. Under
stress we think certain things we do not say before ladies.
When one marries, one gives bond of honor not always to evac-
uate his instant mind to the woman that is his hostage. A
doctor could be much more entertaining than he generally is, if
he told us all he could about the last lady who came to him for
treatment. Lawyers and clergymen know interesting things
they do not tell. So do all of us. Is there any particular
reason why generals should not also be held to certain ethics ?
In America there is no law to force a man to retain an ofl&ce
he doesn't prefer. If he would rather be a gossip than a doctor,
no one is holding him. If he cares more to condescend to re-
porters, or to maudle to mellowed banqueters, than to be a
soldier — well, he is free. But in neither case can he be both.
If he tries to keep the emoluments without regarding the obli-
gations ; if he tries to take a doctor's fees while he blabs his
patients' secrets ; if he wants to wear the uniform of a general
with the mouth of an unlicked militiaman — why, in the longf
run he is going to find his level.
Without a personal grudge in the world against any one
of the gentlemen who have of late been rudely awakened*
every American who cares for common sense in government,
and who knows what it is, is heartened by the new hand that has
fallen among our vocal sons of Mars. Schley and Miles have
been rebuked for indecent forgetfulness of the ethics of their
IN THE LION'S DEN 531
place ; and now Punston gets a flat public reminder that lie
isn't hired by the government to make silly speeches.
" I am directed by the President," writes the acting- Secretary of War to
Mr. Funston, "to instruct you that he wishes you to cease public discus-
sion of the situation in the Philippines ; and he also expresses his regret
that you should make a Senator of the United States the object of your
criticism or discussion."
The latter is as mild a thing as a milder man could say,
when Mr. Funston has publicly worried about Senator Hoar's
"overheated conscience." Funston — Hoar! To anyone who
knows history, there is no need of comment.
Wax heads are very pretty in the shade, where they turning
. , ON THE
maintain a look of almost human intelligence ; but wght.
when the sun strikes them they lapse into a lamentable unlike-
ness to anything more mental than a lump of dough. And this
is as true whether the heads are of common beeswax or of the
still commoner conventional sort that wag but never think.
War is one of the temperatures that cause this kind of head
to run. Aside from the countless other fantasies of the wax-
brained, we have heard a good deal from them in a year or so as
to "slandering the United States army." Any grown-up
American's desire that the persistent reports of torture and
cruelty in the Philippines be investigated, has been met by these
fluid minds with this answer. Such a conception as wishing
to get at the truth, good or bad, never enters such heads.
Well, like their sort ever since human history began, the
only thing these estimable models achieve is to put themselves
behind the procession. The world do move — and the persons
whose heads do not melt in the sun do move it. It is now
established beyond question that we — we, you understand, the
Land of the Free and the Home of the Brave — have been using
torture in the Philippines — "water-cure" and so on. Gen.
Funston has testified in public that he played "a dirty Irish
trick" in the capture of Aguinaldo — but an Irishman's trick is
fighting and not forgery. Three officers of the U. S. army
have sworn in the Waller courtmartial that Gen. Smith's
orders were to "kill everything over 10." And so on for
quantity. And as the President's is not a waxen mind, he has
ordered strict investigation and the punishment of offenders.
Incidentally, Secretary Root's reports show that within the last
six months 10 officers and 36 soldiers in our army in the Philip-
pines have been tried for cruelty and other offences, and many
punished.
The people who use their heads have brought this about.
They haven't loved the job, but they have done the hard duty
of men. The people whose heads are merely to keep them from
532 OUT WEST
looking- funny in a crowd, have delayed the sacred duty of the
nation, but could not chang-e it. They have succeeded only in
making themselves ridiculous. Happily for them, few people
who do these things in the first place know enough to blush
when they come out at the little end of the horn.
Now there is every reason why Americans should know pre-
cisely what is doing in the Philippines. There is no reason on
earth why we shouldn't know. We are old enough to be told
the truth. We are old enough to intend to be told it. A false
and fatal policy of censorship and concealment was begun in
the Philippines ; and it has been continued too long. We do
not yet know the facts. But we are getting them in dribbles ;
and now our unskulking President is going to find them out by
large. It is the first sincere, authoritative movement to fetch
out the truth, to let the American people know what they are
doing. And when we get the truth we shall be better oft.
No one but an irremediable ass dreams that the United States
army is mostly or largely of cutthroats ; but only a whole wild
drove can be ignorant that there are all sorts of men in it, and
that distance, silence and censorship are their opportunity. The
real libelers of the army are those who pretend that it is no
better than its occasional scoundrels ; its real friends are those
who insist that the men who bring disgrace on the army shall
be found out and weeded out.
j-OR WHAT As is announced in other pages. Out West will be-
BE WORTH, gill i" the June number a series entitled "The Right
Hand of the Continent : California — What it Is — What it Is to
Be — and Why." Written by the editor under contract for Har-
per's Magazine., accepted and paid for by that dean of American
monthlies, these articles have been purchased back for Out
West, with the privilege of reprinting the initial chapter,
which appeared in Hariyefs for January, 1900.
Less biased critics must adjudicate the final worth of this
series ; but it is neither immodest nor unsafe to remark before-
hand that it is absolutely unlike anything else printed about
the West. So far as may be known to one who has read and
annotated every book ever printed on California — in English,
Spanish, Latin, French and German — this is " different." It is
the fruit of 18 years' intimate acquaintance and three solid
years of specific travel and study for this one purpose. It is
from the point of view not of the "intelligent visitor " but of
the intimate resident. It is essentially Western ; but it is no
less essentially from the view-point of the historian. As to the
illustrations, made expressly for this series, it is quite within
bounds to say that no periodical has ever given any portion of
the West such a wealth of typical and artistic pictures.
Chas. F. Lummis.
5331
The Captain of the Gray-Horse
Troop seems to me clearl}^ the best
and most competent of Hamlin Gar-
land's work to date ; and it is a token of
vitality that instead of being "written out" after so many-
novels, Mr. Garland has it in him to strike forth this fine,
strong, human story. Clearly, he is of the men that grow, in-
stead of standing still. He has grown away — let us hope for-
good — from portraying the depressing pessimism and vulgarity of
mudpuddle lives in dejected places. He drew that well ; but it
is not of the things worthiest to be drawn. Fiction is not to.
cast us down but to lift us up ; not to teach us the hypochondria
of the weak, but to inspirit us with the better stirrings that are
in even the deadest lives. In the free atmosphere of the real;
West, Mr. Garland seems to me the happiest — certainly he
makes us happier. The present book is a fine, strong, direct
novel with a real motive — not a mere photograph, but a creative
work in true colors. It has all the virtues of Mr. Garland's
work, and almost none of the faults. It has more perfect se-
quence than the others, and decidedly more of the winning qual-
ity. As a contribution to the gallery of pictures of national life —
that is, as fiction of lasting scientific value — it really ranks
high. It is a presentment of a thing not heretofore portrayed
in fiction. "Curtis," the Army officer made Indian agent ; the
convincing heroine ( Mr. Garland's best woman character, I
should say) and her father the Senator — here are three fine, live
types. The angle of the " Indian Question " upon which the
book turns is drawn with extraordinary fidelity and restraint.
All in all, the book is one of the worthiest of the year, and one
of the most interesting. Harper & Bros., New York. $1.50.
Only a few months ago his first book. The Westerners strong
with its powerful staging of a Northwestern mining- ^'^^ ^^jxf
camp, its unhackneyed people, above all its creation of
one of the rarest and most notable villains in recent literature —
made the judicious prick up a waiting ear for the next word
from Stewart Edward White. Already it has come, and in still
more convincing tones. The Blazed Trail is an even more
powerful novel than its predecessor, whose strength was notable
among the novels of the year ; and more satisfactory. With
quite as much tension and stress of villainy, it has not the de-
pressing effect of The Westerners. It is far more sympathetic,
"Thorpe " is a virile and uncommon hero; and his ' dream-girl"
is a heroine who wins; while all through the book are character-
drawings of fine certainty and appeal. There is some of the
most stirring action that I remember in any book of recent years.
And one reason for the compelling quality of this story is that it
534 OUT WEST
knows something. It is a life-picture which contains more of
experience, more of expert knowledge, more truth worth telling,
than are in a hundred average novels with their split zephyr
backgrounds. McClure, Phillips & Co., New York. $1.50.
AN ACTUAi, The Twin Territories is an interesting little monthly
^^MAGAziNH published at Muskogee, I. T., "for the Indians of In-
dian Terriory and Oklahoma." The editor-proprietor.
Miss Ora V. Eddleman, is a young Cherokee girl. Her maga-
zine is fully as creditable as man}^ published by her white sis-
ters ; and there is no visible reason why it may not grow in
grace ; particularly if it shall find the friends such a case
merits. It strongly commends itself to the interest of all who
care to see the natural talents of the First Americans given free
outlet instead of being school-bound to shoe-making and other
like pursuits. It has long been felt by scholars to be a reproach
that we have as yet developed among our Indians nothing com-
parable to the startling "school" of Indian historians, theolo-
gians, poets, lawyers that Spanish rule in the southerly coun-
tries produced three and a half centuries ago. There are some
faint tokens, now, of a little improvement on our bad record —
enough, at least, to show that our aborigines are as capable of
these things as those of Mexico and Peru, if given the same chance.
Miss Eddleman's brave little venture has a peculiar sympathy
in the fact that it — perhaps the first magazine ever owned
and edited by an American Indian — derives from the same tribe
which produced Sequoya, the American Cadmus. The price is
$1 per year. The young woman seems to have business as well
literary potency, if one may judge by the comfortable volume of
advertisin,f2: she has secured. Members of the Sequoya League
might do a graceful act by subscribing. L/et us see what the
young editor can do if she has a fair chance.
THE The peculiar jugglery by which it has been attempted
STANDING ROCK ^^ • ^ American cattlemen a " cinch " lease on lands
of the Standing Rock Reservation (Dakota) against not
only the consent of the Indians to whom what honor the gov-
ernment has is pledged, but against the plainest dictates of
decent humanity, has so aroused public sentiment that a con-
gressional investigation has come on. There is not space here
for a present statement of this affair ; but it is clearly set forth
by George Kennan (to whom we owe our knowledge of Siberia)
in The Outlook of March 29 (287 Fourth Avenue, New York,
10 cents) which every thoughtful American should read. It is
a plump indictment, which the Department of the Interior can-
not afford to ignore. If Mr. Kennan's charges are true, there is
need of a new Indian policy ; if they are not true, he should be
kicked out of Washington. But Mr. Kennan is a little too well
known, wherever the English language is read, to be pooh-
poohed. He is a responsible person, and The Outlook is a re-
sponsible magazine. Both will have to be reckoned with.
C. F. L.
THAT WHICH IS WRITTEN 535
The reprint in book form of Thomas Willing Balch's paper thb rBason
on the Alasko-Canadian Frontier — read before the Franklin Insti- FOR
tute a few months ago— is a delight to the eye, and a credit to the arbitration.
press of Allen, Lane & Scott of Philadelphia, from which it issues. More-
over, it is distinctly informative as to the merits of the issue. But Mr.
Balch's conception of the purposes of arbitration, and the reasons for it,
seems altogether too narrow, though it is unfortunately the one held by
most "statesmen." This may be roughly stated as "Never consent to
arbitration unless there is a good chance of getting something that don't
belong to you — or unless the other fellow is a good deal bigger." Of
course the true function of arbitration is to secure, as near as may be,
exact justice between the disagreeing parties, and resort to it should be
for that purpose, and no other. To say that because our case is impregnable
we should refuse to submit it to judgement touches very nearly the limit of
absurdity. It has been argued, " But if some stranger comes along and
thinks he'd like to have your watch, will you arbitrate the question whether
he shall have it or not ?" That is, in fact, precisely what I must do, if he
insists. Anyone who chooses may at any time compel me or you or any
of the rest of us to defend before the courts our title to any propertj' we
may conceive ourselves to possess. To be sure the court may very
promptly dismiss the claim as wholly unfounded and is likely to make the
purely vexatious litigant pay dearly for his enterprise. But summoned
to court, to court you must go — and well and wisely so. Bven so should it
be with nations.
A woman whom John Muir would characterize as "one of the heart
kindest, wisest and most helpful [friends] of my life " could not '*^nd head
have done trivial or unworthy work of any kind. Therefore one wei,Iv bi<en .
may take up Catharine Merrill's essays, published under the title of The
Man Shakespeare, with full confidence that time spent over them will not
be wasted ; and will lay the volume down with regret that there is not
more of it. The interest of the essays does not lie chiefly in themselves,
but in their revealment of the author — in whom broad sagacity, keen per-
ception and tender sympathy blended to form a character of the rarest
type. The Bowen-Merrill Co., Indianapolis.
There are not many books which deserve the careful study of THE CASE
every thoughtful American, but The City for the People, by Prof. ^or public
Frank Parsons, is incontestably in that select class. Its primary
subject is the public ownership of public utilities, but, as Prof. Parsons
points out at the very beginning of the work, municipal ownership is not
public ownership unless the people own the government, instead of allow-
ing it to remain in the hands of professional politicians. A considerable
part, therefore, of this 700-page volume is devoted to the advocacy of the
political reforms which are necessary to make effective the proposed eco-
nomic changes. These include the Initiative, the Referendum, the Right
of Recall, Proportional Representation, Preferential Voting, nomination
by popular ballot instead of in caucus, the merit system of civil service, and
home rule for municipalities. There is little invective in the book, less
rhetoric, and hardly an attempt at literary style. But there is such a co-
herent body of pertinent information — statistical and otherwise — as can
have been gathered only at great cost of time and effort. And the close-
knit arguments based upon these facts are little short of overwhelming
in their force.
It is a pity that the publisher should have seen fit to dally with " spelling
reforms." Such barbarisms as " thruout " and " enuf " are more than an-
536 OUT WEST
noying. They can hardly fail to divert the reader's attention in some de-
gree from the weighty questions under discussion to the mere form of the
words employed. If Prof. Parsons were a Prohibitionist, a Vegetarian and
an Orangeman, he is too shrewd a lawyer to announce these facts to a jury
before which he had to plead. Why should he allow his publisher to pro-
claim him a Spelling Reformer ? C. F. Taylor, Philadelphia.
PERHAPS THE Without doubt Ernest Crosby was long ago pricked to die on the
WATKR CURE tablets of proscription and outlawry of such as count it treason to-
WOULD DO. criticise an Administration or find fault with the occupation of
an Army. For he is of that traitorous breed which clings to the belief
that the Sixth, Eighth and Tenth Commandments apply as bindingly
to nations as to individuals, and that the gag is not yet an American
Institution. Therefore, it will be necessary to devise some newer and more
dreadful punishment for the pestilent creature's plunge into yet loathlier
depravity. Captain Jinks, Hero, is not only clearly designed to cast ridi-
cule upon a certain Brigadier General more conspicuous for gallantry in ac-
tion than for discretion in speech ; it is, besides, a most savage and biting
satire on military training, ideals and methods in general. For a devoted
advocate of peace, Mr. Crosby is certainly a '' bully fighter." Funk &
Wagnalls Co., New York and London. $1.50.
AS TO THE The Right Hon. Lord Avebury, better known to the reading
MAKING OF public as Sir John Lubbock, has added to the list of his published
SCENERY. •works a bulky, scholarly and attractive volume under the title of
The Scenery of England and the Causes to ivhich it is due. It is a care-
ful and thorough study of the forces which have carved and molded the
surface of the tight little island into the semblance it now wears. Lord
Avebury speaks as one with authority — as he has well earned the right.
There are nearly 200 illustrations, including many half-tone reproductions.
The book is a credit to both author and publisher. The Ma^millan Co.,
New York and London. $2.50.
Every one of the seven short stories of childhood by Josephine Dodge
Daskam, which have appeared in McClure's during the last year or so and
are now collected under the title of 77!^ Madness of Philip, is delightful.
Her youngsters are all alive, healthy and unconscious of observation —
therefore the most entertaining of company. And one of the tales — "The
Heart of a Child" — is so tender and sympathetica study of a dear little
freckle-faced girl as is hard to match anywhere. F. V. Cory's illustrations
really illustrate. McClure, Phillips & Co., New York. $1.50.
Birds of Song and Story is not quite a fully descriptive title of the book
just published by Elizabeth and Joseph Grinnell, since the more interest-
ing parts of it are not the legendary and poetical, but the intimate obser-
vations of bird life made by one who has been for years friend, neighbor
and host of the birds. Sixteen illustrations in colors add to the beauty of
the book. A. W. Mumford, Chicago. $1.
Practical Talks by an Astronomer is a series of essays on astronomical
subjects of particular interest to general readers. The author. Prof.
Harold Jacoby of Columbia, has a wholly admirable style — lucid, direct
and untechnical — and the further important qualification of knowing thor-
oughly whatever he writes about. The essays, therefore, are both interest-
ing and profitable. The illustrations include some excellent reproductions
of telescopic photographs. Chas. Scribner's Sons, New York. $1 net.
The little monthly edited by Ernest Crosby and Benedict Prieth, and
calling itself 'The Whim, justifies neither its name nor its sub-title, "A
Periodical without a tendency." It has in fact a very decided tendency to-
stimulate thought, and its whimsicality is only on the surface. Newark^
N. J. 50 cents a year.
C. A. M.
537
Conducted by WILLIAM E. SMYTHE.
SOCIALISM AND CONSTRUCTION.
AST month I dealt with the objections to the Program
for California which had been advanced by men of a
"conservative" and "practical" turn of mind. This
month I desire to have a little talk with our Socialist friends,
who dwell at the opposite pole of the intellectual globe. It is
a curious fact that, alike in New Zealand and in California, the
most strenuous opponent of a few well considered steps in the
public ownership of some things is the man who sturdily con-
tends for the public ownership of everything. The man who
writes communications to his local newspaper in opposition to
the constructive policies is, in nine cases out of ten, a Socialist.
So also with the man who has pointed questions to ask at the
close of an evening-'s address to a general audience. It fre-
quently happens that many conservative business men who
come to scoff remain to pray. But our Socialist friends come to
scoff and generally continue to scoff when the meeting is over.
I say this merel}^ as a statement of fact, and in no spirit of
denunciation or ridicule.
Socialism is one of the livest topics of the hour. It the wori^d's
is by no means a local question. It is not merely a private
• • • OPTN"
national affair. It is a world movement. And it fore-
shadows a great intellectual and economic uplift of the race.
It is bounded by no distinctions of class. The first intelligent
Socialism I ever heard talked came to me in the elegant pre-
cincts of a down town club where a thousand men of New York
— probably the leading thousand men of that great city — meet
each noon at lunch. I was amazed to find that the very men
against whom the Socialist argument is chiefly directed — the
men of Wall Street — were discussing this idea as the ultimate
and inevitable goal of economic development. I know another
club in San Francisco composed of the most prominent citizens
of California who meet once a month for a quiet dinner and,
behind closed doors, express their true convictions under pledge
of secrecy. Not even the name of their club is known to the
newspapers. The advanced ideas which are discussed behind
those closed doors would be a startling revelation to the public.
I do not mean to imply that these ideas are Socialism, pure and
simple. But in their general character they walk far in advance
of the procession. The point is that most intellig-ent men have
two opinions about current affairs — their public opinion and
their private opinion. That the private opinion of the g-reat
538 OUT WEST
common intelligfence which rules the world is preparing for " a
new birth of institutions," in some future day, near or remote,
there can be no doubt whatever in the minds of those who think.
PKOGRRSs OF Now, Socialism may be defined in two ways. One
^^owNKRSHip definition would describe it as a great, vague, some-
thing— more or less terrible to timid souls — which pro-
poses to revolutionize the whole foundation and fabric of society.
But a saner definition is that which recognizes Socialism as one
of the principles of government, and as a scientific principle.
In this latter aspect all men are Socialists, to a greater or less
degree. For instance, who seriously believes that the United
States Postoffice ought to be turned over to some private
monopoly ? Who would have our cities part with the control of
their streets and sidewalks ? Who would turn over the Fire
Department to private contractors ? These things are now
established upon a Socialistic basis. The practical question is,
Do we wish to extend this accepted principle of government to
other affairs now treated exclusively as functions of private
enterprise ? The President of the United States, in the matter
of irrigation works, answers "Yes." The Chairman of the
Interstate Commerce Commission, in the matter of transporta-
tion, answers " Yes." The people of Chicago, in the matter of
water, gas, electric lights and, even of street railways, answer
"Yes" — and by a thumping majority. So the California Con-
structive League, in the matter of irrigation works to reclaim
millions of acres of private lands, of great estates which now
shut out the masses of men from getting homes upon the soil,
of disputes between labor and capital, and of cooperative or-
ganization among producers and consumers, is fighting for the
assertion of public authority as the only sensible and reasonable
means of building the State. And if that be Socialism, make
the most of it I
POSTPONING Why, then, do many leading Socialists declare them-
^MiLLENNiuM selves, even with some bitterness, as opposed to the
Constructive program ? Simply because they fear that
any half-way step may operate to postpone the millennium which
they anticipate would result from the application of their more
comprehensive policy. For instance, at our Los Angeles meet-
ing one of their leaders refused to sign the roll of the local
Constructive Club, saying: "This is a movement organized to
sidetrack Socialism. It is infinitely more dangerous to our
cause than either of the old parties." Such comments as this
make me feel somewhat lonely. I fear I must be classified as a
conservative among radicals, and as a radical among conserva-
tives. And yet I am in mighty good company, and there are a
lot of us !
JOHN BROWN The mental attitude of the thorough-going Socialist
AND wNcoLN^^ ^Ijo ^ill l^jj^e nothing but the whole loaf, and who is
willing to see matters go from bad to worse until they
come to everlasting smash, rather than to make gradual prog-
ress toward better conditions from year to year, is not difficult
to understand. In a certain way, and to a certain extent, it
TWBNTIBTH CENTURY WEST 539
must command admiration. And in God's scheme of evolution
— of the sure and constant unfoldment of events — it must have
its useful, perhaps its indispensable, part. The future historian
may see in it the spirit of John Brown battering the jail at
Harper's Ferry. But it was not given John Brown to sign the
proclamation of emancipation. Away out on the prairies of
Illinois, among rude surroundings and associations, a plain
country lawyer was thinking as deeply and laboring as earnestly
over the future of his countr}^ as the militant farmer of Ossa-
watomie. Lincoln was as brave and as honest as Brown — and
no more so. But he knew that true leadership consisted as
much in understanding what can be done as in appreciating
what ought to be done. Furthermore, he knew how to labor
and to wait. These two men were types of two elements in
American citizenship. Both acted according to the dictates of
their consciences and both contributed to the final result. We are
steadily approaching the necessity of solving another great ele-
mental question. It is a greater question than those which have
gone before and with which our fathers dealt in previous genera-
tions. Those were questions of intellectual freedom, of political
freedom, of the right of the black man to engage in free labor.
This is the question of economic freedom — of man's right to
live by using the air, the sunshine, the water and the earth. In
solving it we shall need all the help we can get from men of all
shades of belief. And there is really but one thing of impor-
tance. That is that each of us shall do what seems to him his
plain, simple, manly duty. If God hates any human being, it is
probably the coward.
The California Constructive League is composed of ^sts con-
earnest citizens who believe that the time has come to structive
abolish the feudalism of water and land monoply and la)^
the foundations of scientific cooperation among great masses of
men whose true interest it is to work with and for each other
instead of against each other. We believe there are enough
people of this way of thinking to compel one or both of the
great political parties to take up these questions now and make
them paramount issues in this year's election It is a labor of
love — a work of patriotism. We do not believe it is wise to
wait until things get worse. We do not think it is right to
preach disJfontent without proposing a practical and specific
remedy. Finally, we know exactly what we believe and we are
going to fight for it to the utmost limit of our abilit3^ We be-
lieve in doing the nearest duty, and doing it now. We believe
in evolution, not revolution. Beyond this year, and beyond this
State, lies a brood of mighty problems with which other years
and our larger national citizenship must deal. In the mean-
time, let us work and preach and vote to lay, this very year, the
three foundation stones of a greater California — public works of
irrigation, the New Zealand land system, and scientific coopera-
tion among producers.
As these words are written, the friends of irrigation irrigation
throughout the United States are -rejoicing over what Washington
seems to be the certainty of an early inauguration of
WAY.
540 OUT WEST
the policy of national irrigation advocated in the President's
message. The measure which seems like^- to pass possesses
but one real virtue, and that is the fact that it makes a begin-
ning toward a great end. It is not broad and comprehensive.
The appropriation which it provides is ridiculousl)' inadequate
to the needs of the case. It will supply a continuing appro-
priation of between $2,000,000 and $3,000,000 a year. At that
rate it would require about one hundred years for public enter-
prise to accomplish as much as has already been done by private
enterprise in reclaiming arid lands. However, it is to be re-
garded as merely experimental rather than as a serious attempt
on the part of the nation to deal with the large problem of
developing the public domain and making homes for its surplus
population. The measure gives to the Secretary of the Interior
the authority which Congress usually reserves for itself in such
matters. It is for him to say where the money shall be ex-
pended and to fix the price of the land and water, as well as
the size of the farms to be allowed each settler. Thus every-
thing will depend upon the wisdom of the administration. And
we shall see what we shall see. There is reason for profound
gratitude in the fact that the measure was so amended as to
provide for the withdrawal of all the lands to be reclaimed, so
that speculators may not forestall the real homeseekers. Mr.
Maxwell and the National Irrigation Association were abso-
lutely right on that proposition, and the service which they
rendered in securing this essential revision was one of great
value to the country. The timely and vigorous action of the
President in demanding that the plan should be surrounded
with every safeguard in this respect cannot be too highly com-
mended. Since the Secretary of the Interior is on record as
favoring the work on the San Carlos reservoir site in Arizona,
there is every reason to suppose that that work will be under-
taken at the earliest possible day.
^^AY OF There are some lessons to be learned from the experi-
"^stS^^ahkad. ^"^? ^^ Washington this winter in connection with irri-
gation legislation. Evidently Congress has no appre-
ciation of its duty and opportunity in this direction. At least,
it has but the slightest glimmer of light on the subject. The
accidental presence of Theodore Roosevelt in the White House,
and that alone, is^ responsible for anything we shall get out of
the present Congress. There is the best reason for believing
that President McKinley would have taken no active interest in
the subject if he had lived. Some of his most intimate friends,
who talked with him after his Western trip last year, say that
he felt that arid land reclamation belonged to the far future,
and that he was not disposed to try and anticipate its day.
Splendid progress has been made in educating public sentiment
during the past fifteen years, and especially during the past
three or four years. But the matter has not yet risen into the
realm of practical politics, and we shall achieve nothing big
until it does so. Academic issues leave no marks on the statute
books, however large and enthusiastic their popular following.
When some political party becomes brave and wise enough to
demand that the Nation shall spend as much money in making
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 541
homes in the West as it has spent in digging- graves in the
Philippines, the conquest of arid America will begin in earnest.
But it will have to be a much broader work than merely passing
appropriations to build reservoirs and canals. A whole brood
of new issues lies dormant in the public domain. A land ques-
tion of absorbing national interest will have to be faced before
the matter can be settled on permanent lines. The whole
mighty problem of internal development, on lines which will
broaden the foundation of national greatness, will rapidly un-
fold when the American people get ready to discuss national
irrigation in downright earnest. Until then, we can expect
nothing but petty measures which tinker around the edges of
the subject, and even for these must thank a few powerful men
and interests who are a long way in advance of most of our
public men and of all our managing politicians.
Mr. Frederick Haynes Newell of the Geological mr. newbll's
Survey, has written a useful book entitled, "Irrigation book.
in the United States." For the past dozen years the
author has occupied a high position in the United States
Geological Survey, devoting most of his attention to the hydro-
graphic division. He has thus been able to assemble the largest
amount of physical data and to use the resources of the Govern-
ment in so doing. The results of his work have been published
heretofore in many different volumes of official reports, but at
length he has found time to arrange them in the form of a
popular work suited to the practical everyday needs of all who
are interested in irrigation. The publication of the book is
most timely, for it comes at a moment when the most thought-
ful people in the country want to know the very facts with
which Mr. Newell can suppl}'^ them better than any other man
in the country. He treats of the whole broad range of irriga-
tion, including the topographic features of the country, the
character of streams in the arid region, works of engineering,
the measurement, division and distribution of water, and its
actual application to the soil. He frankly confesses the hard-
ships and drawbacks attaching to this method of agriculture,
but adequately sets forth the great national advantages to
accrue from the reclamation and settlement of the arid lands.
Mr. Newell is a man of the calm, scientific temperament, and
he makes no attempt to appeal to the imagination of his readers,
or to make their pulses beat faster by picturing a great social
achievement which shall open the way for new reforms of civili-
zation. The deeper economic aspects of the subject may be
studied elsewhere in a literature which is becoming constantly
larger and more interesting. But the man who wants to know
the solid facts about irrigation will find them adequately and
accurately set forth in this invaluable work. Even before it
was written, Mr. Newell had won a high and secure place
among the intellectual forces which are engaged in laying the
foundations of a national greatness in the West. The author-
ship of this book will enhance his reputation, as it adds to the
usefulness of his fruitful career.
542 OUT WEST.
A SOI.DIER So Richard J. Hinton is dead ! He was one of the
" WBERTY. pioneers of Western thought and literature, if not, in-
deed, the very earliest prophet of the unique civilization
which 'has sprung- from irrigation in Arid America and which
is yet to give shelter to one hundred million people. He was a
man of large intellectual caliber — an opulent writer, a fervid
orator, a brave and earnest soul. He had some enemies, but
imagined that he had more. He loved his friends and fought
for them with utter disregard of personal consequences. In
later years, as younger men came to the front in fields of labor
which he had marked out for his own, he felt that he was not
appreciated as he deserved to be. There was some truth in tbie
feeling, yet his real misfortune was in being born too early by
at least a generation to bear the great share he wanted to do,
and was so superbly fitted to do, in building the region that he
loved as few others loved it — the region of the Trans-Mississippi
West. While he had many other interests, as his wide range of
activities showed, yet I believe nothing else was so near his
heart as to be greatly useful in conquering the West, and to
carve his name imperishably into its history. I once heard him
say in a moment of disappointment — and I may repeat it now
that he has gone : " Well, I have lived my life, and nobly, too!"
He had good right to say it. He loved his fellowmen with deep
and passionate earnestness. On every field of battle, alike in
peace and in war, he was a soldier of liberty. God rest his
soul 1
HENRY DEMAREST LLOYD.
A STUDENT OF INSTITUTIONS.
5ff>ENRY DEMAREST LLOYD occupies a unique place
^Sj^ in economic literature and has done and is doing an
extremely useful work. He is the explorer and student
of popular institutions throughout the world, the interpreter of
democratic achievements to those who would go forward, but
have not the light. Thus he uncovered the marvelous coopera-
tive progress of Europe in his book on "Labor Co-partner-
ship" and the more astonishing political triumphs of New Zea-
land in his greater work on "Newest England." He is now
studying Switzerland for our benefit. He has become the in-
spirer of democratic progress everywhere, particularly in Cali-
fornia and the West.
Mr. lyloyd was born in New York city, May 1, 1847, and was educated in
the Columbia Grammar School, Columbia College and Columbia Law
School, being admitted to the bar in 1869. Leaving college, he was for
several years (1869-1872) assistant secretary of the American Free Trade
League, organized by William CuUen Bryant, David A. Wells and other
prominent reformers, and in 1870-71 he delivered courses of lectures on
political economy in one of the high schools of New York city. Mr.
Lloyd took an active part in the organization of the Young Men's Munic-
ipal Reform Association of New York in 1870, which contributed power-
fully to the historic overthrow of the Tweed regime at the polls in that
year. He prepared a Manual for Voters, with the characteristic title,
" Every Man His Own Voter," which was distributed throughout the city
by the Association in that campaign. He removed to Chicago in 1872, and
became a member of the editorial staff of the Chicago Tribune. This
position he held until 1885, since which time he has devoted himself to
writing essays and books. Mr. Lloyd wrote many special articles for the
Chicago Tribungy which attracted considerable attention at the time, and
TWHNTIBTH CENTURY WEST
543-
Henry Demarest Lloyd.
he has published articles on labor problems in several periodicals. He has-
been several times trustee of the village of Winnetka, Cook Co., 111., where
he resides, and also a member of its Bokrd of Education. He was a di-
rector of the Mercantile Ivibrary, New York city, in 1871, and is a member
of the Chicago Club, Chicago Literary Club, and the Twentieth Century
and Authors Clubs of Boston. His article, "The Story of a Great
Monopoly" in the Atlantic Monthly in 1881 initiated the Anti-Monopoly
movement in this country. Other articles by him were: "The Political
Economy of Fifty-Three Million Dollars" in the Atlantic Monthly in 1882,
and "The Lords of Industry," "Making Bread Dear" and " The New
Conscience," in the North American Review. He is the author of "A
Strike of Millionaires Against Miners" (1890), "Wealth Against Common-
wealth" (1894), " Labor Copartnership" (1898), " A Country Without
Strikes" (1900), and "Newest England ; Notes of a Democratic Traveler in
New Zealand" (1900). Mr. Lloyd was married Dec. 25, 1873, and has four
sons.
&!^A\M<MM^,
President— Wii.i.iAM E. Smythe.
Vice- President— D. T. Fowlek.
Secretary- Treasurer — Bishop J. Edmonds.
STATE COMMITTTB.
Will S. Green, Colusa.
Marshal R. Beard, Sacramento.
H. P. Stabler, Marysville.
Harvey C. Stiles, Chico.
John Kirby, San Francisco.
N. J. Bird. San Francisco.
Frank Cornwall, San Francisco.
John S. Dore, Fresno.
John Fairweather, Reedley.
E. H. Tucker, Selma
A. Hallner, Kinfrsbnrar.
A- H. Naftztrer, Los Ang-eles.
S. W. Ferflrusson, Los Ansreles.
Walter J. Thompson, Los Anareles.
A. R. Sprairue. Los Anseles.
Charles F. Lummis, Los Ansreles.
E. T. Dunning. Los Angeles.
Scipio CraiiT, Redlands.
Elwood Cooper, Santa Barbara.
W. H Porterfield, San Dieiro.
Georg'e W. Marston, San Dieg-o.
Bishop J. Edmonds, San Dieiro.
William E. Smythe, San Diegro.
the: procession of ideas.
OMETHING like three thousand people are now enrolled as
members of the local clubs composing- the California Con-
structive Leagfue. A much wider public has heard its
principles discussed from the platform, or read of them in the
newspapers and magazines. The time has come when we may
"begin to form some intelligent impression as to what the people
think of this subject.
WHAT CALIFORNIA THINKS OF IT.
It may be said with absolute certainty that the best elements
in the population of California believe that the policies of the
Constructive League would actually result in building the State
rapidly on the soundest lines. Happily, this belief is not con-
fined to any single class of our citizenship. It is shared by
bankers, manufacturers, merchants, professional and laboring
men. It is seldom, indeed, that any person who is free to ex-
press his real opinion fails to say, after a fair presentation of
these principles: "That is right, that is common sense, and
that is what ought to be done." Men who have never been in-
terested in public ownership of water, who have had only foggy
and unsympathetic views concerning the New Zealand land sys-
tem, and who are inclined to take little stock in cooperation,
have repeatedly declared themselves enthusiastically in favor of
Ihis program after hearing it presented.
A ONK-SIDED PKOPOSITION.
The simple fact is that there is only one side to the question.
The man who says that our present water laws are beneficial
and that private ownership of water apart from the soil ought
to prevail, is sure to be a man who has not studied the matter
at all, otherwise he could not possibly say so. The propo-
sition will not stand the slightest discussion. Everybody who
knows the truth about prevailing conditions in the irrigation
industry knows that they are not satisfactory and must be
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 545
changed to permit the growth of the State. So in regard to
land, no one attempts to say that it is for the best interests of
the Commonwealth that vast holdings should continue in-
definitel}^ provided there is any way in which they may be sub-
divided and settled in small holdings without doing injustice to
their present owners. It is equally plain to all that the success
of cooperative buying and selling among our producers is essen-
tial to the common prosperity. The man who would undertake
to organize a movement to contend against these plain proposi-
tions would be laughed at. He might even be apprehended on
the ground of insanity.
WORKERS AND FUNDS NEEDED.
Well, then, what stands in the way of the early and sweeping
triumph of these policies which aim to save the floods by means
of public works, to purchase and subdivide the great estates,
and to develop scientific cooperation under the guidance and
protection of the Government ? Absolutely nothing stands in
the way except the absence of workers and of sufficient funds to
carry on the fight. Given the workers and the funds, and pub-
lic sentiment could be crystallized and made completely effective
in the next six months. And then, when the smoke of battle
clears away on the fourth of next November, it would be found
that California had seht to Sacramento a Governor and a legis-
lature pledged to carry these policies into effect during the next
four years. In that case, when the next period of hard times
strikes the world, this State would become the Mecca of tens of
thousands seeking opportunities to labor and make a living.
The very adversit}- of other States would become the opportu-
nity of California, so that her banks, railroads, merchants and
laborers of every sort would be profitablj' engaged in building
the country.
The outcome of the present movement depends on nothing ex-
cept the answer to this question : Can we find ways and means
to extend the work throughout the State from May until No-
vember ? If so, the people will rally to support these policies,
and the labor of years will be done in a few months. The Presi-
dent of the League invites correspondence with all who have
suggestions to offer concerning practical means of extending the
propaganda. He may be addressed at 310 Pine street, San
Francisco, where State headquarters will be established by the
time these words are read.
THE CLUBS ARE ALIVE.
Nothing has been more surprising or gratifying to the ofl&cers
of the League than the vitality which many of the local clubs
have demonstrated during the past two months. Organized at
the close of an evening's address, they have gone on increasing
their membership and holding meeting after meeting with
no motive power except the deep interest which the members
themselves feel. They are discussing the principles of the
League, and are also extending their work to include many sub-
jects of immediate local interest. For instance, the club at
West Park, near Fresno, arranged a large public meeting to
546 OUT WEST
give Elwood Mead a chance to discuss a practical means of sup-
plying a drainage system for land injured by wasteful use of
water. This single feature was enough to pay for the organi-
zation of the club.
The Selma Constructive Club has arranged a union picnic of all
similar organizations in the Kings River District, to be held at
the river, near Kingsburg, on May 1st. That is a most enter-
prising stroke, and one which shows that the people of that lo-
cality mean business, and intend to do all in their power to as-
sist the triumph of the Constructive cause.
the: problems or irrigation.
By tHe Executive CKairman of tKe National Irrigation
A.ssociation.
COMPLETE statement of the views of the National Irri-
gation Association, touching all the issues involved in
the reclamation of the arid lands, is supplied by Mr.
George H. Maxwell, who is Chairman of the Executive Commit-
tee and the most active champion of the movement. The article
is of particular interest in view of the probable passage of the
compromise irrigation bill at Washington and of the approach-
ing session of the National Irrigation Congress at Denver. It
is as follows :
(1.) We start with the proposition that the gfovernment owns over six
hundred million acres of arid public land in the western half of the United
States ; that approximately one hundred million acres of it can be reclaimed
by irrigation ; that the first thing- for the government to do is to put a stop
to the absorption of these public lands into large tracts in private owner-
ship and save them for actual settlers who will build homes on them and
thus create population, enlarge our internal trade and commerce and the
markets for our manufacturers. To this end we advocate a repeal of the
Desert Land Act, and a repeal of the commutation clause of the Homestead
Act ; and also that wherever the government builds either reservoirs or
canals to furnish water for the reclamation of the arid public lands, the
lands must be reserved exclusively for actual settlers under the Homestead
Act, so that they shall not be acquired by speculators under scrip locations,
or the Desert Land Act prior to its repeal.
(2.) The public domain remaining unsettled is not available for home-
stead settlers until water shall have been brought within reach of the co-
operative enterprise of the settlers themselves through the construction of the
necessary reservoirs and mainline canals by the national government. We
demand that these shall be built by the national government, that their
cost shall be repaid to the government by the settlers who get the lands,
and that the government shall build the necessary irrigation works to open
the land for settlement 77/5^ as fast as, and no /aster than, settlers will take
the land on these terms. In carrying out this policy of providing water for
the settlement of the arid public lands, we contend that there are many
localities — more than the government can build in many years— where the
national government can build the reservoirs and canals and specify the lands
entitled to water from them, and give to the settlers on these lands a right
to the water from government works without any interference or compli-
cation with State laws. The San Carlos reservoir and canal in Arizona,
reservoirs in California on the eastern slope |of the Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains, with canals to carry water to public lands in Nevada, and reservoirs
in the St. Mary Lakes, with a diversion canal to take water from the St.
Mary River over the divide into the Milk River so it can be used to irri-
gate lands in Montana, are all projects where there is no danger of any
complication of any kind with State laws or with any existing vested rights
to water. We therefore contend that the federal government should pro-
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 547
ceed immediately to build these irrigation works, and while they are being
built other projects can be surveyed in localities where complications are
avoided. Such difficulties as do exist can be overcome in each locality as
they are actually encountered. In this way we avoid entirely the cloud of
imaginary and theoretical complications which our adversaries in Congress
are constantly seeking to exaggerate and put forth as a reason why the
national government can do nothing and must finally surrender either the
land or the control of its reclamation to the States.
(3.) In connection with and incident to the construction of reservoirs
and canals by the national government to furnish water for the arid public
land, we are confronted with the fact that in nearly every locality available
for the construction of national irrigation works, there will necessarily be
some land under the government canals, irrigable therefrom and very likely
irrigable from no other source. In many instances actual settlers will have
established homes on such lands, and it would be injustice to them to deny
them the right to any water from a general government system. In fact
our adversaries have tried to create in the West among such settlers an an-
tagonism against the national irrigation movement by falsely representing
that our plan was to give such settlers no opportunity to better their con-
dition, but to take all remaining unused water supplies and put them on
new government land to be used by new settlers to the exclusion of settlers
already on the ground. The purpose of the government is to create pros-
perous homes and insure subdivision of the land into small farms. A set-
tler who is on the land today, struggling along with insufficient water, has
already established his home. It is quite as advantageous to the govern-
ment that he should be allowed to have water enough to become prosperous
as that a new home should be created. In such cases, however, the right
to water from the government works for lands already in private ownership
should be strictly limited to an area no larger than new homestead settlers
would be entitled to acquire under the Homestead Act and under that same
irrigation system. All possibility of evading this provision through the
nominal subdivision of larger tracts of private land, or any other means,
should be absolutely removed. No right to water from the government
reservoir or canal should ever be granted to any private land owner except
an actual bona fide settler permanently residing on the land. No non-resi-
dent owner should have this right. If he chooses to subdivide his land and
sell it to actual settlers, there would be no reason why such settlers should
not then be entitled to water, but a non-resident owner should not be en-
titled to it at all. And every settler already owning, or acquiring from
others already owning the land under the system, should pay his full pro-
portional share of the cost of the works to the government.
(4.) There are, however, a few isolated localities here and there through-
out the arid region where communities have grown up, and there are
special local reasons making prosperity impossible without aid from the
national government for the development of the irrigation system of the
community. I regard these localities as exceptions ; no general rule or
principle can be laid down to govern them. Each must be judged by itself,
and its claims to aid from the national government measured by the local
conditions. An illustration of one of these exceptional communities is that
of Phoenix, Arizona, and the surrounding country in the Salt River Valley.
I am aware that there are some who still cling to the hope that private
capital can be induced to build either the Tonto or the McDowell reservoir
or both of them. I believe this is a vain hope, and that, for reasons which
space would not permit me to detail in this letter, it is impracticable for
private capital ever to build either of these reservoirs. There are others
who believe the construction of the reservoirs can be brought about by
some form of local district organization or through the issuance of bonds
by such district or by the county, either for the direct construction of the
reservoirs, or as a bonus for their construction by private capital. I be-
lieve all these plans are equally impracticable, and that no matter how long
they may be agitated, they will in the end fail. I have made a most careful
and thorough investigation of the local conditions on the ground, having
devoted nearly a month to it in and around Phoenix land am quite familiar
with the various difficulties to be overcome, and I am firmly convinced that
there is no possible hope of development of a larger prosperity for that
community except through the construction of the Tonto and McDowell
reservoirs by the national government. In this particular locality, the
larger part of the land to be irrigated is already in private ownership. Yet,
548 OUT WEST
by reason of the peculiar and special conditions existing there, Arizona be-
ing a Territory, and therefore unable to act as a Stale might, with large
available resources like California, I believe that it would be the part ol
wise statesmanship for the government to build these reservoirs, provided
the lands benefited would bear the entire burden of the cost of their con-
struction, operation and maintenance, to be repaid to the government with-
out interest or profit in annual installments extending over ten or twenty
years. The increased prosperity of the community would more than com-
pensate the government for its waiver of interest and profit.
(5.) I believe there are dther localities where a large part of the land to
be irrigated would be government land, and where whole communities,
resting for support upon considerable areas of lands already irrigated and
in private ownership, might be included within the natural exterior limits
of a government system. In such a case, if all complications in relation
to the rights to the old irrigation systems and all irrigators thereunder,
could be removed or satisfactorily adjusted, it would not seem to me an in-
superable objection to the construction of a government system in such a
locality, that a considerable area, even though it might be as much as half
of the land, had already passed into private ownership, provided the lands
in private ownership were subdivided into small farms in the hands of
actual settlers only, and that the benefits from the government appropria-
tions would be disseminated throughout the community and not absort>ed
by a few land speculators. Of course it might be that in such a locality
there would be more or less land owned by non-residents in larger tracts
than would be entitled to the government water-right, but if the construc-
tion of the government system would bring about a subdivision of these
lands and their acquisition by actual settlers in small tracts, who would be
entitled to water from the government, would not this be a result much to
be desired ? It seems tome the whole policy of the government rests upon
the fundamental principle that the object of the government is to bring
about not only the reclamation of the arid lands, but their actual settle-
ment in small tracts by those who will build houses on them and perma-
nently use and occupy them. As one locality coming within this latter class
there occurs to me the Honey I^ake Valley, including the entire area of land
irrigable from Eagle Ivake if the proposed tunnel were constructed. Of
course, in such a locality the proposition for government aid would have
to stand on its own merits, and all complications would have to be adjusted
so that a simple and clear cut proposition could be made for a government
system under which the government would be repaid for all its investments
and guaranteed against any complications with State laws or local laws or
customs or vested rights of any kind. Of course this would be an exceed-
ingly difficult matter to arrange in such a locality, but I would not concede
it to be hopeless. I believe it could be worked out through some form of
local organization which would combine the good points of the cooperative
water company and the irrigation district system, eliminating all the bad
features of the latter, so that the government would have to deal only
with a single organization which could create a valid obligation under the
State laws for the repayment of the investment of the national govern-
ment. Here, however, we get further into details than should be at-
tempted in a communication of this nature. The thing above all other*
which I think we should keep constantly in view is that in the beginning;
of this work localities should be selected where no complications exist.
Then, in the enlargement of the policy, and in the light of experience
gained by actual construction and operation of governmental systems, we
will be able to plan to overcome many difficulties which would now appear
to be almost insuperable.
(6.) From the consideration of the foregoing outlines of a governmental
policy for the reclamation and settlement of arid lands, we pass now to an
entirely different field ; which is that of the regulation of the flow of
streams as a part of our established policy of river control. This is the
policy treated of in the Chittenden Report. It rests upon diiferent legal
and constitutional principles from that of arid land reclamation, and the
two must not be confused. Unless we keep them distinct from each other
in our minds, we lose sight of the different fundamental principles upon
which these two different governmental policies rest. A national policy
for the storage of flood waters is clearly within our present policy of river
control and regulation, and is also analogous to the policy of forest reser-
vation and reforestation. Capt. Chittenden has shown all this in his re-
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 549
port, H. R. Document No. 141, 55th Congress, 2d Session, and President
Roosevelt in his Message to Congress states it so clearly and tersely that
his Message can be taken as a declaration of principle on the subject. You
will note that he says :
" The forests are natural reservoirs. By restraining the streams in flood
and replenishing them in drought they make possible the use of waters
otherwise wasted. They prevent the soil from washing, and so protect
the storage reservoirs from filling up with silt. Forest conservation i&
therefore an essential condition of water conservation.
" The forests alone cannot, however, fully regulate and conserve the
waters of the arid region. Great storage works are necessary to equalize
the flow of streams and to save the flood waters. Their construction has
been conclusively shown to be an undertaking too vast for private effort.
Nor can it be best accomplished by the individual States acting alone.
Far-reaching interstate problems are involved ; and the resources of single
States would often be inadequate. II is properly a national function, at
least in some of its features. It is as right for the national government to
make the streams and rivers of the arid region useful by engineering
works for water storage as to make useful the rivers and harbors of the
humid region by engineering works of another kind. The storing of the
floods in reservoirs at the headwaters of our rivers is but an enlargement
of our present policy of river control, under which levees are built on the
lower reaches of the same streams,
" The government should construct and maintain these reservoirs as it
does other public works. Where their purpose is to regulate the flow of
streams, the water should be turned freely into the channels in the dry
season to take the same course under the same laws as the natural flow."
You will observe that he then goes on and says :
"The reclamation of the unsettled arid public lands presents a difl^erent
problem. Here it is not enough to regulate the flow of streams. The ob-
ject of the government is to dispose of the land to settlers who will build
homes upon it. To accomplish this object water must be brought within
their reach."
In the case of the storage of floodwaters as an enlargement of our policy
of river control and the regulation of the streams, the use of the water
for irrigation is an incident, and not the primary purpose which is the
source of the power of the government. It is akin to the building of
levees in the Mississippi Valley. Their primary purpose — indeed their
only purpose nominally, so far as the government is concerned — is the
maintaining of the navigability of the Mississippi River. In addition, as
everyone recognizes, the purpose of their construction is the protection of
the adjoining country from overflow, and this incidental purpose has been
urged most strongly and eloquently in Congress as a reason for liberal
appropriations for levee construction. Now in the development of the arid
region we must not overlook this policy for the construction of reservoirs
for flood storage (which I call the Chittenden policy), which is really a
separate and distinct matter from the reclamation of the arid lands taken
by itself. The government has already built reservoirs on the headwaters
of the Mississippi River to equalize the flow of that stream for navigation.
There is every reason why this policy should be extended over the entire arid
region. If all the water of the Missouri River which can be stored in reser-
voirs were so stored, the floods of that river would be largely mitigated,
and the same is true of every river in the West. Now so far as the use of
the water for irrigation is concerned, an irrigation system, with its canals
and laterals and areas of irrigated land filled with water like a great
sponge, is a reservoir in itself, and the use of the water stored in winter
through such irrigation systems would tend to still further regulate the
flow of the stream and increase rathar than diminish its summer flow. In
the application of this policy to California, the Sacramento river would
come clearly within it. There is no possibility that the floods of that river
will ever be reservoired and controled by private capital, or local, district,
or State works built solely for irrigation purposes. On the other hand the
obligation clearly rests with the government to maintain the navigability
of this river, to equalize its flow so as to preserve its navigability in
summer, and the government recognizes this obligation. It is already
appropriating money for a solution of the debris problem, which is a part
of the same general problem which includes the storage of the floods. It
is a confusion of terms to speak of the storage of floods on the head of
550 OUT WEST
such streams as the Sacramento and San Joaquin as reservoirs for the
irrig-ation of private lands. If the waters are utilized for irrigation, it is
but an incident following the construction of the reservoirs. Their pri-
mary purpose is the regulation of the flow of the stream. Appropriations
for these purposes should and will be made in the Kiver and Harbor Bill,
and I believe that within a brief period the recommendations of Capt.
Chittenden will be carried out, and at least one-seventh of the appropria-
tion under each River and Harbor Bill set apart for the construction of
reservoirs for river control and stream navigation. The statesmanlike
recommendations of the President on the subject cannot be long ignored.
(7.) It is true that when we consider this reservoir policy as a part of
our established policy of internal improvements for the regulation of com-
merce we naturally find the first application of it on the headwaters of
navigable streams. But there is no necessary reason why the policy in its
gradual evolution and enlargement must always be confined to navigable
streams, any more than that the policy of forest preservation and reforest-
ation should be confined to water-sheds on the headwaters of navigable
streams. Take Southern California as an illustration. Everyone will
concede that it is a proper function of the national government to preserve
the forests of Southern California, and to reforest them where necessary
for the preservation of the water supplies, without which the community
cannot exist. We need go no further than the general welfare clause of
the Constitution for the source of this power. The communities existing
by virtue of these water supplies — without which they could not exist — are
an integral part of the nation, and the nation has power to preserve them ;
and it is right and necessary that it should do so, the same as any other
thing which it does for the preservation of the Nation itself. Now the
■conservation of the water supplies of Southern California by the preservation
of the forests on the San Gabriel Mountains, for instance, is the same thing
exactly in principle as the construction of a great reservoir on the head
waters of the San Gabriel River to conserve water which would otherwise
go to waste in times of flood. The waters which are conserved by the
forests as natural reservoirs pass into the stream as part of its natural
flow. The flood water which would be conserved in the reservoir, under
such circumstances, would likewise be turned into the stream just as
though it were a part of the natural flow. In either case the water is dis-
tributed under the laws of the State, and local rules, customs and con-
tracts. In either case the benefits flowing from the conservation of the
water are disseminated among many diff'erent owners, and an entire com-
munity is benefited. Hence the benefits being general to the people, even
though some landowners may get a special benefit, the function of the
government is properly exercised for the good of the people, just as it is
when it builds any river or harbor improvement which benefits an entire
•community or facilitates the commerce of an entire community, although
at the same time it may specially and very largely benefit some particular
individual or property in private ownership. If the possibility of such a
special benefit to private property from the construction of a public im-
provement would preclude its construction by the government, no internal
public improvement could ever be built.
(8.) The position assumed by our Association with reference to such
matters is that from time to time the conditions under any given project
or irrigation system or reservoir can be adjusted to sound principles with-
out necessarily making it a condition precedent that a general code of laws
should be adopted by the State which would cure all defects, real or imag-
inary, in the water laws of that State. Whenever the government does
indicate its willingness to construct any given irrigation system, the ad-
vantages which would accrue from its construction would induce the land-
owners and irrigators under it to adJMst all complications which could be
adjusted without legislation. If legislation were necessary, it could be
much more easily obtained if the people of the State were asked only to
«nact such statutes as were necessary to meet the requirements of a special
locality and thus facilitate its development, than if they were asked to
frame a general code of laws which would unsettle existing conditions and
rights and aff'ect many who had no direct interest in the system proposed
to be immediately constructed.
(9.) The National Irrigation Association, therefore, protests against the
idea that the adoption of " an enlightened code of water laws " in any
State should be a condition precedent to appropriations by the national
TWBNTIBTH CENTURY WEST 551
government for irrigation development. We believe that this is nothing'
more than a proposition to defeat the whole national irrigation movement
by interminable delays. The " enlightened code of water laws" referred
to is substantially the Wyoming system. It was embodied in the irrigation
law proposed to the Arizona Legislature in its last session, and is so com-
plicated that it is very doubtful whether any of the Western States will
ever adopt it. In many respects it is not adapted to their conditions.
(10.) It does not follow, however, that because certain theories and ideas
as to the reformation of the laws of the water of the States are impracti-
cable, it may not be possible to very greatly improve those laws, and to
achieve all the good results desired by the natural and simple process of
evolution and betterment of the existing laws and systems of those States.
This is one of the purposes of our Association. I quote the following from
our Constitution :
" Article II — Objects : The objects of this Association are to accomplish
the following purposes : . . . .
" Section & — The adoption of a harmonious system of irrigation laws in
all the arid and semi-arid States and Territories under which the right to
the use of water for irrigation shall vest in the user, and become appurte-
nant to the land irrigated, and beneficial use be the basis and the measure
and the limit of the right.'
In a circular communication issued by the Association in August, 1901,
this purpose is more fully set forth as follows :
" It must be made the law of every Western State, both by constitutional
enactment and the adjudications of the courts, that beneficial use shall be
the basis, the measure and the limit of all rights to water, and that the
right to the use of wate'* for irrigation shall be appurtenant to the land to
be irrigated, so that the ownership of the land and the water shall be
united."
