Overwater optical scintillation measurements during MAGAT-1980

NPS-61-80-018

MONTEREV. IALiFORNIA 9394o'

y..

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL

Monterey, California

TECHNICAL REPORT

Overwater Optical Scintillation Measurements
during MAGAT-19 80

E. C. Crittenden, Jr., E. A. Milne
A. W. Cooper, G. W. Rodeback
and S. H. Kalmbach

Optical Propagation Group

Department of Physics and Chemistrv
August, 198n

FEDDOCS

D 208. B/2 _

NPS-51-80-018

Approved for public release; distribution unlimited

n^ ^Q^ for:

Environmental Prediction Research Facility
:'ey, California, 93940

NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Monterey, California

Rear Admiral J. J. Ekelund D. A. Schrady

Superintendent Acting Provost

The work reported herein was supported in part by the
Naval Environmental Research Facility, Monterey, California

Reproduction of all or part of this report is
authorized.

This report was prepared by:

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BEFORE COMPLETING FORM

1. REPORT NUMBER

NPS-6 1-80-0 18

2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.

3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER

4. TITLE (and Subtitle)

Overwater Optical Scintillation Measure
ments during MAGAT-1980

S. TYPE OF REPORT d PERIOD COVERED

Technical Report

6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER

7. AUTHORCs;

E. C. Crittenden, Jr, E. A. Milne,
A. W. Cooper, G. W. Rodeback
and S. H. Kalmbach

8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMSERCs;

9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

Department of Physics and Chemistry
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, CA. , 95940

10. PROGRAM ELEMENT. PROJECT, TASK
AREA a WORK UNIT NUMBERS

N6685680WR80059

11. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS

Naval Environmental Prediction Research

Facility

Monterey, CA. , 93940

12. REPORT DATE

August, 1980

13. NUMBER OF PAGES

14 (separate appendix 85

14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME 4 ADDRESSC/f dilterent from Controlling Olllce)

15. SECURITY CLASS, (of tt^ls report)

Unclassified

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17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (ol the abstract entered in Block 20, II dillerent trom Report)

18. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

19. KEY WORDS /'Continue on reverse aide it neceaaary and Identity by block number)

Turbulence, Refraction structure constant, Scintillation

ABSTRACT (Continue on reverse aide U neceaaary and Identity by block number)

Overii/ater me
constant for
for comparis
measurements
Aerosol Gene
to 9 May, 19
ment because
path near th

asurements have been made of the turbulence structure
index of refraction, C -, by means of scintillation

on with predictions of Cj^^ based on meteorological
carried out at the same time, during the "Monterey

ration and Transport" (MAGAT-1980) experiment, 27April

80. Scintillation was chosen as the optical measure-
it gives heaviest weight to points on the optical

e center of the path, minimizing the shoreline effects

DD , :°r73 1473

EDITION OF 1 NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE
S/N 0102-014- S601 !

TTnrl qc;c;i f 1 pd

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Data Entered)

ITnrI assi fied

.i.i_UHITY CLASSIFICATION OF" THIS P AOEfWhen Data Entered)

e overwater path length was 13.3 km. The light source was a

10.6 micrometer CO-, laser. This combination of range and wave
length was adequate to avoid saturation effects

SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS P fKGEfWhen Data Entered)

Overwater Optical Scintillation Measurements
during MAGAT-I98O

E. C. Crittenden, Jr., E. A. Milne, A. W. Cooper
G. W. Rodeback , and S. H. Kalmbach

Optical Propagation Group

Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California.

Abstract

Overwater measurements have been made of the turbulence
structure constant for index of refraction, C^^ , by means of
scintillation, for comparison with predictions of C^'^ based
on meteorological measurements carried out at the same time,
during the "Monterey Aerosol Generation and Transport"
(MAGAT-8O) experiment, 27 April to 9 May, 198O. Scintillation
was chosen as the optical m.easurement because it gives heavi-
est weight to points on the optical path near the center of
the path, m.inimizing the shoreline influence. The overwater
path length was 13.3 km. The light source was a 10.6 micro-
meter CO2 laser. This combination of range and wavelength
was adequate to avoid saturation effects.

FIGURES

Figure 1. Optical paths across Monterey Bay.

2
Figure 2. Relative weighting of C as a function of position

along the path, for MTF and for scintillation. The

telescope end of the path is at the right.

Figure 3. Probability density curve for determination of C .

