Ovid; selected works, with notes and vocabulary

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(Vatican Museum, Rome)

OVID

^electeti motk^

WITH NOTES AND VOCABULARY

EDITED BY

FRANK J. MILLER, Ph.D.

PROFESSOR OF LATIN IN THE UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO

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NEW YORK . : • CINCINNATI • :• CHICAGO

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY

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Harvard college Li...mKY

GIFT OF

SINCLAIR KENNEDY

OCT. 6, 1936

Copyright, 1900, by
F. J. MILLER.

OVID.
W. P. T

PREFACE

A STATISTICAL table furnished by the United States Commis-
sioner of Education, covering the years 1 889-1 898, gives some
interesting evidence as to the number and percentage of pupils
studying Latin in the public and private secondary schools of the
United States. In the year 1 889-1 890, 100,144 students, or 33.62
per cent of the whole number, studied Latin. During the suc-
ceeding period of eight years the number and percentage of
Latin students steadily increased, until, in 1 897-1898, 274,293
students, or 49.44 per cent of the above number, were studying
Latin. This increase, in the face of the fact that the secondary
curriculum has been enriched by other subjects which have justly
claimed large attention from the schools, is cause for congratu-
lations to classical scholars.

The same decade has witnessed the awakening of an unusual
interest in the Latin program itself, and a widespread endeavor
to enrich and render it more effective. This is especially evident
in the work of the first year, the great importance of which to the
succeeding work of the student is self-evident. Traditional books
and methods have been challenged ; and while neither the ideal
method nor book has yet been put forth, a very substantial ad-
vance has been made toward the solution of the problem as to
the best method of introducing the young student to the study
of Latin. The latter half of the first year and the second of a
four years' course have also claimed serious attention and revision.
More reading, which shall be at the same time more interesting
and less difficult, is demanded. As a consequence, the Latin
program is providing more and more suitable reading supple-
mentary to Caesar. The place of Cicero and Vergil in the third

3

4 PREFACE

and fourth years has not been seriously questioned, although the
same requirement for supplementary rapid reading has been
made. This requirement has generally been met by selections
from Ovid, whose poems, on account of their attractive interest
and clear, easy style, are especially adapted to the needs of this
grade.

Notwithstanding this progress, there still remains much to be
desired in the study of Roman life and literature as such. The
study of the Latin language needs to be vivified, on the one hand,
by a knowledge of the life and manners of those who used it in
their daily intercourse, and, on the other, by a larger acquaintance
with the literature which grew out of this life, and which has been
preserved to us. It is granted that these studies should not and
cannot displace the study of the technique of the language in the
early part of the course ; but when it is remembered that a large
percentage of secondary school pupils end their formal studies
with graduation from these schools, it is plain that such a course
should include a clear view, at least in the large, of Roman life
and letters- This can be gained, without too great encroachment
upon purely linguistic work, if the teacher seizes such opportuni-
ties for instruction in Roman life as present themselves in the
class work itself; and if, in connection with each author studied,
some attention is paid to the style and contents of his works as
literature and to their place in the great body of Roman letters.

As to the works of Ovid, the writer is under the strong impres-
sion that they deserve a much larger place in the secondary
curriculum than they have yet received. They abound in those
old world stories of myth and tradition of which all literatures
since their time are full, and ignorance of which makes many a
page even of our own literature meaningless to the reader. These
poems abound also in pictures of the poet's own life and the
manners of his day, in allusion to his contemporaries, and pictures
of his surroundings both in Italy and in the bleak land of his exile ;
they contain also a formal account of Roman festivals arranged in
the order of their occurrence, with the traditional origin and
meaning of these, — all told with an elegance of diction and a

PkfeFACE S

racy style that make the reading attractive and delightful to the
student.

Any edition of selections from the works of an author is unsatis-
factory, for it is possible for the student to read these without any
knowledge, or at least a very hazy and insufficient one, of the
setting of the selections and the contents and character of the
whole work. And yet it would be manifestly impossible to pre-
sent the complete works of Ovid as a text-book. The present
edition strives to obviate this difficulty by two means. Selection
is made from all the different works of the poet, with a preliminary
note upon the character and contents of each work and a state-
ment of the setting of each selection ; in the case of the Metamor-
piloses^ not only does an analysis in English precede the different
selections, but all omitted parts are given in epitome, each in its
proper place. The student has in his hands, therefore, a reca-
pitulation of the whole series of stories, and is enabled to see, as
would not be possible under another arrangement, how the poet
has skillfully connected the long array of stories, reaching from
the creation down to his own time.

The poetic form of Ovid*s work is presented from the stand-
point of the beginner, so that if these selections be taken up in
the third or even the second year an easy introduction may be
obtained to this important subject. On the other hand, the
presentation is made full enough to be of profit to the advanced
student who may desire to make a more intensive study of Ovid's
poetic form.

The notes aim to give abundant assistance to the student in
translation and syntax of more difficult passages, to give such
explanation as is necessary of historical and archaeological refer-
ences, and to show by quotations from English literature some-
thing of the wide influence which Ovid has had upon the world
of letters since his time. An attempt has also been made to trace
the progress of the more important stories through their earlier
presentations by the Greek authors, their Roman restatements,
and their later revival by the English poets. Much of this mate-
rial may be considered as in advance of the needs of the younger

6 PREFACE

pupils of the secondary school, and as more pertinent to the uses
of the college student. The writer, while conscious of this, is
still of the opinion that young students often have a clearer insight
and a larger appreciation than is usually credited to them ; while,
on the other hand, more advanced students may be led by these
suggestions to further investigation along the same lines.

The vocabulary has been especially prepared for this edition,
and contains both the literal meanings of the words and their
various tropical meanings found in these selections. The indi-
cated derivations will also be found helpful to the understanding
of the words.

The illustrations are nearly all from ancient classical sources,
and have been selected by the writer especially for this work from
the galleries of Italy. Especial attention of the student is called
to the mythological stories in stone as seen in the sarcophagi,
showing how powerfully these stories took possession of the
sculptor as well as the poet.

The writer takes this opportunity to express his obligation to
Miss Eleanor Sherwin, formerly reader in Latin in the University
of Chicago, for valuable assistance in the notes and vocabulary.

FRANK J. MILLER.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

LIST OF Illustrations 9

The Life of Ovid ( Tristia, IV, 10) 11

Note on Heroides 17

Selection from Heroides ( X. Ariadne to Theseus) .18

Note on Amores 23

Selections from Amores:

The poet's introduction to amatory verse (I, i) . . 23

His impassioned wooing (I> ill) 24

Immortality of the poet's fame (I, xv) 25

An elegy on a dead parrot (II, vi) 26

To Corinna upon the dangers of a voyage at sea (II, xi) 29
To a swollen river which has stopped his journey (III, vi) . .30

The poet's fkrewell to the loves (II F, xv) 32

Note on Ars Amatoria 34

Selections FROM Ars Amatoria:

The poet is master of the art of love 34

The story of the rape of the Sabine women 34

A warning against jealousy; the story of Procris and Cephalus 36

Note on Remedia Amoris 38

Selections from Remedia Amoris 38

Notes on Tragedy 42

Note on Fasti 46

Selections from Fasti:

January : dedication to Germanicus; history, functions, and attri-
butes of Janus 46

February : the derivation of the word; the setting of the Dolphin,

and the story of Arion 50

March: sacred to Mars; March once the first month of the year;

the fatal Ides 53

April: sacred to Venus; derivation of the word; the shepherd's

prayer to Pales 56

May : the story of Chiron and Hercules 59

June : the feast and worship of Vesta, her temple and name . 60

Note on Metamorphoses 63

Selections from Metamorphoses:

The story of creation 64

The golden age and degeneration of man 67

7

8 TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE

The destruction of man by flood 70

The saved pair, and the repeopling of the earth • • • • 75

Daphne is changed to a laurel tree 79

lo is changed to a heifer 84

The story of Phaethon and the chariot of the sun . . . -91

Cadmus founds the city of Thebes 103

The story of Narcissus 109

Pyramus and Thisbe 113

Juno visits the lower world 117

Perseus and Andromeda 119

Perseus slays his enemies with the Gorgon's head . . .122

The rape of Proserpina, and Ceres' wanderings in search of her . 1 24

Arethusa is changed into a fountain 130

The Emathides are changed into magpies 132

The impious pride of Niobe, and the destruction of her children . 134

Jason wins the golden fleece through the aid of Medea . . . 140

Medea renews the youth of Jason's father by her magic arts . . 146

Daedalus and Icarus 151

Philemon and Baucis, a proof of the prosperity of the righteous . 155

The battle of Hercules and Acheloiis 158

The death and apotheosis of Hercules 162

Orpheus and Eurydice 167

Midas and the golden touch 170

Iphigenia at Aulis 174

The death of Achilles 176

The contest of Ajax and Ulysses for the armor of Achilles . .178

The death of Polyxena 192

Acis and Galatea; or, the Cyclops' wooing 194

Some tenets of the Pythagorean philosophy 201

The death and apotheosis of Caesar 207

Note on Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto 212

Selections from Tristia:

The last sad night in Rome (I, m) 213

A letter to his wife from the poet's sick chamber (III, ill) . . 216
His gratitude to a faithful friend at Rome (V, ix) . .219

Selection from Epistulae ex Ponto (1, 11) 221

The Poetic Form of Ovid's Works . . . . . .227

Notes upon the Selections 243

Vocabulary 417

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Jupiter, from a bust in the Vatican Museum at Rome . Frontispiece

PAGE

Cupid and Bow, from a painting by Franceschini (i 648-1 729) in the

Uffizi Gallery at Florence -^i

Melpomene, Muse of Tragedy, from a statue in the Vatican Museum

at Rome Facing 42

Trauic and Comic Masks, from a mosaic in the Capitoline Museum

at Rome 45

A Vestal Virgin, from a statue of a Vestalis Maxima found in the

House of the Vestals at Rome 62

The Creation of Man, from a sarcophagus in the National Museum

at Naples 67

Mercury, from a bronze statue in the National Museum at Naples

Facing 87
Juno, from a statue in the National Museum at Naples . . Facing 1 1 7
Minerva, from a statue in the National Museum at Naples . Facing 133
The Destruction of the Children of Niobe, from a sarcophagus

in the Vatican Museum at Rome 136

The Goddess Bona Copia, from a statue in the Vatican Museum at

Rome Facing 161

A Procession of Bacchanals, from a sarcophagus in the National

Museum at Naples 1 70

A Battle with the Amazons, from a sarcophagus in the Vatican

Museum at Rome 177

Aesculapius, from a statue in the Vatican Museum at Rome Facing 210^
The Calydonian Hunt, from a sarcophagus in the Capitoline Museum

at Rome 211

9

THE LIFE OF OVID

^ [Probably no Roman writer has revealed himself more frankly in
his works than has Publius Ovidius Naso. Indeed, the greater part of
our knowledge of him is gained from his writings. References to his
parentage, his early education, his friends, his work, his manner of life,
his reverses, — all lie scattered freely through his pages. And, not
content with this, he has taken care to leave to posterity a somewhat
extended and formal account of his life, an example which we cannot
but wish that all our favorite Roman authors had followed. This
account, which he wrote during his period of exile {Tristia, IV. lo),
is here given, that thus our poet may tell to his readers his own story,
— a story which is made all the more enjoyable since we find ourselves
personally addressed in the opening lines :]

Ille ego qui fuerim, tenerorum lusor amorum,
Quern legis, ut noris, accipe posteritas.

[We next are told the place and time of the poet^s birth, his social
rank, and something of his family.]

Sulmo mihi patria est, gelidis uberrimus undis,
Milia qui novies distat ab Urbe decern,
s Editus hie ego sum ; nee non ut tempora noris,
Cum cecidit fato. consul uterque pari.
Siquid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres,

Non modo fortunae munere f actus eques.
Nee stirps prima f ui ; genito sum fratre creatus,
lo Qui tribus ante quater mensibus ortus erat.
Lucifer amborum natalibus adf uit idem ;

Una celebrata est per duo liba dies :
Haec est armiferae festis de quinque Minervae,
Quae fieri pugna prima cruenta solet.
II

12 ^ THE LIFE OF OVID

[His early bent was towards poetry ; but this was opposed by his
practical father, who desired that both his sons should prepare for the
profession of the law.]

IS Protinus excolimur teneri, curaque parentis
Imus ad insignes Urbis ab arte viros.
Frater ad eloquium viridi tendebat ab aevo,

Fortia verbosi natus ad arma fori ;
At mihi iam puero caelestia sacra placebant,
20 Inque suum furtim Musa trahebat opus.

Saepe pater dixit * Studium quid inutile temptas ?

Maeonides nullas ipse reliquit opes.'
Motus eram dictis, totoque Helicone relicto
Scribere temptabam verba soluta modis.
25 Sponte sua carmen numeros veniebat ad aptos,
Et quod temptabam scribere, versus erat.

[The two brothers came to the age of manhood, and shortly there-
after the elder died. Our poet now assumed the garb and duties of a
Roman citizen.]

Interea tacito passu labentibus annis
Liberior fratri sumpta mihique toga est,

Induiturque umeris cum lato purpura clavo,
30 Et studium nobis quod fuit ante, manet.

lamque decem vitae frater geminaverat annos.
Cum perit, et coepi parte carere mei.

Cepimus et tenerae primos aetatis honores,
Eque viris quondam pars tribus una fui.

[But, to a man of Ovid^s tastes and temperament, the life of a states-
man was utterly distasteful ; and, now that he was his own master, he
gave loose rein to his poetic fancy]

35 Curia restabat. Clavi mensura coacta est :
Maius erat nostris viribus illud onus.

THE LIFE OF OVID 13

Nec patiens corpus, nee mens fuit apta labori,

SoUicitaeque fugax ambitionis eram,
Et petere Aoniae suadebant tuta sorores
40 Otia, iudicio semper amata meo.

[He soon gained admission to. the choice circle of the poets of his
day, paying unlimited devotion to the masters of his art, and quickly
becoming himself the object of no small admiration on the part of
younger poets.]

Temporis illius colui fovique poetas,

Quotque aderant vates, rebar adesse deos.
Saepe suas volucres legit mihi grandior aevo,

Quaeque nocet serpens, quae iuvat herba, Macer.
45 Saepe suos solitus recitare Propertius ignes,

lure sodalicio qui mihi iunctus erat.
Ponticus heroo, Bassus quoque clarus iambis

Dulcia convictus membra f uere mei ;
Et tenuit nostras numerosus Horatius aures,
so Dum ferit Ausonia carmina culta lyra.
Vergilium vidi tantum ; nec amara Tibullo

Tempus amicitiae fata dedere meae.
Successor fuit hie tib}, Galle ; Propertius illi ;

Quartus ab his serie temporis ipse fui.
55 Utque ego maiores, sle me coluere minores,

Notaque non tarde facta Thalia mea est.

[His youthful poems soon gained fame among the people also, and
his love songs became the popular lyrics of the street.]

Carmina cum primum populo iuvenilia legi,
Barba resecta mihi bisve semelve fuit.

Moverat ingenium totam cantata per Urbem
60 Nomine non vero dicta Corinna mihi.

Multa quidem scripsi ; sed quae vitiosa putavi,
Emendaturis ignibus ipse dedi.

14 THE LIFE OF OVID

Tunc quoque,cum fugerem,quaedam placitura cremavi,
Iratus studio carminibusque meis.

[Though extremely susceptible to the influences of love, he could
proudly boast that his name was above reproach. He contracted two
unhappy marriages in his youth, but his third marriage was a lasting
joy to him.]

6s Molle Cupidineis nee inexpugnabile telis

Cor mihi, quodque levis causa moveret, er^t.
Cum tamen hie essem, minimoque aeeenderer igni,

Nomine sub nostro fabula nulla fuit.
Paene mihi puero nee digna nee utilis uxor
70 Est data, quae tempus per breve nupta fuit.
Illi sueeessit, quamvis sine crimine eoniunx,

Non tamen in nostro firma futura toro.
Ultima, quae meeum seros permansit in annos,
Sustinuit eoniunx exsulis esse viri.
75 Filia nie mea bis prima feeunda iuventa,
Sed non ex uno eoniuge, feeit avum.

[And now his father and his mother died. The poet, while deeply
mourning their loss with true filial devotion, still cannot but rejoice
that they died before that disgrace came upon him which was to darken
his own life and the lives of all whom he loved.]

Et iam complerat genitor sua fata, novemque

Addiderat lustris altera lustra novem.
Non aliter flevi, quam me fleturus ademptum
80 Ille fuit. Matri proxima iusta tuli.
Feliees ambo tempestiveque sepulti,

Ante diem poenae quod periere meae !

Me quoque felieem, quod non viventibus illis

Sum miser, et de me quod doluere nihil !

8s Si tamen exstinetis aliquid nisi nomina restant,

Et graeilis struetos eff ugit umbra rogos :

THE LIFE OF OVID 1 5

Fama, parentales, si vos mea contigit, umbrae,

Et sunt in Stygio crimina nostra foro :
Scite, precor, causam — nee vos mihi f allere fas est —
90 Errorem iussae, non scelus, esse fugae.

[For now, as the frosts of age were beginning*to whiten his locks,
a sudden calamity fell upon him, no less than an imperial decree against
him of perpetbal banishment to the far off shores of the Euxine sea.
The cause of this decree he only hints at, as being already well known
to his friends ; but he gives us to understand (1. 90) that it is an error
of judgment and not of the heart.]

Manibus hoc satis est. Ad vos, studiosa, revertor,

Pectora, quae vitae quaeritis acta meae.
lam tnihi canities pulsis melioribus annis
Venerat, antiquas miscueratque comas,
95 Postque meos ortus Pisaea vinctus oliva
Abstulerat decies praemia victor equus,
Cum maris Euxini positos ad laeva Tomitas
Quaerere me laesi principis ira iubet.
(Causa meae cunctis nimium quoque nota ruinae
100 Indicio non est testificanda meo.

Quid ref eram comitumque nef as f amulosque nocentes }

[And now, far from home and friends and the delights of his beloved
Rome, he was forced to live in a rigorous climate, an unlovely land, and
amidst a society of uncultured semi-savages.]

Ipsa multa tuli Yion leviora fuga.
Indign'ata malis mens est succumbere, seque
PraestiJtit invictam, viribus usa suis ;
105 Oblitusque mei ductaeque per otia vitae
Insolita cepi temporis arma manu.
Totque tuli casus pelago terraque, quot inter

Occultum stellae conspicuumque polum.
Tacta mihi tandem longis erroribus acto
no luncta pharetratis Sarmatis ora Getis.

l6 THE LIFE OF OVID

[His chief solace was the cultivation of his art ; and in this he spent
the tiresome days. He ends his account with a strain of thanksgiving
to the Muse, and a prophecy of his world-wide fame and literary im-
mortality]

Hie ego finilimis quamvis circumsoner armis,

Tristia, quo possum, carmine fata levo.
Quod quamvis nemo est, cuius referatur ad aures,
Sic tamen absumo decipioque diem.
115 Ergo quod vivo, durisque laboribus obsto,
Nee me sollicitae taedia lucis habent,
Gratia, Musa, tibi ! nam tu solacia praebes,

Tu curae requies, tu medicina venis.
Tu dux et comes es ; tu nos abducis ab Histro,
120 In medioque mihi das Helicone locum.
/"" Tu mihi, quod rarum est, vivo sublime dedisti
Nomen, ab exsequiis quod dare fama solet.
Nee qui detractat praesentia, Livor iniquo
Ullum de nostris dente momordit opus.
125 Nam tulerint magnos cum saecula nostra poetas,
Non fuit ingenio fama maligna meo.
Cumque ego praeponam multos mihi, non minor illis

Dieor et in toto plurimus orbe legor.
Si quid habent igitur vatum praesagia veri,
130 Protinus ut moriar, non ero, terra, tuus.
Sive favore tuli, sive banc ego carmine famam,
lure tibi grates, candide lector, ago.

[Though Ovid says (11. 103 seq.) that he strove to bear his mis-
fortunes with a manly fortitude, the poems of his exile, the Tristia and
Epistles from Pontus^ abound in plaintive lamentations at his hard lot,
petitions to his friends in Rome, and unmanly subserviency to Augustus,
and later to Tiberius, in the hope of gaining his recall. These, how-
ever, were all in vain, and he died at Tomi, his place of exile, in a.d. 18,
after a banishment of nine years.]

HEROIDES

[The works of Ovid may be broadly divided into three classes, cor-
responding to three periods in his life : the works of his youth, of the
prime of his life prior to his banishment, and of his last years spent in
exile.

His earlier works are all in the elegiac measure and amatory in char-
acter. The order of these cannot be determined with exactness. It is
possible that he may have been working upon them all at intervals dur-
ing this period. However this may be, it has been thought that the
Heroidesy or * Epistles of Heroines/ are his earliest work. They are a
series of fictitious letters, purporting to be written by certain love-lorn
princesses of the mythical age to the estranged objects of their affections.
They are pervaded with a spirit of ideality, and are full of the fresh
vigor of youth. While the general situation in all is the same, still
the details are as varied as the characters. It is as if the poet would
present ideal pictures of all possible phases of a "great love despised."
These letters are highly polished in style ; and, although the somewhat
unnatural prolongation of the woes of the heroines detracts from their
interest, still these letters have always been the most popular of Ovid's
works. This is without doubt owing to their highly dramatic character,
and to the romantic nature of their subject, a theme which has never
failed to claim the sympathetic interest of the reader.

The epistles are twenty-one in number, six of which are of doubtful
authenticity. Those which are considered as undoubtedly from Ovid's
hand are as follows :

Penelope to i/fysses, Phillis to Demophodtty Briseis to Achilles^
Phaedra to Hippolytus, Oenone to Paris ^ Hypsipyle to Jason, Dido to-
Aeneas, Hermione to Orestes, Deianira to Hercules, Ariadne to
Theseus, Canace to Macareus, Medea to Jason, Laodamia to Protesi-
laiis, Hypermnestra to Lynceus, and Sappho to Phaon.

The t^nth letter, purporting to be sent from Ariadne to Theseus, is
sufficiently representative of the whole series.
OVID — 2 17

l8 THE WORKS OF OVID

Ariadne was the daughter of Minos, king of Crete. This monarch,
in vengeance for the death of his son Androgeos, had exacted from the
Athenians a tribute of seven youths and seven maidens who were to be
sent every nine years to Crete, to be devoured by the monster Minotaur.
Theseus, son of Aegeus, king of Athens, offered himself to be of this
number of youths, and went to Crete with the purpose of slaying the
Minotaur. This object he accomplished, and made his way in safety
out of the mazy labyrinth in which the monster was confined, by the
aid of a clew which Ariadne had given him. For she had seen and
loved the Athenian hero when he was presented among the others at
her father's court. Theseus, promising marriage to the princess, fled
with her from Crete. But landing at Naxos or Dia, he deserted her in
the night and sailed away to Athens. In the gray dawn she discovers
that she is alone, and descries his sail just vanishing on the distant
horizon. This crisis is the setting of the letter which follows.]

Mitius inveni quam te genus omne ferarum :

Credita non ulli quam tibi peius eram.
Quae legis, ex illo, Theseu, tibi litore mitto,

Unde tuam sine me vela tulere ratem,
5 In quo me somnusque mens male prodidit et tu,

Per facinus somnis insidiate meis.
Tempus erat, vitrea quo primum terra pruina

Spargitur et tectae fronde queruntur aves ;
Incertum vigilans a somno languida movi
lo Thesea prensuras semisupina manus :

Nullus erat ! referoque manus iterumque retempto

Perque torum moveo bracchia : nullus erat !
Excussere metus somnum ; conterrita surgo,

Membraque sunt viduo praecipitata toro.
15 Protinus adductis sonuerunt pectora palmis,

Utque erat e somno turbida, rapta coma est.
Luna fuit : specto, siquid nisi litora cernam ;

Quod videant oculi, nil nisi litus habent.
Nunc hue, nunc illuc, et utroque sine ordine curro ;
20 Alta puellares tardat harena pedes.

HEROIDES 19

Interea toto clamavi in litore * Theseu !'

Reddebant nomen concava saxa tuum,
Et quotiens ego te, totiens locus ipse vocabat :

Ipse locus miserae ferre volebat opem.
25 Mons f uit : apparent frutices in vertice rari ;

Nunc scopulus raucis pendet adesus aquis :
Ascendo (vires animus dabat) atque ita late

Aequora prospectu metior alta meo.
Inde ego (nam ventis quoque sum crudelibus usa)
30 Vidi praecipiti carbasa tenta Noto :

Aut vidi aut tamquam quae me vidisse putarem —

Frigidior glacie semianimisque fui.
Nee languere diu patitur dolor ; excitor illo,

Excitor et summa Thesea voce voco.
35 *Quo fugfis?* exclamo *scelerate revertere Theseu,

Flecte ratem ! numerum non habet ilia suum."
Haec ego ; quod voci deerat, plangore replebam :

Verbera cum verbis mixta fuere meis.
Si non audires, ut saltem cernere posses,
40 lactatae late signa dedere manus,

Candidaque imposui longae velamina virgae,

Scilicet oblitos admonitura mei.
lamque oculis ereptus eras : tum denique flevi ;

Torpuerant molles ante dolore genae.
45 Quid potius facerent, quam me mea lumina flerent,

Postquam desierant vela videre tua ?
Aut ego diffusis erravi sola capillis,

Qualis ab Ogygio concita Baccha deo,
Aut mare prospiciens in saxo frigida sedi,
50 Quamque lapis sedes, tam lapis ipsa fui.
Saepe torum repeto, qui nos acceperat ambos,

Sed non acceptos exhibiturus erat,
Et tua, quae possum, pro te vestigia tango

20 THE WORKS OF OVID

Strataque, quae membris intepuere tuis.
55 Incumbo lacrimisque toro manante profusis
* Pressimus ' exclamo * te duo : redde duos !
Venimus hue ambo : cur non discedimus ambo ?

Perfide, pars nostri, lectule, maior ubi est ? *
Quid faciam? quo sola ferar? vacat insula cultu:
60 Non hominum video, non ego facta boum.
Omne latus terrae cingit mare ; navita nusquam,

Nulla per ambiguas puppis itura vias.
Finge dari comitesque mihi ventosque ratemque :
Quid sequar ? accessus terra paterna negat.
65 Ut rate felici pacata per aequora labar,
Temperet ut ventos Aeolus, exsul ero 1
Non ego te, Crete centum digesta per urbes,

Aspiciam, puero cognita terra lovi.
At pater et tellus iusto regnata parenti
70 Prodita sunt facto, nomina cara, meo.
Cum tibi, ne victor tecto morerere recurvo.
Quae regerent passus, pro duce fila dedi.
Cum mihi dicebas ' per ego ipsa pericula iuro,
Te fore, dum nostrum vivet uterque, meam.*
75 Vivimus, et non sum, Theseu, tua, si modo vivit
Femina periuri fraude sepulta viri.
Me quoque qua fratrem, mactasses, improbe, clava;

Esset, quam dederas, morte soluta fides.
Nunc ego non tantum, quae sum passura, recorder,
80 Sed quaecumque potest ulla relicta pati.
Occurrunt animo pereundi mille figurae,

Morsque minus poenae quam mora mortis habet.
lam iam venturos aut hac aut suspicor iliac,
Qui lanient avido viscera dente, lupos.
85 Forsitan et fulvos tellus alat ista leones ;
Quis scit, an et saevam tigrida Dia f erat ?

HEROIDES 21

luiitur magnas expellere phocas!
It et ^ladios per latus ire meum ?
religer dura captiva catena,
Iham serva grandia pensa manu,
Cui pater est Minos, cui mater filia Phoebi,

Quodque magis memini, quae tibi pacta f ui !
Si mare, si terras porrectaque litora vidi,
Multa mihi terrae, multa minantur aquae.
95 Caelum restabat : timeo simulacra deorum !
Destituor rapidis praeda cibusque feris ;
Sive colunt habitantque viri, diffidimus illis :

Externos didici laesa timere viros.
Viveret Androgeos utinam ! nee facta luisses
loo Impia f uneribus, Cecropi terra, tuis ;
Nee tua mactasset nodoso stipite, Theseu,

Ardua parte virum dextera, parte bovem ;
Nee tibi, quae reditus monstrarent, fila dedissem,
Fila per adductas saepe recepta manus.
105 Non equidem miror, si stat victoria tecum,
Strataque Cretaeam belua stravit humum.
Non poterant figi praecordia ferrea cornu ;

- Ut te non tegeres, pectore tutus eras.
Illic tu silices, illic adamanta tulisti,
no Illic qui silices, Thesea, vincat, habes.
Crudeles somni, quid me tenuistis inertem }

Aut seniel aeterna nocte premenda fui.

Vos quoque crudeles, venti, nimiumque parati,

Flaminaque in lacrimas officiosa meas.

IIS Dextera crudelis, quae me f ratremque necavit,

Et data poscenti, nomen inane, fides!

In me iurarunt somnus ventusque fidesque :

Prodita sum causis una puella tribus.
Ergo ego nee lacrimas matris moritura videbo,

22 THE WORKS OF OVID

la-) Nec mea qui digitis lumina condat, erit ?
Spiritus infelix peregrinas ibit in auras,

Nec positos artus unguet amica manus ?
Ossa superstabunt volucres inhumata marinae ?
Haec sunt officiis digna sepulcra meis !
125 Ibis Cecropios portus, patriaque receptus
Cum steteris turbae celsus honore tuae
Et bene narraris letum taurique virique
Sectaque per dubias saxea tecta vias,
Me quoque narrate solam tellure relictam !
130 Non ego sum titulis subripienda tuis.

Nec pater est Aegeus, nec tu Pittheidos Aethrae

Filius : auctores saxa fretumque tui !
Di facerent, ut me summa de puppe videres :
Movisset vultus maesta figura tuos.
135 Nunc quoque non oculis, sed, qua potes, aspice mente
, Haerentem scopulo, quem vaga pulsat aqua;
Aspice demissos lugentis more capillos

Et tunicas lacrimis sicut ab imbre graves !
Corpus, ut impulsae segetes aquilonibus, horret,
140 Litteraque articulo pressa tremente labat.
Non te per meritum, quoniam male cessit, adoro :

Debita sit facto gratia nulla meo,
Sed ne poena quidem ! si non ego causa salutis,
Non tamen est, cur sis tu mihi causa necis.
145 Has tibi plangendo lugubria pectora lassas
Infelix tendo trans freta longa manus,
Hos tibi, qui superant, ostendo maesta capillos !

Per lacrimas oro, quas tua facta movent :
Flecte ratem, Theseu, versoque relabere vento !
150 Si prius occidero, tu tamen ossa feres.

AMORES

[As the Heroides are pictures of ideal situations, so the Amoves are
full of the real personality of the poet, and abound in descriptions of
scenes, experiences, and incidents so vividly presented that one does
not stop to question their reality. We feel that the poet is no longer
relating the love stories of- mythical personages, but is telling episodes
from his own life. Many of these episodes, it must be admitted, are
offensive to modern taste. But because of this the whole work should
by no means be passed over, since in it many interesting and beautiful
poems may be found.

In a prefatory epigram Ovid tells us that there were originally five
books of the Amores, but that these have been reduced to three.

At the outset he describes how he was engaged upon a more severe
theme, when he was forced against his will into the field of amatory
verse.]

I. I. Arma gravi numero violentaque bella parabam
Edere, materia conveniente modis ;
Par erat inferior versus : risisse Cupido
Dicitur atque unum subripuisse pedem.
5 * Quis tibi, saeve puer, dedit hoc in carmina iuris }
Pieridum vates, non tua turba sumus.
Quid, si praeripiat flavae Venus arma Minervae,

Ventilet accensas fiava Minerva faces .?
Quis probet in silvis Cererem regnare iugosis,
lo Lege pharetratae virginis arva coli }

Crinibus insignem quis acuta cuspide .Phoebum

Instruat, Aoniam Marte movente lyram }
Sunt tibi magna, puer, nimiumque potentia regna :
Cur opus adf ectas, ambitiose, novum 1
IS An, quod ubique, tuum est .?.tua sunt Heliconia Tempe }

23

24 THE WORKS OF OVID

Vix etiam Phoebo iam lyra tuta sua est ? '
Cum bene surrexit versu nova pagina primo,

Attenuat nervos proximus ille meos ;
Nee mihi materia est numeris levioribus apta,
20 Aut puer aut longas compta puella comas.
Questus eram, pharetra cum protinus ille soluta

Legit in exitium spicula facta meum
Lunavitque genu sinuosum fortiter arcum

' Quod * que ' canas, vates, accipe * dixit ' opus ! '
25 Me miserum ! certas habuit puer ille sagittas :

Uror, et in vacuo pectore regnat Amor.
Sex mihi surgat opus numeris, in quinque residat :

Ferrea cum vestris bella valete modis !
Cingere litorea flaventia tempora myrto,
30 Musa, per undenos emodulanda pedes !

[The next selection illustrates the impassioned wooing of the youth-
ful poet, revealing a fervor and an abandon, a real personal interest in
the case, which the more polished love songs of Horace nowhere
approach.]

I. III. lusta precor : quae me nuper praedata puella est,
Aut amet aut faciat, cur ego semper amem !
A, nimium volui ! tantum patiatur amari :
Audierit nostras tot Cytherea preces !
5 Accipe, per longos tibi qui deserviat annos,
Accipe, qui pura norit amare fide !
Si me non veterum commendant magna parentum

Nomina, si nostri sanguinis auctor eques.
Nee meus innumeris renovatur campus aratris,
10 Temperat et sumptus parcus uterque parens :
At Phoebus comitesque novem vitisque repertor

Hinc faciunt, at me qui tibi donat, Amor,
At nulli cessura fides, sine crimine mores
Nudaque simplicitas purpureusque pudor.

AMORES 25

15 Non mihi mille placent, non sum desultor amoris :
Tu mihi, siqua fides, cura perennis eris ;
Tecum, quos dederint annos mihi fila sororum,

Vivere contingat teque dolente mori ;
Te mihi materiem felicem in carmina praebe :
20 Provenient causa carmina digna sua.
Carmine nomen habent exterrita cornibus lo

Et quam fluminea lusit adulter ave
Quaeque super pontum simulate vecta iuvenco
Virginea tenuit cornua vara manu :
25 Nos quoque per totum pariter cantabimur orbem,
lunctaque semper erunt nomina nostra tuis.

[The hope of literary immortality, everywhere so dear to the
Roman poets, is expressed again and again by Ovid himself. He
predicts this immortality in the following poem, and that not only for
himself but for all the great bards of Greece and Rome.]

I. XV. Quid mihi, Livor edax, ignavos obicis annos,
Ingeniique vocas carmen inertis opus ;
Non me more patrum, dum strenua sustinet aetas,
Praemia militiae pulverulenta sequi
5 Nee me verbosas leges ediscere nee me
Ingrato vocem prostituisse foro ?
Mortale est, quod quaeris, opus ; mihi f ama perennis

Quaeritur, in toto semper ut orbe canar.
Vivet Maeonides, Tenedos dum stabit et Ide,
10 Dum rapidas Simois in mare volvet aquas.
Vivet et Ascraeus, dum mustis uva tumebit,

Dum cadet incurva falce resecta Ceres.
Battiades semper toto cantabitur orbe :
Quamvis ingenio non valet, arte valet.
15 Nulla Sophocleo veniet iactura cothurno ;
Cum sole et luna semper Aratus erit ;
Dum fallax servus, durus pater, improba lena

26 THE WORKS OF OVID

Vivent et meretrix blanda, Menandros erit ;
Ennius arte carens animosique Accius oris
20 Casurum nullo tempore nomen habent.

Varronem primamque ratem quae nesciet aetas,

Aureaque Aesonio terga petita duci ?
Carmina sublimis tunc sunt peritura Lucreti,

Exitio terras cum dabit una dies ;
25 Tityrus et segetes Aeneiaque arma legentur,

Roma triumphati dum caput orbis erit ;
Donee erunt ignes arcusque Cupidinis arma,

Discentur numeri, culte Tibulle, tui ;
Gallus et Hesperiis et Gallus notus Eois,
30 Et sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit.
F>go, cum silices, cum dens patientis aratri

Depereant aevo, carmina morte carent :
Cedant carminibus reges regumque triumphi,

Cedat et auriferi ripa benigna Tagi !
35 Vilia miretur vulgus ; mihi flavus Apollo

Pocula Castalia plena ministret aqua,
Sustineamque coma metuentem frigora myrtum

Atque ita soUicito multus amante legar !
Pascitur in vivis Livor, post fata quiescit,
40 Cum suus ex merito quemque tuetur honos.
Ergo etiam cum me supremus adederit ignis,

Vivam, parsque mei multa superstes erit.

[The following whimsical and exaggerated lament over the death of
a parrot, the pet of his mistress Corinna, is one of the most famous
poems of the Amores. It exhibits the charming, half-playful, half-
plaintive spirit which pervades our poet's elegies. The poem also
illustrates one of the most prominent faults of Ovid's style, — its too
large use of mythological allusion, which tends to conventionality. ]

Il.vi.Psittacus, Eois imitatrix ales ab Indis,

Occidit : exequias ite frequenter, aves ;

AMORES • ^7

Ite, piae volucres, et plangite pectora pinnis
Et rigido teneras ungue notate genas;
5 Horrida pro maestis lanietur pluma capillis,
Pro longa resonent carmina vestra tuba !
Quod scelus Ismarii quereris, Philomela, tyranni,

Expleta est annis ista querela suis ;
Alitis in rarae miserum devertere funus :
lo Magna, sed antiqua est causa doloris Itys.
Omnes, quae liquido libratis in acre cursus,
Tu tamen ante alios, turtur amice, dole !
Plena fuit vobis omni concordia vita,
Et stetit ad finem longa tenaxque fides :
15 Quod fuit Argolico iuvenis Phoceus Orestae,
Hoc tibi, dum licuit, psittace, turtur erat.
Quid tamen ista fides, quid rari forma coloris,

Quid vox mutandis ingeniosa sonis.
Quid iuvat, ut datus es, nostrae placuisse puellae ?
20 Infelix, avium gloria, nempe iaces!

Tu poteras fragiles pinnis hebetare zmaragdos

Tincta gerens rubro Punica rostra croco.
Non fuit in terris vocum simulantior ales :
Reddebas blaeso tam bene verba sono !
25 Raptus es invidia : non tu fera bella movebas ;
Garrulus et placidae pacis amator eras.
Ecce, coturnices inter sua proelia vivunt,
Forsitan et fiant inde frequenter anus.
Plenus eras minimo nee prae sermonis amore
30 In multos poteras ora vacare cibos ;

Nux erat esca tibi causaeque papavera somni,

Pellebatque sitim simplicis umor aquae.
Vivit edax vultur ducensque per aera gyros
Miluus et pluviae graculus auctor aquae ;
35 Vivit et armiferae cornix invisa Minervae,

28 - THE WORKS OF OVID

Ilia quidem saeclis vix moritura nQvem :
Occidit ilia loquax humanae vocis imago,

Psittacus, extrerao munus ab orbe datum !
Optima prima fere manibus rapiuntur avaris,
40 Implentur numeris deteriora suis :
Tristia Phylacidae Thersites f unera vidit,

lamque cinis vivis fratribus Hector erat.
Quid referam timidae pro te pia vota puellae,

Vota procelloso per mare rapta Noto ?
45 Septima lux venit non exhibitura sequentem,

(Et stabat vacuo iam tibi Parca colo)
Nee tamen ignavo stupuerunt verba palato :

Clamavit moriens lingua ' Corinna, vale ! '
Colle sub Elysio nigra nemus ilice frondet,
so Udaque perpetuo gramine terra viret :
Siqua fides dubiis, volucrum locus ille piarum

Dicitur, obscenae quo prohibentur aves ;
Illic innocui late pascuntur olores

Et vivax phoenix, unica semper avis ;
55 Explicat ipsa suas ales lunonia pinnas,

Oscula dat cupido blanda columba mari.
Psittacus has inter nemorali sede receptus

Convertit volucres in sua verba pias.
Ossa tegit tumulus, tumulus pro corpore magnus,
60 Quo lapis exiguus par sibi carmen habet :

CONLIGOR EX IPSO DOMINAE PLACUISSE SEPULCRO ;
OrA FUERE MIHI plus AVE DOCTA LOQUI.

[The one who seems to have exercised the most powerful influence
over Ovid's youthful affections, and whose name was most frequently
foOnd in his love songs, which he tells us in his Life were the popular
songs of the street, was that Corinna who has already been mentioned
in these pages. In the following poem he strives to dissuade her from
a proposed journey by sea ; failing in this, he prays for her safe return.]

AMORES

29

II. XL Prima malas docuit mirantibus aequoris undis
Peliaco pinus vertice caesa vias,
Quae concurrentes inter temeraria cautes
Conspicuam fulvo vellere vexit ovem.
5 O utinam, nequis remo f reta longa moveret,
Argo f unestas pressa bibisset aquas !
Ecce, fugit notumque torum sociosque Penates

Fallacesque vias ire Corinna parat
Quid tibi, me miserum, Zephyros Eurosque timebo
10 Et gelidum Borean egelidumque Notum ?
Non illic urbes, non tu mirabere silvas :
Una est iniusti caerula forma maris ;
Nee medius tenues conchas pictosque lapillos
Pontus habet : bibuli litoris ilia mora est.
15 Litora marmoreis pedibus signate, pUellae :
Hactenus est tutum ; cetera caeca via est.
Et vobis alii ventorum proelia narrent,

Quas Scylla infestet, quasve Charytdis aquas,
Et quibus emineant violenta Ceraunia saxis,
20 Quo lateant Syrtes magna minorque sinu !
Haec alii referant ad vos ; quod quisque loquetur,

Credite! quaerenti nulla procella nocet.
Sero respicitur tellus, ubi f une soluto
Currit in immensum panda carina salum,
25 Navita sollicitus cum ventos horret iniquos

Et prope tam letum, quam prope cernit aquam.
Quod si concussas Triton exasperet undas,

Quam tibi sit toto nullus in ore color !
Tum generosa voces fecundae sidera Ledae
30 Et * felix,' dicas * quem sua terra tenet ! '
Tutius est fovisse torum, legisse libellos,

Threiciam digitis increpuisse lyram.
At, si vana ferunt volucres mea dicta procellae,

30 THE WORKS OF OVID

Aequa tamen puppi sit Galatea tuae !
35 Vestrum crimen erit talis iactura puellae,
Nereidesque deae Nereidumque pater.
Vade memor nostri vento reditura secundo,

Impleat ilk tuos fortior aura sinus !
Turn mare in haec magnus proclinet litora Nereus,
40 Hue venti spirent, hue agat aestus aquas!
Ipsa roges, Zephyri veniant in lintea soli,

Ipsa tua moveas turgida vela manu.
Primus ego aspiciam notam de litore puppim,
Et dicam ' nostros advehit ilia deos/
45 Excipiamque umeris et multa sine ordine carpam
Oscula : pro reditu victima vota cadet,
Inque tori formam molles sternentur harenae,

Et tumulus mensae quilibet instar erit.
Illic apposito narrabis multa Lyaeo :
50 Paene sit ut mediis obruta navis aquis,

Dumque ad me properas, neque iniquae tempora
noctis
Nee te praecipites extimuisse Notos.
Omnia pro veris credam, sint ficta licebit :
Cur ego non votis blandiar ipse meis ?
55 Haec mihi quamprimum caelo nitidissimus alto
Lucifer admisso tempora portet equo !

[In the next selection our poet is seen hastening on his way to join
his sweetheart, when his progress is stopped by a small stream that
has been swollen to a torrent. He addresses the stream in the lan-
guage now of remonstrance now of wheedling persuasion.]

III. VI. Amnis harundinibus limosas obsite ripas,

Ad dominam propero : siste parumper aquas !
Nee tibi sunt pontes nee quae sine remigis ictu
Concava traiecto cumba rudente vehat.

AMORES 31

5 Parvus eras, memini, nee te transire refugi,

Summaque vix talos contigit unda meos ;
Nunc ruis apposito nivibus de monte solutis

Et turpi crassas gurgite volvis aquas.
Quid properasse iuvat, quid parea dedisse quieti
10 Tempora, quid noeti eonseruisse diem,

Si tamen hie standum est, si non datur artibus uUis

Ulterior nostro ripa premenda pedi ?
Nunc ego, quas habuit pinnas Danaeius heros,

Terribili densum cum tulit angue caput,
15 Nunc opto currum, de quo Cerealia primum

Semina venerunt in rude missa solum.
Prodigiosa loquor veterum mendacia vatum,

Nee tulit haec umquam nee f eret uUa dies ;
Tu potius, ripis effuse capacibus amnis,
20 (Sic aeternus eas !) labere fine tuo !

Non eris invidiae, torrens, mihi crede, ferendae,

Si dicar per te forte retentus amans.
Flumina deberent iuvenes in amore iuvare ;

Flumina senserunt ipsa, quid esset amor.

[Here follows a long catalogue, in Ovid\s worst manner, of those
river gods of mythology who had themselves felt the pangs of love.

This stream, too, like those, shall become famous in song, if only it
will yield to the poet's request. It will not? Then let it be accursed
with drought, as it deserves.]

85 Dum loquor, increscis latis spatiosior undis,
Nee capit admissas alveus altus aquas :
Quid mecum, furiose, tibi ? quid mutua differs
Gaudia ? quid coeptum, rustice, rumpis iter ?
, Quid, si legitimum flueres, si nobile flumen,
90 Si tibi per terras maxima fama foret }
Nomen habes nullum, rivis conlecte caducis,
Nee tibi sunt f ontes nee tibi certa domus ;

32 THE WORKS OF OVID

Fontis habes instar pluviamque nivesque solutas,
Quas tibi divitias pigra ministrat hiems ;
95 Aut lutulentus agis brumali tempore cursus,
Aut premis arentem pulverulentus humum :
Quis te turn potuit sitiens haurire viator ?

Quis dixit grata voce * perennis eas ' ?

Damnosus pecori curris, damnosior agris ;

loo Forsitan haec alios, me mea damna movent

Huic ego vae! demens narrabam fluminum amores!

lactasse indigne nomina tanta pudet ;
Nescio quem hunc spectans Acheloon et Inachon amnem
Et potui nomen, Nile, referre tuum !
105 At tibi pro meritis, opto, non candide torrens,
Sint rapidi soles siccaque semper hiems!

[At the end of. this work, the poet bids farewell to the Loves, with
the evident intention of passing on to higher themes ; with the boldness
of youth> he takes his place beside Vergil and Catullus, and compla-
cently plumes himself upon the renown which he has conferred upon
the humble place of his birth.]

III. XV. Quaere novum vatem, tenerorum mater Amorum :
Raditur hie elegis ultima meta meis ;
Qlios ego composui, Faeligni ruris alumnus,

(Nee me deliciae dedecuere meae)
5 Siquid id est, usque a proavis vetus ordinis heres,

Non modo militiae turbine f actus eques.
Mantua Vergilio, gaudet Verona Catullo ;

Faelignae dicar gloria gentis ego,
Quam sua libertas ad honesta coegerat arma,
10 Cum timuit sodas anxia Roma manus.
Atque aliquis spectans hospes Sulmonis aquosi

Moenia, quae campi iugera pauca tenent,
* Quae tantum ' dicat ' potuistis ferre poetam,
Quantulacumque estis, vos ego magna voco.'

AMORES

'5 Culte puer puerique parens Amathusia culti,
Aurea de campo vellite signa meo !
Corniger increpuit fhyrso graviore Lyaeus :

Pulsanda est magnis area maior equis.
Imbelles elegi, genialis Musa, valete,
20 Post mea mansurum fata superstes opus !

33

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Omnia Vincit Amor
(From a painting by Franceschini, in the Uffizi Gallery in Florence)

OVID — 3

ARS AMATORIA

[This work is, as its name implies, a set of rules for the government
of affairs of love. The work is in three books, — the first two addressed
to men, the last to women. Ovid, who by experience was a past master
in this art, offers minute instructions as to methods of procedure. Others
may be leaders and instructors in other arts, but he is the master of the
art of love]

I. Siquis in hoc artem populo non novit amandi,
Hoc legat et lecto carmine doctus amet !
Arte citae veloque rates remoque moventur,
Arte leves currus : arte regendus Amor.
5 Curribus Automedon lentisque erat aptus habenis,
Tiphys in Haemonia puppe magister erat:
Me Venus artificem tenero praefecit Amori ;
Tiphys et Automedon dicar Amoris ego.

[The poet recommends the theater as the best field of observation
of the fair sex, who, from the days of the Sabine women down, have
thronged that place of popular resort.]

Ut redit itque frequens longum formica per agmen,
Granifero solitum cum vehit ore cibum,
95 Aut ut apes saltusque suos et olentia nactae
Pascua per flores et thyma summa volant,
Sic ruit in celebres cultissima femina ludos :

Copia iudicium saepe morata meum est.
Spectatum veniunt ; veniunt spectentur ut ipsae :
loo lUe locus casti damna pudoris habet.
Primos sollicitos fecisti, Romule, ludos,
34

ARS AMATORIA 35

Cum iuvit viduos rapta Sabina viros.
Tunc neque marmoreo pendebant vela theatro,

Nee fuerant liquido pulpita rubra croco ;
^5 IlHc, quas tulerant nemorosa Palatia, frondes

Simpliciter positae, scaena sine arte fuit ;
In gradibus sedit populus de caespite factis,

Qualibet hirsutas fronde tegente comas.
Respiciunt oculisque notant sibi quisque puellam,
no Quam velit, et tacito pectore multa movent.
Dumque rudem praebente modum tibicine Tusco

Ludius aequatam ter pede pulsat humum,
In medio plausu (plausus tunc arte carebant)

Rex populo praedae signa petita dedit.
115 Protinus exsiliunt animum clamor e fatentes

Virginibus cupidas iniciuntque manus :
Ut fugiunt aquilas, timidissima turba, columbae,

Utque fugit visos agna novella lupos,
Sic illae timuere viros sine more ruentes ;
lao Constitit in nulla, qui fuit ante, color.

Nam timor unus erat, facies non una timoris:

Pars laniat crines, pars sine mente sedet ;
Altera maesta silet, frustra vocat altera matrem ;

Haec queritur, stupet haec ; haec manet, ilia fugit.
125 Ducuntur raptae, genialis praeda, puellae,

Et potuit multas ipse decere timor.

[It would be profitless to follow Ovid through the tangled maze of
precept and illustration. The whole work shows the extremely low
ideal of morality which existed in the society of the time. No more
striking commentary upon this society can be made than that such a
work as this should have been put forth by a popular poet in the confi-
dent expectation that it would meet with a popular response.

This work, like all of Ovid's works, abounds in mythological illustra-
tions. One of the best of these is the following selection from the third
book, illustrating the folly of the too hasty judgment of jealousy.]

36 THE WORKS OF OVID

III. Nec cito credideris ! quantum cito credere laedat,
686 Exemplum vobis non leve Procris erit.
Est prope purpureos coUes florentis Hymetti
Pons sacer et viridi caespite mollis humus :
Silva nemus non alta facit ; tegit arbutus herbam ;
690 Ros maris et lauri nigraque myrtus olent;
Nec densum foliis buxum fragilesque myricae

Nec tenues cytisi cultaque pinus abest ;
Lenibus impulsae Zephyris auraque salubri
Tot generum frondes herbaque summa tremit.
695 Grata quies Cephalo ; famulis canibusque relictis
Lassus in hac iuvenis saepe resedit humo,
* Quae * que * meos releves aestus/ cantare solebat

* Accipienda sinu, mobilis aura, veni ! '
Coniugis ad timidas aliquis male sedulus aures
700 Auditos memori rettulit ore sonos :

Procris ut accepit nomen, quasi paelicis, Aurae,

Excidit et subito muta dolore fuit :
Palluit, ut serae lectis de vite racemis

Pallescunt frondes, quas nova laesit hiems,
705 Quaeque suos curvant matura Cydonia ramos,
Cornaque adhuc nostris non satis apta cibis.
Ut rediit animus, tenues a pectore vestes

Rumpit et indignas sauciat ungue genas ;
Nec mora, per medias passis furibunda capillis
710 Evolat, ut thyrso concita Baccha, vias.

Ut prope perventum, comites in valle relinquit.

Ipsa nemus tacito clam pede fortis init.
Quid tibi mentis erat, cum sic male sana lateres
Procri ? quis attoniti pectoris ardor erat ?
715 lam iam venturam, quaecumque erat Aura, putabas
Scilicet atque oculis probra videnda tuis.
Nunc venisse piget (neque enim deprendere velles)

ARS AMATORIA 37

Nunc iuvat : incertus pectora versat amor ;
Credere quae iubeant, locus est et nomen* et index,
720 Et quia amans semper, quod timet, esse putat.
Vidit ut oppressa vestigia corporis herba,
Pulsantur trepidi corde micante sinus ;
lamque dies medius tenues contraxerat umbras,
Inque pari spatio vesper et ortus erant :
725 Ecce, redit Cephalus silvis, Cyllenia proles,
Oraque fontana fervida pulsat aqua.
Anxia, Procri, lates ; solitas iacet ille per herbas,

Et * Zephyri molles auraque * dixit ' ades ! *
Ut patuit miserae iucundus nominis error,
730 Et mens et rediit verus in ora color :
Surgit et oppositas agitato corpore f rondes

Movit in amplexus uxor itura viri ;
Ille feram yidisse ratus iuvenaliter artus
Corripit : in dextra tela fuere manu.
735 Quid facis, infelix ? non est fera ; supprime tela !
Me miserum ! iaculo fixa puella tuo est
* Ei mihi ! * conclamat * fixisti pectus amicum :
Hie locus a Cephalo vulnera semper habet.
Ante diem morior, sed nulla paelice laesa :
740 Hoc faciet positae te mihi, terra, levem.
Nomine suspectas iam spiritus exit in auras :
Labor, io ! cara lumina conde manu ! '
' Ille sinu dominae morientia corpora maesto
Sustinet et lacrimis vulnera saeva lavat :
745 Exit et incauto paulatim pectore lapsus
Excipitur miseri spiritus ore viri.

REMEDIA AMORIS

[This poem is designed as a book of advice for those who would be
delivered from the snares of love. In the opening lines, Ovid apologizes
to Cupid for his seeming desertion from the standard of that youthful
god, implied in the title of his poem ; and explains that his * remedy '
is only for those who are entangled in the meshes of unhappy or
unworthy love.]

Legerat huius Amor titulum nomenque libelli :

* Bella mihi, video, bella parantur * ait.
* Parce tuum vatem sceleris damnare, Cupido,

Tradita qui toties te duce signa tuli.
5 Non ego Tydides, a quo tua saucia mater

In liquidum rediit aethera Martis equis.
Saepe tepent alii iuvenes ; ego semper amavi :

Et si, quid faciam nunc quoque, quaeris, amo.
Quin etiam docui, qua posses arte parari,
lo Et quod nunc ratio est, impetus ante fuit.
Nee te, blande puer, nee nostras prodimus artes,

Nee nova praeteritum musa retexit opus.
Siquis amat quod amare iuvat, feliciter ardet :

Gaudeat, et vento naviget ille suo.
15 At siquis male fert indignae regna puellae,

Ne pereat, nostrae sentiat artis opem.'

[The poet moralizes upon the dangers of delay.]

Nam mora dat vires : teneras mora percoquit uvas
Et validas segetes, quod fuit herba, facit.
38

REMEDIA AMORIS 39

85 Quae praebet latas arbor spatiantibus umbras,
Quo posita est primum tempore, virga f uit :
Turn poterat manibus summa tellure revelli ;
Nunc Stat in immensum viribus acta suis.
Quale sit id, quod amas, celeri circumspice mente
90 Et tua laesuro subtrahe colla iugo.
Principiis obsta : sero medicina paratur,

Cum mala per longas convaluere moras.

Sed propera nee te venturas differ in horas :

Qui non est hodie, eras minus aptus erit.

95 Verba dat omnis amor reperitque alimenta morando :

Optima vindictae proxima quaeque dies.

Flumina pauca vides de magnis fontibus orta :

Plurima conlectis multiplicantur aquis ;
Si cito sensisses, quantum peccare parares,
100 Non tegeres vultus cortice, Myrrha, tuos.

[Above all things, the mind must be wholesomely occupied with
war, farming, the chase, foreign travel, — anything that may furnish a
healthy activity. It is the empty mind that is most subject to tempta-
tion. The poet takes occasion here to give a charming picture of
country life.]

Rura quoque oblectant animos studiumque colendi :
170 Quaelibet huic curae cedere cura potest.
Colla iube domitos oneri supponere tauros,

Sauciet ut duram vomer aduncus humum ;
Obrue versata Cerealia semina terra,

Quae tibi cum multo faenore reddat ager.
175 Aspice curvatos pomorum pondere ramos,
Ut sua, quod peperit, vix ferat arbor onus ;
Aspice labentes iucundo murmure rivos ;
Aspice tondentes fertile gramen oves !
Ecce, petunt rupes praeruptaque saxa capellae :
180 lam referent haedis ubera plena suis.

40 THE WORKS OF OVID

Pastor inaequali modulatur harundine carmen,

Nee desunt comites, sedula turba, canes.
Parte sonant alia silvae mugitibus altae,

Et queritur vitulum mater abesse suum.
185 Quid, cum suppositos f ugiunt examina fumos,

Ut relevent dempti vimina curva favi?
Poma dat autumnus ; formosa est messibus aestas ;

Ver praebet Acres ; igne levatur hiems.
Temporibus certis maturam rusticus uvam
190 Deligit, et nudo sub pede musta fluunt ;
Temporibus certis desectas adligat herbas,

Et tonsam raro pectine verrit humum.
Ipse potes riguis plantam deponere in hortis,

Ipse potes rivos ducere lenis aquae.
195 Venerit insitio : f ac, ramum ramus adoptet,

Stetque peregrinis arbor operta comis.
Cum semel haec animum coepit mulcere voluptas,

Debilibus pinnis inritus exit Amor.
Vel tu venandi studium cole : saepe recessit
200 Turpiter a Phoebi victa sorore Venus ;
Nunc leporem pronum catulo sectare sag^ci,

Nunc tua frondosis retia tende iugis ;
Aut pavidos terre varia formidine cervos,

Aut cadat adversa cuspide fossus aper.

[And let no one think that magic arts can avail. Their uselessness
IS proved by the fact that famous professors of these arts have been
unable by their aid to help themselves.]

Me duce non tumulo prodire iubebitur umbra,
Non anus infami carmine rumpet humum,
255 Non seges ex aliis alios transibit in agros,
Nee subito Phoebi pallidus orbis erit ;

Ut solet, aequoreas ibit Tiberinus in undas,
Ut solet, in niveis Luna vehetur equis.

REMEDIA AMORIS 41

Nulla recantatas deponent pectora curas,
260 Nee fugiet vivo sulphure victus amor.
Quid te Phasiacae iuverunt gramina terrae,

Cum cuperes patria, Colchi, manere domo ?
Quid tibi profuerunt, Circe, Perseides herbae,
Cum sua Neritias abstulit aura rates ?
265 Omnia fecisti, ne callidus hospes abiret :
I lie dedit certae lintea plena fugae.
Omnia fecisti, ne te ferus ureret ignis :
Longus et invito pectore sedit amor.
Vertere tu poteras homines in mille figuras :
270 Non poteras animi vertere iura tui.

287 Ardet et adsuetas Circe decurrit ad artes,
Nee tamen est illis attenuatus amor. .
Ergo, quisquis opem nostra tibi poscis ab arte,
290 Deme veneficiis carminibusque fidem !

[In an interesting digression Ovid makes answer to those critics
who chide him for devoting himself entirely at this period to poetry
of love. *Let them carp,' says he, *so long as my name resounds
throughout the world.'

Nuper enim nostros quidam carpsere libellos,
Quorum censura Musa proterva mea est :

Dummodo sic placeam, dum toto canter in orbe.
Quod volet, impugnent unus et alter opus !
365 Ingenium magni livor detractat Homeri.

[He boasts that, though he is still only on the upward slope of the
hill of Fame, elegiac poetry owes as much to him as epic to Vergil.]

^ Principio clivi noster anhelat equus ;
395 Tantum se nobis elegi debere fatentur,
Quantum Vergilio nobile debet epos.
Hactenus invidiae respondimus : attrahe lora
Fortius et gyro curre, poeta, tuo !

TRAGEDY

[It was quite to be expected that Ovid, in the fervor of his youthful
genius, would make some attempts in the field of tragedy, a form of
literature which, it would seem, in all periods was popular among the
Romans. He himself makes several allusions to these attempts. In
the Amores (II. xviii. i r-i8) he describes how he had forced himself
for a time to give up the writing of mere love poems, and to assume the
more noble work of tragedy.]

Vincor, et ingenium sumptis revocatur ab armis,

Rescjue domi gestas et mea bella cano.
Sceptra tamen sumpsi, curaque tragoedia nostra

Crevit, et huic operi quamlibet aptus eram :
15 Risit Amor pallamque meam pictosque cothurnos

Sceptraque privata tarn cito sumpta manu ;
Hinc quoque me dominae numen deduxit iniquae,

Deque cothurnato vate triumphat Amor.

[Again {Amores, III. i), under the form of an allegorical strife be-
tween Elegeia (or Love) and Tragoedia, he represents the conflicting
influences under which he wrought.]

Stat vetus et multos incaedua silva per annos :

Credibile est illi numen inesse loco ;
Fons sacer in medio speluncaque pumice pendens
Et latere ex omni dulce queruntur aves.
5 Hie ego dum spatior tectus nemoralibus umbris,
(Quod mea, quaerebam, Musa moveret opus)
Venit odoratos Elegeia nexa capillos,
Et, puto, pes illi longior alter erat :
42

Melpomene, Muse of Tragic Poetry
(From llie Vatican Musc?um)

To face p. 42

TRAGEDY 43

Forma decens, vestis tenuissima, vultus amantis ;
10 Et pedibus vitium causa decoris erat.
Venit et ingenti violenta Tragoedia passu.
Fronte comae torva, palla iacebat humi ;
Laeva manus sceptrum late regale movebat,
Lydius alta pedum vincla cothurnus erat.
15 Et prior ' ecquis erit * dixit * tibi finis amandi,
O argumenti lente poeta tui ?
Nequitiam vinosa tuam convivia narrant,
Narrant in multas compita secta vias.
Saepe aliquis digito vatem designat euntem,
ao Atque ait " hie, hie est, quem ferus urit Amor."
Fabula, nee sentis, tota iactaris in Urbe,

Dum tua praeterito facta pudore refers.
Tempus erat, thyrso pulsum graviore moveri ;
Cessatum satis est : incipe maius opus !
25 Materia premis ingenium ; cane facta virorum.
** Haec animo " dices " area facta meo est."
Quod tenerae cantent, lusit tua Musa, puellae,

Primaque per numeros acta iuventa suos ;
Nunc habeam per te Romana Tragoedia nomen !
30 Implebit leges spiritus iste meas.'

Hactenus, et movit pictis innixa cothurnis

Densum caesarie terque quaterque caput.
Altera, si memini, limis subrisit ocellis ;
(Fallor, an in dextra myrtea virga fuit ? )
35 ' Quid gravibus verbis, animosa Tragoedia,' dixit

* Me premis ? an numquam non gravis esse potes ?
Imparibus tamen es numeris dignata moveri :

In me pugnasti versibus usa meis.
Non ego contulerim sublimia carmina nostris :
40 Obruit exiguas regia vestra fores.

Sum levis, et mecum levis est, mea cura, Cupido :

44 THE WORKS -OF OVID

Non sum materia f ortior ipsa mea ;
Et tamen emerui plus, quam tu, posse ferendo
Multa supercilio non patienda tuo.
45 Rustica sit sine me lascivi mater Amoris :
Huic ego proveni lena comesque deae ;
Quam tu non poteris duro reserare cothurno,

Haec est blanditiis ianua laxa meis ;
Per me decepto didicit custode Corinna
so Liminis astricti sollicitare fidem
Delabique toro tunica velata soluta

Atque impercussos nocte movere pedes.
Vel quotiens foribus duris inlisa pependi,
Non verita a populo praetereunte legi ;
55 Quin ego me memini, dum custos saevus abiret,
Ancillae missam delituisse sinu ;
Quid, cum me munus natali mittis, at ilia

Rumpit et apposita barbara mersat aqua ?
Prima tuae movi felicia semina mentis :
6o Munus babes, quod te iam petit ista, meum.'
Desierat ; coepi * per vos utramque rogamus.

In vacuas aures verba timentis eant.
Altera me sceptro decoras altoque cothurno :
lam nunc contacto magnus in ore sonus ;
65 Altera das nostro victurum nomen amori :
Ergo ades et longis versibus adde breves !
Exiguum vati concede, Tragoedia, tempus :

Tu labor aeternus ; quod petit ilia, breve est.*
Mota dedit veniam : teneri properentur Amores,
70 Dum vacat ; a tergo grandius urguet opus.

[That the tragic Muse did win a temporary sway, and that the
poet did write at least one play, on the theme of Medea, is attested
by Quintilian (X. i, 93), who speaks of the tragedy in terms of
praise :

TRAGEDY

45

Ovidii Medea videtur mihi ostendere, quantum ille vir praestare potu-
erit, si ingenio suo imperare quam indulgere maluisset.

Tacitus also {Dialogus, 12) bears testimony to the popularity of this
play in his time :

Plures hodie reperies, qui Ciceronis gloriam quam qui Vergilii
detrectent : nee ullus Asinii aut Messallae liber tam inlustris est quam
Medea Ovidii aut Varii Thyestes,

The play is again mentioned in the fifth century a.d. in a letter of
Valerius to Rufinus, containing a caution against marriage: Lege
Medeam Nasonis, et vix pauca invenies impossibilia mulieri.

When we consider the masterly way in which the poet has treated
this same theme in the seventh book of the Metamorphoses^ we cannot
but regret the almost utter loss of this tragedy. Of the whole play one
line alone remains, quoted by Quintilian (VIII. 5, 6) as an example of
a ^sententia^:

Vehementius apud Ovidium Medea dicit, Servare potui ; perdere an
possim, rogas ?

The works of the second period of Ovid's life are two in number :
the Fasti and the Metamorphoses. Both were written, but neither
was published before the banishment of the poet, which so suddenly
interrupted his prosperous career at Rome.]

Tragic and Comic Masks
(From a Mosaic preserved in the Capitoline Museum at Rome)

FASTI

[The Fasti^ or Calendar enumerates the various religious festivals
of the Romans in their chronological order, and narrates the traditional
events which are connected with these holidays. The poet undertakes
an explanation of the names of the various months, and accounts for
the origin of many Roman customs and festivals. It is a poem of times
and places, which makes the work of great value to the student of
Roman antiquities. The plan of the work included twelve books, one
for each month ; and while there is evidence that the poet completed
his first sketch of the whole work, the first six books only have come
down to us. These were finished in their original form before Ovid's
banishment in a.d. 9, and were addressed to Augustus ; but they re-
mained unpublished until the death of Augustus in a.d. 14. At this
time the poet revised his first book, and, dedicating it to Germanicus,
the adopted son of Tiberius, sent the whole to Rome in the vain hope
that by this means he might gain the favor of the new Emperor. This
book, like all the previous poems of Ovid, is in the elegiac measure.

A selection of typical passages is here presented.]

Book 1. January
[The poet dedicates his revised work to Germanicus.]

Tempera cum causis Latium digesta per annum

Lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa canam.
Excipe pacato, Caesar Germanice, vultu

Hoc opus et timidae dirige navis iter;
5 Officioque, levem non aversatus honorem,

Huic tibi devoto numine dexter ades.
Sacra recognosces annalibus eruta priscis,

Et quo sit merito quaeque notata dies.
Invenies illic et festa domestica vobis :

46

FASTI 47

lo Saepe tibi pater est, saepe legendus avus.
Quaeque ferunt illi pictos signantia fastos,

Tu quoque cum Druso praemia fratre feres.
Caesaris arma canant alii : nos Caesaris aras,
Et quoscumque sacris addidit ille dies.
15 Annue conanti per laudes ire tuorum,

Deque meo pavidos excute corde metus.
Da mihi te placidum, dederis in carraina vires :

Ingenium vultu statque caditque tuo.
Pagina iudicium docti subitura movetur
20 Principis, ut Clario missa legenda deo.
Quae sit enim culti facundia sensimus oris,

Civica pro trepidis cum tulit arma reis.
Scimus et, ad nostras cum se tulit impetus artes,
Ingenii currant flumina quanta tui.
^5 Si licet et fas est, vates rege vatis habenas,
Auspicio felix tot us ut annus eat.

[January first. Janus, his festival, history, functions, and attributes.]

Ecce tibi faustum, Germanice, nuntiat annum,
Inque meo primus carmine lanus adest.
65 lane biceps, anni tacite labentis origo.
Solus de superis qui tua terga vides,
Dexter ades ducibus, quorum secura labore

Otia terra ferax, otia pontus habet :
Dexter ades patribusque tuis populoque Quirini,
70 Et resera nutu Candida templa tuo.

Prospera lux oritur. Linguis animisque favete !

Nunc dicenda bona sunt bona verba die.
Lite vacent aures, insanaque protinus absint
lurgia ; differ opus, livida turba, tuum.
75 Cernis, odoratis ut luceat ignibus aether,
Et sonet accensis spica Cilissa focis.?

48 THE WORKS OF OVID

Flamma nitore suo templorum verberat aurum,

Et tremulum summa spargit in aede iubar.
Vestibus intactis Tarpeias itur in arces,
80 Et populus festo concolor ipse suo est.

lamque novi praeeunt fasces, nova purpura fulget,

Et nova conspicuum pondera sentit ebur.
Colla rudes operum praebent ferienda iuvenci,

Quos aluit campis herba Falisca suis.
85 luppiter arce sua totum cum spectet in orbem,

Nil nisi Romanum, quod tueatur, habet.
Salve, laeta dies, meliorque revertere semper,

A populo rerum digna potente coli.
Quem tamen esse deum te dicam, lane biformis ?
90 Nam tibi par nullum Graecia numen habet.
Ede simul causam, cur de caelestibus unus

Sitque quod a tergo, sitque quod ante, vides ?
Haec ego cum sumptis agitarem mente tabellis,

Lucidior visa est, quam fuit ante, domus.
95 Tunc sacer ancipiti mirandus imagine lanus

Bina repens oculis obtulit ora meis.
Extimui sensique metu riguisse capillos,

Et gelidum subito frigore pectus erat.
I lie tenens baculum dextra clavemque sinistra
100 Edidit hos nobis ore priore sonos :

* Disce, metu posito, vates operose dierum,

Quod petis, et voces percipe mente meas.
Me Chaos antiqui — nam sum res prisca — vocabant.

Aspice, quam longi temporis acta canam.
105 Lucidus hie aer et quae tria corpora restant,

Ignis, aquae, tellus, unus acervus erat.
Ut semel haec rerum secessit lite suarum,

Inque novas abiit massa soluta domos,
Flamma petit altum, propior locus aera cepit,

FASTI 49

iio Sederunt medio terra fretumque solo.

Tunc ego, qui fueram globus et sine imagine moles,

In faciem redii dignaque membra deo.
Nunc quoque, confusae quondam nota parva iigurae,
Ante quod est in me postque, videtur idem.
I IS Accipe, quaesitae quae causa sit altera formae,
Hanc simul ut noris officiumque meum.
Quidquid ubique vides, caelum, mare, nubila, terras

Omnia sunt nostra clausa patentque manu.
Me penes est unum vasti custodia mundi,
I20 Et ius vertendi cardinis omne meum est.
Cum libuit Pacem placidis emittere tectis.

Libera perpetuas ambulat ilia vias.
Sanguine letifero totus miscebitur orbis,
Ni teneant rigidae condita bella serae.
125 Praesideo foribus caeli cum mitibus Horis:
It, redit officio luppiter ipse meo.
Inde vocor lanus. Cui cum Cereale sacerdos

Imponit libum farraque mixta sale,
Nomina ridebis : modo namque Patulcius idem
130 Et modo sacrifico Clusius ore vocor.
Scilicet alterno voluit rudis ilia vetustas

Nomine diversas significare vices.

Vis mea narrata est. Causam nunc disce figurae :

lam tamen hanc aliqua tu quoque parte vides.

13s Omnis habet geminas, hinc atque hinc, ianua frontes,

E quibus haec populum spectat, at ilia Larem.

Utque sedens primi vester prope limina tecti

lanitor egressus introitusque videt,
Sic ego perspicio, caelestis ianitor aulae,
140 Eoas partes Hesperiasque simul.

Ora vides Hecates in tres vertentia partes,
Servet ut in ternas compita secta vias.

OVID — 4

50 THE WORKS OF OVID

Et mihi, ne flexu cervicis tempora perdam,
Cernere non moto corpore bina licet/
145 Dixerat : et vultu, si plura requirere vellem,
Difficilem mihi se non fore fassus erat.

[Why the temple of Janus is shut in time of. peace but open in war.j

* At cur pace lates, motisque recluderis armis ? '

Nee mora, quaesiti reddita causa mihi est.

* Ut populo reditus pateant ad bella profecto,
280 Tota patet dempta ianua nostra sera.

Pace fores obdo, ne qua discedere possit :

Caesareoque diu nomine clusus ero.'
Dixit, et attoUens oculos diversa tuentes,

Aspexit toto quidquid in orbe fuit.
285 Pax erat, et vestri, Germanice, causa triumphi,

Tradiderat famulas lam tibi Rhenus aquas,
lane, fac aeternos pacem pacisque ministros,

Neve suum, praesta, deserat auctor opus.
Quod tamen ex ipsis licuit mihi discere fastis,
290 Sacravere patres hac duo templa die.

Accepit Phoebo nymphaque Coronide natum.

Insula, dividua quam premit amnis aqua:
luppiter in parte est. Cepit locus unus utrumque

lunctaque sunt magno templa nepotis avo.

Book II. February

[The introduction addressed to Augustus. — The derivation of th
word February. '\

lanus habet finem. Cum carmine crescit et annus :
Alter ut hie mensis, sic liber alter eat.

Nunc primum velis, elegi, maioribus itis :
Exiguum, memini, nuper eratis opus.

FASTI 51

5 Ipse ego vos habui faciles in amore ministros,
Cum lusit numeris prima iuventa suis.
Idem sacra cano signataque tempora fastis :
Ecquis ad haec illinc crederet esse viam ?
Haec mea militia est. Ferimus quae possumus,
arma,
10 Dextraque non omni munere nostra vacat.
Si mihi non valido torquentur pila lacerto,

Nee bellatoris terga premuntur equi,
Nee galea tegimur, nee acuto cingimur ense, —
His habilis telis quilibet esse potest —
15 At tua prosequimur studioso pectore, Caesar,
Nomina, per titulos ingredimurque tuos.
Ergo ades et placido paulum mea munera vultu

Respice, pacando siquid ab hoste vacas.
Februa Romani dixere piamina patres :
20 Nunc quoque dant verbo plurima signa fidcm.
Pontifices ab rege petunt et flamine lanas,
Quis veterum lingua februa nomen erat.
Quaeque capit lictor domibus purgamina certis,
Torrida cum mica farra, vocantur idem.
25 Nomen idem ramo, qui caesus ab arbore pura
Casta sacerdotum tempora fronde tegit.
Ipse ego flaminicam poscentem februa vidi,

Februa poscenti pinea virga data est.
Denique quodcumque est, quo corpora nostra piantur,
30 Hoc apud intonsos nomen habebat avos.
Mensis ab his dictus, secta quia pelle Luperci
Omne solum lustrant, idque piamen habent :
Aut quia placatis sunt tempora pura sepulcris,
Tunc cum ferales praeteriere dies.
35 Omne nefas omnemque mali purgamina causam
Credebant nostri tollere posse senes.

52 THE WORKS OF OVID

[February fourth. The constellation of the Dolphin sets. This
suggests the story of Arion.]

Quern modo caelatum stellis Delphina videbas,
80 Is fugiet visus nocte sequente tuos :
Seu fuit occultis felix in amoribus index,

Lesbida cum domino seu tulit ille lyram.
Quod mare non novit, quae nescit Ariona tellus ?

Carmine currentes ille tenebat aquas.
85 Saepe sequens agnam lupus est a voce retentus,

Saepe avidum f ugiens restitit agna lupum :
Saepe canes leporesque umbra cubuere sub una,

Et stetit in saxo proxima cerva leae :
Et sine lite loquax cum Palladis alite comix
90 Sedit, et accipitri iuncta columba fuit.
Cynthia saepe tuis fertur, vocalis Arion,

Tamquam fraternis obstipuisse modis.
Nomen Arionium Siculas impleverat urbes,

Captaque erat lyricis Ausonis ora sonis.
95 Inde domum repetens puppem conscendit Arion,

Atque ita quaesitas arte ferebat opes.
Forsitan, infelix, ventos undasque timebas :

At tibi nave tua tutius aequor erat.
Namque gubernator destricto constitit ense
100 Ceteraque armata conscia turba manu.

Quid tibi cum gladio > Dubiam rege, navita, puppem !

Non haec sunt digitis arma tenenda tuis.
Ille, metu viduus, 'mortem non deprecor' inquit,

'Sed liceat sumpta pauca referre lyra.'
105 Dant veniam, ridentque moram. Capit ille coronam,

Quae possit crines, Phoebe, decere tuos.
Induerat Tyrio bis tinctam murice pallam ;

Reddidit icta suos poUice chorda sonos :
Flebilibus numeris veluti canentia dura

FASTI 53

iio Traiectus pinna tempora cantat olor.
Protinus in medias ornatus desilit undas,
Spargitur impulsa caerula puppis aqua.
Inde — fide mains — tergo delphina recurvo
Se memorant oneri supposuisse novo.
115 Ille sedens citharamque tenet, pretiumque vehendi,
Cantat et aequoreas carmine mulcet aquas.
Di pia facta vident : astris delphina recepit
luppiter et Stellas iussit habere novem.

Book III. March
[This month is sacred to Mars and derives its name from him.]

Bellice, depositis clipeo paulisper et hasta,

Mars, ades et nitidas casside solve comas.
Forsitan ipse roges, quid sit cum Marte poetae ?

A te, qui canitur, nomina mensis habet.
5 Ipse vides manibus peragi fera bella Minervae :

Num minus ingenuis artibus ilia vacat ?
Palladis exemplo ponendae tempora sume

Cuspidis. Invenies et quod inermis agas.

[While many other tribes of Italy had a month of March, Romulus
paid the god special honor by placing his month first in the Roman
year.]

lam, modo qua fuerant silvae pecorumque recessus,

Urbs erat, aetemae cum pater Urbis ait :
' Arbiter armorum, de cuius sanguine natus

Credor, et ut credar, pignora multa dabo,
75 A te principium Romano dicimus anno :

Primus de patrio nomine mensis erit.*
Vox rata fit, patrioque vocat de nomine mensem.

Dicitur haec pietas grata f uisse deo.

54 THE WORKS OF OVID

Et tamen ante omnes Martem coluere priores.
80 Hoc dederat studiis bellica turba suis.
Pallada Cecropidae, MinoYa Creta Dianam,

Vulcanum tellus Hypsipylea colit;
lunonem Sparte Pelopeladesque Mycenae,

Pinigerum Fauni Maenalis ora caput :
85 Mars Latio venerandus erat, quia praesidet armis.

Arma ferae genti remque decusque dabant.
Quod si forte vacas, peregrinos inspice fastos :

Mensis in his etiam nomine Martis erit.
Tertius Albanis, quintus f uit ille Faliscis ;
90 Sextus apud populos, Hernica terra, tuos.
Inter Aricinos Albanaque tempora constat

Factaque Telegoni moenia celsa manii.
Quintum Laurentes, bis quintum Aequiculus acer,

A tribus hunc primum turba Curensis habet.
95 Et tibi cum proavis, miles Peligne, Sabinis

Convenit ; hie genti quartus utrique deus.
Romulus hos omnes ut vinceret ordine saltem,

Sanguinis auctori tempora prima dedit.

[The poet adduces certain proofs of the fact that March was once
the first month of the year. — Numa Pompilius inaugurated the change
to the present order, but Julius Caesar completed it.]

135 Neu dubites, primae fuerint quin ante Kalendae
Martis, ad haec animum signa referre potes :
Laurea, flaminibus quae toto perstitit anno,
Tollitur, et frondes sunt in honore novae,
lanua tunc regis posita viret arbore Phoebi :
140 Ante tuas fit idem, curia prisca, fores.
Vesta quoque ut folio niteat velata recenti,

Cedit ab Iliacis laurea cana focis.
Adde, quod arcana fieri novus ignis in aede

FASTI 55

Dicitur, et vires flamma refecta capit.
145 Nee mihi parva fides, annos hinc isse priores,

Anna quod hoc coepta est mense Perenna coli.
Hinc etiam veteres initi memorantur honores

Ad spatium belli, perfide Poene, tui.
Denique quintus ab hoc fuerat Quintilis, et inde
150 Incipit, a numero nomina quisquis habet
Primus, oliviferis Romam deductus ab arvis,

Pompilius menses sensit abesse duos :
Sive hoc a Samio doctus, qui posse renasci
Nos putat, Egeria sive monente sua.
155 Sed tamen errabant etiam nunc tempora, donee
Caesaris in multis haee quoque cura fuit.
Non haec ille deus tantaeque propaginis auctor

Credidit officiis esse minora suis,
Promissumque sibi voluit praenoscere caelum,
160 Nee deus ignotas hospes inire domos.
Ille moras solis, quibus in sua signa rediret,

Traditur exactis disposuisse notis.
Is decies senos tercentum et quinque diebus
lunxit, et e pleno tempora quarta die.
165 Hie anni modus est : in lustrum aceedere debet,
Quae consummatur partibus, una dies.

[The Ides of March are memorable for the assassination of Caesar.
But in reality he was not slain, as men think. Vesta snatched him
away, and substituted a phantom in his stead.]

Praeteriturus eram gladios in prineipe fixos,

Cum sic a eastis Vesta locuta focis :
* Ne dubita meminisse ! mens fuit ille saeerdos.
700 Saerilegae telis me petiere manus.

Ipsa virum rapui, simulacraque nuda reliqui;

Quae cecidit ferro, Caesaris umbra fuit.

S6 THE WORKS OF OVID

Ille quidem caelo positus lovis atria vidit,

Et tenet in magno templa dicata foro.

705 At quicumque nefas ausi, prohibente deorum

Numine, polluerant pontificale caput,

Morte iacent merita. Testes estote Philippi,

Et quorum sparsis ossibus albet humus.
Hoc opus, haec pietas, haec prima elementa fuerunt
710 Caesaris, ulcisci iusta per arma patrem.*

Book IV. April

[This is the month sacred to Venuis, whose favoring presence !s here
invoked.]

* Alma, fave,* dixi * geminorum mater Amorum ! '

Ad vatem vultus rettulit ilia suos,

* Quid tibi * ait ' mecum ? certe maiora canebas.

Num vetus in molli pectore vulnus habes ? '
s * Scis dea,' respondi 'de vulnere.' Risit, et aether

Protinus ex ilia parte serenus erat.
' Saucius, an sanus, numquid tua signa reliqui ?

Tu mihi propositum, tu mihi semper opus.
Quae decuit, primis sine crimine lusimus annis :
10 Nunc teritur nostris area maior equis.
Tempora cum causis, annalibus eruta priscis,

Lapsaque sub terras ortaque signa cano.
Venimus ad quartum, quo tu celeberrima, mensem.

Et vatem et mensem scis, Venus, esse tuos.'
IS Mota Cytheriaca leviter mea tempora myrto

Contigit, et 'coeptum perfice* dixit 'opus.'
Sensimus, et causae subito patuere dierum

Dum hcet et spirant flamina, navis eat.

^n^eZZTfy^^^^^^^^ '^^ ''' ^^^^ ^^-'' -^^-^^^^ on the

FASTI 57

85 Quo non livor adit ? Sunt qui tibi mensis honorem
Eripuisse velint invideantque, Venus.
Nam quia ver aperit tunc omnia, densaque cedit

Frigoris asperitas, fetaque terra patet,
Aprilem memorant ab aperto tempore dictum :
90 Quem Venus iniecta vindicat alma manu.
Ilia quidem totum dignissima temperat orbem ;

Ilia tenet nullo regna minora deo,
luraque dat caelo, terrae, natalibus undis,
Perque suos initus continet omne genus.
95 Ilia deos omnes — longum est numerare — creavit :
Ilia satis causas arboribusque dedit :
Ilia rudes animos hominum contraxit in unum,

Et docuit iungi cum pare quemque sua.
Quid genus omne creat volucrum, nisi blanda volup-
tas?
100 Nee coeant pecudes, si levis absit amor.
Cum mare trux aries cornu decertat ; at idem

Frontem dilectae laedere parcit ovis.
Deposita sequitur taurus feritate iuvencam,
Quem toti saltus, quem nemus omne tremit.
105 Vis eadem lato quodcumque sub aequore vivit,
Servat, et innumeris piscibus implet aquas.
Prima feros habitus homini detraxit : ab ilia

Venerunt cultus mundaque cura sui.
Primus amans carmen vigilatum nocte negata
no Dicitur ad clausas concinuisse fores :
Eloquiumque fuit duram exorare puellam,
Proque sua causa quisque disertus erat.
Mille per banc artes motae ; studioque placendi
Quae latuere prius, multa reperta ferunt.
115 Hanc quisquam titulo mensis spoliare secundi
Audeat ? A nobis sit furor iste procul.

58 THE WORKS OF OVID

[April twenty-first. The festival of Pales. The shepherd's prayer
to his patron divinity.]

* Consule ' die ' pecori pariter pecorisque magistris :

Effugiat stabulis noxa repulsa meis.
Sive sacro pavi, sedive sub arbore sacra,
750 Pabulaque e bustis inscia carpsit ovis :
Si nemus intravi vetitum, nostrisve fugatae

Sunt oculis nymphae semicaperve deus :
Si mea falx ramo lucum spoliavit opaco,

Unde data est aegrae fiscina frondis ovi :
755 Da veniam culpae. Nee, dum degrandinat, obsit

Agresti fano supposuisse pecus.
Nee noeeat turbasse lacus. Ignoscite, nymphae,

Mota quod obscuras ungula feeit aquas.
Tu, dea, pro nobis fontes fontanaque placa
760 Numina, tu sparsos per nemus omne deos.
Nee Dryadas; nee nos videamus labra Dianae,

Nee Faunum, medio eum premit arva die.
Pelle proeul morbos. Valeant hominesque gregesque,

Et valeant vigiles, provida turba, eanes.
765 Neve minus multos redigam, quam mane fuerunt,

Neve gemam referens vellera rapta lupo.
Absit iniqua fames. Herbae frondesque supersint,

Quaeque lavent artus, quaeque bibantur, aquae,
libera plena premam, referat mihi easeus aera,
770 Dentque viam liquido vimina rara sero ;
Lanaque proveniat nullas laesura puellas,

Mollis et ad teneras quamlibet apta manus.
775 Quae preeor, eveniant, et nos faeiamus ad annum

Pastorum dominae grandia liba Pali.'
His dea placanda est : haec tu eonversus ad ortus

Die quater, et vivo perlue rore manus.

FASTI 59

Turn licet apposita, veluti cratere, camella
780 Lac niveum potes purpureamque sapam :

Moxque per ardentes stipulae crepitantis acervos
Traicias celeri strenua membra pede.

Book V. May

[May third. The constellation Centaurus rises. This suggests the
story of Chiron and Hercules.]

Nocte minus quarta promet sua sidera Chiron
380 Semivir et flavi corpore mixtus equi.

Pelion Haemoniae mons est obversus in austros :

Summa virent pinu, cetera quercus habet.
Phillyrides tenuit. Saxo stant antra vetusto,
Quae iustum memorant incoluisse senem.
J85 I lie manus olim missuras Hectora leto
Creditur in lyricis detinuisse modis.
Venerat Alcides exhausta parte laborum,

lussaque restabant ultima paene viro.
Stare simul casu Troiae duo fata videres :
390 Hinc puer Aeacides, hinc love natus erat.
Excipit hospitio iunctum Philyrems heros,
Et causam adventus hie rogat, ille docet.
Perspicit interea clavam spoliumque leonis,
* Vir'que ait * his armis, armaque digna viro ! *
395 Nee se, quin horrens auderent tangere saetis
Vellus, Achilleae continuere manus.
Dumque senex tractat squalentia tela venenis,

Excidit et laevo fixa sagitta pede est.
Ingemuit Chiron, traxitque e corpore ferrum :
400 Et gemit Alcides Haemoniusque puer.
Ipse tamen lectas Pagasaeis collibus herbas
Temperat, et vana vulnera mulcet ope.

6o THE WORKS OF OVID

Virus edax superabat opem, penitusque recepta

Ossibus et toto corpore pestis erat
405 Sanguine Centauri Lernaeae sanguis echidnae

Mixtus ad auxilium tempora nulla dabat.
Stabat, ut ante patrem, lacrimis perfusus Achilles.

Sic flendus Peleus, si moreretur, erat.
Saepe manus aegras manibus fingebat amicis ;
410 Morum, quos fecit, praemia doctor habet.
Oscula saepe dedit, dixit quoque saepe iacenti :

* Vive, precor, nee me care relinque pater ! '
Nona dies aderat, cum tu, iustissime Chiron,

Bis septem stellis corpora cinctus eras.

Book VI. June

[June ninth. The feast of Vesta. Her temple and worship. Her
name.]

Vesta, f ave ! tibi nunc operata resolvimus ora,
250 Ad tua si nobis sacra venire licet.

In prece totus eram : caelestia numina sensi,

Laetaque purpurea luce refulsit humus.
Non equidem vidi — valeant mendacia vatum —

Te, dea ; nee fueras aspicienda viro.
255 Sed quae nescieram, quorumque errore tenebar,

Cognita sunt nullo praecipiente mihi.
Dena quater memorant habuisse Palilia Romam,

Cum flammae custos aede recepta dea est,
Regis opus placidi, quo non metuentius ullum
260 Numinis ingenium terra Sabina tulit.

Quae nunc acre vides, stipula tum tecta videres,

Et paries lento vimine textus erat.
Hie locus exiguus, qui sustinet Atria Vestae,

Tunc erat intonsi regia magna Numae.

FASTI 6 1

26s Forma tamen templi quae nunc manet, ante fuisse
Dicitur ; et f ormae causa probanda subest.
Vesta eadem, quae terra. Subest vigil ignis utrique ;

Significant sedem terra focusque suam.
Terra pilae similis, nullo f ulcimine nixa,
270 Acre subiecto tam grave pendet onus.

Arte Syracosia suspensus in acre clauso
Stat globus, immensi parva figura poli,

Et quantum a summis, tantum secessit ab imis
280 Terra ; quod ut fiat, forma rotunda f acit :

Par fades templi ; nullus procurrit in illo
Angulus, a pluvio vindicat imbre tholus.

29s Esse diu stultus Vestae simulacra putavi,
Mox didici curvo nulla subesse tholo.
Ignis inexstinctus templo celatur in illo.

Effigiem nullam Vesta nee ignis habet.
Stat vi terra sua : vi stando Vesta vocatur ;
300 Causaque par Grai nominis esse potest.

At focus a flammis et quod fovet omnia, dictus ;

Qui tamen in primis aedibus ante fuit.
Hinc quoque vestibulum dici reor : inde precando
Praefamur Vestam, quae loca prima tenet.
30s Ante focos olim scamnis considere longis
Mos erat, et mensae credere adesse deos.
Nunc quoque, cum fiunt antiquae sacra Vacunae,

Ante Vacunales stantque sedentque focos.
Venit in hos annos aliquid de more vetusto :
310 Fert missos Vestae pura patella cibos.
Ecce coronatis panis dependet asellis,
Et velant scabras florida serta molas.

*62 THE WORKS OF OVID

Sola prius furnis torrebant farra coloni,
Et Fornacali sunt sua sacra deae :
315 Suppositum cineri panem focus ipse parabat
Strataque erat tepido tegula quassa solo.

Inde focum servat pistor dominamque focorum
Et quae pumiceas versat asella molas.

Portrait Statue of a Vestalis Maxima

( Found in the Atrium Vestae at Rome)

METAMORPHOSES

[Ovid's greatest work, the fruit of the best years of the prime of his
life, when his imagination had ripened and his poetic vigor was at its
height, was the Metamorphoses. Unlilce all his other works, this is
written in Dactylic Hexameter, and approaches the epic in form and
dignity of treatment. In this great poem he attempts no less a task
than the linking together into one artistically harmonious whole all
the stories of classical mythology. And this he accomplishes, advan-
cing in mighty strides, until the whole range of wonders is passed
in review, from the dawn of creation, when chaos became the orderly
universe, down to the very age of the poet himself, when the soul of
Julius Caesar was changed to a star and set in the heavens among the
immortals. Every important myth is at least touched upon, and though
they differ widely in place and circumstance, there is no break. The
poet has seized upon every possible thread of connection as he passes
on from cycle to cycle of story ; and where this connection is lacking,
by various ingenious and artistic devices, a connecting link is found.
As a result, the poem is an unbroken account of the ancient world from
the time of the creation, being a strange blending of pure myth, tradi-
tion, and actual history.

The poem forms a more or less complete manual of classical mythol-
ogy, and is, perhaps, the most important source of wonder stories for
all writers since Ovid's time. This is the real, tangible service which
he has done the world, a service which no one, who considers the im-
mense value of these old yet ever new tales that had their origin in the
childhood of the world, will be inclined to underrate. Many of these
stories could be now obtained from the sources whence Ovid himself
drew them — from Homer. Hesiod, the Greek tragedians, and the later
Alexandrine poets. And yet many, but for him, would have been en-
tirely lost to us ; and all he has so vivified by his strong poetic imagi-
nation that they come down to us with an added freshness and life.

63

64 THE WORKS OF OVID

The most interesting parts of the Metamorphoses have been selected
for the present edition of the poet and the omitted portions are given
in outline, so that the student may not only have the substance of the
whole work in hand, but may be able to see the methods by which Ovid
has united and harmonized the various cycles of stories.]

Book I

[May the gods, who themselves have wrought all changes, aid me
as I shall attempt to describe them.]

In nova fert animus mutatas dicere formas
Corpora. Di, coeptis — nam vos mutastis et illas —
Aspirate meis, primaque ab origine mundi
Ad mea perpetuum deducite tempora carmen.

[In the beginning Chaos reigned, a universe of warring elements in
one shapeless mass.]

5 Ante mare et terras et, quod tegit omnia, caelum
Unus erat toto naturae vultus in orbe,
Quem dixere Chaos ; rudis indigestaque moles,
Nee quicquam nisi pondus iners congestaque eodem
Non bene iunctarum discordia semina rerum.

lo Nullus adhuc mundo praebebat lumina Titan,
Nee nova crescendo reparabat cornua Phoebe,
Nee circumfuso pendebat in acre tellus
Ponderibus librata suis, nee bracchia longo
Margine terrarum porrexerat Amphitrite.

IS Utque erat et tellus illic et pontus et aer.
Sic erat instabilis tellus, innabilis unda,
Lucis egens aer. Nulli sua forma manebat,

. Obstabatque aliis aliud, quia corpore in uno
Frigida pugnabant calidis, umentia siccis,

20 Mollia cum duris, sine pondere habentia pondus.

METAMORPHOSES 65

[These elements were at length separated and allotted to their proper
places in the Cosmos, or orderly universe.]

Hanc deus et melior litem natura diremit ;

Nam caelo terras et terris abscidit undas,

Et liquidum spisso secrevit ab acre caelum.

Quae postquam evolvit caecoque exemit acervo,
25 Dissociata locis concordi pace ligavit.

Ignea convexi vis et sine pondere caeli

Emicuit summaque locum sibi fecit in arce.

Proximus est aer illi levitate locoque ;

Densior his tellus, elementaque grandia traxit
30 Et pressa est gravitate sua. Circumfluus umor

Ultima possedit solidumque coercuit orbem.

[Then was the earth itself molded into shape and its various surface
features formed. The five terrestrial zones also were established, cor-
responding to similar divisions of the heavens.]

Sic ubi dispositam, quisquis f uit ille deorum,
Congeriem secuit sectamque in membra redegit,
Principio terram, ne non aequalis ab omni

35 Parte foret, magni speciem glomeravit in orbis.
Turn freta diffundi rapidisque tumescere ventis
lussit et ambitae circumdare litora terrae.
Addidit et fontes et stagna immensa lacusque,
Fluminaque obliquis cinxit declivia ripis,

40 Quae, diversa locis, partim sorbentur ab ipsa.
In mare perveniunt partim, campoque recepta
Liberioris aquae pro ripis litora pulsant.
lussit et extendi campos, subsidere valles,
Fronde tegi silvas, lapidosos surgere montes.

45 Utque duae dextra caelum totidemque sinistra
Parte secant zonae, quinta est ardentior ilHs ;
Sic onus inclusum numero distinxit eodem
OVID — 5

66 THE WORKS OF OVID

Cura dei, totidemque plagae tellure premuntur.
Quarum quae media est, non est habitabilis aestu ;
50 Nix tegit alta duas : totidem inter utramque locavit,
Temperiemque dedit mixta cum frigore flamma.

[The atmosphere, with its mists and clouds, thunders and winds;
the highest spaces of pure, weightless aether.]

Imminet his aer; qui, quanto est pondere terrae
Pondus aquae levius, tanto est onerosior igni.
lUic et nebulas, illic consistere nubes

55 lussit, et humanas motura tonitrua mentes
Et cum fulminibus facientes frigora ventos.
His quoque non passim mundi fabricator habendum
Aera permisit. Vix nunc obsistitur illis.
Cum sua quisque regant diverso flamina tractu,

60 Quin lanient mundum ; tanta est discordia fratrum.
Eurus ad auroram Nabataeaque regna recessit
Persidaque et radiis iuga subdita matutinis.
Vesper et occiduo quae litora sole tepescunt,
Proxima sunt Zephyro ; Scythiam septemque trionem

65 Horrifer invasit Boreas. Contraria tellus

Nubibus assiduis pluvioque madescit ab Austro.
Haec super imposuit liquidum et gravitate carentem
Aethera nee quicquam terrenae faecis habentem.

[Then appeared the heavenly lights ; and earth, water, air and sk>
were filled with forms of life.]

Vix ita limitibus dissaepserat omnia certis,
70 Cum, quae pressa diu massa latuere sub ilia,
Sidera coeperunt toto effervescere caelo.
Neu regio foret ulla suis animantibus orba,
Astra tenent caeleste solum formaeque deorum,
Cesserunt nitidis habitandae piscibus undae,
75 Terra feras cepit, volucres agitabilis aer.

METAMORPHOSES

67

[And last came man, instinct with life divine, and set to rule all
creatures of the earth.]

Sanctius his animal mentisque capacius altae
Deerat adhuc, et quod dominari in cetera posset.
Natus homo est : sive hunc divino semine fecit
lUe opifex rerum, mundi melioris origo,
80 Sive recens tellus seductaque nuper ab alto
Aethere cognati retinebat semina caeli,
Quam satus lapeto mixtam fluvialibus undis
Finxit in effigiem moderantum cuncta deorum ;

The Creation of Man

(From a sarcophagus in the National Museum at Naples)

Pronaque cum spectent animalia cetera terram,
85 Os homini sublime dedit, caelumque videre
lussit et erectos ad sidera toUere vultus.
Sic, modo quae f uerat rudis et sine imagine, tellus
Induit ignotas hominum con versa figuras.

[The first, or Golden Age of the world was marked by universal
sinlessness of man; hence sprung his peace and freedom from the
necessity of toil.]

Aurea prima sata est aetas, quae vindice nullo
90 Sponte sua, sine lege fidem rectumque colebat.

68 THE WORKS OF OVID

Poena metusque aberant, nee verba minacia fixo
Aere legebantur, nee supplex turba timebat
ludieis ora sui, sed erant sine vindice tuti.
Nondum caesa suis, peregrinum ut viseret orbem,
95 Montibus in liquidas pinus descenderat undas,
Nullaque mortales praeter sua litora norant.
Nondum praecipites cingebant oppida fossae :
Non tuba directi, non aeris cornua flexi,
Non galeae, non ensis erant : sine militis usu

loo Mollia securae peragebant otia gentes.

Ipsa quoque immunis rastroque intacta nee ullis
Saucia vomeribus per se dabat omnia tellus ;
Contentique cibis nullo cogente creatis
Arbuteos fetus montanaque f raga legebant

los Comaque et in. duris haerentia mora rubetis
Et quae deciderant patula lovis arbore, glandes.
Ver erat aeternum, placidique tepentibus auris
Mulcebant zephyri natos sine semine flores.
Mox etiam fruges tellus inarata ferebat,

no Nee renovatus ager gravidis canebat aristis :
Flumina iam lactis, iam flumina nectaris ibant,
Flavaque de viridi stillabant ilice mella.

[The Silver Age saw the establishment of the seasons and the con-
sequent need by man of houses and the tilling of the soil.]

Postquam Saturno tenebrosa in Tartara misso
Sub love mundus erat, subiit argentea proles,

115 Auro deterior, fulvo pretiosior aere,
luppiter antiqui contraxit tempora veris,
Perque hiemes aestusque et inaequales autumnos
Et breve ver spatiis exegit quattuor annum.
Tum primum siccis aer fervoribus ustus

120 Canduit, et ventis glacies astricta pependit.

METAMORPHOSES 69

Turn primum subiere domus. Domus antra fuerunt
Et densi f rutices et vinctae cortice virgae.
Semina turn primum longis Cerealia sulcis
Obruta sunt, pressique iugo gemuere iuvenci.

[During the Brazen and the Iron Ages, the degeneracy of mankind
was gradual but complete, and all the gods in anger left the earth.]

125 Tertia post illam successit aenea proles,

Saevior ingeniis et ad horrida promptior arma,
Non scelerata tamen. De duro est ultima ferro.
Protinus irrupit venae peioris in aevum
Omne nef as : f ugere pudor verumque fidesque ;

130 In quorum subiere locum fraudesque dolique
Insidiaeque et vis et amor sceleratus habendi.
Vela dabant ventis, nee adhuc bene noverat illos
Navita ; quaeque diu steterant in montibus altis,
Fluctibus ignotis insultavere carinae.

13s Communemque prius ceu lumina solis et auras
Cautus humum longo signavit limite mensor.
Nee tantum segetes alimentaque debita dives
Poscebatur humus, sed itum est in viscera terrae :
Quasque recondiderat Stygiisque admoverat umbris,

140 Effodiuntur opes, inritarrienta malorum.

lamque nocens ferrum f erroque nocentius aurum
Prodierat : prodit bellum, quod pugnat utroque,
Sanguineaque manu crepitantia concutit arma.
Vivitur ex rapto ; non hospes ab hospite tutus,

145 Non socer a genero ; fratrum quoque gratia rara est
Imminet exitio vir coniugis, ilia mariti ;
Lurida terribiles miscent aconita novercae ;
Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos.
Victa iacet pietas, et virgo caede madentes,

150 Ultima caelestum, terras Astraea reliquit.

70 THE WORKS OF OVID

Neve foret terris securior arduus aether,
Adfectasse ferunt regnum caeleste Gigantas,
Altaque congestos struxisse ad sidera montes.
Turn pater omnipotens misso perfregit Olympum

155 Fulmine et excussit subiecto Pelion Ossae.
Obruta mole sua cum corpora dira iacerent,
Perfusam multo natorum sanguine Terram
Immaduisse ferunt calidumque animasse cruorem,
Et, ne nulla suae stirpis monumenta manerent,

i6o In faciem vertisse hominum. Sed et ilia propago
Contemptrix superum saevaeque avidissima caedis
Et violenta fuit : scires e sanguine natos.

[Then were the gods convoked by Jove in council on the heavenly
Palatine.]

Quae pater ut summa vidit Saturnius arce,
Ingemit et, facto nondum vulgata recenti,

165 Foeda Lycaoniae referens convivia mensae,
Ingentes animo et dignas love concipit iras,
Conciliumque vocat. Tenuit mora nulla vocatos.
Est via sublimis, caelo manif esta sereno ;
Lactea nomen habet, candore notabilis ipso.

170 Hac iter est superis ad magni tecta Tonantis
Regalemque domum. Dextra laevaque deorum
Atria nobilium valvis celebrantur apertis.
Plebs habitat diversa locis ; hac fronte potentes
Caelicolae clarique suos posuere penates.

175 Hie locus est, quern, si verbis audacia detur,
Haud timeam magni dixisse Palatia caeli.
Ergo ubi marmoreo superi sedere recessu,
Celsior ipse loco sceptroque innixus eburno
Terrificam capitis concussit terque quaterque

180 Caesariem, cum qua terram mare sidera movit.

METAMORPHOSES 71

[Jove pronounces the doom of utter destruction which impends over
sinful man.]

Talibus inde modis ora indignantia solvit :
* Non ego pro mundi regno magis anxius ilia
Tempestate fui, qua centum quisque parabat
Inicere anguipedum captivo bracchia caelo.

185 Nam quamquam ferus hostis erat, tamen illud ab uno
Corpore et ex una pendebat origine bellum.
Nunc mihi qua totum Nereus circumsonat orbem,
Perdendum est mortale genus. Per flumina iuro
Infera sub terra Stygio iabentia luco,

190 Cuncta prius temptata. Sed immedicabile viilnus
Ense recidendum est, ne pars sincera trahatur.
Sunt mihi semidei, sunt rustica numina, nymphae
Faunique satyrique et monticolae Silvani :
Quos quoniam caeli nondum dignamur honore,

195 Quas dedimus, certe terras habitare sinamus.
An satis, o superi, tutos fore creditis illos,
Cum mihi, qui fulmen, qui vos habeoque regoque,
Struxerit insidias notus feritate Lycaon ? '

[At the request of the assembled gods their king narrates the impiety
of Lycaon, and his metamorphosis into a wolf.]

Confremuere omnes, studiisque ardentibus ausum
200 Talia deposcunt. Sic, cum manus impia saevit
Sanguine Caesareo Romanum exstinguere nomen,
Attonitum tanto subitae terrore ruinae
Humanum genus est totusque perhorruit orbis.
Nee tibi grata minus pietas, Auguste, tuorum est,
205 Quam fuit ilia lovi. Qui postquam voce manuque
Murmura compressit, tenuere silentia cuncti :
Substitit ut clamor, pressus gravitate regentis,
luppiter hoc iterum sermone silentia rupit :

72 THE WORKS OF OVID

' lUe quideni poenas, curam banc dimittite, solvit.

aio Quod tamen admissum, quae sit vindicta, docebo.
Contigerat nostras inf amia temporis aures :
Quam cupiens falsam, summo delabor Olympo
Et deus humana lustro sub imagine terras.
Longa mora est, quantum noxae sit ubique repertum,

315 Enumerare. Minor fuit ipsa infamia vero.
Maenala transieram latebris horrenda ferarum
Et cum Cyllene gelidi pineta Lycaei :
Arcadis hinc sedes et inhospita tecta tyranni
Ingredior, traherent cum sera crepuscula noctem.

2ao Signa dedi, venisse deum, vulgusque precari
Coeperat. Inridet primo pia vota Lycaon,
Mox ait "experiar, deus hie, discrimine aperto,
An sit mortalis. Nee erit dubitabile verum."
Nocte gravem somno necopina perdere morte

225 Me parat : haec illi placet experientia veri.
Nee contentus eo, missi de gente Molossa
Obsidis unius iugulum mucrone resolvit,
Atque ita semineces partim ferventibus artus
Mollit aquis, partim subiecto torruit igni.

230 Quos simul imposuit mensis, ego vindice flamma
In dominum dignosque everti tecta Penates.
Territus ipse fugit, nactusque silentia ruris
Exululat, f rustraque loqui conatur ; ab ipso
Conligit OS rabiem, solitaeque cupidine caedis

235 Vertitur in pccudes, et nunc quoque sanguine gaudet ;
In villos abeunt vestes, in crura lacerti :
Fit lupus, et veteris servat vestigia formae.
Canities eadem est, eadem violentia vultus,
Idem oculi lucent, eadem feritatis imago.

240 Occidit una domus : sed non domus una perire
Digna fuit : qua terra patet, fera regnat Erinys ;

METAMORPHOSES 73

In facinus iurasse putes. Dent ocius omnes
Quas meruere pati, sic stat sententia, poenas.'

[Jove promises the gods a better race of worshipers, and considers
the best method for the destruction of the world.]

Dicta lovis pars voce probant stimulosque frementi

245 Adiciunt, alii partes adsensibus implent.
Est tamen humani generis iactura dolori
Omnibus, et, quae sit terrae mortalibus orbae
Forma f utura, rogant : quis sit laturus in aras
Tura ? f erisne paret populandas tradere terras ?

250 Talia quaerentes, sibi enim fore cetera curae,
Rex superum trepidare vetat, subolemque priori
Dissimilem populo promittit origine mira.
lamque erat in totas sparsurus f ulmina terras :
Sed timuit, ne forte sacer tot ab ignibus aether

25s Conciperet flammas, longusque ardesceret axis.
Esse quoque in fatis reminiscitur, adfore tempus.
Quo mare, quo tellus correptaque regia caeli
Ardeat et mundi moles operosa laboret.
Tela reponuntur manibus fabricata Cyclopum.

260 Poena placet diversa, genus mortale sub undis
Perdere et ex omni nimbos demittere caelo.

[Jove determines to destroy mankind by universal flood .]

Protinus Aeoliis Aquilonem claudit in antris
Et quaecumque fugant inductas flamina nubes,
Emittitque Notum. Madidis Notus evolat alis,
26s Terribilem picea tectus caligine vultum :
Barba gravis nimbis, canis fluit unda capillis,
Fronte sedent nebulae, rorant pennaeque sinusque
Utque manu lata pendentia nubila pressit.
Fit f ragor ; hinc densi funduntur ab aethere nimbi.

74 THE WORKS OF OVID

270 Nuntia lunonis varies induta colores

Concipit Iris aquas, alimentaque nubibus adfert.
Sternuntur segetes et deplorata coloni
Vota iacent, longique perit labor inritus anni.
Nee caelo contenta suo est lovis ira, sed ilium

273 Caeruleus frater iuvat auxiliaribus undis.

Convocat hie amnes. Qui postquam teeta tyranni
Intravere sui, * non est hortamine longo
Nunc ' ait ' utendum. Vires effundite vestras,
Sie opus est. Aperite domos, ac mole remota

280 Fluminibus vestris totas immittite habenas/
lusserat. Hi redeunt, ac fontibus ora relaxant,
Et defrenato volvuntur in aequora cursu.
Ipse tridente suo terram pereussit. At ilia
Intremuit motuque vias patefecit aquarum.

235 Exspatiata ruunt per apertos flumina eampos,
Cumque satis arbusta simul pecudesque virosque
Teetaque, cumque suis rapiunt penetralia sacris.
Siqua domus mansit potuitque resistere tanto
Indeiecta malo, eulmen tamen altior huius

290 Unda tegit, pressaeque latent sub gurgite turres.
lamque mare et tellus nullum discrimen habebant :
Omnia pontus erant. Deerant quoque litora ponto.
Oecupat hie eollem : eumba sedet alter adunca
Et ducit remos illie ubi nuper ararat ;

^95 lUe super segetes aut mersae culmina villae
Navigat, hie summa piscem deprendit in ulmo;
Figitur in viridi, si fors tulit, aneora prato,
Aut subieeta terunt eurvae vineta carinae.
Et, modo qua graeiles gramen earpsere eapellae,
300 Nunc ibi deformes ponunt sua corpora phocae.
M.ran tur ^ub aqua lueos urbesque domosque
Nererdes. Silvasque tenent delphines, et altis

METAMORPHOSES 75

Incursant ramis agitataque robora pulsant.

Nat lupus inter oves, fulvos vehit unda leones,
305 Unda vehit tigres. Nee vires fulminis apro,

Crura nee ablato prosunt velocia cervo.

Quaesitisque diu terris, ubi sistere detur,

In mare lassatis volucris vaga decidit alis.

Obruerat tumulos immensa licentia ponti,
310 Pulsabantque novi montana cacumina fluctus.

Maxima pars unda rapitur : quibus unda pepercit,

Illos longa domant inopi ieiunia victu.

[Pyrrha and Deucalion alone survive. Their boat finds resting place
on Mount Parnassus, and the floods are recalled from the face of the
earth.]

Separat Aonios Oetaeis Phocis ab arvis,

Terra ferax, dum terra fuit : sed tempore in illo

315 Pars maris et latus subitarum campus aquarum.
Mons ibi verticibus petit arduus astra duobus,
Nomine Parnasus, superantque cacumina nubes.
Hie ubi Deucalion, nam cetera texerat aequor,
Cum consorte tori parva rate vectus adhaesit,

320 Corycidas nyniphas et numina montis adorant,
Fatidicamque Themin, quae tunc oracla tenebat.
Non illo melior quisquam nee amantior aequi
Vir fuit, aut ilia metuentior ulla deorum.
luppiter ut liquidis stagnare paludibus orbem,

325 Et superesse virum de tot modo milibus unum,
Et superesse videt de tot modo milibus unam,
Innocuos ambos, cultores numinis ambos,
Nubila disiecit, nimbisque aquilone remotis
Et caelo terras ostendit et aethera terris.

330 Nee maris ira manet, positoque tricuspide telo
Mulcet aquas rector pelagi, supraque profundum
Exstantem atque umeros innato murice tectum

76 THE WORKS OF OVID

Caeruleum Tritona vocat, conchaeque sonanti
Inspirare iubet, fluctusque et flumina signo

335 lam revocare dato. Cava bucina sumitur illi
Tortilis, in latum quae turbine crescit ab imo,
Bucina, quae medio concepit ubi aera ponto,
Litora voce replet sub utroque iacentia Phoebo.
Tunc quoque, ut ora dei madida rorantia barba

340 Contigit, et cecinit iussos inflata receptus,
Omnibus audita est telluris et aequoris undis,
Et quibus est undis audita, coercuit omnes.
Flumina subsidunt, collesque exire videntur :
lam mare litus habet, plenos capit alveus amnes,

345 Surgit humus ; crescunt loca decrescentibus undis.
Postque diem longam nudata cacumina silvae
Ostendunt, limumque tenent in fronde relictum.

[In mutual grief for lost humanity, they inquire of the oracle how
the earth may again be peopled.]

Redditus orbis erat. Quem postquam vidit inanem
Et desolatas agere alta silentia terras,

350 Deucalion lacrimis ita Pyrrham adfatur obortis :
' O soror, o coniunx, o femina sola superstes,
Quam commune mihi genus et patruelis origo,
Demde torus iunxit, nunc ipsa pericula iungunt :
Terrarum, quascumque vident occasus et ortus

335 Nos duo turba sumus : possedit cetera pontus '
Haec quoque adhuc vitae non est fiducia nostrae
Certa satis. Terrent etiamnunc nubila mentem
Quis tibi, si sine me fatis erepta fuisses
Nunc animus, miseranda, foret ? Quo Lola timorem

360 Ferre modo posses ? Quo consolante doleres ?

Namque ego, crede mihi, si te quoque pontus haberet,
Te sequerer, coniunx, et me quoque pontus haberet

METAMORPHOSES 77

O utinam possem populos reparare paternis
Artibus atque animas f ormatae inf undere terrae !

365 Nunc genus in nobis restat mortale duobus ;

Sic visum est superis : hominumque exempla manemus.'
Dixerat, et flebant. Placuit caeleste precari
Numen, et auxilium per sacras quaerere sortes.
Nulla mora est, adeunt pariter Cephisidas undas,

370 Ut nondum liquidas, sic iam vada nota secantes.
Inde ubi libatos inroravere liquores
Vestibus et capiti, flectunt vestigia sanctae
Ad delubra deae, quorum fastigia turpi
Pallebant musco stabantque sine ignibus arae.

375 Ut templi tetigere gradus, procumbit uterque
Pronus humi, gelidoque pavens dedit oscula saxo.
Atque ita * si precibus * dixerunt * numina iustis
Victa remoUescunt, si flectitur ira deorum,
Die, Themi, qua generis damnum reparabile nostri

380 Arte sit, et mersis fer opem, mitissima, rebus.'

[Bidden to cast behind them their parent's bones, they are horrified
until the meaning of the oracle flashes upon Deucalion.]

Mota dea est sortemque dedit, * discedite templo,
Et velate caput, cinctasque resolvite vestes,
Ossaque post tergum magnae lactate parentis/
Obstipuere diu, rumpitque silentia voce

385 Pyrrha prior, iussisque deae parere recusat,
Detque sibi veniam, pavido rogat ore, pavetque
Laedere iactatis maternas ossibus umbras.
Interea repetunt caecis obscura latebris
Verba datae sortis secum, inter seque volutant ;

390 Unde Promethides placidis Epimethida dictis
Mulcet et * aut fallax ' ait * est soUertia nobis,
Aut pia sunt nullumque nef as oracula suadent.

78 THE WORKS OF OVID

Magna parens terra est: lapides in corpore terrae
Ossa reor dici : iacere hos post terga iubemur.'

[So then they throw behind them the stones of mother earth, which
are straightway metamorphosed into men and women, and thus was
the world repeopled.]

395 Coniugis augurio quamquam Titania mota est,
Spes tamen in dubio est : adeo caelestibus ambo
Diffidunt monitis. Sed quid temptare nocebit ?
Descendunt velantque caput tunicasque fecingunt
Et iussos lapides sua post vestigia mittunt.

400 Saxa — quis hoc credat, nisi sit pro teste vetustas ?
Ponere duritiem coepere suumque rigorem,
Mollirique mora, mollitaque ducere formam.
Mox ubi creverunt, naturaque mitior illis
Contigit, ut quaedam, sic non manifesta, videri

405 Forma potest hominis, sed uti est de marmore coeptis
Non exacta satis rudibusque simillima signis.
Quae tamen ex illis aliquo pars umida suco
Et terrena f uit, versa est in corporis usum :
Quod solidum est flectique nequit, mutatur in ossa :

410 Quae modo vena fuit, sub eodem nomine mansit :
Inque brevi spatio superorum numine saxa
Missa viri manibus faciem traxere virorum,
Et de f emirieo reparata est f emina iactu.
Inde genus durum sumus experiensque laborum,

415 Et documenta damns, qua simus origine nati.

[But the lower forms of life were recreated by spontaneous genera-
tion from the earth.]

Cetera diversis tellus animalia f ormis
Sponte sua peperit, postquam vetus umor ab igne
Percaluit solis, caenumque udaeque paludes
Intumuere aestu, fecundaque semina rerum

METAMORPHOSES 79

4ao Vivaci iiutrita solo, ceu matris in alvo,

Creverunt faciemque aliquam cepere morando.
Sic ubi deseruit madidos septemfluus agros
Nilus et antiquo. sua flumina reddidit alveo,
Aetherioque recens exarsit sidere limus,

425 Plurima cultores versis animalia glaebis

Inveniunt, et in his quaedam modo coepta sub ipsum
Nascendi spatium, quaedam imperfecta suisquc
Trunca vident numeris, et eodem in corpore saepe
Altera pars vivit, rudis est pars altera tellus.

430 Quippe ubi temperiem sumpsere umorque calorque,
Concipiunt, et ab his oriuntur cuncta duobus.
Cumque sit ignis aquae pugnax, vapor umidus omnes
Res creat, et discors concordia f etibus apta est.
Ergo ubi diluvio tellus lutulenta recenti

435 Solibus aetheriis almoque recanduit aestu,
Edidit innumeras species, partimque figuras
Rettulit antiquas, partim nova monstra creavit.

[Now, among these creatures was the monster serpent, Python, which
Apollo slew ; and in commemoration of this deed he established the
Pythian Games.]

Ilia quidem nollet, sed te quoque, maxime Python,
Turn genuit, populisque novis, incognite serpens,

440 Terror eras ; tantum spatii de monte tenebas.
Hunc deus arcitenens, et numquam talibus armis
Ante nisi in dammis capreisque fugacibus usus,
Mille gravem telis, exhausta paene pharetra,
Perdidit effuso per Vulnera nigra veneno.

445 Neve operis famam possit delere vetustas
Instituit sacros celebri certamine ludos
Pythia perdomitae serpentis nomine dictos.
His iuvenum quicumque manu pedibusve rotave
Vicerat, aesculeae capiebat frondis honorem.

8o THE WORKS OF OVID

450 Nondum laurus erat, longoque decentia crine
Tempora cingebat de qualibet arbore Phoebus.

[Stung by the taunts of Apollo, Cupid, in revenge, inspires the archer
god with a mad passion for Daphne, while the latter is made proof
against all approach of love.]

Primus amor Phoebi Daphne Peneia, quem non
Fors ignara dedit, sed saeva Cupidinis ira.
Delius hunc nuper, victo serpente superbus,

455 Viderat adducto flectentem cornua nervo,

' Quid *que * tibi, lascive puer, cum f ortibus armis ? '
Dixerat ; * ista decent umeros gestamina nostros,
Qui dare certa ferae, dare vulnera possumus hosti,
Qui modo pestifero tot iugera ventre prementem

460 Stravimus innumeris tumidum Pythona sagittis.
Tu face nescio quos esto contentus amores
Inritare tua, nee laudes adsere nostras.*
Filius huic Veneris ' figat tuus omnia, Phoebe,
Te meus arcus ; ' ait ' quantoque animalia cedunt

465 Cuncta deo, tanto minor est tua gloria nostra.*
Dixit, et eliso percussis aere pennis
Impiger umbrosa Parnasi constitit arce
Eque sagittifera prompsit duo tela pharetra
Diversorum operum ; fugat hoc, facit illud amorem.

470 Quod facit, hamatum est et cuspide f ulget acuta :
Quod fugat, obtusum est et habet sub harundine

plumbum.
Hoc deus in nympha Penerde fixit ; at illo
Laesit Apollineas traiecta per ossa medullas.
Protinus alter amat ; fugit altera nomen amantis,

475 Silvarum tenebris captivarumque ferarum
Exuviis gaudens innuptaeque aemula Phoebes.
Vitta coercebat positos sine lege capillos.

METAMORPHOSES 8 1

Multi illam petiere, ilia aversata petentes
Impatiens expersque viri nemorum avia lustrat,

480 Nee quid Hymen, quid amor, quid sint conubia, curat
Saepe pater dixit * generum mihi, filia, debes/
Saepe pater dixit * debes mihi, nata, nepotes.*
Ilia, velut crimen taedas exosa iugales
Pulchra verecundo suffunditur ora rubore,

485 Inque patris blandis haerens cervice lacertis

* Da mihi perpetua, genitor carissime,' dixit

* Virginitate f rui. Dedit hoc pater ante Dianae.'

I lie quidem obsequitur. Sed te decor iste quod optas
Esse vetat, votoque tuo tua forma repugnat.

490 Phoebus amat, visaeque cupit conubia Daphnes,
Quodque cupit, sperat ; suaque ilium oracula fallunt.
Utque leves stipulae demptis adolentur aristis,
Ut facibus saepes ardent, quas forte viator
Vel nimis admovit, vel iam sub luce reliquit ;

495 Sic deus in flammas abiit, sic pectore toto
Uritur et sterilem sperando nutrit amorem.
Spectat inornatos coUo pendere capillos,
Et 'quid, si comantur?* ait. Videt igne micantes
Sideribus similes oculos, videt oscula, quae non

joo Est vidisse satis ; laudat digitosque manusque
Bracchiaque et nudos media plus parte lacertos :
Siqua latent, meliora putat. Fugit ocior aura
Ilia levi, neque ad haec revocantis verba resistit :

[Apollo pleads his cause to the fleeing nymph, but in vain.]

* Nympha, precor, PeneY, mane ! non insequor hostis :
505 Nympha, mane ! sic agna lupum, sic cerva leonem.

Sic aquilam penna f ugiunt trepidante columbae,
Hostes quaeque suos. Amor est mihi causa sequendi.
Me miserum ! ne prona cadas, indignave laedi

OVID — 6

82 THE WORKS OF OVID

Crura notent sentes, et sim tibi causa doloris.

510 Aspera, qua properas, loca sunt Moderatius, oro,
Curre, fugamque inhibe. Moderatius insequar ipse.
Cui placeas, inquire tamen. Non incola mentis,
Non ego sum pastor, non hie armenta gregesque
Horridus observo. Nescis, temeraria, nescis,

515 Quern f ugias, ideoque fugis. Mihi Delphica tellus
Et Claros et Tenedos Patareaque regia servit.
luppiter est genitor. Per me quod eritque fuitque
Estque, patet : per me concordant carmina nervis.
Certa quidem nostra est, nostra tamen una sagitta

sao Certior, in vacuo quae vulnera pectore fecit.

Inventum medicina meum est, opiferque per orbem
Dicor, et herbarum subiecta potentia nobis.
Ei mihi, quod nullis amor est sanabilis herbis,
Nee prosunt domino quae prosunt omnibus artes ! '

[Unable to escape, Daphne invokes the aid of her father, the river
god Peneus, and by him is changed into a laurel tree.]

525 Plura locuturum timido PeneYa cursu

Fugit cumque ipso verba imperfecta reliquit,
Turn quoque visa decens. Nudabant corpora venti,
Obviaque adversas vibrabant flamina vestes,
Et levis impulsos retro dabat aura capillos ;

530 Auctaque forma f uga est. Sed enim non sustinet ultra
Perdere blanditias iuvenis deus, utque movebat
Ipse amor, admisso sequitur vestigia passu.
Ut canis in vacuo leporem cum Gallicus arvo
Vidit, et hie praedam pedibus petit, ille salutem ;

535 Alter inhaesuro similis iam iamque tenere
Sperat, et extento stringit vestigia rostro ;
Alter in ambiguo est, an sit comprensus, et ipsis
Morsibus eripitur tangentiaque ora relinquit :

METAMORPHOSES 83

Sic deus et virgo, est hie spe celer, ilia timore.