The point, however, should never be lost sight of that the right to water
is a vested right of property, whether it be a right acquired by appropri-
ation or through riparian ownership. Such a right, if it now exists, can-
not be taken from its present owner by statutory enactment, nor can the
right to water to which vested rights in private ownership have attached
be assumed by the State, as property of the State, or made public property
by statutory enactment. I maintain that it is now the law of every State
where the right to water for irrigation may be acquired by appropriation,
that the right to the use of the water for irrigation vests in the user and
becomes appurtenant to the land irrigated, and that beneficial use is the
basis, the measure and the limit of the right. The confusion often arises
from failing to separate the legal right to divert the water from the stream,
the right to carry it in a canal to the point where it is to be used for irri-
gation, and the right to actually apply it to the irrigation of the land. In
some cases all three of these rights may be vested in one person, who is at
the same time diverter, carrier, and irrigator. In other cases, a canal com-
pany may be the diverter and carrier with a right to deliver the water to
the irrigator and collect for doing so. Whether you call them a carrier or
not matters little, because in the end their ultimate right is to collect a rate
for the water. The right to its use for irrigation is appurtenant to the land
to be irrigated. In Arizona, in the Slosser case, the Supreme Court of the
Territory within the last few months has held that there can be no owner-
ship of a right to water for irrigation as a commodity or separate and apart
from land to be irrigated. This decision clears the whole situation in
Arizona. It is a declaration that there is not and cannot be in that Terri-
tory, and that there never has been, any right to water separate and apart
from land. Under this decision, there is no vested right to water in Ari-
zona as a commodity. The difficulty with doing away with vested rights
to water as a commodity is entirely overcome by this decision, because it
declares the law of the Territory from the beginning. This a statute could
not do, because it is not retro-active. The law proposed at the last session
of Arizona legislature only received four or five favorable votes in the
lower house and never got any further. If it had been enacted, and the
Supreme Court had held that rights to water separate and apart from land
had been previously acquired and were then held and known as vested
rights, the law could not have affected them. The rule laid down by the court
in this decision works no injustice. It is only necessary to attach a water
right to land to make it valid under that decision. But the decision does
clear away the whole cloud of complications which would have resulted
552 OUT WEST
from holding' that under the law of the Territory water can be appropriated
and owned as a commodity. In California and in every arid State, this
same rule and principle must first be established as a law of the State or
Territory hy judicial decision. And everyone interested in the reform of
State laws should work to this end. At the same time, it is much to be de-
sired that in every State a constitutional provision should be adopted to the
effect that the right to water for irrigation shall be united to the land irri-
gated, and that beneficial use is the basis, the measure and the limit of the
right. In California I am ready to maintain against all comers that this is
now the law and that such a constitutional amendment in California would
simply be a clear and positive declaration of existing law, and not in any
way an interference with any vested right.
(11.) Now in the principle that beneficial use is the basis, the measure
and the limit of the right to water for all beneficial use, and that there is
and can be no right to water which a court of equity will recognize in an
arid region except for beneficial use, we find a solution of the difiiculty
arising from the doctrine of riparian rights. The principle which underlies
the case of Fifield against Spring Valley Water Co., and Live Stock Co.
against Boothe, and other cases along this line of decisions, is that beneficial
use, after all, must be the measure of all rights to water in an arid region,
whether acquired by appropriation or arising from riparian ownership.
The State could not by statute resume or assume ownership of any water
or of the right to any water already vested in a riparian owner as a right
to property, after it has been expressly decided that the right of a riparian
owner to the water is a vested property right. This right could only be
taken from him, if it existed, by condemnation for a public use. But when
the courts practically limit the right of a riparian owner, as they have in
California, to water which he actually beneficially uses, which is substan-
tially now the law of California, it established the principle as a part of
the jurisprudence of the State that the right of a riparian owner does not
attach to water of which he makes no beneficial use. Of course the actual
diversion of the water from the stream is not the only beneficial use which
a riparian appropriator may make of water. It may be that the stream
will sub-irrigate his land for alfalfa or orchard purposes. In this case
there is beneficial use of the water of which he could not be deprived, but
there is an irresistible drift of decision in the semi-arid States toward the
principle that the extreme doctrine of the common law of riparian owner-
ship must be modified to meet the requirements of the arid region. When
you have planted not only the right of an appropriator, but the right of a
riparian owner as well, by judicial decision, upon beneficial use as the
measure and the limit of the right, you have by a perfectly feasible and
simple process done away with all the difficulties in the way of irrigation
development arising from the doctrine of riparian ownership.
(12.) The principles above referred to are fundamental and must be en-
grafted into the jurisprudence of the arid and semi-arid States by the ad-
judication of the courts. It can be done in no other way. This should be
supplemented by clearly drawn declarations which should be adopted as
constitutional amendments for the future. It is not enough to simply pass
statutes with reference to this fundamental doctrine. They must be made
deeper than that and put into the constitution itself as a foundation for
future decisions and statutes. When we pass beyond these fundamental
principles into the domain of mere administrative measures, we pass from
essentials to details. It is wholly unnecessary, in any State where rights
to water have been acquired by appropriation. In California I believe it
to be wholly impracticable to declare the water to be the property of the
State, and undertake to engraft into our present system of appropriation
a system of grants of water from the State, such as they have in Wyom-
ing. The law of California at present has gradually been brought into
very close analogy with the civil law. The unappropriated waters of the
State — a l)etter term would be the unused waters of the State — are now, to
all intents and purposes, public property, in the sense that they are a
common stock from which the people have a right to draw for use, and the
first in time is the first in right acquired to such use. The Kibbey decision
in Arizona sets forth this view of the matter more fully than any other
decision which I how recall. I believe it is better to build on the founda-
tion we now have, and engraft some administrative system, where it is
needed, upon our present system of appropriation, rather than to undertake
to engraft the Wyoming system on to the laws of California. I do not
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 553
think we could adopt that system without great confusion and unsettling
rights and established conditions to an extent which would be enormously
prejudicial to the State. If the people of the State should deem it wise
that there should be a limit on the right of appropriation, so that no ap-
propriations should be in access of the actual available unused or unappro-
priated waters, that could be done without any system of State grants of
water. A requirement of a permit to appropriate would be all that would
be necessary. But so long as our law is so clear and explicit that an ap-
propriation is of no avail in excess of actual use, I have never been im-
pressed with the importance of the necessity of such a limitation.
In all matters relating to the adjudication of rights on streams and the
division of the flow between irrigators, it has always seemed to me that it
would be far from beneficial in many parts of California to create a State
political machine at Sacramento, with power to appoint local ofi&cers
throughout the State to distribute the water, and I think such a proposition
would meet with bitter opposition in many parts of California if it were
advocated. Could not the desired result be reached in a much simpler way
by some plan of local control and self-government on the part of the irri-
gators themselves? In other words, could not each stream or hydro-
graphic basin, where it was desired by the irrigators, be organized into a
local district for administrative purposes only, leaving it to the irrigators
themselves to determine by vote as to whether such a system should be
inaugurated ? If it were inaugurated, they might elect their own local
water commissioner or water distributer. The jurisdiction of all contro-
versies over rights to water should rest in the local courts or in the local
court of some one community in each district, to which the water commis-
sioner could occupy substantially the same relation as the commissioner of
a court of equity appointed by its own decree. These are merely sugges-
tions of thought which have run through my own mind and which I have
not myself worked out in detail, but which seem to me to be a way to
avoid the evils which would certainly result in California from an attempt
to create a complicated State system. In the Salt River Valley the water
is to this day divided between the canal companies by the commissioner
originally appointed in the Kibbey case years ago.
(14.) These matters of administrative system would not rasp against
the national movement at all, were it not for the persistence with which
they are brought forward as conditions precedent to any appropriations by
the national government. To illustrate this, in the last session of Con-
gress, after all the hearings were closed, the Irrigation Committee of the
House, in executive session, inserted a provision in the bill, to make it
conform to the theory, that nothing should be done by the federal govern-
ment in any State until that State had created an administrative system
with the various features of the Wyoming system. This of course made
the law immediately inapplicable to New Mexico, Arizona, California,
Nevada and a number of other Western States which hoped for benefits
from the bill. After the bill was reported, I discovered this clause and
called it to the attention of some of the members of the Committee, and
they called a special meeting and reported a committee amendment on the
subject. Now suppose the bill had been passed. This clause would have
simply blocked all operations under it in the States named unless they had
adopted substantially the Wyoming system, and you can see what difficulty
that would have created from the result of an effort to get this theory
enacted into a law in Arizona. The legislature of Arizona refused to pass
a bill along similar lines, but it did pass a special statute amending the
code of Arizona and eliminating from it every clause which could be con-
strued into a recognition of the ownership of water as a commodity. This
shows that simple measures which all can understand, and the effect of
which can be made plain to the people, can be passed, when complicated
measures, the effect of which no man can fully foresee, are certain to be
defeated.
(15.) The fact is, and it is worth bearing in mind, that it is almost an
impossibility for any human being to foresee future conditions or future
legal questions that may arise with sufficient clearness to draw a compli-
cated statute which will not be torn into tatters in some future litigation
affecting its constitutionality. We have heard a great deal about the
Wyoming law, and it has been advertised far and wide as a pattern upon
which all other laws should be formed, and before I had investigated the
subject more fully I was much attracted by it myself. On closer ac-
554 OUT WEST
quaintance I discovered that the fundamental principles of the law, at
least the principles on which it was supposed to have been based, the
united ownership of land and water, the limitation of the right to bene-
ficial use, and the enforced adjudication of all rights on any given stream,
have been completely demoralized by the decisions of the court of Wyom-
ing. In one of the district courts it has been held substantially that the
grantee of water from the State can use or sell it or do what he pleases
with it. Oi course this decision may be reversed in the Supreme Court.
On the other hand it may not be. Again, it has been decided that the
Board of Control, in whom it was sought to invest jurisdiction of proceed-
ings, to adjudicate all rights on the streams, cannot compel any claimant
to a water right to submit to its jurisdiction, and that if he does not volun-
tarily submit his claim for adjudication he is not bound by the decision of
the court. What sort of a law is that ? But it simply illustrates the
almost impossibility of drawing statutes which interfere with the estab-
lished jurisdiction of courts and get them to stand. The less new machin-
ery we undertake to create in California the less likelihood there is of
litigation affecting the constitutionality of the statute, and the more likely
are the attempted reforms to be real and practical. However desirable or
important it may be that existing rights should be adjudicated, if an effort
is made to create new tribunals for their adjudication, it will be many years
before the final effect of such an attempted adjudication can be known.
The probabilities are that the constitutionality of the statute would be
fought clear through to the Supreme Court of the United States by some
discontented litigant. On the other hand, if the right of adjudication is
left in the established courts of equity, with all the flexible machinery
which such a court can create to carry into effect its decrees, the result can
be reached without the risk of this general cloud of litigation arising from
the creation of new tribunals and the efforts that will undoubtedly be made
to attack the validity of their adjudications. So far as this matter of
adjudication of existing rights is concerned, there is surely no reason why
the enactment of a general statute requiring their adjudication and their
actual subsequent adjudication in a local proceeding under such statute,
should be a condition precedent to national appropriations. As has been
already outlined in Out West, and as I have undertaken to set forth
above, the reforin of State laws in this respect can proceed without any
necessity of retarding the national irrigation movement to await their
final fruition.
(16.) In conclusion let me say, that it seems to me the field is so great,
especially in a great State like California, that if the State can be enlisted
in the actual construction of irrigation works, either under some system af
local districts, or works constructed through direct State appropriations,
there is no reason in the world why such action by the State, or its desir-
ability, should be used as an argument either for or against the national
movement or all the appropriations we can get from the national govern-
ment to build reservoirs and canals in California. The field in that State
is so large that all that both State and nation can do will not exhaust it in
the life time of those now living. I have never opposed State irrigation
works. On the contrary, I have always favored them, under any wise and
conservative plan. And all that those who are working today for the
national irrigation movement ask from those who are interested in the re-
form of State laws, or in promoting the construction of State irrigation
works, is that instead of using State laws or State works as a club to beat
back the national movement, they should take exactly the opposite course,
and shape every Stat« law and every irrigation system with the most
watchful care along lines which will help and not complicate or retard the
national movement.
(17.) I can see no reason why the efforts to reform the laws of water in
California should interfere in any way with the national movement, any
more than a national movement should interfere with a State movement.
Since the convention at San Francisco, when we supposed we had reached
common ground, no one can find any fault on the score that the national
movement has in any way interfered with anything that was being done in
California. There is only one danger point that I would like to have you
keep in mind. It is argued that in a State where the water is the property
of the State, as they claim it to be in Wyoming and Colorado, and where,
as in those States, there are State ditchriders with a right to open and
shut headgates, the hands of the federal government are tied by that
SUNRISE 555
state machinery, and in no locality in the State could the federal govern-
ment ever undertake to construct a canal, even to irrigate public lands with
unappropriated water, without such danger of complication with the State
government as to preclude the national government from entering upon
any such project. We answer, that even if that be so in those two States,
it is not true of other States like California or Nevada, where the govern-
ment has an undoubted legal right both under State and federal law, to
take unappropriated water out of a stream and devote it to the irrigation
of arid public land. In such cases the use of the water would create a per-
manent right, and give to the settler on the public land a vested right to
the water for all time, which he could maintain in either the State or the
federal court. But if the contention as to Colorado and Wyoming is correct,
then the adoption of the so-called "enlightened code of water laws" — which
must include a State engineer and ditchriders — in other Western States and
Territories, would result in wholly fencing out the federal government.
(18.) Now the position we take is that if it be true that under the laws
of Colorado and Wyoming as they now exist, the national government can-
not undertake to build canals to irrigate public lands, it can at least build
reservoirs under the Chittenden plan in those States. Indeed, we now ad-
vocate the immediate construction by appropriations in the River and
Harbor Bill of two reservoirs in Wyoming and two in Colorado. And we
say to the people of those States, let us alone in these other States where
no complications now exist, such as you have created by your State ma-
chinery with a State engineer and State ditchriders. Now the point is
this, so far as California is concerned: — If a State engineer, and State
water commissioners or local commissioners for the distribution of the
waters of the streams are to be created or appointed, the laws creating
them should be so carefully framed that the State and the nation can
work, each without interference to the other. In other words, in Califor-
nia, don't let us make any laws which can be claimed to result in fencing
the national government out of California.
g
SUNRISE.
By MARIAN WARNER WILDMAN.
AR over the mountains that girdle the valley,
To eastward, the heavens are paling- with light ;
Down here in their legions the dull shadows rally,
And close to defend the last stronghold of Night.
A shuddering wind is awake in the cedars.
And sudden, swift fears through the foliage stir ;
Now marshal your forces, you ghostly, gray leaders,
Stand round your dark mistress — die fighting for her !
Too late ! On the heights where the giant pines tower,
Aflare in defiance, a banner of gold
Waves death to the shadows, turned craven, that cower
And sicken in crannies and hide and grow old.
From hill-crest to crest flies the light on strong pinions !
The valley is circled and crowned with the sun,
And Night in her stronghold lies slain with her minions ;
The reign of the conqueror Day is begun 1
Norwalk, O.
557
THE SIXTH BIIINNIAL.
By HARRIET H. BARRY.
'NITY in Diversity, the motto of the General
Federation of Women's Clubs, is the ke3^note
of modern civilization. It smacks of American
institutions, is fired by the spirit of justice
that animated the founders of the republic,
and sug-g-ests the liberal wisdom that holds
under one g^overnment the diversified interests
of over seventy millions of people.
The expression of a right principle finds more than one outlet
in the historj' of a worthy and prog'ressive civilization, and it is,
perhaps, a sig-nificant fact that the founding of the first woman's
club, Sorosis of New York, was almost simultaneous with the
union of the Atlantic and Pacific by the completion of the first
transcontinental railway in 1869.
In all material ways this was the sublime unification of the
country's diverse and complex interests and it was meet that the
women of the land should keep pace with its spirit in founding-
an educational and social org-anization that was to make unity
possible among- the widely diverg-ent classes of women and draw
its sustenance from the opposing- interests of North, South, East
and West.
Did the prophetic I Isouls of the founders of Sorosis and her
twin sister, the New Eng-land Woman's Club of Boston, realize
how truly "the gods lend their aid to those who make a be-
g-inning "? Did their vision' unfold the picture of this national
org"anization crossing- the continent for the first time to sit in
considerate council with the women of the West on the shores of
the calm Pacific ?
In those days a woman's club meant a simple org-anization of
inquiring-, sympathetic, aspiring- women, founded for the pur-
pose of mutual improvement by association and for widening-
their usefulness in the home and community.
It was 1889 before women's clubs became more than local in-
stitutions. In that year Sorosis of New York called a conven-
tion of clubs to celebrate its 21st birthday. From about one
hundred clubs then in the United States a large majority re-
sponded to the call. Delegates from seventeen different States
appeared, representing sections of the country from California
to New York. With the object of associating all clubs through-
out the world for comparison of methods and for combined
work, an organization was perfected under the name, "The
General Federation of Women's Clubs," and Charlotte Emerson
Brown of New Jersey was elected president. The constitution
558
OUT WEST
Mks. Kate A. Bulkley, San Francisco.
President California State Federation.
provided for biennial meetings,
and five such have been held,
the first in Chicago in 1892 fol-
lowed in succession by Philadel-
phia, Louisville, Denver, and
Milwaukee. The General Fed-
eration now includes 683 clubs
and 36 to 40 State federations,
making a sum total in individ-
ual membership of over 200,000
women.
Since the organization of the
General F'ederation, twelve
years ago, not only have clubs
in the United States become
members, but admission has
been granted clubs from many
foreign countries, including
Canada, South America, England, Europe, India and Australia.
The State of Colorado shows the largest proportion of club
women to the total female population — one in every thirty-eight
— while the largest State federations are in Illinois and the
Northeastern States.
The early work of the General Federation gathered the scat-
tered clubs into one organization and by its efforts preceding
the first Biennial in 1892 had created a sense of fellowship,
spread valuable information and compared methods of work,
thus giving impetus to the organization of State federations.
This was begun by Maine, which formed a State organization in
1892 and was soon followed by Iowa, Massachusetts and Utah.
To the ability and unswerving zeal of Mrs. Ellen Henrotin,
second president of the General Federation, is largely due the
great advance in the organization of State federations. Recog-
nizing the value of individual State work, Mrs. Henrotin en-
couraged ever}-^ tendency in this direction, and throughout the
diflficult task of guiding the varied departments of the General
Federa.ion, never relaxed her efforts to strengthen the club life
in the States. To such workers is due the chief credit of the
present far-reaching force of the club movement ; the credit due
honest labor and rare talents, marred by no hint of commer-
cialism. With few exceptions, in a small way, the club work
nowhere supports a salaried officer, and the General Federation
has never had one.
State federation naturally developed most rapidly in the
THE SIXTH BIENNIAL
559
Eastern States, where clubs are not scattered ; althoug-h Utah
was the second in the Union to form a State organization.
While federation is perhaps more necessary in a State of large
territorial limits, it is correspondingly difficult to secure. Club
women as a class are essentially home-keepers, and the large
majority are devoted wives and mothers, to whom the interests
of the family are first. To these it is a hardship to be often
called from home to direct the affairs of a large State body —
although it is a pertinent fact that among such are oftenest
found those most capable of performing these duties.
In no State have these conditions been so marked as in Cali-
fornia, with its stretch of magnificent distances, and its large
cities and towns widely separated. California club life, how-
ever, combines the same features of largeness and variety with
rich sturdy growth that characterizes her products, gives her
the climate of every zone in Christendom and places in her
hands the ke}- of the nation's gatewa)^ to the Western World.
In the realm of clubs California has gathered the choicest and
best-equipped spirits from many lands, who have infused into
the virile conditions here all the progressive ideals of advanced
thinkers. Women's clubs in San Francisco, Oakland and Los
Angeles were matters of early history. Several California
clubs were among those to respond to the call of Sorosis for the
organization of the General Federation, and at the first Bien-
nial four California clubs were represented. These were the
Century Club of San Francisco ; the Ruskin Art Club and the
Fridaj-^ Morning Club of Los
Angeles, and the Pacific Coast
Woman's Press Association.
One of the distinctive features
of California clubdom is the
flourishing country club, com-
posed not only of women on
ranches or in country homes, but
those in towns as well. The
metings are usuall)' held in some
central place, and many of the
members travel several miles
to attend. All classes and creeds
are represented, and the work is
largely devoted to town and vil-
lage improvement and bettering
the condition of schoolhouses
and churches, although politics,
economics and natural history
are not neglected.
Mrs. Lovkll Whitb, San Francisco.
Vice-President and Actingr Excutive
during- First Term of State
Federation.
560
OUT WEST
Among the evidences of organized efiFort andl the Ipermanent
character of the work in this State are the fine club-houses
erected by many of the cit)^ clubs. Prominent among these are
the handsome edifices that beautify the cities of San Francisco,
Los Angeles, Oakland and Pasadena.
It is upon the Pacific Coast that the Frobel plan of kinder-
garten work has had its strongest advocates, and the educational
growth of the State and the desire for wider opportunities for
culture among mothers and teachers has been correspondingly
stimulated. Among the noted workers along these lines have
been Mrs. Kate Douglass Wiggin, Mrs. Sarah B. Cooper and
Mrs. E. M. Stanwood.
As a promoter of club spirit and a staunch leader in placing
women in advanced lines of work Mrs. Caroline M. Severance of
Los Angeles has been from the first a prominent factor in the
growth of club life in California. Mrs. Severance came to the
West in the early seventies, with her life work of progressive
thought at its zenith. She was identified with the Woman's
Suffrage movement in Ohio through brilliant newspaper work,
and later, while resident in Boston, was closely associated with
such noted men and women as Wendell Phillips, James Freeman
Clark, William Loyd Garrison, Lucy Stone and Julia Ward
Howe. She was at the front in the anti-slavery movement and
was among the founders
of the New England
Woman's Club, being
elected its first president.
In this office she was suc-
ceeded, upon her depar-
ture for California, by
Julia Ward Howe. Mrs.
Severance has lent inspir-
ation to the early efforts
of many clubs in South-
ern California, and was
the founder of the Fri-
day Morning Club of Los
Angeles. She was its
first president and is now
president emeritus of the
organization . As a leader
in almost every line of
the world's work about
her she has been promi-
nent. At one time she
MKS. KOBKRT J. BUKDKTTK.
THE SIXTH BIENNIAL
561
Mrs. Caroline M. Severance.
was a trustee of the Unity Church of Los Angeles. She
was a member of the Board of Directors of the Public
Library for a term, and a promotor of the Free Kinder-
garten Association, which finally was incorporated into the
public school system. It is held in her home city that very
largely to her progressive views and fearless support of them,
with her untiring energy in every work of value to the com-
munity, may be traced the force in literary, social and religious
life that for the last two decades has so fittingly become a
characteristic of the "City of the Angels."
Out of these conditions State federation in California was but
the maturity of a plant of strong growth. The work of per-
fecting an organization was taken up by prominent club women
in 1899, and at a convention of consulting clubs in Los Angeles.
562
OUT WEST
Mks. W. W. Stilson, Los Ansreles.
Vice-President at Larsre, California State
Federation.
an orgranization was com-
pleted in 1900. About
fifty clubs were charter
members, showing: a com-
bined membership of
nearly 7,000. Six dis-
tricts comprise the work-
ing sections of the Cal-
ifornia State Federation,
with a vice-president for
each, and from the first
the grrowth has been rapid.
At the annual meetting
in San Francisco in Jan-
uary last, two years from
org-anization, the Federa-
tion had doubled its mem-
bership, having a list of
nearly one hundred clubs
with a numerical strength
of over 8,000.
Among the earnest club
organizing the State forces
are Mrs. Robert J.
Lovell White, Mrs.
section work-
women most instrumental in
and pushing all collateral interests,
Burdette, Mrs. W. W. Stilson, Mrs.
Ella Sexton and a host of committee and
ers. Mrs. Burdette was the first president of the Feder-
ation, and in addition to her faithful work in organization was
a graceful and efficient leader. Owing to her absence, however,
during a large share of her term in office, her place was filled by
the vice-president of the organization, Mrs. Lovell White of
San Francisco. The large territory covered by the Federation
requires efficient official workers both in the northern and south-
ern portions of the State, and gives opportunity for distinguished
service along many lines. During the last two years Mrs. W.
W. Stilson of Los Angeles has combined with her duties as
corresponding secretary of the Federation the official work in
Southern California. Mrs. Stilson's energetic leadership and
marked business ability, together with her desire for the success
of the movement, have made her influence felt in every matter
concerning club interests in the State. She is now vice-presi-
dent-at-large of the State Federation.
With the decision of the General Federation to hold its bien-
nial meeting in Los Angeles, the metropolis of Southern Cali-
fornia has become the center of club attention throughout the
world. At no time previous have the railroads given quite the
inducement to travel from the East, and not only will club
women gather here at this time, but they will bring their
friends with them. Locally it has affected every line of public
OifFICERS, I,OCAI, BIBNNIAI, BOARD.
1.— Mrs. Josiah Evans Cowles, President. 3.— Mrs. Berthold Baruch, Treasurer.
2.— Mrs. J. B. Willard, Cor. Secretary. 4.— Mrs. Ernbst K. Foster, Rec. Secretary.
564
our WEST
interest, and the occasion will be one to whose successful issue
the entire community lends its aid. The appointment of the
Local Biennial Board has been most fortunate in point of
selection. Under the leadership of Mrs. Josiah E. Cowles the
work of preparation is nearing- completion, with singular har-
mony and with the thoroughness secured by fine executive
ability.
During all the years of its existence the General F'ederation
found no bone of contention until the fifth Biennial in Mil-
waukee. "Unity in Diversity" was not only the law but the
spirit of the law, and was the guiding- essential in every deliber-
ation. Without warning, the "color question" arose at Milwau-
kee, with the refusal to seat
Mrs. Rufl&n, the delegate of
New Era Club, an organiza-
tion of colored women of Bos-
ton. Not only were sectional
feelings aroused, but the cher-
ished spirit of federation itself
was threatened, which, with-
out question as to black or
white, includes all women
who seek broader views of
life from any standpoint.
The matter has been para-
mount in the question of club
ethics for two years, and it is
felt that a pivotal point will
be reached in the coming meet-
ing.
Interest in the candidates
for office has somewhat flag-
ged in the canvass of the color
question. Mrs. Rebecca D.
Lowe, the present jncumbent
of the executive chair, is a
Southern woman, her home
being in Atlanta, Georgia. It
is not likely that that section
of the country will expect
another presidential representative at once, and attention
will center on candidates from other States. Prominent among
these are Mrs. D. T S. Dennison of New York, present vice-
president of the General Federation, and Mrs. Robert J. Bur-
dette of California.
A considerable number of changes in the by-laws of the
General Federation have been proposed and are to be acted upon
at the Los Angeles meeting. These changes relate principally
to the representation of States and Territories, State federations,
national societies, kindred organizations and federated clubs in
the General Federation ; also to the details of procedure in the
organization and to the financial requirements of the General
Federation.
Lo8 AngreleR, Cal.
Mks. M. I). Hamilton,
Editor Calitoriiia Club Woman,
VICE-PRESIDBNTS, LOCAL BIENNIAL BOARD.
2.— Mrs. Stephen C Hubbedl.
3. — Mrs. Chester P. Dorland.
4.— Mrs. Eugene Pettigrew.
LOCAL ADVISORY BOARD.
1.— Mrs. A. L. Danskin.
5.— Mrs. Charles A. Flint.
s
%.
X
»
Vernal Falls, Yosemite, Cal. Photo by Putnam & Valentine,
THE SUNRISE TRACT.
A Fe-w Pointers for HomeseeKers and Investors.
ITHER one of three reasons is enough to make a piece of real
estate a " 8:ood buy" — that it is a desirable place to build a
home, that it can be made to yield a large income on the pur-
chase money, or tiiat it is reasonably certain to enhance rapidly in
value. When all these conditions are found together in a single
location, there can no longer be the slightest doubt as to the wisdom
of the investment for anyone who has money to buy land with at all.
This is the case with The Sunrise Tract, just outside the city limits
of Los Angeles.
It is hardly necessary to waste ink and paper in arguing the
iMAI" ok a I'AKT t)F THE SUN KISE Tk ACT.
desirability of Los Angeles as a home. Pretty much all the world
knows it, and the amazing growth of the city year after year proves
it. Therefore when one says that there is no better place for home-
making in or about Los Angeles than The Sunrise Tract, that ranks
it at once with the choicest spots of all the earth. Good to look upon,
healthy to dwell upon, with fertile soil and superb climate combining
to produce abundantly every variety of fruit and flower, with all the
social, educational and commercial advantages of a great citj' at
one's command, together with the best that life in the country has
to offer — the man who wants more than this would be hard to
please indeed.
The income-yielding qualities of a home place on The Sunrise
Tract are no less certain. Acres can be bought here for the price of
building lots at other points no closer in time to the center of the
city. The depth and richness of the soil — a sedimentary loam — the
assurance of ample irrigating water at low cost, not only from the
city water supply but from the independent plant now being installed
on the property, and the unlimited market for products right at
hand, combine to make The Sunrise Tract most unusually profitable
for raising small fruits and vegetables. Three hundred dollars an
acre was the return from one berry patch there last year, and even
this large figure has been considerably exceeded. This is not the
place to go into details of land-prices, but it may be safely said that
the buyer of from one to five acres of The Sunrise Tract may fairly
expect to see the land pay for itself in two 3^ears from the time of
purchase, if it is reasonably well managed. And the same large
return can be had year after year indefinitely.
As to the certainty of an immense increase in the selling value of
property in The Sunrise Tract, there are a number of significant
facts. One is that a delightful suburban community will rapidly
gather there, and this alone would lift values without consideration
of the growth of Los Angeles. But
the best judges do not doubt that
the city will eventually cover all
the distance between its present
limits and the Pacific Ocean. The
Sunrise Tract lies right across its
inevitable line of growth. The
principal railroad lines between the
city and the sea now have stations
on the property. The great four-
track electric road between Los An-
geles and Long Beach — which owns,
b3^-the-way, its own right-of-way
through private property for the en-
tire distance — will pass close to The
Sunrise Tract, and will make the
distance to its terminal in the cit}"
in twelve minutes. It can hardly be
more than a few years until everj-
part of this property will be in ac-
tive demand as city lots, and at
prices many times higher than are
now demanded.
To sum the matter up, the man or
woman who buys a plot of land on
the Sunrise Tract may be sure of,
first, a charming and healthful
home ; second, an income sufficient
to support a family handsomely ;
third, a steady and rapid advance
in the market value of the prop-
erty. For nothing can stop the
ever-swelling tide of homeseekers
that is flowing steadily into Los An-
geles ; nor can anything prevent
the demand for home-sites here
from growing continually more ur-
gent. Many a five-acre piece of
land, rightly located, has made its
owner rich, with nothing required
but to sit still and hold on tight.
And the Sunrise Tract is rightly
located.
Necessarily, this article has dealt
with the Sunrise Tract in the
briefest fashion, barely suggest-
ing its attractive features. Pull
information concerning it may be ,. ^rrp«r4r„™ .r^IL'So^Jnac^
had, either in person or by letter, last year. 2. a home pUce of only three years'
fr^*v, Riii-V^',«1^ X. Vi■^^:rar^ 11 A Q^,,+t, STrowth. 3. Unirrisratedbarley shoulder-higrhon the
trom ±5Urbank & hJaker, 114 bOUth sunrise Tract (photo taken April 15, 1902;. 4. A
"RrnaH-wrav T/n<5 Ancrplpsi Pal house just built on the Satirise Tract. Two or three
x>iuauwci>, lvu^ -rt-iigcies, v^ai. years will surround it with fruit and flowers.
ERRORS IN OUR UTES.
'WHy the Use of Spectacles is Fast Becomin|( Universal.
Forty years ago there were, in the civilized nations of the world, about 100
blind persons ;to where there is one today. Aside from accident, the almost
universal'cause of blindness is a congenital deformity of the eye. If the eye is
misshapen in any manner, the lenses do not make a perfect image of what it
looks ait on'the retina, or sensitive lining at the back of the eye. The retina re-
tains its sensitiveness or ability to receive and impart this image to the brain,
because of its'^ constant use ; therefore, if the image is not made perfectly the
retina is not used fully, and dies through lack of exercise, the same as any other
part of the body, and the person becomes blind. Some have brain and nerve
strength sufficient to compel the crystalline or accommodative lens to conform to
misshapen eye for years, and until they have wrecked the nervous system to
such extent that they no longer have strength to do this work; they have fairly
good vision and do not realize that their eyes are wrong, but with this loss of
strength goes the ability to compel the image ; then comes the loss of sensitive-
ness which means blindness. Others go blind through numerous diseases of the
eye, brought about through overworking or straining the delicate muscles of
the eye to compel vision.
This can only be remedied through what is called artificial refraction, a
thorough knowledge of which enables the refractionist of today to make a per-
fect image on the retina in spite of the deformity, thereby enabling a natural
and continued u^e of the retina, giving it the proper exercise in absence of
which the eye goes blind. This is done with glasses only. Forty years ago
children and young persons were not allowed to wear these glasses, hence the
cause of so much blindness then, and so little now.
There may be two or three qualities of refraction required in a spectacle lens
to make the image perfectly, and if any one of these is left out the glasses are
but little better than none. This is the reason why so many glasses are not sat-
isfactory.
HOW IT AFFECTS THE HEAI.TH.
The eye is the only organ of the body that is completely controlled by the
brain ; therefore, if there is any kind of an imperfection in the refraction of the
eye, thck brain must necessarily be on a constant strain to compel perfect vision
through an imperfect eye. This may affect the brain, causing what is called
asthenopia (chronic sick headache).
•This constant effort on the part of the brain takes brain strength, and in
order to renew its strength the brain draws upon the nervous system for new
material with which to replace the lost power necessarily used to compel perfect
vision.
If the nervous system is perfectly balanced it will suffer as a whole, and the
person with such a strain is liable to nervous prostration or any other disease
that comes from a total lack of nerve ; but if there is a weak point in the nervous
system, that point, because of a lack of power to protect itself, at once becomes
the natural point of attack, and will be robbed more than any other part, and the
person will have trouble at that point. If it is in the nerve lining of the stom-
ach, it will be stomach trouble ; if it is in the kidneys— their work is purely nerve
work, and their duty is to eliminate the poisons from the system— it will be
kidney trouble ; or it may be any other disease that comes from a lack of strength
in any of the nerve centers.
This is no longer a matter of conjecture or experiment, for thousands of
cures are being made and hundreds of thousands of people benefited through
wearing scientifically fitted glasses, which give the patient perfect vision with-
out brain effort, thereby stopping loss to the nervous system.
Dr. A. T. Roberts, a Los Angeles specialist, carries the refraction of light
far beyond anything ever attempted on the Pacific Coast, from a therapeutic
standpoint. He takes pleasure in giving a most interesting explanation of the
eye to anyone interested. If you will call at his office, 330*2 South Broadway, he
will doubtless put the human eye before you in an entirely difVerent light from
that in which you have hitherto held it.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
"\ Mij.i I ywwywTynin n i ii ..' "i.'.i i'
W ■
Ml. ■'.'.wy»*iT'*?ffrTT'!'yir^'W
t-y/.-j./'rf;. yfJSiiiiiSi;"-r^;i^^::ir:^:
'•:•!'*•' _■*•••' ** - ' •■ifii*'^ •- ■*^«'» .*«'*t'.'.fe.'?.*.V.*.ti .^^
EdM^^^A^ilAAi^^^^^^iAiWAbM^iMiliS^^
/SO YYO/AAM
15 BEAUTirUl
? . '.\
U/1LE55 5A1C F055C55E5 A SOfTLY TIAITED
COnPLEXIOAl or U/IBLmiSAED TEXTURE
AA1D A LUXURIAnT GROYYTM OF AiAIR —
BEAUTY FROBLEnS SOLVED EiTinEUSEOr
)cudwiA JOAOogk.
SOOTHING
REFRE5HIM&
CLEAMSIMG
INVIGORATING
is*. >
THE FACKtR MAhUFAfTURlMd CO NfTt-iOHK
— iiV .■!■■■ ^ "..^.y^'j."' ' ,""' "'" ■■■'»"■'- w ■■",■
OUT WEST
Office of Publication:
115 SovitK Droad-way ist floor
Los Angeles, California
PuBi<iSHBD Monthly by
OUT AVEST COMPANY .nco«po«»t.o
SUCCESSORS TO
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE PUBLISHING CO.
KINGSLEY-BARNES <£ NEUNER CO.
BRANCH OFFICES
RoBT. A. Thompson, Manag-er San Francisco Office— 310
Pine Street.
Sharlot M. Hall, Managrer Arizona Office— Prescott.
John H. Hamlin, Manager Nevada Office— Reno.
Entered at the Los Ansreles Postoffice as second-class matter.
OFFICERS BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Cyrus M. Davis, President Cyrus M. Davis L. H. Carpenter
Chas. F. Lummis, Vice-President Chas. F. Lummis R. W. Rogers
M. C. Neuner, Secretary M. C. Neuner C. A. Moody
L. H. Carpenter, Treasurer F. A. Pattee
IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT.
ON the date of publication of the June, 1902, number of Out Wbst (May
25), the subscription price of this magazine will be raised to $2.00
a "Year, and single copies will be sold for 20 cents each. The
higher price will apply after that date to the five numbers already issued under
the new form and name, as well as to those hereafter published. All paid-in-
advance subscriptions now on our books will be continued to the expiration of
the term for which payment has been made. New subscriptions and renewals
for the current year will also be accepted at the one-dollar rate (for not more
than one year) up to May 25. After that date the price will be two dollars
to everybody.
This increase in price — accompanied by a notable increase in size and
quality — is simply " business.'" No other magazine gives so much matter of
permanent value, for any money ; no magazine can afford to give so much for
less than $2 a year. If any magazine cares to sell below cost, that is its
privilege ; but Out West prefers sober business methods. Those who care
for this magazine — and it is made only for those who care — will be willing to
pay cost price.
On another page will be found the announcement of one of the important
new features of the magazine.
The date on the printed address slip of each subscriber's magazine shows
the date to which payment for subscription has been made. We should
appreciate it, if subscribers in arrears would now remit promptly, without
waiting for further notice than the one so given.
WILL develop or reduce any
part of the body
A Perfect Complexion Beautifier and
Remover of Wrinkles
Dr. John Wilson Gibbs'
THE ONLY
Electric IVIatsage Roller
(Patented United States, Europe,
„ _ Canada.)
Its work is not confined to the face alone, but will do
good to any part of the body to which it is applied, de-
velopinir or reducinflr as desired. It is a very pretty addi-
tion to the toilet-table."— CA/caf^o Tribune.
'This delicate Electric Beautifier removes all facial
blemishes. It is the only positive remover of wrinkles and
crow's-feet. It never fails to perform all that is expected."
— Chicaeo Times- Herald.
"The Electric Roller is certainly productive of (rood re-
sults. I believe it is the best of any appliances. It is safe
and effective." Harkikt Hubuaki> A vkk, Neiv York World.
FOR MASSAGE and CLRATIVC PURPOSES
An Electric Roller in all the term implies. The invention
of a physician and electrician know througrhout this coun-
try and Europe. A most perfect complexion beautifier.
Will remove wrinkles," crow's-feet" (premature or from
aare), and all facial blemishes —POSITIVE. Whenever
electricity is to be used for massas'inK' or curative pur-
poses, it has no equal. No charsrinsr. It will last forever.
Always ready for use on ALL PARTS OF THE BODY,
for all diseases. For Rheumatism, Sciatica, Neuralsria,
Nervous and Circulatory Diseases, a specific. The pro-
fessional standinir of the inventor (you are referred to the
public press tor the past fifteen years), with the approval
of this country and Europe, is a perfect Ruarantee. PRICE:
Gold, $4.00. Silver, $3.00. By mail, or at office of Gibbs'
Company, 1370 Broadway, New York. Circular free.
The Only JSleotric Roller. All othera are fraudu-
lent imitation*.
Copyrig-ht.
"Can take a pound a day off a Ipatient, or put it on."—
Neiu Tork Sun, Ausr. 30, 1891. Send for lecture on " Great
Subject of Fat." no dieting, no hard work.
Dr. John Wilson GIbbs' Obesity Cure
For the Permanent Reduction and Cure of Obesity.
Purely Vegretable. Harmless and Positive. NO FAIL-
URE. Your reduction is assured — reduced to stay. One
month's treatment $5.00. Mail, or office, 1370 Broadway,
N. Y. On obesity. Dr. Gibbs is a recogrnized authority."
—New Tork Press, 1899. reduction quarantccd.
The cure is based on Nature's laws.— TS^^w Tork Her-
ald," July 9, 1899.
SAMI'I.K : KKOM KVAN8 «t SONS, LIM., NEW YORK
Rain and sweat
have no effect on
harness trcited
with Eureka Har-
ness Oil. It re-
sists the damp,
keeps the le.-ith'
er soft and pli-
able. Stitches
do not break. \
No rough sur- \
face to chafe
and cut. The !,
harness not
only keeps
looking like
new, but
wears twice
.TS long by the
ii«e of Eureka
Harness OiL if'l
Sold
everywhere
in can^ —
all sizes.
Made by
Standard Oil
Company
IyRClCA\
JIarness
PAUL P. BERNHARDT & CO. Tel. Mam 5367
RED RUBBER STAMPS
Seals, Badtres, Checks, Steel Stamps, Stencils, &c.
434 Montjromery St., SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.
IMMlRifflll!
DclishHul After RathlnK. A Luxury After Slia>ln(;.
[kautlfles and Preserves the Complevion.
A i.,.siiivr rclif fr PUKkl.Y 1IK*T, « IUH\(. ., SI \.
lit KJf, »n.l all ailli.ti.-ns of the skm. 1 r • ic. hli'.^rrr,!
Ill I sweaty fret It ha* tio c-iml. Kr.n.M s .ill i^li.r of
,..rM>lr.>tl.jn. <!ctmKNNKS'R(!,.-,ri^.i„,;),.i htlle htghrr
111 t'Hrf, pfrhiipt. Hum KorthUa iuUtituUt, but titer*
i< .1 tniiuin/fr tt.
> ; 1 rvrrv^hef. or malle.1 for SS cents. ( AomsfeiVw.)
4;i<:nit.%Rn miKwwfcw ro.. wownrkrii. J.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
The Ndtiirai Pdthwdy
BETWEEN
GflLIFORNIfl
AND THE
EAST
LIES THROUGH EITHER CHICAGO
OR ST. LOUIS
The country between these g-ateways and the
Atlantic seaboard is traversed by
the lines of the
New York Central System
Throug-h trains Chicag-o to
New York and Boston.
Through trains St. Louis to
New York and Boston.
New York Central & Hudson River
The Great Four-Track Trunk Line.
Michigan Centrai
The Niagara Falls Route.
Lal(e Sliore & Micliigan Soutliern
Route of the Lake Shore Limited.
C. C. C. & St. L.
"Big Four" Route.
CARLTON C. CRANE
PACIFIC COAST AGENT
637 Market St. SAN fRANCISCO, CAL.
F. M. BYRON
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PASSENGER AGT.
Stimson Block. LOS ANGELES, CAL.
^ Throat Trouble Quickly
t Cured FREE
t
If You Suffer from Sore Throat
"HYDROZONE"
Will Surely Cure You
A scientific germicide, universally endorsed by
physicians. Absolutely Harmless ! To
demonstrate its wonderful efficiency, will send
for IOC (which covers postage), A Bottle
iSuflicieut to Cure, Free.
Send for pamphlet, giving facts regarding
this wonderful microbe destroyer. Address
Prof. Chas. Marchand, 57 Prince St , New York
Cures
HEADACHES
Seasickness
Nervousness
Neuralgia
It is a mild
Laxative
Price lOc, 2Sc, 50c
and $1.00 Bottles
FOR SALE EVERYWHERE
A New Receipe Book.
Walter Baker & Co., Ltd., Dorchester, Mass., the
oldest and largest manufacturers of Cocoa and Choco-
late preparations, are about to issue a new and greatly
enlarged edition of their booklet of CHOICE
RECEIPTS, prepared by Miss Parloa and other noted
teachers of cooking. It is a very attractive publica-
tion of eighty pages, illustrated with half-tones and
colored lithographs, and contains the most complete
collection ever made of receipts in which Cocoa or
Chocolate is used for eating and drinking. Nearly
every State in the Union is represented in the collec-
lection. Vassar College and Smith College contribute
their famous receipts for making FUDGE. A copy of
the book will be sent free by mail to any applicant in
the United States or Canada. Address, mentioning
this paper, Walter Baker & Co., Ltd., Dorchester, Mass.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
IF IT ISN'T AN EASTMANy IT ISN'T A KODAK
The largest
clocK Keeps
no more per-
fect time than
a pocket
chronometer;
the largest
camera
maKes no
wiore perfect
picture than a
pocket Kodak
— 'tis the
Kodak quality.
'M^M^^^M^^ 1
^^^^Br^ - Mr A^"'- ' * ^H^l^^^^l
^^^^H^^f ^^*>^'««^i^'« '-''^^PIJ^^^H
jy/jJ KODAK GIRL.
Not only does
the Kodak
go inside
the pocket
but inside the
Kodak goes
the film —
all becomes
one con\pact,
self=contained
mechanism.
KODAK FILMS,
By reason cf their non-halation quality and because of the great " latitude" which
they give in exposure, produce better results than glass plates. Kodaks load in
daylight — plate cameras require a dark room.
Kodaks, $5.00 to $75.00.
A new folding KodaK for the pocket, almost for the vest pocKet, at $6.00.
Catalogues frfe at the
dealers or by mail.
EASTMAN KODAK CO.
ROCHESTER. N. Y.
$4,000.00 in Prizes for the Best Kodak and Brownie Pictures.
Please Mention tnat You Saw it in OUT WEST.
m
^ Tm,m
m
t . >AL-VI5TAC«'"
This Panoramic Camera
is the Highest Development
of Photographic Science
IT IS a decided advance upon anything heretofore
produced. The revolving lens sweeps from one
side to the other, making a picture greater than
your two eyes can see at one time.
Since we have adopted our co-operative, up-to-date
plan for selling these cameras direct to the consumer,
thouvsands have taken advantage of our offer. This
plan permits you to buy the camera in small monthly
instalments. You have the camera while you are paying
for it. This shows our confidence both in our cameras
and in human nature. :: Write us for full particulars.
Multiscope & Film Co.,
No. 136 JEFFERSON STREET
BURLINGTON, WIS.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
This
Magazine
carries
12 plates
or
24inis
which
change
atrto-
inatieallif
The Marvel
Camerdc
of the Age
Snappa
marks a mighty stride in the art of picture
making. Learn more about it at the deal-
ers, or write us for FRILiL booklet.
ROCHESTER OPTICAL AND CAMERA CO.
100 South street, Rochester,
New York.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
I B[iTifyi MATiiiJA mm \
The Beauties of Matilija Springs, near Nordhoff, in Ventura County, cannot
be told in words or in photographs. It must be seen to be appreciated.
Altitude lOOO feet. Bubbling curative springs, tumbling waterfalls and towering
cliffs. Air bracing and free from fo^s. Far enough from the sea to get its
ozone freed from the chill of a direct ocean atmosphere.
An Ideal
Winter and
Summer
Resort
A Place
to Rest
The Best
in the
West
By tHe CreeK
Under the vigorous inspiration of the new owner, Mr. S. P. Creasinger, the
Los Angeles capitalist, this famous resort has had a thorough rejuvenation, and
has been put under new management. Just recently Mr. Creasinger has pur-
chased additional land adjoining Matilija, which now gives him a beautiful
forest park of 400 acres.
THE ACCOMMODATIONS are ample. There is a general store where all
necessaries can be purchased. One may obtain rooms in cottages, California
houses or tents, while in the upper part of the canon fine shady grounds have
been set apart for campers. There is a large dining-room with excellent table
service (and at Matilija one has an appetite). RATES are from !?10 to S2.^ per
week for room and board, but one may obtain a tent or one may rent grounds
for camping for $1 a week and up.
Matilija Spring's can be reached by Southern Pacific trains to
Nordhoif, via Ventura, thence by a charming: stage ride of 5 miles.
Address: MATILIJA, VENTURA COtMTY. CAL.
OK S. P. CRCASIMGER, 218 S. BROADWAY. LOS ANGELES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
^]Joi|jftdo^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^lfe^)ft^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^>?'
<9
♦?
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IF YOU WANT THE CREAM OF CALIFORNIA
LOOK TOWARD THE TOP OF THE MAP
The Sacramento Valley
Offers better opportunities to Home Seekers, all things
considered, than any other part of the State. Fertile
Soil, Perfect Climate, Beautiful Natural Surroundings.
The Orang-e, Olive and Fig, as well as all Decidu-
ous Fruits, reach their Greatest Perfection Here.
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A HOME IN THE SACRAMENTO VAUUEY
THe Sacramento Valley Development Association has been formed,
among other purposes, to furnish any enquirer with reliable and impartial
information about any locality in the Valley. The Vice-Presidents of the
Association, for the different counties, are as follows :
J. W. Kaerth, Colusa, Colusa Co.
C. W. Thomas, Woodland, Yolo Co.
E. A. Forbes, Marysville, Yuba Co.
H. P. Stabler, Yuba City, Sutter Co.
R. M. Green, Oroville, Butte Co.
Morris Brooke, Sacramento,
. Sacramento Co.
P. R. Garuett, Willows, Glenn Co,
Raleigh Barcar, Vacaville, Solano Co.
C. F. Foster, Corning, Tehama Co.
J. H. Wills, Auburn, Placer Co.
J. J. Chambers, Redding, Shasta Co.
J. M. Walling, Nevada City, Nevada Co.
W. C. Green, Georgtown, El Dorado Co.
Any of them will promptly and fully answer enquiries.
Tlie Sdcrdinento Vdlley Development Ass'n
W. S. Grbbn, Prest., Colusa, Cal.
F. E. Wright, Secy., Colusa, Cal.
6»
j^oporopop^op^op^ojj^oropopopoporororoporo^
TO SUBSCRIBERS
Look at the address label on the
wrapper in which this number of
OUT WEST reaches you. The
date on It shows the time up to
which you have paid for the
magazine. If this is already past,
a remittance would oblige us.
OUT WEST CO.,
115 S. BROADWAY
LOS ANGELES
Samples of (roods and self-measurinif blanks
on application.
BRAUER A KROHN
LOS ANGELES
12a-130 S. SRRINQ
n^'i S. MAIN
MKNTION "out WKST"
KO-PE-LEY, A MOQUI SNAKE-PRIEST
NAVAJO INDIAN
BLANKETS
FROM **
TO 9SO
MEXICAN ""''•'
LEATHER
^V
MEXICAN
DRAWN WORK
CALIFORNIA PICTURES
INDIAN BASKETRY
"Ramona"
FROM »t.3B TO mSB
Largest Assortment Souvenir
Postal Cards on the Coast
3© E. COLORADO ST.
GLASSCOCK'S ^^^^ ^^^ ^^"^ store
PASADENA
CAU.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
*""^^n'cnUars & Cuffs W^^^-
f^H2Rv West -mw. NY. 'te//'
SACHS BROS & CO.
San Francisco C^oas^ Agents
^^^^^ K E. mEMORY ^^^
Ge. eral Agent for the Light Running
WHITE SEWING MACHINE
All Kinds of Machines
to Rent
Machines Exchanged
and Repaired
TELEPHONE PETER 3211
432 S. BROADWAY LOS ANGELES. CAL.
Estimates given on all kinds of.,,
ELECTRICAL CONSTRUCTION
C. O. D.
[lectric Works
WM. BARKER, PROP.
Manufacturing
and Repairing
Electrical
Supplies
314 WEST fIRST STREET
Phone John 4311 LOS ANGELES
BEAlTlfUL
SOUTHERN
(ALlfORNIA
POINSETTIAS
IN WATER COLORS
By the Leadiitt;
Poinsettia
Artist
0. L. Nldin
13x25— $6.00
SIZE PRICE
SIZE PRICE
9x11— $1 00
11x25— $3 75
9x11— 1 25
11x24— 4 00
9x13— 1 50
11x24— 4 25
11x14— 1 75
11x24— 4 50
11x15— 2 00
11x25— 5 00
13x17— 2 50
13x25— 5 00
10x22— 3 00
9x35— 6 00
Sent postpaid to any address in the U. S. on receipt
of price. Addrtss :
Sunset Art Co.. 132 W. \m St., los Angeles
€^'ELGIN,WALTHAM,
JEWELED, GOLD FILLED Watches
Warranted 85 Years, are the Lowest.
Do not buy a watch until you get our
prices. Send your name and address
laon a postal card for our latest Catn-
Rloifiie F l{ EK. 17 jeweled watches ad-
IJvertised by others at 4^5. 9.5; our price
i*S.t.%. Send name at once, and get
our Catalogue Free by return mail.
Address THE DIAMOND JEWELRY CO.
Uept.4Ul, i-ia Dearborn SI.,Chlcago,III.
STEAiM and GASOLINE ENGINES
STEAiW and IRRIGATION PUMPS
BOILERS and AIR COMPRESSORS
FRUIT and FARMING IMPLEMENTS
POPULAR VEHICLES and BAIN WAGONS
Factory: THE BENICiA AeRICULTURAL WORKS
""^'"^ CALL OR WRITE
Our Prices are Very Attractive
Baker & Hamilton
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
San Francisco and Sacramento
RED
CROSS
Catalog-ue Mailed
Free
WIND
MILL
WOODIN <& LITTLE
312-314 MARKET ST., SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.
Dealers in GASOLINE ENGINES— 1}^, 2 >^, 5, 8 and 12 Horse Power
Centrifugal, Triplex, Irrigating and Power Pumps. Hand and Wind
Mill Pumps. Wind Mills and Tanks. Iron Pipe, Fittings, Tools,
Horse Powers, etc.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
RIDER AGENTS WANTED
$9 fo $15
$7 fo $11
$3to$8
one in each town to ride and exhibit a sumi>lo 11»02 model
bicycle of our manufacture. YOU CAM MAKE $10 TO
$BOA WEEKhoBidea having,' a wheel to rideforyourself
1902 mOuBIS Guaran^teed
1900 and 1901 Models £^jls $7 tO $11
500 Second Hand Wheels
taken in trade; hy our Chic;a>ro retail stores, all I
makes and models, gfxxl as new
We ship any bicycle OM APPROVAL to any-
one without a cent deposit in advance and allow
10 DAYS FREE TRIAL, iz.lt^;
no risk in ordering' from us, as you do not need
to pay a cent if the bicycle does not suit you.
Mil AT DIIV a wheel until you have written for our
nOT BUT FACTORY PRICES* FREE TRIAL OFFER.
Tlr««, equipment, sundries and siK)rtlriK'tr<)(xls of all kinds, at
half rciruiar i>rlct'S, in our hlj? free sundry catalogue. Con-
_ _ tains a world of usefid information. Write for it.
MMiVra reliable person In each town to distribute catalosrues for us In
exchange for a bicycle. Write today for free catalogue and our special offer.
J. L. MEAD CYCLE CO., Chicago, III.
Modern ness
is the spirit and fact of our entire establishment.
Our mechanical plant represents the most up-to-
^—^—^■^——■—^^^^■—11— date laundry equipment in the West, and includes
—— facilities, such as our " NO SAW EDGE on
Collars and Cuffs " machine, which is our own patent. Experience and circumstances
have enabled us to weed out inefficient help, Skillfulness, promptness and courtesy
prevail.
We occupy our own building, from the ground floor up, in the business center of
the city, and are therefore convenient of access. Call or phone.
Empire Laundry
149 S. MAIN ST., LOS ANQELES
Phone Main 635.
Satisfactioii GurMrtee^
JgW**"
^^
H016I ?\mmm
Gaeats desi rinsr room s \^ i :
will be accoinuclatcd.
ird
SUTTER «No
JONES 8T8.,
SAN FRANCISCO
Situated in a pleasant part of the city. Very con-
venient to all the theaters, churches and principal stores.
Two lines of cable cars pass the hotel. Sutter Street
line direct from the Perries to the hotel and to Golden
i Gate Park and other points of interest. Elegantly fur-
nished rooms, single or en suite, with or without private
bath. All modern improvements for the comfort and
safety of the guests. The excellence of the cuisine and
service are leading features, and there is an atmosphere
of home comfort rarely met with in a hotel.
Rates on the American plan, from $Z50 to $5.00 per day for one
person. Special terms by the week and to families.
O. M. BRENNAN, Proprietor.
Reliable help promptly furnished. Hummel Bros. A. Co., Tel. Main 509,
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
>c -^
"^
\f
Once
a day
our Go'bern-
^ ment Observers
■ tick the correct time
to thousands over the
•wires,
Elgin
Watches
tick it continually to mil-
lions. Every Elgin watch
has the word ''Elgin
engraved on the works
Send for free booklet
about Hvatches.
ELGIN
SKATIONAL
WATCH CO,
Elgin,
Ulinois
tt 1^ r
'10
.H^
(£1
Do you
want a bargrain for
$6,000 in Southern California, 6
miles from the town of Santa Ana,
within 2 miles from the town of Orang-e,
and within 25 miles of Los Angreles, within 10
miles of the Pacific Ocean and in perfect view of
the California mountains, in the famous Santa Ana
Valley where frost was never known — 15 acres of
black, sandy soil, planted as follows : 650 10-year old
Oransre trees in full bearing- ( 200 of Mediterranean
Sweets, 200 of Washington Navels, 250 of Budded Seed-
ling's ; also 100 trees, 5 years old, of the Late Valencia ; 15
fine Soft-shell English
This constitutes ten
seven-year old Muscat
Royal Apricots, seven
Citrus Fruits for Fam
built and modern, has
iently arranged. Also
Walnut trees, 4 years old),
acres. There are 3 acres of
Grapes, two acres of fine
years old, and a variety of
ily use. The house is well
five good big rooms conven-
a good barn, room for 3
torses, 2 buggies, and a big
loft for hay and grain. The
ranch is situated on corner
of two good country roads,
and is fenced with a cypress
and pepper hedge. Surround-
ing country is very thickly
settled with elegant farms.
Abundance of water is on the
place to irrigate with as
often as necessary. The
property is within one and
oni'-half miles to good
school and church, with-
in four miles of the
Southern Pacific and
Santa Fe Railroad sta-
tions. The ranch yields
on an average of $2,000
per year, and yet there is
room for improvement.