TABLES
Table I. Sample data print-out

Introduction

Models for the prediction of the turbulence structure
constant for index of refraction, C^^ , have often suf-
fered from a lack of directly measured values of C^^^ for
comparison '/^ith predictions. To resolve this uncertainty
during a continuous series of experiments between 27 April
and 9 May, 1980, measurements were made of C-^'^ , by optical
means, along a 13.3 km. overwater optical path between Marina
and Pt. Pinos on Monterey Bay. In addition to the optical
measurements, the overall experimental program included
meteorological measurements made aboard the R/V Acania and
aboard an aircraft operating in the vicinity. Measurements
were made in the vicinity of the optical path as well as
seaward of the path and overhead in the same regions. The
meteorological results and modeling for prediction of Cj-^2 are
reported in another U?S report ^•^^. The optical measure-
ments were made regularly on a six-hour interval basis
throughout the experimental period. Measurements were also made
every half hour during a number of periods of "high level"
activity of all the participating teams.

Experimental Program

The geography of r^onterey Bay is well suited for C^^^
measurements. Optical paths across the bay are available as
shown in Figure 1. Since the modeling predictions are
presumably most applicable far from shore, it is desirable to
use techniques that emphasize C^2 near the center of the
optical path. The relative weighting of points on the optical
path is shown in Figure 2, for use of scintillation, and for
use of resolution (MTF) to measure C^^. Scintillation is
the preferred method of measurement, as it emphasizes the
center of the optical path.

(^) Naval Postgraduate School Report NPS6l-80-0l6,
"Verification of the Bulk Model for Calculations of the
Overwater Index of Refraction Structure Constant", C^^ .
Davidson, Schacher, Fairall, Spiel, Crittenden, and Milne,
July, 1980.

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Measurement of C^^ ^y means of scintillation involves
measuring the probability density for occurrence of a given
logarithm of the intensity, for spherical waves, observed
through a small aperture. Curves such as that shown in
Figure 3 are obtained by taking the logarithm of the received
intensity electronically, and digitizing the result at a rate
of approximately two kilohertz. Sigma, the root-mean-square
deviation from the mean, for this distribution curve, is
obtained by fitting the Gaussian distribution to the curve,
as shown in Figure 3, and calculating the corresponding value
of Sigma. This method of measurement avoids errors due to
loss of points at very high or very low intensity. The value
of C-^ is then obtained by use of the expression:

7/12 11/12

C = 1.42 a, . k" z'
n inl

where: q = sigma for the probability distribution curve for

logarithm of intensity, k = 2 tt/X, Zq = optical path length

This expression has been well established experimentally . ^2 ) ,

The phenomenon of "saturation" poses some problems in the

measurement of C^^ by means of scintillation. On progressive

increase of turbulence level, the value of sigma increases,

proportional to C^, until a value of sigma of about 0.5 is

reached. Beyond this value, sigma increases more slowly with

increasing turbulence level, finally reaching a maximum at a

value of unity. For still higher C^^, sigma can decrease

below unity. It is Important to realize that sigma saturates,

not Cj-^. Inverting the previous equation:

7 / 11/

a, J = 0.70 C k ^'^z ' ^^
£nl n

(2) Naval Postgraduate School Report, NPS61-78-003, "Optical
Resolution in the Turbulent Marine Boundary Layer", Crittenden,
Cooper, Milne, Rodeback, Armstead, Kalmbach, Land, and Katz,
February, 1978.

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It can be seen that sigma is reduced, for a given turbulence
level, by reducing both k and z. Reducing k means using the
maximum possible wavelength. In practice this is
accomplished by using a CO2 laser with a wavelength of 10.6
micrometers. Reducing the range length, z, involves the
problem that a short path length often leads to shoreline
influence on C^^. The path chosen for this experiment has a
rather long range length, 13.3 km, but it crosses Monterey
Bay where there is relatively little shoreline influence.
The values of signa encountered during the experiment
approached the region of saturation in a few cases, but
serious saturation apparently did not occur during the
e xperiment .

The source laser was a 3 watt Spectra-Physics model 9^1
electrical discharge CO2 laser, operating at 10.6
micrometers. A back-up laser was also provided, and proved
to be needed during the experiments. The back-up laser
itself, in turn, had to be replaced before the end of the
experiment. The lasers are water cooled, with a closed
circuit de-ionized water system, cooled by heat exchange to
an ice bath. Once aligned, the lasers retained alignment on
the receiver across the bay.

The transmitted laser beam profile was shaped by means
of a one-inch focal length germanium lens, converging the
radiation to a cross-over, which in turn was located near the
focus of a 3-inch diameter off-axis paraboloid front surfaced
mirror. Adjustment of the angle and position relative to the
focus was provided by means of microinch micrometer screws.
The beam spot at the receiver had a width of about 50
meters .

The transmitted beam was chopped at a frequency of 1.0
kiloherz by means of a chopping wheel located at the focus of
the germanium lens. A reference signal was obtained from the
chopping wheel by means of a GaAs LED transmitting through
the chopping wheel to a photocell. This reference chopped
signal was amplified and used to modulate a 256.3 megaherz
telemeter signal. The pulsed telemeter signal was

transmitted by means of a directive antenna array to the
other end of the optical range, where it was received on a
similar antenna, amplified, and used to trigger the phase
sensitive detection system and the digitizer in the receiving
system.