540 Qui tamen insequitur, pennis adiutus amoris
Oeior est requiemque negat tergoque fugacis
Imminet et crinem sparsum cervicibus adflat.
Viribus absumptis expalluit ilia, citaeque
Victa labore f ugae, spectans PeneTdas undas,

545 * Fer pater' inquit * opem ! Tellus/ ait, * hisce, vel istam,

547 Quae facit, ut laedar, mutando perde figuram ! *
Vix prece finita, torpor gravis occupat artus,
MoUia cinguntur tenui praecordia libro,

550 In frondem crines, in ramos bracchia crescunt :
Pes modo tam velox pigris radicibus haeret,
Ora cacumen obit. Remanet nitor unus in ilia.

[Apollo embraces the tree and vows that hereafter the laurel shall
be sacred to him.]

Hanc quoque Phoebus amat, positaque in stipite dextra
Sentit adhuc trepidare novo sub cortice pectus,

555 Complexusque suis ramos, ut membra, lacertis
Oscula dat ligno : ref ugit tamen oscula lignum.
Cui deus ' at quoniam coniunx mea non potes esse,
Arbor eris certe ' dixit * mea. Semper habebunt
Te coma, te citharae, te nostrae, laure, pharetrae.

560 Tu ducibus Latiis aderis, cum laeta Triumphum
Vox canet et visent longas Capitolia pompas.
Postibus Augustis eadem fidissima custos
Ante fores stabis, mediamque tuebere quercum.
Utque meum intonsis caput est iuvenale capillis,

565 Tu quoque perpetuos semper gere frondis honores.'
Finierat Paean. Factis modo laurea ramis
Adnuit, utque caput visa est agitasse cacumen.

[Now come the tributary river gods to condole with Peneus upon
the loss of his daughter; all save Inaghus, who himself bemoans the
loss of his own daughter lo.]

84 THE WORKS OF OVID

Est nemus Haemoniae, praerupta quod undique

claudit
Silva, vocant Tempe. Per quae Peneus ab imo

S70 Effusus Pindo spumosis volvitur undis
Deiectuque gravi tenues agitantia f umos
Nubila conducit, summisque aspergine silvis
Impluit et sonitu plus quam vicina fatigat.
Haec domus, haec sedes, haec sunt penetralia magni

575 Amnis. In his, residens facto de cautibus antro,
Undis iura dabat nymphisque colentibus undas.
Conveniunt illuc popularia flumina primum,
Nescia, gratentur consolenturne parentem,
Populifer Spercheos et inrequietus Enipeus

580 Apidanusque senex lenisque Amphrysos et Aeas,
Moxque amnes alii, qui, qua tulit impetus illos,
In mare deducunt fessas erroribus undas.
Inachus unus abest imoque reconditus antro
Fletibus auget aquas, natamque miserrimus lo

585 Luget ut amissam. Nescit, vitane fruatur.

An sit apud manes. Sed quam non invenit usquam,
Esse putat nusquam atque animo peiora veretur.

[For lo, beloved of Jove, had been transformed by him into a
heifer in order to elude the jealous watchfulness of Juno. But the
goddess, suspecting the truth, begged the heifer as a gift, and placed
her under the watchful care of Argus.]

Viderat a patrio redeuntem luppiter illam
Flumine et * o virgo love digna tuoque beatum
590 Nescio quem factura toro, pete ' dixerat * umbras

Altorum nemorum,' et nemorum monstraverat umbras,
* Dum calet et medio sol est altissimus orbe,
Quodsi sola times latebras intrare ferarum,
Praeside tuta deo nemorum secreta subibis,

METAMORPHOSES 8$

595 Nec de plebe deo, sed qui caelestia magna

Sceptra manu teneo, sed qui vaga fulmina mitto.
Ne fuge me ! ' fugiebat enim. lam pascua Leraae
Consitaque arboribus Lyrcea reliquerat arva,
Cum deus inducta latas caligine terras

600 Occuluit tenuitque fugam rapuitque pudorem.
Interea medios luno despexit in Argos ;
Et noctis faciem nebulas fecisse volucres
Sub nitido mirata die ; non fluminis illas
Esse, nec umenti sensit tellure remitti,

60s Atque suus coniunx ubi sit, circumspicit, ut quae
Deprensi totiens iam nosset furta mariti.
Quem postquam caelo non repperit, * aut ego fallor,
Aut ego laedor ' ait, delapsaque ab aethere summo
Constitit in terns, nebulasque recedere iussit.

610 Coniugis adventum praesenserat, inque nitentem
Inachidos vultus mutaverat ille iuvencam.
Bos quoque formosa est. Speciem Saturnia vaccae,
Quamquam invita, probat nec non et cuius, et unde,
Quove sit armento, veri quasi nescia quaerit.

615 luppiter e terra genitam mentitur, ut auctor
Desinat inquiri. Petit banc Saturnia munus.
Quid f aciat ? crudele, suos addicere amores ;
Non dare, suspectum. Pudor est qui suadeat illinc,
Hinc dissuadet amor. Victus pudor esset amore :

620 Sed leve si munus sociae generisque torique
Vacca negaretur, poterat non vacca videri.
Paelice donata non protinus exuit omnem
Diva metum, timuitque lovem et fuit anxia furti.
Donee Arestoridae servandam tradidit Argo.

[Now Argus is a monster equipped with a hundred eyes, and all
efforts of lo to escape him are in vain. Her identity is at last discov-
ered by her father, who bewails her with unavailing grief.]

86 THE WORKS OF OVID

625 Centum luminibus cinctum caput Argus habebat :
Inde suis vicibus capiebant bina quietem,
Cetera servabant atque in statione manebant.
Constiterat quocumque modo, spectabat ad lo :
Ante oculos lo quamvis aversus habebat.

630 Luce sink pasci. Cum sol tellure sub alta est,
Claudit et indigno circumdat vincula collo.
Frondibus arboreis et amara pascitur herba,
Proque toro terrae non semper gramen habenti
Incubat infelix, limosaque flumina potat.

635 Ilia etiam supplex Argo cum bracchia vellet

Tendere, non habuit quae bracchia tenderet Argo ;
Conatoque queri mugitus edidit ore,
Pertimuitque sonos propriaque exterrita voce est.
Venit et ad ripas, ubi ludere saepe solebat,

640 Inachidas : rictus novaque ut conspexit in unda
Cornua, pertimuit seque exsternata refugit.
Na'ides ignorant, ignorat et Inachus ipse.
Quae sit. At ilia patrem sequitur sequiturque sorores,
Et patitur tangi seque admirantibus offert.

645 Decerptas senior porrexerat Inachus herbas :
Ilia manus lambit patriisque dat oscula palmis.
Nee retinet lacrimas et, si modo verba sequantur,
Oret opem nomenque suum casusque loquatur.
Littera pro verbis, quam pes in pulvere duxit,

650 Corporis indicium mutati triste peregit.

* Me miserum ! ' exclamat pater Inachus, inque gementis

Cornibus et niveae pendens cervice iuvencae

' Me miserum ! ' ingeminat, ' tune es quaesita per

oranes,
Nata, mihi terras ? tu non inventa reperta

655 Luctus eras levior. Retices, nee mutua nostris
Dicta refers, alto tantum suspiria ducis

Mercury
(From the National Museum at Naples)

To face p. 87

METAMORPHOSES 8/

Pectore, quodque unum potes, ad mea verba remugis.
At tibi ego ignarus thalamos taedasque parabam,
Spesque fuit generi mihi prima, secunda nepotum.

660 De grege nunc tibi vir, nunc de grege natus habendus.
Nee finire licet tantos mihi morte dolores :
Sed nocet esse deum, praeclusaque ianua leti
Aeternum nostros luctus extendit in aevum.'
Talia maerentes stellatus submovet Argus,

665 Ereptamque patri diversa in pascua natam

Abstrahit. Inde procul mentis sublime cacumen
Occupat, unde sedens partes speculatur in omnes.

[Jove in pity sends Mercury to slay Argus and release the hapless lo.
Mercury approaches the monster in the disguise of a shepherd, playing
upon his pipes.]

Nec superum rector mala tanta Phoronidos ultra
Ferre potest, natumque vocat, quem lucida partu

670 Plelfas enixa est, letoque det, imperat, Argum.
Parva mora est alas pedibus virgamque potenti
Somniferam sumpsisse manu tegumenque capillis :
Haec ubi disposuit, patria love natus ab arce
Desilit in terras, illic tegumenque removit

675 Et posuit pennas : tantummodo virga retenta est
Hac agit ut pastor per devia rura capellas,
Dum venit, abductas, et structis cantat avenis.
Voce nova captus custos lunonius. ' At tu,
Quisquis es, hoc poteras mecum considere saxo,'

680 Argus ait, * neque enim pecori f ecundior uUo

Herba loco est, aptamque vides pastoribus umbram.'
Sedit Atlantiades, et euntem multa loquendo
Detinuit sermone diem, iunctisque canendo
Vincere harundinibus servantia lumina temptat.

685 I He tamen pugnat molles evincere somnos

88 THE WORKS OF OVID

Et, quamvis sopor est oculorum parte receptus,
Parte tamen vigilat. Quaerit quoque — namque reperta
Fistula nuper erat — qua sit ratione reperta.

[At the request of Argus, the seeming shepherd recounts the origin
of the pipes ; how the nymph Syrinx, beloved of Pan, endeavoring to
escape, was changed into whispering reeds. These the god, in memory
of her, had fashioned into the Syrinx, or pipes of Pan.]

Turn deus * Arcadiae gelidis in montibus ' inquit

690 * Inter haraadryadas celeberrima Nonacrinas
Naias una f uit ; nymphae Syringa vocabant.
Non semel et satyros eluserat ilia sequentes
Et quoscuraque deos umbrosave silva feraxve
Rus habet. Ortygiam studiis ipsaque colebat

69s Virginitate deam. Ritu quoque cincta Dianae
Falleret, et credi posset Latonia, si non
Corneus huic arcus, si non foret aureus illi.
Sic quoque fallebat. Redeuntem colle Lycaeo
Pan videt banc, pinuque caput praecinctus acuta

700 Talia verba refert' — restabat verba referre,
Et precibus spretis fugisse per avia nympham,
Donee harenosi placidum Ladonis ad amnem
Venerit. Hie illam, cursum impedientibus undis,
Ut se mutarent liquidas orasse sorores :

70s Panaque cum prensam sibi iam Syringa putaret,
Corpore pro nymphae calamos tenuisse palustres.
Dumque ibi suspirat, motos in harundine ventos
Effecisse sonum tenuem similemque querenti ;
Arte nova vocisque deum dulcedine captum

710 * Hoc mihi concilium tecum ' dixisse ' manebit! '
Atque ita disparibus calamis compagine cerae
Inter se iunctis nomen tenuisse puellae.

[Argus, having fallen asleep meanwhile, is slain by Mercury ; and his
hundred staring eyes are placed by Juno in her peacock's tail.]

METAMORPHOSES 89

Talia dicturus vidit Cyllenius omnes
Succubuisse oculos adopertaque lumina somno.

715 Supprimit extemplo vocem, firmatque soporem
Languida permulcens medicata lumina i^>ga :
Nee mora, falcato nutantem vulnerat ense
Qua coUo est confine caput, saxoque cruentum
Deicit et maculat praeruptam sanguine rupem.

720 Arge, iaces. Quodque in tot lumina lumen habebas,
Exstinctum est, centumque oculos nox occupat una.
Excipit hos volucrisque suae Saturnia pennis
Conlocat et gemmis caudam stellantibus implet.

[Juno, in a rage, drives the heifer, lo, by a gadfly^s sting through
many lands, until at length she comes to Egypt. Here Jove, to whom
she appeals in her helpless flight, restores her to her own form, and in
this form she is worshiped as a goddess by the Egyptians.]

Protinus exarsit, nee tempora distulit irae,

72s Horriferamque oculis aninioque obiecit Erinyn
Paelieis Argolieae, stimulosque in pectore eaeeos
Condidit, et profugam per totum terruit orbem.
Ultimus immenso restabas, Nile, labori.
Quem simulae tetigit, positis in margine ripae

730 Proeubuit genibus, resupinoque ardua coUo
Quos potuit solos tollens ad sidera vultus,
Et gemitu et lacrimis et luctisono mugitu
Cum love visa queri est finemque orare malorum.
Coniugis ille suae complexus coUa lacertis,

735 Finiat ut poenas tandem, rogat, * in ' que * f uturum
Pone metus,' inquit, *numquam tibi causa doloris
Haec erit,' et Stygias iubet hoc audire paludes.
Ut lenita dea est, vultus capit ilia priores,
Fitque quod ante fuit. Fugiunt e corpore saetae,

740 Comua decrescunt, fit luminis artior orbis,

Contrahitur rictus, redeunt umerique manusque,

90

THE WORKS OF OVID

Ungulaque in quinos dilapsa absuraitur ungues.
De bove nil superest, formae nisi candor, in ilia.
Officioque pedum nymphe contenta duorum
745 Erigitur, metuitque loqui, ne more iuvencae
Mugiat, et timide verba intermissa fetemptat.
Nunc dea linigera colitur celeberrima turba.

[Now Epaphus, the son of lo, had among his companions one
Phaethon, who claimed to be the son of Phoebus. Epaphus taunt-
ingly disputes this claim. Whereupon Phaethon seeks out his mother,
Clymene, and begs for a confirmation of his parentage. Clymene
sends him to Phoebus himself for proof of her assertion.]

Huic Epaphus magni genitus de semine tandem
Creditur esse lovis, perque urbes iuncta parenti

7SO Templa tenet. Fuit huic animis aequalis et annis
Sole satus Phaethon. Quem quondam magna lo-

quentem
Nee sibi cedentem Phoeboque parente superbum
Non tulit Inachides, ' matri * que ait * omnia demens
Credis, et es tumidus genitoris imagine falsi.'

755 Erubuit Phaethon, iramque pudore repressit,
Et tulit ad Clymenem Epaphi convicia matrem :

* Quoque magis doleas, genetrix,' ait * ille ego liber,
Ille f erox tacui. Pudet haec opprobria nobis

Et dici potuisse et non potuisse refelli.

760 At tu, si modo sum caelesti stirpe creatus,
Ede notam tanti generis, meque adsere caelo.'
Dixit et implicuit materno bracchia coUo,
Perque suum Meropisque caput taedasque sororum,
Traderet, oravit, veri sibi signa parentis.

76s Ambiguum, Clymene, precibus Phaethontis, an ira
Mota magis dicti sibi criminis, utraque caelo
Bracchia porrexit, spectansque ad lumina solis

* Per iubar hoc ' inquit * radiis insigne coruscis,

METAMORPHOSES 9I

Nate, tibi iuro, quod nos auditque videtque,
770 Hoc te, quem spectas, hoc te, qui temperat orbem,
Sole satum. Si ficta loquor, neget ipse videndum
Se mihi, sitque oculis lux ista novissima nostris.
Nee longus patrios labor est tibi nosse penates.
Unde oritur, domus est terrae contermina nostrae.
775 Si modo fert animus, gradere, et scitabere ab ipso.'
Emicat extemplo laetus post talia matris
Dicta suae Phaethon et concipit aethera mente,
Aethiopasque suos positosque sub ignibus Indos
Sidereis transit patriosque adit impiger ortus.

Book II

[Phaethon comes to the palace of the sun god, and is lost in wonder
at its magnificence.]

Regia Solis erat sublimibus alta columnis,
Clara micante auro flammasque imitante pyropo ;
Cuiu^ ebur riitidum/ f astigia summa tegebat,
Argenti bif ores radiabant lumine valvae.

5 Materiam super^bat opus. Nam Mulciber illic
Aequora caelarat medias cingentia terras
Terrarumque orbem caelumque, quod imminet orbi.
Caeruleos habet unda deos, Tritona canorum,
Proteaque ambiguum, ballaenarumque preraentem

10 Aegaeona suis immania terga lacertis,

Doridaque et natas, quarum pars nare videtur.
Pars in mole sedens virides siccare capillos,
Pisce vehi quaedam. Facies non omnibus una,
Nee diversa tamen ; qualem decet esse sororum.

IS Terra viros urbesque gerit silvasque f erasque
Fluminaque et nymphas et cetera numina ruris.

92 THE WORKS OF OVID

Haec super imposita est caeli fulgentis imago,
Signaque sex foribus dextris, totidemque sinistris.
Quo simul acclivo ClymeneTa limite protes

ao Venit et intravit dubitati tecta parentis,
Protinus ad patrios sua f ert vestigia vultus
Consistitque procul : neque enim propiora f erebat
Lumina. Purpurea velatus veste sedebat
In solio Phoebus claris lucente smaragdis.

as A dextra laevaque Dies et Mensis et Annus
Saeculaque et positae spatiis aequalibus Horae,
Verque novum stabat cinctum florente corona,
Stabat nuda Aestas et spicea serta gerebat,
Stabat et Autumnus calcatis sordidus uvis

30 Et glacialis Hiems canos hirsuta capillos.

[Seeking Phoebus, he asks for proofs of his sonship. Obtaining in
proof of this the promise of any boon which he may ask, he at once
claims the privilege of driving for a single day the glorious chariot of
the sun.]

Inde loco medius rerum novitate paventem
Sol oculis iuvenem, quibus aspicit omnia, vidit,
'Quae' que 'viae tibi causa? Quid hac' ait 'arce petisti,
Progenies, Phaethon, baud infitianda parenti ? '

35 lUe ref ert * o lux immensi publica mundi,
Phoebe pater, si das huius mihi nominis usum.
Nee falsa Clymene culpam sub imagine celat :
Pignera da, genitor, per quae tua vera propago
Credar, et hunc animis errorem detrahe nostris.'

40 Dixerat. ' At genitor circum caput omne micantes
Deposuit radios, propiusque accedere iussit,
Amplexuque dato ' nee tu meus esse negari
Dignus es, et Clymene veros ' ait * edidit ortus.
Quoque minus dubites, quodvis pete munus, ut illud

METAMORPHOSES 93

45 Me tribuente feras. Promissis testis adesto
Dis iuranda palus, oculis incognita nostris.'
--"^ix bene desierat, currus rogat ille paternos
Inque diem alipedum ius et moderamen equorum.

[Phoebus attempts to dissuade him from this by narrating the diffi-
culties and dangers of such a task.]

Paenituit iurasse patrem. Qui terque quaterque

50 Concutiens inlustre caput *temeraria' dixit

* Vex mea facta tua est. Utinam promissa liceret
Non dare ! confiteor, solum hoc tibi, nate, negarem.
Dissuadere licet. Non est tua tuta voluntas.
Magna petis, Phaethon, et quae nee viribus istis

55 Munera conveniant nee tam puerilibus annis.
Sors tua mortalis. Non est mortale quod optas.
Plus etiam, quam quod superis contingere fas est,
Nescius adfectas. Placeat sibi quisque licebit,
Non tamen ignifero quisquam consistere in axe

60 Me valet excepto. Vasti quoque rector Olympi,
Qui fera terribili iaculatur fulmina dextra,
Non agat hos currus. Et quid love mains habemus ?
Ardua prima via est et qua vix mane recentes
Enitantur equi. Medio est altissima caelo,

65 Unde mare et terras ipsi mihi saepe videre
Fit timor, et pavida trepidat formidine pectus.
Ultima prona via est et eget moderamine certo :
Tunc etiam quae me subiectis excipit undis,
Ne ferar in praeceps, Tethys solet ipsa vereri.

70 Adde quod adsidua rapitur vertigine caelum
Sideraque alta trahit celerique volumine torquet.
Nitor in adversum, nee me qui cetera, vincit
Impetus, et rapido contrarius evehor orbi.
Finge datos currus : quid ages i Poterisne rotatis

94 THE WORKS OF OVID

75 Obvius ire polis, ne te citus auferat axis ?
Forsitan et lucos illic urbesque deorum
Concipias animo delubraque ditia donis
Esse ? Per insidias iter est f ormasque f erarum.
Utque viam teneas nulloque errore traharis,

80 Per tamen adversi gradieris comua Tauri
Haemoniosque arcus violentique ora Leonis
Saevaque circuitu curvantem bracchia longo
^Scorpion atque aliter curvantem bracchia Cancrum.^
Nee tibi quadrupedes animosos ignibus illis,

85 Quos in pectore habent, quos ore et naribus efflant,
In promptu regere est. Vix me patiuntur, ubi acres
Incaluere animi, cervixque repugnat habenis.
At tu, funesti ne sim tibi muneris auctor,
Nate, cave, dura resque sinit, tua corrige vota.

90 Scilicet ut nostro genitum te sanguine credas,
Pignera certa petis ? Do pignera certa timendo,
Et patrio pater esse metu probor. Aspice vultus
Ecce meos. Utinamque oculos in pectora posses
Inserere, et patrias intus deprendere curas !

95 Denique quicquid habet dives, circumspice, mundus,
Eque tot ac tantis caeli terraeque marisque
Posce bonis aliquid. Nullam patiere repulsam.
Deprecor hoc unum, quod vero nomine poena,
Non honor est. Poenara, Phaethon, pro munere poscis.

100 Quid mea coUa tenes blandis, ignare, lacertis ?
Ne dubita, dabitur — Stygias iuravimus undas ! —
Quodcumque optaris. Sed tu sapientius opta/

[But Phaethon persists in his request, and at the appointed hour the
shining chariot, with its fiery, unmanageable steeds, is brought forth ]

Finierat monitus. Dictis tamen ille repugnat,
Propositumque premit flagratque cupidine currus.

METAMORPHOSES 95

X05 Ergo qua licuit, genitor cunctatud, ad altos
Deducit iuvenem, Vulcania munera, currus.
Aureus axis erat, temo aureus, aurea summae
Curvatura rotae, radiorum argenteus ordo.
Per iuga chrysolithi positaeque ex ordine gemmae

no Clara repercusso reddebant lumina Phoebo.
^^umque ea magnanimus Phaethon miratur opusque
Perspicit, ecce vigil rutilo patef ecit ab ortu
Purpureas Aurora fores et plena rosarum
Atria. Diffugiunt stellae, quarum agmina cogit

115 Ljucifer, et caeli statione novissimus exit.

Quem petere ut terras mundumque rubescere vidit,
Cornuaque extremae velut evanescere lunae :
lungere equos Titan velocibus imperat Horis.
lussa deae celeres peragunt, ignemque vomentes

120 Ambrosiae suco saturos praesepibus altis

Quadrupedes ducunt adduntque sonantia frena.

[The father, with many misgivings, prepares his son for the journey,
and gives him much parting advice and many directions.]

Tum pater ora sui sacro medicamine nati
Contigit et rapidae fecit patientia flammae,
Imposuitque comae radios, praesagaque luctus

las Pectore sollicito repetens suspiria dixit :
* Si potes his saltern monitis parere patemis,
Parce, puer, stimulis, et fortius utere loris.
Sponte sua properant: labor est inhibere volentes.
Nee tibi directos placeat via quinque per arcus :

130 Sectus in obliquum est lato curvamine limes,
Zonarumque trium contentus fine polumque
Efifugit australem iunctamque aquilonibus Arcton.
Hac sit iter. Manifesta rotae vestigia cernes.
Utque ferant aequos et caelum et terra calores.

96 THE WORKS OF OVID

135 Nec preme, nec'summum molire per aethera cursum.
Altius egressus caelestia tecta cremabis,
Inferius terras : medio tutissimus ibis.
Neu te dexterior tortum declinet ad Anguem,
Neve sinisterior pressam rota ducat ad Aram :

140 Inter utruraque tene. Fortunae cetera mando,
Quae iuvet et melius quam tu tibi, consulat opto.
Dum loquor, Hesperio positas in litore metas
Umida nox tetigit. Non est mora libera nobis ;
Poscimur : eff ulget tenebris aurora f ugatis.

14s Corripe lora manu ! — vel, si mutabile pectus
Est tibi, consiliis, non curribus utere nostris,
Dum potes, et solidis etiamnunc sedibus astas,
Dumque male optatos nondum premis inscius axes.
Quae tutus spectes, sine me dare lumina terris! \

[Phaethon speedily loses control over the horses, who now rush at
will through the heavens.]

150 Occupat ille levem iuvenali corpore currum,

Statque super, manibusque datas contingere habenas
Gaudet, et invito grates agit inde parenti.
Interea volucres Pyrois et Eous et Aethon,
Solis equi, quartusque Phlegon hinnitibus auras

iss Flammiferis implent pedibusque repagula pulsant.
Quae postquam Tethys, fatorum ignara nepotis,
Reppulit, et facta est immensi copia mundi,
Corripuere viam pedibusque per aera motis
Obstantes scindunt nebulas pennisque levati

160 Praetereunt ortos isdem de partibus Euros.

Sed leve pondus erat, nec quod cognoscere possent
Solis equi, solitaque iugum gravitate carebat.
Utque labant curvae iusto sine pondere naves
Perque mare instabiles nimia levitate feruntur,

METAMORPHOSES 97

165 Sic onere adsueto vacuus dat in aera saltus
Succutiturque alte similisque est currus inani.
Quod simulac senfeere, ruunt tritumque relinquunt
Quadriiugi spatium nee quo prius, ordine currunt.
Ipse pavet. Nee qua commissas fleetat habenas,

170 Nee scit, qua sit iter; nee, si sciat, imperet illis.
Turn primum radiis gelidi caluere Triones
Et vetito f rustra temptarunt aequore tingui.
Quaeque polo posita est glaciali proxima Serpens,
Frigore pigra prius nee formidabilis uUi,

175 Incaluit sumpsitque novas fervoribus iras.
Te quoque turbatum memorant fugisse, Boote,
Quamvis tardus eras et te tua plaustra tenebant.
Ut vero summo despexit ab aethere terras
Infelix Phaethon penitus penitusque iacentes,

180 Palluit, et subito genua intremuere timore,

Suntque oculis tenebrae per tantum lumen obortae.
Et iam mallet equos numquam tetigisse paternos,
lam cognosse genus piget, et valuisse rogando ;
lam Meropis dici cupiens ita fertur, ut acta

185 Praecipiti pinus borea, cui victa remisit

Frena suus rector, quam dis votisque reliquit.
Quid f aciat ? multum caeli post terga relictum,
Ante oculos plus est. Animo metitur utrumque.
Et modo quos illi fatum contingere non est,

190 Prospicit occasus, interdum respicit ortus.

Quidque agat, ignarus stupet et nee frena remittit,
Nee retinere valet, nee nomina novit equorum.
Sparsa quoque in vario passim miracula caelo
Vastarumque videt trepidus simulacra f erarum.

19s Est locus, in geminos ubi bracchia concavat arcus
Scorpius, et cauda flexisque utrimque lacertis
Porrigit in spatium signorum membra duorum.

OVID — 7

98 THE WORKS OF OVID

Hunc puer ut nigri madidum sudore veneni
Vulnera curvata minitantem cuspide vidit,
,aKx> Mentis inops gelida formidine lora remisit.
Quae postquam summo tetigere iacentia tergo,
Exspatiantur equi, nuUoque inhibente per auras
Ignotae regionis eunt, quaque impetus egit,
Hac sine lege ruunt, altoque sub aethere fixis
aos Incursant stellis, rapiuntque per avia currum.

[A universal conflagration threatens by reason of the too near
approach of the fiery chariot.]

Et modo summa petunt, modo per declive viasque
Praecipites spatio terrae propiore feruntur.
Inferiusque suis fraternos currere Luna
Admiratur equos, ambustaque nubila f umant.

2IO Corripitur flammis ut quaeque altissima, tellus,
Fissaque agit rimas et sucis aret ademptis.
Pabula canescunt, cum frondibus uritur arbor,
Materiamque suo praebet seges arida damno.
Parva queror. Magnae pereunt cum moenibus urbes,

215 Cumque suis totas populis incendia gentes

In cinerem vertunt. Silvae cum montibus ardent,
Ardet Athos Taurusque Cilix et Tmolus et Oete
Et tum sicca, prius creberrima fontibus Ide
Virgineusque Helicon et nondum Oeagrius Haemos.

220 Ardet in immensum geminatis ignibus Aetne,
Parnasusque biceps et Eryx et Cynthus et Othrys,
Et tandem nivibus Rhodope caritura, Mimasque
Dindymaque et Mycale natusque ad sacra Cithaeron.
Nee prosunt Scythiae sua frigora: Caucasus ardet,

22s Ossaque cum Pindo maiorque ambobus Olympus,
Aeriaeque Alpes et nubifer Appenninus.
' Tum vero Phaethon cunctis e partibus orbem

METAMORPHOSES 99

Aspicit accensum nee tantos sustinet aestus,
Ferventesque auras velut c foraace profunda

flQo Ore trahit, currusque suos candescere sentit;
Et neque iam cineres eiectatamque favillam
Ferre potest, calidoque involvitur undique f umo,
Quoque eat, aut ubi sit, picea caligine tectus
Nescit, et arbitrio volucrum raptatur equorum.

235 Sanguine tunc credunt in corpora summa vocato
Aethiopum populos nigrum traxisse colorem.
Turn facta est Libye raptis umoribus aestu
Arida. Turn nymphae passis fontesque lacusque
Deflevere comis. Quaerit Boeotia Dircen,

340 Argos Amymonen, Ephyre Pirenidas undas.
Nee sortita loco distantes flumina ripas
Tuta manent. Mediis Tanais fumavit in undis,
Peneosque senex, Teuthranteusque Caicus,
Et celer Ismenos cum Phegiaco Erymantho,

245 Arsurusque iterum Xanthus, flavusque Lycormas,
Quique recurvatis ludit Maeandros in undis,
Mygdoniusque Melas et Taenarius Eurotas.
Arsit et Euphrates Babylonius, arsit Orontes,
Thermodonque citus, Gangesque, et Phasis, et Hister.

250 Aestuat Alpheus, ripae SpercheYdes ardent :

Quodque suo Tagus amne vehit, fluit ignibus, aurum :
Et quae Maeonias celebrarant carmine ripas
Flumineae volucres, medio caluere Caystro.
Nilus in extremum fugit perterritus orbem

«5S Occuluitque caput, quod adhuc latet. Ostia septem
Pulverulenta vacant, septem sine flumine valles.
Fors eadem Ismarios, Hebrum cum Strymone siccat,
Hesperiosque amnes, Rhenum Rhodanumque Padum-

que,
Cuique fuit rerum promissa potentia, Thybrin.

100 THE WORKS OF OVID

260 Dissilit omne solum, penetratque in Tartara rimis
Lumen et infernum terret cum coniuge regem.
Et mare contrahitur, siccaeque est campus harenae
Quod modo pontus erat ; quosque altum texerat aequor>
Exsistunt montes et sparsas Cycladas augent.

265 Ima petunt pisces, nee se super aequora curvi
Tollere consuetas audent delphines in auras.
Corpora phocarum summo resugina profundo
Exanimata natant. Ipsum quoque Nerea fama est
Doridaque et natas tepidis latuisse sub antris.

270 Ter Neptunus aquis cum torvo bracchia vultu
Exserere ausus erat ; ter non tulit aeris ignes.

[The Earth, parched with the heat, prays to Jove for relief.]

Alma tamen Tellus, ut erat circumdata ponto,
Inter aquas pelagi, contractos undique fontes,
Qui se condiderant in opacae viscera matris,

275 Sustulit oppressos coUo tenus arida vultus,
Opposuitque manum fronti, magnoque tremore
Omnia concutiens paulum subsedit et infra
Quam solet esse, f uit ; sacraque ita voce locuta est :
* Si placet hoc, meruique, quid o tua f ulmina cessant,

280 Summe deum ? liceat periturae viribus ignis
Igne perire tuo, clademque auctore levare.
Vix equidem fauces haec ipsa in verba resolvo ' —
Presserat ora vapor — * tostos en aspice crines,
Inque oculis tantum, tantum super ora favillae.

285 Hosne mihi fructus, hunc fertilitatis honorem
Officiique refers, quod adunci vulnera aratri
Rastrorumque fero totoque exerceor anno,
Quod pecori frondes alimentaque mitia, fruges
Humano generi, vobis quoque tura ministro i

290 Sed tamen exitium fac me meruisse, quid undae,

METAMORPHOSES lOI

Quid meruit f rater ? cur illi tradita sorte
Aequora decresc^int et ab aethere longius absunt ?
Quodsi nee fratris, nee te mea gratia tangit,
At caeli miserere tui. Circumspice utrumque,

295 Fumat uterque polus. Quos si vitiaverit ignis.
Atria vestra ruent Atlas en ipse laborat,
Vixque suis umeris candentem sustinet axem.
Si freta, si terrae pereunt, si regia caeli,
In chaos antiquum confundimur. Eripe flammis

300 Siquid adhuc superest, et rerum consule summae.'

[Jove hears her prayer, and sends forth a thunderbolt which demol-
ishes the flying chariot, and hurls Phaethon himself down to the river
Po, where his charred corpse is buried by the Hesperian Nymphs.]

Dixerat haec Tellus : neque enim tolerare vaporem
Ulterius potuit nee dicere plura, suumque
Rettulit OS in se propioraque manibus antra.
At pater omnipotens, superos testatus et ipsum,

305 Qui dederat currus, nisi opem ferat, omnia fato
Interitura gravi, summam petit arduus arcem,
Unde solet latis nubes inducere terris,
Unde movet tonitrus vibrataque fulmina iactat.
Sed neque quas posset terris inducere nubes

310 Tunc habuit, nee quos caelo dimitteret imbres.
Intonat et dextra libratum fulmen ab aure
Misit in aurigam pariterque animaque rotisque
Expulit, et saevis compescuit ignibus ignes.
Consternantur equi et saltu in contraria facto

315 CoUa iugo eripiunt abruptaque lora relinquunt.
Illic frena iacent, illic temone revulsus
Axis, in hac radii fractarum parte rotarum,
Sparsaque sunt late laceri vestigia currus.
At Phaethon, rutilos flamma populante capillos,

I02 THE WORKS OF OVID

3ao Volvitur in praeceps longoque per aera tractu
Fertur, ut interdum de caelo Stella sereno
Etsi non cecidit, potuit cecidisse videri.
Quem procul a patria diverse maximus orbe
Excipit Eridanus, furaantiaque abluit ora.

325 Naides Hesperiae trifida fumantia flamma

Corpora dant tumulo, signant quoque carmine saxum :

HiC SITUS EST PhAETHON, CURRUS AURIGA PATERNi;

Quem si non tenuit, magnis tamen excidit ausis.

[Phaethon's mother and sisters, after a world-wide search, find his
tomb ; here they lament with inordinate grief, until the sisters are turned
into poplar trees. Cycnus, also, a friend and relative of Phaethon, in the
midst of his grief is changed into a swan (329-380). But Phoebus,
filled with wrath because of the destructive thunderbolt of Jove, vows
that he will never again drive the chariot of the sun. This vow, how-
ever, is recalled at the earnest prayer of the gods (381-400) . Jove now
wanders over the earth, restoring her fields and woods to their wonted
verdure. In his wanderings, he is smitten with the charms of Callisto
of Arcadia, a nymph of Diana's train. The nymph, though transformed
by Juno's hate into a bear, is raised by her lover into, the heavens, as
the constellation of the Great Bear. Her son Areas, who has been
on the point of slaying his mother, is at the same time transformed
into the constellation of the Little Bear. At this, Juno prays the
powers of Ocean never to allow this constellation to pollute their sacred
waters (401-530). Satisfied with this revenge, she returns to heaven,
drawn by her peacocks, whose tails have recently been adorned by
Argus' eyes. The mention of this change suggests that of another bird,
the raven, whose white plumage was changed by Apollo to black,
because of the bird's ungracious tattling upon Coronis, the favored
mistress of the god. After her death, Coronis' infant son, Aesculapius,
is given by Apollo to Chiron the centaur, to rear (531-632). Now
Chiron's daughter, Ocyrrhoe, being gifted with the power of prophecy,
on beholding the infant, foretells his fate ; and for this presumption,
Jove changes her into a mare (633-675). (Many years may be sup-
posed to have elapsed. Aesculapius has become a very god of healing,
and has power by his art to restore men even fi-om the dead. To curb
this power, Jove blasts him with a thunderbolt. Then Apollo, in rage at

METAMORPHOSES IO3

the destruction of his son^ destroys the Cydopes, who forged the bolts,
and is for this act sentenced to serve a mortal for a year.) While
Apollo, in fulfillment of this sentence, was tending the herds of
Admetus, absorbed in meditation on the pipes, Mercury stole away
his herds. The act was witnessed by an old peasant, Battus by name,
who for his treachery in betra)ring it, though only to the god himself,
in disguise, was changed into a touchstone (676-707). While Mercury,
after this incident, was on his way back to Olympus, passing over
Athens, he saw and was charmed by Herse, the daughter of Cecrops.
On seeking to gain her presence, he was met by Aglaurus, her sister,
who, in return for her aid, demanded large sums of money from the
god. Minerva was enraged by the girPs greed and presumption, and
forthwith sent the hag Envy to torment the maiden. Under this
influence, she opposed Mercury, and was by him changed to stone
(708-832). Now Europa, the daughter of Agenor, King of Sidon,
was beloved by Jove ; he, seeing Mercury returned to heaven, claimed
his assistance in his plan of action. Jove straightway assumed the
form of a snow-white bull, and disported himself in the flowery meadows,
until Europa at length, all fear dispelled, seated herself upon his back ;
whereupon the bull plunged into the sea, and swam to Crete. Here the
god appeared before the astonished maiden in his true form (833-875).]

Book III

[Agenor sends his son Cadmus in search of Europa, with the in-
junction that he is never to return to his father^s house until he has
found his sister. Wearied by his fruitless search, Cadmus at last con-
sults the Delphic oracle as to his future home.]

lamque deus posita fallacis imagine tauri
Se conf essus erat Dictaeaque rura tenebat :
Cum pater ignarus Cadmo perquirere raptam
Imperat, et poenam, si non invenerit, addit
5 Exsilium, facto pius et sceleratus eodem.
Orbe pererrato — quis enim deprendere possit
Furta lovis.^ — profugus patriamque iramque parentis
Vitat Agenorides, Phoebique oracula supplex

I04 THE WORKS OF OVID

Consulit et, quae sit tellus habitanda, requirit.
lo * Bos tibi * Phoebus ait * solis occurret in arvis,
Nullum passa iugum, curvique immunis aratri.
Hac duce carpe vias et qua requieverit herba,
Moenia fac condas, Boeotiaque ilia vocatc*

[Following the direction of the oracle, he is guided by a wandering
heifer to his destined land, which, from his guide, he calls Boeotia.]

Vix bene Castalio Cadmus descenderat antro,

15 Incustoditam lente videt ire iuvencam
Nullum servitii signum cervice gerentem.
Subsequitur pressoque legit vestigia gressu,
Auctoremque viae Phoebum tacitumus adorat.
lam vada Cephisi Panopesque evaserat arva :

20 Bos stetit et tollens speciosam cornibus altis
Ad caelum frontem mugitibus impulit auras
Atque ita, respiciens comites sua terga sequentes,
Procubuit teneraque latus submisit in herba.

[His servants, sent to search out springs of water, are devoured by
a dragon which lies concealed in a neighboring cave.]

Cadmus agit grates, peregrinaeque oscula terrae
25 Figit, et ignotos montes agrosque salutat.
Sacra lovi facturus erat. lubet ire ministros
Et petere e vivis libandas fontibus undas.
Silva vetus stabat nulla violata securi,
Et specus in media, virgis ac vimine densus,
30 Efficiens humilem lapidum compagibus arcum,
Uberibus fecundus aquis, ubi conditus antro
Martins anguis erat, cristis praesignis et auro :
Igne micant oculi ; corpus tumet omne veneno ;
Tresque vibrant linguae ; triplici stant ordine dentes.
35 Quem postquam Tyria lucum de gente profecti

METAMORPHOSES 10$

Infausto tetigere gradu, demissaque in undas
Urna dedit sonitum, longo caput extulit antro
Caeruleus serpens horrendaque sibila misit.
Effluxere urnae manibus, sanguisque relinquit

40 Corpus, et attonitos subitus tremor occupat artus.
lUe volubilibus squamosos nexibus orbes
Torquet, et immensos saltu sinuatur in arcus,
Ac media plus parte leves erectus in auras
Despicit omne nemus, tantoque est corpore, quanto

45 Si totum spectes, geminas qui separat Arctos.
Nee mora, Phoenicas, sive illi tela parabant,
Sive fugam, sive ipse timor prohibebat utrumque,
Occupat. Hos morsu, longis amplexibus illos,
Hos necat adflati funesta tabe veneni.

[With this dragon Cadmus himself engages in conflict, and, after a
fierce struggle, slays him.]

50 Fecerat exiguas iam sol altissimus umbras : •

Quae mora sit sociis, miratur Agenore natus,
Vestigatque viros. Tegumen direpta leonis
Pellis erat, telum splendenti lancea ferro
Et iaculum, teloque animus praestantior omni.

55 Ut nemus intravit letataque corpora vidit,
Victoremque supra spatiosi corporis hostem
Tristia sanguinea lambentem vulnera lingua,
* Aut ultor vestrae, fidissima corpora, mortis,
Aut comes' inquit *ero.* Dixit, dextraque molarem

60 Sustulit et magnum magno conamine misit.
Illius impulsu cum turribus ardua celsis
Moenia mota forent : serpens sine vulnere mansit,
Loricaeque modo squamis defensus et atrae
Duritia pellis validos cute reppulit ictus.

65 At non duritia iaculum quoque vicit eadem,

I06 THE WORKS OF OVID

Quod medio lentae spinae curvamine fixum
Constitit, et totum descendit in ilia ferrum.
lUe dolore ferox caput in sua terga retorsit,
Vulneraque aspexit, fixumque hastile momordit,

70 Idque ubi vi multa partem labefecit in omnem,
Vix tergo eripuit : ferrum tamen ossibus haesit.
Tum vero postquam solitas accessit ad iras
Causa recens, plenis tumuerunt guttura venis,
Spumaque pestiferos circumfluit albida rictus,

75 Terraque rasa sonat squamis, quique halitus exit
Ore niger Stygio, vitiatas inficit auras.
Ipse modo immensum spiris facientibus orbem
Cingitur, interdum longa trabe rectior exstat,
Impete nunc vasto ceu concitus imbribus amnis

80 Fertur et obstantes proturbat pectore silvas.
Cedit Agenorides paulum, spolioque leonis
Sustinet incursus, instantiaque ora retardat

• Cuspide praetenta. Furit ille et inania duro
Vulnera dat ferro, figitque in acumine dentes,

8s lamque venenifero sanguis manare palato
Coeperat et virides aspergine tinxerat herbas:
Sed leve vulnus erat, quia se retrahebat ab ictu
Laesaque coUa dabat retro, plagamque sedere
Cedendo arcebat, nee longius ire sinebat :

90 Donee Agenorides coniectum in gutture ferrum
Usque sequens pressit, dum retro quercus eunti
Obstitit, et fixa est pariter cum robore cervix.
Pondere serpentis curvata est arbor, et imae
Parte flagellari gemuit sua robora caudae.

[Cadmus, at the command of Pallas, sows the teeth of the con-
quered dragon in the earth ; and these straightway produce a crop of
armed men.]

95 Dum spatium victor victi considerat hostis,

METAMORPHOSES 107

Vox subito audita est ; neque erat cognoscere promp-

tum,
Unde sed audita est, * quid, Agenore nate, peremptum
Serpentem spectas ? et tu spectabere serpens.'
lUe diu pavidus pariter cum mente colorem

100 Perdiderat, gelidoque comae terrore rigebant.
Ecce viri f autrix superas deldpsa per auras
Pallas adest, motaeque iubet supponere terrae
Vipereos dentes, populi incrementa futuri.
Paret et ut presso sulcum patefecit aratro,

X05 Spargit humi iussos, mortalia semina, dentes.
Inde, fide maius, glaebae coepere moveri,
Primaque de sulcis acies apparuit hastae,
Tegmina mox capitum picto nutantia cono,
Mox umeri pectusque onerataque bracchia telis

no Exsistunt, crescitque seges clipeata virorum,
Sic ubi toUuntur festis aulaea theatris,
Surgere signa solent, primumque ostendere vultus,
Cetera paulatim ; placidoque educta tenore
Tota patent imoque pedes in margine ponunt.

[These monsters all £dl in mutual strife save five, one of whom is
Echion ; these form an alliance with Cadmus and help him to build the
dty of Thebes. Here the hero lives and reigns in seeming blessed-
ness.]

115 Territus hoste novo Cadmus capere arma parabat.
* Ne cape,' de populo, quem terra creaverat, unus
Exclamat *nec te civilibus insere bellis.'
Atque ita terrigenis rigido de fratribus unum
Comminus ense f erit : iaculo cadit eminus ipse.

120 Hie quoque qui leto dederat, non longius illo
Vivit, et exspirat modo quas acceperat auras.
Exemploque pari f urit omnis turba, suoque
Marte cadunt subiti per mutua vulnera fratres.

I08 THE WORKS OF OVID

lamque brevis vitae spatiiim sortita iuventus
125 Sanguineo tepidam plangebat pectore matrem,
Quinque superstitibus : quorum fuit unus Echion.
Is sua iecit humo monitu Tritonidis arma,
Fraternaeque fidem pacis petiitque deditque.
Hos operis comites habuit Sidonius hospes,
130 Cum posuit iussam Phoebeis sortibus urbem.

lam stabant Thebae. Poteras iam, Cadme, videri
Exsilio felix : soceri tibi Marsque Venusque
Contigerant. Hue adde genus de coniuge tanta,
Tot natos natasque et, pignera cara, nepotes,
135 Hos quoque iam iuvenes. Sed scilicet ultima semper
Exspectanda dies homini, dicique beatus
Ante obitum nemo supremaque funera debet.

[But now begins the story of the woes of the house of Cadmus. And
first Actaeon, grandson of the king, chanced to behold Diana and her
nymphs bathing. For this mischance he was changed by the angry god-
dess into a stag, and was pursued and devoured by his own dogs (138-
252). The gods questioned the justice of Actaeon's punishment, but
Juno rejoiced in his fate, for was he not related to her hated rival Europa?
Again the house of Cadmus suffered from the jealousy of Juno. For
Semele, the daughter of the king, was loved of Jove ; and she, through a
ruse of Juno, was consumed by the fiery manifestation of the Thunderer's
real presence. Of this union was born the infant Bacchus, whom Jove
rescued from destruction and gave to I no, the sister of Semele, to rear
as her foster child (253-315). It was at this time that Tiresias was both
smitten with blindness by Juno, and gifted with prophecy by Jove. He
became famous as a seer, and many sought his prophetic aid. Among
these was Liriope, who sought to know her son Narcissus' fate. The seer
replied that he would live to old age " if he ne'er knew himself." With
this Narcissus Echo fell in love, but he was deaf to her and all advances
(316-401).

Narcissus at last beholds his own face in a pool, and pines away with
a hopeless passion for the beautiful reflection; and then is fulfilled
the prophecy of Tiresias, for the sight of hb own beauty brings him
to his death.]

METAMORPHOSES IO9

Sic banc, sic alias undis aut montibus ortas
Luserat bic nympbas, sic coetus ante viriles.
Inde manus aliquis despectus ad aetbera toUens

405 ' Sic amet ipse licet, sic non potiatur amato ! '
Dixerat : adsensit precibus Rbamnusia iustis.
Fons erat inlimis, nitidis argenteus undis,
Quern neque pastores neque pastae monte capellae
Contigerant aliudve pecus, quern nulla volucris

410 Nee fera turbarat nee lapsus ab arbore ramus.
Gramen erat circa, quod proximus umor alebat,
Silvaque sole locum passura tepescere nuUo.
Hie puer et studio venandi lassus et aestu
Procubuit, faciemque loci fontemque secutus.

415 Dumque sitim sedare cupit, sitis altera crevit.
Dumque bibit, visae correptus imagine formae
Spem sine corpore amat, corpus putat esse, quod

umbra est.-
Astupet ipse sibi, vultuque immotus eodem
Haeret, ut e Pario formatum marmore signum.

420 Spectat humi positus geminum, sua lumina, sidus,
Et dignos Baccho, dignos et Apolline crines,
Impubesque genas, et ebumea coUa, decusque
Oris, et in niveo mixtum candore ruborem ;
Cunctaque miratur, quibus est mirabilis ipse.

425 Se cupit imprudens et qui probat, ipse probatur,
Dumque petit, petitur, pariterque accendit et ardet.
Irrita f allaci quotiens dedit oscula f onti !
In medias quotiens visum captantia coUum
Bracchia mersit aquas, nee se deprendit in illis !

430 Quid videat, nescit : sed quod videt, uritur illo,
Atque oculos idem, qui decipit, incitat error.
Credule, quid frustra simulacra fugacia captas ?
Quod petis, est nusquam. Quod amas, avertere, perdes.

no THE WORKS OF OVID

• Ista repercussae, quam cemis, imagpbiis umbra est :

435 Nil habet ista sui. Tecum venitque, manetquc ;
Tecum discedet, si tu discedere possis.
Non ilium Cereris, non ilium cura quietis
Abstrahere inde potest : sed opaca f usus in herba
Spectat inexpleto mendacem lumine formam,

440 Perque oculos perit ipse suos. Paulumque levatus,
Ad circumstantes tendens sua bracchia silvas,
* Ecquis, io silvae, crudelius * inquit ' amavit ?
Scitis enim et multis latebra opportuna fuistis.
Ecquem, cura vestrae tot agantur saecula vitae,

445 Qui sic tabuerit, longo meministis in aevo ?

Et placet et video : sed quod videoque placetque,
Non tamen invenio: tantus tenet error amantem.
Quoque magis doleam, nee nos mare separat ingens^
Nee via, nee montes, nee clausis moenia portis :

450 Exigua prohibemur aqua. Cupit ipse teneri :
Nam quotiens liquidis porreximus oscula lymphis,
Hie totiens ad me resupino nititur ore.
Posse putes tangi: minimum est, quod amantibus

obstat.
Quisquis es, hue exi ! quid me, puer unice, fallis,

455 Quove petitus abis ? certe nee forma nee aetas

Est mea, quam f ugias, et amarunt me quoque nymphae.
Spem mihi nescio quam vultu promittis amico,
Cumque ego porrexi tibi bracchia, porrigis ultro :
Cum risi, adrides: lacrimas quoque saepe notavi

460 Me lacrimante tuas : nutu quoque signa remittis :
Et, quantum motu formosi suspicor oris,
Verba refers, aures non pervenientia nostras —
Iste ego sum ! sensi ; nee me mea fallit imago.
Uror amore mei, flammas moveoque feroque.

465 Quid faciam ? roger, anne rogem ? quid deinde rogabo?

METAMORPHOSES 1 1 1

Quod cupio mecum est : inopem me copia fecit.

O utinam a nostro secedere corpore possem !

Votum in amante novum, vellem quod amamus abes-

set! —
lamque dolor vires adimit, nee tempora vitae

470 Longa meae superant, primoque extinguor in aevo.
Nee mihi mors gravis est, posituro morte dolores :
Hie, qui diligitur, vellem diuturnior esset.
Nunc duo Concordes anima moriemur in una.'
Dixit, et ad speciem rediit male sanus eandem,

475 Et lacrimis turbavit aquas, obscuraque moto

Reddita forma lacu est Quam cum vidisset abire,
* Quo refugis ? remane, nee me, crudelis, amantem
Desere ! ' clamavit ; ' liceat quod tangere non est
Aspicere et misero praebere alimenta furori.'

430 Dumque dolet, summa vestem diduxit ab ora,
Nudaque marmoreis percussit pectora palmis.
Pectora traxerunt tenuem percussa ruborem,
Non aliter quam poma solent, quae Candida parte
Parte rubent, aut ut variis solet uva racemis

485 Ducere purpureum, nondum matura, colorem.
Quae simul aspexit liquefacta rursus in unda,
Non tulit ulterius : sed ut intabescere flavae
Igne levi cerae matutinaeque pruinae
Sole tepente solent, sic attenuatus amore

490 Liquitur et caeco paulatim carpitur igni.
Et neque iam color est mixto candore rubori,
Nee vigor et vires et quae modo visa placebant,
Nee corpus remanet, quondam quod amaverat Echo.
Quae tamen ut vidit, quamvis irata memorque,

495 Indoluit, quotiensque puer miserabilis * eheu ! '
Dixerat, haec resonis iterabat vocibus * eheu ! '
Cumque suos manibus percusserat ille lacertos,

112 THE WORKS OF OVID

Haec quoque reddebat sonitum plangoris eundem.

Ultima vox solitam fuit haec spectantis in undam,
500 * Heu frustra dilecte puer ! * totidemque remisit

Verba locus ; dictoque vale * vale ! ' inquit et Echo.

lUe caput viridi fessum submisit in herba,

Lumina nox clausit domini mirantia formam.

Turn quoque se, postquam est infema sede receptus,
505 In Stygia spectabat aqua. Planxere sorores

Naides et sectos f ratri posuere capillos ;

Planxerunt dryades : plangentibus adsonat Echo.

lamque rogum quassasque faces feretrumque parabant :

Nusquam corpus erat Croceum pro corpore florem
510 Inveniunt foliis medium cingentibus albis.

[Thus was the seer's fame established. But Pentheus, king of
Thebes, son of Echion and Agave, the daughter of Cadmus, only
scoffs at the blind old prophet. The latter warns him that it were bet-
ter to be blind than, seeing, not to know the fate that shall soon be his
unless he receives with reverence the advent of the young god Bacchus.
Now all Greece is ringing with the praises of this young god, and in
his progress he comes to Thebes. But Pentheus in his madness not only
himself refuses to acknowledge the divinity, but forbids his subjects
to do so. He orders the impostor to be brought into his presence
(511-576). The god comes in disguised as Acoetes, the pilot of the
ship which brought the infant Bacchus from the island of Naxos.
Being asked to give an account of himself, he relates how he and his
sailors had picked up the young Bacchus in their voyage, and how for
their impiety all but himself had been changed by the god into dol-
phins. Pentheus is only hardened by this account, and orders his
prisoner away to torture and death (577-700). The king now deter-
mines to hunt out the pretended god for himself and visits in per-
son the slopes of Cithaeron, where the Theban women, his own mother
and sisters among them, are celebrating the rites of Bacchus. Here
the women, in their frenzy mistaking him for a wild boar, rend him in
pieces (7oi-733)-]

METAMORPHOSES II3

Book IV

[Alcithoe and her sisters, the daughters of Minyas, undeterred by
the fate of Pentheus, contemn the orgies of Bacchus, and on a day set
apart for his worship, remain ostentatiously at home, employed in weav-
ing and spinning. Here, to while away the time, they agree each to
tell a tale (1-54).

And the first sister telb the tragic tale of Pyramus and Thisbe.]

55 ' Pyramus et Thisbe, iuvenum pulcherrimus alter,
Altera, quas oriens habuit, praelata puellis,
Contiguas tenuere domos, ubi dicitur altam
Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem.
Notitiam primosque gradus vicinia fecit :

60 Tempore crevit amor. Taedae quoque iure coissent :
Sed vetuere patres. Quod non potuere vetare,
Ex aequo captis ardebant mentibus ambo.
Conscius omnis abest, nutu signisque loquuntur,
Quoque magis tegitur, tectus magis aestuat ignis.

65 Fissus erat tenui rima, quam duxerat olim
Cum fieret, paries domui communis utrique.
Id vitium nulli per saecula longa notatum —
Quid non sentit amor ? — primi vidistis amantes,
Et vocis f ecistis iter ; tutaeque per illud

70 Murmure blanditiae minimo transire solebant.
Saepe, ubi constiterant, hinc Thisbe, Pyramus illinc,
Inque vices fuerat captatus anhelitus oris,
"Invide" dicebant "paries, quid amantibus obstas?
Quantum erat, ut sineres toto nos corpore iungi,

75 Aut hoc si nimium, vel ad oscula danda pateres !
Nee sumus ingrati : tibi nos debere f atemur.
Quod datus est verbis ad arnicas transitus aures."
Talia diversa nequiquam sede locuti
Sub noctem dixere vale, partique dedere

OVID — 8

114 THE WORKS OF OVID

80 Oscula quisque' suae non pervenientia contra.
Postera nocturnos aurora removerat ignes,
Solque pruinosas radiis siccaverat herbas ;
Ad solitum coiere locum. Turn murmure parvo
Malta prius questi, statuunt ut nocte silenti

8s Fallere custodes foribusque excedere temptent,

Cumque domo exierint, urbis quoque tecta relinquant ;
Neve sit errandum lato spatiantibus arvo,
Conveniant ad busta Nini, lateantque sub umbra
Arboris. Arbor ibi niveis uberrima pomis

90 Ardua morus erat, gelido contermina fonti.
Pacta placent, et lux tarde discedere visa est.
Praecipitatur aquis, et aquis nox exit ab isdem.
Callida per tenebras versato cardine Thisbe
Egreditur fallitque suos, adopertaque vultum

95 Pervenit ad tumulum, dictaque sub arbor6 sedit
Audacem faciebat amor. Venit ecce recenti
Caede leaena bourn spumantes oblita rictus,
Depositura sitim vicini fontis in unda.
Quam procul ad lunae radios Babylonia Thisbe

100 Vidit, et obscurum trepido pede fugit in antrum,
Dumque fugit, tergo velamina lapsa reliquit.
Ut lea saeva sitim multa compescuit unda,
Dum redit in silvas, inventos forte sine ipsa
Ore cruentato tenues laniavit amictus.

105 Serius egressus vestigia vidit in alto
Pulvere certa ferae, totoque expalluit ore
Pyramus. Ut vero vestem quoque sanguine tinctam
Repperit, "una duos*' inquit "nox perdet amantes:
E quibus ilia fuit longa dignissima vita,

iio Nostra nocens anima est. Ego te, miseranda, peremi,
In loca plena metus qui iussi nocte venires.
Nee prior hue veni. Nostrum divellite corpus.

METAMORPHOSES 1 1 5

Et scelerata fero consumite viscera morsu,
O quicumque sub hac habitatis rupe, leones.

IIS Sed timidi est optare necem'' — velamina Thisbes
Tollit, et ad pactae secum fert arboris umbram.
Utque dedit notae lacrimas, dedit oscula vesti,
"Accipe nunc" inquit "nostri quoque sanguinis

haustus ! "
Quoque erat accinctus, demisit in ilia ferrum,

120 Nee mora, ferventi moriens e vulnere traxit.
Ut iacuit resupinus humo, cruor emicat alter
Non aliter, quam cum vitiato fistula plumbo
Scinditur, et tenui stridente foramine longas
Eiaculatur aquas atque ictibus aera rumpit.

125 Arborer fetus aspergine caedis in atram

Vertuntur faciem. Madefactaque sanguine radix
Puniceo tinguit pendentia mora colore.
Ecce metu nondum posito, ne fallat amantem,
Ilia redit, iuvenemque oculis animoque requirit,

130 Quantaque vitarit narrare pericula gestit.

Utque locum et visa cognoscit in arbore formam,
Sic facit incertam pomi color. Haeret, an haec sit
Dum dubitat, tremebunda videt pulsare cruentum
Membra solum, retroque pedem tulit, oraque buxo

X35 Pallidiora gerens exhorruit aequoris instar,

Quod tremit, exigua cum summum stringitur aura.
Sed postquam remorata suos cognovit amores,
Percutit indignos claro plangore lacertos,
Et laniata comas amplexaque corpus amatum

140 Vulnera supplevit lacrimis fletumque cruori
Miscuit, et gelidis in vultibus oscula figens
" Pyrame," clamavit " quis te mihi casus ademit ?
Pyrame, responde : tua te carissima Thisbe
Nominat. Exaudi, vultusque attolle iacentes ! "

Il6 THE WORKS OF OVID

145 Ad nomen Thisbes oculos iam morte gravatos
Pyramus erexit, visaque recondidit ilia.
Quae postquam vestemque suam cognovit, et ense
Vidit ebur vacuum, " tua te manus " inquit " amorque
Perdidit, infelix. Est et mihi f ortis in unum

150 Hoc manus, est et amor : dabit hie in vulnera vires.
Persequar exstinctum, letique miserrima dicar
Causa comesque tui. Quique a me morte revelli
Heu sola poteras, poteris nee morte revelli.
Hoc tamen amborum verbis estote rogati,

iss O multum miseri, meus illiusque parentes,

Ut quos certus amor, quos hora novissima iunxit,
Componi tumulo non invideatis eodem.
At tu, quae ramis arbor miserabile corpus
Nunc tegis unius, mox es tectura duorum,

160 Signa tene caedis, pullosque et luctibus aptos
Semper habe fetus, gemini monumenta cruoris."
Dixit, et aptato pectus mucrone sub imum
Incubuit ferro, quod adhuc a caede tepebat.
Vota tamen tetigere deos, tetigere parentes.

165 Nam color in pomo est, ubi permaturuit, ater:
Quodque rogis superest, una requiescit in urna.'

[The second sister tells of the sun god^s passion for Leucothoe.
Her feither, hearing of this amour through the information of her
jealous rival, Clytie, buries Leucothoe alive. Apollo, unable to save
his mistress, causes to spring from her grave a beautiful incense-bearing
tree ; while Clytie, scorned by the god, is changed into a heliotrope,
which ever turns its face towards the sun (167-270). Alcithoe herself
tells the next tale of how the maid Salmacis and the youth Herma-
phroditus were changed by the gods into one body (271-388). But
while the sisters thus beguile the time, the presence and power of
Bacchus are manifested in that their threads are suddenly changed to
ivy and vines, and they themselves become bats and seek the darkest
caves (389-415).

Juno
(From the National Museum at Naples)

To face p. 117

METAMORPHOSES I17

The power of Bacchus is now fully acknowledged in Thebes. But
the boastful pride of his foster mother, I no, once more arouses Juno^s
hate (416-431). In quest of vengeance she proceeds to the lower
world to fetch one of the Furies for the destruction of Ino's house.]

Est via declivis f unesta nubila taxo,
Ducit ad inf emas per muta silentia sedes.
Styx nebulas exhalat iners, umbraeque recentes

435 Descendunt iliac simulacraque functa sepulcris.
Pallor hiemsque tenent late loca senta. Novique
Qua sit iter, manes, Stygiam qua ducat ad urbem,
Ignorant, ubi sit nigri fera regia Ditis.
Mille capax aditus et apertas undique portas

440 Urbs habet. Utque fretum de tota flumina terra.
Sic omnes animas locus accipit ille, nee ulli
Exiguus populo est, turbamve accedere sentit.
Errant exsangues sine corpore et ossibus umbrae,
Parsque forum celebrant, pars imi tecta tyranni,

445 Pars aliquas artes, antiquae imitamina vitae.

447 Sustinet ire illuc caelesti sede relicta,

Tantum odiis iraeque dabat, Saturnia luno.
Quo simul intravit, sacroque a corpore pressum

450 Ingemuit limen, tria Cerberus extulit ora
Et tres latratus simul edidit. Ilia sorores
Nocte vocat genitas, grave et implacabile numen :
Carceris ante fores clausas adamante sedebant,
Cumque suis atros pectebant crinibus angues.

455 Quam simul agnorunt inter caliginis umbras,
Surrexere deae : sedes Scelerata vocatur.
Viscera praebebat Tityos lanianda, novemque
lugeribus distehtus erat. Tibi, Tantale, nuUae
Deprenduntur aquae ; quaeque imminet, effugit arbos.

460 Aut petis, aut urgues ruiturum, Sisyphe, saxum.
Volvitur Ixion et se sequiturque fugitque.

Il8 THE WORKS OF OVID

Molirique suis letum patruelibus ausae
Adsiduae repetunt quas perdant, Belides undas.
Quos omnes acie postquam Saturnia torva
465 Vidit, et ante omnes Ixiona, rursus ab illo
Sisyphon aspiciens ' cur hie e f ratribus ' inquit

* Perpetuas patitur poenas, Athamanta superbum
Regia dives habet, qui me cum coniuge semper
Sprevit ? * Et exponit causas odiique viaeque,

470 Quidque velit. Quod vellet, erat, ne regia Cadmi
Staret, et in facinus traherent Athamanta sorores.
Imperium, promissa, preces confundit in unum,
SoUicitatque deas. Sic haec lunone locuta,
Tisiphone canos, ut erat, turbata capillos

475 Movit et obstantes reiecit ab ore colubras,

Atque ita * non longis opus est ambagibus/ inquit

* Facta puta, quaecumque iubes : inamabile regnum
Desere, teque refer caeli melioris ad auras/
Laeta redit luno. Quam caelum intrare parantem

480 Roratis lustravit aquis Thaumantias Iris.

[By the Fury's influence I no's husband, Athamas, is driven mad, the
king fancying that his wife and sons are a lioness and her whelps.
The king slays one son, while the mother with her other son, Meli-
certa, plunges in her flight from a cliff into the sea. She is changed
by Neptune into a sea divinity, Leucothoe, and Melicerta becomes a
sea god, Palaemon. Then the Theban matrons, companions of I no,
because of their grief at their mistress' fate, are changed by Juno into
stones and birds (481-562). Now Cadmus and his queen, worn with
age and grief at the misfortunes of their house, fly from Thebes to
Illyricum, and there, at their own request, are changed to serpents
(563-603). All Greece now acknowledges the divinity of Bacchus,
except Acrisius, king of Argos, whose daughter Danae had given birth
to the Jove-begotten Perseus. Acrisius is at length led to acknowl-
edge the divinity both of Bacchus and of his grandson Perseus. The
latter, returning from the conquest of the Gorgons, passes the country
of Atlas, from whom he claims hospitality. Upon the refusal of this

METAMORPHOSES 1 19

request, the giant Atlas is changed into a mountain of stone by a
sight of the Medusa's head which Perseus bears (604-662).

Perseus, returning past the shores of Ethiopia, sees Andromeda
chained to a rock and exposed to a monster of the sea, by order of the
god Ammoh. The hero proposes to the maiden's father to rescue her,
on condition that she be given to him as his wife. The father joyfully
consents.]

Clauserat Hippotades aetemo carcere ventos,
Admonitorque operum caelo clarissimus alto

665 Lucifer ortus erat. Pennis ligat ille resumptis
Parte ab utraque pedes, teloque accingitur unco,
Et liquidum motis talaribus aera findit.
Gentibus innumeris circumque infraque relictis,
Aethiopum populos Cepheaque conspicit arva.

670 lUic immeritam maternae pendere linguae
Andromedan poenas immitis iusserat Ammon.
Quam simul ad duras religatam bracchia cautes
Vidit Abantiades, — nisi quod levis aura capillos
Moverat, et tepido manabant lumina fletu,

67s Marmoreum ratus esset opus — trahit inscius ignes
Et stupet. Eximiae correptus imagine formae
Paene suas quatere est oblitus in aere pennas.
Ut stetit, * o * dixit ' non istis digna catenis,
Sed quibus inter se cupidi iunguntur amantes,

680 Pande requirenti nomen terraeque tuumque,
Et cur vincla geras.* Primo silet ilia, nee audet
Appellare virum virgo ; manibusque modestos
Celasset vultus, si non religata f uisset.
Lumina, quod potuit, lacrimis implevit obortis.

685 Saepius instanti, sua ne delicta fateri

Nolle videretur, nomen terraeque suumque,
Quantaque maternae f uerit fiducia formae,
Indicat. Et nondum memoratis omnibus unda
Insonuit, veniensque immenso belua ponto

I20 THE WORKS OF OVID

690 Imminet et latum sub pectore possidet aequor.
Conclamat virgo. Genitor lugubris et una
Mater adest, ambo miseri, sed iustius ilia.
Nee secum auxilium, sed dignos tempore fletus
Plangoremque ferunt, vinctoque in corpore adhaerent :

695 Cum sic hospes ait : * lacrimarum longa manere

Tempora vos poterunt ; ad opem brevis bora f erendam

-^--- . est.

Hanc ego si peterem Perseus love natus et ilia,
Quam clausam implevit fecundo luppiter auro, .
Gorgonis anguicomae Perseus superator; et alis

700 Aerias au^s iactatis ire per auras,

Praeferrer cunctis certe gener. Addere tantis
Dotibus et meritum, faveant modo numina, tempto.
Ut mea sit servata mea virtute, paciscor.'
Accipiunt legem — quis enim dubitaret ? — et orant,

70s Promittuntque super regnum dotale parentes.

fPerseus engages in conflict with the monster, and slays him.]

Ecce velut navis praefixo concita rostro
Sulcat aquas, iuvenum sudantibus acta lacertis,
Sic fera dimotis impulsu pectoris undis
Tantum aberat scopulis, quantum Balearica torto

710 Funda potest plumbo medii transmittere caeli :
Cum subito iuvenis pedibus tellure repulsa
Arduus in nubes abiit. Ut in aequore summo
Umbra viri visa est, visam fera saevit in umbram.
Utque lovis praepes, vacuo cum vidit in arvo

715 Praebentem Phoebo liventia terga draconem,
Occupat aversum ; neu saeva retorqueat ora,
Squamigeris avidos figit cervicibus ungues :
Sic celeri missus praeceps per inane volatu
Terga ferae pressit, dextroque frementis in armo

/

METAMORPHOSES 121

720 Inachides ferrum curvo tenus abdidit hamo.
Vulnere laesa gravi modo se sublimis in auras
AttoUit, modo subdit aquis, modo more ferocis
Versat apri, quem turba canum circumsona terret
lUe avidos morsus velocibus eff ugit alis :

725 Quaque patent, nunc terga cavis super obsita conchis,
Nunc laterum costas, nunc qua tenuissima cauda
Desinit in piscem, falcato verberat ense.
Belua puniceo mixtos cum sanguine fluctus
Ore vomit Maduere graves aspergine pennae ;

730 Nee bibulis ultra Perseus talaribus ausus

Credere, conspexit scopulum, qui vertice summo
Stantibus exstat aquis, operitur ab aequore moto.
Nixus eo r^pi^que tenens iuga prima sinistra
Ter quater exegit repetita per ilia ferrum.

735 Litora cum plaiisu clamor superasque deorum
Implevere domos. Gaudent, generumque salutant
Auxiliumque domus servatoremque fatentur

' Cassiope Cepheusque pater. Resoluta catenis
Incedit virgo, pretiumque et causa laboris.

740 Ipse manus hausta victrices abluit unda :
Anguiferumque caput dura ne laedat harena,
MoUit humum foliis, natasque sub aequore virgas
Stemit, et imponit Phorcynidos ora Medusae.
Virga recens bibulaque etiamnum viva medulla

745 Vim rapuit monstri, tactuque induruit huius,
Percepitque novum ramis et f ronde rigorem.
At pelagi nymphae factum mirabile temptant
Pluribus in virgis, et idem contingere gaudent,
Seminaque ex illis iterant iactata per undas.

750 Nunc quoque curaliis eadem natura remansit,
Duritiam tacto capiant ut ab acre, quodque
Vimen in aequore erat, fiat super aequora saxum.

122 THE WORKS OF OVID

[Then ensues the wedding of Perseus and Andromeda. During the
wedding feast the hero tells how he won the Medusa^s head (753-803).]

Book V

[While the wedding festivities are in progress, Phineus, the brother
of king CepheuSy to whom Andromeda had been betrothed, breaks into
the hall at the head of a large band of companions. These fiercely
attack Perseus, who, with the aid of the courtiers who are friendly to
him, defends himself as long as possible, and slays many of his foes
(1-176).

At last, overwhelmed by numbers, Perseus calls upon his friends to
avert their gaze, and holds aloft the Gorgon's head. At sight of this,
his foes one and all turn to statues of stone, in the various postures of
the fight.]

Verum ubi virtutem turbae succumbere vidit,
* Auxilium,' Perseus * quoniam sic cogitis ipsi/
Dixit ' ab hoste petam. Vultus avertite vestros,

180 Siquis amicus adest ! * Et Gorgonis extulit ora.
' Quaere alium, tua quem moveant miracula * dixit
Thescelus; utque manu iaculum fatale parabat
Mittere, in hoc haesit signum de marmore gestu.
Proximus huic Ampyx animi plenissima magni

185 Pectora Lyncidae gladio petit; inque petendo
Dextera diriguit, nee citra mota nee ultra.
At Nileus, qui se genitum septemplice Nilo
Ementitus erat, clipeo quoque flumina septem
Argento partim, partim caelaverat auro,

190 * Aspice,' ait 'Perseu, nostrae primordia gentis:
Magna feres tacitas solacia mortis ad umbras,
A tanto cecidisse viro * — pars ultima vocis
In medio suppressa sono est, adapertaque velle
Ora loqui credas, nee sunt ea pervia verbis.

X95 Increpat hos * vitio ' que * animi, non viribus ' inquit

METAMORPHOSES 1 23

' Gorgoneis torpetis ' Eryx ; ' incurrite mecum
Et prosternite humi iuvenem magica arma moventem ! '
Incursurus erat : tenuit vestigia tellus,
Immotusque silex armataque mansit imago.

aoo Hi tamen ex merito poenas subiere. Sed unus
Miles erat Persei, pro quo dum pugnat, Aconteus,
Gorgone conspecta saxo concrevit oborto.
Quem ratus Astyages etiamnum vivere, longo
Ense ferit. Sonuit tinnitibus ensis acutis.

ao5 Dum stupet Astyages, naturam traxit eandem
Marmoreoque manet vultus mirantis in ore.
Nomina longa mora est media de plebe virorum
Dicere. Bis centum restabant corpora pugnae,
Gorgone bis centum riguerunt corpora visa.

210 Paenitet iniusti tunc denique Phinea belli.

Sed quid agat ? Simulacra videt diversa figuris,
Agnoscitque suos, et nomine quemque vocatum
Poscit opem, credensque parum, sibi proxima tangit
Corpora: marmor erant. Avertitur, atque ita supplex

ai5 Confessasque manus obliquaque bracchia tendens
*Vincis/ ait 'Perseu: remove tua motistra, tuaeque
Saxificos vultus, quaecumque ea, tolle Medusae :
Tolle, precor. Non nos odium regnique cupido
Compulit ad bellum : pro coniuge movimus arma.

aao Causa f uit meritis melior tua, tempore nostra.
Non cessisse piget. Nihil, o fortissime, praeter
Hanc animam concede mihi: tua cetera sun to.'
Talia dicenti neque eum, quem voce rogabat,
Respicere audenti *quod,' ait *timidissime Phineu,

22s Et possum tribuisse et magnum est munus inerti,
Pone metum, tribuam. Nullo violabere ferro.
Quin etiam mansura dabo monumenta per aevum ;
Inque domo soceri semper spectabere nostri.

124 THE WORKS OF OVID

Ut mea se sponsi soletur imagine coniunx.*
230 Dixit, et in partem Phorcynida transtulit illam,

Ad quam se trepido Phineus obverterat ore.

Tum quoque conanti sua vertere lumina cervix

Deriguit, saxoque oculorum induruit umor.

Sed tamen os timidum vultusque in marmore supplex
23s Submissaeque manus faciesque obnoxia mansit.

[Perseus now proceeds to his native city and reinstates his grand-
sire, Acrisius, upon his throne, which Proetus, the king's brother, had
usurped (236-248). During all these adventures, Minerva had been
the companion of Perseus, and his helper. She now leaves him for
Mt. Helicon, where she is entertained by the Muses. While one of the
sisters is relating the impiety and punishment of Pyreneus, king of
Thrace, nine magpies suddenly alight in a tree near at hand, and speak
with human voices. In answer to Minerva's question as to this wonder,
the Muses relate how the nine daughters of Pierus, proud of their skill
in song, had challenged them to a contest in music. The Muses had
accepted the challenge, with the nymphs as judges. The Pierides sang
first, taking as their subject the rebellion of the Giants, and the forms
which the various Gods assumed to escape their rage (250-340).

Then followed the song of the Muses, which now, at the request of
Minerva, Calliope rehearses in full. This song, opening in praise of
Ceres, then describes the arts of Venus by which Pluto is inflamed
with love for Proserpina, the virgin daughter of Ceres and Jove.]

* Prima Ceres unco glaebam dimovit aratro,
Prima dedit fruges alimentaque mitia terris,
Prima dedit leges : Cereris sunt omnia munus.
Ilia canenda mihi est. Utinam modo dicere possem

345 Carmina digna dea : certe dea carmine digna est.
Vasta Giganteis ingesta est insula membris
Trinacris, et magnis subiectum molibus urguet
Aetherias ausum sperare Typhoea sedes.
Nititur ille quidem, pugnatque resurgere saepe :

350 Dextra sed Ausonio manus est subiecta Peloro,
Laeva, Pachyne, tibi: Lilybaeo crura premuntur:

METAMORPHOSES 125

Degravat Aetna caput. Sub qua resupinus harenas
Eiectat, flammamque ferox vomit ore Typhoeus.
Saepe remoliri luctatur pondera terrae, *

355 Oppidaque et magnos devolvere corpore montes :
Inde tremit tellus et rex pavet ipse silentum,
Ne p'iteat latoque solum retegatur hiatu,
Immissusque dies trepidantes terreat umbras.
Hanc metuens cladem tenebrosa sede tyrannus

360 Exierat, curruque atrorum vectus equorum
Ambibat Siculae cautus f undamina terrae.
Postquam exploratum satis est, loca nulla labare,
Depositique metus, videt hunc Erycina vagantem
Monte suo residens, natumque amplexa volucrem

365 " Arma manusque meae, mea, nate, potentia," dixit
" Ilia, quibus superas omnes, cape tela, Cupido,
Inque dei pectus celeres molire sagittas,
Cui triplicis cessit fortuna novissima regni.
Tu superos ipsumque lovem, tu numina ponti

370 Victa domas ipsumque, regit qui numina ponti.
Tartara quid cessant i Cur non matrisque tuumque
Imperium profers ? Agitur pars tertia mundi.
Et tamen in caelo, quae iam patientia nostra est,
Spernimur ac mecum vires minuuntur Amoris.

375 Pallada nonne vides iaculatricemque Dianam
Abscessisse mihi.? Cereris quoque filia virgo,
Si patiemur, erit : nam spes adfectat easdem.
At tu pro socio, siqua est ea gratia, regno
lunge deam patruo." Dixit Venus. Ille pharetram

380 Solvit et arbitrio matris de mille sagittis
Unam seposuit, sed qua nee acutior ulla
Nee minus incerta est, nee quae magis audiat arcus ;
Oppositoque genu curvavit flexile cornum
Inque cor hamata percussit harundine Ditem.

126 THE WORKS OF OVID

[Proserpina, while gathering flowers in the vale of Henna in Sicily, is
seized by Pluto and taken to his infernal home. The nymph Cyane,
attempting to stop the god, is changed by him into a fountain.]

385 Haud procul Hennaeis lacus est a moenibus altae,
Nomine Fergus, aquae. Non illo plura Caystros
Carmina cycnorum labentibus audit in undis.
Silva coronat aquas cingens latus omne, suisque
Frondibus ut velo Phoebeos submovet ignes.

390 Frigora dant rami, Tyrios humus umida flores:
Perpetuum ver est. Quo dum Proserpina luco
Ludit, et aut violas aut Candida lilia carpit,
Dumque puellari studio calathosque sinumque
Implet, et aequales certat superare legendo,

395 Paene simul visa est dilectaque raptaque Diti:

Usque adeo est properatus amor. Dea territa maesto
Et matrem et comites, sed matrem saepius, ore
Clamat; et ut summa vestem laniarat ab ora,
Conlecti flores tunicis cecidere remissis.

400 Tantaque simplicitas puerilibus adfuit annis,
Haec quoque virgineum movit iactura dolorem.
Raptor agit currus, et nomine quemque vocatos
Exhortatur equos, quorum per coUa iubasque
Excutit obscura tinctas f errugine habenas ;

405 Perque lacus sacros et olentia sulphure fertur
Stagna Palicorum, rupta ferventia terra,
Et qua Bacchiadae, bimari gens orta Corintho,
Inter inaequales posuerunt moenia portus.
Est medium Cyanes et Pisaeae Arethusae,

410 Quod cort angustis inclusum cornibus aequor.

Hie fuit, a cuius stagnum quoque nomine dictum est,
Inter Sicelidas Cyane celeberrima nymphas,
Gurgite quae medio summa tenus exstitit alvo,
Agnovitque deam. " Nee longius ibitis ! " inquit

METAMORPHOSES 12/

415 " Non potes inyitae Cereris gener esse : roganda,
Non rapienda f uit. Quodsi componere magnis
Parva mihi fas est, et me dilexit Anapis ;
Exorata tamen, nee, ut haec, exterrita nu£si.**
Dixit, et in partes diversas bracchia tendens

420 Obstitit. Hand ultra tenuit Saturnius iram,
Terribilesque hortatus equos in gurgitis ima
Contortum valido sceptrum regale lacerto
Condidit. I eta viam tellus in Tartara fecit
Et p'ronos currus medio cratere recepit.

425 At Cyane raptamque deam contemptaque fontis
lura sui maerens, inconsolabile vulnus
Mente gerit tacita, lacrimisque absumitur omnis :
Et quarum fuerat magnum modo numen, in illas
Extenuatur aquas. MoUiri membra videres,

430 Ossa pati flexus, ungues posuisse rigorem :

Primaque de tota tenuissima quaeque liquescunt,
Caerulei crines digitique et crura pedesque ;
Nam brevis in gelidas membris exilibus undas
Transitus est. Post haec umeri tergusque latusque

435 Pectoraque in tenues abeunt evanida rivos.
Denique pro vivo vitiatas sanguine venas
Lympha subit, restatque nihil, quod prendere possis.

[Ceres wanders over the earth, night and day, in search of her
daughter. Stopping at a humble cottage for a draught of water, she
turns a youth who mocked at her into a lizard (438-461).

At last, in her wanderings, she comes to the fountain of Cyane,
whose waters lift into her view the girdle of her lost daughter. Enraged,
she lays a curse upon the whole earth, and especially upon Sicily, as
most responsible for her daughter's loss.]

Quas dea per terras et quas erraverit undas,
Dicere longa mora est. Quaerenti defuit orbis.
Sicaniam repetit : dumque omnia lust rat eundo,

128 THE WORKS OF OVID

465 Venit et ad Cyanen. Ea ni mutata fuisset,
Omnia narrasset. Sed et os et lingua volenti
Dicere non aderant, nee quo loqueretur,"habebat.
Signa tamen manifesta dedit, notamque parenti
lUo forte loco delapsam in gurgite sacro

470 Persephones zonam summis ostendit in undis.

Quam Isimul agnovit, tamquam tunc denique raptam

Scisset, inornatos laniavit diva capillos,

Et repetita suis percussit pectora palmis.

Nescit adhuc ubi sit : terras tamen increpat omnes

475 Ingratasque vocat nee frugum munere dignas,
Trinacriam ante alias, in qua vestigia damni
Repperit.. Ergo illic saeva vertentfa glaebas
Fregit aratra manu, parilique irata colonos
Ruricolasque boves leto dedit, arvaque iussit

480 Fallere depositum, vitiataque semina/ffecit.
Fertilitas terrae latum vulgata pep^rbem
Falsa iacet : primis segetes moriiintur in herbis,
Et modo sol nimius, nimius.modo corripit imber;
Sideraque yentique nocent, avidaeque volucres

485 Semina iacta legunt ; lolium tribulique f atigant
Triticeas messes et inexpugnabile gramen.

[The nymph Arethusa relates to Ceres how, in gliding under the sea,
she saw Proserpina in Hades, now become the wife of Pluto.]

Tum caput Eleis Alphelfas extulit undis,
Rorantesque comas a fronte removit ad aures,
Atque ait " o toto quaesitae virginis orbe
490 Et frugum genetrix, immensos siste labores.
Neve tibi fidae violenta irascere terrae.
Terra nihil meruit, patuitque invita rapinae.
Nee sum pro patria supplex : hue hospita veni.
Pisa mihi patria est, et ab Elide ducimus ortus :

METAMORPHOSES 1 29

495 Sicaniam peregrina colo. Sed gratior omni

Haec mihi terra solo est. Hos nunc Arethusa penates,
Hanc habeo sedem : quam tu, mitissima, serva.
Mota loco cur sim tantique per aequoris undas
Advehar Ortygiam, veniet narratibus hora

500 Tempestiva meis, cum tu curaque levata
Et vultus meliofis eris. Mihi pervia tellus
Praebet iter, subterque imas ablata cavernas
Hie caput attoUo desiietaque sidera cemo.
Ergo dum Stygio sub terris gurgite labor,

505 Visa tua est oculis illic Proserpina nostris :
Ilia quidem tristis, neque adhuc interrita vultu,
Sed regina tamen, sed opaci maxima mundi,
Sed tamen inferni pollens matrona tyranni."

[Ceres appeals to Jove for their common daughter's release. Jove
declares that this may be accomplished if, in Hades, Proserpina has
tasted no food.]

Mater ad auditas stupuit ceu saxea voces,
510 Attpnitaeque diu similis fuit. Utque dolore
lusa gravi gravis est amentia, curribus oras
Exit in aetherias. Ibi toto nubila vultu
Ante lovem passis stetit invidiosa capillis,
" Pro " que " meo veni supplex tibi, luppiter," inquit
515 " Sanguine, proque tuo. Si nulla est gratia matris,
Nata patrem moveat. Neu sit tibi cura, precamur,
Vilior illius, quod nostro est edita partu.
En quaesita diu tandem mihi nata reperta est :
Si reperire vocas amittere certius, aut si
5ao Scire ubi sit, reperire vocas. Quod rapta, feremus,
Dummodo reddat earn. Neque enim praedone marito
Filia digna tua est — si iam mea filia non est."
luppiter excepit " commune est pignus onusque

OVID — 9

I30 THE WORKS OF OVID

Nata mihi tecum. Sed si modo nomina rebus
525 Addere vera placet, ilon hoc iniuria factum,

Verum amor est. Neque erit nobis gener ille pudori,
Tu modo, diva, velis. Ut desint cetera, quantum est
Esse lovis fratrem ! quid quod non cetera desunt
Nee cedit nisi sorte mihi. Sed tanta cupido
530 Si tibi discidii est, repetet Proserpina caelum.
Lege tamen certa, si nullos contigit illic
Ore cibos : nam sic Parcarum foedere cautum est."

[But Proserpina had already eaten seven seeds of a pomegranate,
and this act was witnessed by Ascalaphus alone. For reporting this he
is changed by the angry queen of Hades into an owl. In order to
soothe the grief of Ceres, Jove now decrees that her daughter shall re-
main one half of the year in Pluto's realm, and the other half upon the
earth (533-570-

Ceres, now appeased, begs Arethusa to tell the story of her change
from a maiden follower of Diana into a fountain. Accordingly the
nymph relates her tale.]

Exigit alma Ceres, nata secura recepta.

Quae tibi causa f ugae, cur sis, Arethusa, sacer fons ?

Conticuere undae, quarum dea sustulit alto

575 Fonte caput, viridesque manu siccata capillos
Fluminis Elei veteres narravit amores.
" Pars ego nympharum, quae sunt in Achaide,'* dixit
" Una f ui : nee me studiosius altera saltus
Legit, nee posuit studiosius altera casses.

580 Sed quamvis formae numquam mihi fama petita est,
Quamvis fortis eram, formosae nomen habebam.
Nee mea me facies nimium laudata iuvabat ;
Quaque aliae gaudere solent, ego rustica dote
Corporis erubui, crimenque placere putavi.

585 Lassa revertebar, memini, Stymphalide silva :

Aestus erat, magnumqiie labor geminaverat aestum.

METAMORPHOSES 13X

Invenio sine vertice aquas, sine murmure euntes,
Perspicuas ad humum, per quas numerabilis alte
Calculus omnis erat, quas tu vix ire putares.

590 Cana salicta dabant nutritaque populus unda
Sponte sua natas ripis declivibus umbras.
Accessi, primumque pedis vestigia tinxi,
Poplite deinde tenus : neque eo contenta, recingor,
MoUiaque impono salici velamina curvae,

595 Nudaque merger aquis. Quas dum ferioque trahoque
Mille modis labens, excussaque bracchia iacto,
Nescio quod medio sensi sub gurgite murmur,
Territaque insisto propioris margine ripae.
* Quo properas, Arethusa ? ' suis Alpheus ab undis,

600 * Quo properas ? ' iterum rauco mihi dixerat ore.
Sicut eram, fugio sine vestibus : altera vestes
Ripa meas habuit. Tanto magis instat et ardet.
Sic ego currebam, sic me ferus ille premebat,

605 Ut fugere accipitrem penna trepidante columbae,
Ut solet accipiter trepidas urguere columbas.
Usque sub Orchomenon Psophidaque Cyllenenque
Maenaliosque sinus gelidumque Erymanthon et Elin
Currere sustinui ; nee me velocior ille.

610 Sed tolerare diu cursus ego, viribus impar,
Non poteram : longi patiens erat ille laboris.
Per tamen et campos, per opertos arbore montes,
Saxa quoque et rupes et qua via nulla, cucurri.
Sol erat a tergo : vidi praecedere longam

615 Ante pedes umbram — nisi si timor ilia videbat —
Sed certe sonitusque pedum terrebat, et ingens
Crinales vittas adflabat anhelitus oris.
Fessa labore f ugae ' fer opem, deprendimur,' inquam,
'Armigerae, Dictynna, tuae, cui saepe dedisti

630 Ferre tuos arcus inclusaque tela pharetra.*

132 THE WORKS OF OVID

Mota dea est, spissisque ferens e nubibus unam
Me super iniecit Lustrat caligine tectam
Amnis, et ignarus circum cava nubila quaerit :
Bisque locum, quo me dea texerat, inscius ambit,

62s Et bis ' io Arethusa, io Arethusa ! * vocavit.

Quid mihi tunc animi miserae f uit ? anne quod agnae

est,
Siqua lupos audit circum stabula alta frementes ?
Aut lepori, qui vepre latens hostilia cernit
Ora canum, nullosque audet dare corpore motus ?

630 Non tamen abscedit ; neque enim vestigia cernit
Longius uUa pedum : servat nubemque locumque.
Occupat obsessos sudor mihi frigidus artus,
Caeruleaeque cadunt toto de corpore guttae :
Quaque pedem movi, manat lacus, eque capillis

635 Ros cadit ; et citius, quam nunc tibi facta renarro,
In latices mutor. Sed enim cognoscit amatas
Amnis aquas, positoque viri, quod sumpserat, ore
Vertitur in proprias, ut se mihi misceat, undas.
Delia rupit humum, caecisque ego mersa cavernis

640 Advehor Ortygiam, quae me, cognomine divae
Grata, meae, superas eduxit prima sub auras.'*

[Ceres now flies away in her dragon-drawn car to Athens, where she
presents her magic car to Triptolemus, giving him seeds and bidding
him to instruct the nations in the arts of agriculture. In the perform-
ance of his mission the youth comes to Lyncus, king of Scythia, who
attempts to assassinate his guest, and is for this act of impiety changed
into a wolf (642-661).

Here ends Calliope's story of the contest in song between the Muses
and the Pierides, at the conclusion of which, they inform Minerva, the
maidens had been transformed into magpies in punishment of their
presumption.]

Finierat dictos e nobis maxima cantus :
At nymphae vicisse deas Helicona colentes

Minerva
(From the National Museum at Naples)

To face p. 133

METAMORPHOSES 1 33

Concordi dixere sono. Convicia victae
665 Cum iacerent, " quoniam " dixit " certamine vobis
Supplicium meruisse parum est, maledictaque culpae
Additis, et non est patientia libera nobis,
Ibimus in poenas, et qua vocat ira, sequemur."
Rident Emathides, spernuntque minacia verba :
670 Conataeque loqui et magno clamore protervas
Intentare manus, pennas exire per ungues
Aspexere suos, operiri bracchia plumis :
Alteraque alterius rigido concrescere rostro
Ora videt, volucresque novas accedere silvis.
675 Dumque volunt plangi, per bracchia mota levatae
Acre pendebant, nemorum convicia, picae.
Nunc quoque in alitibus facundia prisca remansit
Raucaque garrulitas studiumque immane loquendi/

Book VI

[Minerva, hearing this story of the punishment which the Muses
had inflicted upon the Pierides for daring to challenge them in song, is
reminded that her own divinity has been slighted by Arachne, who,
wonderfully skilled in the arts of the loom, has challenged the goddess
herself to a contest. This challenge the goddess now accepts, and
both sit down to their looms. Minerva portrays a council of the twelve
great gods, each represented with his own proper symbol. In the four
corners of her web the goddess pictures incidents of warning to those
who dare to challenge the gods. Arachne in her web pictures the
various amours of Jove and other gods. She acknowledges herself
defeated in the contest, and in despair hangs herself to a beam. But
Minerva changes her into a spider doomed to spin and weave as before

(1-144).

Unwarned by the fate of Arachne, Niobe, daughter of Tantalus and
queen of Thebes, boasts of her seven sons and seven daughters over
Latona, the mother of two children only, Apollo and Di^na, and forbids
her country-women to worship Latona.]

134 THE WORKS OF OVID

Lydia tota f remit, Phrygiaeque per oppida facti
Rumor it et magnum sermonibus occupat orbem.
Ante suos Niobe thalamos cognoverat illam,
Tum cum Maeoniam virgo Sipylumque colebat :

150 Nee tamen admonita est poena popularis Arachnes
Cedere caelitibus, verbisque minoribus uti.
Multa dabant animos. Sed enim nee coniugis artes
Nee genus amborum magnique potentia regni
Sic placuere illi, quamvis ea cuncta placerent,

15s Ut sua progenies. Et felicissima matrum
Dicta foret Niobe, si non sibi visa fuisset.
Nam sata Tiresia venturi praescia Manto
Per medias fuerat, divino concita motu,
Vaticinata vias, * Ismenides, ite frequentes

160 Et date Latonae Latonigenisque duobus

Cum prece tura pia, lauroque innectite crinem :
Ore meo Latona iubet* Paretur, et omnes
ThebaYdes iussis sua tempora frondibus ornant,
Turaque dant Sanctis et verba precantia flammis.

165 Ecce venit comitum Niobe celeberrima turba,
Vestibus intexto Phrygiis spectabilis auro
Et, quantum ira sinit, formosa movensque decoro
Cum capite immissos umerum per utrumque capillos.
Constitit : utque oculos circumtulit alta superbos,

170 ' Quis furor, auditos * inquit * praeponere visis
Caelestes ? Aut cur colitur Latona per aras,
Numen adhuc sine ture meum est? Mihi Tantalus

auctor,
Cui licuit soli superorum tangere mensas.
PleYadum soror est genetrix mea. Maximus Atlas

17s Est avus, aetherium qui f ert cervicibus axem :
luppiter alter avus. Socero quoque glorior illo.
Me gentes metuunt Phrygiae, me regia Cadmi

METAMORPHOSES 1 35

Sub domina est, fidibusque mei commissa mariti
Moenia cum populis a meque viroque reguntur.

180 In quamcumque domus adverti lumina partem,
Immensae spectantur opes. Accedit eodem
Digna dea facies. Hue natas adice septem
Et totidem iuvenes, et mox generosque nurusque.
Quaerite nunc, habeat quam nostra superbia causam,

185 Nescio quoque audete satam Titanida Coeo
Latonam praeferre mihi, cui maxima quondam
Exiguam sedem pariturae terra negavit.
Nee caelo nee humo nee aquis dea vestra recepta est
Exsul erat mundi, donee miserata vagantem

190 " Hospita tu terris erras, ego " dixit " in undis,"
Instabilemque locum Delos dedit. Ilia duorum
Facta parens : uteri pars haec est septima nostri.
Sum felix: quis enim neget hoc? Felixque manebo;
Hoc quoque quis dubitet? Tutam me copia fecit

195 Maior sum, quam cui possit Fortuna nocere ;
Multaque ut eripiat, multo mihi plura relinquet
Excessere metum mea iam bona. Fingite demi
Huic aliquid populo natorum posse meorum.
Non tamen ad numerum redigar spoliata duorum

aoo Latonae turbam: qua quantum distat ab orba?
Ite, satis, properate, sacri est ; laurumque capillis
Ponite.' Deponunt, infectaque sacra relinquunt,
Quodque licet, tacito venerantur murmure numen.

[Latona, enraged, seeks out Apollo and Diana and prays them to
avenge her slighted divinity.]

Indignata dea est, summoque in vertice Cynthi
aos Talibus est dictis gemina cum prole locuta :
* En ego vestra parens, vobis animosa creatis,
Et, nisi lunoni, nuUi cessura dearum.

136

THE WORKS OF OVID

Ah dea sim, dubitor. Perque omnia saecula cultis
Arceor, o nati, nisi vos succurritis, aris.

2IO Nee dolor hie solus : diro convicia facto
Tantalis adieeit, vosque est postponere natis
Ausa suis, et me, quod in ipsam reeidat, orbam
Dixit, et exhibuit linguam seelerata paternam/
Adiectura preees erat his Latona relatis :

215 ' Desine ! * Phoebus ait * poenae mora longa querella est'
Dixit idem Phoebe. Celerique per aera lapsu
Contigerant tecti Cadmefda nubibus areem.

[The two gods take their stand near the Theban plain, and slay
with their arrows, one by one, the seven sons of Niobe, who are exer-
cising there.]

., \

The Destruction of the Children of Niobk

(From a sarcophagus in the Vatican Museum)

Planus erat lateque patens prope moenia campus,
Adsiduis pulsatus equis, ubi turba rotarum

220 Duraque mollierat subiectas ungula glaebas.
Pars ibi de septem genitis Amphione fortes
Conscendunt in equos, Tyrioque rubentia suco
Terga premunt, auroque graves moderantur habenas.
E quibus Ismenos, qui matri sarcina quondam

225 Prima suae f uerat, dum eertum fleetit in orbem
Quadrupedis cursus, spumantiaque ora eoereet,

METAMORPHOSES 1 37

' Ei mihi ! ' conclamat, medioque in pectore fixa
Tela gerit, f renisque manu moriente remissis
In latus a dextro paulatim defluit armo.

230 Proximus, audito sonitu per inane pharetrae,
Frena dabat Sipylus : veluti cum praescius imbris
Nube f ugit visa, pendentiaque undique rector
Carbasa deducit, ne qua levis efHuat aura.
Frena dabat : dantem non evitable telum

235 Consequitur, summaque tremens cervice sagitta
Haesit, et exstabat nudum de gutture ferrum.
lUe, ut erat, pronus per crura admissa iubasque
Volvitur, et calido tellurem sanguine f oedat.
Phaedimus infeKx et aviti nominis heres

240 Tantalus, ut solito finem imposuere labori

Transierant ad opus nitidae iuvenale palaestrae :
Et iam contulerant arto luctantia nexu
Pectora pectoribus, cum tento concita nervo,
Sicut erant iuncti, traiecit utrumque sagitta.

24s Ingemuere simul, simul incurvata dolore
Membra solo posuere ; simul suprema iacentes
Lumina versarunt, animam simul exhalarunt.
Aspicit Alphenor, laniataque pectora plangens
Advolat, ut gelidos complexibus adlevet artus,

250 Inque pio cadit officio ; nam Delius illi
Intima fatifero rupit praecordia f erro.
Quod simul eductum, pars est pulmonis in hamis
Eruta, cumque anima cruor est effusus in auras.
At non intonsum simplex Damasichthona vulnus

255 Adficit. Ictus erat, qua crus esse incipit, et qua
Mollia nervosus f acit intemodia poples.
Dumque manu temptat trahere exitiabile telum.
Altera per iugulum pennis tenus acta sagitta est.
Expulit banc sanguis, seque eiaculatus in altum

138 THE WORKS OF OVID

260 Emicat, et longe terebrata prosilit aura.
Ultimus Ilioneus non profectura precando
Bracchia sustulerat, * di ' que * o communiter omnes/
Dixerat, ignarus non omnes esse rogandos,
* Parcite ! ' Motus erat, cum iam revocabile telum

26s Non f uit, arcitenens. Minimo tamen occidit ille
Vulnere, non alte percusso corde sagitta.

[Niobe hastens to the scene, and, though grieving over her sons, is
still impenitent, and again defies Latona, since still her children outnum-
ber those of the goddess. Then, one by one, her daughters also perish
by the darts of the hidden archers. The wretched Niobe, now frozen
in despair, is changed to stone.]

Fama mali populique dolor lacrimaeque suorum
Tam subitae matrem certam fecere ruinae
Mirantem potuisse, irascentemque, quod ausi

270 Hoc essent, superi quod tantum iuris haberent.
Nam pater Amphion ferro per pectus adacto
Finierat moriens pariter cum luce dolorem.
Heu quantum haec Niobe Niobe distabat ab ilia,
Quae modo Latois populum submoverat aris

27s Et mediam tulerat gressus resupina per urbem,
Invidiosa suis ; at nunc miseranda vel hosti.
Corporibus gelidis incumbit, et ordine nuUo
Oscula dispensat natos suprema per omnes.
A quibus ad caelum liventia bracchia tollens

280 * Pascere, crudelis, nostro, Latona, dolore,
Pascere ' ait, * satiaque meo tua pectora luctu :
Corque f erum satia ! ' dixit * per f unera septem
Efferor. Exsulta, victrixque inimica triumpha.
Cur autem victrix ? miserae mihi plura supersunt,

285 Quam tibi felici. Post tot quoque f unera vinco.'
Dixerat, et sonuit contento nervus ab arcu :
Qui praeter Nioben unam conterruit omnes.

METAMORPHOSES 1 39

Ilia malo est audax. Stabant cum vestibus atris
Ante toros f ratrum demisso crine sorores :

290 E quibus una trahens haerentia viscere tela
Imposito fratri moribunda relanguit ore:
Altera solari miseram conata parentem
Conticuit subito, duplicataque vulnere caeco est :
Oraque compressit, nisi postquam spiritus ibat

295 Haec frustra fugiens conlabitur : ilia sorori
Immoritur : latet haec : illam trepidare videres.
Sexque datis leto diversaque vulnera passis
Ultima restabat : quam toto corpore mater,
Tota veste tegens * unam minimamque relinque !

300 De multis minimam posco' clamavit *et unam.'
Dumque rogat, pro qua rogat, occidit. Orba resedit
Exanimes inter natos natasque virumque,
Deriguitque malis. NuUos movet aura capillos,
In vultu color est sine sanguine, lumina maestis

30s Stant immota genis : nihil est in imagine vivum.
Ipsa quoque interius cum duro lingua palato
Congelat, et venae desistunt posse moveri ;
Nee flecti cervix nec«bracchia reddere motus
Nee pes ire potest : intra quoque viscera saxum est.

310 Flet tamen, et validi circumdata turbine venti
In patriam rapta est. Ibi fixa cacumine montis
Liquitur, et lacrimas etiam nunc marmora manant.

[This terrible event leads to a great revival among men of reverence
for the gods ; and they relate other instances of punishment of similar
impiety. One tells how some Lycian peasants had been changed to
frogs by Latona, because they had refused her a draught of water;
another tells how Apollo flayed Marsyas, who had dared to challenge
the god to a trial of skill in music (313-41 1 ) .

All the neighboring states now send messages of condolence to
Thebes for the fate that has befallen the royal house. Athens alone,
being girt with siege, sends no message. Now Tereus, king of Thrace,

I40 THE WORKS OF OVID

with his own and auxiliary forces, frees Athens from this siege, and for
his service obtains in marriage Procne, the daughter of King Pandion.
Carried by her lord to Thrace, the queen longs for her sister Philomela ;
Tereus undertakes to carry this request to King Pandion, and prevails
upon him to allow his remaining daughter to visit Thrace. The story
further relates the horrible crime of Tereus, and his more horrible pun-
ishment (412-674). Pandion, moreover, in grief for the calamities of
his house, slays himself, and Erechtheus rules in Athens in his stead.
One of the daughters of this king, Orithyia by name, is beloved by
Boreas, and is by this bluff lover carried away against her will. Of
these parents two winged sons are born, Zethes and Calais, who, when
they come to manhood, engage among other heroes with Jason in the
famous Argonautic expedition (675-721).]

Book VII

[Now Jason had been sent by Pelias, the usurping king of lolchos
in Thessaly, in quest of the golden fleece which was held by King Aeetes
of Colchis. AD the heroes of antiquity flocked to Jason to secure a part
in this expedition. Through the aid of Minerva a ship for the expedition
had been built, and this was named from its human designer, the Argo.

The Argonauts, after many adventures, come to Colchis, and demand
the golden fleece. This is promised upon the fulfillment by Jason of
certain terrible labors.] •

lamque f return Minyae Pagasaea puppe secabant :
Perpetuaque trahens inopem sub nocte senectam
Phineus visus erat, iuvenesque Aquilone creati
Virgineas volucres miseri senis ore f ugarant :
5 Multaque perpessi claro sub lasone tandem
Contigerant rapidas limosi Phasidos undas.
Dumque adeunt regem Phrixeaque vellera poscunt,
Lexque datur numeris magnorum horrenda laborum.

[Medea, the daughter of the king, struggles within herself against a
growing passion.]

Concipit interea validos Aeetias ignes.

METAMORPHOSES I4I

10 Et luctata diu, postquam ratione f urorem

Vincere non poterat, ' f rustra, Medea, repugnas :
Nescio quis deus obstat ; * ait * mirumque, nisi hoc est,
Aut aliquid certe simile huic, quod amare vocatur.
Nam cur iussa patris nimium mihi dura videntur ?

15 Sunt quoque dura nimis. Cur, quem modo denique
vidi,
Ne pereat, timeo ?• Quae tanti causa timoris ?
Excute virgineo conceptas pectore flammas.
Si potes, infelix. Si possem, sanior essem.
Sed gravat invitam nova vis. Aliudque cupido,

20 Mens aliud suadet. Video meliora proboque,
Deteriora sequor. Quid in hospite, regia virgo,
Ureris, et thalamos alieni concipis orbis ?
Haec quoque terra potest, quod ames, dare. Vivat,

an ille
Occidat, in dis est. Vivat tamen : idque precari

25 Vel sine amore licet. Quid enim commisit lason ?
Quem, nisi crudelem, non tangat lasonis aetas
Et genus et virtus ? quem non, ut cetera desint,
Ore movere potest ? Certe mea pectora movit.
At nisi opem tulero, taurorum adflabitur igne,

30 Concurretque suae segetis tellure creatis

Hostibus, aut avido dabitur fera praeda draconi.
Hoc ego si patiar, turn me de tigride natam,
Tum ferrum et scopulos gestare in corde fatebor.
Cur non et specto pereuntem, oculosque videndo

35 Conscelero ? Cur non tauros exhortor in ilium
Terrigenasque f eros insopitumque draconem ?
Di meliora velint. Quamquam non ista precanda,
Sed facienda mihi. Prodamne ego regna parentis,
Atque ope nescio quis servabitur advena nostra,

40 Ut per me sospes sine me det lintea ventis.

142 THE WORKS OF OVID

Virque sit alterius, poenae Medea relinquar ?
Si facere hoc, aliamve potest praeponere nobis,
Occidat ingratus. Sed non is vultus in illo,
Non ea nobilitas animo est, ea gratia formae,

45 Ut timeam fraudem meritique oblivia nostri.
Et dabit ante fidem. Cogamque in foedera testes
Esse deos. Quin tuta times ! Accingere et omnem
Pelle moram ! Tibi se semper debebit lason,
Te face soUemni iunget sibi, perque Pelasgas

50 Servatrix urbes matrum celebrabere turba.

Ergo ego germanam fratremque patremque deosque
Et natale solum, ventis ablata, relinquam ?
Nempe pater saevus, nempe est mea barbara tellus,
Prater adhuc infans. Stant mecum vota sororis :

55 Maximus intra me deus est. Non magna relinquam :
Magna sequar : titulum Servatae pubis Achivae,
Notitiamque loci melioris, et oppida, quorum
Hie quoque fama viget, cultusque artesque locorum ;
Quemque ego cum rebus, quas totus possidet orbis,

60 Aesoniden mutasse velim, quo coniuge felix
Et dis cara ferar et vertice sidera tangam.
Quid, quod nescio qui mediis incurrere in undis
Dicuntur montes, ratibusque inimica Charybdis
Nunc sorbere f retum, nunc reddere, cinctaque saevis

65 Scylla rapax canibus Siculo latrare profundo ?

Nempe tenens quod amo, gremioque in lasonis haerens
Per freta longa ferar. Nihil ilium amplexa verebor ;
Aut, siquid metuam, metuam de coniuge solo.
Coniugiumne putas, speciosaque nomina culpae

70 Imponis, Medea, tuae ? quin aspice, quantum
Aggrediare nefas, et dum licet, effuge crimen.'
Dixit : et ante oculos rectum pietasque pudorque
Constiterant, et victa dabat iam terga Cupido.

METAMORPHOSES 143

[In the sacred grove she meets the hero, who entreats her assistance
in his dangerous undertakings, and, on the promise of this, enters into
a solemh pledge of marriage.]

Ibat ad antiquas Hecates Perserdos aras,

75 Quas nemus umbrosum secretaque silva tegebat.
Et iam f ortis erat, pulsusque recesserat ardor :
Cum videt Aesoniden, exstinctaque flamma reluxit.
Erubuere genae, totoque recanduit ore,
Utque solet ventis alimenta adsumere, quaeque

80 Parva sub inducta latuit scintilla f avilla,
Crescere et in veteres agitata resurgere vires,
Sic iam lentus amor, iam quem languere putares,
Ut vidit iuvenem, specie praesentis inarsit.
Et casu solito formosior Aesone natus

8s Ilia luce f uit : posses ignoscere amanti.
Spectat, et in vultu veluti tum denique viso
Lumina fixa tenet, nee se mortalia demens
Ora videre putat, nee se declinat ab illo.
Ut vero coepitque loqui dextramque prehendit

90 Hospes, et auxilium submissa voce rogavit,
Promisitque torum, lacrimis ait ilia prof usis :
* Quid f aciam, video : nee me ignorantia veri
Decipiet, sed amor. Servabere munere nostro :
Servatus promissa dato.' Per sacra triformis

95 lUe deae, lucoque foret quod numen in illo,
Perque patrem soceri cernentem cuncta f uturi,
Eventusque suos et tanta pericula iurat
Creditus accepit cantatas protinus herbas,
Edidicitque usum, laetusque in tesca recessit.

[The first labor. Protected by Medea^s magic, Jason yokes the
brazen fire-breathing bulls, and plows the field of Mars.]

100 Postera depulerat Stellas aurora micantes :

144 THE WORKS OF OVID

Conveniunt populi sacrum Mavortis in arvum,
Consistuntque iugis. Medio rex ipse resedit
Agmine purpureas sceptroque insignis eburno.
Ecce adamanteis vulcanum naribus efflant

los Aeripedes tauri, tactaeque vaporibus herbae
Ardent Utque solent pleni resonare camini,
Aut ubi terrena silices fomace soluti
Concipiunt ignem liquidarum aspergine aquarum ;
Pectora sic intus clausas volventia flammas

no Gutturaque usta sonant. Tamen illis Aesone natus
Obvius it. Vertere truces venientis ad ora
Terribiles vultus praefixaque cornua ferro,
Pulvereumque solum pede pulsavere bisulco,
Fumificisque locum mugitibus impleverunt.

"5 Deriguere metu Minyae. Subit ille, nee ignes
Sentit anhelatds — tantum medicamina possunt —
Pendulaque audaci mulcet palearia dextra,
Suppositosque iugo pondus grave cogit aratri
Ducere et insuetum ferro proscindere campum.

[The second labor. The hero now sows in the plowed field the
dragon's teeth, which immediately spring up into a crop of armed
giants. These attack Jason, but are turned against one another by a
stone which he, taught by Medea, throws into their midst.]

I20 Mirantur Colchi : Minyae clanioribus augent
Adiciuntque animos. Galea turn sumit aena
Vipereos dentes, et aratos spargit in agros.
Semina mollit humus valido praetihcta veneno,
Et crescunt fiuntque sati nova corpora dentes.

I2S Utque hominis speciem materna sumit in alvo,
Perque suos intus numeros componitur infans.
Nee nisi maturus communes exit in aiiras :
Sic ubi visceribus gravidae telluris imago

METAMORPHOSES I45

Effecta est hominis, feto consurgit in arvo ;

130 Quodque magis mirum est, simul edita concutit arma.
Quos ubi viderunt praeacutae cuspidis hastas
In caput Haemonii iuvenis torquere parantes,
Demisere metu vultumque animumque Pelasgi.
Ipsa quoque extimuit, quae tutum fecerat ilium,

13s Utque peti vidit iuvenem tot ab hostibus unum,
Palluit et subito sine sanguine f rigida sedit ;
Neve parum valeant a se data gramina, carmen
Auxiliare canit, secretasque advocat artes.
lUe gravem medios silicem iaculatus in hostes

140 A se depulsum Martem convertit in ipsos.
Terrigenae pereunt per mutua vulnera fratres,
Civilique cadunt acie. Gratantur Achivi,
Victoremque tenent avidisque amplexibus haerent.
Tu quoque victorem complecti, barbara, velles ;

14s Obstitit incepto pudor. At complexa f uisses ;
Sed te, ne faceres, tenuit reverentia famae.
Quod licet, aspectu tacito laetaris, agisque
Carminibus grates et dis auctoribus horum.

[The third labor. Jason now puts to sleep by Medea's drugs the
ever-watchful dragon which guards the golden fleece ; he secures the
prize, and returns to Greece with Medea as his bride.]

Pervigilem superest herbis sopire draconem,
150 Qui. crista linguisque tribus praesignis et uncis
Dentibus horrendus custos erat arboris aureae.
Hunc postquam sparsit Lethaei gramine suci
Verbaque ter dixit placidos facientia somnos,
Quae mare turbatum, quae concita flumina sistunt,
155 Somnus in ignotos oculos sibi venit, et "auro
Heros Aesonius potitur. Spolioque superbus
Muneris auctorem secum, spolia altera, portans
Victor lolciacos tetigit cum coniuge portus.
OVID — 10

146 THE WORKS OF OVID

[Jason, returned to Greece, entreats his wife to restore to youth his
aged father Aeson, which she does by means of her magic arts.]

Haemoniae matres pro natis dona receptis

160 Grandaevique ferunt patres, congestaque flamma
Tura liquefaciunt, inductaque cornibus aurum
Victima vota litat. Sed abest gratantibus Aeson, .
lam propior leto fessusque senilibus annis.
Cum sic Aesonides : * O cui debere salutem

165 Confiteor, coniunx, quamquam mihi cuncta dedisti,
Excessitque fidem meritorum summa tuorum :
Si tamen hoc possunt, — quid enim non carmina

possunt ? —
Deme meis annis, et demptos adde parenti/
Nee tenuit lacrimas. Mota est pietate rogantis,

170 Dissimilemque animum subiit Aeeta relictus.
Nee tamen adfectus tales confessa * quod * inquit
* Excidit ore tuo, coniunx, scelus ? ergo ego cuiquam
Posse tuae videor spatium transcribere vitae ?
Nee sinat hoc Hecate, nee tu petis aequa. Sed isto,

175 Quod petis, experiar maius dare munus, lason.
Arte mea soceri longum temptabimus aevum,
Non annis renovare tuis ; modo diva triformis
Adiuvet et praesens ingentibus adnuat ausis.'
Tres aberant noctes, ut cornua tota coirent

180 Efficerentque orbem. Postquam plenissima fulsit
Ac solida terras spectavit imagine luna,
Egreditur tectis vestes induta recinctas,
Nuda pedem, nudos umeros infusa capillis,
Fertque vagos mediae per muta silentia noctis

18s Incomitata gradus. Homines volucresque ferasque
Solverat alta quies : nullo cum murmure saepes,
Immotaeque silent frondes ; silet umidus aer :
Sidera sola micant. Ad quae sua bracchia tendens

METAMORPHOSES 147

Ter se convertit, ter sumptis flumine crinem

190 Inroravit aquis, ternisque ululatibus ora
Solvit, et in dura submisso poplite terra
* Nox * ait * arcanis fidissima, quaeque diurnis
Aurea cum luna succeditis ignibus, astra,
Tuque triceps Hecate, quae coeptis conscia nostris

195 Adiutrixque venis, cantusque artesque magorum,
Quaeque magos, Tellus, pollentibus instruis herbis,
Auraeque et venti montesque amnesque lacusque,
Dique omnes nemorum, dique omnes noctis adeste :
Quorum ope, cum volui, ripis mirantibus amnes

aoo In fontes rediere suos, concussaque sisto,
Stantia concutio cantu freta, nubila pello
Nubilaque induco, ventos abigoque vocoque,
Vipereas rumpo verbis et carmine fauces,
Vivaque saxa sua convulsaque robora terra

ao5 Et silvas moveo, iubeoque tremescere montes
Et mugire solum, manesque exire sepulcris.
Te quoque, Luna, traho, quamvis Temesaea labores
Aera tuos minuant : currus quoque carmine nostro
Pallet avi ; pallet nostris Aurora venenis.

aio Vos mihi taurorum flammas hebetastis, et unco
Impatiens oneris collum pressistis aratro.
Vos serpentigenis in se fera bella dedistis,
Custodemque rudem somni sopistis, et aurum
Vindice decepto Graias misistis in urbes.

ais Nunc opus est sucis, per quos renovata senectus
In florem redeat, primosque reconligat annos.
Et dabitis. Neque enim micuerunt sidera frustra,
Nee frustra volucrum tractus cervice draconum
Currus adest' Aderat demissus ab aethere currus.

aao Quo simul ascendit, f renataque coUa draconum
Permulsit, manibusque leves agitavit habenas,

148 THE WORKS OF OVID

Sublimis rapitur, subiectaque Thessala Tempe
Dispicit, et Threces regionibus applicat angues ;
Et quas Ossa tulit, quas altum Pelion herbas,

225 Othrys quas Pindusque et Pindo maior Olympus,
Perspicit, et placitas partim radice revellit,
Partim succidit curvamine falcis aenae.
Multa quoque Apidani placuerunt gramina ripis,
Multa quoque Amphrysi; neque eras immunis, Enipeu ;

330 Nee non Peneus, nee non SpercheYdes undae
Contribuere aliquid, iuncosaque litora Boebes.
Carpsit et EuboYca vivax Anthedone gramen,
Nondum mutato vulgatum corpore Glauci.
Et iam nona dies curru pennisque draconum

235 Nonaque nox omnes lustrantem viderat agros,

Cum rediit. Neque erant tacti, nisi odore, dracones,
Et tamen annosae pellem posuere senectae.
Constitit adveniens citra limenque foresque,
Et tantum caelo tegitur : ref ugitque viriles

240 Contactus. Statuitque aras e caespite binas,
Dexteriore Hecates, ast laeva parte luventae.
Has ubi verbenis silvaque incinxit agresti,
Haud procul egesta scrobibus tellure duabus
Sacra facit, cultrosque in guttura velleris atri

24s Conicit, et patulas perfundit sanguine f ossas.
Tum super invergens liquidi carchesia bacchi
Aeneaque invergens tepidi carchesia lactis
Verba simul fudit, terrenaque numina civit,
Umbrarumque rogat rapta cum coniuge regem,

250 Ne properent artus anima fraudare senili.

Quos ubi placavit precibusque et murmure longo.
Aesonis effetum proferri corpus ad auras
lussit, et in plenos resolutum carmine somnos
Exanimi similem stratis porrexit in herbis.

METAMORPHOSES I49

255 Hinc procul Aesoniden, procul hinc iubet ire ministros,
Et monet arcanis oculos removere profanes.
Diffugiunt iussi. Passis Medea capillis
Bacchantum ritu flagrantes circuit aras,
Multifidasque faces in fossa sanguinis atra

a6o Tinguit, et infectas geminis accendit in aris :

Terque senem flamma, ter aqua, ter sulphure lustrat.
Interea validum posito medicamen aeno
Fervet et exsultat spumisque tumentibus albet.
Illic Haemonia radices valle resectas

265 Seminaque floresque et sucos incoquit acres.
Adicit extremo lapides oriente petitos
Et quas Oceani refluum mare lavit, harenas;
Addit et exceptas luna pernocte pruinas
Et strigis infames ipsis cum carnibus alas,

270 Inque virum soliti vultus mutare ferinos
Ambigui prosecta lupi ; nee def uit illic
Squamea Cinyphii tenuis membrana chelydri
Vivaci^que iecur cervi, quibus insuper addit
Ora caputque novem cornicis saecula passae.

27s His et mille aliis postquam sine nomine rebus
Propositum instruxit remorari Tartara munus,
Arenti ramo iampridem mitis olivae
Omnia confudit summisque immiscuit ima.
Ecce vetus calido versatus stipes aeno

280 Fit viridis primo, nee longo tempore frondes
Induit, et subito gravidis oneratur olivis.
At quacumque cavo spumas eiecit aeno
Ignis, et in terram guttae cecidere calentes,
Vernat humus, floresque et mollia pabula surgunt.

285 Quae simul ac vidit, stricto Medea recludit
Ense senis iugulum, veteremque exire cruorem
Passa, replet sucis. Quos postquam combibit Aeson

I50 THE WORKS OF OVID

Aut ore acceptos aut vulnere, barba comaeque

Canitie posita nigrum rapuere colorem.
390 Pulsa fugit macies, abeunt pallorque situsque,
. Adiectoque cavae supplentur corpore rugae,

Membraque luxuriant. Aeson miratur et olim

Ante quater denos hunc se reminiscitur annos.

[Medea, desirous of obtaining vengeance upon Pelias, the uncle of
Jason, for the wrongs which he had formerly inflicted upon his nephew,
repairs to the palace of Pelias on the pretense of a quarrel with her
husband. Here she relates to the daughters of the king how she had
restored Aeson to youth, and in further proof of her magic power she
changes an aged ram into a lamb by boiling him in a chaldron of herbs.
The daughters of Pelias are so influenced by this that, at the instance
of Medea, they slay their father and present the body to Medea, that
she may fill it with her life-giving liquors. But Medea has filled her
chaldron with unpotential herbs, and flees away to Corinth, leaving
Pelias unrestored to youth or life (294-349). At Corinth she finds
her husband Jason wedded to the daughter of Creon. She avenges
herself for this wrong by burning up her rival in a magic wedding
robe, which consumes not only the bride, but her father and his whole
house. Then she slays her children in Jason^s sight, and again fleeing
in her magic chariot, goes to Athens, where she is married to Aegeus,
the king. Here she is foiled in an attempt to poison Theseus, the
king's new-found son, and is driven from the realm of Aegeus (350-
424). A grand festival is held in honor of Theseus, and all his mighty
deeds of valor are recounted (425-452) .

But now Minos, king of Crete, declares war upon Athens to avenge
the death of his son Androgeos, who had been slain, through the
treachery of Aegeus, by the bull of Marathon. He seeks and obtains
the alliance of many neighboring island princes ; his suit is rejected.,
liowever, by Aeacus, king of the Myrmidons, on the ground of a close
alliance already existing with the Athenians (453-489). Soon after
Cephalus, an ambassador from Athens, is entertained at the court of
Aeacus, where the monarch relates how his kingdom had been depopu-
lated by a pestilence sent by Juno upon the island because it bore the
name of her hated rival Aegina, and how at his prayer, Jove had turned
a swarm of ants into men, and thus had repeopled his realm (490-660).

METAMORPHOSES 151

Cephalus in return relates adventures of his own, and the sad death
of his wife, Procris. Aeacus now intrusts his two sons with bands of
soldiers to Cephalus and the Athenian cause (661-865).]

Book VIII

[Minos, in the prosecution of the war, now invests Megara, where
the aged Nisus is king. The siege for six months remains .doubt-
ful. During this time Scylla, the king^s daughter, daily viewing the
war from a high tower, conceives a passion for Minos, the hostile king.
She longs to go to him, and even at the price of her country's liberty
buy his favor. She is even willing at last to steal the purple lock from
her father's head, upon the possession of which depends the king's life
and the safety of his dty. When night comes, the princess steals into
her father's chamber, cuts off the fatal lock, and hastens out of the city
to the camp of Minos ; she reveals to him what she has done, begging
only his love in return. The king, in righteous indignation, scorns the
impious princess, and after securing his dominion over Megara, starts
on his return to Crete. Scylla, from the shore, passionately upbraids
him, and leaping into the sea succeeds in reaching the receding vessels.
Here she is suddenly attacked by a swooping hawk, into which Nisus
has been changed, and is herself changed on the instant into a lark
(1-151).

The remainder of the story of Minos and the Athenians is very
much condensed : how Minos, to conceal the shame of his house, has
a labyrinth constructed by Daedalus the Athenian, in which is hidden
the Minotaur; how to this monster a yearly tribute of youths and
maidens, exacted from the Athenians, is presented ; how Theseus, by
the aid of Ariadne, the daughter of Minos, slays the Minotaur, and
flees with the princess, but afterwards deserts her ; how she is beloved
by Bacchus and set as a constellation in the sky (152-182).

Daedalus, meanwhile, and his son Icarus, imprisoned in Crete, escape
on wings constructed by the father. Icarus perishes through too am-
bitious flight, but Daedalus holds on his way and reaches Sicily.]