It is by far one of the
best properties offered
within five years in this
valley for sale, and it is
owing to the extreme
age of the owner that he
will sell at all. Any in-
dustrious man or woman
can, within a few years,
earn a small fortune, and
will enjoy the best of
health. Don't delay in
obtaining the particu-
lars in detail if you are
favorably impressed
with this property, as it
absolutely bona fide.
All inquiries by mail
will receive an imme-
diate reply." Address
A. T. Jergins & Co.
508 S. Broadway,
Los Angeles, Cal.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Mount (ampDell Omn^e TriKt
( 2,000 acres). In Fresno County, Cai.
Soil — A vegetable loam, rich in iron and
potash — no need of fertilizers. Water unlim-
ited (both ditch and reservoir) annual charjje
under ditch 25c to 50c per acre per annum.
Itnmvinity- from Insect Pests — no Rust,
and the fruit clean and highly colored.
Early Fruit — The conditions of soil and
climate mature the oran^je for the Thanks-
giving- and Christmas market v?hen prices
are the best. Climate Favorable — Lo-
cation on slightly sloping bench land above
line of severe frosts. Price of land from
$75 to $150 per acre, with ditches made to the
land and ready for planting. An orange grove
here in full bearing will cost but little more
than vacant land in other sections of State.
TKe Mount Campbell Colony of
three thousand acres immediately south of the
Mount Campbell Orange Tract is now being
sub-divided into twenty-acre lots, and will be
sold at $25 to $50 per acre — one-third cash,
and the balance in equal payments in three
and four years at six per cent interest. It is
strictly HigH Grade soil, level, and under
ditch, and suitable for citrus and deciduous
fruits, grapes and alfalfa.
Mount Campbell Xo-wn Site, on the beauti-
ful Wahtoke Lake, is one of the beauty spots of Cali-
fornia—only 7 miles from Keedley on both the Southern
Pacific and Santa Fe R.iilroads. Send for maps and
prospectus to "W. N. ROHRER, Fresno, Cal.
Orange Land
I offer for sale Ten Acres
of land in Thermalito, near Oro-
ville, Butte Co., in the Heart of
the Northern Citrus Belt, at
F"*ifty Dollars per acre.
In this district are grown the
finest Navel Oranges in the
world, ripening from four to six
weeks earlier than in any other
place in California.
Title perfect.
For particulars address
D. G. McGflLLUM
Oroville Butte Co., California
FOX
Typewriters
GIVE
Satisfaction
LIGHT TOUCH
SPEED m
DURABILITY
Are the
Distinctive
Features
of
"The Fox"
In the Middle States and in the
East where " The Fox " is bet-
ter known, it is " The Iveader."
Its EXTREME SIMPLICITY
and EASY ACTION have
made it the STANDARD. :
CATALOGUES MAILED UPON KEHUEST
DESIRABLE DEALERS WANTED
FOR THE PACIFIC COAST. : : :
rOX TYPEWRITER CO.
104 Front Street
GRAND RAPIDS, MICH.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
PASADENA
/ SELL. ORANGE ORCHARDS
That pay a steady investment, with good water
rigrhts. I have them in the suburbs of Pasadena,
finely located for homes, also in the country for
profit. Fine homes in Pasadena a specialty.
REAL ESTATE,
INSURANCE, LOAN^fe.
INVESTMENTS.
16 S. Ra3-mond Avi-.
Pasadena, Cal.
115 S. Broadway
Los Angreles, Cal.
REOLANDS
ORANGE GROVE
An extra BARGAIN — 24>^ acres
bearing oranges, cement flumes, house,
barn, horses, wagon and farming im-
plements. One of the finest sites on
Redlands Heights. On electric car line.
Call or write for particulars of this
and other properties in Redlands.
JOHN P. FISK
First Nat'l Bank Blk. Redlands, Cal.
RIVERSIDE
DO YOU WANT
TO OWN AN
ORANGE ORCHARD
IN RIVERSIDE, CAL.,
and get a steady and guaranteed in-
come at once, no matter where you
live ? If so, write for full particulars
to
R. W. POINDEXTER CO.
309 Wilcox Block
Los Angeles, Cal.
We refer for our stand insr to First National
Bank, Los Ansreles.
PORTERVILLE
]■
Come to Porterville !
Where Oranges and I^emons
are grown free from Smut
and Scale.
CHEAP LAND, CHEAP WATER, Un-
equalled Climate. To in-
vestigate means to invest.
For information, address
secreiory Boord oi Troiie,
LOS ANGELES
1
We Sell the Earth
BASSETT & SMITH
We deal in all kinds of Real Estate, Orchard and
Residence Property. Write for descriptive pamphlet.
Room 208, 202>^ S. BROADWAY
NOLAN & SMITH BLOCK LOS ANGELES, CAL.
LOS ANGELES
1
Land. Ag-ent for I. W. Hellman, the iarg^est property owner
in Los Angeles City.
P. A. STANTON 144 s. broadway
REAL ESTATE LOS ANGELES, CAL.
References ; Farmers and Aferchants Bank, Los Angeles ;
Nevada National Bank, San Francisco.
REDLANDS
1
nDflHIPE PDOUE^ For reliable information as to cost,
UnHilUL UnUlCO care and culture of Redlands
Orangre Groves, call on or address
C. H. FOWLER
209 Orange Street Redlands, Cal.
SAN FRANCISCO
Visitors and tourists, as well as old residents who are
expecting- friends from the East, will be grlad to learn
that they can now secure DeWitt'S Guide tO San
Francisco for only 35 cents. It contains just the in-
formation tourists wish, is systematically and attract-
ively arrangred, and gives a very clear idea of the city
and how best to see it. A fine new map is also inserted.
F. M. DeWitt
318 Post Street San Francisco, Cai.
THREE THOUSAND DOLLARS
Buys the finest 10--A.cre Lemon and Orange RancK in So.
California. Nice 5 - Room Cottage, Barn, lots of water. Very
choice neighborhood. Healthiest part of State. Very even temperature.
This i>lace cost present owner $5,000, and is only offered for sale on account of his being- appointed to a
hig-h position with one of California's larg-est railroads, necessitating his removal to another part of the
State. This is a chance seldom offered for you to secure a barg-ain. For further particulars call or address
J. M. McLEOD, 123 SOUTH BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
»»♦♦♦♦%♦♦»
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
I Can Sell Your Farm
or other real eMate for ca«h, no matter where loeated
Send ueseription anrt selllriK price and learn my wonder-
fully BUrcesglul plan. W. M. OSTRANDER,
horth American Building, PhUadelphia, I'a.
RURAL BOOKS
For Farm and Garden. Fruits, Flowers, Plants, Caitlo,
Dairyinsr, Horses, Sheep, Swine and (ioats, Pifireons,
Rabbits, Bees, PouUrv, Insects, Dog's and Fishes ;
House and Barn-Building', etc. Send Ic. stamp for
Price List.- HUMBOLDT BOOK AND STATIONERY
CO., 885 N. Oakley Ave., Chicago, III.
Laughlin
FOUNTAIN PEN
THE BEST AT AriV PRiCE.
SENT ON APPROVAL
To responsible people. Your
choice of these popular
styles, superior to the $3.00
grades of other makes.
SENT POSTPAID FOn ONLY
K m
i
Hy registered mail, 8c extra.
It Costs You Nothing
lo try it a 'week. If you do
not find it the best pen you
I'vcrused and pre-eminciitlv
satisfactory, send it back
and ^et your money. Finest
quality hard rubber holder,
liighest grade, large MK.
Rold pen, any desired flexi-
l>ility, in fine, medium oi
■-tub. Perfect ink feed, lin
not mi.ss this opportunity ti>
secure a strictly high gradi
guaranteed Kountam Pen at
.1 price that is only a fnu
I ion of its rt-al value.
Ask your dealer to show
\ou this pen. If he has not
of won't get it for you, (do
not let hini substitute an
imitation, on which he -will
make more profit), send his
name and your order direi t
to us, atid we will send yoti
uith Fountain Pen, one c:
our Safety Pocket Pen Hoi' 1
' ts without extra chavj^r
I 'i member, there is iio
just as good" as tin
i.aughlin. Insist on it; tak<
no chances. If your dcali i
has not this widely advci
tiscd writing wonder, it i
neither your fault or ours, so
orderdirect. Illustration on
left is full size of ladit s
style; on right, gentlemen's
style. (Eilhei style, richly
trimmed with heavy soliil
gold mountings, for <1.(K>
nddttional). Address
LauffKlin Mftf. Co.
B85 Griswotd St.,
DETROIT - MICH
NEVER LOSE A FISH
("-FISHING MAM tA5yN>. y^
Tlif l>«t ruh Moot on n»l. l..f S... Uk» «»d R(™t *^Ide. «*
loiinf b«ii. M> ami'tt kemu wilkoul yomr Itrtnt fiak. No bnakla*
■arlnS'MiL No OM c«n affortl to ft«h wIllK.W o«». Ko»r««o«
of atim. Il l.tlmpk tod ilroot; b»l»» • !.•»««. Ihe hard*. •
S.hptilli Die airaoK.' II will hold him. h I. n.ll; »A\M>t* ■« •II kIWl
ol tihini Ijy ■lldlnie lh« llnl« c)«ii>p oo ih. rod. Madr la lhf«» liaM.
• Ark .our doUr tor the OReeR LBVER HOOKS. Hro* eaaaot
thrm, ih«f will be tent dlretl «a receipt o( price. %nt yaaul
Greer Lever Fish Hook Co.,
Boom 691 ▲o«t«U Building, ATLANTA. QA.
Oakland Poultry Yards
1301 Castro St., Oakland, Cat.
Over 60 Yards of Fowls.
Oldest Poultry Establish-
ment on the Coast. Manu-
facturers of the
The Best Machines in the
world. Absolutely SELF-
REG UL ATI Nd.
Send for 60 p. Catalogue
619 Latest dnd Most Populdr Son^ ^"'" ■^"-"••^''^
for 25c.
J. W. GUNNELS, Toledo, Ohio-
Maier & Zobelein
Brewery
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
BOTTLED BEER
For Family use and Bxport a specialty.
▲ pure, wholesome beverage, recommended by
prominent physicians.
OFFICE, 440 ALISO STREET
TEL. MAIN 91
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
OLDKST AND LAKGEST BANK IN SOUTHERN
CAI.IFORNIA
THE FARMERS AND MEReHAKTS BANK
OF LOS ANGELES
Incorporated 1871
Capital .... $500,000.00
Surplus and Undivided Profits, $878,000.00
Deposits .... $6,300,000.00
OFFrCERS
I. W. Hellman, Pres. H. W. Hellman, Vice-Pres.
J. A. Graves, 2nd Vice-Pres. Charles Sbyler, Cashier
G. Hkimann, Assistant Cashier
W. H. Perry
I. N. VanNuys
H. W. Hellman
A. Haas
DIRECTORS
I.W. Hellman, Jr.
J. A. Graves
J. F. Francis
Wm. L,acy
O.W. Childs
I. W. Hellman
C. E. Thorn
Drafts and Letters of Credit issued and Telegraphic and
Cable Transfers to all parts of the world.
Special Safety Deposit Department and Storage Vaults.
W. C. Patterson, Prest. P. M. Green, Vice-Pres.
Frank P. Flint, Second VIce-Prest.
W. D. WOOLWINE, Cashier
E. W. COE, Assistant Cashier
O. J. WlODAL •• "
lie [OS umi Nflilonol Bini
UNITED STATES DEPOSITARY
Cor. First and Spring Streets
Capital Stock
Surplus and Profits over
$500,000
150,000
Larfirest capital of any National bank in Southern Cal-
ifornia. This bank is fortunate in having- a strong- direc-
tory and a largre list of substantial stockholders.
Largest National Bank in Soothera California.
riRST NATIONAL BANK
OF liOS ANGBIiES
Desig-nated Depositary of the United States.
Capital Stock S 400,000
Surplus and Undivided Profits over 360,000
Deposits 4,750,000
J. M. Elliott, Prest. W. G. Kerckhoff, V.-Prest.
J. C. Drake, Second V.-Prest.
W. T. S. Hammond, Castiier
J. D. Bicknell
J. M. Elliott
DIRECTORS
H. Jevne
F. O. Story
J. .C Drake
W. G. Kerckhoff
J. D. Hooker
All Departments of a Modern Banking Business Conducted
CORPORATION SUPPLIES
We make a specialty of the PRINTING, STATIONERY,
ENGRAVING and other requisites of Incorporated
Companies, including Stock Certificates, Slock
Journals and Ledgers, Seals, Prospectuses, etc., etc.
SAMPLES and ESTIMATES sent on request.
Steel Die and Copperplate Printing
Only the Very Best Work,
and Ready When Promised.
Offices and
Stationery Dept.:
115
S. BROADWAY
Works:
113-115-117-119
S. BROADWAY
( rear )
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Reference: State Bank
and Trust Company
We Are Offering
A LIMITED AMOUNT OF SHARES OF THE
PHONE
JOHN Biei
MM (oppcr (ompany it 3 « a sham
OR ON INSTALLMENTS AS FOi-LOlVS :
$ 2.50 for six months carries 500 shares
5.00 " " 1000 "
10.00 " " 2000 "
15.00 " " 3000 "
$20.00 for six tnonths carries 4000 shares
25.00 " " 5000 "
45.00 " " 10000 "
MINING INVESTMENT AND BROKERAGE COMPANY
J. M. GRAYBILL, Vice-Pres. and Treas. 383-384 WILCOX BLOCK. LOS ANGELES
FRANK P. BURCH, Cashier
Tklephone Main 942
Southern California Grain and Stocic Co.
Share and Grain Brokers New York Markets.
Correspondents in Pomona, San Bernardino,
Redlands, Riverside and San Dieg-o.
118 STIMSON BLOCK
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
COR. THIRD AND
SPRING STRKETS
Hummel Bros. & Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
«■
*.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
INIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN
KKillT
SCHOOLS
CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES
THE COLLEGE. Faculty of 16. Ample equipment. Students
may pass from any class to the State University or any
in the East.
THE PREPARATORY SCHOOL. As "Cha£fey" stood amonr the
highest accredited schools in the State. Utmost pains taken
with physical development, manners and character, as
well as witli the intellect.
University Station.
Dean Wm. T. Randall, A. M.
PASADENA
130-154 S.
EUCLID AVENUE
ENGLISH CLASSICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS
Boarding and Day Pupils
New Building's. Gymnasium. Special care of health.
Entire charsre taken of pupils during- school year and
summer vacation. Certificate admitsto Eastern Colleges.
European teachers in art and music. 12th year began
Oct., 1901. AIVNA B. ORTON, Principal
Occidental College
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Three Courses : Claasical, Literary, Scientific,
leading to degrees of A. B., B. L., and B. S. Tboroagh
Preparatory Department and School of Mnsic.
First semester t>egins September 25, 1901.
Address the President,
R«T. Ouy W. Wadaworth.
ST. VINCENT'S COLLEGE
GRAND AVENUE LOS ANQELE5. CAL.
A Boarding and Day Collage for Boys and Young Men
COLRSCS I Classical, Scientific, Commercial aid
Academic
For further Information address REV. J. S. GLASS, C. M., D. 0.
Formerly Casa de Rosas.
Girls* Collegiate ScKool
Adams and Hoover Sts.,
lioa Anfeles, 0»1.
ALICE K. Parsons, B.A.,
Jbannb W. Dbnnbk,
Principals.
THE HARVARD SCHOOL
(MILITARY)
LOS ANGELES. CAL.
An Enarlish Classical Boarding and Day Schoel for Boys.
GRENVILLE C. EMERY, A. B.,
Head Master.
References : Chas. W. Eliot, LL. D., President Harvard
University.
Hon. Wm. P. Frye, Pres't pro tem. U. S. Senate.
THE LOS ANGELES MILITARY
=ACADEMY==
EIGnm YEAR, 1901—1902.
A select Boarding and Day School. Pre-
pares for colleges, government schools,
technical schools and business. Faculty
large, competent, exiierienced ; all depart-
ments thoroughly equipped; location near
all city advantages, yet sufficiently iso-
lated to be beyond demoralizing influence
and dangers.
Before deciding upon a school investi-
gate the advantages we offer. Special rates
during vacation. Illustrated catalogue upon
application.
Telephone Main 1556.
WALTER J. BAILEY, A. M.,
Principal.
CAPT. CHARLES KIENER,
CommancUnt.
(Graduate Vienna Military Academy.)
BUSINESS COLLEGE
24 Post Street San Francisco, Cal.
The Leading Business Training School of the
West. Prepares Young Men and Women
for Business Careers.
lO rinfk Graduates now successfully
applying their knowledge.
3<^r|r| Stenographers have been
,OW trained at Heald's.
Innn Nearly 1.000 pupils enrolled
, WU last year.
Average daily attendance.
Nearly 300 graduates last
year.
Positions filled during the
year.
Additional positions offered
last year that could not be
filled for lack of graduates.
Tyiicwriting machines in
the Typing Department.
Counties in California repre-
sented last year.
Hoald's Business College Is
nearly 40 years old.
Teachers employed in the
sch(X>l.
States and Territories sent
students to the college
last year.
Foreign countries were rep-
resented in the student
body last year.
There .ire three Banks in
the Business Practice
Department.
School is open the eniiiv year, day and night.
WRITE FOR ILLUSTRATED CATALOGUE FREE
450
300
274
250
65
53
40
28
17
7
3
18,000
3,500
1,000
450
300
274
250
65
53
40
28
17
7
3
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
OPENED APRIL 7th, 1902
THE NEW HOME OF THE CUMNOCK SCHOOL OF EXPRESSION.
Modeled after Shakespeare's house at Stratford-on^Avon. 1500 Pigueroa Street, Los Angeles. Spring term
begins April 7, 1902. For catalogue and full information address ADDIE MURPHEY QREQQ, Director.
/oj Aq^e/e6
212 iAZEST THIRD ST.
Is the oldest established, has the largest attendance, and is the best equipped business college
on the Pacific Coast. Catalogue and circulars free. Telephone Black 2651.
I<arc Old Books
and Manuscripts
REL.ATINQ
CHIEFLY TO
SPANISH
AMERICA
Larg-est Stock in America
SIXTH CATALOGUE tL^^^!^r.£.^%^^^e
50 cents, which will be refunded on first order of $5.00
or more.
W. W. BLAKE
GAUTE 8 CITY OF MEXICO
Refers by permission to the Editor.
Learn to Write Well
for 25 Cents
A small mechanical device just invented
by a Professor in Heidelberg, Ger-
many, makes the poorest penman a
splendid, -writer in a few days.
Endorsed by prominent College Presidents
and Educators, g-enerallv, in Europe and
America. Sent postpaid on receipt of 2Sc.
in coin or stamps. State whether for man,
woman or child. Agents wanted on salary
and commission.
E-dxicational Mfg. Co.
119 S 4'tH St., PHiladelpHia, Pa.
«^pOR ANY BOOK ON EARTH— ^
4®- r Write to 11. H. TIMBY, Book Hunter -^^^
«»=CATALOOUES FREE CONNEAUT, 0HI0"5»
5 OF COURSE ALSO, OF COURSE, f
m YOU WILL VISIT YOU VILL STOP AT THE S
I STOCKTON Yosemtte Hotel \
Hummel Bros. & Co., "Help Center," 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
s /4^ *
/%t^ii<
"NEWS FROM THE FRONT."
'General Bragg took the town of Bodilla yesterday. The natives submitted willin^-ly and seemed
pleased at being American subjects. Developments awaited with interest."
THE, PHOTO = MINIATUKE,
A MONTHLY MAGAZINE OF PHOTOGRAPHIC INFORMATION : ILLUSTRATED
Every number a complete book. Every month a different subject. The best library of photosraphic informa-
tion obtainable. Plain and practical. Beautifully illustrated. 35 numbers published, all obtainable. US cents each.
Per year. $2.50 in advance. No free samples. Send for Blue Booklet describing the scries — free on application.
GET IT FROM YOUR DEALER : TENNANT & WARD. PUBLISHERS. NEW YORK
CRY.5TALIZED NaVCL OrANGE
This Orange
sent
by
Mail,
prepaid,
$1.00
California
Crystallized Fruits
We cr)'stallize about twenty dif-
ferent kinds of fruits — they are per-
fectly preserved and keep indefinit-
ely. Fancy Boxes, assorted, sent
prepaid, 75c. pound.
Wells Candy Co. 44? S. Spring St., los Angeles, (al.
i
3*^
^P\^Vo\Ott\€l To|LET5?AP
AT ALL
DRUG STORES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
3jHMBf^^HS**^M«if*^
k^^0000^-iMm^0^ .^*.MS,ja^ia,ja^is^i^ia,ja^MS>Js^ia,js^ja,J^
*
(AllfORNIA VIEWS
The most complete line of Pho-
tographs in the West. Views
of all the objects of interest in
California, Arizona and Ore-
gon, reproduced in AhX, sizes
and styles, for your album, for
framing and as souvenir nov-
elties.
Note the reproduction of our views
on preceding pag-es of this mafirazine.
Plates and films developed, printed
and enlarged.
Commercial and
View Photographers
Retail Brdnch: 252 S. Spring St., Los Angeles
Pleasure and Comfort go Hand in Hand
This can be had in the deligrhts
of Cyclinsr when mounted on a
1902 Model
(ieveldnd or Tribune Bkyde i
S35, S40, S50
Barg-ains in Second-hand Bicycles.
List Mailed for the asking-.
LEAV/TT
307-309 UARKIN ST.,
Branches: Los Ansreles, San Jose, Oakland
<£ BILL
San FRANCISCO
^vrw^T^'5?rw*r^'^pr^^^!r^pr'^?rw>r
OUR 5 X COUPON
^GOLD BONDS
Secured by First Mortgag-es held in trust
by the State Bank and Trust Co., are as
SAFE as
GOVERNMENT BONDS
Six years of unqualified satisfaction.
Write for Booklet.
THE PROTECTIVE SAVINGS MUTUAl BUIlDINd AND LOAN ASS'N
101 N. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES
Reliable help promptly furnished. Hummel Bros. & Co., Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
The LONG and SHORT of it.
TKe typewriter wKich does the most work
and the best work
In the
SHORTEST
time
For the
LONGEST
time
Is the
REMINGTON
Wyckoff. Seamans & Benedict, 113 S. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES, CAL.
211 Montiromery St., San Francisco. 24'» Stark St., Portland. Ore.
DO YOU READ
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246 5utter Street San Francisco, Cal.
RR vol INn ADPHITPfT 300-301 LANKERSHIM BLK.. Cor. 3rd and Spring Sts.
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AMYUn TtlEITDlPII mi R PDCAM prevents early wrinkles. It is not a freckle coatinir ; it re-
HHIfU I IILAI niuAL UULU unCAIll movesthem. ANYVO CO., 427 N Main St., Los Ane^elee.
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Ff XK I L-NA/^AwV:
5l?e SQQQie 5rip of f{(T\qr\Qa.
MT. LOWE
Famous the world over for its wonder-
ful Kailway — a triumph in eng-ineering-
skill— and the grandeur and variety of
its scenery, it stands
Pre-eminent among the Attractions of
Southern California.
The wide range of views and the vary-
ing landscape of
IVlountdins, Valleys, Cities, Ocean
and Islands
is unsurpassed on this continent. At
the Upper Terminus of the Mountain
Railway
5000 ft. Above the Sea
is located
YE ALPINE TAVERN
An unique hostelry of the Swiss style
of architecture, delightfully situated in
a forest of mammoth pines and oak.
This hotel furnishes ample and first-
class accommodations to the tourist.
Kates are reasonable.
For full particularn reirardinir Special Ex-
cursion Ratfs for parties, societies, etc., call on
or address
H. F. Gentry, Passenger Agent
Pacific Electric Railway Co.
250 S. Spring St. Tel. M. 900
THE
NORTH-
WESTERN
LINE
AFFORDS the most luxurious
accommodations between
CALIFORNIA and
CHICAGO and the
EAST.
The Best of Everything
THE NEW
COMPRISBS
NE.W Observation Cars, Com-
partment Cars, Drawing-room
Sleeping- Cars, Buflfet-Library-
Smoking Cars, with Barber
and Bath.
Electric li^Hted tHrou^H-
o\it — Reading Lamp in every
berth.
XKroxig'H Tourist Sleeping
Cars dail)', and personally con-
ducted Tourist Excursions in
the most modern Pullman
Tourist Sleeping Cars.
Otfke: £47 S. Spring St., Los Angeles. QL
W. D. CAMPBELL. G«nM Art.
W. B. KNISKERN, G. P. and T. A..
Chicairo, 111.
Hummel Bros. & Co. furnlah b«at help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
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Why Stay Home 1
?
Everybody should take a rest — a
change of air. And we give every-
body a chance to do so.
EVERYTHING TO SUIT YOUR TASTE
OR NEEDS, ALONG THE
CALIFORNIA
NORTHWESTERN
RAILWAY
The Picturesque Route of (alifornid
Call or write for ''IDacatiOH, 1902," a little
book, beautifully illustrated, issued by the
Company, giving
Camping Locations, Hotels, Mineral Spring
Resorts, and a long list of Farms and
Homes where Board for the Summer can
be secured at from $6 to $8 per week
Ticket Offices, 650 Market St. (Chronicle Building)
and Tiburon Ferry, foot of Market St. General
Office, Mutual Life Building, Sansome and California
Sts., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
n. (. WHITING, den'l M$r.
R. X. RYAN, Oen'l PdSS. Agt.
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%
lll(! MM Mk
Will afford you a most pleasant route to tlie East,
passing through, the entire Northwest, by -way of
Portland, Tacoma, Seattle, Spokane, Helena,
Butte, Bismarck, Fargo, Minneapolis and St. Paul.
lb
Two Overldnd Trdins Dnily
Carrying Elegant Pullman and Tourist Sleepers
and Dining Cars.
drand Scenery and the Best o( Service
PACIFIC
Are Special Features of this popular line.
REMEMBER THAT THE NORTHERN
IS*^ THE ONLY RAIL LINE TO YELLOWSTONE
NATIONAL PARK.
lb
Information cheerfully furnished.
i Tickets Sold to All Enstern Points
(. I JOHNSON.
District Passenger Agent,
125 West Third Street,
Los Angeles, Cal.
T. K. STATELER.
General Agent,
Passenger Department,
647 Market Street.
San Francisco, Cal.
Hi
IS!
H!
IS!
iS!
IS!
iS!
Help— All Kinds. See Hummel Bros. & Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
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17 Hniipc LOS ANGELES
ui IIUUI O CAM FHAIUriCl
SAN ERANCISCO
BY
Pacific Coast Steamsliip Co.
EXPRESS SERVICE-SOUTH BOUND ^
fe
Leave San Francisco : SANTA ROSA Sundays, 9.00 a.m. 5
STATE OF CAL Thursdays, " " g
NORTH BOUND B
Leave Los Angeles : SANTA ROSA Wednesdays, 10. 00 a. m. |^
STATE OF CAL. Sundays, " " S
=.^^_.=^^__^^=^^^= I
Operate Steamers to and from Mexico, Humboldt Bay, British S
Columbia, Seattle and Alaska |^
= ^
W, PARRIS, Agent GOODALL, PERKINS & CO,, g
328 S. Spring St. GENERAL AGENTS g
LOS ANGELES, CAL. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. §
RAMONA TOILET 30 A P
FOR ^ ALE
EVERYWHERE
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THE WAY TO SEE
Southern California
/S VIA
THE SOITHERN PACIfIC CO/S
'im MW
DAILY
SERVICE
between
Los Angeles
and
Riverside,
Loma Linda
Redlands,
San Bernar-
dino
^ITINERARY
THE "jFLYER "
LEAVES Los Angeles— Arcade Depot 8:45 am
ARRIVE Colton 10 :42 am
" Riverside 11:00 am
[2 hours and 30 minutes stop, allowincr time for
lunch; drive on Victoria Avenue by way of
ArlinfiTton Heigrhts and New Indian School,
returninjT on the famous Mairnolia Avenue.]
LEAVE Riverside 1:30pm
ARRIVE Loma Linda 1:60 pm
[Slop of 33 minutes to enjoy the beautiful pan-
oramic view from plateau snrroundinir Loma
Linda Hotel.]
ARRIVE Redlands 2:35 pm
[Stop of 1 hour and 30 minutes to permit drive to
Smiley Heiirhts and other points of interest.]
LEAVE Redlands 4:06 pm
ARRIVE Los Angeles 8:20 pm
[In ample time for dinner.]
Leavinsr Los Ang-eles this train will travel by
way of Puente, Pomona and Ontario, returnintr
viaCovina; thus affording' the opportunity of
seeinar the famous Citrus Fruit Belt of Cali-
fornia, passiuff the old San Gabriel Mission.
For fmtlier particulars see Aarent Sonthern Pacific Co., or write
0. A. PARKYNS, As5t. GenM Frt. & Pass. Agt
261 5. Spring St., LOS ANQELES, CAL.
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California Limited
THE RESULT OF AN
641 Market Street 200 S. Spring Street
SAN IFRANCISCO LOS ANGELES
Ik
Ik
m
ENDEAVOR TO CREATE Ik
*
A PERFECT TRAIN J
Ik
=— = Ik
Ik
'Ik
HI6H CLASS ACCOMMODATIONS ||^
HAVE MADE IT THE MOST |||^
POPULAR WITH TRAVELERS ||^
Daily Service Betwccn Sdii Francisco S
Los Angeles and Chicago *
Ik
^— ^ Ik
VWWif
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SURE CURE FOR PILES.
ITCIIINC; Piles produce moisture and cause itcliinj;. 'Iliii form,
as well as Blind. Bleedinif or Frotrudinif Piles arc cured by
St. Bo-iaa-ko'i Pile Kamedy. Stops itchine and ble'edine. Ab-
»orl>s tumors. 50c. ajar at druggists or sent hy mall. Treatise free.
Write me about your case. DE. BOSANKO, PhlUdelphU, ttt.
EVERY WOMAN
Xis Interested and should know
about the wonderful
Marvel ^T
Douche
f your druggist cannot
upply the MARVEL, .
ccept no other, but write us 1
llustraled Book, sent free —
ealed. It gives price by mail,
larticulars and directions invalu-
ble to ladies, ■ndorsed by Ptaynlrliins.
lARVEL CO., Room 33, Times Building, N.V.
California Turquoise
Sent to any addreHs. Genuine Matrix Tur-
quoise set in silver for bat pin. 50c.; and
stick pin for 25c. All kinds of Gem Stones,
cut Opals, Garnets, Pearls, odd Gem Stone?'.
CALIFORNIA QEM COMPANY
322 SOUTH SPRINfi ST., LOS ANGELES. CAL.
Reference : Nat"! Bank of California.
DR. GUNN'S imi
PILLS
CORE8 SICK HEADACHE by remov-
ini,' the cause. CUKES DYSPEi^SIAby
aidintf ditfestion. CLEARS THE COM-
PliEXION, by purifying the blood.
ONLY ONE FOR A DOSE.
Theie pi I It act quietly on the bowels, rrmarin* the pestilent matt*r.
alimulaie* the liver in'o >ciioD crentinf a healthy diceation earint
dy>pep«ia and aour irtoinarh Por pimply, pale or aallow poofil*. they
imp-rt to the face that wholeaone look that indieataa health Sold
by druKifiats or by mail. 25e a box, Samples free.
OR. BOSANKO CO.. PMIadelphia. Pa.
RIPANS
Ripans Tabules hold their place as the supreme
remedy which cures dyspepsia, indigestion, stomach,
liver and bowel troubles, sick headache and consti-
pation. No other single remedy has yet been found
since the twilight of medical history which is capable
of doing so much good to so large a majority of
mankind.
HT DRUGGISTS
The five-cent packet is cnoog^h for an ordinary occasion. The family bottle^ sixty
centSr contains a supply for a year.
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riFFD WDINUIFQ wholly eradicated and Full Con-
l/LLr W¥ rlllir\L^Lh3 tour firmly built up. POCK MARKS, MOTH,
FRECKLES, all FACIAL BLEMISHES, positively removed in ten days. You can again
possess a skin absolutely new and as soft as in youth. Work guaranteed; city references.
MRS. in. SHERWOOD dermatologist
Room 40, Hotel Nahant, 727 S. Broadway, Los Angeles Tel. Green 704
Prol. C. GUST. p. BLOMQVIST
GRf\DUf\TED /V\f\SSEUR
ORIGINATOR
OF THE
BLOMQVfST SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL EXERCISES
Gives the only true and scientific physical treatment for the development of the muscular sys
tem, nervous exhaustion, and bodily deformities in existence. His treatment is based upon
his complete knowledg'e of the physical anatomy of men and women. A diag-uosis of your'
case is made, your physical needs determined and a treatment g'iven which will
meet your individual case. There are over two thousand different movements'
each for a separate purpose, in the Blomqvist System. Every d isease or deform-
ity is g'iven a specific movement. Other systems do not exceed twenty-five
different movements and the one set is recommended to cure every ailment.
COMMENT IS UNNECESSARY. If you have liver trouble,
dyspepsia or indigestion, or are threatened with lung- disease, nervous prostra-
tion, or if you want a strong, healthy, well developed body, write us. Any muscle
developed to any size. The Blomqvist system is the only treatment that will cure Curvature Of the
spine. No need of children going through life all crooked and maimed when our treatment will make /r?,
them strong, straight and robust. Ladles can have wrinkles removea, irregularities corrected, cold '
feet and hands made warm by our treatment for the circulation. Strongest testimonials furnished
from U. S. senators, physicians, and people of tbe highest social rank. A trial of the Blomqvist System
will convince anyone. Consult your physician. Individual treatment by mail only, no apparatus or
chart. Full information free. Write today.
BLOMQVIST GYMNflSTlG & ORTHOPEDIC INSTITUTE, GreiQliton Block, Omaha, Neb.
Help — All Kinds. See Hummel Bros. & Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
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L
A
I
T
T
U
Ei
R
1
E
A California Education
FOR OLD AND YOUNG
The bound volumeK of the Land of Sunshine make the most interesting
and valuable library of the far West ever printed. The illustrations are lavish and
handsome, the text is of a high literary standard, and ot recognized authority in its
field. There is nothing else like this magazine. Among the thousands of publica-
tions in the United States, it is wholly unique. Every educated Californian and
Westerner should have these charming volumes. They will not long be secured at
the present rates, for back numbers are growing more and more scarce ; in fact the
June number, 1894, is already out of the market.
GBMUINB M MOROCCO PLAIN LBATHEM
Vols. 1 and 2. July, '94 to May, '95, inclusive.
3 and 4. June, '95 to May, '96,
5 and 6. June, '% to May, '97,
7 and 8. June, '97 to May, '9«.
9 and 10. June, '98 to May, '99,
11 and 12. June, '99 to May, '00,
13 and 14. June, '00 to June, '01,
15. June, '01 to Jan., '02,
OUT WEST CO.
.$3.9u.
.. 2.65..
.. 3.40..
.. 2.65..
.. 2.50..
.. 2.S0..
.. 2.50..
.. 2.25..
,.$3.40
2.15
2.90
2.15
2.00
2.00
2.00
1.75
115 S. Broadway, Los Angeles
OUT WEST" WANTS SUBSCRIRTION
AGENTS EVERYWHERE
ADDRESS OUT WEST CO.
115 S. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES, GAL.
Your cKoice at Half-price
Half-tone and Line-etching Cuts
We have accumulated over
2000 cuts of H^ettern subjects
which have been used but once in the Land of Sunshine or Out West.
They are practically Off oorf a* ««f, but will be sold at half-price, viz., 8)ic
a square inch for half-tones larfirer than twelve square inches and $1 for those
under that size with 40c additional for vijrnettes. Line etchings, 5c a square
inch for those over ten square inches and 50c for those under that size.
If you cannot call at our office send $1.50 to cover express charges on
proof book to be sent to you for inspection and return. The book i« not for sale
and must be returned promptly. If you order cuts to the amoant of $5
the cost of expressaire on the proof book will be refunded.
our WbSI CO.
Ik
<k
ik
Ik
Mk
115 South Broadway tjA
LOS ANGELES J
Mjfll^¥^i^¥¥ltl^Wl^^lf^¥V¥¥¥^'Si^¥l^l^l^J^¥WfW¥Vm
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imS MAGAZINE, and the many catalogues, booklets, etc.,
we are producing, should be satisfactory evidence of our
facilities and ability along the line of high-class
PRINTING
BINDING AND ENGRAVING
We can plan and execute your order fully, "all under one
roof," at the lowest price consistent with best results
SUCCEEOima KINGSLEY-BARNES A NEUNER CO.
AND THE LAND OF SUNSHINE PUBLISHING CO.
OFFICES AND STATIONERY DEPARTMENT: 115 SOUTH BROADWAY
WORKS: 113-115-117-119 SOUTH BROADWAY (rear)
Phone Main 417
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
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MURRAY A\. HARRIS
ORGAN CO.
4
5>7 C~)C^C~) Maho»f any-cased electric parlor oriran In residence of Mr. C. E. Green,
^^ * t^-'^'-'^-' San Mateo, Cal. This Or^an is also played by automatic attachment in
another part of the room, connected by cable under fl<H)r.
BUILDERS OF
CHURCH, CHAPEL and
PARLOR ORGANS
I
ONLY COMPLETE ORGAN
FACTORY IN THE WEST
754Z60 Sdn Ferndndo St. Tel. Main 363
lOS mmS, (AllfORNIA
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SOUTH-WEST MINING
GOLD CREEK MINING CO.
THE BEST YET
2.000 FEET OF TUNNELS AND SHAFTS. A fully developed mine. 100.000 Tons of $18 to $21 Ore are
blocked out, ready for mill. Stock fully paid and non-assessable now at
CENTS SHARE
These mines are situated 30 miles south of King-man, and adjoin the famous Gold Road property
recently sold to Capt. De La Mar and O. P. Posej' for $250,000 cash. This district is a new Cripple
Creek, and this stock will be easily worth 15 cents per share before October 1st, and will be at
par in 18 mouths. Send in orders EARLY. This price will not hold long. For particulars and prospectus
AoBKEss PIONEER INVESTMENT AND TRUST CO.
Laughlin BIk., Los Angeles incorporated) FISCAL AGENTS
J. Harvey, McCarthy, President. Jno. H. Foley, Vice-President.
Alfred W. Allen, E. L. Hutchison, Attorneys. Fred A. Rosenfeld, Secretary.
Refkrences: First Nat'l Bank, Los Ang-eles ; Hon. M. P. Snyder, Mayor, or any Mercantile Agrency.
r
MINES IN THE GREAT
DRAGOON OORRER BELT
OF COCHISE COUNTY, ARIZONA, NEAR BISBEE
Do you want to make money ? BUY Mining Stock when the property is
being- developed. BUY Copper Bullion NOW^ at 25c., par value $1.00.
Absolutely Non-assessable.
Ezra T. Stimson, President Warrkn Gillelen, Treasurer
Treasui cr Stimson Mill Co. Pres. Broad-way Batik & Trust Co.
L. W. Blinn, Vice-President P. H. Clark, Secretary
L. W. BliuH Lumber Co.
WRITE FOR PROSPECTUS
Office 224 BYRNE BUILDING LOS ANGELES, CAL
RoYa
iminiiim
ivflli .ill. .llM •'■■■•\'".";.V.V.'.V;;asSl;;-...
I>
Bamiiov Powdei^
/■
'>,, %
v^?**
«>..
AbsoluiaiyVurc
'W
''> ^ ,..1.''
"m' ■'"mnmallf
Makes hot-breads WHOLESOME. Makes cake, biscuit and pastry
of superior fineness, flavor and delicacy. Makes food that will keep moist
and sweet. Is most economical because it is the purest and greatest in
leavening strength. cheap, alum bakinj? powders may raise the oiscuit,
but to eat the biscuit will be at the expense of health.
ROYAL BAKING POWDER CO., 100 WILLIAM ST , NEW YORK.
DELICIOUS DRINKS
and DAINTY DISHES
are made from
BAKER'S
BREAKFAST
COCOA
ABSOLUTELY PURE
Unequaled for smooth-
ness, delicacy, and flavor
Our Chcice Recipe Book
will tell you how to make
Fudge, and a gi.*»'. variety
of dainty dishes, from our
Cocoa and Chocolate. Sent
FREE to any address .i*
WALTER BAKER & CO. Limited
KsTABLisHRD i78.> DORCHESTER. MASS
STEVENS
FIRE
ARMS
are the most popular ones made, and if
you want a strictly RELIABLE and
ACCURATE shooter, use no other. They
have been made for 38 years, and are
acknowledged as STANDARD.
^s^Sold by nearly every dealer in Sport-
ing Goods. An interesting catalog mailed
upon request.
J. STEVENS ARMS AND TOOL CO.
270 Mill Street
Chicopee falls, Mass.
vyi^i:/. i^K^-£t
vol. -^ V 1, mo. v-F
• «
The Right Hand of the eontinent*'
OUT \^EST
Copyrighted 1902 by Out West Company
Or^ CENTS LOS ANfiFI FS
SAN FDANr.isrn ^r^ a
LOS ANGELES' FAMOUS HOTEL
The Angelus^
Opened Dec 28, 1 90 1, by
G. S. HOLMES, Prop.
vi'^)!!i*^:^^'^'M'Ml^^iyi^^i1^^>^'^i•4tii'JilflJi>Ji•M!^^^^
TOURISTS and others going Eastward
will find that a Htop off of a few dax*
at Salt Lake City can be most plea«nr-
ably spent. "The Knutsford" is the only
new fire-prooi hotel, for the better chus
of trade, in the city. Every place of ir
terest is nearby this hotel. Do n<~ •
:nisled, but check your bar " iCt to
"T^^ Ktu -.foril." Salt LaK i. .
N.B. — An interestin .llustrated book*
let on "Zion," will be mailed to anyone
addressinar
G. S. HOLMES, Prop.,
Salt Lake City.
>R On the corner of Fourth
^ and Spring Streeta, Jt Jf
S LOS AP«IGELES, CAL. >- . «. . .^^.. , . ™p.
5; The •' Knutsford" Hotel. Salt Lake City
L
liiK
LUNDBORG'S Iw PERFUMES
St ill the world — liavi- for ovor 5ll years repiesi'Uti'd\ , i ihi> liitrhest standard of i4U.r
ly, dflicacy and relinement. They appeal to all who y'
IIP reproduced the sweetest and truest odors of the
VIOLET DEW is the season's most popular vio
approach to the <laiiity sprinir llower. Sold in at
i; dealers. Send for descriptive pamphlet.
Ask for CLOVERA, one of I LADD &
I iiiidborK's greatest successes. |
love nature bv^cause in them
natural (lowers,
let production; it is the near-
tractive violet box by alt lead-
COFFIN
24 ltiirclii>
St.. N. Y.
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BOrS' WASH SUITS BY MAIl
The wash suits we show in exclusive comely styles,
fresh, spic and span in newest and chic boyish beauty
-^ and the indications already give promise of wide
vogue ^ur" tne wiL%" suit. There's sound, sensible
practicality to prompt it. Newly fresh every time it's
washed.
«/.00 TO S5.00
/Vlullen & Bluett Clothing Co.
First and Spring Streets, LOS AN6ELES
?^^^^^a^^^^^^^^^
ANYWHERE IN THE WORLD
^f^^E^^^^^^^i
i IRRIGATION I!«y«!5
^ ESTABLISHED 1886 651 S. BROADWAY, Los Angeles
999
TKere are many ^rortHy people
^ not needing more tKan V^
THREE FIGURES
to write the amount of their available assets, who would like a home in California, but are deterred on
account of the mistaken idea that they cannot buy land there or make a start without a fortune already
in hand. Such people should investigrate the
LACUNA DE TACHE GRANT
in Fresno and King-s Counties, California, where you can buy some of the best and most fertile land in the
State at $35 and $40 per acre. Land on which can be raised not only all the California fruits, but all the
cereals, such as they know how to raise in the East, including- the three great money-making- products,
CATTLE, CORN and HOGS
If you want to chang-e your location, if you are tired of cold winters, cyclones and blizzards, come to
LAGUNA DE. XACHE. If you have $1,000 or even less, and an ambition to work, you can
succeed. Write to-day for descriptive printed matter. A postal card bring-s it.
NARES CO. SAUNDERS, Managers
Mention Out Wkst. LATON. Fresno County, CAL.
RAMONA TOILET ^O A P
FOR 3 ALE
EVERYWHERE
OUT WEST
A MAGAZINE OF THE OLD PACIFIC AND THE NEW
EDITED BY CHAS. T. LUMMIS.
AMONG THE STOCKHOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS ARE:
DAVID STARR JORDAN
President of Stanford University.
FREDERICK STARR
THEODORE H. HITTELL
Chicaaro University.
The Historian of California.
MARY HALLOCK FOOTE
Author of *' The Led-Horse Claim," etc.
MARGARET COLLIER GRAHAM
Author of " Stories of the Foothills."
GRACE ELLERY CHANNING.
Author of " The Sister of a Saint," etc.
ELLA HIGGINSON
Author of " A Forest Orchid," etc.
CHARLES WARREN STODDARD
The Poet of the Sonth Seas.
INA COOLBRITH
Author of " SonfiTs from the Golden Gate," etc.
EDWIN MARKHAM
Author of " The Man With the Hoe."
JOAQUIN miller;
The Poet of the Sierras.
CHAS^FREDERICK HOLDER
I — '""^ Author of "The Life of Agrassiz," etc.
CONSTANCE GODDARD DU BOIS ~a' | » "<
^_^^_ Author of "The Shield of the Flenr de Lis."
SHARLOT M.'hALL .ua8> . .-^ .l.T''-«l
CHAS. DWIGHT WILLARD
WILLIAM E. SMYTHE
Author of "The Conqnest of Arid AiaeTica,"etc.
WILLIAM KEITH
The greatest Western Painter.
DR. WASHINGTON MATTHEWS
Ex-Prest. American Folk-Lore Society.
GEO. PARKER WINSHIP
The Historian of Coronado's Marches.
FREDERICK WEBB HODGE
of the Smithsonian Institution, Washinrtca.
GEO. HAMLIN FITCH
Literary Editor S. F. "Chronicle."
CHARLOTTE PERKINS STETSON GILMAN
Author of " In This Our World."
CHAS. HOWARD SHINN
Author of " The Story of the Mine," etc.
T. S. VAN DYKE
Author of " Rod and Gnu in California," etc.
CHAS. A. KEELER
LOUISE M. KEELER
ALEX. F. HARMER
L. MAYNARD DIXON
Illa8trat*rs.
ELIZABETH AND JOSEPH GRINNELL
Authors of "Our Feathered Friends."
BATTERMAN LINDSAY
CHARLES AMADON MOODY
Contents— June, 1902.
'Under the California Alps, painting by Wm. Keith Frontis
The Right Hand of the Continent, illustrated, Chas. F. Lumrais 569
Child Birds in Our Garden, illustrated, Elizabeth Grinnell 597
'Tis Very Trying to be Poor (illustrated verse), Childe Harold 601
Two days at Mesa Grande, illustrated, C. F. L 602
Lace-Making by Indian Women, illustrated, Mrs. A. S. C. Forbes 613
A June Wedding (quatrain), Chas. Elmer Jenney 616
Two Bits (poem), Sharlot M. Hall 617
The Bar Cross Liar (story), Eugene M. Rhodes 619
His Star (poem), Ella Higginson 626
A Modern Sapphira (story), concluded, Grace EUery Channing 627
Early Western History — from documents never before published in English — Diary of Father
Junfpero Serra, 1769, IV .635
The Sequoya League, " To Make Better Indians " ..643
In the Lion's Den (by the editor) 651
That Which is Written (reviews by the editor and C. A. M.) 658
The 20th Century West, illustrated, conducted by Wm. E. Smythe :
To Organize Prosperity 663
A County that Should be (Jreat 670
The California Constructive League — The Cause in the Metropolis 675
New Zealand Institutions — 4th paper 677
Thoughts in the Campagna (poem), Nancy K. Foster .669
Petaluma, Sonoma County, R. A. Thompson 683
Copyright 1902. Entered at the Los Amreles Postoffice as MCond-clasB matter, (sbb PUBUsaKit's paob.)
California and Back
FREE
to the first hundred responsible men and women
who ask for full information of our vineyard and
our plans for enlarging it. Write today — not
to-morrow.
San Benito Vineyards Corporation
820-1-2-3 Hayward Building
SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
Spend Your Summer in STRAWBERRY VALLEY
A MILE ABOVE THE SEA
IDYLLWILD
AMONG
THE
PINES
IS THE MOST BEAUTIFUL.
MOUNTAIN RETREAT ON EARTH
4,284 ACRES
THE FALLS AT IDYLLWILD
of Pine Forest, in the
center of Government
Forest Reserve of 784,000 acres.
Every surrounding and convenience to make
your outing a deli^Kt and an inspiration.
FvirnisKed Tents for campers at low
rates. FvirnisKed Cottages for those who
want them. Good Board at a moderate
price, and General Store, Dairy and Meat
MarKet for those who prefer housekeeping.
The Most Healthful and Desirable Summer Resort
in Southern California
For full information, address
R. A. Lowe, M$r., Idyllwild, Riverside County, (dL
Please Mention that You Saw it In OUT WEST.
WAWONA
*
*
The Beauty Spot of the Sierras
Mariposa Big Tree Orove
Nearest Resort to the Yosemite
Quickest Time— Finest Scenery
This Hotel offers the Finest
Accommodations of any
Hountain Resort in California
Term* Reasonable
WASHBURN BROS., Proprietors
Wawona, Cal.
NORTH MANHATTAN BEA(H
Your livinar in Southern California will not be
complete unless you buy a lot and build a sum-
mer or winter liomeat North Manhattan Reach
-the NEAREST TO LOS ANQELES, BEST and
MOST EXCLUSIVE BEACH IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA. Lots for sale, $175 to $500, on
easy terms. Improvements all furnished. Send
for booklet or call and see us.
NORTN MANHATTAN BEACH CO.
WILLIAMS & SAUNDERS. Acents 123 S. Broadway
|««?«?J^«^««)«i««^J«)^5««i!^>^5^«««ii?i«itt'&'«i«?5i'}t'«t'5t'Ji!^Jt'^^
FLAGSTAFF, ARIZONA
SUMMER
HEALTH
RESORT
Situated at the base of the San Francisco Mountains, in the heart of the
jrreat pine forest (altitude 7,000 feet). Flagstaff is in the midst of a verit-
able paradise of scenic wonders— Cave Dwellings, Cliff DwellinK'«. Great
Lava Bed.s, Natural Ice Caves, Painted Desert, Adam's Cave, Indian Viliatres,
Montezuma Castle, Montezuma Well, Bottomless Pits, Doyle's Trail to San
Francisco Peak ( 14,000 feet). Grand Canyon of Arizona, etc. Amusements
- (lolf, Tennis, Baseball. Polo, Flshinir. HuntinR-, Dancing, Uowlinir.
Drivin»r, Gymn.-isium, Ridinsr, Billiards, Pool, i'rivate Parties, etc.
Prof. Lowell's Observatory was placed here because of the meteoroloiric
coiulilioii of tlif atmospluTc. Suniiiicr temperature rarely exceeds 80^.
WATER ABSOLUTELY PURE. Climatic conditions are perfect.
No frotrs, flies nor vermin.
FLAGSTAFF
OF HEALTH
/S THE HOME
AND PLEASURE
THE ONLY OSTEOPATHIC SANITARIUM IN THE WEST.
If you will write me a history of your case as you understand it, I will render you a profes-
sional opinion without charire. All patients receive my personal attention. Enclose stamp.
ADORESa DR.
(irailmitr of tlii-
C. H. WOODRUFF
■\ini'riiiiH Sirhool ot (t.stto^uthv, h'irksiilU,
CARm OF WOODRUFF SANITARIUM FLAQSTAFF. ARIZONA
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
There is none other than "THE MILK.Y WAY "J
when it comes to propar fool for infants. It is Nature's way, and Nature's fooJ.
iNESTLE'S FOOD:
has saved the lives'of and properly nourished thousands of babies who have grown into stronir men and
women and Ibrougrht up their chil Iren upon it in turn. \:It needs no added milk in preparation, b.-cause it
is itselflmade from the purest of milk. It has been the most approved infants' food with three genera-
tions. WithlNestle'sFood so universally used and so easily obtained, why experiment with others?
Let us send you, free of charge, a half-pound package of Ncstlfs Food for trial and our book for Mothers.
Our Book for Mothers says a little about Nestlfs Food, but a great deal about the care of babies and young
children. Send us a postal card.
HENRI NESTLE. ^ i^ 73 AVarren Street, li* ^ NEW YORK
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
MISSION Furniture
The rich, subdued, deep tone of weathered oak in the simple,
classical designs of Mission Days, makes the most artistic, prac-
tical furniture of the last half-century. Quaint tables, large and
small tabourets, stools, Morris chairs, large arm chairs or
rockers in plain wood or rush seats, or upholstered in tapestry,
or specially tanned skins in rich colorings. The upholstery gives
the soft, luxurious cushion effects, which are at once inviting and
comfortable. Big arm rockers with soft leather seats as low as
$10.00. P^or the den, the hall, the cozy corner, or for pretty odd
pieces, this is the furniture of the year.
Los Angeles Furniture Co. l
225-27-29
Broadway
Los Angeles
STREIT MORRIS (HAIR
Pits you all over — more restful than
a couch. Foot-rest shoves in out
of the way when not in use.
Oak, White Oak and Mahog-any.
Upholstered in Leather, Pantasok,
Velour, Tapestry and Mattinj?.
CALL AND SEB IT
OR WRITE FOR
PARTICULARS
Niles Pease Furniture Co.
439_441_443 s. Spring St., LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
^^^)^^
Let OS Help You
A man builds a magnificent home
and then says to us, "furnish it ! "
We send our desig-ners to the
house with pencil and paper to make
the first sketches for the series of
designs to be furnished later. They
plan and scheme and draw and
paint until they are able to present a
complete sketch of the complete in-
terior as it will look after we have
added
CARPETS
*
*
FURNITURE AND DRAPERIES
What we have done we can do again. We can submit designs and estimates for any home or any
room. We are in possession of such an ample stock of all grades of furniture and draperies that we can
satisfy every eye and every purse. It costs nothing for an estimate.
Six floors and basement filled with choice furniture, carpets, draperies, bedding, etc.
BARKER BROS.
ate A jjf v|r jfc, jl
420 424 SOUTH SPRING STREET
LOS AMGELES
This $30 Ndrks Adjustdble (Imir (or $17
Adjustable in 50 different positions. Write for catalogue
describing and illustrating other styles of this
famous chair.
AS A
DRAWING-
ROOM CHAIR
'¥*HIS famous chair has been on the market 20 years, and over one hundred thousand are now in use in all parts of the
■*• civilized world. It has never been sold for less than $30, but because of improved and increased facilities in the process of
manufacture we are enabled to offer it just as here illustrated for $17, and will prepay the freight to any point east of the Missis-
sippi River, points west on equal basis. We guarantee the chair to be of the very best workmanship, liest enameled steel frame,
detachable and reversible H.AIR. cushions, with tapestry front and side, and leatherette back, and in every way the same
chair that has been sold the world over for $30.
line Mj^RHlS CH.AIIV is at once a drawing-room chair, a library chair, a smoking and reclining chair, a
lounge, a full-length bed, a child's crib, an invalid's retreat, and a healthy man's luxury. With cushions removed, it is a delight-
fully cool and comfortable chair for the veranda in summer.
MARKS ADJUSTABLE CHAIR CO. 56 E. 23 "W." NEW YORK, N. Y., U. S. A.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
READY TO WEAR
^AA^^^^A^^^^^^^AA^^i
V^^^^^^^^^^^^^^i
READY TO WEAR
All the Newest Materials
and Style includiDar Gib-
son Side Pleats, Tucks,
etc. All waists fitted.
Wc Arc Always UP-TO-DATE
/VWVWWWVW^^^^^^^^V^^A/>A
THE NEW
PRINCESSE
PETTICOAT
is a tailor-made irar-
ment without draw-
string's, without lacinsr
cords, without hooks
and eyes, and with-
out a yoke. It srives
A PERFECT GLOVE FIT
at the top, impossible to attain with any
other skirt. It does away with all wrink-
les at the hips and waist, and adds that
artistic irrace to the beauty-lines of a grace-
ful fiffure, that cannot be obtained with any
other petticoat.
Every lady knows the advantaare of a tail-
or-made irarment, and these Petticoats are
appreciated by all who care for that ease,
comfort and style of a well-fittinir ararment,
and ladies who wear these Petticoats have a
well-dressed appearance. See them at
555 S. Broadway, los Anodes
Please Mention that You Saw It in OUT WEST.
BEAUTIfUL
SOUTHERN
CALIfORNIA
POINSETTIAS
IN WATER COLORS
By the Leading
Poinsettia
Artist
0. L. Nlain
13x25— $6.00
SIZE PRICE
SIZE PRICE
9x11— $1 00
11x25— $3 75
9x11— 1 25
11x24— 4 00
9x13— 1 50
11x24— 4 25
11x14— 1 75
11x24— 4 50
11x15— 2 00
11x25— 5 00
13x17— 2 50
13x25— 5 00
10x22— 3 00
9x35— 6 00
Sent postpaid to any address in the U. S. on receipt
of price. Address :
Sunset Art Co., I3E W. I2tli St., Los Angeles
MATHESON <& BERNER >
Hatters and Men's Furnishers
303 S. BROADWAY LOS ANGELES Z
BUREAU TRUNKS. The handiest and most dur-
able trunk on tlie marlcet. Made of 3-ply lum-
ber ; all trimming's riveted on. Separate com-
partments for all articles of clothing'. Send for
catalogue. Style for men, $21; for women, $25.