The receiving optical system was an 18-inch diameter
Cassegrain telescope with a focal length of 8 meters. The
large aperture was useful in initial alignment, but was
stopped down at first to a 5-inch diameter circular aperture
for scintillation measurement. During the first day of
operation, tests were made to determine if aperture averaging
were occurring. This was found to occur with the 5-inch
aperture, but it was negligible for apertures of one-inch and
less in diameter. Subsequent measurements were always made
with the one-inch aperture, and additional measurements were
also made with the 5-inch aperture to provide data with which
to evaluate the small number of earlier data points taken
with the 5 inch aperture.

The detector was a HgCdTe photoconductive detector,
cooled to 77 K by liquid nitrogen. The signal from the
detector was amplified in a Princeton Applied Research model
113 low-noise amplifier. The amplified signal was
demodulated in a circuit arranged to sample the amplitude at
the center of the received rectangular optical pulse, and at
the center of the off-interval. The difference of these two
signals was then used to construct a slowly varying signal
representing the true Intensity variation. This signal was
then sent through a HP7562A logarithmic converter and then to
the NIC-80 on-line computer. The NIC-80 digitized the signal
once for every optical pulse. The sampling was timed to
occur shortly after the background was sampled and subtracted
from the light signal. The triggered detection amounts to a
phase sensitive detection technique and provides a large
increase in the signal-to-noise ratio relative to direct
detection methods.

The digitized log- intensity signal was tallied in the
computer to yield a probability density curve from which the
best-fit Gaussian distribution was determined. The
log-intensity probability density curve data for each run was
stored on magnetic tape and later plotted out for each
Cf^2 value. The value of C^'^ , using the best-fit sigma
in the equation quoted earlier, was printed out on the
HP-9871 line printer. The length of each data sampling run
was usually 40 seconds, or 40,000 samples. The C^^
values are tabulated in Appendix A (separate volume).
An automatic weather recording station was also
operated at the Pt . Finos site, with print-out every half
hour, for wind velocity, temperature, and relative humidity.
The sensors were on a pole about 15 ft. above the ground and
about 20 ft. from the foghorn building. The surroundings
obviously modified the readings, so they should be used with
caution.

Experimental Results

All results were reduced immediately by the on-line
computer and printed out on the HP-9871 line printer. Copies
of the results were communicated to NEPRF on a daily basis in
the course of the experiments. A sample print-out appears in
Table I. For the Cj-^2 results, the date, tim.e, value of
Cj^, Cj^2 and the value of sigma of the probability
density curve are printed.

In most cases scintillation was measured with two
different aperture sizes, to aid in evaluating any aperture
averaging. The print-out shows the aperture size as "large
hole" - a 5 inch diameter aperture, or "small hole" - a
one-inch diameter aperture.

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11

Additional measurements of atmospheric transmission at
four different wavelengths are also printed out. This data
is part of a different experiment being conducted at the same
time. The two sets of data have not been separated by tran-
scribing, because of the danger of introducing errors.

For each Cj-j2 value, the probability density curve
has been printed out, in order to determine if the distribu-
tion is reasonable. Such a curve appears in Figure 3, as
previously discussed. The plots from the approximately 260
scintillation runs have not been Included in this report
because of the bulk of paper involved In reprinting them.
They are available on request. The probability density data
is also stored on tape and is available at any time, if
desired.

A complete set of the computer print-outs for the exper-
iment is tabulated in Appendix A of this report. This
appendix is bound separately in an additional volume, and
submitted in only one copy, because of the large number of
pages (85 pages) and the large page size.

The meteorological data: Temperature, Relative humidity,
and Wind speed are printed with the other data in Appendix
A.

12

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No. of Copies

1. Defense Documentation Center 2
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Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 939^0

4. Dr. A. Goroch 2
Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility
Monterey, California 939^0

5. Dr. A. Welnsteln 2
Director of Research

Naval Environmental Prediction Research Facility
Monterey, California 939^0

6. Dr. C. W. Fa 1 rail 1
BDM Corporation, 13^0 Munras St.

Monterey, California 939^0

7. Professor J. Dyer, Code 6lDy 1
Naval Postgraduate School

Monterey, California 95?40

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9 Professor G. E. Schacher, Code 6lSq 1

Naval Postgraduate School
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Naval Postgraduate School

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13

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Naval Postgraduate School

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14. Professor S. H. Xalmbach, Code 6lKb
Naval Postgraduate School
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15. Lt . Gary Ley
PMS-405

Naval Sea Systems Command
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Code 3173

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17. Dr. Barry Katz
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White Oak Laboratory

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18. Dr. J.H. Richter
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