Daedalus interea Creten longumque perosus
Exsilium tactusque loci natalis amore,
185 Clausus erat pelago. * Terras licet * inquit ' et undas

152 THE WORKS OF OVID

Obstruat : at caelum certe patet. Ibimus iliac.
Omnia possideat, non possidet aera Minos.'
Dixit, et ignotas animum dimittit in artes,
Naturamque novat Nam ponit in ordine pennas,

190 A minima coeptas, longam breviore sequjenti,
Ut clivo crevisse putes : sic rustica quondam
Fistula disparibus paulatim sur^it avenis.
Tum lino medias et ceris adligat imas,
Atque ita compositas parvo curvamine flectit,

195 Ut veras imitetur aves. Puer Icarus una
Stabat et, ignarus sua se tractare pericla, ,
Ore renidenti modo quas vaga moverat aura,
Captabat plumas, flavam modo pollice ceram
Mollibat, lusuque suo mirabile patris

200 Impediebat opus. Postquam manus ultima coeptis
Imposita est, geminas opifex libravit in alas
Ipse suum corpus, motaque pependit in aura.
Instruit et natum, * medio ' que * ut limite curras,
Icare,' ait * moneo, ne, si demissior ibis,

205 Unda gravet pennas, si celsior, ignis adurat.
Inter utrumque vpla. Nee te spectare Booten
Aut Helicen iubeo strictumque Orionis ensem :
Me duce carpe viam.' Pariter praecepta volandi
Tradit et ignotas umeris accommodat alas.

210 Inter opus monitusque genae maduere seniles,
Et patriae tremuere manus. Dedit oscula nato
Non iterum repetenda suo, pennisque levatus
Ante volat, comitique timet, velut ales, ab alto
Quae teneram prolem produxit in aera nido ;

215 Hortaturque sequi, damnosasque erudit artes,
Et movet ipse suas et nati respicit alas.
Hos aliquis tremula dum captat harundine pisces,
Aut pastor baculo stivave innixus arator

METAMORPHOSES 153

Vidit et obstipuit, quique aethera carpere possent,

2ao Credidit esse deos. Et iam lunonia laeva
Parte Samos f uerat Delosque Parosque relictae,
Dextra Lebinthus erat fecundaque melle Calymne,
Cum puer audaci coepit gaudere volatu,
Deseruitque ducem caelique cupidine tractus

225 Altius egit iter. Rapidi vicinia solis
MoUit odoratas, pennarura vincula, ceras
Tabuerant cerae ; nudos quatit ille lacertos,
Remigioque carens non uUas percipit auras,
Oraque caerulea patrium clamantia nomen

230 Excipiuntur aqua : quae nomen traxit ab illo.
At pater infelix, nee iam pater, * Icare,' dixit,
* Icare,' dixit * ubi es ? qua te regione requiram ? *
^ f care * dicebat, pennas aspexit in undis,
Devovitque suas artes, corpusque sepulcro

235 Condidit. Et tellus a nomine dicta sepulti.
^Hunc miseri tumulo ponentem corpora nati
Garrula limoso prospexit ab elice perdix,
Et plausit pennis testataque gaudia cantu est :
Unica tunc volucris, nee visa prioribus annis,

240 Factaque nuper avis ; longum tibi, Daedale, crimen.
Namque huic tradiderat, fatorum ignara, docendam
Progeniem germana suam, natalibus actis
Bis puerum senis, animi ad praecepta capacis.
Ille etiam medio spinas in pisce notatas

24s Traxit in exemplum, ferroque incidit acuto
Perpotuos dentes et serrae repperit usum.
Primus et ex uno duo ferrea bracchia nodo
Vinxit, ut aequali spatio distantibus illis
Altera pars staret, pars altera duceret orbem.

250 Daedalus invidit, sacraque ex arce Minervae
Praecipitem misit, lapsum mentitus. At ilium

154 THE WORKS OF OVID

Quae favet ingeniis, excepit Pallas, avemque
Reddidit, et medio velavit in aere pennis.
Sed vigor ingenii quondam velocis in alas
ass Inque pedes abiit : nomen quod et ante, remansit.
Non tamen haec alte volucris sua corpora toUit,
Nee facit in ramis altoque cacumine nidos ;
Propter humum volitat, ponitque in saepibus ova,
Antiquique meraor metuit sublimia casus.

[Theseus, on the death of his father, now succeeds to the throne of
Athens, and his fame fills the whole land. He is next summoned with
all the great heroes of Greece to Aetolia to assist in the hunt of the
Calydonian boar, which Diana, in punishment for the neglect of her
worship by Oeneus, the king of Aetolia, had sent to ravage the country.
Among the others comes Atalanta, the maiden huntress, who is the
first to wound the boar. After many incidents, Meleager, the king's
son, and leader in the chase, slays the boar, and cutting off his head
presents it to Atalanta, on the ground that she has been the first to
wound the beast. Meleager's two maternal uncles dispute this award,
and in the quarrel are both slain by their nephew (260-444). Upon
learning of this disaster to her brothers, Althaea, Meleager's mother,
in grief and rage casts into the fire the brand upon the preservation of
which the continuation of her son's life depends. There is a mighty
struggle in Althaea's heart between maternal and sisterly affection.
With the death of Meleager, the royal house of Aetolia falls in ruins,
and Diana's vengeance is appeased (445-546) .

Theseus, having borne his part in the Calydonian hunt, now directs
his way to Athens, but is stopped on the way and entertained by the
river god Achelous, who relates how in rage at a slight put upon his
divinity he had turned five naiads into islands, and how Neptune had
turned another nymph into a rock (547-610).

One of the guests here expresses his skepticism as to these meta-
morphoses, and even as to the very existence of the gods themselves.
In reply old Lelex tells the beautiful story of Philemon and Baucis,
who entertained Jupiter and Mercury unawares. These gods, pleased
with the piety of the aged pair, after granting them many blessings in
life, gave them a common death, and transformed them into trees.]

METAMORPHOSES 1 55

Amnis ab his tacuit. Factum mirabile cunctos
Moverat. Inridet credentes, utque deorum
Spretor erat mentisque ferox Ixione natus,
' Ficta refers, nimiumque putas, Acheloe potentes

615 Esse deos/ dixit ' si dant adimuntque figuras.'
Obstipuere omnes, nee talia dicta probarunt ;
Ante omnesque Leiex, animo maturus et aevo,
Sic ait : ' immensa est finemque potentia caeli
Non habet, et quicquid superi voluere, peractum est.

d^KQuoque minus dubites^Iiae contermina quercus
CoUibus est Phrygiis, modico circumdata muro :
Ipse locum vidi ; nam me Pelopela Pittheus
Misit in arva, suo quondam regnata parenti.
Hand procul hinc stagnum est, tellus habita)>ilis olim,

62s Nunc celebres mergis f ulicisque palustribus undae.
luppiter hue specie mortali, cumque parente
Venit Atlaptiades positis caducifer alis.
Mille domos adiere, locum requiemque petentes :
Millc domos claUsere serae. Tamen una recepit,

630 Parva quidem, stipulis et canpa tecta palustri :
Sed pia Baucis anus parilique aetate Philemon
Ilia sunt annis iuncti iuvenalibus, ilia
Consenuere casa ; paupertatemque f atendo
EfFecere levem nee iniqua mente ferendo.

635 Nee ref ert, dominos illic, f amulosne requiras :
Tota domus duo sunt, idem parentque iubentque.
Ergo ubi caelicolae placitos tetigere penates,
Summissoque humiles intrarunt vertice postes,
Membra senex posito iussit relevare sedili,

640 Quo superiniecit textum rude sedula Baucis.
Inde foco tepidum cinerem dimovit et ignes
Suscitat hesternos foliisque et cortice sicco
Nutrit et ad flammas anima producit anili,

156 THE WORKS OF OVID

Multifidasque faces ramaliaque arida tecto

64s Detulit et minuit, parvoque admovit aeno.
Quodque suus coniunx riguo conlegerat horto,
Truncat holus foliis. Furca levat ille bicorni
-Sordida terga suis nigro pendentia tigno,
Servatoque diu resecat de tergore partem

650 Exiguam, sectamque domat ferventibus undis.
Interea medias fallunt sermonibus horas,

6s? Concutiuntque torum de molli fluminis ulva
Impositum lecto, sponda pedibusque salignis.
Vestibus hunc velant, quas non nisi tempore festo
Sternere consuerant : sed et haec vilisque vetusque
Vestis erat, lecto rion indign?inda saligno.

660 Accubuere dei. Mehsam succincta tremensque
Ponit anus. Mensae sed erat pes tertius impar :
Testa parem fecit. Quae postquam subdita clivura
" 'Sustulit, aequatam mentae tersere virentes.
Ponitur hie bicolor sincerae baca Minervae,

66s Conditaque in liquida corna autumnalia faece,
Intibaque et radix et lactis ma3sa coacti,
Ovaque non acri leviter versata favilla,
Omnia fictilibus. Post haec caelatus eodem
Sistitur argento crater fabricataque fago

670 Pocula, qua cava sunt, fiaventibus inlita ceris.
Parva mora est, epulasque foci misere calentes.
Nee longae rursus referuntur vina senectae,
Dantque locum mensis paulum seducta secundis.
Hie nux, hie mixta est rugosis carica palmis

67s Prunaque et in patulis redolentia mala canistris
Et de purpureis conlectae vitibus uvae.
Candidus in medio favus est. Super omnia vultus
Accessere boni nee iners pauperque voluntas.
Interea totiens haustum cratera repleri

METAMORPHOSES 157

680 Sponte sua, per seque vident succrescere vina :
Attoniti novitate pavent, manibusque supinis
Concipiunt Baucisque preces timidusque Philemon,
Et veniam dapih^s nullisqij^ paratibus orant.
Unicus anser erat, minimae custodia villae,

685 Quem dis hosptibus doraini raactare parabant.
I lie celer penna tardos aetate fatigat,
Eluditque diu, tanderaque est visus ad ipsos
Conf ugisse deos. Superi vetuere necari :
" Di " que " sumus, meritasque luet vicinia poenas

690 Irapia" dixerunt; "vobis imraunibus huius

Esse mali dabitur. Modo vestra relinquite tecta
Ac nostros comitate gradus et in ardua montis
Ite simul." Parent ambo, baculisque levati
Nituntur longo vestigia ponere clivo.

69s Tantum aberant summo, quantum semel ire sagitta
Missa potest : flexere oculos, et mersa palude
Cetera prospiciunt, tantum sua tecta manere.
Dumque ea mirantur, dum deflent fata suorum.
Ilia vetus, dominis etiam casa parva duobus

700 Vertitur in templum : furcas subiere columnae,
Stramina flavescunt aurataque tecta videntur,
Caelataeque fores, adopertaque marmore tellus.
Talia tum placido Saturnius edidit ore :
" Dicite, iuste senex et femina coniuge iusto

705 Digna, quid optetis." Cum Baucide pauca locutus,
Judicium superis aperit commune Philemon :
" Esse sacerdotes delubraque vestra tueri
Poscimus ; et quoniam Concordes egimus annos,
Auferat hora duos eadem, nee coniugis umquam

710 Busta meae videam, neu sim tumulandus ab ilia."
' Vpta fides sequitur. Templi tutela f uere,
. Donee vita data est. Annis ^evoque soluti

IS8 THE WORKS OF OVID

Ante gradus sacros cum starent forte locique
Navarent curas, frondere Philemona Baucis,

715 Baucida conspexit senior frondere Philemon,
lamque super geminos crescente cacumine vultus
Mutua, dum licuit, reddebant dicta "vale " que
"O coniunx" dixere simul, simul abdita texit
Ora frutex. Ostendit adhuc Cibyretus illic

730 Incola de gemino vicinos corpore truncos.

Haec mihi non vani, neque erat cur fallere vellent,
Narravere senes. Equidem pendentia vidi
Serta super ramos, ponensque recentia dixi
"Cura pii dis sunt, et qui coluere coluntur." '

[After the story of Philemon and Baucis, Achelous tells of the various
changes of Proteus ; of the impiety of Erisichthon, who scoffed at the
worship of Ceres and cut down her sacred grove, for which the goddess
had afflicted him with unappeasable hunger. Acheloiis then relates
the various transformations of Erisichthon^s daughter, and explains
what forms he himseL^ is able to assume. He ends his story with
a groan at the memory of certain unhappy experiences of his own
(725-884).]

Book IX

[Theseus asks Acheloiis to tell the cause of his grief. Thereupon the
god relates his contest with Hercules, his rival for the hand of Deianira,
daughter of Oeneus, king of Aetolia. They long strive in their own
proper shapes, but the advantage is with Hercules.]

Quae gemitus truncaeque deo Neptunius heros
Causa rogat frontis. Cum sic Calydonius amnis
Coepit, inornatos redimitus harundine crines :
* Triste petis munus. Quis enim sua proelia victus
5 Commemorare velit ? Referam tamen ordine. Nee
tam
Turpe f uit vinci, quam contendisse decorum est ;

METAMORPHOSES 1 59

Magnaque dat nobis tantus solacia victor.
Nomine siqua suo tandem pervenit ad aures
Detanira tuas — quondam pulcherrima virgo

10 Multorumque fuit spes invidiosa procorum.
Cum quibus ut soceri domus est intrata petiti,
" Accipe me generum," dixi " Parthaone nate : "
Dixit et Alcides. Alii cessere duobus.
Ille lovem socerum dare se, famamque laborum,

15 Et superata suae referebat iussa novercae.

Contra ego *'turpe deum mortali cedere : " dixi —
Nondum erat ille deus — " regem me cernis aquarum
Cursibus obliquis inter tua regna fluentum.
Nee gener externis hospes tibi missus ab oris,

20 Sed popularis ero et rerum pars una tuarum.
Tantum ne noceat, quod me nee regia luno
Odit, et omnis abest iussorum poena laborum.
Nam, quo te iactas, Alcmena nate, creatum,
luppiter aut falsus pater est, aut crimine verus.

25 Matris adulterio patrem petis. Elige, fictum
Esse lovem malis, an te per dedecus ortum.'*
Talia dicentem iamdudum lumine torvo
Spectat, et accensae non fortiter imperat irae,
Verbaque tot reddit : " Melior mihi dextera lingua.

30 Dummodo pugnando superem, tu vince loquendo,"
Congrediturque ferox. Puduit modo magna locutum
Cedere : reieci viridem de corpore vestem,
Bracchiaque opposui, tenuique a pectore varas
In statione manus et pugnae membra paravi.

35 Ille cavis hausto spargit me pulvere palmis,
Inque vicem fulvae tactu flavescit harenae.
Et modo cervicem, modo crura micantia captat,
Aut captare putes, omnique a parte lacessit.
Me mea defendit gravitas: frustraque petebar;

l6o THE WORKS OF OVID

40 Haud secus ac moles, magno quam murmure fluctus
Oppugnant ; manet ilia, suoque est pondere tuta.
Digredimur paulum, rursusque ad bella coimus,
Inque gradu stetimus, certi non cedere ; eratque
Cum pede pes iunctus, totoque ego pectore pronus

45 Et digitos digitis et frontem fronte premebam.
Non aliter vidi fortes concurrere tauros,
Cum pretium pugnae toto nitidissima saltu
Expetitur coniunx : spectant armenta paventque
Nescia, quem maneat tanti victoria regni.

50 Ter sine prof ectu voluit nitentia contra
Reicere Alcides a se mea pectora : quarto
Excutit amplexus, adductaque bracchia solvit,
Impulsumque manu — certum est mihi vera fateri —
Protinus avertit, tergoque onerosus inhaesit

55 Siqua fides, — neque enim ficta mihi gloria voce
Puaeritur — imposito pressus mihi monte videbar.
Vix tamen inserui sudore fluentia multo
Bracchia, vix solvi duros a pectore nexu^.
Instat anhelanti, prohibetque resumere vires,

60 Et cervice mea potitur. Tum denique tellus
Pressa genu nostro est, et harenas ore momordi.

[Achelous now has recourse to magic, changing first into a snake
then into a bull ; but he is conquered in these disguises also.]

Inferior virtute, meas divertor ad artes,
Elaborque viro longum formatus in anguem.
Qui postquam flexos sinuavi corpus in orbes,
65 Cumque f ero movi linguam stridore bisulcam,
Risit, et inludens nostras Tirynthius artes
'*Cunarum labor est angues superare mearum,"
Dixit " et ut vincas alios, Acheloe, dracones.
Pars quota Lernaeae serpens eris unus echidnae ?

Bona Copia with the Horn of Achelous
(From the Vatican Museum)

To face p. i6i

METAMORPHOSES l6l

70 Vulneribus fecunda suis erat ilia, nee ullum
De eentum numero eaput est impune recisum,
Quin gemino cervix herede valentior esset.
Hanc ego ramosam natis e caede colubris
Crescentemque raalo domui, domitamque reclusi.

75 Quid fore te credas, f alsuni qui versus in anguem
Arma aliena moves ? Quem forma precaria celat ? "
Dixerat, et summo digitorum vincula coUo
Inicit : angebar, ceu guttura f orcipe pressus,
PoUicibusque meas pugnabam evellere fauces.

80 Sic quoque devicto restabat tertia tauri

Forma trucis. Tauro mutatus membra rebello.
Induit ille toris a laeva parte lacertos,
Admissumque trahens sequitur, depressaque dura
Cornua figit humo, meque alta sternit harena.

85 Nee satis hoc fuerat : rigidum fera dextera cornu
Dum tenet, infregit, truncaque a f ronte revellit.
Naides hoc, pomis et odoro flore repletum,
Sacrarunt; divesque meo Bona Copia cornu est.'
Dixerat : et nymphe ritu succincta Dianae,

90 Una ministrarum, fusis utrimque capillis,
Incessit totumque tulit praedivite cornu
Autumnum et mensas, felicia poma, secundas.
Lux subit ; et primo f eriente cacumina sole
Discedunt iuvenes. Neque enim, dum flumina pacem

95 Et placidos habeant lapsus, totaeque residant,
Opperiuntur, aquae. Vultus Acheloiis agrestes
Et lacerum cornu mediis caput abdidit undis.

[The victorious Hercules journeys homeward with his bride. Com-
ing to a swollen stream, he intrusts Deianira to the Centaur N^ssus to
carry across the stream, while he himself precedes. Nessus proves
false to his charge, and is shot by the poisoned arrows of Hercules.
The dying centaur, plotting revenge, presents to Deianira -his tunic

OVID — 1 1

1 62 THE WORKS OF OVID

dyed with his own life blood, which is now tainted with the Lernaean
poison from the darts of Hercules. This tunic, he assures her, will
have the power to recall her husband^s affections should he ever prove
faithless to her (98-133).

Now many years have passed, and De'ianira hears a rumor that Her-
cules is smitten by the charms of lole, a captive maiden. She believes
the rumor, and, in a fit of jealousy, sends the poisoned tunic to her hus-
band, who puts it on in the midst of a sacrifice of thanksgiving to Jove.
As soon as the virulence of the poison is aroused by the heat, Hercules
is seized with fearful sufferings.]

Longa f uit medii mora temporis : actaque magni

13s Herculis implerant terras odiumque novercae.
Victor ab Oechalia Cenaeo sacra parabat
Vota lovi, cum fama loquax praecessit ad aures,
Deianira, tuas, quae veris addere falsa
Gaudet, et e minimo sua per mendacia crescit,

140 Amphitryoniaden loles ardore teneri.

Credit amans, venerisque novae perterrita fama
Indulsit primo lacrimis, flendoque dolorem
Diff udit miseranda suum. Mox deinde * quid autem
Flemus ? ' ait * paelex lacrimis laetabitur istis.

14s Quae quoniam adveniet, properandum aliquidque
novandum est,
Dum licet, et nondum thalamos tenet altera nostros.
Conquerar, an sileam ? Repetam Calydona, morerne ?
Excedam tectis } an, si nihil amplius, obstem }
Quid si me, Meleagre, tuam memor esse sororem

150 Forte paro facinus, quantumque iniuria possit
Femineusque dolor, iugulata paelice testor ? '
Incursus animus varios habet. Omnibus illis
Praetulit imbutam Nesseo sanguine vestem
Mittere, quae vires defecto reddat amori.

iss Ignaroque Lichae, quid tradat, nescia, luctus
Ipsa suos tradit. Blandisque miserrima verbis,

METAMORPHOSES 163

Dona det ilia viro, mandat. Capit inscius heros,
Induiturque umeris Lemaeae virus echidnae.
Tura dabat primis et verba precantia flammis,

160 Vinaque marmoreas patera f undebat in aras :
Incaluit vis ilia mali, resolutaque fiammis
Herculeos abiit late diffusa per artus.
Dum potuit, solita gemitum virtute repressit.
Victa malis postquam est patientia, reppulit aras,

16s Implevitque suis nemorosum vocibus Oeten.
Nee mora, letiferam conatur scindere vestem :
Qua trahitur, trahit ilia cutem, foedumque relatu,
Aut haeret membris f rustra temptata revelli,
Aut laceros artus et grandia detegit ossa.

170 Ipse cruor, gelido ceu quondam lamina candens
Tincta lacu, stridit coquiturque ardente veneno.
Nee modus est, sorbent avidae praecordia flammae,
Caeruleusque fluit toto de corpore sudor,
Ambustique sonant nervi, caecaque meduUis

175 Tabe liquef actis tendens ad sidera palmas

' Cladibus,' exclamat * Saturnia, pascere nostris :
Pascere, et banc pestem specta, crudelis, ab alto,
Corque ferum satia. Vel si miserandus et hosti.
Hoc est, si tibi sum, diris cruciatibus aegram

180 Invisamque animam natamque laboribus aufer.

Mors mihi munus erit. Decet haec dare dona novercam.
Ergo ego foedantem peregrino templa cruore
Busirin domui ? saevoque alimenta parentis
Antaeo eripui ? nee me pastoris Hiberi

185 Forma triplex, nee forma triplex tua, Cerbere, movit ?
Vosne, manus, validi pressistis cornua tauri ?
Vestrum opus Elis habet, vestrum Stymphalides undae,
Partheniumque nemus ? vestra virtute relatus
Thermodontiaco caelatus balteus auro,

l64 THE WORKS OF OVID

190 Pomaque ab insomni concustodita dracone ?
Nee raihi Centauri potuere resistere, nee mi
Areadiae vastator aper ? nee prof uit hydrae
Creseere per damnum geminasque resumere vires ?
Quid, cum Thraeis equos humane sanguine pingues

195 Plenaque corporibus laceris praesepia vidi,
Visaque deieci, dominumque ipsosque peremi ?
His elisa iacet moles Nemeaea lacertis :
Hac caelum cervice tuli. Defessa iubendo est
Saeva lovis coniunx : ego sum indefessus agendo.

aoo Sed nova pestis adest, cui nee virtute resisti
Nee telis armisque potest. Pulmonibus errat
Ignis edax imis, perque omnes pascitur artus. .
At valet Eurystheus ! et sunt, qui credere possint
Esse deos ? ' Dixit, perque altum saucius Oeten

205 Haud aliter graditur, quam si venabula taurus
Corpore fixa gerat, factique refugerit auctor.
Saepe ilium gemitus edentem, saepe frementem,
Saepe retemptantem totas refringere vestes
Sternentemque trabes irascentemque videres

210 Montibus aut patrio tendentem bracchia caelo.

[Hercules, in his madness, hurls Lychas, the bearer of the fatal
tunic, into the sea; the youth is changed into a rock (211-229).

The apotheosis of Hercules. The hero builds a mighty pyre on
Mount Oete, and, after consigning his bow and arrows to his friend
Philoctetes, mounts the pyre and bids his friend apply the torch.
Meanwhile, in a council of the gods, it is decided that the long-suffer-
ing hero shall be enrolled among their number and have a place in
heaven. It is elsewhere related that Deianira hanged herself through
remorse.]

At tu, lovis inclita proles,
230 Arboribus caesis, quas ardua gesserat Oete,

Inque pyram structis arcum pharetramque capacem
Regnaque visuras iterum Troiana sagittas

METAMORPHOSES 1 65

Ferre iubes Poeante satum, quo flanima ministro
Subdita. Dumque avidis comprenditur ignibus agger,

235 Congeriem silvae Nemeaeo vellere summam
Sternis, et imposita clavae cervice recumbis,
Haud alio vultu, quam si conviva iaceres
Inter plena meri redimitus pocula sertis.
lamque valens et in omne latus diffusa sonabat,

240 Securosque artus contemptoremque petebat
Flamma suum. Timuere dei pro vindice terrae.
Quos ita, sensit enim, laeto Saturnius ore
luppiteradloquitur: 'nostra est timoriste voluptas,
O superi, totoque libens mihi pectore grator,

24s Quod memoris populi dicor rectorque paterque
Et mea progenies vestro quoque tuta favore est.
Nam quamquam ipsius datur hoc immanibus actis,
Obligor ipse tamen. Sed enim, ne pectora vano
Fida metu paveant, Oetaeas spemite flammas !

250 Omnia qui vicit, vincet, quos cernitis, ignes ;
Nee nisi materna vulcanum parte potentem
Sentiet. Aeternum est a me quod traxit, et expers
Atque immune necis, nuUaque domabile flamma.
Idque ego defunctum terra caelestibus oris

255 Accipiam, cunctisque meum laetabile factum
Dis fore confido. Siquis tamen Hercule, siquis
Forte deo doliturus erit, data praemia nolet,
Sed meruisse dari sciet, invitusque probabit.*
Adsensere dei. Coniunx quoque regia visa est

260 Cetera non duro, duro tamen ultima vultu
Dicta tulisse lovis, seque indoluisse notatam.
Interea quodcumque fuit populabile flammae,
Mulciber abstulerat : nee cognoscenda remansit
Herculis effigies, nee quicquam ab imagine ductum

265 Matris habet, tantumque lovis vestigia servat.

l66 THE WORKS OF OVID

Utque novus serpens posita cum pelle senecta
Luxuriare solet, squamaque virere recenti :
Sic ubi mortales Tirynthius exuit artus,
Parte sui meliore viget, maiorque videri
270 Coepit et augusta fieri gravitate verendus.

Quem pater omnipotens inter cava nubila raptum
Quadriiugo curru radiantibus intulit astris.

[lole, by Hercules' command, had been espoused to Hyllus, the hero's
eldest son. After the death of Hercules, his mother Alcmena relates to
lole the story of the birth of her great son, and of the hostility of Juno,
who changed her servant maid GaJanthis, because of her fidelity to her
mistress, into a weasel (273-323). lole then relates how the nymph
Dryope was changed into a tree by the angry deities of the woods
because she picked a twig from the sacred lotus tree (324-393). While
they are lamenting these sad chances, lolaus suddenly appears among
them in renewed youth, which Hebe, the goddess of eternal youth, had
bestowed upon him at the request of Hercules (394-417). Over this
event a great clamor arises among the gods for a like i^vor for those
mortals whom they love. But Jove forbids the gift of immortality to
be given to any but those to whom the fates have decreed it. He cites
Aeacus, Rhadamanthus, and Minos (418-438) as mortals whom he
would if he could restore to youth. Now Minos, in the prime of his
power, had driven Miletus forth from Crete, who fled to Asia and
there founded the town that bears his name. Here Miletus had a son
and a daughter, Caunus and Byblis. The latter, filled with an unnatu-
ral love for Caunus is, in her despair, converted by the nymphs into a
fountain (439-665). This story suggests the wonder of Crete, the
metamorphosis of the maiden I phis into a youth, whose union with
lanthe was honored by the presence of Venus, Juno, and Hymen, the
god of marriage (666-797).]

Book X

[Hymen proceeds from Crete to Thrace to solemnize the nuptials of
Orpheus and Eurydice. But the unfortunate bride is stung by a ser-
pent and dies. Orpheus seeks her in the land of shades with the help

METAMORPHOSES 1 67

of his lyre alone. By his sweet strains he wins the symi)athy of all the
spirit world, and even of the king and queen of Hades, who grant him
his request that his wife return to earth with him, upon the one condi-
tion that he does not look back until he has regained the earth. This
condition he fails to fulfill, and again Eurydice is lost to him.]

Inde per immensum croceo velatus amictu
Aethera digreditur, Ciconumque Hymenaeus ad oras
Tendit, et Orphea nequiquam voce vocatur.
Adf uit ille quidem, sed nee soUemnia verba
5 Nee laetos vultus nee felix attulit omen.
Fax quoque, quam tenuit, lacrimoso stridula fumo
Usque fuit, nuUosque invenit motibus ignes.
Exitus auspicio gravior. Nam nupta per hprbas
Dum nova naiadum turba comitata vagatur,^

10 Occidit in talum serpentis dente recepto.
Quam satis ad superas postquam RhodopeYus auras
Deflevit vates, ne' nbn temptaret et umbras, \
Ad Styga Taenaria est ausus descendere portal
Perque leves populos simulacraque functa sepulcro

IS Persephonen adiit inamoenaque regna tenentem
Umbrarum dominum. Pulsisque ad carmina nervis
Sic ait : * O positi sub terra numina mundi,
In quem recidimus, quicquid mortale creamur :
Si licet, et falsi positis ambagibus oris

20 Vera loqui sinitis, non hue, ut opaca viderem
Tartara, descendi ; nee uti villosa colubris
Tema Medusaei vincirem guttura monstri.
Causa viae coniunx, in quam calcata venenum
Vipera diffudit, crescentesque abstulit annos.

25 Posse pati volui, nee me temptasse negabo^

Vicit Amor. Supeira deus hie bene notus in ora est :
An sit et hie, dubito ; sed et hie tamen auguror esse,
Famaque si veteris non est mentita rapinae.

l68 THE WORKS OF OVID

Vos quoque iunxit amor. Per ego haec loca plena
timoris,

30 Per Chaos hoc ingens vastique silentia regni,
Eurydices, oro, properata retexite fata.
Omnia debentur vobis, paulumque morati
Serius aut citius sedem properamus ad unam.
Tendimus hue omnes, haec est domus ultima, vosque

35 Humani generis longissima regna tenetis.

Haec quoque, cum iustos matura peregerit annos,
luris erit vestri : pro munere poscimus usum.
Quod si fata negant veniam pro coniuge, certum est
Nolle redire mihi: leto gaudete duorum.*

40 Talia dicentem nervosque ad verba moventem
Exsangues flebant animae : nee Tantalus undam
Captavit refugam, stupuitque Ixionis orbis.
Nee carpsere iecur volucres, umisque vacarunt
Belides, inque tuo sedisti, Sisyphe, saxo.

45 Tunc primumJacrimis victarum carmine fama est
Eumenidum maduisse genas. Nee regia coniunx
Sustinet oranti, nee qui regit ima, negare :
Eurydicenque vocant. Umbras erat ilia recentes
Inter, et incessit passu de vulnere tardo.

50 Hanc simul et legem RhodopeYus accipit Orpheus,
Ne flectat retro sua lumina, donee Avernas
Exierit valles ; aut inrita dona f utura.
Carpitur acclivis per muta silentia trames,
Arduus, obscurus, caligine densus opaca.

55 Nee procul afuerunt telluris margine summae :
Hie, ne deficeret, metuens, avidusque videndi,
Flexit amans oculos : et protinus ilia relapsa est,
Bracchiaque intendens prendique et prendere certus
Nil nisi cedentes infelix adripit auras.

60 lamque iterum moriens non est de coniuge quicquam

METAMORPHOSES 1 69

Questa suo : quid enim nisi se quereretur amatam ?
Supremumque vale, quod iam vix auribus illc
Acciperet, dixit, revolutaque rursus eodem est.

[In despair at his second loss, Orpheus now disdains all woman-
kind and retires to the woody slopes of Rhodope and Haemus, where
he consoles himself upon the lyre. To these sweet strains all the
trees of the forest throng around him to listen. Among these is the
cypress, into which had been changed the youth Cyparissus, who
pined away with grief because he had accidentally killed a favorite stag
(64-142). Orpheus, in protracted song, relates how the beautiful
youth Hyacinthus, beloved by Apollo, was accidentally slain by that
god during a game of quoits, and was changed by the grieving god
into the flower that bears his name (143-219) ; how Venus changed the
Cerastae to oxen because of their desecration of the rites of hospitality
(220-242) ; how Pygmalion, a celebrated artist, became enamored of a
beautiful statue which he had made, and at his prayer Venus infused
the breath of life into the ivory figure (243-297) ; how Venus herself
was smitten with the charms of the beautiful youth Adonis, whom she
warned against the savage wild beasts. For his entertainment she told
him the story of the swift-footed maiden Atalanta, who put all her lovers
to the test of a foot race with her, adding the condition that the unsuc-
cessful competitors should be slain. The youth Hippomenes, by the
use of the golden apples which Venus taught him, won the race, and so
the maiden for his promised bride. These two, however, for polluting
the sacred temple of Cybele, were changed by that goddess into lions,
and tamed to draw her car. Adonis, unmindful of the warnings of
Venus, attacked a savage wild boar, by which he was slain. The sorrow-
ing goddess, in memory of him, caused the anemone to spring from
his blood (503-739)-]

Book XI

[As Orpheus thus sings to the enchanted woods, the Thracian
women roving through the mountain in a bacchanalian revel espy him,
and in their madness, calling him the despiser of their sex, tear him in
pieces (1-66). Bacchus, offended by their wanton cruelty, changes
them all into trees, and deserts their land. He selects for his favored
haunts the mountains of Lydia. Here, pleased with the hospitality of

I70 THE WORKS OF OVID

King Midas toward his foster &ther Silenus, the god promises to grant
whatever boon Midas may ask (i-ioi).

The foolish king prays that all which he touches may turn to gold.
Returning to his palace, he is delighted to find that his prayer has been
granted, and only realizes that he has attained a curse instead of bless-
ing when he attempts to eat and drink. In his despair he prays again
to Bacchus, who bids him bathe in the head waters of the river Pac-
tolus, and thus be free from the fatal gift.]

The Drunken Silenus in a Procession of Bacchanals

(From a sarcophagus in the National Museum at Naples)

Ille, male usurus donis, ait * effice quicquid
Corpore contigero fulvum vertatur in aurum/
Adnuit optatis, nocituraque munera solvit

los Liber, et indoluit, quod non meliora petisset.
Laetus abit gaudetque malo Berecyntius heros :
Pollicitique fidem tangendo singula temptat.
Vixque sibi credens, non alta fronde virentem
nice detraxit virgam : virga aurea facta est.

no ToUit humo saxum : saxum quoque palluit auro.
Contigit et glaebam : contactu glaeba potenti
Massa fit. Arentes Cereris decerpsit aristas :
Aurea messis erat. Demptum tenet arbore pomum.
Hesperidas donasse putes. Si postibus altis

115 Admovit digitos, postes radiare videntur.
lUe etiam liquidis palmas ubi laverat undis,
Unda fluens palmis Danaen eludere posset.
Vix spes ipse suas animo capit, aurea fingens
Omnia. Gaudenti mensas posuere ministri

METAMORPHOSES I71

190 Exstructas dapibus nee tostae f rugis egentes :
Turn vero, sive ille sua Cerealia dextra
Munera contigerat, Cerealia dona rigebant ;
Sive dapes avido convellere dente parabat,
Lamina fulva dapes, admoto dente, premebaL

125 Miscuerat puris auctorem muneris undis :
Fusile per rictus aurum fluitare videres.
Attonitus novitate mali, divesque miserque,
Effugere optat opes et quae modo voverat, odit.
Copia nulla famem relevat ; sitis arida guttur

130 Urit, et inviso meritus torquetur ab auro.

Ad caelumque manus et splendida bracchia tollens
* Da veniam, Lenaee pater I peccavimus ; ' inquit
'Sed miserere, precor, speciosoque eripe damno.'
Mite deum numen, Bacchus peccasse fatentem

13s Restituit, factique fide data munera solvit.
' Neve male optato maneas circumlitus auro,
Vade ' ait ' ad magnis vicinum Sardibus amnem,
Perque iugum montis labentibus obvius undis
Carpe viam, donee venias ad fluminis ortus ;

140 Spumigeroque tuum fonti, qua plurimus exit,
Subde caput, corpusque simul, simul elue crimen.*
Rex iussae succedit aquae. Vis aurea tinxit
Flumen, et humano de corpore cessit in amnem.
Nunc quoque iam veteris percepto semine venae

145 Arva rigent auro madidis pallentia glaebis.

[But Midas^ foolish character remains unchanged. Being one of
the judges at a contest of musical skill between Pan and Apollo, he
takes the side of Pan. Apollo, in disgust, causes a pair of ass^s ears to
grow from Midas^ head.]

Ille, perosus opes, silvas et rura colebat,
Panaque montanis habitantem semper in antris.
Pingue sed ingenium mansit ; nocituraque, ut ante,

172 THE Works of Ovit>

Rursus erant domino stolidae praecordia mentis.

150 Nam freta prospiciens late riget arduus alto
Tmolus in ascensu, clivoque extensus utroque
Sardibus hinc, illinc parvis finitur Hypaepis.
Pan ibi dum teneris iactat sua carmina nymphis
Et leve cerata modulatur harundine carmen,

155 Ausus Apollineos prae se contemnere cantus,
ludice sub Tmolo certamen venit ad impar.
Monte suo senior iudex consedit, et aures
Liberat arboribus ; quercu coma caerula tantum
Cingitur, et pendent circum cava tempora glandes.

160 Isque deum pecoris spectans * in iudice ' dixit

* Nulla mora est.' Calamis agrestibus insonat ille :
Barbaricoque Midan — aderat nam forte canenti —
Carmine delenit. Post hunc sacer ora retorsit
Tmolus ad os Phoebi ; vultum sua silva secuta est.

165 Ille caput flavum lauro Parnaside vinctus
" Verrit humum Tyrio saturata murice palla :
Instrictamque fidem gemmis et dentibus Indis
Sustinet a laeva : tenuit manus altera plectrum.
Artificis status ipse f uit. Tum stamina docto

170 Pollice sollicitat, quorum dulcedine captus
Pana iubet Tmolus citharae summittere cannas.
Judicium sanctique placet sententia montis
Omnibus. Arguitur tamen atque iniusta vocatur
Unius sermone Midae. Nee Delius aures

175 Humanam stolidas patitur retinere figuram :
Sed trahit in spatium, villisque albentibus implet,
Instabilesque imas facit et dat posse moveri.
Cetera sunt hominis : partem damnatur in unam,
Induiturque aures lente gradientis aselli.

180 Ille quidem celare cupit, turpique pudore
Tempora purpureis temptat velare tiaris.

METAMORPHOSES 173

Sed solitus longos ferro resecare capillos

Viderat hoc famulus. Qui cum nee prodere visum

Dedecus auderet, cupiens efferre sub auras,

185 Nee posset reticere tamen, secedit, humumque
Effodit, et, domini quales aspexerit aures,
Voce ref ert parva, terraeque immurmurat haustae ;
Indiciumque suae vocis tellure regesta
Obruit, et scrobibus tacitus discedit opertis.

190 Creber harundinibus tremulis ibi surgere lucus
Coepit, et, ut primum pleno maturuit anno,
Prodidit agricolam : leni nam motus ab austro
Obruta verba refert, dominique coarguit aures.

[Apollo now goes to the neighborhood of the Hellespont, where he
and Neptune engage to build the walls of Troy for King Leomedon for
a certain reward. But when the work is done the kfng refuses to per-
form his part. For this, the land is deluged and a sea-monster is sent
to ravage the country. The king has promised his daughter Hesione
to the one who will rescue her from the monster, to whom she has been
destined as an expiatory offering. She is rescued by Hercules, but the
reward is again denied, and Hercules, with the assistance of the brothers
Telamon and Peleus, sacks Troy in revenge. Hesione is given by the
victorious hero to Telamon ; for Peleus had already obtained the god-
dess Thetis for his bride (194-220).

This goddess had been assigned to Peleus as a reward for his virtu-
ous life. After his pursuit of her through the many changes which she
assumed in her endeavors to escape him, she finally yielded to his suit,
and of this union was Achilles born (221-265).

But Peleus' happiness was not destined to continue. Having by
accident slain his brother Phocus, he is driven from his native land.
He comes first to Trachinia, where Ceyx and Alcyone rule. Ceyx
relates how his brother Daedalion had been changed into a hawk while
in the act of throwing himself from a cliff through grief at his daughter
Chione's death. A wolf now ravages the herds of Ceyx, and the mon-
ster is, at the prayer of Peleus, changed into marble. Peleus comes next
to Magnesia, where he is cleansed from the stain of his crime by Acastus
(266-409).

174 THE WORKS OF OVID

Ceyx journeys by sea, against the urgent solicitatioii of Alcyone, to
consult the oracle. During this voyage a terrible storm arises, and
Ceyx is drowned. Juno, in pity for Alcyone, requires the god Somnus
to send a dream to the queen which shall inform her of her husband^s
death. Accordingly, Morpheus, assuming the form of the dead Ceyx,
presents himself before Alcyone, and reveals to her the disaster which
has happened to her husband. The gods, pitying her grie^ change
both her and her husband to halcyons, the harbingers of calm weather
(410-748).

An old man, seeing these birds in the air, is reminded of how Aesacus,
a son of Priam, king of Troy, throwing himself into the sea because of
his grief for his dead mistress, was changed into a cormorant (749-
795)0

Book XII

[Priam mourns Aesacus as dead, and all his sons join his mourning
except Paris. He, by his impious deed, has brought upon Troy the
avenging wrath of all Greece ; and even now the hostile fleet lies at
Aulis ready to sail. But first the winds must be appeased by the sacri-
fice of Iphigenia.]

Nescius adsumptis Priamus pater Aesacon alis
Vivere, lugebat. Tumulo quoque nomen habenti
Inferias dederat cum fratribus Hector inanes.
Defuit officio Paridis praesentia tristi,

5 Postmodo qui rapta longum cum coniuge bellum
Attulit in patriam, coniurataeque sequuntur
Mille rates gentisque simul commune Pelasgae.
Nee dilata foret vindicta, nisi aequora saevi
In via fecissent venti, Boeotaque tellus

10 Aulide piscosa puppes tenuisset ituras.
Hie patrio de more lovi cum sacra parassent,
Ut vetus accensis incanduit ignibus ara,
Serpere caeruleum Danai videre draconem
In platanum, coeptis quae stabat proxima sacris.

IS Nidus erat volucrum bis quattuor arbore summa,

METAMORPHOSES 1 75

Quas simul et matrem circum sua damna volantem
Corripuit serpens avidoque abscondidit ore.
Obstipuere omnes. At veri providus augur
Thestorides * vincemus/ ait * gaudete, Pelasgi.

ao Troia cadet ; sed erit nostri mora longa laboris ' ;
Atque novem volucres in belli digerit annos.
I He, ut erat, virides amplexus in arbore ramos
Fit lapis ; et superat serpentis imagine saxum.
Permanet Aoniis Nereus violentus in undis,

25 Bellaque non transf ert ; et sunt qui parcere Troiae
Neptunum credant, quia moenia fecerat urbi.
At non Thestorides. Nee enim nescitve tacetve,
Sanguine virgineo placandam virginis fram
Esse deae. Postquam pietatem publica causa,

30 Rexque patrem vicit, castumque datura cruorem
Flentibus ante aram stetit Iphigenia ministris,
Victa dea est, nubemque oculis obiecit, et inter
Officium turbamque sacri vocesque precantum
Supposita fertur mutasse Mycenida cerva.

35 Ergo ubi, qua decuit, lenita est caede Diana,
Et pariter Phoebes, pariter maris ira recessit,
Accipiunt ventos a tergo mille carinae,
Multaque perpessae Phrygia potiuntur harena.

[Straightway rumor spreads over the world the news of the intended
attack upon Troy. The Trojans prepare their defense. Protesilaiis,
the first Greek to land, is slain by Hector. In one of the many battles
that ensue, Achilles engages with Cycnus, the son of Neptune. Finding
his foe invulnerable to spear and sword, Achilles at length succeeds
in strangling him. The fallen hero is changed by Neptune into a
swan (39-145). These events are succeeded by a truce, during which
Achilles pays the feast which he had vowed for the death of Cycnus.
The chiefs discuss their various deeds of arms, and especially Cycnus'
fate. Nestor recalls the similar case of Caeneus, who, once a beautiful
maiden, Caenis, had been ravished by Neptune, and had been at her

176 THE WORKS OF OViD

own request changed by the god into a man and made invulnerable
(146-209). It was at this time that, at the marriage of Pirithous, king
of the Lapithae, with Hippodamia, the famous contest of the centaurs
with their hosts, the Lapithae occurred. Nestor, who also had been a
guest at the marriage feast, now recites at great length the story of the
bloody strife. The part of the invulnerable Caeneus in this fight was
of especial interest. Many centaurs fell by his hands, but their spears
and swords were ineffectual against him. He was finally overwhelmed
by a mass of trees which they heaped upon him, and at the moment of
his death he was changed into an eagle (210-535). As Nestor finishes
his tale, Tlepolemus, the descendant of Hercules, chides the old man
for omitting the deeds of his mighty ancestor. Nestor explains his
personal reasons for animosity toward Hercules: how the latter had
devastated his country and slain all of his brothers, one of whom,
Periclymenus, Neptune had endowed with the power of assuming what-
ever shape he pleased. Assaulting Hercules in the form of an eagle,
he was slain by the hero's dart (536-579).

At the close of Nestor's story, the Greeks withdraw to rest. Mean-
while, Neptune vows vengeance upon Achilles for the death of his son
Cycnus. For nine years he remembers his vow, and at last, by the
aid of Apollo, he secures its fiilfillment through an arrow shot by Paris.
The Greeks, after rendering the dead hero the due funeral honors,
assemble to listen to the rival claims of Ajax and Ulysses for Achilles'
armor.]

580 At deus aequoreas qui cuspide temperat undas,
In volucrem corpus nati Phaethontida versum
Mente dolet patria ; saevumque perosus Achillem
Exercet memores plus quam civiliter iras.
lamque fere tracto duo per quinquennia bello

58s Talibus intonsum compellat Sminthea dictis :
* O mihi de f ratris longe gratissime natis,
inrita qui mecum posuisti moenia Troiae,
Ecquid, ubi has iam iam casuras aspicis arces,
Ingemis ? aut ecquid tot defendentia muros

590 Milia caesa doles ? ecquid, ne persequar omnes,
Hectoras umbra subit circum sua Pergama tracti,

METAMORPHOSES

^77

Cum tamen ille ferox belloque cruentior ipso
Vivit adhuc, operis nostri populator, Achilles?
Det mihi se, faxo, triplici quid cuspide possim,

595 Sentiat. At quoniam concurrere comminus hosti
Non datur, occulta necopinum perde sagitta ! '
Adnuit, atque animo pariter patruoque suoque
Delius indulgens nebula velatus in agmen
Pervenit Iliacum, mediaque in caede virorum

600 Rara per ignotos spargentem cernit Achivos
Tela Parin : f assusque deum, * quid spicula perdis
Sanguine plebis ? * ait. * Siqua est tibi cura tuorum,
Vertere in Aeaciden, caesosque ulciscere f ratres ! *
Dixit, et ostendens sternentem Troica f erro

605 Corpora Peliden, arcus obvertit in ilium,
Certaque letifera direxit spicula dextra.
Quod Priamus gaudere senex post Hectora posset,
Hoc fuit. Ille igitur tantorum victor, Achille,
Vinceris a timido Graiae raptore maritae !

610 At si femineo fuerat tibi Marte cadendum,
Thermodontiaca malles cecidisse bipenni.

A Battle with the Amazons

(From a sarcophagus in the Vatican Museum)
-12

178 THE WORKS OF OVID

lam tiraor ille Phrygum, decus et tutela Pelasgi
Nominis, Aeacides, caput insuperabile bello,
Arserat Armarat deus idem, idemque cremarat.

615 lam cinis est ; et de tam magno restat Achille

Nescio quid, parvam quod non bene compleat urnam.
At vivit totum quae gloria compleat orbem.
Haec illi mensura viro respondet et hac est
Par sibi Pelides, nee inania Tartara sentit.

6ao Ipse etiam, ut, cuius fuerit, cognoscere possis,
Bella movet clipeus, deque armis arma feruntur.
Non ea Tydides, non audet Oileos Aiax,
Non minor Atrides, non bello maior et aevo
Poscere, non alii. Solis Telamone creato

635 Laerteque fuit tantae fiducia laudis.

A se Tantalides onus invidiamque removit,
Argolicosque duces mediis considere castris
lussit et arbitrium litis traiecit in omnes.

Book XIII

[Ajax, with overweening boastfulness and unrestrained passion, lays
claim to the armor. He bases his claim first upon his noble descent,
being in the third generation from Jove ; second, upon the fact that he
is next of kin to the dead Achilles ; and finally he compares the cow-
ardly, underhanded dealings of his rival with his own brave deeds and
warlike prowess.]

Consedere duces et vulgi stante corona
Surgit ad hos clipei dominus septemplicis.Aiax;
Utque erat impatiens irae, Sigeta torvo
Litora respexit classemque in litore vultu,
5 Intendensque manus ' agimus, pro luppiter ! * inquit
' Ante rates causam, et mecum confertur Ulixes !
At non Hectoreis dubitavit cedere flammis,

METAMORPHOSES 1 79

Quas ego sustinui, quas hac a classe f ugavi.
Tutius est igitur fictis contendere verbis,

10 Quam pugnare manu. Sed nee mihi dicere promptum,
Nee facere est isti : quantumque ego Marte feroci
Inque acie valeo, tan turn valet iste loquendo.
Nee memoranda tamen vobis mea facta, Pelasgi,
Esse reor ; vidistis enim. Sua narret Ulixes,

IS Quae sine teste gerit, quorum nox conscia sola est.
Praemia magna peti fateor : sed demit honorem
Aemulus : Aiaci non est tenuisse superbum,
Sit licet hoc ingens, quicquid speravit Ulixes.
Iste tulit pretium iam nunc temptaminis huius,

ao Quo cum victus erit, mecum certasse feretur.
Atque ego, si virtus in me dubitabilis esset,
Nobilitate potens essem ; Telamone creatus,
Moenia qui forti Troiana sub Hercule cepit,
Litoraque intravit Pagasea Colcha carina.

25 Aeacus huic pater est, qui iura silentibus illic

Reddit, ubi Aeoliden saxum grave Sisyphon urguet.
Aeacon agnoscit summus prolemque fatetur
luppiter esse suam. Sic ab love tertius Aiax.
Nee tamen haec series in causam prosit, Achivi,

30 Si mihi cum magno non est communis Achille.
Prater erat ; f raterna peto. Quid sanguine cretus
Sisyphio, furtisque et fraude simillimus illi,
Inserit Aeacidis alienae nomina gentis ?
An quod in arma prior nulloque sub indice veni,

35 Arma neganda mihi ? potiorque videbitur ille,
Ultima qui cepit, detractavitque furore
Militiam ficto, donee sollertior isto
Sed sibi inutilior timidi commenta retexit
Naupliades animi, vitataque traxit in arma ?

40 Optima num sumat, quia sumere noluit ulla ?

l8o THE WORKS OF OVID

Nos inhonorati et donis patruelibus orbi,
Obtulimus quia nos ad prima pericula, simus ?
Atque utinam aut verus furor ille, aut creditus esset;
Nee comes hie Phrygias umquam venisset ad arees

45 Hortator seelerum ! non te, Poeantia proles,
Expositum Lemnos nostro cum erimine haberet :
Qui nunc, ut memorant, silvestribus abditus antris
Saxa moves gemitu, Laertiadaeque precaris
Quae meruit, quae, si di sunt, non vana precaris.

50 Et nunc ille eadem nobis iuratus in arma,
Heu ! pars una ducum, quo successore sagittae
Herculis utuntur, fractus morboque fameque
Velaturque aliturque avibus, volucresque petendo
Debita Troianis exercet spicula fatis.

55 Ille tamen vivit, quia non comitavit Ulixen.
Mallet et infelix Palamedes esse relictus,

58 Quem male convicti nimium memor iste furoris
Prodere rem Danaam finxit, fictumque probavit

60 Crimen et ostendit, quod iam praefoderat, aurum.
Ergo aut exsilio vires subduxit Achivis,
Aut nece. Sic pugnat, sic est metuendus Ulixes.
Qui licet eloquio fidum quoque Nestora vincat,
Haud tamen efficiet, desertum ut Nestora crimen

6s Esse rear nullum : qui cum imploraret Ulixen
Vulnere tardus equi fessusque senilibus annis,
Proditus a socio est. Non haec mihi crimina fingi
Scit bene Tydides, qui nomine saepe vocatum
Corripuit, trepidoque fugam exprobravit amico.

70 Aspiciunt oculis superi mortalia iustis :
En eget auxilio, qui non tulit ; utque reliquit.
Sic linquendus erat : legem sibi dixerat ipse.
Conclamat socios. Adsum, videoque trementem
Pallentemque metu et trepidantem morte futura.

METAMORPHOSES l8l

75 Opposui molem cHpei texique iacentem,

Servavique animam — minimum est hoc laudis —

inertem.
Si perstas certare, locum redeamus in ilium :
Redde hostem vulnusque tuum solitumque timorem,
Post clipeumque late, et mecum contende sub illo.

80 At postquam eripui, cui standi vulnera vires
Non dederant, nullo tardatus vulnere fugit.
Hector adest, secumque deos in proelia ducit :
Quaque ruit, non tu tantum terreris, Ulixe,
Sed fortes etiam : tantum trahit ille timoris.

85 Hunc ego sanguineae successu caedis ovantem
Eminus ingenti resupinum pondere f udi :
Hunc ego poscentem, cum quo concurreret, unus
Sustinui : sortemque meam vovistis, Achivi,
Et vestrae valuere preces. Si quaeritis huius

90 Fortunam pugnae, non sum superatus ab illo.
Ecce ferunt Troes ferrumque ignemque lovemque
In Danaas classes. Ubi nunc facundus Ulixes ?
Nempe ego mille meo protexi pectore puppes,
Spem vestri reditus. Date tot pro navibus arma.

95 Quod si vera licet mihi dicere, quaeritur istis,

Quam mihi, maior honos, coniunctaque gloria nostra

est,
Atque Aiax armis, non Aiaci arma petuntur.
Conferat his Ithacus Rhesum imbellemque Dolona
Priamidenque Helenum rapta cum Pallade captum.
100 Luce nihil gestum, nihil est Diomede remoto.
Si semel ista datis meritis tam vilibus arma,
Dividite, et pars sit maior Diomedis in illis.
Quo tamen haec Ithaco, qui clam, qui semper inermis
Rem gerit et furtis incautum decipit hostem ?
105 Ipse nitor galeae claro radian tis ab auro

l82 THE WORKS OF OVID

Insidias prodet manifestabitque latentem.
Sed neque Dulichius sub Achillis casside vertex
Pondera tanta feret, nee non onerosa gravisque
Pelias hasta potest imbellibus esse lacertis,

no Nee clipeus vasti concretus imagine mundi
Conveniet tiraidae nataeque ad furta sinistrae.
Debilitaturum quid te petis, improbe, munus ?
Quod tibi si populi donaverit error Achivi,
Cur spolieris, erit, non cur metuaris ab hoste ;

115 Et fuga, qua sola cunctos, timidissime, yincis,
Tarda futura tibi est gestamina tanta trahenti.
Adde quod iste tuus, tarn raro proelia passus,
Integer est clipeus : nostro, qui tela ferendo
Mille patet plagis, novus est successor habendus.

lao Denique, quid verbis opus est ? Spectemur agendo !
Arma viri fortis medios mittantur in hostes :
Inde iubete peti et referentem ornate relatis/

[Ulysses next speaks, and with his well ordered words shows the
superiority of reason and eloquence over brute force. He pleads that
his gift of speech and shrewdness with which Ajax has taunted him
may not be considered to his disadvantage, for by it he has often served
the Greeks. By this he gave Achilles to the war.]

Finierat Telamone satus ; vulgique secutum
Ultima murmur erat ; donee Laertius heros

125 Astitit, atque oculos paulum tellure moratos
Sustulit ad proceres, exspectatoque resolvit
Ora sono ; neque abest facundis gratia dictis.
* Si mea cum vestris valuissent vota, Pelasgi,
Non foret ambiguus tanti certaminis heres,

X30 Tuque tuis armis, nos te poteremur, Achille.

Quem quoniam non aequa mihi vobisque negarunt
Fata,' — manuque simiil veluti lacrimantia tersit
Lumina — * quis magno melius succedat Achilli,

METAMORPHOSES 1 83

Quam per quem magnus Danais successit Achilles ?
X3S Huic modo ne prosit, quod, uti est, hebes esse videtur;
Neve mihi noceat, quod vobis semper, Achivi,
Prof uit ingenium : meaque haec f acundia, siqua est,
Quae nunc pro domino, pro vobis saepe locuta est,
Invidia careat, bona nee sua quisque recuset.

[He contrasts his own descent with that of Ajax, and refutes the
latter^s claim to be next of kin to Achilles.]

X40 Nam genus et proavos et quae non fecimus ipsi,
Vix ea nostra voco. Sed enim quia rettulit Aiax
Esse lovis pronepos, nostri quoque sanguinis auctor
luppiter est, totidemque gradus distamus ab illo.
Nam mihi Laertes pater est, Arcesius illi,

145 luppiter huic ; neque in his quisquam damnatus et exsul.
Est quoque per matrem Cyllenius addita nobis
Altera nobilitas. Deus est in utroque parente.
Sed neque materno quod sum generosior ortu,
Nee mihi quod pater est f raterni sanguinis insons,

150 Proposita arma peto. Meritis expendite causam ;
Dummodo quod fratres Telamon Peleusque f uerunt
Aiacis meritum non sit, nee sanguinis ordo,
Sed virtutis honor spoliis quaeratur in istis.
Aut si proximitas primusque requiritur heres,

155 Est genitor Peleus, est Pyrrhus filius illi.

Quis locus Aiaci ? Phthiam haec Scyrumve ferantur
Nee minus est isto Teucer patruelis Achilli.
Num petit ille tamen, num si petat, auferat ilia ?

[Basing his argument upon desert, Ulysses claims as his own all the
mighty deeds of Achilles, for it was he who sent that hero to the war.]

Ergo operum quoniam nudum certamen habetur,
x6o Plura quidem feci, quam quae comprendere dictis

1 84 THE WORKS OF OVID

In promptu mihi sit. Rerum tamen ordine ducar.
Praescia venturi genetrix NereYa leti
Dissimulat cultu natum. Deceperat omnes,
In quibus Aiacem, sumptae fallacia vestis.

i6s Arma ego femineis animum motura virilem

Mercibus inserui. Neque adhuc proiecerat heros
Virgineos habitus, cum parmam hastamque tenenti
" Nate dea," dixi " tibi se peritura reservant
Pergama. Quid dubitas ingentem evertere Troiam ? "

170 Iniecique manum, fortemque ad fortia misi.

Ergo opera illius mea sunt. Ego Telephon hasta
Pugnantem domui, victum orantemque refeci.
Quod Thebae cecidere, meum est. Me credite Lesbon,
Me Tenedon Chrysenque et Cillan, Apollinis urbes,

175 Et Scyrum cepisse. Mea concussa putate
Procubuisse solo Lyrnesia moenia dextra.
Utque alios taceam, qui saevum perdere posset
Hectora, nempe dedi. Per me iacet inclitus Hector.
Illis haec armis, quibus est inventus Achilles,

180 Arma peto : vivo dederam, post fata reposco.

[It was by his arguments at Aulis that Agamemnon had been pre-
vailed upon to yield to fate and sacrifice his daughter to appease the
winds. He also was the chosen ambassador of the Greeks sent to the
court of Priam to demand the restoration of Helen.]

Ut dolor unius Danaos pervenit ad omnes,
Aulidaque Euboicam complerunt mille carinae,
Exspectata diu, nulla aut contraria classi
Flamina erant : duraeque iubent Agamemnona sortes
185 Immeritam saevae natam mactare Dianae.
Denegat hoc genitor, divisque irascitur ipsis,
Atque in rege tamen pater est. Ego mite parentis
Ingenium verbis ad publica commoda verti.

METAMORPHOSES 1 85

Nunc equidem f ateor, f assoque ignoscat Atrides :
190 Difficilem tenui sub iniquo iudice causani.
Hunc tamen utilitas populi fraterque datique
Summa movet sceptri, laudem ut cum sanguine penset.
Mittor et ad matrem, quae non hortanda, sed astu
Decipienda fuit. Quo si Telamonius isset,
195 Orba suis essent etiam nunc lintea ventis.
Mittor et Iliacas audax orator ad arces,
Visaque et intrata est altae mihi curia Troiae :
Plenaque adhuc erat ilia viris. Interritus egi
Quam mihi mandarat communis Graecia causam,
200 Accusoque Parin praedamque Helenamque reposco,
Et moveo Priamum Priamoque Antenora iunctum.
At Paris et fratres et qui rapuere sub illo,
Vix tenuere manus — scis hoc, Menelae ! — nefandas :
Primaque lux nostri tecum fuit ilia pericli.

[He recounts his service in restraining the Greeks at the time when
they, Ajax included, would have returned home leaving Troy untaken ;
also the daring deeds which, in company with Diomede, he had done.]

205 Longa referre mora est quae consilioque manuque

Utiliter feci spatiosi tempore belli.

Post acies primas urbis se moenibus hostes

Continuere diu, nee aperti copia Martis

Ulla fuit : decimo demum pugnavimus anno.
210 Quid f acis interea, qui nil, nisi proelia, nosti ?

Quis tuus usus erat ? Nam si mea facta requiris,

Hostibus insidior, fossas munimine cingo,

Consolor socios, ut longi taedia belli

Mente ferant placida : doceo, quo simus alendi
215 Armandique modo ; mittor, quo postulat usus.

Ecce lovis monitu, deceptus imagine somni,

Rex iubet incepti curam dimittere belli.

1 86 THE WORKS OF OVID

lUe potest auctore suam defendere vocem.

Non sinat hoc Aiax, delendaque Pergama poscat,

220 Quodque potest, pugnet. Cur non remoratur ituros ?
Cur non arma capit, dat, quod vaga turba sequatur ?
Non erat hoc nimium numquam nisi magna loquenti.
Quid quod et ipse f ugit ? Vidi, puduitque videre,
Cum tu terga dares inhonestaque vela parares.

225 Nee mora, " quid facitis ? Quae vos dementia" dixi
" Concitat, O socii, captam dimittere Troiam ?
Quidve domum fertis decimo, nisi dedecus, anno ? "
Talibus atque aliis, in quae dolor ipse disertum
Fecerat, aversos prof uga de classe reduxi.

230 Convocat Atrides socios terrore paventes :

Nee Telamoniades etiam nunc hiscere quicquam
Audet. At ausus erat reges incessere dictis
Thersites, etiam per me haud impune, protervis.
Erigor, et trepidos cives exhortor in hostem,

23s Amissamque mea virtutem voce repono.

Tempore ab hoc, quodcumque potest fecisse videri
Fortiter iste, meum est, qui dantem terga retraxi.
Denique de Danais quis te laudatve petitve ?
At sua Tydides mecum communicat acta,

240 Me probat et socio semper confidit Ulixe.
Est aliquid, de tot Graiorum milibus unum
A Diomede legi : nee me sors ire iubebat.
Sic tamen et spreto noctisque hostisque periclo
Ausum eadem, quae nos, Phrygia de gente Dolona

245 Interimo : non ante tamen, quam cuncta coegi
Prodere, et edidici, quid perfida Troia pararet.
Omnia cognoram, nee, quod specularer, habebam,
Et iam promissa poteram cum laude reverti.
Haud contentus eo petii tentoria Rhesi,

250 Inque suis ipsum castris comitesque peremi :

METAMORPHOSES 1 87

Atque ita captivo victor votisque potitus
Ingredior curru laetos imitante triumphos.
Cuius equos pretium pro nocte poposcerat hostis,
Arma negate mihi. Fueritque benignior Aiax !

[His warlike deeds in open fight. It was he himself who rescued
the body and armor of the fallen Achilles.]

^5 Quid Lycii referam Sarpedonis agmina ferro
Devastata meo ? Cum multo sanguine f udi
Coeranon Iphitiden et Alastoraque Chromiumque
Alcandruraque Haliumque Noemonaque Prytaninque,
Exitioque dedi cum Chersidamante Thoona

a6o Et Charopem, fatisque immitibus Ennomon actum,
Quique minus celebres nostra sub moenibus urbis
Procubuere manu. Sunt et mihi vulnera, cives,
Ipso pulchra loco : nee vanis credite verbis.
Aspicite en ! ' vestemque manu diduxit et * haec sunt

26s Pectora semper ' ait * vestris exercita rebus.
At nil impendit per tot Telamonius annos
Sanguinis in socios, et habet sine vulnere corpus.
Quid tamen hoc refert, si se pro classe Pelasga
Arma tulisse refert contra Troasque lovemque ?

270 Confiteorque, tulit: neque enim benef acta maligne
Detractare meum est. Sed ne communia solus
Occupet, atque aliquem vobis quoque reddat honorem.
Reppulit Actorides sub imagine tutus Achillis
Troas ab arsuris cum defensore carinis.

275 Ausum etiam Hectoreis solum concurrere telis
Se putat, oblitus regisque ducumque meique,
Nonus in officio, et praelatus munere sortis.
Sed tamen eventus vestrae, fortissime, pugnae
Quis fuit ? Est Hector violatus vulnere nullo.

280 Me miserum, quanto cogor meminisse dolore

1 88 THE WORKS OF OVID

Temporis illius, quo Graiiim murus, Achilles
Procubuit ! Nee me lacrimae luctusve timorve
Tardarunt, quin corpus humo sublime referrem.
His umeris, his, inquam, umeris ego corpus Achillis,
285 Et simul arma tuli. Quae nunc quoque ferre laboro.
Sunt mihi, quae valeant in talia pondera, vires.
Est animus certe vestros sensurus honores.

[It would be a shame for Ajax to possess this heavenly armor, for he
is too brutish and dull to appreciate its beauties.]

Scilicet idcirco pro gnato caerula mater
Ambitiosa suo fuit, ut caelestia dona,

290 Artis opus tantae, rudis et sine pectore miles
Indueret ? Neque enim clipei caelamina norit,
Oceanum et terras cumque alto sidera caelo,
Pleladasque, Hyadasque, immunemque aequoris Arcton,
Diversasque urbes, nitidumque Orionis ensem.

295 Postulat ut capiat quae non intellegit arma.

[As to the taunt of Ajax that Ulysses had sought by strategy to
avoid coming to the war, Achilles himself had done the same.]

Quid quod me duri fugientem munera belli

Arguit incepto serum accessisse labori,

Nee se magnanimo maledicere sentit Achilli ?

Si simulasse vocas crimen, simulavimus ambo.
300 Si mora pro culpa est, ego sum maturior illo.

Me pia detinuit coniunx, pia mater Achillem ;

Primaque sunt illis data tempora, cetera vobis.

Haud timeo, si iam nequeo defendere, crimen

Cum tanto commune viro. Deprensus Ulixis
305 Ingenio tamen ille : at non Aiacis Ulixes.

[Not Ulysses alone but all the Greek chieftains are responsible for
the fate of Palamedes and Philoctetes. Yet Philoctetes shall stiU be
brought by Ulysses' wit to serve the Greeks at Troy, the same wit which

METAMORPHOSES 1 89

had learned of the Palladium and secured that aiding presence of the
goddess for the Greeks.]

Neve in me stolidae convicia fundere linguae
Admiremur eum, vobis quoque digna pudore
Obicit. An falso Palameden crimine turpe
Accusasse mihi, vobis damnasse decorum est ?

310 Sed neque Naupliades facinus defendere tantum
Tamque patens valuit, nee vos audistis in illo
Crimina : vidistis, praestoque obiecta patebant.
Nee Poeantiaden quod habet Vulcania Lemnos,
Esse reus merui. Factum def endite vestrum ;

315 Consensistis enim. Nee me suasisse negabo,
Ut se subtraheret bellique viaeque labori,
Temptaretque feros requie lenire dolores.
Paruit, et vivit. Non haec sententia tantum
Fida, sed et felix ; cum sit satis, esse fidelem.

320 Quem quoniam vates delenda ad Pergama poscunt,
Ne mandate mihi : melius Telamonius ibit,
Eloquioque virum morbis iraque f urentem
Molliet, aut aliqua producet callidus arte.
Ante retro Simois fluet et sine frondibus Ide

325 Stabit, et auxilium promittet Achaia Troiae,
Quam, cessante meo pro vestris pectore rebus,
Aiacis stolidi Danais soUertia prosit.
Sis licet infestus sociis regique mihique.
Dure Philoctete ; licet exsecrere, meumque

330 Devoveas sine fine caput, cupiasque dolenti
Me tibi forte dari, nostrumque haurire cruorem,
Utque tui mihi, sic fiat tibi copia nostri :
Te tamen aggrediar, mecumque reducere nitar.
Tamque tuis potiar, faveat Fortuna, sagittis,

335 Quam sum Dardanio, quem cepi, vate potitus :
Quam responsa deum Troianaque fata retexi ;

igo THE WORKS OF OVID

Quam rapui Phrygiae signum penetrale Minervae
Hostibus e mediis. Et se mihi comparat Aiax ?
Nempe capi Troiam prohlbebant fata sine illo.

340 Fortis ubi est Aiax? Ubi sunt ingentia magni
Verba viri ? Cur hie metuis ? Cur audet Ulixes
Ire per excubias et se committere nocti,
Perque feros enses non tantum moenia Troum,
Verum etiam suramas arces intrare suaque

345 Eripere aede deam, raptamque adferre per hostes ?
Quae nisi f ecissem, f rustra Telamone creatus
Gestasset laeva taurorum tergora septem.
Ilia nocte mihi Troiae victoria parta est :
Pergama tunc vici, cum vinci posse coegi.

[Yes, during the whole war, while the brawn and physical valor of
Ajax had often gained renown (though many others had been as brave
and strong as he), still it was the mind of Ulysses that had planned
and counseled with the leader of the war, and it is mind that makes the
worth of a man.]

350 Desine Tydiden vultuque et murmure nobis
Ostentare meum. Pars est sua laudis in illo.
Nee tu, cum socia clipeum pro classe tenebas,
Solus eras. Tibi turba comes, mihi contigit unus.
Qui nisi pugnacem sciret sapiente minorem

355 Esse, nee indomitae deberi praemia dextrae.

Ipse quoque haec peteret^ Peteret moderatior Aiax,
Eurypylusque f erox, claroque Andraemone natus ;
Nee minus Idomeneus, patriaque creatus eadem
Meriones ; peteret maioris f rater Atridae :

360 Quippe manu fortes nee sunt mihi Marte secundi,
Consiliis cessere meis. Tibi dextera bello
Utilis ; ingenium est, quod eget moderamine nostro.
Tu vires sine mente geris : mihi cura futuri.
Tu pugnare potes : pugnandi tempora mecum

METAMORPHOSES 19I

365 Eligit Atrides. Tu tantum corpore prodes,

Nos animo. Quantoque ratem qui temperat, anteit
Remigis officium, quanto dux milite maior,
Tantum ego te supero. Nee non in corpore nostro
Pectora sunt potiora manu ; vigor omnis in illis.

[Ulysses makes a final appeal to the judges and ends his speech.]

370 At vos, o proceres, vigili date praemia vestro ;
Proque tot annorum cura, quibus anxius egi,
Hunc titulum meritis pensandum reddite nostris.
lam labor in fine est, obstantia fata removi,
Altaque posse capi f aciendo Pergama, cepi.

375 Per spes nunc socias casuraque moenia Troum,
Perque deos oro, quos hosti nuper ademi,
Per siquid superest, quod sit sapienter agendum,
Siquid adhuc audax ex praecipitique petendum est,
Si Troiae f atis aliquid restare putatis,

380 Este mei memores ! Aut si mihi non datis arma,
Huic date!' Et ostendit signum fatale Minervae.

[The armor is awarded to Ulysses, whereupon Ajax, in a frenzy of
disappointment and rage, slays himself with his own sword. From his
blood springs a purple flower (the hyacinth) whose petals commemo-
rate the name of the fallen hero.]

Mota manus procerum est, et quid facundia posset.
Re patuit ; f ortisque viri tulit arma disertus.
Hectora qui solus, qui ferrum ignemque lovemque

385 Sustinuit totiens, unam non sustinet iram :

Invictumque virum vincit dolor. Adripit ensem,
Et * mens hie certe est. An et hunc sibi poscit Ulixes ?
Hoc ' ait * utendum est in me mihi. Quique cruore
Saepe Phrygum maduit domini nunc caede madebit,

390 Ne quisquam Aiacem possit superare nisi Aiax.'
Dixit, et in pectus tum demum vulnera passum.

192 THE WORKS OF OVID

Qua patuit ferrum, letalem condidit ensem.
Nee valuere manus infixum educere telum :
Expulit ipse cruor ; rubefactaque sanguine tellus
395 Purpureum viridi genuit de caespite florem,
Qui prius Oebalio fuerat de vulnere natus.
Littera communis mediis pueroque viroque
Inscripta est foliis, haec norainis, ilia querellae.

[Then follow in rapid succession the final events of the Trojan war :
Troy is taken, Priam slain, Astyanax dashed to pieces from the battle-
ments, the Trojan dames enslaved. The victorious Greeks now sail
away to Thrace, where they are delayed by adverse winds (399-428) .
Here the shade of Achilles appears and demands the sacrifice of the
Trojan princess Polyxena upon his tomb. The Greeks consent, and
Polyxena is prepared for sacrifice. She meets her fate with dauntless
spirit, asking only that her body be respected and given over to her
mother for burial.]

Est, ubi Troia fuit, Phrygiae contraria tellus

430 Bistoniis habitata viris. Polymestoris illic
Regia dives erat, cui te commisit alendum
Clam, Polydore, pater, Phrygiisque removit ab arm is ;
Consilium sapiens, sceleris nisi praemia magnas
Adiecisset opes, animi inritamen avari.

435 Ut cecidit fortuna Phrygum, capit impius ensem
Rex Thracum, iuguloque sui demisit alumni ;
Et tamquam toUi cum corpore crimina possent,
Exanimem scopulo subiectas misit in undas.
Litore ThreYcio classem religarat Atrides,

440 Dum mare pacatum, dum ventus amicior esset.
Hie subito, quantus cum viveret esse solebat,
Exit humo late rupta, similisque minanti
Temporis illius vultum referebat Achilles,
Quo ferus iniusto petiit Agamemnona ferro :

445 * Immemores ' que * mei disceditis ' inquit * Achivi ?

METAMORPHOSES 1 93

Obrutaque est mecum virtutis gratia nostrae ?

Ne facite! utque meum non sit sine honore sepul-

crum,
Placet Achilleos mactata Polyxena manes/
Dixit : et, immiti sociis parentibus umbrae,

450 Rapta sinu matris, quam iam prope sola fovebat,
Fortis et infelix et plus quam femina virgo
Ducitur ad tumulum, diroque fit hostia busto.
Quae memor ipsa sui, postquam crudelibus aris
Admota est, sensitque sibi fera sacra parari,

455 Utque Neoptolemum stantem ferrumque tenentem
Inque suo vidit figentem lumina vultu,
' Utere iamdudum generoso sanguine ! ' dixit
* Nulla mora est. Quin tu iugulo vel pectore telum
Conde meo ! ' iugulumque simul pectusque retexit.

460 * Scilicet aut uUi servire Polyxena vellem ?
Aut per tale sacrum numen placabitis uUum ?
Mors tantum vellem matrem mea fallere posset.
Mater obest, minuitque necis mihi gaudia : quamvis
Non mea mors illi, verum sua vita tremenda est.

465 Vos modo, ne Stygios adeam non libera manes,
Este procul, si iusta peto, tactuque viriles
Virgineo removete manus. Acceptior illi,
Quisquis is est, quem caede mea placare paratis,
Liber erit sanguis. Siquos tamen ultima nostri

470 Verba movent oris, Priami vos filia regis,
Non captiva rogat, genetrici corpus inemptum
Reddite ; neve auro redimat ius triste sepulcri,
Sed lacrimis. Tunc, cum poterat, redimebat et auro.*
Dixerat. At populus lacrimas, quas ilia tenebat,

475 Non tenet. Ipse etiam flens invitusque sacerdos
Praebita coniecto rupit praecordia ferro.
Ilia, super terram defecto poplite labens,

OVID — 13

194 THE WORKS OF OVID

Pertulit intrepidos ad fata novissima vultus.
Tunc quoque cura fuit partes velare tegendas,
480 Cum caderet, castique decus servare pudoris.

[The unhappy Hecuba, herself a slave to Ulysses, wildly laments
her daughter's death, and the fate of Troy that continues to pursue
herself alone. One comfort and stay alone remains to her, her son
Polydorus, who had been sent by Priam for safe keeping, together with
much treasure, to the king of Thrace. But now, as the hapless mother
goes to the seashore to fetch water to bathe her dead daughter's wound,
she sees the mangled corpse of Polydorus upon the shore; for the
Thradan king had slain him to secure his treasure. Maddened beyond
endurance by this last blow, Hecuba seeks the king and succeeds in
tearing out his eyes. Changed to a dog, she flees, howling, madly away

(481-575).

Though others mourned for Hecuba, Aurora was filled with grief of
her own, for her son Memnon had been slain in battle by Achilles.
She implores Jove in some way to honor her dead hero son. This the
god consents to do, and changes the ashes of Memnon into a flock of
birds that bear his name (576-622). Aeneas, after the fall of Troy,
fleeing with his father and his son, touches at Thrace, and comes to
Delos ; here he is hospitably entertained by Anius, priest and king of
the island. In answer to a question of Anchises, Anius relates how his
daughters were transformed into doves. After an exchange of costly
gifts the Trojans depart and come to Crete, thinking that this is their
* ancient mother' which the oracle at Delos had bidden them to seek.
But pestilence again drives them to sea, upon which, after touching at
the Strophades, Phaeacia, and Epirus, they come to the coast of Sicily,
near the dangerous region of Scylla and Charybdis.

Scylla was once a beautiful nymph, beloved of many suitors. While
she was boasting of this to her sister nymphs, Galatea mournfully re-
lates in the following tale her own sad love story (623-749).

Galatea was the object of the Cyclops' love, but her heart was fixed
upon the beautiful youth Acis, and so the giant's clumsy wooing was in
vain. In a mad fit of jealousy the Cyclops hurls at Acis a huge jagged
rock, which crushes him to the earth. The youth is changed into a
river-god.]

750 * Acis erat Fauno nymphaque Symaethide cretus.

METAMORPHOSES 195

Magna quidem patrisque sui matrisque voluptas,
Nostra tamen maior. Nam me sibi iunxerat uni.
Pulcher et octonis iterum natalibus actis
Signarat dubia teneras lanugine malas.

755 Hunc ego, me Cyclops nulla cum fine petebat :
Nee, si quaesieris, odium Cyclopis, amome
Acidis in nobis f uerit praesentior, edam :
Par utrumque f uit. Pro, quanta potentia regni
Est, Venus alma, tui ! nempe ille immitis et ipsis

760 Horrendus silvis et visus ab hospite nuUo

Impune, et magni cum dis contemptor Olympi,
Quid sit amor, sentit, validaque cupidine captus
Uritur, oblitus pecorum antrorumque suorum.
lamque tibi formae, iamque est tibi cura placendi

7^5 lam rigidos pectis rastris, Polypheme, capillos ;
lara libet hirsutam tibi fake recidere barbam,
Et spectare feros in aqua et componere vultus.
Caedis amor feritasque sitisque immensa cruoris
Cessant, et tutae veniuntque abeuntque carinae.

770 Teleraus interea Siculam delatus ad Aetnen,
Telemus Eurymides, quem nulla fefellerat ales,
Terribilem Polyphemon adit, "lumen" que, "quod

unuTn
Fronte geris media, rapiet tibi " dixit " Ulixes. "
Risit et "o vatura stolidissime, falleris," inquit

775 "Altera iam rapuit." Sic frustra vera raonentem
Spemit, et aut gradiens ingenti litora passu
Degravat, aut f essus sub opaca revertitur antra.
Prominet in pontum cuneatus acumine longo
CoUis ; utrumque latus circumfluit aequoris unda.

780 Hue f erus ascendit Cyclops, mediusque resedit ;
Lanigerae pecudes nuUo ducente secutae.
Cui postquam pinus, baculi quae praebuit usum,

196 THE WORKS OF OVID

Ante pedes posita est, antemnis apta f erendis,
Sumptaque harundinibus compacta est fistula centum,

78s Senserunt toti pastoria sibila montes,

Senserunt undae. Latitans ego rupe meique
Acidis in gremio residens procul auribus hausi
Talia dicta meis auditaque verba notavi :
" Candidior folio nivei, Galatea, ligustri,

790 Floridior pratis, longa procerior alno,
Splendidior vitro, tenero lascivior haedo,
Levior adsiduo detritis aequore conchis,
Solibus hibernis, aestiva gratior umbra,
Nobilior forma ac platano conspectior alta,

795 Lucidior glacie, matura dulcior uva,
MoUior et cygni plumis et lacte coacto,
Et, si non fugias, riguo formosior horto :
Saevior indomitis eadem Galatea iuvencis,
Durior annosa quercu, fallacior undis,

800 Lentior et salicis virgis et vitibus albis.
His immobilior scopulis, violentior amne,
Laudato pavone superbior, acrior igni,
Asperior tribulis, feta truculentior ursa,
Surdior aequoribus, calcato immitior hydro,

805 Et, quod praecipue vellem tibi demere pOssem,
Non tantum cervo Claris latratibus acto,
Verum etiam ventis volucrique f ugacior aura !
At bene si noris, pigeat fugisse, morasque
Ipsa tuas damnes et me retinere labores.

810 Sunt mihi, pars montis, vivo pendentia saxo
Antra, quibus nee sol medio sentitur in aestu.
Nee sentitur hiems. Sunt poma gravantia ramos ;
Sunt auro similes longis in vitibus uvae.
Sunt et purpureae : tibi et has servamus et illas.

815 Ipsa tuis manibus silvestri nata sub umbra

METAMORPHOSES I97

MoUia fraga leges, ipsa autumnalia corna
Prunaque, non solum nigro liventia suco,
Verura etiam generosa novasque imitantia ceras.
Nee tibi castaneae me coniuge, nee tibi deerunt

820 Arbutei fetus. Omnis tibi serviet arbor.

Hoc pecus omne meum est. Multae quoque vallibus

errant,
Multas silva tegit, multae stabulantur in antris.
Nee, si forte roges, possim tibi dicere, quot sint.
Pauperis est numerare pecus. De laudibus harum

825 Nil mihi credideris : praesens pptes ipsa videre,
Ut vix circumeant distentum cruribus uber.
Sunt, f etura minor, tepidis in ovilibus agni ;
Sunt quoque, par.aetas, aliis in ovilibus haedi.
Lac mihi semper adest niveum. Pars inde bibenda

830 Servatur, partem liquefacta coagula durant.
Nee tibi deliciae faciles vulgataque tantum
Munera contingent, dammae leporesque caperque,
Parve columbarum, demptusve cacumine nidus :
Inveni geminos, qui tecum ludere possint,

835 Inter se similes, vix ut dignoscere possis,
Villosae catulos in summis montibus ursae :
Inveni et dixi *dominae servabimus istos.*
lam modo caeruleo nitidum caput exime ponto,
lam, Galatea, veni, nee munera despice nostra.

840 Certe ego me novi, liquidaeque in imagine vidi
Nuper aquae ; placuitque mihi mea forma videnti.
Aspice, sim quantus. Non est hoc corpore maior
luppiter in caelo. Nam vos narrare soletis
Nescio quem regnare lovem. Coma plurima torvos

845 Prominet in vultus, umerosque, ut lucus, obumbrat
Nee mea quod rigidis horrent densissima saetis
Corpora, turpe puta. Turpis sine f rondibus arbor :

198 THE WORKS OF OVID

848 Turpis equus, nisi coUa iubae flaventia velent.

850 Barba viros hirtaeque decent in corpore saetae.
Unum est in media lumen mihi f ronte, sed instar
Ingentis clipei. Quid ? Non haec omnia magno
Sol videt e caelo ? Soli tamen unicus orbis.
Adde, quod in vestro genitor meus aequore regnat.

855 Hunc tibi do socerum. Tantum miserere, precesque
Supplicis exaudi : tibi enim succumbimus uni.
Quique lovem et caelum sperno et penetrabile f ulmen,
Nerer, te vereor. Tua f ulmine saevior ira est.
Atque ego contemptus esseni patientior huius,

860 Si fugeres omnes. Sed cur Cyclope repulso
Acin amas, praef ersque meis amplexibus Acin ?
lUe tamen placeatque sibi, placeatque licebit,
Quod noUem, Galatea, tibi : modo copia detur !
Sentiet esse mihi tanto pro corpore vires.

865 Viscera viva traham, divulsaque membra per agros,
Perque tuas spargam — sic se tibi misceat ! — undas.
Uror enim, laesusque exaestuat acrius ignis,
Cumque suis videor translatam viribus Aetnam
Pectore ferre meo. Nee tu, Galatea, moveris."

870 Talia nequiquam questus — nam cuncta videbam —
Surgit, et ut taurus vacca f uribundus adempta.
Stare nequit, silvaque et notis saltibus errat :
Cum ferus ignaros nee quicquam tale timentes
Me videt atque Acin, " video " que exclamat " et ista

87s Ultima sit, faciam, Veneris concordia vestrae."
Tantaque vox, quantam Cyclops iratus habere
Debuit, ilia fuit. Clamore perhorruit Aetne.
Ast ego vicino pavefacta sub aequore mergor,
Terga fugae dederat conversa Symaethius heros :

880 '* Adfer opem, Galatea, precor, mihi ! ferte parentes,'*
Dixerat ^*et vestris periturum admittite regnis."

METAMORPHOSES 1 99

Insequitur Cyclops, partemque e monte revulsam
Mittit, et extremus quamvis pervenit ad ilium,
Angulus is molis totum tamen obruit Acin.

885 At nos, quod solum fieri per fata licebat,
Fecimus, ut vires adsumeret Acis avitas.
Puniceus de mole cruor manabat, et intra
Temporis exiguum rubor evanescere coepit,
Fitque color primo turbati fluminis imbre,

890 Purgaturque mora. Turn moles taetra dehiscit,
Vivaque per rimas proceraque surgit harundo,
Osque cavum saxi sonat exsultantibus undis :
Miraque res, subito media tenus exstitit alvo
Incinctus iuvenis flexis nova cornua cannis,

895 Qui, nisi quod maior, quod toto caerulus ore,

Acis erat. — Sed sic quoque erat tamen Acis, in amnem
Versus ; et antiquum tenuerunt flumina nomen/

[Thus ends the tale of Galatea. While sporting on the shore, the
nymph Scylla was seen and loved by Glaucus, a sea-god, who but now
had been a mortal fisherman. He relates to Scylla his wonderful meta-
morphosis through the eating of certain magic herbs (898-968).]

Book XIV

[Spumed by the nymph, Ghucus seeks out Circe and begs her aid
But Circe herself is enamored of Glaucus, and, confessing her love, is
rejected by him. In revenge she, by her ma^c art, changes Scylla into
a hideous monster, fixed upon the coast of Sicily (1-74). This danger-
ous spot, which had proved disastrous to the ships of Ulysses, the fleet
of Aeneas escapes, who, continuing on his way, comes to Carthage,
where he is hospitably received by Queen Dido. From Carthage he
again proceeds to Sicily and thence to the island of Pithecusa, whose
inhabitants had been changed into apes (75-100). Crossing to Cumae,
Aeneas, under the guidance of the Sibyl, visits the shade of his father in
Hades. On their retiun the Sibyl relates how Apollo, for love of her, had

200 THE WORKS OF OVID

promised to grant her wish, which was years of life in number equal to
the grains in a heap of sand. This she had gained, but without contin-
ued youth (101-153). Aeneas next arrives at Caieta, where he meets
Achemenides, the lost companion of Ulysses, who, at the request of
Aeneas, tells of his adventures among the savage Cyclops before he
was rescued (154-222). Macareus, another former companion of
Ulysses, relates how he and his companions were changed into swine
through the magic of Circe, but were restored to human shape at the
request of Ulysses (223-319).

Macareus tells another tale that he had heard in Circe's Isle, how
Picus, king of Latium, had loved and wedded the beautiful Canens, the
daughter of Janus ; how Picus, rejecting the advances of Circe, had
been transformed by her into a woodpecker, and how Canens, in de-
spair, had wasted away to a mere breath or voice (320-434) .

Passing on from Caieta, Aeneas at last enters the Tiber, and Lati-
nus, the king of Latium, bestows upon him the hand of his daughter
Lavinia. This causes a struggle for supremacy between the Rutulians
and Latinus, headed by Turnus, and the Trojans, headed by Aeneas.
The latter appeals to Evander for aid, and the former to Diomede, who
had settled in Italy and become the son-in-law of Daunus. Diomede
recounts to the Rutulian ambassadors his adventures since the fall of
Troy (435-526). Turnus sets fire to the fleet of Aeneas, but the burn-
ing ships are transformed into nymphs at the command of Cybele.
Turnus is finally slain, and Aeneas is triumphant through the aid of
Venus (527-580).

The wrath of Juno against Aeneas is now at length appeased, and
Jove, in a council of the gods, decrees an apotheosis to Aeneas. He is
accordingly removed from earth and ranked among the gods (581-608).
Ascanius succeeds his father on the 4hrone, and then follows a long
line of Alban kings.

In those days there dwelt in Italy a beautiful wood-nymph, Pomona,
who, devoted entirely to her fruits and flowers, rejected all advances of
those who sought her love ; until at last Vertumnus, the native god
of seasons, wooed and won her. As a warning against the neglect of
honest love, he tells to her the story of the maiden Anaxarete, who, for
her contempt of Venus in the cruel rejection of her lover, Iphis, was
changed to stone (609-771). Numitor finally succeeds to the Alban
throne, is dispossessed by his brother Amulius, but restored by Romu-
lus, who founds Rome, schemes for its settlement, establishes it in

METAMORPHOSES 20I

power among the surrounding nations, and is finally translated to the
skies by Mars, where he is enrolled among the gods under the name
of Quirinus, while his wife Hersilia is also deified under the name of
Hora (772-851).]

Book XV

[After the removal of Romulus from earth, Numa Pompilius was
chosen king in his stead. The mind of this prince was turned toward
the peaceful arts and the acquisition of knowledge. In pursuit of this
he came to Crotona, on the coast of Bruttium. Here he eagerly imbibed
the doctrines of the sage Pythagoras, who had removed from his native
Samos and settled in Crotona (1-59). The first endeavor of this
philosopher was to persuade men to renounce the use of flesh as food.
In the golden age men ate only the fruits of the earth, and all animal
life was sacred except that which was harmful to human interests.
Gradually the greed of man invented causes of offense, until even the
most inoffensive and helpfid animals were slain for food under cover
of sacrifice to the gods (60-142).

The philosopher longs to free his fellow-mortals from the fear of
death. Death is not the fearful thing that popular belief would make
it, but merely a transition from one life to another. All things change,
but nothing dies. The soul is still the same, though housed in many
changing forms of man and beast. And what is true of souls is true of
all nature — all is in a state of ceaseless change.]

* Et quoniam deus ora movet, sequar ora moventem
Rite deum, Delphosque meos ipsumque recladam

14s Aethera et augustae reserabo oracula mentis.
Magna, nee ingeniis evestigata priorura,
Quaeque diu latuere, canam. luvat ire per alta
Astra ; iuvat terris et inerti sede relicta
Nube vehi, validique umeris insistere Atlantis,

150 Palantesque homines passim ac rationis egentes
Despectare procul, trepidosque obitumque timentes
Sic exhortari, seriemque evolvere f ati :
O genus attonitum gelidae formidine mortis !

202 THE WORKS OF OVID

Quid Styga, quid tenebras et nomina vana timetis,

155 Materiem vatum, falsique piacula mundi ?
Corpora, sive rogus flamma, seu tabe vetustas
Abstulerit, mala posse pati non uUa putetis.
Morte carent animae ; semperque priore relicta
Sede novis domibus vivunt habitantque receptae.

i6o Ipse ego — nam memini — Troiani tempore belli
Panthoides Euphorbus eram, cui pectore quondam
Haesit in adverso gravis hasta minoris Atridae.
Cognovi clipeum, laevae gestamina nostrae,
Nuper Abanteis templo lunonis in Argis.

t6s Omnia mutantur, nihil interit. Errat, et illinc
Hue venit, hinc illuc, et quoslibet occupat artus
Spiritus ; eque f eris humana in corpora transit,
Inque feras noster, nee tempore deperit uUo.
Utque novis facilis signatur cera figuris,

170 Nee manet ut fuerat, nee formas servat easdem,

Sed tamen ipsa eadem est ; animam sic semper eandem
Esse, sed in varias doceo migrare figuras.
Ergo — nee pietas sit victa cupidine ventris —
Parcite, vaticinor, cognatas caede nefanda

17s Exturbare animas ; nee sanguine sanguis alatur.
Et quoniam magno feror aequore plenaque ventis
Vela dedi : nihil est toto, quod perstet, in orbe.
Cuncta fluunt, omnisque vagans formatur imago.
Ipsa quoque adsiduo labuntur tempora motu,

180 Non secus ac flumen. Neque enim consistere flumen
Nee levis hora potest : sed ut unda impellitur unda,
Urgueturque eadem veniens urguetque priorem;
Tempora sic fugiunt pariter, pariterque sequuntur,
Et nova sunt semper. Nam quod fuit ante
relictum est,

185 Fitque quod baud fuerat, momentaque cuncta novantur.

METAMORPHOSES 203

Cernis et emensas in lucem tendere noctes,
Et iubar hoc nitidum nigrae succedere nocti.
Nee eolor est idem caelo, cum lassa quiete
Cuncta iacent media, cumque albo Lucifer exit

190 Clarus equo ; rursusque alius, cum praevia luci
Tradendum Phoebo Pallantias inficit orbem.
Ipse dei clipeus terra cum toUitur ima
Mane rubet, terraque, rubet, cum conditur ima ;
Candidus in summo est, melior natura quod illic

19s Aetheris est, terraeque procul contagia fugit.
Nee par aut eadem noctumae forma Dianae
Esse potest umquam. Semperque hodiema sequente,
Si crescit, minor est ; maior, si contrahit orbem.
Quid ? non in species succedere quattuor annum

200 Aspicis, aetatis peragentem imitamina hostrae ?
Nam tener et lactens puerique simillimus aevo
Vere novo est : tunc herba recens et roboris expers
Turget, et insolida est, et spe delectat agrestes.
Omnia tunc florent, florumque coloribus almus

ao5 Ludit ager, neque adhuc virtus in f rondibus uUa est.
Transit in aestatem post ver robustior annus,
Fitque valens iuvenis : neque enim robustior aetas
UUa,' nee uberior, nee quae magis ardeat, ulla est.
Excipit autumnus, posito fervore iuventae

310 Maturus mitisque, inter iuvenemque senemque
Temperie medius ; sparsus quoque tempora canis.
Inde senilis hiems tremulo venit horrida passu,
Aut spoliata suos, aut, quos habet, alba capillos.
Nostra quoque ipsorum semper requieque sine ulla

215 Corpora vertuntur ; nee quod f uimusve sumusve,
Cras erimus. Fuit ilia dies, qua semina tantum
Spesque hominum primae matris cubitavimus alvo.

321 Editus in lucem iacuit sine viribus inf ans ;

204 THE WORKS OF OVID

Mox quadrupes rituque tulit sua membra ferarum;
Paulatimque tremens et nondum poplite firmo
Constitit, adiutis aliquo conamine nervis ;

aas Inde valens veloxque fuit, spatiumque iuventae
Transit, et emeritis medii quoque temporis annis
Labitur occiduae per iter declive senectae.
Subruit haec aevi demoliturque prions
Robora : fletque Milon senior, cum spectat inanes

230 lUos, qui fuerant solidorum mole tororura
Herculeis similes, fluidos pendere lacertos.
Flet quoque, ut in speculo rugas aspexit aniles,
Tyndaris, et secum, cur sit bis rapta, requirit.
Tempus edax rerum, tuque, invidiosa vetustas,

235 Omnia destruitis, vitiataque dentibus aevi
Paulatim lenta consumitis omnia morte.

[All nature is derived from four primal elements, — earth, air, fire, and
water; but these are constantly passing from one to another. The
face of the earth is always changing. The sea encroaches upon the
land and land upon the sea. The valleys are exalted, and the hills
brought low ^ and rivers in their winding course make constant changes
in the land . And not only so, but the waters of many streams have strange
powers to change the character of those who drink them (237-341).

Many wonderful changes are told, as when bees spring by spontane-
ous generation from the entrails of a buried steer, wasps from the
horse, the scorpion from the crab, and frogs from slime. Most strange
also are the developments of insect and bird life (342-417).

This universal change extends to cities which grow to greatness,
have their day and cease to be. Such were Troy, Mycenae, Sparta,
Thebes ; and Rome, though now in infancy, is destined both by fate
and prophecy to pass on through all the changes of growth until the
whole world shall be included in her sway (418-452).

Yes, all matter is in a state of flux, and souls are clothed now with
form of man and now of beast. This thought should make all animal
life sacred, save that which is itself destructive of life. Impious is it
above all to expel the soul with the intention of eating the flesh that
sheltered it.]

METAMORPHOSES 20$

Ne tamen oblitis ad metam tendere longe
Exspatiemur equis, caelum et quodcumque sub illo est,

455 Immutat formas, tellus et quicquid in ilia est.

Nos quoque, pars mundi, quoniam non corpora solum,
Verum etiam volucres animae sumus, inque ferinas
Possumus ire domos pecudumque in corpora condi,
Corpora quae possint animas habuisse parentum

460 Aut f ratrum aut aliquo iunctorum f oedere nobis
Aut hominum certe, tuta esse et honesta sinamus.
Neve Thyesteis cumulemus viscera mensis.
Quam male consuescit, quam se parat ille cruori
Impius humano, vituli qui guttura ferro

465 Rumpit, et immotas praebet mugitibus aures !
Aut qui vagitus similes puerilibus haedum
Edentem iugulare potest : aut alite vesci,
Cui dedit ipse cibos ! quantum est, quod desit in istis
Ad plenum f acinus ? quo transitus inde paratur ?

470 Bos aret, aut mortem senioribus imputet annis :
Horriferum contra borean ovis arma ministret:
Ubera dent saturae manibus pressanda capellae.
Retia cum pedicis, laqueos, artesque dolosas
Tollite ; nee volucrem viscata f allite virga,

475 Nee formidatis cervos inludite pennis.
Nee celate cibis uncos fallacibus hamos.
Perdite siqua nocent, verum haec quoque perdite

tantum ;
Ora vacent epulis, alimentaque mitia carpant/

[Those doctrines of Pythagoras Numa brought to Rome, and by his
wise and mild sway established his people in religion and the peaceful
arts. The good king died in time, mourned by all his people. But
Egena, his wife, was inconsolable, and withdrawing to the dense groves
of Aricia she indulged her grief. Here Hippolytus appeared to her
^d strove to soothe her by the story of his own sad fate : how, though

2o6 THE WORKS OF OVID

guiltless, he had been accused to his father Theseus by his stepmother
Phaedra of an attempt upon her honor ; how he had been driven out
from home loaded with his father^s curses ; how he had been slain by
Neptune in answer to his father's prayer, and finally restored to life
and made immortal by Diana, and set here in this wood as her sacred
attendant under a new name (Virbius) and changed form (479-546).

But Egeria, uncomforted by another's woes, continues inconsolable,
and is at last changed by Apollo into a fountain. This change the
nymphs and Virbius view with as great astonishment as when Cipus,
a Roman nobleman, returning from the chase, found horns sprouting
forth from his forehead. On consulting the fates by sacrifice and
augury, he was told that he was destined to be king of Rome should he
again enter her gates. He convened the senate without the walls, told
them the oracle, and begged them to destroy him in order to save the
state. Th^ grateful senate decreed that he should live in honor without
the walls, and allotted him for his own a portion of the public lands
(547-621).

A mighty plague once visited Rome, and a deputation from the
senate was sent to consult the Delphic oracle. Here they were told
that not Apollo but Apollo's son, Aesculapius, the god of the healing
art, would save them. Repairing to Epidaurus, the seat of Aesculapius,
they implored his aid. The god accompanied them to Rome in the
form of a serpent, and the plague was stayed. From that time on
divine honors were always paid in Rome to the god of the healing art
(622-744).

Now the worship of Aesculapius was introduced from another land,
but Caesar's worship sprung from his own city, Rome. When he had
reached the acme of renown, and his enemies were plotting his destruc-
tion, Venus, foreseeing his fate, implored the gods to save her offspring.
The gods were powerless to avert the fate of Caesar, yet they gave many
warning omens of bis approaching doom. But all in vain. The assas-
sins succeeded in their bloody work, though Venus strove to wrap her
hero in that veil of mist that had oif old saved Paris and Aeneas from
their foes. .Now Jove, in order to console her, revealed to Venus the
glorious fate that was in store for Caesar, and the still more glorious des-
tiny of his successor, his adopted son. Thus comforted, the goddess
flew to the earth and bore to heaven the soul of Caesar, where, a glit-
tering comet with a glowing train, it illumined the sky.

Great though the father was, the son is destined to be greater

dllj:^l!i;iji;y,u.
Aesculapius
(From the Vatican Museum)

To face p. 206

METAMORPHOSES 207

still. May all the gods who guard the destinies of Rome enlarge his
sway, and may he long remain upon the earth to guide the Roman
state.]

745 Hie tamen accessit delubris advena nostris :

Caesar in urbe sua deus est. Quem Marte togaque
Praecipuum non bella magis finita triumphis
Resque domi gestae properataque gloria rerum
In sidus vertere novum stellamque comantem,

750 Quam sua progenies. Neque enim de Caesaris actis
UUum mains opus, quam quod pater exstitit huius.
Scilicet aequoreos plus est domuisse Britannos,
Perque papyrif eri septemflua flumina Nili
Victrices egisse rates, Numidasque rebelles
755 Cinyphiumque lubam Mithridateisque tumentem
Nominibus Pontum populo adiecisse Quirini,
Et multos meruisse, aliquos egisse triumphos,
Quam tantum genuisse virum ? quo praeside rerum
Humano generi, superi, favistis abunde.

760 Ne foret hie igitur mortali semine cretus,
lUe deus faeiendus erat. Quod ut aurea vidit
Aeneae genetrix, vidit quoque triste parari
Pontifici letum et eoniurata arma moveri ;
Palluit et cunetis, ut cuique -erat obvia, divis

765 ' Aspiee,' dicebat * quanta mihi mole parentur
Insidiae, quantaque caput cum fraude petatur,
Quod de Dardanio solum mihi restat lulo.
Solane semper ero iustis exercita curis ?
Quam modo Tydidae Calydonia vulneret hasta,

770 Nunc male defensae confundant moenia Troiae :
Quae videam natum longis erroribus actum
lactarique freto sedesque intrare silentum,
Bellaque cum Turno gerere, aut, si vera fatemur,
Cum lunone magis } quid nunc antiqua recorder

2o8 THE WORKS OF OVID

775 Damna mei generis ? timor hie meminisse priorum
Non sinit. In me acui sceleratos cernitis enses.
Quos prohibete, precor, facinusque repellite! neve
Caede sacerdotis flammas exstinguite Vestae/
Talia nequiquam toto Venus anxia caelo

780 Verba iacit ; superosque movet. Qui rumpere
quamquam
Ferrea non possunt veterum decreta sororum,
Signa tamen luctus dant baud incerta f uturi.
Arma ferunt inter nigras crepitantia nubes
Terribilesque tubas auditaque cornua caelo

78s Praemonuisse nefas. Solis quoque tristis imago
Lurida soUicitis praebebat lumina terris.
Saepe faces visae mediis ardere sub astris :
Saepe inter nimbos guttae cecidere cruentae :
Caerulus et vultum ferrugine Lucifer atra

790 Sparsus erat, sparsi lunares sanguine currus :
Tristia mille locis Stygius dedit omina bubo :
Mille locis lacrimavit ebur, cantusque feruntur
Auditi Sanctis et verba minantia lucis.
Victima nulla litat, magnosque instare tumultus

795 Fibra monet, caesumque caput reperitur in extis.
Inque foro circumque domos et templa deorum
Nocturnos ululasse canes umbrasque silentum
Erravisse ferunt, motamque tremoribus urbem.
Non tamen insidias venturaque vincere fata

800 Praemonitus potuere deum : strictique feruntur
In templum gladii ; neque enim locus uUus in urbe
Ad facinus diramque placet, nisi curia, caedem.
Turn vero Cytherea manu percussit utraque
Pectus, et Aeneaden molitur condere nube,

805 Qua prius infesto Paris est ereptus Atridae,
Et Diomedeos Aeneas f ugerat enses.

METAMORPHOSES 209

Talibus banc genitor : ' sola insuperabile f atum,
Nata, movere paras ? intres licet ipsa sororum
Tecta trium ; cemes illic molimine vasto

810 Ex aere et solido rerum tabularia ferro,

Quae neque concussum caeli neque fulminis iram
Nee metuunt ullas tuta atque aeterna ruinas.
Invenies illic incisa adamante perenni
Fata tui generis. Legi ipse animoque notavi

815 Et referam, ne sis etiamnum ignara futuri.
Hie sua complevit, pro quo, Cytherea, laboras,
Tempora perfectis quos terrae debuit annis.
Ut deus accedat caelo teraplisque locetur,
Tu f acies natusque suus ; qui nominis heres

820 Impositum feret unus onus, caesique parentis
Nos in bella suos fortissimus ultor habebit.
Illius auspiciis obsessae moenia pacem
Victa petent Mutinae ; Pharsalia sentiet ilium,
Emathiaque iterum madefient caede Philippi,

82s Et magnum Siculis nomen superabitur undis :
Romanique ducis coniunx Aegyptia taedae
Non bene fisa cadet ; f rustraque erit ilia minata
Servitura suo Capitolia nostra Canopo.
Quid tibi barbariam, gentes ab utroque iacentes

830 Oceano numerem ? Quodcumque habitabile tellus
Sustinet, huius erit : pontus quoque serviet illi.
Pace data terris animum ad civilia vertet
lura suum, legesque feret iustissimus auctor :
Exemploque suo mores reget, inque futuri

835 Temporis aetatem venturorumque nepotum
Prospiciens prolem sancta de coniuge natam
Ferre simul nomenque suum curasque iubebit,
Nee nisi cum senior Pylios aequaverit annos,
Aetherias sedes cognataque sidera tanget

OVID — 14

2IO THE WORKS OF OVID

840 Hanc animam interea caeso de corpore raptam
Fac iubar, ut semper Capitolia nostra forumque
Divus ab excelsa prospectet lulius aede/
Vix ea fatus erat, media cum sede senatus
Constitit alma Venus, nuUi cernenda, suique

84s Caesaris eripuit membris nee in aera solvi

Passa recentem animam caelestibus intulit astris.
Dumque tulit, lumen capere atque ignescere sensit,
Emisitque sinu. Luna volat altius ilia,
Flammiferumque trahens spatioso limite crinem

850 Stella micat : natique videns benefacta fatetur
Esse suis maiora, et vinci gaudet ab illo.
Hie sua praeferri quamquam vetat acta patemis,
Libera fama tamen nuUisque obnoxia iussis
Invitum praefert, unaque in parte repugnat.

855 Sic magni cedit titulis Agamemnonis Atreus ;
Aegea sic Theseus, sic Pelea vincit Achilles.
Denique, ut exemplis ipsos aequantibus utar,
Sic et Saturnus minor est love. luppiter arces
Temperat aetherias et mundi regna trif ormis ;

860 Terra sub Augusto. Pater est et rector uterque.
Di, precor, Aeneae comites, quibus ensis et ignis
Cesserunt, dique Indigetes, genitorque Quirine
Urbis, et invicti genitor Gradive Quirini,
Vestaque Caesareos inter sacrata penates,

865 Et cum Caesarea tu, Phoebe domestice, Vesta,
Quique tenes altus Tarpeias luppiter aedes,
Quosque alios vati fas appellare piumque est :
Tarda sit ilia dies et nostro serior aevo.
Qua caput Augustum, quem temperat, orbe relicto

870 Accedat caelo faveatque precantibus absens.

[And now the poet's work is done, a work which no destructive
agency can mar. Though death may claim his body, still it cannot

METAMORPHOSES

211

touch his nobler part, his famty for this shall live forever on the lips
of men.]

lamque opus exegi, quod nee lovis ira nee ignis
Nee poterit ferrum nee edax abolere vetustas.
Cum volet, ilia dies, quae nil nisi eorporis huius
lus habet, ineerti spatium mihi finiat aevi :
87s Parte tamen meliore mei super alta perennis
Astra f erar, nomenque erit indelebile nostrum.
Quaque patet domitis Romana potentia terris,
Ore legar populi, perque omnia saeeula f ama,
Siquid habent veri vatum praesagia, vivam.

The Calydonian Hunt

(From a sarcophagus in the Capitoline Museum)
See Met. VIII, 260-444, p. 154

TRISTIA

AND

EPISTULAE EX PONTO

[There remains the poetic product of the third period of our author's
life, the nine years spent in exile on the dreary shores of the Euxine
Sea, far removed from everything that had been a source of joyous
inspiration to him in his former life.

Here was no gay capitol with its constant round of pleasures to
stimulate his poetic fancy ; no circle of literary friends to call forth his
best endeavors by their admiring applause, and sing his latest songs
about the streets; no soft Italian skies and rich country scenery of
wood and hill and ruin to provide that background and atmosphere of
beauty so necessary to a poet of Ovid's luxurious temperament. Instead,
he found a rude colonial town almost without the pale of civilization,
inhabited by churlish barbarians, subject to constant alarms of war from
more savage tribes without; he found a treeless, dreary land with
frowning skies and bleak winds almost the year around.

It would be surprising if such an absolute change of environment did
not produce a corresponding change in the character of Ovid's poetry
during this period ; if he who wrote so frankly of the joys of his youth
should not now record the sorrows of his age. And this we find to be
the case. The two important works of this period are five books of
short poems in the elegiac measure, appropriately entitled Tristia^ and
four books of letters in the same measure, which are named Ex PontOy
from the place of writing. These two works are alike as to subject-
matter, spirit and form of expression. They are both books of letters
written from the poet's place of banishment to friends at Rome, fondly
recalling former joys and complaining of present hardships. Both give
vivid descriptions of the poet's surroundings and every-day life, and
both abound in frantic appeals from Ovid to his friends at Rome that
they use their good offices with the Emperor to soothe his anger and

TRIStIA 213

secure the exiled man's return^ or at least a mitigation of his hard
sentence.

The chief difference between these two works is that in the first the
names of the friends to whom the letters are addressed are withheld,
while in the second the names are given; this for the reason that,
during the first part of the poef s banishment, when the anger of the
Emperor was fresh, his friends fieared to be involved in his misfortunes.
But this fear seems to have disappeared by the end of the third year
of his exile.

In one of the early numbers of the Tristia (I, iii) the poet gives us a
vivid and very human description of his last sad night at Rome, before
parting forever from all that he held dear.]

Cum subit illius tristissima noctis imago,

Qua mihi supremum tempus in urbe fuit,
Cum repeto noctem, qua tot mihi cara reliqui,

Labitur ^x oculis nunc quoque gutta meis.
5 lam prope lux aderat, qua me discedere Caesar

Finibus extremae iusserat Ausoniae.
Nee spatium fuerat, nee mens satis apta parandi.

Torpuerant longa pectora nostra mora.
Non mihi servorum, comites non cura legendi,
10 Non aptae profugo vestis opisve fuit.

Non aliter stupui, quam qui lovis ignibus ictus

Vivit et est vitae nescius ipse suae.
Ut tamen banc animi nubem dolor ipse removit,

Et tandem sensus convaluere mei,
IS Adloquor extremum maestos abiturus amicos.

Qui modo de multis unus et alter erant.
Uxor amans flentem flens acrius ipsa tenebat,

Imbre per indignas usque cadente genas.
Nata procul Libycis aberat diversa sub oris,
ao Nee poterat fati certior esse mei.

Quocumque aspiceres, luctus gemitusque sonaban^,

Formaque non taciti funeris intus erat.

214 THE WORKS OF OVID

Femina virque meo, pueri quoque funere maerent,
Inque domo lacrimas angulus omnis habet :
25 Si licet exemplis in parvis grandibus uti,
Haec facies Troiae, cum caperetur, erat.
lamque quiescebant voces hominumque canumque,

Lunaque nocturnos alta regebat equos.
Hanc ego suspiciens et ab hac Capitolia cemens,
30 Quae nostro frustra iuncta f uere lari,
* Numina vicinis habitantia sedibus/ inquam

* lamque oculis numquam templa videnda meis,
Dique relinquendi, quos urbs habet alta Quirini,
Este salutati tempus in omne mihi !
35 Et quamquam sero clipeum post vulnera sumo,
Attamen hanc odiis exonerate fugam,
Caelestique viro, quis me deceperit en^r,
Dicite, pro culpa ne scelus esse putet,
Ut quod vos scitis, poenae quoque sentiat auctor :
40 Placato possum non miser esse deo/

Hac prece adoravi superos ego, pluribus uxor,

Singultu medios impediente sonos.
Ilia etiam ante lares passis ast^ata capillis
Contigit exstinctos ore tremente f ocos,
45 Multaque in adversos effudit verlja pehates
^ Pro deplorato non valitura viro.
lamque morae spatium nox praecipitata negabat,

Versaque ab axe suo Parrhasis Arctos erat.
Quid f acerem ? Blando patriae retinebar amore :
50 Ultima sed iussae nox erat ilia f ugae.

A ! Quotiens aliquo dixi properante * Quid urgues ?

Vel quo f estinas ire, vel unde, vide ! '
A ! Quotiens certam me sum mentitus habere
Horam, propositae quae foret apta viae.
55 Ter limen tetigi, ter sum revocatus, et ipse

;

V

TRISTIA CV/ ^ 215

Indulgens animo pes mihi tardus erat.
Saepe vale dicto rursus sum multa locutus,

Et quasi discedens oscula summa dedi. ' ,

Saepe eadem mandata dedi meque ipse f efelli,
60 Respiciens oculis pignora cara meis.

Denique * Quid propero ? Scythia est, quo mittimur,"^^
inquam

* Roma relinquenda est. Utraque iusta mora est
Uxor in aeternum vivo mihi viva negatur,

Et domus et iidae dulcia membra domus,
65 Quosque ego dilexi f ratemo more sodales ;
O mihi Thesea pectora iuncta fide !
Dum licet, amplectar. Numquam fortasse licebit

Amplius ; in lucro est quae datur hora mihi/
Nee mora, sermonis verba imperfecta relinquo,
70 Complectens animo proxima quaeque meo.
Dum loquor et flemus, caelo nitidissimus alto,

Stella gravis nobis, Lucifer ortus erat.
Dividor haud aliter, quam si mea membra relinquam,
Et pars abrumpi corpore visa suo est.
75 Sic doluit Mettus tunc, cum in contraria versos
Ultores habuit proditionis equos.
Tum vero exoritur clamor gemitusque meorum,

Et feriunt maestae pectora nuda manus.
Tum vero coniunx, umeris abeuntis inhaerens,
80 Miscuit haec lacrimis tristia verba meis :

* Non potes avelli. Simul hinc, simul ibimus ' inquit :

* Te sequar et coniunx exsulis exsul ero.

Et mihi facta via est, et me capit ultima tellus :
Accedam profugae sarcina parva rati.
8s Te iubet a patria discedere Caesaris ira.

Me pietas. Pietas haec mihi Caesar erit.*
Talia temptabat, sicut temptaverat ante.

2l6 THE WORKS OF OVID

Vixque dedit victas utilitate manus.
Egredior, sive illud erat sine f unere ferri,
90 Squalidus immissis hirta per ora comis.
Ilia dolore amens tenebris narratur obortis

Semianimis media procubuisse domo,
Utque resurrexit foedatis pulvere turpi

Crinibus et gelida membra levavit humo,
95 Se modo, desertos modo complorasse penates,

Nomen et erepti saepe vocasse viri,
Nee gemuisse minus, quam si nataeque meumque

Vidisset structos corpus habere rogos,
Et voluisse mori, moriendo ponere sensus,
100 Respectuque tamen non periisse mei.

Vivat ! Et absentem — quoniam sic fata tulerunt —

Vivat ut auxilio sublevet usque suo.

[The following letter to his wife {Tristia^ III, in) is even more sad
than usual, for it is written from the poet's sick chamber. He patheti-
cally describes the utter loneliness of his life, with no friend near to
lighten the tedium of the slowly moving days ; while every delicacy of
food and care that should sustain him in his sickness is lacking. He
looks forward to his death, and hopes that his wife will grieve for him
and rescue his bones at least from the exile's lot.]

Haec mea, si casu miraris, epistula quare

Alterius digitis scripta sit : aeger eram.
Aeger in extremis ignoti partibus orbis,

Incertusque meae paene salutis eram.
5 Quem mihi nunc animum dira regione iacenti

Inter Sauromatas esse Getasque putes ?
Nee caelum patior, nee aquis adsuevimus istis,

Terraque nescio quo non placet ipsa modo.
Non domus apta satis, non hie cibus utilis aegro,
10 Nullus, ApoUinea qui levet arte malum,
Non qui soletur, non qui labentia tarde

TRISTIA 217

Tempora narrando fallat, amicus adest.
Lassus in extremis iaceo populisque locisque,

Et subit adfecto nunc mihi, quicquid abest.
IS Omnia cum subeant, vincis tamen omnia, coniunx,

Et plus in nostro pectoi-e parte tenes.
Te loquor absentem, te vox mea nominat unam ;

Nulla venit sine te nox mihi, nulla dies.
Quin etiam sic me dicunt aliena locutum,
ao Ut foret amenti nomen in ore tuum.
Si iam deficiam, suppressaque lingtia palato

Vix instillatd restituenda mero,
Nuntiet hue aliquis dominam venisse, resurgam,

Spesque tui nobis causa vigoris erit.
25 Ergo ego sum dubius vitae, tu forsitan istic

lucundum nostri nescia tempus agis ?
Non agis ; adfirmo. Liquet hoc, carissima, nobis,

Tempus agi sine me non nisi triste tibi.
Si tamen implevit mea sors, quos debuit, annos,
30 Et mihi vivendi tam cito finis adest.

Quantum erat, o magni, morituro parcere, divi,

Ut saltem patria contumularer humo ?
Vel poena in tempus mortis dilata f uisset,

Vel praecepisset mors properata fuis^am.
35 Integer banc potui nuper bene reddere lucem ;

Exsul ut occiderem, nunc mihi vita data est.
Tam procul ignotis igitur moriemur in oris,

Et fient ipso tristia fata loco;
Nee mea consueto languescent corpora lecto,
40 Depositum nee me qui fleat, uUus erit ;
Nee dominae lacrimis in nostra cadentibus ora

Accedent animae tempora parva meae ;
Nee mandata dabo, nee cum clamore supremo

Labentes oculos condet amica manus,

2l8 THE WORKS OF OVID

45 Sed sine funeribus caput hoc, sine honore sepulcri
Indeploratum barbara terra teget !
Ecquid, ubi audieris, tota turbabere mente,

Et f eries pavida pectora fida manu ?
Ecquid, in has frustra tendens tua bracchia partes,
so Clamabis miseri nomen inane viri ?

Parce tamen lacerare genas, nee scinde capillos :

Non tibi nunc primum, lux mea, raptus ero.
Cum patriam amisi, tunc me periisse putato.
Et prior et gravior mors fuit ilia mihi.
55 Nunc, si forte potes, — sed non J)otes, optima
coniunx —
Finitis gaude tot mihi morte malis.
Quod potes, extenua forti mala corde ferendo.
Ad quae iam pridem non rude pectus habes.
Atque utinam pereant animae cum corpore nostrae,
60 Effugiatque avidos pars mihi nulla rogos.
Nam si morte carens vacua volat altus in aura

Spiritus, et Samii sunt rata dicta senis.
Inter Sarmaticas Romana vagabitur umbras,
Perque feros manes hospita semper erit ;
65 Ossa tamen facito parva referantur in urna :
Sic ego non etiam mortuus exsul ero.
Non vetat hoc quisquam : f ratrem Thebana peremptum

Supposuit tumulo rege vetante soror.
Atque ea cum foliis et amomi pulvere misce,
70 Inque suburbano condita pone solo ;

Quosque legat versus oculo properante viator,
Grandibus in tituli marmore caede notis :

HIC EGO QUI lACEO TENERORUM LUSOR AMORUM
INGENIO PERT! NASO POETA MEG :
75 AT TIBI QUI TRANSIS NE SIT GRAVE QUISQUIS AMASTI
DICERE NASONIS MOLLITER OSSA CUBENT.

TRISTIA 219

Hoc satis in titulo est. Etenim maiora libelli

Et diuturna magis sunt monumenta mihi,
Quos ego confido, quamvis nocuere, daturos
80 Nomen et auctori tempora longa suo.
Tu tamen exstincto feralia munera semper

Deque tuis lacrimis umida serta dato.
Quamvis in cineres corpus mutaverit ignis,

Sentiet officium maesta favilla pium.
85 Scribere plura libet. Sed vox mihi fessa loquendo

Dictandi vires siccaque lingua negat.
Accipe supremo dictum mihi forsitan ore,

Quod, tibi qui mittit, non habet ipse, vale !

[Ovid^s gratitude to those friends at Rome who stood by him in his
troubles, and their unwillingness to be named in his letters lest they
also be involved, are well illustrated in the following selection (V, ix).]

. O tua si sineres in nostris nomina poni

Carminibus, positus quam mihi saepe fores !
Te canerem solum, meriti memor, inque libellis
Crevisset sine te pagina nulla meis.
5 Quid tibi deberem, tota sciretur in urbe,
Exsul in amissa si tamen urbe legor.
Te praesens mitem nosset, te serior aetas,

Scripta vetustatem si modo nostra ferunt.
Nee tibi cessaret doctus bene dicere lector.
10 Hie te servato vate maneret honor.

Caesaris est primum munus, quod ducimus auras ;

Gratia post magnos est tibi habenda deos.
lUe dedit vitam ; tu, quam dedit ille, tueris,
Et facis accepto munere posse frui.
IS Cumque perhorruerit casus pars maxima nostros,
Pars etiam credi pertimuisse velit,
Naufragiumque meum tumulo spectarit ab alto,

220 THE WORKS OF OVID

Nec dederit nanti per freta saeva manum,
Seminecem Stygia revocasti solus ab unda.
ao Hoc quoque, quod memores possumus esse, tuum est.
Di tibi se tribuant cum Caesare semper amicos :

Non potuit votum plenius esse meum.
Haec meus argutis, si tu paterere, libellis

Poneret in multa luce videnda labor ;
25 Nunc quoque se, quamvis est iussa quiescere, quin te

Nominet invitum, vix mea Musa tenet.
Utque canem pavidae nactum vestigia cervae

Latrantem f rustra copula dura tenet ;
Utque fores nondum reserati carceris acer
30 Nunc pede, nunc ipsa fronte lacessit equus,
Sic mea lege data vincta atque inclusa Thalia

Per titulum vetiti nominis ire cupit.
Ne tamen officio memoris laedaris amici,

Parebo iussis — parce timere — tuis.
35 At non parerem, si non meminisse putares.

Hoc quod non prohibet vox tua, gratus ero.
Dumque — quod o breve sit ! — lumen vitale videbo,

Serviet officio spiritus iste tuo.

[The poet's autobiography, which has been given in full at the begin-
ning of this volume, also belongs to this period, being the tenth number
of the fourth book. While it is of a somewhat more general character
than the other poems written from exile, still it manifests the same
longing to keep his name and memory alive in the world of men and
letters, from which he had been driven, and the same disposition to
dwell upon that unnamed cause of his banishment, so mysterious to us,
though perhaps well known to Ovid's contemporaries.

One selection from the Epistulae Ex Ponto will illustrate the general
character of all, showing Ovid's bitter repining at his hard lot, upon
which he dwells in detail ; his reiterated prayers to his friends to inter-
cede for him with the Emperor, and his abject subservience to that
prince's will]

EPISTULAE EX PONTO 221

I, II. Maxime, qui tanti mensuram nominis imples
Et geminas animi nobilitate genus :
Qui nasci ut posses, quamvis cecidere trecenti,
Non omnes Fabios abstulit una dies :
5 Forsitan haec a quo mittatur epistula, quaeras,
Quisque loquar tecum, certior esse velis.
Ei mihi ! quid f aciam ? Vereor ne nomine lecto
8 Durus et aversa cetera mente legas.
II Videris : audebo tibi me scripsisse f ateri

Qui, cum me poena dignum graviore fuisse
Confitear, possum vix graviora pati.
15 Hostibus in mediis interque pericula versor,
Tamquam cum patria pax sit adempta mihi :
Qui, mortis saevo geminent ut vulnere causas,

Omnia vipereo spicula f elle linunt.
His eques instructus perterrita moenia lustrat
ao More lupi clausas circueuntis oves ;
At simul intentus nervo levis arcus equino,
Vincula semper habens inresoluta, canet,
Tecta rigent fixis veluti vallata sagittis,
Portaque vix firma submovet arma sera.
25 Adde loci faciem nee fronde nee arbore laeti,
Et quod iners hiemi continuatur hiems.
Hie me pugnantem cum frigore cumque sagittis

Cumque meo fato quarta fatigat hiems.
Fine carent lacrimae, nisi cum stupor obstitit illis,
30 Et similis morti pectora torpor habet.
Felicem Nioben, quamvis tot f unera vidit,
Quae posuit sensum, saxea facta, mali !
Vos quoque felices, quarum clamantia fratrem
Cortice velavit populus ora novo.
35 lUe ego sum, lignum qui non admittar in uUum :

222 THE WORKS OF OVID

lUe ego sum, frustra qui lapis esse velim.
Ipsa Medusa oculis veniat licet obvia nostris,

Amittet vires ipsa Medusa suas.
Vivimus, ut numquam sensu careamus amaro,
40 Et gravior longa fit mea poena mora.