D. D. WHITNEY <£ SOA/S
343-345 S. SPRING ST. los ANGELES, CAl.
FOR MEN
FOR WOMEN
Everybody is going to wear Oxfords
this year. Eiverybody who wants an
Oxford, correct in every detail — the
newest lasts, the swellest style, will
send to Staub for them. Oxfords of
patent leather, vici kid, velour calf,
and tan. A wide range of prices, and
every price the best value on the Pa-
cific Coast. Send your size for Oxfords
to Staub.
C. M. Staub Shoe Co.
255 SOUTH BROADWAY
LOS ANQBLBS
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
SOUP COMFORT
FOR MODERATE PRICES
Hotel Lcroy
With every modern perfection
of appointment, centrally and
delightfully located, and with
a table so provided as to
tempt a fastidious appetite,
and satisfy an eager one.
Telephone Peter 7491
422 South Hill Street
Los Angeles, California
THE BEST EYE HELP
When your eyes need attention, and
when you need glasses — for the very
best service — come to us. We have all
the latest improved scientific instru-
ments to help us in our work, and are
thoroughly equipped in every way. We
give you competent, conscientious ser-
vice and the assurance that your eyes
will get just the help they need.
BOSTON OPTICAL GO.
mE & 6RAIIICHER, Props.
PHONE JAMES 136
236 South Spring St.
LOS ANGELES
BROHANGEION
1 Pkge Bromangelon
iPiNT BoilingWater
Nothing More
Send 3 cents in stamps
FOR FREE SAMPLE AND
ILLUSTRATED BOOKLETS
Stern 5.SAALBERG,New York.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
NDIAN...
BASKET
SUPPLIES
We are
Headquarters for
RAFFIA AND REEDS
used in making- Indian Baskets. Good quality-
Raffia in all colors. The making- of Indian
Baskets is easy and pleasant pick-up work, and
is quite the fad.
Garden Supplies
Our immense store is the g-reatest supply
house to be found hereabouts. Tools of every
description, seeds, plants, shrubs and every-
thing- necessary for landscape or vegetable
gardening-.
Seeds true to name. Shrubs and Plants that grow.
(ieriDdin Seed and Plant (o.
326-330 S. Main Street
l(0s Angeles, Cal.
1 rj i
to directionsMthou;
and see the Suds it
makes— Quantity |
"^■-^■^■^^^lity — Suds v.^
Safe Quick
EasyWashiiig and Cleanin^^
properties than Any Safe -
Soap Suds3rou can^et.
Pearline instead
of Soap not with Soap
f f i I r f I i ^ f i
tjmaamxBaam
Please Mention that You Saw It In OUT WEST.
Good WorK
Durability
Siinpiicit>^
Speed
AKX THE
Four Pillars of S^rGTkQthk
^vKicK support tHe
Remington
TypeMrriter
You inrill find tKem in every Rexninfiiton
Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 113 S. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES, CAl.
211 Motittromcry St., San Francisco. 24') Stark St., Portland, Ore.
uiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliu
1 Have We Convinced You |
E OF THE REAL SUPERIORITY OF OUT WEST PLATES S
S — THE ONES WE ARE DAILY SENDING OUT FROM OUR S
= ENGRAVING DEPARTMENT ? g
5 The illustrations in this magazine are made by us. Wc are very glad to sug- 5
= gest designs, and are fully competent to do the most attractive vignetting, hand- S
S tooling, etc., required in high art product. S
S Illustrations — which by modern processes are not necessarily expensive — S
S are excellent aids in buildineC business, when used on commercial stationery, S
S circulars, catalogues, booklets, etc. But, to effect the greatest good, the plates £
S should be well etched, clear and of perfect printing qualities. These we can 9
S and do make all the time. Really, no inferior work leaves the department. S
S Come to us or let us come to you- -as most convenient — on any engraving or 5
Z printing matter you have in mind.
I OUT WEST COMPANY
E Offices, 115 Soutli Broadway S
i Woriis, Il3-n5-ll7-n9 South Broadway (rear) LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA |
niiiiiiiiiiiilllllllllllilllllllllllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiillillllliilliiilllllllllllliiiiiiiliililllllllllllliiiiliiiiiili:
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
D
N BUYING "a j^-enuine Studebaker" you experience the same satisfaction that you
would feel in becoming the owner of any ra.asterpiece of human skill. Throug^hout
the land, from the Atlantic to the Pacific, Studebaker style sets the fashion for the
vehicle world, and on these bright summer days every fashionable driveway
becomes an outdoor showroom.
Those who wish to examine our vehicles more closely are cordially invited to call at
any of the following repositories. Just fifty years of experience and improvement repre-
sented in each vehicle shown. We also make harness and accessories.
STUDEBAKER BROS. MFG. CO.
New York City : Broadway and Prince Street
Chicag-o, 111.: 378-388 Waba-^h Avenue
Kansas City, Mo.: 810-814 Walnui. Street
San Francisco, Cal.: Cor. Market and Tenth Streets
Local Agencies Everywhere
Denver, Colo.: Corner rifteenth and Blake Streets
Salt Lake City, Utah: 157-159 State Street
Portland. Ore.: 328-33+ Morrison Street
Dxllas, Texas: 194-196 Commerce Street
Factory and Executive Office : South Bend, Ind.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
E. MEHESY, JR.
Dealer in
PRACTICAL
FURRIER,
FUR DRESSER
AND
TAXIDERMIST
INDIAN and MEXICAN
Blankets, Baskets
and Relics
IN MIND
UtaK ^ California
Souvenir
Goods
an<
Curiosities
SOUVENIR SPOONS, NATIVE
SHELL and AGATE JEWELRY
Salt Lake City, Utah :
ANIMAL FUR
RUGS AND
GAME HEADS
A SPECIALTY
Two Sale-rooms, Hotel Knutsford Bldg-.
Factory and Warehouses, Busby Ave.
Los Angeles, Cal,;
Corner Fourth and Main Streets,
Opposite Van Nuys and Westminster Hotels
THE LARGEST BUSINESS OF ITS KIND IN THE WORLD
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
WWVWW»<
HOTEL ARCADIA
SANTA MONICA BY-THE-SEA, CAL.
Modern hotel with steam heat and open (jrates ; surf bathing- all the year ; hot and cold salt
water baths ; fine grolf links ; tennis ; boating- and fishing- ; delightful drives.
HOTEL REDONDO
THE OUEEN OF THE PACIFIC"
REDONDO BEACH, CAL.
An ideal home by the sea ; 200 rooms heated with open g-rates ; hot and cold water in every room ;
private baths ; splendid bowling- alleys. Redondo Beach boasts of having- the best fishing- on the
coast ; the largest carnation gardens in the world, and tennis courts and golf links second to none.
Both these
Hotels are
equally
distant
(18 miles)
from
Los Angeles
and possess
the finest
Winter
Climate in
the World.
For Rates and
further Infor-
mation address
A. D. Wright
Proprietor
vwwwvw
The Delightful Scenic Route to |
Santa Monica i
And Hollywood %
Fine, Comfortable Observation Cars— ^
Free from Smoke ^
Cars leave Fourth street and Broadway, I(OS Ang-eles, for Santa Monica via. Sixteenth ^
street, every half hour from 6:35 a.m. to 7:35 p.m., then each hour till 11:35 ; or via Bellevue
Ave., for Colegrove and Sherman, every hour from 6:15 a.m. to 11:15 p.m. Cars leave Ocean
Park, Santa Monica, for Los Angeles, at 5:45, 6:10 and 6:35 a.m. and every half hour from
6:55 a.m. till 8:25 p.m., and at 9:25, 10:25 and 11:05 p.m.
Cars leave Ivos Angeles for Santa Monica via. Hollywood and Sherman via. Bellevue
Ave., every hour from 6:45 a.m. to 6:45 p.m., and to Hollywood and Sherman only every
hour thereafter to 11:45 p.m.
^$"For complete time-table and particulars call at ofiice of company. )g
Single Round Trip, 50c. 10-Trip Tickets, $2.00. j^
316-322 WEST FOURTH STREET, LOS ANGELES |
TROLLEY PARTIES BY DAY OR NIGHT A SPECIALTY ^
IP ^0 Vl/HY ^0 *^ Those contemplating- locating in Southern California,
■' ^" y WWII I OVF • either temporarily or permanently, don't fail to visit
Ocean Park (South Santa Monica). This is considered one of the most beautiful seaside re-
sorts on the Pacific. Elegant, modern and completely furnished cottages for SALE and RENT
at reasonable rates. Full particulars and information will be carefully and promptly given
by addressing J. E. WARFIELD & CO. Real Estate and Rental Agency
TELEPHONE MAIN 103
tot OCEAN FRONT, OCEAN PARK, CAL.
ANYVO THEATRICAL COLD CREAM
prevents early wrinkles. It is not a freckle coating- ; it re-
moves them. ANYVO CO., 42V N. Main St., Los Angeles.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Schell's Patent Adjustable Form
L«s Angeles Office:
Rooms 3
San Fraiclsco: 503
FOR DRESSMAKING
It Is tiresome to fit people
by the usual methods. It is a
pleasure to fit and carry out
the most unique
design by
means of this
form, which
is made to
dttpl i cate
a n y o n e's
form, and
can be Inde-
pendently
and minutely
corrected
as the per-
son's form
chansres.
Is made
to stand as
person stands, for-
ward or backward,
consequently skirts
will hang- and waists
fit with perfection and
comfort. Whenorder-
\ng send a perfectly
fitted lininf with
waist-line mirked, also
skirt measures from
waist-line to floor
(front, hips and back),
with close fittinir col-
lar and sleeves.
316 South Broadway
AND 4 Phone James 4441
Powell St. Phone Red 2986
YOU WANT
THE BEST
Be it an investment, or
be it Life Insurance.
We claim the new
5% Gold Bonds
OK THK
[QUiiQDie Liie iissurooce socieiy
" STRONGEST IN
THE WORLD "
to be the best safe invest-
ment or life insurance con-
tract on the market. Don't
take our word, or the other
fellow's either. Investigate.
A. M. JONES, Gen'l Agt.
414 Wilcox Block, Los Ang-eles
^VVVVVVVVVVV^^/V%%VVV%VV^/VVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV%^/VVVVVV%VV9
ESTABLISHED J889
SUBSCRIBED CAPITAL - $12,000,000
PAID-IN CAPITAL - --.-.-.-- 2. J 50,000
PROFIT AND RESERVE FUND - - - - - 275,000
MONTHLY INCOME, OVER .--... 100,000
ITS PURPOSE IS
To help its members to build homes, also to make loans on improved property, the
members givin? first liens on their real estate as security. To help its stock-
holders to earn from 8 to t2 per cent, per annum on their stock, and to allow them
to open deposit accounts bearing interest at the rate of 5 per cent, per annum, ordi-
nary, and 6 per cent, per annum, term.
HOME OFFICE: 301 California St., San Francisco, California
WM. CORBIN, SecreUry and General Manager
^ww-w-wwi
Or THE
UNIVERSITY
V _ OF
%■'' i.
Tormerly
XKe Land of SxinsKine.
Vol. XVI, No. e>.
JUNE, 1902.
the: right hand or the: continent.*
By CHARLES F. LUMMIS.
S has been said before, on no better authority,!
any one who will look a map of America in
the face may perceive that California is the
Rig-ht Hand of the Continent. If this shall
seem, to such as see only the map, a mere poetic
fig-ure or accident of a peninsula, it is to be
proved that this anatomy is no metaphor, no
freak, no inconsequent brachial process of the opposite side of
the body from the heart. In sober fact, it is the Right Hand,
with all the name implies ; and with triceps, biceps, forearm,
wrist, fist and fingers full sinewed for its office. The passing
prophecy, seven years ago, that in time this member must come
to be realized of the rest — " though to this day the self-sufiicient
left hand outscriptures scripture, and as little cares as it little
knows what the Right Hand doeth " — has had fulfillment sooner
than should have been expected. We have decided (officially, at
least) to be a "world power." Whether we conclude that the
Influence which in one century has modified every other civilized
government on earth, and been direct model for every consti-
tution in the New World, is world power, or that there can be
no strength without a club and some alien head to prove it upon
* This article was printed in Harper^ s Magazine for January, 1900. It is
republished here (by the special courtesy of Messrs. Harper & Bros.) as in-
troductory to the series of six or eight new articles to the same text, which
Out West will publish in consecutive issues. — Ed.
Copyrig-ht 1902 by Chas. F. Lummis — all rights reserved.
t Hakper's Magazine for February, 1895.
Copyright 1902, by Out West Company
570 OUT W EST
— in either alternative the Right Hand has come suddenly to the
beginning of its own. And quite regardless of what we may
be ripe to admit. The law of gravitation does not pass around
an asylum of the blind, and Destiny halts as little for the wil-
ful deaf as for them who listen so hard to her that they hear
many things she never said. All the blindfold habit, all the
local investments or local pride of seventy-four million people
cannot lastingly outweigh a handful, and — the "shortest line."
To paraphrase (not ignobly, I hope) Garrison's magnificent
word, it is a case where even one man and the geography would
be a majority.
From California we have reached out to pocket the Hawaiian
orphans and the Philippine "rebels" (begging the dictionary's
pardon); from California we shall continue to administer them
at their proper cost, in so far as we shall carry out the contract.
Even should a certain rather American reaction from emotion to
figures, and from the voice of the siren to the voice of the
Fathers, serve to put a hitch in our gallop, we can never again
forget (though it may take us some time fully to remember) our
actual national anatomy. Nothing can put us back so left-
handed as we were in 1897.
There are many people still smitten with surprise that har-
bors generally happen near cities — the bigger the city, the better
the harbor. By a like providential coincidence, the easiest
grades pursue railroads ; and where the ships are gathered to-
gether, a short curve of the earth tags obedient in their wake.
Perhaps we are too used to plane geography, whereupon the rest
of the world is mere unimproved paper, and only the United
States glows with lithographic life. This is not always con-
ductive to roundness of ideas. Certainly he is no typical Ameri-
can who can beset a globe awhile and not begin to get a glim-
mering of what the Pacific means besides wastefulness of papier-
mache. So many and so greatly larger prophets have foretold
it the coming chief theater of the world's activities that only
sheer impudence could here insist upon it with the detail of an
inventor. At present I desire to suggest this ocean merely as a
facility for getting somewhere — almost anywhere, in fact, since
it is a spacious way. And the relation of the Pacific Ocean to
the world's imminent commerce once grasped, it is not far to be-
gin to discern the relation of our Pacific Coast to the Pacific
Ocean. Yonder is the stage upon which the world's chief drama
is to be played. Here, so far as the leading lady (we trust) is
concerned, is the stage entrance. Here is our door to India.
China, Japan, Australia, the South Seas, the west coast of South
and Central America, and Mexico and Alaska— in fact, to the
A Bee-Ranch in Ventura County.
Photo by Breivstfr.
572 OUT WEST
richest of the Old World and the New, with a tolerably over-
whelming majority of the world's population and productivity,
and a range in each to which human knowledge writes not one
addendum. This in itself might suffice to justify some more
sober consideration of our outlet.
Yet it would be, of course, a gross ignoring of history to think
of this Right Hand as a mere organ wherewith to reach and
grasp, or yet as a potentiality rather than a fact. If it be
needed now (as it is) to get into others' pockets, it has already
gone down into its own, and filled therefrom the complacent
left hand. California has, indeed, already performed the dexter
functions, and rather overwhelmingl)'. I seriously mean to
demonstrate that no one State, no six States, no census division
even, has so vitally meddled with the nation. If this be treason,
we will proceed to make the most of it. First, by a glance along
some major lines of historj^ ; later, by such significant detail as
shall commend itself as most illuminative. There is nowhere
else in history a chapter of the proportionate wagging of a
nation by a frontier ; though in history generally the tail has
been dominant. Rome was not only the seven hills, and England
is not the British Isles alone. Peru, the South-American Cali-
fornia of three centuries earlier, did not a half so much subvert
Spain ; and Australia, with respect to England, barely sug-
gested the parallel, whether we reckon commercially or socio-
logically.
We may gather from trustworthy sources, for instance, that
"sound money" has now some importance in our national
economies. Well, California put the United States on a gold
basis, and has kept it there. And California only, though her
legitimate children (whom we may count in the States and
Territories born directly of California men and money) are now-
adays sharing the burden and for the moment carrying the butt
end of it ; as Colorado is just now producing more gold than her
mother, albeit she has not in total produced a tenth as much.
The proof is as simple and as sure as in anything else which
depends upon the comforting multiplication table. Up to the
civil war, the whole United States in its whole history had pro-
duced less than twenty-five millions in gold and silver put to-
gether, outside of California — a figure eloquent enough when
we remember our shinplasters and wild-cat banks. In five years
from its discovery by us, California multiplied the hard money
of the country by ten — and more. The whole stock of gold in
the United States today — coin and bullion — is considerably less
than California contributed in thirteen consecutive years. If
by some adventitious windfall we had had an equal gold stock
THE RIGHT HAND OF THE CONTINENT 573
^ before California, all the
J mines then in the country
^ could hardly have made
^ good the abrasion alone on
I such an amount. Of all
"^ the gold produced by the
United States to this very
day, California has given
more than one-half from her
own pockets. Of the re-
maining fraction she is
demonstrably responsible for
at least seven-tenths. Pos-
■^ sibly there is some signifi-
^ cance in the fact that the
^ United States now produces
S more gold per year, by 70
^ per cent., than the whole
< world produced before Cal-
§ ifornia ; and that Califor-
S nia itself, even at its low-
'•f est ebb, turns in annually
% two-fifths as much of the
H reliable metal as the whole
c^ round of earth dug before
the California awakening.
Fourteen hundred millions
in gold from one State has
been in itself of some import
to the finances of a nation
which even now transacts
its business with half that
stock. But it is only a be-
ginning in the commercial
consequence of the State.
California not only invented
the gold fever, but made it
contagious. She precipi-
tated Australia, the onlj^
continent which ever rivaled our own one State as a gold-pro-
ducer. It is of course notorious that Australia had been "dis-
covered" and suppressed until men from California and with the
California itch made further suppression impossible — for Har-
greaves went to school to us. So in five years a yellow fleck
picked up from a California tail-race had revolutionized the
money-market of the world, at once and forever.
THE RIGHT HAND OF THE cQ^^^^^NT 575
It is stress that brings about great things. Solomon was
already a gold-bug ; and the priest of far-shooting Apollo came
with a ransom not of greenbacks nor yet of silver. But since
before Ophir, the world had been content to gopher for its sober
little gold. For crazy-much gold (after serving an apprentice-
ship conservative enough in its stupidity) California made mining
for the first time a business, and has taught the world. Prom
a faro game unprecedented in history, nor yet paralleled, she re-
duced it to science ; from brute, though gigantic, retail to dex-
terous wholesale ; from shopkeeping to commerce. As she came
less pick-upable with loose nuggets, and bent her back to serious
quartz veins, her vagabond graduates turned back a thousand
miles on their own tracks and developed the lesser but adequate
bonanzas of Colorado and its peers. Her scholars are today the
first men wherever there is gold — in the Black Hills or the Rand.
The vast majority of Western Argonauts would never have been
in the West at all, nor at all gold-seeking, but for California.
Shaft-mining or low-grade ore never yet made a stampede. Peo-
ple do not buy lottery tickets for the dollar prizes, nor yet for a
chance to make a livelihood by hard work. The one sanity of
the mining craze is that the capital prize attracts people, and
that failing of it they are finally diverted to sober work on en-
larged lines. It seems to be a generic wisdom of Nature to gain
her ends b)'^ dazzling the vision. She adorns sex that posterity
shall not fail. She would rather trust the peahen's eyes than
its forethought — or a man's. She peoples the wilderness by
showing us not a moral obligation nor a civic advantage, but a
glitter. Yet she has a sound antidote. It is the history of all
these madnesses that they promote sanity. The beauty of
women increases crime, no doubt, but it also perpetuates hu-
manity. Somewhat so, the wild lusts of a gold-rush at last
vastly accelerate and vastly broaden sober progress.
Our real West dates from California. It is not enough to re-
member that Minnesota, Oregon, Kansas, Nevada, Nebraska,
Colorado, the two Dakotas, Montana, Washington, Idaho, Wy-
oming, Utah, have been admitted as States, and New Mexico,
Arizona, Oklahoma and Alaska organized as Territories, since
California came into the Union. The pertinent question is,
how many of them we should have if there had been no Cali-
fornia. If only a Pathfinder and a few score trappers had seen
the intervening waste between Independence and the coast ; if
nothing seismic enough had befallen to fetch into California
more people in a tide than there were in all the country between
California and the older States as late as 1860 (for we must re-
member that when the war broke out California was the only
576 OUT W EST
State west of the Missouri, except the part of Texas) ; if the
ready money of the country had not been doubled several times,
and the spirit of adventure increased by a still larger multipli-
cand— who will pretend that by now we .should have a full-
growinjj West, already big- enough to feed the old folks ? No
one, certainly, who knows East and West ; nor even any one for
whom the census has not been in vain.
Particularly, since time was an element of the contract. The
Pacific Slope did not need to go begging. There were other
hands reached out for it— above all, it was leaning to other
hands. It was more by good fortune than by general wit that
our fist closed upon it first. We had not many Jeffersons and
Bentons. There were not many people with Webster's brains,
but plenty who could imitate the limp of his provincialism.
The United States was mostly content to remain a narrow
huddle of provinces when California, suddenly and almost em-
pirically, unrolled our trivial half-way map to another ocean,
and gave us a national span, and pulled along population enough
to vindicate the map. To this day there are man}' excellent
people who never reflect what Uncle Sam's stature should have
been if he had slept on ; with Canada at his head, Mexico for a
foot-board, and his back against a British wall somewhere about
the Platte.
I fear no smiles from any whose smile is seriously discourag-
ing, when I venture the suggestion that, if there had been no
California in 1848, there could have been no civil war in 1861 ;
nor for at least a decade — and probably a generation — later.
In grammar school, war can be defined with a word ; later we
find it complicated. Conscience may be concerned in it ; but it
involves also politics, money, and the fighting temper. It is
hardly necessary to remark that, without a California, the
United States could not have been by '61 in any financial posi-
tion to afford the luxury of its convictions. As to the last straw
which breaks a patient man to impatience, California had cer-
tainly contributed more than its share. Men who have fought
Indians and claim-jumpers are on the average more ripe to fight
strangers than confirmed farmers are ; and as their touchiness
spreads even to the farmers of their acquaintance, a nation with
this leaven comes to blows sooner than a nation without it. As
to politics (which are most of any war), California made the
States (vi posse) which largely made the issue. It was no more
a question of slavery than of the extension of slavery that accel-
erated the rupture.
Yet that great cleavage along the lino of human rights had
to come sometime. We of this generation, at least, are en-
Logging in the Northern California Redwoods.
578 our W EST
titled to thank California that it came so soon. Without the
new problems, the new money, and the new pugnacity bred of
'49, that deadliest struggle in history would only by now be
ending, or by now begun. As it is, tall trees are risen upon its
graves, its widows are past the heartbreak of youth, and North
and South are grown one. Not by any means because of a new
war, but by the slow "intention" of time and the Blood ; merely
evidenced when a crisis pulls on the old wound and finds hardly
a scar left.
It would be rather long than difficult to trace, along many
other largest lines of the material development of the nation,
the like influence of California ; and to clinch wholesale asser-
tion by retail and statistical proof (as I purpose to prove all
large premises herein). Without being at the outset too tedious
to those who forget that even American progress has to have
reasons, and that even American character is woven of more
threads than the one stout one of birth, it may still be well to
recall a few other typical and generic truths in the material
category.
California first invented a serious need of steamboats in the
United States, and for a generation practically monopolized
them. By a poetic injustice, she has to this day very nearly
the worst steamboats. She invented long-distance railroading
— indeed, one may probably say the American railroad system.
There was not, nor has been, any other reason for mileages over
five thousand. California called for a railroad three times as
long as the world had ever seen ; and, getting it, gave back the
sinews to vein the East with railroads — the sinews and the im-
petus. It is hardly necessary to remark that transcontinental
railroading is a technic by itself ; and that precisely as Amer-
ican methods actually at last direct Continental ones, so the
long, lean, single-track, sand-ballasted railroads across our con-
tinent are still tutors to the short, fat, perfected systems of the
narrow States. At the head of any profession stands the man
who has to solve the most problems, not the man who inherited
the largest practice. Incidentally, too — not of vain-glory, but
as a matter of history not without use in the final analysis — it
is to be noted that even up to the year of grace 1«)02 California
is the only country any one ever cared to build three thousand
miles of rail to get to — and the only land a hundred thousand
men ever walked two thousand miles sooner than stay away
from.
There must be some, also, who remember American machine-
shops in the 'Forties. There were American mechanics. The
grasshopper engines they builded were good grasshoppers of
BuirtDe^e
Belvedkre, and Part of its House-Boat Fleet.
Photo by C. r. L.
580
OUT WEST
their time, else these men could never have jumped to building"
leviathans. For it was almost between two daj's that the de-
mand came for such engines as even Yankee mechanics had
not seen in their nifjhtmares. In this large activity, as in
many others, California was the first commanding voice. And
perhaps as striking a hint as any of what she had done for the
United States in this line is the fact that at ten years old she
was already competent to build her own unprecedented Com-
stock engines in the same shop that now turns out the battle-
ship Oregon ; and that today she can and does build bigger
and better machineries than any portion of the Union built
THE RIGHT HAND OF THE CONTINENT 581
twenty years ag-o. I am quite prepared to learn that it was
" an age of progress." True. But what made it so ? Did new
wealth have an3'thing to do with new desires ? Were new de-
sires provocative of new invention ? Did either have some
effect in swelling population ?
But the engines were for bigger mechanisms than them-
selves. California took scientific mining unborn and made a
man of it. No mining so big nor so corrupting has ever since
been seen — though we have striven vigorousl)' after both goals.
As if gold were not enough, the Argonauts invented silver — as^
a factor, that is, big enough to be an unrest. Only a certain
un acquaintance can compare Cerro de Pasco or Potosi or Guana-
juato with Virginia City. They are not comparable in our
idiom. The Peruvian, Bolivian, and Mexican bonanzas have
outranked ours in dollars, but they count by half-centuries-
where we count decades ; by labor whose wage would not have
bought the Comstock miner his cigar ; by the very absence of
what we call "business method." Knowing both well, I have-
no lingering doubt that the Potosino, or Pasqueno, " got more
out of it," and gave more ; lived, on the average, more happily
and more beloved. But we wiser people do not mine precisely
to live ; we are rather more in the way of living that we may
mine. The benighted Don never knew what a mining-stock
was. He was content with silver. Whereas we have made our
shadow bigger than his substance. Stock-gambling was a
California invention ; for before that, even our progressive
blood had not risen to the fine game of throat-cutting by ticker.
There could be no sharper proof of racial superiority. Our
rude prototype made a fair fling so long as he had bullion to-
pave the street — as he literally did, :pro tem.^ in cases of ex-
hilaration— but had to stop when his last coin rang on the
counter. A smarter generation learned to take that coin and
weigh it against a quire of paper ; put on four bits' worth of
printer's ink, cut the pile into ten thousand pieces and sell
each piece for the value of the original coin. Nor was it all.
the "epoch of progress," for it has not yet been "gone
better." Our best efforts are rather crude now beside the stiff
game of the frontier inventor — when stocks on the San Fran-
cisco board rose in value a million dollars a day for months, and
the sales in one year in one small city were 120 millions ; when
a certain stock went from nothing to $1,570 a share and back to^
$33, all within eight months ; when two silver mines produced
105 millions in five years, and the valuation of one lode was-
nearly 400 millions; when 250 millions were spent in "develop-
ing" one little huddle of hills, and though thousands of officials^
THE RIGHT HAND OF THE CONTINENT 583
and employes g-ot rich by what "stuck to their fingers," there
were bigger dividends than all the mills or all the railroads in
the United States ever paid. By some illogic of the map, the
Comstock is in Nevada ; but it must always be borne in mind
that the Comstock was as distinctly a California affair as
Bunker Hill belongs to Massachusetts. California money,
California brawn, California brains, California madness, made
it — and to later boot gave us Leadville, Tombstone, and all the
other giants. Rich as the nation is, if only the original money
from between the boundaries of California were bewitched out
of our pockets and our enterprises, we should go hopelessly
bankrupt ; without insisting at all upon California's equity in
the investments built upon that money, nor upon a royalty in
The Mission of Santa Barbara. Founded 1786.
the mineral output of other States that can be proved definitively
to be a specific consequence of California ; nor yet counting at
all the many other industries whereby the State of Bewilder-
ment has enriched the Union and herself in the half-century.
Nor is it by any suggestion a mere case of " /za5 done."
California sowed her wild oats royally, and taught her timidest
sister to tipple. No State was ever before so drunken — nor so
contagious in her cups — and none is today more sober. I knew
once every county in New England by sight ; but if there is
any New England town of 8,000 which beats a peace record of
one arrest per month, it has grown up since I came away. And
in all seriousness that is typical. There is no State comparable
in population and wealth freer today from the gambling spirit
than this ex-gambler to whose once vast game even Chicago
must stand in the relation of neophyte. Of this phase there
is much to be said later. At present we must only "cut the
main trail." Here is a modern State of good American manners
and morals ; with more than one-twenty-second of the area of
the United States (Alaska inclusive) and one-sixtieth of the
584 our WEST
population ; with a quarter as many people as New England,
and two and a half times as many acres*. It raised in 1897 two
hundred and ninety-three times as much wheat as New Eng-
land, eig-hteen times as much barley, half as much corn. It has
two million acres more forest than New England— forests not
only incomparably nobler but incomparably more valuable. It
has, indeed, one-twenty-fourth of all the forests in the United
States; and the densest forests (in "merchantable lumber") in
the world. It has more horses, more milch cows and oxen, more
swine, than all New England, and over four times as many
sheep. It has more acres in grapes than New England has in
corn, and produces more wine than all the rest of the Union put
together. It is the only raisin-maker, and turns out thirty-nine
thousand tons of raisins a year. With less than a fifth of the
total coast-line of the United States, it has (by value) one-
fourteenth of the fisheries. It raises many times as much fruit
as New England, of many times the variety, and of at least
double the market rating. With a third of Ohio's population
(.and no President-making or natural gas), it manufactures as
much as Ohio in value. It has more money in savings banks
per depositor than any other State in the Union — double the
New England average, more than seven times the average of
Great Britain. And it is not the lucky few. Its savings bank
deposits mean not only $110 dollars or so for every man, woman
and child in the State, Chinese and Indians included, but that
one in every seven of this entire population is a depositor. It
has no State indebtedness. Its assessed valuation per capita is
30 per cent, above that of New York, more than four times larger
than that of Illinois, and in the whole Union is equaled only by
Massachusetts and Rhode Island.
Possibly from the material standpoint this suffices for the
present to indicate that one may be less frivolous than one looks
in speaking of California as the Right Hand, and that the
heretic suggestion may be worth following up. This is but a
beginning of the fact ; and if these truths seem seditious, the
wrath be not upon my head, but upon that of the Census Bureau
and its fellow-conspirators.
The most vital influence in shaping American character (for
we will drop the pocket awhile) radiated first and longest from
the stingy littoral of our hostile ocean. The Puritan conscience
is dominant today in California as it is in New England and
many States between. On neither verge is it nowadays in
majority of numbers; on both it is the backbone minority that
stiffens — and in the long run controls — every democracy. In
both (if unequally) its surface asperities have been rubbed and
•That l8, ten liiiu'x as niucli "Elbow-Room."
THE RIGHT HAND OF THE CONTINENT 585
Joaquin Millkk, the Poet of the Sierras.
weathered, to their possible betterment ; but the oaken core per-
dures, unspoiled in fiber by the " finish."
Now back to the peevish ocean from the serene one, from the
generous to the "close" fields, there is (and growing daily
more momentous) a sociologic reaction as little to be disregarded
in any sober analysis of national character. The frontiersman
has counted as many per cent, in evolving the present American
culture-type as the Puritan himself. We are great not alone be-
cause of our keen sense of the immorality of other people. The
compelling a continental wilderness would have given us moral
muscle if we had started without any to speak of, and has very
visibly enlarged and given new suppleness to the generous stock
of our heredity. The Puritans themselves would have presently
THE RIGHT HAND OF THE CONTINENT 587
"become " impossible " if they had landed in the Garden of Eden,
and we can never be too thankful that California was beyond
them. They were near enough to impossible as it stood ; but
the wilderness is a wonderfully sane thing. Only death matches
it as a corrective. New England was counter-irritant enough
even for its pioneers. California, by a curious partnership of
circumstances, intrinsic and extrinsic, was frontier plus a still
more invaluable influence. I believe it as possible to prove, and
as conclusively, that California made over the American mind
as that it made over American finances ; and I am now headed
thitherward, after a merely introductory fashion.
Here was our first (and still largest) national romance, the
first wild-flower of mystery, the first fierce passion of an un-
commonly hard-fisted youth. To this day it persists the only
glamour between the covers of our geography. For more than
fifty years its very name has been a witchcraft, and its spell is
stronger now than ever, as shall be coolly demonstrated. This
has meant something in the psychology of so unfanciful a race.
The flowering of imagination is no trivial incident, whether in
one farm boy's life or in a people's. It may be outgrown, and so
much as forgotten; but it shall never again be as if it had never
been. Without just that flower we should not have just this
fruit.
California was also the nation's first taste of " big money " —
alias, the unearned increment. Par be it from me to pretend
that this was an unmixed blessing. Very likely it was not a
blessing whatever. But I speak to a common standard, and the
challenged party has the choice of weapons. 'Porty-eight was,
to a sturdy, sober land, the first giant unrest, the first epidemic
temptation. We had never before dreamed of being — well, as
we are. It changed the temper of the American mind forever —
though by no means every American mind at once. It taught a
generation aiming point-blank at slow competency to raise the
sights for riches on the wing — and we have forgotten how to
shoot low. It bred more discontent and more widely shifted the
social view-point than any other event or condition in our his-
tory before or since, slavery and steam not excluded — for steam
we tie and we have untied slavery ; but no nation ever yet re-
bottled the afrit of its own imagination and desire. I know,
indeed, in all history no comparable transubstantiation of mind
in a people ; for of course the easy new parallel is not yet by a
long way history.
Very possibly the patient student nowadays realizes, more
broadly than any Argonaut even, how swift, how unforseen,
how ineluctably, that galvanic pulse ran through the narrow
588 OUT W EST
nation, and how fiercely possessed its very capillaries. Slavery
itself was never so stirring a question in so many hearts — for
when the men of 200,000 homes were facing danger, our concern
was for something more complicated than the abstract question;
just as the California fever took on new complications when it
involved the exile of so many scores of thousands of loved ones.
I make the comparison between the two agitations by their in-
trinsic depth, so far as such simplification is possible. The files
of the New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Baltimore, and other
newspapers, of every periodical, little and big, warming (from a
conservatism whereof no large residue is anywhere left us) to
the first colossal sensation in American journalism ; the popular
songs (and only a collector dreams how as the sands of the sea
for multitude were the "California Songsters" which flooded
the country ; of the span of a dime novel, but rainbow-covered
with the saddening lithographies of the day) — these are straws
of how the wind blew. To say nothing of the passenger lists.
The United States has over four times the population it had in
'48 ; but it has never since duplicated that shifting of population
in the same length of time.
And the books ! Without final data at hand, I incline to be-
lieve that by the time the war came along to give us a new text,
California had already, in a dozen years, doubled the volume of
American literature. In the same way, of course, that it was
then doubled again — for our war literature was not mostly writ-
ten upon the battle-field. In half a century this current has not
ceased. It is a lean month even now which does not see, some-
where, some sort of a book about California. It is certain that
as much literature (using the word as it is used) has been writ-
ten of California as of all the other States together. This means,
of course, only matter in which the State is an essential, not an
incident.
It was given to the Argonauts of '49 to weigh more per capita,
and for a longer term, than any other class of citizens Whether
they staid at the rainbow's end or reverted at last to the old
home, whether they " made their pile "or " went broke," they
had a disproportionate influence in whatsoever society they
touched — even by their rare letters. It is perfectly true that
California has not even yet given birth to one man of the largest
national stature, nor even returned an adopted son so tall as the
very giants of the States that mothered her. That is not unex-
pected in history. Homer could hardly have come the day after
Cadmus. It does not in the least diminish our patriotic head
that the Gladstones and Tennysons and Bismarcks refrain at
home from the better side of the world, nor that our actual im-
The County Courthouse, Los Angeles.
Photo by C. F. L.
590 OUT WEST
migrants are not largely Websters by the time they are read}-
for naturalization papers. What we do expect is that, gfiven
the like blood and a fair start, we can trust time to workout for
us better average results than tired monarchies may look for.
That is the United States against the field. The initiate Cali-
fornian has precisely the same conviction as against the rest of
the world, the Eastern States inclusive. If with as definable
and defensible logic, may be decided later.
The over-average men who made, and were made by, California
— and they were visibly above average who braved the 2000-mile
tramp, or six months' voyage, and the hardships and dangers of
wayside and goal — ^were all stamped forever with a new seal.
Such a school never graduates even its dunces unchanged.
Every man of that unprecedented migration lost something in
California, and found something ; things worse lost, and better;
things it was well to find, and things that were a pity. Some
that had been strong so long as environment crutched them,
turned weak when they tried to stand alone ; and some, weakling
by disuse, turned giants under exercise. Some " good men " be-
came bad, and some " bad men " became good. It was the Circe
that bewitched a man to his true inner shape — of fox, or wolf,
or hog, or man. And so is the frontier always. Cold storage
is not righteousness, nor a plaster jacket character.
But every man-jack of those men was changed — grown along
his line of least resistance. Somehow, too, he was larger, in
one dimension if not in all. He had learned vastly in self-re-
liance, self-control, observation, independence, beyond the man
that had never overstepped the native township. He might be
no better man ; he was certainly diiferent. He had swapped
horizons, and for the bigger. Travel (and not by Pullman),
contact with Nature — (in larger, fiercer, yet nobler maternity
than her corseted under-study knows who lags in gardens) the
attrition of men, no longer circumscribed but as broken loose to
individuality as himself — these had opened him.
Above all, the having had to shoulder for himself the burden
of human responsibility, which the social machine had mostly
borne for him before ; the having to begin back toward the be-
ginning, with no better tools than his shrewdness and his vague
concept of history, to build new in the wilderness that strange
compromise of do and do not which we agree to call civilization.
The experience made him not a man alone, but a Figure. Re-
turned home, he was impossible to be dodged — and no one cared
to dodge such an excitement. His face, his attitude, his step,
his money (if he brought any), so "easy" earned, so royal
spent — a farm's crop in a panful of gravel — even his frontier-
A Block in San Francisco— The Crocker and Clironicle Buildingrs. Photo by C. F. L-
The Chronicle Building- (with tower) was the first "skyscraper" in the Far West.
592 OUT W EST
made vices, were interesting. The.v were all big ; and even in
this sore world nothing has 3'et got so little as to be proof
against bigness. He infected not only potential imitators in
roving, but as trul^^ (and perhaps more deeply) those who never
had a serious peril of leaving their saner shoe-shops or stone
pastures — and that those are saner than the first pathologies of
a gold-fever, only those may deny who do not much care what
they say. No Easterner ever looked at the world through un-
changed glasses after contact with a Californian Argonaut; and
doubtless no Easterner endowed with the organs of listening
ever escaped that confident voice altogether in those days.
One should always have learned something from each of one's
schoolmasters, even the rudest; and it was an axiom of a now by-
gone school to which I shall never be so ungrateful as to deny
my debt, never to empty your six-shooter, and never to fire in
the air. Thus far is nothing more than an introduction to even
the generic truth about a topic which seems to me one of the
largest and most interesting that it has ever been given to
Americans to see upon their own blackboard. Nor do I expect
to exhaust the subject.
As also has been said before, and sometimes on still worse
authority, California is above all others the land of contrasts.
It is true ; but truth is a club too heavy to be used unmercifully.
We need not conjure up contradictions for smartness' sake, since
nothing is really cheaper. There is no virtue in " boom " super-
latives. There is no ambition in me to insist on 300-pound
sijuashes, and 150-pound watermelons, and beets a farmer cannot
hump into his cart unaided, and occasional thousand-dollar-an-
acre crops. These things be, and a thousand circus side-shows
like them. But if the Easterner is not tired of hearing them,
some of us are. I would rather deal with California as a figure
in the market than in the museum, to see if it really means
something — big, perhaps, but sane — in its own and the nation's
development, and if so, whj' ; to analyze — with what skill I can
find, but at any rate with accuracy, which I never need lose —
how it comes to be evolving (as it unquestionably is) a civili-
zation unique in the United States, and what this new sociologic
trend may mean and is likely to mean for California and for the
rest of the federal family. In fine, to discuss it as a factor, not
as a freak.
Freak, indeed, it may superficially seem to our average expe-
rience. Yet I would rather think of it as Nature's true normal,
and of the peevish climate-temper of my native coast as it were
her neuralgia. For it is not good to think ill of our descent.
In the Redwoods, 10 Miles fkom San Francisco.
Photo by C. F. L.
594 OUT WEST
If Mother Nature is indeed as we see her here, broad-browed
and broad-bosomed, strong and calm — calm because strong: —
swaying her vain brats by unruffled love, not by fear ; by wise
giving, not by privation ; by caresses and gentle precepts, not
by cuffs and scoldings and hysterics — why, then she shall better
justif}"^ our memories and the name we have given her. It is
well that our New England mothers had a different climate in
their hearts from that which beat at their windows. I know
one Yankee boy who never could quite understand that his
mother had gone /lome till he came to know the skies of
California.
As a sane and actual, though exceptional. State of the Union,
then, let us reckon with California. Even so, we must depart
from many conventions, and face many parodoxes without undue
timidity. The superlative is a degree no ticklish person
(whether in conscience or in vanity) can afford to take in vain,
though one may prefer the things that merit superlatives. Nor
yet is it a thing to skulk from. A scientific maximum is as
true as a scientific minimum. The only rule one need f<illow is
never to use the degree wantonly, nor of guess-work, nor of
emotion. And be it confessed that I am as vain as the most
orthodox expressionist. A certain heresy as to the formalities
of speech does not inhibit the most alert intention not to be
caught tripping.
Any study of California at this date must be, to be justified,
a little broader, a little deeper, a little more intimate, a little
more comparative. My one apology for daring to try the un-
equal task must be that no one does the thing which seems to
need doing. In place of the genius such a theme should engage,
I can hope only to give larger patience and more drudgery ; for
brilliant intuition, an acquaintance of eighteen years ; for a
few books to lean on, every book, I believe, in Spanish, English
or French, from the beginning ; for some railroad travel and a
couple of cities, long residence, study, and wide pursuit ; and
all reinforced by more than three hard years of special review
and many thousand miles of inland travel for the one object.
No one who knows California long enough to write about her
can pretend indifference ; and here is an unabashed lover. But
not because she is the first and only fair one. I shall compare
her face and figure, her temper, mind, manners, and the color
of her eyes, knowing all her Union sisters and nearlj' all her
New World cousins ; hoping also that no one better knows her
infirmities. What is hereinafter to be said of her will not be
Western braggadocio, for the witness is but an Easterner eman-
cipated ; nor merely because it is true (since truth is often im-
THE RIGHT HAND OF THE CONTINENT 59S
pudent); nor at all because the truth is good to California,
which needs no help of me ; but solely because it seems to me
a theme interesting to any real mind whatever, and of literal
concern to the whole nation that California is proud to be some
part of. Unless the basic idea is an egregious blunder, there
will be some sober worth as well as some interest in this series
of studies of the real California — what it is, why it is so, and
what it all means to American business, American thought,
American character. And it is not to be reckoned folly to count
as of some big import in all these lines a State which has twice
been populated faster than any other on the continent, with
classes respectively as unlike as buccaneers from professors ;
California Poppies.
Photo by Geo. G. McLean.
which was the most Western, and is now the most Eastern,
State in the Union ; the most foolish once, and now, I believe,
the wisest — in every event, the most potent. Nor can there fail
to be, aside from economics, a certain human interest in the
State which was our only transient hotel, and is now the most
ineradicable home ; the only State so many Americans ever
sought in fever, and so few ever abandon in anj^ temperature.
597
CHILD BIRDS IN OUR GARDEN.
By ELIZABETH GRINNELL.
jlBOUT what time of the year shall we look for
them ? Why, to be sure, in spring, summer,
autumn and winter.
Scarce!}' have the juveniles of late fall come
honestly by their full suits of knee breeches,
and cocked hats, and swallow tails, when the
merry-go-round begins all over again. Some
time in December a pair of thrashers, out in a desolate wash,
will bethink them to get ahead of their neighbors in family
affairs ; and before Christmas they may be digging for grubs
under the tattered skirts of the scrub oaks. To be sure the
grubs are not so fat as they would be later, but a nest full of
young thrashers is a midwinter demand on grub supplies, and
the demand is imperative.
And there are the humming birds ! As if they would match
the )'ear when it is little and young, the}' too bethink them to
outwit their neighbors ; and the first thing we know there is a
tiny sound no bigger nor stronger than a sigh under one's
breath, and twin midgets as dark as night, and as naked as the
elements, are seen to snuggle down into a nest of spider web.
Above them the frail mother broods in thinking mood on the
Young Fhikbe.
598 OUT IV EST
nest rim, while she preens herself dry of the late storm drops
which she bore on her own back while she sheltered her darl-
ingfs. She lifts her delicate feathers each apart from the others
that sun and zephyr may caress her to the skin. Then she
cants her dainty head to one side, and gazes from her keen little
black eye toward the snow-bonneted mountains, as if darinfif
them to toss a flake against her grey breast.
A pair of bushtits, no larger than the hummer but for the
long tails behind them, creep up and down a pepper tree lifting
the shells from the black scale. Little care they what becomes
of the shell, so the eggs beneath are gathered in time for
breakfast. And down drop the shells while perhaps a hundred
of the eggs and toothsome young of the cunning insect are
"billed." We watch, listening as the3' fly; for bushtits are
always whispering to one another, and one may follow without
a sight of them.
Suspended from a bough of that self-same pepper tree is a
nest full of "bushies." In through the one little round door-
way creeps in first one and then the other old little bird, leaving
the breakfast where it is most needed. In a day or two five or
six bunchy little images of their parents are flitting close to
the parent birds among the orange trees, fattening on scale
eggs the latest spraying machine didn't budge, and roosting at
night on a twig no larger than a knitting needle.
There thev sit all six of them in a row, father at one end of
the line, mother at the other. And they will so sleep every
night for weeks, until thoughts of her obligations to society
stir the mother's breast ; when one night we shall miss her.
But the father snuggles all the closer, while he whispers to his
offspring that before long there will probably be an " addition
to the family." What care the juveniles ! Won't they be fol-
lowing their parents about the garden in company with the
" addition" before June is over ?
Both the humming birds and bushtits nest as near the house
as circumstances will permit. Were it not for our inevitable
door and window screens they would doubtless swing their nests
from the electric wires in the ceiling.
A couple of phoebe birds are sitting shoulder to shoulder
across the clothesline, modulating their usually solemn speech
into a plaintive argument in the matter of love. They are
conscious of no effrontery to decorous society. Is not love older
than society, and innocence as respectable as the clothesline ?
Emphasing the plaintive argument into a sudden wail for vict-
uals, the two dart to the space beyond and agree upon the
choice of winged delicacies which each swallows with unpoetic
fervor.
CHILD BIRDS IN OUR GARDEN
599
A day or two later they are seen at the drip of the hydrant
pecking: at pink rootlets that have come up for a drink Mixing-
in their beaks as much mud as there are rootlets, they fly to the
eaves-point, where a nest is already begun by adherent proper-
ties. There may be tardy rains after the young have come to
light ; but let it rain ! Were not roof eaves made on purpose to
shelter phoebe birds ?
We look up each morning for a glimpse of black heads above
the nest-brim, just out of reach without the usual resort of the
housebreaker. Ladders are not in keeping with prudence in
the matter of young phoebe birds. Unless one has looked into
Young Phainopepla.
the nest every day, from the time when the eyes of the little
birds were shut tight, it would scare them out of their wits
and the nest to appear upon the scene. Phoebe children remain
long on the brim. There is no twig to alight on close by, and
no soft bush to drop into, should the first attempt at flying prove
a failure.
One day one restless birdling leans over too far and drops,
lightly swaying, upon a horizontal twig we are holding out to
him. There he sits, demure, half dazed by the drop and the
bright sunshine, plumage lifted as it will always be — and we
take his picture. And "what a wide mouth !" To be sure it
600
OUT WEST
will elongate, as is the custom of young beaks, and contract at
the angle, but it will always be a wide mouth. Does not a
wide mouth denote the fly-catcher's trade ? Already the young
thing is learning to look sadly attentive at a winged insect
carousing past on its way to the " business center of town" in
the barn yard.
So also does a young phainopepla look "sadly attentive" at
the same disappearing object with glistening wings. The
phainopepla is cousin to the phccbe. It is one of a pair of
twins that just came tumbling out of the nest in the pepper tree
because he was selfish in getting a bigger hold than his sister
YouNc; Ulackbiku.
of a fat cricket that his mother brought them. Queer little
youngster, as black as soot, with a high cocked hat on his small
head I His father sits above him with a hat of the same
fashion, and his brown mother looks at the two with an anxious
expression.
The " black mocking-bird" is the phainopepla, shy about our
towns, but now and then bringing their family affairs into one's
garden, not forgetting the song that will brighten the gloom-
iest of foggy mornings.
No sooner are the flysnappers out of sight, the phainopeplas
with their two, and the phoebes with their four, than we turn
to the orange groves where the blackbirds are telling tales. Al-
CHILDE HAROLD
601
ready the impatient and awkward young- things, only half
fledg-ed, are tumbling- out of the nests into the plowed ground
below. We wade to our ankles in dry dust, eag-er to pick up
one of the sprawling birds for a snap shot. We are not two
rods from it when there is a bedlam of screaming-, and black-
bird shouting, and dashing and plunging. All the parent birds
in the orchard colony are berating us and backbiting us, and
protesting that we "move on."
The young bird we are after shoves and flutters along the
ground ahead of us until we are led a race. People in near-by
houses are laughing, we are conscious of that ; but we pick up
the bird at last.
As you look at its photograph, who in his seven senses would
doubt its identity ? Was ever other than a blackbird endowed
with such feet and legs ? And there are tufts of baby down
remaining to betray its extreme youth. The tufts are loose and
ready to fly away in advance of the owner of them. Perchance
some humming bird will see and catch them as they fly, and
pack them into the lining of her next cradle. There is such a
commotion in the orchard that we gladly let the birdling go. It
is sprawling now in all directions, boohooing as it sprawls.
But it has disappeared ! You will see it next year, perhaps
this very fall, at work or play in the blue-grass patch you love
better than your soul. Better let the bird alone ! He is doing
you a favor by hunting grubs. Besides, it is a bad omen to
shoo away a bird with a white eye.
Pasadena, Cal.
602
1
^P
TWO DAYS AT MESA GRANDi:.*
ROM the Hot Springs of Warner's Ranch it is a
really beautiful drive of 18 miles to Mesa
Grande — passing the main ranch-house (now
headquarters for a renting cattle-company,
which does not mix well with the Indians) and
San Jose, a tiny hamlet of ten of the evicted
Indians ; across the finest portion of Warner's
Ranch, and up the admirable and picturesque three-mile
"grade," a type of the surprising county roads one encounters
in this wilderness. Zigzagging up the Grade, with its fine
outlooks over nearly all the 44,000 acres of Warner's Ranch, and
with the snowy head of San Jacinto peeping above the northern
horizon, one crosses the ridge and drops into the beginnings of
the handsome little valley wherein a generous nation that has
taken everything else leaves 120 acres — a little of which can be
farmed — for the 206 Mesa Grande Indians who used to own all
the land round about. When they Had only Indian neighbors
of hostile tribes — and even while they had only Mexicans for
neighbors — they never starved. It is onlj' when the Superior
Race comes in that the original owners of the country begin to
be swindled, kicked, and crowded off the earth. A reservation
of 120 acres, for 206 persons, speaks for itself. As to their
personality, the accompanying photographs, made by me in
March of this year, may reasonably speak. Do these look like
savages? But they are in bitter destitution, thanks not to un-
JuAN DiBOo Lachapa. Mani'ki, Oktkoa. Antonio Lachapa. Pkotohv C. F. iL.. toot.
Thrbb Mkn or Mkka Grandb.
thrift of their own but because the Indian Service of the U. S.
Government, in continuance of the historic record of remote
and stupid carelessness, has done less for them than any Spanish
*A continu.ition of "The ExiloH of Cupa," in tbe laitt number. Mesa Cirande means
BiiT Table(-land).
MESA GRANDE
603
The Judge, Joseph Waterdm, Mesa Grande. Photo by C. F. L., iqo2.
administration in America ever did for any tribe. They do not
draw rations — which are for fighting- Indians — nor want them.
If they had been given enough decent land to support half as
many industrious New England farmers, they would be all
right. As it is, I have no hesitation in saying that any traveler
of any experience who will look at their home and talk with
them, and examine the record, will agree that the United States
has no very large reason to be proud of the state of affairs at
Mesa Grande.
We stop first at the little schoolhouse, where there is a breath
MESA GRANDE
605
Nakciso Lachai'A Captain of Mesa Gkande. Photo by C. F. L., iqq2.
of hope amid the shame and disgust of the general situation
of Indian affairs as administered by uninformed and uncaring
politicians, who never have investigated any case of the generic
abuses caused by their — and our — methods. Here is a full and
vital school taught by that woman of God, Mrs. Mary Watkins.
She is a daughter — and in true succession — of the rugged old
hero J. W. Brier, the most important figure in the tragic Death
Valley expedition which crossed the desert in 1850. I have in
hand, for present publication, the reminiscences of one of his
•sons, who, as a child of six, shared with his father, his wonder-
ful mother, and his two little brothers, one of the ghastliest
journeys in human history ; and in one of my books I have
briefly recorded the trip which shares with the Donner part}^ the
•distinction of being' the most tragic and heroic overland walk
ever made by Americans.* Mr. Brier preached the first Protest-
ant sermon in Los Angeles, presently after his arrival on this
* Some Strange Corners of Our CQttntry (Century Co., New York), pp. 38-40.
606
OUT WEST
deadly trip ; and made a long record in California of heroic
worth. His daughter is of like blood, though born a few years
after the memorable journey. A refined, talented and absolutely
devoted woman, she is at once a type of what the right teacher
can do among the Indians, and of how little we care to get that
kind of teacher. She has done far more for the Indians of
Mesa Grande than the government has, even in material ways,
even in keeping them from starvation ; and in the higher
A Kami IS \i ,Mi-.>A GkaNDK
Photo f>y C. F. L., /0O2.
things she has been — and now is — a genuine inspiration. Her
work is widel}' known, despite her modest}', to all who keep
track of such things. The class of people who either rob
Indians as a profession or despise them as a religion, naturally
reckon for fanatic a woman who really cares to treat Indians
justly ; but these people are of the sort that do not make the
verdict of history — except as to themselves. I have had an expe-
rience covering many thousands of teachers and missionaries
among the Indians ; I think I know what they ought to be, and
what they are on the average ; and I very earnestly wish, just
as an American, that there were a few more like Mrs. Watkins.
If there were, the "Indian Problem" would have fewer knots.
Besides this real apostle, there is at Mesa Grande a fine»
MESA GRANDE
607
earnest and competent new industrial teacher, supported by the
Episcopal church and private aid. Mrs. Miller has successful
and interesting- classes of women in lace-making (after the
Sybil Carter methods), and of men in wood-carving. These
industries are not yet a year old in Mesa Grande ; but the public
would be astonished if it could see the admirable work being-
done by these aboriginal students. A following article, and
some of the photographs in this, will give a mere hint of what
is being done by common sense and devotion for these people so
meanly entreated by a great nation ; and some idea of their
Francisco, the Wood-Carver, Mesa Grande. Photo by C. I^. L., iqo2~
aptitude in learning such things. Of course only those who
have never studied anthropology will be surprised at the art
ability of these people — but, unfortunately, that covers most of
us. As a matter of scientific fact, the art instinct and ability
are far more common among primitive than among civilized
peoples. It is the natural human heritage, which We have
bartered for what little pottage we have got of civilization.
Among us, one in ten thousand has an intelligible and present-
able art expression ; among our Indians, practically ever)' one
has it. A people whose domestic utensils are more artistic than
608
OUT WEST
A Mbsa Gkandk Family.
(The husband is Mexican.}
Photo hy C. F. L., //.--.
the alleged art in the average American house — and that is
putting it mildly — can naturally take up with success a new
^rt industry. Art is man's translation of Nature ; and as we
get further and further from Nature, the thing we still have
the habit to call art grows more and more a paraphrase rather
than a translation. There are no more old Masters. We know
far more of technic than they did ; but nowadays there is almost
no one who Cares as they cared.
We use for the utensils of " mean service " tin pans and other
•commercial affidavits to the fact that we are forgetting how to
live — the greatest of all arts, and the one common to unspoiled
humanity. For the like purposes, the California Indian woman
makes with her own hand articles which are far higher in art
-^-^_ E
^^^^^^^K
4
^^^mm
^I^^^V ' ^^^H^Hvl
hEa9
' -V- ::.-iy»T- ■' ■ , ,
OoR "Jonta" at Mesa Grandr.
Photo hv c. F. I,., /go*.
jMks. Millkr's Class of Lace-Makers, Mesa Grande. Photo by C. F. I ., iqoz.
610
OUT WEST
Anoki^.s Lachapa (j* sfi-ci l(Xi), Mesa Grande. Photo by C. R, L., iQoa.
than anything- that hangs in the parlorlof the average Ameri-
can home. This is a fact beyond cavil, as every student in
these lines knows ; and it is index to a truth we might do well
to remember — which is, roughly stated, that it doesn't pay to be
Too Busy to Live.
The entire population of Mesa Grande was convened to meet
us. Dr. L. A. Wright, agent of this Mission agency, an earn-
est man, who is really trying to do his duty, was of the party.
Even the Washington officials, who by unfamiliarity with the
facts, and with history in general, make practically all the In-
dian troubles we have, would have learned something if they
could have been present at the Jtiiitas we had at Mesa Grande.
These were practically sessions of the Supreme Court. Inci-
dentally, they were complete proof of how totally ignorant is
the idea — cherished in some quarters in Washington- that the
MESA GRANDE
611
Angela Lachai'a, thk Lay Reader, Mesa Grande. Photo by C. F. L., 1002.
Mission Indians do not need the help of an agent because they
do not go on the warpath.
There is not space now to detail the proceedings of these re-
markably interesting and human sessions ; but the genius of
them may be briefly stated. I have never seen a more respect-
able gathering, a more respectful one, a better mannered one.
In many years' experience with American courts, I never saw
an American trial so good-tempered. We tried cases as vital as
any that come before our own courts — and " we " is used advis-
edly, for I was at once Prosecuting Attorney, Counsel for Plaint-
iff, and Official Interpreter — and there was no perjury, no con-
tempt of court, no rancor. A common-sense decision in each case
cleared the whole local horizon. The Captain and Judge whose
verdict was reversed, resigned in true English fashion, and new
ones were appointed, after another plebiscite. The whole thing
was a wonderful reminder of the old New England town meeting
612
OUT WEST
as I well remember it — but of course with the vital difference that
in that fine but now practically extinct New England function
the meeting was self-sufficient; whereas these our bedeviled
wards have over their heads a power the)' can neither resist
nor understand — and for that matter neither do I, after twenty
years' study, understand the policies of the Indian Department.
Neither do those who make them and enforce them. But the
good faith, the sincerit)', the personal responsibility of these
handicapped people — these are like the best traditions of New
England before it lost heart. And the absolute gentleness and
good spirit were like nothing I ever saw in New England.
There is no possible doubt that if Washington really knew
about the shameful maltreatments of such people, it would
remedy them. The trouble with our Indian system ever since
its beginning has been that it has been administered, almost
without a day's exception, by people who knew nothing about
Indians, nothing about the facts — and didn't care enough to learn.
That is the only reason why we have a perpetual running sore
of an "Indian Problem." Mexico has over three and a half
million Indians, besides mixed breeds — some 14 times as many
as we have — but Mexico has no Indian problem. We would
hardly admit that this is because the Spaniards are better than
we are— nor is it. But it is because they took pains to study
the facts. They had done more — and more wisely — for Indian
education 300 years ago than we have done yet. The proof of
this is so absolute and overwhelming that no student of Ameri-
cana can doubt the statement for a moment. And it ought not
to stay so. There is no real reason why Americans cannot be
as wise and as humane as Mexicans in their relations to con-
quered races. If we might have in the Indian Bureau only men
who knew Indians or knew history — why, the Indian Problem
would begin to solve itself.
C. F. L.
Lack Hokdkk. Made by Mi-sa (iiaiulc Imlians.
613
LACE MAHING BY INDIAN AVOMIIN.
By MRS. A. S. C. FORBES.
OMBTHING over ten years ago — namely,
in March, 1892 — Miss Sybil Carter, one
of the most energetic and competent
workers ever sent out by the Episco-
palian Board of Home Missions, started
in Minnesota the first class in lace-
making- among- American Indians. * She
had visited Tokio, and there saw the
Japanese women making lace. She
believed that if the Japanese women
could succeed at this industry, so could the American Indian
women ; and she brought others to believe so too. The experi-
ment under her supervision was authorized and enabled. Some
of her first pupils had never seen a fine steel needle before ; and
to the average careless onlooker it seemed that nothing could
be more hopeless than an attempt to teach these "barbarians" a
fine art. But in three months from the beginning, Miss Carter
began to sell the lace made by her Indian pupils, at from 80c.
to $2.50 per yard, according to width and pattern. In 1900
these same Indian women received a gold medal at the
Lace Collars. Made by Mesa Grande Indians.
* By Americans. The industry was taugrht Indians by the Spaniards several centuries
ag-o and is still practiced by thousands.— Ed.
Needlework Doyley. Made by Mesa Grande Indians.
Lack Pinccshion Top. Made by Mesa Grande Indians.
LACE MAKING BY INDIAN WOMEN 615
Paris Exposition for their lace. This was not only a triumph,
but a forecast and a precedent. Women who can do successfully
the stitches of English Point, Cluny, and Venetian lace, can
learn any art industry. The very simple suggestion, then, to a
nation which has so many sorts of an Indian problem, is that
it should give these people a chance to learn and practice the
remunerative industries for which they are so competent.
Miss Carter began teaching the simplest Honiton stitches ;
then took up more intricate patterns ; and finally advanced her
pupils till they now make exquisite Venetian pillow lace. Mrs.
John McKay and Miss Helen Gould gave the Indian women
orders for lace that kept scores of them busy the entire winter.
One bed-spread and two pillow-covers sold for $300 ; and another
set brought $250.
The convincing proof of the utility and practical sense of
this venture has led to its wide enlargement. Since then, Miss
Carter has superintended the establishment of other lace-making
schools.*
In June, 1901, Rt. Rev. Joseph H. Johnson, Episcopal Bishop
of Los Angeles, sent a teacher of lace-making to the Mesa
Grandet Indians, in San Diego Co., Cal., in consultation with
Miss Carter, who came out here. The lady was Mrs. Sophie R.
Miller, a refined Eastern woman, competent in her work and in
her sympathy. The Indian women admired the laces she showed
them, but felt such work beyond their power. But after patient
persuasion, a few ventured to try ; and their success encouraged
others — till now Mrs. Miller has a highly competent lace class,
as large as she can well direct. They show remarkable adapt-
ability to the work, the highest patience and interest and appli-
cation, and a spirit of entire sincerity and sweetness. They
have been working hard and faithfully all winter, and have al-
ready become most creditably proficient. No one could have
more amiable pupils. Mrs. Miller says :
" I do not think it is possible for any one to work with the
California Indians without becoming very fond of them. They
are so docile, so gentle, so cheerful, so courteous, so patient.
They learn the lace-making very quickly. Nature seems to
have given them a talent for artistic work. Their disposition,
many of our race might do well to copy. Sometimes the lace
does not look just right for the market. I take the scissors,
cut out several places and ask them to try again and see if they
cannot do it a little better. They laugh, and try again, in all
good-will and without heartburn. They are now making three
kinds of lace — English Point, Thread-lace, and Pillow or Bob-
* In 1901 Miss Carter marketed $5,000 worth of lace for her Indians,
t See article on Mesa Grande.
616 OUT WEST
bin-lace — and all good and strong-. They are ambitious to make
the best lace in the market. They are careful of the money
they earn, and make it go as far as possible for their real needs.
They are grateful to those who help them to help themselves.
Charity, they do not wish ; but they are glad and proud of a
chance to show what they can do for themselves if given the
chance. They are very eager to get the work to do. The work
has been greatly helped by Rev. H. B. Restarick, Miss Con-
stance Goddard DuBois (of Waterbury, Conn.), Miss Mary B.
Warren (of Pasadena, Cal.), and others, who have helped these
self-helping Indian women to find a market for their wares.
"When I began to teach the lace-making, one of the men
said to me : ' You come to help the women to live. Can't you
teach us men something to help us to live ?' So I have formed
a class in wood-carving for men ; and some of them are doing
very good work. One day when I was working at the table
with them, one of the men said: 'Now, I have found ray
spirit !' He has been a patient worker all winter. Mr. Lumrais
photographed him at work, not long ago.
*' These Indians are the most patient and submissive under
all circumstances of any race I ever saw. They are always
kind and polite, and always grateful for any fair treatment. I
wish every American could see them — see how they have to live
because not adequately provided for by the Gk>vernment ; with-
out lands enough, or good enough, to support them ; see their
desire to better themselves, as shown by their earnest work ;
and see the fruits of their industry. Besides the lace-work and
wood-carving, they have their aboriginal art of basketry, in
which they are very expert."
We call Indians dirty, lazy, and good-for-nothing — when as a
matter of fact, they are, as an almost unexcepted rule, deserv-
ing, industrious, forbearing, pliable to just and friendly treat-
ment— which is the only sort to which any of us are amenable.
Los Anireles, Cal.
This maarazinc will arladly facilitate any who desire to make pnrchases of this charac-
teristic lace-work or wood-carvlHR' of the Mesa Grande Indians. It is an industry which
meritH encourairement ; and from the pnrely selfish standpoint, the work is better worth
havinR' than the unidentified stuff anyone can buy in a store.— En.
A JUNE ^WEDDING.
By CHARLES ELMER JENNEY.
The sweetheart of Summer weds today-
Pride of the Wild Rose clan :
A Butterfly fay
For a bridesmaid gay,
And a Bumblebee for best man.
Fresno, Cal.
617
"TWO BITS*."
By SHARLOT M. HALL.
^HKRE the shimmering sands of the desert beat
In waves to the foothills' rugged line,
And cat-claw and cactus and brown mesquite
Elbow the cedar and mountain pine ;
Under the dip of a wind-swept hill,
Like a little gray hawk Ft. Whipple clung ;
The fort was a pen of peeled pine logs.
And forty troopers the army strong.
At the very gates when the darkness fell,
Prowling Mojave and Yavapai
Signaled with shrill coyote yell,
Or mocked the night owl's piercing cry ;
Till once when the guard turned shuddering
For a trace in the east of the welcome dawn,
Spent, wounded, a courier reeled to his feet —
"Apaches — rising — Wingate — warn !"
" And half the troop at the Date Creek camp ! "
The captain muttered, " Those devils heard !"
White-lipped he called for a volunteer
To ride Two Bits and carry the word :
"Alone — it's a game of hide and seek ;
One man may win where ten would fail ;"
Himself the saddle and cinches set
And headed Two Bits for the Verde trail.
Two Bits ! How his still eyes woke to the chase !
The bravest soul of them all was he ;
Hero of many a hard-won race,
With a hundred scars for his pedigree ;
Wary of ambush and keen of trail.
Old in wisdom of march and fray.
And the grizzled veteran seemed to know
The lives that hung on his hoofs that day.
"A week — God speed you and make it less !
Ride by night from the river on ;"
*"Two Bits," an old racer, was in his day the fastest and the longest-
winded horse in Arizona. He belonged at the time to Lieut. Chas. Curtis
(now Capt. Curtis, at the University of Wisconsin), who built the first
stockade on the present site of Ft. Whipple, A.T. The episode is true,
even to the old horse leading the soldiers back to his fallen rider. The
man lived ; but " Two Bits" died of his wounds, and is buried under a heap
of stones beside the overland road a few miles west of Ft. Wingate, N. M.
The ride was about 250 miles. — Ed.
618 OUT W EST
Caps were swung in a silent cheer,
A quick salute, and the Word was gone.
Sunrise, threading- the Point of Rocks ;
Dusk, in the caiions dark and grim —
Where, coiled like a flung thread round the cliffs,
The trail crawls up to the frowning Rim.
A pebble turned, a spark out-struck
From steel-shod hoof on the treacherous flint —
Ears wait, eyes strain, in the rocks above.
For the faintest whisper, the farthest glint ;
But shod with silence and robed with night
They pass untracked, and mile by mile
The hills divide for the flying feet,
And the stars lean low to guide the while.
Never a plumed quail hid her nest
With the stealthiest care a mother may.
As crouched at dawn in the chaparral
These two, whom a heart- beat might betray:
So hiding and riding, night by night ;
Four days, and the end of the riding near ;
The fort just hid in the distant hills —
But hist ! A whisper, a breath of fear !
They wheel and turn — too late ! Ping ! Ping !
From their very feet a fiery jet ;
A lurch, a plunge, and the brave old horse
Leaped out with his broad breast torn and wet.
Ping ! Thud ! on his neck the rider swayed ;
(Ten thousand deaths if he reeled and fell !)
Behind, exultant, the painted horde
Swooped down like a skirmish line from Hell.
Not yet 1 Not yet ! Those ringing hoofs
Have scarred their triumph on many a course ;
And the desperate, blood-trailed chase swept on,
Apache sinews 'gainst wounded horse :
Hour crowding hour till the yells died back,
Till the pat of the moccasined feet was gone,
And dumb to heeding of foe or fear
The rider dropped, but the horse kept on.
Stiff and stumbling and spent and sore.
Plodding the rough miles doggedly,
Till the daybreak bugles of Wingate rang
And a faint neigh answered the reveille ;
THE BAR CROSS LIAR 619
Wide swung the gate ; a wounded horse —
Red-dabbled pouches and riding- gear —
A shout, a hurry, a quick-flung word —
And Boots and Saddles rang sharp and clear.
Like a stern commander the old horse turned
As the troop filed out, and straight at the head
He guided them back on that weary trail
Till he fell by his fallen rider, dead ;
But the man and the message saved ! And He
Whose brave heart carried the double load —
With his last trust kept and his last race won
They buried him there on the Wingate road.
Prescott, A. T.
THE BAR CROSS LIAR.
By EUGENE M. RHODES.
HE fall roundup was over. A week since, the
stray men had cut out their cattle and gone
home. Yesterday the steers had been shipped
and the day-herders let out. The night-
wrangler had "got his time" after breakfast,
and Pat, the "horse-wrangler,"* was going
to the horse camp with nearly all the cahal-
lada. The old hands who held their jobs through the winter
were to cut their mounts from thirteen to three head each, feed-
ing these corn, hobbling at night, and doing their own
wrangling.
For the next six weeks the outfit was to have a snap. Dallas
would run a floating wagon — that is, they would prowl around
in the odd corners of the range, in the roughs and bosques
* " Horse-wrangler" is probably the most interesting' corruption among-
the hundreds of cowboy words. Like most of them, it is borrowed from
the Spanish ; like all so borrowed, it is butchered ; and it is a little more
surprising than any other of them as a type of the Saxon maltreatment of
a strange tongue.
A mong the first American cowboys — who were of course Spanish — the
man who took care of the riding-horses was known as the Caballerarigo.
When our " cowmen" began business in the Sout'nwest they learned their
trade — and most of their trade vocabulary — from the Mexicans. Caballada,
the horse-herd, became in their mouths "cavvyard ;" la reata (the lasso),
"lariat;" v aq uer o {covrhoy), *' buccaro" — and so on for quantit3'. But no
other word was quite so hybridized as this. They directly learned that
caballo was " horse ;" and translating half, and imitating the rest, they
made caballerango into " hoss-wrangler." The curious thing is that all
these things go into our great dictionaries by the spelling of illiterate cow-
boys, as though we had no scholars. — Ed.
620 OUT WEST
where the general \rork had not been clean — branding over-
looked calves. Most of their work would be after sunset and at
early daylight, when they could catch wild cattle in the open
and cut them off from the brush. They would hold nothing,
and so would have no day-herd or night-guard to do. Life
henceforth would be one grand sweet roping-match.
They had come with the wagon some nine miles from Dundee,
and were lazily waiting for Pat to bring the horses in. As
they approached, the men walked out to meet them, each man
handing one end of his rope to his neighbor and retaining the
other. The line thus formed extended round the horses on three
sides, and the wrangler rode up and down in the gap.
Dallas roped out his three horses, and then the others, as each
man picked them out.
" 6b« /<?^05," he said, as he led the last one out. "Head-
light, throw your hull on old Paisano and hold our little bunch
till Pat gets started. What are you going to pack, Pat ?"
" Old Deacon, I reckon."
" Let 'em go," said Dallas, as he caught Deacon. The men
coiled up their ropes and went to the wagon, and the main
bunch of horses grazed off.
" Why don't you burn these henskins and get you a decent
bed?" queried Dallas, as he helped Pat put an *'N" hitch on
the pack.
" I'hi going to, soon as I can," replied the boy.
"You'll freeze, this winter," said Dallas, as he tied the last
knot. "Well — drag it, now. Keep off the boys' mounts — just
ride the extras and the broncos. I'll send old Florentino out
there Christmas, so you can come in to the dance."
"You needn't mind," said the boy with downcast eyes. "I
ain't got no good clothes, and I'm broke."
Dallas turned away impatiently.
"So long, fellers," said Pat, and " So long !" said the others
in chorus, as he rode away.
"Well, boys" said Dallas, "we'll petrify till after dinner,
and this evening we'll make a little drag in Mescal."
The men were willing enough to "petrify." All except two
had been on night guard every night for three months. The
exceptions were Foster (representing the neighboring 7TX
Company, and the only stray man now with the outfit) and Cole,
formerly the Bar Cross foreman, now cattle inspector, who
had accepted Dallas's invitation to spend a few days with
"the boys."
The cook had thrown the rolls of bedding off the wagon, and
the men used them for " heading," the ground serving for
THE BAR CROSS LIAR 621
couch. Some rolled cigarettes and others pulled their hats over
their eyes and dozed in fitful slumber. The November sun was
gratefully warm. From the rear end of the wagon came a
cheerful sound of burning wood and boiling water, and the
savory smell of coffee and frying meat. A dust in the south-
east told of Pat, already several miles on his forty-mile journey
to Hembrillo.
It was Hiram Yoast, the "straw boss," who finally broke
the silence. His hands were clasped behind his head, so he
indicated the retreating dust with his booted and spurred foot.
" There," said he judicially, "there goes the Bar Cross
Liar."
" Who — Pat ?" queried a sleepily assenting voice, "Oh, 5/."
"You can't believe nary damn word he says," volunteered
Headlight from under the wagon.
Pink Murray was the next witness. "Stingiest kid I ever
did see. Them duds of his is a disgrace to the outfit. And
that old Arbuckle !"
" By Jo-ove, Mister McComas," drawled Summerford, "Why
don't you fire him ?"
"Best horse- wrangler I ever had," replied Dallas. "If some
of you screws could ride your sixty-dollar cuts as well as he
rides his Arbuckle, there wouldn't be so many spoiled horses in
the brand. And I don't have to carry an extra wagon load of
loops for him, neither."
Foster sat up. There was fun in prospect, and a chance to
bait somebody.
"Say, boys," he began in a sober and earnest voice, "You
all haven't got this thing down right. That there saddle ain't
no Arbuckle — it's one of them kind that comes with a dozen
bars of soap. And Pat ain't got no money to fool away on
clothes or dances. He's saving it up. In ten years he'll be
owning lots of other people's property, and Dallas here will be
working for him. Dallas ain't no fool. He's looking ahead,
he is."
A laugh followed this, and Wildcat Thompson gave in his
testimony. " He's a real impudent little pup — but I'll say this
much for him — he knows how to keep his face closed about
folks. If he was to tell all he knew, there wouldn't be any-
body left alive on the Jornado — and the survivors would all be
hung."
Yoast, a tenacious and taciturn man, took up his parable
again. " Out on the work, his clothes don't matter much. We
all go rough. But if he's too stingy to spruce up and come to
our Christmas dance looking like a white man, why he isn't up
622 OUT WEST
to the Bar Cross contract. We've had some pretty tough
hombres wearing the crop and split, first and last, but we never
had a miser before."
Enriquez, the Mexican cook, stuck his head around the chuck-
box. "Who — Pat? Pat dam good boy. When I movin'
always drag up wood longside road to put in wagon. When I
es-top for camp, take harness off mules so I make dinner queek.
Es-sing and laughin' all time — not growlin' and cussin' at some-
body."
Dallas looked perplexed and annoyed. "He is some off
color," he admitted, " but I've been like Henry here — I sorter
liked the little cuss. I've been hopin' all fall the blame little
fool would take on fat and shed oflf slick. Don't seem as if he
could take a hint."
Cole had listened without comment, whittling a stick, with
his sombrero low over his eyes. He fumbled in his vest pocket,
and produced a letter which he held languidly out. "Oh,
Foster!" he said casually, "here's something for you. I was
up near Magdalena the other day, waiting for a train, and I
got to chinning an old fellow there, pottering 'round in a little
old garden. Seems like he'd had mighty hard luck — wife sickly
and puny — two little girls. He'd been freighting and had been
sick about five months so he couldn't work — had to sell his team
and outfit for store bills. Just getting so he could work a little
again, but couldn't find no job, and all that kept him going was
his boy sending his wages home.
" Well, we kept talking, and bimeby here comes one of the
little girls — pretty little trick — bringing him a letter. The old
man, he didn't have his specs with him, so he asks me to read
it for him. 'Twas from Pat. Here it is. I didn't let on, and
when the old man wasn't looking, I put one of my old tally
sheets in place of it and came away from there."
Poster took the letter, and as he read it a dark flush spread
over his neck and face ; a blush of shame. Possibly this was
the first blush of any kind Poster had ever accomplished.
"It's up to you, Marse Hi," he said, handing the paper to
Yoast, and spreading out his hands palms up, with the gesture
of one who throws up a hand of cards. " I've done laid 'em
down." Yoast read, and handed it in silence to Dallas — Dallas
to Summerford, and so it went round the circle. The men
looked at each other in shamefaced silence.
It was Yoast
" the foremo«t still,
In every feat of good or ill,"
who led the way. He rose, planted his feet wide apart, rolled
a cigarette with great care, lit it and twisted his red mustache.
THE BAR CROSS LIAR 623
"Now, one of them 83X saddles" he said with much delibera-
tion, looking alternately down his nose and at a point in spa,ce,
" with Eagle Bill tapaderos.^^
Summerford grasped — clutched — at the idea ! ^^And a first-
class Navajo."
"A bully good suit of clothes," put in Headlight eagerly.
" Dallas is just about his size ; he'll do to measure by."
" The 7TX peelers is all in on this play," said Foster, " and
the 10 EC outfit '11 want a hand too — we'll rig him out com-
plete."
"Bed," said Wildcat, counting on his fingers, "boots, and
spurs" —
"Chaps, and a Stetson and a gun," put in Pink Murray.
" There you all are, going off at half-cock, as usual," said
Cole. "Just for all the world like a batch of half-baked kids.
Get him all the playthings you want — it'll please you, and won't
hurt him any. But don't you see that if you want to please a
man like John Graham — (do you know his name is John Graham
— and that he is a man ?) — and square it with him for all the
dirt you have done him, the thing to do will be to help his folks
out of the hole."
" That's right," said Dallas. "Lets you and me and Hiram
auger the Colonel, and see if we can't get the old man in at
Aleman to run the windmill and horsepower, and dish out sup-
plies to the camps. Coffee is a big husky duck and has no
family — he don't need no easy job like that. We'll get him a
berth somewhere else."
"That's all right," said Wildcat. "You fellows just get
your work in on the Colonel. Coffee's going to quit !"
" How d'you know ? He tell you so ?"
"Nope" — cheerfully. "He don't know it yet. I'm going
down to tell him so to-night."
"Come and get it," shouted Enriquez, "Or I'll throw it out."*
The Bar Cross punchers were full of business in the weeks
that followed. Coffee "quit," as Wildcat had prophesied, and
the Colonel yielded to the allied forces and gave Pat's father
the job as " water-mason," Also, at Dallas's suggestion, he
raised Pat's wages to $30 per month. The Graham family
came down and were installed at Aleman, wondering a good
deal to find what a lot of useful household plunder, apparently
new, was lying around loose there. "Coffee left that stuff,"
they were informed. " Nobody wants it — help yourselves if it's
any good to you. "
Pat, they were told, could not be spared from the horse camp.
* The cowboy cook's formal invitation to supper.
624 OUT WEST
He would be, in Christmas. They must all come up to Dundee
foj the dance and see him there.
It was Hiram Yoast, at his own request, who went to Hem-
brillo with Florentino. "You're to come in with me tomor-
row," was all he told Pat. "You're wanted."
"Shall I bring my bed?"
" Don't know — suit yourself — I don't think you'll need it out
here any more."
Throughout the long- cold ride on the 24th, Yoast maintained
an ominous silence, and from his bearing Pat presaged disaster.
Well — he had done his best, and asked no favors — he would not
weaken now, whatevei' happened. There were other ranches.
His heart grew hot and defiant, and he would have hastened to
meet the impending evil halfway, but Yoast was not to be hur-
ried, and it was long after dark when the^' reached Dundee.
"I'll slip around to the kitchen and get warm," said Pat,
'* I'm most froze."
"You come right in here with me," said Yoast. "You're It."
The big store room had been cleaned out, and long tables put
up for the substantial supper which was to precede the dance.
The "cow country "for fifty miles around was gathered in
force. When the guests were all seated, the Colonel arose and
said, " I understand Mr. McComas is going to make a few re-
marks."
Dallas stood up, a target for curious glances from the out-
siders— and his wife took Pat's mother by the hand and led her,
wondering into the little side room next the front door.
" Neighbors," said Dallas, " I'm not going to keep you long.
I don't need to tell you-all how proud we are to see you — you-all
know that. But what I'm up here to say is this : We've got a
painful duty to perform. We've got to expose one of our men,
who's being doin' a sort of masquerade 'round here. Most of
you know Pat, our horse- wrangler" — (" It's all right dear — it's
all right" whispered his wife to the trembling woman in the
side room. "We know your boy — and are proud of him") Well,
we have a letter of his here, which fell into our hands — no mat-
ter how. I want to read it to you." He unfolded a paper and
read
"Dear Father and Mother :
"Your letter came the other day and I am mity glad you all
are having better helth. I am feeling fine. Its pretty cold
nights and erly in the mornings, but one of the boys bought
him a new overcoat and give me his old one and it is most as
good as new and I bought me a dasy pair of gloves. The boys
is all awfle good to me. The Rod he raised me to 30 dollars a
month while the fall work was going on so I can send you 25
dollars this month becos I do not want any thing more now.
THE BAR CROSS LIAR 625
Guess I will g-et cut down to 25 ag-ain when the steers are
shipped and I g-uess that will be about the middle of no v. and I
will send you some more money then and then I guess Dallas
will send me out to the mountains with the horses and then I
wont be in till Christmas so please anser rig-ht away so I will
g-et it before I go. We are g'oing- to have a big' dance Christ-
mas. I g-ot a new suit, of close for it. They only cost me 10
dollars but they look reel nice. I will see a fine time but I
would rather be with you all Lots of love to — "
" I won't read the rest," said Dallas, looking- at the opposite
wall, and winking very hard. He laid the letter down and
looked around. " He said we was good to him ! We was mean
— meaner'n dirt. We just naturally dealt him all the misery we
could. He didn't have no overcoat — nor gloves — nor no slicker
in all them fall rains. He sent all his money home to his sick
folks and done without everything. And them was all lies, so
his folks would think he had plenty of everything. We joshed
him about his bed, and made fun of his poor old saddle " — (here
Dallas choked — his saddle is the cowboy's tender point), "and
we thought he was stingy and a miser. He said I raised his
wages to thirty dollars. That's another lie. The letter is
chock full of 'em. He said he had a new suit for this dance —
and he meant to sta}' out there in the mountains, in that lone-
some God forsaken horse camp, and then write — a lot of " —
The door opened and two men stood framed in the doorway.
Yoast, and, as he stepped aside — Pat. The slender, boyish
figure shivering with cold, half shrinking, half defiant ; the
young face nerved against misfortune ; the ungloved hands,
the thin worn shabby coat, all told their own eloquent story.
He stepped in — dazzled by the light. A roar greeted him ; a
stormy welcome to his too earl}^ manhood. Half the men were
in the chairs. Wildcat was first of all, and he threw up a hand
and shouted above the din :
" The Bar Cross Liar ! Our best and bravest ! "
And their cheering shook the rafters again and again.
But, as he stood bewildered, Yoast took him by the shoulders,
and, smiling, pushed him into the side room. That dear old
face — those quivering lips —
The tumult falls on heedless ears and deaf. Life's sweetest
cup is trembling at his lips. Whatever gifts the years may
hold for him, there shall be no triumph so dear as to eclipse
this moment ; no shame to wash away its benediction. Not
wealth, nor fame, nor power, nor vengeance long-delayed, shall
thrill his heart so deeply. Not love itself, nor love's first cling-
ing kiss, can yield a rapture keener than now awaits him — a
mother's tears of pride and joy over her first born.
Tularosa, N. M.
626
HIS STAR.
By ELLA HIGGINSON.
^rtHE ship swings out ; the Captain stands
\ Straight and strong in his place ;
There are glorious things to leave behind,
More glorious ones to face ;
His cheek is pale, his brow is calm,
His lips are close and stern ;
And in his eyes, like beacon lights.
The fires of Courage burn.
*' Now Captain, steer thou carefully — •
Brave heart and steady hand !
Charybdis sly and Scylla bleak.
Luring and threatening stand 1"
But answer makes he none ; his hand
Is firm upon the helm.
And not a sea that rocks the world
That noble ship could whelm.
*' Captain, beware the rocks ! Beware !
Steer for the open more !" . . .
" Nay, Captain — fierce the gale outside 1
Run closer to the shore !"
Still, still they cry ; he answers not ;
Heavy and dark the night ;
But lo ! within the troubled East
A star is rising bright.
** Captain, I know the course ! Trust me 1"
One pilot makes appeal ;
"Nay, nay," another boldly cries,
" Captain, give me the wheel !"
The Captain neither heeds nor hears.
His gaze is set afar,
As bravely, calmly, dauntlessly.
He follows one white star.
Whatcom, Wash.
627
A MODERN SAPPHIRA.
By GRACE ELLERY CHANNING.
[conci,uded] .
^jHEN I came to review the events of the even-
ing, it was with very mixed feelings. Cer-
tainly I hadn't uttered a strictly false word,
but it struck me 1 had managed to involve
myself in the truth pretty awkwardly. It
would be more awkward still to explain now ;
moreover it began to dawn upon me that for
social purposes the next best thing to having property is to
have lost it.
When Mrs. Culpepper called, the pictures of our ranch were
not at hand. I really did not feel equal to their explanation ;
but I showed her views of everything else in the valley, and I
dropped a casual hint to the eflEect that Robert was sensitive on
the subject of our losses, which should tend to preclude conver-
sation on that theme until I had prepared his mind.
Prom this point I can with difficulty trace the stages of my
descent. Too truly it is but the first step which counts. It did
not grow any easier to explain the matter as one misleading
interview was added to another. A favorable opportunity in
which I might have presented it in the light of a joke, however
sorry an one, did not occur till the thing had passed the dimen-
sions permitted to jokes.
Moreover I had begun to believe in the creature of my imagi-
nation. When I talked of the ranch now I did not refer to the
dear, windy fragment on the edge of the mesa, but to that ranch
which Mrs. Culpepper and others had in their mental vision.
Robert and I had childishly amused ourselves in those first years
by planning the house we were always going to build ; we even
went so far as to have those plans drawn up by Brown and
Ruggles. I knew every detail of that visionary villa — just where
the western loggia overlooked the sunsets of the Pacific, and
the eastern breakfast-room opened on Sierra sunrises, with its
unroofed veranda for the table to be wheeled thereon. I took a
conscious, artistic pleasure in completing those plans now.
Every room was to be finished in native woods ; I finished them
now, with as little regard for sycamore as for redwood or Oregon
pine. There was no object in economizing. Little by little I
constructed upon the skeleton of our shack that figured villa of
our dreams, for Mrs. Culpepper's benefit. It was so easily done ;
the cottage was the plaster study, so to speak, from which I
evolved the marble. It was but the matter of turning a six foot
628 OUT WEST
porch into a sixteen foot veranda, cutting: down a few windows
to the floor, altering- some dimensions, throwing: out a wing- here
and a balcony there, and the thing was done. I laid out the
garden too, with a court in the middle ; the water-box scarcely
needed covering to become an ornamental fountain, and while I
was planting one calla it was just as easy to plant a hundred.
The new grounds demanded the forcing of our almonds and
apricots somewhat, planting a few palms and transforming the
climbing roses into veritable runners to keep up with the house.
I ended by boldly annexing Mr. Hewitt's grounds, just as we
had planned to do in the flush of our early ambitions (it was but
the trouble of cutting down a cypress hedge) and when I saw
the ranch now it was no longer a triangular patch of semi-culti-
vation on the borders of the chaparral, but the ranch Mrs. Cul-
pepper meant when she said to me on her own magnificent lawn
thick with hundred year elms :
" How small all this must seem to you after your groves and
gardens."
It somehow became the custom to introduce me as *' Mrs.
Renton — from California, you know, where they have been
ranching." And a certain distinction began to be associated
with us in the public mind, because of our losses. It was al-
most like an eminent death in the family. Generally I bore
this with meek exhilaration ; but occasionally there came an
hour of drooping, when Robert invariably prescribed tonics ;
he thought the Eastern climate not bracing enough and said I
lacked tone — whereas it was morals.
Mrs. Culpepper showed a decided taste for our society ; she
took me driving very often, and we dined with her every week.
It no longer troubled me to wear my one gown ; our poverty
had become our distinction ; we could hardly have been more
respectable if we had lost our money on Wall street. The new
version simplified everything. For instance it might have
been difficult to make the failure of Robert's brilliant surgical
gifts understood by any one not conversant with the fact that
there were ninety-nine registered physicians in a town of eight
thousand souls, and that about ninety of these had been there
from the foundations ; but anyone could comprehend that even
appendicitis where it is most profitable will hardly serve to run
a ranch withal. It was a fatally sufficing explanation — that
ranch I
I might be still improving it, I suppose, but for Sargent Cul-
pepper's bronchial attack the following spring. Robert tended
him night and day and brought him through it admirably, but
the boy remained alarmingly delicate.
A MODERN SAPPHIRA 629
"I have ordered them to take him away at once," said Robert
one evening- at dinner. " They start for California tomorrow
night on the ' Limited.' "
I remember dropping- my spoon into my soup and staring at
Robert with a sudden sense of not having- heard aright.
"Mrs. Culpepper wished me to go with them," Robert went
on, "but it is impossible, in Tom's absence. Moreover it is
unnecessary. Sargent will do very well, once he is away from
these spring changes. The journey is a less risk than this
climate."
"What part of California ?" I remember also asking feebly.
That Robert himself should be the unconscious instrument of
Nemesis, I felt as the sharpest fact in my sudden consciousness.
A wild idea of asking him to stop them, and telling him why,
darted across my mind, but I had sense enough to know its
futility. Even if I could have proved to him that his hopes of
heaven, his family honor and happiness, depended on the re-
versal of his prescription, Robert would have stood by his
patient and let heaven go. His professional conscience is New
England clear through.
"I have recommended them to try Coronado — and if he does
not improve, or grows restless, to push on north to Altavista
and give our mountain air a trial. Mrs. Culpepper seems to
have a great desire to see that section ; you have made her
quite in love with it, she says."
I had made her quite in love with it I I repeated it to myself
over and over through the rest of that interminable meal ; and
all night long I kept reminding myself that— oh, yes, I had
made her quite in love with it ! I wonder where the French
ever got the notion of calling a black night a white one ?
Whatever impulse I had when I presented myself at Mrs.
Culpepper's the next morning died a violent death at sight of
her face.
She was absorbed and worried with the sudden upheaval so
autocratically ordered by Robert, and that sense of immense
undertaking which a continental journey begets in those who
have never made it, and which seems so absurd to those of us
who have. But never had she seemed to me lovelier, more de-
sirable for a friend, than now, when I was beholding her for the
last time in that capacity. I could make myself useful in several
small ways, and did so, with all the time an awakened con-
sciousness of how much I cared, and that these were the funeral
services of our relation. Not only my folly but the lowness —
the utter inexcusable lowness of it — rushed upon me with new
force whenever in her hurried flitting from room to room her
630 OUT WEST
eyes encountered mine, or she stooped to stroke her boj^'s flushed
cheek or pull up a coverlet, where he lay upon the couch. Truly
this would have been a pretty moment to add the insult of con-
fession to the injury of fraud. No, my penance was not to have
even the mitigation which comes from seeing the worst face to
face ; instead I was to imagine it — across three thousand miles.
I stayed by to see the very last of them — the very last, as I told
myself, when Mrs. Culpepper pressed my hands warmly in hers
and thanked me in her own gracious way. I could only look
back into her eyes and think they were not eyes a sane person
would have selected to degrade herself in.
And then I went home.
Robert's professional eyes took one glance at me.
" You have been wearing yourself out," he said. "No more
Sesostris this summer for you. I wish I could have sent you to
California with them."
"Thank you," said I with a ghastly smile. Yes, that
would have been all that was needed.
The hideous spring dragged into the hideous summer. I
watched Robert with what must have been an afflicting degree
of intensity. His portion in my shame had become my finer
torture. What he would think when he knew — and how long it
would be before he did know, were the two questions which con-
cerned me. His surprise, his burning mortification, his wounded
pride, his fallen trust — these things I rehearsed through the
endless succession of those pallid nights. If I had committed
murder, arson, any crime of some dignity, I could have stood
it better — but who ever had known of a Virginian gentlewoman
lying deliberately, persistently, and at length, for so small an
end ?
Robert heard regularly from Mrs. Culpepper, concerning Sar-
gent. They lingered on at Coronado, and Sargent was gaining
steadily. I began to think perhaps they would not go north at
all, but somehow the thought failed to comfort me. And then
they did go north, slowly, as if to prolong the agony. They
were at Riverside , they were at San Bernardino ; they were at
Redlands ; they were at Los Angeles, and then there was a
delay of days.
" She will never write again," thought I.
Then there came a fat envelope — for me.
" Here it is," said I to myself.
Robert was at the hospital, and I sank dumbly into a chair
on the porch. I was past caring very much ; it was even a
kind of relief to know that the end was there — in my hand.
I opened the envelope and a budget of unmounted photo-
A MODERN SAPPHIRA 631
graphs fell out ; also a sheet of Mrs. Culpepper's thin blue
paper, covered with her fine, upright writing.
There was no need to prepare myself for the worst ; I was,
if anything, over prepared, and began to read almost without
emotion of any kind.
She was just leaving for San Francisco, but could not go
without dropping me a line to tell me that they had seen our
beautiful mountain home. " And how beautiful it is ! No
wonder you have never taken root in Smithville. Sargent and
I went all over the place. It is just the kind of nest I should
expect you two lovers to make. I picked this rose from your
balcony window — you remember the little Romeo and Juliet one,
looking east from your bed-room ? (Ah, my dear, though my
hair is gray and Sargent is nearly old enough for a nest of his
own, you mustn't think the old lady has forgotten !) I know
now why our Eastern roses have no scent for you. The pro-
prietor is in Europe and the place for rent, so we were free to
wander. All is as you left it, I think, except that there seems
to be another wing toward the mountains and the plaster must
have been retinted, for it is yellow instead of gray. It shows
the roses charmingly, however. We walked down through the
proves — what splendid groves they are — and stole an orange
apiece. The callas were all in bloom and the white oleanders.
Sargent made some shots with his camera — to replace those you
lost. Though we had but a few days we could not leave with-
out seeing the home you have made so familiar to us. (By the
way, is that your idea of 'a little way out'? You have the
Western magnificent sense of distances. But I suppose for
such a horsewoman as you it was nothing — and the trolley runs
quite near.) We leave for San Francisco tonight, and shall be
in Smithville within a month. Tell Dr. Renton he will not
know his patient," etc.
I sat there stupidly, looking from the letter to the photo-
graphs. The Medusa's head by mail could not have rendered
me more incapable of motion. The blue prints stared up at me
and I began to feel my brain going. For there was the very
house we had planned ; there could not be another so like — the
loggia, roof-garden, cloistered patio, the Italian grating in the
windows, and the open brickwork of the ell, and there — oh I
could not be mistaken in that — it was our old sycamore, with its
broken branch and the seat Robert made with his own hands.
And back of that was the shoulder of mountain I knew as
well as I knew my own face, with the cleft of the canon, and
our own triangle of level land in front.
" Madge, what is the matter with you ?" exclaimed Robert,
running up the steps three at a time.
632 OUT WEST
And in the midst of my first and only attack of hysterics I
told him all.
"Am I going crazy, Robert — what does it mean — what does
it mean ?"
" My darling," he answered, gathering: me in his arms and
starting- for the house, " it means that I have left you too much
to yourself. You poor homesick child."
He carried me upstairs, laid me on a sofa, bathed my head,
poured me out a glass of something, and did the other profes-
sional things which I suppose made /lim feel better ; and then
he sat beside me, stroking my hair, kissing my hand and doing
various other unprofessional things which helped me much
more. It was impossible to make him listen to the theory that
I had done anything heinous.
'* Nonsense, my darling," he said. **You have been sick;
you have been suffering from nostalgia, and your homesick
longings have visualized themselves — made images in your con-
sciousness, so to speak. There, don't let me hear any more of
the morbid talk about wickedness. You are merely hysterical."
Now, if there is anything I am «c/, it is that ; I believe I
would rather be wicked than hysterical. I sat bolt upright.
" I am nothing of the kind ; // is nothing of the kind ; it was
all my silly, childish, ambitious pride and my false shame — and
you may just as well grasp the fact. I may be a liar, but I'm
not hysteric 1"
"Very well," replied Robert promptly, feeling covertly for
my pulse. " It was, as you say, all your natural depravity ; but
please lie down ; you can be just as depraved lying down as
sitting up."
"Not till you admit it was just — s/«."
" I admit it. Sin is disease."
" And you don't hate me — you don't utterly despise me ? Oh,
Robert ! "
"No, I don't. I never despised a patient yet. Now let me
see those photographs."
" It certainly t's our sycamore," he concluded quietly, keep-
ing one hand on mine, and surveying the photograph warily.
"The explanation is not far to seek, after all. Mr. Hewitt did
just what 7VC always planned to do, with the difference that he
annexed us instead of our annexing him. He took down that
hedge and I suspect he bought our old working-plans of Brown
and Ruggles and modified them, or else he hit on some amaz-
ingly like. After all, with that location the plan is nearly pre-
scribed. It is all simple enough after all."
*'And Mrs. Culpepper knows nothing — suspects nothing "
A MODERN SAPPHIRA 633
" No," answered Robert, rather drily. He got up and walked
across the room, then instantly returned and smiled at me with
great cheerfulness. " You have nothing to do but treat it as a
bad dream, and go to sleep now ivithout dreaming if you can."
That is the way with doctors. Outside of grey and white
matter, protoplasm and bacteria, nothing exists — theoretically.
In practice it works two ways. The brutes of the profession —
one in each thousand perhaps — look upon your soul as a microbe,
and love and faith and virtue as mere matter in a curious state;
that is why a bad physician is worse than any other kind of
bad man whatever. With the other nine hundred and ninety-
nine it works conversely ; sin is only disease, it is always your
nerves and organs which committed the crime — not you, and
there is simply no end to their pitying sympathy and charity.
Perhaps it is just as idiotic as the other, but I am thankful that
Robert's profession generally are of Robert's kind.
The next day I began taking a tonic and that was all there was
to it, except that Robert turned over some of his clinics and
cases to a brother physician and I saw something of him again.
We got out our bicycles and rode every day.
Then the Culpeppers returned.
Robert mentioned the fact with a slight shade of embarrass-
ment. Even if he is a doctor, he can't help being a man. He
kissed me twice before he went down town, so that I might
know he was not thinking anything, and I was afraid he was
going to feel my pulse. You never can tell what a doctor will
be moved to do, and I was feeling that pulse all that was neces-
sary myself. I watched him safely round the corner, then
picked up a package which had been waiting in my bureau
drawer, put on my hat and walked to Mrs. Culpepper's. She
came hurrying down to greet me with more than the old cordi-
ality.
" Have you been ill ?" she said. " How good of you to come
so soon."
"Nothing is good of me," I replied, "and I only came to
bring you these and to tell you something. "
Therewith I told her.
Mrs. Culpepper sat speechless in the chair into which she had
subsided at my startling announcement. She kept her head
bent down and her fingers mechanically turned over the two
heaps of photographs — in themselves sufficiently circumstantial
evidence. When I had finished she spoke :
"Why do you tell me this now?" Her tone struck me as
curious, and she rose and went over to the window with her
back to me.
634 OUT WEST
My nerves began to give way.
"Because," said I shortly, "I am sick to death of it all.
Even when you lie as easy as I do, you get tired of it, and / am
tired of it. Good- by — you can't possibly think worse of me
than I do." I turned to go.
" Don't go !" exclaimed Mrs. Culpepper, still in that curious
tone, and all at once I saw that her shoulders were shaking —
positively shaking. She turned round upon me like sunlight
and held out both hands.
"Child," she said, putting those two hands on my shoulders
and laughing outright. " You — with your innocent eyes — " her
own beamed into imine. "You, who look as if you hadn't
a particle of guile about you ! And to fancy you needed the
social assistance of a mortgaged ranch. Does your husband
know ?"
" Yes ; he calls it sickness : he would, if I committed murder."
" Of course ; but I mean does he know you came to tell me ?"
"Not yet."
She gave me a little push.
"Go home and tell him, this minute."
I obeyed meekly. But before I could reach the door she had
overtaken me with that beautiful unhurried swift step of hers.
" Wait," she said, and in a moment the stately Mrs. Culpepper's
arms were about me, and what warm arms they were 1 and her
lips were on my cheek.
"You splendid creature 1" said this splendid creature herself.
And then she laughed again.
" I shall have to tell you ! I am negotiating for that ranch
now. When we go back next winter you and your husband are
going with us — oh, it is no use to say no. Sargent and I are
going to endow something there for a thank-offering ; and I
think it will be a sanitarium. And while your husband is help-
ing me, you can write that book you were created for. Now go.'
And when I did go and did tell Robert, with that consistency
which distinguishes man, instead of ascribing my conduct either
to more hysterics or to the beneficial effect of his tonic, he in-
sisted it was wholly due to the inherent nobility of my nature 1
Boston, Mass.
635
(i EARLY WESTERN HISTORY.
From Documents never before published in English.
Diary of J\inipero Serra ; McK. 28-J\ine 30, 1769.
IV.
N the 30th, the day of our Patron St. Ferdinand, we were quiet. In a
pretty enramada,* which the Soldiers had prepared beforehand,
hung about with their quilts and well garnished, I celebrated Mass
in the afternoon with great consolation. This place, says the Senor
Governor, has to be called San Fernando ; not only because we arrived
here on the Vespers of that Saint,t and here celebrated his day, but also
because it is King of the places in California. There is no Mission of
those that I have seen which, after all the labor that has been put upon
them, makes so good a view as this location makes with only that which
the Lord, Author of Nature, hath put in it. [It has] groves of cotton-
woods and other trees, more than in any Mission ; the land is level, green
with its pasturage, and the water running along the level of the ground,
besides which, some pieces of it are swimming in it [water]. Some appear
like Fields of wheat in tall green stalk ; others appear like green bean-
fields. In fine, he who did not know would believe, seeing it from afar,
that it was a Mission made with many years of labor. The leafiness of
the place makes a semicircle ; and in the middle it has a hill with stone, on
which the Mission or Pueblo could be put ; whence, away from dampness,
the sight can enjoy all that beauty. If it is managed that the Mission of
Vila cata remain with the name of San Fernando, distinct from Santa
Maria, it would gladden me that this should be called [Mission] of San
Pedro Regalado. And so for now I will only name this spot that of the
Day of San Fernando. May God Our Lord will that we soon see it popu-
lated. When it is attempted to pass further onward the beasts [of burden]
or the cattle that are held over for the new Missions, so be they arrive at
this spot alive, with some tarrying in this place they will be able to recu-
perate well for the journey onward.
20. On the 31st we set forth in the direction of the south, since the
topography of the place admits only of this, for it is defended on the north
by a very long line of the highest mountain. And passing among some
hills about quarter of a league, we journeyed in a westerly direction, along
a declivity in whose depths there began to be discerned an arroyo or bar-
ranca, very dense with cottonwoods. Thus we continued all the Day's
Journey, which was of about 4 hours ; the alameda [grove of cottonwoods]
giving room in some bits for the way to come down to it and for us to
enjoy its peaceful shade, but directly obliging us again to climb the accliv-
ity. At the [end of] two hours of travel, that narrowness opens out into
a middling plain, with very good pasturage, and of land very appropriate
for sowing ; and a handsome arroyo [here meaning brook] crosses it at the
level of the land, besides other water that runs in some tulares.^ In fine,
[it is] a place also appropriate for a Mission, as it seemed to all of us.
Afterwards the caiiada contracts again, always peopled with alamos [cot-
tonwoods] and willows, and other green trees, and among them various
vines with clusters of grapes. In fine, the Day's Journey was concluded
but not the caiiada, which we called [Canada] of Santa Petronila. We
passed a high level [bench] which presented its bluff to us, where the
* Shelter of brush,
t St. Ferdinand.
* Place where tules grrow, a bulrush swamp.
^
636 OUT WEST
beasts got along well with the abundance of water and pasture. In mid
afternoon Gentiles appeared ; and first two came to us, and presently aa
many as eleven, very tame and humble. We regaled them much, and gave
^ them to eat. Likewise they brought out their clown [chacuaco] ; and they
were given tobacco. And after a long time they d'eparted very content.
And I extolled God our Lord that I had seen Creatures so humble and so
without obstacle (so far as appears) to their receiving the Holy Gospel.
22. On the 1st day of June we continued our march, which lasted a little
more than three hours, two of them following the same Canada of Santa
Petronila, always leafy ; and then as insensibly we saw it terminate, join-
ing itself to the land on both sides. But soon afterward we saw another
one take beginning ; it might be a river, or might be an arroyo of enough
width, and water, and so thick with alamos, willows and other trees, not
only on the banks but through its whole middle, that trying to cross from
one side to the other, as we had to do, not less than 8 or 9 times, it was the
greatest difficulty to find passage among the trees. That which abounds
in this place are grape vines, and so loaded with grapes that it is a thing
of wonder, and it is to be believed that with only the labor of the pruning,
they could produce much, and excellent fruit. An hour and something
more, we walked along the river, but always surrounded by very high
Hills, without there being in all that place a piece of smooth land that
could be made fruitful with its irrigation. Thus we passed this day with-
out knowledge as to whether this river could be of any use, more than to
dam it, and make use of the wood, among the which were seen also two
great pines, or to get grape vines to transplant them. Thus, then, after
having walked said time all in circles, we halted in a small declivity of
said river, where the animals had a good place. My resting place was
under an oak.<
23. On the 2nd we pursued our journey, which was of three hours and a
quarter. The 3 quarters was along the same river, the which here widens
in a sandy beach, lacking now the abundance of alamos, although not al-
together ; and the water continues running.' And leaving it at our backs,
we entered a spacious plain, that it seems could be made use of for a
Mission, putting into it the water of said river, that it seems to me can
enter it through different places, the one where we left it, and the other in
another curve that it makes farther above on the other side of the plain.
Crossing said plains we commenced to climb hills, and a high hill mounted,
another followed for us, the which we followed with much belief that from
its summit we must see the Sea of the Contra Costa. But it was not thus,
because from that eminence we saw that after a barranca not very deep,
and some middling hills, followed another line of hills nothing less high
than all those past. And after having climbed so much we found our-
selves in this new Piamonte, or foot of the Sierra. With this there are
three Days' Journeys in which Mescales are not seen : and so I do not know
what the Gentiles here eat. It seems that the thorns and the stones of
California are finished, as those so high Mountains are almost pure earth.
Flowers many, and beautiful as I have already noted before ; and that
there should be nothing lacking in this line, today on arriving at the
camping place we have met the Queen of them, which is the Rose of Cas-
tile ; when I write this I have before me a branch of rose bush with 3
roses opened, others in Bud, and more than 6 unpetaled : Blessed be He
who created them I Here we have found the grave of one of the Indians
that went with the Captain, and first division of the expedition, called
Manuel Valladares, and his bones were scattered, the which have been
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY 637
gathered tog-ether, and buried again. (EJither the Gentiles had excavated
them, or the animals.) May his Soul rest in Heaven.
The 3rd we were detained here so that the beasts could enjoy the excel-
lent pasture, and water from this Arroyo of the Roses. For thus it can be
called ; as having today reconnoitered more at leisure I have seen in it so
many Spots rank with Rosebushes full of flowers, that well could an
Apothecary extract his profit. And it seeming to me that an arroyo so
beautiful would not be without benefit, I have resolved in company with a
Soldier to go down stream to reconnoitre it. Having registered it more than
a league, and climbed over some tall hills at its side to better inspect it,
my hope has not been frustrated, as it ofiFers in much extent and amplitude
of land all pasture, and with much water, and place for another good Mis-
sion, and its rancho with much abundance of woods, principally alamos,
oaks, and others. This place so spacious we have called by the name
of the Saint that today our Order celebrates, San Andres del Agua, for
other name Hispelo. If the arroyos decline, the Saint, as Patron of the
water, will make it rain, if his Mission be dedicated here.
24. The 4th, Sunday, having notice from one of the Indians that we could
not find water, the Day's Journey was in the afternoon of 3 hours and a
half, after having employed the morning in Mass and other diligences.
The beginning of this Day's Journey for about half an hour was by bar-
rancas, descents, rises, and the intermediate nearly all was level, and we
came to camp on a great Mesa, truly poor because there is not on it any-
thing to eat, nor to drink. It extends more than a league, and in all there
is not even a bush. While the flats and hills that surround it do not lack
them and their verdure, there only offers a little bit of little dry stick that
looks like a little stalk of flowers, which it seems must dress the Mesa in
time of waters. And that is all on which the animals could pasture.
25. On the 5th we set out in the direction of the Southwest-quarter-South,
attending more to find water, and pasture, than to get ahead on the road.
The journey was of scarcely two hours, and a water hole was opened about
a league and a half from the stopping place, and with it and with its little
pasture, there was some rest. The most of the journey was along the mesa
on whose beginning we had passed the nijfht before, the rest was over
hills of little molestation. From here one of the ten Indians, of San Borja,
named Juan Francisco Regis, deserted us without our missing him until
the day following. I note here that from the place of San Fernando till
here, no Mescal has been seen in all that traveled over, nor any Gentile ;
and only this past night, when we seemed to be in the most sterile [part]
many of their fires were seen round about the Mesa, and today various little
ranches of ihem, and some roasted [things] that we think are clearly of
mescales, and thus I think that hereabouts there must be [Gentiles] . The
place was called San Pacifico.
26. The 6th we arose early, and the Jornada [Day's Journey] was of exactly
six hours and a quarter. Half an hour after having set out, on conquering
a hill, it was seen that the one that immediately followed it was so dense
with mescales thick and wrinkled, that they hardly left the land unappro-
priated so that other productions could occupy it, and there was only
among them some bushes of Joj'odas,* which is the shrub that has most in-
defectibly followed us in all the walk, without our passing a place without
seeing it, on one side of the road or the other. That was all good, and nearly
all level. The Mescales continued. "We saw several huts of gentiles, and
*Utiidentified by the Spanish dictionaries. Jujube, however, is from the Arabic, and
this may be the meaninfir.
638 OUT WEST
s that which is new to us — many paths or roads so beaten that they well in-
dicate the multitude and the frequency of people that travel them. There
were seen coyotes, Deers, and [even] more Antelopes, and in this place
many more, but our hunters have been unfortunate, because all those ani-
mals have mocked at their shots, and have remained walking about, and of
fresh meat we have had but the desire. This place is most spacious, and
must have more than a league of most beautiful pasture, and among it
rank spots of tules in water, and at the end of it (where we stopped) there
is a pool of clear water sweet and excellent, that must be ISO varas long,
(although others make it more) and in width it is not less than 20, and it is
so deep that on the sides and at its end from the first step there is no foot-
ing. It varies. In the center it is many estados* deep. Before me an
Indian, a good diver, threw himself head first from the very Bank, and
after having been a long time under the water, he came up in the same
place, and said he could not reach the bottom. All this blessing of water
would be useless, or would cost much work and skill to utilize it for the ir-
rigation of part or all of this beautiful plain (on account of being in the
low part of it, although not much below), if divine providence had not ar-
ranged that on the west side of the pool, there is another beautiful plain
in which the same pool runs and spreads, the water occupying land capable
for six fanegas of , planting, a luxuriant place of tules. This land thus
covered with water is followed by such a plain of good pasture-land, that
when all could be improved it would without doubt hold at the most 20
fanegas of seeding. And in its center there is an arroyo of willows, and
grape vines, and although at present it does not run, it shows that in time
of waters its body must be from the most abundant overflows of this pool.
Without [doubt the place offers many conveniences, since all that has
been said of what this water irrigates and can irrigate, it can be enclosed
with some SO varas of wall at its entrance, and all this plain will remain
for a good field [potrero].