Sic inconsumptum Tityi semperque renascens

Non perit, ut possit saepe perire, iecur.
At, puto, cum requies medicinaque publica curae

Somnus adest, solitis nox venit orba malis.
45 Somnia me terrent veros imitantia casus,

Et vigilant sensus in mea damna mei.
Aut ego Sarmaticas videor vitare sagittas,

Aut dare captivas ad fera vincla manus.
Aut ubi decipior melioris imagine somni,
50 Aspicio patriae tecta relicta meae.

Et modo vobiscum, quos sum veneratus, amici,

Et modo cum cara coniuge multa loquor.
Sic ubi percepta est brevis et non vera voluptas,

Peior ab admonitu fit status iste boni.
55 Sive dies igitur caput hoc miserabile cemit,

Sive pruinosi noctis aguntur equi.
Sic mea perpetuis liquefiunt pectora curis,

Ignibus admotis ut nova cera solet.
Saepe precor mortem, mortem quoque deprecor idem,
60 Ne mea Sarmaticum contegat ossa solum.
Cum subit, Augusti quae sit dementia, credo

MoUia naufragiis litora posse dari.
Cum video, quam sint mea fata tenacia, f rangor ;

Spesque levis magno victa timore cadit.
65 Nee tamen ulterius quicquam sperove precorve,

Quam male mutato posse carere loco.
Aut hoc, aut nihil est, pro me temptare modeste

Gratia quod salvo vestra pudore queat.

EPISTULAE EX PONTO 223

Suscipe, Romanae facundia, Maxime, linguae
70 Difiicilis causae mite patrocinium.

Est mala, confiteor, sed te bona fiet agente :

Lenia pro misera fac modo verba fuga.
Nescit enim Caesar, quamvis deus omnia norit,
Ultimus hie qua sit condicione locus.
75 Magna tenent illud numen molimina rerum ;
Haec est caelesti pectore cura minor.
Nee vacat, in qua sint positi regione Tomitae,

Quaerere, finitimo vix loca nota Getae ;
Aut quid Sauromatae faciant, quid lazyges acres,
80 Cultaque Oresteae Taurica terra deae ;

Quaeque aliae gentes, ubi frigore constitit Hister,

Dura meant celeri terga per amnis equo.
Maxima pars hominum nee te, pulcherrima, curat,
Roma, nee Ausonii militis arma timet.
85 Dant illis animos arcus plenaeqiie pharetrae,
Quamque libet longis cursibus aptus equus,
Quodque sitim didicere diu tolerare famemque,
Quodque sequens nullas hostis habebit aquas.
Ira viri mitis npn me misisset in istam,
90 Si satis haec illi nota fuisset humus.

Nee me, nee quemquam Romanum gauclet ab hoste,

Meque minus, vitam cui dabat ipse, capi.
Noluit, ut poterat, minimo me perdere nutu.
Nil opus est ullis in mea fata Getis.
95 Sed neque, cur morerer, quicquam mihi comperit
actum,
Et minus infestus, quam fuit, esse potest.
Tunc quoque nil fecit, nisi quod f acere ipse coegi :

Paene etiam merito parcior ira meo est.
Di faciant igitur, quorum iustissiraus ipse est,
100 Alma nihil mains Caesare terra ferat :

224

THE WORKS OF OVID

Utque diu sub eo sit publica sarcina rerum,

Perque manus huius tradita gentis eat.
At tu tam placido, quam nos quoque sensimus ilium,

ludice pro lacrimis or a resolve raeis.
105 Non potito, ut bene sit ; sed uti male tutius, utque

Exsilium saevo distet ab hoste meum :
Quamque dedere mihi praesentia numina vitam,

Non adimat stricto squalidus ense Getes :
Denique, si moriar, subeam pacatius arvum,
no Ossa nee a Scythica nostra premantur humo,
Nee male compositos, ut scilicet exsule dignum,

Bistonii cineres ungula pulset equi :
Et ne, si superest aliquis post funera sensus,

Terreat et manes Sarmatis umbra meos.
IIS Caesaris haec animum poterant audita movere,

Maxime, movissent si tamen ante tuum.
Vox, precor, Augustas pro me tua molliat aures,

Auxilio trepidis quae solet esse reis :
Adsuetaque tibi doctae dulcedine linguae
lao Aequandi superis pectora flecte viri.

Non tibi Theromedon crudusque rogabitur Atreus,

Quique suis homines pabula fecit equis ;
Sed piger ad poenas princeps, ad praemia velox,

Quique dolet, quotiens cogitur esse f erox ;
125 Qui vicit semper, victis ut parcere posset,

Clausit et aeterna civica bella sera :
Multa metu poenae, poena qui pauca coercet,

Et iacit invita fulmina rara manu.
Ergo tam placidas orator missus ad aures,
130 Ut propior patriae sit fuga nostra, roga.
I He ego sum, qui te colui, quem festa solebat

Inter convivas mensa videre tuos.
lUe ego, qui duxi vestros Hymenaeon ad ignes.

EPISTULAE EX PONTO 22$

Et cecini f austo carmina digna toro ;
135 Cuius te solitum memini laudare libellos
Exceptis, domino qui nocuere suo ;
Cui tua nonnumquam miranti scripta legebas.
lUe ego, de vestra cui data nupta domo est.
Hanc probat et primo dilectam semper ab aevo
140 Est inter comites Marcia censa suas,
Inque suis habuit matertera Caesaris ante :
Quarum iudicio siqua probata, proba est.
Ipsa sua melior fama, laudantibus istis,
Claudia divina non eguisset ope.
145 Nos quoque praeteritos sine labe peregimus annos :
Proxima pars vitae transilienda meae.
Sed de me ut sileam, coniunx mea sarcina vestra est :

Non potes hanc salva dissimulare fide.
Conf ugit haec ad vos, vestras amplectitur aras —
150 lure venit cultos ad sibi quisque deos —
Flensque rogat, precibus lenito Caesare vestris,
Busta sui fiant ut propiora viri.

THE POETIC FORM OF OVID'S WORKS

I. THB DACTYLIC HBZAMBTSR

This is the great epic and didactic measure introduced
from the Greek into Latin literature by the poet Ennius,
in his historical epic, the Annates, He was followed in
this by all the satirists, — Lucilius (for the most part),
Horace, Persius, and Juvenal, — ^ whose poetry, as Horace
himself said, was in outward form only ; by Lucretius, in
his great work on natural philosophy, De Natura Rerum ;
and by Vergil, in all his works. Though the Aeneid, his
greatest work, shows some metrical defects, — which the
author would doubtless have removed, had he lived to
do so, — Vergil will stand as the poet who advanced the
noble measure to its highest state of perfection, and will
be considered, as Tennyson has styled him, —

<< Wielder of the stateliest measure ever molded by the lips of man.**

It was in the Dactylic Hexameter that Ovid wrote his
longest poem, and probably his greatest work, — though
he himself seems not so to have regarded it, — the Meta-
morphoses, Many students will in this poem meet their
first Latin verse, while more advanced students will come
to it with a wider range of metrical knowledge. It is

227

228 THE POETIC FORM OF OVID'S WORKS

for the interest and instruction of both these classes that
the following notes are prepared.

Let the beginner read the following lines {Met I. 89
and following) aloud repeatedly, giving careful heed to the
correct enunciation of the Latin words. Let him continue
this until he feels a sense of rhythm, and then advance to
a consideration of the verses in detail.

Aurea | prima sajta (e)st ae|t:as, || quae | vindice | nuUo
Sponte su|a, || sine | lege fi|dem || rec|tumque co|lebat.
Poena mejtusque abe|rant, || nee | verba mi|nacia | fixo
Aere le|geban|tur, || nee | supplex | turba ti|mebat
ludicis I ora su|i, || sed ejrant sine | vindice | tuti.
Nondum | caesa su|is, || pere|grinum ut | viseret | orbem,
Montibus | in liqui|das || pi|nus de|scenderat | undas,
Nullaque | mortajles || praejter sua | litora | norant.
Nondum | praecipi|tes || cin|gebant | oppida | fossae :
Non tuba | direc|ti, || non | aeris | cornua \ flexi,
Non gale|ae, || non | ensis e|rant : || sine | militis | usu
Mollia I secu|rae || perajgebant | otia | gentes.
Ipsa quo|que immujnis || rasjtroque in|tacta nee | uUis
Saucia | vomeri|bus || per | se dabat | omnia | tellus ;
Conten|tique ci|bis || nul|lo co|gente cre|atis
Arbute|os fe|tus || mon|tanaque | fraga le|gebant
Comaque et | in du|ris || hae|rentia | mora | rubetis
Et quae | decidejrant || patu|la lovis | arbore, | glandes.
Ver erat | aeter|num, || placi|dique te|pentibus | auris
Mulce|bant zephy|ri || na|tos sine | semine | flores.
Mox eti|am fru|ges || tel|lus ina|rata fe|rebat,
Nee reno|vatus a|ger || gravi|dis ca|nebat a|ristis :
Flumina | iam lac|tis, || iam | flumina | nectaris | ibant,
Flavaque | de viri|di || stil|labant | ilice | mella.

THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER

229

Number, value.

A consideration of the metrical structure of

o^the constitu- these lines shows that each is divided into six
thevc*^*'****' regularly recurring cadences; and that these
cadences, measures or feet are composed
either of two long syllables or beats (a spondee), or of
one long and two short beats (a dactyl) ; and that they
are consequently equal in respect to the time required to
pronounce them. The last foot in each line differs from
the others in that it may be either a spondee, filling up
the full time of the measure, or a trochee, composed of a
long and a short beat followed by a rest equivalent in
time to a short beat. The first two lines are represented
both metrically and musically as follows : —

JJJ

I I I

a 4 0

I I I
a 4 *

JJ}

J ' I

J JJJ JJx

I

Quantity the It will be Seen from these considerations

inLatin'verae. that the rhythm of Latin verse depends upon
the quantity of the syllables which compose it.
If due attention has been paid to the subject of quantity
from the beginning of the study of Latin, the student will
experience little difficulty at this point, particularly in the
Hexameter, whose mechanical structure is simple. If this
has not been the case, the student should master at the
outset a few of the simpler principles, especially those
which include quantity by position and quantity of final
and increment syllables. For these, the following refer-

230 THE POETIC FORM OF OVID'S WORKS

ences may be consulted: 11.687-711(576-586); M. 16-22;
A. 347-351 ; G. 702-713; B. 5, 362-365.

While mastering these principles, the student should
put them into practice by attempting to read Latin verse
at once. Let him get the swing of the hexameter by
repeatedly reading aloud the verses printed above, ob-
serving the application of the principles of quantity
which he is considering.

The metrical Meanwhile, observe that there is a musical

accent and tho or metrical stress falling upon the first syllable

word accent. .

in each measure. This stress, m the last two
feet of each line, coincides with the word-accent, but does
not regularly do so in the other feet. It is the traditional
theory that the word-accent is lost when it falls upon a
syllable that does not bear the metrical stress. The oppo-
site theory, advanced notably by Professor W. G. Hale
{Proceedings of the Am. Phil, Ass., 1895, p. xxvi), is that,
beside quantity, both word-accent and metrical stress were
given by the Romans in reading verse. While the exact
facts can probably never be known, it is likely that only
a slight stress, whether metrical or word, was given by
the Romans themselves.
Slurring of The rhythm of Latin verse further requires

final sylUbles, ., ^ . . . . .,

80-caiied Eli- ^^^ practical suppression of certain easily
8ion. slurred final syllables coming before a word

beginning with a vowel or the simple breathing A. These
letters are any vowel or vowel with m, or a diphthong.
The slurred part is retained sufficiently to indicate to the
ear its presence in the verse, but not enough to count in
the time. It is the second or receiving element which
^ves the time to the resultant syllable. In the case of

THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER 23 1

est following a syllable or letter that would ordinarily
be slurred, the reverse takes place ; ue, the e is lost, and
st is pronounced with the preceding unchanged word.

Omission of slurring {Hiatus) rarely occurs. In the nearly
four thousand lines selected from the Metamorphoses for the
present edition, only the following cases occur : —

I> 363. O uti|nam pos|sem \ popujlos repa|rare pa|temis.
756. Et tulit I ad Clyme|n^/« \ Epa|phi con|vicia | matrem.

II, 244. Et celer | Isme|nos || cum | Phegia|c<? Ery|mantho.

Ill, 467. O utijnam a nosjtro | se|cedere | corpora | possem !
501. Verba lo|cus ; \ dic|toque va|le, \ *val^* | inquit et | Echo.

In this line note the double peculiarity of hiatus and the
shortening of final e in the second vale,

V, 409. Est medi|um Cya|nes || et | Pisae|a^ Are|thusa.
625. Et bis *\\o Are|thus^j, i\o Are|thusa!* vo|cavit.

In this line note that there is a triple hiatus. In such
cases, including the two lines in which O occurs, hiatus is
regularly found, since it is evident that the word could not
be slurred without undue loss to its integrity as a word.

No instance is found, in the hexameters of this edition,
of a letter at the end of a line slurring over to the begin-
ning of the next line {Synapheiay Vergil allows, in all,
twenty such hypermetric lines, the syllable concerned
being, in all but two cases, the enclitic -qtie.

The polished hexameter of the Augustan period avoids
frequent and harsh slurrings, although these abound to
excess in the earlier poets, e.g, Ennius, Lucilius, and
Lucretius. Some specimens of Lucilian harshness are
seen in the following: —

232 THE POETIC FORM OF OVID'S WORKS

Praetextae ac tunicae, Lydorum opus sordidulum omne.
Ad cenam adducam et primum hisce abdomina thunni.
Ceteri item, in capulo hunc non esse aliumque cubare.

Slurring in good verse is rare in the fifth foot, and so
rare in the sixth as to be almost unknown. The only
cases which these selections from the Metamorphoses
present are: II, 86; IV, 103; VII, 12; XV, 214.

In general it may be said of Ovid's verse that it is
remarkably smooth in the matter of elision, even when
compared with Vergil. Only a few lines show any ap-
proach to roughness, and these, if compared with such
standards as the lines just quoted from Lucilius (which
are typical), are not noticeably harsh,
siurrin within Analogous to the slurring of a final letter
•word, fiynae-. or letters, in its eflFect both upon the ear and
upon the rhythm of the verse, is the slurring
of two vowels coming together within a word {Synaeresis),
In both cases there is the sounding of two letters with
the time of one, and in both, with the exception of deerat,
it is the second element which gives the time to the
resultant syllable. The following instances of Synaeresis
occur in these selections: I, 77, d^^rat; 292. d^^rant; 353.
(et passim) dWnde; 423. alv^^; 461. (et passim) nesc/V?;
V, 201. Pers^/; VII, 151. aur^^^ ; 247. oimea; IX, 51.
r^icere; XIII, 366. ant^/t ; 819. d^^runt.
In!^""^^^ ^^^ metrical effect of both final and medial

ing of a short

syuabio. Diaa' slurrmg is to shorten the line to the propor-
tions required by the rhythm. To produce
the opposite effect of gaining time, resort is sometimes
had, though rarely in Ovid, to the lengthening of a short

THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER 233

syllable {Diastole), as, for example, in the following pas-
sages : I, 193. faunique ; II, 247. Taenarius ; V, 484. side-
raque; VII, 265. seminaque; XIII, 257. Alastoraque.

It will be seen that the lengthened syllable in each of
these cases is the accented syllable of the foot, which is in
itself an indication that the metrical accent of the verse
had a perceptible influence in determining rhythm. In
every instance but one, the lengthened syllable in the
cases quoted above is the enclitic -que, Vergil lengthens
-qtie seventeen times, and rather freely uses the license
of diastole in a large variety of other final syllables.

Conversely, a long syllable may be shortened for
metrical purposes {Systole), as seen in III, 501: —

. Verba lo|cus ; dic|toque va|le * val€ *| ! inquit et | Echo.

The position As to the character of the different feet in

jmceof dactyls the hexameter verse, it has been seen that
Thcflfthlmd ^^^ ^^^^ ^^^^ ^^ always either a spondee oj
sixth feet. a trochee. The fifth foot is, except in rare
instances, a dactyl. So rare is the spondee
in the fifth foot that lines having this peculiarity are
named spondaic lines. The following instances occur in
these selections: I, 14, 62, 117, 193, 690, 732; II, 226,
247; V, 607; VI, 247; VII, 114. It will be seen that the
lines all end in a polysyllabic word, frequently a difficult
proper name.

The first four feet in a hexameter verse may be either
dactyls or spondees. The proportion of these varies in
different authors. In the verses of Homer, the dactyls far
outnumber the spondees, being about 68 per cent of all.
In the Latin writers, the two feet are about equally pro-

234 THE POETIC FORM OF OVID'S WORKS

portioned, the spondees preponderating by a small percent-
age, except in Ovid, whose lines are noticeably dactylic
in effect. In the first foot, however, the dactyl is favored
by all, in Ovid especially so, whose line initials are even
more preponderatingly dactylic than Homer's. A large
number of the lines of the Metamorphoses are composed
entirely of dactyls with the exception of the sixth foot.
Some examples of this are: I, 143, 158, 234, yy^\ II, 32,
34, 158, 19s; IV, 675, 696; V, 36s, 400; VI, 172, 174,
176, 304; VIII, 67s; IX, 134; X, 14, 15; XIII, 35, 267,
273. Since the thought in these lines does not, as a rule,
require rapidity of expression, it is evident that Ovid
chooses the rapid style for its own sake.

An unusual line for Ovid, both in its monosyllabic
character and consequent slow movement, is VII, 40.*
The rhetorical If the model lines are again examined, it
Jmhinafool will be seen that each is rhetorically broken
IZZTafemh' ^y ^ ^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ noticeable pause (marked ||)
nine. falling in all but three lines in the middle of

the third foot, i,e, after the first or metrically accented
syllable. In the exceptional lines, the pause falls in
one case (1. 89) in the fourth foot ; and in the other two
(11. 90 and 99) there are two such pauses, falling in the
second and fourth feet respectively. Such a pause as is
here described is called the caesural pause of the line.
The above-mentioned distribution of the caesural pause
pretty accurately represents Ovid's usage as to the posi-
tion of the caesura. A comparison with the corresponding
feature of Vergil's hexameter shows that he is much more
careful to secure variety by breaking consecutive lines
differently, than is Ovid.

THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER 235

As has been said, the pause regularly falls after the
first or accented syllable of the foot {Masculine Caesura),
In infrequent instances, however, the rhetorical pause of
the line falls between the two short or unaccented syllables
of a dactyl {Feminine Caesura\ as in the following lines: —

VI, 246. Membra so|lo posujere ; J si{mul su|preroa ia|centes.
XIII, 77. Si perjstas cer|tare, || lojcum redejamus in | ilium.

It is a metrical fault for a line to be so constructed that
no such pause occurs ; also to have any considerable pro-
portion of the words in a line coincide with the feet, thus
forming what may be called a mechanical or prose line.
From this fault, Ovid is singularly free. The following
lines exhibit this fault to a slight extent: IX, 208, 209;
XV, 868. Much more mechanical is Lucretius, e,g, —

I, 244. At nunc, | inter | se || quia | nexus | principi|orum ;

and the most extreme case known is the following line
from the Satires of Ennius : —

Sparsis | hastis | longis | campus | splendet et | horret.

Line endings, A glauce at Ovid's lines shows that his
^nosy c, f^^Qj-j^.^ ending is a word of two or three syl-
lables. So in Vergil. Lucretius, more than
any other poet, is fond of a resounding polysyllabic end-
ing. In all, it is considered a metrical blemish to end
a line with a monosyllable, unless it be the absorbed est^
or unless the ending be used intentionally for dramatic
effect or for emphasis, as in Horace {A, P, 139): —

Parturient montes, nascetur ridiculus mus;

236 THE POETIC FORM OF OVID'S WORKS

where the monosyllabic ending represents the insignificant
outcome of the great preparations suggested by the other-
wise high-sounding line.

As a rule, however, the prevalence of this ending is a
fair test as to the smoothness of a writer's hexameters in
other respects. Of the extant fragments of the Annates
of Ennius (about 430 full lines), 10 per cent have the
monosyllabic ending; of the fragments of Lucilius (1000
lines), 6.3 per cent; in Lucretius, 3.5 per cent; in Horace,
8.3 per cent; in Juvenal, 7 per cent; in Vergil and Ovid,
not more than J of i per cent of the lines have this ending.
Auiurauon, One of the most noticeable features of the

kindxed effects earlier Latin poetry is the fondness of its
fcatwof** writers for multiplying similar sounds at the
(Md'8 style, beginning of words and accented syllables.
In the crude poetry of early English literature, this allit-
erative principle seems to have been the basis of rhythm ;
but among the early Latin writers it is probably nothing
more than an attempt to embellish their lines by what
was considered an artistic devise. A pleasant effect is
undoubtedly produced by this means, if used in mod-
eration. The fault, however, of such writers as Ennius,
and to a less extent of Lucretius, is that they are carried
away by these jingles, and use them until they are no
longer pleasing. Ennius runs riot in alliteration. Nearly
20 per cent of his lines are marked by this feature. Ex-
treme examples of his alliterative verse are as follows : —

Machina multa minax molitur maxima muris.
Si luci, si nox, si mox, si iam data sit frux.
O Tite tute Tati tibi tanta tyranne tulisti.

THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER 237

Vergil does not make alliteration a feature of his verse,
at least so far as conscious striving for this effect is
concerned.

Ovid, on the other hand, while he nowhere goes quite
to the extreme of Ennius, did consciously and constantly
avail himself of alliterative effects. Alliteration in two
letters is very common. In these lines, the words which
begin with the same letter are generally connected rhetori-
cally. Many of the lines contain two pairs of alliterated
words, e.g, VII, 96; XIII, 93. Alliteration in three let-
ters is also common, e.g. II, JT^ 82; III, 481; X, 44;
XIII, 83, 84. Ovid's most extreme alliterative lines are
as follows; II, 155, 170; V, 473; VI, 312; VII, 136;
IX, 80; XIII, 87, 116, 577.

The same taste which led the Latin poets to alliteration
is displayed in their frequent attempts to produce a jin-
gling or rhyming effect at the end of two or more words
in a line. Whether such attempts are to be considered as
the origin of the modern rhyme is a question which cannot
be answered ; and yet the fondness for such effects, dis-
played by many of the Latin poets, is significant. This
is shown very strongly in Ennius, and perhaps most of
all in Lucretius. Ovid also makes use of assonance with
extreme frequency. The following lines illustrate this
echoing or rhyming effect: —

I, 130. In Quorum subiere Xocum fraudesque dolique.
307. QuaesiA.fque diu terw, ubi sistere detur.

Other examples are in: II, 27, 215, 235, 245, 249; IV,
83, 147, 480; V, 192, 193, 422, 428, 432, 62s; VI, 219,
250; VII, 139, ^n> 271; VIII, 673; IX, 91, 180; XI,

238 THE POETIC FORM OF OVID'S WORKS

142; XIII, 303, 304, 361, 844; XV, 754, in. 758. It
will be seen, upon examination, that the syllables here in
question fall in the masculine caesurae in the second and
fourth feet. There can be little doubt that the poet con-
sciously aims to produce an echoing effect in these lines.
This effect can be produced only by giving prominence
to {i,e, by accenting) the similar syllables ; and since these
syllables are word finals, this requires an accent which is
not the proper accent of the word.

A favorite line ending with Ovid is seen in I, 129, 130.
Over fifty such endings occur, with the similarly duplicated
enclitic -ve,

Ovid's fondness for jingles is further illustrated in such
phrases as the following : il/f /^vem ; adveh^r Ortygiam ;
Heli^^na ^^lentes ; conz//da i//rtae ; Z^rtona re^tis ; dei^^
fne\%\ txise sex)S&\ Q\3Msere serae ; tex^ ora fnitex; voce
vocatur; pecoris s/^rtans; senti^i/ at; tantae . . . Tanta-
lides; Lem«^j nos\xo\ spoli^rrs eriX.\ nobis altera nobi^-
tas; remora/«ri/«n)s; silz/wet wus; septem^i/a^i^mina;
\xnus onus.

In this class of jingles, Lucretius easily excels all other
Latin poets. In the actual repetition of words and phrases,
however, Ovid outdoes even Lucretius. This repetition
extends from such simple cases as —

I, 240. Occidit una domus : sed non domus una perire,

through air phases of line initial, medial and final repeti-
tion, with duplication of part lines and half lines, to almost
complete line repetition, such as, —

I> 325, 326. Et superesse virum de tot modo raUlibus unum,
Et superesse videt de tot modo millibus unam.

THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER 239

For further illustrations of this most prominent feature of
Ovid's poetic form, turn to the following passages ; —

I, 248, 249. ^orma JixHirz., rogant : quis sit la/e^rus in aras
Turz.} ferispe /aret /opulandas /radere /erras?

and 325, 326 (line repetition with slight changes); 361,
362 (second half line repeated); 481, 482 (first half line
repeated); 514, 515 (double word repetition); 742 (double
jingle: que in quinos dil^/^a abs}xm\XMx)\ II, 280, 281
(double phrase repetition with chiasmus); III, 98 (a per-
fectly symmetrical chiasmic arrangement of a double re-
peated phrase); 446 (the same as in 98); 465 (triple word
repetition); IV, 152, 153; 713 (double word repetition with
chiasmus and triple alliteration) ; V, 345 (triple word repe-
tion; two in parallel order, and one in chiasmic order);
369, 370; 483; VII, 197, 198 (remarkable repetition of
-que, and double word repetition in beginning and medial
positions); VIII, 673 (every word but one containing an
echoing syllable : Dantque lo^^^;;; vatnsis pdiulum j^ducta
secundts); 714, 715 (triple word repetition); IX, 36-38
(11. 36 and 37 are held together by vtcem and ctrvicem;
while 37 and 38 are joined by cap tat and cap tare); 44,
45 (three pairs of repeated words, with quadruple allit-
eration in one line, and two pairs of double alliteration
in the other); 207-210 (a strongly onomatopoetic passage
with many repetitions); XIII, 284; XV, 757,. 7S8 (in one
line, triple ending in -os and double in -isse, every word
but et being involved ; in the other, triple ending in -um
and one in -tsse).

These passages, containing every possible variety of
alliteration, assonance, anaphora, double, triple, and quad-

240 THE POETIC FORM OF OVID'S WORKS

ruple echoes, repetitions in parallel and chiasmic order,
exhibit an amazing fluency which amounts to an almost
fatal facility of language. Add to this the ceaseless, swift
gallop of his lines, of which mention has already been
made, and it will be seen that Ovid is a past master in the
use of the Hexameter — a veritable juggler in language.

II. THE ELEGIAC DISTICH

The first appearance of this species of verse in Roman
poetry is in the Epigrammata of Ennius, of which the
following lines, upon the poet himself, are a good illus-
tration:—

Aspici|te 6 ci|v^s, || senis | 6nni i|mdgims | f6rmam !

Hie ves|tnim pan|xit ^ mixima | ficta pa|trtim.
N^mo I m^ lacru|mis deco|r^t || nee | fiinera | fl^tu

Fdxit. I Ciir? voli|t6 # vivu' per | 6ra vi|nim.

Marcus Terentius Varro employed the same verse, to a
limited extent, in his Menippean satires. The following
passage, of which the initial hexameter line is lost, is
among the extant fragments : —

Ndtu|ra hiima|nls # 6mnia | siint pari|i :
Qui pote I pWs, ur|g6t, || pis|cis ut | sa^pe mi|niitos
Mdgnu' co|m6st, 'ut a|v6s # ^nicat | iccipi|t^r.

In Catullus, Carmina 65-116 are in the elegiac distich.
This poet is probably the first of the Latins to use the
distich in the true elegiac (mournful) strain, as illustrated
in Carmen 65, in which he laments the death of his
brother : —

THE ELEGIAC DISTICH 24I

NQmquam ego | t^ vijtd ^ friter a{mdbili|6r
Aspici|im postjhdc : I at | c^rte | semper a|mdbo,

Samper | ma^sta tu|i ^ cdrmina | m6rte ca|ndm,
Quilia I silb den{sis || Ta|m6run] | c6nciDit | lirabris

Dadlias | ibsumpjti # fUta ge{m^ns Ity|li.

But the distich reaches its highest perfection of devel-
opment in the more properly styled elegiac poets, Pro-
pertius, TibuUus, and Ovid,, in whose hands it becomes
the ready instrument for the expression of the passion
of love. For Ovid's own account of the measure, and
the origin of his use of it, read Amores^ I, i, and see
notes upon this.

The elegiac distich, as will have been observed above,
is composed of a dactylic hexameter line followed by a
(wrongly so-called) pentameter. It is to this pentameter
only that the attention of the student need be called.
In the selections quoted above, and in the minor works
of Ovid {Le, all except the Metamorphoses)^ observe the
following facts : —

1. The distich is a true couplet, — a unit, not alone
in form, but in thought, — which is brought to a close
by the pentameter line; so that the sense rarely goes
over uncompleted into the next hexameter. In this
respect, compare the English rhymed couplet, e,g, of
Pope.

2. The pentameter line, as has been suggested above,
is wrongly so called. Properly considered, it is a dactylic
hexameter with the unaccented part of the third and sixth
feet suppressed. In theory, the remaining syllable has the
time of the entire foot.

3. The line is usually broken rhetorically after the

OVID — 16

242 THE POETIC FORM OF OVID'S WORKS

accented part of the third foot. This break in the pen-
tameter is marked in the lines above thus #, and divides
the line into two equal parts. There are many lines, how-
ever, in which there is no rhetorical break here, e.g, —

Tiphys in Haemonia puppe magister erat

4. In the first half, substitution of spondees for dactyls
is freely admitted, while in the second half no substitution
is allowed. Here the dactyl only is found. Hence the
verse scheme is as follows : —

5. Elision, especially in Ovid, is exceedingly rare in the
second half of the line.

6. It is Ovid's almost universal rule to end the penta-
meter with a dissyllable. The older poets, as seen above,
had no such practice.

7. It is a very common thing in Ovid for the two words
which end the two halves of the pentameter to be noun
and adjective in agreement, having the same ending, thus

y forming an assonance or rhyme ; e,g, —

Venerat, antiqu«j miscueratque comoj.

Oftentimes the echo of the sound is secured, although the
two ends are unconnected in construction ; e,g, —

Ille fuit. Ma/rr* proxima iusta tu/i.

Again, the two words may be in agreement, though the
final sounds are not identical, as in the following line : —

Prodita sum caus/> una puella tribi^.

NOTES

H=Harkness' Complete Latin Grammar, references to Harkness' Standard
Grammar being inclosed in parentheses; M=Mooney; A» Allen ft Greenough;
Ga=Gildersleeve; B= Bennett

THE LIFE OF OVID {TrisHa, IV, lo)

Page 11. — i. ** Who I was, that playful poet of the tender loves." Refer-
ence is made to the love poems of Ovid's youth. The present poem
was written at the end of his life, after the completion of his greater
and more serious works. But the poet passes over these, and introduces
himself to posterity merely as the writer of amatory verse.

3. Snlmo : a town of the Peligni, lying almost due east of Rome, watered by

cool mountain streams {gelidis undis). Ovid claims {Fast, IV, 79) that
the town was named from Solymus, one of the followers of Aeneas.
For a further account of the poet's birthplace, see Amores, III, xv,
p. 32, of this book.

4. ab Urbe : to a Roman, urbs, unless otherwise defined, referred, as a matter

of course, to Rome, the city,/ar excellence. See Quintilian (VI, 3, 103) :
" After the term Urbs, even though no distinguishing proper name was
added, came to be understood as referring to Rome."

6. cum cecidit : i,e. in 43 B.C. The two consuls were Hirtius and Pansa, who,
after the death of Caesar, had taken sides against Antony. They fell in
a successful attack upon that general, who was besieging D. Brutus
in Mutina.

8. '* Not made a knight by fortune's gift alone." His was an ancient order
of knighthood, descended to him from a remote ancestor, and not con-
ferred by fortune's latest whirl. In these lines, Ovid substantially repeats
what he had said in the Amoves (III, xv, 5, 6, p. 32), where militiae tur-
bine is substituted for fortunae munere, both phrases having reference
to the sudden promotion which had come to many as the reward of
service in the civil wars.

11. "The same morning dawned upon the natal day of both." In the three

lines (10-12) there is a threefold statement that the birth anniversary
of the poet and his brother fell on the same day.

12. litM: the libum was a kind of pancake, the composition of which is thus

described by Cato {de Re Rustica, 75) : " Make the libum after the fol-
243

244 THE LIFE OF OVID (TRISTIA, IV) [P. ii

lowing fashion : take two parts of cheese and rub up well in a mortar.
To this add one pound of wheaten flour, and mix well with the cheese.
Add one egg and mix all well together. Make the mixture into a cake,
cover it with leaves, and bake it slowly on the warm hearth." It was
customary to offer such a cake to the gods upon one's birthday.
13-14. In these lines we are told the month and day of Ovid's birth, — the
twentieth of March. The ** five festal days of armor-clad Minerva "
here referred to were the Quin^utUria, which lasted for five days,
March 19-23. Ovid (/brf. Ill, 809-814) thus describes the festival: —

Una dies media est, et fiunt sacra Minervae,
Nomina quae iunctis quinque diebus habent

Sanguine prima vacat, nee fas concurrere ferro :
Causa, quod est ilia nata Minerva die.

Altera tresque super rasa celebrantur harena :
Ensibus ex sertis bellica laeta dea est.

Therefore, ** the first day that was wont to be ensanguined with battle "
would be the first of the last four days, or the twentieth of the month.
Page 12. — 15. ciira parentis : Horace gives us a similar picture of his omtd
father's ambition for his son's education and of his personal super-
vision and care {Satires, I, vi, 71) : "My father, though possessed ©f
but a meager estate, was unwilling to send me to Flavins' school, but was
enterprising enough to take me early in my career to Rome, there
to be instructed in the studies which the sons of knights and senators
pursued."

18. " Born for the wordy forum's ardent strife." His brother chose the pro-

fession of the law. ^ .

19. caelestia sacra : poetry was regarded as sacred, exalted, because inspired

of Heaven. The poet was the priest of the Muses.
22. Maeonides : t.g. Homer. The utilitarian old father could see no good in
that which brought no financial profit.

24. " I strove to write unrhythmic phrases," i.e. prose.

25, ^6. Compare the early experience of Pope, who, no doubt, remembered

his Ovid when he wrote (^Prologue to the Satires) ; —

As yet a child, nor yet a fool to fame,

I lisped in numbers, for the numbers came.

28. liberior toga : otherwise called the toga virilis, the assumption of which

was a sign that the young man had attained his majority, or the age
of sixteen years. The toga praetexta, the dress of boyhood, was at that
time laid aside.

29. lato Clavo : the laHclave was a broad band of purple which adorned the

front of the tunic. It was primarily designed as a mark of senatorial

p. 13] NOTES 245

rank, but the sons of wealthy knights were allowed by Augustus to
assume this badge, since they also might aspire to senatorial dignity.

30. studium nobis manet : each boy entered public life with his early incli-
nations strong upon him.

32. parte mei: the force of these words is somewhat weakened by Ovid's
frequent use of similar expressions. He thus addresses Severus (^Ex
Ponto, I, viii, 2) : Pars animae magna, Severe, meae.

34. The triumvirate was a sort of committee or commission of three, charged

with the police or the mint, as the case might be. The office of the
triumvir was a minor one, which, however, was one of the necessary
steps for the political aspirant.

35, mensura coacta : instead of entering the senate, the badge of which was

the broad purple stripe, which he had assumed as destined to the
senate, Ovid now gave up his political aspirations, and was content
to remain a knight, and wear only the narrow purple stripe of that
order.
Page 13. — 39. Aoniae sorores : the Muses. Aonia, that is, Boeotia, was
especially sacred to the Muses, because here was Mt. Helicon, their
favorite haunt, and many fountains and streams which were conse-
crated to them. Compare Milton (^Paradise Losi^ I, 13) : —

My adventurous song,
That with no middle flight intends to soar
Above the Aonian mount.

42. " And every bard I took to be a god." Such enthusiastic reverence
readily explains, in part, the popularity which Ovid speedily enjoyed
among his brother poets.

44. Macer : this was Aemilius Macer, of Verona, the friend both of Vergil

and Ovid. He wrote a poem on serpents and birds, no trace of which
remains to us. Ovid here implies that he wrote on the healing proper-
ties of herbs also.

45. Propertius : an elegiac poet, about ten years older than Ovid, bom in

Umbria, near the confines of Etruria. Four books of his elegies have
come down to us. He also was of an equestrian family, and his friend-
ship with Ovid seems to have been based on many similarities of taste
and experience.
ignes : the poets frequently call their passionate effusions by the appro-
priate names of ignes, ardores,/lammae, and the like.

46. " Who by bonds of comradeship was joined to me."

47. Ponticus : Propertius addresses two elegies (I, 7 and 9) to this poet, in

the first of which he recommends his friend not to despise love poetry,
and in the second Ponticus is jestingly taunted with being at last in

246 THE LIFE OF OVID (TRISTIA, IV) [P. 13

love. In the first four lines of the seventh elegy, Propertius implies
that Ponticus is writing a heroic poem upon Thebes.

47. Bassus : Propertius addresses the fourth elegy of his first book to this
same Bassus, in which he reproaches that poet for trying to part him
firom his sweetheart, Cynthia. Of this Bassus nothing further is known.

49. Horatius: Horace was Ovid*s senior by twenty-two years. While they
both moved in the same literary circles, there is no evidence in the
works of either poet that they were intimate friends.

5a Ausonia : i.e. Italian. Horace himself (jOdes, III, 30) claims that he
was the first Roman to adapt the Greek lyric meters to Latin verse.

51. Vergilium: Vergil died in B.C. 19, when Ovid was only twenty-four years
old. He spent much of his time, in the later years of his life, at Naples.
These facts, added to the well-known reserved disposition of Vergil,
would account for Ovid's extremely limited acquaintance with him.
Tibiillo : TibuUus was, like Propertius, an elegiac poet, bom at about the
same time with him, and of an equestrian family of considerable wealth ;
but, unlike his friend, he was bom in the city itself. Ovid's love for
TibuUus is testified by the impassioned lament over his death, which
occurred in B.C. 19. This lament is found in the Amores, III, 9.

53. Galle : C. Cornelius Callus was, like TibuUus and Ptopertius, an elegiac

poet, and that of no mean ability. His writings, none of which are
extant, comprised a volume of elegies in four books in praise of a cer-
tain Greek actress, to whom he gives the name of Lycoris. These
elegies are favorably mentioned by Ovid (^Amores, I, 15, 29) : —

Gallus et hesperiis et Gallus notus eois,
El sua cum Gallo nota Lycoris erit

He was also a sincere friend and patron of men of letters, and in
particular of Vergil, whom he introduced to the notice of the great
Maecenas. Vergil's warm friendship and admiration of his friend and
brother-poet are expressed in his sixth and tenth eclogues.

54. The elegiac succession would, then, be Gallus, Tibullus, Propertius, Ovid.

56. Thalia: Ovid here uses the name of a specific muse (the muse of

Comedy), as Horace also frequently does, for poetry in general.

57. " When I first gave public readings of my youthful verse." This practice

of reading one's own productions has already been alluded to in line 45.
The custom was instituted by Asinius PoUio.
60. Corinna : the mistress who inspired his love songs, as did the Lesbia of
Catullus, Lycoris of Gallus, Delia of Tibullus, and Cynthia of Propertius.
What the real name of Corinna was is matter only for conjecture.
This device of addressing an inamorata under an assumed name was
adopted by many English poets.

Pi3]

NOTES

247

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en

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PQ

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sq) jo ^aspisdJ J
Q dptsm sn^snSny-

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u^_ sniadmoj

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248 THE LIFE OF OVID (TRISTIA, IV) [P. 14

Page 14. — 63. " Then, too, on the eve of flight, I burned some works which
would have pleased." Among these works yet in hand was the Meta-
morphoses^ which Ovid was at that time employed in correcting. For-
tunately for posterity, however, this great work was not destroyed.

68. " No scandal was ever connected with my name."

78. lustris: the lustrum was an expiatory sacrifice or lustration made by

the censors at the end of every five years, upon the completion of
the ofEcial census. A lustrum hence came to mean a period of five
years.

79. "I mourned him as he would have mourned for me had I been taken

off."

85-88. Ovid raises questions which to the thinkers of his time were full of
interest, questions which were variously answered but never settled :
when a man dies does anything remain ? does the soul escape the
funeral flames? does news of earthly doings penetrate to the spirit
world ? While Ovid, in more than one passage, boldly asserts belief
in his own immortality, it is more of the enduring life of his literary
fame than of his own personal existence that he speaks.

Page 15. — 90. " The cause of my enforced flight was an unfortunate blunder,
not a deliberate sin."

94. antiqiias comas : i,e, that of the former days of his youth. Ovid is

very fond of this use of antiquus in the sense of " old-time " or
" former." Elsewhere he has antiqua frons^ antiqui capilli^ antiqua
fades, mens, and the like.

95. Pisaea oliva : reference is here made to the Olympic games which were

held in the territory of Pisa. The victor*s crown was a^wreath of wild
olive. Hence the words of the text. These games were held at inter-
vals of four years called Olympiads. Ovid has evidently confounded
the Olympiad with the Roman lustrum, which was a period of five
years.
95» 96. " And since my birth the victorious horse, crowned with Pisa*s olive
wreath, had ten times won the prize." By this whole passage he
means to tell us that he was fifty years old when this calamity came
upon him. As a matter of fact, he was fifty-one years of age, which
would set the date of his banishment in 8 a.d.

96. victor equus: the use of equus instead of eques seems strange here

until we remember that Pindar twice chants the praises of the victori-
ous korse. Horace refers to this feature of Pindar's verse in Odes, IV,
2,17.

97. For a full description of the place and circumstances of Ovid*s exile,

see the selections from the Tristia and Epistulcu ex PorUo, and
notes.

p. iS] NOTES 249

loi. comitum neiias: this is a dark allusion to the faithlessness of friends
in his time of trouble. In ex Ponto (II, vii, 61) he plainly says that,
instead of aiding him as they might have done, they had«actually
profited by his misfortunes : —

Recta fides comitum poterat mala nostra levare :
Ditata est spoliis perfida turba meis.

109,110. ''At length, worn with long wanderings, I reached Sarmatia's
shores, hard by the quiver-bearing Getae."

Page 16. — 113. quod : " this," my poetry {carmen), the subject of re/eraiur.

115 seq. So Horace acknowledges his debt to the muse for all that he has
attained in life (jOdes, IV, iii, 21) : " Tis all thy gift that I am noted by
the passer-by, and called Rome's lyric bard; and that I live and please,
if so I please, is thine:"

116. "That utter weariness of the irksome days does not overwhelm me."

119. ab Histro: the Ister stands for all his savage and unpoetic surround-
ings. From these he is lifted bodily by the muse's inspiration to the
sacred haunts of poesy.

121. mihi yivo nomen: it is the result of the natural envy of man that the
fiill meed of praise is rarely bestowed in life.

125. "For though our age has produced great poets," etc. Notwithstanding
the strong rivalry for fame of many gifted men, Ovid feels that his has
been no mean share of fame.

128. A prophecy fulfilled, in that even now the poet is being read and studied

in a land of which he never dreamed.

129, 130. This prediction of his own literary immortality Ovid is very fond

of making. See TrisHa, III, vii, 50 : —

Me tamen exstincto fama superstes erit,

Dumque suis victrix omnem de montibus orbem

Prospiciet domitum Martia Roma, legar.

The fullest statement of these hopes is found in the concluding lines
of the Metamorphoses, which see with note.

HEROIDES

The story of Ariadne falls into three parts : her connection with the adven-
ture of Theseus in Crete against the Minotaur, her flight with Theseus and
subsequent desertion by him upon the island, and her union with Bacchus,
who discovered her there. Ovid gives the briefest outline of the whole story
in Met, VIII, 1 72-182; the present letter describes at length the second, and
Ars Amatoria, I, 526-564, gives the third phase of the story. This same phase

2SO HEROIDES [P. i8

he presents at length in Fasti, III, 459-516, ending with the transformation of
Ariadne's crown into the constellation of that name.

The story of Ariadne is referred to by numerous other Latin writers, related
among the other legends of antiquity in the Fabulae of Hyginus (who was in-
timately acquainted with Ovid), and in Plutarch ( Theseus) ; but it is told most
graphically and at greater length by Catullus {^Carmen, 64, 50-264), who de-
scribes the whole story in all its details as embroidered upon the drapery of
the marriage couch of Thetis.

Among ancient references to this heroine are Hesiod ( Theog, 947), and
Homer {Od. XI, 323), where Ulysses beholds the shades in Hades: —

Phaedra I saw, and Procris, and the child
Of the wise Minos, Ariadne, lamed
For beauty, whom the hero Theseus once
From Crete to hallowed Athens' fertile coast
Led, but possessed her not. Diana gave
Ear to the tale which Bacchus brought to her.
And in the isle of Dia slew the maid.

Note the variation here in the ending of the story. This myth has taken
strong hold upon the fancy of English writers from Chaucer {Legend of Good
fVomen) to modern poets. Among the latter may be mentioned Frederick
Tennyson {Ariadne), R. S. Ross {Ariadne in Naxos), J. S. Blackie {Ariadne) ^
W. M. Call {Ariadne), and H. H. Jackson {Ariadne's Farewell).

Page 18. — X, i, 2. Palmer points out that these lines have the appearance
of being prefixed by a later hand, and that the poem properly begins at
line 3.
3. quae : the antecedent is ea understood, the object of mitio,
7. tempus erat: a stock expression used to introduce the description of
circumstances preceding some important action or event.
quo primum : this time was in the early gray dawn, with not light enough
as yet to dim the moon, which was still shining.
9, 10. These lines are strikingly recalled by Tennyson {In Memoriam^
XIII): —

Tears of the widower, when he sees
A late-lost form that sleep reveals,
And moves his doubtful arms, and feels
Her place is empty, &11 like these.

18. "My eyes find (have) nothing to see except the (long line of) shore."
▼ideant : H. 591, i (503, i) ; M. 383, 2 ; A. 320, « ; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 2.

19, 20. These lines present an unusually realistic picture, even for Ovid.
Page 19. — 21-23. Ovid again describes this moment in Ars Amatoria

(I. 529-532), where he tells the sequel of the present situation: —

p. 2o] NOTES 251

Utque erat e somno tunica velata recincta,

Nuda pedem, croceas inreligata comas,
Tbesea cnidelem surdas damabat ad undas,

Indigno teneras imbre rigante genas.

At this point Bacchus and his train appear upon the scene.

24. This is exceptional, for elsewhere throughout the letter she represents all
nature as conspiring with Theseus against her.

29. nam ventis, etc : ** for I found that the winds also were cruel to me."

31, 32. quae has a suppressed antecedent. " I either saw (them, t./. the
sails), or as it were such as I thought I saw — (at any rate) 1 was
colder than ice and half dead (with fear).

36. numemm snuin : a nautical expression for a full ship*s crew, or comple-
ment of passengers.

38. yerbera cum verbis : such a play upon words (paronomasia), whether
conscious or otherwise, is frequently to be noticed in Latin poetry.

42. mei: H. 454 (406, II); M. 227; A. 219, i; G. 376; B. 206, i.

43. OCnlis: H. 429, 2 (386, 2); M. 211; A. 229; G. 345, Rem. i; B. 188,

2, d. (It will be observed that ocuiis in the present passage is really
personified.)

45. facerent: H. 559, 4 (484, V); M. 324; A. 268; G. 265; B. 277.

45, 46. " What should my eyes do other than weep when they no longer saw
thy sails?"

48. Ogygio deo: i.e. Bacchus, so called from Ogyges, a mythical king of
Thebes. Bacchus is especially connected with Thebes, both because
he was peculiarly honored there and because his mother, Semele, was
a Theban princess.

Page 20. — 55. toro manante is in the ablative absolute construction with
lacrimis profusis as a limiting phrase : ''And while the couch is sprin-
kled with my gushing tears."

58. pars nostri maior : this phrase strikingly suggests the modem expression

" my better half." It is similar to Horace's animae dimidium meat,

59. faciam: see note on/z^^r^n/, line 45.

64. qnid seqnar ? "where am I to go? "

65. utUbar: H. 586, II (515, III); M. 378, 2; A. 313, a; G. 608; B. 308.
67. centum urbes : " Crete of the hundred towns " was Homer's expression

(//. II, 649), and the Latin poets have followed him. So Vergil
\Aen. Ill, 106) : —

Centum urbes habitant magnas, uberrima regna ;
and Horace (^OdeSy III, xxvii, 33) : —

Quae simul centum tetigit potentem
Oppidis Creten.

252 MEROIDES [P. 20

68. puero cognita terra lovi : "the land that Jove's infancy knew." Accord-

ing to an ancient tradition (as far back as Hesiod), Jupiter, the son of
Saturn and Rhea, was born in the island of Crete. Vergil therefore
calls Crete the island of Jove {Aen. Ill, 104) : —

Creta lovis magni medio iacet insula ponto ; —

an expression which Ovid also uses {Her, IV. 163) : —

Est mihi dotalis tellus lovis insula, Crete.

69. parent!: H. 431, 6 (388,4); M. 207, 2; A. 232, a\ G. 354, note 2;

B. 189, 2. The traditional genealogy of Ariadne is as follows : —

luppiter = Europa

Minos I. Helios = Persa

I I .

Minos II. = Pasiphae Circe Aeetes = Idyia

Phaedra Androgeos Ariadne

Medea

It was the first Minos, the son of Jupiter, who for his justice was made

a judge in Hades along with Aeacus and Rhadamanthus. By his use

of the adjective iusto Ovid seems to refer to Minos I., although Minos IL

was the father to whom Ariadne refers.
71, 72. " When, lest within the mazy labyrinth, though victor, thou shouldst

perish, I gave a cord to thee as guide to lead thy steps."
73. per ego pericula iuro: the pronoun frequently takes this position in

oaths. Compare Vergil {A en. IV, 314) : Per ego has lacrimas, etc.

To swear by one's perils was a common oath. See Met. VII, 97 : Per

tanta pericula iurat.

76. sepulta : i.e. ** as good as buried."

77. mactasses: H. 559, 6; A. 266, e.

78. " The pledge which you gave (i.e. that I should be yours as long as I

lived) should have been fulfilled by my death." He would in that case,
indeed, be guilty of murder, but not of perjury.

82. mora mortis: cf. line 38, note.

83. iam iam: the repetition of iam serves dramatically to represent the

imminence of the fear.
85. alat: H. 552(485); M. 327; A. 3ii,fl; G. 257; B. 280.
Page 21. — 88. gladios : Though this seems to be a desert island (cf. line 60),

still the evident reference here is to fear of hostile men, as is shown in

the next line.

p. 22] NOTES 253

89. ne religer: H. 558 (484); M. 325; A. 267; G. 260; 6. 279.

91, 92. Such a fate would ill become one who had three such claims to great-
ness. See the genealogy of Ariadne, line 69, note.

93. si vidi : " if I look or turn to," ue. for escape.

95. caelum restabat: her only chance to escape is by flight through the
air; and from this she is deterred, not by the impossibility of such an
attempt, but by her fear of those shadowy phantoms of the gods, who
were supposed to inhabit the regions of the upper air. This is, indeed,
Ovid's definite conception, expressed in Met, I. 72, 73, which see.

The present passage is not Ovid's first expression of the threefold
method of escaping. See Her aides, VI, 161 : —

Cum mare, cum terras consumpserit, a£ra temptet.

98. ezternos : she has had experience enough with " foreigners " in Theseus.

99-104. She regrets all the chain of circumstances which have brought her to
her present situation : her brother's death, the dreadful atonement of
Athens, the death of the Minotaur at the hands of Theseus, and the
assistance which the princess herself has rendered.

This regret for the remote source of present tribulation is common in
literature. A further illustration of this is in a fragment from Ennius,
in which Medea's old nurse laments that the tree was ever felled that
made the Argo's timbers.

loi, 102. "And would that, with thy knotty club, O Theseus, thy strong hand
high upraised, thou ne'er hadst slain the man-beast monster.''

104. This line describes the process by which Theseus found his way out of
the labyrinth, pulling in the clew hand over hand as he advanced.

105-110. Small wonder that he conquered the Minotaur, for such a flinty
heart would be proof against the thrust of any weapon.

108. "Even though thou didst wear no defensive armor, thou wast still
invulnerable because of thy hard heart." There is nothing unusual in
the mode of eras, since the reference is directly to the facts of the
struggle, as the previous two lines show.

no. "There {i.e. in thy heart) thou hast that which is harder than flint —
thyself."

112. aut presents the statement of this line as an alternative with an im-
plied statement in the previous line, "(I ought to have awakened
before Theseus abandoned me) or else been buried in an endless
sleep."

Page 22. — 1 19-124. A new and terrible aspect of her case now presents
itself: she must die here, with no friendly hand to close her eyes,
unwept, unburied. Pope, in his Elegy to the Memory of an Unfortunate
Lady, rings the changes on the same theme : —

254 HEROIDES [P. 22

What can atone (O ever injured shade !)
Thy fate unpitied, and thy rites unpaid ?
No friend's complaint, no kind domestic tear
Pleased thy pale ghost, or graced thy mournful bier.
By foreign hands thy dying eyes were closed,
By foreign hands thy decent limbs composed,
By foreign hands thy humble grave adom'd,
By strangers honor'd, and by strangers moum'd ! '

121. The idea seems to be that if one dies in a foreign land his soul finds
itself in a correspondingly foreign spirit world.

124. Ironical. ** Such burial as this befits .my services ! "

125-130: She pictures the triumphal arrival of Theseus at Athens, and the
honors which await him there as the deliverer. She bitterly bids him
not to leave his desertion of her out of the tale of his adventures.

126. *' When thou sHalt stand uplifted high amid the acclamations of thy
thronging townsmen." Celsus may picture him actually elevated as
upon the shoulders of the people, or, in a less material sense, exalted
by their praises.

131, 132. '*Thou art the offspring of no human parents, but the crags were
thy father and the sea thy mother ! " This is a favorite characteriza-
tion of< a hard-hearted man. So Dido upbraids Aeneas (Aen. IV,
365-367): —

Nee tibi diva parens, generis nee Dardanus auctor,
Perfide ; sed duris genuit te cautibus horrens
Caucasus, Hyrcanaeque admorunt ubera tigres.

In the /Had (XVI, 42) Patroclus thus strives to arouse Achilles : —

O merciless ! it cannot surely be
That Peleus was thy father, or the queen
Thetis thy mother; the green sea instead
And rugged precipices brought thee forth.
For savage is thy heart.

This last is identical with the thought of Ovid in the present passage.

133. facerent: see references on mactasseSf line 77.

135-150. She has run the whole gamut of passion from plaintive reproach to
the bitterest denunciation and execration; and now her storm of pas-
sion dies down into piteous and submissive pleading.

135. " Behold me now, not with your eyes, but with your mental vision, with
which you can (behold me)."

139. A striking and beautiful simile. Ovid is rich in the expression of this
physical effect of fear and grief. See Met, 135, 136 for a similar experi-
ence described under a different but equally beautiful simile.

p. 23] NOTES 255

140. " And the letters as I trace {pressa) them with my trembling fingers

sprawl unsteadily." This is a very realistic line and represents the

speaker as actually writing. We need not trouble ourselves about

the source of her materials any more than Ovid did — not to mention

the tremendous anachronism of her writing at all !

Tennyson in The Princess (I) curiously transfers the simile of Ovid*s

line 139, which here describes the trembling body, to the handwriting

of line 140: —

And I sat down and wrote,

In such a hand as when a field of com

Bows all its ears before the roaring East

144. " There still is no (reason) why you should be the cause of my death."
147. After the two fine dramatic lines immediately preceding, this is ludicrous

and bathetic enough: "theye hairs I sadly stretch to you, what few

hairs sHll remain ! "

149. yento: the sense of this passage, as has been suggested by Palmer,

would be bettei^erved by velo^ since Theseus could not change the
wind at will, whereas his sail was under 'his control.

150. feres : the future used in mild imperative. H. 536, 2 (487, 4) ; A. 264, c\

G.243.

Ovid himself lived to make the same pathetic request of his wife,
writing from his sick chamber in exile ( TrisHa^ III, iii, 65, 66) : —

Ossa tamen fiicito parva referantur in uma :
Sic ego non etiam mortuus ezsul ero.

AMORES

This work was originally published in five books about 14 B.C. The edition
that has come down to us is in three books and was published about 2 B.C.

I, i. In this poem he describes in a dramatic way how Cupid thwarted his
youthful ambition to write in heroic measure on serious themes. Vergil relates
the same personal experience {Eclogues^ VI, 3-5): —

Cum canerem reges et proelia, Cynthius aurem
Vellit, et admonuit : Pastorem, Tityre, pingues
Pascere oportet oves, deductum dicere carmen.

Page 23. — i, 2: "I was all ready to relate in ponderous strains the stirring
deeds of war, my subject and my verses in accord.*' That is, he was
well launched in hexameter lines upon some epic theme,
modis: H. 434 (391); M. 214; A. 234, a; G. 359; B. 192, 2.

3* par erat inferior yersus : " the lower (or second in each couplet) verse
was equal (in length) (to the first).'' The shortening of the alternate

256 AMORES I [P. 23

verses by the mockery of Cupid is described in the following line. So,
in his allegorical description of Elegeia (Amores, III, i, 8), he repre*
sents her with halting feet : —

£t, puto, pes illi longior alter erat.

5-16. The poet protests against the attempt of Cupid to divert him from his
lofty aims, first on the ground that such a transfer of activity would be
unseemly; as well might Venus exchange functions with Minerva,
Ceres with Diana, Phoebus with Mars. The second ground of protest
is that the power of Cupid is already too extensive.

5. inns; H. 440, 5 (397, 3); M. 225, 2; A. 216, 3; G. 369; B. 201, 2.

12. Aoniam lyram : Aonia is that part of Boeotia in which is Mount Helicon,
the home of the muses.

15, 16. These are indignant rhetorical questions. '* Is all the world, then,
yours? Is the Vale of Tempe (the muses* favorite haunt) yours? Is
his own lyre scarce safe in Phoebus' hands?"

15. quod ubique : understand est.

Page 24. — 17, 18: "When well the new page started with its opening verse,
he, standing by me, did curtail my lines."
attenuat nervos is a rather ambiguous metaphorical expression, meaning
simply that he reduces the hexameter to the elegiac measure. Nervos
would most naturally refer to the strings of a lyre, and hence by an easy
transfer, to the lines of poetry.

19, 20. The poet is now equipped with the meters of amatory verse, but
has no love to celebrate in song. This passage is a striking illustra-
tion of the necessary agreement between form of expression and
subject matter. If one is changed, the other must be also. By forc-
ing upon the poet elegiac meters, Cupid turns him of necessity to sing
of love.

22. in ezitium facta metun: " formed for my undoing."

24. canas: H. 589, II (503, 1); M. 382, 5; A 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283.

27. " In the hexameter strain let my verses arise; let them sink in pentameter

cadence."

This conception of the rise and fall of the lines in the elegiac distich,
as well as a good illustration of the distich itself, is seen in the follow
ing lines of Coleridge : —

In the hexameter rises the fountain's silvery column ;
In the pentameter aye falling in melody back.

in quinque : understand numeros.

28. The poet's surrender is complete, and he bids farewell to epic verse and

themes.

p. 25]

NOTES

257

per undenos pedes : observe with this the many ways in which Ovid
has described the formation of the elegiac distich by the shortening of
the second hexameter line: unum subripuisse pedem (line 4), aUenuat

'■^^.

258 AMORES I [P. 25

9-30. In this brilliant passage Ovid links the poets' existence with the dura-
tion of that which each has celebrated in his verse. It is clear that he
has in mind the immortality in human remembrance to which Ennius
refers in his epitaph : —

Nemo me lacrirois decoret nee fiinera fletu
Faxit. Cur ? volito vivus per ora virum.

g, 10. " Homer shall live while Tenedos and Ida stand,

While Simois rolls his whirling waters to the sea."

II. The fame of Hesiod (born at Ascra in Boeotia) is linked with the vine
and corn, whose culture he describes in his Works and Days.

13. Compare this line with line 8 and note the variation in phraseology.

Battiades : an inhabitant of Cyrene, founded by Battus, i,e. Callimachus,
a Greek poet who flourished in the third century B.C. Of his works there
remain seventy-four Epigrams^ six Hymns^ and fragments of his Ele-
gies and other works. One of these elegies is entitled Cydippe, which
is recalled by Ovid in his twentieth Heroid^ and to which he refers in
the Remedia Amoris (lines 381, 382) ; —

Callimachi numeris non est dicendus Achilles.
Cydippe non est oris, Ilomere, tui.

Ovid follows Callimachus also in his poem entitled Ibis. His seeming
familiarity with the Greek poet renders his criticism in line 14 of real
value : —

" He makes up by art what he lacks in native genius."

15. This line is too much abridged. The poet means that Sophocles shall

live as long as tragedy endures; what he succeeds in saying is that
Sophocles' own tragedies shall never perish.

16. Aratus, a Greek poet, contemporary with Callimachus. He was the

author of an astronomical poem, treating of the heavenly bodies, their
names, movements, etc. His fame is therefore linked by Ovid with
the sun and moon.

17. 18. T\iQ fallax servuSf dur us pater, improba lena and mereirix blanda

are constantly recurring characters in the comedies of the Greek poet
Menander, whose works are not extant, but are imitated and translated
by the Roman Terence. Ovid says elsewhere of Menander ( Trist, II,
369), that his plays all turn on love and that in his own time they were
used as school books : —

Fabula iucundi nulla est sine amore Menandri,
£t solet hie pueris virginibusque legi.

p. 26] NOTES 259

Page 26. — 19. Ennius arte carens: this stinted mention, as well as dis-
praise of the " Father of Roman Song/' is hardly in accord with the
popular estimate of that poet. This estimate is voiced by Horace
{Epist, II, I, 50), though he himself would not fully sustain it: —

Ennius et sapiens et fortis et alter Homerus,
Ut critici dicunt.

That Ennius' lines were rough, many of the extant fragments abun-
dantly testify; but, on the other hand, a contrary judgment can be
equally well sustained by others of these fragments. Vergil himself
drew freely from Ennius, often with very little change in the lines,
animosi Accius oris : Accius or Attius was a Roman tragic poet bom
170 B.a, the year before the death of Ennius. Only fragments of his
tragedies remain. He was held in high estimation among the Romans.
Horace {Ars PoeHca^ 259) speaks of the " nobiles trimetri " of Accius,
the epithet being an echo of popular sentiment. Ovid no doubt intends
to express in his epithet *' animosi " the idea of strength and vigor of
language and sublimity of thought.

21. Varro: ue, Varro Atacinus, as distinguished from the great Varro, died

about 37 B.C. He wrote a free translation into Latin verse of the
Argonautics of the Greek Apollonius Rhodius, which was a history of
the voyage of Jason and his companions in search of the Golden Fleece.
Notwithstanding Ovid's prediction, only the merest fragment of Varro's
work remains.

22. duci: see references on /ar^«A' (/^^r«V<f J, 69).

23. Lucretius : the great Roman poet, a contemporary of Cicero, author of

De Rerum Natura^ which is a presentation of the physical and ethical
philosophy of Epicurus.
25. The three great works of Vergil are mentioned under words most
suggestive of each. The first Eclogue begins Tityre, etc., and this
character may be taken as a typical shepherd; the Georgics open with
the words: "Quid faciat laetas segeieSy^^ etc.; while the theme with
which Vergil opens the Aeneid is " Arma virumque."

These works shall all endure while Rome remains the capitol of the
world, the "eternal city." See Life^ line 129, note. Horace similarly
measures what to him was unending time ( OdeSy III, 30, 7) : —

" My praise shall ever grow while priest with silent virgin train shall climb
the capitoL"

27. The torcl^, as well as the bow and arrows, was one of the traditional

implements of Cupid; see page 80, line 461.

28. Tibulle : see note on The Life of Ovid ( TrisHa^ IV, lo), line 51.

26o AMORES II [P. 26

29. Gallus : see note on Lifcy line 53.

31-42. Ovid is filled with a poetic ecstasy as he realizes and proclaims the

triumph of the bard over power and wealth, the tongue of envy, time,

and even death itself.
33. cedant : H. 559, 2 (483); M. 321, 2; A. 266; G. 263, 3; B. 275.
37. myrtum : the myrtle was sacred to Venus'.
39, 40. " Envy feeds upon the quick, but spares the dead, where his own

praise keeps watch o'er every man according to his deeds."
42. Compare with this the final passage of the Metamorphoses , and both with

Horace, Odes^ III, 30, and consider whether Ovid had this ode in mind

as he wrote.

II, vi. — I. psittacus: there are many references in the Roman writers to the
use of the parrot as well as of other birds as pets. This lament of the
poet over the death of the parrot is no doubt suggested by the poem
of Catullus (carmen 3) upon the death of his mistress's pet sparrow.
It is worth while to note, however, the wide difference between the
simple and natural, tender though half playful treatment of Catullas
with the florid, almost mock-heroic, and conventional style of Ovid.
Statius (^Silvaey II, vi) has a poem upon the same theme, though it is
evident that he follows Ovid rather than Catullus.
imitatrix : i.e. as Statius has it, humanae linguae,

1-16. The announcement of the death and the summons to the funeral of all
bird-kindred and friends.

2. ezequias, etc. : " attend in throngs the funeral." Exequias ire is a con-
ventionalized expression, exequias being used as the limit of the motion
in ire.

Page 27. — 3-6. All the features of the typical Roman funeral are to be
present, of which the most notable were the hired mourners, women
who beat their breasts, rent their cheeks, and tore their hair. The horn
would suggest the musicians who headed the procession at the funeral
of a man of importance.

7, 8. ^' As for the crime of the Thracian tyrant, which thou, Philomela, be-
wailest, that complaint has expired by natural limitation."

Ovid has related the story of Tereus, Procne, Philomela, and Itys
at some length in the Metamorphoses (VI, 412-674). See analysis on
page 139. This Thracian king did violence to Philomela, the sister
of his wife Procne. The latter, together with her sister, in revenge,
slays Itys, the son of the king, and serves him up as a feast to his
father. Tereus, on discovering the horrible nature of his repast, draws
his sword and pursues the two sisters; whereupon he is changed into
a lapwing, Philomela into a nightingale, and Procne into a swallow.

p. 27] NOTES 261

The complaints of Philomela, half nightingale, half maid, have
entere'd deeply into literature. Examples of this are in Shakespeare
{Lucrece^ *079) •' —

By this, lamenting Philomel had ended
The well-tuned warble of her nightly sorrow,
And solemn night with slow, sad gait descended
To ugly hell.

And in Matthew Arnold {Philomela) : —

O wanderer from a Grecian shore,
Still, after many years, in distant lands,
Still nourishing in thy bewilder'd brain
That wild, unquench'd, deep-sunken, old-world pain —
Say, will it never heal?

11. omnes: supply dolete from the next line.

1 2. Ovid makes much of the supposed friendship between the parrot and the

turtle dove, and does not fail to compare this friendship with that of

Orestes and Pylades. Other famous friendships are those of Damon

and Pythias, Scipio and Laelius, not to mention David and Jonathan.
Pylades was the faithful friend and cousin of Orestes, who shared his

fortunes in his banishment, and helped him to avenge Agamemnon's

death upon Qytaemnestra and Aegisthus.
17-32. Regretful memories of the departed bird's beauty, accomplishments,

and excellence of disposition.
19. '* What avails it that thou didst find favor with my mistress when I gave

thee to her?"

21. pinnis, i.^. by comparison with the brilliant colors of the feathers.

22. " With thy purple-red beak tinged with orange."

25. It must have been pure spite on the part of Fate that took off this peace-
ful, harmless bird. It is the irony of Fate that quarrelsome quails thrive
amid their quarrels.

«8. "And perhaps for this very reason (Jnde^ i.e. their quarrelsome disposition)
large numbers of them reach old age."

29, 30. " The merest morsel was thy fill, and thy mouth, forever full of talk,
had little room for food."

31. causae is plural by attraction to the number oi papavera^ with which it is
in apposition. Understand erant esca with papavera.

$$-42. The bad and unworthy among birds and men live on and on, but the
good die young.

34. "The jackdaw, harbinger of rainy weather." The crow is the usual
harbinger of rain.

262 AMORES II [P. 27

Turn cornix plena pluviam vocat improba voce.

— Vergil, Georgics, I, 388.

Aquae nisi fallit augur annosa cornix.

— Horace, Odes^ III, 17, 12.

35. comix invisa Minervae. The crow had once been the favorite bird of

Minerva, but had incurred the displeasure of that goddess through being
the bearer of unwelcome news. The raven, Apollo's bird, had been
changed from white to black for an offense of the same kind. Ovid
tells both these stories in his Metamorphoses ^ II, 535-632.

36. The notion that the crow lived to a fabulous age was a general one. The

nine generations mentioned here would amount to about three hundred

years.
Page 28. — 39, 40. " Death loves a shining mark."
41. Protesilaus, the grandson of Phylacus and native of Phylace, was the first

Greek to fall in the Trojan War, — -

For a Dardan warrior slew
Her (Laodamia's) husband as he leaped upon the land,
The foremost of the Achaians.

— Homer, Iliad, II, 698.

Homer does not mention the slayer of the hero, but Ovid says that it
was Hector (^MeL XII, 67). In HeroideSy XIII, 93-98, Laodamia,
writing to Protesilaus, warns him of the fated death that awaits the
Greek who first sets foot on Trojan soil, and begs him to beware. This
brave and noble Protesilaus was the pride of the Greeks, but the
pestilent Thersites was their bane. .
43-48. The death-bed scene reSnacted : the fruitless prayers of the maiden,
and the faithful bird's farewell.

45. septima lux, the seventh day, ue. of the bird's illness.

46. The Parcae were the Fates personified as three sisters, whose names,

according to Hesiod, were Clotho, Lachesis, and Atropos. They are
represented as spinning, measuring, and cutting off the thread of human
life. Spenser (A Q. II, 48) gives a graphic picture of these dread
sisters at work : —

Sad Clotho held the rocke [distaff] the whiles the thrid

By griesly Lachesis was spun with paine,

That cruell Atropos eftsoones undid,

With cursed knife cutting the twist in twaine ;

Most wretched men, whose dayes depend on thrids so vaine !

The Parca mentioned in Ovid's line is Qotho, whose empty spindle
shows that the bird's thread of life is all spun out.

p. 29] NOTES 263

49-58. An ideal scene in bird heaven.

54. phoenix nnica. The story of this fabulous bird has been often told.

Perhaps the oldest account is that of Herodotus (II, 73). Later
accounts are in substantial agreement with this. Ovid has himself
described this bird at some length {Met XV, 392-407) : —

Una est, quae reparet seque ipsa reseminet, ales :
Assyrii phoenica vocant Non fnige neque herbis
Sed turis lacrimis et suco vivit amomi.
Haec ubi quinque suae complevit saecula vitae,
Ilicet in ramis tremulaeque cacumine palmae
Unguibus et puro nidum sibi construit ore.
Quo simul ac casias et nardi lenis aristas
Quassaque cum fiilva substravit cinnama murra,
Se super iroponit finitque in odoribus aevum.
Inde ferunt, totidem qui vivere debeat annos,
Corpora de patrio parvum phoenica renasci.
Cum dedit huic aetas vires, onerique ferendo est,
Ponderibus nidi ramos levat arboris altae,
Fertque pius cunasque suas patriumque sepulcrum,
Perque leves auras Hyperionis urbe potitus
Ante fores sacras Hyperionis aede reponit.

55. ales Innonia, ue, the peacock.
59-62. His tomb and epitaph.

60. "Where a slender slab has an epitaph [compare "short and simple

annals"] to match."

61. ex ipso sepulcro, ie, from the very fact that I am buried at all.

62. " My tongue was skilled to speak beyond the wont of birds."

Page 29. — II, xi. 1-4. " The first pine felled on Pelion's heights to won-
dering ocean's waters evil ways revealed, when, reckless, midst the
clashing rocks, it bore the wondrous sheep of golden fleece."

Ovid, though very fond of the story of Jason and Medea, nowhere
enlarges upon the voyage of the Argonauts in search of the Golden
Fleece. In these four lines he gives the briefest possible summary.
The impiety of that first voyage is everywhere dwelt upon by the poets.
The concurrentes catUes were the Symplegades, two rocky islands in
the Euxine Sea that clashed together on the attempt of any object to
pass between them. This first ship, the Argo, did not carry the golden-
fleeced ram, as Ovid narrates here. This animal proceeded by miracu-
lous flight to Colchis, bearing Phrixus upon his back. It was the fleece
alone that the Argo bore away from Colchis, but not by way of the
Symplegades.

264 AMORES II [P. 29

5, 6. If the first ship had been wrecked, there never would have been another,
and my sweet-heart would not now be leaving me.

This vain regret for a remote first cause of present suffering is
frequently expressed in the poets. An excellent example of this, and
one which also traces misfortune back to the Argo, is the lament of
Medea's nurse in the tragedy of Medea Exsul^ by Ennius, in which
the nurse holds that if the timbers for the Argo had never been cut,
Medea would never have come to her present misfortunes.

11-16. He attempts to dissuade her from the voyage on the ground that there
is nothing worthy of her notice there.

12. "The restless sea is just one dark blue expanse."

18. Scylla, Charybdis: these are the stock fabulous terrors of the sea, the

names of two dangerous rocks in the passage between Sicily and Italy.

19. Ceraunia was a part of the dangerous rocky coast, the westernmost

portion of Epirus. See Vergil (^Aen. Ill, 506) : —

Provehimur pelago vicina Ceraunia iuxta,
Unde iter Italiam cursusque brevissimus undis.

The danger of this coast Horace describes {Odes^ I, iii, 19) : —

Qui vidit mare turgidum et
Infames scopulos Acroceraunia.

20. The " great and lesser Syrtes " were hidden sandbanks off the northern

coast of Africa.
22. " No blast can harm the one who (merely) questions."

26. "And sees destruction near as are the waves themselves"; i.e, the waves

are destruction.

27. concussas is proleptically used. The waves will not be concussae until

the action in exasperet has taken place.

29. sidera Ledae : the constellations of Castor and Pollux, regarded by sailors
as their patron divinities. These gods were supposed to be manifest
in the electric balls that are said at times to play around the masts of
vessels after stormy weather. Horace enlarges upon this thought
(S>de5, I, xii, 25).

31, 32. fovisse, legisse, increpuisse: the tense of these infinitives is with
reference to the time when this thought will come home to the girl.

33. at, etc.: the poet, finding his warnings vain, turns to prayers for her
safety, and brightly pictures her return.
si yana, etc. : this fate of vain prayers, to be the sport of the winds, is
one commonly expressed. See the previous selection, line 44.

Page 30. — 34. Galatea : there is no special reason why Galatea's presence
should be invoked, except that she was a sea-nymph, herself accus-
tomed to skim the waves in safety. See Vergil (^Aen. IX, 102) : —

p. 31] NOTES 265

Qualis Nereia Doto
£t Galatea secunt spumantem pectore pontum.

36. Nereidesque : que is redundant here, as frequently. Compare the com-

mon phrase pater deumque hominumque.

37. nostri: H. 451 (399, I, 2); M. 226, i; A. 218, a; G. 374; B. 204, I.
37-42. The god of the sea, the winds, the waves, the girl herself, are to assist

in speeding the homeward bound vessel.
39. ** Then may mighty Nereus incline the sea toward these shores."

41. Zephyri: if, as is natural to suppose, Cori«na was sailing toward

Greece, the Zephrys, literally interpreted, would not bring her home.
We are to understand, therefore, merely gentle breezes as opposed to
storm blasts.

42. " Do thou thyself lay eager hands upon the swelling sails." The pretty

picture is here presented of the girl, in her eagerness to reach home,
pressing upon the already swelling sails, as if to add her weight to the
strength of the wind. It is this eagerness, perhaps, that the poet most
loves to picture, rather than its possible — or impossible — physical effect.
43-56. Joyous anticipation and picture of her return.

44. ilia: understand /f(^/{j.

45. " And I shall catch thee in my arms and wildly kiss thee."

47. 48. In his eager haste he will not wait for preparations for a formal ban-

quet, but will improvise table and dining couches of sand for an im-
promptu banquet on the shore.

48. " And any mound you please shall take a table's place."

49. miilta: this is expanded by two different clauses, — sit ut obruta navis

(line 50), and te extimuisse (line 52).

50. ut = " how that," introducing indirect question.

53. sint : understand ut,

54. " Why should I not myself invite my own prayers' fulfillment " (and

gladly believe any tale of deliverance you choose to tell) ?

Ill, vi. — I, 2. "O stream, thy muddy banks thick set with reeds, I'm hast-
ing to my mistress : stop thy waves awhile. Thou hast no bridge nor
hollow skiff which, even oarless, still by cordage stretched across, might
bear me over."

4. vehat: H. 591, l (503, i); M. 383; A. 320, «; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 2.

Page 31. — 11, 12. si non datur, etc.: "if I am not allowed in any way
to set foot on the further bank."

13, 14. The reference is to Perseus, the son of Danae, who was equipped
with winged sandals, and carried in his hand the Medusa head with its
snaky locks

266 AMORES III [P. 3'

15, 16. For explanation of references in this line see epitome of story of
Triptolemus and the car of Ceres, as told in Metamorphoses, V, 642-
661, page 132.

17, 18. "But I am voicing the monstrous lies of ancient bards; no time has
ever produced these wonders, nor ever will produce them."

Considering Ovid's especial fondness for these mythical tales, and the
verisimilitude with which he tells them everywhere, this is a remark-
able admission for him to make. We should hardly expect him to
cheapen his own ^res. The estimate, however, in which these tales
were held generally is well voiced by the passage. The same con-
tempt is expressed by Cicero in Tusculan Disputations, I, 6. The dis-
putant has been recalling the traditional terrors of Hades, and the
following dialogue ensues : M, Haec fortasse metuis et idcirco mor-
tem censes esse sempiternum malum. A, Adeone me delirare censes,
ut ista esse credam? M, An tu haec non credis? A. Minime vero.
Again, § 48, he says : Quae est anus tarn delira quae timeat ista ?

20. " (So may you go on forever ! ) flow within bounds." This is a curious

form of adjuration, in which a favor is asked, as it were, in the name of
that which the grantor of the favor would most desire. Other cases in
point are : —

Sic tua Cymeas fugiant examina taxos,
Sic cytiso pastae distendant ubera vaccae,
Incipe, si quid habes. — Vergil, Eel. IX, 30.

Sic tibi, cum fluctus subterlabere Sicanos,
Doris amara suam nou intermisceat undam :
Incipe. — Eel, X, 4.

" So may the goddess of Cyprus, the brothers of Helen, bright gleaming
stars, and the father of winds guide and protect thy course, O ship,
(on this condition), that thou return Vergil in safety to his journey's
end." — Horace, Odes, I, iii, i.

21. " O boisterous stream, believe me, thou wilt incur unbearable odium."
inyidiae: H. 447 (401); M. 217, 2; A. 214, e\ G. 366; B. 203, 5.

23. deberent : the obligation is doubly expressed — by the verb itself and by
its mode. It is a past as well as a present obligation, since the poet
proceeds to treat the matter historically.

87. " What have I to do with thee, mad stream ? "

89. quid, si flueres: "what and if thou wert to flow?" etc.

91-96. This is no true river, with permanent tributaries and fountain head,
but a nameless chance product of rains and melting snows. This lack
of sustained life leads to the extremes of the muddy torrent and the
dried- up rill.

p. 32] NOTES 267

Page 32. — 96. pulyenilentns : to address a river thus is almost paradoxi-
cal; it is a strong way of saying that in the dry season there is no river
there at all.

97, 98. Rhetorical questions. No traveler at such a time could slake his
thirst by thy waters; no one in gratitude has ever blessed thee with the
river's blessing — "flow on forever." With this form of blessing com-
pare a similar expression in line 20.

100. damna : i.e, my disappointment in that I cannot cross and continue my
journey.

101-104. The poet expresses extreme disgust that he should have mentioned
the names of noble streams in such a presence. It is a case of " pearls
before swine."

102. "To this stream, — think of it I — I, fool that I was, was telling the tales

of rivers' loves ! "

103. nescio quern hunc spectans : *' gazing upon this mere nobody."

Ill, XV. — I. teneroram Amoram: a frequent phrase, designating the objects
of amatory verse. See Life of Omd, line i.

2. " Here are my elegies rounding their final goal." The figure is from the

race course, where the chariot in turning just grazes the goal post
(meta) set up to mark the course. The representation of life, or a
period of life, under the figure of a race course is a poetical common-
place.

3. alumnus: this, with hares (line 5) and f actus eques (line 6) is to be

construed with ego, the subject of composui.

4. " And never have my loves disgraced me." Compare similar statement in

Life of Ovidy lines 67, 68.

5. 6. See also Life, lines 7, 8, and note.

7. The following epitaph, according to Suetonius, was placed upon the tomb
of Vergil at Naples : —

Mantua me genuit, Calabri rapuere, tenet nunc
Parthenope ; cecini pascua, rura, duces.

9, 10. " Which its desire for liberty had forced to honorable arms, when Rome,
anxious (for her power) feared the allied bands." The reference is to
the social war, or the struggle of the Italian allies for Roman citizen-
ship. Among these allies were the Pelignians. The war ended in
90 B.C. with a successful issue for the allies.

13. dicat: H. 552 (485); M. 327; A. 311, a; G. 257, 2 ; B. 280, i.

13, 14. "Ye walls, which could produce so great a poet, however small you
are, I call you great."

268 AMORES III [P. 33

Page 33. — 15. Amathnsia : Venus is so called from Amathus, a city of her
favorite Cyprus.

1 7. " Horned Bacchus has sounded with heavier thyrsus." Bacchus is some-
times represented with horns as symbolic of natural powers. See
Tibullus (II, i, 3) : —

Bacche, veni, dulcisque tuis e comibus uva
Pendeat.

And Propertius, in the ode in which he declares his intention of becom-
ing a votary of Bacchus (IV, 16, 19), says : —

Quod superest vitae per te et tua comua vivam,
Virtutisque tuae, Bacche, poeta ferar.

Bacchus was sometimes represented upon the stage with horns. See
Euripides, Bacchanals, 920 : —

Pentheus (to Dionysus) :

" Thou as a bull seemest to go before me,
And horns have grown upon thine head. Art thou
A beast indeed ? Thou seem'st a very bull."

In Horace ( Odes, II, xix, 29) Bacchus is described as adorned with a
golden horn : —

Te vidit insons Cerberus auteo
Cornu decorum.

But this is probably in reference to the horn of wine carried by the god
to propitiate monsters in Hades.

For the horn as an emblem of power, compare the frequent language
of Scripture; e^, "AH the horns of the wicked also will I cut off; but
the horns of the righteous shall be exalted " (Ps. 75 : 10).

«8. Le. ** I must undertake a greater work." The poet evidently has in mind
the Fasti and Metamorphoses.

to. " Work destined to live on, surviving, after I am dead." Upon the im-
portance which Ovid himself attached to the Amores see Life of Ovid,
line I, note.

ARS AMATORIA

The composition of this work may be dated by the allusion in I, 171, to a
naumachia or sham sea fight presented by Augustus in 2 B.C. : —

Quid, modo cum belli navalis imagine Caesar
Persidas induxit Cecropiasque rates ?

p. 35] NOTES 260

Page 34. — I, 3, 4. ** By art — and sails and oars, swift ships are moved,
by art, quick flying chariots : by art must Love be guided." The poet
would emphasize that which forms the theme of his poem — the art
to which he has reduced what was hitherto but an untrained impulse
of love.

5. Automedon was the famous charioteer of Achilles, master of his art. He

is mentioned by Vergil in Aeneidf II, 477.

6. Tiphys was famous as the skillful pilot of the Argo.

7. 8. And Ovid is to combine the skill of both, as charioteer and pilot of the

car and bark of Love.

95. saltusque : see Amores, II, xi, 36, note.

96. thyma summa : " the tops of the thyme."

97. cultissima femina is here used in the sense of culHssima quaeque

feminay " all the fine ladies."

98. " Their numbers often have delayed my choice."

101-126. The poet seizes this opportunity to tell the well-known story of the
ruse of Romulus and the rape of the Sabines.

loi. "Thou didst make, O Romulus, the first games a place of confusion and
alarm."

Page 35. — 103-108. This description of the primitive theater is, we may be
sure, in conscious contrast to the theater that Ovid knew, with its veia
or awnings, stretched over as a protection to the spectators from the
sun and rain ; its rich marble structure ; its highly decorated stage and
elaborate stage setting.

106. scaena : does this mean that the trees in their natural position formed

a sylvan background to the whole rural scene ? or is scaena to be taken
in its more technical sense of "stage setting," "background," or
" scenery " for the stage ? Vergil, in his picture of the home of the
nymphs (^Aen. I, 164), thinks of the bay as a theater, and the grove
of trees at its inner extremity as a scaena or background : —

Turn silvis scaena coruscis
Desuper horrentique atrum nemus imminet umbra.

107. in gradibus de caespite factis : ** on seats made of turf," i.e, they sat

upon the sloping, turf-covered hillside.

108. " Their shaggy locks encircled by a wreath of any sort."

109. qoisque splits the subject of notant into its component parts.

112. ter pede : " in a dance of triple measure." This rude dance is described

by Horace in his ode on the rustic festival of Faunus {Odes^ III, xviii,

IS):-

Gaudet mvisam pepulisse fossor

Ter pede terram.

270

ARS AMATORIA [P- 35

121-124. Ovid is fond of detailed analysis of action. Another striking exana-
ple of this is in the description of the destruction of the children of
Niobe, Metamorphoses, VI, 218-312.

126. "And fear itself enhanced the loveliness of many."

Page 36. —Ill, 685, 686. The story of the death of Procris has been often
told, and with variation of details. Before Ovid, Homer and Vergil
had both made brief mention of Procris in Hades among other heroines
whose love had come to a tragic end. The Greek ApoUodorus had
told her story. After Ovid's time Pausanias told the same story. Ovid
himself has told the story twice, first in the present passage, and again
with much greater elaboration in Metamorphoses, VII, 661-862. The
• latter version is put into the mouth of Cephalus himself. For its con-
nection in the chain of story, see analysis on page 150.

693. Zephyris auraque: Ovid shows great art in giving the reader the
necessary clew at the outset to the real meaning of aura, which is the
word on which the story turns. By coupling it with Zephyri, he shows
us at once that it is a breeze and not a nymph. It is this same coupling
of the two words in line 728 that undeceives Procris. In the second
telling Ovid omits this fine touch, and it is necessary for Cephalus to
explain in set terms to his dying wife.

697. releves: H. 590 (497, i); M. 382, 3; A. 317, 2; G. 630; B. 282, 2.

699. male sedulus : " over officious."

700. memori ore ; a striking phrase, because the power of memory is trans-

ferred from the brain to the lips. The gossip repeated with " retentive
lips " what he had heard.

703-706. With all his city-bred tastes, Ovid has a genuine artist's love for
the country, and draws some of his most effective descriptions and
figures from nature. It must be admitted, however, that the present
comparison is rather Cyclopean in its realism : — " like the lingering
frost-bitten leaves of the vine after the grapes have been gathered, and
the ripe quinces that curve their branches down, and cherries not yet
ripe for human food." Compare Met. XIII, 789 and following.

708. indignas : this word is used here, as often, when applied to an inani-
mate object, in the sense of "unworthy or undeserving such treat-
ment."

711. perventum: impersonal, supply ^j/.

713. "What were thy feelings then, O Procris, when thus, almost beside
thyself, thou didst lie in waiting."

715. iam, iam: the dramatic repetition oiiam, a devise often employed by
the poets to express the imminence of the act.

p. 37] NOTES 271

Aura, according to regular construction, would be Auram, construed as
subject of venturam {esse), the object o{ putabas.

716. probra: adjective used as substantive, nominative, plural. Supply ^jj^

with videnda,

717. yelles : this is an extension of the subjunctive use regularly found in the

first person only. H. 556 (486, 1); A. 311, b\ G. 258; B. 280, 2, a.

Page 37. — 719, 720. "To influence her belief there is the place, the name,
and the informer, and the further fact that a lover always believes his
fears."

723, 724. The same thought — the arrival of the hour of noon — is twice
expressed in poetical repetition in these lines. Examples of this par-
allelism of thought, which forms the basis of Hebrew poetry, are very
frequent in the Latin poets.

725. ecce always introduces a new actor upon the scene, and this with some

abruptness and promise of interesting developments. It corresponds
to the English " But see ! " " See there ! "

726. This line beautifully illustrates the interlocking arrangement of nouns

and adjectives. The student should watch the verses for variations
upon this arrangement.

728. See note on line 693.

735, 736. The poet himself, as if carried away by his interest in the scene,
cries out to avert the disaster. So also when the sailors are about to
murder Arion. See page 52, lines loi, 102. The value of this rhetor-
ical device can readily be seen.

740. hoc: ue. the fact mentioned in nulla paelice laesa, "This thought
will make thee rest lightly upon me, O earth, when I am laid in the
grave."

745, 746. " Her spirit takes its leave, and, slipping gently from the breast
that had too heedless been, is caught up by her grieving husband's
lips."

The reference is to the Roman custom in accordance with which the
nearest relative would catch the last breath of the dying one in his own
mouth. Following are some other references to this custom : —

Filiorum suorum supremum spiritum ore excipere liceret.

— Cicero, in Verrem,
Membra complecti ultima,
O nate, liceat; spiritus fugiens meo
Legatur ore. — Seneca, Hercules Oetaeus, 1341.

Date vulnera lymphis
Abluam, et, extremus si quis super halitus errat,
Ore legam. — Vergil, Aeneid, IV, 683.

272 REMEDIA AMORIS [P. 37

Impositaque manu vulnus fovet, oraque ad ora
Admovet atque animae fiigienti obsistere tentat.

— Ovid, Metamorphoses^ XII, 424.

This custom may point either toward the perpetuation of the dying
in the relative who receives his final breath, or merely to the natural
desire to prevent the exit of the departing breath. The last passage
quoted above plainly expresses this thought.

REMEDIA AMORIS

Page 38. — 3. parce damnare : a poetic variation on noli damnare. Exam-
ples of this construction are frequent in Horace : fuge quaerere, ne parce
dare, mitte sectari, remittas quaerere, omitte mirariy etc.
SCCleris: H. 456 (409, II); M. 228; A. 220; G. 378; B. 208, 2.

4. " Me who have so often under thy leadership borne the standard entrusted

to my care."

5, 6. Homer, in his fifth book of the Iliad, tells how Venus rescued Aeneas

from death at the hands of Diomede, the son of Tydeus; how Diomede
wounded the goddess with his spear, and how she was carried back to
heaven in the chariot of Mars.

9, 10. The reference is to the Ars Amatoria, which is here shown to be prior

in composition to the present work. Line 4 above probably refers to
the Ars, though it may easily include the Amores.

10. " And that {i.e. love) which once was mere blind impulse, is now reduced

to law."
13, 14. ardet is coordinate with amat, and the conclusion of both is in
gaudeat and naviget
gaudeat: H. 559, 2 (483); M. 321, 2; A. 266^; G. 263, 3; B. 275, i.
15. " But if any one is struggling under the sway of an unworthy love."

84. The intervening steps in the natural growth from the " green shoot " to
the " sturdy stalk " are poetically described by Cicero (^De SenecttUe, 51 ).

Page 39. — 87, 88. summa tellure : " the surface of the earth," is in con-
trast with in immensum, " deep down (below the surface)."

90-94. The doctor amoris is full of wise saws and the proverbial expressions
of his art.

95. verba dat : a common expression, " cheats," " deceives."

96. " The nearest (earliest) chance for freedom is the best." The vindicta

was the rod with which a slave was touched in the ceremony of manu-
mission. Its use here in connection with the slave of love is very
apropos.

p. 40] NOTES 273

97-100. This is a truism of nature and of ethics. Size and strength are the

result of gradual growth through the lapse of time.
99, 100. " If thou hadst known at the start to how great a sin thy course was

leading, a tree's rough bark, O Myrrha, would not now conceal thy

face." The story of the change of Myrrha into a myrrh tree is told in

the tenth book of Metamorphoses,

174. reddat: H. 590 (497, i); M. 382, 3; A. 317, 2; G. 630; B. 282, 2.
Page 40. — 185, 186. "What, when the bees flee the smoke that's made
beneath (their hives), that the honeycombs maybe removed and relieve
the bending withes."
ut relevent is a clause of purpose, but it is not the purpose of the subject

of the main yexh, Jugiuni, but of the agent oi suppositos,
yimina curva : are the shelves or partitions of osiers within the hives on
which the combs are built. The removal of the honeycombs would
relieve the overweighted withes.

190. The reference is to the ancient custom of placing the grapes in large

vats and treading out the juice or " must " with the bare feet.

191, 192. These lines mention the three processes in harvesting grain — the

reaping with the sickle {desecias), the binding into sheaves {adligat
herbas), and the gleaning of the scattered stalks of grain.
herbas : the poet does not here make the distinction between herba and
segetes which he draws in line 84 of this poem.

195, 196. "Then there is grafting: make one branch adopt another, and let
the tree stand covered o'er with borrowed foliage."

The process of grafting always excites admiration and poetic fancy.
Cicero says of it (J)e Senectute^ 54) : Nee consitiones modo delectant
sed etiam insitiones, quibus nihil invenit agricultura soUertius.

197. haec YOluptus : " pleasure of this sort."

201. leporem pronam : see vocabulary under the word /r(>if»j.

203. yaria formidine : compare Metamorphoses^ XV, 475, and note.

248-258. These are the often stated wonders which professors of magic arts
claimed to be able to perform — to call spirits from the tomb, to cause
the earth to yawn asunder, to transfer crops from field to field, dim the
sun's light, turn rivers back upon their course, wrest the moon from the
sky, and other things equally wonderful. Compare Vergil (^Aeneidj IV,
487-491): —

Haec se carminibus promittit solvere mentes,
Quas velit, ast aliis duras immittere curas ;
OVID — 18

274 REMEDIA AMORIS [P. 41

Sistere aquam fluviis, et vertere sidera retro ;

Nocturnosque ciet Manes ; mugire videbis

Sub pedibus terrain, et descendere montibus ornos.

Page 41. — 259. recantatas is partly adverbial in its force : " no hearts
shall lay aside their cares through the force of charms."

261-262. Medea (the Colchian witch) is represented at the opening of
Metamorphoses, VII, as struggling between filial devotion and her new-
born love for Jason — a love which in the end she is unable to resist.

263-288. Circe was the daughter of the Sun and of the sea-nymph Persa,
from whom she inherited her magic powers. Homer has given at
length the story of Ulysses and Circe in the tenth book of the Odyssey,
but he describes no such attempt on the part of the goddess to retain
Ulysses, and no such struggle with her own love as is here represented.

362. " According to whose standard my Muse is wanton."

363. pUceam: H. 587 (513, 1); M. 376; A. 314; G. 573; B. 310, II.

364. ** Let any and every man say what he will against my work."

395» 396. Ovid here bases his fame upon his love poetry. And even at the
end of his life, when his two great poems, the Fasti and Metamor^
phoses were completed, he still introduces himself to posterity merely
as tenerorum lusor amorum ( Tristia, IV, 10, i).

397» 398. " So far I answer spite : now bard, more firmly grasp the reins and
speed thee on thy way."

TRAGEDY

Page 42. — Amores, II, xviii, 11, 12. Compare with this passage Amores,
I, I (page 23), in which the poet refers to a struggle of the same kind,
with the same outcome.

1 2. Le. : he betakes himself again to amatory verse.

13. sceptra: one of the accompaniments of Tragedy.

tamen : this shows that, notwithstanding his failure to keep to the task
imi^Wtd m sumptis ab armis oi line 11, he did accomplish something
tangible in tragedy. This something must have been his lost tragedy
of Medea, the only one from Ovid's pen of which we have knowledge.
The Medea must therefore have been written before the present poem.

15. pallam, COthumos: two other accompaniments of Tragedy.

16. "The scepter which my hand assumed and so quickly lost again."

p. 43] NOTES 27s

Amores, III, i. The obvious inference from this whole poem is that it was
written before Ovid had given himself to the work of Tragedy, for it
represents the two divinities, Elegeia and Tragoedia, contending for his
devotion, and ends by a request to Tragedy that she wait awhile before
claiming him, a request which she grants.

6. The poet was in a receptive mood, seeking a theme for song. The
moment was therefore an opportune one for the advent of the claim-
ants for his attention.
mOYcret : see references to reddat. Rem, Am, 174, note.

Page 43. — 11. The line pictures the vehemence that would " tear a passion
to tatters," and the traditional stage strut of the tragedian.

12. comae: understand iacebant, ''Her hair hung low upon her frowning
brow, her palla swept the ground."

14. Lydins cothunms : Micyllus commenting upon this passage says : Lydium
pro Hetrusco hie accipit Conunentator, quasi Graeci ab Hetruscis trag-
oediam et eius omatum accepissent. Ego vero proprie dictum Lydius
accipere malim: propterea quod multa, quae ad rem ludicram perti-
nent, a Lydis inventa fuere.

It should be added that the ancients considered the Etruscans to be
of Lydian origin.

17, 18. "Thou art the common talk at the drinking bouts and street corners."

23. tempns erat : an emphatic way of saying " it is time," f .^. *' it is high
time." Compare Horace {Odes^ I, xxxvii, 4) : —

Nunc Saliaribus
Omare pulvinar deorum
Tempus erat dapibus, sodales.

thyrso graviore : it is not the intention of Tragedy to suggest that Ovid
come under the sway of Bacchus, whose symbol the thyrsus is. She
means simply that he must be swayed by a mightier, more exalted im-
pulse than love. For this more general meaning of thyrsus see Lucre-
tius I, 923 : — c ^ •
Sed acn

Percussit thyrso laudis spes magna meum cor.

25. ''Thou art dwarfing thy powers by the stuff thou writest of."

28. per numeros suos : see Life of Ovid, lines 25, 26.

29. habeam: H. 558 (483); M. 325; A. 267; G. 260; B. 279, i.

30. implebit is the future indicative of mild command. See references to

feres. Her aides, X, 150 note.
35» 36- " Why with labored phrases, O soulful Tragedy, dost thou o'erwhelm

me? Canst never be else than ponderous? "
37, 38. I^, in her above address. Tragedy has used the elegiac measure.

276 TRAGEDY (AMORES III) [P. 43

39. " As for me, I should not bring your lofty strains into comparison with

mine." The proper meter of tragedy was the heroic measure, or iambic
senarius.

40. " (The uses of) your princely dwelling overwhelm my humble doors;"

i.e. ** my humble measures are but a slender and insufficient instrument
through which to convey your lofty thoughts."

Page 44. — 43, 44. " And yet I have acquired greater powers than thou,
simply by bearing much that thy haughty spirit would not endure."
Elegeia has been always willing to ** stoop to conquer."

45-52. The personification is still kept up here, although these lines would
apply equally well to a person and to poems of love.

53-58. In these lines the personification is entirely dropped, except that the
first person is still used. But the speaker is no longer Elegeia, ner
even the amatory poem, but rather the paper on which the latter is
written. Each couplet in this passage describes some ruse, either on
the part of the writer to get his poetic billet-doux into his mistress'
hands undiscovered, or on the part of the latter herself to prevent the
detection of the note by her duenna.

55. abiret: H. 603, II, 2 (519, II, 2); M. 354; A. 328; G. 572; B. 293,
III, 2.

57. natali: understand </;>.

at : in a sense coordinates rumpit and mersat with mittis^ but only loosely
so : " what of this, that when thou dost send me as a gift upon her
birthday, she, on the other hand," etc.

59, 60. Ovid drew his first poetic inspiration from love, and through his ama-
tory verse gained that reputation as a poet which causes Tragedy to
seek his services.

61-68. Ovid's reply expresses reverence to both the goddesses and desire
to please both. Inasmuch, however, as tragedy is a grander and
more enduring work, he begs the postponement of this work for a
season.

61, 62. "By both your divinities I beg that he who reverences you both may
receive your words into empty ears," i.e. without decision for the
moment in ^vor of either.

64. It is as if his lips had already been touched with the finger of inspiration,
and the heroic strains of tragedy were pressing for utterance.

69, 70. He will indulge in amatory verse now; tragedy is soon to follow.

Ovid in later life, writing from his banishment ( TrisHa, II, 553),
calls attention to tragedy among the more serious works of his pen : —

Et dedimus tragicis scriptum regale cothurnis,
Quaeque gravis debet verba cothurnus habet.

p. 46] NOTES 2^*J

FASTI

Fasti (understand dies) are primarily court-days, on which the courts could
be held and judgment pronounced. By a transfer the word comes to mean a
list or calendar of all the days in the year, with the particular event connected
with the several days, the festivals falling thereon, etc.

Page 46. — I, 1,2. Ovid states the design and scope of his poem : " Of times
and seasons, each with its cause, arranged throughout the Roman year,
and constellations that set beneath the earth and rise again, I'll sing."

3. Caesar Germanice : as has been stated on page 46, this first book was

revised and rededicated to Germanicus. Ovid, writing to Augustus from
exile ( Tristia^ II, 549-552), tells how he had written twelve books of
Fasti, dedicated to Augustus himself, and how the work had been
broken off by his exile :

Sex ego Fastorum scrips! totidemque libellos,
Cumque suo finem mense volumen habet,

Idque tuo nuper scriptum sub nomine, Caesar,
£t tibi sacratum sors mea rupit opus.

4. It is a favorite device of Ovid to compare his work to a ship. See II, 3;

IV, 18. Similarly, in I, 25, the poet's work is likened to a chariot drawn
by horses; and see IV, 10, also Remedia Amoris, I, 394, 397.

5. officio huic devoto is to be construed with odes, " And, not disdaining

even meager praise, graciously accord, of thy divine favor, a hearing to
this work which is here presented as an offering to thee." This base
spirit of sycophancy pervades and spoils the whole passage.

7. sacra annalibus enita priscis: so in IV, 11. Ovid here gives in part
the sources of his information. The annales were, in the first place, the
public chronicles, kept from ancient times by the Pontifex Maximus.
There were also other writers of annals and antiquarians from whose
works Ovid could draw, such as M. Fulvius Nobilior, Quintus Ennius,
M. Porcius Cato, and M. Terentius Varro. The works of Livy would
also furnish much valuable material. As a model for his work Ovid
had the *kiTia or "Causes" of Callimachus, a Latin translation of which
was known to him. It may be that the title of this work is reflected in
Tempora cum causis in line I above.

9* festa domestica vobis : the fashion of commemorating the deeds of the
ruling families by inscriptions in public buildings and by establishing
holidays in their honor became more and more in vogue in the days of
the empire. Compare our national holiday on the birthday of Washing-
ton. Horace refers to the custom of honoring both by tituli (public
inscriptions) and fasti (^Odesy IV, xiv, i) : —

278 FASTI I [P. 46

Quae cura patrum quaeve Quiritium
Plenis honorum muneribus tuas,

Auguste, virtutes in aevum

Per titulos memoresque fastos
Aeternet ?

Page 47. — 10. pater, ayiis: 1.^. his adoptive father (Tiberius), and grand-
father (Augustus). \

11, 12. "The honors which they enjoy marking red-letter days in our calen-

dar, thou too with Drusus shalt obtain."

12. Drusus, the younger, was the son of Tiberius, and hence the adoptive

brother of Germanicus. He died of poison administered through the
plots of the imperial favorite Sejanus.

15. conanti: su.pp\y miAi.

ire: i.e. to enumerate. Compare II, 16, ingfedimur. In both passages
the poet pictures a solemn procession passing in review the hero's
glorious deeds, and honors that have been bestowed for these. The
whole passage (II, 9-16), wherein the poet disclaims the power or in-
tention to bear the arms of the soldier, but offers rather the higher
service of the bard, parallels, though in greater detail, I, 13-15. The
former is the original passage addressed to Augustus, while the latter,
addressed to Germanicus, is the product of the revision of Book I.

17. da is a common elegiac construction for si daHs,
steteris is the conclusion of this condition.

19, 20. •* My book is started on its way to undergo the criticism of the learned
prince, as if sent to be read by the Qarian god hunself."

21, 22. quae sit facundia culti oris is the object of sensimus, and facundia
(understood) is the subject of tulit The reference is to the exercise
of the prince as an advocate in defense of his clients.

23, 24. Though famed chiefly as a soldier, Germanicus devoted himself also to
literary pursuits, and produced two Greek comedies, some epigrams,
and a translation of Aratus into Latin verse. A portion of the latter
only is extant.

26. annus : i.a " my year of song," " my poem on the year."

63. ecce is generally used to call attention to some new actor whose appear-
ance on the stage causes some surprise. Ovid has just been discussing
fasti and nefasti diesy and, having finished his introductory matter,
comes now to the first month of his year.

" But see, Germanicus, here is Janus himself, the leader in my song,
and he wishes you a glad new year."

67. ducibus: r>. the imperial family.

p. 48] NOTES 279

69. tuis is to be joined both to patribus and populo, " To the fathers and

the Roman people who are thine."

70. resera: Janus as the god of doors is represented with a key. See

line 99.

71. iinguis animisqne fayete! This is the ore favete omnes of Vergil, and

the favete Unguis of Horace. Ovid goes a little deeper, in that he
appeals to the thought as well as the word. It is the common appeal
of the priest for a sacred silence lest some ill-omened word should
escape the lips.

73, 74. Let the strife of the courts, the wranglings of the forum, and din of
trade all cease to-day.

75-78. A beautiful picture is given of the scene, as the perfumed clouds of
incense rise from the altars, and the gilded temples gleam with the
reflections of the altar fires.

76. spica Cilissa : ue. the saffron crocus, the best of which came from Cilicia
in Asia Minor. It was used by the Romans as a condiment and as a
perfume diluted in water or wine. Ovid describes it here as thrown on
the fire. And since it bums with a crackling noise (sonei) it is a good
omen.

Page 48. — 79, 80. The attention is next attracted to the consuls elect, who
in pure white garments {vesHbus intactis) take their way up the Capi-
toline Hill (poetically referred to as Tarpeias arces, which formed a
part of the hill), while the people, themselves in festal attire of white,
press around.

81, 82. All is new (noin) because the newly elected officials are inaugurated
to-day.
ebur: the curule chair of ivory, on which the "curule officers," con-
suls, praetors and curule aediles, were allowed to sit.

84. herba Falisca : " Faliscan pasturage," i,e, of Falerii, the capital of the

ancient Faliscans. This was near the region of the Riv€r Clitumnus in
Umbria, a place famous for its white herds of cattle, which were re-
served as victims for sacrifice. See Vergil i^Georgics, II, 146).
85-88. A complaisant Roman boast of world-wide dominion.

85. arce sua : i.e, his place of observation on the vault of heaven.

86. tueatur: see references to videant^ Heroides^ X, 18.

88. renun: compare H. 451, 3 (399, II); M. 226, 2; A. 218, b\ G. 375;

B. 204, I, a,

89. tamen is resumptive, as opposed to the digression in the preceding lines.

" But, to resume my story."

90. "For Greece has no divinity corresponding to thee." Nearly all the

Roman gods have corresponding deities in the theogony of Greece.
But not so Janus.

28o FASTI I [P. 48

89-93. There are two distinct questions here : (i) Who are you? (2) Why
have you this double form ?

100. ore priore : " with his front mouth," the one nearest me.

loi. vates operose dierum : i.e. as author of the FasH, a poem of days.

103. Chaos: Ovid does not connect this name etymologically with lanus,
but it has been supposed by some that lanus is a corruption of Chaos.
A second derivation of lanus is by connection with Dianus, which
would be a masculine parallel to Diana. In Varro the form lana
does occur for Diana, the moon-goddess. A similar loss of an initial
D before i is seen by comparing lovis with Vediovis (cf. Fast, 111,457).
Ovid's own derivation is from the V7. See lines 126, 127. This has
been generally accepted as the popular et3rmology, but the second
derivation given above is more probably correct.

105, 106. The ancients conceived of all matter as formed from the four
primal elements, earth, water, air, and fire.

107, 108. ^* As soon as this mass broke up through the strife of its component
elements, and in its freed state sought new location (for its parts) ; "
i.e, the severed elements sought new positions.

107-1 10. In his introduction to the Metamorphoses Ovid gives an extended
account of the war of these elements and their readjustment in the
orderly universe.

109. petit is perfect, =zpetiit.

Page 49 — 1 10. medio solo : " in the central region," i.e. of the great sphere
which is conceived of as the original form of shapeless chaos. The
globe is indeed a symmetrical form, but in Ovid's conception (see
line III) globus and sine imagine moles are synonymous.

113. confusae, etc. : "a slight indication of my once shapeless condition."

113, 114. I.e. while once in his form all sides were alike, now at least two

sides are the same.

1 14. in me shows that he is speaking of his own form, front and back, and

not of objects in front and behind.
116. noris: a syncopated form for noveris,

120. cardinis: i.e. of the sphere of the created universe.

1 21-124. The conception here is that Janus holds both Peace and War con-
fined in his temple, either of which he may release upon the land at
will. A different explanation is oflfered in lines 279-281.

121, 122. "When it is my pleasure to send Peace forth among the quiet

haunts of men, she holds free course along unbroken ways."
placidis is proleptic. The tecia are placida as a result of the advent of
peace.
123. miscebitnr is used instead the less vivid misceatur, which would be the
more natural conclusion of ni teneant.

p. 50] NOTES 281

127. inde: i.i. from ianua implied in foribus caeli, and from /'/ and redit,

which all contain the y/i. See line 103, note.

128. libum: there was a kind of cake offered to Janus called ianuaL
farra mixta sale: more frequently called mola salsa, was the sacred

salted meal which, sprinkled on the head of the victim, devoted him
to the sacrifice. In II, 24, we find torrida cum mica {salis) farra,

129. 130. Patulcius, ClusittS: i.e, "the Opener" {pateo), and "the Closer"

(^claudo),
131, 132. "The reason is that the people of that rude ancient time desired
by the use of these names alternately to call attention to my opposite
functions which I exercise in turn."

133. yis mea: "my functions." It has been seen above that Janus is the

god of all opening and closing doors ; of all things that begin and end
in the earth, the sea, and sky ; of the gates of heaven, where Jove's
own movements are subject to the " Opener " ; of the temple of peace
and war. Spenser (/'. Q. IV, x, 12) represents Janus as presiding
over the beginning of the year : —

Therein resembling I an us auncient,

Which hath in charge the ingate of the yeare.

134. aliqua parte: '*to some extent," that is, in lines 113, 114, where he

explains that his present shape is a relic of his original form as Chaos.
136. populum, or the outside; Larem, or the inside, where the image of the

Lar familiaris stood in a shrine on the hearth of the central room

{atrium) facing the door.
141. ora Hecates: Vergil {Aen. IV, 510) speaks of this goddess:

Tergeminamque Hecaten, tria virginis ora Dianae.

This is the goddess of threefold manifestation — Luna in heaven, Diana
on earth, and Hecate in Hades. Her statues represent three female
forms, and these are placed where three roads meet, " in order that she
may watch the roads cut into threefold ways" (line 142).
Page 50. — 145. si vellem: a less vivid future condition from a past point
of view.

279-283. Janus now says that the gates of his temple are open in war " in
order when the people go to war they may have opportunity to return,"
and that he shuts the door in peace " in order that peace may not be
allowed to depart." That is. Peace is shut up in order that she may be
kept in safety.

Vergil's picture is quite different {.4 en. I. 294). Behind the shut
gates of Janus' temple Fury sits bound hand and foot : —

282 FASTI I [P. 50

Dirae ferro et compagibus artis
Claudentur Belli portae ; Furor impius intus,
Saeva sedens super arma, et centum vinctus aenis
Post tergum nodis, fremet horridus ore cruento.

282. clusuB ero : the temple of Janus had been shut only twice in Roman
history prior to the reign of Augustus — once in the reign of the peace-
ful Numa, and again at the close of the first Punic war. In Augustus'
reign the gates were three times closed.

285. yestri by courtesy includes the Emperor Tiberius, who is represented
as sharing in the triumph of Germanicus.
triumphi: Germanicus celebrated a triumph in the year 16 A.D. for his
victories over the Germans.

289. quod : refers to the fact stated in line 290.

291. The son of Phoebus and the nymph Coronis was Aesculapius, the great

healing god. See analysis of Metamorphoses, XV, 622 and following.

292. Insula : was the island in the Tiber within the city of Rome.

II. — 4. exiguum : is in contrast to velis maioribuSy and is explained by lines
5,6—-" trifling."

5, 6. The reference is to the Amores and other love poems written in elegiac
verse.

Page 51. — 8. " Would any one believe that there is any connection between
that former work and this ? "

9-16. See I, 15, note.

10. omni munere: H. 464 (414, I); M. 237, i; A. 243 a\ G. 390, 2;
B. 214, I c. The legal age of exemption from service in the Roman
army was forty-six years. Ovid implies that he is past that age (this
would date the present writing at 3 A.D. or later), but that he still can
render valuable service with the pen if not with the sword.

19. The poet proceeds to an examination into the meaning of the old Sabine
yfor^febrtia (n. pi.) from which February is derived. The point is to
connect the word with purgamina in meaning. The facts which he
adduces in " proof" (Jidem) of this connection are as follows: (i) the
nzm^februa was given anciently to the fillets of wool (Janas) used in
sacrifice; (2) the sacrifices of lustration performed with the salted
meal had the same name; (3) the branches of certain sacred purifica-
tory trees were called y^-^w^ / (4) this name in ancient times was given
to all expiatory and lustral processes.

21. rege : understand sacrorum.

22. quis : a contraction for quibus.
lictor: a priest's assistant or attendant.

p. S2] NOTES 283

25. arbore pura: not "a pure tree," but "a tree that makes pare," i^. one
used in lustral ceremonies. Pura is an example of what may be called
active adjectives, in which not the quality, but the power to produce
that quality, is ascribed to the limited noun. Compare in Horace,
palma nobilis, "the palm that confers renown"; allms ff^/!i^j,'<a wind
that makes bright," a " clearing wind."

28. pinea : the pine tree is seen to be one of the arbores purae.

30. intonsos avos : the Romans in early times wore the beard uncut Bar-

bers were not introduced into Rome until 300 B.C. Intonsi, therefore,
of itself means " ancient."

31. Granting thaX-februa znd purgamina are connected in meaning, how did

the month acquire the name Februarius? Two explanations are
offered: (i) because in this month was celebrated the festival of the
Luperciy whose ceremonies were considered expiatory; (2) because
the Feralia or Parentalia (see below) fell within that month.

31, 32. The Lupercalia was a festival held on the 15th of February in
honor of Faunus " The object of the festival was, by expiation and
purification, to give new life and fruitfulness to fields, flocks, and
people." The ceremonies were performed by the priests (^Luperct),
who, armed with a whip of thongs from the hide of the goat which
they had sacrificed (jecta pelle)y traversed {lustrant) the city, striking
all whom they met with the thongs, in token of purification.

33, 34. The festival of Parentalia, or festival in honor of dead relatives, was
celebrated in the latter part of February. At this time oblations of
victims, wine, milk, and other things were presented to the manes of
ancestors, who among the ancient Romans were accounted gods.
In the latter part of the festival, more properly called Feralia, the
Romans were accustomed to carry food to the sepulchers for the use of
the dead. The departed spirits would thus be appeased and their
"ghosts laid" {placaHs sepulcris). In II, 569, Ovid again refers to
the Feralia : —

Hanc, quiaiustay^r««/, dixere Feralia lucem.
Ultima placandis Manibus ilia dies.

See also TrisHa, III, iii, 81-84.
Page 52. — 81, 82. Two causes are suggested for one of which the dolphin
was honored by a place among the heavenly constellations : (i) When
Neptune was wooing Amphitrite, the nymph for a long time shunned
his addresses. But a dolphin revealed her place of concealment to
Neptune, who, out of gratitude, placed the fish in the heavens.
(2) The dolphin saved the life of Arion, a famous musician, native of
I^sbos, and for this act was rewarded by Jove, as the story narrates.

284 FASTI 11 [P. 52

85-92. These are some of the stock illustrations of the power of music. See

description of the effect of the music of Orpheus among the shades.

Metamorphoses,^ X, 40-48.
89. Palladia alite : i.e. the owl. For an explanation of the natural enmity

between the owl and the crow, see Amores, II, vi, 35, note.
96. quaesitas opes : the fruits of his western tour,
loi, 102. See Ars Ama/oria, III, 735, 736, note.
109, no. "As when, in mournful strains, his whitening temples pierced with

deadly shaft, the swan pours forth his (dying) song."
Page 53.— no. tempora: H. 416 (378); M. 194; A. 240, c; G. 338, i;

B, 180, i; (but see 179, i and 3).
115. pretium: in apposition to the following sentence.

117. astris: H.428, i (384, II, 3, i), note i); M. 213; A. 225,^, 3; G. 358;

B. 193.

118. Stellas novem : Hyginus {Fabulae^ 194) tells the story of Arion and

the dolphin, ending with this statement : Apollo autem propter artem
citharae Arionem et delphinum in astris posuit.

III. — 4. The statement in this line is in answer to the question in line 3.
5,6. " Thou thyself seest dire conflicts waged by the hand of Minerva : has

she then less time for devoting herself to the fine arts?" In Homer,

Minerva, like Mars and other gods, mingles freely in the conflict of

arms.
6. ingenuis artibus: see references under munere^ Fast II, 10. Minerva

was goddess of wisdom, poetry, the arts and sciences, and handicraft

in general, such as weaving, spinning, building, etc.
8. quod agas : "something to do."

71. iam, etc.: the omitted passage, apropos of inermis (line 8), represents

Mars as the progenitor of Romulus, and relates the prophetic dream of
Rhea Silvia, who was to be the mother of the twin brothers. Then
follows the birth of these, the attempt of Amulius to destroy them,
their miraculous deliverance ; their growth to manhood ; their return
as the slayers of Amulius and restorers of Numitor to his throne, and
the founding of a new city.

72. pater Urbis : i.e. Romulus.

74. et ut credar . . . dabo : " and, that I may be believed (to be of thy blood),

I shall give many proofs ; " i.e. Romulus was to be a warlike king.
^6. Thus the Hrst month of the year of Romulus began with March.

p. 54] NOTES 285

Page 54. — 79, 80. " And yet (the peoples of Latium) before (the time of
Romulus) worshiped Mars above all (other gods). This tribute they,
being a warlike race, had paid to their natural inclinations."

82. tellus Hypsipylea : Lemnos. Hypsipyle was the daughter of Thoas, and
queen of Lemnos. When the Lemnian women, under the influence of
Venus, killed of! all the men of the island, the queen alone preserved
her father. Lemnos under the reign of Hypsipyle is also connected
with the voyage of the Argonauts, who touched at this island,
^ulcanum : Lemnos was the favorite haunt of Vulcan on earth. It was
on this island that he fell when Jove hurled him from heaven.

85-98. Other countries had other gods, but Mars was preeminently the god
of warlike Latium, and the various peoples of Latium honored him also
in their calendars, although his month was variously situated in the
order of months.

91, 92. ** Among the calendars of Aricia and Alba and (that city whose)

lofty walls (were) reared by the hand of Telegonus (f>. Tusculum),
there is an agreement."

92. Telegonus was the son of Ulysses and Circe, who unwittingly caused his

father's death. He afterward founded the Italian town of Tusculum.
Hence Horace thus speaks of this town : —

Telegoni iuga parricidae {Odes, III, xxix, 8) ; and
Tusculi Circaea moenia {Epodes, I, 29).

94. a tribns primum : " the fourth." Ovid delights in such roundabout ex-
pression of numbers. Compare his "four times three months," his
" doubling of ten years," his " adding of nine lustra to other nine," and
his " joining of ten times six to three hundred and five days."

96. convenit : compare constat above.

genii utrique : ** for both branches of the race," i,e. the Sabines and
the Pelignians.

135. "And that you may not doubt that prior (to the time of Numa) the
Kalends of March was the first day (of the year), give your attention
to the following proofs."

137-149. These "proofs" are: (i) that in olden times in March or on the
first of March the laurel branch in the houses of the Flamens was
annually renewed; (2) fresh laurel was hung at the door of the rex
sacrorum, of the chapel of the ward, and in the temple of Vesta;
(3) fresh fires were kindled upon the altars in the shrines; (4) the
worship of Anna Perenna, the goddess of the old lunar year was insti-
tuted; (5) newly elected officials entered upon their offices; and (6)

286 FASTI III [P. 54

the count must start with March in order to explain the titles of the
months which are named from numbers.

140. curiA prisca : these curiae, of which four remained in Ovid's time, were
the ancient chapels, one of which was placed in each of the original
curiae or wards of the city.

Page 55. — 145. parra fides : supply est. — isse = ivisse,

148. Although all Carthaginians were to the Roman proverbially "per-
fidious/' the reference is here to Hannibal and, loosely speaking, to
the second Punic war. It was not until after 153 B.C. that the consuls
entered upon their office in January.

151. Numa was, according to tradition, a native of Cures, a town of the
Sabines.

'53f 1 54* The "Samian" was the philosopher Pythagoras of Samos, who
taught the transmigration of souls. Ovid is apparently not troubled by
the anachronism involved in making this philosopher the instructor of
Numa. See the fifteenth book of the Metamorphoses, in which Ovid
gives an extended account of the life of Numa and the philosophy of
Pythagoras.

155. Numa added January and February, making a year of twelve months.
But these, as before, were lunar months, so that the year consisted of
only 355 days. Hence, even with Numa's addition {etiam nunc), the
seasons "kept going wrong" (erradant), making the addition of inter-
calary months necessary, until 46 B.C., when Julius Caesar placed the
calendar upon a scientific basis, giving to the year 365 J days. As is well
known, this arrangement continued until the time of Pope Gregory III,
who in 1582 made the final adjustment under which all Christendom,
with the exception of Russia, is now living.

'57» '58- "That prince, himself a god and founder of a noble line, did not
consider such things as these too small for his attention."
officiis: H. 471 (417); M. 239, i; A. 247; G. 398; B. 217, i.

161. signa: i.e. the signs of the Zodiac, through which the sun goes in his
apparent annual round.

164. e pleno tempora quarta die : i.e, a quarter of a day. On this and the

preceding line, see line 94, note.

165, 166. in lustrum, etc.: "there should be added every fourth year the

one day which is the sum of the part days (i>. the quarters)." This
is the mstitution of our quadriennial leap year.

701. simulacra: it was a favorite devise of the deus ex mackina in mytho-
logical story to substitute a delusive image for some imperiled favorite.
Diana's rescue of Iphigenia firom the sacrificial knife at Aulis, and

p. 57] NOTES 287

Apollo's rescue of Aeneas on the field of battle, are cases in point.
The latter incident is thus related by Homer (//. V, 449): —

Meantime the bowyer-god, Apollo, formed
An image of Aeneas, armed like him,
Round which the Trojans and Achaians thronged
With many a heavy weapon-stroke.

Page 56. — 707. Brutus and Cassius, the leaders of the conspirators against
the life of Caesar, and afterward the leaders of the so-called patriotic
forces, were defeated and slain at the battle of Philippi, 42 B.C., where
they met the opposing forces under Octavian.

708. " And ye whose scattered bones lie bleaching on the ground."

710. Caesaris : i.e. Octavian, afterward Augustus.

patrem : Julius Caesar was Octavian's adoptive father, though in reality
his uncle.

IV* — I. geminoram Amorum : " the twin loves," 1.^. Eros and Anteros.

3. maiores canebas : the poet is well on in the composition of his FasH.

4, 5. Ther.e is a joke between the poet and the goddess about some old love

affair of the former.
7. sancius, an sanus : an is loosely used here for sive . . . sive.
9. " What (trifling themes) *twas fitting (I should sing), I sang in earher

years without offense." With lusimus compare lusor amorum in line i

of Life; and with sine crimine, Life, 68.

11. This line is a combination of parts of I, i and 7.

12. Repeated from I, 2.

17. Ovid here as elsewhere represents himself as obtaining his facts, at least
in part, by the direct inspiration of some god.

Page 57. — 85. mensis honorem : i.e. the honor of having the name con-
nected directly with Venus by etymological derivation. Ovid gives his
own opinion on the etymology of the word in lines 61, 62 : —

Sed Veneris mensem Graio sermone notatum
Auguror : a sputnis est dea dicta maris.

Ovid's derivation would therefore be: (i) Greek &<f>p6s {■= spuma,
"foam"), (2) 'AippodiTri {^Aphrodite, the goddess sprung from the
foam of the sea), (3) Aprilis. It is needless to say that modern
philology would not allow this derivation. Ovid falls into another
error in supposing that any Latin word can be derived from a Greek
word. It must be either cognate with the Greek, or else a mere trans-
literation of it.
tibi: H. 429, 2 (386, 2); M. 211; A. 229; G. 347, 5; B. 188, 2, d.

288 FASTI IV [P. S7

86. velint: H. 591, i (503, I); M. 383, 2; A. 320, a; G. 631, 2; B. 283, 2.

87-89. The derivation which Ovid here contemptuously quotes is, however,
the one now commonly received : Aprilis (contracted from aperilis, an
adjectival form from the verb aperire), is the month in which the earth
opens and softens, and awakes to renewed life.

90. " (A month) which fruitful Venus lays her hand upon and claims as her
own."
iniecta manu and vindicat are both technical words, used primarily of a
master who officially claims a runaway slave by laying his hand upon
him.

93. natalibus undis : see note on Aphrodite, line 85. Venus rose from the
spray of the sea near the island of Cythera; hence her epithet in line
15, and her more common name Cytherea,

97. "She united the rough minds of men into one (society)." The home,
which is based upon the mutual love of the man and wife, is the
foundation of civilized society. Cicero ( Tusc, Disp. I, 62) imagines
some one man to have brought this about, and classes him with those
unknown men who have performed important service for civilization
and who illustrate the greatness of the human soul : Aut qui dissipates
homines congregavit et ad societatem vitae convocavit.

1 01. mare: from waj.

108. " From her (influence) came display in dress and a decent care for one's
personal appearance." This fact is illustrated in the individual as well
as the national experience of man.

III. eloquium fuit exorare : the poet plays upon these two words, which are
similar in composition and meaning, and asserts that the experience
involved in exorare called forth the original eloquium. Hence love is
the origin of the art of persuasive speech.

115. titulO: H. 462 (414, I); M. 237, i; A. 243 a; G. 390, 2; B. 214, I, b,

116. audeat: H. 557 (485); M. 327; A. 311; G. 257, 2; B. 280, 2.

Page 58. — 747 and following. Pales was a pure Italian deity, one of the
most ancient. Her festival, called the Palilia, was celebrated on the
2ist of April, which was regarded as the day on which Rome was
founded. Her favor was much desired by both shepherd and farmer.
Vergil {Eel. V, 35-39) describes the disastrous consequences of the
withdrawal of Pales and Apollo : —

" Often nowadays, in the very furrows to whose care we give our largest
barley grains, we see growing ungenerous darnel and unfruitful oats. In
place of the delicate violet and the dazzling bright narcissus springs up the
thistle, and the thorn with its sharp spikes." — [Conington's trans.]

p. 59] NOTES 289

747-776. This passage, aside from its other merits, is of especial interest in
that it is Ovid's ideal of a rustic's formal prayer. Similar to this is the
farmer's prayer addressed to Ceres and Tellus {J'as/i, I, 675-694).
The student should analyze both of these prayers and observe the
elements, if any, of praise, thanksgiving, petition, etc., which they con-
tain. With these may also be compared such passages as Lucretius,
De Rerum Natura^ I, 1-43 (a hymn or prayer to Venus) ; and Horace,
OdeSj I, xxxi, xxxv, and III, xviii. As an interesting statement of the
conditions for successful prayer, read Odes^ III, xxiii.

749~754* A list of the ceremonial offenses which he or his flock may know-
ingly or unwittingly have committed.

749. sive sacro pavi: " if I have fed (my flocks) on sacred (food)."

752. semicaper deus : i.e. Faunus.

753. Both lucum and nemus of line 751 here refer to a sacred or consecrated

grove.
756. fano: H. 429, I (386, i); M. 202, i; A. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III, 2.

760. To the timorous mind of the rustic, every spring and wood and mountain

had its deity who would be offended by the slightest intrusion, and
who, if beheld by human eyes, was likely to bring disaster and death
upon the unlucky mortal.

761. nec videamus iabra Dianae: as Actaeon did. The story of his mis-

chance is told in the Metamorphoses (III, 138-252). See outline on
page 108.

768. lavent: H. 590 (497, 1) ; M. 382, 3; A. 317, 2; G. 630; B. 282, 2.

770. " And may my osier sieve let freely drain the watery whey."

772. " Soft and well fit for hands however tender."

775. ad annum : " with each returning year."

777. his, haec : " these (words)." The reference can hardly be to the whole
prayer, but is most naturally to the last sentence, which makes men-
tion of rich gifts to Pales. " With these words must the goddess be
appeased."

777^782. These lines contain detailed instructions in the mysteries of the
worship of Pales, being an addition to and in part a repetition of the
lines which preceded the prayer. Some of these practices, such as
turning to the east in prayer, bathing the hands in running water, and
leaping through the fire are common to the superstitious practices of
many nations before and since the time of Ovid.

Page 59. — V, 379, and following. Chiron was a centaur, the offspring of
Saturn and the nymph Philyra (the "lyre-loving one"). He is praised
by Homer (//. XI, 832) for his love of justice; his skill in surgery also
is incidentally mentioned : —
OVID — 19

290 FASTI V [P. 59

( TAe wounded Eurypkylus addresses Patroclus^

Shed
Soothing and healing balms upon the wound,
As taught thee by Achilles, who had learned
The art from Chiron, righteous in his day
Beyond all other Centaurs.

Chiron was, moreover, skilled in the art of music, which he im-
parted to his pupils, the young heroes, Jason, Hercules, Aesculapius,
and Achilles, who were entrusted to his care. For further account of
Chiron's part in story, see analysis on page 102.

379. nocte minus quarta : Ovid's way of saying nocte tertia.

385. manus : i,e. of Achilles.

387, 388. In the course of his wanderings, having reached almost the end of
of his twelve labors, Hercules pays a visit to his old instructor in his
cave on Mount Pelion.

389. casu videres : H. 555 (485) ; M. 327, note; A. 311, a\ G. 258; B. 280, 3.
Troiae duo fata : i,e, Achilles, who was destined to slay Hector, the
bulwark of the Trojans; and Hercules, who, after his twelve labors
were ended, in company with a band of heroes, attacked Troy and
slew King Laomedon and all his sons, except the youthful Podarces,
afterward called Priam. This vengeance he took for the faithlessness
of Laomedon in withholding the promised reward for the rescue of
Hesione.

393. clavam spoliumque leonis : these were the club which he cut in the

Nemean forest, prior to his attack upon the Nemean lion; and the skin
of that beast, whose death was the accomplishment of the hero's first
labor. The club and lion's skin were ever after his constant accom-
paniments.

394. his armis: supply digne, H. 481 (421, III); M. 238, 2; A. 245, a, i;

G. 397, note 2; B. 226, 2.
395» 396. " Nor could Achilles keep his hands from making bold to touch
the skin all shaggy with rough fur." This is a fine human touch of the
poet, showing the awestruck admiration of the youthful hero for the
arms of the now famous Hercules.

395. auderent : H. 595, 2 (504, 4) ; M. 341, 3; A. 332,^; G. 555, i ; B. 295, 3.
397» 398. According to another account, Chiron was accidentally wounded by

one of these poisoned arrows in the contest between Hercules and the
Centaurs,
venenis: this poison which, tipping the arrows of Hercules, made
wounds inflicted by them incurable, was obtained from the gall of
the hydra which Hercules slew in the accomplishment of his second
labor.

p. 60] NOTES 291

Page 60. — 403. ** The swift poison made the remedy unavailing.'' Edojc is
explained by the remainder of the couplet. So speedily did the virus
fai or make its way through the body that no superBcial remedy could
avail.

408. *' So must Peleus himself (the father of Achilles) have been mourned,
had he been dying." For mode oi flendus erai, see H. 582 (511, 2);
M. 369; A. 308, r; G. 597, 3, tf ; B. 304, 3, b,

410. "The teacher now enjoys the rewards (of his toil) in (of) the kindly
disposition (morum) which he himself has fostered."

412. vive: it is related that Chiron retired to his cave, longing to die, but

was unable to do so on account of his inmiortality, till, on his express-
ing his willingness to die for Prometheus, he was released by death
from his misery. According to another account (the present), he was,
on his prayer to Jove for relief, raised to the sky and made the con-
stellation of Sagittarius, which is one of the twelve signs of the Zodiac.

413. iustissime: a frequent epithet of Chiron. See above the quotation

from Homer on line 379.

414. corpora: H. 416 (378); M. 198; A. 240, c; G. 338, i; B. 180, i.

VI. — 249, 250. "O Vesta, hail ! we open now our lips to thee devoted, if in
thy sacred festival we be allowed a part."

252. Compare IV, 5 and 6.

253. valeant mendacia vatum: <<away with the lying tales of bards;" i^,

Vesta never appears to mortals, any statement of the poets to the con-
trary notwithstanding.

254. nee fueras aspicienda viro : " (and even if thou didst appear to mor-

tals), thou wouldst not have revealed thyself to (me) a man." No
man was allowed to enter Vesta's temple. For the mode of fueras see
V, 408 and note.

255. 256. Again he professes to receive knowledge of things archaeological,

philological, and otherwise, by direct inspiration, " at the instruction of
no (visible) being." Compare IV, 17.
257. Palilia: see IV, 747, note. Ovid means to say in this line that forty
years after the founding of the city, the formal worship of Vesta was
introduced. He implies also (IV, 731, 732), that after the introduc-
tion of Vesta's worship, she had some connection with the worship of
Pales. The two lines here quoted are a part of the instructions for the
observance of the Palilia : —

I, pete virginea, populus, suflfimen [incense] ab ara;
Vesta dabit, Vestae munere purus eris.

292

FASTI VI

[P. 60

Lanciani's plausible explanation of the origin of the worship of Vesta '
makes her connection with Pales seem very close and natural.

" The origin of the worship of Vesta is very simple. In prehistoric
times, when Bre could be obtained only from the friction of two sticks
of dry wood, or from sparks of flint, every village kept a public fire burn-
ing day and night, in a central hut, at the disposition of each family.
The care of watching the precious element was intrusted to young
girls, because girls, as a rule, did not follow their parents and brothers
to the far-away pasture grounds, and did not share with them the
fatigue of hunting or fishing expeditions. In course of time, however,
this simple practice became a kind of sacred institution, especially at
Alba Longa, the mother country of Rome; and when a large party of
Alban shepherds fled from the volcanic eruptions of the Alban craters
into the plain below, and settled on the marshy banks of the Tiber,
they followed, naturally, the institutions of the mother country; and
the worship of Vesta — represented by the public fire and the girls
attending to it — was duly organized at the foot of the Palatine hill,
on the borders of the market-place (forum).'*

Opus is in apposition to the act expressed in the preceding line.

regis placidi: Numa's peaceful reign was in striking contrast to the
war-filled reign of Romulus.

metuentius numinis : " more God-fearing."

acre, stipula : he contrasts the present bronze roof of Vesta's temple
with its ancient roof of thatch.

263, 264. The Atrium Vesiae, extensive ruins of which are still to be seen in

the Forum, was the home of
the Vestal Virgins. The small
round temple, the foundation
of which is still traceable, and
the Regia^ the official residence
of the Pontifex Maximus, are
in the same plot of ground,
immediately adjacent to (jus-
tinet) the Atrium, The cut
illustrates their relative loca-
tion. The foundation of the
Regia was attributed to Numa.

264. intonsi : " unshorn," hence " old-time." See II, 30, note.

Page 61. — 265. forma templi: notwithstanding the many vicissitudes,
involving repeated destruction and rebuilding, which this temple ex-
perienced during the centuries, it still retained its original form, i.e, cy-
lindrical. Numa's original hut temple was destroyed at the time of the

259.

26

v.Lgp?J3FffiTH:

■A Jy* «— * »-

ATRIUMfK^iyE.S'Qll: f

.trium|S

. » 4 ^

!«:,

gT-TTTiU

p. 6i] NOTES 293

invasion of the Gauls in 390; the temple was again destroyed by fire
in 241; it was seriously damaged by an inundation in the time of
Augustus (cf. Horace, Odes, I, ii, 15, 16); it was burned in Nero's fire,
and restored by that emperor; burned again in 191 A.D., and recon-
structed by Julia Domna, the empress of Septimius Severus. In 394,
Theodosius II shut the gates of the temple and extinguished forever
the mysterious fire that had been kept burning for over one thousand
years. Well-preserved ruins were in existence in 1549, when the build-
ers of Saint Peter's destroyed it, burning its pillars and marble blocks
into lime. A shapeless mass of concrete of the foundations is all that
is left in the Forum to-day of the famous shrine.

266. ** The cause of (this round) form is reasonable .and not far to seek

{subest)."
267-282. His process of reasoning is as follows: (i) There is an occult but
real connection and similarity between Vesta and the Earth (Ovid's ex-
planation at this point is very obscure). (2) The earth is round like
a ball, a statement supported by purely a priori argument. (3) There-
fore the temple of Vesta, who, by the first argument, is in a sense the
same as the earth, must approach the terrestrial rotundity as nearly as
is possible to a temple; and this form is the cylinder.

267. subest vigil ignis utrique : " beneath each is the never dying fire ; "

i.e. the perpetual fire burned upon the altar in the center of the temple,
and beneath the earth fires were supposed to be always burning.

268. " (Now these two related beings) Earth and Hearth {i.e, Vesta),

(the one situated at the center of the universe, and the other at the
center of the temple) suggest (both by their shape and position)
their (common) abode (^i.e. the temple)."

278. globus: this was the famous planetarium, a model of the heavenly
bodies, showing their position, motions, and relation, constructed by
Archimedes of Syracuse. In this, as in the usual ancient conception,
the earth is represented as situated at the center of the universe.

295, 296. The contents of Vesta's temple were sacredly guarded from profane
eyes. It is known, however, that for centuries the Palladium and
other sacred relics were preserved there.

298. The poet would imply that the Romans never fashioned an image of

Vesta. The vision which Aeneas had on the night of the destruction
of Troy {Aen. II, 293-297) is, however, interesting in this connection.
The apparition of Hector consigns the Trojan Penates to Aeneas, and
moreover produces from the shrine the image of Vesta^ with the sacred
fillets upon the head, and also the sacred, never dying fire.

299. Here again Ovid asserts a relation between Earth and Vesta. The Earth

is independent of all support, nulla fulcimine nixa (cf. line 269), and

294 FASTI VI [P. 6i

so is Vesta (».^. she needs no image to show her forth) ; and from this
very fact, says the poet, she is named both in Latin and Greek.

Ovid's etymology is at fault here, as often. Vesia and Gr. *E<rr/a
are both derived from the y/vas^ "to burn." Focus also (line 301) is
not connected etymologically vf\\.\i Jlamma zxidfoveOf hut is from the
y/dha^ " to be bright," with which root are also connected such words
z& fax ^ fades i etc.
302, 303. In old times the hearth (or vesta) was in the front part of the
house, in the passage between the street door and the central apart-
ment or atrium. From this fact, says Ovid, this front entrance or
passage is called vestibulum^ the place of Vesta,

306. In a fragment of Manius, one of the satires of Varro, which describes

the management of a rural household, there are three maxims for the
guidance of the pious rustic : not to speak evil against one's neighbor,
not to put the feet upon the sacred hearth, and to contribute to the god
who is supposed to be present at the feast his own portion in his dish
set upon the hearth : Non tnaledicerey pedem in focum non itnponere,
sacrificari.

307. Vacuna was an ancient Sabine goddess, whose worship also, like that of

Vesta, centered around the hearth. Ovid does not . mean to suggest
any other connection between these two.

309. de more vetusto : i.e, the ancient custom of associating the gods with the
family meal, and of worshiping them at the hearthside.

311-318. Closely connected with Vesta and the hearth as the center of
family life is bread, which is baked upon the hearth. Hence all imple-
ments and agents connected with the making of bread, from the
millstone to the oven, and from the ass who turns the mill to the baker
himself, are sacred to and under the special patronage of the goddess
of ovens, Fornax, to whom Numa himself is said to have instituted a
festival.

METAMORPHOSES

Page 64. — I, 1-2. "My mind is bent to tell of bodies into new forms

changed." The subject of the poem is thus briefly stated; it is to be

a story of transformations or metamorphoses,
2. nam vos, etc. : " for you yourselves have wrought these changes."
4. deducite carmen: the metaphor is taken from the process of spinning

or weaving. There is to be an unbroken thread of song from the

earliest to the latest times.
5-7. Micyllus points out that it was the common belief of antiquity, Aristotle

to the contrary notwithstanding, that the universe did not exist always.

p. 65] NOTES 295

but had a beginning and was created out of chaos by God; that these
common beliefs extended also to the flood and other similar events of
world-wide importance; that ideas of God himself were common prop-
erty; and that these beliefis were passed on as oral traditions from
generation to generation. These ideas were first and most fully devel-
oped by the Jews, from whom they passed to the Egyptians, thence to
the Greeks, and thence to the other nations.

Ovid has ebewhere described the resolution of chaos into the orderly
universe. See FasU I, 103-110; and Ars AmaL II, 467-470.

8, 10. congestaque, etc. : " and, heaped in one mass, the warring seeds of
ill-matched elements."

12, 13. The ancients had clear notions of the rotundity of the earth, although
they were wrong in making it the center of the universe. Ovid else-
where describes the shape and position of the earth with great minute-
ness (^FasL VI, 269-280).

15-20. All matter which now exists was then existent, but in no permanent or
separate form. All was one mass of opposing elements.

Milton {Paradise Lost, II) has well described this state of things : —

A dark
Illimitable ocean, without bound,
Without dimension, where length, breadth, and height,
And time, and place, are lost ; where eldest Night
And Chaos, ancestors of Nature, hold
Eternal anarchy, amidst the noise
Of endless wars, and by confusion stand.
For Hot, Cold, Mobt, and Dry, four champions fierce,
Strive here for mastery, and to battle bring

Their embryon atoms

Into this wild abyss,

The womb of Nature, and perhaps her grave,
0/ neither sea, nor shore, nor air, nor fire.
But all these in their pregnant causes mixed
Confusedly^ and which thus must ever fight,
Unless the almighty Maker them ordain
His dark materials to create more worlds, etc.

20. sine pondere habentia pondus : " things having weight with weightless
things."

Page 65. — 21. "God and a better nature composed this strife." So the
literal. According to the ancient belief, God and nature were closely
united. Seneca, indeed, says : Nihil aliud est natura quam Deus. The
passage in question would best be translated, in the light of this belief:
" God by the laws of nature {i,e, by his own laws) composed this strife,"

296 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 65

23. "And he separated the ethereal heavens from the dense atmosphere."
26, 27. The ancients considered all things resolvable into four elements : earth,
water, air, and fire. Fire is the most attenuated and lightest of all
substance, and is akin to immaterial spirit. Its natural home is in the
far regions of upper space. According to Zeno, the Stoic philosopher,
it is of this substance the soul is made. And Vergil, following this
thought (Aen. VI, 730), says of the soul : —

Igneus est ollis vigor et caelestis origo
Seminibus.

Here read again the passage (in this volume) to which reference has
already been made — Fas/. I, 103- no.
31. ultima, i.e. = eztima: " the outermost, farthest regions.''
' 32. quisquis fuit ille deorum : the idea of some definitely conceived crea-
tive deity, which was set forth in line 21, now gives way to a much more
indefinite conception — but it is still some deity actively engaged in the
work of creation.

" When he, whoever of the gods it was, had thus arranged in order and
resolved that chaotic mass, and reduced it, thus resolved, to cosmic
parts," etc.

These " cosmic parts " are earth, water, atmosphere, and ether, as
mentioned above.

36. tumescere: understand ^^/^ as subject.

37. circumdare : the subject is some agent unexpressed; the object is /f/^r^,

and the indirect object, terrae.

40. ipsa : understand terra.

41, 42. campoque, etc. : "and, being received to (into) an expanse of more

extended water, beat now on shores instead of banks."
campo: H. 428, I (385, 4, D); M. 213; A. 225, 3; G. 358; B. 193.
45-51. The vault of heaven is first conceived of as marked off into five bands
or zones; and other zones, corresponding in position and nature to
these are, as it were, imprinted upon the earth.

" And as the celestial sphere is cut by two zones on the right {i.e. north
frigid and temperate), and by two on the left (south frigid and temperate),
and there is a fifth zone hotter than these (the torrid zone) ; so," etc.

Page 66. — 48. cura dei: "the providence of God," or, "God in his provi-
dence."

56. Ventosque illic consistere iussit quifidmina et frigora faciunt.

57. his : i.e. the winds. This may be construed with habendum as apparent

agent, or with permisit as indirect object.

p. 67] NOTES 297

58-60. viz nunc, etc : ** even as it is {nunc), although they control each one
his own blasts in separate regions, they can with difficulty be kept from
tearing the universe to pieces. '*

58. Ulis: H. 429(386); M. 202; A. 228; G. 347; B. 187, III.

60. lanient: H. 595, 2 (504, 4); M. 341, 3; A. 332, ^; G. 555, i;
B. 295, 3.
fratnun: the winds are the brothers, sons of Astraeus, a Titan, and
Aurora, goddess of the dawn.

61-66. The four principal winds are here described : the East Wind {Eurus),
the West Wind [Zephyrus), the North Wind {Boreas), and the South
Wind {Ausier, also called A^otus), Vergil has represented these winds
as confined in a cave under the control of Aeolus {Aen. I, 52).

66. plnvioque : que is here made to unite two elements not quite coordinate,

i.e. nubibus adsiduis, a means or cause, and pluvio ab Austro, an ex-
pression halting between agency and source.

67. gravitate carentem : " weightless."

70. massa sub ilia : i.e. chaos, in which the stars and all other individual
entities had been engulfed.

72. " And that no place might be without its own forms of animate life."

73. To the ancient imagination, the stars were closely connected with the

gods, many of them bearing the names of gods as well as of earthly
heroes, animals, and objects which had been so honored by divinity as
to merit a place in the heavens. The planets all bore names of gods.
Added to this, the great interstellar spaces were conceived of as the
home of the invisible gods. And the human mind has not yet lost the
conception of the heavens as the abode of Deity, and as the world of
disembodied spirits.
Page 67. — 76-88. Man is the culmination of creative work. Science, poetic
imagination, and revelation alike proclaim this. Compare with the
present passage, Milton, Paradise Lost, Book VII : —

Now Heaven in all her glory shone, and rolled

Her motions, as the great first Mover's hand

First wheeled their course ; earth in her rich attire

Consummate lovely smiled ; air, water, earth.

By fowl, fish, beast, was flown, was swum, was walked

Frequent ; and of the sixth day yet remained :

There wanted yet the master-work, the end

Of all yet done ; a creature who, not prone

And brute as other creatures, but endued

With sanctity of reason, might erect

His stature, and upright with front serene

Govern the rest, self knowing.

298 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 67

78-83. What made man so superior to all other creatures? The poet advances
two theories : either (i) the Creator himself fashioned him out of divine
substance, or else (2) the clay of earth from which the man was formed
was so freshly come from its association with heavenly ether in chaos
as to retain some ethereal elements. Lowell's description of Lincoln
(^Commemoration Ode^ VI) has a thought somewhat akin to the last
suggestion : —

For him her Old- World moulds aside she [Nature] threw,

And, choosing sweet clay from the breast

Of the unexhausted West,

With stuff untainted shaped a hero new.

82. satus lapeto: i.e, Prometheus. This is one of the most admirable

heroes of mythology. He is not only the creator of mankind, but ben-
efactor and instructor as well in all the arts of civilization — and this at
the cost of endless suffering on his own part in man's behalf. His
creative act is briefly mentioned here by Ovid. He is elsewhere repre-
sented {e^. Horace, Odes^ I, xvi, 13) as creating man in a somewhat
different manner. His theft of fire for man, its method, and the
method of his punishment for this are related by Aeschylus {Prome-
theus Bound) : —

For I, poor I, though giving

Great gifts to mortal men, am prisoner made

In these fast fetters ; yea, in fennel stalk

I snatched the hidden spring of stolen fire,

Which is to men a teacher of all arts,

Their chief resource. And now this penalty

Of that offense I pay, fast riveted

In chains beneath the open firmament.

83. " Molded into the image of the all-controlling gods." According to this

statement, man was made in the image of the gods. But the gods of
classical mythology had long since been made in the image of man.
All the poets from Homer and Hesiod down had emphasized the
anthropomorphic conception of deity. Cicero {Tusc. Disp, I, § 65)
turns from this idea in disgust : Fingebat haec Homerus, et humana
ad deos transferebat ; divina mallem ad nos.

Unless we retain this same anthropomorphic conception of God, the
" likeness " of Genesis I, 26 must be interpreted as a spiritual likeness.
Milton's story of the creation of man (in the connection above quoted)
enlarges upon this text : —

" Let us make now man in our image, man
In our similitude." . . .
This said, he formed thee, Adam ; thee, O man.

p. 68] NOTES 299

Dust of the ground, and in thy nostrils breathed
The breath of life ; in his own image he
Created thee, in the image of God
Express, and thou becam'st a living soul.

89. aurea prima sata est aetas : the conception ofman's original perfect state
and his degeneracy because of sin, and the hope of his hnal restoration
to his primal happiness, are ideas common to many ancient nations.
It is the teaching of the Hebrew Scriptures, and no less the doctrine
of the classic poets. Ovid here discusses the first two conceptions
only. Vergil predicts {Eclogues^ IV) the imminent return of the bless-
ings of the reign of Saturn in language that is strikingly similar to the
millennial prophecies of the prophet Isaiah.

Opposed to these conceptions of original perfection followed by
degeneration should be noted the evolutionary theories put by Aes-
chylus in the mouth of Prometheus, and set forth also by Lucretius
{De Rerum Naturd),

Page 68. — 92. fixo acre refers to the Roman practice of engraving the laws
on tablets of bronze, and hanging these in public places to be noted by
the people. In the Golden Age there were no laws.

94--96. " Not yet had the pine tree, felled on its native mountains, descended
thence unto the watery plains to visit other lands." The fixed abode
of men in one land as a characteristic of this age is thus described by
Seneca {Medea, 328-333) : —

The guiltless golden age our fathers saw.
When youth and years the same horizon bounded ;
No greed of gain their simple hearts confounded ;

Their native wealth enough, — 'twas all they knew.

Horace locates the impiety of man's invasion of the sea in the fact
that this was plainly intended by Providence to be a means of separa-
tion between the nations, but man has made it a highway ( Odes, I, iii,

21).

96. norant : a syncopated form for noverant.

98. direct! : supply aeris,

100. "Secure from war's alarms, the nations passed the years in peaceful

ease."
moUia otia is sjmtactically the direct object oi peragehant.
otia is plural, perhaps because of the plural idea in gentes; but Ovid

frequently uses the plural with no apparent distinctive plural meaning,
loi. immtinis: "without compulsion," i.e. "of her own motion " = J«^l

sponte,
106. lovis arbore : the oak among trees as the eagle among birds was sacred

3CX) METAMORPHOSES I [P. 68

to Jove. In the same way the olive was the sacred tree of Minerva,
the laurel of Apollo, etc.
I lo. nec renovatus ager : " and the fields, though unrenewed."

111. The Biblical description of Canaan is strikingly recalled here, — "a

land flowing with milk and honey."

112. mella: on the plural, see note on oHa, line loo. The distilling of

honey from the trees is a feature of Vergil's prophecy : —

£t durae quercus sudabunt roscida mella.

The fourth Eclogue should be read entire in this connection.

113. 114. "After Saturn had been banished to gloomy Tartara and the world

came under the sway of Jove." According to the Greek myth, Zeus
had risen up against his father Cronos (Saturn), and, with the help of
Prometheus, Oceanus, and others, had dethroned and chained him in
Tartara.

117. inaequales: ** changeable."

Page 69. — 1 21-124. Ovid places in the first stage of human degeneration
those arts of civilization, the lack of which, according to the evolu-
tionary theory of Lucretius, characterized the early savage life of primi-
tive man.

123. semina: but in the, Golden Age, plants had sprung up sine semine.
See line 108.

127. non scelerata: war was now introduced, but not impious civil strife,
the worst phase of war.

132-134. See notes on lines 94-96.

I35> ^36. "And the ground, which had hitherto been a common possession
like the sunlight and the air, the careful surveyor now marked out
with long-drawn boundary line."

137- segetes: H. 411, i (374, i); M. 192, 2 ; A. 239, c, note 2; G. 339, a;
B. 178, I, «.

138-140. In Milton's story {Paradise Lost, Bodk I), it was Mammon who
taught men to dig for treasure : —

By him first
Men also, and by his suggestion taught.
Ransacked the center, and with impious hands
Rifled the bowels of their mother earth
For treasures better hid.

So also Horace ( Odesj III, iii, 49) would leave gold unmined : —

Aunim inrepertum et sic melius situm,
Cum terra celat.

142. utroque : i,e. gold and iron both.

p. 70] NOTES 301

144. yiyitur ez rapto: "men live on plunder."

hospes is literally a stranger, and is used to express the relation of
both host and guest. Among the ancients the relation of hospitality
{kospitium) was one of the most sacred. In the Iron Age human de-
generacy is complete, when men sin against this and the closest domes-
tic ties.

147. Inrida is to be taken as an active adjective, representing its noun

{aconitd) not as possessing the quality indicated by the adjective
("pale," "ghastly "), but as imparting that quality to something else
(" making pale or ghastly "). Compare FasH, II, 25, note.

148. ante diem: "before his time," because the son is overanxious to come

into the inheritance.

149. 150. et virgOy etc.: "and the maiden Astraea, last of the immortals,

abandoned the blood-steeped earth (to its fate)." Astraea was the
goddess of Justice. She long had mingled with the human race on
earth, but degeneration was now complete, and she fled to the skies
where she became the constellation Virgo in the Zodiac.

Spenser, with his usual fullness in classical allusion, thus describes the
flight of Astraea {Faerie Queene, V, i, n; : —

Now when the world with sinne gan to abound,
Astraea loathing lenger here to space [walk]
Mongst wicked men, in whom no tnith she found,
Retum'd to heaven, whence she deriv'd her race ;
Where she hath now an everlasting place
Mongst those twelve signes which nightly we doe see
The heavens bright-shining baudricke to enchace ;
And is the Virgin, sixt in her degree,
And next herselfe her righteous ballance hanging bee.

It seems strange that Ovid should have passed over in this connec-
tion the legend of Pandora and her fatal box, whence escaped all
human ills, leaving Hope alone behind.

Page 70. — 154, 155. "Then the almighty father hurled his thunderbolt,
shattered Olympus, and shook off Pelion from underlying Ossa." This
famous attempt of the Giants to scale heaven by piling mountain upon
mountain, and thus to dethrone Jove, is a commonplace in literature.
Horace {Odes^ III, iv, 53) uses the incident to point the moral that
brute force cannot avail against wisdom.

155. Ossae : H. 428, 2 (385, 4, 2)); M. compare 2ii ; A, 229; G. 345, Rem. i ;
6. 188, 2, d.

157. natoram : these giants were the sons of Heaven and Earth.

160. et : " also," i.e. in additions to the giants, from whose blood they had
sprung.

302 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 70

162. sdres: H. 555 (485); M. 327, note; A. 311, a; G. 258; B. 280, 3.

164-166. "And, with the infamous revels of Lycaon's table fresh in mind,
which because of their recent occurrence were not generally known, he
. conceived a mighty wrath worthy of the soul of Jove," etc.

169. Lactea : understand via, ** the Milky Way."

171, 172. deonun nobilium: a fragment from the AnnaUs of Ennius con-
tains a list of the twelve gods who were reckoned in the first rank : —

luno, Vesta, Minerva, Ceres, Diana, Venus, Mars,
Mercurius, Iovis,Neptunus, Vulcanus, Apollo.

In this description of the heavenly aristocracy Ovid has definitely in
mind (see lines 175, 176) the social state of his own time, with the
spacious palaces of the emperor and his nobles occupying the hills and
thronged {celebraniur) with courtiers of lower degree.

1 73. plebs, etc. : " the gods of lower rank dwell (literally, apart in situation)
in a different locality"; just as the common people of Rome lived in
the less desirable quarters of the city.
hac fronte: "fronting on this way {i.e, the Milky Way)."

1 76. Palatia (n. pi.) is the word used distinctively of the palace of Augustas
on the Palatine. The emperors successively built their palaces on the
same hill, tearing down, remodeling, adding to the structures of their
predecessors, until the whole area was covered with buildings, extensive
ruins of which are still to be seen.

Page 71. — 183, 184. qua centum, etc.: "when {qua tempestate) each one
of the serpent-footed (giants) was in act to lay violent hands upon the
captive sky." Captivo is used proleptically, since it could not properly
apply unless the undertaking should succeed.

186. ab uno corpore : in the war with the giants, they only were the aggres-

sors; but in the present situation all men of every class are in a state
of open and violent rebellion.

187. qua would naturally be qua cumque^ but the generalization is effected

by means of totum orbem.

188. per flumina iuro, etc. : these rivers of the lower world are named and

described by Milton as follows {Paradise Lost, II) : —

Abhorred Styx, the flood of deadly hate ;
Sad Acheron, of sorrow, black and deep,
Cocytus, named of lamentation loud
Heard on the rueful stream ; fierce Phlegethon,
Whose waves of torment fire inflame with rage.

An oath by these rivers, usually the Styx alone, was inviolable. See
VergU {Aen, VI, 323) : —

p. 72] NOTES 303

Cocyti stagna alta vides Stygiamque paludem,
Di cuiiis iurare timent et fiillere numen.

194, 195. " Since we do not yet esteem them worthy of the honor of a place
in heaven, let us at least guarantee that they dwell (in safety) in the
lands allotted to them."

196. an satis, etc. : an indignant rhetorical question, with evident negative
answer.

198. Lycaon: a mythical king of Arcadia, notorious for his impiety and

cruelty, which are illustrated in the following story.

199. ausum talia is very much condensed. It is equivalent to eum qui

talia ausus est.

201. Caesareo: 2>. of Julius Caesar. The adjective is used for the possessive

genitive.

202. tanto subitae terrore ruinae : note the interlocked order of the words —

a favorite arrangement with Ovid.

204. The poet here a second time (see lines 175, 176) introduces a flattering

comparison between Augustus and Jove.

205, 206. qui postquam, etc. : " after he, by word and gesture, had checked

their outcry."

Page 72. — 209. ille : ue, Lycaon.

210. admissum: understand jiV. ** Still, what the crime was, and what the
punishment, I'll tell."

212. qiiam cupiens falsam, etc.: ''hoping to prove this false," etc. Jove is
represented here not as the all-seeing, all-knowing one, who sits upon
the height of heaven and views the world, but as one who must come
down to earth and investigate like a mortal. Vergil's picture is more
consistent with the dignity of the god (Aen. I, 223-225) : —

luppiter aethere sum mo
Despiciens mare velivolum terrasque iacentes
Litoraque et latos populos.

But it should be said that Ovid's habitual attitude toward the gods is
one of easy familiarity. They are rarely august in his pages, partly
because of their anthropomorphic character in the stories which he
undertakes to tell; but largely, no doubt, because from Ovid, as from
his contemporaries, reverence for the gods of mythology was passing
away.
216, 217. Maenala (ace. pi. n.), Cyllene, Lycaeus: mountains in Arcadia,
ruled over by Lycaon, the Areas iyrannus,

219. traherent cum, etc. : i.e. just as dusk was deepening into night.

220. signa dedi, venisse deum : " I gave the sign, a god has come." What

was this sign of divine presence ? In the story of Philemon and Baucis

304 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 72

i^MeU VIII, 679 seq.) it is the miracle of the replenished wine-bowl.
Other signs of godhead may be inferred from the following passages in
Vergil; first, where Venus reveals herself to Aeneas just before vanish-
ing from his sight (^Aen, I, 402 seq,) : —

Dixit, et avertens rosea cervice refulsit,
Ambrosiaeque comae divinum vertice odorem
Spiravere, pedes vestis defluxit ad imos,
Et vera incessu patuit dea.

In the second passage {Aen. V, 646 j^^.)» I"s, to deceive the Trojan
women, has put on the form of Berog, " faciem deae vestemque repo-
nens." But for all that, her disguise is penetrated by one of the
women : —

Non Beroe vobis est

divini signa decoris

Ardentesque notate oculos ; qui spiritus illi,
Qui vultus, vocisque sonus, et gressus eunti.

222. ezperiar, etc. : " I'll prove by a plain test whether this fellow be god or
mortal."

224-230. The proposed test was twofold. The events are stated in reversed
chronological order. The experiment of the offer of human flesh at
dinner under the guise of meat would* naturally come first. The second
experiment (which never came to the test) was to have been an attack
upon the life of the sleeping god.

227. iugulum resolvit : " he cut the throat."

228. semineces: i.e. "still warm with life." This passage explains the

foeda convivia of line 165.

229. moUit = coquit.

230. ^imxiV-simulac.

23 J. "Upon its master did I overthrow the house, and on his guilty house-
hold." Penates seems best taken by metonymy for the household who
were "worthy" of the head of the house, sharers of his guilt; it may
also be taken literally of the household gods who shared Lycaon's
guilt in not restraining him from his impiety.

232. ipse : i.e. Lycaon, as opposed to his household.

234. conligit OS rabiem : naturally, like a wild beast.

236. « His garments change to shaggy hair, his arms to legs."

237. fit lupus : Browning {The Ring and the Book, XI, 2050) thus rationalizes

this passage, joining it with the story of Byblis {Met. IX, 452 seq.") : —

Only, be sure, no punishment, no pain.

Childish, preposterous, impossible,

But some such fate as Ovid could foresee —

p. 73] NOTES 305

Byblis injluznum, let the weak soul end
In water, sed Lycaon in lupum, but
The strong become a wolf forever more.

240. perire : a poetic construction. H. 591, 7; 608, 4 (503, II, 2) ; M. 383, i ;

A. 320,/ and note; G. 631, i; 552, Rem. 2; B. 382, 3.

Page 73. — 242. " You would think that men had banded together for
crime '*; i.e. that the whole world was in a criminal alliance,
dent: the subjunctive represents the resolve of the speaker: "they
shall pay."

245. alii partes implent : the language is that of the stage, " they play (or
perform) their parts." Compare Terence, Phormio, Prologue 27 : —

Latini Phormionem nominant.
Quia primas partes qui aget, is erit Phormio.

247. mortalibiis: H. 465 (414, III); M. 237, 2; A. 243, d\ G. 390, 3;

B. 214, I, d.

250. "As they questioned thus, the king of gods bade them not to be
troubled, for the results would be his care."

252. populo: H. 434 (390; M. 214; A. 234; G. 359; B. 192, i.

253. •* And now he was just on the point of hurling." Jove's natural weapon

of destruction was the thunderbolt, the vindex flamma, but he sud-
denly remembers the decree of fate, which he knows but cannot alter,
that the heavens and the earth shall some day be destroyed by fire;
and he has no mind to precipitate this destruction which would involve
the gods as well as men.
255-258. The destruction of all things by fire, or rather a return of all things
to the elemental fire from which they had been evolved, was a Stoic
doctrine. Lactantius (J^e Ira^ § 13) declares that this fate is foretold
in the Sibylline Books.

258. ardeat: H. 591, 2 (500, I); M. 382, 4; A. 320; G. 631, 2; B. 283; i.
mundi, etc. : " and when the curiously wrought structure of the world

should be destroyed."
257, 258. quo tellus ardeat, etc. : Seneca {Epigrammata, VII, 5) refers to
this belief in the method of the world's destruction : —

Quid tarn parva loquor ? moles pulcherrima caeli
Ardebit fiammis tota repente suis.

259. tela manibus fabricata Cyclopmn: i.e. the thunderbolts. Hesiod

( Theogonyj 139) first represented the Cyclops as smiths who forged
Jove's thunderbolts. Horace takes up the same idea ( Odes^ I, IV, 7) : —

Dum graves Cyclopum
Volcanus ardens visit officinas.

OVID — 20

306 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 73

260^ 261. The world is to be destroyed by flood. This flood tradition is a
part of the stock of old-world story, traceable alike in the Hebrew
scriptures and in the literature and folk-lore of many nations. See
Genesis VI, 7 : And the Lord said, I will destroy man whom I have
created from the face of the ground; both man, and beast, and creeping
thing, and fowl of the air; for it repenteth me that I have made them;
and Genesis VII, 4: For yet seven days, and I will cause it to rain
upon the earth forty days and forty nights; and every living thing that
I have made will I destroy from off" the face of the ground.

261. perdere, demittere is an example of hysteron proteron^ the reverse of
the natural order of events.

265. " His forbidding face shrouded in pitchy darkness."

269. \^SiZ=deinde\ « next," «* after that."

Page 74. — 270. nuntia lunonis Iris: this description of Iris, the mes-
senger of Juno, " varios induta colores," is paralleled by Vergil's lines
(Aen, IV, 7cx>) : —

Ergo Iris croceis per caelum roscida pennis,
Mille trahens varios adverso sole colores,
Devolat

The bright many-hued trail left by Iris was the rainbow, which Spenser
(^Faerie Queene, V, iii, 25) thus describes : —

As when the daughter of Thaumantes faire
Hath in a watry cloud displayed wide
Her goodly bow, which paints the liquid ayre.
That all men wonder at her colours pride.

271. concipit aquas, etc. : " Iris draws up water and feeds it to the clouds."
Compare the familiar phenomenon of " the sun (/rawing water."

274. caelo 8UO: rain, cloud-bursts, and the like are not enough; there must

be swollen rivers, broken dikes, tidal waves.

275. caeruleus frater : i.e. Neptune.

277, 278. non est hortamine, etc. : " now is no time to employ a long har-
angue," such as a general would make to his army just before ordering
them into battle.

280. The figure now changes to that of the horse-race. Immittere hahenas is
" to give loose rein," " shake out the reins " over the necks of the
horses.

281 and following. Compare with this dramatic account of the coming of
the flood the exceedingly simple language of Genesis^ VII, 17-24.

281-282. ora relaxant, defrenato cursu : again the figure of the horse with
the "bits removed from the mouth" and the consequent "unbridled
course." The poet has, however, in line 282 mixed his horses and his

p. 75] NOTES 307

streams, since defrenato is applicable only to the former, and vohmn-
tur only to the latter.

2S4. Subterranean streams are opened up.

285. ezspatiata is the word used of Phaethon's runaway horses (^MeU II,
202). In any other writer than Ovid the rapid motion of this line
might be considered as intentionally agreeing with the motion of the
swift waters. But see introductory note on Ovid's Hexameters, under
the head " The position and preponderance of dactyls and spondees."

293-306. Ovid delights in the sharp contrasts afforded by these changed rela-
tions, and makes the most of his opportunity.

302. Shelley (^Prometheus Unbound^ III, ii) thus beautifully pictures the
Nereids in their under-sea home: —

Behold the Nereids under the green sea.
Their wavering limbs borne on the wind-like stream.
Their white arms lifted o'er their streaming hair
With garlands pied and starry sea-flower crowns.

Page 75. — 303. agitata is used by prolepsis, since the oaks would not be
'* shaken " until the act lapulsani is performed.

304. The abandonment of natural hostility by the lower animals in times of

common danger, e^, by flood or forest fire, is well known.

305, 306. nee vires, etc. : " neither does the power of his lightning stroke

avail the boar, nor his swift limbs the stag, (since both alike are)
swept away (by the flood)." Ovid expresses more plainly the applica-
tion of fulmen to ** the destructive power " of the boar's tusks in
another place {Met, X, 550) : —

Fulmen habent acres in aduncis dentibus apri.

abUto belongs rhetorically with both apro and cervo. For the case of
these, see H. 429 (386); M. 202; A. 228; G. 346; B. 187, III.
307, 308. ♦• And after long search upon the earth for a place to light, the
wandering bird with wearied wings fell down into the sea."
detur: H. 590(497, 1); M. 382, 3; A. 317, 2; G. 630; B. 282, 2.
318. The sole surviving mortals were Deucalion and his wife Pyrrha, who
was also his cousin, loosely called his sister (line 351). Their gene-
alogy is as follows: —

Uranus

lapetus (the Titan)

Prometheus Epimetheus

Deucalion Pyrrha

308 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 75

320. Corycidas nymphas, etc.: their first act is one of worship of the

nymphs and other deities, dwelling in the mountain cave on Parnassus.
Parnassus from most ancient times was associated with the presence of
the Muses and Apollo, whose were the Delphic oracle and the Casta-
lian spring. At this time, however, it was Themis, the goddess of
justice and of prophecy, who presided over the oracle.

321. The suppliant attitude of Adam and Eve after the fall reminds Milton of

these two before the shrine of Themis {Paradise Lost, XI) : —

Nor important less
Seemed their petition, than when the ancient pair
In fables old, less ancient yet than these,
Deucalion and chaste Pyrrha, to restore
The race of mankind drowned, before the shrine
Of Themis stood devout.

322. aequi: 11.451,3(399,11); M. 226, 2; A. 218, ^; 0. 375; B.204,i,<?.
325. " And that (only) one man was left from (those who were) but now so

many thousands."
325, 326. For the repetition involved in these lines as a characteristic of

Ovid's style, see note on Ovid's Hexameters, under the heading " Allit-
eration, assonance, and kindred effects."
328. aquilone: this wind had been previously shut up (line 262), as being

one of those which put storm clouds to flight. It is now brought into

requisition for this very purpose.
332» 333' Triton was the son of Neptune, whose especial function it was to

communicate the orders of that god upon his resounding horn or shell.

He is graphically represented here as " standing forth upon the depths,

dark blue, his shoulders covered with a thick growth of shell-fish.'*
Page 76.-335. iUi- H. 431* 6 (388, 4); M. 207; A. 232^; G. 355, note;

B. 189, 3.
337, 338. quae medio, etc. : " which, when in mid sea it has received (the

Triton's) breath, fills with its notes the shores that lie beneath the

rising and the setting sun."
339. era madida rorantia barba: here is the interlocked order of words

before mentioned.
341. omnibus undis: H. 431, 2 (388, i); M. 207, 2; A. 232, a\ G. 354;

B. 189, 2.

344. plenos capit alveus amnes : the rivers are still swollen, but are con-

tained within their banks.

345. crescunt loca, etc. : " the lands increase as the waves subside."

346. diem: "time."

348-350. The picture is striking and impressive — two living creatures in a
world of silence and of death. The first thought of the man is for

p. ^^\ NOTES 309

their personal safety not yet secure (351-362) ; the next is, " How can
the race of mortals be restored?"

351. soror, coniunz: see note on line 318.

352, 353. The pair are united by triple bonds — the ties of blood, of marriage,

and of common perils.

355. 1108 duo turba sumus: this is a unique instance of a "crowd" of two.

According to other accounts, these were not the only survivors of the
flood.

356. ** Even this hold (which we have) upon our life is not as yet sufficiently

secure."

358, 359. quis tibi nimc animus foret ? " what would be your feelings

now ? "

359. miseranda : in a purely adjectival sense, " poor soul."

360. quo consolante dolores? "with whom consoling wouldst thou grieve?"

i,e, " who would console thy grief? "

361, 362. See note, lines 325, 326.

Page 77. — 363. patemis artibus : i,e, the creative arts which Prometheus

employed. See line 82, note.
364. animas f ormatae inf undere terrae : " to breathe the breath of life into

the moulded clay."

369. The Cephisus has its source at the foot of Parnassus.

370. ut, sic : " though, still."

371. libatos inroravere liquores: the purification by running water before

engaging in any sacred act was a well-established custom. In Homer
(//. IX, 207) this act is coupled with the sacred silence that is also
enjoined : —

And now be water brought to cleanse our hands,
And charge be given that no ill-omened word
Be uttered, while we pray that Jupiter,
The son of Saturn, will assist our need.

And Aeneas (Aen.ll, 718) cannot himself handle the images of the
gods: —

Me, bello e tanto digressum at caede recenti,
Attrectare nefas, donee me flumine vivo
Abluero.

372. vestibus et capiti: H. 429 (386); M. 202; A. 228; G. 347; B. 187,

III.
376. humi: H. 484, 2 (426, 2); M. 242, 2; A. 258, ^; G. 411, Rem. 2;

B. 232, 2.
379. "Tell us, O Themis, how (gua arte) the loss of our {i.e. the human)

race may be repaired."

310 METAMORPHOSES I [P- 7^

382. The veiled head and the ungirt robe were connected with the symbolism
of Roman ritualistic worship. The purpose of the former is expressly
stated by Vergil (^Aen. Ill, 408) in the advice of Helenus to Aeneas : —

Ne qua inter sanctos ignes in honore deorum
Hostilis facias occurrat et omina turbet

The ungirt robes, bare feet, and flowing hair are all seemingly related

in religious symbolism. Compare Ovid's description of Medea (if/if/.

VII, 182, 183), and Vergil (A^. IV, 518), who represents Dido at the

altar, —

Unum exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta.

384. obstipuere : to appreciate fully the horror that the words of the oracle,
if literally interpreted, would occasion, it must be remembered that the
worship of ancestors was prevalent among the ancients, and that to
disturb the dead violated not only a natural sentiment, but also the most
deep-seated principle of religious veneration.

386, 387. ** And in timid tones she prays (the goddess) to grant her indul-
gence, and trembles at the thought of outraging her mother's ghost by
treating her bones (as the goddess directs)."

390. For the force of the patronymics, see note on line 318.

392. pia: i.e. counseling no failure in duty toward parents. The ancient
idea of piety was very broad, signifying action according to duty, espe-
cially to the gods an^ religion in general, to parents, children, country.

Page 78. — 393. lapides, etc. : " I believe that the bones which the goddess
speaks of are the stones in the body of mother earth." The conception
of the earth as the mother of all creatures is one of the ancient stock
ideas of the race.

395. Titania : Le. Pyrrha, so called because descended from lapetus the
Titan.

397. monitis: H. 426, i (385, II); M. 205; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, a.

399. iussos lapides, etc. : iussos belongs rhetorically with the subject of mi/-
tuni. "They cast the stones behind them as they walk, just as the
goddess bade them."

4CX>. nisi sit, etc. : the naivete of this reasoning is similar to that of the
rustic who proved {Met VIII, 620) that Philemon and Baucis had been
changed into trees by the statement that he had seen the trees,
credat : H. 557 (486, II); M. 327; A. 307, 2, b; G. 259; B. 380, 2, b.

401. ponere = deponere,
suum : " their natural."

402. ducere formam : " to take on a definite shape."

404-406. "A certain likeness to the human form indeed («/) can be seen,
still {sic) not very clear, but (such a form) as (statues) just begun out

p. 79] NOTES 311

of marble have, not sharply defined, and just like roughly blocked out
images."
407. *<That part of them, however, which was damp with some slight
moisture."

413. Keats (^Lamia) recalls this fancied origin of woman : —

There is not such a treat among them all,
Haunters of cavern, lake, and water&ll.
As a real woman, lineal indeed
From Pyrrha's pebbles or old Adam's seed.

414. labonun: H. 251, 3 (399, II); M. 226, 2; A. 218^; G. 375; B. 204,

I, a.
414, 415. Compare Spenser {Faerie Queene, V, Introd. 2), who complains of
the reverse process, of men changed into stone : —

For from the golden age, that first was named,
It's now at earst pength] become a stonie one ;
And men themselves, the which at first were framed
Of earthly mould, and form'd of flesh and bone,
Are now transformed into hardest stone ;
Such as behind their backs (so backward bred)
Were throwne by Pyrrha and Deucalione.

416-437. Ovid's theory of the origin of the lower forms of life is that of spon-
taneous generation from the slime of the recently inundated earth,
under the genial influence of the heat of the sun. Lucretius, who gives
the history of the origin of life and progress of civilization (^De
Rerum Natura, V, 771-1457), also represents the earth as the mother,
in a very real sense, from whom sprung directly all forms of life.
Herbs and trees were first produced, then birds and animals, and
finally human infants crept forth from cavities in the earth's surfiu:e.
This theory is opposed alike to that of evolution and to that of the
divine origin of life.

417. vetus timor : t,e, that which remained from the flood.

Page 79. — 422. The phenomena of the annual overflow of the Nile, and
the consequent fecundation of the adjacent land, are well known from
time immemorial. Gray {Education and Government) alludes to these
phenomena : —

What wonder, in the sultry climes, that spread
Where Nile redundant o'er his summer-bed
From his broad bosom life and verdure flings,
And broods o'er Egypt with his wafry wings.

424. aetherio sidere : i.e. the sun.

312 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 79

426-429. inyeniimt, etc. : these would be " finds ' indeed for the biologist,
if true, in which he could see life in its very inception, inanimate mat-
ter in the very act of passing into animate existence.
et in his, etc.: "and among these they see certain forms of life just
begun, on the very brink of birth; some not yet completed, and lack-
ing in some of their parts; and often, in the same body, one part is
alive while the other is unformed clay."

430, 431. According to this view, heat and moisture are the complementary
powers of fecundation, the parents, as it were, of all life. This creative
power comes from a union of opposites, expressed very tersely in the
phrase, vapor umidus (line 432).

432. aquae: H. 452, i (399 II); M. compare 226, 2; A. 218, b\ G. 375; ^
B. compare 204, I, a.

434-437. Compare this second account of the origin of life with the first
(lines 76-88).

437. nova monstra : in these words the poet prepares the way for the next

story, for the Python which Apollo slew was one of these monsters.
See Introduction to Metamorphoses^ page 63, first paragraph, and note
Ovid's method of transition to each new story.

438. ilia: i.e. Tellus. "She indeed would prefer not (to have done so), but

she did produce thee also," etc,
Pjrthon: the difference between what may be called the realistic and
rationalistic treatment of classic myth in English literature is well illus-
trated in the following quotations, both referring to the Python : —

But still greatest he the midst,
Now dragon grown, larger than whom the sun
Engendered in the Pythian vale on slime.
Huge Python. — Milton, Paradise Lost, X.

Gray Power was seated
Safely on her ancestral throne ;
And Faith, the Python, undefeated
Even to its blood-stained steps dragged on
Her foul and wounded train. — Shelley, Rosalind arid Helen.

The name of this serpent is accounted for as follows : after ApoUc
had slain the creature he cried out in triumph, " Now rot (iriJ^eu) there
on the man-feeding earth." Hence also the name of the oracle of
Delphi, near which place the serpent was slain; Pytkia, the priestess
of the oracle; Pytkius the god Apollo, and Pythia (n. pi.) the games
which Apollo founded.
441. deus arcitenens: "the archer god," i.e. Apollo. This epithet, "god of
the glittering bow," is one of the earlier epithets of this god, and

p. 82] NOTES 313

a favorite expression in Homer. See Goldsmith {Vida's Game of

Chess) : —

As yet Apollo in his radiant seat

Had never driv'n his chariot through the air,

Known by his bow alone and golden hair.

448, 449. " At these games, every youth who had been victorious in boxing,

running, or the chariot race, received the honor of an oaken garland."

449, 450. Note again the preparation for the next story : the victor crowned

with the oaken garland, since the laurel was not yet Apollo's tree.

This suggests the story of the laurel tree.
Page 80. — 451. de qualibet arbore: "with a garland made of any tree

(you please)."
452. Daphne: supply ^r^/.
458. qui : the antecedent is nos implied in nostros.

460. ttlinidnm : i.e, propter venenum.

461, 462. " Do thou be content with thy torch to light the hidden {nescio

quos) fires of love, and do not lay claim to our honors. " Cupid is gen-
erally represented as equipped with wings and armed with the bow,
but sometimes also with the torch, representing the burning fires of
love. See TibuUus, II, i, 82.

463. flgat: H. 559, 3 (484, III); M. 323; A. 266, c\ G. 264; B. 278.

464. arcus: supply yf^V.

469. diversQrum operum : " of opposite effects."

Page 81. — 478. petentes, the object of aversata, "rejecting."

479. viri: H. 451, 2 (399, I, 3); M. 226, i; A. 218, a; G. 374; B. 204, I.

480. " Nor does she care anything about Hymen, or love, or marriage."
488. sed te decor, etc. : " but that beauty of thine forbids thy being what

thou desirest {i,e. a virgin)."
492. demptis aristis : ** when the grain has been harvested."
493* quas forte viator, etc. : " which some traveler has chanced to build too

near, or has gone off and left (burning) at break of day."
500. vidisse : " merely to have seen."
508, 509. His fears are threefold : lest she fall on the rough path, lest she be

scratched by the brambles, and lest he, her lover, be cause of harm to

her.
Page 82. — 512. cui placeas, etc. : " but do stop and ask who your lover is."
515. mihi: H. 426, i (385, I); M. 205; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, a,

517. The past, present, and future are alike open to him. He is said to have

been taught divination by Pan.
eritque : que is redundant.

518. per me concordant, etc.: Apollo's claim is not quite correct here,

although he is indeed the god of music. It was Mercury who invented

314 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 82

the lyre, and then gave it to his brother Apollo. See Horace ( Odes,

I.X.S).
519. He is the god of the unerring bow, unmatched save by the archer who
has smitten him.

521. Apollo is god also of the healing art, an art which he transmitted to his

son Aesculapius.

522. mjhi: H. 432 (389, note 2); M. 209; A. 235, e; G. 351; B. 188, 2 b.

The physician cannot heal himself. €0 Medea and Circe were un-
able by their own magic to help themselves. See Remedia Amoris,
261-288.

526. cumque ipso, etc. : " and she leaves him with his unspoken words be-

hind, even in her desertion {turn) seeming fair."

527. corpora: "her limbs."

528. " And the opposing breezes set her garments a flutter as she hurried on."

530. sed enim: "but (the chase draws to an end) for," etc.

531. perdere blanditias: not so much to "waste his words" as to "waste

his time in persuasive words." '

532. admisso passu : " at utmost speed."

533. Ut cum cants Gallicus leporem in vacuo arvo vidit.

For the simile, compare Homer (^Iliad, X, 360): —

As two hounds,
Sharp-toothed, and trained to track their prey, pursue
Through forest-grounds some fawn or hare that runs
Before them panting, so did Diomed
And terrible Ulysses without stop
Follow the fugitive.

And see a similar figure in Iliads XXII, 188, where Achilles is pursu-
ing Hector. Vergil no doubt has these in mind in Aeneid, XII, 748.

534. hie, ille : the hound, the hare.

535. iam iamque: this is an instance of the dramatic repetition of iam,

expressing the extreme imminence of the act. See Vergil {Aen, II,

530) : —

Ilium ardens infesto vulnere Pyrrhus

Insequitur, iam iamque manu tenet et premis hasta.

536. et eztento, etc. : " and grazes the very heels {vestigial (of the hare)

with his outstretched muzzle."
538. eripitur : has the middle force = se eripit^ " escapes."
Page 83. — 542. crinem : the object of adflaty which takes either ace. or dat.
545, 547. vel istam . . . figuram : " or else destroy by changing the ac-
cursed (isiam) beauty which is the cause of my persecution."
islam : this pronoun, properly a second personal demonstrative, is often

JP. 84] NOTES 315

used in Ovid to express contempti disgust, or kindred feeling, where
there is no second personal idea. •

551. pcsfor/^</«.

553-567. In a note on the Python (line 438) were given illustrations of the
realistic and rationalistic treatment of myth. A third method of treat-
ment, the burlesque, is very well illustrated by Lowell's version of the
Apollo and Daphne story in the opening lines of his Fable for Critics : —

Phoebus, sitting one day in a laurel tree's shade,
Was reminded of Daphne, of whom it was made ;
For the god being one day too warm in his wooing.
She took to the tree to escape his pursuing ;
Be the cause what it might, from his offers she shrunk,
And, Ginevra-like, shut herself up in a trunk ;
And, though 'twas a step into which he had driven her,
He somehow or other had never forgiven her.

553. hanc quoque : i,e. even in the form of a tree.

560, 561. The reference is to the several features of the triumphal entrance
into Rome of a Roman general, who passed in magnificent pomp along
the Via Sacra, up the Clivus Capitolinus, and halted at the temple of
Jupiter on the Capitol. The laurel crown is here destined by Apollo to
adorn the head of the victorious general in his triumph.

563. ante fores stabis, etc. : two laur.el trees stood before the door of Au-

gustus' palace on the Palatine Hill.
mediam quercum refers to the civic crown of oak leaves which hung
over the door in token that the prince was pater urHs.

564, 565. As Apollo's hair is ever unshorn, so the leaves of the laurel are not

to be deciduous, but remain ever green.

566. factia modo ramis : '* with its new-made branches."

567. utque caput : " and like a head."

Page 84. — 569*. quae refers to Tempe (n. pi. ace).
ab imo Pindo : " from the foot of Pindus."

571-573. " And by its heavy fall forms clouds which drive along fine smoke-
like mist, and sprinkles the tops of the trees with spray, and deepens
by its roar even remoter regions."

572. In the description of this natural cloud of mist Ovid has an eye to the
use which he is going to make of this by contrast with the miraculous
cloud which Jove produces to conceal his amour (lines 601-604). A
similar instance of Ovid's foresight is seen in Ars Amatoria, III, 693,
which see with note.

577. popularia flumina : i.e, the rivers of his own country.

578. gratentur consolentume : " whether to congratulate or console," an

indirect question with nescia.

3i6 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 84

579, 580. Observe the poetic art in putting a descriptive epithet with each
name.

581. f^s^ •= quacumque : "wherever."
impetus : *' their current. "

582. Aline of much poetic beauty — "lead down their waters, weary with

wandering, into the sea."
585. Inachus : this word is the stepping-stone to the next story. He alune is
absent. Why? It takes the whole story to tell. Ovid tells a part of
this story again in Heroides^ XIV, 85-108.
589. tuoque beatum, etc : " and destined to make some one {nescio quern)

happy by your union (with him)."
594. praeside deo: abl. abs., giving its force to tuta; " (you) safe under the
protection of a god."
nemorum is to be taken with secreta (n. pi. subs.).
subibis : the future ind., used as a mild imperative.
Page 85. — 595. nee de plebe deo: deo is in apposition with deo of the
previous line. " And (that too) not a god of (from) the common sort."
de plebe = de plebeiis dels : with these compare what may be called the

patrician gods (line 172 and note).
magna : with manu,

596. vaga is a natural epithet of the lightning flash viewed from the stand-

point of mortals, but it is somewhat inappropriate in the mouth of
Jove, who aims his thunderbolts.

597. ne fuge: what would be the prose construction?

602, 603. Supply est with mirata, " And she marveled that quick rising
clouds had wrought the effect of night in the clear light of day."

603. non fluminis illas (nebulas) esse: see line 572 and note.

604. A second natural explanation of the clouds would be that they were a

mist or fog exhaled from the damp earth.

605. ubi sit : indirect question with circumspicit^ " she looks around (to see)

where her husband is."
ut quae nosset : " as one who well knew," etc. = " since she well knew."

609. nebulasque recedere iussit : it was natural that Juno should give this

command and be obeyed, for she was the queen of the air. In the
physical interpretation of mythology, Jove represents the ether or
upper regions of the air, while Juno is the lower strata corresponding
to our atmosphere.

610. praesenserat : the subject is ille (line 611), i.e. Jove.

613, 614. nee non et euius, etc.: "and {nee nan) she asks both whose and

whence or from what herd the heifer is, as if she did not know."
-615,616. If the creature is a real heifer, she must have an owner who can
prove his ownership; if she is a miraculous creation, she must have a

p. 86] NOTES 317

maker {auctor). Jove puts a stop to the dangerous investigation by
saying that she is an earth-born creature, having, therefore, no owner
and no maker.

617,618. crudele, etc. : "'tis a cruel task to surrender his love; but not to
do so would arouse suspicion."

618, 619. pudor est qui suadeat, dissuadet amor: the two methods of
expression are for the sake of variety. ** On the one hand shame influ-
ences him (to give her up, and hence avoid suspicion) ; but love dis-
suades him from the other course (t.^. the course of betrayal)."

620, 621. leve si munus vacca : " if so slight a boon as a heifer."

generisque torique : Juno was the sister as well as wife of Jove. Note

the polysyndeton in -que -que,
negaretur, poterat: H. 583 (511, i, note 2) ; M. 368; A. 308, c; G. 597,
3, tf ; B. 304, 3, a.

623. anxia furti = anxia ne furtum fiat.

624. servandam : understand illam^ i.e. vaccatn. The genesis of the pur-

pose idea in a simple objective gerundive construction is evident if the
literal meaning be noticed. " She handed the heifer over to Argus as
a to-be-watched thing," i.e. " she gave her to Argus to watch."

Page 86. — 626. inde = ex eis /uminidus, a partitive expression with dina.
*' Of these, two at a time slept in their turn," etc.

627. in statione.manebant: "remained on guard," a military metaphor.

630. luce : " by day."

631. indigno: here, as often, = not "unworthy," but "undeserving" such

treatment.

633, 634. " And for a couch, upon the earth not always grassy, does the poor
wretch lie."

635, 636. These lines illustrate Ovid*s fondness for repetition of phrases.

638. propria : " her own."

638, 639. In Heroides (XIV, 85-108) Ovid relates a portion of lo's story,
which he puts in the mouth of Hypermnestra. The lines recall and
enlarge upon the present passage.

649. littera quam pes in pulvere duxit : this has been thought by some to
refer to the fact that the letters 10 roughly resemble the track made
by the hoof of the cow, and that the name was simply stamped upon
the ground, half accidentally. But, according to the better view, since
the story clearly leaves to lo her human feelings and human reason, she
may well be considered as intentionally tracing the letters on the
ground.

653. tune es quaesita, etc.: "art thou she whom I have sought. i^ every

land, my daughter?"

654, 655. tu non inventa, etc. : " unfound a lighter grief wast thou than

3l8 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 86

found." Certainty in such a case as this is far worse than uncer-
tainty.

Page 87. — 660. <^bendiis : understand est,

662, 663. praeclusaque ianua, etc. : " and (the fact that) the door of death
(is) closed (to me) prolongs my grief forevermore."

664. stellatus : Argus is so called because of his many eyes which glitter like
stars.

666. inde procul : " at some distance from there."

669. natum : i.e. Mercury. His mother was Maia, one of the Pleiades.

670. det : supply ut.

671. parva mora est sumpsisse: i.e. he put on without delay.

675. virga retenta est : this was the caduceus, a magic wand with which he

performed many wonders. Some of these are described by Spenser
{^Faerie Queene, II, xii, 41) : —

Of that same wood it fram'd was cunningly,
Of which Caduceiis whilome was made,
Caduceiis, the rod of Mercury,
With which he wonts the Stygian realmes invade,
Through ghastly horror and etemall shade ;
Th' infemall feends with it he can asswage,
And Orcus tame, whome nothing can persuade,
And rule the Furyes when they most doe rage.

676, 677. " With this wand, in the character of a shepherd, through the

sequestered country paths he drives a flock of goats, which he had
* borrowed ' as he came along."
679. poteras : so in Vergil (Ec/ogues, I, 79) the shepherd says : —

Hie tamen hanc mecum poteras requiescere noctem.

Conington, commenting upon this passage, says: "It seems more
pressing than the present — *you might as well stay.* Perhaps the
account of the idiom is that it treats the time for action as almost gone
by, the wrong determination as almost formed, and so implies urgency
to change the one and overtake the other."

682. Atlantiades : Maia, the mother of Mercury, was the daughter of Atlas.

Page 88. — 692. non semel: "not once alone," "more than once."

694* 695. Ortygiam studiis, etc. : " she patterned after the Delian goddess
in her daily pursuits (i.e. hunting, etc.), and especially (ipsa) in main-
taining her maiden life."
colebat : the nymph's worship took the form of imitoHon. Compare the
proverb, " Imitation is the sincerest flattery."

696. f alleret : the protasis is in si non foret, below. " When girt after the

p. 89] NOTES 319

manner of Diana, she would deceive (the beholder), and could be
believed to be Diana herself, if," etc.

698. sic quoque : " even as it was."

7CX). restabat: Mercury's story stops here, for he sees (line 713) that his
object is accomplished and his listener is asleep. To satisfy his readers,
however, Ovid finishes the story — in the indirect discourse. " It
remained to tell his words, and (to relate) how the nymph fled," etc.

705, 706. See Keats {Miscellaneous Poems) : —

Telling us how fair, trembling Syrinx fled

Arcadian Pan, with such a fearful dread.

Poor nymph, — poor Pan, — how did he weep to find

Nought but a lovely sighing of the wind

Along the reedy stream 1 a half-heard strain.

Full of sweet desolation — balmy pain.

711, 712. tenuisse has for its subject the instrument (syrinx^ or Pandean
pipes) whose structure is described in the ablative absolute phrase,
disparibus calamis. iuncHs, " And so the pipes, made of unequal reeds
fitted together by a joining of W^, took and kept the name of the
maiden."

Page 89. — 713, 714. This critical point in the story has attracted the fancy
of the poets, who have made various uses of it. Thus Marlowe (TAe
Tragedy of Dido) : —

A man [Sinon] compact of craft and perjury.
Whose ticing tongue was made of Hermes' pipe
To force an hundred watchful eyes to sleep.

Milton describes "the cohort bright of watchful cherubim" as follows
{Paradise Lost, XI) : —

All their shape
Spangled with eyes, more numerous than those
Of Argus, and more wakeful than to drowse,
Charmed with Arcadian pipe, the pastoral reed
Of Hermes, or his opiate rod.

Pope uses the incident to illustrate the disappearance of fancy a^
wit from current literature (7'he Dunciad, IV) : — rv

Before her [Chaos] fancy's gilded clouds decay, j

And all its varying rainbows die away ;

Wit shoots in vain its momentary fires,

The meteor drops and in a flash expires ;

As Argus' eyes by Hermes' wand oppressed,

Closed one by one to everlasting rest.

320 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 89

Keats {Etidymion) thinks especially of the sweetness of Mercury's

music : —

Ravishments more keen

Than Hermes' pipe, when anxious he did lean

Over eclipsing eyes.

720. 721. Some have put these lines into the mouth of Mercury as a trium-

phal bfnbt. But it is quite in the style of Ovid, seemingly from his
absorbing interest in the action which he is describing, to speak out
in propria persona and himself address the actors. Instances of this
are to be seen in Ars Amatoria, III, 735, 736; and Fasti, II, loi, 102,
where see notes.
quodque in tot lumina, etc.: in = inter, "And the light which thou
hadst within thy many fires is all put out."

721. centum is commonly used in poetry to denote an indefinite number.

722. volucris suae : Juno's bird was the peacock (^pavo), in whose tail she

now sets the numerous star-like eyes of Argus. See Spenser {Faerie

Queene, I, iy, 17): —

When she [Juno] does ride,

Draune of fayre pecocks, that excell in pride,

And full of Argus eyes their tayles dispredden wide.

725. "And she set a terrifying frenzy to work before the eyes and within the

heart of her Grecian rival."

726. stimulos in pectore caecos: this "goad" has commonly been conceived

of as a gadfly which Juno set to persecute her victim and sting her
to madness. In Aeschylus {Promethetis Bound) y in which the story
of lo is told at length, the heifer-maiden comes upon the scene of
Prometheus' sufferings after already prolonged wanderings.

Shelley {Swelifoot the Tyrant") gives a fanciful historical importance
to this gadfly : —

The gadfly was the same which Juno sent
To agitate Jo, and which Ezekiel mentions
That the Lonl whistled for out of the mountains
Of utmost Ethiopia, to torment
Mesopotamian Babylon.

728. Ages are now supposed to pass by, and lo at last comes to Egypt, where
she is to be delivered from her sufferings. Prometheus (see above)
had prophesied her further wanderings, in the course of which "the
Bosphorus shall take its name from thee," and " from thee the Ionian
[sea] shall be called." And at last —

A city stands,
Can6bos, at its country's farthest bound.
Hard by the mouth and silt-bank of the Nile ;

p. 89] NOTES 321

There Zeus shall give thee back thy mind again,
With hand that works no terror touching thee —
Touch only — and thou then shalt bear a child
Of Zeus begotten, Epaphos, " Touch-born."

Ptometheus foretells that he himself shall be delivered from his.present
ills by a descendant of lo in the thirteenth generation. This prophecy
was fulfilled in the person of Hercules. Following is the genealogy of
lo and her descendants : —

Oceanus = Tethys

I

Inachus (a river god of Argos)

I I

Jupiter = lo Phoroneus (hence lo is called Phoronis)

Epaphus

I

Libya = Neptune

r

Agenor Belus

^-1 h--T 1

Cadmus* Europa Danaus Aegyptus Cepheus = Cassiopea

49 daughters Hypermnestra = Lynceus 49 sons

Abas (k. of Argos)

I

Acrisius

Danae = Jupiter

* For the house of Cadmus, Perseus = Andromeda

see Met, III, z, note |

Electryon

I

Alcmene = Jupiter

I

Hercules

730. resupinoque ardua COllOi etc. : ^* and with her head thrown back, she
raised to the lofty stars her face, which alone she could (uplift)." The
natural gesture for a human suppliant would be the hands and arms,
as well as the face, uplifted to heaven.
OVID — 21

322 METAMORPHOSES I [P. 89

735. in futnnim: "for the future."

737. Stygias paludes: see line 188 and note.

738. ilia : i.e. lo.

742. ''And the hoofs disappear, being changed each into five fingers."
Page 90. — 745. erigitur: the middle voice. "She raises herself up," i^,
" she stands erect."

746. timide verba intermissa, etc : ** and with fear and trembling she re-

sumes (her) human speech (so long ago) abandoned."

747. ''Now she is worshiped with the greatest honor by the linen-robed

throng (1.^. Egyptians)." lo was identified by the Greeks with the

Egyptian Isis, the cow-goddess, while Epaphus was connected with

the worship of Apis, the bull-god. Herodotus, indeed, says that "Apis

is in the Greek language Epaphus."
751. magna loquentem : " talking big," *' boasting."
753. Inachides : see the genealogy of Epaphus above.

matri omnia demens credis: "you foolishly believe everything your

mother says."
757. ille ego liber, etc. : " I who am so {ilU) free, so high spirited, held my

peace."
761. me assere caelo : " claim me for the sky," i^. " assure me that I am of

heavenly origin."

765. ambiguum: supply est. The passage centering in ambiguum is in

part parenthetical. " Clymene, moved (it is uncertain whether by
Phaethon's prayers, or more by anger at the charge brought against
her)," etc.

766. criminis: H. 440, 2 (396, IH); M. 216; A. 217; G. 363, 2; B. 200.
Page 91. — 774. unde = ex qua (domo),

775. ipso: !.<?. Phoebus.

777. concipit aethera mente : " he grasps the heavens in his imagination."

He already thinks of himself as having attained a right to the heavens

through his assured divine parentage.

n. The story of Phaethon was anciently told in dramatic form by Aeschylus
and Euripides in the Heliades and Phaethon^ only fragments of which
remain, and by ApoUonius Rhodius in poetic narrative. Among the
Latin writers, it is found in the Fabulae purporting to be by Hyginus, a
contemporary and friend of Ovid, and is here told by Ovid himself.
Vergil only alludes to the story {Aen. X, 189 and EcL VI, 62). Some
illustrations of the use of this story in English literature will be found
below in the proper connection.

I. regia Solis: the location of this palace is indicated in I, 774.

p. 92] NOTES 323

2. " Bright with glittering gold, and bronze that gleams like flame.''

4. This line is also a part of the relative clause introduced by cuius. The

prose order would be : cuius{que) vahfae bifores lumine argenti
radiabant,

5. Opus : ue, the workmanship.

6. caelarat : a syncopated form for caelaverat,

9. Protea ambiguum : this sea-god, who possessed the power of changing
his form at will, has become a type of changeableness and has given
his name to that quality {Protean),

For by his mighty science he could take

As many formes and shapes in seeming wise,

As ever Proteus to himselfe could make.

— Spenser, Faerie Queene^ I, ii, 10.

13, 14. facies non omnibus una, etc. : t.^. they were not all just alike, nor
yet markedly different, but had a general similarity of appearance such
as is natural for sisters.

Page 92. — 18. The twelve signs of the zodiac are represented upon the
doors.

19. quo: "to this place."
simnl = simul ac,

20. dubitati parentis : " of his father whose parenthood had been called in

question."
25, 26. Dies, Mensis, Annus, Saecula, Horae : supply stabant. It is natural

that these, together with the seasons mentioned below, should be in

attendance upon the sun, whose movements measure and control all

times and seasons.
28. nuda: "Ughtlyclad."

spicea serta : . the wheat harvest is in the sununer, while the vintage

(line 29) is in the autumn.

30. canos capillos : the accusative of the part affected.

27-30. Spenser {^Faerie Queene, VII, vii, 28-31) has a description of the
seasons which from many expressions is evidently modeled upon this,-
but is also greatly enlarged.

31, 32. Inde So/, loco medius, iuvenem rerum novitate paventem, oculis vidit

quibus omnia aspicit,

38. propago: supply esse,

39. errorem: *' uncertainty."

41. accedere: supply eum (i.e, Phaethon) as subject.

42. negari : a poetic construction.

42, 43. nee tu mens esse, etc. : " you are both worthy to be acknowledged
as my son, and Clymene has told you your true origin."

324 METAMORPHOSES II [P. 93

Page 93. — 45. me tribuente : ** at my hand."

46. palus : i.e, the Stygian pool. On Dis iuranda see 1, 188 and note.
47,48. curnis rogat iUe, etc.: Shakespeare uses this \ request as a type of
extreme presumption ( Two Gentlemen of Verona^ III, i) : —

Why, Phaeton, — for thou art Merops' son, —
Wilt thou aspire to guide the heavenly car
And with thy daring folly bum the world ?
Wilt thou reach stars, because they shine on thee :
Go, base intruder ! overweening slave !

50, 51. temeraria vox mea facta tua est : <* my words have been made rash
by yours.'' They were before only potentially rash, but Phaethon has
made them actually so. The answer which Phoebus is to give is the
turning point in the story.

53. dissnadere licet : " I may (at least) attempt to dissuade you."

58. placeat sibi quisque licebit : understand iU ; " though each (god) may

(in general) do as he pleases."

59. non quisquam : " no one."

60. me excepto : " except myself."

61. Note the interlocked order of adjectives and substantives to which refer-

ence has before been made.

62. agat: H. 552 (485); M. 327; A. 311, a\ G. 257, i; B. 280.

63. ardua prima via est : it is easy to think of the path of the sun from its

point of rising to the. zenith as an upward climb.
recentes : " though fresh."

67. et eget moderamine certo : " and requires a firm controlling hand (upon

the reins)." '

68. 69. The prose order is : tunc etiam Tethys ipsa^ quae me subiectis uneUs

excipitf solet vereri ne in praeceps ferar,

69. in praeceps : " headlong."

70-73. The idea in this passage, repeated in several forms, is that of the an-
cient astronomers, that the vault of heaven {caelum) containing the
fixed stars (^sidera) is whirled around in one direction, while the sun,
moon, and planets revolve in the opposite direction.

72. nec me qui cetera, etc. : *' nor does this swift motion, which overcomes
all else, overcome me."

Page 94. — 75. polis: to be construed with obvius.

76, 77. Is it your desire to see wonderful and beautiful sights? Only dread-
ful creatures are to be met.

78-83. The poet seems to forget that he is describing not the yearly but the
daily path of the sun. He mentions and describes a part of the zodi-
acal constellations, all of which in their order are as follows : Aries^

p. 95] NOTES 325

Taurus, Geminiy Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, Sagittarius,
Capricornus, Aquarius, Pisces, Ovid here mentions only the more
terrible of these creatures.

79. nt teneas: what force does tamen in the following line give to ut?

83. aliter : " in the opposite direction.'*

S4-86. nee tibi quadrupedes in promptu regere est: "nor is it an easy
thing {in promptu) for you to control the steeds," etc.

91. do pignera certa timendo: "I give indubitable proofs by the anxiety
which I show."

93> 94. utinamque : this is one of those fine, realistic, humai\ touches which
Ovid often gives. " And O that you could look into my heart, and
understand the fatherly care (for you) which I have within me."

98. vero nomine : i,e. " if rightly understood."

100. The stage direction for the action of this dramatic passage is readily
seen. Phagthon here clasps his father's n^k, and renews his request
with entreaties. It is a strong proof of Ovid's realism that the reader
finds rising in himself a feeling of impatience that the foolish boy
should so persist beyond reason.

104. currus: H. 440, 2 (396, III); M. 216; A. 213, 2; G. 363, 2; B. 2cxx

Page 95. — 105. qu£ licuit: supply some such word zsratione, ** in what
way he could," "as far as," or, by wider interpretation, "as long as he
could."

107, 108. summa curvatura rotae : i,e. the rim of the wheel.

109. iuga: either the yoke which would be worn by the horses, and into
which the end of the chariot pole would be fitted, or, perhaps better
(inasmucl^ as it is the chariot itself which is being described), the
curved top or rail of the front or dashboard of the chariot.

112, 113. The usual poetic interpretation of the bright colors of sunrise.

114, 115. Lucifer agmina cogit, novissimus exit : Lucifer, the morning star,
is represented as driving away before him the other stars, and is him-
self the last to fade away before the rising sun.

116. The prose order is: et ut {Phoebus) eum {i.e. Luciferum) terras petere

vidit mundumque rubescere.
petere terras : the morning star is here represented as setting, whereas
in reality it fades out of sight. This effect is beautifully described by
Lowell {Prometheus) : —

And now bright Lucifer grows less and less,
Into the heaven's blue quiet deep-withdrawn.

117. eztremae lunae : the moon in its last quarter is still well up in the sky

at sunrise, and its crescent fades away " as it were " {velut) as the sky
brightens.

326 METAMORPHOSES II [P. 95

119. ittssa deae celeres perag^nnt: "the goddesses speedily do as they are

bid."
ignemqne, etc. : the prose order is : qutulrupedesy ignem vomentes, am-
brosicte suco saturos, praesepibus altis ducunt.

120. ambrosiae suco: the heavenly horses are given the same food as the

gods themselves.

123. et rapidae, etc.: "and made it {ora, his face) able to endure the de-

vouring flame."

124. luctus : objective genitive, see currus, line 104.

129. directos: belongs grammatically with arcusy but rhetorically with tna.

130. in obliquum : "slantwise."

130-132. This is a poetic description of the position of the ecliptic, the appa-
rent path of the sun in its annual (not diurnal) course. This great
circle cuts across the equatorial zone (of the heavens) and the north
and south temperate, but leaves untouched the north and south frigid
zones.

Page 96. — 136. altius egressus : " if you go too high."

138. Anguem: i,e, Draco, the constellation lying between the Greater and

Lesser Bears, in the extreme north.

139. Aram: this constellation would be visible in northern latitudes only low

down on the horizon, and represents that portion of the sky nearest
the earth, just as Draco represents that portion nearest heaven.

141. quae invet : " and may she aid you."

142-144. A strange disjunction of cause and effect. The night goes away
from the sky, and the dawn sets the heavens aglow, both as acts inde-
pendent of the sun, who has not yet started upon his course !

148. axes = axem = currum,

149. " Permit me to give light to the world, (light) which you may in safety

behold."

156. nepotis : Clymene, the mother of Phagthon, was the daughter of Tethys.

157. et facta est, etc.: "and free course through the boundless skies was

given."

161. nee quod, etc. : "and not one that the horses of the sun could feel."

162. gravitate: H. 462 (414, 1); M. 237, i; A. 243, a; G. 390, 2; B. 214,

163. pondere: "ballast."

Page 97. — 165. dat saltus = salit

168. nee quo prius, ordine curmnt: <<nor do they run in the (same) track
as before."

170. nee, si seiat, imperet illis: "nor, if he did know, would he be able to

enforce his orders upon the horses."

171, 172. Medea boasts among her other magic powers that she has caused

p. 97] NOTES 327

these constellations to sink beneath the sea. These, with the other
circumpolar constellations, do not go below the horizon in the latitude
of the north temperate zone, and hence are poetically said to be for-
bidden, and sometimes to fear, to sink beneath the sea.
176, 177. Both in ancient and in modem times the constellations Ursa Maior
and Ursa Minor have been conceived of under a second and entirely
different figure; that is, in Latin as the Triones, or oxen yoked to a
cart, in English as "Carl's Wain." For the mythical origin of the
conception of the constellations as bears, see analysis at the end of
Book II, lines 401-550.

Similarly, the adjacent constellation, containing the bright star
Arcturus, has been named Arctophylax, the '< Bear-keeper," and
Bootes, the " Wagoner," each having reference to his relation to the
neighboring constellations. Ovid has in this passage rather inartistically
introduced the bears on the one hand and the ox-driver on the other.

Some interesting references to these constellations in English litera-
ture are as follows : —

Wide o'er the spacious regions of the North,
That see Bootes urge his tardy wain.

— Thompson, Seasons, IV, 834.

By this the northeme wagoner had set
His sevenfold teme behind the stedfast starre
That was in ocean waves yet never wet,
But firme is fixt, and sendeth light from farr^
To al that in the wide deepe wandring arre.

— Spenser, Faerie Queene, I, ii, i.

179. penitns penitnsque iacentes: *Mying far, far below."

1S4. Meropis dici cnpiens : " more than willing to be called Merops' (son)."
It will be remembered that this taunt had started Phagthon upon this
adventure. See Book I, line 754.

185. pinns: f>. aship.

185, 186. cui remisit frena: a mixed metaphor. The chief point is, how-
ever, that control has been lost over ship and horses alike, and there is
nothing left to do but pray.

187. qnidfaciat? H. 559, 4 (484, V) ; M. 324; A. 268; G. 265; B. 277.

189, 190. " And now he looks forward to the west which he is not destined
to reach," etc.

Shakespeare, careless as to mythological accuracy, conceives of
PhaSthon as lashing on his steeds : —

Juliet, Gallop apace, you fiery-footed steeds,

Towards Phoebus' lodging : such a wagoner

328 METAMORPHOSES II [P. 97

As PhaSthon would whip you to the west,
And bring in cloudy night immediately.

— RotMO and Juliet, III, ii.

195-197. The constellation Scorpio is here represented as covering two of
the signs or divisions of the zodiac. (For the twelve constellations see
note on lines 78-83). ITie constellation Librae the seventh in order,
was not commonly used among the Greeks; its place was occupied by
Chelae, the " Scorpion's Claws."

Page 98. — 198-205. It is by this terrible creature that the final catastrophe
is precipitated. Phaethon in his fright gives up all semblance of con-
trol, and the horses break entirely from the proper course.

Spenser {Faerie Queene, V, viii, 40) represents the horses them-
selves as taking fright at the Scorpion, and draws a very lively picture
of this situation.

208, 209. "And Luna in amazement sees her brother's horses speeding
below her own." The sun is now nearer the earth than the moon.

210. "The earth catches fire, the highest parts first." Shakespeare uses this
catastrophe to illustrate the text, " How great a matter a little fire
kindleth." Clifford (/// //enry VI, II, vi) thus voices his vain
regrets : —

0 Phoebus, hadst thou never given consent
That Phaeton should check thy fiery steeds,
Thy burning car never had scorch'd the earth !
And, Henry, hadst thou sway'd as kings should do,

1 and ten thousand in this luckless realm
Had left no mourning widows for our death.

217. Ovid abounds in geographical catalogues, with his list of mountains

here, of rivers a little later; and see Metamorphoses, VII, 220 and fol-
lowing. A similar case is in Amores, III, vi, 25 and following. Ovid
redeems these catalogues from dullness by his apt use of epithet.
Note these in the present passage.

218. creberrima fontibus Ide: the burden of Tennyson's Oenone very well

translates this phrase : —

O mother Ida, many-fountain' d Ida,
Dear mother Ida, harken ere I die.

219. virgineus: as the seat of the muses.

nondum Oeagrius: i.e. it was before the time of Oeagrus, father of
Orpheus and king of Thrace, in which country Mount Haemus was
situated.

220. geminatis ignibus: Aetna was already a mass of flames within,

p. 99] NOTES 329

which occasionally burst forth; and this fire is now duplicated by the
conflagration from without.

222. at tandem caritura : <*and Rhodope destined at last to lose her snows."

223. natusque ad sacra Cithaeron : this Boeotian mountain was a favorite

resort for the orgiastic worshipers of Bacchus.
227. cunctis e partibus : '* on all sides," ** in every direction."
Page 99. — 235, 236. "They say (think) that on that occasion the Aethio-

pians took on a swarthy hue, since the blood was called to the surface

of the body (by the heat)." Hyginus {Fabuiae^ 154) makes a similar

statement about the people of India : —

Indi autem, quod calore vicini ignis sanguis in atrum colerem versus est,
nigri sunt facti.

239. quaerit : " seeks (in vain)," ue, ''mourns the loss of."

240. Ephjrre *. Corinth was so called from a nymph of that name whose story

is told in Hyginus {Fabulaet 275).

241, 242. " Nor do the rivers whose lot had given them more spacious chan-

nels (banks wide apart) remain unscathed."

242, Homer {Iliad^ XXI) describes the battle between the flames of Vulcan

and the waves of the Xanthus and the Simois. Ovid does not attempt
a similar personification here. It is Homer and not Ovid, therefore,
whom Dryden has in mind in his Annus Mirabilis (926). The pas-
sage is quoted here because of the poetic description in the last two
lines of the effect of a great fire on a river : —

Old father Thames rais'd up his reverend head,
But fear'd the fate of Simois would return :
Deep in his ooze he sought his sedgy bed,
And shrunk his waters back into his urn.

245. annnis itemm Xanthus : the first conflict of Xanthus with the flames,

as described by Homer, has just been referred to in the previous note.

246. Maeandros : Ovid more fully describes this wandering stream in Met.

VIII, 162 and following, where he likens the Cretan Labyrinth to it.
251, 252. "And the swans, which had been wont to throng the Maeonian

streams in tuneful company, were scorched in mid Cayster."
254. in eztremum orbem : " to the ends of the earth."

254, 255. The poetical accounting for the fact of the hidden sources of the

Nile.

255, 256. oatia septem, septem valles : a double reference to the delta of

the Nile.
257. Ismarios: understand amnes from the next line. "The same mis-
chance dries up the Thracian streams — Hebrus and Strymon."

330 METAMORPHOSES II [P. loo

Page 100. — 264. et sparaas Cycladas angent : t>. as the mountain tops
emerged from the sea more islands would come into being.

272-275. ** But now the all-fostering Earth, encircled as she was by sea, amid
the waters of the deep, amid her fast-contracting streams which had
crowded into the dark bowels of the earth and hidden there, though
parched by heat, raised up her smothered face" etc.

275. oollO: H. 490, 2, note 3 (434 and note 4); M. 258, 3; A. 260, e ; G.
413; Remark i, end; B. 142, 3.

280. deum = deorum : she addresses Jove.

280^ 281 . " If I must perish by the force of fire, let me perish by thy fire (light-
ning), and ease my downfall by the thought of him who wrought it."

So Nileus boastfully comforts Perseus with the thought that the im-
pending death of the latter will be at the hands of a great man (V,
191, 192) ; and Achelous {Met, IX, 7) takes comfort in the fsjct that it
was the mighty Hector who overcame him.

286-289. The ^M^^-clauses of this passage are an expansion of the idea in
officii, " Is this the reward of my fertility aiid the performance of all
my duties? Is this the way you pay me for enduring," etc.

Page 101.— 291. frater: t.V. Neptune.

tradita sorte : the kingdom of Saturn had been divided by lot among
his three sons, Jove, Neptune, and Pluto. Homer puts a description
of this partition into the mouth of Neptune {Iliad, XV, 235) : —

Three parts were made of all existing things,
And each of us received his heritage.
The lots were shaken ; and to me it fell
To dwell forever in the hoary deep,
And Pluto took the gloomy realm of night,
And lastly, Jupiter the ample heaven
And air and clouds.

293. fratris is coordinate with mea ( = met) ; *♦ regard neither for your

brother nor for me."

294. at: "at least."

caeU: H. 457 (406, 1); M. 229; A. 221, a; G. 377; B. 209, 2.

295. quos: i.e, uterqne polus, which stand by metonymy for the whole

heavens.

296. atria vestra : the home of the gods is here conceived of as built upon

the vault of heaven as we see it.

297. azem : i.e, caelum^ the vault of heaven.

299. in chaos, etc. : <• we are swept back again to primeval chaos."

300. summae rerum : i,e. the universe.

301. neqae enim: some words are to be supplied here, such as "and (she

ceased speaking) for she could neither endure," etc.

p. I02] NOTES 331

303. rettnlit os in se : Ovid is guilty here of an absurd and gross mixture
of fact and figure. In the same sentence we have Terra and terra,
the one acting upon the other. Similarly, in XI, 125, Midas is said to
mingle the " bestower of his gift " (who was Bacchus, but the poet
now means wine) with water. See also XII, 614.

306. ardans is used here with the subject oi petit, ** on high,'* where we
should more naturally expect the corresponding adverb with the verb.

311. Ovid represents Jove in this passage as poising the thunderbolt at his

right ear just as a soldier would poise a spear.

312. pariterque, etc. : " and hurled him equally from life and chariot." This

is an instance of zeugma, which is common enough in Latin, but
which sounds rather harsh to English ears.
314, 315. et salta in contraria facto, etc.: "and, leaping apart, wrench
their necks from the yoke," etc.

318. laceri vestigia corrus : ** the remains of the wrecked chariot."

319. mtilos : this epithet is used proleptically, since the hair would not be

** ruddy " (because in flames) until the act in poptdante had begun.
Page 102. — 320. It has already been seen that Shakespeare makes frequent
use of the PhaSthon- story. This particular incident well illustrates the
downfall of princes. So in King Richard II, III, ii : —

Down, down I come ; like glistering Phaeton,
Wanting the manage of unruly jades.

323. diverso orbe : " in another quarter of the globe."

325. trifida fumantia flamma corpora: scan the line in order to connect
the adjectives with their proper nouns, trifida carries us back to the
forked lightning which had been the immediate cause of Phaethon's
destruction, corpora is for corpus, according to the usage of Ovid, who
often writes the plural for the singular with no apparent reason«

III. — It is a long way from the death of PhaSthon to the subject-matter
of the ensuing passage. The student should read carefully the epitome
of the omitted part on pages 102 and 103, and observe the threads
by which Ovid unites the various stories. Sometimes, it must be
admitted, these threads are very slender. See also introduction to the
Metamorphoses, page 63.

The story of Cadmus and the founding of Thebes has an unusual
importance, since it is closely connected with the historical problem

' of the relation of the East to the early development of Greece.

332 METAMORPHOSES III [P. 102

The story is told by Apollonius Rhodius, Apollodonis, and Nonnus
of the Greeks ; and by Ovid and Hyginus i^Fabulagy 178) of the Latin
writers. A genealogy of Cadmus is here given, which will be of assist-
ance in the understanding of subsequent history of his family. (For
descent of Agenor, see table under I, 728, note.)

Agenor
Mars = Venus I

I I r-^ 1 1

Harmonia = Cadmus Phoenix Cilix Europa

I ' — I I I I

Semele gave Ino Antonoe Polydorus

= Jupiter = Echion = Athamas = Aristaeus I

I I I I I

Bacchus Pentheus Melicertes Actaeon Labdacus

I

Laius = Jocasta

I

Jocasta = Oedipus

I \ \ 1

Eteocles Polynices Antigone Ismene

Page 103. — i. deus: ue, Jove,
posita = deposita,

3. ignarus: "ignorant (of these circumstances)."
perquirere : would this be the prose construction?

4. Hyginus says that the two brothers of Cadmus were sent with him:

Agenor suos filios misit, ut sororem reducerent aut ipsi in suum con-
spectum non redirent. Phoenix in Africam est profectus ibique reman-
sit; inde Afri Poeni sunt appellati. Cilix suo nomine Ciliciae nomen
indidit. Cadmus cum erraret, Delphos devenit, etc.

5. pins at sceleratas : the father was plus in that he desired to recover his

lost daughter; sceleratus in imposing commands so harsh upon his son.
8. Phoebi oractila : ue. at Delphi. See Hyginus above.
Page 104. — 9. at, quae sit tellus, etc.: '* and seeks to learn in what land

he should settle." With habitanda supply sibi,

12. hac duce: "under her guidance."

at qua raquiaverit harba : " and where she shall have lain down to rest
upon the grass."

13. moenia fac condas: supply ut vnth condas, " See that you build (your

city's) walls."

P- 105] NOTES 333

Boeotia (supposed to be derived from bos) was the country in which
the city was to be built, not the city itself.
10-13. Hyginus gives a different version of this oracle : —

Ibi responsum accepit, ut a pastoribus bovem emeret, qui Lunae signum
in latere haberet, eumque ante se ageret ; ubi decubiusset, ibi fatum esse
eum oppidum condere et ibi regnare.

14. " Hardly had Cadmus left the Castalian grotto when he saw," etc. This

grotto was the seat of the Delphic oracle, named by Ovid from the

famous Castalian spring near by.
17. pressoqae legit vestigia gressa: "and with guarded step he follows

her."
presso gressa : that the animal may be uninfluenced, and that fate may

be unassisted.
19. From Delphi to Panope is about eleven English miles; and from this

point to the future site of Thebes about thirty miles, — a long way for

one proceeding "presso gressu."
27. libandas nndas : " water for purposes of libation."
32. Martins anguis erat .* here is the starting point of the evils which came

thick upon the house of Cadmus — the slaying of the sacred serpent of

Mars.
35. "When the wayfarers of the Tyrian race had reached this grove with

luckless steps." These were the ministri mentioned in line 26, who

had been sent to draw water.
Page 105. — 42. et immensos, etc. : " and with a spring he throws himself

into huge curves."
sinnatur is used in the middle voice.

43. "And lifted high by more than half his length into the unsubstantial

air."

44, 45. This dragon is as large as the great constellation Draco, lying out-

stretched between the two Bears in the northern sky.
44. tanto corpore: H. 473, 2 (419, II); M. 246; A. 251; G. 400; B. 224, i.
46. nee mora : supply est.
48, 49. His powers of destruction are three-fold : his teeth, his constricting

folds, and his pestilential breath.

51. "Cadmus wonders what has delayed his comrades."

52, 53. leonis pellis : no particular lion is connected with the adventures of

Cadmus, as in the case of Hercules; but a lion's skin of the hunter's
own gaining is a natural accompaniment, half cloak, half shield (see
line 81), of these traditional heroes.
56. " And the huge bodied victorious foe (lying) upon (them)."

corporis: H. 440, 3 (396, V); M. 222; A. 215; G. 365; B. 203.

334

METAMORPHOSES III [P. loS

6i, 62. cum tnrribiis ardua celsia mocnia: "high walls with their lofty

towers."
62. mota forent = mota essenL
Page 106. — 67. f eman : ix. the iron head as opposed to the wooden shaft

{hasHU),
70. "And when, by violent effort, he had loosened this (ix. the shaft) all

around.**
75, 76. quique halitus, etc.: "and such rank breath as exhales from the

Stygian caves befouls the tainted air.*'
vitiatas is another instance of prolepsis. See II, 319 and note.
77. modo: correlates with interdum (78) and nunc (79).
79. impete : from impes. Why could not Ovid have used the ablative of the

more usual impetus in this place?
83. cuspide : Cadmus was armed with a spear and a javelin, as seen in lines

53, 54. The javelin has been hurled (line 65), and its head is buried

in the creature's vitals (line 71). Cadmus now presents the point of

his spear to the dragon*s mouth, and attempts to thrust him through.

87. quia se retrahebat, etc.: "because he kept backing away from the

thrust.*'

88. plagamque sedere, etc.: "and by withdrawing prevented the stroke

from being driven home."

91. dum retro, etc. : " until an oak tree stopped his {i.e, the serpent's) back-

ward course."

92. The serpent is now pinned fast to the oak by the spear which pierces both.

94. flagellari: for the force of the infinitive see H. 614 (535, III) ; M. 273,4;

A. 333»^; G. 533; B. 33i,V.

95. victor victi : it is quite in Ovid's style to bring these words together.

See The Poetic Form of Ovid*s Works, under the subject AUiteraiion,
Assonance, and kindred effects.
Page 107. — 96. neque erat cognoscere, etc.: "nor was it easy to tell
whence it came.** The voice may be that of Mars, whose wrath has
been incurred by the death of his sacred dragon. Ovid nowhere dis-
tinctly refers to the wrath of Mars, but Hyginus (J^abulae, 6) says : —

Cadmus ira Martis, quod draconem fontis Castalii custodem occiderat,
suorum prole interempta, cum Harmonia Veneris et Martis filia uxore sua,
in Illyriae regionibus in dracones sunt conversi.

98. et tu spectabere serpens : it is obvious that Ovid uses the awkward
spectabercy which means here nothing more than eris or fies, simply
because he has already used spectas.

The fulfillment of this prophecy is described by Ovid in lines 563-
603. See epitome on page 118. It will there be observed that the

p. io8] NOTES 335

-v
change came at the request of the royal pair. This is not, therefore,
itself the punishment for the act of Cadmus; the punishment is in the
long train of disaster which makes the change welcome. Hence, ref-
erences to this metamorphosis are in a rather pleasing vein. So in
Milton {Paradise Lost, IX) : —

Pleasing was his {i^e. Satan's) shape,
And lovely; never since of serpent kind
Lovelier, not those that in Illyria changed
Hermione and Cadmus.

And Matthew Arnold {Cadmm and Harnumia)\'^

Two bright and aged snakes,
Who once were Cadmus and Harmonia,
Bask in the glens, or on the warm seashore,
In breathless quiet after all their ills.

I02. motaeqne inbet, etc. : " and she bids him plow the earth and plant
therein the dragon's teeth."

105. mortalia semina : " a man-probucing seed."

106. fide mains : " a thing beyond belief.''

111-114. The curtain {aulaeum) of the ancient theater was fixed upon a
roller let into the masonry of the floor in front of the stage. See
Horace, Epistles, II, i, 189: "The curtain is kept down for more than
four hours/' i.e. the stage is in view of the spectators during that time.
To " raise the curtain," therefore, had just the opposite effect to that
in the modem theater. The curtain was decorated by various figures
{signa), as, for instance, those of men. When, at the conclusion of
the play, the curtain was unrolled, or raised, these figures would come
into view top first. The appropriateness of this simile to Ovid's narra-
tive is at once apparent.

III. festis: because these theatrical performances were given on festal days,
as part of a religious celebration in honor of some god.

113. placidoqae educta, etc.: '<and (at length), drawn up with steady
motion, the entire figures stand revealed."

117. civilibas bellis :" this fratricidal strife."

120. dederat: for object, understand ilium, from the following iUo,

122. ezemplo pari: "in the same way."

123. subiti: referring to the manner of their birth.

Page 108. — 125. matrein: it should be remembered that these brothers

were terrigenae (line 118).
126. Echion: Hyginus {Fabulae, 178) gives the names of the other four:

Ex quibus quinque superfuerunt, id est Chthonius, Udaens, Hyperenor,

Pelorus, et Echion.

336

METAMORPHOSES III [P- ^^

128. fratemae = cum fratribus,

129. Sidonius hospes : Agenor, the father of Cadmus, was king of Sidon.

130. Phoeb€l8 8ortibu8 = Jtfr/i^«J^>ft^^^*- See line 13.

132. exsUio : has a concessive as well as locatival force — " even in exile."
Mars Venusque: see genealogical table under note at beginning of Book

III. ^. _

135-137. Compare with this the solemn words with which the Oedipus Kex
of Sophocles closes, and which Ovid doubtless recalled as he wrote
these lines : — ^^^^ ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ Ig^rn ye.

To reckon no man happy till ye witness
The closing day ; until he pass the border
Which severs life from death, unscathed by sorrow.

Page 109. — 402 and following. The story of Narcissus is told most fully by
Ovid, and is briefly touched upon by Hyginus. A different and more
rational version is told by Pausanias. The story has taken strong hold
upon the poetic imagination of English writers. Keats {Miscellatieous
Poems) gives an exquisite fancy picture of the origin of this story.
Compare his description of the natural scenery with Ovid's : —

What first inspired a bard of old to sing
Narcissus pining o'er the untainted spring?
In some delicious ramble, he had found
A little space, with boughs all woven round ;
And in the midst of all, a clearer pool
Than e'er reflected in its pleasant cool
The blue sky, here and there serenely peeping.
Through tendril wreaths fantastically creeping.
And on the bank a lovely flower he spied,
A meek and forlorn flower, with naught of pride.
Drooping its beauty o'er the watery clearness,
To woo its own sad image into nearness :
Deaf to light Zephyrus, it would not move;
But still would seem to droop, to pine, to love.
So while the poet stood in this sweet spot,
Some fainter gleamings o'er his fancy shot ;
Nor was it long e'er he had told the tale
Of young Narcissus and sad Echo's Vale.

402. hanc : i,e. echo.

405- sic amet, etc. : « so may he himself love, and not gain the thing he

loves."
407-4x2. Ovid is fond of such a scene. See a similar description in Ars

Amatoria, III, 687-694.

p. Ill] NOTES 337

414. faciemqiid loci fontemque secutus: the first -que is redundant. "At-
tracted by the appearance of the place and by the spring."

432-436. The poet himself here addresses the person of his creating. He
has done this before in Ars Amatoria, III, 735, and Fasti^ II, loi.
This is an indication of the absorbing interest of Ovid in his own
story. It is as if one in the audience should cry out to a character on
the stage, forgetting that it is but a play.

433. quod amas, avertere, perdes : " (but) turn yourself away (and) the
object of your love will be no more."

Page 110. — 435. nil habet ista sui : " it has no substance of its own."

436. discedet, si possis : the statement starts out vividly in the future indic-
ative, but sinks to a mere possibility at the end. This possibility itself
vanishes in the next sentence.

449. nec clausis moenia portis : " nor city walls with their close shut gates."

452. resupino ore: "with upturned face."

454. unice : because unmatched for grace and beauty.

457. "You give me some (ground for) hope by your friendly face."

461. ** And, as I surmise from the movement of your sweet lips."

463. It dawns suddenly upon him that the object of his passion is his own

image. In Milton (^Paradise Lost, IV) Eve relates to Adam a similar
experience of her own : —

As I bent down to look, just opposite

A shape within the watery gleam appeared,

Bending to look on me ; I started back,

It started back ; but pleased I soon returned.

Pleased it returned as soon with answering looks

Of sympathy and love ; there I had fixed

Mine eyes till now, and pined with vain desire.

Had not a voice thus warned me : " What thou seest.

What there thou seest, fair creature, is thyself;

With thee it comes and goes."

464. flammas moveoqae f eroqne : the reader will observe throughout this

story how Ovid revels in these paradoxes. Many will doubtless feel
that he overdoes the matter.

465. faciam, roger, rogem : examples of the familiar deliberative subjunc-

tive. How has the thought changed so as to allow the indicative in
rogabOf whereas the preceding verbs were in the subjunctive mode ?
Page 111. — 466. " I have, I am what I desire : the abundance of my
riches beggars me."

Spenser {Amorettit XXXV) boldly borrows this fine passage : —

My hungry eyes, through greedy covetize
Still to behold the object of their paine,
OVID — 22

338 METAMORPHOSES III [P. in

Witb no contentment can themselves suffiie;
But having, pine, and having not complaine.
For lacking it, they cannot lyfe sustayne ;
And having it, they gaze on it the more,
In their amazement lyke Narcissus vaine,
Whose eyes him starv'd : so plenty makes mepoore,

468. votum novum : m apposition with velUm, etc.
abesset : supply ut. This clause is the object of vellem.

469. nee tempora vitae, etc. : " and but few days of my life remain."
471. positnro morte dolores : ** since I shall lay aside my pains in death."
475. obscnra reddita forma est : " the image was unperfectly reflected."
478. qnod tangere non est : "what it is not possible to touch."

480. somma yestem diduzit ab ora: "he plucked away his tunic at
(from) its upper fold," or " from the upper part (of his breast) ."

483-485. Compare similar descriptive similes in Ars Amatoria, III, 703-706.

486. simnl = simui ac.

494. quae : i.e, echo. Vtdit has for its object the unexpressed conception of
the sufferings of Narcissus.

Page 112. — 499. "His last words as he gazed into the familiar spring were
these."

501. The first va/e is in absolute construction with dido and is not to be
translated.

504, 505. It was bad enough to have the shade of Eurydice limping still
because of her earthly wound (if/^f/. X, 49) ; but this passage out-
Ovids Ovid, wherein a shade is represented as gazing fondly upon the
shade of a shade. It is a good example of the absurdity into which
the poet is sometimes led in his tendency to overwork an idea.

5091 510. This flower is what is termed in botany Narcissus poeticus. " It
loves the borders of streams; bending on its fragile stem, it seems to
seek its own image in the waters, and soon fades away and dies."

Page 113. — IV, 55 and following. The story of Pyramus and Thisbe is
told in full only by Ovid of ^the ancients, and is one of his best told
tales. From Ovid, Chaucer and Shakespeare get the story, one of
whom introduces Thisbe as the martyr of Babylon in his Legend of
Good Women, and the other uses the story as byplay in the Midsum-
mer Night^s Dream, And again Thisbe appears in the great dram-
atist's lines {Merchant of Venice, V, i) : —

In such a night
Did Thisbe fearfully o'er trip the dew
And saw the lion's shadow ere himself
And ran dismay'd away.

p. 115] NOTES 339

59. notitiam primosque gradns : hendiadys, " the first steps of acquaintance."

62. ex aequo : " equally.*'

63. conscius : i,e, some third person, a frequent feature of clandestine love

affairs, who acts as a go-between.
65, 66. " The party wall of the two houses had been split by a slender crack

which it had at some former time received when it was building."
74. quantum = quantulum : " how small a thing it would have been."

erat : H. 583 (5 1 1, note 3) ; M. 368; A. 31 1, c\ G. 254, Rem. 2; B. 304, 3.

77. This substantive quod-clause is the object of debere.

78. nequiquam is to be read with diversd. It was to no purpose that they

were kept apart by their parents.
79» 80. partique dedere, etc. : '< and imprinted kisses, each one upon his

own side of the wall."
Page 114. — 87. neve sit errandom : "and that they may not run the risk

of missing each other."
spatiantibus : used as substantive, dative of apparent agent with sit

errandum.

88. ad busta Nini : so in Shakespeare's burlesque, Flute, in the character of

Thisbe, says: ''I'll meet thee, Pyramus, at Ninny's tomb"; and is
corrected by Quince : "Ninus' tomb, man." Ninus was the deceased
husband of Semiramis, who in his honor had built a huge tomb out-
side of Babylon.

89, 90. In this way Ovid prepares the way for the denouement of his story.

For a similar preparation see Ars AmatoriOf III, 693 and note.

98. depositura sitim : ** to slake her thirst."

99. ad lunae radios : " by the moonlight."

100. 10 1, fiigit, fiigit: what tense in each verb? Why different?

103. sine ipsa: "without Thisbe herself; "that is, it was a perfectly harm-
less act, but direful in its consequences.

1 10. ego, te, etc. : " I have been the cause of thy death, poor girl, in that I
bade thee come forth by night," etc. What would be the prose con-
struction of venires ?

Page 115. — 115. "But 'tis a coward's part (merely) to pray for death."
See a similarly constructed sentence in Met. XIII, 824, except that
there the infinitive numerare has not the pregnant force " merely to
count."

117. notae with vesti\ "the familiar garment."

118. hanstiis: "draughts."

119. The prose order would be: ferrumque^ quo accinctus erat, in ilia

demisit,
121. humo: locative abl., poetic for in humo, here used as a variation upon
the more frequent humi — "upon the ground,"

340 METAMORPHOSES IV [P. us

123. et tenui stridente foramine: "and through the slender hissing aper-
ture spurts forth long streams of water, and cleaves the air with its
jets."

131, 132. "And while she recognized the form of the tree as she gazed upon
it, still the color of its fruit mystified her."

136. summnm {aequor) : "its surface." See simile in Her aides, X, 139.

Page 116. — 147. ense : H. 465 (414. HI); M. 237, 2 ; A. 243, d\ G. 390,
3;- B. 214, \,d.

148. ebur : ue. the ivory scabbard.

150. manus, amor: these are repeated from line 148. "I too have a hand

that's brave for this one act; I too have love."
in YUlnera has a purpose force, frequent with the prepositions ad and in
with the accusative.

151. perseqiiar ezstinctnm : understand te, " I shall follow thee in death."

154. hoc: H. 411, I (374, 0; M. 192, 2; A. 239, 2, c, note 2; G. 399.

note 4; B. 178, 2. This is expanded and explained by lines 156, 157.

155. mens illiusqae parentes: the full expression would be mi parens

{ = pater) illiusque parens. Since its substantive is not expressed,
metts has the nominative instead of the vocative form.

156. 157. ut non invideatis: non is to be taken intimately with the verb,

and separated as far as possible from ut (see Ovid's arrangement), in
order to justify ut non instead of ne, " Be entreated of us that you
be not unwilling," etc.
166. "And all that remains from (both) funeral pyres rests in a common urn."

Page 117. — 432. funesta taxo : the yew tree, because of its poisonous ber-
ries, was connected with the Lower World. So Seneca {OedipuSt 555)
represents Tiresias as crowned with a wreath of yew leaves while sum-
moning the shade of Laius from the dead.

435- simulacra fmicta sepulcris: "shades of those who have received
funeral rites." Vergil explains {Aeneid, VI, 325-330) at some length
the unhappy condition of the shades of the unburied.

436-438. novique qua sit iter, etc. : " and the shades newly arrived know
not where the road is, where it leads to the Stygian city, and where is
the dread palace of the swarthy Dis."

441. 442. nee ulli, etc : " and it is not too small for any people (however
numerous), nor does it feel the accession of a throng."

444- celebrant: "throng."

445- There is some authority (though not the best) for the following line at

this point : —

Exercent, aliam partem sua poena coercet.

p. 117] NOTES 341

If this line is admitted, pars (1. 445) will be construed as the subject
of exercent; without this line,/ar; must be taken along with pars of
line 444 as subject of celebrant. In this case we have zeugma,
antiquae Imitmnina vitae : there are many expressions of the Roman
belief that *<the ruling passion is strong in death," and that habits uf
this life will continue in the next. See Met, III, 504, 505; Amores,
II, vi, 57, 58. So Vergil {Aeneid, VI, 477-493) describes the shades
of Greek and Trojan warriors as engaging in all the exercises to which
they were accustomed on earth, and subject to the same passions and
fears.

448. tantum : i,e, the task mentioned in the previous line.

^52. sorores : the Furies.

454. This is simply another way of saying that snakes were mingled with

their locks. Wordsworth {Excursion^ III) thinks that this is a weak
conception of the Furies : —

Feebly must they have felt
Who, in old time, attired with snakes and whips
The vengeful Furies.

455. agnonmt = agnoverunt,

457-463. Here are briefly enumerated the stock sufferings in Tartara: of
Tityos, whose huge frame is stretched out upon the ground, while his
vitals are torn by a vulture ; of Tantalus, who, though standing up to
his chin in water, is dying of thirst, for the water ever flees his eager
lips, while above his head also luscious fruit hangs temptingly just
beyond his reach ; of Sisyphus, forever rolling a heavy stone up a hill,
and forever unable to reach the top, for the stone escapes his grasp
each time at the moment of success; of Ixion, bound to a swiftly
revolving wheel ; of the Belides, condemned to fill a bottomless cistern
with water borne in sieves.

458. tibi: H. 431, 6 (388, 4); A. 232, b', G. 354, note I; B. 189, 3.

461. Izion : two excellent similes are drawn from the picture of the sufferings
of Ixion. To Campbell (^Lines on revisiting a Scotch River) the wheel
is the never ceasing necessity of toil : —

See, left but life enough and breathing room

The hunger and the hope of life to feel,

Yon pale mechanic bending o'er his loom,

And childhood's self, as at Ixion's wheel.

From mom till midnight task'd to earn its little meal.

And to Kingsley {Frank Leigh's Song) the wheel is the reeling
torment of unrequited love : —

342 METAMORPHOSES IV [P. 117

To worship, not to wed, Celestials bid me :
I dreamt to mate in heaven, and wake in hell;
Forever doom'd, Ixion-like, to reel
On mine own passions' ever burning wheel.

Page 118. — 462, 463. "And the Belides, for daring to work destruction to
their cousins, with unremitting toil seek o'er and o'er the waters only
to lose them again/' Juno looked with pleasure, no doubt, upon the
punishment of these, not so much because they had each been guilty
of an impious murder, but because they were descendants of the hated
lo. (See genealogy under Met I, 728, note.) So it is said in Heroides^
XIV, 85, 86, by Hypermnestra, the only guiltless sister : —

Scilicet ex illo lunonia permanet ira,
Quo bos ex homine est, ex bove facta dea.

463. perdant : it seems weak to consider this a relative clause of purpose.
It is rather a fated than a purposed act.

465. et ante omnes Iziona : " and especially Ixion." He is suffering here
because of an offense against the honor of Juno herself.

466-469. Sisyphus and Athamas were brothers, sons of Aeolus, and were
both equally guilty of impiety. Juno's complaint is that one should
be here in torment, while the other is enjoying immunity from punish-
ment. The truth is, however, that the only offense of Athamas was
that he had married Ino, the sister of the hated Semele, mother of
Bacchus.

470. yellet: this is subjunctive, partly as a reflection of the inunediately

preceding velit (which is in an indirect question), and partly as a
subjunctive of softened or modest assertion.

471. et in facinus, etc.: "and that the sisters {i,e, the Furies) should

drive Athamas to madness." On the fate of Athamas, read Frederick

Tennyson's poem, King Athamas,
474. ut erat: "just as she was." Ovid is fond of this expression. See

Neroidesj X, 16, and Ars Amatoria^ I, 529 (quoted under Heroides,

X, 21-23).
canos capillos: H. 416 (378); M. A. 240, r; G. 338, i; B. 180, i.
476. ambagibus: H. 477, III (414, IV); M. 252; A 243, ^; G. 406;

B. 218, 2.
477- *acta puta, etc. : "consider done all that you ask."
480. Juno needed this purification, since she had just come from the worid

of the dead. On Iris, the attendant of Juno, see Met, I, 270, and note.

Page 119. — 663 and following. Ovid passes lightly over the events which
lead to the present story: how Cassiopeia, the wife of Cepheus, king

p. 119] NOTES 343

of Aethiopia, had boasted of her own beauty as excelling that of the
Nereides ; how Neptune, to avenge this slight upon his nymphs, had
flooded the country, and sent a sea monster to ravage the coasts ; and
how the oracle of Jupiter Ammon had declared that further disaster
could be averted only if Andromeda, the king's daughter, should be
exposed to the monster.

The story is briefly told among the ancients other than Ovid by
Apollodorus and Hyginus. For the genealogy of both Perseus and
Andromeda, see Met I, 728* note. In English literature reference
is often made to the character and incidents of this story. The most
extended English version is the Andromeda of Kingsley, in which the
author departs considerably from the classical details.

663. Ovid calls attention to the calm that usually accompanies the dawn.

664. admonitor operum Lucifer : Longfellow conceives not of the dawn as

awakening labor, but of labor as arousing the dawn {^Evangeline,
IV):-

Life had long been astir in the village, and clamorous labor
Knocked with its hundred hands at the golden gates of the morning.

665. iUe : i,e, Perseus.

666. parte ab utraque pedem = utrumque pedem.
accingitur is used in a middle sense, " he girds himself."

telo unco : this was the short sword, with a peculiar hooklike projection
on one side (harpe), which Mercury had given him. He was other-
wise eqiupped with winged shoes, a magic wallet, and helmet of
invisibility, all of which the nymphs had given him. But his chief
weapon, used only as the last resort, was Medusa's head.
670,671. *< There the pitiless Ammon had bidden Andromeda, though free
from guilt, to pay the penalty of her mother's (sinful) words," See
line 663, and note ; also Milton, // Penseroso : —

Or that starred Ethiop queen that strove

To set her beauty's praise above

The sea nymphs, and their powers offended.

672. bracchia : for construction, see capillos^ line 474, note.

673. Abantiades : ue. Perseus, the descendant of Abas.

nisi quod moverat, etc. : " except that," etc. This clause is equivalent

to the conditional sentence nisi fnomsset^ etc., the conclusion of which

is ratus esset,
675. inscius : either, " in ignorance of the meaning of this strange sight and

of the identity of the maiden," or, " without consciousness of the eflect

upon himself," "unwittingly."
ignes : understand amoris.

344 METAMORPHOSES IV [P. 119

678. ttt stetit: " when he alighted (near the maiden)."

679. sed {eis catenis dignd) quibtts, etc.

680. requirenti : understand mihi.

682. virum virgO: this is one of Ovid's numberless alliterations; but in this
instance the juxtaposition has more than the usual significance, espe-
cially when joined with the position in the sentence of these two words.
They are contrasted and strongly emphasized : " Nor does she, being a
maiden, dare to address him, a man."

685-688. " As he continues to urge her, she, lest she seem to be trying to
conceal some fault of her own, tells him her name and her country,
and what boastful confidence her mother has had in her own beauty."

687. matemae fiducia formae -. see line 663, note.

689, 690, and 706, 707. Ovid thus describes what is the most thrilling
moment in the whole story from a dramatic point of view — the
approach of the monster. Considering the importance of this crisis, it
would seem that Ovid has given it rather meager notice in his lines.
See how Vergil treats a similar occasion, though not as important dra-
matically as the present, where he describes the approach of the two
serpents that destroyed Laocoon and his sons {Aeneid, II, 203-212).
Compare also Kingsley*s elaboration of this passage, wherein he makes
use of Ovid's simile of the ship (^Andromeda) : —

Onward it came from the southward, as bulky and black as a galley,
Lazily coasting along, as the fish fled leaping before it ;
Lazily breasting the ripple, and watching by sand bar and headland.
Listening for laughter of maidens at bleaching, or song of the fisher.
Children that play on the pebbles, or cattle that pawed on the sand hills.
Rolling and dripping it came, where bedded in glistening purple
Cold on the cold seaweeds lay the long white sides of the maiden,
Trembling, her face in her hands, and her tresses afloat on the water.

Page 120. — 691, 692. genitor, mater: the parents of Andromeda.

ilia iustius: because through her sin her daughter is thus exposed to
death.

697-701. Perseus sets forth his claims to the hand of Andromeda first by
virtue of his own birth and prowess, which are all-sufficient in them-
selves. " If I sought her (only) as the son of Jove and her whom,"
etc.

697, 698. ilia, quam clausam : i.e, Danae, whom her father, Acrisius, fearing
destruction at the hands of her offspring, had imprisoned in a brazen
tower. This precaution, however, proved in vain, for Jove gained
access to her prison, which opened to the sky, by assuming the form of
a golden shower.

p. I2i] NOTES 345

701-703. But he now advances a greater claim than these — meiitnm, the

" desert " of service rendered by saving the maiden's life.
703. " My only stipulation is that she be mine if by my valor saved."
705. super regnum dotale : " a kingdom as a dowry in addition."
709, 710. "He (the monster) was as far distant from the rocks (where An-
dromeda was) as is the space of open air through which a Balearic
sling can send its hurled bullet (lit., can traverse with its bullet)."
tantum: H. 417(379); M. 196; A. 257; G. 335; B. 181.
quantum : is object of transmitUrey and caeli is partitive genitive with
quantum.

714. utque lovis praepes, etc.: so Horace {Odes, IV, iv, 11) likens the

sudden campaign of Drusus against the Vindelici to the swoop of an
eagle upon its prey. Kingsley compares Perseus at this point to an
osprey darting upon a dolphin.

715. praebentem Phoebo terga: /./. sunning himself.

716. occupat aversum : *< swoops upon him from behind."

718. missus praeceps: to be taken with Inachides (line 720).

719. frementis: understand /rra^.

Page 121. — 720. Inachides : i,e. Perseus, the descendant of Inachus. Sec

table under I, 728, note.
ferrum curvo, etc. : *< he plunged the sword as far as the curved hook."

See line 666, note.
721. laesa: f>. the monster.
725. quaque patent : " and where they {ue, the various vulnerable points)

lie exposed."
727. falcato ense : the sword is called falcaius, because of the feature before

mentioned.

730. bibulis : i.e, the wings on his sandals were in danger of becoming

soaked, and hence useless.

731, 732. qui vertice, etc. : " whose top projects above the surface when the

waves are still, (but) is hidden by the roughened sea." Compare Ver-
gil's fuller description of a similar scene (^Aeneid, V, 124-128).

733. eo: H. 476, 3 (425, I, I) note); M. 247, 3, note i; A. 254, b\ G. 401,

note 6; B. 218, 3.

734. The inference is that the monster is slain by the use of the sword alone.

According to another version of this part of the story, Perseus changed
his enemy into a rocky island by presenting to his gaze the Medusa
head. Kingsley follows the latter version : —

Then fell the boy on the beast, unveiling the face of the Gorgon ;
Then fell the boy on the beast ; then rolled up the beast in his horror,
Once, as the dead eyes glared into his ; then his sides, death-sharpened,
Stiffened and stood, brown, rock, in the wash of the wandering water.

346 METAMORPHOSES IV [P. 121

736. impleren:' is plural because cum plausu clamor is felt as equal to
clamor plaususque,
gaudent : ue, the parents of Andromeda.

741. caput: f>. the Gorgon's head.

742. yirgas: seaweed.

743. imponit : supply Hits (virgis).

744-752. The origin of coral; i^. petrified seaweed.

748. et idem contingere gandent : " and are delighted that the same result

is obtained (in case of all)."
751. "So that they become hard on contact with the air/'

Page 122. — V, 177. *<But when he saw (his own) strength no match for

(the) superior numbers (of his foes)."
179. ab hoste: i,e. the head of Medusa.

181. Perseus is tauntingly bidden to try his play magic on some one else.
185. Lyncidae : i.e, Perseus, as the descendant of Lynceus. See under I,

728, note.
187, 188. qui se genittun, etc. : ** who falsely claimed that he was sprung

from the sevenfold Nile."
septemplice : referring to the Nile delta of seven mouths. See 11^ 255,

256.

191. solacia: it will be observed that Ovid frequently employs the poetic

plural. See ora above (line 180).

192. a tanto cecidisse yiro: this is the magna solacia of the previous

line. With the thought, compare II, 280, 281, note.

195. hos : Eryx does not realize that these have been changed into stone,
so lifelike are their attitudes; and he charges them that their stupe-
faction comes from fear (" defect of courage ") rather than from any
power in the Gorgon's head.

Page 123. — 196. incurrite : supply iuveni or in iuvenem,

197. magica arma : uttered in unbelieving scorn, just as miracula of line 181.

202. " Saw the Gorgon's head, and hardened' as the stony influence spread
through his frame."

207. longa mora est dicere: " it would take a long time to tell," etc.

208. corpora : i.e. homines.

210. Phinea belli: H. 457 (409, III); M. 229; A. 221, b-, G. 377; B. 209.
212,213. quemque opem: H. 411 (374); M. 192, 2; A. 239, 2, c) G.