Various Soldiers have helped me much in getting the water on to the
interior plain, who say that in 8 day-, with some 10 peones, they would
venture to put all the water of the tulare into a ditch and all the piece
planted. I inspected it all, and it seems to me there is nothing more to
ask, only that here there is no lumber of substance, but the alamos are not
far away, to plant as many as may be wished, as also grape vines. In said
pool our Neophites have caught some turtles. I do not know if there may
be fishes, although they have said they saw some. A short time after our
arrival a jKjrtion of Gentiles was peeping at us from a little hill near by
and soon we saw that, most of them remaining on the lookout, one came
alone to us. We received him with much love, we regaled him, and he re-
mained with us all the afternoon, and the night following. He gave us
news of the passage of the first division of the Expedition, and of how
from here some of them [Gentiles] had accompanied, and guided, and that
now they were camped in a place near the sea, and that there the Father gave
to the Indians Rosaries (they mean Beads), and clothing, and he put water
on their heads (they mean the hands on the head), and that the people from
there had sent to ask those from here if they wished to 'gain that good.
This news was for me and for all of greatest consolation, although asking
him about the distance from that place, he said that still it was far. May
God let us reach there ! This site, although I pray from the 8th day, of
San Fernando (who it seems has wished to endeavor to give us on his days
good days) we have called the Santos Gorgomienses ; among which San
Noberto has two Sons and Our Father San Francisco Eleven.
*An estado Is 1.85 ysrdt.
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY 639
On the 7th day we have detained ourselves here for the reinforcement of
the beasts. Until the 8th, on which three gentile* came to see us, without
being called, and without arms — great confidence in our friendship ; but
there has been no way to get them to eat of what we put before them, nor
to get from them any news of what we desired to know, to proceed on our
journey.
27. On the 9th we set out from the Santos Gorgomienses, and our Jornada
was of 4 hours and a quarter. Along the road continued the mescales,
Jojobas, and tracks of the gentiles, and it has been, although in great part
of rises and descents, not very painful. All has been in the direction of the
North, from which we had somewhat deviated the antecedent Jornadas.
The place where we have stopped today seems better than the antecedent,
because it is a valley surrounded by hills all green that have in length
more than a league, and in width more than quarter of a league, and on
the side toward the Contra Costa many alamos. Sycamores, and other
trees, and to the North-northwest, through a small opening, it enters to
another plain nothing inferior to this as well in verdure as in width, where
for greater safety all the beasts have been put, that they may pass the
night there. Of water I only know that there is [some] in various parts, \
and that which we have drank is very good. If of the two days that we
were camped in the foregoing place, we had passed here the one, we would
have had time to see what irrigation these waters could offer. But now that
there is no time to inspect it, those who come to found Missions will see it
— this copious Harvest of so much gentilism, that it seems asks nothing
but Laborers, as all the signs are they are now in season mature. — Rogate
Ergo Dominum Mesis, etc.
In the language of the Gentiles this place is called Matiropi, and we will
call it Santa Margarita de Cortona.
28. On the 10th in the morning, while our setting out was being arranged,
of some gentiles that were seen on a little hill near by, one came to us bring-
ing in one hand a stick and in the other a rattle. Having received him
with all love, we tried to get him to eat without fear, and it would be long
to tell the diligence that for this [end] we used, we eating first of all we
gave him to take away his fear, but there was no way. And some swal-
lows of pinole that he took as if forced, he immediately spat them out.
And at last he explained that he was the dancer of that country and that *\^
he could eat nothing without dancing [for] it first. That if we wished to
give anything, we should put it on the ground, and that we should let him
dance, and afterward he would eat. We gave him all the license, and he
began the function of dancing, and singing round about the offerings.
In the meantime a Soldier would come, now with a piece of tortilla, or
panocha, or meat, and [they] wishing to put it in his mouth, he always re-
sisted, with the sign that they should put it on the pile so that he could
dance [for] it. And as the new gifts came, he changed his song. Presently
the room around his pile seemed to him little, and with our license, which
he asked, he danced [around] all our loads and provisions for us, so that it
seemed he would now be able to eat everything we brought. With this he
was very content and said that now he had taken away from himself all
the fear. He ate, and began to reply to our Interpreters with much frank- >
ness. He told us that now we lacked only four days and a half to reach
San Diego, where there was another Padre, with the other peoples, that
days before had passed by this | place, whose name he declared as is above
expressed. He said that if we wished, he would come with us as far as
there, and that if he liked, there he would remain, and if not he would re-
640 OUT WEST
turn to his land, but with the condition that we must permit him to go
^dancing all along the road. In all we agreed with much pleasure, and I en-
tered into great hopes of baptizing him there, and now we called him
nothing but Dancer [Baylon], reserving the Pascual for the day of Bap-
tism. But all went wrong, because at the time of setting out from the
place, I do not know what one of ours said to him, and he understood some-
thing else, and he escaped running to the hill, like a deer, without carrying
anything of what had been given him, only the stick and rattle with
which he had come. We set out then from Matiropi about two o'clock in
the afternoon, and the Day's Journey was of five hours well fulfilled, all
over high hills, rises, and descents, long and short.
Today we have seen how deceived we came about the belief of the near-
'ness of the Sea of the Contra Costa, as after all these walks, we see ahead
so many lines of good high hills, one behind another, that every day it
seems to us more far. Also from what we see, the information seems
to us incredible that the mentioned Padre Linck gives in his Diary
(and he repeats it at the end of it as a very Important Note) : That
the South Sea draws near the Colorado river or the latter to its
Coast, forming an Isthmus between the waters of the Sea and those
of said River, of which, he adds, no news was had until now because
the voyage of Sebastian Viscaino traced the coast running always
from southeast to northwest, and it could easily be hidden on account
of some islands that are at its entrance, and [one would] navigate on
the outside of them, judging [them] to be main-land. And conclusively
it is not known if it is the strait so celebrated and looked for for some cen-
turies in this part. I say then that it seems to us incredible for these
reasons : the Colorado river empties into the Sea of the California Gulf in
latitude 33°, as said Padre set down from the observers that have left it
written. It seems to us that we now find ourselves in latitude a little less
than that referred to, and if the Padre, as he says, being in the neighbor-
hood of said latitude, the land widened to him much in that direction,
reason for which he could not get to see the Colorado river — to us it widens
more in this its opposite [direction]. It is true that if the Sea of the South
has to go in search of the Colorado River, it must search for it before it
empties into the Sea of the Gulf, and loses its name, and so it must be
forced to take its course from higher latitude, and then it will be worse*
because the channel of the Colorado River, according as the maps picture
it to us, at each step runs farther away from the Contra Costa. Finally, if
such were [the case], it seems to me that we could ill go to Monte Rey by
land, because, inclining always, as we do, our direction toward the Contra
Costa, we would meet with an arm of the Sea, and go around it by the
Isthmus, we would have to go farther away from the Califomian Gulf,
which would be a large matter. God save us from such work, but at last
result and time will tell. And I even add, that if such entrance of the Sea,
were, or forms the strait so descanted upon and searched for, for some cen-
turies, in this part, that it is not a strait of land, but of water, and the
going to Monte Rey by land would not be alone in terms of " difficult" but
in terms of " impossible," because passing such a strait, as it is imagined
and searched for from Sea to Sea, it is clear that however many turns we
made by land we could never cross to get onward. But finally leaving the
last decision of the doubt to time I conclude [by saying] that on this day
we stopped in a very spacious arroyo, with pasture and water, and we
called it San Bernab^. The most of it is sand, and the water is very
brackish, although drinkable, and thus this does not seem a place for a
Mission, but at the most for a ranch .
EARLY WESTERN HISTORY 641
29. On the 11th, Sunday, after Mass and other duties, we set out at
12 noon, and God Our Lord who interpolates troubles with consolations,
gave us today a road all level, straight and happy ; and after four hours of
walking we halted in a valley and arroyo very pleasant, green, and leafy
with cottonwoods, with enough and good water. All the place seems to
me appropriate for a Mission, and we called it San Guido de Cortona.
30. The 12th we proceeded on our journey, and it was of four hours, pain-
ful on account of barrancas, rises and descents. We saw no Mescales to-
day, but various tracks and paths of Gentiles, that well signify how full of
them this land is, that every day widens to us more, discovering to us new
walls and counter-walls of the Contra Costa. These compel us to many
circuits, doubling much the road, reason why today we have mostly trav-
eled toward the west, although always forcing toward the Sea, that does
not wish to let itself' be seen. At the middle of the Day's Journey we
have crossed an arroyo of leafy and very high Sycamores, but without
water, and at last from a height we have discovered another more leafy,
whose trees looked to all like alamos, and we believed it to be a precious
watering-place. But arrived near [we found it] to be trees of the same
species as the preceding, and that there was no water, little or much, and
it is late, and this night we are without it. We have stopped on a little
height near the arroyo, that we have called San Nazario de los Alisos [of
the Sycamores],
31. The 13th, feast of my Beloved San Antonio de Padua, having since
yesterday sent ahead explorers for water, supplied with tools to open a
water-hole in case of not finding it running ; we have arisen so early that
Mass has been said before daybreak, and before six in the morning people
and cargoes have set out from the place. About an hour of traveling was
along innumerable barrancas, and middling hills, and we went down into
a Canada walking a great part of the way toward the East. The road
lasted a little more than two hours, and we have found that our envoys
yesterday had opened a water-hole, and seeing that its water was little
had opened another. Here we have halted, and the one water-hole 8
beasts finished, and the other a few more ; and wishing to go ahead, it
could not be done on account of a delay that happened to the mule-
teers. The food has been more scarce than usual on account of lack of
water with which to cook, and in memory of these troubles or favors froxn
heavpn, we wished to call the place San Antonio de los trabajos [of the
hardships] ; but the most miraculous Saint has wished to temper them
with the consolation of the news that we had from our explorers at about
three in the afternoon, that for tomorrow we had two watering-places, the
one three leagues from here, and the other about five from here, both of
running water and abundant, with pasture for the animals. Blessed be
God ! That arroyo also abounds much in most high and most leafy
Sycamores, and has good pasture, and as well below it offers a spacious
plain, but the lack of water makes it poor. Another Indian of those of
the first division died here.
32. The 14th we also arose very early, with the Desires of the water, and
with traveling two hours we arrived at the first watering-place, where the
animals satiated their most intense thirst to their entire satisfaction. The
road was along continual barrancas and declivities, but all of pure earth,
as are all of these hills, of which we have seen so many today, in all direc-
tions, that all calculation would be short of their multitude. A little be-
fore arriving at the stopping-place one of our Muleteers met with a mine
of silver, that all say to be very rich. May it do them good. The place
aside from the water abounds in beautiful pasture, and shade of many
trees, for a good ranch, and we will call it San Basflio. Passing this same
day at the next watering-place was spoken of, supposing it to be near, but
care was taken to give some refreshment and rest to the animals, and we
remained here all the day. After noon, and all having eaten, i ine Indians
of those who accompanied us deserted us at one blow ; six of ihem from
the Mission of San Bor ja, and three from that of Santa Maria de L/os An-
geles. When in the middle of the afternoon they were missed, they were
hunted for, but not even track of them could be found, and enquiring of
those that have been left to us, what could have been the cause of this un-
642 OUT WEST
looked for news, as they were given food, were treated well, and always
showed themselves contented, they answer they do not know, and that
they only suspect that thinking- themselves near San Diego, they have
feared they would be wished to settle there, without being permitted the
return to their Missions. God Our Lord bless them, as well for the well
they have served us, as for the lack they will be to us in the future. Now
there are left to us only five from Santa Getrudes, three from San Borja,
and two from Santa Maria, and two boys that riding on their burros, serve
as scouts in the herd. God keep them for us, and free from all harm.
33. On the 15th we set out at half past seven in the morning, and after an
hour of walking we found ourselves at the stopping-place and watering-
place that we looked for. The road like the one preceding, was recon-
noitered since San Antonio's day, and to get down to the place it offers a
very long hill, that like many of the preceding seems that in time of water
would be untraversable, because if now the beasts stick in the dust, and
many times cannot fix their feet, what will it be then ? This place is a
valley whose length from North to South extends in a line, in my opinion,
for much more than two leagues. Its width is corresponding, and will
not be less than half a league, its land all good and good pasture. In the
extreme northern part, that this very day I have gone all over, has many
hundreds of alamos, and more hundreds of oaks, and some of the one and
of the other of extraordinary size. All the hills that surround it very
green and luxuriant. It is most abundant in water, as omitting that which
in various parts is indicated by the greenness of the Declivities, today I
have examined three very good watering-places — the one where we have
stopped, that is in the middle of the long way of the place, is a spring that
comes out from above with impetus, and now, which is the dryest season
of the year, there is more than a Naranja of water, which quickly drops in
such a way that without a dam or other labor it could be used for irrigation.
The second is in the same height, a little more than a hundred paces in dis-
tance, and this, although enough, is less. The quality of the water of both
springs of water is good, fresh, delicate, and the best that we have drank,
by vote of all. The third comes out from the same northern extremity of
this plain, and it seems there must be more than a Buey of water ; since
I could not examine it in its actual origin, although I was some-
what near, about which I will tell afterwards. That which is seen is th^t
it inundates more than a quarter of a league of Rushes and tules, that
commences near the last hill, and between it is seen a brook, very large
and full of water, besides that which spreads. So that this water by itself
alone seems very superabundant for all. In fine this place seems for the
Mission more abundant than can be desired, and as such entitled to so great a
title as San Antonio, and thus we call it. If San Diego is near (as we im-
agine) it will have in San Antonio a beautiful neighbor. For a ranch in the
neighborhood of San Basflio, here there is more than enough of everything,
thanks to God. Only one lack I find in it, that is in not having stone, and
as neither the neighboring hills have it, I do not know how they will de-
vise for edifices and corrals, unless the latter are made of wood, of
which there is plenty, and the former of adobes, or perhaps exploring the
surroundings well, some hill may administer some material, that is in so
great abundance in so many parts of California. On going to examine the
third watering-place we saw some gentile Women, and giving them along
look, we have passed on, without talking to them, and arrived near the
end of the plain a portion of armed Indians came out on the top of the hill,
and one began his discordant jargon with great strength, that by his ac-
tions seemed to tell us that we should return back. We made signs to them,
and called that they should come to us, but without effect. If we were to
pass on ahead, we should come to put ourselves under their feet. The Sar-
geant that accompanied me had already put on his leather jacket, and in
form of battle he consulted me as whether we should pass on ahead or
should turn back, and I fearing that it was no occasion for a break with the
poor things, and some misfortune, was of the opinion, although with pain at
leaving them victorious in the field, and for this we did not see well the
watering-place in its origin, which was the only thing we were looking for.
The Soldiers that went there with the Horse-herd, in whose sight there was
not a Gentile in all those hills to molest them, tell me there are many roses
of Castile, that the water is much, and that there are a thousand beauties.
Thanks to God.
[to bk continued.]
643
THE SEQUOYA LEAGUE.
'"To MaKe Better Indians."
EXBCUTIVK COMMITTEE.
Dr. David Starr Jordan, President Stanford University, Cal.
Dr. C. Hart Merriam, Chief Biological Survey, Washington,
Dr. Geo. Bird Grinnell, editor Forest and Stream, New York.
D. M. Riordan, Los Angeles, Cal.
Richard Egan, Capistrano, Cal.
Chas. Cassatt Davis, attorney, lyos Angeles.
Chas. F. Lummis, lyos Angeles.
• ADVISORY BOARD.
Mrs. Phebe A. Hearst, University of California.
Hon. J. Sterling Morton, Nebraska.
Archbishop Ireland, St. Paul, Minn.
U. S. Senator Thos. R. Bard, California.
Maj. J. W. Powell, Director Bureau of Ethnology, Washington.
Edward E. Ayer, Newberry Library, Chicago.
Miss Estelle Reel, Supt. all Indian Schools, Washington.
W. J. McGee, Ethnologist in Charge, Bureau of Ethnology.
F. W. Putnam, Peabody Museum, Harvard College.
Stewart Culin, University of Pennsylvania.
Geo. A. Dorsey, Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.
Dr.T. Mitchell Prudden, College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York.
Dr. Geo. J. Engelmann, Boston.
Miss Alice C. Fletcher, Washington.
F. W. Hodge, Smithsonian Institution, Washington.
Hamlin Garland, author, Chicago.
Mrs. F. N. Doubleday, New York.
Dr. Washington Matthews, Washington.
Hon. A. K, Smiley (Mohonk), Redlands, Cal.
George Kennan, Washington.
(Others to be added.)
Treasurer, W. C. Patterson, Prest. Los Angeles National Bank.
^Y the time these pages are read, it is expected
that the Commission to select a suitable location
for the Warner Ranch Indians who are about to
be evicted, will be in the field and at work.
Approval of the Indian Appropriation Bill has
been delayed pending passage of a joint reso-
lution, at the President's request, to correct
errors relating to mining lands on the Spokane reservation.
This resolution has passed the house, and will have prompt
action in the Senate. The President will then make the ap-
pointment at once ; and the Commission will take the field on
three days' notice. Meantime Prest. Roosevelt has personally
sent another member of the League's Executive Committee to
investigate the charges made as to the lease of the Standing
Rock Indian lands in North Dakota.
A large number of formal proffers of property are already in
the hands of the Commission — including many which were not
viewed by the Department's Inspector. All will be carefully
examined. Instead of certificate of title (as in form at p. 408 of
644 OUT WEST
this mag'azine for April), the Commission will be obliged to ask
an abstract of title in case of sale to the government.
* *
The honor of being the first local council to organize under
the constitution of the League belongs to New York Council,
No. 1, of the Sequoya League, already referred to in these
pages, and now actively at work. Its Executive Committee is
as follows : Dr. George Bird Grinnell, chairman ; Prof. George
H. Pepper, secretary ; Mr. F. N. Doubleday, treasurer ; Mr.
Talbot B. Hyde, chairman of sub-committee on industries ; Mr.
F. S. Dellenbaugh, chairman of sub-committee on publicity ;
Dr. W. J. Schieffelin, Mr. J. J. White, Jr.
*
* *
It is in every way desirable that, besides forwarding the
general purposes of the League, each local council have, when
possible, a specific activity and design of its own, in some prac-
ticable line of local work for the betterment of Indian condi-
tions. The more successful the council is in this, the better it
can also aid the National League. The New York Council
starts with such a purpose, concrete, practical and well
digested. It is a sensible plan, entirely feasible, and in hands
that promise — humanly speaking — absolute certainty of success.
The work the New York Council has laid out for itself is, " To
put certain very needy tribes of Indians in the way of earning
money, by encouraging them to manufacture their native wares
and by bringing these wares to an immediate market. For the
present the tribes selected to receive this aid are the Cheyennes,
Northern and Southern, and the Arapahoes. Among the South-
ern Cheyennes and Arapahoes the work has already been begfun
by Rev. W. C. Roe and Mrs. Roe, at Colony, Oklahoma ; and
steps have been taken to establish a similar industry among
the Northern Cheyennes at Lame Deer, Montana."
The Council has already secured a handsome sum of money
by private donation for the prosecution of this work ; and the
leading spirits in the plan — who include not only those named
above, but Mrs. F. N. Doubleday and others — guarantee that
the Council's plans will be carried out with as much wisdom as
earnestness.
This is one of the very important functions of the League —
to bring about a Rennaissance of the First American Art — and
other local councils, as they form, may well have an eye to
similar activities. There is room in this one department of the
League's work for a hundred local councils to have each its
THE SEQUOYA LEAGUE 645
special patronage of some such thing. The League creed is to
help the Indians to help themselves — and to protect them while
they are doing it. Besides the sane ultimate basis of depend-
ence upon the soil, there must be, of course, individual and
household industries. This does not need to be argued. Nor
do people with power of thought need serious laboring with,
even when they are at first unfamiliar with the facts, to be
shown which sort of industry is preferable for the Indians —
making brogans, scouring pots and setting type, or returning
to the beautiful, artistic and valuable handiwork they used to
do ; the first and original American crafts. Thus far, our
governmental energy and some $40,000,000 have been devoted
largely to making Indians ashamed that their fathers and
mothers made baskets so much more beautiful than any other
baskets in the world that today they fetch from $5 up to a fabu-
lous sum apiece; that they made blankets so superb that some of
them are worth as much as the finest old Persian rug ; that they
did bead work, work in buckskin, and work of many other sorts,
which every educated person recognizes as art-work of very
high rank — to make them ashamed of all this, and teach them
in its stead to play the mandolin, play football, wash dishes,
sew overalls, and the like factory industries of factory minds. It
is a literal fact — incredibly discreditable as it seems — that until
within two years our whole Indian policy has been against the
preservation of these wonderful industries of the First Ameri-
icans. It has been equally absurd and outrageous, whether we
look at it from the artistic or the material side. We may expect
a machine bureau to think it more wonderful and more desira-
ble that an Indian make a pair of stogie shoes than a basket
that would be prized in any museum on earth — for there are
minds whose highest educational ambition is to teach a dog to
walk on two legs. The more unnatural the achievement, the
greater the triumph. It doesn't do the dog any good. It makes
him no better watchdog or hunter. But it is fine to show off.
And our Indian education has been largely devoted to the
things that show off. To gushing visitors and solemn Con-
gressmen the sight of Indians in school, singing gospel songs,
wearing uniforms, making shoes and overalls, playing in a
brass band, and all that, is far more wonderful and interesting
than any commonplace matter of Indians making a living. And
as a sad, overwhelming rule, our government schools have
spoiled their pupils for making a living, even while they have
given them accomplishments which astonish the unthinking
that had expected to see Indians running around stark with
scalping knives between their teeth
646 OUT WEST
But it is harder to understand how even this electroplated in-
telligence can be blind to the fact that the basket will sell for
as many eagles as the shoes for dimes. There is one untutored
Indian woman living in the wilds of the far West, and fortu-
nately never subject to mediocrities in a Government school,
whose record of prices for four single baskets made by her own
hands is respectively $800, $1200, $1600, $2000 I Even if it take
her a year to make such a basket — do you know of any graduate
of Carlisle that can earn that wage by any industry taught
there ? To say nothing of the difference between doing routine
work and doing real art.
*
It is a shameful but absolute fact that ever since our govern-
mental interference with their fortunes, the Indian handiwork
of all classes has gone down hill, invariably and with frightful
rapidity. They have learned only too well our lesson of Com-
mercialism— to make to sell. Now, the aboriginal idea is to
make a thing just as well as God iwill let you ; while our idea
is to make it the quickest you can for the money. An Indian
left to himself never yet made a mistake in colors. He is a
natural artist. And his colors were the real thing. I have my-
self dug up in Peru the textiles of the Inca women of 1000 years
ago ; and today they are perfect as ever. I have Navajo blank-
ets woven 100 years ago, and some older yet — some that have
lain on adobe floors for 75 years — but they are unbroken and un-
faded. But our Indians have learned our damnable aniline
dyes. They look up to us. They think we ought to know.
They do not love us, since we have almost invariably maltreated
them; but they fancy we "much savy." Deluded creatures!
To please us, the Navajos now weave a blanket quite as uglj' as
the rugs we put over our laps when we drive — from which they
have copied. They use colors that are to an artist infernal —
and that taste the artist did not invent, for the Indian knew it
until we taught him to forget. I see now combinations in
Navajo blankets, for instance, for using which a Navajo would
have been executed — literally, dispassionately, judicially, as a
witch and unsafe to live — even within my short personal ac-
<iuaintance of 18 years with that tribe. And the same thing ex-
actly is true of all the other Indian industries we have touched,
though in varying degree. And of course it is all because our
Indian management has been habitually in the wrong hands.
We have taught them not through the people we ourselves re-
spect, but through the border refugees and the sort of " teach-
ers"— from the day school up to the Washington official — which
wasn't good for anything else and therefore must be "good
•enough for the Indians."
THE SEQUOYA LEAGUE 647
But it is a national disgrace ; and if it cannot be remedied
otherhow, it should be remedied by the care of individual Amer-
icans. There is a great hopefulness in the undertaking now ;
for the Indian of&ce has caught the glimmer of this truth. The
remarkable " Course of Study for Indian Schools" by Miss Reel
(noticed elsewhere) is the first ray of hope for ofl&cial recogni-
tion of this basic truth — that the native American industries
are worth preserving. We can probably, by enough patience
and taste, make those industries better — for the world ought to
learn something as it goes along. At any rate we can help them
to get back as good as they were before we ruined them by our
chromo-brained intermeddlers. And if we cannot do more, that
will be good enough. The Philistines never seem to have real-
ized that it means something, this cold fact — that there is a far
larger demand, and at from two to 200 times the price, for the
best Indian handiwork than there is for any art-work done by
any community of American women now extant.
*
* *
A man of international repute, a man of character as high as
his scientific attainments, a man close to the pulse of national
affairs — and yet no dryasdust or city theorist but a familiar of
the wilderness — writes me at the close of a personal letter :
" There doubtless was a time when more dishonesty prevailed in the
government's treatment of the Indians ; but I believe there never was a
time when more fool things and more wicked things were being done than
now."
There is no apparent need to doubt the accuracy of this esti-
mate. Leaving aside the wickedness — and all folly also is
wicked, probably, when it is at the expense of those dependent
upon us — the wide range of human history contains no other
" fool " legislation to match the recent " Hair-Cutting Order."
The only possible parallel was the historic corregidor of Chu-
quisaca, who decreed that every Indian in Bolivia should wear
blue glasses — of which he had a stock. But he was a hundred
and twenty-odd years ago, and is known to history only by this
his asininity — and its red results. Our Department — after the
universal gibes of the press and protests of the serious — has
emasculated the barber-shop mandate. No agent has to enforce
it who has sense enough to prefer not to. So far as is known, all
but a very few agents have that much sense. To the few who
haven't, the Sequoya League can pledge its word that it will
devote its earnest and unwearying efforts to get them replaced
with Men. And it has a notion that it can "make it stick."
This is not just the administration under which the cheap and
648 OUT M^ EST
mean oppressor can flourish, if anyone takes pains to bring his
misconduct to light. And there are now several thousand peo-
ple prepared to do that very thing.
But while there are still innumerable things to be sorry for
and ashamed of in our national policy toward the Indians, it
also *'Is to be Hoped." The Service is distinctly cleaner than it
was. You can't teach a thief anything ; but an honest man
may in time learn a few of the things he didn't know. Perhaps
we ourselves shall sometime learn to entrust public affairs in
each specific case to men who know something about that case.
Meantime, it is the part of good citizenship to assist the inex-
pert incumbents as respectfully, as patiently, and as faithfully
as people in serious earnest can always afford to act. Attacks,
abuse, smeers — these are not the weapons to use against honest
men misguided. Frankness, "horse-sense," and eternal push-
ing of the facts in the case — that is the combination that wins.
As for rascals or fools in minor places, the procedure is as simple
— careful investigation, legal evidence in support of charges and
then — the axe. For we may be confident that the present ad-
ministration will not support exposed scoundrels or incom-
petents. Secretary Hitchcock and Commissioner Jones desire
to keep the Service clean ; and President Roosevelt has an abso-
lute genius for receiving light. He is not afraid of it, and he
means to have it. And it is a foremost function of the League
to turn on the light. The trouble with our Indian policies all
along has been lack of publicity. Even when the service was
rottenest — and no other branch of government has ever borne
so much corruption — light would have been a remedy. For if
ofl&cials were corrupt, the public was not. Henceforth, none of
these abuses may hope to be done in the dark. For there is an
organic, competent, and absolutely tireless body of Americans
bound to make these things visible. It has Western "horse-
sense," and Indian continuity. It is Camping on the Trail.
It can wear out — and it will wear out — the longest-winded
obstructionists. It cannot be discouraged. All the delays, all
the skullduggery, all the tricks of machine politicians, will not
tire it. If the gentlemen prefer to have their fun, they may ;
but they can't hold out. They don't care enough — and the
League does. Politics, in the long run, have to follow the line
of least resistance ; but the League doesn't. There is, in the
last analysis, no resisting patience. And the League has learned
its lesson.
* *
There is only one other beast so stolid as politics — for the
mule is automatic by comparison. The South American llama
THE SEQUOYA LEAGUE 649
is the perfect type of the inertia of democracies. When he
doesn't wish to go, he lies down. You may club him to death,
or build a bonfire on him — and so the usual philanthropist
would do — and still he would not budge. But the Bolivian Indian
has learned to be wiser than his beast. When the llama lies
down under the pack, his driver does not howl and swear and
take a cudgel. He leisurely picks up a hatful of tiny pebbles,
and sits down in an easy place. Then he punctuates, his, leis-
ure, about, thus — a, pebble, gently, tossed, every, ten, seconds.
They, do, not, hurt, the, llama — through, his, thick, wool, he,
doesn't, really, feel, any, one, of, them. The, serrano, picks,
up, another, hatfull, and, patters, them, as, deliberately. —
There is nothing hostile or coercive about it. All is, the driver
means to win ; and means it hard enough so that he can be
more patient than his brute. And he always does win, where
an impatient person would have only a dead llama and a bad
temper. After an hour or two of this — and once I watched the
program for nearly 3 hours by the watch — the llama squirms,
turns his spiteful head, spits back a gill of that acrid saliva
which is ruin if it strikes your eye, scrambles to his feet and
marches on with his load. If he were not as stupid as a poli-
tician, he would have known in the first place what had to hap-
pen. A cat would have succumbed in one minute, a dog in two,
a hog in five, an ox in ten. But he's a llama. Of course the
boss has lost an hour — but so has the llama. And the llama
likes his supper as well as the serrano does.
Now that is precisely how the League is built. If the llama
didn't get up, the serrano would stay till his head was white,
sitting on the same dome of yareta, chucking pebbles just as
calmly, just as steadily, just as dispassionately. So will the
League.
*
* *
It is idle to expect to have as a rule the men we ought to have
in the office of Indian Commissioner, while the salary is but
$3,500 a year. Any man fit for the place can make a good deal
more money elsewhere. Now and again some person who loves
some other things more than money may be willing to sacrifice
himself because he can do more good there, to more people —
and perhaps, incidentally, more for the good name of his coun-
try— than in almost any other capacity open to a citizen of the
United States. But we cannot count on such things, nor should
we if we could. The men who can best serve the government
should be paid what they are worth to do it ; not asked to be
charitable to a great nation. The normal and inevitable result
in the long run is that this inadequate salary gets inadequate,
650 OUT WEST
mediocre men, who do not know what to do and have not the
wherewithal to learn. It would pay to pay expert wag^es to
experts. If we had had just the right men in the Indian office
for the last twenty years, they would have saved the govern-
ment tens of millions of dollars that have been wasted in need-
less wars, and ignorant measures, and "Indian troubles" due
almost wholly to incompetent administration.
* *
Commissioner of Indian Affairs Jones answers, in The Outlook
for April 29, Mr. George Kennan's powerful indictment of the
Standing Rock lease matter, printed in l^he Outlook for Mch. 29,
and referred to in these pages last month. In the same influen-
tial magazine for May 3, Mr. Kennan presents his surrejoinder ;
courteously, judicially, but with apparently unanswerable force.
These three papers should be read by all who desire justice.
Mr. Kennan suggests that the whole matter be investigated by
competent persons not connected with the Indian service ; and
to those who know President Roosevelt's way of doing things
it would seem very possible that some stich course may be taken.
It is to be believed, of course, that when the full facts come out
unmistakably. Commissioner Jones (as to whose personal integ-
rity I fancy there is no doubt) will turn on the interested parties
who have deceived him for their own greedy ends. They are
not only enemies of the people he is there to protect — and of
good government — but have done him a very great injustice by
putting him in an unfortunate light. Since this was in type,
Commissioner Jones has gone to Standing Rock in person to
learn the truth ; and President Roosevelt has also sent thither
a member of the Executive Committee of this League to report
upon the whole case.
*
* *
Receipt of $126 in contributions for the work of the League
has already been acknowledged.
NKW CONTRIBUTIONS.
C. G. Baldwin, Claremont, Cal., $5; Dr. T. Mitchell Prud-
den, New York, $10.
$2 each— Lieut. J. H. Weber, U. S. A., retired ; Ida L. Teb-
betts, San Mateo, Cal.; J. E. Haverstick, Philadelphia, Pa.;
Miss Belle Steele, Grand Junction, Colo.
*
* *
The League feels its serious loss in the death of Hon. J.
Sterling Morton, one of its Advisory Board ; a man of national
influence, whose weight was thrown always for justice and
common-sense, and who was deeply interested in the League's
work.
C. F. L.
651
TO LOVC WHAT IS TRUE, TO HATE SHAMS, TO FEAR NOTHINO WITHOUT, AND TO THINK A LITTLC.
It was doubtless true in Milton's time :
'* Fame is no plant that grows on mortal soil."
But we have changed all that. In art, in literature, in politics,
and in war, it is nowadays the man that knows how to Treat the
Reporters who wakes in the morning to find himself famous.
And still — history is written later.
In the march of these two strenuous years, they that know
the ropes must have marveled (unless they remembered the
easy reason) at the comparative obscurity of the man whom
history will write the first complete success in the Spanish War
and its corrollaries, thus far ; the man who knew precisely what
he wanted and precisely how to get it ; the only man of them
all who has as yet turned in the account of his stewardship per-
fectly fulfilled. But he does not fertilize the reporters. With
the least encouragement they would have made him a demigod ;
and with half a chance to know of him, the American people
would have taken him to their heart — for they love a Man.
The generation has produced two chips of this old block.
One is in the White House, the other has just returned from a
place called Cuba. Naturally, we all have to know the Presi-
dent ; inevitably knowing this President, we believe in him,
whatever our other creeds. But a man off in Cuba is like a
stomach — you don't know you have it unless it's bad. And this
was not the one to help some pneumogastric reporter remind us
of our magnificent digestion.
If there is any man alive for whom such Americans as still
can honor their fathers and their mothers and their country have
a right to feel admiration and gratitude, it is Leonard Wood.
In these formative years, no one has done a larger service to his
country, and no one else has signed, sealed and delivered so
round a job. The skyrocket heroes to whom we give a house
today and the laugh tomorrow ; the good men who with spotless
courage and skill lick a ten-year-old boy (relatively speaking) ;
the men who have to keep explaining why they can't do an im-
possible thing — what history will do for them, we can reasonably
guess by what we do by them ourselves between days. We are not
naming any more postofB.ces after any of them. Neither will
THB HOUR
AND THB
652 OUT WBST
history. They were good men ; but the reporters gave them
the credits that really belong to the law of gravitation — and no
one can live up to that.
We hear little, comparatively, of the one man who did the
impossible instead of explaining why he couldn't do it. He took
as heavy odds as if Cervera had smashed Sampson's fleet — and
he won. He besieged the immemorial citadels of sloth and
dirt ; he stormed the hill of habit and race prejudice, older and
steeper than San Juan ; he sailed in the teeth of organized
politics of the strongest and most "political" nation on earth.
He gave Cuba better government than the United States has
had in a century — and only those who do not know history from
heresy will stumble at this comparison. And he put a hitch in
the gallop of them that feed on Opportunity.
Of course he couldn't have done all this, nor much of it, if
there hadn't been another Man of the same stripe in the White
House. But the Other Fellows have had the same Man back of
t/iem. If we had had the likes of Wood in the Philippines
(instead of good, learned, godfearing men that never before
got where a street car mightn't run over them) we would have
no sores there now. There would have been no water-cure, no
sedition law, no " kill-everything-over-lO," no censorship, "no
nothing" of the things we all lament. There wouldn't even be
any Anti-Imperialists to lament aloud. Have you reflected
how long it is since they've had to worry about Cuba ?
Maybe we have marveled that Cuba was " so easy." There
hasn't been a squeak of the new shoe from there. It zvastiH
easy. American statecraft never faced a harder problem. But
it had the right hand at the blackboard.
If the American people really know a good thing when they
see it, and are not wholly engaged by the persons who feed
oysters to the special correspondents, they will not let this
rarest of talents go idle. We always need men who can handle
men ; and now more than ever — since it is harder to handle
aliens than our own. We have learned in bitterness the need of
two heads to a ticket, instead of a head and tail in polliwog
proportions. And the Lion casually suggests that while
"Roosevelt and Wood" sounds well, it would work^even better.
SRTTiNG To the youngest republic in the world, and the first
COPY, tailor-made one, greeting. Que vive mil anos. To the
greatest republic in the world, honor. May it never fall short
of this fine act. The Flag has been Hauled Down. It did not
"Stay Put." It shines with a new luster because it no longer
flies there where it no longer belonged. Nobody thinks to call
this a "Policy of Scuttle." That familiar "argument" of
IN THB LION'S DBN 653
robbers, to taunt those who have a little conscience left, is get-
ting- out of date now.
The Organized Appetite is still trying to break the spirit of
our pledge to Cuba, still trying to starve her out, in defiance of
what the President truly says we are " bound to by every con-
sideration of honor and expediency." But they will have to
guess again. Unluckily for the whole Promoter crowd, Some-
thing has Happened. There is no more atmosphere of God's
having "entrusted" to us some smaller fellow with money about
him.
But it is enough to warp with a cynical smile the face of a
graven image when the defeated Promoters shout: " Just see
what We have done for Cuba ! Then trust us with the Philip-
pines." They quote what we have forced them to do in one
case, to beguile us not to force them to do as decently in an-
other. Aren't we going to leave anything for Congressman Hull
and his sort to exploit with their syndicates ?
There are three reasons why Cuba flies her own flag today.
One is that the American people are more honest than the
"push." Another is the character of the two men upon
whom the destiny of Cuba has largely rested — Theodore Roose-
velt and Leonard Wood. But the immediate reason is that,
with these two things to fall back upon indubitably, enough
typical Americans have "kicked" and kept kicking until they
awakened the average American conscience. But for the public
opinion crystallized by men with enough backbone to do the un-
popular thing for their country's good, willing to bear the in-
sults and sometimes the violence of the rabble, and of those who
in the temporary excitement acted with the rabble they do not
belong among — without these men, the Cuban programme would
have gone through as secretly slated.
Nothing is more certain in history than that the Spanish
war was pulled on by those who expected to profit by it — and
while they do not get what they expected, the several hun-
dreds of millions of dollars we have thus far expended have
gone into someone's pocket. You and I and the average Ameri-
can citizen have not seen a bean of it ; the men who have done
the fighting have got fifty cents a day of it apiece — roughly
speaking, about one-half of one per cent, of it — and the
rest has gone mostly to the people who have things to sell when
their country has to have those things. All this quite aside
from the syndicates, franchises, concessions the Promoters are
getting — and intended to get — where we spilled our millions
and the blood of our boys. It is nothing to them that over 10,-
000 American lives have been snuffed out in the process by
654 OUT WEST
bullets and by diseases American boys did not get at home
They are "out for the stuff." If we are willing: to "pay the
freight," they are more than willing to have us. If it needed
to kill a million American boys to conquer the Philippines, do
you fancy any of the gentlemen hunting franchises there would
cry out : " Here, we'd like that opening, but it costs too much
blood. Call it off?" They are smart enough not to say:
"Damn the expense, so long as you suckers stand for it;" but
that is the core of the sentiment.
The American people are not backing the war in the Philip-
pines. If they knew how to let go without a wound to their
self-esteem, they'd be glad to. Only the people who have some-
thing to gain are pushing the continuance of the first Spanish
war the United States ever made. But we are already danger-
ously near rebelling. We — not the Antis, but the People — are
sick of the whole affair. And since we have a Man at the top,
the thing is going to work out right. We shall yet be as
American in the Philippines as we have been in Cuba.
NATURAI.I.Y Even as there be many whose mental processes sug-
cBPHAi,ous. R6St a chronic cold in the head ; and many whose brains
are their pockets ; and still more who reflect solely with their
ears — even so there is another and a large class unto whom none
of these tickets are quite adequate. The often amiable and
honorable folk who derive their politics and their creed as the
unborn child is fed, through a fleshly tube of whose neither end
they are aware — these, let us call the umbilical-minded. From
some source they cannot define, their nutrition comes to them
in the way least likely to produce brain-fag. If the person
who really decides their political action came to their back door
to remove the garbage-can, they would watch him until he left
— in pardonable solicitude for their spoons. If they cared to
know anything about ecclesiastical history, they would not be
so sure that the Almighty sprained Himself to get their church
just right, and that He doesn't know the Other Fellows at all.
But they are just naturally omphalocephalous.
All of us, in our time, do more or less of our thinking by this
route ; and in the last three years the nation has shown some
tendency to make it a habit. But only those who will never be
born into the light think that way, now, upon the national
affairs which need our head-work. Perhaps the funniest of that
sort are those who lament the Philippine debate in Congress.
For what, under high heaven, do these undelivered citizens fancy
we go to the trouble of electing 90 Senators and 356 Congress-
men ? To draw their pay and Ratify ? To occupy their mouths
with a corncob and hold up their hands "yes" when the party
IN THE LION'S DUN 655
boss turns his thumb up, and "no" when he turns it down?
To refrain from discussion of public matters and bend their
g-iant intellects to directing- turnip seeds to their constituents,
or worrying- the President until he makes the tinhorn that
helped to elect them, U. S. Minister to Nicaragua ? If this is
all they are for, we could just as well simplify the thing. If
the Senator is only a manikin for the party. Congress might
just as well be composed of one man in each house. Let a
popular election decide which party shall control Senate and
House, and then let one man in each cast the vote.
As a matter of fact and history, the first object of Cong-ress
is to debate thing-s ; the second is to leg:islate upon things
which have been sufficiently debated. To an Indian or a Hot-
tentot it would be inconceivable that the elders should not dis-
cuss fully and freely what they were g-oing to do before they
did it. Probably no intelligfent foreigner dreams that there is
in the United States even so unlaundered a Pole that he would
object to debate in Cong-ress. Only we who are not foreigners
are aware of the number of cleanly people, born here, gradu-
ates of our schools, who do object. Doubtless if there were no
newspapers, there would by now be no such ig-norance left
among us.
As every person knows whose umbilical cord has ceased to
dominate his destiny, the present debate is one of the most
hopeful signs of the times. For worse than three years, Con-
g-ress has been suffering- from facial paralysis. All some phono-
g-raph parlor had to do was to squeak "Flag-," and the 446
solons who sit in the majestic halls of the most imposing- build-
ing in America fell voiceless as dead catfish. But at last they
have found a tongue. We should disagree with some of them
all the time and with all of them some of the time, if we heard
them ; but we hear not them but a cheap reporter. It isn't
Senator Blank we read next day at breakfast, but " Reddy"
Atkins; and the tendency of the reporter is to "hit only the
high places " — very much in the fashion in which I heard a
bishop quote scripture (ironically of course) 30-odd years ago :
" Then Judas . . . departed and went out and hang-ed him-
self. Go thou and do likewise. And what thou doest do quickly.
For this is the will of the Lord Jesus Christ concerning thee."
The bible does say all that ; but there are reportorial hiatuses
in the connection.
As a rule, the actual speech in Congress would a good deal
impress the same citizen who passes the reporter's hasty pot-
shot at it with easy contempt. If the reporter could make that
speech, he might be in Congress ; if he could grasp it off-hand
and report it adequately, he would be at least an editor.
656 OUT W EST
But whether we agree or not with any or all the speeches,
only those who know less of the American Constitution than
any cannibal knows of his tribal politics can deem it a misfor-
tune when Cong-ress debates.
RIGHT Things always move one way, in the long run ;
MIGHT. ^^^ it is always easy enough to know which way they
are going to go. All you have to do is to figure what's right —
then you know the itinerary. And if it be confusing because
there are a lot of people involved, remember that nations are
only multiples of the individual, and that principles do not
change with numbers. The same old simple law you heard
when the first statesman held you beside her knee — that's the
law for 76,000,000 satisfied grown-ups.
The calico-minded* fall into confusion because they never
think of this. They repeat forever the same old pattern they
began with. If another roller or a different ink had been on
the press, they would have been blue wall-flowers instead of
scarlet curlicues. But the destinies of the world (including its
calico) are determined by those who do not think by the bolt.
Persons who read every morning how Americans yesterday
burned a *' nigger" alive in the United States, and cut up his
charred carcass for relics, and photographed one another at said
"bee," have the humor to call us traitors and " slanderers of
the Army," who want to know if it is true, as charged, that other
Americans, farther from home, torture " niggers ; " and if it is
true, to stop it. It is true, and is now proved to be true — but
even after the official proof, these bolt-printed neighbors wanted
to keep it true. And then " biflf " in their un-American faces
comes the President's fist. Roosevelt's isn't a muslin mind. His
ringing words put forcibly what every manly man feels : No
barbarities by a savage enemy justify, or will be held to justify,
barbarity by American soldiers. He is on the trail of the
brutes who have shamed us. And now Gen. Chaffee, com-
mander-in-chief of the American forces in the Philippines
censures the lax court-martial that acquitted Maj. Waller for
murdering a dozen natives, even though Waller was probably
half insane at the time ; and censures Lieut. Day because he did
not disobey the brutal orders of his superior. Do you realize
what it means when an officer of Chaffee's rank slaps a court-
martial in the face, in the decent language of army etiquette,
and says a Lieutenant should have mutinied against orders too
infamous for red tape to defend? No other ''slanderer of
the army " has done so much. The President and Gen.
*The character of calico beinir not ho much that la cheap aa that It ia printed bytha
million yards off the same roller.
IN THB LION'S DBN 657
Chaffee — not to mention the other entitled men — side with the
Americans who want the army kept clean. And that side wins.
Gen. Jacob H. Smith — who is responsibly said to be «'bvbrything
known in the service as ' ' Hell-Roaring- Jake " — ad- ovbr
mits in Court by his counsel that he did give orders '^^^ "
to " burn and lay waste. The more you kill and burn, the bet-
ter you will suit me. Kill everything over ten."
When it was alleg-ed at the Waller trial, probably no grown
man in the United States believed that such an order was ever
g-iven by an American General — as it certainly never was by any
other. But he himself hath said it.
"Kill everything over ten." Well, you know even boys of
10, in the Philippines, fig^ht like little devils ; but, ever think
what you'd think of any other country where the children
fought unto the death against the invader ?
It is not of record that Gen. Smith advised his of&cers to con-
sult the baptismal records to be sure a boy was quite 10 before
shooting him down. A boy is a boy. If he can walk, what
more do you want ? An assassin may leave powder-burns ; but
in war, shooting is done at 500 yards and upward — generally
very far upward. It isn't generally done by algebraic formula,
either, nor with one finger on the birth-record in the family
bible. A man is hot when he shoots. If he has a Jake Smith
for a commander, he'll be even more careless. At quarter of a
mile and upward, any boy over three would be a target under
the Smith rules. So also, of course, would be men of 90 trying
to run away. And even girls and women sometimes come over
10 — in countries where there haven't been Smiths already. As
an American general gave such an order, it is supposable that
it was obeyed. We have not heard that his troops mutinied.
Now these are the things that real Americans wish to stop ;
and the President is one of us. . And when these things shall be
stopped, the death knell of the whole absurd folly will be
sounded. For there can be no conquest without cruelty ; and
cruelty and Americanism do not mix well.
As for Smith and Waller and Day — it is well known that the
Lion doesn't admire England's war against the Boers. But
England shot various and sundry of her Australian officers,
right recently, for doing what these untypical Americans have
done. We have more politics than England, and probably
" dassen't" shoot anybody ; but we can cashier scrubs and mur-
derers from our army, even yet.
It is a grateful task to the benighted Westerner to ^°^^-r ^^^i^
testify that whatever human faults the Wise Men of the puffed up.
East may have — whose reassuring and benevolent light is shed
abroad for all, even unto us — vanity is not of them. Learning
hath not pufEed them up. Serene and superior, they shine on
658 OUT WEST
unblinking:; quite past the childish weakness of confusion when
they blunder ; quite above the nervousness of taking thought
not to blunder.
Hardly was the Critic out of sight with its remarks that Mrs.
Stanford had given thirty millions to the University of Cali-
fornia, when the Scientific Atnerican referred to the regents of
^^ Standard University, ///inois,^^ as having the "appointment
of astronomers at Lick Observatory." And next comes Harper's
Weekly with an article setting forth thatPres. Benj. Ide Wheeler
" is the Pathfinder for the Pacific Slope in the
language and literature of Greece, the first great Greek scholar to take up
a residence in sight of the Sierras and inspire the youth who flock to the
two universities by the Golden Gate to a generous emulation in the learn-
ing of the dead language which is immortal. Sharing with Gildersleeve a
reputation for Greek scholarship on the Atlantic Coast, Professor Wheeler
made the Greek school of Cornell known to the scholars of the world.
Barely three years have elapsed since he accepted the presidency of the
University of California, and already the youth of the American State
which in its glorious configuration of mountain and sea, climate and prod-
ucts, approaches nearest to Greece, are appearing in Greek plays, with
lyrical accompaniment of Mendelssohn's music."
President Wheeler is a trump, and a great Greek scholar, and
will do ponderable things for our Greek and other activities.
But Editor Harvey has maybe mixed him up with Cadmus. We
had heard vaguely of Greek out here before Dr. Wheeler came.
"Barely three years have elapsed since he took up his residence
within sight of the Sierra" (by forwarding his eyes as from
New York to Albany), and "already the youth of the State are
appearing in Greek plays." It is a trifling detail that they are
youth at Stanford University ; and that Dr. Wheeler's own
young men and women at Berkeley haven't as yet done any
Greek plays. When they get ready to, they will ; and we may
be sure that under Dr. Wheeler they will do it mighty well.
But meantime it is a corps of young men and women at Stan-
ford University under the direction of Professors Fairclough
and Murray, who have given the Antigone of Sophocles in
several California cities to large and delighted audiences, and
in a manner fully worthy of the best traditions of the famous
pioneer presentation at Harvard so many years ago, which I
remember well.
If there is any way in which we can assist our Eastern
guides, philosophers and friends to learn that California is in
America, or to induce them to take enough interest in educa-
tional affairs to know something about them, they have only to
draw on us at sight. A few do learn. For instance, the presi-
dent of Stanford University has again taken the liberty to do
his duty ; but the prophecy is here timidly advanced that there
will not be any Seligman Shanghai Court this time.
The Warner's Ranch Indian Commission was appointed May
28th, and will be in the field by the time these lines are read.
The arduous nature of the work and the remoteness of its scene
from telegraphic and postal facilities must stand as a plea in
mitigation if the editor shall be compelled to abridge the Den
for a single number.
Chas. F. Lummis.
659
Another volume from the late
Frank Hamilton Gushing is like
,^^^ ^, treasure trove — and so such a book
3^^-^'* from anyone would be. Not by any means
the most important of his works, nor even comparable to some
of them, it may not improbably prove the most popu-
lar of all ; and of course it has, along with its charm, an en-
during value. It is doubtful if Gushing could have written,
in his later years, any book which would not have this quality,
even if he had tried.
No familiar of the aborigines has ever written with greater
literary charm ; and no man of equal literary and scientific
gifts has ever known so much about Indians. Despite
his faults — and he had them — Gushing was unquestionably
a genius ; one of the two most extraordinary men that ever
delved into American ethnology ; and in his specific line with-
out a rival. Probably aboriginal folklore was never more faith-
fully transcribed than in this volume. As interesting to chil-
dren (and others) as the best European "fairy-tales," these old
myths of the Seven Gities of Gibola are fresher — and of course
are more valuable. The book contains 33 of them, filling well
on toward 400 pages. Besides an excellent portrait of Mr.
Gushing, and a dozen half-tones — mostly from the admirable
negatives of A. G. Vroman, of Pasadena — there are drawings
made for the book by Mr. Gushing himself. The MS. found
among his papers, and edited vith extraordinary precision by
Mr. P. W. Hodge, is now published by friends for the benefit of
science and of the scientist's family. The publishers have
made a volume as handsome and dignified as it is interesting.
G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York. $3.50.
Something as Saul of Tarsus "saw a great light," good
somewhere upon a road he began in the dark, a revela- °^ nazarbxh.
tion has fallen upon a corner of the Indian Service. To
anyone who really knows any of the things the Indian office
ought to know and habitually does not, nothing quite so sur-
prising has ever before happened, in all the history of our In-
dian Impolicy as the Course of Study for the Indian Schools of
the United States — for of course the only way in which the De-
partment could ever now astonish the student of history would
be by being right, by knowing what it was about. Its blunders
long ago ceased to surprise us. Even the Hair-cut Order caused
only indignation and shame, but not wonder. We have learned
to expect anything of the Indian Bureau, in past years, except
horse sense.
The first blow to tradition came with Gommissioner Jones's
latest report, in which he discovered the truth that the big gov-
660 OUT WEST
ernment schools, far from the reservation, were serious obstacles
to Indian prog"ress. And now comes a more stunning thwack
in this truly remarkable book, invented and written by Miss
Estelle Reel, Superintendent of all Indian Schools. From the
literary point of view it is somewhat crude ; but as a text-book
for industrial training, I know of nothing like it. I am free to
confess to have had a strong prejudice against Miss Reel ; but
she has conquered it by this fine achievement. The work shows
remarkably faithful and thorough labor, a genuine desire for
light, and a practical common-sense which in comparison with
Miss Reel's predecessors seems almost supernatural. Only those
who have known intimately the caliber of these predecessors
can realize Miss Reel's advance.
Naturally, the course of study here laid out cannot all be con-
summated— the Indians could learn ; the trouble is to find teach-
ers who can and will fulfill this exhaustive curriculum — but it
is the right mark to aim at. For that matter, an American child
who should go through the course here outlined would be better
educated than most of our schools make them. Power to
the lady's elbow ! It is better to have invented such a book
— though few will ever see it — than the "best-selling novel " of
the year.
ART In the American Anthropologist for Jan.-Mch., Dr.
WITHOUT Washington Matthews, dean of our ethnologists, has
quiet fun with the small angle of a subject which
presents a broad chance for American humor — the average
immoral carelessness of illustrators when they pretend to pic-
ture a real thing. Dr. Matthews's paper is calmly scientific,
and his text "The Earth Lodge in Art" — whereof he gives,
first, photographs of the real thing, and then some of the extra-
ordinary staggers at it that have been made by Catlin and
other artists. But Mark Twain is probably the only person
now extant who could do full justice to the usual illustrator.
Mary E. Burt has made a fascinating little book for school
reading in TAe Boy General^ a story of the life of Custer.
It is drawn from Mrs. Custer's wonderfully interesting and hu-
man books ; and while it cannot be pretended that the edi-
tor has matched her author— and no man can read the works
of that modern Penelope without a hope that fate may have
mated himself as truly — the book is a good thing for young
Americans to read — if they will skip the preface. Chas. Scrib-
ner's Sons, New York. 60 cents.
Dr. Edward Robeson Taylor, the erudite and indefatigable
San Franciscan, has brought out a third edition of his scholarly
Sonnets from the Trophies of Heredia^ in handsomer dress of
vellum, and with corresponding betterment of literar)' work-
manship. He has not spared the labor of the file. Practically
all the sonnets have felt it ; and some have been wholly recast.
It is a worthy monument of tireless scholarship. Elder &
Shepard, San Francisco.
Show & Hunt of Santa Barbara have followed their success-
ful Wedgewood plaque of Santa Barbara Mission with similar
THAT WHICH IS WRITTEN 661
plates of San Fernando, San Gabriel, San Juan Capistrano, San
Luis Rey and San Carlos Borromeo, making an attractive set of
six. Anything- which increases popular interest in the Missions
merits encouragement ; and these plates, from photographs, are
interesting and well done. $1 each.
Jacob Gould Schurman, President of Cornell University and
of Prest. McKinley's first Philippine Commission, has put forth
in book form his noble address Philippine Affairs; a Retrospect
and an Outlook. It is a short volume full of meat ; and it is
safe to say there is no book every real American, of whatever
faith, more owes it to himself to read. Chas. Scribner's Sons,
New York. 60 cents, net.
Two interesting illustrated brochures by Dr. Geo. H. Pepper
of the American Museum of Natural History, New York, are
The Ancient Basket Makers of Southeastern Utah (a supplement
to the Museum Journal) , and The Making of a Navajo Blanket^
reprinted as a " separate" from Everybody's Magazine.
A. L. Kroeber of the University of California, reprints in a
"separate" his interesting Ute Tales from Wis. Journal of Amer-
ican Folk Lore. They are folk-myths collected by him among
the Uintah Utes. The author, Berkeley, Cal.
"Honest and earnest" is a good thing to say; audit may
well be said of Herbert Bashford's little volume of verse. Wolves
of the Sea. Furthermore, it is good technically Its need is
maturity. The Whitaker & Ray Co., San Francisco. $1.
The ear non-musical, and a serious quarrel with the prosody,
mark Cupid's Chalice and other verses by Frank D. Bullard. On
the other hand they have a college training and a very agree-
able husbandly love. The Abbey Press, New York.
C. F. L.
The publishers announce Buell Hampton as "A Wonderful Thb gbnTI^E
Production," and "The Best Story of the West Ever Written," art of
To fortify this position and assure the reader that his interest has advertising.
been justified, they print at the end of the story a number of "Opinions"
from " Eminent men of letters," among whom are included two Bishops,
two Clergymen, a Novelist, a "Ivate First Assistant Postmaster-General,"
a "noted dramatic critic," a "General Passenger and Ticket Agent,"
and others. These authorities pronounce the story " most dramatic and
thrilling," " irresistible," " original and bright," " filled with clever
plots " " one of the greatest works of fiction ever written by an American
author"— and so on, for quantity. It is asserted that all these gentlemen
have read the book, and most of them admit it. This reviewer is quite
too diffident to lay his humble offering before a shrine already so crowded,
but must content himself with a sample of the book's sparkling dialogue :
" ' Of course you read novels?' said the major, inquiringrly.