339»a; B. 178, I, a.
213. credens parum: " hardly believing (his eyes)."
215. confessas manus : by an artistic stroke Ovid joins confessas with manuSx

since it is the outstretched hands that confess defeat and implore

mercy.

p. 124] NOTES 347

216, 217. monstra, yultos: see line 191, note.

217. quaecmnqiie ea may be either ''whatsoever things they are/' ue, the

general concepts involved in monstra and vultus; or, <* whosoever she
(Medusa) is." Supply nnt or nt^ according to the interpretation
adopted.

220. The strength of Perseus' claims to Andromeda lay in his superior

service in her behalf; the claim of Phineus was based on a prior
promise by her parents to him.

221. cessisse: supply /t'^'.

223. talia dicenti : <' as he thus spoke."

224. ait: ue. Perseus.

225. magniim miinus: the "boon" is explained in the next line — nullo

violabere ferro : he is not to be slain by the sword. Perhaps also the

ironical three lines following are included in this.
Page 124. — 230. Phorcynida : i.e, Medusam = caput Medusae,
232. conanti, etc. : *' as he strove to avert his gaze," etc.

341. prima Ceres, etc.: this opening praise of Ceres recalls the lines of
Vergil in the same strain {GeorgicSt I, 147).

The story of Ceres and Proserpina, or, according to the Greek
names, Demeter and Persephone, is very old, and has been frequently
treated both by Greek, I^atin, and modem writers. Among the Greeks
it is found in the Homeric Hymns (V), in Hesiod {Theogony), in
Apollodorus and Apollonius Rhodius ; among the Romans writers who
have treated of the subject are Ovid, who, in addition to his story at
this place, has told it at still greater length in the Fasti (IV, 417-620);
Hyginus {Fabulae^ 146)) Statius (^Achilleis)^ and Qaudian (in his
epic poem, De Raptu Proserpinae) .

It is worth while to notice the interesting variations of detail in
Hyginus : —

Pluton petit ab love Proserpinam filiam eius et Cereris in coniugium.
lovis negavit Cererem passuram ut filia sua in tartaro tenebricoso sit, sed
iubet eum rapere eam flores legentem in monte Aetna ; in quo Proserpina
dum flores cum Venere et Diana et Minerva legit, Pluton quadrigis venit et
eam rapuit.

It has inspired the English writers not only to passing mention, but
also to entire poems. Thus Shelley {Song of Proserpine'), Tennyson
(^Demeter and Persephone) ^ Rossetti {Sonnet) ^ Jean Ingelow {Perse-
phone), Aubrey de Vere {The Search after Proserpina), Morris
{Persephone in Epic of Hades), Swinburne {Hymns to Prosttpine):
346. Giganteis membris: the Pierides had sung of the rebellion of the

348 METAMORPHOSES V [P. 124

Giants (see page 124, analysis of omitted parts), dwelling especially
upon the terror of the Gods. The Muses begin their song by a picture
of the final discomfiture and punishment of the Giants.
348-355. In Vergil it is Enceladus who is thus buried under Aetna, though
not under all Sicily, as Ovid here describes Typhoeus (^Aeneid^ III,
578-582).
Page 125. — 356. inde : ue. on account of these struggles.

rez silentum : Pluto, son of Chronos (Saturn), and brother of Jupiter,
Neptune, Juno, and Ceres.
362. " After he had investigated to his satisfaction, and found that no portions

(of the island) were giving way."
368. When Chronos withdrew from the sovereignty of the universe, his three
sons, Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto, shared the kingdom by lot. Homer
puts the following account of this event in the mouth of Neptune
{Iliad, XV, 235):-

Three parts were made of all existing things,
And each of us received his heritage.
The lots were shaken ; and to me it fell
To dwell forever in the hoary deep,
And Pluto took the gloomy realm of night.
And, lastly, Jupiter the ample heaven
And air and clouds.

novissima *. it is here stated that Pluto's lot was " last." But, according
to Homer, as seen above, it was Jove who came last.

371. quid Tartara cessant: "why does the realm of shades hold of!?" f>.

" why is it exempt from our power? "

372. agitur : " is at stake."

373. qtiae = talis : " such is our long-suffering."

376. mihi: H. 428, 2 (385, II, 2); M. 211; A. 229; G. 345, Rem. i; B.

188, 2, d.
Cererisfilia: Proserpina.

377. erit : f>. " will continue to be," " will remain."

378. siqua est ea gratia = siqua eius regni gratia est tibi : " if you have any

regard for this joint sovereignty of ours."

379. deam patruo : i.e. Proserpina and Pluto. See line 356, note.

Page 126. — 385, 386. In prose order, Haud procul ab Hennaeis (= Hen-

nae) moenibus est lacus aquae altae nomine Fergus,
386, 387. The prose order would be, Caystros plura carmina cycnorum labeU'

tibus in undis non audit illo (= quam ille lacus audit).
388, 389. suis frondibus ut velo: "with its foliage as with an awning."

The Romans were familiar with the huge awnings stretched over the

open amphitheater as a protection from the sun.

p. 126]

NOTES

349

391. Milton uses this fair scene in comparison with the beauty of Eden {^Par-
adise Lost, IV) : —

Not that foir field
Of Enna, where Proserpine gathering flowers,
Herself a fdrer flower, by gloomy Dis
Was gathered, which cost Ceres all that pain
To seek her through the world ; . . .

might with the Paradise

Of Eden strive.

396. usque adeo : " to such a degree/' " so."

398. et ut summa, etc. : '^ and as (since) she had torn her garment at its

upper edge."

399. Shakespeare {Winter's Tale, IV, iv) makes this scene more real by

naming the flowers: —

O Proserpina,
For the flowers now, that frighted thou let'st fall
From Dis's wagon ! daffodils . . violets . .
. . primroses . . oxiips . . lilies.

400. " And such was the innocence of her girlish years."

402. quemque : resolves equos into its component parts : " he urges on his

horses, calling each by name."
406. stagna Palicorum : the god is pursuing a southeasterly course, and is

now halfway between Henna (in the center of Sicily) and Sjnracuse (on

the southeast coast)

Near the temple of
the Palici (see vocab.)
were two pools of hot
sulphureous water.
rupta f erventia terra :
"boiling up from (or
in) a crevice of the
earth." The language
of the whole passage
is descriptive of a vol-
canic region.
407-410. Ovid is in these
lines describing an-
cient Syracuse (con-
fined originally to the
island of Ortygia
alone). The lines will be easily understood by reference to the accom-

Syracuse

panying map of Syracuse and its environment.

350

METAMORPHOSES V [P- 126

408. inaeqnales portus: these were the "Great Harbor" and the "Uttle

Harbor." See map.
moenia : ue, of S3rracuse in Ortygia.

409, 410. "There is between {medium) Cyane and Pisaean Arethusa a bay

of the sea {aequor), which, confined by enclosing points of land,
brings its waters to a narrow strait {co%()r This aequor is the " Great
Harbor," between Arethusa on the island and Cyane on the mainland.
Pisaeae Arethusae : for explanation of this epithet and history of Are-
thusa, see lines 577-641, in which the nymph tells her own story.
411,412. The prose order is: Hie ("near here") fuit Cyane, celeberrima
inter Sicelidas nymphas, a cuius nomine stagnum quoque dictum est.

413. giirgite : i.e. in her own pool.

summa tenus alvo : " as far as the waist."

414. deam: i,e. Proserpina. Pluto is now nearing the coast with his fair

captive.

Page 127. — 415. roganda, non rapienda fiut: "she (the maiden) should
have been wooed, not snatched away by force."

418. exorata, exterrita : " prevailed upon by prayer, and not by fear."

420. Satumius : for the epithet, see line 356, note.

424. pronos currus: "the down-rushing chariot." Again Ovid uses the
plural for the singular.
cratere : ue. the basin of the pool of Cyane.

431. primaque de tota : " and first of all."

437. The metamorphosis is complete, and the goddess of the pool is no
longer an entity separate from its waters.

Page 128. — 465. mutata: i,e, from a nymph into water.

467. nee quo, etc. : " nor had she any means wherewith to speak."

477, 478. saeva vertentia aratra manu : note the quantity of the final
vowels, as shown by the rhythm of the lines, and assign the epithets to
their proper nouns. Observe the symmetrical arrangement, and com-
pare with Ovid's favorite interlocked order, which would be obtained
in this case by transposing the order of the substantives.

481. latum vulgata per orbem: "which was famous the world over."
Sicily was famous in ancient times as a grain-producing country.

483-486. These are the disasters familiar to farmers. Horace {Odes, III,i»
29) says that he who is content with a modest income has no large
ventures out, and hence has none of these things to fear.

488. Ovid is fond of this bit of realism, and uses it on several occasions
where the effect is still more striking. See IV, 475, where Tisiphone
similarly pushes back her snaky locks before addressing Juno; and XI,
^57» 158, where the mountain Tmolus, half personified, prepares to
listen by putting back the trees like locks from his ears.

p. 129] NOTES 351

491. ''And do not be grievously wroth with the land which is faithful to
thee."
terrae: H. 426, 2 (385, II); M. 205; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, 2, a,

493-495. Frequent and abrupt change from singular to plural may be noticed
here as elsewhere in Ovid.

Page 129. — 498,499. cur sim, advehar: these are indirect questions de-
pendent upon the idea of telling in the verbal noun narratibus, ** A
convenient time will come for me to tell why," etc.

501. Yultus melioris: "of a more cheerful countenance." For the case,
seeH. 440, 3 (396, V); M. 222; A. 215; G. 365; B. 203.

501-503. According to tradition, Arethusa's waters flowed far down beneath
the sea, from the point of disappearance in Elis until they reappeared
in Sicily, unmixed and undefiled through it all. Dryden {Elegies and
Epitaphs) derives a very appropriate figure of purity of style from this
feature of the story ; —

Her Arethusian stream remains unsoil'd,
Unmix'd with foreign filth, and undefil'd.

503. desueta sidera cemo: during her long submarine journey she had

become unaccustomed to the sight of the stars. In this and the suc-
ceeding passage there is no thought but that the stream is the sentient
nymph.

504. " While I was gliding beneath the earth in my Stygian stream." Stygio

gurgite probably means no more than sub terris ; and yet the poet, by
the use of this word, desires to connect Arethusa not alone with the
subterranean regions, but also with the Under World, so that she may
be able to report the whereabouts of Proserpina. In Ovid's other
account {Fasti, IV, 577) Ceres asks the. Constellations of the Bears
where her daughter is : —

Parrhasides stellae, — namque omnia nosse potestis,

Aequoreas numquam cum subeatis aquas —
Persephonen natam miserae monstrate parent! !

They disclaim all knowledge of the deed, since it was done in the day,
and refer her to the Sun. And the Sun says : —

Quam quaeris, ne vana labores,
Nupta lovis fratri tertia regna tenet.

506. ilia and the succeeding substantives may be construed either by sup-
plying eratt or by considering them in loose apposition with Proser-
pina,

352 METAMORPHOSES V [P. 129

509. •* The mother upon hearing these words (lit., at these words) stood as if

petrified."

510, 511. iitque dolore, etc. : " when her overwhelming frenzy had been dis-

placed by overwhelming pain." She realizes now as not before that
her daughter is lost to her.

515. si nulla est gratia matris : " if you have no regard for the mother."

516, 517. neu sit tibi cura, etc.: "and let not your regard for her {illius)

be diminished {vilior) by the fact that she is my child."

519. amittere, reperire: these infinitives are to be read as verbal nouns

("losing," "finding") and construed as the direct object and predi-
cate object respectively of vocas. Similarly in the case of scire and
reperire below.

520. quod rapta : understand est^ and read as substantive clause.

521. reddat: f>. Pluto.

521, 522. neque enim praedone, etc.: "for^^^r daughter does not deserve
to have a robber as a husband."
si iam mea, etc. : this passage is capable of two interpretations :
(i) "if now my daughter does not," i.e, if my daughter is above such
a fate, much more is yours, since you are lord of heaven ; (,2) " if she
is no longer mine,*' ue, I ^^y your daughter, for she is no longer miney
being stolen from me.

Page 130. — 525. non hoc iniuria iexXxxm = hoc factum (noun) non est
iniuria.

526. gener ille : " the fact that he is our son-in-law."

nobis, pudori: H. 433 (390, 1); M. 206; A. 233, a\ G. 256; B. 191, 2.

527. tu modo velis : this proviso has reference to gener. " (I say son-in-

law,) provided, of course, that you are willing (that he should be such)."
ut desint : " though other (recommendations) be lacking."

528. quid quod : " what of the fact that," etc.

529. nee cedit nisi sorte mihi : " and that he does not yield place to me

save by (the grace of the) lot." See line 368, note. •
529* 530. sed tanta cupido, etc. : " but if you so greatly desire to separate

them."
532. nam sic Parcarum, etc. : according to the belief of the ancients, as

shown by many passages similar to this, Jove knows the fates, and is

privileged to reveal them at will, but has no power to thwart or change

them.

573. Arethusa : this beautiful story, in explanation of what purported to be a
natural wonder, is told by Ovid, as usual, in fuller form than by any
other author. It is told also in Pliny the Elder, as well as in Pausa-
nias and Moschus. Vergil twice refers to Arethusa, first in Eclogue X,

p. 131] NOTES 353

in which he invokes the nymph, as muse of bucolic poetryi to aid bis
song, adding the prayer: —

Sic tibi, cum fluctus subterlabere Sicanos,
Doris amara suam non intermisceat undam.

And again (^Aeneid, III, 694) the main points in the story are touched : —

Alpheum fama est hue Elidis amnem
Occultas egisse vias subter mare ; qui nunc
Ore, Arethusa, tuo Siculis confiinditur undis.

The story echoes in English poetry from Milton's crude reference in
Arcades : —

Divine Alpheus, who by secret sluice

Stole under seas to meet his Arethuce,

with some passing allusions also in Lycidas, to the fuller anl more
poetic treatment of Keats and Shelley. Keats {Endytnion, II, near
end) describes the persistent wooing of Alpheus and the all but yield-
ing of the nymph, each in his watery form; while Shelley tells the
whole story in his exquisite ode Arethusa.

575. siccata capillos : in this verb we have a true middle voice, with capillos

as its object ; so that the reading is not ** having been dried as to her
hair," but ** having dried her (own) hair."

576. flnminis Elei : i,e, the Alpheus.

578. me: H. 471 (417); M. 239; A. 247; G. 398; B. 217.

581. formosae nomen: "the reputation of (being) a beautiful (maiden)."

583. qua refers to dote ; both words are causal in force, the one of gaudere,
and the other of erubui.

Page 131. — 588. alte : " deep down in the water."

590, 591. "Silvery willows and the wave-fed poplar gave natural shade to
the soft-sloping banks.'*

593. recingor : again the middle voice.

597. nescio quod murmur: *'some gently murmured words."

604-618. Pope (JVindsor Forest) transfers the scene to Windsor Forest,
introduces a local nymph in Arethusa's stead, makes Pan the pursuer,
and then takes his action from Ovid with but scanty change. The
passage is a good example of the lavish and unblushing borrowing
from the classics in which that poet indulged : —

Not half so swift the trembling doves can fly,
When the fierce eagle cleaves the liquid sky ;
Not half so swiftly the fierce eagle moves,
When through the clouds he drives the trembling doves ;
OVID — 23

354 METAMORPHOSES V [P. 13^

As from the god she flew with furious pace.
Or as the god, more furious, urged the chase ;
Now fainting, sinking, pale, the nymph appears;
Now close behind his sounding steps she hears ;
And now his shadow reach'd her as she run,
His shadow lengthened by the setting sun ;
And now his shorter breath with sultry air,
Pants on her neck, and fans her parting hair.

Compare with this Coleridge^s (probable) imitation of lines 614,
615 {Ancient Mariner^ I) : —

With sloping masts and dripping prow,
As who pursued with yell and blow
Still treads the shadow of his foe.
And forward bends his head.
The ship drove fast, loud roared the blast,
And southward aye we fled.

Page 132. — 622. tectam: supply me,

632. sudor frigidus ; the beginning of the metamorphosis into a stream.

636. sed . . . enim : " but (this does not stop his pursuit) for," etc.

637. positoque viri, etc. : " and, laying aside the human form which he had

assumed."

638. ut se mihi misceat: in his telling of the story, Ovid ignores the

accomplishment of this purpose, and represents Arethusa alone as

gliding under land and sea to Sicily. But other references connect

the two in their watery career. See Vergil {Aeneid, III, 694) as quoted

under line 573, note, and the English poets. Note, in this connection.

Pope {Dunciad, II), who is in evident imitation of Milton as quoted

above : —

As under seas Alphaeus' secret sluice

Bears Pisa's offerings to his Arethuse.

639. Delia : i,e, Diana, to whom the nymph had already appealed for aid

(line 619).

640. Ortygiam: H. 419, 2 (380, II, 2, 2)) ; M. 199, i; A. 258, *; G. 337;

B. 182, I, a,
640, 641. cognomine divae grata meae : «* pleasing (to me) because of the
name of my goddess (which it bore)." Ortygia was an old name for
Delos, the birthplace of Diana, and hence an epithet of that goddess.

662. dictos cantus: the rehearsal of the song of the Muses was begun in
line 341. Read the connecting paragraphs on page 124.

063. nymphae Helicona colentes: these had been the judges of the contest
between the Muses and the Pierides.

p. 134] NOTES 355

Page133. — 664. oonoordi sono: << ananunonsly.''

yictae : i^. the Pierides.
665. dixit: tj, e nobis maxima (line 661), who tenred as mouthpiece for
the Moses,
quoniam certamine, etc. : "since 'tis not enough that you have deserved
punishment by your presumption in challenging us to a contest
{certamine),^*

667. et non est patientia, etc. : << and since our endurance is not without

limit."

668. et qua Yocat ira : i,e, we shall let our just wrath dictate your punish-

ment.

669. Smathides: this name is given to the Pierides, because their father,

Pierus, is king of Macedonia, and Macedonia, by metonymy, is called
Emathia, which is a district of Macedonia. The name Fierides is
used both of the Emathides and the Muses. See Vocabulary, under
Pierides.
673. alteraqne alterins, etc. : *" and each sees the foces of her fellows stiffen-
ing with a hard beak."

675. per bracchia mota leyatae: i.e, the motion of their arms (now wings),

intended to be of lamentation, raises them into the air.

676. nemomm conyicia : '< the disgrace of the woods."

Page 134. — VI, 146 and following. The story of Niobe appears first in
Homer, whose version {Iliad^ XXIV, 602) it is worth while to quote
in full. The story is told by Achilles as he urges the aged Priam
within his tent to partake of food: —

Now let us break our fiaist,
For even Niobe the golden-haired,
Refrained not from her food, though children twelve
Perished within her palace, — six young sons
And six frur daughters. Phoebus slew the sons
With arrows from his silver bow, incensed
At Niobe, while Dian, archer queen.
Struck down the daughters ; for the mother dared
To make herself the peer of rosy-cheeked
Latona, who, she boastfully proclaimed,
Had borne two children only, while herself
Had brought forth many. Yet, though only two.
The children of Latona took the lives
Of all her own. Nine days the corses lay
In blood, and there was none to bury them.
For Jove had changed the dwellers of the place

356 METAMORPHOSES VI [P. 134

To stone ; but on the tenth the gods of heaven
Gave burial to the dead. Yet Niobe,
Though spent with weeping long, did not refrain
From food. And now forever mid the rocks
And desert hills of Sipylus, where lie,
Fame says, the couches of the goddess-nymphs,
Who lead the dance where Acheloiis flows.
Although she be transformed to stone, she broods
Over the woes inflicted by the gods.

The Niobe story is further mentioned in Hesiod, Sophocles, Apollo-
dorus, Pausanias, and certain epigrams in the Greek Anthology.
Besides the present version by Ovid, the story is told in Latin by
Hyginus (^Fabulae, 9), with brief references in other writers.

The story has been retold to modern ears by Landor, in his " Niobe,"
Lewis Morris, "Niobe on Sipylus," and Frederick Tennyson, "Niobe."
It will be found a most valuable literary exercise to study these
poems in comparison with Ovid*s version, and observe the differences
in style and method of treatment employed by the ancient and modern
poets.
. Following is the genealogy of Niobe and her husband Amphion ; —

Neptune

I

Nycteus Jupiter Atlas

(k. of Thebes) I I

I I I

Jupiter = Antiope Tantalus = Dione

I (k. of Lydia) I (one of the Pleiades)

Amphion = Niobe Pelops

(k. of Thebes) I

I 1

7 sons 7 daughters

146. facti : i.e, the punishment of Arachne, who was a maiden of Lydia, for
her presumption in challenging Minerva to a contest of skill.

148. illam: i.e, Arachne. By the statement that Niobe had once known

Arachne, Ovid connects this story more closely with what precedes,
and justifies Niobe*s punishment by giving the warning a more p>er-
sonal character.

149. Niobe is said to have been born in Maeonia (Lydia) near Mt. Sipylus.

150. popiilaris: " her countrywoman."

152. multa dabant animos : " many things contributed to her pride."

p. 135] NOTES 357

sed enim : " but (one thing especially) for neither/* etc.
coningis artes : referring to the wonderful skill of Amphion on the lyre.
See line 178, note.

156. si non sibi, etc.: i.e, self-consciousness of her good fortune led her

into the presumptuous sin which wrecked her happiness.

157. Tiresia: H. 469, 2 (415, 11); M. 234,1; A.244rt; G. 395; B. 215.
venturi : ** of the future."

161. lauro: the laurel had by this time come to be sacred to Apollo. For
the origin of this sentiment see Met, I, 553-567.

164. This line is an instance of zeugma. " They bum incense upon the altar

flames and utter prayers the while."

165. ecce introduces a conspicuous object suddenly presented to the view;

"see," "but look."
celeberrima : ** thronged about."

166. intezto auro: the Phrygians were famous for their skill in embroidery.

168. immissos : *' hanging loose," ** free flowing."

169. alta : *' drawn up to her full height."

170. yisis: MTi^ttiXATiidi caelesHbus,

173. "The only (mortal) ever allowed to recline at the feasts of the gods."
This privilege, according to Pindar and Euripides, was indeed granted
to Tantalus; but it does not suit the pride of Niobe to add that her
father merited and received lasting punbhment in Hades for his
treachery on that same occasion. This is variously stated as theft of
the immortality-conferring nectar and ambrosia, which he gave to his
firiends on earth, and divulgence of the secrets of the gods.

172-176. See genealogical table under line 146, note.

176. soceroillo: " in him as father-in-law."

Page 135. — 178. fidibusque met commissa mariti moenia: it is said
that Amphion had been instructed in music by Mercury himself, and
that this god gave him a golden lyre, by the seductive strains of which
he built the walls of Thebes, causing the great stones to fall harmoni-
ously into place till all was done.

The poets love to dwell upon this triumph of song. Dryden (^Art of
Poetry) finds the origin of the story in the benefits which poetry has
conferred upon mankind: —

These benefits from poets we received,
From whence are raised those fictions since believed,
[That] Amphion's notes, by their melodious powers,
Drew rocks and woods, and raised the Theban towers.

Tennyson has written a very happy, but quite un-Tennysonian, bur-
lesque poem, entitled Amphion,

358 METAMORPHOSES VI [P. 135

181. accedit eodem: "in addition to this, I am possessed of beauty worthy

of a goddess.**

182. septem : ancient writers differ as to the number of Niobe*s children,

ranging from twenty to twelve.

185, 186. "And then presume to prefer to me the Titaness Latona, daughter
of Coeus, whoever he may be {nescio quci).^^

187. The jealousy of Juno had bound the whole earth under a curse not to
give place of birth to Latona for her children.

189-191. This is an allusion to the myth that Delos was once an island
floating beneath the surface of the sea, and that it had been com-
manded to appear {pifKoi) by order of Neptune, in order that there
Latona might give birth to Apollo and Diana. According to Vergil*s
account {Aeneid, III, 75), the island was at last securely anchored by
Apollo himself in grateful remembrance of its service to his mother.
See also Spenser (^Faerie Queene, II, xii, 13) : —

As th' isle of Delos whylome, men report,

Amid th* Aegean sea long time did stray,

Ne made for shipping any certeine port.

Till that Latona, travelling that way,

Flying from Juno's wrath and hard assay [persecution],

Of her £ayre twins was there delivered,

Which afterwards did rule the night and day.

190. dixit : i.e. Delos.

192. uteri nostri: " of my offspring.**

195. " I am too strong for Fortune to harm.*'

cui: H. 426, I (385, 1); M. 205; A. 227; G. 346; B. 187, II, a.

196. ut: "although.**

multo plura : i.e. than she herself has.
198. huic populo: H. 428, 2 (385, 4, 2); M. 211; A 229; G. 347, Rem. 5;
B. 188, 2, d.
populo natorum : she thinks of her children as a very nation for mul-
titude.

200. turbam : in apposition with numerum duorum. It is contemptuously

used of the two children of her rival, " Latona*s rabble.**
qua quantum, etc. : " and with this number {turbo) how much does she
differ from a childless (woman) ? **

201. properate: i.e. "make haste (and cease your worship of Latona).**

202. -f^niit = deponite,
204. dea : i.e. Latona.

206. Yobis animosa creatis: "proud of your birth."
Page 136. — 208. an dea aim, dubitor i « I have had my divinity called in
question.**

p. 138] NOTES 359

212. quod: the antecedent is the condition implied in orbam,

213. linguam patemam: this phrase points to the second of the two

accounts of the offense of Tantalus given in note on line 173 — an
unbridled tongue that led him to betray the secrets of the gods.
219. adsidois equis : *' by the constant tread of horses."

221. Amphione: see references on Tiresia^ line 157, note.

222. rubentia terga: ue, the horses are equipped with purple saddle-

cloths.
224, 225. sarcina prima: "the first burden," ue. the firstborn child.
Page 137. — 229. in latus a deztro armo: "sidewise, over (his horse's)

right shoulder."
231. Sipylus: this son is evidently named from the Lydian mountain near

which his mother was born, just as his brother Ismenus was named

for the river of that name near Thebes.
231-233. The prose order is : VeluH cum rector^ praescius imbris, nube

visa, fugitf pendentiaque undique carbasa deduciU
233. pendentia carbasa deducit : when the sail was not in use, it would be

reefed up to the crosspiece at the top of the mast. When the sail was

unfurled, therefore, it would be drawn down {deducU),
ne qua : supply parte^ " lest on any side."
237. **• He, just as he was, leaning forward {pronus) over the neck of the

swiftly moving horse (lit., the swift neck)."
245. incunrata: "writhing."
250. illi : H. 425, 4, note (384, II, 4, note 2) ; M. 208 ; A. 235, a\ G. 350, i ;

6. 188, I.
252. simul = simul ac,
eductum: supply ^^/.

254. intonsnm: "unshorn," hence "youthful," since the Greek boys did

not cut their hair until manhood.
non simplex yulnus : " not one wound alone."

255, 256. qua cms esse incipit, et qua, etc. : a double description of the

part of the leg just behind the knee.
258. pennis tenus : " clear up to the feathers."
Page 138. — 263. non omnes : i.e, where only two divinities were concerned.

268. certam : why not the more usual certiorem with fecere ?

ruinae: H. 451, i, note (page 210, footnote 3); M. 226, i; A. 218;
G. 374, note 9; B. 204, i.

269. mirantem {super os hoc facer e) potnisse.

271. nam: this is in answer to the natural question as to why Amphion
does not join the queen in her grief. The king, according to this
account, kills himself through excess of grief. But Hyginus assigns
to him a different form of death: Amphion autem, cimi templum

36o METAMORPHOSES VI [P. 138

Apollinis expugnare vellet, ab Apolline sagittis est interfectus.
(Fahukut 9.)

272. com luce : x>. the light of life.

273. Niobe Niobe : nominative and ablative respectively.

275. resupina refers to the proudly erect position, with head thrown back,

facing upward in her disdain of common things.

276. " An object of envy to her friends ; but now an object of pity even to

her foes."

279. liventia : as the result of beating her breast and arms, which doubtless

accompanied her mourning, after the Oriental and ancient fashion.

280. pascere : a middle imperative. " Feed thyself," " glut thyself."

282. per funera septem efferor: efferre is the word regularly used of the

corpse that is borne out to burial. She complains that she has suffered

seven deaths in the loss of her sons.
284. Tictrix : this unfortunate word stirs her up to further impiety.
Page 139. — 290. yiscere : supply suo,

291. ** Sank down in a d3ring condition with her face pressed to her brother's."
294. This verse is corrupt. The present reading means : " she shut her lips,

(and they remained closed) until (except) after her breath left her

body, (when they again relaxed)."

The reading adopted by Burmann is : —

Oraque non pressit, nisi postquam spiritus exit.

That is to say, she had been speaking to her mother at the moment

when she received her death wound, ** and did not close her lips, save

after life had left her body."
298-300. This is the subject and scene of the most famous portion of the

famous Niobe sculptures, the remaining fragments of which are now

preserved in the Uffizi Gallery at Florence.
299. minimam : understand natUy " the youngest."
302. Keats {Endymion, I) catches this supreme moment of agony, when

stony grief is passing into a paralysis of the whole being : —

Perhaps the trembling knee
And frantic gape of lonely Niobe,
Poor, lonely Niobe ! when her lovely young
Were dead and gone, and her caressing tongue
Lay a lost thing upon her paly lip,
And very, very deadliness did nip
Her motherly cheeks.

305. nihil est in imagine vivum: "there is no sign of life in her whole
form." Dryden, in his Funeral Pindaric Poem on the death of

p. 140] NOTES 361

Charles II, compares the numbing grief of the English people to that
of Niobe : —

Thus long my grief has kept me dumb :
Sure there's a lethargy in mighty woe.
Tears stand congeal'd and cannot flow ;
And the sad soul retires into her inmost room ;
Tears, for a stroke foreseen, afford relief;
But, unprovided for a sudden blow,
Like Niobe we marble grow.
And petrify with griel

Ovid, in his own bitter grief in exile {£x Ponio^ I, ii, 31), con-
gratulates Niobe upon her loss of sense : —

Felicem Nioben, quamvis tot hmera vidit,
Quae posuit sensum, saxea &cta, mali !

311. in patriam; fiza cacninine montis: according to myth she was car-
ried by a whirlwind back to Lydia, and placed upon the summit of her
native mount, Sipylus.

310-312. This rock on Mount Sipylus went by the name of Niobe. Pausanias
says of it that it was merely a rock and a precipice when one came
close up to it, and bore no resemblance at all to a woman; but at a
distance, you might imagine it to be a woman weeping, with downcast
countenance.

Byron*s famous stanza {Childe Harold^ IV, 79), wherein he likens
Rome to the desolate Niobe, is probably the most notable inspiration
in English of this famous tale : —

llie Niobe of nations ! there she stands,
Childless and crownless, in her voiceless woe ;
An empty urn within her wither'd hands,
Whose holy dust was scatter'd long ago ;
The Scipio's tomb contains no ashes now ;
The very sepulchers lie tenantless
Of their heroic dwellers : dost thou flow,
Old Tiber ! through a marble wilderness?
Rise, with thy yellow waves, and mantle her distress.

Page 140. — VII, i, and following. This is the story of Medea in its most
complete form. Her line of descent from Phoebus (Helios), however,
omitted by Ovid, is given in part by Hesiod (J/ieogony, 956); and
Homer {Odyssey ^ X, 136) gives in part the same facts. From these
and other sources the following genealogy may be compiled : —

362

METAMORPHOSES VII

(T. 140

Oceanus

I

Helios = Pers*

1

Circe Ae6tes = Idyia Pasiphae

Perses = Asteria

I (sister of Latona)

Hecate

I
Chalciope = Phrixiis

— I 1

Medea = Jason Absyrtus

■ I .

Argus Melas Phrontis Citisorus Mermerus Pheretes

The successive incidents in Medea's career are all subjects of frequent
allusions in the classics. Her flight with Jason from her father's king-
dom is described by Hesiod (Theogony, 992-XO02). The slaughter of
her brother Absyrtus to retard her father's pursuit is referred to by
Seneca, Medea, 900.

Shakespeare {Henry VI, Second Part, V, 2) makes effective refer-
ence to this incident : —

Meet I an infent of the house of York,
Into as many gobbets will I cut it
As wild Medea young Absyrtus did.

The rejuvenation by Medea of Jason's father, Aeson, and the destruc-
tion of Pelias through the agency of his own daughters, by Medea's
machinations, are striking episodes.

Cicero {De Senectute, 83) alludes to the latter incident, although he
confounds the experience of Aeson with that of Pelias : —

Quo {i,e, to the world of spirits) quidem me proficiscentem haud sane quis
facile retraxerit, nee tamquam Peliam recoxerit

But it is the events of the later years in Corinth, when she slew
King Creon, Glauce, the king's daughter and her rival in Jason's affec-
tion, and her own sons, as revenge upon her husband — it is these
events that have most attracted the ancient poets. Probably a score or
more of Greek and Latin poets have written tragedies based upon
these scenes. In the case of many, the name alone survives. Of the
Greeks, the Medea ©f Euripides is extant. In Latin literature, frag-
ments of tragedies upon this theme, by Ennius, Accius, and Pacuvius,

p. 141] NOTES 363

are still preserved. On Ovid's own tragedy see paifes 42-45 of this
book. Tlie Medea of Seneca is extant in complete form. It is to be
noted also that Ovid's twelfth Herald is addressed by Medea to Jason,
upbraiding him for his ingratitude and infidelity. Hyginus relates
many incidents of Medea's story, some of which are not found in other
accounts {Fabulae^ 21-26).

Aside from numerous passing references in English, the following
books and poems are based upon the story of Jason and Medea:
Qiaucer, Legend of Good Women {Medea) ; William Morris, Life and
Death of Jason ; Frederick Tennyson, Aeson,
1-6. Brief references are made to some of the adventures of the Argonauts
prior to their arrival in Colchis.

2, 3. PhinenB, the king of Salmydessus, had been smitten with blindness by

the gods, who had also sent the harpies to torment him.

3, 4. iuvenes : Zetes and Calais, the winged sons of Boreas, who were in the

company of the Argonauts, drove the harpies away, and pursued them
as far as the islands of the Strophades.

4, fagarant: a syncopated form iox fugaverant,

7. Phrizea Yellera : the golden fleece of the fabled ram which had borne

Phrixus over sea and land from Boeotia to Colchis. Phrixus had there
sacrificed the ram to Jove, and given the golden fleece to king Aeetes.

8. "And while the condition (on which the fleece may be obtained) is

named, dreadful because of the number of mighty tasks (imposed)."

The accomplishment of these tasks is described in lines 100-158.
Page 141. — 12. nescio qnis dens: "some god or other."

mimmque, etc. : supply est '* And I wonder if this is not what is called

love, or at least something like it."
15. modo denique : " but now for the first time."
19, 20. cupido, mens : " passion, reason." The same ideas are expressed by

furor and ratio in line 10.
20^ 21. video meliora, etc : a famous line, expressive of the experience of

those who sin against light.
23. quodames: "something to love."

23, 24. vivat, an ille occidat, in dis est : " whether he lives or dies (is not

an affair of mine but) is in the hands of the gods."

24, 25. idque precari : " I may at least pray for this without loving him."
26-28. aetas, genns, virtus, ore : these are familiar elements of influence in

love — "youth, birth, valor, beauty." Compare Dido's experience
{Aeneidf IV, 2-4) : —

Multa viri virtus animo, multusque recursat
Gentis honos ; haerent infixi pectore vultus
Verbaque.

364 METAMORPHOSES VII [P. 141

29-31. She here refers to the three deadly tasks which Jason must perform:
the yoking of the fire-breathing bulls, the sowing of the dragon's teeth
which will at once produce armed giants, and the encounter with the
sleepless dragon that guards the golden fleece.

30. hostibus suae segetis : *' a foe of his own sowing."

dabitur fera praeda : " he will be given as prey like (any mere) beast."

32, 33. These are familiar expressions, descriptiye of hardness of heart.

34, 35. oculosque videndo conscelero : she does not seek a reason for defil-
ing her eyes by the sight of his death ; the real question is : ** Why is
such sight defilement?" Back of this the question is: "What is he
to me that I may not properly look upon his death? " ITie defilement
in question could be incurred only by beholding the death of a loved
one or a relative. See the indignant words of Priam to Pyrrhus, who
has just slain Polites in his father's sight : —

Qui nati coram me cernere latum
Fecisti et patrios foedasti fiinere vultus.

— Aeneidy II, 538.

37. quamquam, etc. : she rouses herself to action : " this is no time for

saying * Heaven forefend,' but for preventive action."
38-43. The adverse consequences of her aid to Jason at once present them-
selves to her mind.

38. prodamne regna: the safety of her father's realm depended upon his

retaining the golden fleece.

39. nostra : read with ope,

40. per me : construe with sospes.

Page 142. — 43-45> sed non is, etc.: the negative is here taken with
timeam, ** But his features, his loftiness of soul, his grace of form, are
such that I need fear no trick or forgetfulness of my desert."

46. ante: "beforehand."

50. senratrix: in predicate construction with celebrabere — "thou shalt be

hailed as his deliverer."

51, 52. Again the objections, not naw of jealousy, but of natural sentiment.

These objections are briefly answered one by one in the following
three lines.
54. stant mecum vota sororis: "my sister's good will is on my side."
Medea's sister was Chalciope (see genealogical table), whom Ae£tes
had given in marriage to Phrixus. Hyginus (^Fabulae^ 3) gives an
interesting side light upon this point, since he shows Chalciope's
motive for being on Jason's side : —

Phrixum autem Aeeta libens recepit filiamque Chalciopen dedit ei uxo-
rem, quae postea liberos ex eo procreavit. Sed veritus est Aeeta ne se

p. 143] NOTES 36s

regno eiicerent, quod ei responsum fiiit ex prodigiis, ab advena Aeoli filio
mortem caveret Itaque Phrixum interfecit Ac filii eius in ratem con-
scendenint ut ad avum transirent. Hos I ason , cum pellem peteret, naufragos
ex insula Aria sustulit et ad Calchiopen matrem reportavit, cuius beneficio
ad sororem Medeam est commendatus.

56. titulum senratae pnbis: servatae is the emphatic participle, and is
equivalent to a verbal noun with its objective genitive following. Ser^
vatrix pubis AchivcUy ** Savior of the Greek youth," is the title to
which she aspires.

59, 60. ** And him whom I would not give in exchange for all that the wide
world holds — the son of Aeson."

61. vertice sidera tangam: a common expression for extreme pride and

satisfaction. See Horace (^Odes, I, i, 35).
62-65. T^^ third objection, now more feeble, of mythical terrors on the deep.
These three dreaded wonders are used by Milton (^Paradise Los/, II)
for purposes of comparison : —

And more endangered, than when Argo passed
Through Bosporus, betwuct the justling rocks ;
Or when Ulysses on the starboard shunned
Charybdis, and by the other whirlpool steered.

62. quid, quod nescio, etc. : " what of the fact that certain crags are said to

rush together in mid sea? "

63. montes: these were the Cyaneae, two small rugged islands near the

mouth of the Bosporus at the entrance of the Euxine Sea. There was
a legend that these were floating islands, and that they crushed what-
ever attempted to pass -between them. * Hence they were called Sym-
plegades ("the dashers").

63, 65. Charybdis, Scylla : Vergil {Aeneid, III, 420-428) gives a vivid
description of these two monsters that infested the strait between Italy
and Sicily. They were respectively a dangerous whirlpool on the
Sicilian side, and a rock on the opposite or Italian side. The ancient
imagination personified these objects, giving them the terrifying phys-
ical characteristics which Ovid here, and Vergil, in the passage above
referred to, describe.

69. coniugiumne putas ? this thought, suggested by coniuge in the preced-
ing line, recalls her to her senses as she realizes how entirely without
foundation her assumptions are.

Page 143. — 74. Hecates Perse'idos: see genealogical table under line i,
note. Hecate was the goddess of magic and enchantment.

76. ardor : ue, the furor and cupido of the preceding narrative.

79-81. The prose order is : Utque parva scintilla y quae sub inducta favilla

366 METAMORPHOSES VII [P. 143

tatuit, venHs alimenta adsumere solet^ crescereque, ei agUaia resurgere
in tnres veteres,

84. solito formosior : " more beautiful than usual."

85. amanti: i>. Medea.

86. turn denique: " never before."
91. tonun: f .^. " marriage."

94. promissa dato : " keep your promises."

triformis deae: this was the same goddess in three manifestations —
Luna in heaven, Diana on earth, and Hecate in Hades. Her statues
were representations of three female forms joined back to back, and
she was worshiped where three roads met; hence the epithet Trivia,

95. quod = quodcumque.

96. soceri futuri : i.e. Aeetes. This oath is by the Sun.

Page 144. — 102. iugis : '* upon the ridges " surrounding the field of Mars.

105. vaporibus: " by their hot breath."

107, 108. The poet has in mind a lime-kiln {fornace) partly hollowed out of
the earth on a hillside (Jerrend) and partly built up of brick. In this
kiln the limestone {silices) is burned until it is softened (jsoluH) and
converted to quicklime. If water be poured upon this product, the
lime combines chemically with the water, producing much heat. A
hissing steamlike vapor accompanies this action, and to this the fiery
breath of the bulls is likened.

1 10, III. illis obyius it : " goes to meet them."
truces : understand tauri.
venientis : understand lasonis,

116. medicamina: these were the cantatae herbae mentioned in line 98.

118. suppositos agrees with tauros supplied as part object of cogit It is

best rendered as a coordinate verb : " he yoked them and made them
draw the heavy plow."

1 19. insuetum f erro : i.e. this was a virgin field, never before plowed. This

is indicated also by sacrum in line loi.

122. vipereos dentes: see Met, III, loi and following, where Minerva bids
Cadmus sow the serpent's teeth in the ground. It would seem that
Cadmus did not use all of these remarkable teeth on that occasion.
According to the account by Apollodorus, Minerva presented the
remaining teeth to Aeetes, who now requires Jason to sow them, as is
hoped, to his own ruin.

123-130. Compare with this the corresponding result in III, 106-I14.

125. sumit: the subject is infans,

126. " And is perfected within through all its parts."

Page 145. — 130. edita arma: each giant sprung from the earth full-
armed, like Minerva from the head of Jove,

p. 14^ NOTES 367

131. videnmt: the subject is /V/a^;^^'.

133. demisere ynltnm aniniunqae : '* their faces fell and their hearts failed

them."

134. ipsa: t>. Medea.

137. neve panun valeant: « (fearing) lest the herbs be not strong enough."

139. Cadmus (III, 115) needed not to adopt any such ruse.

147, 148. agisque carminibus grates: «thou didst thank thy charms."

151. arboris aureae : 1./. the tree on which was hung the golden fleece.

152. Lethaei suci: i,e, an herb whose juice produced oblivion, just as did

the waters of the river Lethe.

153. ter: this number had a peculiar significance and power; but, on the

other hand, it is used of an indefinite number, and may signify nothing
more here than "repeatedly."

155. auro: H. 477, 1 (421, 1); M. 253; A. 249; G. 407; B. 2x8, i.

156, 157. It is like Ovid, after giving part of a story at great length, to hurry

over the rest in a few words.
Page 146. — 161. inducta cornibus anruin: « with gilded horns." It was

the custom thus to gild the horns of the victim doomed to sacrifice ;

also to wreath the horns with garlands of flowers or fillets of wool.
164. debere: supply me as subject.
167. possiint: supply tua earmina as subject.

170. "And the picture of her deserted father, AeStes, came before her mind

— a mind so different from that of Jason."

171. affectns tales : " such feelings."
174. isto: supply »i«»^/.

176, 177. "By my art and not by your years shall I attempt to renew my
father-in-law's long span of life."

179. "There were yet three nights before the horns (of the moon) should

unite entire." The full moon was a time especially favorable to magic.

180. postquam plenissima fulsit: Shakespeare remembers this occasion

{Merchant of Venicej V, i) : —

In such a night
Medea gathered the enchanted herbs
That did renew old Aeson.

182, 183. induta, infusa : " clad in flowing robes, with unshod feet, and hair
streaming down over her bare shoulders." The bare foot, the ungirt
robes, the flowing hair, are characteristic of the garb of the enchantress
as well as suppliant in action. G)mpare Vergil's description of Dido
{Aeneid, IV, 518): —

Unum exuta pedem vinclis, in veste recincta;

368 METAMORPHOSES VII [P. 146

and Horace (^Satires, I, viii, 23) : —

Vidi egomet nigra succinctam vadere palla
Canidiam pedibus nudis passoque capillo.

185-188. An exquisite picture of the absolute stillness of the moonlit mid-
night, where the twinkling stars alone {rnicant) have aught of motion.
Vergil enlarges his description of a similar time {Aeneid, IV, 522-528).

Page 147. — 191. solvit: *• she opened."

192, 193. quaeque diumis, etc.: "and ye bright stars whose golden beams
together with the moon succeed the light of day."

194. coeptis nostris : H. 453, 3 (400, i).

199-214. For the miracles of magic, compare Remedia Amoris, 248-258,
note.

199. ripis mirantibus : "while their banks looked on in wonder."

200. concussa: understand ^^/(7.

207-209. Pope is thinking of these effects in the closing lines of the Dun-
dad: —

Before her, Fancy's gilded clouds decay,
And all its varying rainbows die away ;
Wit shoots in vain its momentary fires,
The meteor drops, and in a flash expires;
As one by one, at dread Medea's strain.
The sickening stars fade off the ethereal plain.

207. Temesaea aera : the eclipses (/adores) of the moon were supposed to

be caused by magic. The simple peasants would try to ward off this
magic by beating upon brazen vessels. Medea boasts that notwith-
standing all such efforts she is able by her magic arts still to cause the
moon's eclipse.

208, 209. currus avi : i.e. of the Sun, her grandfather.

212. serpentigenis : this loose relation, indicated by the dative in Latin, is

better expressed in English by the genitive. " You turned the savage
onslaughts of the serpent-born band against themselves."

213. somni: H. 451, i (399, I, 2); M. 226, i; A. 218, a; G. 374;

B. 204, I.

Page 148. — 222-233. See II, 217, note.

subiecta Thessala Tempe: "Thessalian Tempe lying far below."

232. vivax is an example of wJiat may be called the " active " adjective,
which represents its noun as conferring^ not possessing, the quality
implied by the adjective. Hence vivax in this connection does not
mean " ever living," but " conferring immortality." Horace abounds
in this adjectival use; e.g, palma nobilis (Odes, I, i, 5) is "the palm
that confers renown."

p. 149] NOTES 369

233. " (An herb) not yet made famous by the change which it produced in

the body of Glaucus." Ovid tells of this metamorphosis of the fisher-
man Glaucus into a sea god in Met. XIII, 89S-968. See epitome of
that passage.

234. cumi pennisque : to be construed with Imtrantem,
238. adveniens : " upon her arrival home."

243. tellure is in the ablative absolute construction with egesta, and scrobibus
is to be taken with egesta as ablative of source. The line may be
freely translated, "having dug two ditches in the earth near by." It
was customary, in sacrificing to the deities of the Under World, to dig
a ditch into which the blood of black victims was poured.

247. aenea carchesia : observe also that the magic herbs were cut with a
bronze sickle (line 227). Bronze was used as the metal for sacred
utensils long after the introduction of iron,
tepidi lactis: fresh drawn blood, new wine, fresh milk, and olive oil
(this last not mentioned here) were the sacred liquids.

250. senili : this epithet properly belongs to artus, but is here transferred to

anima.

251. murmure : " a muttered incantation."

252. ad auras : he had doubtless been awaiting the event in Jason's house.

253. resolutum belongs syntactically with corpus. It is best rendered, how-

ever, as an active verb, coordinate, so far as subject is concerned, with
porrexit; " having buried him in deep slumber by her magic words,
she stretched him out like a corpse," etc.
Page 149. — 256. ociilos profanos; the profani were those uninitiated in
the sacred mysteries. The familiar warning of the priest is given in
Vergil (Aeneid, VI, 258): —

Procul, o procul este, pro&ni,
Totoque absistite luco.

270, 271. "And the entrails of a werewolf which has the power {solitt) of
changing its wild beast features into those of a man." This belief in
lycanthropy, or werewolfism^ is very ancient, and long survived in
many parts of Europe. Ovid here gives the reverse of the usual form
of the superstition, which was that of a human being changing volun-
tarily, or by the will of another, into a wolf, while still retaining human
intelligence.

273. yivacis : compare meaning in this context with that in line 232.

274. Compare AmoreSf II, vi, 36, note.

277. arenti ramo iampridem : " with a branch long since dead (dry)."

mitis properly applies to the fruit of the olive tree, but is here applied to
the tree itself.
OVID — 24

370 METAMORPHOSES VII [P. 149

278. sommis: H. 427, 474, 2 (385, 3, 419, i, (2)); A. 248, a. Rem.;

G. 346, note 6, 348, Rem. i; B. 218, 5.
279-284. Shelley makes happy use of this detail in his Alastor : «-

Oh for Medea's wondrous alchemy,
Which wheresoe'er it fell made the earth gleam
With bright flowers, and the wintry boughs exhale
From vernal blooms fresh fragrance !

285-287. Pope also {Dunciad^ IV) has his use of this story — each after his

kind: —

When Dulness, smiling — " Thus revive the wits!

But murder first, and mince them all to bits ;

As erst Medea (cruel, so to save I)

A new edition of old Aeson gave ;

Let standard authors, thus like trophies borne

Appear more glorious as more hack'd and torn.

And you, my critics ! in the chequer'd shade.

Admire new light through holes yourselves have made."

Page 150. — 293. hiinc : supply fuisse-. ** He recalls that he looked like
this."

292, 293. Ovid is content with the simple fact of Aeson's rejuvenation, and
the old man's joy and wonder. Frederick Tennyson in his Aeson has
the modem poet's fashion of " looking before and after," of consider-
ing the question in its logical sequence. And so : —

Soon came the bitter knowledge after it
That this fair resurrection of the Past
Was all unsuited to the timeworn soul,
That dwelt within it. What were lively limbs
Without the love that moved them? Could I think
With youthful thoughts, because my blood was warm?
Clothe myself with new hope and nought to hope for?

Page 151. — VIII, 183 and following. The story of Daedalus and Icarus
seems to have been ioxented to explain, on the one hand, the origin
and spread of the manual arts, and, on the other, the name of the Ica-
rian sea. It is mentioned in Latin, in addition to the present account,
in Vergil {Aeneid, VI, 14-33) and Hyginus {Fabulaty 40).

Shakespeare (/// Henry VI, V, vi) makes a detailed metaphorical
application of the story : —

Gloucester, Why, what a peevish fool was that of Crete.
That taught his son the office of a fowl I
And yet, for all his wings, the fool was drown'd«

p. 152] NOTES 371

Kit^ Hemj, I, Daedahis ; my poor boy» Icarus ;

Thy fiither, Minos, that denied our course :
The sun that sear'd the wings of my sweet boy,
Thy brother Edward: and thyself the sea
Whose envious gulf did swallow up his life.

The most obvious metaphorical meaning of the story of Daedalus is
illustrated in the following passage from Falconer {Shipwreck^ II) : —

Such arduous toil sage Daedalus endured

In mazes, self-invented, long immured,

Till genius her superior aid bestow'd.

To guide him through that intricate abode :

Thus, long imprison'd in a rugged way

Where Phoebus' daughters never aim'd to stray,

The muse, that tuned to barbarous sounds her string,

Now spreads, like Daedalus, a bolder wing;

The verse begins in softer strains to flow.

Replete with sad variety of woe.

184. loci natalis : i.e. Athens.

Page 152. — 186. obstmat: understand ^in^j as subject. Daedalus was

kept as prisoner at large in Crete, since Minos had removed all means

of escape by sea.
187. possideat : argumentative concession.
189. naturam novat: <'he changes nature's laws."

191. at clivo, etc.: '*so that you would think (to look at them) that they

had grown upon a sloping surface " (like trees upon a hillside).

192. rnstica fistula : the syrinx or pipes of Pan, made of reeds of unequal

length, placed side by side in orderly succession.

193. medias et iinaa : supply pennasj " the feathers at the middle and bottom

of each."
et does double duty by joining lino and ceris, and medias and imas.
195. yeras aves : i,e. real bird's wings.
195-200. This charmingly natural picture of the playful, innocent boy shows

how real the story is to Ovid himself.
195. una : r>. una cum Daedalo,
1^6. sua pericla : ** the instruments of his own destruction."

199. mollibat : an old form of molliebat.

200, 201. postquam manus, etc. : « after the finishing touches had been put

upon the work."
206-208. That is, " do not shape your course by any constellation, as if you

were an independent navigator, but follow me alone."
212. non iterum repetenda : i,e, ** for the last time."

372 METAMORPHOSES VIII [P. 152

215. aeqni : supply eum as subject.

<!«mnoiw»i is true of ar^s, not inherently, but only in the light of the
sequel. They were destined to be " destructive " to Icarus.

217-220. Again the realistic human touch. We are brought close to actual
human life as we see the three rustics gazing in awe upon the flying
figures — the angler no longer intent upon his rod, the shepherd lean-
ing upon his convenient staff, and the farmer upon his plow handle.

Page 153. — 219. possent: H. 592 (517); M. 382,2; A. 320,^; G. 633;
B. 283, 3. ^

220. lunonia Samoa : Samos was said to be the birthplace of the goddess

and especially sacred to her. See Vergil {Aeneidj I> 15) : —

Quam [Karthaginem] luno fertur terris magis omnibus unam
Posthabita coluisse Samo.

220-222. Ovid shows a sublime indifference as to the order of these islands.
The geographer would have traced the course from Crete, past Pares
and Delos on the left, and Lebinthos on the right, to Samos. The tiny
island of Calymne, near Rhodes, is so far away from the course to the
southeast as to lead us to suspect that this island is mentioned only for
the sake of its poetic epithet, y^ffiff</a melle,

221. fuerat: supply r^/iV/^.

226. odoratas : is this the fragrance lingering in the wax from the flowers

whence the honey was gathered, or is it by prolepsis the fragrance of
the burning wax ?

227. nudos lacertos .* i.e. his arms were stripped of their wings as of a gar-

ment; and now, though he moves his arms as before, he does not

"take hold of" the air {percipit).
229, 230. ora caerulea clamantia aqua : Ovid*s favorite interlocked order,

with the additional touch that the nouns and adjectives are arranged in

chiasmic order.
229. patrium nomen : « the name of his father."
235. tellus : i.e, the island of Icaros, near by the scene of the boy's fall, one

of the Cyclades.

Hyginus {Fabulae, 40) relates these facts in the simplest form, and

tells us the subsequent course of Daedalus : —

Icarus altius volans, a sole cera calefacta, decidit in mare quod ex eo
Icarium pelagus est appcllatum. Daedalus pcrvolavit ad regem Cocalum
in Siciliam.

Vergil (^Aeneid, VI, 14 and following) follows the story which repre-
sents Daedalus as alighting finally upon the Italian coast near Cumae,
and there consecrating his wings to Apollo, a consecration which

p. 155] NOTES 373

served the double purpose of thanksgiving to the god for detiverance,
and of a vow that the wings 4iould never again be used. Daedalus
also built a temple to Apollo, upon the doors of which he represented
the scenes of his adventures : —

Tu quoque magnam
Partem opere in tanto, sineret dolos, Icare haberes.
Bis conatus erat casus eifingere in auro ;
Bis patriae cecidere manus.

240. longum tibi crimen : " a lasting reproach to thee.'*

241-243. The prose order is: Namqtu germana (^Daedalt), fatorum ignara^
huic tradiderat progeniem suam docendam puerum bis senis natalihis
acHSf animi capacis ad praecepta,

244, 245. medio spinas in pisce, etc. : ** he took the backbone of a fish,
which he had observed, as a model." This ingenious youth is here
credited with the invention of the saw, and below of the compasses.

248. at aeqiiali spatio, etc. : " so that while these (arms) maintained a con-
stant angle of divergence, one arm might stand fixed while the other
traced a circle around it."
aeqnali spatio : H. 479, 3 (379, 2); M. 248; A. 250; G. 403; B. 223.

250. arce Minenrae : i,e. the Acropolis at Athens.

251. lapsiim mentitus: "giving out the story that he (the boy) had fallen

off."

Page 155. — 612. inridet: the subject is Ixione natus, <<He laughed at
their credulity."

613. Ldone natus: this was Piritholis, the intimate firiend of Theseus. His

most striking adventure in the character of spretor deorum was his
attempt to steal Proserpina from her lord, the king of the Lower
World. Pluto fixed him forever, for this presumption, upon an
enchanted rock near the entrance to Hades,
mentis: H. 452, i (399, iii, i); A. 218, c\ G. 374, 7; B. 204, 4.

614, 615. nimiumque putas, etc.: "and you have too large an estimate of

the power of the gods, if you think that they can change the forms of
men."

620, 621. tiliae contermina quercus modico circomdata muro: "an oak
tree and a linden side by side, with a low wall surrounding them."
The wall indicates that the spot is sacred.

622. ipse locum vidi : the naivete with which this proof is adduced is re-
freshing.

624. hinc: 2>. the spot described in lines 620, 621.

627. Atlantiades : Mercury was the son of Jove, and Maia the daughter of
Atlas.

374 METAMORPHOSES VIII [P. 155

632. ilia : supply casa.

639. "The old man set out a bench an^bade them rest their limbs."

640. quo : " upon this bench."
teztom rude : " a coarse cloth."

641 and following. These exquisitely realistic touches in description of humble

hospitality justify the assertion that is sometimes made, that this is the

best of all the stories which Ovid relates.
Page 156. — 644. tecto: we need not suppose that she robbed the roof

itself to obtain fuel. Such material may naturally have been stored

beneath the roof upon the rafters.
645. minuit: ''broke them up into small pieces."

647. foliis: H. 462 (414, 1); M. 237, i; A. 243, a\ G. 390, 2; B. 214, I, 5.

648. sordida terga suis: "a piece of bacon blackened (by the smoke)."

The ancient house had no chimney, but the smoke found its way out

of a hole in the roof, having previously blackened the interior of the

house.
651. medias faUant horas : ''they while away the intervening time."
655, 656. The family bed is pressed into service as an improvised dining

couch, with its sedge-grass mattress (Jorum) and its bedstead (Jecto)

of willow frame {spondd) and feet.

658. et haec Testis, etc. : " even this (their holiday) spread was a cheap

thing and well worn (w/kj)."

659. non indignanda : " a good match for."

660. accubuere dei: this is an anachronism. Ovid assigns the customs of

his own times to the heroic age.
664. bicolor baca Minenrae : the Italians used the olive both in its unripe
(green) and its ripe (black) condition, and hence were familiar with
its two colors. The olive was sacred to Minerva.

666. lactis coacti : the cheese was made simply by pressing the whey out of

curds or " thick milk."

667. non acri fayilla : " warm ashes."

668. omnia fictilibus : " all (being served) in cheap earthenware dishes."
668, 669. caelatus eodem argento crater : ** an embossed mixing-bowl of

the same precious mat^al." The poet indulges in a bit of facetious-
ness.

670. qua caya sunt inlita : " coated on the inside."

671. epulas calentes : f.r. the boiled bacon and cabbage mentioned above.
678. nee iners pauperque Yolimtas : " and lively and abounding good will."
Page 157. — 681. manibus supinis: the gesture of the suppliant — hands

outstretched with upturned palms.

682. concipiiint preces : " they fall to praying."

683. dapibusnullisqaeparatibus: " for their poor £eire and bad service."

p. 159] NOTES 375

684. anser, cnstodia : cusiodia is abstract for eustos. Ever since the good
sentinel service rendered by the sacred geese in saving the capitol
from capture by the Gauls in 390 B.C., the goose had an especial repu-
tation as a custos, Ovid twice elsewhere honors the goose in his verse.
It is a better sentinel than the dog (^Met, XI, 599) : —

Nee voce silentia nimpunt
SoUicitive canes canibusve sagacior anser.

Again, in describing the raven, he says that it was once white —

Nee servaturis vigili Capitolia voce
Cederet anseribus, — Met 11,538.

690. immunibus : " it shall be granted you to escape the destruction (that

threatens your neighbors)."

691. mall: 11.452,2(399,1,3); M.226, i; A. 2i8,tf; G.374,8; B. 204, 1.
695. They were a single bowshot's distance from the top.

699. Ilia vetus casa^ etiam parva dominis duobus, in templum vertitur,

700. f ureas subiere colomnae: "marble columns took the place of the

forked wooden supports."

711. Yota fides sequitur : i,e. their prayer was answered.

712. soluti: " worn," " enfeebled."

Page 158. — 724. ciira: metrical reasons forbid the more common con-
struction of the dative "for which."

IX. I, 2. Neptunius heros rogat quae causa deo {^sif) gemitus truncaeque
froniis,

1. Neptunius heros: Theseus was the reputed son of Aegeus, king of

Athens, and Aethra, daughter of Pittheus, king of Troezen. There was
a current tradition, however, that he was really the son of Neptune.

2. Calydonius amnis : ue, Achelous, the river god.
Page 159. — 7. See II, 280, 281, note.

8. nomine siqua suo De'ianira : " if any mention of Delanira."
12. Parthaone nate: i,e, Oeneus, king of Calydon in Aetolia, and father of
Delanira.

14, 15. Hercules presses his suit on the ground that he is offering no less a

father-in-law than Jove himself to his bride, not to mention his own
great and famous prowess.

15. noYercae: for the genealogy of Hercules see I, 728, note. It was

through the jealousy of his " stepmother " Juno that he was compelled
to perform his famous twelve labors. These will be enumerated in
lines 183-197, where see notes.
18. fluentum = (aquarum) quaefluunU

376 METAMORPHOSES IX [P. 159

23, 24. " Jove, from whom you boast that you have sprung, is either not your

father, or is so unlawfully."
25, 26. fictam(ne) esse loyem malis : " whether you prefer Jove {ue. his

fatherhood) to be falsely claimed."
29. yerba tot: "just these words (and no more)."
deztera : understand manus,

31. puduit modo, etc.: "I was ashamed to back down after having spoken

so boldly just now."

32. viridem yestem: being a river god, he is represented as clothed in

green.
33> 34- The boxer's attitude is described, though the contest which follows is
a wrestling rather than a boxing contest.

33. bracchia opposui: " I put up my arms."

34. in statione : " in position."

35. " He caught up a handful of dust and sprinkled it over me."

Wrestlers were accustomed to come to the contest with their naked
bodies besmeared with oil. The river god would naturally be of slip-
pery body. Hercules besprinkles his own body and that of the god
with dust, that he may gain the better hold.

36-38. Observe how these lines are connected by echoing words. Cervicem
in the second line recalls vicem in the first ; while capiat in the second
is repeated by captare in the third line. See other illustrations of the
poet's fondness for these effects near end of note on the Hexameters
of Ovid. These words describe the attempts of Hercules to get an
advantageous hold upon his adversary.

Page 160. — 40. haud secus ac moles: "just like a cliff." Similarly, Ver-
gil's boxer, Entellus, is strong by virtue of his bulk {Aeneidy V, 439-
442).

43. certi non cedere : " determined not to yield."

46. nonaliter: "just so."

50-56. The position which Hercules is endeavoring to break is the one
described in lines 44, 55. He now succeeds in breaking his adver-
sary's hold, turning him around and clasping him in his arms from
behind, while he bears down upon him with all his weight.

57, 58. Acheloiis seeks to thrust his own arms between his chest and the
encircling arms of Hercules, and thus release himself.

59, 60. He succeeds, only to be attacked anew, until at last the arms of Her-
cules clasp his neck, and further resistance is impossible.

67. This feat of the infant Hercules is famous. He strangled two serpents
which the jealousy of Juno had despatched against him. The incident
is used in English literature as an illustration of the lusty strength of
young states.

p. i6i] NOTES 377

Campbell, in his Lines on the Departure of Emigrants for New
South IVates, thus apostrophizes that country: —

Delightful land, in wildness ev'n benign,
The glorious past is ours, the future thine !
As in a cradled Hercules, we trace
The lines of empire in thine infant &ce.

Wordsworth is more direct in his allusion {Prelude) : —

Meanwhile, the invaders figured as they deserved.
The Herculean commonwealth had put forth her arms,
And throttled with an infant godhead's might
The snakes about her cradle.

Dryden's lines {Britannia Rediviva) enforce the moral of the present
passage, that heroes thrive on opposition : —

Thus, when Alcides raised his infant cry,
The snakes besieg'd his young divinity :
But vainly with their forked tongues they threat ;
For opposition makes a hero great.

69. The killing of the hydra was the second ** labor " of Hercules. In the

following lines he describes his conquest of that monster.
Page 161. — 71. de centum (capitum) numero: the hydra had nine

heads, eight of them mortal, and one — in the middle — immortal.

Centum is used here, as frequently, to denote an unusual and large

number.

72. gemino: whenever Hercules cut off one head two sprung forth in its

place,
esset: H. 595, 4 (504, i); M. 337; A. 319, d\ G. 632; B. 283, 4.

73, 74. *' This creature branching out with serpents sprung from (their prede-

cessors*) death, and thriving on destruction, I overmastered." This
was accomplished by searing with a burning brand the necks of the
hydra as fast as the heads were cut of!. The immortal head was cut
off last and buried.

76. arma aliena : " borrowed weapons."

80. deyicto : supply mihi,

82-85. Hercules throws his arms about the neck of the bull, catching the
creature as he comes on at full speed (admissum), and drags him to a
standstill; whereupon he presses the bull's horns down and thrusts
them into the ground. This action lays the bull himself prone upon
the earth.

87, 88. This horn, torn from the brow of Achelous, became the horn of
plenty which Bona G>pia, the goddess of abundance, carries. This is
a familiar representation in art. See illustration opposite p. 161.

378 METAMORPHOSES IX [P. i6i

91. tottun autiinuiam : ue. "all the fruits of Autumn."

mensas secimdas, poma : apples and other fruits were generally served

last at a Roman feast, juSt as the meal began with eggs. Hence the

proverb, ab ovo usque ad mala^ " from eggs to apples," in general,

"from beginning to end."
93. Inz subit : this takes us back to VIII, 547 and following. The whole

night has been spent by the bank of the river in feasting and story

telling.
95. habeant: H. 603, 11, 2 (519, 11,2); M. 354; A. 328, i; G. 572; B.

293, III, 2.

Page 162. — 134. lODga fuit, etc.: "meanwhile, a longtime had elapsed,"
ue. since the death of Nessus.

135. implerant terras odiumque: an instance of zeugma; "had filled the

earth (with their fame) and had sated Juno's hatred."

136. yictor ab Oechalia : all of the trouble which is related below starts with

this incident. Hercules had vanquished Eurytus, king of Oechalia, a
city of Euboea, in a contest in archery. The king had promised his
daughter lole in marriage to the man who should defeat him, but after
the contest refused the prize to Hercules. The hero thereupon made
war upon him, and, after slaying the king, carried off lole as his cap-
tive.
Cenaeo loyi : that is, he was intending to sacrifice to Jove at that place,
the northwest point of the island of Euboea.
^S^f '39* This sounds like a fragment from Vergil's famous pen picture of
Fama {Aeneid^ IV, 173-190) : —

Parva metu primo ; mox scse attoUit in auras,
Ingrediturque solo, et caput inter nubila condit.

Tam ficti pravique tenax, quam muntia verl.

140. Amphitryoniden teneri is to be construed with a verb of saying
implied in fama praecessit. Hercules was the reputed son of Amphi-
tryon, the husband of Alcmena.

145- properandum, etc. : " I must make haste and devise some plan."

147- Calydona : i.e. her father's home.

149- Meleagre: Meleager and Delanira were children of Oeneus and
Althaea. Meleager had killed his mother's brothers at the Calydonian
boar hunt. See epitome of VIII, 260-444.

150. quantum iniuria possit, etc.: "how much a woman's outraged feel-
ings and grief can do." Compare Vergil (Aemid, V, 5-7) : —

p. 163] NOTES 379

Duri magno sed amore dolores
PoIluto» notumque, furens quid femina possit,
Triste per augurium Teucrorum pectora ducunt

155. Lichas is an innocent bearer of a gift, the terrible power of which the
giver herself does not know. She intends it only as a love charm, to
recall her husband's affections to herself.

Page 163. — 157. dona det ilia: supply «/. The clause is the object of
mandat,
heros : i,e, Hercules.

158. induitiir is middle (f>. reflexive) in force; "he throws over (his own)

shoulders.''
Lemaeae virus echidnae : Hercules, after slaying the hydra (see 73, 74,
and note),4iad dipped his arrows in the poisonous gall of the creature.
With one of these arrows he had shot the centaur Nessus, in whose
blood this tunic was dipped. Medea made a similar garment, which
she presented to her rival Creusa. It was steeped in poisonous drugs,
which, when warmed by the heat of' the victim's body, burst into cling-
ing and inextinguishable flames.

159. This is a conventional expression. See VI, 164 and note.

161, 162. The heat of the altar fires arouses the virulence of the fatal tunic.

164, 165. Between the actions of these two lines Hercules has gone from
Euboea to Mt. Oete in Thessaly, where he caused a funeral pyre to be
built for himself. Milton thus recalls these events (^Paradise Lost, II) : —

As when Alcides, from Oechalia crowned

With conquest, felt the envenomed robe, and tore

Through pain up by the roots the Thessalian pines,

And Lichas from the top of Oeta threw

Into th' Euboic sea.

Seneca, in his tragedy Hercules Oetaeus, gives in dramatic form the
story of the sufferings and death of Hercules.

170. candens; ?.^. "white hot," "glowing."

176. Satumia : i.e. Juno, the real cause of all his woes.

178, 179. vel si miserandus, etc.: "or, if I merit pity from my enemy, I
mean from you."

182-199. ergo, etc.: "was it for this," etc. Hercules now recalls his
mighty deeds, not only his famous twelve labors, but also those which
he undertook at his own instance as a public benefactor in character of
knight errant. See William Morris ( The Sons of Croesus) : —

Thou knowest how Hercules
Was not content to wait till folk asked aid,
But sought the pests among their guarded trees.

380 METAMORPHOSES IX [P. 163

For the better understanding of these dying words of Hercules, his
twelve labors are here 'stated in order: i. the killing of the Nemean
lion, in whose skin he ever after clothed himself (line 197) ; 2. the
destruction of the Lernean Hydra (192, 193); 3. the capture alive of
the stag famous for its speed and its golden horns (188) ; 4. the bring-
ing alive to Eurystheus of the wild boar which ravaged the neighbor-
hood of Erymanthus (192); 5. the cleansing of the Augean stables
(187); 6. the killing of the carnivorous birds near the Stymphalian
lake in Arcadia (187); 7. the capture alive of the wild bull which
devastated Crete (186); 8. the obtaining of the mares of Diomedes,
which fed on human flesh (194) ; 9. the securing of the girdle of Hip-
polyta, queen of the Amazons (189); 10. the killing of Geryon and
capture of his oxen (184, 185); 11. the securing oi»the apples of the
Hesperides (190) ; 12. the bringing to the upper world of the dog
Cerberus from Hades (185).

182, 183. Busiris, king of Egypt, was accustomed to offer up all strangers

upon the altar of Jove.' This monarch Hercules slew.

183, 184. Antaeus was son of Neptune and Terra. Engaged in wrestling

with Hercules, he gained new strength whenever he fell to earth.
Hercules held him aloft in the air and strangled him there. This is an
excellent illustration of the principle of." strength from defeat." Mil-
ton thus describes the contest (^Paradise Regained, IV) : —

As when earth's son, Antaeus (to compare
Small things with great) in Irassa strove
With Jove's Alcides, and oft foiled still rose,
Receiving from his mother earth new strength.
Fresh from his fall, and fiercer grappled joined.
Throttled at length in the air, expired and fell.

185. forma triplex: ue. Geryon, who had the bodies of three men united.

Horace ( Odes, II, xiv, 7) describes him as the ter amplum Geryonen,
Cerbere : see Spenser {Faerie Queene, VI. xii, 35) : —

Like as whylome that strong Tiiynthian swaine
Brought forth with him the dreadfiiU dog of hell
Against his will fast bound in yron chaine,
And roring horribly did him compell
To see the hatefull sunne.

186. See the seventh labor in the note above.

187. Augeas was King of Elis. Wordsworth {On the Death of Robespierre)

makes interesting use of this incident : —

Behold!
They who with clumsy desperation brought

p. 164] NOTES 381

A river of blood and preached that nothing else
Could cleanse the Augean stable, by the might
Of their own helper have been swept away.

188. It was at the crossing of the river Ladon in Arcadia that the stag was
caught.

Page 164. — 191. The reference is to a brawl which Hercules had had with
the Centaurs dwelling upon Mt. Erymanthus in Arcadia, on the occa-
sion of his fourth labor.

192, 193. See Spenser (JFaerie Qmene, VI, xii, 32) : —

Or like the Hell-borne Hydra, which they fiiine
That great Alcides whylome overthrew,
After that he had labourd long in vaine
To crop his thousand heads, the which still
Forth budded, and in greater number grew.

194-196. Again Spenser seeks this cycle of stories for illustration {Faerie
Queene, V, viii, 31) : —

Like to the Thracian tyrant, who, they say.
Unto his horses gave his guests for meat,
Till he himselfe was made their greedie pray.
And tome in peeces by Alcides great.

In the course of this (the eighth) labor Hercules slew the bloody
Thracian king, Diomedes, himself. This king is a type to Ovid of a
cruel, heartless man. See Epistulae Ex PontOy I, ii, 122.

198. hac caelum, etc. : Hercules sustained upon his shoulders the burden of
the heavens for Atlas, while that hero obtained for him the apples of
the Hesperides.

203, 204. This is the heartbroken cry of many a man since Hercules who has
seen the oppressor thrive while he himself came to grief. Ennius
voices this skepticism as to the coexistence of God and evil in the
world in an extant firagment of his tragedy, Telamo, He cannot go so
far as to deny the existence of God, but expresses a loss of faith in his
controlling providence.

207-210. Observe the adaptation of the words of this passage to the sense.

232. regna visnras itemm Troiana: Troy had once been taken by Her-
cules, and its king, Laomedon, had been slain by his arrows, with all
the king's sons except Priam. Homer {Iliads V, 641) puts refer-
ence to this event in the mouth of Hercules' son, Tlepolemus, as he
taunts Sarpedon: —

Not like my daring father, Hercules
The lion-hearted, who once came to Troy

382 METAMORPHOSES IX [P. 164

To claim the coursers of Laomedon.
With but six ships, and warriors but a few,
He laid the city waste and made its streets
A desolation.

The famous bow and arrows of Hercules are now given to his faith-
ful friend Philoctetes, the son of Poeas. Years afterward, while Philoc-
tetes was suffering in Lemnos from an incurable wound, an oracle was
given to the Greeks before Troy, that the city could not be taken with-
out the aid of the arrows of Hercules. After earnest solicitations, Phi-
loctetes came to the Greek camp, and thus once more Troy felt the
power of the weapons of Hercules.

Page 165. — 233. quo flamma, etc. = cuius tninisterio flamma pyrae sub'
dita est,

241. vindice terrae : Hercules is so called because of the many monsters of
which he had rid the earth.

247. hoc : ue, this fear which you feel for him.

248, 249. sed enim, etc. : '* but (you need not fear) for," etc.

251. matema parte: i,e, his mortal part (his body) which he had received

from his mortal mother.
254. id : ue, quod a me traxiL

defiinctum terra : <' when done with earth."
256, 257. Hercule deo : ablative absolute, with causal force.

261. se indoluisse notatam: a second construction with dolere*

262. quodcumque, etc. : " whatever the flames could destroy."

Page 166. — 269, 270. maior videri coepit : the forms of the gods as well
as of the shades were represented as larger than material bodies.
Ovid recognizes this again in XHI, 441 and 395* Vergil has several
references to this belief. When Venus appears to Aeneas in burning
Troy {Aeneid, II, 592) she is

quails videri
Caelicolis et quanta solet

And the shade of Creusa enlarges to heroic size {Aemid^ II, 772) s~-

Ipsius umbra Creusae
Visa mihi ante oculos et nota maior imago.

272. astris : the immortal Hercules is set in the heavens as a constellatfon.
This is in the northern hemisphere, between Lyra and Corona Borealis.

Page 167. — X, i. inde: Le, from Crete, where Hymen had been solenn
nizing the marriage of Iphis and lanthe.
croceo amictu : Hymen is represented as clad in a yellow robe, his head

p. i68] NOTES 383

encircled with a wreath of the plant amaraats, his locks perfiimed,
and bearing a torch in his hand.

7. motibus : the torch went sputtering out, and could not be rekindled by

the usual process of brandishing it in the air.

8. exitus : i.e, of the events attending the wedding.

10. ** She fell dead, smitten in her ankle by a serpent's tooth."

12. ne non = »/.
et = etiam,

13. Taenaria porta : see Vocabulary.

14. simulacra fiincta sepnlcro: only those who had enjoyed the rites of

burial were allowed to cross the Styx and mingle with the shades.
16. dominiim : i,e, Pluto.

21, 22. I.e, '* I have no such purpose as had Hercules."
Page 168. — 32-35. These lines recall many similar sentiments in Horace,

of which the following stanza is a good example ( Odes, II, iii, 25-28) : —

Omnes eodem cogimur. omnium
Versatur uma serius ocius
Sors exitura et nos in aetemum
Exsilium impositura cumbae.

37. iuris yestri: H. 447 (401); M. 217, 2; A. 214, c\ G. 366; B. 198, 3.

40-48. This experience of Orpheus in Hades, and the prevailing power of his
lyre, have probably left a deeper impression upon literature than any
other one mythological incident. It is worth while to note the way in
which different writers use the story. Vergil tells it at some length
with exquisite effect ( Georgics, IV, 453-527). For an excellent resume,
see Spenser's version of VergiVs Gnat, 433-480. Horace gives a
rational explanation of the story that Orpheus could control wild beasts
by his Ijrre (^Ars Poetica, 391).

Among the English poets, Spenser, as is his wont, faithfully reflects
the simple, classic story without attempt to explain or modify (^Shep*
heardes Calender, X, 27-30) : —

Seemeth thou doest their soule of sense bereave,
All as the shepheard, that did fetch his dame
From Plutoes balefull bowre withouten leave,
His musicks might the hellish hound did tame.

Shakespeare's reference to the story is equally characteristic, and
shows his tendency to rationalize myth {Merchant of Venice, V, i) : —

Therefore the poet
' Did feign that Orpheus drew trees, stones and floods ;
Since nought so stockish, hard and full of rage,
But music for the time doth change his nature.

384 METAMORPHOSES X [P. 168

MUton has Spenser's power of speaking, not of the classics, but out
of them, so fully has he imbibed their spirit. The following passages
will illustrate this: —

Untwisting all the chains that tie

The hidden soul of harmony ;

That Orpheus' self may heave his head

From golden slumber on a bed

Of heaped Elysian flowers, and hear

Such strains as would have won the ear

Of Pluto, to have quite set free

His half regained Eurydice.

— L Allegro,

But oh, sad virgin, that thy power

Might raise Musaeus from his bower!

Or bid the soul of Orpheus sing

Such notes as warbled to the string,

Drew iron tears down Pluto's cheek.

And made Hell grant what love did seek.

— // Penseroso,

The student should read the whole of Pope's Ode on St, Cecilia's
Day in this connection. It is chiefly concerned with the story of
Orpheus and Eurydice, in illustration of the power of music. The
application of the ode is in its last four lines : —

Of Orpheus now no more let poets tell.
To bright Cecilia greater power is given ;

His numbers raised a shade from Hell,

Hers lift the soul to Heaven.

In Shelley {Prometheus Unbound) the mythical has become the
metaphysical : —

Language is a perpetual Orphic song,
Which rules with daedal harmony a throng
Of thoughts and forms which else senseless and shapeless were.

John G. Saxe's burlesque on this story is a good example of the
irreverent spirit that is often shown in these modern times toward the
old mythologies. For further illustrations of this see Lowell's humor-
ous version of the Apollo and Daphne story {Met. I, 553, note), and
Tennyson's Amphion,

There is also a decided tendency among modem poets to rcvanap
the classical stories, though not always in the classical spirit — a kind
of Preraphaelite movement in literature. Walter Savage Lttdor»s
Orpheus and Eurydice may be taken in illusCtation. He tlm*

p. 170] NOTES 385

describes the critical moment when Orpheus loses his wife the second

time: —

On he stept,

And Cerberus held agape his triple jaws ;

On stept the bard. Ixion's wheel stood still.

Now, past all peril, free was his return,

And now was hastening into upper air

Eurydice, when sudden madness seized

The incautious lover ; pardonable foult.

If they below could pardon : on the verge

Of light he stood, and on Eurydice

(Mindless of fate, alas ! and soul-subdued)

Lookt back.

Other moderns of this -class are E. W. Gosse, Andrew Lang, Lewis

Morris, William Morris, and Frederick Tennyson.
48, 49. Upon the absurdity of this conception see III, 504, note.
Page 169. — 61. quid enim, etc.: ''for of what should she complain, save

that she was too well beloved ? "

Page 170. — XI. 102. ille : i.e. Midas.

104. " Bacchus granted his prayer, and gave him the baleful gift (which he

sought)."
108, 109. non alta is to be taken with i/ice ; and fronde is locatival ablative

with virentem. Translate this phrase, " with rich, green foliage."
112. massa: supply tf»rf.
1 14. Hesperidas : see Vocabulary. The golden apples which were guarded

by the Hespcrides are a favorite poetic conception. See Milton's

'description of Eden {Paradise Lost, IV) : —

Groves whose rich trees wept odorous gums and balm,
Others whose fruit burnished with golden rind,
Hung amiable (Hesperian fables true,
If true, here only), and of delicious taste.

117. Danaen eludere posset : in reference to the golden shower, in the form

of which Jove approached Danae, who was shut up in a tower by her
father Acrisius. It was Acrisius, however, rather than Danae, who
was "cheated." Jove took the form of a golden shower, not of a
shower of gold. Ovid assumes the latter in order that the comparison
with the liquid gold of Midas may be the closer. Horace {OdeSy III,
xvi, 1-8) still further materializes the medium of Jove's approach, in
illustration of the all-penetrating power of gold.

118. aurea fingens omnia: "imagining all things turned to gold." He

looks forward to this as the consummation of his hopes.
OVID — 25

386 METAMORPHOSES XI [P. 171

Page 171. — 120. nee egentes = habentes ; and tostae frugis is, by meton-
ymy, bread made of the flour of parched wheat. The whole expres-
sion means simply *' and with bread.'*

125. auctorem muneris: see II, 303, note.

127. divesque miserque: " rich and wretched."
. 130. ab auro: Ovid frequently uses the ablative with the preposition ab to
express the inanimate source of an action, instead of the simple abla-
tive of means. See Heroides, X, 138. Sometimes the construction
approaches almost to the personification of the means as a real agent.
Compare Epistulae Ex Ponto^ I, ii, no.

131. splendida : " shining." His very arms are turning to gold.

133. eripe: supply /«r.

134. mite deum (= deorum) numen: supply est.

135. "Bacchus restored him (to his former condition), and in proof thereof

(^factique fide) he relieved him of the boon which he had bestowed."
137. amnem: the Pactolus, the origin of whose golden sands is thus
explained. This is the stock golden river of poetry. See in Spenser
( The Visions of Bellay, XII) : —

I saw a spring out of a rocke forth rayle [flow],
As cleare as christall gainst the sunnie beames ;
The bottome yeallow, like the golden grayle [gravel]
That bright Pactolus washeth with his streames.

140. spumigero fonti : construe with subde,

'44> 145' The prose order is : nunc quoque^ semine venae iam veteris per-

cepto, arva rigent pallentia (" yellow ") glaebis auro tnadidis.
Page 172. — 149. stolidae praecordia mentis = stolida mens : ».^., " his

folly."
'S5> ^5^' The outcome of this strife is a warning to overweening ambition.

So Colin Clout in Spenser's Shepheardes Calender, VI, 68 : —

For sith I heard that Pan with Phoebus strove,
Which him to much rebuke and daunger drove,
I never list presume to Pamassc hyll,
But, pyping low in shade of lowly grove,
I play to please myselfe, all be it ill.

156. Tmolus, like Atlas, is now mountain, now god, as occasion requires.
i57» 158. aures liberat arboribus : see V, 488, note.
160, 161. in iudice nulla mora est : i,e. « I am ready."
167. dentibus Indis : "ivory."

176. trahit in spatium : " lengthens them out."

177. instabiles imas t " unstable at the base."

180. turpi pudore: H. 473, 2 (419, 11) ; M. 246; A. 251; 0,400; B. 224.

p. 175] NOTES 387

Page 173. — 182-189. This is one of the few comic situations which develop
in Ovid's stories. Pope {Prolcgue to the Satires) makes use of this
story for comparison: —

Tis sung, when Midas' ears began to spring,

(Midas, a sacred person and a king),

His very minister who spied them first

(Some say his queen) was forced to speak or burst.

And is not mine, my friend, a sorer case,

When every coxcomb perks them in my fiace ?

Persius {Satires ^ I, 1 19-122) bases his claim to the right of adverse
criticism upon this^ example: "Shall I not mutter too? not even in
secret, nor with a ditch as confidant? nowhere at all? Yes, here (t>.
in his book) I'll dig my ditch. I've seen it, my little book, with my
own eyes I've seen it. There's no one who hasn't ass's ears ! "
190. ** A thick growth of rustling reeds sprung up there."

Page 174. — XII. i. Aesacon vivere is the object of the verbal idea in the
adjective nescius,

4. defuit Paridis praesentia : it is by this slender line of connection that
the poet passes over to the events of the Trojan war. Paris is away on
his nefarious errand to the court of Menelaus.

8. nee dilata foret yindicta : " nor would vengeance have been postponed."

10. Anlide : this is the scene of the famous events connected with the sacri-
fice of Iphigenia. Euripides has based his tragedy of Iphigenia in
Aulis upon the incident, and many later poets have followed him.

15-23. These lines are a free rendering of Homer {Iliad, II, 303 and follow-
ing), where Ulysses recalls these incidents to the Greeks at the end of
the ninth year of the war. Homer does not, however, mention the
sacrifice of Iphigenia.

Page 175. — 19-21. Calchas' speech in Homer is as follows : —

Oh, long-haired Greeks, why stand ye thus

In silence ? All-foreseeing Jupiter

Hath sent this mighty omen ; late it comes

And late will be fulfilled, yet gloriously,

And with a fame that never shall decay.

For as the snake devoured the sparrow's brood.

Eight nestlings, and the mother-bird the ninth, —

So many years the war shall last ; the tenth

Shall give mto our hands the stately Troy.

27. nec enim nescitve tacetve : " for he was neither ignorant of the truth
nor did he withhold it, that," etc.

388 METAMORPHOSES XII [P. 175

28. Tirginis iram deae : i.e. of Diana. Agamemnon had slain her favorite

stag, and had thus incurred her wrath.
34. <* She is said to have substituted a hind, without the knowledge of the

Greeks {suppositd)^ for the maiden of Mycenae."
sttpposita cerva: H. 478, 4 (422, note 2); A. 252, ^; G. 404, note i;

B. 218, 5. For a variation of this construction with muiare, see VII,

59, 60, and note.

Page 176. — 581. in volttcrem Phaethontida : it has been narrated, in
lines 39-145 of this book, how Achilles had slain Neptune's som, Cyc-
nus, who was changed into a swan at the moment of his death by Nep-
tune. This bird is called Phaethontis^ because of another Cycnus, a
friend and relative of Phaethon, who, through grief because of PhaS-
thon's death, was changed into a swan. See Metamorphoses^ II, 329-

380.

587-591. Neptune refers to the building of Troy by himself and Apollo under
promise of reward by Laomedon. Neptune now forgets the perfidy of
the Trojan king, and remembers only that Troy*s walls are his handi-
work. See lines 25, 26 of this book.

Page 177. — 594, 595. det mihi se, etc.: "just let him come within my
reach and PU make him feel," etc.
fazo: properly a future perfect is here used z&faciam.

595. concurrere comminus hosti : " to meet my enemy face to face."

601. fassus: supply j^.

602. plebis : " of the common herd."

607, 608. " This was the (first) cause which old Priam had for rejoicing since

(the death of) Hector."

608. ille victor: "thou, that (famous) victor."

610. femineo Marte : " by a woman's battle-stroke."

611. That is, it would have been better to have fallen in battle with the

valiant Amazons. Achilles had fought with and slain Penthesilea, who,
with her Amazons, had come to the aid of Troy in the last year of the
war.

Page 178. — 614. arserat: i.^. upon the funeral pyre.

deus idem : Vulcan, who had forged the arms of the hero, and who now
consumes him with fire. There is the same bold confusion of fact and
figure here that has been noted elsewhere. See II, 303, note.

615, 616. Shakespeare feels the same pathetic contrast between the living
and the dead Caesar {HamUt, V, i) : —

Imperious Caesar, dead and tum'd to clay,
Might stop a hole to keep the wind away :

p. 178] NOTES 389

O. that that earth which kept the world in awe.
Should patch a wall to expel the winter's flaw I

See also Vergil's lines on the dead Priam, Aeneid^ II, 554-558.

617. vivit : the subject \% gloria eius.

618. haec mensura : i,e, totius orbis,

619. nee inania Tartara sentit: he is not really dead. He is of those

whose virtue has wrought out for them a place in heaven among the
immortals. See Horace, OcUs, III, ii, 21-24. Yet Homer {^Ocfys-
sey, XI) does not so represent Achilles. The shade of that hero thus
addresses Ulysses : —

Noble Ulysses, speak not thus of death,

As if thou couldst console me. I would be

A laborer on earth, and serve for hire

Some man of mean estate, who makes scant cheer.

Rather than reign o'er all who have gone down

To death.

620. ipse: i.e, clipeus.

624, 625. Ajax and Ulysses are the only ones who make bold to claim the

arms of Achilles.
626. onus invidiamque : ue, of himself deciding between the two claimants.

XIII. I and following. The contest for the arms of Achilles, with its tragic
result to Ajax, is one of the most dramatic incidents of this period of
the Trojan war. Homer makes reference to it in the Odyssey (XI,
543 and following), where the shade of Ajax, still cherishing hatred
against his rival, refuses to hold speech with Ulysses. The latter
expresses regret at his victory, which had brought the great Ajax to

*^ ^" ' And now how much I wish

I had not conquered in a strife like that,
Since for that cause the dark earth hath received
The hero Ajax, who in nobleness
Of form and greatness of exploits excelled
All other Greeks, except the blameless son
Of Peleus.

Sophocles based his tragedy of Ajax upon the events immediately
succeeding the judgment in favor of Ulysses, resulting in the madness
and suicide of Ajax. Among the Romans, Pacuvius and Accius wrote
each a tragedy entitled Armorum ludicium^ describing the contest
itself. Fragments only of these plays remain. Ovid*s Armorum ludi-
cium, which is here given at length, is the only full account that is
left us of that event.

390 METAMORPHOSES XIII [P. 178

Shakespeare {Lucrece^ 1394) describes a painting in which the two
heroes of this contest are characterized : —

In Ajax and Ulysses, O what art

Of physiognomy might one behold !

The face of either cipher'd cither's heart :

Their face their manners most expressly told :

In Ajax' eyes blunt rage and rigor roll'd ;
But the mild glance that sly Ulysses lent
Show'd deep regard and smiling government

Page 179. — 10. sed nee mihi dicere promptum : supply est ** But I am
not ready of speech."

16, 17. demit honorem aemulus: not <<my rival," but "the fact that he is

my rival detracts from my honor (in this contest)." Ajax, true to his
blunt, untactful character, begins by vilifying and belittling his oppo-
nent.

17. tenuisse: " to have gained."

22-24. Telamon was one of the Argonauts and also a companion of Hercules
in his raid upon Troy. See IX, 232, note. The following table will
show the genealogy of Ajax and his relation to Achilles : —

Jupiter = Aegina (d. of river god Asopus)

Aeacus = Endels (d. of Qiiron)

Periboea = Telamon = Hesione Peleus = Thetis Procus
(d. of Alcathous) I | - |

I Teucer Achilles

Ajax I

Pyrrhus

25, 26. Jove had made Aeacus a judge in Hades after his death, along with
Minos and Rhadamanthus. According to a scandalous rumor, Ulysses
was not the son of Laertes, but of Sisyphus. So that the relation of
the spirits of the ancestors of Ajax and Ulysses is that of judge on the
bench and condemned prisoner at the bar.

31. frater: not "brother," but "cousin." See I, 351, where Deucalion

addresses his cousin as soror.
fratema =^fratris : supply arma,

32. Sis3rphio : see lines 25, 26, note.

31-33. This is a family affair. " Why does this lowborn fellow seek to intro-
duce (in this connection) the name of a family entirely outside the
Aeacidae ? "

38. sibi inutilior: Palamedes had exposed Ulysses* feigned madness, and

p. i8i] NOTES 391

brought him to the war. For this act he finally suffered death through
the machinations of Ulysses. See Vergil, Aeneid^ II, 83-85.
Page 180. — 43. ntinam toor yenu : supply /wijj^/.

45. Poeantia proles : see IX, 232, note. Ulysses is said to have engineered

the practical exile of Philoctetes on the island of Lemnos.

46. expositnm: Philoctetes had been *'put off" by the Greek fleet and left

on Lenmos.
49. See IX, 203 and note.

53. yelatur aliturqtte are good examples of the middle voice. ** He clothes

and feeds himself on birds; " f>. he eats their flesh and makes gar-
ments of their feathers.

54. debita fatis : see oracle mentioned in IX, 232, note.

60. Ajax charges Ulysses with having hidden some gold in the quarters of
PaUunedes, which he afterward pretended to discover, and charged
that this was a bribe which Palamedes had received from Priam.

63. fidum Nestora, in contrast with desertum Nestora^ in the next line.

65-69. On one occasion, when the Greeks were retreating, old Nestor was
left behind, and Diomede, after vainly urging Ulysses to go to the res-
cue of their aged friend, himself went to his aid. These events are
told by Homer {Iliad, VIII, 78 and following).

69. trepidoqae, etc. : ** and reproached his timorous friend for running away."

71. eget : i>. Ulysses, on an occasion when he was wounded and called for

help.

72. linquendiia erat: " he was doomed to be abandoned."

Page 181. — 82. Hector adest: the scene shifts again to the day when
Hector challenged the Greek chiefs to select a champion to meet him
in single combat. When the lots were cast for this selection, the
choice fell upon Ajax.
secnm deos dttcit: Apollo accompanied Hector to the field to watch
over and protect him. .

88. sortem meam vovistis : this statement is ratified by Homer {Iliad, VII,
181, 182): —

Such was their prayer, while the Gerenian knight,
Old Nestor, shook the lots ; and from the helm
Leaped forth the lot of Ajax, as they wished.

The events of the struggle, which proved to be a drawn battle, are told
by Homer in the lines that follow.
91. These battles at the Grecian wall of ships, where the Trojans, led by
Hector, all but forced their enemy's camp, but were finally repelled
largely through the prowess of Ajax, are told in the twelfth and thir-
teenth books of the Iliad,

392 METAMORPHOSES XIII [P. i8i

95-97. istia, mihi» armis, Aiaci : poetic datives of the apparent agent.

98. his : " with these deeds of mine."

98-100. He refers to a night expedition of Ulysses in company with Dio-

mede, in which Rhesus and Dolon were slain and Helenus captured.
103. quo tamen haec Ithaco : " and yet why (give) these to the Ithacan (at

all)?"
Page 182. — 108. non onerosa : " otherwise than burdensome."
' 109. Peli48 hasta : Achilles* spear is so called because its shaft came from

Mt. Pelion in Thessaly.
122. referentem ornate relatis: Ovid likes to play with different parts of

the same word, as illustrated here. ** Adorn with the rescued arms

their rescuer."
128. si mea vota : " if my prayers and yours had availed."
Page 183. — 138. pro domino: i.e. pro me ipso.

140. nam : this goes back to sua in the previous line. " I^t each one make

the most of his own powers; for as to ancestry and the glorious deeds
that others have done, those are in no true sense our own."

141. sed enim : "but still (I will meet him on the point of ancestry) for," etc.

142. esse lovis pronepos = se esse lovis pronepotem : a rare instance of the

attraction, after the Greek fashion, of an infinitive predicate to the
case of the subject of the main verb.

145. damnatus et exsul : it is said that Tclamon and Peleus had slain their

brother Procus, and were on this account banished by their father
Aeacus.

146. Ulysses can boast of divine descent on his mother's as well as on his

father's side. Following is his family tree : —

Jupiter Mercury = Philonis

Arcesius Amphithea = Autolycus

Laertes = Anticlea

I

Ul3rsses

Page 184.— 171, 172. ego Telephon, etc.: "'twas I who conquered Tele-
phus," etc. Telephus, the son of Hercules and son-in-law of Priam,
was mortally wounded by Achilles while on his way to the Trojan war.
According to the words of an oracle, this wound could be cured only
by him who inflicted it. There was another oracle that Troy could be
taken by Greeks only by the aid of a son of Hercules. Ulysses, cogni-
zant of both these oracles, persuaded Achilles to cure his wounded
enemy, that thus the latter might be won to the Greek cause.

p. 1 86] NOTES 393

173-176. These places are the scenes of Achilles' destructive raids in the
early years of the Trojan war.

180. yivo dederam, etc.: "I gave them to him in his lifetime [i>. I sent

him to the war] ; now that he is dead I ask them back again.'*

181. imius: i.e, of Menelaiis, the seduction of whose wife by Paris was the

cause of the war. At her marriage all the Greek chiefs had sworn an
oath to avenge any wrong that should ever come to her.
184, 185. These events have been already noted in XII, 1-38.
187. in rege pater est: compare XII, 30, rex pair em vicit.
Page 185. — 190. "I had a difficult cause to plead, and that too before a
partial judge."

192. Sttmina sceptri: i.e, the fact that he held supreme command, and

hence was responsible for the general welfare and success.

193. astu decipienda : Ulysses pretended to Clytenmestra that her daughter

was wanted at the Greek camp at Aulis for marriage with Achilles.

194-204. Ulysses and Menelaiis were sent by the Greeks, before war was
declared, to Priam, to demand back Helen and her wealth.

210. nosti = navisti.

216-235. Homer {Iliad, II, i and following) relates these events. Accord-
ing to this account, Jove's instruction to Agamemnon was that he
should bring all his forces to bear upon Troy, for that city should
surely fall. But Agamemnon, to test the temper of the Greeks, told
them that he had been warned in a dream to return to Greece. Ovid,
in lines 216 and 218, overlooks these facts, and would have it that
Agamemnon was actually directed to return to Greece.

Page 186. — 218. ille: Agamemnon.
attctore: Jove.

219. non sinat, etc. : this is equivalent to saying, ** Why doesn't Ajax pre-
vent this (movement) ? " etc.

221. dat, etc. : "and give something for the confused mob to rally around."

222. ''This was not (better, would not have been) too much for one who

never speaks except in boasting."

226. captam : i.e, Troy is already in your grasp, and you are going to let her
escape after all.

228. disertum : supply me.

233. per me baud impime : Ulysses soundly chastised the insolent Thersites
in the presence of the host.

236, 237. Ulysses even lays claim to the deeds of Ajax as his own.

239. Diomede and Ulysses were frequent companions in adventure.

244. ausuin eadem, quae nos, Dolona : i.e. Dolon was engaged in the same
dangerous business of spying from the Trojan side, as Ulysses and Dio-
mede from the Greek side.

394 METAMORPHOSES XIII [P. i86

245. inteximo : in Homer it is Diomede who slays Dolon.

Page 187. — 251, 252. "And so I went back to camp victorious and with
my vows accomplished, while in my captured chariot I rode in joyful
triumph." This is one of the few anachronisms in Ovid. The tri-
umph was a peculiarly Roman custom.

253, 254. Dolon {hosHs) had stipulated that the horses of Achilles should be

given him as the prize of his night's work should he be successful.
See Homer {Ili€ui^ X, 319), where Dolon thus addresses Hector : —

My daring spirit, Hector, uiges me

To visit the swift ships and learn the state

Of the Greek host But hold thy scepter forth,

And solemnly attest the gods that thou

Wilt give to me the horses, and the car

Engrailed with brass, which bear the illustrious son

Of Peleus.

254. fnerit benignior Aiaz : this refers to the ironical propositions made by

Ajax in lines loi, 102, which Ulysses professes to take in good faith.

263. ipso loco : ablative of cause. They are honorable because they are in
front — on his breast.

266, 267. nil sanguinis : " no blood."
in socios: ** in behalf of his friends."

274. com defensore : sarcastically of Ajax.

277. nonus in officio : " the ninth in proffered service." Nine of the Greek
chiefs had offered to be the champion against Hector, and the choice
fell to Ajax by lot.

Page 188. — 288, 289. "Was it for this then that (Achilles') mother, god-
dess of the sea {caerula), was ambitious for her son? "

2^\-2S^ Homer describes the shield which Vulcan made for Achilles in
Iliad, XVIII, 483-489: —

For here he placed the earth and heaven, and here
The great deep and the never-resting sun
And the full moon, and here he set the stars
That shine in the round heaven, — the Pleiades,
The Hyades, Orion in his strength,
And the Bear near him, called by some the Wain,
That, wheeling, keeps Orion still in sight,
Yet bathes not in the waters of the sea.

Page 189. — 308, 309. turpe : supply est. The thought is : " If it is a base
thing for me to have accused Palamedes on a false charge, is it any
less so for you to have condemned him? "

312. vidistis: see line 60 and note. Ulysses' answer to the charge of Ajax
is: "Of course, Palamedes was guilty; you all saw the gold that was

p. 191] NOTES 395

hidden in his tent/' But he ignores the real point in the charge, that

he himself put the gold there.
obiecta : supply crimina,
313* 314* >icc esse reus merni: ** nor is it my fault.''
313. Vulcania: Lemnos was so called because Vulcan had fallen there after

being flung from heaven by Jove, because he attempted to aid Juno

against the Thunderer's wrath. Milton poetically describes this &11

{Paradise Lost, I) : —

From mom
To noon he fell, from noon to dewy eve
A summer's day ; and with the setting sun
Dropped from the zenith like a fidling star,
On Lemnos the Aegean isle.

326, 327. The subjunctive mode in prosit shows that the condition implied in
cessante meo pectore is not likely to be fulfilled : " before he would
avail the Greeks in case I should cease to help them."
32S-338. A dramatic apostrophe to Philoctetes.

332. The variation from mei (which we should expect) to nosiri is awkward,
and is evidently a concession to meter,
ttt introduces ^^^/ understood.

fiat (supply M/) is one of the objects of cupias above. " And that, as I
was given a chance at you, so you may have a chance at me."

334. faveat: a proviso; " should Fortune favor."

335. Dardanio vate : i,e, Helenus, a soothsayer, and son of Priam. See line

99 and note. Ulysses had captured him and compelled him to reveal
the oracles upon which the fate of Troy depended.

Page 190. — 339. illo : i.e. the signum Minervaey the Palladium.

341. hie: "at this juncture," when volunteers are being sought for the dan-
gerous service of securing the Palladium.

347. tergora septem : Ajax carried a shield (jnolem clipei of line 99) made
of seven thicknesses of buU's-hide.

350, 351. Tydiden ostentare meum: "to remind us that Diomedewas my
partner (and that he should have part of the praise)."

356. moderatior Aiax : Ajax the Less, the son of Olleus.

360-369. The great principle, upon which Ulysses rests his case, is that mind,
in which he surpasses his rival, is greater than physical strength, in
which latter he concedes that Ajax excels. This principle is the text
of Horace's great Ode (III, iv, 65-67), in which he enlarges upon the
value of wisdom as compared with brute force.

Page 191. — 372. hunc tittdum : i>. " the honor of this armor."

376. deos quos ademi : Minerva only is meant, whose presence and protec-
tion left Troy with the captured Palladium.

396 METAMORPHOSES XIII [P. 191

377. per siquid Sttperest : " by whatever other deed still remains."

378. ez praecipiti : "hazardous."

381. huic date: either **/othis (statue of Minerva, hence to Minerva her-
self) if not to me," or "/or this (and all the prowess on my part that
its possession implies) if not for my other merits."

Page 192. — 392. qua patuit fermm: "where his armor gave place (for
the blow)."

395-398. pttrpurenm florem: i.e. the hyacinth. In Met. X, 143-219, it is
related how Apollo accidentally slew the beloved youth Hyacinthus,
from whose blood sprang up the flower that bears his name. Apollo
there prophesies (207) that in time to come this flower shall be con-
nected with the death of a mighty hero, whose name shall be written
upon its leaves: —

Tempiis et illud erit, quo se fortissimus heros
Addat in hunc florem, folioque legatur eodem.

Apollo then marks the flower with the signs of his own grief (215) : —

Ipse sues gemitus foliis inscribit, et ai ai

Flos habet inscriptum, funestaque littera ducta est.

The Greek name of Ajax, AIAZ, is very similar in appearance to the
repeated exclamation of Apollo (AI AI = alas! alas!), and hence the
connection of the plant with the hero's death.

Vergil alludes to this interpretation of the markings in the Eclogues
(III, 106): —

Die, quibus in terris inscripti nomina regum
Nascantur flores.

The English poets find the first explanation the more effective. See
Milton {LyciJas) : —

Like to that sanguine flower inscribed with woe ;

and Shelley (^Prometheus Unbound^ II) : —

I looked, and all the blossoms were blown down ;
But on each leaf was stamped, as the bluebells
Of Hyacinth tell Apollo's written grief,
O, follow, follow I

397. communis : the sense in which the inscription is common to both boy
and hero is explained in the next line.
mediis is to be read with/?/m.

p. 195] NOTES 397

430. Poljrmnestor, king of Thrace, had married the daughter of Priam, Ili-
one. To the king and Ilione, Priam had entrusted his youthful son,
Polydorus. Vergil dwells at some length upon the story of Polymnes-
tor's treachery and the death of Polydorus {Aeneid, III, 19-68).

433. 434. nisi adiecisset : see Vergil (lines 49-51) : —

Hunc Polydorum auri quondam cum pondere magno
Infelix Priamus fiirtim mandarat alendum
Threlcio rcgi.

434. animi inritamen avari: Vergil's use of this idea is more dramatic

(Une56):— ^ .^

Quid non mortalia pectora cogis,

Auri sacra fames?

435. cecidit: ** waned."

438. scopiilo: construe with subiectas; "into the water which washed the
foot of a cliff." Ovid, in this description, is preparing the way for the
discovery of her son's dead body by Hecuba, as narrated below in lines
481 and following.

441. quantua cum yiveret; see IX, 269, 270, note.

444. Homer describes {Iliad, I) how Achilles, enraged with Agamemnon
because of Brisels, had drawn his sword upon the king.

Page 193. — 448. Polyzena: Achilles had been enamoured of this beauti-
ful daughter of Priam. While in the temple of Thymbrean Apollo, in
response to a private message from Priam, relative to his daughter,
Achilles was treacherously slain by Paris and Delphobus. The sacri-
fice of the princess upon the tomb of her dead lover is one of the most
pathetic incidents in the history of the Trojan war.

461. She is unselfish and thoughtful of others to the last : " I only wish that
the knowledge of my death may be kept from my mother."

465-469. The thought is : "Do not bind me as a victim, but let me meet
death as free in all my limbs as I am free and eager in soul."

470, 471. Priami vos filia, etc. : " 'tis the daughter of King Priam, and not
a captive maiden, who asks it."

473. The reference is to the rich ransom of Hector's dead body

Page 195. — 750 and following. Polyphemus in love is one of the r61es in
which he is known in classic literature. Theocritus {Idyls, VI and XI)
and Ovid, together with many English poets, portray him in this rdle.
Among the English writers are Gay {Song of Polypheme), Dobson {A
Tale of Polypheme), and Buchanan {Polypheme^s Passion), The other
r81e of Cyclope terrible is first portrayed by Homer, in the narration of

398 METAMORPHOSES XIII [P. 195

the adventure of Ulysses with the Cyclops (^Odyssey, IX), and after-
ward by Euripides, in his satyric drama The Cyclops, the scene and
main incidents of which are the same as in Homer. Vergil {Aeneid^
III) gives the sequel to these last mentioned events in connection with
the arrival of Aeneas off the coast of Sicily, where the blinded giant is
once more brought upon the stage.
771. Telenms: in the Odyssey (IX, 509 and following), when Ulysses
reveals to the Cyclops who has blinded him, the latter cries: —

Now, woe is me i the ancient oracles
Concerning roe have come to pass. Here dwelt
A seer named Telemus Eurymides,
Great, good, and eminent in prophecy,
And prophesying he grew old among
The Cyclops. He foretold my coming fate, —
That I should lose my sight, and by the hand
And cunning of Ulysses.

It will be remembered that the present events precede those nar-
rated by Homer.
782. In Vergil (Aeneid, III, 659) he still carries his huge staff : —

Trunca manu pinus regit et vestigia firmat

Page 196. — 7S4. centum : so huge a pipe befits so huge a piper.
789-797. Ovid borrows his pastoral metaphors both from Theocritus and Ver-
gil. In the Greek poet (XI, 19-21) we find : —

O milk-white Galatea, why cast off him that loves thee ? whiter than is
pressed milk to look upon, more delicate than the lamb art thou, than the
young calf wantoner, more sleek than the unripened grape.

And in Vergil {Eclogues, VII, 37, 38) Galatea is thus described : —

Nerine Galatea, thymo mihi dulcior Hyblae,
Candidior cycnis, hedera formosior alba.

798. eadem Galatea : "yet the same Galatea is," etc. He now proceeds to

give the reverse side of her character.
808. Here follows an inventory of his wealth and of the abundant pleasures

of pastoral life.
Page 197. — 824. pauperis est nnmerare pecus: compare IV, 115, where

see note.
826. ut: "how."
833. panre : «* or a pair."

840. He comes next to himself, and speaks half boastfully, half apologetically.
yidi : supply me.

p. 20i] NOTES 399

S43. nam explains his reference to Jove, though he himself is a contemptor

deorum (line 761) : " for you are wont to speak of some Jove or other

as reigning (in heaven)/'
Page 198. — 851, 852. "True, I have but one eye, but then it is big enough

for two." This one huge eye gives the Cyclops his name. Vergil

{Aeneid^ III, 636, 637) thus describes it : —

Lumen
Ingens, quod torva solum sub fronte latebat,
Argolici clipei aut Phoebeae lampadis instar.

854. Cyclops was the son of Neptune.

859. contemptus : note the quantity of the final syllable.

862, 863. "And yet he may please himself, and please you too, Galatea; but

oh, I wish he didn't : (but) only let me have a chance at him ! "
867. laeausque: "and my passion {ignis) aroused (by my wooing) rages

more fiercely (within me)."
Page 199. — 883. et eztremus angulus, etc.: "and although the merest

fragment (of the rock) struck Acis," etc.
886. ut vires, etc. : i.e, that Acis should become a river god. His mother

was a water nymph (line 750).

893. subito media, etc.: "suddenly there stood forth waist-deep in the

water."

894. nova comua; Regius, in commenting upon this passage, observes : —

Nam fluviorum Dii comua habere finguntur, quod bourn similes esse
dicuntur, et propter strepitum, et propter circumflexiones, quas comua
vocant. Cincta autem comua cannis idcirco habere finguntur, quod fere in
ripis fluminum harundines nascuntur.

But see also Amores, III, xv, 17, note.

895. nisi quod maior : see IX, 269, 270, note.

caenilus : the usual color ascribed to river and sea divinities.

Page 201. — XV. 146, 147. Compare Milton's ambitiou^ lines {Paradise

Lost, I) : —

^ I thence

Invoke thy aid to my adventurous song,

That with no middle flight intends to soar

Above the Aonian mount, while it pursues

Things unattempted yet in prose or rhyme.

149. In this way the poet describes the calm heights of philosophy, with its

wide and true views of life.
150-152. Ovid in this utterance imitates Lucretius {De Rerum Natura, II,

7-^3)» who comments upon the delight of the philosopher in viewing

400 METAMORPHOSES XV [P. 201

all the turmoil and strife of life from the calm and secure heights of
philosophy. .
Page 202. — 155. materiem vatttm, etc.: "the stuff that poets manufac-
ture, and their (fabled) sufferings of a world that never was." Cicero
i^Tusculan Disputations^ § 36) says that popular ignorance aided by
the poets is responsible for the materialistic terrors of the world
beyond the grave: —

Ignoratio finxit inferos easque formidines, quas tu contemnere non sine
causa videbare ; . . . quam opinionem magni errores consecuti sunt, quos
auxerunt poetae.

The whole sixth Aeneid of Vergil, with its vivid descriptions of
Hades and its material punishments for sins done on the earth, is a
striking illustration of Cicero's point. Similarly, Milton has done
much harm theologically by a gross materialization of the abode and
sufferings of lost spirits.
158, 159. These are the two tenets at the core of the philosophy of Pythag-
oras with reference to the future state — the deathlessness of the soul
and its transmigration from body to body. Caesar (^De Bello Gallicoy
VI, 14) says that the Druids teach this same doctrine in order to
remove fear of death from their warriors: —

Imprimis hoc volunt persuadere, non interire animas, sed ab aliis post
mortem transire ad alios, atque hoc maxime ad virtutem excitari putant
metu mortis neglecto.

160-164. Pythagoras* proof that the soul of the Trojan Euphorbus now ani-
mates his own body is that he saw and recognized as his own the
shield of that hero, which Menelaiis had hung up in the temple of
Juno as a trophy and votive offering.

1 73, 1 74. Do not slay an animal for food, lest in doing so you drive the soul
of your own friend or relative out of its temporary resting place.

178. vagans is predicative with the passive verb formatur. " Everything is
brought into being with a changing nature."

184, 185. nam quod fait, etc.: "for that which once existed is no more,
and that has come to be which was not."

Page 203.— 188-190. The aspect of the heavens is different at different
times.

189. media : supply node.
exit : %,e, e niari.

190. luci : construe with praevia.

196. nocturnaeDianae: i.<r. th€ moon.

198. si contrahit orbem : « if it is on the wane."

p. 207] NOTES 401

199-213. The similarity between the seasons of the year and the periods of
the life of a man is obvious, and has been noted by writers in all
periods.

201. tener et lactens: supply annus,

214. nostra ipsonun: it is in this way only that intensive pronouns may be
used with the possessive; "our own."

Page 204. — 223, 224. The Brst tottering efforts of an infant to stand upright
are very pleasingly and realistically told.

228. haec : ue, senecta.

229-231. Cicero {De SenecttUe, § 27) tells this story, and condemns the super-
annuated athlete for the undue estimate which he has of the mere
physical.

231. Herciileis: supply /r?«r/fj.

233* 234. Helen had twice been carried away because of her great beauty,
once by Theseus, and later by Paris. As she now looks at the wrinkles
of age, she tearfully wonders how she could ever have been attractive.

Page 205.-453,454. ne tamen ezspatiemur : "but, not to wander too
far out of my course, my steeds forgetting meanwhile to speed toward
the goal."

456. n08 is to be construed as subject of sinam us (line 461).
456-458. The clause quoniam . . . condi is parenthetically explanatory.

457, 458. in ferinas domos = in ferina corpora,

462. Thyesteis mensis : the reference is to one of the most horrible of the

legends of antiquity, in which Thyestes devours his own sons, served

up to him in disguise by his brother Atreus.
468, 469. quantum est, etc. : " how much does such a deed as that fall short

of actual murder? What is the end of such a course? "
475. Nets were spread in a convenient place, and cords were stretched with

reference to these, to which bright colored feathers were attached.

The deer, frightened by these, would take to flight, and thus be steered

into the nets.

Page 207. — 745. hic: f>. Aesculapius.
746. Harte togaque : " in war and in peace."

748. properata gloria : " quickly won glory."

749. in sidus stellamque comantem: Suetonius {luHus, 88) tells us that

after the death of Caesar a comet appeared for several successive days,

and that it was given out that this was the soul of Caesar deified and

set in the heavens. Compare a reference in Horace ( Odes^ I, xii, 47)

to this point: —

'^ Micat inter omnes

lulium sidus velut inter ignes

Luna minores.

OVID — 26

402 METAMORPHOSES XV [P. 207

lulium sidus refers here primarily to the comet mentioned above, but is
intended also to represent the Julian house in the person of Augustus.
Vergil {Eclogues^ IX, 47) speaks of the Ccusaris asirum.

750. quam sua progenies : i,e, Augustus. The compliment to the emperor
is decidedly forced, considering that he was not the "offspring" of
Julius Caesar, but only his grandnephew and adopted son. But per-
haps the poet means to say that the crowning act of Caesar's life was
his adoption of the future emperor.

752-757. This is a resum^ of Julius Caesar's various military triumphs.

752. domuisse Britannos : this is an extravagant statement, for, as Tacitus
says {AgricolOi XIII) : *' Julius invaded Britain with an army, but suc-
ceeded only in frightening the natives in one successful battle, and
gaining a mere foothold on the shore. So that his work was merely to
discover the island to posterity."

758. genuisse virum : a more emphatic assumption still that Augustus was
the son of Julius.

760, 761. "Caesar must needs be made a god in order that his (adopted) son
might not owe his birth to a mortal father ! '* Verily, they that wait
on kings are forced into strange paths in search of compliments.

762. genetriz: i.e, Venus.

763. Pontifici : Julius Caesar held the office of Pontifex.

coniurata arma: "the weapons of the conspirators," Brutus and the
others.

767. Vergil also derives Caesar in direct lineal descent from Venus, through

Aeneas, lulus, etc.

768. ittstis curls: "well-founded cares." These cares are explained in the

lines that follow (769-774). ^

769. quam modo> etc. : " since now the spear of Diomede wounds me, and

now the fall of ill-defended Troy overwhelms me," etc.

772. sedes intrare silentum : the visit of Aeneas to Hades is described by
Vergil in the sixth Aeneid ; and his war with Turnus, who was aided
by Juno, is related in the second half of the Aeneid,

Page 208. — 775. timorhic: i.e. pro Caesare,

781. veterum sororum: i.e. of the Fates. The gods, even Jove himself,

while they might know the fates, and reveal them, could not change or
thwart them.

782. luctus futuri: "of the imminent disaster."

783-798. These are the portents which, according to tradition, preceded the
death of Caesar. Shakespeare (^Julius Caesar^ II, ii) puts the re-
hearsal of them into the mouth of Calpumia, as she strives to dis-
suade her husband from going to the senate house on the fatal Ides
of March : —

p. 209] NOTES 403

There is one within,
Besides the things that we have heard and seen,
Recounts most horrid sights seen by the watch.
A lioness hath whelped in the streets ;
And graves have yawned and yielded up their dead ;
Fierce fiery warriors fought upon the clouds,
In ranks and squadrons and right form of war,
Which drizzled blood upon the Capitol :
The noise of battle hurtled in the air,
Horses did neigh and dying men did groan.
And ghosts did shriek and squeal about the streets.
O Caesar, these things are beyond all use.
And I do fear them.

7S9. caernliu is codrdinate with sparsus as a predicate adjective.

792. laciimaTit ebm refers to the vapor that condensed upon the ivory

images of the gods in the temples. Thus a cold perspiration seemed
to break out upon the very gods in horror at the impending deed of
blood.

793. anditi : supply esse.

795. caesiim caput: supply iecoris (**of the liver"). The projecting lobe
of the liver was called in augury caput. The vital organs {fibrae or
exta) were inspected by the priest (Jiaruspex) and every departure
from the normal noted. A double or split (caesum) caput iecoris was
significant of disaster to the state. Extispicium, or the reading of
omens from the exta of animals, is described at length by Seneca
{Oedipus f 291-402).

Soi. templum, as explained in the following line, was the curia, or senate
house.

804. Aeneaden : ue, Caesar. Venus strives to save him, as she had during
the Trojan war saved Paris and Aeneas at critical moments, by throw-
ing around him a cloud of invisibility. Homer thus describes the
rescue of Paris from Menelaus {Iliad, HI, 3S0) : —

But Venus — for a goddess easily

Can work such marvels — rescued him, and, wrapped

In a thick shadow, bore him firom the field.

The similar rescue of Aeneas from Diomede is described in the fifth
Iliad.

Page 209. —808. intres (supply ut) is the subject oi licet. "Thou thyself
mayst enter."
sororam : i.e. the Parcae or Fates.

809-814. The archives of the Fates, like the Fates themselves, are indestruct-
ible and unchanging.

404 METAMORPHOSES XV [P. 209

8i4« 815. It appears from this and many similar passages that Jove had
knowledge of the Fates and the privilege of revealing them, but no
power to change them.

818, 819. Le. he shall be deified through your agency and that of his son

(Augustus).

819. nominis heres : Octavianus, after his adoptive father's death, assumed

his name as a part of his own;

820,821. caesi parentis, etc.: "and 33 the most valiant avenger, of his
father's murder, he shall have us (as allies) for his wars."

823-830. In these lines Jove is made to foretell the military triumphs of
Augustus. Much history is condensed into small space, (i) For the
affair at Mutina see Life of Ovid {Tristia^ IV, 10), line 6, note. Ovid
flatteringly speaks of Octavius as the one under whose imperium the
siege was raised. As a matter of fact, he was only associated in com-
mand with the two consuls. Upon the death of these, however, he
was left in sole command. (2) The battle of Pharsalia was fought
and won by Julius Caesar against Pompey (b.c. 48). Octavius fought
no battle here. Ovid means that in the battle of Philippi (b.c 42), in
which Octavius and Antony defeated Brutus and Cassius, the same gen-
eral region as Pharsalia was destined to feel the might of Octavius, and
to be a second time {iterurn) steeped in blood. (3) In 36 B.C., Octa-
vius, in the person of his admiral, Agrippa, defeated Sextus Pompeius,
the son of Pompey the Great {magnum nomen), in a naval battle off
Naulochus in Sicily. (4) Qeopatra {coniunx Aegyptid) had hoped
that by a union with Antony (^Romani ducis) she might bring Rome
{nostra Capitolia) under subjection to Egypt {sua Canopo), These
hopes, as well as those of Antony, were crushed by Octavius in the
battle of Actium (b.c. 31).

826. taedae: dative; construe with ^/i.

828. seryitura : supply esse.

nostra: Jove could say this with especial appropriateness, because his
temple adorned the Capitol.

S36* S37. prolem sancta de coniuge natam : the reference is to Tiberius,
one of the two sons of Livia, the wife of Augustus, by her former hus-
band, Tiberius Claudius Nero. The young Tiberius was adopted by
his stepfather, and succeeded him in the empire.

839. cognata sidera : the deification of Julius Caesar had linked Augustus
already to the heavens.

Page 210. — 840. banc animam : i.e. lulii Caesaris.

841,842. "Make (him) a star {i.e. set him in the heavens as a god), in
order that ever it may be the divine Julius who looks forth upon our
Capitol and forum from his lofty temple." Remains of the foundation

p. 213] NOTES 405

of the temple of the Divus Julius are still to be seen in the Roman
Forum.

843. media sede senatus = {in) media curia, the senate house, which was
the scene of Caesar's assassination.

845. eripuit : the object is animam. •

850. natique, etc.: "and (now) he (the deified Caesar), beholding the
good deeds of his son, confesses that they are greater than his
own."

852. hie: i.e. Augustus.

854. invitum : understand Augustum.

855-858. Other instances in which the son was greater than the father.

857. ipsos is a strong eos, referring to Caesar and Augustus.

861. The poet appeals to those national gods whose images Aeneas brought
from Troy through every danger of fire and sword and shipwreck.

865. The worship of Vesta and Apollo was under the especial watchcare of
Augustus. The Aedes Vesiae, with its adjacent Atrium Vestae, was sit-
uated at the foot of the Palatine Hill, on which was the palace of
Augustus; while the emperor built a temple to Apollo on the Palatine
itself. Hence the epithet domestice.

869. caput Augustum = Augustus.
quern : the antecedent is orbe.

868-870. This prayer for the late return of Augustus to his native skies is
duplicated in Horace {Odes, I, ii, 45-49).

Page 211. — 871-879. Having finished his history of the world of wonders
from the remotest post down to his own time, the poet triumphantly
looks forward to his own fame, which is destined to endure to the
remotest future. Compare Amores, I, xv, 9-30 and note, and Li/e,
129, 130 and note. The prophecy of his own immortality of remem-
brance and mention on the lips of men, made in that poem and
repeated more strongly here, is being in part fulfilled even as the
present generation of students reads these words.

The student of Horace will readily recognize the thought as well as
the phraseology of that poet in these concluding lines of Ovid's great
poem. For purposes of comparison, the concluding poem in Horace's
first published volume of Odes (HI, xxx) should be read.

TRISTIA

Page 213. — I, iii, i . illius noctis : Ovid has given us the approximate date

of his banishment. See Li/e, lines 95, 96 and note.
4. nunc quoque : this would imply that the poet is looking back upon that

sad night after the lapse of a considerable time.

4o6 TRISTIA I, III [P. 213

6. finibns eztremae Ansoniae —finihus extremisy etc.

7. *' Neither had I time for the proper preparations, nor was my mind fit for

such a task." It is no wonder that in the presence of so absolute, far-
reaching, and sudden a change in his life the poet stood helpless and
dazed.
parandi: H. 451, i (399* I» 2); M. 226, i; A. &G. 218, «; G. 374;
B. 204, I.

8. longa mora : during the long years of uneventful prosperity his heart had

been lulled to a drowsy restfulness, from which he is now rudely
awakened.

9. 10. " I could give no thought either to the selection of servants, of com-

panions, or of such clothing and other equipments as an exile would
need."

16. The real friends only would stand by him at such a time, and they, it

seems, were few. Unus et alter is hardly to be taken in a literal sense,
however.