" ' I presume you regard it as a weakness,' replied Hugrh, ' but I must admit that
a g'ood novel has a great charm for me.'
" ' On the contrary,' replied the Major, ' I regrard a erood novel as healthful
reading-. The works of Scott, Thackeray, Dickens, Lytton, Victor Hugo, Hawthorne,
J. Fenimore Cooper, and of many other novelists, may be read with profit. . .'
"'I agree with you,' replied Hugh, 'though I must admit that fiction has a
general tendency to cultivate a dislike for more solid reading.' "
662 OUT WEST
It might have been added that some fiction — particularly that of the
reckless puffers of literary wares — has a very special tendency to discourage
any more reading whatever. Forbes «& Co., Boston and Chicago. $1.50.
GOOD— Though The Fighting Bishop is Herbert Miiller Hopkins's first
WITH PROMISE novel, his is by no means a 'prentice hand at the literary work-
OF BETTER. bench, as the sonnet from his pen in Out West for March
would sufficiently attest. But a writer may well enough produce musical
verses, scholarly essays and choice short stories, yet fail utterly at the
larger construction. Fortunately this book fairly justifies the more am-
bitious reach. Its characters are in fact so life-like as to make them
seem rather like pictures from memory than creatures of the imagination.
The plot of the story is almost negligible. There is less exciting inci-
dent than the title seems to promise, and the book is strongest in its studies
of character as the product of heredity, training and environment. Pro-
fessor Hopkins is not yet wholly sure of his style, which is sometimes
quite bluntly abrupt, sometimes carefully elaborated, and he occasionally
lays on his colors with unnecessary thickness. But he has real power,
and this good story will pretty certainly be followed by a better one.
The Bowen-Merrill Company, Indianapolis. $1.50.
'* TO WHAT One need not be particularly bright to appreciate the smartness
BASK with which Wallace Irwin has done what he set out to do in The
USES Riibdiydt of Omar Khayyam, Jr. Neither need he be notably in-
sistent on the relation of literary effort to life and morals to find the work
utterly unworthy — nor, for that matter, very squeamish to gag over much
of it. There were some excuses for The Love Sonnets of a Hoodlum. I can
discover none for this book, except such poor apology as the author offers in
"... This consoling Thought :
I got a Market Value for my Song."
Elder & Shepard, San Francisco. SO cents.
THE COST The half dozen short stories published under the title of Monica
OF DOING are excellent specimens of Paul Bourget's literary craftsmanship —
^ * which is to say that they are better worth reading than most. Few
authors can lead their readers so unfalteringly through the devious
ways of intricate character-study, or work out to such full satisfaction dif-
ficult problems of conflicting motive. The present volume is dedicated to
Edith Wharton — and is worthy of the dedication. Charles Scribner's
Sons, New York. $1.50.
The author of Modem Moses — a Pasadena woman .writing under the
name of " Iseb" — declares her object to be "to make decent people of in-
terest to the reader, and to suggest a plan of rearing destitute orphans in
private homes." She succeeds fairly on both counts. Marek Publishing
Co., Ivos Angeles. SO cents.
Little Leaders and Editorial Echoes are two attractive little volumes
made up from the editorial writings of William Morton Payne in the Dial,
during the last ten years. They consist of studies in literary criticism,
brief essays on educational subjects and biographical sketches, and are
uniformly sane, balanced and scholarly. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.
$1 each, net.
The Annual Publication of the Historical Society of Southern California,
for 1901, includes a number of interesting papers read before that body
and the Pioneers of Ivos Angeles county.
The easy and pleasant record of six hundred miles of canoeing on
Illinois and Wisconsin Rivers, by Reuben Gold Thwaites (the learned Sec-
retary of the Wisconsin State Historical Society, and editor of the monu-
mental edition of the Jesuit delations), first published in 1898, has reached
the di^'nity of a second edition this year. A. C. McClurg & Co., Chicago.
C. A. M.
663
Conducted by WILLIAM E. SMYTHE.
x
TO ORGANIZE PROSPERITY.
\0 feature of the Constructive policies is more vitally im-
portant to California and the West than the follow-
ing :
To encourage the extension of cooperative methods throughout
the industrial life of the State for the purpose of -widening the
California market, at home and abroad, and of effecting the ut-
most economy in sale of products and purchase of supplies.
While the plan of getting- the water on the land, and then mak-
ing- it easy for people to obtain homes, is the foundation of the
coming civilization, the art of cooperation is equally essential
in the creation of the superstructure. Or, to put it in another way,
if the land is the body, and the water the life-blood of our eco-
nomic system, cooperation is the breath of its nostrils There
could be no more fatal mistake in planning the development of
a new country than to imagine that it is only necessary to fur-
nish irrigation, and then to obtain the settlers. It is equally
important to create conditions which will permit the settlers to
prosper. And it is this vital feature that our colony-builders
have too often neglected. The settler must have markets as
well as crops ; a living price as well as markets ; a chance to
obtain his necessary supplies on reasonable terms ; and capital
with which to operate. Otherwise, the most fertile soil and
abundant water supply will not avail to make him prosperous.
To illustrate, let me quote an extreme instance of the difficul-
ties surrounding the settlement of new lands by willing people
of small means.
A gentleman in Southern California advertised for
household help. Among those who applied was a woman
who told a pitiful tale of an attempt to make a home in
the beautiful Southland. She and her husband had for years
nursed in their hearts the dream of a little home of their own.
Finally, they made the attempt by purchasing a few acres and
paying fifty dollars down. They had no money for improve-
ments. Along the upper edge of their land a full canal carried
A HOMB
THAT
FAII,ED.
664 OUT WEST
an abundance of water, but these poor people could not pur-
chase the melting: snow of the water-merchant. Therefore,
they were compelled to raise a grain crop for hay. In this they
were fairly successful, but were forced to dispose of the crop,
under pressure of their poverty, at the low price of $4 per
ton. A few months later the same hay was worth $17
per ton in the market. After a brief struggle the home
was abandoned. The man became a servant in the country,
the woman a servant in the town. Practically they were
divorced by economic conditions. In the midst of it all
the baby died, and that may have been a mercy, since it is
difficult to understand how people can rear children under
such circumstances. Now, if those poor people had lived
in New Zealand, in various European countries, or even
in downtrodden Ireland, the government would have irri-
gated their land, given them an opportunity to get foothold
upon it on terms they could accept, and established a system to
enable them to borrow money with which to put a roof on the
barn, to buy a horse, a cow and a pig, and to hold the hay until
it could be sold advantageously. While this is, indeed, an ex-
treme case, it is well to measure our plans by this low standard.
Let us put them to the severest test, and let us not forget that
there are more poor people than rich ones looking for homes on
our western soil.
GETTING MKN ^^ Americans lead the world in many respects, but in
GIST THK others we lag far behind the procession. We know how
soil,. ^Q make money ; we do not know how to make homes
for the masses on the land. Not only New Zealand, but many
European countries, are far ahead of us when it comes to estab-
lishing poor men on the soil. Now it happens that this has be-
come one of our national problems, and in California and the
West the foremost of our problems. True, there are rich peo-
ple who come here to make fine estates, but we do not need to
worry about them. They can take care of themselves. Our
concern is with the masses of men who want to come here be-
cause they are comparatively poor and therefore desire to better
their conditions. Let no one think that men are unworthy set-
tlers because they are poor. The Pilgrim Fathers were not
rich, nor were the hosts who gradually extended the web of
civilization along the Atlantic Coast, throughout the valley of
the Ohio, and over the region drained by the Father of Waters.
We must deal in the future not only with the same element of
self-respecting poverty, but with new economic conditions
which demand the scientific organization of industry, as the
conditions of former generations did not.
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 665
How shall we organize prosperity for those who till j^^^p qj.
the soil ? We must answer this question, first of all, for broad
the people who are already here. While we all desire pi,ans.
millions of new population, we should not forget that the pros-
perity of those now living in California is even more important.
And we should also remember that their prosperity would be the
best possible advertisement for new settlers. Above all, in shap-
ing our plans we must make them so broad and scientific that
they will be equal to all the demands of the future. We have
got to bring together four great elements that are now neg-
lected— waste land, waste water, waste labor, and waste
capital.
The industrial organization of Europe is full of valu- ^^^ pater-
able lessons for us. Every country on the continent has nai,ism of
struggled with these problems for many years. The best
thought of the best brains has been lavished upon them. And
at last a great system of cooperation has been brought to a won-
derful degree of perfection. Space is not available for a com-
plete review of the methods that are used in various countries.
But the reader should understand that the plan which is now to
be submitted for his consideration is based on careful studies of
the system used in Holland, Belgium, Prance, Germany, Switzer-
land, Austria, Hungary and Ireland. The dominant note in all
these systems is paternalism — the fostering care of the govern-
ment for its people. Do Americans object to the use of the
principle ? If so, we are utterly inconsistent. We have loaned
millions to railroads and given them vast subsidies in the way
of land-grants. We have protected industries behind a wall of
tariffs. We are talking now of granting millions of cash to
encourage steamship lines. Shall we, then, draw the line at
the farmer and homemaker and say that to give him a helping
hand is pernicious paternalism, but to help the railroad, the
manufacturer and the steamship owner is wise and beneficient
statesmanship ? Nonsense ! No such illogical proposition can
be defended for a moment. If there are those who take such
ground we will meet them in every town and on every highway
and debate the merits of the question. And there can be no
doubt of the popular verdict, so far as that is concerned.
The three great requirements of successful cooper-
ation are education, organization, and administration. three
To expand the statement a little, our people must be essbntiai^.
first taught that they must cooperate ; second, they must be
organized so that they can cooperate ; third, they must have
able and authoritative guidance and leadership. A mob can-
666 OUT WEST
not work together successfully ; but a disciplined army is irre-
sistible. Our first step, then, toward a great organization in
California must be to educate the people systematically. Then
they must be organized. Finally, they must be wisely guided
in the conduct of these undertakings. Let us see precisely
what practical steps can be suggested to this end.
Every national cooperative system in Europe finds its
PLAN head in a government ofl&cial. We should have at bac-
PROPOSKD. rainento a single public officer to serve at the head of a
department of Agriculture and Industries. He should be a man
not only of experience, but of brains, heart and reputation —
such a man, let us say, as A. H. Naftzger, or Prof. D. T.
Fowler. A man of this sort is perfectly capable of educating
and organizing public sentiment, provided a reasonable fund be
placed at his disposal. Probably $25,000 a year would be quite
sufficient for the present. In Europe such grants of money are
called "subventions to cooperative industry," but with us it
would be just a plain appropriation of so much money for edu-
cational purposes. It should not be forgotten that the mere
fact that California had given her consent to such a proposition
would carry the whole weight of her moral and official influence
to the side of coooperation. We should then be started upon a
new economic era. The great lessons of industrial organization
in other lands should also be taught in our high schools and
colleges. They are infinitely more valuable than knowledge of
the dead languages.
The next step would also be very closely modeled on
ORGANIZING . , ,
THB European precedent. Cooperative societies should be
PBOPI.B. organized in every city, every town and every hamlet
throughout the commonwealth. These would be for purposes of
education, but they would also serve as so many reservoirs
whence members might be drawn for various small cooperative
companies. Let it be remembered that there are four distinct
purposes to be accomplished, as follows :
1. Cooperative buying; so that great savings could be eflfected
in the purchase of all supplies. This could be done on the
Rochdale system. The saving to be effected for the benefit of
consumers would range all the way from ten per cent in large
cities to fifty per cent in remote localities, where merchants now
" carry" their customers from year to year and charge enormous
profits.
2. Codperative manufacturing^ such as would be done in
creameries, canneries, wineries, and various packing establish-
ments.
TWBNTIBTH CENTURY WEST 667
3. Coo-perative selling^ for the disposal of raw and finished
products throughout the country. This would be accomplished
by just such machinery as is now employed by the Southern
California Fruit Exchange.
4. Cooperative hanking^ after the manner of the Raffeisen
system, which is now so widely used throughout Europe. By
this means whole communities combine their credit, borrow
money at the lowest current rates, and loan it to individuals on
most favorable terms.
To these four leading- purposes another might be added in the
shape of various manufacturing industries to be engaged in by
workingmen. For instance, the workingmen of Los Angeles
have $40,000 invested in a laundry. The enterprise is paying
them $1,350 net monthly profits, which they are now preparing
to invest in new cooperative undertakings. It was by just this
process that the Rochdale system of Great Britain gradually
expanded to its present immense proportions.
Undoubtedly various classes of producers — such as the ^^^,^^^
orange, fresh deciduous, dried fruit, olive and grain- of the
growers — :would have to be organized separately. Each organiza.tion.
would possess certain interests not common to all. The man who
is growing only raisins, for instance, would not care to invest in
the winery or creamery, though very likely he would belong to
the same store and the same bank. It is even possible that the
same set of selling machinery might be used in disposing of the
product of all these producers, except those of the grain and
dairymen, throughout the United States. It is easily conceiv-
able that a few big stores in leading points like San Francisco
and Los Angeles could sell all these products at retail, thus
eliminating all the agencies that now come between the pro-
ducer and the consumer, with great benefit to both. It is not to
be expected that this entire fabric of cooperative industry could
be brought into existence in a day, a month, or even in a year.
But under the fostering care of the State it would all come in
good time here just as it has done in Europe.
We have now suggested plans for education and ,„_, „„^„
organization. The most important feature yet remains ai,i, be
to be dealt with — administration. How are the affairs federated.
of this web of cooperative institutions to be carried on safely,
wisely and successfully, from day to day and from year to year?
Ah, there's the rub 1 We know that in any business where
there is a multitude of partners there is liable to be jealousy
and dissension, swiftly leading to demoralization and disrup-
tion. But this has not happened in Europe, and need not hap-
668 OUT WEST
pen in California if we still follow where our friends over-seas
have led the way. All the cooperative institutions should be
federated. Let each send a representative to a County Council.
Thus they would stand shoulder to shoulder as one solid unit in
a local way. Then let each of the County Councils be federated
ag:ain in a State Council, at the head of which stands our
Naftzgfer or our Fowler. Think of the strength of an economic
fabric brought under such a form of administration ! While
each cooperative company, and each separate body of producers,
would retain its own individuality, and be conducted b3'^ its own
officers, all would stand united in these federated bodies, com-
posed of the wisest and best in the land, and back of them
would stand the great State of California with its official repre-
sentative at the head of the organization, and with its moral
influence and prestige arrayed on the same side. Does anyone
• believe that under this plan the raisin-growers would now be
full of doubts and fears, the prune-growers hovering between
dissolution and reorganization, and the grain-farmers groping
around in the dark trying to get together ? Not a bit of it.
We would save our people millions a year in the cost of supplies.
We would save them more millions in the profits that now go
to the private owners of canneries, wineries, creameries, pack-
ing-houses and commission agencies. Besides all this, we would
add tens of millions to real estate values. I am told by a good
authority that effective cooperation would double the value of
every acre of fruit land in California. The latest statistics
show that there are 500,000 acres of land in such cultivation,
worth at least $100 per acre. Double these values and you have
added $50,000,000 to the wealth of the State.
Y^g What are the objections to this great policy of organ-
oBjECTioNs ized and federated cooperation with the assistance of
coNsiDBRKD. ^j^^ State ? Perhaps the small storekeeper says it will
put him out of business. Well, he is a doomed man anyhow.
The department store will get him if he doesn't watch out !
Would he not rather be absorbed by the cooperative store in
which he would be a partner and possibly the manager ? Per-
haps the private owner of the packing-house objects to the plan.
Sorry, but it is impossible to discover a method whereby the
man who grows raisins, for instance, may sell his product at a
high price, while the man who buys and packs raisins shall get
them at a low price. Somebody must give way. The plain
truth is that in the end the grower must own the packing-house
or the packing-house will own him. The old days of competi-
tion are gone, to return no more. The big fellows have per-
fected a system of cooperation for themselves. The many-
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 669
headed people must do the same. Some will say that transport-
ation is the real problem. There is something- to say on that
score. Unquestionably the best method of getting the lowest
rate consistent with the continued employment of great amounts
of capital in railway enterprises will be much discussed in the
future. And yet let it not be forgotten that even now the rail-
roads seem to do fairly well by the large shippers, such as the
commission houses in California and the trusts throughout the
country. When the organized producers of California shall
become the great shippers — in time the only shippers — is there
any reason to doubt that they will be treated as well as the
interests of which they now complain ? ' ' Thou shalt not
muzzle the ox that treadeth out the corn."
As was said at the beginning, none of the policies ^^^ ^^^^
advocated by the California Constructive League is to
more important than this policy aiming at the creation success.
of better conditions for those who toil in country and in town.
It is a plan to organize prosperity. If there is anybody whose
true interest is opposed to this development, he surely represents
but a small fraction of our citizenship. Speaking broadly, we
must stand or fall together. Surely it is for the greatest good
of the greatest number that these plans should prevail. This is
the period of agitation and education. But later there will be
an opportunity to vote for men who believe that this is the
thing to do. And, if enough such men are chosen, the thing
will be done, and we shall be able to give an intelligent answer
to the question : " How can a man prosper in California ?"
THOUGHTS IN THE CAMPAGNA.
By NANCY K. FOSTER.
'LONG the Appian road we went today.
Strewn with the precious fragments of the past —
Fragments of Rome! that time and storm outlast
Mile after mile the champaign stretched away,
Broider'd with daisies springing 'midst decay;
The Alban hills long wistful shadows cast ;
Spectres of glory, vanquished, tragic, vast,
Loomed in old archways and tall towers gray.
Dreaming I fall, and other mountains see.
Nobler than any Italy may show ;
Fold upon fold upcrowd in majesty,
Pale amber lights, deep purples all aglow!
And in my ears an ageless melody —
The broad Pacific eloquently slow !
Rome.
670
" A COUNTY THAT SHOULD BE GREAT.
SECOND PAPBR IN THE SERIES: "LOOKING CALIFORNIA IN
THE FACE."*
WT is important, in following these searching papers on
J[ " Looking California in the Face," that the writer's point
of view should be understood. In discussing the unfavor-
able side of existing conditions it is far from our purpose to
belittle any locality or community. This magazine is the
friend and champion of California and all the West. It has a
vast appreciation of their incalculable resources and their
mighty future. But the country is new and little developed.
We are trying to build it into the splendid proportions which
nature evidently intended it to assume. This may only be done
by a frank discussion of present conditions, including certain
evil tendencies that may be observed. The truth is, that we
have lived through two eras already and come to the threshold
of a third. The first era was that of rude pioneering ; the
second, that of booming and speculating. The new one is to be
the true avenue to greatness, for it is the era to state-building.
We are to lay deep foundations on which future generations
shall rear the superstructure.
THE COUNTY OF SAN DIEGO.
One of the great counties of California is that which stretches
along the border of Mexico, occupying a territory as large as
that of Massachusetts. It has less rainfall than that of any
other part of the State, and is in all respects typical of the
great Southwest. But, on the other hand, it is more fortu-
nately endowed with the raw materials of the irrigation indus-
try than any other locality. Along its eastern border flows one
of the greatest rivers of Arid America — the Colorado. In the
high mountains rising from the coast are numerous reservoir
sites. Great stretches of fertile soil are found wherever water
is available for their reclamation. The climate is admittedly
the best in the world. Here, then, is a good-sized empire wait-
ing to be brought into a condition of immense productiveness if
we can but solve the problem of bringing the wasting water and
the willing man to the waiting land.
In discussing the economic situation as it exists in San Diego
county, and considering how it may be improved, it is well to
divide the subject into three parts, as follows : First, the great
desert to be reclaimed by the Colorado ; second, the western
slope and its possibilities of storage ; third, the districts already
watered by means of private enterprise.
''The flrat paper in this seriea, "The Kintrs River Conquest,** appeared in Oot Wbst for
March and April, 1902/
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST 671
THE WONDERFUL DESERT.
The most remarkable body of land in the arid regions is that
in the delta of the Colorado river, which occupies the eastern
part of San Diego county. It is a wide plain of very fertile
soil, composed of fine and deep alluvium which has been
brought by the great stream from the valleys along its course
in many ages of the past. It is true that the Government ex-
perts have declared that much of this land is so impregnated
with alkali as to be unfit for cultivation. But we have often
found in dealing with western lands that " the proof of the
pudding is the eating." The latest reports from the desert tell
us that the best crops under the new canal system are growing
on lands where the experts said nothing would grow. Further-
more, it is reported that those lands which were in crop last
year show even larger productiveness this season. Time will
tell much more than the experts are able to do. Science is by
no means to be despised in such matters. On the other hand,
if all the gloomy predictions concerning undeveloped localities
were heeded, several of the most famous agricultural districts
would never have been conquered from the wilderness.
It is admitted by all that an immense tract of land on the
desert can be reclaimed with the waters of the Colorado. In-
deed, the present productive capacity of Southern California
can be duplicated there alone.
After years of fruitless effort an enterprising set of men suc-
ceeded in inaugurating an irrigation system to cover a portion
of these lands. They adopted a unique plan of organizing the
work. They made one wholesale company to deal with a
number of small local companies — small only in comparison
with the parent concern — to distribute the water over the land.
Thus, instead of selling "water rights," they sold "water
shares" in what were intended to be, in the end, cooperative
companies composed of landowners.
The manner in which people were found to file on the land
and purchase water shares was one of the most marvelous real
estate operations in the history of California. Over 100,000
acres were taken up in little more than a year. During that
time the price of water shares rose from $5. 75 to $20. The irri-
gation works are far from completion, but are furnishing water
today for a district considerably larger than that at Riverside
The wholesale manner in which water shares were purchased
by certain interests indicates that some very large land holdings
were carved out of the public domain. The maximum amount
672 OUT WEST
that can be legrally taken is 320 acres. Few took less than this.
Speculation is rife on the desert, both in land and in water.
WHAT MIGHT HAVE BEEN.
The Grovernment of the United States had a great opportu-
nity to do something for its people in connection with the Col-
orado Desert. It might have accomplished it without losing a
dollar in the end, and by so doing it would have added many
millions of property to its taxable wealth, and made homes for
hundreds of thousands of people who need homes.
In the first place, let it be remembered that the nation owned
every foot of this land for years. Then, let it be remembered
that no settler could make his home upon it until the great
river had been diverted from its channel and spread over the
soil. This could only be done by the use of large capital. It
is obvious that if this capital came from private sources the
settlers would be charged " all the traffic will bear." Further-
more, we have learned from all past experience that the more
valuable the land the more certain it is to be pounced upon by
speculators and absorbed by those who want to create large es-
tates. All this has actually happened, and how much woe is to
come from it only the future can reveal.
Now, if the nation had acted wisely it would have done some-
thing like this :
First, it would have had the soil analyzed by its experts be-
fore it was opened to settlement rather than afterward. It is
just as easy, and much more sensible, as well as humane, to do
these things in advance instead of waiting until large numbers
of people have invested their means and labor in trying to do
something that may prove impossible.
Second, if the enterprise were found feasible, the nation
would have proceeded to build a magnificent system of irriga-
tion works. These works would not only provide a secure and
impregnable heading for the canals and splendid distributaries,
but also drainage canals and complete facilities for the develop-
ment and diffusion of power. Doubtless the whole thing
could have been done at a cost not exceeding $10 per acre,
or a total of $5,000,000 to $10,000,000. How easily the land
could have borne this burden, provided it had a complete
system of irrigation, drainage and power ! Since the nation
can get all the money it needs at 2/^ per cent, the interest
charge would amount to only 25 cents per acre. In a quarter of
century the settlers could payoff the principal without feeling it.
Third, the nation should have fixed eighty acres as the maxi-
mum amount which any settler could take ; should have per-
mitted that amount only to settlers possessing sufficient means
to handle such an area, while holding others down to forty, or
even twenty, acres ; and should have provided that actual resi-
dence and cultivation for five years should be the condition of
receiving title deed.
rWBNTlBTH CENTURY WEST 673
Has any reader of this magazine the slightest doubt that this
policy would have laid the foundation for a thoroughly pros-
perous and very large community on the Colorado Desert ?
Does any reader believe what has been done there by private en-
terprise and speculation will produce the same desirable result ?
What stands in the way of the better plan ? Only the ignor-
ance and indifference, concerning this neglected region, of those
who make our laws. The good business sense of the American
people would lead them to adopt wise plans if they were at all
familiar with these problems.
II.
THE WESTERN SLOPE.
Space is not available for a full discussion of the great stor-
age possibilities on the western side of the mountains, where a
little empire of fertile soil slopes gently to the sea. A good ex-
ample showing the waste of water and of land, and showing
what might be done under a good public policy, is the situation
on the San Luis Rey. Here is a magnificent storage opportu-
nity, where water might be held for 175,000 acres of the finest
fruit lands in the world. During the past winter the rains have
poured off the mountains and foothills into the ocean, leaving
these sunny slopes bare and brown, save for a few glorious
weeks when they are green and fragrant with grass and
flowers.
There have been numerous attempts to build the San Luis
Rey reservoir b}^ means of private enterprise. They have all
failed. And if they failed in the days when irrigation invest-
ment seemed popular, there is surely little hope for them now
that capital has withdrawn itself almost entirely from the field.
It is notoriously true that the millions invested in private irri-
gation works have almost invariably failed to earn dividends,
though they have accomplished much in the way of social and
economic gains.
There is but one way in which the San Luis Rey reservoir
can be constructed. This is by means of public enterprise. The
nation will doubtless help — at least with surveys and possibly
with actual construction — but the burden of building and main-
taining the works must rest upon the State. The irrigation
policy advocated by the California Constructive League will
store the wasted waters of the San Luis Rey and redeem a
splendid district from economic paralysis. Let the State have
an administrative board to deal with the waters. Let a district
be created which shall comprehend this entire watershed. Let
the State issue its own three per cent bonds and buy the district
bonds at four per cent. Then let the administrative board con-
struct and administer the reservoirs and canals, collecting the
cost by direct taxation upon the lands benefited. This would
be a paying transaction for all concerned.
It is not only the wa}^ to transform the San Luis Rey country
from a wilderness into a region of beautiful homes, but it is the
only way.
674 OUT WEST
III.
FAILURE OF PRIVATE EFFORTS.
San Diego county was once a lively field of irrigation spec-
ulation. It is such no more The speculation is a failure
— a financial failure, because it has not paid dividends ; an
economic failure, because it has not settled the lands ; a politi-
cal failure, because it has embroiled the community in litiga-
tion with fruitless results.
The San Diego Flume was a daring engineering work which
attracted wide attention. The Sweetwater dam has been much
pictured and celebrated, but the plain truth is that it has more
reputation than water. The enterprise of the Southern Cali-
fornia Mountain Water Company (the Spreckels-Babcock
works) which now shows signs of renewed life, would inevitably
have failed except for its boundless financial backing. None of
these undertakings have proven good investments. They are
striking illustrations of the evident fact that God did not
intend men to make merchandise of the melting snow and the
babbling brook.
So much for the investor. How about the settler ? Ask the
men of Chula Vista — that most favored and charming of all
California settlements so far as natural conditions are concerned.
They will tell you a tale to convince the most skeptical that
San Diego county must have new methods to realize its irriga-
tion possibilities. And you will get much the same story if
you go to that other beautiful neighborhood, the Valley of El
Cajon. For years the strugjjle has been on between the water-
lord and the settler. It has led to continued litigation, costly
and well-nigh disastrous to both sides. The worst feature of it
is that often, as in the case of Chula Vista, the settlers have
paid for the water that they do not get. It would be a happy
relief for the owners of these systems — and happier yet for those
whose living is dependent upon them — if all these works might
be absorbed into one comprehensive public system, which should
go on to final completion and store every drop that may be
gathered from the numerous watersheds. That would end the
strife between company and settler. It would usher in a day of
active colonization.
THE CITY OF SAN DIEGO.
Located upon a beautiful site, and designed by nature to be
one of the country's most useful seaports, San Diego awaits the
impulse which may only be imparted to it by the development
of its surrounding resources and a direct channel of communi-
cation with the East. Perhaps no other city in California has
so much at stake in the outworking of a great irrigation policy.
How long must the winter floods go wasting to the sea ? How
long must the sunny slopes lie bare and brown ? How long
must the beautiful city wait by the shining bay for human
genius to solve the problem of utilizing the magnificent re-
sources which nature has provided ?
675
President— Wii.t.iAM E. Smythe.
Vice-President — D. T. Fowler.
Secretary-Treasurer — Bishop J. Edmonds.
STATE COMMITTTB.
Will S. Green, Colusa.
Marshal R. Beard, Sacramento.
H. P. Stabler, Marj-sville.
Harvey C. Stiles, Chico.
John Kirby, San Francisco.
N. J. Bird, San Francisco.
Frank Cornwall, San Francisco.
John S. Dore, Fresno.
John Fairweather, Reedley.
E. H. Tucker, Selma
A. Hallner, Kingrsburg-.
A. H. Naftzsrer, Los Anffeles.
S. W. Ferg-usson, Los Angeles.
Walter J. Thompson, Los Angeles.
A. R. Sprague, Los Angeles.
Charles F. Lummis, Los Angeles.
E. T. Dunning, Los Angeles.
Chas. A. Moody, Los Angeles.
Scipio Craig, Redlands.
Elwood Cooper, Santa Barbara.
W. H Porterfield, San Diego.
George W. Marston, San Diego.
Bishop J. Edmonds, San Diego.
William E. Smythe, San Diego.
THE cause: in the: metropolis.
^URING the past three weeks the Constructive cause has
been submitted to the people of the metropolis. And
the indications are that San Francisco is quite as much
interested in these ideas as the Interior. Prom the first it has
been a question, in the minds of the friends of the movement,
whether the great city would be willing- to lend a hand in real-
izing what is, perhaps, primarily a rural aspiration. The truth
is, of course, that the metropolis is built solely on the resources
of the country behind it, and that whatever makes for growth
or depression in the country must inevitably be reflected in the
business life of the city. But would the people of San Fran-
cisco take that view of the matter ? That was a question
which could only be answered as the result of an actual effort.
After holding a number of meetings in and around San Fran-
cisco, and after approaching many prominent citizens on the
subject, we are now able to say that metropolitan sentiment is
not one whit behind that of the rural districts in its apprecia-
tion of the Constructive cause. There have been no more earn-
est meetings anywhere than those in San Francisco and Oak-
land. The initial meeting in the former city furnished 350
members for the first city club. There is every reason to expect
that this will prove to be the nucleus of a membership of some
thousands.
The first person in the metropolis to exhibit an interest in
the Constructive League was Benjamin Fay Mills. He told the
story of the movement to his large audiences in Oakland,
Alameda and San Francisco several weeks ago, thus paving
the way for a friendly hearing when the spokesman of the
League should appear in the city. The first San Francisco
meeting was held at Golden Gate Hall, Maj^ 7th. It brought
out a large and representative attendance. As in the case of
676 OUT WEST
the Los Anjj^eles meeting:, the speaker was surprised and Rfrati-
fied to observe that his city audience appreciated the discussion
of irrig-ation, land settlement, and cooperation fully as much as
the country audiences previously addressed. At the close of the
meeting the following resolutions were introduced :
Whereas, We have heard the policies of the California Constructive
League so ably discussed by the President of the organization, it is hereby
Resolved, That we declare ourselves in hearty accord with said policies,
which aim at the upbuilding of the State by means of public irrigation
works, the introduction of the New Zealand plan for the State purchase
and colonization of large holdings and the development of scientific co-
operation.
Resolved, That we hereby enroll the Unity Club as a member of the
Constructive League, and pledge our efforts to extend the membership and
influence of the California Constructive League in San Francisco and
throughout the State.
The resolutions brought out a lively discussion. Prominent
men, like Gen. N. P. Chipman, Edward F. Adams of the Chron-
icle^ and Judge Rosenbaum, challenged the position of the
League on the New Zealand land system. Curiously enough,
some of the opponents took the ground that such a land policy
would be degrading to the settlers. They said they wanted no
system of Irish tenantry planted on California soil. But the au-
dience stood overwhelmingly with the League on the proposi-
tion that it is absolutely necessary to give the masses of men the
easiest possible access to the soil, and that the New Zealand system
provides them a much larger measure of independence than they
are able to enjoy under existing conditions in California. Leas-
ing land for 999 years, with the people as the landlords, for a
rental amounting to a very low interest rate on the actual in-
vestment of the State, they enjoy all the advantages of proprie-
tors. Everything that a man may do with a freehold he may do
with a leasehold under these conditions. In the meantime, he
saves all his money to use in making improvements. The State
has the enormous advantage of facilitating settlement in ten-
fold ratio, of preventing speculation, and of closing the door
securely against the return of land monopoly. All these facts
become perfectly plain when the subject is studied.
Action upon the resolutions was deferred for one week, when
they were again taken up and passed by an overwhelming ma-
jority, though not without sharp debate.
Several other meetings were held in the city, and it is hoped
that it may be possible to prosecute an extremely vigorous cam-
paign there. The country is with us, and now it is desirable to
have an equally strong support in the centers of population.
The widespread and aggressive movement for State develop-
ment, in which all the northern Chambers of Commerce are co-
operating, will undoubtedly prove advantageous to the Con-
structive cause. The adoption of these policies would advertise
California to the ends of the earth. Better still, it would se-
cure the prosperity of the settlers to be attracted, as well as
that of the settlers already here. There is no conflict between
the two movements. Both are equally timely and equally help-
ful to each other.
e
©n
677'
NEW ZEALAND INSTITUTIONS.
FOURTH PAPER*.
HOW TRAMPS ARE TURNED INTO TAXPAYERS.
HK problem of building new countries is, very largely,
^^J^ the problem of utilizing materials now lying idle or
going to waste. There is the waste land, the waste
water, the waste capital and the waste man. Each of these
elements is essential to the use of all the others. They must
be brought together in combination. Think of the stupendous
fund of natural wealth lying unused throughout the West to-
day, and then consider how the application of labor and of
money now practically idle would gradually transform all this
raw material into the finished product of civilization.
THE NEW ZEAIvAND IDEA.
New Zealand proceeds upon the theory that societj^ owes
every man a chance to work if he is willing to work. It follows
as a corollary that the man who has the chance to work on
reasonable terms, and who will not work, has no further claim
upon society. New Zealand takes her tramps and turns them
into taxpayers. Instead of permitting them to impose burdens
on the public it makes them carry their share of the public
burden themselves. It finds it very easy to do this, because in a
new country there is so much to be done, while in the old country
to which New Zealand looks for its financial backing there is so
much money which is willing to lend itself to any useful employ-
ment at a very low rate of interest.
The plans described in this article should not be confounded
with the other plan of settlement described in the Februar}^
number of this magazine. The latter is a method of making
homes for people of small means. We are now to tell how
homes are made for people of no means at all, or, rather, for
those whose capital consists exclusively of the ability to work.
There is a very large element of this class of "capitalists" in
every country, though they are more numerous in old communi-
ties than in new ones, as a rule.
LABOR ON PUBLIC WORKS.
New Zealand is constantly building public works. It is ex-
tending good roads throughout the country. It is constructing
bridges and viaducts. It is clearing the forests to make room
for farms. It is even building railroads, telegraph and tele-
*Previous papers in this series : "The Law of Compulsory Arbitration at Work," Jan-
uary; "The Government as a Colonizingr Agrency," February; "How the People Smashed
the Money Ring," April.
Illustrations from Henry D. Lloyd's Nevjest England^ by courtesy of its publishers,
Doubleday, Page & Co.
678 OUT WEST
phone lines, which are there owned by the gfovernment. It is
not an arid land ; hence reservoirs and canal systems are not
needed. The necessity of providing these would supply fully
as much labor in the West as railroad and similar construction
does in New Zealand.
To beg-in with, the Government is a big employment agency.
If you are out of a job you put in your application and are
promptly assigned to labor on some public work. The Govern-
ment has tried several plans of handling this labor and has de-
cided that the best is what is known as " the cooperative group
system." That is to say, the laborers become contractors. A
party of four or more enter into an agreement to accomplish a
certain amount of work. They elect their head man, who signs
the contract for his group. This amounts to putting the job
on the basis of piece-work, so if there is any loafing it is at
the expense of the laborers rather than of the Government
This method has resulted very well indeed. It gives the men a
large measure of independence and enables the most industrious
to obtain the most pay.
The Government advances railroad fare, rents, teams and
implements, and, in effect, gives the laborer credit at the store.
Stores are run by private parties, but the fact that a man has a
job is sufficient to secure him a reasonable credit. The Govern-
ment pays the head man for the work of the group, but the
payment is made in the presence of the others, so that there is
no chance for anybody to be cheated.
It is very important for the reader to note that there is abso-
lutely no charity in this system. The Government makes ad-
vances, but they must be repaid, even to the railroad fare. It
loans teams and implements, but collects rent for them. It
enables the men to get credit at the store, but sees that they
pay their bills out of their wages. It does not think a tramp is
any better than anybody else. So he is put on a level with
other people and permitted to struggle for existence on equal
terms with the rest of the labor-world.
It is also important to note that New Zealand uses this labor
only in the construction of things for which she has need.
"Reproductive works," she calls them — that is, works that it
pays to own because of their earning capacity.
Still another point of this public policy which should be noted
is the fact that the Government keeps families together, pro-
viding tents for their shelter, for which it collects a modest
rent. This point is important for the reason that it paves the
way for the Government to carry out the main feature of its
policy — that of converting tramps into taxpayers. It does not
intend that these men shall gravitate back to the cities. It
means, rather, "to deposit them on the land." That is to say,
it lays out a magnificent road through the wilderness, builds a
railway, or clears a forest. Then the very men who have been
used for this work are established in homes on the land they
have opened to settlement.
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST
679
A Cooperative Group at Work.
Does it pay ? Yes, it pays handsome dividends. How ?
First, financially; for the value of the improvements created far
exceeds the cost. Then it pays a social dividend besides, for
these people who would otherwise be discontented and miserable
are converted into self-respecting citizens and taxpayers. Under
this system the door of escape from the city to the country is
ever wide open. It is the wisest and sanest of all benefactions,
yet it is not a benefaction at all. It is plain, common-sense
business for the State. And not to do such things is that kind
of folly which lays up grief for the future.
THE FARM SETTLEMENTS.
A few quotations from Lloyd's "Newest England" will fur-
680
OUT WEST
nish interesting glimpses of the method of making homes for
poor people on public lands :
The Improved Farm Settlements are communities built on a foundation
of land, labor and cooperation, to give homes and a place in the world to
the man who has lost them all in the fierce struggle of modern life, and
whose destiny, if unassisted, is to be degraded into a consumer who pro-
duces nothing. The Improvement Farm Settlement is New Zealand's at-
tempt in the field where most other nations have nothing to show but poor-
houses, jails and potter's fields for the "surplus" population. Out of the
idle land and idle men the democracy of New Zealand are now at work
creating a new type of social and economic organization. Considering the
vital character of the problem of the unemployed and the practically com-
plete failure of every attempt to deal with it elsewhere, this experiment is
certainly of fascinating and momentous interest.
When an Improved Farm Settlement is to be opened, a tract of Crown
land is selected which, when cleared, will be suitable for farming, es-
pecially for dairying. It is surveyed, roads are laid out, and it is cut up
Familibs akk Kktt Tuqbthkk.
into farms varying from ten to two hundred acres, according to the quality
and use. Crown lands only are used for this, not lands which the State has
to buy back. These latter are already improved, and the public could not
afford to let them go to settlers who would not know how to make them
immediately productive, whereas on forest land their unskilled labor im-
mediately begins to create value.
The party of unemployed which has been forwarded by the Labor De-
partment is received at the scene of the proposed settlement by an officer of
Land Department. They find there everything needed for shelter and
work, and they find the public land in the vicinity surveyed into sections
and waiting for occupancy by them. The sections are distributed among
the applicants by lot. Married men have the preference in the distriliution
both of work and land. All are immediately set to work to clear away "the
bush " and grass their land, so that it may be fit for cropping or pasture.
At the same time they are given work on the roads which are to connect
their new homes with civilization, or on some railroad or other public work
in the vicinity, and it is arranged they shall divide their time between their
own and the public work. As they clear their lands and get them into
grass, money is lent them on the value they thus create, and fifty dollars
at least will be advanced to each married man to help him build his home.
TWENTIETH CENTURY WEST
681
COMPARATIVE STATEMENT SHOWING POSITION IN 1899 OP IM-
PROVED FARM SETTLEMENTS AND VILLAGE HOME-
STEAD SETTLEMENTS.
Improved Village
Particulars. Farm Homestead Totals.
Settlements. Settlements.
Number of Settlements 45 165 210
Area 73,655 acres 35,454 acres 109,109
New Selectors during- 1899 78 101 179
Forfeitures and Surrenders 164 62 226
Total number of Selectors 526 1,567 2,093
Total number persons on the land 1,615 4,894 6,509
Houses £ 4,511 ;^13,769 .^18,280
Total amount advanced. Bush felling... 41,741 12,165 53,906
Kent and interest paid during year 711 4,877 5,588
Rent and interest paid from commence-
ment of system 1,064 31,873 32,937
Improvements 64,988 115,834 180,822
Waste Labor Applied to Waste Forest.
The treasury has advanced $360,930 ; $169,685 have been received in rent
and interest, and the improvements amount to more than twice as much as
the loans, S904,110 — a pretty good investment financially, to say nothing of
the far more important interests involved.
WHAT LESSONS FOR US?
It will be seeti from the foregoing that New Zealand,
though but a little colony with small population and slender
resources, has made a success of its effort to unite idle capital
and men with idle natural wealth in productive cooperation.
What she has done is nothing to what the United States might
do if it cared to adopt similar policies. Our need is greater ; we
have more men. more capital, more natural wealth waiting to
to be used But New Zealand has more of something else,
equall}' essential, than we have thus far shown. This is states-
682
OUT WEST
manship and concern for the welfare of humanity. That we re-
ally lack these qualities no good American will concede. They
are latent in our national character. But for the time they are
obscured by the dazzling glory of Triumphant Commercialism
A day will come in this country — and not many years hence —
when the streets of our great cities will be filled with idle men,
for depression follows a long period of prosperity as surely as
the night succeeds the day. When that time comes, it will
be fortunate indeed if it finds the nation as well prepared
to meet it as it was to meet the emergenc}' of the Spanish War.
Then, hundreds of millions of dollars were made quickly avail-
able to defend the nation against a foreign foe. The same
A Home in a Village Skttlbmbnt.
S^reat resources should be mobilized — and without waiting for
some dramatic incident like the blowing up of the Maine — to
protect us against internal dangers.
The field open for development is very wide. It comprises
half a continent, where homes might be made for more people
than now dwell in the entire Republic. There are deserts to be
reclaimed ; highways to be built ; denuded forest areas to be re-
planted, and many other useful things to be done. What other
national question with which we are now dealing is comparable
to this? And yet how little thought our statesmen, our busi-
ness men and our economists are giving to it !
On the Petaluma Waterfront.
i
685
PETALUMA, SONOMA COUNTY.
T
By R. A. THOMPSON*
fHE only material difference in the climate of northern and south-
ern California, is a greater annual rainfall in the north. A month
more or less of clouded weather during the season gives sufficient
rain to mature all crops without irrigation. There is no extreme of heat
or cold day or night, throughout the year, anywhere in northern Califor-
nia. Some practical information as to where a man of moderate means can
procure a home, and make a living for himself and family with some-
thing for future contingencies, in so favored a country, will be given in
this article.
The San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys extend north and south through
the State for four hundred miles. The rivers which drain this interior
basin unite near the base of Monte Diablo and flow through the strait of
Carquinez into the Bay of San Francisco. This inland sea, seventy-five
miles in length by an average width of fifteen miles, trends northwest-
erly with the coast range. The valley in which it lies, sometimes called
the valley of the Bay of San Francisco, is situated between an outer and
inner coast range, the former separating it from the Pacific Ocean, the latter
from the interior of the State. Nine bay counties, San Francisco, San
Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, Solano, Napa, Sonoma and
Marin, contain half the assessed wealth, and at least half the population of
the State, with less one twenty-fifth of its area. The principal cities of
the bay system are San Francisco, Oakland, Alameda, San Jose, San
Mateo, Petaluma, and the university towns of Berkeley and Palo Alto.
The northwest coast counties are Marin, Sonoma, Mendocino and Hum-
boldt, with a frontage of two hundred and fifty miles on the coast and an
average width of one hundred miles inland to the Sacramento Valley. Of
these counties Marin and Sonoma have both a bay and ocean frontage. It
is thirty miles, across the bay, from the southern boundary of Sonoma to
San Francisco. The northwest coast counties
differ in topography, soil and climate from
the rest of the State. The ocean, that great
conservator of climate, equalizes the tem-
perature throughout the year ; they have an
abundant rainfall, and during the sum-
mer months the atmosphere from
A Petaluma Residence Street.
*Photoffraphs by W. J. Street.
PET ALUM A 687
the near-by sea supplies all the moisture needed for plant life. The face
of the country is broken by a complex system of ranges, interlaced with
valleys of greater or less extent, some of which are more than a hundred
miles in length. The soil of both hills and valleys is extremely fertile ;.
its pastures are perennially green. Of the entire dairy product of the
State for the year 1901, aggregating 29,730,882 pounds, Marin, Sonoma
and Humboldt produced twelve million pounds, nearly one-half of the
whole. Of the world-famed redwood forests of California, over eighty per
cent are in the northwest coast counties. The vast agricultural resources
of this region, though white for the harvest, are almost untouched. It is
off the main lines of travel through the State, and the possibilities in its-
future development are unknown or unappreciated. The California and
Northwestern road runs for one hundred and forty miles into this district,,
and is its only outlet to the Bay of San Francisco. Petaluma is the natural
shipping point and principal source of supply of the northern coast counties.
Sonoma is the most populous and wealthy of the coast counties. Peta-
luma, its chief commercial city, is situated at the head of a navigable
estuary leading inland from the bay of San Pablo, thirty-five miles from
San Francisco. Its great extent of back country, its highly improved sur-
roundings, its location at the head of tide-water navigation, its advantage
for manufactures, its cheap fares and freights, give it great commercial
and local importance. Its transportation facility equals the large demand
upon it. Eight trains of the California and Northwestern road arrive and
leave Petaluma every day. The steamer Gold makes daily trips to and
from San Francisco, carrying both freight and passengers. There are
twenty sailing vessels employed regularly in its trade, beside a number of
casuals. Low freights are a great factor in the profit of the producer.
Shippers from Petaluma have an advantage of two dollars a ton on all
freights to and from San Francisco, which appears and reappears in the
course of a year on the profit side of a farmer's ledger.
Petaluma is a beautifully situated city. The rich level valley of Peta-
luma, which merges into Sonoma Mountain, arable and fertile to its sum-
mit, lies directly in its front, and a broad expanse of valley and hill land,
the center of an enormous dairy and poultry interest, lies in its rear.
There are more small farms, of from five to forty acres, in its environ-
ment than in any town in the State. All are under intensive culture, and
properly cared for, each yields a handsome support for a family. The sub-
division of large tracts is rapidly extending the circle of its small hold-
ings.
The poultry business grew to its present proportions, and was bringing
to the city an immense cash revenue, almost before the people themselves,
were aware of it. Nearness to market, adaptability of climate, and the
invention of a successful incubator, by a prominent and ingenious citizen
of the city, had much to do with the expansion of the business. It cost&
but ten cents freight to ship a package of thirty-six dozen eggs to San
Francisco, or twenty cents a case by express with free delivery at both ends-
of the route, the empty package returned free of charge. The erection of a
large ,cold storage plant was also a great help. During the past three
months eggs to the value of over $35,000 have been purchased and placed
in cold storage, thus relieving the market of its spring surplus, raising
prices to a paying basis for the entire year. It stimulated production, and
one of its good results was to lower the price for the close fall season,
benefiting the producer, local merchant and the consumer. It reduced to-
a minimum the competition of Eastern with California poultrymen, a
benefit tolthe entire State.
688
OUT WEST
Petaldma from Quarry Uill.
Petaluma is a spot cash town. Its merchants pay cash on the nail for
all farm products, from a dozen egg-s to one thousand tons of hay, a ton of
butter, a hundred bales of hops, or any other staple in any amount, and
there is never a suggestion that a dollar so paid should be spent over the
purchaser's counter. The poultry trade had much to do with fixing busi-
ness on a cash basis, the gold cure for financial stagnation. On the 23rd
of March of this year local merchants paid out $5,700 cash for eggs alone ;
for the week ending March 29th they paid out $18,388.10 for poultry
products, not including direct shipments, which would increase the amount
to $25,000 for the week. The volume of business, when the fruit, hay and
grain harvest is on, may be imagined from this total of a single product
in a week of March. Petaluma pays a million dollars a year in cash for
poultry products, with an immense output of other staples, as will be seen
from the list of exports taken from a statistical table prepared by its
Board of Trustees, herewith given : Wheat, corn, barley, oats, hay, pota-
toes, hops, wine, wool, olive oil, sugar beets, grapes, prunes, pears, plums,
peaches, cherries, apples, berries of all kinds, citrus fruits, English wal-
nuts, almonds, asparagus, tomatoes, artichokes, celery, onions and cucum-
bers for pickling, butter, milk, cream, cheese, tanbark, cordwood, railroad
ties, and curly redwood for furniture, beef, cattle, horses, sheep, spring
A Pbtaluma Crickbn Rancr.
PET ALU MA
689
lambs, milch cows and calves. Nothing could better show the productive-
ness of the country around Petaluma than this surprising list of its ex-
ports. The county as a whole produces one thousand tons of butter a year,
sixteen thousand bales of hops, four million gallons of wine, and one
thousand tons of hay for export. Its output of green and dried fruits of
all kinds is difficult to estimate in figures, but is as large as any county in
the State, with the possible exception, in prunes only, of Santa Clara
county. Its production of pickled olives, olive oil, and citrus fruits is in-
creasing, and the time is approaching when olive oil will be in the front
line of its exports, all of which must be shipped from or by way of
Petaluma.
The apple in Sonoma, as in most of the coast counties, and wherever the
tree flourishes, is the king of fruits. It is very productive in the orchards
Meal Time.
fSSKjfflpwrajg
around Petaluma. Apple orchards, of the best varieties for export,
thoroughly well cared for, and from twenty to twenty-five years old, will
yield from eight hundred to one thousand dollars an acre profit per annum.
Young and neglected trees or poor varieties will scarcely pay cost of pro-
duction, but with care in selection of trees, intensive culture, and careful
marketing, apples pay the profit named, in Sonoma county. The fruit,
carefully picked and packed, is shipped direct from the orchard to the
East, or European or Asiatic markets. The cherry is also a profitable
crop. Cherry Valley, commencing almost in the corporate limits of Peta-
luma, ships many tons of this fruit, whose ripening overlaps the citrus
harvest of the preceding year. Asparagus for export is grown near Peta-
luma, and pays a profit of one hundred and eighty dollars a year per acre ;
690
OUT WEST
the soil is also well suited for rhubarb, the popular pie plant, of which
there is a large exportation to the East.' Sugar-beets, containing twenty-
five per cent of saccharine in three hundred ton tests, are grown on the
marsh lands near Petaluina. The price of land ranges from $40 to $200 an
acre, according to quality, location and improvements.
Petaluma is an excellent point for the establishment of manufactories;
it has already made a good start in that direction. It has the largest in-
cubator factory in the world. Outside of our own country its distribution
has extended to Australia, New Zealand, Central America, Argentine Re-
public, Cuba, France, England, Holland and Russia. Over four hundred
were shipped to Australia on a single steamer. They are all made of Cali-
A PkTALUMA BUSINKSS SlKKKl.
fornia redwood. The only silk mill west of the Mississippi is in Petaluma.
Its product is shipped to the East, all parts of Mexico, South America and
to British America and Australia. It has a boot and shoe factory, three
tanneries, two lumber manufacturing plants, a saddle tree factory, a can-
nery and a large cold storage plant. There is also a large export trade in
crushed rock and paving stone to San Francisco. Petaluma is nearer to
San Francisco than Paterson, New Jersey, is to New York, and there is no
reason why its manufactures should not be as large. That it will advance
with San Francisco is as certain as the rise and fall of the same ocean
tide in both cities.
The climate of Petaluma is that of the bay counties, at all times mod-
erate, even in its extremes. It has the winter temperature of Southern
Florida, though ten degrees farther north than the Atlantic peninsula.
The marvelous effect of the moisture-bearing sea breeze upon all plant
and tree life was not appreciated by early settlers in Sonoma county,
though it was apparent enough in the enormous growth of the redwood
PETALUMA
691
tree, which attained a diameter of fifteen feet and a height of two hundred
and fifty feet. Michel Gillem of Green Valley, and the Mock brothers of
Vallejo Township, just opposite Petaluma, were the first to demonstrate
that all kinds of fruit and other trees could be grown without irrigation.
There were other observers of nature's methods later on in the history
of the county; among them the most practical was Harrison Mecham.
Mr. Mecham owned a treeless ranch of five thousand acres, seven miles
from Petaluma. It was open on one side to the winds of Tomales Bay,
which drew inland every day, increasing in strength as the air grew
warmer in the valleys beyond. Not far north were the grand and towering
forests of Russian River Valley and its foothills. Reasoning by analogy,
Mr. Mecham concluded that the same climatic conditions existed on his
ranch and would produce like results, less the modification of local differ-
ences in soil and exposure. This led him up to the most successful experi-
ment in tree culture on the Pacific Coast or elsewhere, with the possible
Petaluma City Hall.
exception of that of Mr. Stratton of Alameda county. He selected the
eucalyptus tree, then recently introduced, for his experiment. Everyone
now knows that the eucalpytus tree is a gross feeder, a rapid grower, and
well suited to the climate of California, but they did not know it then, and
the fact that they have forgotten that they did not know it in no way
lessens the credit due Mr. Mecham for his correct forecast of unknown
conditions. He began twenty-six years ago by planting a row of young
trees, not much larger than cabbage plants, eight feet apart each way, for
three miles in length, on the windward side of his ranch, and groves of
from ten to forty acres where he thought they would best subserve his
purpose, mainly on the higher points of the tract, in all eighty-five thou-
sand trees, covering perhaps three hundred acres. Some of his neighbors
said they now knew Mecham had gone crazy. Nevertheless he plowed the
land, planted the trees, and left them to the care of the Creator of the
" Roblar de Miseria," an indigenous forest of black oak and madrono,
which once grew just south, and the redwood giants just north of him.
PET ALUM A
693
View p-kom the Drawbridge.
His faith was well founded. In a few years he had wood for his own use
and wood to sell to his wise neighbors, who always knew a man could grow
a forest anywhere if he only had thought to plant it. In twenty-six years
he had a magnificent avenue of trees, three miles long and from one hun-
dred and twenty- five to one hundred and fifty feet high, between the wind
and his pasture land. He had groves of trees scattered over his land from
which he could cut from three to four hundred cords of wood, worth from
eight hundred to twelve hundred dollars to the acre. Beside this direct profit
of a quarter million dollars in the trees, Mr. Mecham estimated that they
added fifty dollars an acre to every acre of his land, if the value of the
modification in climate can be estimated at all in money. To protect his
residence, barns and outbuildings he planted groves of trees from a
quarter to half a mile away, to deflect the current of the prevailing winds
from the house and grounds, on the principle that a current of water loses
its force by frequent bends and turns in its channel. None of the groves
were near enough to intercept the sunshine or in any way interfere with
the house or its surroundings.
The modification of the climate on the entire ranch was astonishing, the
^94
OUT WEST
trees stripped the summer winds of their moisture, the rainfall was in-
■creased, the pastures were benefited, and the mean winter temperature
was raised several degrees. Luther Burbank, the widely known creator of
new plants and trees, recently told Mr. Mecham that his experiment was
of inestimable value to the State. Sterne, the clerical philosopher, said
there were only three thing's a man could do in a lifetime, and one of the
three was to plant a tree. What shall be said, if this be true, of the man
who planted and grew, in his lifetime, a forest of one hundred thousand
trees. Mr. Mecham is a humanitarian as well as an enterprising citizen.
He gave a thousand acres of land in trust to the city of Petaluma, the in-
come from which is to be forever devoted to the use of the deserving poor
of that city. He is a territorial pioneer, one of those who blazed the way
to this State, and marked its path of progress. He is a typical western
American citizen, of the class who made the wilderness bloom with trees
Hacienda of the Pbtaluma Rancho.
(Built by (iov. W. G. Vallejo, in 1850, from adobe, and still in perfect preservation).
and flowers; a practical Luther Burbank, who took a short cut to the end
of scientific investigation.
Petaluma has a population of ten thousand in and around the city; a
rural mail delivery and telephone system which keep its people in touch
with the outside world. Its transportation facilities by land and water are
all that could be desired ; by rail to San Francisco the time is one and a
half hours, and the fare one dollar, and less by steamer. There are three
trains and one steamer trip every day to and from San Francisco. The
statistics of the State medical officers show that Petaluma has the lowest
death rate per thousand of record. They report eighty-five deaths in a
population of ten thousand, eight to the thousand on an annual average.
It has many handsome homes, around which are some remarkable examples
•of plant and tree growth, from thirty to thirty-five years old. It is sur-
PET ALUM A
695
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A Petaluma Rksidence.
rounded by many handsome building- sites with views of great extent and
variety. The city hall is an eleg-ant modern structure. Its public schools
have long been noted for their efificiency, and its school buildings are
large and imposing. It has a free kindergarten school endowed by an en-
terprising citizen, and an academy conducted by the Sisters of Charity.
There are ten churches in the city, some of which are housed in handsome
and impressive structures. All the leading social and benevolent societies
are represented in Petaluma. It is fortunate in its public press, an im-
portant factor in its past and future progress. There are two daily and
three weekly papers ; one of the latter is a poultry journal conducted with
exceptional ability. It has a large and well selected public library, a well
managed building association, which has enabled a number of persons to
build homes on the installment plan, and a Rochdale cooperative store.
It has four banks of the highest financial standing, many fine business
blocks, and business houses carrying stocks commensurate with the large
wholesale and retail demand upon them. More millionaires and successful
financiers now operating there and elsewhere in the State made their start
in Petaluma than in any other town of its size in northern California.
The city has an abundant supply of pure fresh water and exceptionally
low water rates. Its sewers are flushed every day by the tide of the bay.
The fire organization of the city consists of five companies with three
thousand two hundred feet of hose and forty-two hydrants. There is a
pressure of sixty pounds to the inch on the mains. The water for fire pur-
poses is stored in a reservoir at an elevation of one hundred and seventy-five
feet. The reserve reservoir has a capacity of five million gallons. It is
furnished with electricity for power and light by the California Central
Electric Company, drawing its supply from the Sierra Nevada mountains,
one hundred and seventy miles away, the longest transmission of this
elusive force in the world. An electric streetcar system will soon be in-
augurated.
696
OUT WEST
Onk of Petaluma's Plazas.
Petaluma has one unique distinction, which remains to be mentioned ;
the ladies of the city are abreast with — if not in advance of — the progress
around them. It is not unsafe to say, they were its forerunners. They or-
ganized the first Ladies' Improvement Club on the Pacific Coast, and have
kept it in front of all its kith ever since, its rightful place as the mother of
a numerous family of clubs. Letters came from all parts of the Coast and
the East asking for their by-laws and methods, all of which were gener-
ously answered. They first roused the practical and busy Petalumans to
the esthetic side of their surroundings, and have since done much to im-
prove the streets and ornament the parks and grounds of the public
buildings of the city. They are now about to erect an ingeniously con-
trived electric town clock, illuminated and visible, day and night, from all
parts of the city, a most commendable work ; not that the men of Petaluma
are giving to staying out late at night, but if they should happen by acci.
dent to do so, the ever moving fingers of time on the face of that omni-
present and omniscient clock
" Will warn the truant to return and say
My dear, I was the first to come away."
In conclusion, Petaluma offers inducements for the capitalist as a manu-
facturing center and for its commercial possibilities. It invites the man of
moderate means, because its lands are in small holdings and freights do not
absorb its profits. It invites the workingman, because there is a demand
for skilled and unskilled labor, and honest labor can always be .sold for
honest dollars in its markets.
' OF TMt
UNIVERSITY
Petaluma Homes.
GENUINE PLEASURE AND REAL SATISFACTION
are assured to all who use
Packer's Tar Soap
" Packer's Tar Soap costs more than some other soaps, but it is worth
every cent they ask for it. It is made from the best materials that money
can buy, and its purity makes it a delijs'ht to use it."—(;oo(/ Housekeeping,
July. 1891.
'^^■^^^M^'^^
Th« PaicKer Mfrf. Company. N«w YorK
OUT WEST
Office of Publication:
115 SovitH Droad-way i»t floor
I^os Angeles, California
Published Monthly by
OUT WEST COMPANY incohpor*t.o
SUCCESSORS TO
THE LAND OF SUNSHINE PUBLISHING CO.
KINGSLEY-BARNES dt NEUNER CO.
BRANCH OFFICES
RoBT. A. Thompson, Manaser San Francisco Office— 310
Pine Street.
Sharlot M. Hall, Manasrer Arizona Office — Prescott.
John H. Hamlin, Manag-er Nevada Office— Reno.
Entered at the Los Ang-eles Postoffice as second-class matter.
OFFICERS
Cyrus M. Davis, President
Chas. F. Lummis, Vice-President
M. C. Neuner, Secretary
L. H. Carpenter, Treasurer
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Cyrus M. Davis L. H. Carpenter
Chas. F. Lummis R. W. Rogers
M. C. Neunek C. a. Moody
F. A. Pattee
CORRECTIONS.
In a small part of the edition of Out West
for May, Mt. Hood appeared to have been
moved over into the State of Washington.
At the request of an ex-president of the
Mazamas, it has been returned to its rightful
place in Oregon.
Through an oversight, proper credit was
not given to the artists whose courtesy made
it possible to properl5' illustrate the article
on the "Biennial," in the May Out WEST.
The photographs were supplied by Marceau,
of this city, Ethel Phoebe Bailey and Anna
Desmond
BOUND AND UNBOUND VOLUMES OF
THIS MAGAZINE
D
pUDGED either for quantity or quality, the fifteen volumes of The Land of Sunshine
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orders from other points.
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Never bums the leather ; its
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Stitches kept from breaking.
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of a physician and electrician know throusrbout this conn-
try and Europe. A most perfect complexion beautifier.
Will remove wrinkles, " crow's-feet " (premature or from
aire), and all facial blemishes —POSITIVE. Whenever
electricity is to he used for massaarinir or curative pur-
poses, it has no equal. No charfrincr. It will last forever.
Always ready for use on ALL PARTS OF THE BODY,
for all diseases. For Rheumatism, Sciatica, Neuraliria.
Nervous and Circulatory Diseases, a specific. The pro-
fessional standing- of the inventor (you are referred to the
public press for the past fifteen years), with the approval
of thisconntry and Europe, isaperfect guarantee. PRICE:
Gold, $4.00. Silver, f3.00. By mail, or at office of Gibbs'
Company, 1370 Bkoadway, New York. Circular free.
The Only £lectrlc Roller. All others are frauda-
1<>nt Imitatinns.
Copvrijrht.
"Can take a pound a day oflf a! patient, or put it on. "—
iVew fori .s:un, Aug. 30. iS9\. Send for lecture on "Great
Subjectof Fat." no dieting, no harp work.
Dr. John Wilson Gibbs' Obesity Cure
For the Permanent Reductlcn and f ure of Obesity.
Purely Vearetable. Harmless and Positive. NO FAIL-
URE. Your reduction is assured — reduced to stay. One
month's treatment $5.00. Mail, or office, 1370 Broadway,
N. Y. "On obesity. Dr. Gibbs is a recognized authority."
—Neia rork Press, 1899. rcouction ouanantccd.
The cure is based on Nature's laws.— A^^b/ I'ork Her-
ald," Juiv <). \m<).
BAMPLK : FROM RVANS «i SUNS, MM., NKW YORK
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
TWs shows the actual size
of the POCKET POCO closed.
Every Condition of Vhotography
is met by the Pocket Poco, the smallest, and lightest complete photographic instrument made;
the only pocket camera that carries plates or films with equal facility; the only pocket camera
having a stationary ground glass necessary to perfect focusing. The Pocket Poco, closed,
measures IjA inches thick, S% inches high, A]4 inches wide ; weighs but 17 ounces. Takes a
Picture 3%xA% inches. With all its advantages, the price of the
POCKET POCO
is $9-00, about half the price of other pocket cameras making the same size picture. Ask to see
it at the dealers, or send for the Poco book describing the full line of Poco Cameras — FREE.
ROCHESTER CAMERA and SUPPLY CO.. 200 Poco St.. Rochester, N. Y.
Plea«e Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
I BEAyilfOL MMILIJA MU |
The Beauties of Matilija Springs, near Nordhoff, in Ventura County, cannot
be told in words or in photographs. It must be seen to be appreciated.
Altitude 1000 feet. Bubbling curative springs, tumbling waterfalls and towering
cliflfs. Air bracing and free from fo^s. Far enough from the sea to get its
ozone freed from the chill of a direct ocean atmosphere.
An Ideal
Winter and
Summer
Resort
A Place
to Rest
The Best
in the
West
By tH« Cr««K
Under the vigorous inspiration of the new owner, Mr. S. P. Creasinger, the
Los Angeles capitalist, this famous resort has had a thorough rejuvenation, and
has been put under new management. Just recently Mr. Creasinger has pur-
chased additional land adjoining Matilija, which now gives him a beautiful
forest park of 400 acres.
THE ACC0IV1IV10DATI0NS are ample. There is a general store where all
necessaries can be purchased. One may obtain rooms in cottages, California
houses or tents, while in the upper part of the canon fine shady grounds have
been set apart for campers. There is a large dining-room with excellent table
service (and at Matilija one has an appetite). RATES are from SlO to $25 per
week for room and t>oard, but one may obtain a tent or one may rent grounds
for camping for $1 a week and up.
■ Matilija Sprinjrs can be reached by Southern Pacific trains to
I Nordhofif, via Ventura, thence by a charming stage ride of 5 miles.
Address : MATILIJA, VENTURA COtlMTY, CAL.
OK S. P. CREASINGER, 218 S. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
•«^^*!!oJJo**^35*^Jfe^^!K^^^)fe^)Jo^lft^ift!fe^^^^^)Jo^)Jo)Jo^^^^)?'
♦?
<9
49
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49
<9
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
49
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IF YOU WANT THE CREAM OF CALIFORNIA
LOOK TOWARD THE TOR OF THE MAP
The Sacramento Valley
Offers better opportunities to Home Seekers, all things
considered, than any other part of the State. Fertile
Soil, Perfect Climate, Beautiful Natural Surroundings.
The Orang-e, Olive and Fig-, as well as all Decidu-
ous Fruits, reach their Greatest Perfection Here.
A HOME IN THE SACRAMENTO VALLEY
XKe Sacramento "Valley Development Association has been formed,
among other purposes, to furnish any enquirer with reliable and impartial
information about any locality in the Valley. The Vice-Presidents of the
Association, for the different counties, are as follows :
J. W. Kaerth, Colusa, Colusa Co.
C. W. Thomas, Woodland, Yolo Co.
E. A. Forbes, Marysville, Yuba Co.
H. P. Stabler, Yuba City, Sutter Co.
R. M. Green, Oroville, Butte Co.
Morris Brooke, Sacramento,
Sacramento Co.
P. R. Garnett, Willows, Glenn Co.
Raleig-h Barcar, Vacaville, Solano Co.
C. F. Foster, Corning-, Tehama Co.
J. H. Wills, Auburn, Placer Co.
J. J. Chambers, Redding, Shasta Co.
J. M. Walling, Nevada City, Nevada Co.
W. C. Green, Georgtown, El Dorado Co.
Any of them will promptly and fully answer enquiries.
Tbe Sdcramento Vdlley Development Ass'n
W. S. Green, PresL, Colusa, Cal.
F. E. Wright, Secy., Colusa, Cal.
J*
5>
|^oj;opoj;op^opopopoporoj|^op^Qp^ororoj^orQroporo^
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Before Locating in California
MaKe a THorovi^K
Investigation of
San Joaquin County
It has the most fertile lands in the State at the lowest prices.
It has a navigable river and numerous railroads, causing the lowest
transportation charges in the State.
Its markets are constant and active for all farm produce.
It offers the best opportunity for the farmer or home-seeker that can
be found on this coast.
LOOK INTO THIS BEFORE YOU SETTLE PERMANENTLY,
FOR IT MAY MEAN A BIO SAVING TO YOU
Call on or address Stockton Chafnber of Commerce^ Stockton^ Cal.^ or
the Chamber'' s Branch Office at 6io S. Broadway, Los Angeles, Cal.
San Joaquin County
IS THE PLACE
FOR YOU
Fruit, Vineyard, Alfalfa, Vegetable and Grain land for sale at
prices so low you will scarcely believe it possible. We have the BEST
BARGAINS in Farm lands to be found in the United States.
San Joaquin County is the center of agricultural California. Noth-
ing can stop it from becoming the center of the State's population.
Call and Look Over Our Lists
n. C. NORRIS & CO., 247 Wilcox Block, Los Angeles
Or write to our Correspondents, EATON & BUCKLEY, Stockton, C*I.
Help — All Kindt. See Hummel Broe. & Co., 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
»%.»%♦■»♦% »♦♦♦♦%%< ♦♦♦♦■♦■♦-♦^ <
THREE THOUSAND DOLLARS
Buys the finest 10--Acre Lemon and Orange RancH in So.
California. Nice 3 - IVoom Cottag'e, Barn, lots of water. Very
choice neighborhood. Healthiest part of State. Very even temperature.
This place cost present owner $5,000, and is only offered for sale on account of his beinu appointed to a
higrh position with one of California's largest railroads, necessitating- his removal to another part of the
State. This is a chance seldom offered for you to secure a barg-ain. For further particulars call or address
J. M. McLEOD, 123 SOUTH'2BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES. CALIFORNIA
>»»»■»»»»*%»»»♦♦*♦»»♦♦»»»»»♦%♦%%%»>
PASADENA
/ SELL ORANGE ORCHARDS
That pay a steady investment, with grood water
rijfhts. I have them in the suburbs of Pasadena,
finely located for homes, also in the country for
profit. Fine homes in Pasadena a specialty.
REAL ESTATE:,
iNSURANCfc.
16 S. Raymond Ave.,
Pasadena, Cal.
lis S. Broadway
Los Ang-eles, Cal.
REDLANDS
ORANGE GROVE
An extra BARGAIN — 24>^ acres
bearing oranges, cement flumes, house,
barn, horses, wagon and farming im-
plements. One of the finest sites on
Redlands Heights. On electric car line.
Call or write for particulars of this
and other properties in Redlands.
JOHN P. FISK
First Nat'l Bank Blk. Redlands, Cal.
SAN FRANCISCO
Visitors and tourists, as well as old residents who are
expecting- friends from the East, will be glad to learn
that they can now secure DeWitt'S Guide to San
Francisco for only 35 cents. It contains just the in-
formation tourists wish, is systematically and attract-
ively arranged, and gives a very clear idea of the city
and how best to see it. A fine new map is also inserted.
F. M. DeWitt
3i8 Post Street San Francisco, Cal.
PORTERVILLE
(itrus dnd Deddiious fruits
FARMING, STOCK RAISING
DAIRYING, MINING, LUMBERING
PORTERVILLE, CALifORWiA
Offers better inducements to the Homeseeker
than any other portion of the United
States. For particulars address
SECRETARY BOARD OF TRADE
PORTERVILLE, CALIFORNIA
1
We Sell the Earth
BASSETT & SMITH
We deal in all kinds of Real Estate, Orchard and
Residence Property. Write for descriptive pamphlet.
Room 208, 202>^ S. BROADWAY
NOLAN & SMITH BLOCK LOS ANGELES, CAL.
LOS ANGELES
1
' Land Agent for I. W. Hellman, the largest property owner
in Los Angeles City.
P. A. STANTON 144 s. broadway
REAL ESTATE LOS ANGELES, CAL.
References ; Farmers and Merchants Bank, Los Angeles ;
Nevada National Bank, Sati Francisco.
REDLANDS
ORANGE GROVES
209 Orange Street
For reliable information as to cost,
care and culture of Redlands
Oranere Groves, call on or address
C. H. FOWLER
Redlands, Cal.
SIX THOUSAND DOLLARS
Buys the best 20-acre lemon ranch for the price, in Southern California. Good six-room house, barn,
packing-house, etc. Located in SAN DIEGO COUNTY, only ten miles from San Dieeo city, and
near railroad, school, church, etc. There is no part of Southern California which has a finer climate or
better class of people. This property cost over $8,000. It belongs to a business man in Los Angeles, which
is the only reason for disposing- of it. For further particulars write to
R. W. POINDEXTER CO., 309 Wilcox Block, Los Angeles, Cal.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
OF ARIZONA
T. L. MAHTIN, SmCRETARY
PASAOKNA, Oil..
THIS
COMPANY
HAS A SMALL
BLOCK OF
STOCK
FOR SALE
ADDRESS THE PRESIDENT
A OLumrmm of
ORANGE LAND
NEAR OROVILLE. THE COUNTY
SEAT OF BUTTE COUNTY,
Where orang-es ripen and reach Eastern markets six weeks earlier
than thofe of Sonthern California. Finest Navel Oranges
li» tHe "World. One-half mile from Oroville is the largest
navel orange orchard 'in California. In the Citj of Oroville is the
largest olive pickling plant in the United States, and within three
miles are the largest decidnona fruit orchards in the world.
Orange and Olive output exceeding 300
carloads annually. Semi-tropical cli-
mate all the year. Cheapest irrigation
water and plenty of it from Feather River flowing through Oroville,
along which there in excellent hunting and fishing and sumnu-i
camping.
Unimproved Orange and OUve Land. $20 to $100 per Acre, accord-
ing to location. A few highly Improved and profitable orchards. Write for particulars to
D. C. McCALLlM, OROVILLE, BUTE COUNTY, CAL.
PltAtt Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
OLDEST AND LARGEST BANK IN SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA
THE mmi m mmm bai
OF LOS ANGELES
Capital, Surplus and Profits
Deposits
Incorporated 1871
$1,398,389.00
7,500,000.00
OFFICERS'
I. W. Hellman, Pres. H. "W. Hellman, Vice-Pres.
J. A. Graves, 2nd Vice-Pres. Charles Sbyler, Cashier
G. Hbimann, Assistant Cashier
W. H. Perry
I. N. VanNuys
H. W. Hellman
A. Haas
DIRECTORS
I.W. Hellman, Jr.
J. A. Graves
J. F. Francis
Wm. Lacy
O.W. Childs
I.W. Hellman
C. E. Thorn
Drafts and Letters of Credit issued and Telefirraphic and
Cable Transfers to all parts of the world.
Special Safety Deposit Department and Storage Vaults.
W. C. Pattbrson. Prest. P. M. Green, Vice-Pres.
Frank P. Flint, Second VIce-Prest.
W. D. WOOLWINE, Cashier
E. W. COE, Assistant Cashier
O. J. WlQDAL "
lie [OS uim NfliiQi Bill
UNITED STATES DEPOSITARY
Cor. First and Spring Streets
Capital Stock .
Surplus and Profits over
$500,000.00
150.000.00
Largest capital of any National bank in Southern Cal-
ifornia. This bank is fortunate in having- a strong- direc-
tory and a large list of substantial stockholders.
Largest National Bank in Soutiiem California.
riRST NATIONAL BANK
OF LOS ANGELES
Designated Depositary of the United States.
Capital Stock $ 400,000
Surplus and Undivided Profits ove,- 360,000
Deposits 4,750,000
J. M. Elliott, Prest. W. G. Kekckhofh, V.-IVest.
J. C. Drake, Second V.-Prest.
W. T. S. Hammond, Cashier
J. D. Bicknell
J. M. Elliott
DIRECTORS
H. Jevne
F. Q. Story
J. .C Drake
W. G. Kerckhoff
J. D Hooker
All Departments of a Modern Banking Business Conducted
CORPORATION SUPPLIES
We make a specialty of the PRINTING, STATIONERY,
ENGRAVING and other requisites of Incorporated
Companies, including Stock Certificates, Slock
Journals and Ledgers, Seals, Prospectuses, etc., etc.
SAMPLES and ESTIMATES sent on request.
Steel Die and Copperplate Printing
Only the Very Best Work,
and Ready When Promised.
Offices and
Stationery Dept.:
115
S. BROADWAY
.Tis^jiinaiiiiwlMiT
Works:
113-115-117-119
S. BROADWAY
( rear )
LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
Reference: State Bank
and Trust Company
We Are Offering
A LIMITED AMOUNT OF SHARES OF THE
PHONE
JOHN 8131
Riverside (opper (ompy at 5 ams a sham
$20.00 for 10 months carries 4000 shares
25.00 " •' 5000 "
45.00 " " 10000 "
OR ON INSTALLMENTS AS FOLLOIVS ;
$ 2.50 for 10 months carries 500 shares
5.00 " " 1000 "
10.00 " " 2000 "
15.00 " " 3000 "
Notice the advance in price from last month. Send for prospectus before prices go up again.
MINING INVESTMENT AND BROKERAGE COMPANY
J. M. GRAYBILL. Vice-Pres. and Treas. 333-384 WILCOX BLOCK. LOS ANGELES
Reference — State Bank and Trust Company.
PRANK P. BURCH, Cashier
Telephone Main 942
Southern California Grain and Stock Co.
Share and Grain Brokers New York Markets.
Correspondents in Pomona, San Bernardino,
Redlands, Riverside and San Dieg'o.
118 STIMSON BLOCK
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
COR. THIRD AND
SPRING STREETS
Hummel Bros. & Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS
jr
CUMNOCK SCHOOL OF EXPRESSION
l5<Hi KiirutToa St., Los Aiurek-s
A BCh<K»l for perHonal culture for youiiir nieii and
women. Fourdopartnients Expression. En^lisH.
Physical Cvtltur*. Dramatic .Art. StudentH
may entpr at any time and take part or all of course.
VisitorH to Cumnock H.'ill wt-lcomc Cataloiruc u|Kin
application. A.cldie Murphy Crig^,
Tei,. HlCo25il. Director.
ST. VINCENT'S COLLEGE
GRAND AVBNUE LOS ANGELES. CAL.
A Botrdins «nd OtyCollag* for Boy« and Young Men
COLRSCS : classical, Scientific, Commercial and
'- Academic
For further Informttion addrett REV. J. S. GLASS. C. M., D. D.
THE
HARVARD
SCHOOL
( MILITARY )
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
An Bnsrlliih Classical Boardinir and
Day School for Uoys.
GRENVILLE C. EMERY, A. B.
Head Master.
References : Chas. W. Eliot, LL.U.
PreHident Harvard University.
Hon. Wm. P. Prye, Pres't pro leni.
U. S. Senate.
THE LOS ANGELES MILITARY
=ACADEMY=
EIQIITII YEAR, 1901-1902.
A Mlect Boardinir and Day School. Pre-
pareH for colleireH, g-overnment schoolR,
technical hcHooIh and buHinesH. Faculty
^ large, competent, experienced ; all depart-
mentH thoroughly equipi>cd; location near
all city advantages, yet Hufliciently Iso-
lated to be beyond demoralizing influence
and dangers.
Before deciding uiion a school, investi-
gate the advantages we ofTer. Special rates
during vacation. Illustrated catalocrue upon
application.
Telephone Main 1556.
WALTER J. BAILEY, A. M..
Principal.
CAPT. CHARLES KIBNBR,
Comma nd«nt.
(Gnkkiato Vienna Military Academy.)
UNIVERSITY or SOUTHERN
EIOHT
8CB00LK
CALIFORNIA, LOS ANGELES
TNECOLLCCE. Faculty of 16. Ample equipment. Stndents
may pass from any class to the State University or any
in the East.
THE PREPARATORY SCHOOL. As "Chaffey" stood amone the
highest accredited schools in the State. Utmost pains taken
with physical development, manners and character, as
well as with the intellect.
University Station. Dean Wm. T. RMdaH. A. M.
PASADENA
130-154 S. EUCLID AVENUE
ENGLISH CUSSICAL SCHOOL FOR GIRLS
Boarding and Day Pupit,s
New Buildings. Gymnasium. Special care of health.
Entire charg-e taken of pupils during school year and
summer vacation. Certificate admits to Eastern Colleges.
Enro{>ean teachers in art and music. 12th year bearan
Oct., 1901. ANNA B. ORTON, Principal
Occidental College
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
Three Courses : Classical, Literary, Scientific,
leading- to deirrees of A. B., B. L.. and B. S. Thorongh
Preparatory Department and School of Music.
First semester begins September i5, 1901.
Address the President,
R«T. Ouy W. Wsdsworth.
BUSINESS COLLEGE
24 Post Street San Francisco. Cal.
The Leading Business Training School of the
West. Prepares Young Men and Women
for Business Careers.
|0 rirkf) Graduates now successfully
"'^^^ applyintr their knowledge.
3'^flfl Stenographers
,OUU trained a
1,000
450
300
274
250
65
53
40
28
17
7
3
have been
at Ueald's.
Nearly 1.000 pupils enrolled
last year.
Average daily attendance.
Nearly 300 g-radnates last
year.
Positions filled dnringr the
year.
Additional positions offered
last year that could not l>e
filled for lack of graduates.
Typewriting machines in
the Typing Department.
Counties in California repre-
sented last year.
Heald's Business College is
nearly 40 years old.
Teachers employed in the
school.
States and Territories sent
students to the coUegv
last year.
Foreign countries were rep-
resented in the student y
l>ody last year.
There are three Banks in
the Business Practice 3
Department.
School is open the entire year, day and night.
WRITC FOR ILLUSTRATCO CATALOQUC FRCC
18,000
3,500
1,000
450
300
274
250
65
53
40
28
17
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
los Aq^e/e6
212 iA^EST THIRD ST.
Is the oldest established, has the largest attendance, and is the best equipped business college
on the Pacific Coast. Catalogue and circulars free. Telephone Black 2651.
^ "Barker s^^ND^
^"^^n'cnUars ft Cuffs f//^^-
fAH°Rv WestT^oy. }iY.^^£l^'
SACHS BKOS & CO.
San Francisco Coast Agcntg
f> Idle Money n
in smail or large amounts can be safely, wisely
and profitably invested where it can earn ad-
ditional money for itself. Opportunities contin-
ually present themselves to us for secure, legiti-
mate ai;d profitable invcstmentsof which we keep
our clients constantly advised. We invite cor-
respondence or calls from those desirous of
seeking the safe investment channels our services
offer. Our references and commercial standing
attest to our responsibility. Before making an
investment at all write us. Our advice will make
you our customer. The results will retain your
patronage. Address either oflSce. Dept. s
John R. Traise & Co.,
INVESTMENTS,
52 Broadway, - - New York.
Bank Floor, Unity Bidg., Chicago.
OUR
5
COUPON
GOLD BONDS
Secured by First Mortgages held in trust
by the State Bank and Trust Co., are as
SAFE as
GOVERNMENT BONDS
Six years of unqualified satisfaction.
Write for Booklet.
THE PROTKTIVE SAVINGS MUTUAL BUIIDINO AND lOAN ASS'N
101 N. BROADWAY, LOS ANGELES
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Mount (iiinpbell Omn^e Tract
( 2,000 acres). In Fresno County, Cal.
Soil— A vetfetable loam, rich in iron and
jxitash— no need of fertilizers. Water unlim-
ited (both ditch and reservoir) annual charge
under ditch 25c to SOc per acre per annum.
Immunity from Insect Pests — no Rust,
and the fruit clean and highly colored.
Early Fruit — The conditions of soil and
climate mature the orange for the Thanks-
giving and Christmas market when prices
are the best. Climate Favorable — Lo-
cation on slightly sloping bench land above
line of severe frosts. Price of land from
$75 to $150 per acre, with ditches made to the
land and ready for planting. An orange grove
here in full bearing will cost but little more
than vacant land in other sections of State.
The Mount Campbell Colony- of
three thousand acres immediately south of the
Mount Campl)ell Orange Tract is now being
sub-divided into twenty-acre lots, and will be
sold at $25 to $50 per acre — one-third cash,
and the balance in equal payments in three
and four years at six per cent interest. It is
strictly HigH Grade soil, level, and under
ditch, and suitable for citrus and deciduous
fruits, grapes and alfalfa.
Mount Campbell ToMrn Site, on the beauti-
ful Wahtoke Lake, is one of the beauty spots of Cali-
fornia-only 7 miles from Ret-dley on both the Southern
Pacific and Santa Ft- Railroads. Send for maps and
prospectus to "W. N. ROHRER. Fkksno, Cal.
TO SUBSCRIBERS
Look at the address label on the
wrapper in which this number of
OUT WEST reaches you. The
date on it shows the tin^e up to
which you have paid for the
maf(azine. If this is already past,
a ren^ittance would oblige us.
OUT WEST CO., ':^l^Z^''
Seasickness
Nervousness
Neuralgia
It is a mild
Laxative
Price lOc, 2Sc, SOc
and $1.00 Bottles
FOR SALE EVERYWHERE
J
* SRpMo
i
■1^ Cures
■ik. HEADACHES
^i
Fac-Simlles
of the
Latest Medals
Awarded at the
Pan-American
Exposition
to
^
■y:
r/i ^
I
Oof ADsolotely Pure and TliOfoy^lily A^ed Wines
C300D JUOOES ALWAYS KNOW THE BEST OOOOS
"•• -< - ""■I >■•" "ill It.-n tT snrr t,. rr.rl>r CAUFORNM'S CHOICEST VINTAGES. Wr «xill .Irlivr,
li. ymir ncarcxi rallrtnil i.tml..n, frrc nf frrlKlit. » laws ..f ..nr Hrst Awrtr.l Wines (rham|<aKnr cxcn'tfl)- l-i'li • ••>^<- "•"
lain* <>nr <|.i/rn <|iiart U>llln iHvr to thruallun) fur only »«« OO "'''»•><•«•'"<■''»'••«• ^*'"<^ f"' ""'v ttQ QO
EDWARD GERMAIN WINE CO.
393 TO 399 S. LOS ANGELES ST., LOS AN6ELES, CAL.
p. O. BOX 290
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Gnests desiring- rooms without board
will be accomodated.
H016I FiBasanion s.iS
Situated in a pleasant part of the city. Very con-
venient to all the theaters, churches and principal stores.
Two lines of cable cars pass the hotel. Sutter Street
line direct from the Ferries to the hotel and to Golden
Gate Park and other points of interest. Elegantly fur-
nished rooms, single or en suite, with or without private
bath. All modern improvements for the comfort and
safety of the guests. The excellence of the cuisine and
service are leading features, and there is an atmosphere
of home comfort rarely met with in a hotel.
Rates on the American plan, from $2.50 to $5.00 per day for one
person. Special terms by the week and to families.
O. M. BRENNAN, Proprietor.
Modern ness
is the spirit and fact of our entire establishment.
Our mechanical plant represents the most up-to-
— ^— ■— ^^— — date laundry equipment in the West, and includes
' — facilities, such as our " NO SAW EDGE on
Collars and Cuffs " machine, which is our own patent. Experience and circumstances
have enabled us to weed out inefficient help. Skillfulness, promptness and courtesy
prevail.
We occupy our own building, from the ground floor up, in the business center of
the city, and are therefore convenient of access. Call or phone.
Empire Laundry
Phone Main 635.
149 S. MAIN ST., LOS ANGELES
Satisfaction Guaranteed
WELLS' ICE CREAM and ICES
Our Creams and frozen dainties are made by careful workmen, and of the best
materials— Pure Cream, Fresh Ripe Fruit, Vanilla Beans, Chocolate, etc. — all the very
best. The results show for themselves. Our wholesale department is equipped to
supply orders for any amount in city or country. Shipments made promptly.
Wells Candy Co. 447 S. Spring St., los Angeles, (dl.
J TELEPHONE, MAIN 379
piy We have lately refitted and enlarged our Candy and Ice Cream Parlors. Every-
thing is new and neat. Prompt and first-class service. We serve ICE CRE.A.MS,
Ices, PuncHes, Fancy DrinKs, Hot CHocolate and Coffee, £^^ DrinKs, &ic.
>*lSfl«pdloma toilet5?ap
AX ALL.
DRUG STORES
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.M>^J<>i<J<^>OCiOCi<.>cv^K>^j«Ki^ uillllllllllillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllliiiu
IfieldMStrMl
FOR
BY
SPORTSMEN
SPORTSMEN
Pleasure and Comfort go Hand In
This can be had In the deliffbts
of Cyclins' when mounted on a
1902 Model
(leveldnd or Tribune
S35, S40, S50
Bicydej^ |
Is getting BIGGER and BETTER
every month. It is the most popular
Sportsman's Magazine in America.
New readers are wanted to appreciate
its fresh outdoor atmosphere. Every
lover of rod and gun or forest and
lake will be interested.
Subscription, $1.00 a Year
Single Copies, 10 cents
Bararains in Second-hand Bicycles.
List Mailed for the askinir.
S Ask for our special rates of five or S
S more subscriptions at one time. Ad- S
S dress all communications to Subscrip- s
S tion Department 5
LEAVITT
907-309 LJtRKIN ST.,
Branches: Los Angeles,
<£ BILL
SAN FRANCISCO
San Jose, Oakland
field ^ Stream
S 3S West 21st St. NEW YORK =
niiilllllllllilllllllllliiiiiillilllliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir:
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The ARGONAUT ?
It contains strongly American Editorials, Letters from Washington,
New York, London and Paris by trained correspondents ; its short
stories are famous and are widely copied throughout the United States ;
its selected Departments, both verse and prose, are edited with the
greatest care ; Art, Music, the Drama and Society notes are handled by
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The ARGONAUT is acknowledged by all to be the best Weekly on
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once having formed the habit of reading The ARGONAUT find they
CANNOT DO WITHOUT IT
Send us a postal card and we will forward you, postage paid, some
■ample copies.
The ARGONAUT PUBLISHING CO.
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^ieiv Books Just Published
AN ONLOOKER'S NOTEBOOK
By the Author of "Collections and Recollections"
The "Onlooker's Note-Book" is written in the same happy vein of humor as the
author's first success, "Collections and Recollections." It is a volume of reminiscence,
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mine of original anecdote.
$2,25 net (postage extra)
THE MEDITATIONS OF AN AtTOCRAPH COLLECTOR
By ADRIAN H. JOLINE
The chief interest in this interesting volume, apart from the valuable collection of
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come from every corner of the world, and are remarkably well told. It is a book every-
body will enjoy.
Half leather binding. Illustrated. $3.00 net (postage extra)
MARION MANNING
By EDITH EUSTIS
This is a story of Washington life by Mrs. Eustis, the daughter of the Hon. Levi P.
Morton. The author has lived for many years in Washington, and has drawn admir-
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$1.50
MARGARET VINCENT
By MRS. W. K. CLIFFORD, Author of "Mrs. Keith's Crime/' etc.
This, is the story of the adventures and love affairs of a beautiful young English
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HER SERENE HIGHNESS
By DAVID GRAHAM PHILLIPS
A novel that ranks in original plot and brilliant dialogue with the best work of
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HARDWICKE
By HENRY EDWARD ROOD
This is the story of the love of a young minister for a beautiful and attractive girl
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studies of the modern religious problem ever published.
$J.50
THE KING IN YELLOW
By ROBERT W. CHAMBERS, Author of ''Cardigan," ''Lorraine," etc.
This is a new edition of the novel from which Mr. Chambers first gained popular
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demand. jl^50
Harper & Brothers^ Publishers, New York
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m
§
NOW THE BEST AND CHEAPEST !
INDISPENSABLE IN THE MODERN OFFICE
Tlie Out West [Qfl^g-ledf W
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By this great time-saving- device, dead accounts are weeded out, live accounts
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The Out West Loose-leaf Ledger is "self-indexing-," provided with alphabet-
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The automatic locking device is free from springs, complicated parts and
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These Out West Loose-leaf books itn- lunmim miu f^cneral use in this section,
as fast as their advantages are understood. We can refer to leading Los Angeles
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Bernardino, Fresno, Bakersfield, etc., find them all we claim. The California
Title and Trust Co. at San Francisco is among our pleased patrons.
We will gladly send you full informaton if you are interested.
OUT WEST COMPANY
muocmmoiNQ KINGSLEY-BARNES <t NEUNER CO.
^niNTmms. book-binders, engravers and stationers
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QAUTE 8 CITY OF MEXICO
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STEAM and GASOLINE ENGINES
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Factory: THE BENICIA ASRICULTURAL WORKS
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San Francisco and SacrameRto
Catalogue Mailed
Free
WIND
MILL
WOODIN <& LITTLE
312-314 MARKET ST.. SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.
Dealers in GASOLINE ENGINES— 1>^, 2>^, 5, 8 and 12 Horse Power
Centrifugal, Triplex, Irrigating- and Power Pumps. Hand and "Wind
Mill Pumps. Wind Mills and Tanks. Iron Pipe, Fittings, Tools,
Horse Powers, etc.
DUCKS FROM DOOR-KNOBS.
LI' t a -t n
Some incubators promise everything in sight; either ducks from door-knobs, or
chicks from china nest eggs, and a full grown bird in a week or two. The
r^QTSxl U m3. won't do that
BATOR
I that. It's just a good
incubator — made for hatch-
ing eggs in the best possible way. It Is made on scientific principles, of good
honest material, by honest workmen. Consequently it will do ail that a good
incubator ought to do. We think our construction is a little better than any
others; weare sure we take pains; we know we please the people. If you
are looking for a machine that will hatch all the fertile eggs, you'll be
interested in THE PETAIUMA. Our large illustrated catalogue is sent
free upon request. wE PAY FREIGHT ANYWHERE IN UNITED STATES.
WE MAKE A GOOD BROODER, TOO
Pctaluma Incubator Co., petaluma California
' p. O. BOX H ■*
RR YOl INfl A PC HITFCT 300-301 LANKERSHIMBLK., Cor. 3rd and Spring Sts.
. D. T VJUi^VJ, /AKV.'III I C^I Telephone Mai nl51 LOS ANGELES, CAL.
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Throat Trouble Quickly
Cured FREE
«
If You Suffer from Sore Throat
HYDROZONE
Will Surely Cure You
A scicnlific germicide, iiniversallv endorsed by
phyHiciaiis. Abnolutely Harmleaa I To
demonstrate its wonderful efficiency, will send
li>r IOC. (which covers postage), A Bottia
HulMclent to Cure. Free.
Send for pamphlet, g-ivlncr facts rearardintr
this wonderful microbe destroyer. Address A
Prof. Chas. Marchand, 57 Prince St , New York 4
\
Maier & Zobeiein
Brewery
LOS ANGELES, CAL.
BOTTLED BEER
Pur Family use and Bxport a apccialty.
A pure, wholeaotne bcTerace. recommended by
prominent phyalciana.
OFFICE, 440 ALISO STREET
TEL. MAIN 91
Oakland Poultry Yards
1301 Castro SU Oalilutf. Cal.
Over 60 Yards of Fowls.
Oldest Poultry Establish-
ment on the Coast. Manu-
facturers of the
The Best Machines in the
world. Absolutely SELF-
REGULATINti.
Send for 60 p. CcUlogrue
Laughlin
FOUNTAIN PEN
THK BtaT AT ANY PR.CC.
SENT ON APPROVAL
To responsible people. Your
choice of these popular
styles, superior to the $3.00
grades of other makes.
■ CNT POSTPAID FOR ONLY
wmJK
I
By registered mail, 8c extra.
It Costs You Nothing
|.to try it a week. If you do
not find it the best pen you
ever used and pre-eminently
satisfactory, send it l>ack
and ^et vour money. Finest
quality liard rubber holder,
highest grade, large 1-1 K.
gold pen, any desired flcxi
Dility, in fine, medium or
stub. Perfect ink feed. Do
not miss this opportunity to
secure a strictly hiph grade
guaranteed Fountain Pen at
a price that is only a frac-
tion of its real value.
Ask your dealer to show
\i)n this pen. If he has not
or won't fjct it for you, {<\r
not let him substitute n:
imitation, on which he'wi!
make more profit), send his I
name and your order direct
to us, and we will send you I
with Fountain Pen, one of|
our Safety I'ockct Pen Hold-
ers without extra charge.
Kemcmber, there is no|
'•just as good" as the
Lauffhlln. Insist on it: take I
no chances. If your acaler
has not this widely adver- 1
tised writing wonder, it is |
neither your fault or ours, ^o
ordcrdirect. Illustration <:;
left is full size of ladi. -
style; on right, gentlemen >
style. (Kithei .style, richlv
trimmed with heavy solid
gold mountings, for Jl.OO |
ndditionalt. Addrr.ss
LttUI^Klln Mftf. Co.
S86 Gritwold St.,
DETROIT MICH
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YOU WILL VISIT
ALSO, OF COURSE,
YOU WILL STOP AT THE
i STOCKTON
Yosemite Hotel \
RIDER AGENTS WANTED
one in each town to ride and exhibit a sample 1902 model
bicycle of our manufacture. YOU CAM MAKE $10 TO
$BOA WEEIfbesides having a wheel to rideforyourself.
1902 Models S:!';.^'; $9 to $15
1900 and 1901 Models S^^h $7 fo $11
500 Second Hand Wheels iJxg.Q^Q^
taken in trade by our Chicago retail stores, all U<9 10 OO
j makes and models, good as new ^^
We ship any bicycle OM APPROVAL to any-
one without a cent deposit in advance and allow
10 DAYS FREE TRIAL, l^j^t.;
no risk in ordering from us, as you do not need
to pay a cent if the bicycle does not suit you.
I%A UAT DIIV a wheel until you have written for our
DO NOT BUT FACTORY PRICES* FREE TRIAL OFFER.
Tires, equipment, sundries and sporting goods of all kinds, at
half regular prices, in our big free sundry catalogue. Con-
-^ - tains a world of useful information. Write for it.
—- . WANT a reliable person in each town to distribute catalogues for -as In
exchange for a bicycle. Write today for freecatalogue and our special offer.
J. L. MEAD CYCLE CO., Chicago, IIL
AMVUn TUClTDlnil Pni n PDCAII prevents early wrinkles. It is not a f reckle coatinir ; it re-
Ail I lU I IilAI nlUAL UULU UnLAIn moves them. ANYVO CO., 427 N Main St., Los Ansrelee.
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ALLEN'S FOOT-EASE
HIIAKE INTO YUtU HIIO£H
Allnn'a F<«it— E«»n, a powder for the
ffi-l. It curea painful, nwollen, imutiDK
rxTviiUR f<M-t, and inuUuitlj takes the atioK
out i>f L'ornHand hnnlona. It'u the IfTeat-
«->ii coiiit'ort (liHcoTerjr oftne tLgrt,
MskuD tiK>it-tittiiiK or new shoes feel easj.
It iH a certain cur* for invrowins iMUa,
Rtrnalinff.oalloasand hot, tired, achlDKfMt.
We have over 80,000 t«NtimonialB. TRY
ITTO-DAY. Koldbya IDroKidstaand
Sli'>«st<irefi.2.')C. |>o not acTi'p' nnlmU
tatiOM. Kent by mail f<ir2i>c. hi atnmpB.
ePPP TKIAI- PACKAGK
■ Imkb B<;ulby mail.
>iotiii:k <iray'h hweet
I'OW IH:KSj the bent m«dicin« for Fe.
v.'rinli, Sickly Ohildren. Soil bv DruKKixts
.•vrywIiorH. Trial Pnrkni-.. KKKI-:. Ad-
andComlortI" <ir«HH. ALLEN S. OLMSTED, Le Roy, N.Y.
V
•Oh.WhatRest
619 Latest and Most Popular Son^ x 250"."*
J. W. GUNNELS. Toledo, Ohio-
EVERY WOMAN
Is interested and should know
abuui the woudeiiul
^t^
Marvel K'"'
Douche
If your druggist cannot
supply the MARVEL,
accept no other, but write us for
Illustrated IJook, sent free —
sealed. It gives price by mail,
particulars and directions invalu-
able to ladies. Kndoraed by Phyalrlana.
MARVEL CO., Room 33, Times Building, N.Y.
PAUL P. BERNHARDT & CO.
RED RUBBER
Tel. Main 5367
STAMPS
SealR, Badtres, Checks, Steel Stamps, Stencils, Ac.
4.-V» Montsromery St., SAN FRANCISCO. CAL.
RIPRNS
For years I had been a sufferer with chronic stom ch
trouble, pressure of gas and distress of my bowels. I con-
tracted what the doctors pronounced a low type of malaria.
I could not take solid food at all, and only a very little of
the lightest of diet would create fever and vomiting. The
druggist sent me a box of Ripans Tabules, saying he sold
more Ripans than anything else foi stomach trouble. I not
only found relief, but believe I have been permanently cured.
AT DRUGGISTS
The five-cent packet is enoug^h for an ordinary occasion. The family bottle, sixty
cents, contains a supply for a year.
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plllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll^
I FOX I
I Typewriters I
GIVE
1 Satisfaction i
LIGHT TOUCH
SPEED AND
DURABILITY
Arc ihe
Distinctive
Features
of
"Tiic rox"
In the Middle States and in the
East where " The Fox " is bet-
ter known, it is " The lycader."
Its EiXTREME SIMPLrlClTY
and EASY ACTION have
made it the STANDARD, : : :
CATALOGUES MAILED UPON KESjUEST
DESIRABLE DEALERS WANTED
FOR THE PACIFIC COAST. : : : :
UIO. 1
104 Front Street =
QRAND RAPIDS, MICH. =
VIOLINS
mm
mm
We have any small instrument
you want.
We have good instruments in
inexpensive cases, and we have
the finest instruments in the
handsomest, most expensive cases
made.
We don't buy any instrument,
we can't fully guarantee.
We are the largest dealers in
Southern California, both whole-
sale and retail — and this enables
us to give you price advantages
that no other firm could hope to
equal.
We have an easy-payment plan
that anyone can take advantage
of in buying any instrument.
Get our prices on small musical
instruments before you buy.
Southern California Music Co.
216-218 West Third St.
Los Angeles, California
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uiillllillillilllliiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilllliiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiE
I ltl[ NORTH (OASl IIMIIED I
THE FAMOUS TRAIN OF
[the northern pacific railway}
S IS THB PINMBT TKAIM TO THE PACIFIC COAST ™
Solid vestibuled, electric lighted, elegant observation car, Pullman and
tourist sleepers and dining car through.
B
I TWO OVERlAnD TRAINS DAILY
to all points East by way of Portland, S
Tacoma, Seattle, Spokane, Minneapolis s
and St. Paul. THE NORTHERN PACIFIC is the cool route, the scenic route E
and the only all-rail line to YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK.. =
There is no better route. Try it. Full information furnished by
I
C. E. JOHNSON
S TRAVELING PASSENGER AQENT
12S \N. THIRD ST., LOS ANGELES. CAL.
niiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin
=(?^^=:^=5)
Near to
Nature's
Heart
in the
Beautilul
Sierras
An Ideal
Spot where
Dull (are
Hath no
Abiilin^
Plice
YE ALPINE TAVERN
SltnatedattheUpperTorminuHof the f.imons MT. LOWE RAILWAY —Within e*«y reacli
Of the city by a ride orer the Woi« WoUtierful Mountain Railway in the World. Surrounded by a forest
of irlant pIneH and live oakH, with an atmiulaiui' of pure spriiiif water and i-v.-ry modern conven-
ience, thU resort In conceded to be the Wojt Popular ot all California Mountain Summer Resorts.
For fall partlcularH n-irardinff Rates, Accommodations, Kallro.-\d Fare, etc., call on or address
H. F. OmNTnV. PASSENGER AQENT. SSO S. SPRING ST., LOS ANGELES. CAL.
(S=*=5i=5=
=(5====S>
R. B. YOUNQ. ARCHITECT ^^-^^ LANKERSHIM BLK.. Cor. .Vd and Spring Sts.
■V. a-». I vv-ri-ivi, r&ivwiii 1 i-rw ■ Telephone Main 151 LOS ANGELES, C.\L.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
15 Trains Daily
New York (cntrdi
UNES
From CHICAGO
Michigan Central
The Niag-ara Falls Route
AND THE
Lal(e Shore & Michigan Southern
The Limited Train Route.
From ST. LOUIS
C. C. C. & St. L
"Big- Four"
AND ALL BY THE
New Yorii Central
The Great Four-TrJick Trunk Line.
All trains by these lines arrive in New York
at the Grand Central Station, 42nd Street, and
in Boston at the new South Station.
CARLTON C. CRANE
PACIFIC COAST AGENT
637 Market St. SAN fRANCISCO, CAL.
F. M. BYRON
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA PASSENGER AGT.
Stimson Block. LOS ANGELES, CAL.
THE
INORTH-
WESTERIN
LINE
AFFORDS the most luxurious
accommodations between
CALIFORNIA and
CHICAGO and the
EAST.
The Best of Everything
THE NEW
COMPRISES
NFW^ Observation Cars, Com-
partment Cars, Drawing-room
Sleeping Cars, Buffet-Library-
Smoking- Cars, with Barber
and Bath.
Flectric lig'Kted tKrovi^K-
oxxX — Reading Lamp in every
berth.
TKroia^H Tovirist Sleeping
Cars daily, and personally con-
ducted Tourist Excursions in
the most modern Pullman
Touris: Sleeping Cars.
Office: 247 S. Spring St., Los Angeles, (aL
W. D. CAMPBELL, Gen'l Agt.
W. B. KNISKERN, G. P. and T. A.,
Chicago, 111.
IHummel Bros. &. Co. furnish best help. 300 W. Second St. Tel. Main 509.
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
p^mmmmmmmmmmmmmmmmRmmMmmmmmmmmmmmm
te^ 27 Hours
LOS ANGELES §
SAN ERANCISCO I
BY-
Pacific Coast Steamsliip Co. |
m
^
^ EXPRESS SERVICE-SOUTH BOUND
fe Leave San Francisco : SANTA ROSA Sundays, 9.00 a.m.
^ STATE OF CAL Thursdays, *' "
^ NORTH BOUND
^ Leave Los Angeles : SANTA ROSA Wednesdays, 10.00 a.m.
1^ STATE OF CAL Sundays, ** ''
m '
^ Operate Steamers to and from Mexico, Humboldt Bay, British
1^ Columbia, Seattle and Alaska
B W. PARRIS. Agent GOODALL, PERKINS & CO»,
fe 328 S. Spring St. GENERAL AGENTS
g LOS ANGELES, CAL. SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. ^
RamonaToilet»soap
POR .SALE
eVERYWH£l?E
Please Mention that You Saw it 'in OUT WEST.
IT'S FUIMIVY how so many men act. They
toil, and labor, and struggle,
AND NEVER for a moment think of rest, or
recreati n, or pleasure.
AND HOW FOOLISH for those residing in
this vicinity, when right at their
door lies the playground, quickly atid
cheaply reached.
IF YOU WILL NOT occasionally give up the
daily grind,
DO NOT make your wife and children con-
tinually walk the treadmill,
AT LEAST give them a chance for a little
change of air that will bring some
color to their cheeks.
PERHAPS then you will find time to visit
them over Suiday,
AND FORGET yourself as your children poke
grass down your neck, and in your
nose, and eyes, and ears.
GET OUT once in awhile and romp;
BREAK AWAY and give your family a chance to get acquainted with you
AND CALL or write for
"VACATION, 1902/'
A little book issued by the CALIFORNIA NORTHWESTERM
RAILWAY COMPANY (The Picturesque Route of California),
g-iving- Camping- Locations, Hotels, Mineral Spring Resorts,
and a long list of Country Homes, where board for the
summer can be secured at from $6.Q0 to $8.00 per week.
Ticket Offices, 650 Market St. (Chtonicle Building)
and Tibufon Ferry, foot of Market St. General
Office, MtJtual Life Building, Sansome and California
Sts., SAN FRANCISCO, CAL.
H. (. WHITING, Oen'l M^r.
R. X. RYAN, den'l PdSS. Agt.
Southern Pacific
Offers to the Student the Scenic Lines
of Travel for which it is noted.
STUDENTS, TAKE A COURSE IN NATURE!
In the men SIERRAS, the YOSEMITE VALLEY.
LAKE TAHOE, MI. SHASTA, KIMCS RIVER CAOIYOIM
and the granite grandeur, are fields of scientific
investigation, literature and art.
*' Nature, in its grandeur, causes man to look deep
into his soul, which, resulting in a comparison, makes
character, raises the ideal and fits him the better for life."
S^w/
^ci^^
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA offers to the traveler all
the outdoor sports. At the Beaches and Seaside Resorts the
Fishing, Boating and Bathing stands unequaled. Lonf(
DeacH, Santa Monica, San Pedro, Santa Barbara
and Catalina Island are quickly and conveniently reached
by the excellent suburban service maintained by the SOUTH-
ERN PACIFIC.
SPECIAL VACATION TRIPS DURING THE SUMMER
Those desiring information
should write or ask any Agent or
0. A. PARKYNS, Ass't Ocn'l frt. and Pass. Agent
261 S. Sprln St., LOS ANGELES, CAL
Please Mention that You Saw it in OUT WEST.
Travel
Like a
King !
IT COSTS
NOTNING EXTRA OIM THE
CALIFORNIA LIMITED.
ROYAL EQUIPMENT AND StPERB DINING
SERVICE OF INTERNATIONAL FAME.
SANTA
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(Sp^V* ^'z ^'J^ ^^f ^^f ^^f ^^f T* ^*J^ ^^> ^i ^^* T>^ ^^' ^y* ^f ^t ^f ^fT ^tJ^ ^} ^f' ^> ^^* ^^* ^^* ^^* ^*>^ ^j* ^&
MURRAY M. HARRIS
ORGAN CO.
t
^7 OOO MahoK^any-cased electrk .parlor orrati in residence of Mr. C. E. Green.
%^ i ,'x^'>^'*^ San Mateo, Cal. This Ortran is also played by automatic attachment in
another part of the room, connected by cable under floor.
BUILDERS OF
CHURCH, CHAPEL and
PARLOR ORGANS
ONLY COMPLETE ORGAN
FACTORY IN THE WEST
Z54-Z60 Sin fernando St. Tel. Main 363
lOS AN(iflES, (ALIfORNIA
Pliotograph of baby Jane
Isold, Red Oak, Iowa, one
year old, weight 32 pounds, raised entirely on Imperial Granum.
Her mother w^rites : " We cannot recommend it too highly as our
baby owes her life to Imperial Granum."
IS YOUR baby growing as rapidly as babies should ?
Are the little limbs well formed and strong ? Are
the cheeks firm and rosy ? Are the teeth coming as
rapidly and easily as nature intended? Does baby
sleep well ? Can you rely on the food you are now using
to carry baby safely through the trying heat of summer ?
If you can say ' ' yes ' ' to each of these questions you are
in all likelihood using the
STANDARD FOOD TOR BABIES
IMPERIAL GRANUM
If you have to say " no " we urge you to give it the consci-
entious test it deserves. Please ask your physician and
friends who have used it. They will tell you Imperial
Granum makes babies strong and healthy and keeps them so,
then let the food speak for itself. Sold by druggists or a
sample with book containing valuable suggestions for the care of
babies especially during the hot season is FREE from
John Carle & Sons, Dept. M, 153 Water Street, New York City.
Three pictures (size 9x6), amusing for the children to cut out and put together,
are sent FREE to any address, for a two-cent stamp to pay postage
"Little Red-Riding Hood," " Babes
Wood "
Mother
Imperial Granum, is especially valuable in controlling irregularities of the bowels
of both infants and adults. It should always be kept in the house for such emergencies.
imperial Granum is as extensively used by adults as for babies. It is invaluable in the
sick room and for Dyspeptics and the Aged. ''IT AL WA YS NO URISHESr
Irvsvirocrvce Compacrvy
OF HAR-TFORD. CONN. =
WHER.EIN IT IS PAR.AMOUNT
IN MAGNITUDE— The largest Accident Com-
pany in the world.
IN BUSINESS— Taking all departments together,
it has insured more lives than any other com-
pany in the world.
IN SAFETY — In proportion to its Life Insurance
in force, its excess security to policy holders ex-
ceeds that of any other life company in the world.
IN LIBER.ALITY— Its policies are as liberal
as is compatible with safety,
IN CHEAPNESS — No other company issuing an
equally liberal life contract, guarantees as low a
net cost.
•• So much Insurance for so much Money." Nothing
left Indefinite. Nothing to be Misxinderstood
Agents In Every Town
'Btiy Ins-urance
as yoxx 'Bxiy
Merchandise —
'Qhe 'Best Tossible
J^or the
Least Monejr
Royal is the purest and most
wholesome of all the baking
powders^ It makes food of
finest flavor^ and adds anti-dys-
peptic qualities thereto^ It has
greater leavening strength than
any other baking powder^ and is
therefore the most economical
ROYAL BAKING POWDER CO., 100 WILLIAM ST., NEW YORK.
A Cook Book
Free.
Send your address.
POWDER
Absolutely Pure
DELICIOUS DRINKS
and DAINTY DISHES
are made from
BAKER'S
BREAKFAST
COCOA
ABSOLUTELY PURE
Unequaled for smooth-
ness, delicacy, and flavor
Our Chcice Kedpe Book
will tell you how to make
Fudge, anc a g> s'. variety
of dainty diihes, from our
Cocoa and Chocolate. Sent
FREE to any address J*
WALTER BAKER & CO. Limited
l.sTAm.isir«i. 17S., DORCHESTER. MASS
PI<A
STEVENS
AVHEN making pre-
parations for your
vacation be sure that
you have a reliable kW^
to take along, or your
outing will not be a
success. For 38 years
(iir products have t)eon
recognized as Standard.
We make
RIFLES. PISTOLS
SHOTGUNS
If iiiieie^UHi III ^>iio<jting isend for t)CK>klet
with particulars of our $1,0(X).00 CONTEST.
Our ARMS are carried by nearly all dealers ia Sport-
iiiff ffiHxlH. Sfnd furourcataloeuc; it will interest you.
J. STEVENS ARMS AND TOOL CO.
270 Mila Street
Chlcopee Falls, Mass.
/ VT — ^~ ■ — ^ "T
»^T^1 ^r*MffiftiQBry-fSif.'Jjilished ov
f^ I ^l^ pnwjientsevcri' family in
er 50 YEARS. By our sysl
moderate circumstances ca
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