17. uxor: this was that third wife of whose devotion he speaks in his Life^

lines 73, 74.
flentem : supply me.
19. nata: in Life^ 75, Ovid speaks of «*my daughter" as if she were his

only child. She was married before his exile, and seems to have been

living in Africa at this time. Her name is not known.
22. funeris : the occasion could be little less than a " funeral," in view of

Ovid's final farewell to his loved ones.
Page 214. — 23. His wife, he himself, the slaves, the whole household, were

moved by a common grief.

25. " If one may compare great things with small."

26. haec facies Troiae, etc.: Ovid may have had the following passage

from Vergil in mind {Aeneid, II, 486): —

At domus interior gemitu miseroque tumultu
Miscetur, penitusque cavae plangoribus aedes
Femineis ululant ; ferit aurea sidera clamor.
Tum pavidae tectis matres ingentibus errant,
Amplexaeque tenant postes atque oscula figunt.

29* 30. '' Looking upon her (the moon), and from her turning to the Capitol,
which was hard by my dwelling — though all in vain, I said," etc.

30. This line incidentally shows that Ovid's house was near the Capitoline
Hill,
frustra : it had proved of no avail to him to live beneath the shadow of
the splendid temples, for their gods had not protected him from dis-
aster.

p. 214] NOTES 407

31. numina: these gods were Jupiter, Juno, and Minerva. 1'he nave of the
great temple was sacred to Jupiter, the right aisle to Minerva, the left
to Juno.

33. di relinquendi : in Ovid's mind the presence of the gods is confined to

their temples, a notion which was more or less general. Similarly, the
soul of a man dying in exile goes into an equally foreign land of spirits.
See Heroidesy X, 121 and note.

34. tempos in omne : " once for all."

35. " Now that I am wounded it is too late to attempt defense, still," etc.

37. caelesti viro: the reference here as well as in deo (line 40) is to
Augustus. If Ovid felt any resentment, he certainly does not show it.
But this is natural enough, considering the spirit of the times and his
own precarious condition. And besides, Ovid was no Cato.

37, 38. He is very anxious that his unnamed offense be understood to be an
error or culpa^ not a scelus. See Life^ 89, 90.

38-40. The usual punctuation is an exclamation point after putet^ and a
comma after auctor. This removes the ut sentiat clause too far from
dicite and connects it too closely with line 40; whereas the reverse con-
struction is the more natural and logical. " Tell the divine man how I
was overtaken by a fault, that he may not think my offense to be crim-
inal, (but) that he, the inflicter of my punishment, may see the matter
as you see it : if his godhead be but appeased, then I can bear my
misery*"

44. ezstinctos f OCOS : , the cold hearth with its dead fire is something more

than a pathetic picture of desolation. The empty hearth was, in
accordance with Roman custom, a sign of the mourning of the
bereaved household.
43-45. These lines recall the fact that the hearth was the family altar, where
the household gods, the lares and penates, were worshiped.

45. adyersos : this is probably to be taken in its literal sense, " placed over

opposite," "facing her"; but the present circumstances would also

justify the derived meaning, "unpropitious."
48. Parrhasis Arctos: for explanation of this constellation see analysis of

Met. II, 401-530.
50. ultima noz implies that some few days of grace had been given him.

These must, however, have been very few. See line 7.
53, 54. " How often did I pretend that I had fixed upon a certain hour which

would be a lucky one {aptd) for starting out upon my journey."
55. ter limen tetigi : it was unlucky to stumble on the threshold as one

started on a journey, and to regain the luck one bad to start over

again. Line 56 implies that the poet stumbled on purpose thus to

gain delay, "his heavy foot humoring his reluctant mind." For

408 TRISTIA I, III [P. 214

other references to this superstition see Met. X, 452, where it is con-
nected with the ill-omened hooting of the owl : —

Ter pedis offensi signo est revocata, ter omen
Funereus bubo letali carmine fecit

Aeneas (^Aen, II, 242) says that they might have known that the
wooden horse was ill-omened, for

Quater ipso in limine portae
Substitit.

sum rcTOCatus is to be taken in the middle sense — " I recalled myself,"

"I went back."
Page 215. — 57. vale is to be construed as a separate word in the ablative

absolute construction with dicto.
59. me ipse fefelli : " I lost control of my feelings.*'
61. quo: " whither," used here as equivalent to <i^ ^«tfw,
61, 62. This is the same thought, with the names of the places given, that

was expressed more indefinitely in line 52.
66. Thesea fide : not that described in HeroideSy X ! The reference is to

the devoted and famous friendship between Theseus and Pirithoiis.

Allusion is made to this in MeL XII, 227-229 : —

*' Quae te vecordia," Theseus
" Euryte, pulsat," ait, *' qui me vivente lacessas
Pirithoum, violesque duos ignarus in uno ? "

68. " Every hour which is granted to me now is pure gain. "

69. mora : understand est.
imperfecta: "unsaid."

70. " Embracing each one of those nearest {i.e. dearest) to my heart."

72. gravis : it was indeed a " heavy," " momentous " star to him, for it was

the signal for his departure.

73. membra : the word is well chosen, for it may refer at the same time to

the " members " of his family and the *' members" of his body.
75, 76. A striking simile. Mettius, an Alban general, was, for an act of

treachery against the Romans, condemned to be torn asunder by being

attached to two four-horse chariots driven in opposite directions.

Livy tells the story of the treachery of Mettius in Book I, 28.
83, 84. " For me also the way is open, me also the farthest land receives : I

shall be but a small additional encumbrance for the exile's bark."
86. pietas haec: "this love of mine shall be my Caesar (driving me into

exile)."
Page 216. — 88. dedit manus: a military phrase; "she surrendered,"

"gave up."

p. 217] NOTES 409

89. ** I set forth, or rather my departure {iilud = egressus) was a funeral
(Jerri = efferri)^ without a corpse." This may be better expressed in
periphrase : " I set forth, or rather was all but borne forth with funeral
rites after the manner of a corpse, except that I was not actually dead
{sine funere),^^ He has before likened the occasion to a funeral (lines
21, 22, 43-46) ; and now his sad exit from the house forcibly reminds
him of such a scene. After leaving Rome, Ovid proceeded to Brundis-
ium, and thence to the place of his exile. At Brundisium he had a
farewell interview with his friend Fabius Maximus, to whom he com-
mitted the care of his wife. .

95. se modo : understand desertam.

97. natae : this was the daughter of Ovid's wife by a former husband. She
was at this time married to Publius Suillius Rufus, a man seemingly of
some influence in Rome.

100. respecttt mei : " out of regard for me."

loi. absentem: understand i7f^, and construe with JM^/rz/^/.

quoniam sic fata tulenmt: *' since fate has ordained it so (t.^. that I
should h^abseni)?* This use oi ferre recalls Vergil (^Aen. II, 34):
Troiae sic fata ferebant, " the fate of Troy was tending that way."

102. It is perhaps natural that in' his isolation and distress the poet should
think only of his own suffering, and desire that his wife should survive
her troubles largely that she may be of help to him. Cicero's letters
from exile were not much more manly.

Ill, iii, 2. alterius digitis: the letter was evidently dictated. His wife
would know this by the handwriting.
eram : the epistolary imperfect, written from the time standpoint of the
receipt of the letter.

7. aquis istis : see EpisL Ex Ponto, I, ii, 89 and note.

8. nescio quo modo *. " somehow."

10. Apollinea arte : i.e. the medical art. Aesculapius, the god of healing,
was the son of Apollo. See analysis of Met, 622-744.

Page 217. — 16. plus parte : " more than a part," i.e. " all."

19, 20. "Nay, they say that I even spoke strange things in such a manner
that your name* was on my raving tongue; " i.e. "they say that even
when I was delirious your name," etc.

21-24. si deficiam and restituenda (erit) form the primary condition of
which resurgam and erit are the conclusion. A secondary condition
is couched in the hortatory nuntiet. Erit in line 24 shows that defi-
ciam and resurgam are also future ind. " If I shall be in a dying con-
dition, and my tongue cleaving to the roof of my mouth shall need the

4IO TRISTIA III, III [P. 217

infusion of wine to restore its life, let but some one announce that my
wife has arrived and I shall arise/* etc.

28. ** That your time without me does not pass otherwise than sadly.' '

31. quantum erat : quantum = quantulutHf ** how small a thing it was (or,
would have been)."

35. It would have been well for him had he died while still untouched by
misfortune; but» as it is, it seems to have been ordained that he should
be spared, only to die in exile.
hanc Ittcem : understand vitae.

39. corpora: it has been before observed that Ovid occasionally uses the
plural for the singular.

40-46. He describes with the vividness of personal expectation the pathetic
loneliness of dying forsaken in a strange land. All the usual comfort-
ing accompaniments of death will be absent in his case. Long ago he
had put a similar complaint in the mouth of Ariadne. See Heroides^
X, I 19-122.

41,42. "Nor shall my wife's tears fall upon my face, and thus add some
slight respite to my dying hour." The reference is probably to the
custom of the nearest relative placing the lips upon the lips of the
dying man, and so restraining the flight of the spirit, which was
connected with the parting breath. See Ars Amatoria, III, 745 and
note.

43. mandata: t.^. ** dying requests."

Page 218. — 45*46. sine honore, indeploratum : compare Scott's famous
line — *' unwept, unhonored, and unsung" {Lay of the Last Minstrel,
VI, i). Horace, describing the immortality which poetry confers,
would say in effect : " unwept, unhonored, because unsung."

47. audieris .* ue, the news of my death.

52. luz mea : an expression of affection, = lux meae vitae.

53, 54. His real existence long since ceased and received its proper mourning

on the night on which he departed from his home. The end of this
seeming existence, this death in life, should excite no especial grief.

57. eztenua, etc. : " lighten your troubles by bearing them with a brave

heart."

58. ad quae : understand ferenda,
non rude : " experienced."

62. et Samii, etc. : *' and if the words of the old Samian philosopher are

true," i^, that the soul survives the body. The doctrines of Pythag-
oras are explained at large in Met XV. See also Fasti^ III, 153 note.

63, 64. Again Ovid expresses that curious belief that the soul of a man dying

in a strange land goes out among strange and presumably hostile
spirits. See Heroides, X, 1 21 and note, and Ex PontOy I, ii, 113. So

p. 219] NOTES 411

Tiphys, dying in a foreign land, was said to dwell among the unknown

shades : —

Procul a paternis

Occidens regnis tumuloque vili

Tectus ignbtas iacet inter umbras.

— Seneca, Medea^ 619.

65. facito : understand ut, "have my bones brought back."

66. This intense desire to have one's bones rest in native soil is natural.

Compare the dying command of Jacob to his sons in Egypt that they
should bury him with his fiithers in the land of Canaan (Genesis,
49:29).

67. 68. The reference is to Antigone, the Theban princess, who, against the

command of Creon, the king, administered burial rites to her dead
brother, Polynices. This incident forms the opening scene of Sopho-
cles* Antigone.

69. ea: i.e, ossa.

70. The roads leading from Rome were lined with tombs. Extensive

remains of these are still to be seen along the Latin and Appian Ways.
The poet fondly pictures his tomb in this stately company. He was
doomed to disappointment in this.

71. oculo properante: compare the common phrase, "he who runs may

read."

72. " Carve upon my marble tomb (this) inscription in large characters."
titnli limits noHs.

73. Ovid chooses, even in his epitaph, to be remembered as a writer of ama-

tory verse. He characterizes himself in the same way in Lifi, i,
where see note.

74. ingenio meo : these words, and quamvis nocuere, in line 79, refer to the

reason which Augustus assigned for the banishment of Ovid, namely,
that the poet's verse was perniciously immoral.

75. He has been the lover's especial benefactor; to this class he most

appealed. See AmoreSf I, xv, 38.
75, 76. *'But all ye lovers, find it not irksome to say as ye^pass by, * Softly

may the bones of Naso rest.' "
Page 219. — 77-80. But after all, his books are his greatest monument.

See the concluding lines of the Metamorphoses (XV, 871-879).
81. ezstincto : "to me when I am dead."

f eralia miinera : see Fasti, ii, 33, 34 and note.
85, 86. We recall that he has been dictating throughout this letter. See line 2.
88. Tale is used in these two lines in two different senses. With dictum it

means " farewell " ; with quod (of which it is the antecedent) it means

simply ** welfare."

412 TRISTIA V, IX [P. 219

V, ix, I, 2. See the introduction to the Tristia^ the last paragraph but one.

5, 6. tota in mbe, etc. : in the days of his prosperity his proud boast was
that his works were universally popular; and, instinctively, he assumes
that he still has the popular ear. -This assumption is sadly modified on
second thought : " if indeed I still am read at all in the city I have lost."

7-9. The real condition, of which lines 7 and 9 form a part of the conclusion,
is si sinei'es, etc., of line i. Line 8, like line 6, is parenthetically
spoken. *' The present age, and future ages, too, should know your
kindness (if only my works ehdure to future ages)," etc.

11. primum throws its force rhetorically with Caesaris : "'tis Caesar'' s boon

first," etc.

12. magnos deos: supply by implication quorum magna pars Caesar est.

14. " And you make it possible for me to enjoy the boon which he has given
me." The gracious boon of breathing in this barbarous land of exile !

15-19. A striking metaphor. Ovid represents most of his friends as viewing,
or seeming to view, the wreck of his fortunes with distress, but confin-
ing their demonstrations of sympathy to wringing their hands help-
lessly from a safe place on the shore; while this one friend, at some
risk to himself, rescues him from utter destruction.

Page 220. — 22. "I could invoke no greater blessing upon you than that,''
i.e, that his friend should share with Caesar the friendship of the gods.

25. nimc quoque : " even as it is."

27, 28. Ovid represents himself under the figure of a dog scarcely restrained
from slipping his leash and starting in loud pursuit of the deer. We
may well imagine this would-be-nameless friend as sharing the fear of
the deer lest this very thing should happen !

29, 30. Compare the spirited horses of the Sun, eager to be off on their
course, Met II, 153-155.

32. per titulum ire .* a favorite expression with Ovid. Compare Fast, I, 15,
and II, 16.

35. meminisse echoes memoris of line 33. " I should not obey you (and
withhold your name) if you were not sure (without that proof) that I
am grateful."

38. 8piritii8 iste : Ovid uses the second {iste) instead of the first personal
demonstrative (^tV), because in his devotion to his friend he feels that
all he has — his very life — belongs to that friend.

EPISTULAE EX PONTO

Page 221. —I, ii, i. Mazime : when there seemed no longer to be danger
to his friends in addressing them by name, Ovid's letters, for the most
part, contain the names of those to whom they were written. A score

p. 221] NOTES 413

or more of these names appear, many of them the literary friends of
Ovid. Among these was his chief friend and patron, Fabius Maximus,
to whom the present letter is addressed. He was a poet and advocate,
and a confidential friend and adviser of Augustus. In Epist, IV, xvi,
his last letter, Ovid speaks of him as

Pieridum lumen, praesidiuroque fori.

Marcia, the wife of Maximus, mentioned in line 140 of the present
letter, and again in Fast, VI, S02, was a relative of Ovid's third wife,
who also bore the same name. Marcia was a cousin of Augustus, her
mother being a sister of his mother. It is to the friendship of these
two ladies, Marcia and her mother, for his wife, that Ovid appeals in
the latter part of this letter. He had especially intrusted his wife to
the care of Maximus, moreover, on leaving Italy.
3. trecenti is frequently used of an indefinitely large number. It has been
computed " that from the time of the first Fabius who is mentioned as
consul, to the reign of Tiberius, 48 consulships, 7 dictatorships, 8 cen-
sorships, and 7 augurships, were filled by members of the Fabian
house." Ovid extravagantly represents this noble family as existing
for and culminating in the birth of his friend.

16. tamquam = tamquam si: "just as if."

17-24. A graphic picture of the methods of warfare employed by his semi-
barbarous neighbors.

17. qui : the antecedent is hostibus (line 15).

21. simul = simul ac : ** when," " as soon as."

22. semper inresoluta = numquam resoluta : t .^. the bows are never un-

strung.

23. 24. One is reminded of early Indian warfare, where the savages rapidly

wheeled about a village and rained their arrows into the dwellings.

26. •* And that one weary winter follows another without interruption."

27. cum sagittis : by Ovid's description above we are made vividly to real-

ize that no small element in his distress was the constant fear and
expectation of a poisoned arrow whizzing into his chamber.

28. quarta hiems : we learn from Life^ 95, 96, that the poet was banished

in about 8 a.d. This present line would therefore date the beginning
of the Epistulae ex Ponto as about 1 2 a.d.
31, 32. Niobe, although she suffered much, at least found a quick and lasting
release from her grief.

31. Nioben: H. 421 (381); M. 200; A. 240, d\ G. 343, i; B. 183.

32. sazea facta : this is described in Met, VI, 303-312.

'h'hy 34* ▼OS quoque, etc. : i.e, PhafSthon's mother and sisters. See analysis
• of Met. II, 329 and following.

414 EPISTULAE EX PONTO [P. 221

35f 3^' No such good fortune is in store for him.

Page 222. — 37. The petrifying powers of the Medusa head are described in

MeL V, 177 and following.
41. Tityi iccnr; sec Met, IV, 457, and X, 43.
43. medicina . . . somniu : Ovid's conception of sleep as *' man's universal

balm for care " is recalled by such passages as the following : —

Sleep that knits up the ravelled sleave of care,
The death of each day's life, sore labour's bath,
Balm of hurt minds, great nature's second course.

Chief nourisher in life's feast „ , , .

— Shakespeare, Macbeth.

Tired Nature's sweet restorer, balmy sleep 1

— Young, Night Thoughts,

O magic sleep I O comfortable bird.

That broodest o'er the troubled sea of the mind

Till it is hushed and smooth \ „ ^ ^ .

— Keats, Endymton.

65, 66. He does not hope for a recall to Rome, but only {male) for a mitiga-
tion of his exile to some place less severe.
carere : take either as unmodified or understand Roma.
Page 223. — 71. est mala : understand causa.
72. " Only do speak favorably in behalf of my wretched exile."

80. Oresteae deae : i.e. Diana, whose image Orestes carried away from the

Tauric Chersonese to Greece. According to tradition, the image was
carried to Aricia in Latium. See Met. XV, 487 : —

Nam coniunx {ix. Egeria) urbe relicta
Vallis Aricinae densis latet abdita silvis,
Sacraque Oresteae gemitu questuque Dianae
Impedit.

81, %2. ** And the other nations which, when the Hister is frozen over, pass

swiftly on horseback over the icy surface of the stream." Understand
quid faciant from above.

83. hominum : i.e. of the men in this region. This is of itself a proof of the
utter remoteness and barbarity of the place.

85-88. The chief objects of their thought and care. "Their bows and quiv-
ers of arrows fill their thoughts; they are exceedingly (^quam) pleased
also with horses able to endure long journeys, and the fact that they
have learned by experience to bear prolonged thirst and hanger, and
that the pursuing foe will have no water."

89. istam has no second personal force here, but retains its contemptuous or
disparaging idea. Understand ^»m»m from the next line — "to such
a place as this." Istis is similarly used in Trist. Ill, iii, 7.

p. 225] NOTES 415

94. "There is no need of any Getae to produce my death." /.«. had he
wanted to slay me he could have done so by the merest word.

97. nil fecit : what little spirit of self-defense Ovid has been able to show in

the last few lines quickly oozes away, and he becomes more abject than
before,
facere : understand eum as subject.

98. '* I can almost say that his wrath is even less than I deserve."
100. ferat : understand ut.

Page 224. — 105. Here, as in line 66, Ovid uses male in the unusual sense
of "merely" or "only."
ttttius : in Trisi. V, ii, 73-78, Ovid suggests that Sicily, with its tradi-
tional terrors, would be a suitable place for his exile, and concludes : —

Quod petimus poena est ; neque enim miser esse recuso.
Sed precor ut possim tutius esse miser.

105- 1 14. These lines reveal the only hopes that Ovid is still able to cherish.
107, 108. " And that the life which the mighty gods (he probably means only

Augustus) have granted me, a dirty Getan with his drawn sword take

not away."
no. a humo: see Met, XI, 130 and note.
Ill, 112. "And that the hoof of no Bistonian horse tread upon my ashes,

unburied as, forsooth, befits an exile."
113, 114. See Trist, III, iii, 63 and note.

120. aequandi is used in adjectival sense with viri^ "the man equal to (or

comparable with) the gods."

121. cmdus Atreus : the most " bloody " act of this king was to slay the two

sons of his brother Thyestes, and serve them up as a banquet to their
father.

122. quique, etc.: i.e. Diomedes, a king of Thrace. See Met. IX, 194, 195

and note.
123-128. This may be taken in the main as a moderate and fair estimate of

Augustus.
126. See Fast. I, 282 and note.
130. fuga nostra: "my place of exile."
131-138. The poet now makes his appeal on the ground of his old intimacy

with Maximus. See also note on Trist. I, iii, 89.
Page 225. — r 138. Ovid*s third wife, the one living at the time of his exile,

was, as has been said before, a relative of the wife of Maximus.
140, 141. The poet pleads that his wife is an old and esteemed friend of Mar-

cia, the wife of Maximus, and also a favorite of the maternal aunt of

Augustus, who was Marcia's mother.
143. istis : i.e. such as Marcia and her mother.

4l6 EPISTULAE EX PONTO [P. 225

143, 144. "Claudia herself, though better than her reputation, with such
backers, would have needed no heavenly aid." Ovid in Fast. IV, 291-
348, describes the circumstances to which he here refers. When the
Romans, in response to an oracle, were bringing the image of Cybele
to Rome, the vessel grounded at the mouth of the Tiber. Soothsayers
announced that only a/chaste woman could move it. At this juncture,
Qaudia Quinta, the daughter of P. Qaudius Pulcher (cos. B.C. 249),
whose chastity had been called in question, stepped forward, and, call-
ing upon Cybele to vindicate her innocence, took hold of the rope;
whereupon the vessel immediately followed her. Livy (XXIX, 14)
tells the same story with important modifications.

147, 148. This for the double reason that she was of the Fabian family and
that she had been especially intrusted to Maximus on Ovid's departure
from Italy.

151, 152. "And she begs you with tears to prevail upon Caesar by your
prayers that her husband's tomb be nearer (to her)."

Even this prayer was never granted, and the poet's ashes were
buried in his remote land of exile, where the Getae, who had come to
hold their unwilling guest in high esteem, erected a monument to his
memory.

VOCABULARY

[Where the simple words have passed unchanged into the compounds, the ele-
ments in composition are indicated by use of the hyphen. Obsolete or
theoretical forms involved in derivation are marked with a *.]

a, ab, aba, prep. w. abl. 1. Of place,
fronif away^rom; 2. of position, on
the side o/, on^ at; 3. of time, from,
sincCt after; 4. of origin, separa-
tion, and agency, fronif by.

a or ah, interj. of distress, ah/ alas!

Abanteus, Sid]., pertaining to Abas.

Abas, antis, m., the twelfth king of
Argos.

ab-do, ere, didi, ditus, to put away ;
withdraw y hide; poet., femim ab-
dere, to plunge the sword.

ab-dac5, ere, daxi, ductus, to
lead away; draw back, withdraw.

ab-e5. Ire, ivi (ii), itus, to go away,
go forth, depart.

abigrd, ere, Sgri, actus, [ab + afirO],
to drive away, dispel.

ab-lu5, ere, i, tltiis, to wash away,
cleanse, purify.

abole5, Sre, Svi, itus, [ab + root
OL, to destroy], to efface, abolish,
destroy. »

ab-rumpo, ere, rtipi, ruptus, to
breaki or tear off, rend asunder,
break, violate,

ab8-cSd5, ere, cessi, cessus, to go
off, depart ; get beyond the reach of.

ab-scind5, ere, scidi, scissus, to
tear off, tear, rend.

abs-cond5, ere, di (did!), ditus,
to put out of sight, conceal.

absSns, entis, [part, of absum],
adj., absent.

abs-trah5, ere, traxi, tractus« to
drag away, draw of.

ab-sum, esse, afui, — , to be away

from, be absent, at a distance; be

free from, be wanting.
ab-sam5, ere, psi, ptus, to take

away; consume; destroy.
abundS, [abundus, copious], adv.,

in prof usion, plentifully .
ac, conj., see atque.
acced5, ere, cessI, cessarus, [ad

H-cSd5], to approach, come near;

befall; be added; resemble.
accendd, ere, i, census, [ad +

*candS, to cause to shine or glow] ,

to kindle, set onjire ; heat, inflame,

incite.
acceptus, a, um, [part, accipid],

adj., welcome, pleasing.
accessiis, ds, [acced5], m., a going

near, an approach.
accingrS, ere, cinxi, cinctus, [ad

+ cinfir6], to gird on; in pass, with

a middle sense, gird one's self with ;

make ready for (by. girding up the

garments) .
accipid, ere, c5pi, ceptus, [ad +

capi5], to take, receive, accept ;

take into one^s mind, learn; hear,

perceive.
accipiter, tris, m., a bird of prey,

hawk.
Accius (or Attius), ii, m., a Roman

writer of tragedy and comedy of the

ante-classicat period.
acclivis, e, a,d]., uphill, steep, sloping.
acclivus, a, um, adj., see acclivis.
accommodo, are, avi, atus, [ad

+ commod5, to adjust], to Jit, ad-
just, flt on.

OVID — 27

417

4i8

VOCABULARY

aooumM, ere, oubul, cubitus,
[ad + cuWJ], to lie down; recline
at meals.
aocasO, are, ftvi, fttue, [ad +
causa], to reproach j blanie, accuse.
acer, acris, acre, adj., sharp; of
mental emotions and character,
eager, fierce, spirited^ keen.

aoerviis, I, m., a heap, mass.

Achais, Idis, adj. used as subs., f.,
Achaia, Greece.

AchelSus, i (ace. -on), m., a river
of Greece emptying into the Ionian
Sea ; also tj^e river god.

Acbllies, Is (also ei or i), m., son of
Peleits and Thetis, and one of the
most valiant of the Greek heroes at
Troy.

AchillSus, a, um, adj., belonging or
pertaining to Achilles.

Achiv\is, a, um, adj., Grecian; subs.,
Achivi, drum, the Greeks,

acids, 5i, f ., a sharp edge or point of
a weapon; the glance of the eye,
the sight; a line of men in battle

_ array.

Acis, Idis, m., a river god, son of
Faunus, beloved by Galatea.

aconitum, i, n., wo^s-bane, a poison-
ous plant.

Aconte\is, i, m., one of the comrades
of Perseus.

acta, ae, f ., the seashore, beach.

Actorldds, ae, m., grandson of Ac-
tor, i.e. Patroclus.

actum, I, [part, of agrS], n., a deed,
transaction.

acamen, inis, [acu5], n., a point,
projection.

acu5, ere, i, titus, to sharpen,
whet.

acatus, a, um, [part. acu5], adj.,
sharp, pointed.

ad, prep. w. ace, with verbs of mo-
tion, to, toward; of position, at,
upon, in vicinity of; of time or
occasion, for; with verba, at, in
reply to.

adamantSus, a, um, [adamas],
adj., of adamant, adamantine.

adamas, antls, m., adamant.

adapertus, a, Mm, [part, adape-

riO, to open], adj., open.
ad-dic5, ere, dixi, dictus, to speak

to, assent to ; yield, give up, resign.
ad-d5, ere, didi, ditus, to give or

join to, add, give in addition.
adductus, a um, [part. addttcS, to

draw ^o], adj., drawn to ; tightened,

strained, contracted, drawn.
ad-edG, ere, Sdi, esus, to eat away,

consume.
ad-eO, ire, ivi, (li), Itus, to go to,

approach; encounter.
ade6, [ad+e6], adv., so far, so long,

so ; even, indeed, to emphasize some

adj. or adv.
adfectd, are, avi, atus, [freq. of

adficid], to strive after, aim at,

pursue ; seize, grasp.
adfectus, a, um, [part. adflciS],

adj., affected, weakened, discour-
aged.
adfectus, as, [adflciS], m., a state,

disposition, feeling.
ad-fer6, adferre, attuli, adiatimi,

to bear or carry to a place ; briny

to.
adficiC, ere, feci, fectus, [ad +

faciO], to treat, use; to attack, af-
flict, oppress.
ad-firm6, are, avi, atus, to affirm,

assert positively , be sure.
ad-fid, are, avi, atus, to blow or

breathe something upon some one;

breathe upon some one with some-
thing,
ad-for, fari, latus, to speak to, ad-
dress, accost.
ad-haereO, fire, — , — , to cleave or

stick to.
ad-hac, adv., to this place, hither;

until this time, as yet; stUl; even

now.
adiciS, ere, ISci, iectus, [ad +

iaci5], to throw to, bring to; add,

add to, increase, apply.
adiffO, ere, Sgi, actus, [ad + ag6],

to drive or bring to; of weapons, to

drive, plunge, thrust.
adim5, ere, Smi, Smptus, [ad +

em6, to buy], to take away, remove.

VOCABULARY

419

aditLtrIx, Icis, [adiuvO], f., an as- \

sistant.
ad-luvd, &re, lavl, latus, to aid,

help, assist,
ad-lev5, &re, &vi, fttus, to lift up,

raise.
ad-ligro, &re, &vi, &tu8, to bind to ;

hind, fasten.
ad-loquor, I, locatus, to speak to,

address.
ad-miror, &ti, &tU8, to admire, woiv-

der at ; gaze at with wonder or ad-
miration.
ad-mittd, ere, mM., missus, to

send to, let in, admit; of crime,

to commit; admissG passa, with

quickened pace.
ad-mone5, Sre, ui, Itus, to admon-
ish, warn.
admonitus, (Us), [admonedj, m.,

used only in the abl., a reminding;

warning, reproof.
ad-inove5, ere, m5vi, mOtus, to

move or bring to ; to place near ; to

apply.
ad-nitor, i, nisus (nlxiis), to press

or lean upon or against.
ad-nu5, ere, I, (natus), to nod to,

absent by a nod.
adoled, 5re, ui, — , [ad + root ol,

to destroy"] , to burn on the altar ; to

destroy by fire, burn up.
ad-operi5, ire, ui, tus, to cover,

wrap, bury.
ad-optd, are, ftvi, &tus, to select,

choose, adopt.
ad-5r5, toe, ftvi, atus, to adore,

beseech, supplicate.
ad-ride5, dre, risi, risus, to laugh,

smile upon.
adripld, ere, ui, reptus, [ad +

rapi5], to seize, take possession of.
adsdnsus, as, [adseDtiO], m., as-
sent, approval, voice of absent.
ad-sentiO, ire, sSnsi, sSnsus, to

assent, agree to.
ad-serd, ere, ui, tus, to claim, lay

claim to.
adsiduus, a, uxn, [adsideO, to sit

by or near], adj., unremitting, in-
cessant, constant.

ad-sonG, ftre, — , — , to resound,
respond.

ad-suSscO, ere, sudvi, sudtus, in-
trans., to become accustomed; trans.,
accustom one's self to something,
make anything familiar to one.

adsuStus, a, um, [part. adsudscO],
adj., accustomed to,

ad-sum, esse, fui, to be present, at
hand; appear, come forward; aid,
assist.

ad-sam5, ere, psi, ptus, to take to
oneself, receive, obtain.

adulter, eri, m., an adulterer, para-
mour.

adulteriimi, li, n., adultery.

aduncus, a, um, adj., bent, hooked,

ad-ar5, ere, mbbI, astus, to scorch,
burn, singe.

ad-veh5, ere, vezi, vectus, to
carry, bring, or conduct to a place ;
pass., be carried in a vehicle of any
kind, ride, sail.

advena, ae, [advenlG], m. and f.,
a stranger, an adventurer,

ad-venlG, ire, vSni, ventus, to come
to, arrive at, arrive, reaxih.

ad ventus, as, [advenlG], m., an
approach, arrival.

adversus, a, um, [part. advertG],
adj., turned toward or against, op-
posite, in front; unfavorable, ad-
verse, opposing.

ad-vertG, ere, i, versus, to turn to
or toward.

ad-vocG, are, avi, atus, to call in,
invite, summon.

ad-volG, are, avi, atus, to fiy to,
hapten to.

AeacldSs, ae, m., a descendant of
Aeacus.

AecMSUs, i, m., the fabled son of Ju-
piter and Europa, father of Peleus
and Telamon, grandfather of Achil-
les and Ajax.

Aeas, antls, m., a river of Epirus.

aed§s or aedls, Is, f., (sing.), a
dwelling of the gods, a temple ; (pi.) ,
a human dwelling, house, home.

AeStSs or AeSta, ae, m., fabled
king of Colchis, so7i of Sol and

420

VOCABULARY

Peraa, daughter of Oceaniia; father

qf Medea.
Aeetlas, iadis, f., the daughter of

Aeetes, i.e. Medea.
AegraeCn, 5ni8, m.,a sea god^ son of

Pontus and Terra.
aeger, aegrra, aefirrum, adj., ill,

sick, feeble, wounded, weary; sad,

anxious, sick at heart, desponding,

deeded, troubled.
Aegreus, ei, m., son of Pandion, king

of Athens, father of Theseus.
Aefiryptlus, a, um, adj., Egyptian.
aemiilus, a, um, adj. (in a good

sense) , emulous, rivaling ; (in a

bad sense), envious, jealous.
Aeneadds, ae, m., a descendant of

Aeneas.
AendS43, ae, m., Aeneas, son of Ve-
nus and Anchises.
Aendius, a, uzn, adj., belonging to

Aeneas.
aSnettB, a, uzn, [aes], adj., of cop-
per or bronze, brazen.
a^nus, a, um, [aes], adj., brazen,

bronze, copper; sabs., aSnum, I,

n., a brazen or copper vessel.
Aeolldes, ae, m., a descendant of

Aeolus.
AeoliuB, a, um, adj., pertaining to

Aeolus or Aeolia, Aeolian.
Aeolus, i, m., the god of the winds.
aequaiis, e, [aequus], adj., equal,

like, similar ; subs, pi., aeqvi&lSs,

equals, companions.
aequG, are, &vi, fttus, [aequus],

to make even, smooth, or level;

make equal ; come up to, keep even

with; match.
aequor, oris, [aequus], n., an even

or level surface, the surface of the

sea, the sea ; in pi., more frequently,

waves.
aequoreus, a, um, [aequor], adj.,

of the sea, marine; w. Brltannl,

island-dwelling.
aequus, a, um, adj., even, level;

equal, fair, impartial, righteous;

propitious, favorable ; equal, match-
ed, requited.
&5r, &eri8, m., the air, atmosphere.

aeripSs, pedis, [aes + pSs], adj.,
bronze or brazen footed.

Serius, a, um, [fter], adj., airy,
aerial ; high in air, lofty, towering.

atts, aeris, n., copper or bronze;
anything— shield, spear, trumpet —
made of copper or bronze.

AesacoB, i, m., o son of Priam.

aesciileus, a, um, [aesculus, oak]^
adj., of the oak.

AesSn, onis, m., a Thessalian prince,
the father of Jason.

Aesonides, ae, m., a son or descend-
ant of Aeson, i.e. Jason.

Aesonius, a, um, adj., belonging to
or related to Aeson.

aest&s, Stis, f., the summer.

aestlvus, a, um, [aest&s], adj., 0/
summer, summer like.

aestu5, fire, &v^, Stus, [aestua],
to boil, seethe, surge.

aestus. Us, m., an undulating, boil-
ing, billowy motion; glowing heat,
heat ; billowsvf water, flood, raging,
boiling waves ; in general, waves or
tide, the heaving sea; agitation of
mind, tide or heat of passion.

aet&s, fttlB, [for older aevlt&s, from
aevimij, f., the period of life, time
of life, life, age, old age; a period of
tim£, a time, an age.

aetemus, a, um, [aevum], adj.,
eternal, everlasting.

aethSr, eris, m., the upper air, the
ether; heaven, the vault of heaven ;
heaven, the upper world.

aetherius, a, um, [aether], adj.,
ethereal, airy, heavenly, celestial.

Aethlops, opts, m.,an Ethiopian.

AethSn, onis, [Gr. aLBtav,^ burning^,
the naine of one of the horses of
Phoebus.

Aethra, ae, f., daughter of Pittheus
and mother of Theseus.

Aetna, ae, or Aetne, 6b, f., the
famous volcano in the northeast of
Sicily.

aevum, I, n , eternity ; time in gen-
eral, age, time of life, youth, old age.

Agramemndn, onis, m., the leader
of the Greek forces against Troy.

VOCABULARY

421

Agren5r, oris, ['Ayiiwop], a son of
BeluSf king of Phoenicia ^ father of
Cadmus and Europa.

AerenoridSs, ae, m., a son or de-
scendant of Agenor.

aerer, agrri, m., territory ^ land; a
field.

agrfirredior, I, grressus, [ad + erra-
dlor], to go to, approach; accost;
attack.

agritabilis, e, [agrit5], adj., easily
moved, light.

agrit5, ftre, &vi, Sltvis, to put in mo-
tioUf impel, drive, pursue ; harass,
unsettle, toss, drive about ; agitate,
keep in motion, move upon.

agmen, inis, [agr5], n., something
put in motion, a train, a collected
body in motion, used of anything,
bat especially of men or animals, a
line, troop, band.

agrna, €ke, f., a ewe lamb.

g,8rn5sc5, ere, n5vi, nitus, [ad +
(g')n58c6], to recognize that which
one has seen or known b^ore.

agr5, ere, §8ri, &ctuB, to put in mo-
tion, drive, lead, impel, compel;
sail or steer a ship ; cause, perform,
do, accomplish; spend, pass; Age,
w. imperative, come! up!

agrrestis, e, [ager], adj., pertaining
to the country, rustic, rural.

agrricola, ae, [agrer + col5], m., one
who tills the soil, a farmer, country-
man, peasant.

Sh, interj., ah!

Aiftx, acis, m., Ajax, the son of Tela-
mon, king of Salamis, renowned for
his strength and valor; Ajax, the
son of Oileu^, king of the Locrians.

ai5, defect, vb., to say yes; in gen-
eral, Oiffirm, say.

aia, ae, f., a wing of a bird; a wing,
as of a god.

Alast5r, oris, ['AAao-Twp] , m., one of
the companions of Sarpedon, killed
by Ulysses before Troy.

Albanus, a, um, [Alba], adj., per-
taining to Alba, Alban.

albeO, 5re, [albus], to be white,
whiten.

albidus, a, um, [albus], adj., whit-
ish, ichife.

albus, a, um, adj., white.

Alcajider, dri, m.,a Trojan, slain by
Ulysses.

Alcldds, ae, m., o descendant of
Alceus, the father of Amphitryo ;
Hercides, his reputed grandson.

Alcmdna, ae, f., the daughter of
Electryon, wife of Amphitryo,
and mother of Hercules by Jupi-
ter.

ales, aiitis, [aia], adj., winged;
subs., m. or f., a bird.

alldnus, a, um, [alius], adj., per-
taining to another, another* s, for-
eign.

allmentum, i, [alG], n., nourish-
ment, food.

ailpes, edis, [aia + pSs], adj., wing-
footed.

allqui, qua, quod, [all- + qui],
Indef. pron. adj., some, any.

allquis, qua, quid, indef. pron.,
some one, any one.

aliter, [alls, old for alius], adv.,
otherwise, in another manner.

ali\i8, a, ud, adj., another, other; in
pi., the others, others; repeated,
one . . . another; in pi., some . . .
other^s.

almus, a, um, [aJ6], adj., nourish-
ing, life-giving, cherishing; kindly,
propitious, gracious, genial,

alnus, I, f., the alder.

alG, ere, ui, alitus or altus, to feed,
nourish, sustain, maintain, cher-
ish, strengthen, encourage.

Alp6s, lum, f. pi., the Alps.

AlphSias, adis, f., the water nymph
Arethusa, whose waters unite with
the river Alpheus.

AlphenQr, oris, m., a son of Niobe.

AlphSus, i, m., the chief river of the
Peloponnesus, jlowing through Ar-
cadia and Elis.

alts, [altus], adv., on high, aloft,
high, high up.

alter, era, erum, adj., the one of
two, the other; repeated, the one
. . . the other.

422

VOCABULARY

altemus, a, urn, [alter], adj., one
<tfter anotfier, in turn, by turns,
alternate.

altufi, a, um, adj., high, lofty, deep,
profound; sabs., altum, I, n. (an-
derstand caelum) , heaven ; (under-
stand mare), the deep sea, the sea.

alumnus, I, [al5], m., that which is
nourisJied, a foster child, son,

alveus, I, [alvus], m., a cavity, a
hollow ; the channel of a river.

alvus, I, [al5], f., the belly, the
body.

amftns, antis, [part. amG], adj., fond
of, attached to ; fond, loving, affec-
tionate ; sabs., m. or f., a lover.

amftrus, a, um, adj., bitter (to the
taste) ; bitter (to the heart) , un-
pleasant, painful.

Amathasia, ae, [Amathas], f., an
epithet of Venus, from Amathus, a
town in Cyprus.

am&tor. Oris, [amG], m., a lover.

ambftgrds, is, [ambi- + aerG] , f., a
going round about, a winding; pi.,
turnings, windings, riddles.

ambi- (amb-, am-, an-), prep, in
comp. only, around, on both sides.

ambisruuB, a, um, [ambi- + agG],
adj., doubtful, uncertain, hesitat-
ing, ambiguous, difficult, dangerous.

amb-iG, Ire, Ivl (il), itus, to go
around, surround.

ambitiG, Gnis, [ambiG], f., a going
about; the soliciting of votes; a
striving for fame ; the desire for
honor.

ambltiGsus, a, um, [ambitiG], adj.,
ambitious, eager for honor.

aml)G, ae, G, adj., pi., both.

ambulG, &re, AvI, atus, [am.+root
of ^alv», to flfo], to walk about, go,
traverse.

amb-tiro, ere, ussi, astus, to burn
around, scorch, singe.

&mens, entls, [&+niGns], adj., out of
one^s senses, beside one*s self, dis-
tracted, mad.

amentia, ae, [amSns], f., madness.

amicitla, ae, [amic\is], f., friend-
ship.

amictus, as, [amlclG, to wrap], m.,
any outer garment, a veil, robe,
envelope.

amicus, a, um, adj., friendly, kind,
benevolent.

amicus, i, m., a friend.

&-mittG, ere, mis!, missus, to send
away, let go, lose.

amnis, is, m., a large stream, a river,
a rushing river, a torrent.

amG, are, ftvi, atus, to love, cherish.

amGmum, i, [a/tw/ioi'], n., an aro-
matic shrub, balsam.

amor, Gris, [amG], m., love, longing,
passion, desire ; personified, Amor,
m., Cupid, the god of love.

AmphiGn, onis, \^\yu^iiav\, m., a king
of Thebes, famous as a muMcian,
son of Antiope and Jupiter, and
husband of Niobe.

AmphitritG, 6s, ['A/A^trpiri|, lit.
*' rubbed about," as pebbles by the
sea], f., the wife of Neptune and
goddess of the sea ; meton., tJte sea.

AmphitryGniades, ae, m., a de-
scendant of Amphitryo; Hercules,
his reputed son.

Amphrysos, I, ['A/^^pvo-of] , m., a
river in Thessaly, on whose banks
Apollo tended the flocks of Admetus.

am-plector, I, plexus, to wind
around; embrace.

amplexus, as, [amplector], m.,
an embrace.

amplus, a, um, adj., ample, Idrge,
spacious ; abundant, great.

Ampyz, yds, m., one of the com-
panions of Phineus arrayed against
Perseus.

Aml^mGnG, Gs, £., a fountain near
Argos.

an, conj., or ; whether, when preceded
by expressions of doubt.

Anapis, is, m., a river in Sicily.

anceps, cipitis, [aji- (for ambI-)
-I- caput], adj., having two head^,
two-headed, double,

anciUa, ae, [dim. from ancula, a
maidservant], f., a maidservant.

ancora, ae, [iyKvpa], f., an anchor.

AndraemGn, onis, ['A.vBpaifi»v], m.,

VOCABULARY

423

iM father qf Thoas, one of the Greek

heroes at Troy.
AndroffeOs (eus), 6, ['Avapo^tw], m.,

a son of Minos, king of Crete, slain

by the Athenians.
angrd, ere, — , — , to press tight ; to

torture, vex,
angrulfer, era, erum, [ajigrui8 +

ferO], adj., serpent-bearing.
aneruipSs, edls, [ajigruis + p68]>

adj., serpent-footed.
angriiis, is, m. and f., a serpent.
ansruluB, I, m., an angle, corner;

secret nook, corner.
anhdlituB, as, [anhS15], 111., a diffir

cult breathing, panting.
anhelO, &re,,&vi, &tu8, to breathe

with difficulty, pant.
anizna, ae, f., air, wind; breath,

breath of life, life ; a disembodied

spirit, a shade.
animal, fills, [anixna], n., any living

creature, an animal.
aniznfins, antis, [part, animd], adj.,

living, animate; sabs., a living

being.
aniznO, fire, fivi, ftt\is, [anizna] , to

quicken into life, animate.
animOsus, a, um, [animus], adj.,

full of spirit, spirited, made spirited

by, undaunted ; proud.
animus, i, m., the rational soul (op-
posed to body), spirit, feeling, the

mind, the will, purpose, intention,

heart; pi., courage.
annfilSs, lum, [annus], m. pi., an-
nals, history.
Anna Perenna, ae, f ., an old Italian

goddess, protector of the returning

year.
anne,. pleonastic for an.
annOsus, a, um, [annus], adj., full

of years, old, aged.
annus, 1, m., a year, season of the

year.
annuus, a, um, [annus], adj., an-
nual, yearly.
finser, eris, m., a goose.
Antaeus, l,m.,a Libyan giant, slain

by Hercules.
ante, prep. w. ace., b^ore (of time

and space) ; ante omnSs, b^ore
(i.e. more than) all; adv., (of time)
before, formerly, previously; fol-
lowed by Quam, sooner than, b^ore.

ante-eO, Ire, ivl (il), — , to go b^ore,
surpass, excel.

antemna, ae, f ., a sail yard.

AntdnOr, oris, m., a Trojan prince
related to Priam, who, after the fall
of Troy, went to Italy and founded
Patavium.

antequam, see ante.

antlquus, a, um, [ante], adj., old,
ancient, belonging to ancient times ;
former.

antrum, 1, [avr^v]^ n., a cave, cavern.

anus, tls, f., an old woman.

anxius, a, imi, adj., anxious, trou-
bled, solicitous.

Aonius, a (Gr. form Aonid), um,
adj., Aonian, Boeotian.

aper, aprl, m., a wild boar.

aperiO, Ire, uX, tus, lay open, uiir
cover, disclose; open up or out,
render accessible; reveal, make
known.

apertus, a, um, [part. aperi5], adj.,

_ uncovered, open, exposed, clear.

Apidanus, 1, m., a river in Thessaly.

apis, is, f., a bee.

ApoUineus, a, um, [ApollG], adj.,
belonigng to Apollo, Apollo* a.

ApollO, inls, m.fSon of Jupiter and
Latona, twin brother of Diana, god
of archery, prophecy, music, poetry,
and medicine.

app&reO, dre, ui, itus, [ad+pfireO],
to appear, come in sight, bs visible.

appellO, fire, fivi, fitus, [ad+pell5],
to accost, address; call by name,
tnention.

Appennlnus, I, m., the Apennines, a
mountain range of Italy.

app5n0, ere, posuX, posltus, [fid +
ponO], to place by, set near, set
b^ore.

Aprilis, is, [aperid], adj., of April;
subs, (understand mdnsis), m., the
month of April,

aptd, fire, fivi, fitus, [aptus], to fit,
to put on.

424

VOCABULARY

aptus, a, um, [*ap5, lay hold], adj.,
Jitted or joined to; suited^ suitable.

apud, prep. w. ace., withy at, by, near,
among.

aqua, ae, f., water.

aquila, ae, f., an eagle.

aq\iil5, 5ni8, m.^tfie north wind; in
general, the wind.

aquGsus, a, um, [aqua], adj.,
watery, rainy.

ftra, ae, f., an altar, a raised struo-
ture of earth, wood, or stone ; Ara,
the Altar, a constellation in the
southern sky.

ArachnS, Sb, [apaxyv, a spider], a
Lydian maiden, changed by Minerva
into a spider.

ar&tor. Oris, [arO], m., a plowman.

arfttrum, i, [ar6], n., a plow.

ArfttuB, l,m., a Greek poet of about
250 B.C., author of an astronomical
poem.

arbiter, tri, m., an eyewitness ; uiii- 1
pire, judge. \

arbitrium,i, [arbiter], n., judgment,
authority, will, power.

arbor, oris, f., a tree, woods.

arboreuB, a, um, [arbor], adj.,
belonging to a tree; treelike, branch-
ing.

arbuBtuxn, i, [arbor], n., a grove,
thicket, orchard.

arbuteuB, a, um, adj., of the arbutus.

arbutuB, i, f., the wild strawberry
tree, the arbutus.

Arcadia, ae, f., a mountainous prov-
ince in the center of the Peloponne-
sus, Arcady.

ftrcAnus, a, um, [Slrca, a chest], adj.,
secret, hidden, private ; subs., &rc&-
num, i, n., a secret, a mystery.

ArcaB, adiB, m., a/i Arcadian,

arceo, Sre, ui, (tuB), to shut up,
inclose, confine ; keep at a distance,
keep off, drive away.

ArcSsiuB, i, m., a son of Jupiter,
father of Laertes, and grandfather
of Ulysses.

Arciten6ns, entiB, [arcus+teneS],
adj., wielding or carrying a bow;
subs., the archer god, Apollo.

ArctoB, I, f., the double circumpolar
constellation of the two bearsj or
tJie Great Bear alone ; poet., the north.

arcuB, CLb, m., a bow; anything bow-
shaped, e.g. the zones or divisions
of the heavens.

ftrdSns, entia, [part. &rded], adj.,
burning, glowing, gleam,i7ig, glitter-
ing, glistening, inflamed; ardent,
eager, impassioned.

OrdeO, Sre, &rBi, ftrsuB, to burn,
blaze, glow, gleam, glitter ; be eager,
• long ; burn with love for, love.

arddBCO, er6, &rBi, — , [inch, ftrded],
to take fire, kindle, begin to bum.

Srdor, GrlB, [&rde5], m., a burn-
ing heat ; ardor, enthusiasm, eager-
ness.

arduuB, a, um, adj., high, lofty,
steep, towering aloft; subs., ar-
duum, i, u., a high place, a height.

Srea, ae, f., ground, space, expanse.

SrdnB, entlB, [part. &re5], adj., dry,
arid, dried up.

ftre5, Sre, ui, — , to dry up, become
parched or withered.

ArestorldSs, ae, m., the son of Ares-
tor, i.e. Argus.

Arethttsa, ae, f., a celebrated foun-
tain in Sicily.

argenteuB, a, um, [arerentuxn] ,
adj., of silver, silvery, of the silver
age.

argrentimi, i, u., silver.

ArgrG, Hb, ['Apyu], f., tfie ship which
bore Jason and his crew to Colchis
in search of the golden fleece.

ArgrolicuB, a, um, [Argolis], adj.,
pertaining to Argolis, Argolic,
(meton.) Grecian.

ArgOB, [•'Apyos], n., (only uom. and
ace.), also pi., Argi, 5rum, m.,
Argos, a city in the Peloponnesus,
(meton.) Greece, in general.

argrtlmentum, I, [argrud], n., an
argument, evidence, proof.

argrud, ere, I, UtUB, to argue, show,
declare, prove.

AreruB, 1, ['Apyo?], m., the hundred-
eyed keeper of lo after she was
changed into a heifer by Jupiter,

VOCABULARY

42s

argrtltuB, a, Tim, part, [argud] , clear y
clear-sounding, tuneful.

Arlclnl, Onim, m. pi., the inhabit-
ants of Aricia, an ancient town in
Latium, not far from Alba Longa.

Aridus, a, uzn, [&reG], adj., dry,
parched,

AriOn, onis, ['Apiwy], m., a famous
musician of Lesbos, rescued from
drowning by a dolphin.

Arionius, a, van, [ArlSn], adj., be-
longing to Arion.

arista, ae, f., a beard of wheat; a
head of loheat, ear of corn.

arxna, 5ruin, n. pL, arms, weapons,
armor.

armfttus, a, uzn, [part. arm5], adj.,
armed, equipped.

armentum, I, [arO], n., cattle for
ploioing ; herd, drove.

armifer, era, erum, [arma + ferO],
adj., arms-bearing, warlike.

armlgrera, ae, [arma + grerO], f ., an
armor bearer.

armlpotens, entis, [arma -f po-
tens], adj., powerful in arms, war-
like.

armisonus, a, um, [arma + sonus],
adj., resounding with arms. •

armQ, Are, 9.vi, &t\is, [arma], to
arm, equip.

armuB, i, m., the shoulder; of an ani-
mal, the flank, side.

ar5, Sire, &vl, atus, to plow, till, culti-
vate, inhabit.

ars, artiB, f., art, skill, dexteHty ;
the employment of art, a trade, pro-
fession, art; artifice, craft, cun-
ning, trickery.

artiCTilus, i, [dim. artus], ni., a
joint, finger.

artifex, Ids, [ars + faciS], m., an
artificer, artist; in bad sense,
schemer, plotter.

artua, as, m., (mostly in pi.), a^'oin^;
limbs, parts, the body.

artus, a, um, [part. arce5], adj.,
shut up, close, tight.

arvum, i, [arO], n., arable land, a
field; country, region; shore, as
opposed to water.

arx, arcis, f., a citadel, a fortified
height, a stronghold; a height, pin-
nacle.

aacendO, ere, i, sc§nsus, [ad +
BcandO, to mount], to climb up,
ascend.

a8c6ns\i8, as, [ascend5], m., the
act of climbing, an ascent.

ABcraeus, i, m., Uesiod, so named
from Ascra, his birthplace, a vil-
lage in Boeotia, near Mount Helicon.

asella, de, [dim. asina, she-ass],
a small she-as».

aselluB, 1, [dim. asin\is, ass], m.,
a small ass.

aspectus, as, [aspiciS], m., a look^
ing at, a glance, gaze.

asper, era, erum, adj., rough, un-
even, rugged, prickly, thorny;
harsh, hard, fierce, cruel.

aspergrS, Inis, [vb. aspergS = ad +
spargrS], f., a sprinkling; that
which is sprinkled.

asperitas, atis, [asperj, f., rough-
ness, harshness, severity.

aspicid, ere, spexi, spectus, [ad
H- * specie, to look], to look at, be-
hold, see.

aspir6, are, avi, at\is,*[ad4-Bpir6],
to breathe or blow upon; favor,
assist.

astemO, ere, — , — , [ad+stemo],
to strew upon ; usually in the middle
voice, to prostrate one's self, to ^ic
stretched.

astS, stare, stiti, — , [ad + st6], to
stand by or near, stand ; stand up,
arise.

Astraea, ae, f., the goddess of justice,

astringrO, ere, strinxi, strictus,
[ad + stringrO], to tie fast, bind
up; with grlaciSs, freeze.

astrum, i, [ao-rpoi/], n.,a star.

£U3tupe5, ere, — , — , [ad + stupeO],
to be amazed at.

astus, CLs, m., craft, cunning, strata-
gem.

AstyagrSs, is, m., one of the assail-
ants of Perseus.

at, ast, conj., but, yet, now, more-
over, however, at least, still.

426

VOCABULARY

&ter, fttra, fttrum, adj., black, dark^
gloomy.

AthOs, (genitive not found), fAfl««],
m., a mountain in Macedonia.

Atlantiades, ae, m., a descendant of
Atlas ; his grandson. Mercury.

Atias, euitla, CatAo?], m., a high
mountain in Mauretania, in the
fwrthwest part of Libya, on which,
according to the fable, the heavens
rested.

atque or ac, conj., and also, and be-
sides, and indeed, generally giving
emphasis to the second of two coor-
dinate expressions.

Atreus, ei, m., a son of Pelops, and
king of Argos and Mycenae.

AtrldSs, ae, m., a son or descend-
ant of Atreus; his son, Agamem-
non.

fttrium, li, [ater?], n., the principal
apartment of a Roman house, the
hall ; in gen., halls, rooms.

at-tamen, conj., but nevertheless.

attenuO, Are, ftvi, fttus, [ad -f
tenu5, to make thin] , to make thin,
lessen, reduce, diminish, weaken.

at-tollo, ere, — , — , [ad + tollO], to
lift or raise up.

attonitus, a um, [part. atton5, to
thunder at, stun\, adj., thunder-
struck, astounded, amazed, awed;
poet., applied to inanimate things.

attrahO, ere, trftxi, trftctiis, [ad +
trahOJ , to draw, draw in, pull.

auctor, oris, [augreO], m., f., a cre-
ator, progenitor, founder, source ;
author, inventor, instigator, giver,
promoter ; (rare) prophet.

aud&cia, ae, [aud&x], f., daring,
courage, boldness.

audSlz, acis. [audeQJ, adj., bold,
daring, in good or bad sense ; coura-
geous, resolute.

aude5, ere, ausus Bum, to dare,
venture.

audiS, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to hear,
listen to.

auferO, auferre, abstuli, abiatua,
[ab-|-fer5], to bear or carry off or
away, remove-

aufireO, dre, auzi, auctus, to in-
crease, augment, cause to grow.

aufirur, uria, m., f., an augur, sooth-
sayer; a prophet, seer.

aufiTurlum, il, [augrur], n., tJie scir-
ence or art of divination ; a presen-
timent, foreboding ; an omen, sign,
portent.

augruror, ari, atus, [augriir], to pre-
dict, foretell; surmise, imagine.

auerustus, a, um, [augreO], adj.,
sacred, venerable, noble, majestic.

AugrufltuB, i, m., the surname of Oc-
tavius Caesar, after he gained the
supreme power of Rome ; the name
was afterwards assumed by all the
emperors; tudi]., of Augustus, impe-
rial.

aiila, ae, [avA^], f., o hall, palace,
royal court.

aulaeum, i, [avAaia], n., a piece of
tapestry, a curtain.

AuUs, idis, f., a seaport in Boeotia,
where the Greeks assembled before
sailing for Troy.

aura, ae, (old gen. aurai), [avpa']^ f.,
the air in motion, a breeze ; air, the
vital breath ; the air of heaven, the
sky,Jhe light of day, the air (gen-
erally in the pi.) ; ad auras or sub
auras, on high , aloft, heavenward.

auratus, a, um, [aurum], adj.,
overlaid with gold, gilded, golden.

aure\is, a, um, [aurum], adj., made
of gold, golden '; bright, glittering.

aurifer, era, erum, [aurum -f-ferO],
adj., gold bearing.

aurigra, ae, m., a charioteer, driver.

aviris, Is, f., the ear.

aur5ra, ae, f., the dawn, morning;
person., the goddess of morning.

aurum, i, n., gold.

Ausonia, ae, f., a poetic name for
Italy, derived from the name of an
ancient people inhabit i tig Middle
and Lower Italy.

Ausonis, idis, adj., Ausonian, Ital-
ian.

Ausonius, a, um, adj., Ausonian,
Italian.

auspicium, ii, [auspex, a diviner

VOCABULARY

427

from the omens given by birds], n.,
divination from observations of
birds; auspices; gen. in pi., aits-
pices f chief command, guidance,
direction.

axister, tTi,m., the south wind; per-
son., Auster.

austrftlis, e, [auster], adj., southern.

ausum, i, [audeO], n., daring, a dar-
ing deed.

aut, conj., or; aut . . . aut, eitJier
. . . or.

autem, conj., but, however, now,
moreover, again.

AutomedOn, ontia, ['Avro/tedwi'], m.,
the charioteer of Achilles.

autumniUiB, e, [autumnus], adj.,
of autumn, autumnal.

autumnus, i, m., the season of in-
crease, abundance; autumn.

auzili&ris, e, [auxilium], adj., aid-
ing, helping, assisting.

auxilium, 11, n., aid, assistance.

avftrus, a, urn, [aveO, to long for] ,
adj., covetous, greedy, avaricious.

&-velld, ere, veil! (vvilsl), vulsus,
to tear off or away.

avdna, ae, f ., oats ; an oaten pipe, a
pipe of Pan.

Avemus, I, [iopvos:], m., a lake near
Cumae, almost entirely inclosed by
steep and wooded hills, whose deadly
exhalations were said to kill the
birds flying over it. Hence the myth
placed near it the entrance to the
Lower World ; poetic for the Lower
World.

Avemus, a, um, adj., pertaining or
belonging to Lake Avemus.

aversor, &ri, fttufi, [intens. avertG],
to turn from; repulse, scorn, de-
cline.

&versu8, a, um, [part, averts], adj.,
turned away ; alienated, hostile, un-
friendly.

&*vertd, ere, I, versus, to turn away
or aside (trans, and intrans.) ; pass.,
with middle sense, to turn (one's
self) aside or away,

avldus, a, van, [aveO, to long for],
adj., eager, greedy.

avis, is, f., a bird.

avitus, a, um, [avus], adj., of a

grandfather, ancestral.
ftvius, a, um, [a + via], adj., out

of the way, unfrequented; subs..

Avium, il, n., an uiifrequented

place or way, a byway.
avus, I, m., a grandfather; poet., an

ancestor.
axis, is, m., an axletree; meton., a

car or chariot; the axis of heaven,

the heavens, the sky, vault of heaven.

BabylOnius, a, um, tid].,belo7iging or
pertaining to Babylon, Babylonian.

b&ca, ae, f., a berry, or any small
fruit of trees.

Baccha, ae, f., a Bacchante.

BacchantSs, um, [subs, from part,
of bacchor, to celebrate the festival
of Bacchus], t., Bacchantes, priest-
esses of Bacchus.

Bacchladae, Slrum, m., an ancient
royal family of Corinth, who re-
moved to Sicily and founded Syra-
cuse.

Bacchus, i, m., the god of wine;
(meton.) wine.

bacTilum, i, n., « stick, staff.

Baleftricus, a, imi, adj., Balearic,
pertaining to the Balearic Islands,
whose inhabitants were famous
slingers.

baJlaena, ae, [^oAoii^a], f., a whale.

balte\is, i, m., a belt, strap, girdle.

barba, ae, f., the beard.

barbaria, ae, [barbarus], f., a

. strange or foreign land from the
standpoint of Greece or Italy.

barbarus, a, um, [/Sap^apoc], adj.,
barbarous, rude, uncivilized, savage.

Bassus, i, m., a Roman poet, friend
of Ovid and Propertius, otherwise
unknown.

BattiadSs, ae, m., the poet Callima-
chus, a native of Cyrene, in Libya^
so called because the name of Battus
had been given to Aristotle of Tltera,
the founder of Cyrene.

428

VOCABULARY

Baucis, Idis, f., the wife of Philemon
in Phrygia.

befttus, a, uzn, [part, bed, to make
happy]j adj., happy ^ blessed, favored.

BSlides, um, f., the granddaughters
of Belus, the father of Danaus,
better known as the Danaides.

bellfttor, 5ri8, [bell6, to make war],
m., a warrior; as adj., martial;
bellSltor equus, a warhorse.

bellicus, a, um, [bellum], adj., war-
like, ferce in war.

bellum, i, n., war, warfare, a combat.

belua, ae, f., a large animal of any
kind, a beast, a monster.

bene, [bonus], adv., well.

benefacta, Grum, [bene + faclO],
n., things well done, meritorious
acts, brave deeds.

benlsrnus, a, um, [bonus +erenus],
adj., benignant, kindly , friendly .

Berecyntius, a, um, adj., pertain-
ing to Berecyntus, a mountain in
Phrygia, sacred to Cybele, Bere-
cyntian ; herOs, i.e. Midas, a Phryg^
ian king.

blbO, ere, i, — , to drink, drink in.

bibulus, a, um, [bibd], adj., bibw-
lous, thirsty, porous.

biceps, cipitis, [bl + caput], adj.,
having two heads, peaks or summits,

bi-color, oris, adj., two-colored, dap-
pled.

bicomis, e, [bi + coma], adj., with
two horns, two pronged.

bi-foris, e, adj., with two doors, fold-
ing.

bi-fOrmls, e, adj., two formed.

bimftris, e, [bi- + mare], adj., on or
between two seas.

bini, ae, a, adj., two by two, two
apiece ; two, a pair, a couple.

bipennis, e, [bi- -f penna], adj.,
two winged; two edged; subs,
(poet.), bipennis, is, f., a two
edged axe, a battle axe.

blremis, is, [bi- + remus], f., (un-
derstand navis), a galley with two
banks of oars, a bireme.

bis, [bi-], num. adv., twice.

Bistonius, a, um, adj., pertaining to

the Bistones, a people of Thra^^e;
Thracian.

bi-sulcu8, a, um, adj.» having two
furrows, forked, cloven.

blaesus, a, um, [^Aaia6«], adj., lisping.

blandior, iri, itus, [blandus], to
soothe, caress; to flatter.

blanditia, ae, [blandus] , f ., a caress-
ing, flattery; pi., flatteries, blan-
dishmsnts.

blandus, a, um, adj., smooth
tongued, flattering, caressing, per-
suasive, soft, pleasant, quiet.

Boeb€, es, f., a village in Thessaly,
on the shore of Lake Boebeis.

Boedtla, ae, f., a country of Greece,
northwest of Attica,

BoeOtus, a, um, adj., Boeotian.

bonus, a, \un,adj., good; propitious.

Bo5tes, ae, m., a northern constella-
tion situated behind the Great Bear.

Bore&s, ae, m., the north wind.

bOs, bovis, m., f., a bull, bullock,
cow ; in pi., oxen, cattle.

bracchivun, ii, [0poxi«i'], n., the
lower arm, the forearm, the arm.

brevls, e, adj., sJiort, bri^, fleeting.

bramalis, e, [brama, winter], adj.,
wintry, winter's.

btlbS, dnis, m., an owl.

bticin^, ae, t, a trumpet, horn.

Basiris, idls, ace. Basirin, m., a
savage king of Egypt who was slain
by Hercules.

bUstum, I, [bOro = tirO ; compare
combHro], n., a burning and bury-
ing place ; a mound, tomb.

buxum, i, [buxus, the box tree] , n.,
the wood of the box tree, boxwood.

cacamen, inis, n., the summit, top,
peak.

Cadmeis, Idis, f. adj., of Cadmus,
Cadmean; Theban.

Cadmus, i, m., son of the Phoenician
king Agenor, and founder of Boeo-
tian Thebes.

cado, ere, cecldl, cSaus, to fall,
drop; fall in battle, perish, die a

VOCABULARY

429

violent death; sink down, subside;
fail, droop; befall, happen.

cftdacifer, I, [cftdaceus, herald's
staff 4- ferO], adj., m., bearing a
herald's staff, an epithet of Mercury.

cadacuB, a, van, [cadS], 9.6]., fallen,
failing, destined to fail.

caecus, a, um, adj., blind; vague,
confused, obscure, indiscriminate;
hidden, secret, private, dark, ob-
scure, gloomy ; uncertaiyt, doubtful.

caedds, ia, [caed5J, f., a cutting
down, slaughter, murder.

caedO, erd, cecldl, caesus, to cut ;
to cut down, slay, slaughter, of ani-
mals or men.

caelftmen, inis, [oaeld], n., a bas-
reli^.

(caeles), itis, [caelum], adj.,
heavenly ; subs. m. pi., the celes-
tials, the gods.

caelestis, e , [cfielum] , ad j . , heavenly,
celestial; subs, m.pl., the celestials,
the gods.

caelicola, ae, [caelum + col5], m.,
f., a heaven dweller, a deity, a
god.

caelO, Are, &vl, Atvus, [caelum, a
chisel], to chase, engrave, carve in
relief, emboss.

caelum, I, n., the sky, heavens, vault
of heaven, air, climate; heaven,
the abode of the gods as distin-
guished from the earth ; the earth or
Upper World as distinguished from
the Lower World,

caenum, I, n., dirt, mud, filth, mire.

caerula, Orum, [for oaelula from
caelum], n. pi., the dark blue sea,
the azure deep.

caeruleuB, a, um, [for caeluleus
from caelvim], adj., dark blue,
dark green, cerulean; dark, black,
gloomy, sable, funereal.

Caesar, aria, m., C. Julius Caesar,
the dictator; Augustus, the first
emperor of Rome; Tiberius, the
second emperor ; an epithet of the
heir apparent, the crown prince.

Caesareus, a, um, adj., of or per-
taining to Caesar, Caesarian.

caesaries, §1, f., the hair of the head,

flowing locks.
caespes, itia, [caedO], m., cut turf,

sod.
Caic\i8, 1, m., a river of Mysia which

takes its rise on Mt. Teuthrus.
calamus, i, [icdAa/to?], m., a reed.
calathus, I, [«aAaflo?], m., o wicker

basket, basket.
calcd, fire, ftvl, fttus, [calx, the

heet\ , to tread, tread upon, trample.
calculus, I, [dim. calx, limestone'],

m., a small stone, pebble.
cale5, dre, tiI, — , to glow with heat.
calldus, a, van, [caled], adj., warm,

hot.
cftHgrG, iuis, f., a mist, fog, vapor,

darkness, obscurity.
calliduB, a, um, [calleG, to be ex-
perienced], adj., expert, adroit, skill-
ful; crafty, artful.
calor, 6riB, [caleO], m., warmth.
CalydOn, Onis, [KaXvButv], f., an an-
cient town of Aetolia, the seat of

Oeneus, father of Deianira.
CalydGnius, a, um, ad j ., Calydonian.
CalymnS, es, [KdAv/Ava], an island in

the Aegean sea, not far from Rhodes,

distinguished for its honey.
camella, ae, [dim. camera, a vault],

f., a cup, goblet.
caminus, I, [Kayn-vosi], m., a furnace,

forge.
campus, I, m., a plain field, open

country, the level surface of the sea.
Cancer, cri, m., the constellation

Cancer, the Crab.
cande5, Sre, ui, — , to be white,

shine, glisten ; glow with heat.
candSsc5, ere, — , — , [inch. candeG],

to become bright; to begin to glow

with heat, to become hot.
candidus, a, um, [cande5], adj.,

lustrous, brilliant, white, fair,

beautiful.
candor, 5ri8, [cande5], a dazzling

whiteness.
c&ne5, §re, ul, — , [c&nus], to be

white, gray, or hoary.
' caji68cd, ere, — , — , [inch. caneO],
, to become hoary, whiten.

430

VOCABULARY

canis, ia, m., t., a dog.

canistrum, I, n., a basket woven
from reeds.

cftnitiSs, em, d, [cftnus], f., hoari-
ness ; gray hair.

canna, ae, [«ai'i'a], f., a reed; in pi.,
a pipe of reeds.

canO, ere, cecinl, — , to sing, chant,
play on an instrument and sing;
celebrate in song ; sound, proclaim,
announce ; sound, resound,

CanOpus, i, m., an island town in
Lower Egypt ; (meton.) Egypt.

candrus, a, uzn, [canor, melody],
adj., tuneful, nielodums.

cants, Are, &vl, &tiia, [freq. candj,
to sing ; celebrate in song.

cantus, tis, [cand], m., a song,
melody, note, strain ; playing, music.

cfiniis, a, um, adj., white, hoary,
gray, pale, withered.

capax, ftcis, [c&plG], adj., contain-
ing much, spacious, roomy, large,
capacious.

capella, ae, [dim. caper], f., a she-
goat, goat.

caper, pri, m.,a he-goat, goat.

caplllus, i, [dim. form akin to cei-
put], m., the hair of the head,
hair.

capid, ere, c5pl, captiis, to take,
seize, receive, hold; capture, take
possession of; overcome, captivate,
charm, fascinate.

CapitSUum, 11 (poet, pi., CapitSlia) ,
[caput], n., the Capitol at Rome,
a temple of Jupiter on the Capito-
line Hill ; the Capitoline Hill itself.

caprea, ae, [caper], f., a wild she-
goat, a roe.

captlvufl, a, urn, [capiO], adj., cap-
tured, plundered; captive; subs., a
captive.

captS, are, ftvi, at\is, [freq. capl6],
to catch at eagerly, grasp, handle.

caput, itis, n., the head of man or
beast ; top, summit ; source ; the
geographical and imperial head or
center, capitol; the life, the soul; a
man, a person.

oarbasuB, i, [«i^«ao5], f. s., and

carbasa, Oruxn, n. pi., Jine flax;
sail cloth; a sail.

career, erls, m., a prison; the bar-
rier or starting plcu:e in the race
course.

carchesiuxn, ti, [xapx^tov], n., a
Greek drinking cup, slightly con-
tracted in the middle, with slender
handles reaching from the rim to
the bottom,

card5, into, m., the pivot and socket
on which ancient doors hung, a
hinge.

careO, 6re, ui, ittLrus, to be without,
be wanting in, free from, be de-
prived of, lack, miss.

carlca, ae, [Carta], f. adj., of Caria,
a province in Asia Minor; subs,
(understand ficus), a Carian flg, a
dried flg.

carina, ae, f., the keel of a ship;
(meton.) a ship, a vessel.

carmen, inia, [for caamen from
root in cand], n., a song, chant,
note, strain; a charmed song, an
incantation ; a verse, a poetic com-
position.

carG, camia, L, flesh.

carpo, ere, el, tua, to pluck, tear
off, pull away, pluck out, pull out,
crop; take, catch, snatch; criticise
harshly, carp at; w. viam, take
one*s way, pursue one*s road.

carua, a, um, adj., dear; loving,
affectionate, fond.

caaa, ae, f., a hut, cottage.

caaeua, I, m., cheese.

Caaaiope, Sa, [Kaao-iomr], f., the w{fe
of Cepheus, mother of Andromeda.

caaaia, ia, m., a hunting net, snare,
toil.

caaaia, idla, f., a metal helmet.

Caataliua, a, um, adj., Castalian,
from the famous fountain on Mt.
Parnassus, sacred to Apollo and the
Muses.

caatanea, e^,i.,the chestnut.

caatra, drum, n. pi., afort^led camp,
an encampmefit.

caatua, a, um, adj., c^cute, pure, spot-
less, virtuous, upright, pious, holy.

VOCABULARY

431

C&8US, iXa, [cadG], m., a falling , a
fall ; that which befalls or happens,
an event f misfortune, calamity, dan-
ger, adventure, peril; chance; c&sa,
by chance.

catena, ae, f., a chain, fetter.

Catullus, I, m., a Roman poet, born
at Verona in 86 B.C.

catulus, I, [dim. catus, cat], m., a
young dog ; also the cub or whelp of
other animals.

Caucasus, I, m., a chain of moun-
tains in Asia, between the Black
and Caspian seas, CaiLcasus.

Cauda, ae, the tail of an animal.

causa, ae, t., a cause, reason, in-
fluence ; occasion, pretext ; legaA, a
cause, a case, suit.

cautSs, is, f., a rough, pointed rock,
a crag.

cautus, a, uxn, [part, caved], adj.,
careful, cautious, provident.

caveO, 6re, cftvl, cautus, to take
care, beware, guard against, avoid;
to provide, decree, stipulate.

cavema, ae, [cavus], f., a hollow,
cavity, cavern, cave.

cavus, a, urn, adj., hollow, cavern-
ous.

Caystros or us, i, [Kdv<rTp<K], m., a
river in Lydia, which rises in Mt.
Tmolus; it is celebrated for its
swans.

CecropidSs, ae, [CScrops], m., a
descendant of Cecrops, an ancient
king of Attica, the founder of the
citadel of Athens ; in pi., tlie Athen-
ians.

CScropis, idls, [C6crops], f., a fe-
male descendant of Cecrops; f. adj.,
Attic, of Attica.

Cecropius, a, uxn, [CScrops], adj.,
Cecropian, Athenian.

c6d5, ere, cessi, cessus, to go away,
withdraw, retire, depart; give place,
give way, yield, submit, subside.

celeber, bris, bre, adj., frequented,
crowded, much visited; renowned,
celebrated, famous ; numerous, fre-
quent.

oelebrG, Are, ftvi, atus, [celeber].

to resort to in crowds; solemnize,
celebrate, make famous.

celer, eris, e, adj., 8w\ft, quick, fleet,
rapid.

cS15, Are, &vl, fttus, to conceal,
hide.

celsus, a, uxn, [part. cellS, to raise],
adj., high, lofty.

CSnaeus, a, um, adj., of Cenaeum,
the northwestern point of the island
of Euboea.

cSnseO, Sre, ul, us, to rate, esti-
mate; think, judge, consider.

c§nsara, ae, [cSnseO], f., opinion,
judgment.

centum, indecl. nam. adj., a hun-
dred.

Cephalus, i, [KeV^oAo?], m., the son of
DeXoneus, grandson of Aeolus, hus-
band of Procris, the daughter of
Erechtheus.

CSpheus, ei, [Kii^ev?], m., a king
of Ethiopia, husband of Cassiope,
father of Andromeda.

CSphSus, a, um, adj., of Cepheus,
Ethiopian.

Cephlsis, idis, f. adj., of Cephisus.

CSphisus, i, [Ki^io-0-69], m., a river
in Phocis and Boeotia.

cSra, ae, f., wax.

cSr&tus, a, um, [cSra], adj., cov-
ered with wax, waxed, set in wax.

Ceraunia, 5r€Lm, [Kripavvios], n. pi.,
a ridge of mountains along the
coast of Epirus.

Cerberus, i, [Kep/3«po«], m., the three-
headed dog of Pluto that guarded
the entrance of Hades.

Cereftlls, e, [Ceres], adj., of or be-
longing to Ceres.

CerSs, eris, f., the goddess of agri-
culture.

cemG, ere, crSvI, crStvis (cer-
tus), to perceive, see, discern, be-
hold; perceive with the mind, un-
derstand.

cert&men, inis, [certO], n., contest,
struggle, race, game, strife ; strife,
rivalry, contention, emulation.

certs, [certus], adv., certainly,
surely, truly ; at least, yet surely.

432

VOCABULARY

certO, Are, &vl, &tu8, [certus], to
contend^ strive, vie with.

certus, a, um, [part. cemO], adj.,
determined, reaolvedf bent on ; cer-
fairif fixed, regular, permanent;
certain, inevitable, sure; straight,
direct, unerring; undoubted, genu-
ine, true ; aliquem facere cer-
tain, to inform any one.

cerva, ae, [cervue], f., a hind, doe.

cervix, ids, f ., the neck.

ce^v^l8, i, m., a stag, a deer.

cessS, &re, &vi, &t\i8, [freq. cddd],
to stop, cea.se, leave off, pause, fa Iter,
delay ; be idle, inactive.

cSterus, a, um, adj., the rest of, the
remaining, other.

ceu, adv., as, just as, as if.

chaos (nom. and ace.)) ab]. cha6,
[x«o«], n., boundless, empty space;
the confused, primitive mass out of
which the universe was made.

Charops, opis, m., o Lycian ally of
the Trojans against the Greeks.

Chary bdis, is, [Xapv^«l?], f., a whirl-
pool between Italy and Sicily.

chelydnis, i, [x<Av«po?], m., a fetid
water snake.

Chersidamfts, antis, m., a Lycian
ally of the Trojans.

Chir5n, dnis, [Xeipwy],!!!., one of the
Centaurs.

chorda, ae, [xop*»j], f., a string of a
musical instrument.

Chromius, i, m., a Lycian ally of the
Trojans.

ChiysS, §s, [XpuoTi], f., a town on the
coast of Troas, sacred to Apollo. '

chrysolithos, I, [xpvtr6\i9oi]^ m., i
chrysolite, topaz.

cibus, i, m.yfood, nourishment. ,

CibyrSius, a, um, adj., of Cibyra, a '
town in Magna Phrygia.

Cicones, um, m., « Thracian people \
near the Hebrus.

cieO, ere, civi, citus, to move, stir,
shake, stir up ; call upon for help,
invoke.

Cllix, iois, adj., Cilician, of Cilicia,
a province in the southern part of
Asia Minor.

Cilia, ae, f., a town in Troas, dis-
tinguished for the worship of Apollo.

cingd, ere, cinzi, cinctus, to sur-
round, gird, encircle, invest.

cinis, eris, m., ashes.

dnyphius, a, um, adj., pertaining
to or found in or 7iear the Cinyps,
a river in Libya.

circ&, prep. w. ace., and adv., around,
about, near.

Circe, Ssor ae, [Kipjcij], f., a famous
sorceress, daughter of the Sun, liv-
ing on an island off the western
coast of Italy.

circueG, ire, ivi, (ii),ltus, [circum
+ e6] , to go around, encircle, en-
compass.

circuitus, tis, [circueO], m., a going
around, a circuit.

circum, prep. w. ace, and adv.,
about, around, near.

circum-dO, dare, dedi, datus, to
put or place around; surround, en-
circle.

circum-ferO, ferre, tuli, l&tus, to
bear, turn or carri/ artmnd.

clrcum-flu5, ere, flux!, — , to flow
around.

circumfluuB, a, um, [circumfiud],
adj., flowing around, circumfluent.

circum-fundG, ere, fadi, fasus,
to pour around ; in pass. w. reflex,
force, surround, encompass.

circumlitus, a, um, [part, circum-
lind, to smear over], spread over,
be.'^meared, bathed in.

clrcum-sonO, ftre, — , — , to sound
or resound on every side.

circumsplciS, ere, spezi, spectus,
[circum + *8peci5, to look], to
look about upon, survey, examine.

circimi-st5, st&re, stetl, — , trans,
and intrans., to surround, stand
around, encompass.

CithaerOn, Onis, {KiOaxfuiv], m., a
mountain in Boeotia, sacred to
Bacchus.

cithara, ae, [«ctflapa] , f ., « lute, harp,
lyre.

clto (comp. citius, sup. citis8im6),
[citus], adv., quickly, soon, too soon.

VOCABULARY

433

citrft, [citer from da], adv., on this

side, this way.
citus, a, urn, [part. cleG], adj.»

quick, swift.
civicus, a, um, [civls], adj., civil,

civic.
civilis, e, [civls], adj., belonging to

a citizen, civic.
civiliter, [civills], adv., as becomes

a private citizen; pltLa quam

civiliter, excessively.
civls, Is, m., f., a citizen, fellow citi-
zen, fellow countryman or country-
woman.
clSides, Is, L, slaughter, havoc, dis-
aster.
clam, adv., secretly, unawares.
clfixn5, &re, &vi, fttus, to call aloud

to, call by name, call upon.
cl&mor, 5rls, [cl&m5], m., a loud

cry, shout, wailing, shriek, yell,

applause, noise, din, roar.
Clarlus, a, um, [Claros], adj.,

Clarian, an epithet of Apollo.
Claros, i, [KAapo?], f., Claros, a town

in Ionia containing a temple and

oracle of Apollo.
cliUnis, a, um, adj., clear, bright;

clear, loud; illustrious, renowned,

famous.
classls, Is, f., a fleet.
Claudia, ae, f., the daughter of P.

Claudius Pulcher, Cos. b.c. 249.
claud5, ere, si, sus, to close, shut,

shut up ; shut in, inclose, hide.
clava, ae, f., a club.
ciavis, Is, f., a key.
cl&vus, i., m., a nail or anything

nail-shaped ; a purple stripe on the

tunic, broad (latus) for senators,

narrow for knights.
dementia, ae, [clSmSzis, mild\, f.,

mildness, clemency, mercy.
cllpeatus, a, um, [clipeus], adj.,

armed with a shield.
clipeus, i,m., a large, round shield.
clivus, i,m.,a descent, slope.
ciaslus, i, [ciadO == claud5], m., a

cognomen of Janus, whose temple

was closed in peace.
Clymend, Ss, [kav^cVtj], f., the wife
OVID — 28

of Merops, king of Ethiopia, and
mother of Phaithon.

Clymendlus, a, um, adj., of or &e-
longing to Clymene.

coftffulum, I, [c6g6], n., that which
causes to coagulate, rennet; that
which is curdled ; pi., curds.

coarffuG, ere, ui, — , [com- +
arguG], to expose, convict, prove
guilty ; to betray.

coctills, e, [coquG], adj., burned;
mtlri coctllSs, walls of burned
brick.

coeG, ire, Ivi (11) , Itus, [com- -f eO],
to go or come together.

coepi, Isse, coeptus, to begin,
commence.

coeptum, I, [coepi], n., a work
begun, undertaking, enterprise, de-
sign.

Coeranus, I, m., a Lycian ally of
the Trojans.

coerceG, Sre, ui, itus, [com- +
arce5], to inclose, confine, restrain.

coetus, as, [coe5], m., a coming
together; (meton.) an assemblage,
company.

Coeus, I (dissyl.), m., a Titan, the
father of Latona.

cSfirn&tus, a, um, [com-+ (fir)nfts-
cor], adj., related by blood; kin-
dred.

c5gnGmen, Inls, [com- + (8r)n5.
men], n., a surname, added name;
poet, for nomen, a name.

c6gn6&c6, ere, grnSvi, grnltus,
[com- -f- (fir)nOscO], to become ac-
quainted with, ascertain, hear of;
notice, observe ; recognize ; in perf
tenses, know.

cOfirG, ere, codsri, co&ctus, [com-
-f- agrO], to drive or bring together,
collect, assemble; compress, con-
dense, narrow, contract; thicken,
curdle; bring up the rear of an
army ; drive, force, compel.

Colchis, Idls, f. adj., Colchian, of
Colchis, a province in Asia, east of
the Black Sea.

Colchus, a, um, adj., Colchian;
sobs., a Colchian,

434

VOCABULARY

collls, is, m., a hill, high ground.

colluxn, I, n., the neck.

c6l6, ere, \il, cultus, to cultivate,
till a country, inhdlnt; nourish,
cherish, foster, be fond of; honor,
revere, worship ; court, cultivate the
acqy>aintance or friendship of; of
the gods, with reference to places
where they were worshiped, to
frequent, cherish, care for, protect.

eol5nu8, I, [colO], m., a husband-
man ; a countryman.

color, Oris, m., color, hue, tint ; ex-
ternal appearance.

colubra, ae, [coluber, a serpenfl , t,
a female serpent, a serpent, snake,

columba, ae, f., a dove.

columna, ae, f., a columyi.

colus, i,m.,a distaff.

com-, old form of cum, prep., found
only in composition.

coma, ae, f., the hair ; leaves, foliage.

com-bibO, ere, i, — , to drink up,
imbibe ; to absorb, take up.

comes, Itis, [com- + eO], m., f., a
companion, associate, comrade,
partner ; an overseer, guide, tutor,
teacher.

comit&tus, as, [comltor], m., a
retinue, a train, a following.

comit5, &re, &v!, &tu8, or comitor,
S>ri, &tus, [comes], to accompany,
attend, follow.

com-memor5, &re, &vi, &tus, to
call to mind, remember ; recount.

commend5, ftre, S.vl, &tus, [com-
+ mand5], to commit, commend,
intrust to.

commentimi, I, [comminiscor, to
contrive], n., an invention, false-
hood.

comminus, [com< + nianus], adv.,
hand to hand, at close quarters.

com-mitt5, ere, misi, missus, to
bring together, unite, join ; be guilty
of, do, commit, perpetrate ; deliver,
commit, intrust.

commodum, I, [commodus =
com- + modus], n., convenience,
advantage, profit, gain.

commane, is, [communis], n.,

that which is common; a oomr
munity, state,

commOnicG, &re, &vl, &tus, [com-
munis] , to divide with, share.

communis, e, [com- + root mu-,
to bind], adj., common, shared by
all,

commUnlter, [communis], adv.,
together, in common, jointly.

c5m5, ere, psi, ptus, to arrange,
dress, comb.

comp&ctus, a, um, [part, com-
pinfiT^i, to Join together] , Adj., joined
together, compactly made.

comp&erds, is, [com- + root paff- in
panfirO, to fasten], t., a joint, seam,
fastening.

comp&GTd, inis, [rare for com-
P&GTSs] , f ., a joining, joint, fasten-
ing.

com-parO, &re, ftvi, fttus, to bring
together, matth, compare.

com-pellG, ere, puli, pulsus, to
drive together ; drive, force.

comperi5, ire, i, tus, [com- + root
par- in pari5], to find out, ascer-
tain, learn.

compSscG, ere, ui, — , [compds, a
fetter], to co'nfine, repress, curb ; to
quench, appear, slake,

compitum, I, [competG, to coincide
with], n., a place where roads cross;
pi., a crossway, crossroads.

com-plector, i, plexus, to encirde,
enfold, embrace, seize upon.

oom-pleO, 6re, evi, dtus, to Jill, Jill
up, throng ; complete.

complezus. Us, [complector] , m.,
an embrace.

com-pl0r5, &re, &vi, &tus, to be-
wail, lament.

com-p5n5, ere, posul, positus, to
put together, construct, build ; put
to rest, set at rest ; lay to rest, inter,
bury ; arrange, compose, settle one's
self, quiet, calm ; put side by side,
compare.

com.prehend5 (pr6nd5), ere, I,
h6nsus, to seize, grasp; recount,
enumerate, describe.

comprimO, ere, press!, pressus.

VOCABULARY

435

[com- + premd], to cheeky quelle
represSf restrain, stay.

cGnSmen, inis, [c5nor], n., an effort ^
struggle ; a prop, support.

concav5, &re, — , &tUB, [conca-
vus], to make hollow, curve.

concavus, a, um, [coin- + cavus],
adj., hollow, vaulted, arched, curved.

con-cedo, ere, cessi, cessiis, [com-
4-ced6], depart, go away, with-
draw, retire; grant, permit, allow.

concha, ae, [«07X'?], t., a shell-fish ; a
shell, snail shell; anything shaped
like a shell, a Triton*s trumpet.

concilium, il, [com- + root cal, to
call], n., a gathering, assembly; a
council; union, bond of union, tie.

concind, ere, ui, — , [com- 4- can5J,
to sing harmoniously, sing.

conci5 or concieO, ire, ivi, citus,
[com- + cie6], to bring together;
move violently, shake, stir up;
rouse, excite, inspire, move.

concipid, ere, cepi, ceptus,
[com- + capiO], to take up, take in,
take, receive ; conceive, become pos-
sessed by ; conceive, imagine, grasp
in imagination; take to, have re-
course to.

concit5, &re, &vi, &tus, [freq. con-
cio], to rouse, excite, urge, drive.

concl&mO, ftre, &vi, &tU8, [com- +
cl&m5], to cry or shout out ; shout
or name aloud, exclaim.

concolor. Oris, [com-fcolor], adj.,
of the same color.

Concordia, ae, [concors, of the
same mind], f., harmony, union,
concord.

concords, &re, ftvi, fttus, [con-
cors, of the same mind] , to agree,
harmonize; be in harmony.

concrescO, ere, crevi, cretus,
[com- -h crS8c6], to grow together,
take on form by hardening, to
harden, stiffen; grow, increase.

concurrO, ere, curri (cucurri),
cursus, [com- + curr6], to run or
rush together ; encounter, fight.

concussus, Us, [concuti5], m., a
shaking, concussion, shock.

concutid, ere, cussi, cussus, [com-
+ Quati6] , to shake ; smite, shat-
ter; agitate^ alarm, arouse, excite.

condiclO, 5ni8, [condlc5, to agree],
£., an agreement, condition, com-
pact; situation, nature, condition,
state.

condO, ere, didi, ditus, [com- +
dO], to found, establish, build;
store up, put away ; preserve, pickle ;
hide, conceal; lay to rest, bury,
consign to the tomb; shut, close;
w. ferrum, strike deep, plunge,
bury.

condacG, ere, dOzi, ductus, [com-
-f-dac6], to draw together, assem-
ble, collect.

conferO, ferre, contuli, conl&tus,
[com- + fer5], to bring together,
collect; to bring together in com-
parison, match, compare.

c5nfld5, ere, fisus, [com--f-fid6],
believe, hope, put confidence in, have
faith in. •

cOnflnls, e, [com- -f finis], adj., bor-
dering, adjoining, contiguous.

c5nflteor, Sri, fessus, [com- +
fateor], to confess, acknowledge.

conftemO, ere, ui, — -, [com- +
fX^m5], to resound, murmur loudly.

confueri5, ere, fClfiri, — , [com- -f

^ fugiO], to flee to for help, have
recourse to.

c5nfund0, ere, fQdi, fQsus, [com-
+ fundO], to pour together, mingle ;
confuse, heap up together ; confuse,
perplex.

confirelG, &re, &vl, &tus, [com- +
8rel5, to freeze] , to freeze together,
congeal, stiffen.

concreriSs, 51, [congrerO], f., a heap,
mass, pile.

concrero, ere, firessl, grestus, [com-
+ fiTCrO], to pile together, heap
up.

congrredior, grredi, grressus, [com-
+ grradior] , to encounter in fight,
meet in battle, attack.

conici5, ere, ieci, iectus, [com-
+ iaci6], to throw together; hurl,
cast, throw, thrust.

436

VOCABULARY

ooniu^um, U, [conluncrO] , n., a
union ; marriage, wedlock.

coniunsrO, ere, iOnzi, iHnctus,
[coxn--f iunsrO]. to join, join to-
gether, unite,

conlUnx, u^ls, [coniunsrO] , m., f.,
a husband, w\fe.

conidrO, fire, ftvi, fttus, [com- +
i11r5], to swear together, fonn a
conspiracy, plot, conspire.

conl&bor, I, Iftpsus, [com- + Iftbor,
to slip], to fall or sink together;
faint.

conlier5, ere, ISgl, 16ctus, [com- +
legO], to bring together, collect,
assemble ; to infer.

conlocO, are, &vi, &tu8, [com- +
locd, to place] , to arrange, put in
place, put, set.

cdnor, ftri, fttus, to try, endeavor,
attempt.

conqueror, I, questus [com- +
queror, to express grief], to com-
plain, bewail, lament.

cOnscendO, ere, I, scSnaus, [com-
+ 8cand5, to rise] , to mount, climb,
ascend, embark upon.

consceler5, &re, &vl, fttus, [com-
-h scelerC, to pollute], to stain
with guilt, pollute.

cGnscius, a, um, [com- + Bci5],
adj., knowing or conscious of some-
thing in common with another,
privy to; knowing something
within one*8 self, conscious.

cGnsenescO, ere, senvii, — , [com-
-h senescO, to grow old], to grow
oldrtogether.

c5n8entiG,Ire, sSnsi, sSnsus, [com-
+ sentiO], to agree, consent, take
part.

cOnsequor, I, secatus, [com- +
sequor], to folloto, follow close,
pursue.

cOnserO, ere, ui-, tias, [com- -h serO,
to bind together], to tie together,
fasten; join, make as one.

c5n8er5, ere, aSvI, situs or satus,
[com- + ser5], to sow, plant, set
out.

cGnsessus, as, [c5ii8id5], m., a sit-

ting together; an assembly, con-
gregation.

cOnsidd, ere, sSdl, sessus, [com-
+ sAd6, to sit down], to sit down,
take one's seat.

consilium, ii, [c0nsul5], n., apian,
purpose, design, measure; counsel,
advice.

cOnsistO, ere, stiti, stitus, [com-
-)-sistO], to place one's self any-
where, take one's stand, set foot on ;
stand, stand still, settle, be at rest.

cdnsOlor, &ri, atus, [com- + s51or],
to encourage, console, cheer, com-
fort.

cdnsors, itis, [com- + sors], m. and
f ., a sharer, partner, comrade.

cOnspectus, a, um, [part, cdn-
Bpici5], adj., infuM view ; striking,
distinguished, noteworthy.

cGnspicid, ere, spexi, spectus,
[com- + *speci5, to look], to look
at, gaze upon, see, get sight of, spy,
descry.

cOnspicuus, a, um, [c0nspici5],
adj., in view, visible ; striking, con-
spicuous, illustrious.

cOnstemd, &re, &vi, &tu8, [com-
-f- stemO], to confound, terrify,
alarm, frighten.

cOnstO, &re, stiti, st&tus, [com-
-h stO], to stand still or firm, be
fixed, steadfast.

cOnsuSscO, ere, su6v!, suStus,
[com- + su68c5, to become used],
to form a habit, become accustomed ;
in perf., to be accustomed, be wont.

cdnsuStus, a, um, [part. cOnsu-
6e»cO], adj., accustomed, usual,
wonted.

consul, ulis. [com- + root sal of
saliO, to leap ; compare ezsul], m.,
a consul.

cOnsulO, ere, ui, tus, [see cOnsul],
to go to for advice ; consult.

cOnsummO, &re, ftvl, &tu8, [com-
-f- summa. top, summit, .mm], to
accomplish, complete, finish, sum up.

c5nsam5, ere, psi, ptus, [com- +
stLm5], to use up, spend, consume,
devour.

VOCABULARY

437

c5n8urgr0, ere, surrSxI, surr6ctuB,
[com- + surgrd], poet., rise, rise tip
from.

cont&ctua, as, [continer5], m.,
touch, contact.

(contaerluxn, ii) , [continfirG] , n. , only
in pi., contagion, infection.

contefirO, ere, tSxi, tdctus, [com-
+ teg6], to cover up, bury, hide,
conceal.

contexnnd, ere, tempai, teznptus,
[com-+ temnO], to deaplse, defy.

contexnptor, Oris, [contemn5],m.,
a scorner, contemner, despiser.

contemptrix, Icis, [contemnG], f.,
a scorner, contemner, despiser.

contend5, ere, I, tentus, [com- +
tend5], trans., to stretch; strive,
fight, contend.

contentus, a, um, [part. contend5],
adj., stretched tight, tense.

contentus, a, um, [part. contine5],
adj., held together; hence, satisfied,
content.

conterminus, a, um, [com- + ter-
minus, houndary'\, adj., bordering
upon, neighboring, adjacent.

conterreS, Sre, ui, itus, [com- +
terre6], to terrify greatly, frighten.

conticesc5, ere, ticui, — , [com- +
inch. taceO], to become silent, be
hushed to rest, cease speaking.

contifiTUUS, a, ^ um, [contingrO],
adj., bordering, neighboring, ad-
joining.

contineO, Sre, ui, tentus, [com- +
tene5], to hold together; restrain,
check, stop.

contingrO, ere, tigi, tActus, [com-
+ tangrO], to touch, take hold of;
reach, touch, concern; attain, ob-
tain, seize upon, take possession of;
reach, arrive at, come to; impers.,
befall, happen, be one's lot.

continue, fire, avi, fitus, [con-
tinuus, joining], to join, make
continuous ; extend, prolong.

contorqued, €re, torea, tortus,
[com- -h torques] , to tiirn or twist
violently or with great effort ; hurl,
throw, discharge.

contrfi, adv., in turn, in reply ; oppo-
site, in front ; against, in opposition.
contrfi, prep. w. ace, opposite;
against.

contrahO, ere, trfia, trfictus,
[com- + trah5], to draw together,
bring into harmony ; draw in, con-
tract, narrow, abridge.

contrfirius, a, um, [contrfi], adj.,
lying over against ; opposite, oppos-
ing; opposed, hostile.

contribuG, ere, I, atus, [com-
+ tribuG], to unite ; contribute,
add.

cGnabium, il, [com- + nubO, to veil
one's self], n., marriage, wedlock;
often used in the pi.

contumulG, fire, fivl, fitus, [com-
-K tumulG], to caver with a mound,
bury.

cOnus, I, [kwi/o«], m., a cone ; the apex
of a helmet.

convaiescO, ere, lui, [com- + inch.
valed], to recover, regain health,
grow strong.

convell5, ere, velli, vulsus, [com-
+ vellO], to tear away, tear up,
pull up, wrench off, pluck off or
up.

convenlO, Ire, vSnl, ventus, [com-
+ venlO], to come together, assem-
ble; fit, be fit, be adapted to, be
appropriate for, be suitable, agree.

cOnvertO, ere, i, versus, [com- -h
vertO] , to turn, turn around, turn,
direct, attract attention of; turn,
change, alter.

convezus, a, um, [conveh5, to
carry together], adj., convex, con-
cave, vaulted, arched, rounded.

convicium, il, [com- + root of
vox], n., a loud noise, outcry;
wrangling, altercation ; reproach,
abuse, insult ; convicia nemorum,
com,mon scolds of the woods.

convictus, as, [convivO, to live
together], m., a living together,
social intercourse, society.

convince, ere, vici, victus, [com-
+ vinc6J , to ov^'Tcome, conquer.

conviva, ae, [conv!v6, to live to-

438

VOCABULARY

getfier], m. aud f., a table companion,
guest.

convlvium, ii, [conviv6, to live to-
gether], n., a living together; a
feast, banquet.

convocG, are, avi, atiis, [com- 4-
voc6], to call together, convoke,
assemble.

oOpia, ae, [com- H- ops, aid, help],
t., abundance, plenty ; opportunity,
chance ; chance at, access to, power
over.

c5pula, ae, [com- + root ap, to
fasten], f., a band, rope, thong;
leash.

coqu5, ere, coxl, coctus, to cook ;
bum, parch, dry up.

cor, cordis, n., the heart, as a physi-
cal organ ; the heart, as the seat of
emotions.

Corimia, ae, f., a feigned name of
the object of Ovid's affections.

Corinthus, i, f., Corinth, a city of
Greece.

comeiis, a, iim, [coma] , adj., made
of horn.

comlfirer, era, erum, [coma +
Grer5], adj., having horns, horned.

comix, icis, f., a crow.

coma, as, n., a horn of animals;
the horns or points of the moon ; the
horn, point, or end, as of a how ; a
horn-shaped projection of land, a
cape; a horn, trumpet.

comiim, i, [comus, a comel-cJierry
tree], n., the cornel-cherry.

cor5na, ae, [xopciioj], f., a crown,
garland, or wreath of flowers or
leaves; a circle, assembly, crowd,
ring.

CorSnis, idis, [Kop«i/is], f., daugh-
ter of the Thessalian Phlegyas,
and mother of Aesculapius by
Apollo.

cor6n6, are, avi, atus, [cor5na],
to crown, wreathe, encircle.

corpus, oris, n., the body of men or
animals ; body, limbs, members ; the
body, main body, center, source ; pi.,
substances, elements.

corrigO, ere, r6xi, rSotus, [com-

+ regr0], to set right, improve,
amend, correct, revise, change.

corrlpiO, ere, ui, reptus, [com-
+ rapi6], ^to seize eagerly, snatch,
snatch up, away, seize upofi, catch ;
catch the attention of, 'fascinate ;
attack, seize, sweep away, carry
away.

cortex, icis, m.,th€ bark of a tree.

C5rycid@s, van, [KwpuKi?], f. adj.,
a name applied to the nymphs who
were supposedto inhabit the Cory dan
cave on Mount Parnassus. They
were the daughters of the river god
Plistus.

coruscus, a, um, adj., waving;
flashing, gleaming, glittering.

costa, ae, f., a rib or side of an ani-
mal.

cothumatus, a, um, [cothurnus] ,
adj., shod with the cothurnus, bus-
kined, tragic.

cothurnus, i, [KoOopvo^] , m., a buskin,
a high shoe worn by tragic actors.

coturnix, icis, f ., a quail.

eras, adv., to-morrow ; in the future,
hereafter.

crassus, a, um, adj., thick, clotted ;
turbid, swollen.

cratSr, eris, m., and cratera, &e,
[Kparrip] , f ., a mixer, a bowl in which
wine was mingled with water.

crSber, crSbra, cr@brum, adj.,
frequjent, incessant, repeated, num-
erous, constant; abounding in,
teeming vnth, thick set with.

crSdibilis, e, [cred5], adj., to be be-
lieved, worthy of belief, credible.

credo, ere, didi, ditus, to commit
or intrust anything to any one ; be-
lieve, trust, put faith or confidence
in, give credence to; in general,
suppose, think, believe.

crSdulus, a, um, [credO], adj., be-
lieving, trusting; credulous, easy
of belief, simple.

cremO, are, avi, atus, to consume
with fire, burn.

cre6, are, avi, atus, to bring forth,
produce, create, beget; creatus,
the son of.

VOCABULARY

439

crepitd, ftre (ftvl, fttus), [freq.

crep5, to rattle] , to rttstle, crackle,

rattkf resound.
crepusculum, I, [creper, gloomy],

n., twilight, dtisk.
crescG, ere, crSvI, orStus, to come

into existence, spring from, he horn ;

to rise, grow, increase, swell, enlarge.
CrSsius, a, um, adj., belonging to

Crete, Cretan^
CrSssa, ae., f ., a Cretan woman.
Cr6tS, 68, [Kpirnj] , f ., Crete, an island

in the Mediterranean,
Cr@taeti8, a, um, [CrStS], adj.,

Cretan,
crimen, inis, [cemO] , n., a charge,

accusation ; crime, guilt, sin, offense,

hlame. ^
crmfiUs, e, [crlnls], adj., of the hair,
crmis, Is, m., the hair, locks; the

tail or trail of a comet or shooting

star,
crista, ae, f., a crest or plume.
croceus, a, um, [crocus], adj., saf-
fron colored, yellow, golden.
crocus, I, [Kp6i€0i], m., the crocus,

saffron,
cruciatus, as, [cruciO, to torture] ,

m., torture, torment, suffering.
cradeiis, e, [crQdus], adj., cruel,

pitiless, merciless, fierce, harsh,

hard hearted.
crCLdus, a, urn, adj., hloody ; cruel,

merciless.
cruentd, &re, ftvl, Stus, [cruen-

tus] , to make hloody, stain with

hlood,
cruentus, a, um, [cruor], adj.,

hloody, hlood stained ; hloodthirsty ,

cruel, murderous,
cruor, Oris, m., hlood that is shed,

gore,
eras, aris, u.,the leg, shank.
cubit5, Ore, &vi, — , [freq. cub5], to

he accustomed to lie, lie.
cubO, &re, ui, itus, to lie down,

recline ; lie at rest, rest.
culmen, inls, [for columen, from

*celld, to rise], n., the top or

summit of anything ; the roof of a

building ; a height, pinnacle, acme.

culpa, ae, I., guilt, fault, offense,
weakness,

culter, tri, m.,a knife of any kind.

cultor, Oris, [colG], m., a tiller, hus-
bandman; worshiper.

cultus, as, [cold], m., a tilling, cul-
tivation ; mode of life, culture, civil-
ization, signs of civilization ; mode
of dress, attire.

cultus, a, um, [part, cold], adj.,
cultivated, tilled ; polished, elegant,
cultivated.

cum, prep. w. abl., with, in every

cum, conj. adv., when, since, al-
though ; cum . . . tum, both . . .
and, not only , . .but also.

oumba, ae, [KVfipri], f., a boat, skiff.

cumulG, &re, &v!, &tus, [cumulus],
to heap up, pile,

cumulus, 1, m., a mass, heap, pile.

canae, ftrum, f . pi., a cradle.

cunctor, &ri, &tus, to delay, hesi-
tate, linger, wait, be reluctant.

canctus, a, um, [contracted from
conianctus], adj., all together, in a
body, the whole, all, entire.

cune&tus, a, um, [cuneus, wedge] ,
adj., wedge shaped.

Cupidineus, a, um, [CupidO], adj.,
of Cupid,

cupidO, Inis, [cupiO], f., a desire,
longing, eagerness, passion, greed,
lust, avarice, the passion of love.

Cupidd, inis, [person. cupidO], m.,
Cupid, son of Venus, and god of
Love.

cupidus, a, um, [cupiO], adj., eager,
I desirous, loving, fond, passionate.
i cupi5, ere, ivi, (ii), itus, to desire,
j wish, long, long for.
I CUpreSSUS, i, [«tvirapi<r<ros], f., the

i cypress.

car, adv., why ? wherefore f for what
reason f

cOra, ae, f., care, solicitude, concern,
regard; care, grief, sorrow, anxiety;
care, pain, pangs of love; care, busi-
ness, duty, office ; the object of care,
the beloved one.

caralium, 11, [•tovpoAAioi'], n., coral.

440

VOCABULARY

cOria, ae, f., a court, curia; the
senate house ; the senate.

cdrO, fire, &vi, &tii8, [oCLra], to care,
care for, regard, heed, pay attention
to.

currO, ere, cucurri, cursus, to run,
move swiftly, of any object; of
rivers, to flow; hasten, scud along,
sail, glide.

cumia, He, [currS], m., o chariot,
car.

cursus, tLs, [CUIT5], m., a running,
race, chase, flight, course ; a course,
voyage, journey, road, route.

curv&men, inis, [c\irv5], n., a bend-
ing, bend, curve.

curvatOra, ae, [curvO], £., a bend;
w. rotae, the rim.

curv6, are, ftvi, fttUB, [curvus],
to curve, bend.

cunms, a, uxn, adj., curved, curving,
bending.

cuspis, idle, t, the pointed end of any-
thing; a spear point, or by ipeton.,
the spear itself; the spear or tri^
dent of Neptune.

cu8t5dia, ae, [custda], f., the act
of guarding; one who watches, a
guard, custodian.

custddiO, Ire, ivi, itus, [ciistds],
to watch, keep, protect, guard.

custds, ddis, m., f.,a guard, watch,
keeper, protector.

cutis, is, f., the skin.

Cyane, ds, [Kvai^i], f., a fountain
near Syracuse ; the nymph who was
changed into this fountain.

Cyclases, um, [Kv«cAa«€s], f. pi., a
cluster of islands in the Aegean sea,
the Cyclades.

OyclSps, opis, [KvkAwi^, round eye] ,
m., a Cyclops, one of a savage race
of giants, living in Sicily near Mt.
Aetna ; they had but one eye, lying
in the center of the forehead.

cycnus, i, [KVKvoi]^ m., a swan.

Cyd5niii8, a, um, adj., Cydonian,
of Cydonia, an ancient town in
Crete, Cretan; w. mftla (apples),
or subs., n. pi., cyd5nia, Oruxn,
quinces.

CylienS, 6a and ae, [KvAa^io,], f., a
mountain in Arcadia, the birthr-
place of Mercury.

Cyllenius, a, um, of Cyllene ; Cylle-
nian.

Cynthia, ae, [Cynthus], f., the
Cynthian goddess, Diana.

Cynthus, i, [Kvrflo?], m., a mountain
of Velos, the birthplace of Apollo
and Diana.

Cythera, 5rum, [Kveijpa], n. pi., an
island in the Aegean, northwest of
Crete; near this island Venus is
said to have risen from the foam of
the sea.

Cytherea, ae, [CythSra], f., Venus.

Cytheriacus, a, um, [CythSra], of
Cythera, sacred to Venus.

cytisus, i, [itvTwro?], m., f., the shrub-
by lucerne, trefoil, clover.

Daedalus, i, m., the mythical Athe-
nian architect, father of Icarus,
and builder of the Cretan Labyrinth.

Damasichthon, onis, [Aomoitix^*',
earth suhduer], m., a son of Am-
phion and Niobe, slain by Apollo.

damma, ae,ni., f., a fallow deer, doe.

damn5, &re, avi, &tus, [damnum],
to condemn, sentence; devote, con-
sign ; blam£, disapprove, reject.

damnosus, a, um, [damnum], adj.,
injurious, destructive, pernicious.

damnum, i, n., harm, damage, loss,
injury, mi^ortune, ruin.

Dana6, Ss, [Aavaii], f., daughter of
Acrisius, and mother of Perseus by
Jupiter.

Danaeius, a, um, [Dana6], adj.,
pertaining to, descended from
Danae ; hSrCs, i.e. Perseus.

Danaus, a, um, adj., pertaining to
Danaus, an ancient king of Argos ;
(meton.) Grecian; subs., Danai,
drum, m. pi., the Greeks.

daphne, @s, f., the laurel tree, bay
tree; hence DaphnS, Ss, f., the
daughter of the river god Peneus,
who wa^ changed into a laurel tree.

VOCABULARY

441

daps, dapis, f ., used regalarly in the
pi., a sacrificial feast ; a feast, a
banquet ; food, viands.

Dardanlus, a, um, [Dardanus],
adj., Dardanian; poet., Trojan.

Dardanus, I, [^apSav<K], m., Darda-
nus, one of the founders of the
royal house of Troy.

d6, prep. w. abl., of source, place
whence, of, from, out of, down
from; with expressions of mate-
rial, of, out of; in derived sense,
in regard to, concerning, about.

dea, ae, f., a goddess.

d6be5, ere, m, itus, [for ddhlbe5,
from d@ + liabed, to keep back],
to owe ; (in pass.), be due, destined.

dgbllis, e, [de + habilis, manage-
able], adj., unmanageable; weak,
maimed, crippled.

dSbllitd, fire, fivi, fitus, [ddbilis],
to cripple, hurt, weaken.

dScerpO, ere, si, tus, [dS + carpG],
to pluck off or aioay.

d6-cert0, fire, fivi, fitus, to fight,
contend, strive.

decet, 6re, uit, — , to be fitting,
proper, suitable, becoming.

d§cid6, ere, cidi, — , [d5 + cadO],
to fall, fall down.

deci6s, [decern, ten], num. adv., ten
times.

decimus, a, um, [decern, ten] , adj.,
tenth.

d6cipi5, ere, cepi, ceptus, [de +
capi5J, to deceive, beguile, catch.

dg-clinO, fii e, fivi, fitus, to turn aside
or away ; close, shut, lower.

declivis, e, [d6 + clivus], adj., in-
clining downwards, sloping; as
subs., n., a slope.

decor. Oris, [decus], m., that which
is seemly ; grace, beauty.

decorO, fire, fivi, fitus, [decus], to
decorate, adorn.

dec5rus, a, um, [decor], adj., be-
coming, fitting, seemly; comely,
beautiful.

dS-cr€sc5, ere, cr6vi, crStus, to
grow less, decrease, diminish, dis-
appear.

ddcrStum, i, [dScemd. to decide], n..

a decree, ordinance, decision.
d6-currG, ere, cucurri, or curri,

cursus, to run down ; have recourse

to.
decus, oris, [from root dec, in de-
cet], n., an ornament, adornment;

grace, beauty ; glory, dignity, honor.
de-decet, ere, uit, — , to be unseem-
ly ; to disgrace,
d6-decus, oris, n., disgrace, dishonor,

shame ; cause of shame, blemish.
dS-dacO, ere, dOzi, ductus, to

lead, bring, draw down or away;

turn aside.
dS-fendO, ere, i. fSnsus, to defend,

guard, protect.
dSfSnsor, Oris, [dSfendO], m.^ one

who defends, a protector, defence.
dS-ferO, ferre, tuli, Ifitus, to take,

bear, bring, carry from one place to

another.
dSfessus, a, um, [part. dSfetiscor,

to become weary], adj., wearied,

weary, fatigued.
dd-flciO, ere, fSci, fectus, [deH-

faciO], to fail, desert, be toanting ;

faint, sink down.
dS-fleO, Sre, Svi, Stus, to weep over,

lament.
dS-fluO, ere, fluxi, flvixus, to flow,

glide, slip, fall down.
dSfOrmis, e, [dS + fOrma], adj.,

misshapen, shapeless, ugly, un-
sightly.
dS-ftSnfitus, a, um, [de + part.

ftSnO, to bridle], adj., unrestrained.
dS-fungror, i, fanctus, to have done

with, get through with, discharge,

finish.
de-grrandinat, impers., it stops hail-
ing.
d5-firravO, fire, — , fitus, to weigh

down, burden.
de-hisco, ere, hivi, — , to yawn, open

wide.
Deianira, ae, [Ai^iai/eipa] , f., the

daughter of Oeneus, and wife of

Hercules.
d€-iclO, ere, iSci, iectus, [de +

laciO], to cast, hurl down; destroy.

442

VOCABULARY

ddiectus, 08, [dSlcid], m., a thrvw-

ing dovon ; fall.
deinde, (dissyl.), [d6 + inde], adv.,

frvm there, thenceforward; there-

qfter, thereupon, then; next, next

in order, then, after that.
dS-lftbor, I, l&psus, to faU down,

fall into ; glide down, descend

Boftly, steal down ; fiy, swoop down.
ddlectO, fire, &vi, &tu8, [d9 + in-

tens. *laci5, to allure], to delight,

charm, please.
de-16nl5, ire, Ivi, Itus, to soothe,

charm, fascinate.
dSleO, 6re, Svi, dtus, to efface,

abolish, destroy, extinguish.
ddliciae, &rum, [dSlicid, to allure] ,

i. pl.» a delight ; darling, favorite,

sweetheart.
delictum, I, [delinquG, to fail], n.,

a fault, offense, trespass.
d6-UfirO, Sre, legri, ISctus, [dd +

lofird], to choose, choose out, select,

pick.
d5-Ut5sc6, ere, Utiil, — [d« + la^

tSsco, to hide one's self], to hide,

conceal one's self, lie hidden.
DSUuB, a, um, [DSIob], adj., of

Delos, Delian ; an epithet of Apollo

and Diana.
DSlos, i, [AiAo«], f., Delos, an island

in the Aegean, the birthplace of

Apollo and Diana.
Delphi, Oruzn, [AeA^ot], m., a city in

Phocis, famous as the seat of the

Oracle of Apollo ; (meton.) oracles,

mysteries.
Delphlcus, a, um, [Delphi], adj.,

Delphic, belonging to Delphi.
delphin, inis, m., a dolphin.
deiabrum, i, [dSluO, to wash out,

cleanse], n., the place of expiation;

a sanctuary, shrine, temple.
dS-mSns, entis, adj., out of one's

mind or senses, mad, distracted,

demented, foolish.
dSmentia, ae, [demens], f., mad-
ness, folly.
dSmissus, a, um, [part. dSmittO],

adj., let down, lowered; hanging

down.

dd-mittO, ere, ml8l,ml88U8, to send

down, cast down, let down; thrust

down or into.
d6mo, ere, ddmpsi, ddmptus, [d6

+ emd, to buy, obtain], to take

away, remove.
de-mdlior, iii, itus, to tear down,

demolish, destroy.
dSmum, [a superlative form of dSJ,

adv., at length, at last, finally.
d&-neg5, fire, &vi, fttus, to r^ect,

r^use.
dSnl, ae, a, [decem, terC], num. adj.,

ten at a time, ten each ; poet., ten.
dSnique, adv., finally, at length;

in short, in fact, at all ; tum or

tunc dSnique, then for the first

time, not till then ; modo denique,

never until now.
dSne, dentis, [from root in edd, to

eat; compare eddns], m., a tooth,

of man or animal ; tusk.
dSnsus, a, um, adj., dose together,

dense, thick, crowded; thick set;

continuous ; in active sense, making

dense, solidifying.
dS-pellG, ere, pull, pulsus, to

drive away, ward off, put to flight.
dS-pendeO, 8re, — , — , to hang down

from, hang down.
dd-pered, ire, li, ittlrus, to go to

ruin, perish, be lost.
dS-plGr5, ftre, ftvi, &tus, to weep,

lament, deplore,
d&-p6n5, ere, posvd, positus, to lay

aside, lay down, set aMde or apart ;

set in, plant; get rid of; quench;

dSpositus, a, um, [part. dS-

p6n5] , adj., laid down ; laid out as

a corpse, dead.
dd-posc5, ere, i>oposci, — , to call

for, require ; demand for punish-
ment.
ddpositum, i, [ddp6n5], n., that

which is deposited, a trust ; poet., t?ie

seed planted i7i the ground, the pro-
duct of the seed, the harvest.
dd-precor, &ri, &tus, to plead against,

seek to avoid.
dS-prehend5 (depr6ndG), ere, i,

hSnsus, to catch, overtake; com-

VOCABULARY

443

prehend, understand; detect, ap-
prehend, Jind out.

ddprlm5,ere, pres^, pressus, [dS
-h premO], to press down, weigh
down.

(dS-rigr^BCo) , ere, dSrigrui or dlrl-
gv&, — , to grow rigid, become stiff,
harden, ttirn to stone.

ddscendO, ere, I, scensus, [de +
BcandO, to climb], to go down, climb
down, descend; sink down, penetrate
into.

dS-secG, are, vii, tus, to cut away,
prune off.

d§-ser5, ere, m, tus, to desert,
leave, forsake, abandon.

dd-serviG, ire, — , — , to serve zeal-
ously, be devoted to.

dS-8iffn0, ftre, &vi, &tu8, to mark
out, point out.

dSsUiO, ire, ui, sultus, [dS + scbUO,
to leap], to leap down.

dS-sinO, ere, sivi (sii), situs, to
leave off, cease.

dS-sistO, ere, stiti, stitus, to stand
off from ; leave off, cease.

des515, &re, ftvi, &tu8, [dS + sOlus,
alone], to forsake, abandon, leave
alone.

de-spect5, ftre, — , —, [intens. dS-
spiclO], to look down upon.

dSsplcid, ere, spe^, spectus, [d6
-f- *8peci5, to look], to look down
upon; despise, reject, scorn.

destituO, ere, i, atus, [dS +
statud], to set apart; leave, aban-
don.

dS-stringrd, ere, strinxi, strictiis,
to strip off; unsheaths, draw.

dS-stru5, ere, strtLzi, strQctiis,
to pull down, destroy, demolish.

dSsuStus, a, um, [part. d6Bu68c5,
to become unaccustomed], adj., un-
accustomed, unfamiliar, strange.

dSsultor, Oris, [d@sili5], m., a vault-
er; desultor amoris, inconstant,
fickle.

d6-8um, esse, fui, — , to be wanting,
absent, missing.

dS-teGr5, ere, tSxi, tSctus, to unr
cover, expose, lay bare.

ddterior, ius, [comparative of deter,
an obsolete form of dd], adj. comp.,
lower, worse, of less value.

dd-ter5, ere, trivi, tritus, to rub,
away, wear away.

detineO, Sre, vl, tentus, [d6 +
tene5] , to keep back, detain, stay,
hold ; hold any one to an act or work,
train.

dS-tr&ctG, ftre, ftvi, fttus, to r^use,
shirk ; depreciate, disparage.

dd-trahO, ere, trftzi, trftctus, to
drag off, take away from.

Deucali5n, Onis, [AevxaAiwi/], m., son
of Prometheus, and husband of
Pyrrha.

deiis, i, m., a god, deity.

dS-v&8t5, ftre, — , fttus, to lay waste,
devastate.

d6-vertor, i, versus, to turn away,
turn aside; betake one's self to,
turn attention to.

dS-vinc6, ere, vici, vlctus, to sub-
due completely, overcome.

dSvlus, a, um, [dS + via] , adj., out
of the way, remote.

de-volv6, ere, i, voiatus, to roll
down, roll off.

de-vove6, Sre, v6vi, vOtus, to
devote to, give up to, doom to, as a
victim to sacrifice; curse, execrate,

dSv5tus, a, um, [part. dSvoveO],
adj., devoted, faithful.

dexter, era, erum, or tra, trum,
adj., on the right, the right hand,
the right ; suitable, favorable, pro-
pitious ; sabs., f ., the right hand.

Dia, ae, [Aia], f., an old name of the
island of Naxos.

Di&na, ae, [for Divftna] , f., daughter
of Jupiter and Latona, sister of
Apollo, goddess of the chase.

dicO, ftre, ftvi, fttus, to give up, set
apart, appropriate anything to or
for any ©ne ; dedicate, consecrate to
a god.

dicO, ere, dixi, dlctus, to say,
speak ; tell, relate ; tell, order ; speak
of, mention; call; foretell, proclaim,
predict.

Dictaeus, a, um, [Dicte], adj., per-

444

VOCABULARY

taining to Dicte, a mountain in
Crete ; (meton.) Cretan.

dictG, are, ftvi, fttus, [freq. dlc6],
to pronounce^ declare ; to dictate
to one for writing.

dictum, I, [dicO], n., a word, a
speech.

Dictynna, ae, [SCktvov^ a hunting
net]t f., an appellation of Diana,
xoho was probably so called in allu-
sion to her favorite pursuit of the
chase.

di-dacO, ere, dOzi, ductus, to draw
apartf draw off, draw aside,

diss, ei, f. and m., a day; a set day,
an appointed time, time in general ;
a period of time, an age ; the light
of day, the daylight.

differs, ferre, dlstuli, dil&tus,
[dis- -f- ferO] , to carry different
ways, spread abroad, scatter; put
oft defer, postpone, delay.

dlfflcllis, e, [dls-H-faciUs], adj.,
difficult, hard; obstinate, morose,
churlish.

diffidO, ere, — , flsus, [di8- + fid0],
to distrust, lose faith in.

diffufiriO, ere, fagi, -, [dis- 4-
fugiO], to flee in different or all
directions, scatter, disperse.

diffundO, ere, fadi, fttsus, [dis- +
fundO] , to pour in different direc-
tions; spread, scatter, diffuse,
spread abroad, publish ; give vent to,
give free course to.

dl.firer5, ere, gressi, grestus, to carry
in different directions ; explain, in-
terpret ; divide, separate, extend (in
parts) over.

digitus, i, ra., a finger; a toe.

digrnor, Sri, atus, [digrnus], to count
or deem worthy ; deign.

di-grnOscO, ere, — , — , to know apart,
tell apart.

digrnus, a, um, adj., worthy, suita-
ble, fit, proper.

digrredior, i, grressus, [di + grra-
dior], to go away, go apart, sepa-
rate.

dl-l&bor, I, l&psus, to glide or slip
away, disappear, vanish.

dilSctus, a, urn, [part, dlligrd], adj.,
chosen out, loved, beloved, dear.

dlligr5, ere, IS^, ISctus, [di+legrG],
to choose out, esteem, love.

diiaviuzn, ii, [diluO, to wash away],
n., a flood, deluge, inundation.

di-mitt5, ere, misi, missus, to send
in all directions; send away, dis-
miss ; give up, let go, abandon.

dI-move5, dre, mOvi, m5tus, to
move or put aside, part, separate, di-
vide ; drive away, dissipate, scatter,
remove.

Dindyma, Orum, [AiV«w/*a], n., a
mountain in Mysia, sacred to Cyhele.

DiomSdes, is, [aio/*^i»«], m., son of
Tydeus, king qf Aetolia, one of the
Greek chiefs before Troy.

DiomedSus, a, um, [DiomSdes],
adj., of or belonging to Diomedes.

DircS, Ss, [AipKi)]y f., a fountain in
Boeotia.

dIrSctus, a, um, [part. dirigrG],
adj., straight, direct.

dlrigrS, ere, rSzi, rSctus, [dls-'-f
regr5], to cause to move in a straight
line, guide, direct.

dirimO, ere, SmI, Smptus, [dis- +
emO, to buy, obtain], to part, di-
vide, separate ; interrupt, break off,
put an end to.

diripiO, ere, ui, reptus, [dis- +
rapid], to tear in pieces; tear away,
strip off.

dims, a, um, 2A]., fearful, dreadful,
awful ; iU omened, portentous, dire ;
horrid, shocking, cursed, wild, cruel,
fierce, fell.

dis- (dl-), an inseparable particle used
in composition with other words,
and having the force of asfitnder, in
pieces, in different directioiis; it
also has sometimes the force of a
negative.

dis, ditis, [comp. ditior, superl. dl-
tissimus], adj., rich.

Dis, Ditis, m.,the god of the Lower
World, Pluto.

dis-c§dO, ere, cessi, cessus, to go in
different directions; depart, witlt^
draw from, leave, go away.

VOCABULARY

445

diBcidlum, ii, [discindd, to tear
apart], n., a parting, separation.

dlscO, ere, dldlcl, — , to learn, he-
come a^uainted with, learn how.

discordia, ae, [discors], f ., disagree-
ment, discord, strife.

diacors, cordis, [dis- + cor], adj.,
discordant, unlike, different.

dlscrimen, inis, [discemO, to sepa-
rate], n., that which separates two
things; an intervening space, in-
terval, distance; a discrimination,
distinction, difference ; a decision,
test,

disertus, a, um, [for dlssertus,
part. disserO, to discuss, speak],
adj., skilJfid, clever, fluent, eloquent.

dlaicld, ere, i6cl, ieotus, [dia- +
iaclG], to throw apart, disperse,
scatter.

dis-pfir, paris, adj., unequal, qf un-
even length.

dIspiciO, ere, spezl, spectus, [dl-
+ ♦ spedd, to look], to behold, look
upon, see, descry.

dis-pGnO, ere, posxil, positus, to
place here and there, at intervals,
arrange, distribute.

dia4Baepl5, ere, si, tus, to part off,
separate, divide.

dissUiO, ire, ul, — , [dis- + saUG, to
leap], to leap or spring apart or
asunder.

dis-sizniUs, e, adj., unlike, different.

dis-simuld, &re, &vi, &tus, to make
a thing appear other than it is, dis-
semble, disguise, hide, conceal, keep
secret ; disregard, ignore.

dis-socid, &re, &v!, &tiis, to dittjoin,
disunite.

dis-BU&ded, dre, su&sl, su&sus, to
dissuade, advise against, oppose.

dls-tendO, ere,^ i, tentus, to stretch
out, distend, Jill.

di-stingruO, ere, stinzl, stinctus,
to separate, divide, mark off.

di-st5, fire, — , — , to stand apart, be
distant, be different.

diU, adv., /or a long time, long.

diumus, a, um, [di6s], adj., o/ the
day, daily.

diatumuB, a, um, [dia], adj., of
long duration, lasting, long.

diva, ae, [divus], f., a goddess.

dl-vellO, ere, I (vulsl), vulsus, to
rend asunder, tear in pieces, tear
away.

di versus, a, um, [part, diverts],
adj., turned in d\ferent directions,
separated, apart, opposite ; different,
various, remote.

dl-vertO, ere, I, versus, to turn
away, turn anide ; iu pass, with
reflexive force, to turn one*s se\f
away to, resort, have recourse to.

dives, itis, adj., rich, wealthy, abound-
ing in.

dlvldO, ere, visl, visus, to part
asunder, divide, separate; distrib-
ute, share, apportion ; separate, re-
move from, keep apart.

divlduus, a, um, adj., divisible; di-
vided, separated, parted.

dlvlnus, a, um, [divus], adj., divine,
sacred as pertaining to a deity.

dlvitia.e, &rum, [dives], f., ricfies,
wealth.

divus, a, um, adj., divine; reg^arly
as subs, divus, I, [Blo^], m., a god
(compare diva) .

dO, dare, dedl, datus, to give,
bestow, grant, permit, allow, give
up, consign; put, place; to bring
or send forth, utter ; produce, cause,
make ; w. vSla, lintea, spread sail,
set sail, sail ; w. verba, attempt to
deceive, pretend ; w. poenam, pay
a penalty ; w. prCmissa, keep, ful-
fill a promise ; w. lacrimfis, weep ;
w. tergra, turn the back, flee.

doceO, ere, ul, tus, to teach, inform,
show, tell, point out.

doctor, 6ris, [doce5], m.,a teacher,
instructor.

doctus, a, um, [part. doceO], adj.,
taught ; learned, well versed, experi-
enced.

documentum, I, [doce5], n., evi-
dence, proof.

doles, Sre, ul, Itus, to grieve, bear
or suffer pain or grief.

Dol5n, Onis, [a^Awv] , m . , a Trojan spy.

446

VOCABULARY

dolor, Oris, [doleO], m., sorrow ^
gri^, distress ; resentment^ vexation,
indignation,

doldsuB, a, um, [dolus], adj., crqfty,
deceitful. ,

doliiB, i, [aoAof], m., a wile, stratagem,
trick, fraud, deception,

domabllis, e, [doxnO], adj., conquer-
able, yielding.

domestlcus, a, um, [domus], adj.,
domestic, familiar, native, home-.

domina, ae, [dominus], f., a mis-
tress.

dominor, &ri, fttus, [dominus], to
be lord, lord it over, rule.

dominus, i, m., a master, ruler, lord ;
a tyrant.

dom5, are, ui, Itus, to conquer, sub-
due, tame, overcome,

domus, as, and 1, f., house, home,
abode, mansion, palace ; household,
family, race, house.

dOnee, [shortened dOnlcimi], conj.,
as long as, while ; until, till,

d5n0, are, avi, &tu8, [dOnum], to
give, present with, bestow, grant.

ddnum, i, n., a gift, present, prize;
a votive offering.

DOiis, Idis, f., the wife of Nereus.

dOs, 5tls, [d6], f., a dowry ; endow-
ment, gift.

dStails, e, [dOs], adj., pertaining to
a dowry or marriage portion ; given
as a portion.

dracO, onls, [fipaxwi'], m., a serpent,
a dragon.

Drasus, i, m., a surname in the
Livian family, especially theyounger
Drusus, son of Tiberius, adopted
brother of Germanicus.

Dryades, um, [Apvafies], f. pi., wood
nymphs, dryads.

dubitabilis, e, [dubltO], adj., doubt-
ful.

dublto, are, avi, atus, [dublus],
to waver, be uncertain, be in doubt,
hesitate, have misgivings, question.

dubius, a, um, adj., wavering, irreso-
lute, hesitating; uncertain, doubt-
ful, to be doubted.

dacO, ere, dUxI, ductus, to lead,

draw, bring, conduct, carry, taJce;
draw, draw forth, heave a sigh ; pro-'
tract, prolong ; pass, spend ; form,
fashion, construct, make, produce ;
take on, assume ; derive one's ori-
gin; w. remOs, ply; w. aurSs,
breathe.

dulcedS, Inls, [dulcls], f ., sweetness,
charm.

dulcls, e, adj., sweet to the taste;
sweet, pleasant, delightful, charm-
ing ; dear, beloved.

Dailchlum, U, n., an island in the
Ionian sea, south of Ithaca,

Daiichlus, a, um, adj., pertaining
to Dulichium, belonging to Ulysses,

dum, conj., while, as long as; until;
provided tfiat, if only ; as adv., y«f ;
nOn-dum, no£ yet, etc. ; dum modo,
provided that, if only.

duO, ae, 6, nam. adj., two,

dupUcd, are, avi, atus, [duplex,
double], to double, increase; double
up, bow,

darltla, ae, [dtlrus], f., hardness.

daritiSs, ei, [darus], f., hardness.

dar5, are, avi, atus, to harden, make
hard ; be hardened, patient, endure,
be strong, be firm.

darus, a, um, adj., ^rd to the touch ;
of water, frozen ; hardy, vigorous,
stout, sturdy; rough, dangerous;
hard, severe, arduous ; harsh, cruel,
unfeeling, unsympathetic,

dux, duels, m., f., a leader, guide,
conductor.

B

6, prep., see ex.

ebur, oris, n., ivory ; anything made

of ivory, e.g., a scahbard, the curule

chair.
ebumeus (ebtimus), a,um, [ebur].

adj., of ivory, ivory.
ecce, inter j., lo/ behold! see! look!
echidna, ae, [«xt*>'»], f., an adder;

w. Lemaea, the Lemaean hydra,
BchiOn, onls, fExiwi'], m., one of the

giants who sprang up from the

dragon's teeth sown by Cadmus.

VOCABULARY

447

SchG, CLb, [person, ^ixw], f., a nymph^
one of Juno'8 attendantSf who, hav-
ing offended the goddess, lost all
power of speech except that of mere
repetition of sound.

ecquis, quid, interrog. pron., any
one? anything? any? ecquid,
whether? do? does? will?

edax, ibcis, [ed5, eat'\, adj., devour-
ing, destroying, consuming.

e-dlBcO, ere, didici, — , to learn com-
pletely, by heart ; learn.

6-d5, ere, dldi, ditus, to give out, put
forth ; publish, announce, say, de-
clare ; bring forth, bear, produce,
beget; produce, perform, bring
about, cause.

d-dac5, ere, dOzi, ductus, to lead
or draw out or forth.

ettero, ferre, extuli, Sl&tus, [ez +
ferO], to bring or carry out or forth
or away ; carry out for burial ;
raise, lift up.

effervdBcd, ere, ferbui, — , [ex +
fervdscG, to begin to boil], to boil
up ; light up, glow.

effStus, a, um, [ez + fSta, that has
brought forth young; exhausted with
bearing], adj., worn out, exhausted.

efELclQ, ere, f6cl, fectus, [ez +
facid], to work out, accomplish,
make, form.

efflgriSB, 61, [effingrO, to form], t,
an imxige, effigy, statue, form.

efflO, ftre, ftvi, &tU8, [ez + fl5, to
blow], to blow out, breaths out, ex-
hale.

effluG, ere, fluzl, — , [ex -f flu5], to
flow out, flow forth, slip away,
escape.

effodiO, ere, fOdi, fossus, [ez +
fodid], to dig out or vp, excavate.

^ttngiQ, ere, fagl, —, [ez + fugrlO], to
flee away, escape ; flee from, avoid,
shun.

ef-fulfired, 6re, fulsi, — , [ez + ful-
fireO], to shine forth, gleam, glitter,
glow.

effundO, ere, fCLdi, fUsus, [ez +
fundd], to pour forth, pour out ;
give forth, ptU forth.

S-GreliduB, a, um, adj., not cold,
tepid, mild.

egrSna, entis, [part. eee6],SLdj.,needy,
poor, in want, wanting, without.

ege6, Sre, ui, — -, to be in want of,
have need of, be without.

egro, pers. pron., I.

Bfireria, ae, f., a nymph in Roman
mythology, the wife of Numa.

S-grerO, ere, geasl, grestus, to carry
out, take away, remove.

Sgrredior, I, grressus, [ez + firra-
dior], to go or come out or forth ;
mount, ascend.

Sgrreasus, as, [Sgrredior], m., a
going out, egress, departure.

6heu, inter j., ah/ alas!

ei, interj., ah 1 alas ! w. mihi, ah me !

S-iaculor, ftri, fttus, to shoot out,
throw out.

§4ci0, ere, iSci, iectus, [ex +
iacl5], to cast out, cast or throw up.

Slect5, &re, Svl, &tus, [ex + iact5,
freq. iaci5], to cast forth, throw up.

S-l&bor, i, lapsus, to slip or glide
away, escape.

elegrSla, ae, [«Aeyeia], i., elegiac song
or strophe, the first line of which is
a hexameter, and the second a pen-
tameter; personified, the muse of
elegiac poetry.

elegil, Grum, [<A<yoi], m., elegiac

_ verses or poems.

B16U8, a, um, [fills], adj., Elean,
belonging to Elis (see below) ; flG-
men ElSum, the Alpheus.

elementum. i. [probably from root al,
to nourish ; compare alimentum] ,
a first principle, element ; generally
in pi., beginnings, first acts or
duties.

e-lidO, ere, lisi, lisus, [ex + laed5],
to strike or dash out or up; dash
to pieces, shatter, crush.

eligrS, ere, ISgrI, ISctus, [ex + legrO] ,

__ to pick out, choose, select, elect.

Ells, idis, ['HAis], £., the most westerly
district of the Peloponnesus, with a
capital of the same name, near which
the Olympic games were held.

dlix, icis, f., a ditch.

448

VOCABULARY

Sloquluxn, il, [Sloquor, to speak out],

n., expression f speech, eloqueJice.
5-iad5, ere, i, lasus, to avoid, escape,

shun ; delude, cheat, mock.
5-lu5, ere, i, ItLtua, to wash out or
_ aw ay, cleanse. _
Elyedus, a, um, [Elysium], adj.,

Elysian, pertaining to Elysium, the

home of the Blessed in the Lower

World.
fimathldes, um, [Emathla], f., the

daughters of the Macedonian king,
_ Pierus, the Pierides^
Ematldus, a, um, [Emathia], adj.,

Emathian ; (meton.) Macedonian.

Emathia was a district of Mace-
donia.
SmendO, &re, &vi, Atua, [ez +

xnendum, a fault], to correct, im-
prove, revise.
6-mentior, iri, itus, to speak falsely,

lie, feign.
5-mereO, Sre, ui, itus, to merit,

deserve ; to serve out, complete.
5-metior, Iri, mgnsus, to measure

off, travel over, traverse.
5-mic5, &re, ui, &tu8, to spring

or leap out, dart or hound forth;

leap up.
5.mine5, Sre, ui, — , to stand out,

reach upward, project.
Sminus, [ez + manus], adv., at a

distance.
e-mittO, ere, mi^, missus, to send

forth, let loose.
S-modulor, ftri, — , to sing, celebrate.
Sn, inter j., lo / behold! see!
enim, conj . , for, namely, for instance,

truly, indeed.
Enipeus, i, ['Ei'in-eu?] , a river in

Thessaly.
e-nitor, i, nisus or nizus, to exert

one*s self, struggle ; mount upward ;

bring forth, bear offspring.
Ennius, I, m., a Roman poet of the

ante-classical period, father of Ro-
man epic poetry.
Ennomus, I, m., a Lycian, slain

before Troy.
Snsis, is, m., a sword, a knife.
e-numerO, are, ftvi, atus, to

enumerate, count tq>, recount^ re-
late.

e5, ire, ivi, (ii), itus, to go, go forth,
rushforth.

e5dem, adv., in the same place, to-

^ gether ; to thejame place.

fiOus, a, um, [E5s, 'h«s], adj., of the
dawn, of the morning, eastern, ori-
ental; sabs., fiOus, i, m., the morn-
ing star, the morning; a name of
one of the houses of Phoebus.

Epaphus, I, ["Ewo^o?], ni., son of Jupi-
ter Ammon and lo.

EphyrS, 6s, ['E^^wpii], f., a mythical
name for Corinth, after a sea nymph
of that name.

EpimSthis, idis, ['EnifiiiBU], t.,
Pyrrha, the daughter of Epime-
theus.

epistula, ae, [iirioroAfl, f., a letter,
epistle.

epos, (only nom. and ace), [«'<>«], n.,
a heroic poem, an epic.

eques, itis, [equus], m., a horseman,
a rider, a mounted soldier, a knight ;
a knight, one of the equestrian
order, next below the senatorial
class.

equidem, adv., truly, indeed, by all
means.

equlnus, a, um, [equus], adj.,
of a horse ; w. nervus, a bowstring
of horsehair.

equus, l,m.,a horse, a steed.

era, ae, [erus], f., a mistress, lady,
sweetheart.

GTg6, adv., therefore, t?ien.

Eridanus, I, ['Hpiaavof], m., another
name of the river Po.

§Tig6, ere, r6zi, rSctus, [ez +
regrO], to raise up, set up, lift up.

Erinys, yos, ['Epivv?], f., one of the
Furies ; (meton.) a scourge, a curse.

6ripiO, ere, ul reptua, [ez +
rapiO], to snatch away, snatch,
remove, take away; rescue from
any danger.

errS, &re, &vi, Atus, to wander,
wander about or around; wander
off, stray ; wander or hover around ;
be in error, go wrong, go astray.

VOCABULARY

449

error, Oris, [errO], m., a wandering,

straying; an error, mistake; a

deception, trick, delusion.
S-rubescO, ere, rubul, — , to redden ;

blush.
6rudi0, Ire, ivi, itus, [ex -f rudls,

UT^ormed], to teach, communicate,

instruct in.
6rii0, ere, i, tus, to pluck or tear

up ; overthrow, ruin, destroy utterly.
eras, I, m., a master of a house, lord,

master, owner,
ervum, i, n., the bitter vetch or vnld

pea.
Erycina, ae, [Eryz], f., an epithet

of Venus, who had a temple near

Mt. Eryx.
Brymanthvis, i, ['Epv^iai^eof], m., a

chain of mountains in Arcadia;

also a river in Arcadia.
EryjL, ycis, ['Epuf], m., a mountain

in the western part of Sicily.
68ca, ae, [ed5, to eat], L,food, viands,

m^at.
et, conj., and; also, even, too; et —

et, both — ajid.
et-iam, adv. and conj., and also, too,

likewise; even.
etiam-num, adv., still, even now,

even yet.
et-eA, conj., even if, although.
Buboicus, a, um, [Euboea], adj.,

of Euboea, an island in the Aegean,

Euboean.
Euxnenides, um, [Ev/^ewaes], f. pi.,

the kindly goddesses, a euphemistic

title of the Furies.
EuphorbUB, i, [Ei>«|>op/3o«], m., a Tro-
jan, son of Panthous.
Euphrates, is, [Eu^panj?], m., one of

the largest and most famous rivers

of Asia.
EurOt&s, ae, [Ewpwras], m., the chief

river of Laconia, 07i which Sparta

stood.
Eurus, i, [E^pof], m., the southeast

wind, the east wind.
Eurydice, Qb, [Evpt«ticTj], f., the wife

of Orpheus.
Burymides, ae, [Eurymus], m.,
Telemus, the son of Eurymus, a seer.
OVID — 29

Eurypylus, I, [EvpvirvXo?], m., a
Orecian leader in the siege of Troy.

Eurystheus, ei, [Evpvaffcvf], m., son
of Sthenelus, king of Mycenae, who,
at Juno's command, imposed upon
Hercules his twelve labors.

S-vAdO, ere, vftsi, vftsus, intrans.,
to go forth, mount up, ascend, climb
up ; trans., pass over, leave behind.

e-v&nesc5, ere, vftnui, — , to vanish
away, disappear.

6v&nidus, a, um, [SvAnescO], adj.,
vanishing, passing away.

e-vehO, ere, vexi, vectus, to carry
out, bear away, bear.

e-vell5, ere, i, vulsus, to tear out,
pluck out, tear away.

S-veniO, ire, v6ni, ventus, to come
forth , cjme to pass, happen.

Sventus, as, [SvenlO], m., an event,
occurrence, happening, fortune.

S-vertO, ere, i, versus, to upturn,
overturn, overthrow, ruin, destroy.

6-vestifir&tus, a, um, [part. € +
vestifirO, to follow in the track of],
adj., discovered, investigated, traced
out.

6-vincO, ere, vici, victus, to over-
come completely, vanquish.

Svitabms,e, [evitO, to avoid], adj.,
avoidable.

S-volO, are, ftvi, &tus, to Jly out,
forth, rush forth.

S-volv5, ere, i, voiatus, to roll out,
evolve; unroll.

ex or e (ex always before a vowel,
and often before a cons.), prep. w.
2Lb\.,out of, from, in different senses ;
ex meritd, in accordance with
desert ; ex ill& parte, on that side,
in that region ; vivere ex rapt5,
to live on plunder; ex aequO,
equally; ex Ordine, in order; 6
nObis m&xima, the eldest of u^.

ex&ctus, a, um, [part. exig6], adj.,
complet^'d ; precise, accurate, exact.

ex-aestuo, &re, S.vi, &tus, to boil
up, foam vp, seethe, surge.

exSmen, inis, [for exagrmen, from
ex + agrd], n., a swarm.

exanim&tus, a, um, [part, exani-

4SO

VOCABULARY

mO, to deprive of life], adj., dead,
lifeless.

exanimls, e, [ex + anhna], adj.,
lifeleMy dead,

ez4lrd68c0, ere, firsi, Arsua, to
blaze up, be kindled, bum.

ex-asperG. &re. &vl. &tiis.<o roughen.

ex.audl5, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to hear,
hear distinctly ; hear, regard, heed.

ex-ced5, ere, cesti, oessxis, to go
forth, withdraw, leave ; go beyond,
be in excess of, exceed.

excelBus, a, um, [part. exceI15,
to be siq>erior], adj., elevated, raised,
high, lofty.

excidium, ii, [for exscidluxn, from
exscindd, to destroy], n., downfall,
destruction, ruin, overthrow.

excidO, ere, i, — , [ex + cad5],
to fall from, slip from ; fall down,
faint, swoon; miss, lose, fail to
obtain, fail.

excipid, ere, cepi, ceptxis, [ex +
capiO], to take up, catch; receive,
welcome; receive, accept; gather,
gather up ; take up, take in turn ;
take up in order, come next; an-
swer, rejoin ; exceptus, w. abl. abs.
construction, with the exception, ex-
cept, beside.

excitd, Are, ftvl, &tu8, [freq. excl5,
to call forth], to excite, arouse, stir
up.

ex-cl&mO, &re, &vl, &tus, to cry out,
exclaim, say with a loud voice.

ex-colO, ere, ui, cultus, to culti-
vate, improve, refine.

excublae, &rum, [excub5, to camp
out], f. pi., a watch, guard, sentry,
sentinel.

excutiO, ere, cussi, cussus, [ex +
quatiO, to shake], to shake of, shake
out, throw off, drive off, drive out of,
rouse up out of. .

exemplum, I, [exlm5, orlg., to take
out as a sample], n., a sample, speci-
men; example, precedent, pattern,
model; warning example, warn-
ing ; way, method, manner, kind.

ex-eO, ire, Ii (ivi), itus, to go forth,
issue forth.

exeroe5, ere, uI, itus, [ex+arce5],

to drive, keep busy, employ, keep

in action ; CTcerdse, train, practice ;

vex, torment, harass.
ex-hftlO, &re, &vi, atus, to breatJie

out.
ex-hauri5, ire, hausi, haustus, to

draw out, drain to the dregs, empty ;

undergo, endure.
exhibe5, Sre, ui, itus, [ex + babe6],

to present, deliver, give up, produce ;

show, display, exhibit.
exhorr@sc5, ere, horrui, — , [inch.,

ex + horreO], to tremble, shudder,

be terrified.
ex-hortor, &ri, Atus, to exhort, en-
courage, urge on.
exlgro, erS, &g%. Actus, [ex + ctfir^]>

to drive out, drive forth ; drive or

thrust through; demand, require,

inquire ; bring to an end, complete,

finish.
exlgruus, a, um, [exigr5], adj.,

small, little, scanty, petty, slender,

thin.
exilis, e, [for *exlgrilis, from exiflrG],

adj., slender, thin, small.
eximius, a, um, [eximS], adj.,

select, choice, excellent.
exim5, ere, 6mi, Smptus, [ex +

em5, to buy], take away, remove,

free, release.
exlti&bilis, e, [exltium], adj., /a<a/,

deadly, destructive.
exltium, ii, [exe5], n., destruction,

ruin, death.
exltus, as, [exeO], m., egress; out-
come, issue, end.
ex-oner6, Are, AvI, Atus, to free,

disburden, relieve.
ex-orior, oriri, ortus, to rise forth,

arise, spring up.
ex.5rd, Are, Avi, Atus, to entreat

earnestly, beg, implore.
exOsus, a, um, [part. exSdi, to

hate], adj., hating, detesting.
expallSscO, ere, pallul, — , [Inch.

ex + pallet], to grow or turn

pale.
ex-pell5, ere, puli, pulsus, to drive

out, eject, expel.

VOCABULARY

451

ex.pend5, ere, I, pensus, to weigh

out ; weigh, consider, judge, decide.
ezperiSns, entis, [part, ezper-

ior], adj., experienced, used to any-
thing,
ezperientia, ae, [ezperiSns], f.,

trial, proof, test.
ezperior, iii, tus, to prove, make

trial of, try ; try, endeavor.
ezpers, rtis, [ex + pars], adj.,

having no share or part in, free

from, without.
ez-pet5, ere, ivi, itvis, to seek after,

demand, ask for.
ez.ple5, 6re, Svi, Stvis, to Jill full ;

Jill up, Jill out, complete.
ez-plicO, &re, &vl and ul, &tus and

itua, to unfold, spread out, display.
ez-p0n5, ere, posul, positus, to put

forth, set forth ; set on shore, land ;

exhibit, explain, relate.
ezprobrG, are, Rvl, fttus, [ez +

probnim, a shameful act], to re-
proach, upbraid, charge with.
ex-sanfiruis, e, adj., bloodless, pale,

wan.
exsecror, &ri, &tu8, [ex+sacrO],

to curse, execrate.
exsequiae, ftruzn, [exsequor, to

follow] y t. p\., funeral obsequies.
ex-6er5, ere, ui, tus, to stretch out,

put forth.
exsiliO, Ire, ul, — , [ex + saliO, to

leap], to spring forth, leap up.
exsilium, ii, [exsul], n., exUe.
ex-sistO, ere, stiti,— , to come forth,

emerge, appear.
ex-spatlor, &ri, &t\i8, to wander

frojn the way, spread otU; over-

Jlow.
ex^pectG, &re, &vi, &tus, to expect,

aioait, wait for.
ex-spIrG, &re, &vi, &tu8, to breathe

out, exhale.
ex-stemO, &re, ftvi, &t\i8, [ex +

8tem0], to terrify , frighten.
exstlnctus, a, \xm, [part, exstin-

firuO], adj., lost, destroyed, dead.
ex-stingruS, ere, stinxl, stinctus,

to extinguish, wipe out, blot out, do

away with, put out, destroy.

ex-stO, st&re, — , — , to stand forth,
rise above, be prominent, conspicu-
ous.

ex-8tru5, ere, strOxi, stractus, to
build, erect, load, heap, cover.

exsul, nils, [exsiliO, to spring out],
m.,f., an exile, a wanderer, refugee.

ex-6ultO, &re, ftvi, fttus, [freq. ex-
8ili5], to spring or leap up; rejoice,
exuit, boast.

exta, 5ruin, n. pi., the more impor-
tant vital organs of victims, the
vitals, the exta, those parts which
were consulted in divination.

extemplO, [for ex + *tempulO,
dim. of texnpus], adv., at once,
immediately, straightway.

ex-tendO, ere, i, tentus or t6DSU8,
to extend, stretch, stretch out.

ex-tenuO, ftre, ftvi, fttvis, to reduce,
lesfteu, diminish.

extemus; a, um, [exter, outside],
adj., outward, external, foreign,
strange.

ex-terreO, €re, ul, itus, to frighten
suddenly, greatly, to strike with
terror, terrify.

extlmSscO, ere, ul, — , [ex + inch.
timeO], to fear greatly, shudder at.

extrSmus, a, um, adj. (superlat. of
externa, outer), outermost, far-
thest, extreme, remotest, last; ex-
trSxna lUna, the waning moon;
extremus (angrulus), the inerest
comer, fragment ; adv., extrSznuxn,
for the last time.

ex-turl>0, ftre, ftvi, fttus, to drive
out, thrust out.

ex-ulul5, ftre, ftvi, to howl.

exuO, ere, i, tltus, to put off, lay
aside, strip off.

exuviae, firum. [exuO], f. pi., any-
thing which is taken from a body,
clothing, garments ; the skin of an
animal.

F

Fabii, 5rum, m., members of the
famous firens Fabia or Fabian
family.

452

VOCABULARY

fabricfttor, Oris, [fabricG], m., an
artificer, contriver, maker, framer.

fabric5, &re, &vi, &tua, to frame,
build, make.

f&bula, ae, [for], a story, tale; com* -fames, is, f., hunger, famine.

mon talk, gossip, scandal.

faciSs, Si, [faciO], r., external form,
appearance, aspect, shape, face,
features, form,

facilis, e, [fact©], adj., easy, favora-
ble, propitious; easily obtained,
common, cheap; of pliant nature,
good natured; easily wrought,
pliant, plastic, yielding.

f acinus, oris, [facid], n., a deed,
act; a bad deed, outrage, villainy,
crime ; per facinus, treacherously,
criminally,

faciS, ere, feci, factus, to do, per-
form, make ; bring to pass, cause,
perform ; in certain imperat. const.,
grant, suppose.

factum, 1, [facio], n., anything done,
a deed, action, exploit ; a proposed
deed, a plan.

facundia, ae, [fftcundus], f., elo-
quence, fluency, power of speech.

t&cunduB, a, um, [for], adj., elo-
quent, fluent.

faenus, oris, n., interest, usury,

faex, faecis, f . dregs, lees, sediment ;
pickle, brine.

f&grus, i, f., a besch tree, beech wood.

falc&tus, a, um, [falx], adj., sickle
shaped, hooked, curved.

Faliscus, a, um, adj., of or belonging
to Falerii, the capital of the Falisci,
a Tuscan people ; Faliscan, Tuscan.

fall&cia, ae, [fallSx], f., a trick,
artifice, device.

fallax, acis, [fall6], adj., deceitful,
treacherous, deceptive.

fallo, ere, fefelli, falsus, to deceive,
mislead, cheat; beguile, alleviate;
elude, bafle,fail; escape the notice
of; disappoint, fail; in pass., be
mistaken, deceived.

falsus, a, um, [part, fallo], adj.,
false, pretended, feigned, fancied.

falx, falcis, f., a pruning hook,
sickle, scythe.

f&ma, ae, [for], f., intmor,. report,
story, common talk; f&ma est,
rumor has it, the story goes ; repu-
tation, renown, fame.

famula, ae, [famulus], f., a female
slave, a maid servant, an attendant.

famulus, i, m., a slave, servant,
attendant.

fanum, i, [for], n., o shrine, temple.

fftr, f arris, n., spelt, the earliest grain
cultivated by the Romans; coarse
meal, used in sacrifice,

fas, [for], indecl., n., the law or will
of the gods, divine law ; hence, that
which is right, proper, permitted,
a sacred duty or obligation.

faacis, is, m., a bundle ; in pi., a
bundle of rods with an axe in the
middle, carried by the lictors before
the chief Roman magistrates, the
fasces,

fasti, 5rum, (properly an adj., fasti
dies), [fas], m., a register of judi-
cial days : a list of the days of the
year, calendar, annals.

faatigrium, ii, n., the top of a gable,
a roof, pinnacle, battlement, top,
ridge.

fataUs, e, [fatum], adj., given or or^
daiaed by fate, fated, allotted; fate-
ful, doom fraught, destructive,
deadly,

fateor, eri, fassus, [for], to confess,
own, acknowledge, admit; speak
out, declare,

fatidicus, a, um, [fatum + dic5],
adj., prophesying, fate revealing.

fatifer, era, erum, [ffttum -f ferO],
adj., death dealing, destructive.

fatigrO, are, avi, atus, [*fatis +
agrO], to tire,weary, plague, torment,
vex, harass.

fatum, i, [for], n., a prophetic utter-
ance, prophecy ; destiny, fate, the
will of heaven, evil destiny, misfor-
tune, doom, death.

fauces, ium, f. pi., the throat, Jaws,

Faunus, i, m., a sylvan deity, identi-
fied with Pan.

faustus, a, um, [for *favostus, from

VOCABULARY

453

faved], adj., well-omened^ fortu-
nate, favorable, auspicious.

fautrix, ices, [for *favetrix, from
fave5], one who aids, a protectress.

faveO, Sre, favi, fautus, to be
pleased, have goodr-will toward, be
favorable to,

favllla, ae, f., hot and glowing ashes,
cinders, embers.

favor, Oris, [faveO], m., favor, good-
will, applause, public approval,

f:^vtX8, i, m., a honeycomb, honey,

fix, facia, f., a torch, a firebrand ; a
nuptial torch, marriage ; the torch,
flame, passion of love.

februa, 5ruin, d. pi., expiatory rites,
offerings for purification.

fdcundus, a, um, [*feG, to produce],
adj., fruitful, fertile, prolific.

feUx, icis, adj., frui^ul ; favorable,
favoring, propitious; happy, fortu-
nate, blessed; wholesome.

f6xnina,ae, [see fecundus], a woman,
a female,

fSmineus, a, \xm, [fSmina], adj.,
belonging to woman, woman's.

fel, fellls, D., gall, poison.

fera, ae, [ferus], f., a wild beast.

ferftlis, e, adj., funereal; death-
boding, bal^ul, ill-omened.

fer&x, &clB, [ferO], ad j,, fertile, pro-
ductive, fruitful ; abounding in.

ferS, adv., nearly, almost; usually,
commonly, mostly.

feretrum, I, [^eperpoi'], n., a bier.

ferinus, a, um, [ferus], adj., belong-
ing to a wild animal.

feri5, Ire, — , — , to strike, smite;
cut with a blow; kill by striking,
slay,

ferit&s, &ti8, [forus], f., wildness,
fierceness,

ferG, ferre, tuli, l&tus, to bear,
carry, bring; = ef ferre, to carry
forth to burial ; w. reflex, pron. or
w. passive voice in middle sense,
bear one*s self, betake one's self, go ;
w. vestlgria, grradas, etc., turn,
direct ; bear with one as a possession,
wear, have ; carry away, take away ;
bear on, urge on, impel ; bear, pro-

duce, bring forth, cause to be; bear
of, get, obtain, receive; direct, re-
quire, demand, ordain, allow, per-
mit, suffer; bear, endure, suffer,
tolerate; say, tell, relate, report;
do, perform, celebrate; w. le'er€s,
bring forward, propose, promote.
fer6x, 5ci8, [feriis], adj., bold, war-
like, fierce, ferocious • high-spirited,

Jifry-

ferreus, a, um, [fermxn], adj., of
iron, iron; hard; stern, pitiless,
unyielding.

terrHgQ, inis, [ferrum], f., iron-
rust; the color of iron-rust, dark
red, dusky, dingy,

ferruxn, i, n., iron; anything made
of iron, an iron spear-head, an ax,
sword, arrow.

fertills, e, [fer6], adj., fertile, fruit-
ful, luxuriant.

fertUitfts. &ti8. [fertms]. i., fertility,
fruitfulness, abundance.

ferus, a, um, adj., wild, untamed;
cruel, savage, fierce; waste, wild,
rude, uncultivated.

ferved, 6re or fervO, ere, — , —, to
boil, glow witk heat, burn.

fervidus, a, um, [fervor], adj.,
glowing, burning, fiery, hot.

fervor, Oris, [ferveO], m., glowing
heat ; heat, vehemence, ardor.

fessus, a, um, [akin to fatigrO, to
weary], adj., wearied, worn out, ex-
hausted, weak, feeble, weary, spent.

festind, &re, &vi, Atus, [festinus,
hasty], to make haste, hurry, be
quick.

fSstum, i, n., a festal day, a festival,
a holiday.

fSstus, a, um, adj., festive, festal,
joyful.

fSttlra, ae, [fStus], f., a breeding;
young, of spring, flock.

fetus, a, iim, [see fecundus], adj.,
pregnant, filled with, teeming with.

fStus, as, m., a bringing forth, a
production, generation; (meton.)
that which is brought forth, off-
spring ; fruit ; growth.

flbra, ae, f ., a fiber, nerve, muscle ;

454

VOCABULARY

the vital organs in general, especially
the Hver, nsed in taking the omens.

fictlllB, e, [flngrO], adj., made of clay
molded into shape ^ earthen; subs.,
n.^ an earthen vessel, earthenware.

flctxis, a, um, [part. flnfiT^], adj.,
false, feigned; subs., fictum, i, n.,
that which is false, falsehood.

fldSlls, e, [fides], faithful, sincere,
true ; trustworthy, safe, secure.

ndens, entis, [part. fidO], adj., con-
fident, hold; trusting in, relying
upon.

fides, Si, [fid5], 1., confidence, reli-
ance, faith; faithfulness, probity,
honor, fidelity, truth; promise,
pledge ; proof, evidence, conviction,
truth; expectation, belief; reality.

fides, ium, f. pi., a stringed instru-
ment, a lyre ; the strings of such an
instrument.

fidd, ere, fisus sum, to trust, con-
fide ; to have faith or confidence in,
rely upon.

fidacla, ae, [fid5], f., confidence, re-
liance, assurance.

fidus, a, um, [fid5], adj., trusty,
trustworthy, faithful.

fifirO, ere, fixi, fixus, to fix, fasten,
fasten up; fix, establish ; set firmly,
plant; w. 5scula, imprint ; pierce,
traiisfix.

figrara, ae, [fingrO], f., figure, foi-m,
shape.

filia, ae, f ., a daughter,

flllus, i, m., a son.

filum, i, n., a thread.

find5, ere, fidi, fissus, to cleave,
split, divide, separate.

fingrS, ere, finxi, fictus, to form,
fashion, make, shape, mold ; chafe,
press; control; feign, invent, de-
vise ; form mentally, think, suppose.

finl6, ire, ivi, itus, [finis], to limit,
bound; check, restrain; put an end
to, finish ; come to an end, cease.

™l8, is, m., f., a boundary, limit,
border; an end, conclusion.

finitimus, a, um, [finis], adj., bor-

fi«7«l-''^x''' nei.9/i6orm.(7; subs.,
nnitimi, 6rum, m. pi., those bor-

dering upon, neighbors, neighboring

tribes.
fiO, fieri, f actus, to happen, result^

take place, be made, become ; m\\\\

fit tlmor, fear comes upon me,

takes possession of me.
firms, are, avi, fttus, [firmus], to

make firm, support ; secure, assure,

make lasting.
firmus, a, um, adj., fir7n, strong,

resolute.
fiscina, ae, [fiscus, basket], f., a

woven basket, hamper.
fistula, ae, f., a tube,pipe ; shepherd's

pipe, Pan-pipes.
flaffelie, are, — , — , [flafirellum,

wfiip], to scourge, lash.
flagrrO, are, avi, atus, to bum,

blaze, glow.
flamen, inis, [fl5, to blow], n., o

blowing; (meton.) a wind, a blast.
flamen, inis, [from the same root

as flagrrO, he who bums, e.g.,

offerings], m., a priest, flamen.
flaminlca, ae, [flamen], f., the wife

of a flamen.
flamma, ae, [from root in flagrrG],

f., a flame, fire ; the flame of love or

any other passion, passion ; a torch.
flammifer, era, erum, [flamma 4-

ferO], sidj., flame-bearing, burning,

fiery.
fiamm5,are, avi, atus, [flamma],

to inflame, set on fire.
flatus, Us, [fl5, to blow],m., a blowing

of the wind, a blast.
flave5, 6re, — , — , [flavus], to he

yellow or golden; part. fiavSns,

entis, goldefi.
flavesco, ere, — , — , [inch. fl&ve5],

to grow yellow, ripen.
flavus, a, um, adj., golden yellow,

flaxen, auburn, light-colored.
fl3bilis, e, [fled], adj., lamentable,

deplorable; weeping, tearful, dole-
ful.
fiect5, ere, flezi, flexus, to turn,

bend, curve; direct, guide, turn,

move, influence, prevail upon.
fieO, flSre, flSvi, flStus, to weep;

trans., weep for, lament, bewail.

VOCABULARY

455

flStos, Us, [fleO], m.,a weeping, cry-
ing, lamentation, teare,

flezilis, e, [flectO], adj., flexible,
bent, curved,

flezus, Ub, [flect5], m., a bending,
turn, curve, winding,

flOrens, entls, [part. fl5reG], adj.,
bright, blooming, gay.

flored, Sre, ui, — , [flOs], to bloom,
be in flower.

flOridus, a, um, [fl5s], adj., in bloom;
flowery, of flowers ; blooming, beau-
tifvl.

fl5s, 5rl8, m., a flower, blossom;
bloom of youth, freshness, prime.

fluctus, tls, [flu6], m., a billow,
wave, flood, tide, the sea in general.

fluidus, a, um, [flu5], adj., fluid,
flowing; soft, langtnd, slack; flabby,
flaccid.

fluitO, &re, &vi, &tuB, [freq. fluO],
to float, flow.

fltLznen, inis, [fluO], n., flowing
water, a stream, river, flood, tor-
rent.

flCLmineus, a, um, [flamen], adj.,
of a river, river-.

flu5, ere, fluzi, fluxus, to flow;
drip ; be in a state of flux,

fluviftlis, e, [fluvius, stream], adj.,
belonging to a river, river-,

focus, i, m., a hearth, fireplace,
altar.

fodiO, ere, fOdi, fossus, to dig;
prick, pierce, thrust, wound,

foedS, [foedus], adv., basely, shame-
fully.

foed5, &re, &vi, atus, [foedus], to
befoul, make filthy ; defile, pollute.

foedus, a, um, adj., foul, filthy,
abominable, loathsome ; hideous,
horrible.

foedus, erls, n., an agreement, con-
tract; treaty, alliarice, truce, cove-
nant; law,

folium, il, D., a leaf,

fSns, fontls, m., a spring, fountain,
source of river ; water,

fOntftnus, a, um, [fdns], adj., from
a fountain, spring.

(for), ftri, Atus, to speak, say.

for&men, inis, [forO, to bore\, n., an
opening, aperture, hole,

forceps, cipis, 1., a pair of pincers,
forceps,

fore, forem, for futOrus esse and
essem.

forSnsis, e, [forum], adj., of the
forum, public.

foris, is, f., a door, gate, entrance,

fOrma, ae, f,,form, shape, figure, ap-
pearance; the form, the person;
personal beauty, beauty,

formica, ae, f., an ant,

formidftbilis, e, adj., terrible, for-
midable,

formidO, &re, &vi, Atus, to fear,
dread; formid&tus, dreaded, in-
spiring terror.

formldO, inis, f.,fear, terror, dread.

f5rm0, ftre, &vi, &tU8, [fOrma],
to shape, fashion, form, mold.

fOrmOsus, a, um, [fOrma], adj.
beautiful inform, lovely, fair.

fomftc&lis, e, [fom&x], adj., of
ovens ; dea fom&c&lis, Fornax, the
goddess of ovens.

fom&x, ftclB, f., a furnace, oven,
kiln.

tore, fortlB, f., chance, hap, hazard;
adv., forte, perhaps, perchance,
by chance.

forsitan, [fors sit an], adv., per-
haps, possibly.

fortasse, [for fortassis = forte an
si vis], adv., perhaps, possibly.

fortis, e, adj., stout, strong, mighty^
powerful, heroic in size and
strength; brave, bold, courageous,
valiant.

fortiter, [fortis], adv., strongly,
poioerfully, valiantly, bravely.

fortana, ae, [fors], i., fortune, fate,
chance, lot.

forum, i, n., a forum, public place of
assembly, a court of justice,

fossa, ae, f ., a ditch, trench.

foved, ere, fOvi, fOtus, to warm,
keep warm; cherish, foster; cling
to, keep to ; fondle, caress.

frftctus, a, um, [part. franfirO],adj.,
broken, weakened, discouraged.

456

VOCABULARY

flrftgra, Oruzn, n. pL, strawberries.

frafirilis,e, [ft^ngrO], adj., breakable,
brittle^ fragile ; slight, frail.

fragror, 5ris, [frangrO], m., a crash,
din, roar, uproar.

fr&srr&Q8i antis, [part. ff&grr5, £o
emi(/raflrrancfi], adj., «u;ee^-«cen<ec{y
fragrant.

frangrd, ere, frSfiri, fr&ctus, to
break, dash in pieces; break in
pieces, crush, grind, i

frater, tris, m., a brother.

fr&temu8, a, uzn, [fr&ter], adj.,
brother's, brotherly, fraternal,
friendly.

ftaudO, Are, &vi, Atus, [fraus], to
defraud, cheat out of, deprive of un-
justly.

ftaua, fraudis, f., deceit, deception,
fraud, trickery.

fremd, ere; ui, itus, to roar, rage,
howl ; resound; wail, bewail, lament.

frenO, are, &vi, atus, [fr^num],
to put a bridle on, bridle ; curb,
check, restrain, govern, control.

ftenuxn, i, n., a bridle, rein, bit, curb.

frequdns, entis, adj., often, fre-
quent ; assembled in large numbers,
in throngs, in crowds.

frequenter, [frequens], adv., o/ten,
frequently ; in great numbers.

frequentd, &re, &vi, atus, [fre-
quens], to frequent, visit or resort
to, visit i7i crowds, throng.

fretum, i, n., and fretus, tls, m., a
strait, channel; the sea.

frigridus, a, um, [frigreO, to be cold],
adj., cold, frigid, chill, chilling,
frosty.

frigrus, oris, n., the cold, frost of
winter; coolness.

fronded, ere, — , — , [fl^ons], to put
forth leaves, leaf out ; be in leaf.

fronddsus, a, um, [ftSns], B.d].,full
of leaves, leafy.

ftons, frondis, f., a leaf; leaves, foli-
age ; a branch, bough, twig ; a gar-
land, wreath.

fr5ns, frontls, f., the forehead, the
brow, front, face ; the brow, face,
countenance as iudex of feeling.

frttctus, as, [ftnior], m., produce,
product, fruit ; result, reward, re-
turn.

fruor, I, frCLctus, (ftuitus), to etijoy,
take delight in.

fnlstra, adv., erroneously, in vain,
to no purpose, ineffectually.

frutex, Icis, m., a shrub, bush.

(fltlx), frQgrls, f., more often pi., frCL-
grSs, um, fruit of any kind, grain,
corn.

fugra, ae, [fugriS], f., flight; swift
course, speed ; exile, banishment.

fugr&z, acis, [fugriO], adj., apt to
flee, timid, shy ; swift, fleet ; shun-
ning, avoiding.

fugriO, ere, fagri, fugritus, intrans.,
to flee, hasten away, escape; trans.,
flee from, avoid, shun, escape.

fugrO, are, avi, atus, [fugra], to put
to flight, chase away, scatter, dis-
perse, dispel.

fulcimen, inis, [fulciS, to prop tq>],
n., a prop, support,

fulgeO, ere, fulsi, — , also fulgr5,
ere, fulsi, — , to flash, shine, gleam,
glitter.

fulica, ae, f., a coot.

fulmen, inls, [fulgreO], n,, lightning
that strikes, a thunder bolt ; destruc-
tive power, stroke, blow, blast.

fulvus, a, um, adj., yellow, tawny.

fttmlflcus, a, um, [famu8 + facl5],
adj., smoking, steaming.

fum5, are, avi, atus, [famus], to
smoke, steam, reek, fume.

famus, i, m., smoke,fume, vapor.

funda, ae, f., a sling.

fundamen, inis, [fundO, to found],
n., a foundation.

fundO, ere, fadi, fasus, to pour,
pour out, forth, shed; throw to the
ground, lay low, prostrate ; stretch
one^s self out, lie at full length.

fanestus, a, um, [fanus], adj.,
deadly, fatal, destructive, mournful,
dismal.

fungror, i, fanctus, to perform, ful-
fill, discharge ; simulacra fCLncta
sepulcris, shades who have re-
ceived the rites of burial.

VOCABULARY

457

ftlnis, is, m., a rope, line, cord.
fdnus, erls, n., funeral rites, obse-
quies ; a dead body, corpse ; death ;

ruin J disaster,
furca, ae, f., a fork; a fork-shaped

prop, pole, stake.
fiiribundus, a, um, [furO], adj.,

raging, wild, frantic.
furiSsus, a, um, [furia, /ury], adj.,

full of fury, mad, raging.
fumus, l,m.,an oven.
fur6, ere, (ui), — , to rage, rave, be

furious, wild, mad, frantic, in-
flamed.
fQror, ftri, fttus, [far, thi^], to steal,

take away, withdiHiw.
furor, Oris, [furO], m., fury, madr

ness, rage, frenzy, the passion of

love.
fCUrtim, [fOrtum], adv., secretly, by

stealth.
fttrtum, i, [far, thi^], n., a secret,

stealthy action, stealth, artifice,

stratagem; a cheat, trick, fraud; a

stolen thing,
fQsills, e, [fundO], adj., molten,

liquid.
futarus, d, um, [part, sum], adj.,

destined to be, future, to come;

subs., futtlrum, I, n., that which is

to come, the future.

Oalatea, ae, [roAdreia], f., a sea
nymph, daughter of Nereus.

eralea, ae, f., a helmet.

Gallicus, a, um, [Gallus, a Gaul],
adj., Gallic; Gallicus canis, a
greyhound.

Gallus, i, m., C Cornelius, a Roman
elegiac poet, friend of Vergil.

Qangrds, is, [royyij?], m., a famous
river in India.

firarrulitas, fttis, [grarriO, to chatter],
f ., a chattering, babbling, prating.

grarrulus, a, um, [grarriO, to chatter],
adj., chattering, talkative, garru-
lous.

8raude5, ere, gr&visus, to r^oice, be
glad, take delight or pleasure in.

firaudium, il, [ffaudeO], n.,joy, glad-
ness, delight.

grelidus, a, um, [creltl, only in abl.
s., frost], adj., icy, very cold, chill,
chilling.

greminO, &re, &vi, Atus, [greminus],
to double, increase, augment.

greminus, a, um, adj., ttoin, in pairs,
two, double.

gremitus, as, [grem5], m., a sighing,
groaning, sigh, groan, moan, lameyi-
tation, wailing; a cry of rage or
pain.

gremma, ae, f ., a bud ; gem, precUrus
stone ; an eye, as in a peacock's tail.

gremO, ere, ul, itus, to groan, lament,
sigh.

grena, ae, f., generally pi., the cheek.

grener, eri, m., a son-in-law.

grenerdsus, a, um, [grenus], adj.,
of noble birth, high bom, noble; of
a good kind, superior, excellent.

grenetriz, Icis, [grenitor],f.,«;ie that
produces, a mother.

greniaiis, e, adj., pleasant, joyous,
festive.

grenitor, 5ris, [gfigrnO], m., a begetter,
a father.

grens, grentis, [root gren in grigrnO],

. 1., a race, people, nation; in pi.,
the peoples or nations of the world.

grena, as, n., a knee.

grenus, eris, [see grdns], n., birth,
descent, origin; a descendant; a
race, nation, people; kind, sort,
species.

Germanicus, I, m., nephew and
adopted son of the Emperor Tibe-
rius.

grerm&nus, a, um, [grermen, an
offshoot], adj., having the same
parents or at least the same father ;
subs., grerm&nus, i, m., a brother ;
grerm&na, ae, f., a sister.

grerd, ere, gresea, grestus, to bear,
carry, wield, wear, have about one ;
bear, bring forth, produce ; part.
grer@ns, having, with ; have, pos-
sess, enjoy; carry out, carry on,
accomplish, do, perform ; w. bellum ,
wage war.

4S8

VOCABULARY

gest&men, inls, [^estS], n., that

which is borne or worn, an of*na-

ment, equipment, accoutrement.
gesti6, ire, Ivi, — , [erestua], to ex-

press strong feeling by bodily ac-
tion, be eager, long.
ffestO, &re, &vi, &tua, [freq. gerQ],

to bear, wear, carry,
Crestua, Us, m., bearing, posture,

attitude, gesture.
Oetae, fixum, m., a barbarous people

on the western shore of the Black

Sea ; in sing., Oeta, ae, and GetSs,

ae, m., a Getan.
OifirantSus, a, um, [Oifir&s], adj.,

of or belonging to the giants.
OifiT&s, antis, [y^-yo^'i], m., a giant, one

of the fabled sons of Earth and

Tartarus.
ffifirnO, ere, firenul, grenitus, to

bear, bring forth ; beget, produce.
grlaci&lis, e, [grlaciSs], adj., icy.
grlacies, §i, f., ice.
grladius, i. m., a sword.
grlekeba, ae, f ., land, soil.
grl&ns, grlandis, f., an acorn.
Glaucus, i, m., a fisherman of An^

thedon in Boeotia, who was changed

into a sea god.
grlobus, i, m., a ball, round mass,

sphere, orb.
SrlomerG, &re, &vi, Atus, [grlomus,

a ball made by winding], to gather

into a ball or mass, roll up.
grl5ria, ae, f., glory, fame^ renown,

reputation.
grlOrior, &ri, Atus, [grlOria], to boast,

glory, pride one's self.
OorgrO, or GorgrOn, onis, [rop-yoi], f.,

a Gorgon, Medusa, whose head was

cut off by Perseus, and presented to

Minerva, who placed it in the center

of her shield.
Gorgroneus, a, um, [GorgrO], adj.,

of or belonging to Gorgon, Gorgo-

nian.
grracilis, e, adj., thin, slight, slender,

meager, lean.
grrSx^ulus. i, ni., a jackdaw.
grradior, i, grressus, [grradus], to

step, walk, advance, proceed, go.

Or&divxis, i, [perhaps from grradus],
m., a surname of Mars.

grradus, tls, m., a step, a pace ; step,
stage, degree; pi., a flight of steps
or stairs,

Oraecia, ae, [Graeci, rpotjcoi], f.,
the country of the Greeks, Greece.

Grfiii, 6rum, m., the Greeks.

Grftius, a, um, adj., Greek, Grecian.

grrftmen, inis, n., grass, herbage, an
herb, plant.

grrandaevus, a, um, [grrandis +
aevum], adj., old, aged.

grrandis, e, adj., full grown, large,
bulky, great ; grrandior aev5,
older, elder.

grr&nifer, era, erum, [grr&num,
grain -\- tero], adj., grain bearing,
laden with grain.

grr&tSs, ibus, [grr&tus], f. pi.,
thanks.

grr&tia, ae, [grr&tus], f., grace,
charm, beauty, favor; regard, lik-
ing, fondness, taste; gratitude,
thanks, grateful remembrance.

grr&tor, &ri, &tus, [grr&tus], to con-
gratulate, wish joy.

grrtltus, a, um, adj., pleasing, pleas-
ant, acceptable, dear, agreeable,
grateful, received with thanks.

grravidus, a, um, [grravls], adj.,
heavy with anything; pregnant;
full, abundant, fruitful,

grravls, e, adj., heavy, weighty, firm,
ponderous ; of things withoat phys-
ical weight, heavy, deep, impres-
sive ; overmastering, oppressive ;
weighed down, laden, burdened;
w. somnS, heavy, overcome with
sleep; w. lacrimis, drenched with
tears; heavy, burdensome, hard to
bear, severe, grievous, bad ; w. vul-
nus, a deep, deadly wound ; of per-
sons, in bad sense, harsh, severe,
stern, implacable ; subs., grraviOra,
n. pi., worse, more grievous things,

grravltfts, atis, [grravls], f., weight,
heaviness; dignity, influence.

grravG, are, &vl, Atus, [grravls], to
burden, weigh down ; dog as with a
weight, oppress.

VOCABULARY

459

firremium, 11, n., a lap; the hosom,

embrace.
srressvLS, Us, [erradlor], m., a walk-

ingt yait ; a step, course, way,
grex, gregris, m., a herd, flock.
grubem&tor, Oris, [grubem5, to

steer], m., a steersman, helmsman,

pilot.
srurgres, Itls, m., a whirlpool, abyss;

waters, rapids, stream, flood.
grutta, ae, f., a drop.
firuttur, uiis, u.,the throat, neck.
gyrus, i, \yv(wi]^ m.,a circle, circular

course, round.

haT3ena, ae, [habed], f., generally in
pL, reins,

habeO, 6re, m, Itus, to have, hold,
possess.

habilis, e, [babeO], adj., handy, fit,
apt, expert.

habitftbiUs, e, [liabitO], adj., fit for
abode, habitable.

habltd, fire, fivi, fitus, [freq.
habeO], to have as a possession, to
inhabit ; live, dwell.

habitus. Us, [habed], m., appear-
ance, dress, attire, garb.

hfic, adv., on this side, here, by this
way.

hfic-tenus, thUrS far, up to this time,
tip to this point.

haedus, i, m., a kid.

Haemonla, ae, [Aifioviaj^ f., a poetic
name for Thessaly.

Haemonius, a, um, adj., Haemon^
ian, Thessalian.

Haemos, i, fAi^os], m., a range of
mountains in Thrace.

haereO, ere, haesi, haesarus, to
hang, cling, be fixed to; holdfast, re-
main fixed to, cleave ; abide, continue
in any place, be rooted to the spot.

hfilitus, as, [hfiia, to breathe], m.,
a breath ; a vapor, exhalation.

Halius, 1, m., a Lycian, slain before
Troy.

Hamfidryas, adis, [afj^aSpvds], i., a
wood nymph, hamadryad.

hfimfitus, a, um, [h&mus], adj.,/t(r-
nished with a hook, hooked, barbed.

hfimus, I, m., a hook, barb.

harSna, ae, f.. sand; seashore^
beach.

harenOsus, a, um, [harSna], adj.,
sa?idy.

harandS, inis, f., a reed; that which
is made of a reed, a shaft, arrow ; a
syrinx, pipes of Pan.

hasta, ae, f., a lance, spear.

hastile, is, [hasta], n., the shaft of a
spear, a spear, javelin.

haud, adv., not, not at all, by no
means ; haud allter, not otherwise,
just so.

haurid, ire, hausi, haustus, to
drain, empty, drink up; take in,
drink in, receive ; scrape or dig out ;
scrape up, gather.

haustus, as, [haiiriS], m., a draw-
ing, draining, draught.

hebes, etis, adj., bhmt, dull; stupid,
sluggish.

hebet5, fire, fivi, fitus, [hebes], to
dim, impair, make dull, blunt.

Hebrus, i, ['E^po?], m., a river of
Thrace.

Hecate, es, fEieoTij], f., a goddess of
the Lower World, frequently identi-
fied tbith Luna in heaven and Diana
on earth.

Hector, oris, ['EicTwp], m., a son of
Priam and the bravest of the Tro-
jans.

Hectoreus, a, um, [Hector], adj.,
of Hector, Hector's, Hcctorean.

Helena, ae, ['EAeViy], i., the wife of
Menelaus, carried ofi' to Troy by
Paris, and thus the cause of the
Trojan war.

Helenus, i, ['EAei/o?], m., a son of
Priam, a soothsayer.

Helice, §s, [eAtio;, a winding], i.,
the constellation of the Great Bear.

Helicdn, 5nis, ['eaucwi'], m., a moun-
tain in Boeotia, sacred to Apollo and
the Muses.

HelicOnius, a, um, [Helicon], adj.,
of Helicon, Heliconian.

Hennaeus, a, um, [Henna], adj.,

460

VOCABULARY

of or htUmgxng to Hennas an an-
cient city in the center of Sicily,
Henna's.

herba, ae, f., herbage, grass, a plant,
herb, vegetation, green blades, green
leaves.

HerculSs, is, ['HpojcA^v], m., Hercules,
a famous hero, renowned for his
strength and his twelve labors.

Herculeus, a, um, adj., Herculean,
of Hercules,

h6r6s, @dlB, m.,an heir, successor.

Hemicus, a, \xm, adj., Hernician,
of or belonging to the Hernid, an
Italian people in Latium,

hSr58, 51s, [i?p*»?], m., a hero, a god^
like man, a brave or illustrious man.

hSrGus, a, mn, [herds], adj., ?ieroic ;
w. versus, epic poetry.

Hesperis, idis, [Hesperus ='E(nre-
pos,], 2A].,ofthe West, western; subs.,
Hesperides, um, f. pi., the Hes-
perides, daughters of Hesperus,
keepers of the garden of golden
fruit in the extreme West.

Hesperius, a, um, adj., Hesperian,
western, Italian.

hestemus, a, um, [root hes in heri,
yesterday], adj., of yesterday, yes-
terday's.

heu, interj., of grief or pain, ah/
alas! oh I

hl&tus. Us, [hi5, to yawn], m.,a gap-
ing, yawning, chasm, gulf.

HibSrus, a, um, Sid}., Iberian, Span-
ish; pftstor Hib@ri, Geryon, a
mythic king in Spain having three
bodies, whose oxen were carried off'
by Hercules.

hie, adv., in this place, here; at this
time, at this juncture.

hic, hekec, hoc, demonst. pron., this.

hlems, emis, f ., the toinier, the stormy
season; person., Winter, Hiems.

hinc, adv., '/rom this place, hence,
thence; hinc atque hinc, on this
side and on that, on each side ; from
this time, henceforth.

hinnitus, CLs, [himii5, to whiniiy],
m., a neighing.

HippotadSs, ae, [HippotSs], m.,

Aeolus, the grandson of the Trojan

Hippotes.
hirsatus, a, um, [related to hirtus],

adj., rough, shaggy, hairy.
hirtus, a, um, adj., rough, hairy,

shaggy.
hisc5, ere, — , — , [inch. hiO, to yawri],

to open, gape, yawn ; open themouth,

speak, stammer, falter.
Hister, tri, m., the lower part qf the

Danube.
hodie, [hoc + die], adv., to-day,

now.
hodlemus, a, um, [hodlS], adj., of

to-day, to-day's.
holus, erls, n., kitchen herbs, cabbage.
HomSrus, i, ['O/irjpos], m., the famous

Greek epic poet.
hom5, Inls, m., f., a human being, a

man; in pi., men, mankind, the

human race.
honestus, a, um, [honor], adj.,

honored; honorable, worthy.
honor (honOs) , Oris, m., honor, c«-

teem, respect; a mark of honor,

place of honor, in pi., honors ; hon-
orary gift, offering, sacrifice; re-

ward, recompense; beauty, charm,

grace.
honOratus, a, um, [part. hon5r5,

to honor], adj., honored, revered,

venerated.
h5ra, ae, f., an hour; time; person.

in pi., the Hours.
Horatlus, i. , m . , Q. Horatius Flaccus,

the famous Augustan poet.
hordea, 5rum, n. pi., barley.
horrendus, a, um, [part. horreO],

adj., to be shuddered at, horrible,

dreadful, awful, terrible, fearful,

frightful; awe inspiring, dread,

venerable.
horrSns, entls, [part. horre5], adj.,

bristling, gloomy, somber, shaggy;

rough.
horreO, Sre, ul, --, to bristle, be

rough ; shudder at, fear, be afraid

of; quake, tremble, shiver.
horrldus, a, um, [horreO]. adj.,

bristling, rough, shaggy; horrid,

frightful, dreadful.

VOCABULARY

461

honifer, era, erum, [horror, hor-
ror + 'orO], adj., terrible ^ dreadful^
horrible.

bort&men, inis, [hortor], n., an
incitement, exhortation,

hortfttor, Oris, [hortor], m., an in-
citer, suggester, prompter.

hortor, ftri, Atvis, to encourage, urge,
incite, exhort.

hortus, i, m., a garden.

hospes, Itis, [hostls, a stranger +
pa, the root in pft8c5, to feed]^ m.,
f., one who entertains a stranger, I
a host; by transfer, a guest, one
who receives hospitality ; a stranger,
foreigner.

hospita, ae, [hospes], f ., a stranger,
foreigner, wanderer, visitor.

hospltium, il, [hospes], n., hospi-
tality; shelter.

hostia, ae, f., a victim, a sacrifice.

hostilis, e, [hostls], adj., belonging
to an enemy, hostile, an enemy^s.

hostls, Is, m., f., a stranger, an
enemy.

httc, adv., to this place, hither; to
this, in addition, besides.

hOmftnus, a, um, [homO], adj.,
human, pertaining to mankind.

humllls, e, [humus], adj., low, low-
lying.

humus, 1, f., the earth, ground, soil;
land, country, region.

Hyades, um, fYa5««, the rainers], f.
pL, the Hyades, a group of seven
stars in the head of the constellation
Taurus.

Hydra, ae, fYapo], f., the Hydra, the
water serpent of Lerna, slain by
Hercules.

HymSn, — , and Hymenaeus or
OS, I, r^'*''*']i ^M Hymen, the god
of marriage.

Hymettus, I, ['Y/ii^TTos], m., a moun-
tain near Athens, famed for its
honey and marble.

Hypaepa, 5rum, ['Yiroiiro], n. pL, a
small town in Lydia.

Hypslpyleus, a, um, [HysplpylS],
adj., belonging to Hypsipyle, queen
of Lemnos in the time of the Ar-

gonautic expedition; w. tellus,
Lemnos.

laceO, ere, ul, Itus, to lie, lie down,
recline; be situated; lie low; lie
prostrate, lie slain, lie dead.

Iaci5, ere, Idol, lactus, to throw,
cast, hurl.

lact&ns, antls, [part. lactO], adj.,
boastful, vain-glorious, arrogant.

Iact5, &re, &vl, Atus, [freq. laclO],
to throw, cast, hurl, scatter, fling;
toss about, shake, flourish ; Alls
lact&tls, on beating wings; throw
out, pour forth, utter wildly, pro-
nounce, speak, say ; revolve, ponder,
consider, talk about, discuss ; w. re-
flex, pron., boast, glory, vaunt.

lactara, ae, [laciO], f., a throwing
away, a loss.

lactus, as, [lacl5], m., a throwing,
casting.

lacul&trlz, Ids, [laculor]^ f., a
javelin thrower, huntress.

iaculor, &ri, fttus, [iaculum], to
hurl.

Iaculum, i, [lacl5], n., a dart, jave-
lin.

iam, adv., now, already, at length,
but now, just now, from this point,
from that time on, thereafter, soon,
presently ; lam dUdum, now for a
long time, long since, now at length ;
lam pridem, long since; lam
nunc, even now, already.

iambus, i, [lo/i/3os], m., an iambic
foot ; iambic poem, poetry.

i&nltor. Oris, [iftnua], m., a door-
keeper, janitor.

lanua, ae, [related to Iftnus], f., a
door of a house, a door, an entrance.

Iftnus, i, [see Fasti, 1. 103, note] , m., an
old Italian deity, god of entrances,
all beginnings, and the month of
January.

lapetus, i, ['lairerd?], m., a Titan, son
of Coelus and Terra, father of
Atlas, Prometheus, and Epimetheus.

IftsGn, onis, ['ia<r«»'], m., a famous

462

VOCABULARY

Greek hero, son of Aeson, leader of
the Argotmuts.

Iftzy fires, um, m., a Sarmatian
people on the Danube,

ibi, adv., there, then, thereupon,

Icarus, i, m., a son of Daedalus, who,
accompanying his father in his
flight from Crete, fell into that
portion of the Mediterranean called
from him the Icarian Sea.

(icO), ere, ici, ictus, to strike, smite.

ictus. Us, [ic6], m., a stroke ; a blow,
a thrust.

Idcirc5, [Id + circa], adv., /or this,
that reason, on that account, to this
end,

ids, 68, fWn], f ., a mountain in Crete,
also a mountain in Phrygia near
Troy named from Cretan Ida,

idem, ecLdem, idem, [is + dem],
demonst. pron., the same; also,
likewise.

id-e5, adv., on that or this account,
for that or this reason.

idomeneus, ei, (quadrisyl.), m.,
['laofiereus], m., a king of Crete,
leader of the Cretans against Troy,

lecur, oris and iecinoris, n., the
liver.

i6itlnium, ii, [iSianus, hungry^, m.,
fasting; hunger.

igrltur, conj., then, therefore.

ifirnarus, a, um, [in- -f grnarus, know-
ing"], adj., not knowing, ignorant of,
unacquainted with, unaware, unsus-
pecting ; w. fors, blind fate.

IfirnSscd, ere, — , — , [igrnis], to take
fire, burn, kindle, burst into flame,

igrneus, a, um, [igrnis], adj., of fire,
fiery.

ifirnifer, era, erum, [igrnis + fer6],
adj.,.^re bearing, fiery.

igrnis, is, m., fire, flame ; a thunder-
bolt, lightning, flash of lightning ;
a blazing heavenly body, a star;
the flame of passion, love ; ,fi/ery pas-
sion, wrath ; the object of passion,
loved one, flame ; love songs.
igrnOrantia, ae, [igrndrfins, not know-
ing], L, want of knowledge, igno-

Igrn5r5, are, avi, atus, [in- + root
grna as found in grnarus, knowing'\,
to be ignorant of, not to know.
igrn5sc5, ere, nOvi, nOtus, [in- +
(gr)n5sc6], to overlook, par don, for-
give, excuse, make allowance.
igrnStus, a, um, [in-+ (gr) notus] , ad j.,
unknown, undiscovered, strange,
foreign; unknown, without repute,
low bom, mean; unacquainted
with, ignorant of.
ilez^ icis, f ., a holm-oak.
ilia, Orum, n. pi., t?ie groin, flank,

bowels,
iliacus, a, um, [ilium], adj., of

Ilium, Trojan,
ilioneus, ei, (quadrisyl.), m., the

youngest son of Niobe.
iliac, [abl. f., illic, supply via], adv.,

that way, on that side, there.
ille, a, ud, demonst. pron., that, that
(yonder) ; the famous, the well
known; subs., he, she, U,
ilHc, [ilH (locat. of lUe) + ce], adv.,

there, in that place.
illinc, [illim + ce], adv., from that

place, from that side.
iliac, [illic], adv., to that place, in

that direction.
imagr5, inis, f., an image, likeness,
form,flgure, shape; aspect, imper-
sanation; reflected image, reflec-
tion; recollected image, picture,
recollection; conceived image, con-
ception, thought.
imbellis, e, [in- + bellum], adj.,

unwarlike.
imber, bris, m., a rain storm, storm,

rain.
imbu5, ere, i, Utus, to wet, moisten,

stain.
imitamen, inls, [imitor], n., an imi-
tation, likeness, copy.
imitatrix, icis, [imitor], f., one who

imitates, an imitator.
imitor, art, atus, to imitate, repre-
sent.
(im-madescd), ere,madui, — , to be-
come wet.
immanis, e, adj., of monstrous size,
huge, vast, enormous, mighty.

VOCABULARY

463

Ixnmedicabllis, e, [In- + xnedicft-
bilis, curable], adj., incurable,

immemor, oris, [in-+ineinor], adj.,
unmindful, heedless, for getftdf un-
appreciative.

immSnaus, a, \iin, [in- + m^nsus,
part, metior], adj., without meas-
ure, immense, boundless, vast, huge ;
in immdnsum, without end, exceed-
ingly, to a boundless extent.

immererG, ere, mersi, xnersus, [in
+ mergQ, to plunge], to plunge into,
immerse, drown, overwhelm.

imxneritus, a, um, [in- + meritus],
adj., undeserving (of punishment),
innocent, guiltless.

immined, ere, — , — , [in 4- root in
minor], to hangover, overhang, pro-
ject over; be. at hand, impend; be
eager for, long for, be intent upon.

immiaceG, 3re, ul, xniztus, [in+
miaceG], to mingle in or with, stir
up together.

immitis, e, [in- 4- mitis], adj., harsh,
cruel, merciless, pitiless, fierce, sav-
age; rough (in appearance).

Immittd, ere, misi, missiiB, [in +
mlttS], to send or let in, admit ; let
loose, let go ; slacken, let flow freely.

immSbilis, e, [in-+ mdbilis], adj.,
immovable, stubborn, hard hearted.

immorior, iri, mortuus, [in -f
morior] , to die upm, fall dead upon.

imniGtus, a, tun, [in- -f ni5tus, part.
niove5], adj., unmoved, unchanged,
fixed, steadfast, unshaken, motion-
less.

immttnis, e, [in- 4- manus], adj.,
free from obligation; w. tellus,
untilled, unoccupied; unburdened,
untaxed, neglected, excused; free
from, exempt from; shunning.

immurmurS, are, — , — , [in -f mur-
Qiur5, to murmur], to murmur in
or into^

immatO, are, avi, atua, [in -f-
xnat5], to change, alter, transform.

impar, aris, [in- + par], adj., un-
equal, uneven.

impatiSna, entis, [in- + patiSns],
adj., intolerant, impatient; avoid-

ing; unable to bear, govern, or
control.

impedl6, ire, ivi (ii) , itus, [in+pSs],
to entangle ; obstruct, check, impede.

impell5, ere, pnli, pulsus, [in +
pelld], to push or strike against,
strike, hit, smite ; drive or push on,
set in motion, urge on, move, impel,
stir.

impendd, ere, i, pensus, [in -f
pendd}, to weigh out ; expend, em-
ploy, use ; w. saneruinem, to shed.

impercussus, a, um, [in- + part.
percutiOJ, adj., not struck; w.
pedes, noiseless.

imperfectus, a, um, [in- + perfec
tus, part. perflciO], adj., unfin-
ished, incomplete, imperfect.

imperium, ii, [imperG], n., a word
of authority, behest, command, man-
date ; authority, power, control.

imperG, are, avi, atus, [in -{- par5],
to order, command ; control, govern.

(impes, petis), [impetd, to rush
upon], m., only abl. sing., violence,
force.

impetus, as, [impetO, to rush upon],
m., attack, onset, assault, violence ;
impetus, momentum.

impierer, grra, grnmi, [in- -f plgrer],
adj., not indolent, quick, active,
eager, nothing loath,

impius, a, wax, [in- -f plus], adj.,
irreverent, sacrilegious, impious, ac-
cursed, wicked, fell.

in^piacabilis, I, [in- + piacabilis,
appeasable], adj., unappeasable, im-
placable,

imple5, Sre, 6vi, 6tu8, [in 4- pled,
to fill], to fill up, fill full, fill out, fill.

implied, are, avi, atus, or uI, itus,
[in 4- plic5, to fold], to fold into,
infold, twine around, encircle.

impl5r5, are, avi, atus, [in 4-
pl0r6, to lament], to implore, be-
seech, entreat.

implu5, ere, — , — , [in 4- plu5, to
rain], to rain upon.

imp5no, ere, posui, positus, [in 4-
p5n5], to place or put in, into, or
upon ; place, put, give to.

464

VOCABULARY

Improbus, a, um, [in- + probus,
honest], adj., hold, shameless, inso-
lent, rude, maliciovs, cruel, ruthless,
wanton.

imprad^na, entis, [in-+ prtLdSna =
-pTcQvidSnB, foreseeing], adj., with-
out knowing, unaware, vnsuspecti7ig.

Impab6s, is, [in- + pabSs, adul^,
adj., youthful, young, beardless.

impaernd, are, fi-vi, 5tu8, [in + ptt-
gn6], to fight against, attack, assail.

Impulsus, Os, [impelld], m.,push,
pressure, impulse.

impane, [impanis, in- + poena],
adv., without punishment, with im,-
punity, safely, unharmed, without
danger.

Imus, a, um, adj. (see inferus).

in, prep. w. abl. and ace. ; (1) w. abl.,
(a) of space, in, among, on ; (b) of
time, in, during, at; (c) of other
relations, in, in respect to, -as, by
way of, considering, in the case of,
in regard to, in connection with,
toward, at; (2) w. ace, (a) of
space, w. vbs. of motion, into or to,
up to, down to, toward; (b) of time,
until, for ; (c) of other relations, in
accordance with, after the manner
of, to, toward, against, for, for the
purpose of.

in-, inseparable negative particle, txn-,
in-, not.

Inachides, ae, [Inachus], m., a
male descendant of Inachus; the
name is applied to Epaphu^s, as the
son of lo ; and Perseus, as descended
from Argive kinojs.

inachis.idos, [Inachus], i., a female
descendant of Inachus, e.g., lo.

inachus, i, ['ii^oxo?], m., the first king
of Argos, father of lo.

in-aequalis, e, adj., uneven, un-
equal, of different sizes.

in-amabilis, e, adj., unlovely, hate-
ful, gloomy.

in-amoenus, a, um, adj., unpleasant,
unlovely, gloomy.

in&nis, e, adj., empty, void, vacant,
bare; empty, useless, meaningless,
vain; unavailing; lifeless.

in-arfttus, a, um, [in- + part, aro],

adj., unplowed, untilled, fallow.
in-fird6scd, ere, ftrsi, — , [in -f inch.

ardeo], to kindle, take fire, bum.
in-caeduus, a. um. [caed5], adj., un-
cut, not felled.
in-cal6scd, ere, calm, — , [in -f inch.

caleo], to grow warm, bs heated,

glow, kindle.
in-cand3scd, ere, candul, — , [inH-

inch. candeo], to grow warm, be
* heated, glow, kindle.
in-cautus, a, \im, adj., unsuspecting,

off one's guard.
in-cedd, ere, cessi, cessus, to go,

walk, proceed, adoance.
incendium, ii, [incendS, to set fire

to],u.,fire,conflagratio7i ; blaze, glow,

flame.
inceptum, I, [incipid], n., an under-

taking, attempt, beginning.
incerttim, [incertus], adv., doubt-
fully ; w. vigiians, half awake.
in-certus, a, xnn, adj., uncertain,

unsettled ; ill aimed, erring.
incess5, ere, — , — , [freq. incedO],

to assail, attack.
incid5, ere, cidi, cisus, [in + cae-

do], to ctit into, cut; engrave.
in-cingr^, ere, cinxi, cinctus, to

gird, bind about, wreathe.
incipiS, ere, cepi, ceptus, [in +

capi5], to begin something or begin

to do something ; begin, begin to be.
in-citd, &re, fi.vi, fi.tus, to set in rapid

motion; incite, stimulate, urge on,

rouse.
inclltus, a,\im, [part, of «inclued, to

make illustrious], adj., illustrious,

renowned, famous.
inciadS, ere, ciasi, ciasus, [in 4-

claudd], to shut up, shut in, inclose,

secrete.
in-cogrnitus, a, um, adj., unknown,

strange.
incola, ae, [incol5, to inhabit], m.,

an inhabitant, resident, native,
in-comit&tus, a, um, adj., unat-
tended, without an attendant or

escort.
in-consol&bilis, e, adj., inconsolable.

VOCABULARY

465

in-consumptus, a, um, adj., un-
consumed.

in-coqu5, ere, c5zi, coctus, to boil,
seethe.

incrementum, i, [incr6sc6], n.,
growth, increase, increment.

In-crep5, &re, ui, itus, to sound, re-
sound, cause to resound ; cry aloud
to, chide, rebuke,

in-crescd, ere, crevi. — , to grow in
or upon; gtvw, svoell, be swollen.

In-cub^, &re, nl, itus, to lie upon;
rest upon.

in-cumbo, ere, cubui, cubitus, to
lay one's self upon anything, rest or
lie upon; fall upon; throw one's self
upon ; hangover, lean over or upon.

in-curro, ere, curri (cucurri), cur-
8U8, to run into, rush in, assail,
attack.

in-cur85, &re, &vi, Atus, [freq. in-
curr6], to run into, run against,
strike against.

incursuB, as, [inCurrS], m., an as-
sault, attack, onset ; impulse, effort.

in-curv6, are, fi-vi, atua, to bend,
curve; incurvftta w. membra,
writhing.

in-curvus, a, \im, adj., bent, curved,
hooked.

in-castSditus, a, \im, adj., un-
watched, unguarded.

inde, adv., from that place, thence ;
from that time, after that; from
that source, from that one.

iiMlSfeBBUS, a, um, adj., unwearied.

in-d€iectus, a, um, adj., not thrown
down, not overwhelmed.

in-delebilis, e, adj., imperishable.

in-dSpl6ratuB, a, um, adj., unwept.

index, icis, m., one who points out,
an informer ; a sign mark, indica-
tion, proof.

Indi, 5rum, m. pi., the inhabitants
of India, the Indians ; used loosely
for the Persians, Ethiopians, etc.

indicium, ii, n., a disclosure, dis-
covery, charge, testimony, evidence.

IndifiTOB, etiB, [indu, old form of in
+ genS, to beget], m, a deified hero ;
patron deity of a country.
OVID — 30

in-digrestus, a, um, adj., unorganr
ized, confused.

indigrnS, [indignus], adv., uriworthi-
ly, undeservedly.

indlfirnor, ari, atvis, [indlgrnus], to
be indignant, deem unworthy, dis-
dain ; chafe,fret, be enraged, angry.

in-diirnus, a, \im, adj., unworthy,
undeserved, shaniefid, undeserving.

indolSscS, ere, dolui, ~, [in + freq.
doled], to feel pain, be grieved, be
distressed.

in-domitus, a, um, adj., ungoverna-
ble, stubborn, fiery; unconquered,
untamed.

in-dacd, ere, dazi, ductus, to draw
on, draw over, bring in or on, put on,

indulsreS, 6re, dulsi, dultus, to in-
dulge in, give one*s self up to, yield
to, humor.

indu5, ere, i, indatus, to put on,
assume; in pass. w. reflex, mean-
ing, put on, clothe one's self in,
wear, have.

indOrescO, ere, indUrui, — , [inch.
indtLr5, to make hard], to harden,
stiffen ; w. saz5, turn to stone.

indatus, a, um, [part. indu6], adj.,
clad, covered, arrayed, enveloped.

in-Siactabilis, e, adj., inevitable.

in.€mptus, a, um, adj., unbought,
without a ransom.

In-ed, ire, ivi (ii), Itus, to enter,
go into.

inermis, e, [in-4-arma], adj., un-
armed, defenceless, loithout arms.

iners, ertis, [in--|- ars], adj., un-
skillful; helpless, Ijoeak, effeminate,
lazy, sluggish, tame ; lifeless, dead.

in-expletus, a, um, adj., not filled,
unsatisfied.

in-ezpagrnabilis, e, adj., impregna-
ble, invincible ; w. erramen, not to
be rooted out.

in-ezstinctvis, a, \im, adj., unevtin-
guished, unextinguishable.

infamia, ae, [infamis], f., ill fame,
disgrace, infamy.

infamis, e, [in--ffama], adj., of ill
repute, ill omened, disreputable, dis-
grac^ul.

466

VOCABULARY

Inf&ns, fantis, [In- + for], m., f., one
without speechf an infant.

In-fau8tu8, a, um, adj., ill omened,
ill fated f unfortunate.

infectus, a,\im, [in-+factu8], adj.,
not made or done, unfinished.

In-f31Iz, iclB, adj., unhappy, un-
lucky, unfortunate, ill fated.

inferiae, ftnim, [Infenis], f., sacri-
fices in honor of the dead.

mfemus, a, \im, [Inferus], adj.,
underground, infernal, belonging
to the lower world.

In-ferG, ferre, tuU, inl&tuxn, to
bring, carry or bear to or into.

inferus, a, um, [see infrft], adj.,
below, underneath, in the Under
World; comp. inferior, ius, infe-
rior, lower, worse, meaner ; superl.,
imus, a, uxn, t?ie lowest, deepest,
the bottom of, inmost, the depths of,
the end of, the lowest part of; of or
belonging to the lower world,

infests, &re, — , — , [infestus], to
disturb, infest.

infestus, a, um, adj., m,ade unsafe,
disturbed; that makes unsqfe, hos-
tile, dangerous, deadly , fatal, threat-
ening.

inflciS, ere, f6ci, fectus, [in +
faci5], to stain, tinge, dye, color;
to pollute, corrupt, infect,

in-figO, ere, fixi, fixus, to fix upon,
impale ; fasten, fix in.

infltior, fi-ri, atus, [in-4-fateor], to
deny, disown.

in-flO, are, avi, atus, to blow or
breathe into OT*upon, inflate.

infra, [for infera, supply parte], adv.,
below, underneath ; w. comparative
sense, lower.

infrtngrS, ere, frSgri, ffactus, [in4-
frangrSJ, to break off, break, bruise,

m-fundO, ere, fadi, fasus, to pour
on, in ; pour or spread over ; pour
through, infuse, communicate to,
impart.

in-firemin5, are, avi, atus, to re-
double, reiterate, repeat,

in-aremo, ere, gremui, -, to groan,
lament, sigh over.

infirenidsus, a, um, [infirenium],
adj., able, clever, ingenious.

infirenlum, ii, [in -f root gen, to pro-
duce], innate quality ; nature, tem^
perament; character, disposition,
natural feelings ; mind, intellect;
wit, craft, cunning, skill, natural
ability.

InfirSns, entis, [in- + root firen], adj.,
not natural, monstrous, enormous,
huge, vast, immense, greats mighty ,
massive, stalwart.

ingrenuus, a, um, [in + root firen],
adj., native, natural; freebom;
noble, upright, candid, ingenuous.

in-firerG, ere, eresi^, srestus, to throw
in, heap upon, heap up,

in-firratus, a, um, adj., unthankful,
ungrateful, irresponsive, unappre-
ciative.

ingrredior, i, grressus, [in+firra-
dior], to go or walk in or into, walk,
go along, advance, proceed,

in-haere5, 6re, hae^, haesus, to
stick fast, cleave, cling to or upon,
fasten upon.

inhibe5, 6re, ul, itus, [in + liabe5],
to hold in, keep back, restrain,
curb, check,

in-honestus, a, \im, adj., ignomini-
ous, shameful, dishonorable,

in-hon5ratu8, a, um, adj., unhon-
ored, disregarded, unrewarded.

in-hospitus, a. um, adj., inhospitable,

in-humatus, a, um, adj., unburied.

inici5, ere, iecl, iectus, [in +
icu^id], to throw, cast, hurl at, upon
or into; w. manum and dat. of
persons, to lay hands on, seize ; w.
super, throw over or around,

inimlcus, a, um, [in- + amicus],
adj., hostile, unfriendly, hateful;
ir^urious, hurtful, destructive,

iniquus, a, um , [in- + aequus] , ad j . ,
ur^air, unjust, partial, hostile,
spit^ul, adverse; unfavorable, dis-
advantageous; hur^ul, injuriotis;
unwilling, impatient, discontented.

initium, ii, [ine6], n., a beginning;
auspices ; secret sacred rites, sacred
mysteries.

VOCABULARY

467

initus, as, [lne5], m., approach,
generative union.

iziiaiia, ae, [inlCLrius, from ln.+
itts], f., injury f injustice, wrong;
insult, affront; a sense of injury,
wrong, leading to a desire for re-
venge.

In-iastus, a, um, adj., unjust, tin-
righteous, cru£l; wrongful; one-
sided, uneven.

inlidd, ere, Usi, lisus, [In + laedd,
to hurt], to strike, dash into or upon,
drive upon ; crash into, crash.

inlimis, e, [in- + limus], adj., with-
out mud, clear.

in-lin5, ere, ISvl, litus, to smear over,
spread upon.

in-iad5, ere, IfLsi, lasus, to play
with, make sport of, mock, jeer at ;
cheat, snare.

iniastris, e, adj., bright, clear; il-
lustrious, famous, renowned.

in-nabillB, e, adj., in which nothing
can swim.

in-n&tus, a, \iin, nxUive, inborn, in-
herent, natural.

in-nect5, ere, nexul, nexus, to tie,
fasten, bind ; bind about, wreathe.

in-nltor, i, nixus, to lean upon, sup-
port one's self by, rest upon.

in-nocuus, a, xan, adj., harmless,
innocent, inoffensive.

in-niunerus, a, \im, adj., innumer-
able, countless, without number.

in-naptus, a, um, adj., unmarried,
virgin.

in-ops, opis, adj., poor, needy, ber^t
of, destitute of.

ln-5m&tus, a, um, adj., unadorned,
without ornament,

inquam, is, it, defect, vb., after one
or more words of a quotation, to say.

inqTiir5, ere, quisivl, qulsltus, [in
-f quaer5], to seek after, search for;
search into, examine, investigate.

in-requietus, a, um, adj., unquiet,
restless.

in-resoiatus, a, um, adj., not
loosened.

Inrlde5, 6re, risa, risus, [in+ride6],
to laugh at, mock, deride.

inrlt&men, inis, [inrltd], n., an

incitement, incentive.
inrltftmentum, I, [inrltd], n., an

incitement, incentive.
inritO, are, fivi, atus, to incite,

excite, stir up, inflame.
Inritus, a, um, [in- -f ratus,^ed by

calculation], adj., invalid; vain, in

vain, without effect; to no pur-
pose.
in-r5rG, Ore, &vi, &tus, to bedew,

moisten, besprinkle, wet.
in-rumi>0, ere, rQpi, ruptus, to

burst or rush in or into.
In-s&nus, a, run, adj., of unsound

mind, insane, mad.
Inscius, a, um, adj., not knowing,

ignorant, nnconscioits, unwitting.
In-scribQ, ere, scrips!, scriptus, to

write on, mark, trace.
in-sequor, i, secatus, to follow ; fol-
low up, pursue.
in-serd, ere, ui, tus, to put in, insert,

introduce, thrust in or into,
Insidiae, arum, f. pi., an ambush;

stratagem, trick, plot, snare, wiles,

treachery,
insidior, ari, atus, [Insidiae], to lie

in ambush, plot against, make plots,
insiirnis, e, [in -f sierntmi], adj.,

marked, distinguished, remarkable,

extraordinary, beautiful, noted.
In-sistd, ere, stiti, — , to stand or

tread upon, set foot on, take one's

stand upon.
InsitiS, Onis, [inserO], f ., a grafting ;

time of grafting.
In-solidus, a, -om., adj., not solid,

tender.
In-solitus, a, \im, adj., unaccustomed,

unusual, unfamiliar, strange.
insomnis, e, [in- -f somnus], adj.,

sleepless, ever watching.
In-son5, are, ul, — , to sound loudly,

resound, roar; make mtmc with,

play upon.
In-s5ns, sontis, adj., guiltless, inno-.

cent, harmless.
in-s5pitus, a, xan, adj., sleepless,

wakeful.
inspicia, ere, spexl, spectus, [in

468

VOCABULARY

+ *8pecl5, to look], to look into,
inspect.

in-8pir5, &re, &v!, &tu8, to breathe
into, blow -upon.

in-stabilis, e, adj., unsteady, un-
stable, not firm, giving no support,
offering no foothold.

Instar, indeclin. n., an image, like-
ness ; in apposition = adj., like.

in-BtniG, ftre, 9>vi, fi.tu8, to pour in
by drops, drop in.

inatitud, ere, I, atus, [in + sta-
tuO], to build, erect, found; estab-
lish, ordain, appoint.

in-8td, stftre, stiti, status, to press
upon, pursue ; press forward, push
on, approach ; urge, press, insist.

instzictuB, a, \iin, [part. MnstringrS,
to bind], adj., bound, fastened; in-
laid with, set with.

in-struG, ere, strazl, stractus, to
draw up, arrange, set in order, pre-
pare, make ready ; furnish, provide
with, fit out, equip ; instruct, train.

In-suStus, a, um, a,dj.,unaccustomed,
unused; unusual.

insula, ae, f., an island.

in-sult5, ftre, ftvi, fttus, to spring or
leap at or upon.

in-sum, inesse, infui, to be in, be
there.

In-super, adv., moreover, besides, in
addition.

m-superftbilis, e, a^].,unconquerable.

intftbesca, ere, tabui, — , [In 4- inch.
tabe5, to melt away], to waste away;
melt away, dissolve.

in-tftotus, a, run, adj., untouched;
pure, undefiled.

integer, gra, grrum, [in- + root tag
in tangS], adj., whole, unimpaired,
vigorous, fresh; unharmed, un-
touched by misfortune,

intellegO, ere, Sxl, Sctus, [inter +
l©g5], to perceive, understand, ap-
preciate.

in-tend5, ere, i, tentus, to stretch
out, stretch, spread, extend.

intents, ftre, ftvI, fttus, [intens. in-
tends], to stretch out, hold out
threateningly, brandish.

in-tepd8c5, ere, tepui, — , [inch,
inteped, to be lukewarm^], to be-
come warm, be warmed,

inter, prep. w. ace, between, among,
during, in the midst of; w. reflex.,
^with one another, together, mutually.

inter-dum, adv., sometimes, now and
then, meanwhile.

inter-eft, adv., meanwhile,

inter-ed, ire, ii, itarus, to perish, go
to ruin, die, be destroyed.

interims, ere, 3xni, Smptus, [inter
-f emd, to buy], to take away, do
away with ; destroy, slay.

interior, ius [inter], comp. adj., in-
terior, on the inside, inner, within,

interius, [from neut. of interior],
adv., on the inside, within.

inter-mitt5, ere, misi, missus, to
leave of, suspend, interrupt, neglect,

intemSdium, I, [inter + nodus,
a knot, joint], n., the space between
two joints.

in-territus, a, um, adj., unterrijled,
undaunted, fearless.

in-tez5, ere, ul, tus, to weave in,
embroider,

intibum, I, n., endive, succory.

intimus, a, \im, adj. (snperl. of in-
terior) , inmost.

ln-ton5, ftre, ui, fttus, to thunder,
resound.

in-tdnsus, a, um, adj., unshaven,
unshorn, untrimmed, shaggy.

intrft, [contr. from interft, supply
parte], adv. and prep., within,

ln-trem5, ere, ui, — , to tremble,
quake, shake,

in-trepldus, a, um, adj., fearless,
undaunted.

intrS, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [compare in-
trft], to go into, enter, penetrate,

introitus, as, [introe5, to go within],
m., a going in, entrance,

intumesc5, ere, tumul, — , [In +
inch, of tume5, to swell], to swell up.

intus, [in], adv., on the inside, within.

in-ultus, a, um, adj., unrevenged, un-
avenged.

in-atllis, e, adj., useless, impotent,
unprofitable.

VOCABULARY

469

ln-vfid5, ere, vftsi, vAsus, to go intOf
enter; rush upon, rush into, attack,
invade, assail.

in-veni5, Ire, v6ni, ventus, to come
upon, find; find out, discover; pro-
cure, obtain.

inventuzn, i, [inventus, part, in-
venid], n., device, contrivance, in-
vention.

in-vergrC, ere, — , — , to pour upon.

in-victus, a, uzn, adj., unconquered,
invincible.

In-vide5^ Sre, vidi, visus, to look
askance at, envy, grudge, begrudge.

Invidia, ae,< [invi'dus], f., envy,
grudge, hatred, ill will.

invidi58U8, a, um, [Invidia] , adj.,
full of envy, indignation, spite,
hate, envious; exciting envy, an
object of envy, coveted, envied.

invidus, a, um, ajdj., envious, hatful.

invisvis, a, uzn, [part. invideG], adj.,
hated, hateful, detested, odious.

invitus, a, xun, adj., against the will,
unwilling, reluctant, unfriendly.

invius, a, um, [in- -f via], adj.,
pathless, inaccessible, impassable.

in-volv6, ere, i, voiatua, to wrap
up, envelop, involve, infold,

iO, interj., 0! ho! quick!

i6, ias, ['!«], a daughter of Inachus,
beloved by Jupiter, and changed by
him, through fear of Juno, into a
heifer.

lolciacus, a, um, [lolchus], adj.,
lolchian, belonging to lolchus, a
town and harbor of Thessaly whence
Jason is said to have sailed with the
Argonauts.

I0I6, 38, ['ioAi»], f., a daughter of
Eurytus, king of Oechalia.

tphifirenia,ae, [•i«^iyeVeia], f ., a daugh-
ter of Agamemnon and Clytemnes^
tra.

IphitidSs, ae, [Iphitus], m.,the son
of Iphitus, one of the Argonauts.

ipse, a, um, intens. pron., self, him-
self, herself, itself, themselves, I
myself, etc. ; the very.

ira, ae, f., anger, wrath, rage, retent-
ment.

irftscor, i, Irfitus, [Ira], to be angry,

be in a rage, be furious.
Iris, idis, ['ipi«], f., the messenger of

Juno.
is, ea, id, demonst. pron., he, she, it,

this, that, such.
Ismarivis, a, um, [Ismarus], adj.,

of or belonging to Ismarus, a moun-
tain in Thrace ; Ismarian, Thracian.
IsmSnis, idis, f., a Theban woman,

poetically so called from the river

Ismenos.
Ism^nos, 1, ['ianiiv6i\, m., a river

near Thebes ; one of the sons of

Niobe.
iste, a, ud, demonst. pron., this or

that of yours, referring to the per-
son spoken to, often with an idea of

contempt; such.
ita, adv., thus, so.
iter, itineris, [for itiner, from Ire],

n., a way, journey, march, road,

path, passage.
iter5, are, avi, atus, [iterum], to

repeat, renew, redouble.
iterum, adv., again, a second time.
Ithaca, ae, ['ii>a<ij], f., an island in

the Ionian Sea, the home of Ulysses.
Ithcu^us, a, um, [Ithaca], adj.,

lihacan; subs., Ithacus, I, m.,

Ithacus, i.e., Ulysses.
Itys, Ityos, [*Itu?], m., the son of

Tereus and Progne, killed by his

mother and served up to his father

for food.
iuba, ae, f., the mane of an animal.
luba, ae, m., a Numidian king.
iubar, aris, n., a ray of light, sun-
shine, radiance ; a star.
iubeS, ere, iussi, iussus, to order,

bid, command ; urge, advise, exhort,

entreat. •
iucundus, a, um, adj., pleasant,

delightful, genial.
iudez, icis, [ias -f dicO], m., f., a

judge, umpire.
iadicium,ii, [iadex], n., a judgment,

decision ; estimation, opinion.
iugaiis, e, [iugrum], adj., pertaining

to a yoke ; bridal, nuptial, conjugal,

of marriage.

470

VOCABULARY

iafirerum, I, n., a juger of land, a
little more than half an English
axire.

lufirdsus, a, um, [iufiruzn], adj.,
mountainous.

Iuirul5, ftre, &vl, fitus, [lufirulum],
to cut the throatf kill, slay, mur-
der.

iuflrultim, I, [dim. iufirum], n., the
collar hone ; the throat, neck.

iuiTum, I, [from root in iungrO], n.,
a yoke, collar ; a height, mountain
ridge, hill.

ItUlus, i, m., the name of a Roman
gens, the most noteworthy members
of which were C. Julius Caesar, and
his adopted son, Augustus.

laius, l,m.,a name of Ascanius, 8on
of Aeneas, and grandson of Venus.

iuncGsus, a, um, [iuncus, a rush],
adj., full of rushes, reedy.

itlnctus, a, \im [part, iungd], adj.,
united, connected, attached, mated,
associated, kindred, contiguous, ad-
jacent, related.

iunfir5, ere, ianzl, ianctus, to join,
unite, connect, attach, fasten; yoke,
harness.

ian5, dnis, f., a goddess, daughter of
Saturn, sister and wife of Jove,

Itlii5niu8, a, uzn, adj., pertaining to
Juno, Juno's, Junonian.

lupplter, lovis, m., Jupiter, the
supreme deity of the Romans, the
same as the Greek Zeus.

iOrfirium, li, [iargo, to quarrel], n.,
a brawling, strife.

itlrG, Sj*e, fivi, &tu8, [itls], to take a7i
oath, swear, conspire; swear by
something.

ias, itlris, n., right, justice, obligation,
law, a system of law.

iussuzn, I, [iussus, part, iubed], n.,
an order, command.

iastS, [iastua], adv., rightly, justly.

iastxis, a, um, [i€L8], Sid]., just, up-
right, righteous ; impartial, equita-
ble, fair; due, proper, suitable,
sufficievt.

iuvenfilis, e, [iuvenis], adj., youth-
ful, of youth, juvenile.

iuvenfillter, [iuvenftlis], adv., in a
youthful manner ; rashly, with rash
haste.

iuvenca, ae, [iuvencus], f ., a heifer.

iuvencus, i, [Iuvenis], m., a bullock.

iuveniUs, e, [iuvenis], adj., youth-
ful, juvenile, early.

iuvenis, is, m., a young man, a
young person, a youth.

iuventa, ae, [iuvenis], f., youth, the
period of youth ; person., the god-
dess of youth.

iuvd, fire, iCLvi,. iatus, to assist,
help, aid, benefit ; quid luvat ?
what avails it f please, be pleasant,
delight.

Izidn, onis, [•i|m»»'], m., king of the
Lapithae, and father of Pirithous;
in punishment of his crimes, he was
bound fast to an ever revolving
wheel in Tartarus.

Kalendae, firum, [cfil5, koA^w, to
call],, f., the day qf proclamation.
Calends, the first day of the month.

labefacid, ere, t&ol, fcu^tus, [lab5
-h feu5i6], to caiise to totter or waver,
shake, weaken, loosen.

IfibSs, is, [Ifibor], f., a fall, falling
down, a downfall; a spot, stain,
blemish.

labo, fire, fivi, fitus, to totter, stag-
ger, be loosened, give way, yield, be
unsteady, roll as a ship, waver.

Ifibor, 1, Ifipsus, to slide or glide
along, about or away ; fall, fall or
slip down ; sink, fail, decline in
death, die.

labor [old form labGs], dris, m.,
labor, toil, struggle; work, task;
hardship, disaster, toil, trotible;
lanae labQrSs, eclipses of the moon.

labQrG, fire, fivi, atus, [labor], to
labor, exert one's self, strive, strug-
gle ; be in difficulty ; be in danger ;
grieve, be concerned, be solicitous,
anxious.

VOCABULARY

471

l&bnim, i, [for lav&bruzn from
lav5], n., a basin, tub, bath.

lac, lactis, n., milk.

Icu^er, era, erum, adj., laceratedt mu-
tilatedt mangled^ brokeUt wrecked.

Iacer5, ftre, &vi, &tu8, [lacer], to
tear, rend, lacerate, mutilate.

Icu^ertus, i, m., the muscular part of
the upper arm from the elbow to the
shoulder, the arm.

lacessO, ere, Ivi (il),itu8, [«lacld,
to entice], to excite, provoke, stir^ip,
arouse, challenge ; assail, strike.

lacrlma, ae, f., a tear.

lacrimd, ftre, &vi, &tus, [lacrima],
to weep, shed tears, drop tears.

lacrim58U8, a, \im, [lacrima], adj.,
full of tears, tearful ; causing tears,
doleful, gloomy.

lactena, entis, [part. *lacted, to
suck milk], adj., taking milk ; yield-
ing m,ilk, milky, sappy, jvicy, ten-
der.

lacteus, a, um, [l&c], adj., milky,
milk white ; w. via, the Milky
Way.

lacus, Us, m., a lake, pond, pool.

Lfid5n, dnis, [Aafiwv], m., a river
of Arcadia which flows into the
Alpheiis.

laedd, ere, laeti, laesus, to strike,
injure, mar, damage by striking,
pierce, wound ; to hurt, vex, offend,
thwart, injure, harm, violate,
betray ; quanttim laedat, how
harmful it is ; stir up, arouse.

LftertSs, ae, [Aacpn^s], m., the father
of Ulysses.

L&ertlad6s, ae, [Xj&ertSs], m., the
son of Laertes, Ulysses.

L&ertius, a, tun, [LftertSs], adj., 0/
Laertes, Laertian.

laetor, &ri, fttus, [laetus], to re-
joice, be glad.

laetus, a, um, adj., joyful, glad,
cheerful, happy ; fortunate, lucky,
auspicious; rich, fertile, abundant,
luxuriant.

laevus,a, xun, [Xai6i], adj., left, on
the left hand or side.

lAixibO, ere, — , — , to lick, lap.

>, ae, f ., a thin plate, leaf, layer,
Iftna, ae, f., wool.
lancea, ae, f., a lance, spear.
langrued, 6re, — , — , to be faint;

droop, be languid, listless, dulL
laneruSscd, ere, lansrul, — , [inch.

langrued], to become faint, grow

weak, be languid, droop.
langTiidus, a, um, [langrued], adj.,

weak, faint, dull, languid.
l&nifirer, era, erum, [l&iia+ srerG],

adj., wool bearing, woolly, fleecy.
lanid, ftre; fivi, fttus, [lanius, a

butcher], to tear, rend, mutilate,

mangle.
l&DiXg6, Inls, [Iftna], f., down.
lapiddsus, a, um, [lapis], adj., «tony,

full of stones.
laplllus, I, [dim. lapis], m., a little

stone, pebble; precious stone, gem.
lapis, Idis, m., a stone.
Iftpsus, as, [Iftbor], m., a sliding or

gliding motion of any kind ; flowing,

course.
laqueus, I, [*laci5, to entice], m., a

noose, snare, gin, trap.
Iftr, laris, chiefly pi., larSs, um, m.,

a tutelar deity, guardian spirit;

(meton.) a house, home, dwelling.
lascivus, a, um, adj., wanton, frisky,

sportive.
lassd, ftre, ftvl, fttus, [lassus], to

tire, weary, exhaust.
lassus, a, um, adj., wearied, tired,

exhausted, faint.
Iftte, [Ifttus], adv., broadly, widely,

far and wide, extensively.
latebra, ae, [lateS], f., a hiding

place, place of ambush, a dark

hollow; obscurity.
lated, 6re, ui, — , to lie hid, be con-
cealed, lurk.
latex, icis, m., a liquid, fluid.
Iatit5, ftre, ftvl, fttus, [freq. lateS],

to lie hid, lie concealed.
Latius, a, um, [Latltim], adj., of

Lativm, Latin, Roman.
LfttSna, ae, [Atjtw], f., the mother of

Apollo and Diana.
LfttOnia, [Lfttdna], adj., f., of or

belonging to Latona; subs., Diana,

472

VOCABULARY

L&t5nifirena, ae, [L&tdna + root in
tfignQ], m. and f., child of Latona.

LfttOus, a, um, [LfttOna], adj.,
Latona'8,

l&tr&tu8, as, [l&trG], m.,a barking,
baying.

l&trS, &re, &vl, fi.tus, to bark, bay.

l&tus, a, um, adj., broad, wide,
extenaive.

latus, erls, n., the side, flank of any-
thing ; side, region.

Iaud5, ftre, a.vi, Atus, [laus], to
praifte, laud, commend.

laurea, ae, [laiirus], f., the laurel
tree; leaves, twigs, or branches of
the laurel; a laurel crown or gar-
land.

Laurent^s, xnn, [Laurentum], m.,
the Laurentines, inhabitants of
Laurentum.

laurus, i or as, f., a laurel or bay
tree ; a laurel or bay wreath.

laus, laudis, f ., glory, fame, honor,
renown, praise ; praiseworthy deed,
noble action, merit.

lavo, ere and fi.re, Ifivi, lav&tus,
lautus and 16tus, to lave, bathe,
wash ; wet, moisten, sprinkle.

laxus, a, um, adj., slack, loose;
loose, loosened, open.

lea, ae, [compare le6], f., a lioness.

leaena, ae, [A^aii^a], f., a lioness.

Lebinthus, i, f., one of the Sporadic
isles.

lector, Oris, [leg6], m.,a reader.

lectulus, i, [dim. lectus], m., a
small bed, a couch.

lectus, i, m., a couch, bed.

Leda, ae, [A^5a], f., the wife of
Tyndarus, mother, by Jupiter, of
Helen.

legritimus, a, um, [lex], adj., fixed
by law, lawful, just, proper, regular.

legrS, ere, ISgi, lectus, to bring
together, gather, collect, gather up,
pick up ; choose, select ; read ; skim,
scour, sweep over, course along ; w.
vestigria, to follow the footsteps of
any one, follow.

Lelex, egris, m., the name of an old

Lemnos, i, [A^f&vof], f., an island in
the Aegean Sea.

16na, ae, f., a confidential m^essenger,
a go between.

L6naeu8, a, \im, [Ai|vaio«], adj., 6c-
longing to the wine press ; an epithet
of Bacchus cw god of wine.

ISnld, ire, ivi (ii), itus, [l§nl8], to
soothe, assuage, calm, soften.

ISnis, e, adj., soft, gentle, light, mild.

lente, pentus], adv., slowly, slug-
gishly.

lentus, a, um, [compare lenls], adj.,
pliant, flexible, tough; lingering,
slow, smoldering, sluggish; at ease,
at rest, easy, calm, indifferen*.

Ie6, dnls, [Ae«i'], m., a lion; the con-
stellation Leo.

lepus, oris, m., a hare.

Lema, ae, [A^pioj], f., a forest and
marsh near Argos, where lived the
Hydra which was slain by Hercules.

Leniaeus, a, um, [Lema], adj.,
Lernaean, of Lema.

Lesbis, idis, [Lesbos], adj., f., Les-
bian.

Lesbos, i, [A^<^^o«], f., a celebrated
island in the Aegean Sea, the birth-
place of the three famous Greek
poets, Alcaeus, Arion. and Sappho.

let&lis, e, [16t\im], adj., deadly, fatal,

Lethaeus, a, um, [L€th6, Gr. Ai)^},
adj., of Lethe, a river of Hades,
whose waters, if drunk, produced
forgetfulness of the past ; Lethaean.

IStifer, era, erum, [16tum + ferO],
adj., death dealing, deadly.

Iet5, &re, &vi, a,tus, [IStum], to kUl,
slay.

IStuzn, 1, n., death, ruin, destruction.

levls, e, adj., light in weight, motion,
or importance ; shadowy, unsubstan-
tial; swift, fleet, quick flying ; light,
trifling, trivial, unimportant, petty,
slight.

IS vis, e, adj., smooth, polished,

levlt&s^ fttis, [levis], f., lightness.

leviter, [levls], adv., lightly, slightly.

Iev5, a.re, fivi, &tus, [levls], to Itft
up, raise, elevate, bear up; lift up
preparatory to removing from below.

VOCABULARY

473

take down; w. reflex., raise one's
self; lighten f alleviate t relieve; as-
sistf support.

ISx, legris, f'f ct statute f a law ; order,
arrangement; in pi., terms, condi-
tions, stipulations.

iibellus, !, [dim. Uber], m., a little
book, writing.

libSns, entis, [part, libet], adj., geii>
erally used adverbially, willingly,
freely, cheerfully, gladly.

Liber, eri, m., aii Italian deity iden-
tified with Bacchus, the wine god.

liber, bri, m., the inner bark of a
tree, bark ; a book, work.

Uber, era, erum, adj., free, un-
restricted, unconfined, unimpeded;
unbridled, unchecked, unrestrained,
free of speech.

liberG, ftre, &vl, &tuB, [liber], to set
free, liberate, release, clear.

libert&8, a.tis, [liber], f., liberty,
freedom.

libet, ere, uit or libitum est, it
pleases, is agreeable to, is one's will.

Iib6, ftre, fivi, atus, to take a little
of; pour out as a drink offering or
libation, make a libation, offer as a
sacrifice.

Iibr6, fire, &vi, fitus, [libra, a bal-
ance], to poise, balance; brandish
and hurl.

libiun, i, n., a cake used in sacrifice.

Libycus, a, um, [Libya], adj.,
Libyan, African.

LibyS, 68, [Ai0u7j], poetic for Libya,
f ., Libya or North Africa.

licentia, ae, [Ucens], f., freedom,
liberty^ license.

licet, ere, licult and licitum est,
impers., it is permitted, allowed,
lawful; as concess. conj.,. licet,
although, even if.

Lichas, ae, m., an attendant of
Hercules.

Ugnum, I, n., wood, the wood of a
tree, a tree.

ligrO, fire, fivi, atus, to tie, bind;
bind together, unite.

ligustrum, i, n., the privet plant.

lilium, ii, n., a lily.

Lilybaeum, i, n., Lilyhaeum, a
promontory on the southwestern
coast of Sicily.

limen, Inis, [lifirO], n., a threshold,
sill; a doorway, an entrance; a
house, palace, temple ; realm,region.

limes, itis, m., a path, track, trail ;
boundary, limit, line of demarca-
tion or division.

limSsus, a, \im, [limus], adj.,
muddy, miry.

limus, i, m., mud, mire, slime.

linfiTua, ae, f., the tongue; speech,
word, language.

linifirer, era, erum, [linum + firer5],
Ady, linen wearing, clothed in linen.

lind, ere, 16 vi, litus, to daub, be-
smear, anoint.

Iinqu5, ere, liqui, — , to leave, desert,
abandon, forsake, quit, depart from,
leave behind.

linteum, i, [linteus, from linum],
n., linen cloth ; a sail.

linum, i, n., flax; a thread, chord,
rope.

Iiquefa.ci5, ere, — , factus, [llqueS
+ faciS], pass., liqueflS, fieri, fac-
tus, to make liquid, melt, dissolve ;
weaken, enervate.

liquef actus, a, \im, [part, lique-
facid], adj., liquid, molten, fluid;
clear.

liqued, Sre, licui, — , to be fluid;
(only third person sing.), to be clear,
manifest, evident, apparent.

liquescG, ere, — , — , [inch. liqueO],
to grow fluid ; groio soft, melt, dis^
solve.

liquidus, a, um, [liqued], adj.,
liquid, fluid, mobile ; clear, limpid ;
w. sorOrSs, water nymphs.

liquor, liqui, — , [liqueS], to become
liquid, melt, dissolve,

liquor, Oris, [liqueO], m., a fluid,
liquid.

lis, litis, f., strife, contest.

litO, fire, fivi, fitus, to sacrifice;
make atonement, appease; give
favorable omens.

lltoreus, a, um, [litus], adj., of the
seashore, on the shore.

474

VOCABULARY

littera, ae» f., a letter, letter qf the
alphabet; epiatle.

lltus, oris, n., the seashore, beach,
coast, strand.

UvSns, entlB, [part. Ilve5, to be black
and blue], adj., bluish, dark colored,
livid.

U vidua, a, \im , [lived] , ad j . , 0/ a dark
blue or lead color, leaden, dusky;
envious, spiteful, malicious.

nvor, drlB, [lived], m., bluish, leaden
color; envy, spite, malice.

locd,&re, &vi, &tus, [locus], to place,
put in place, set.

locus, I, [pi. loci and loca], m., a
place, spot, region, locality; room,
place, opportunity, chance.

lolium, li, n., darnel, tares*

lonfirS, [longrus], adv., far, long, of
place, time, and degree.

lonffius, [comp. of lonfirS], adv., fur-
ther, longer.

lonerus, a, um, adj., long, long con-
tinued, of long duration, tedious;
deep, vast.

loqu&z, ftcis, [loquor], adj., talka-
tive, chattering, loquacioxu, talking,
speaking.

loquor, i, loctttus, to speak, say.

Idrica, ae, [Idrum], f., a leather
cuirass, a coat of mail, corselet,
doublet.

lOrum, i, n., a leather thong ; in pi.,
reins.

iace5, Sre, laxi, — , to shine, beam,
gleam.

lacidus, a, um, [laced], adj., bright,
shining, clear.

IQcifer, era, enun, [IQx + ferO],
sA]., light bringing ; subs., Ltlcifer,
eri, m., the light bringer, the morn-
ing star ; dawn, day.

Lucretius, i, m., the poet T. Lucretius
Carus, author of the poem De Rerum
Natura.

lactisonus, a, \im. adj., sad sounding,
doleful.

IQctor, an, atus, [Ittcta, a wres-
tling], to struggle, wrestle, strive.

mctuB, Qs, [lageO], m., sorrow,
lamentation, mourning, grief, woe.

lacus, I, m., a sacred grove, a grove
or wood in general.

ladius, ii, [ladus], m., a stage
player, actor.

ladd, ere, lasi, lasus, to sport, play,
frolic ; do for amusement, practice
as a pastime ; cheat, mock, delude,
deceive.

ladus, i, [Itldd], m., a game, contest,
a public show or play ; play, sport,
jest, joke.

lasred, ere, lOzi, lactus, to mourn,
lament, bewail.

lasrubris, e, [lagred], Sid].,mx)urfiing,
sad, mour^iful.

lamen, inis, [laced], n., light, glow,
fire ; the light of day, day ; the light
of life, life ; the light of the eye, the
eye.

lana, ae, [compare laced], f., the
moon; moonlight.

lan&ris, e, [ItLna], adj., of the moon,
the moon's.

land, ftre, avi, fttus, [luna], to bend
like a half moon, bend, curve.

lud, ere, i, — , to wash away, atone
for.

Lupercus, 1, [lupus + arced], m.,
a protector against wolves, an epi-
thet of Pan ; also a priest of Pan.

lupus, i, m., a wolf.

laridus, a, um, adj., pale, wan,
lurid, ghastly ; that which makes to
appear pale, ghastly.

lasor, dris, [ladd] , m., one who plays,
sports ; a playful, sportive writer.

lOstrd, are, avi, atus, [lastrum],
to purify by an expiatory sacrifice ;
survey, examine, review ; traverse,
search.

lastrum, i, [lud], n., a purificatory
sacrifice offered for the people by the
censors every five years ; the intervcU
between such sacrifices, a period of
five years ; in general, a period of
several years ; of the Julian calen-
dar, a period of four years,

lasus, as, [ladd], m., play, sport.

lutulentus, a, um, [lutum, mud],
adj., muddy.

lax, lacis, f., light, brightness; the

VOCABULARY

475

light of day, daylightf day ; the light
of life, life.

lOxuriG, ftre, &vi, a.tu8, [lazuria,
luxury] J to be luxuriant, abound ; to
exhibit the freshness and roundness
of youth, to assume new and abun-
dant life.

Lyaeus, i, [Avaios], m., a surname of
Bacchus, the god of wine, who de-
livers from care; (meton.) wine.

Lycaeus, i, [Avwalo?], m., a mountain
in Arcadia devoted to the worship
of Jupiter and Pan,

"LycMn, onis, [AvKamv]^ m., a king
of Arcadia, whom Jupiter changed
into a wolf.

Lycaonius, a, \im, [Lyc&6n], adj.,
of or belonging to Lycaon,

Lycius, a, um, [Lycia], adj.. Lycian,
of Lycia, a district of Asia Minor.

Lyc6rl8, idis, f., the fictitious name
of the mistress of the poet C. Corne-
lius Gallus.

Lycormas, ae, [Avk^p/^o?], m., a river
of Aetolia.

Lydia, ae, [Av«ia], £,, a country in
Asia Minor.

LydiuB, a, um, [Lydla], adj., Lydian.

lympha, ae, f., pure spring or river
water.

Lyncides, ae, [Lynceus], m., a
descendant of Lynceus.

lyra, ae, [Avpo], f., a lute, lyre ;
(meton.) poetry, song.

Lyrceus, a, um, adj., Lyrcean, of or
near Mount Lyrceum, which is be-
tioeen Arcadia and Argolis.

lyrlcus, a, \im, [lyra], adj., of the
lyre, lyric.

Lymesius, a, um, [LymSsus], adj.,
Lymesian, of Lyrnesus, a town in
Troas, the birthplace of Briseis,

M

Macer, cri, m., Aemiliu^ Macer, a
Roman poet, friend of Vergil and
Ovid.

m&cies, el, f., leanness, emaciation.

mact5, a.re, &vi, a.tus, [mftctus, of
the gods, hofiored], to magnify, ex-

tol, honor; to offer, sacrifice, immo-
late, kill, slaughter as a victim.

macul5, Ore, fivl, fttus, [mcu^uia, a
spot], to spot, stain, pollute,

madefacid, ere, feci, factus,
[made5, to be wet + feujiO], to wet,
soak, steep, drench.

madSns, entls, [part, maded, to be
wet], adj., 106^ moist, dripping.

madSscG, ere, madul, — , [inch.
made5, to be wet], to become wet,
soaked.

madidus, a, um, [made5, to be wet],
adj., wet, drenched, soaked,

Maeandros, dri, [MaiavSpot]^ m., a
river in Asia Minor, proverbial for
its winding course.

Maenala, 5rum, [MatVaAov], n. pi.,
a mountain range in Arcadia sacred
to Pan.

Maenalis, Idis, [Maenala], adj. f.,
of or belonging to Maenala ; Arcor-
dian.

Maenalius, a, um, [Maenala], adj.,
pertaining to Maenala, Maenalian,
Arcadian,

Maeonia, ae, [MaioWo], f., a province
in Lydia ; used poetically for Lydia.

Maeonid^s, ae, [Maeonia], m., a
native of Maeonia or Lydia; a
poetic name for Homer.

Maeonius, a, um, [Maeonia], adj.,
Maeonian, Lydian.

maere5, Sre, — , — , to mourn, grieve,
lament.

maestuB, a, um, [maereG], adj.,
sad, mournful, sorrowful, gloomy,
melancholy.

magricus, a, um, [MayiKtSs], adj.,
magic.

maffis, adv., more, rather.

magrlster, tri. [from same root (mac)
with mftgrnus], m., a master, leader,
commander ; naatical, apilot, helms-
man, captain ; pastoral, a shepherd.

m&ernanimus, a, um, [m&grnus +
animus], adj., great souled, mag-
nanimous, high spirited.

m&firnus, a, um, [comp. m&ior,
super!, m&ximus], adj., of physi-
cal proportions, great, large, heavy ;

476

VOCABULARY

of sound, loud; of quantity, abun-
dantt plenteous; of time, long; of
abstract qualities, great, noble, im-
portant, grand, momentous, strong,
mighty ; of persons, great, mighty,
noble, illustrious; of age w. comp.
and superl., elder, older, oldest.

maflrus, i, \jLayot], m., a Magian, a
learned man and magician among
the Persians.

m&la, ae, f., the cheek bone, cheek.

male, [malus], adv., badly, wrongly,
ill; wickedly, cruelly, maliciously;
unskill/ally, awkwardly, ui\fortu-
nately, unwisely ; badly, imperfect-
ly, scarcely, barely, only, merely ;
not at all; male compositus,
unburied; male s&na, deranged,
beside one*s self; excessively, more
than is right ; male sedulus, over-
zealous.

maledic5, ere, dbd, dictus, to
abuse, revile, slander, asperse.

maledicttim, i, [maledlcd], n., an
evil speech, abusive word, curse.

mallgrnus, a, um, [for malifirenus =
malus + gen, root of firifirnd], adj.,
malignant, malicious, wicked, spite-
ful.

m&15, m&lle, m&lul, — , [magis +
vol6], to wish rather, prefer.

malum, i, [malua], n., an evil
happening, a misfortune, misery,
woe, ill, calamity; an evil deed, a
crime, evil.

m&lum, i, n., an apple.

malus, a, um, adj., evil, bad, wicked,
false ; noxious, harmful, poisonous.

mand&tum, i, [mando], n., a cow-
mand, mandate, charge, order.

mandG, are, avi, atus, [manus +
d6], to order, command, give com-
mission to; commit, consign, in-
trust to.

mane, adv., in the morning.

maneO, §re, mansi, m'ansus, to
remain, stay, abide; tarry, stop;
await, wait for:

aead, the ghosts, or shades of dead
persons, departed spirits.

manifesto, are, — , — , [manifestus],

to discover, disclose, betray.
manifestus, a, um, adj., clear, evi-
dent, manifest, plain, apparent.
xnanG, are, avi, — , to flow, drip,

trickle, rati, ooze out.
MantO, as, [Mai'Tui], f., the daughter

of Tiresias, a prophetess.
Mantua, ae, f., a city of northern

Italy, on the Mincius.
manus, as, f., a hand; force, power,

might, valor, brave deeds; a band

of soldiers, a force.
Marcia, ae, f., the wife of Fabius

Maximum, the friend of Augustus

and of Ovid.
mare, is, n., the sea.
marfird, inis, m., edge, brink, border,

margin, shore.
marlnus, a, um, [mare], adj., per-
taining to the sea, sea-, marine.
marita, ae, [maritas], f., a married

woman, wife.
maritus, i, [mas], m., a husband.
marmor, oris, [/u.ap^apos], n., marble,
marmoreus, a, um, [marmor], adj.,

made of marble, marble; smooth

and white like marble.
Mars, Martis, (old form Mavors),

m., the god of war; (meton.) war,

battle, encounter, strife.
Martius, a, um, [Mars], adj., of,

belonging to, sacred to Mars.
mas, maris, m. adj. as subs., a male,

a creature of the male sex.
massa, ae, [fii^a], {., a lump, mass;

w. lactis coacti, cheese.
mater, tris, f., a mother.
materia, ae, and materies, ae,

[from same root with mater], f.,

stuf, matter, material; subject-
matter, theme.
matemus, a, \im, [mater], adj., of

a mother, maternal, mother's.
matertera, ae, [mater], f., a

mother's sister, aunt.
matrOna, ae, [mater], f., a married

woman, wife, matron.
matar6sc5, ere, matarul, — , [inch.

maturus], to ripen, come to ma-

turity.

VOCABULARY

47;

m&taru8, a. um, adj., ripcy mature,
advanced, of proper affe, seasonable,

m&tatinus, a, uzn, [M&tata, the
goddess of dawn], adj., 0/ the morn-
ing, morning-f early, '

M3dea, ae, [M^dcia], the daughter of
Aeetes, king of Colchis.

medicamen, inis, [medlcd, to imbue
with healing power], n., a drug,
medicament,

medic&tus, a, um, [part. xnedic5],
adj., sprinkled with the juices of
herbs, medicated, drugged.

medicina, ae, [medicus, medicinal],
t., medicine, remedy, cure,

medius, a, um, adj., in the middle
or midst, mid, middle, intermediate ;
sabs., medium, ii, n., the middle,
the midst, center.

mediilla, ae, f., t?ie marrow, the in-
nermost part, the heart, pith,

Medasa, ae, [Mcficvja], f., one of the
three Gorgons, daughters of Phor-
cus.

Medasaeus, a, um, [Medasa], adj.,
of Medusa, Medusean,

mel, mellis, n., honey.

Melas, anis and ae, m., a river of
Thrace,

Meleaerer, grri, [MeA«aypos], m., the
son of the Calydonian king Oeneus
and Althaea, the leader in the
famous Calydonian boar hunt.

melior, ius, comp. adj., [see bonus],
better,

melius, adv., better; in melius, for
the better.

membr&na, ae, [membrum], f.,
a skin, slough,

membrum, I, n., a limb, member of
the body, part; the body as com-
posed of parts, the body itself; a
member of a household, or society.

memlni, Isse, to remember, recall,
be mindful of.

memor, oris, adj., mindful, remem-
bering, heedful.

memoro, &re, avi, &tus, [memor],
to mention, recount, relate, speak,

mend&clum, il. [mend&x], n., a
lie, falsehood.

mend&z, &c1b, adj., false, deceitful,

mSns, mentis, f., the mind, intellect,
reason, judgment, heart, soul, dis-
position, plan, design, purpose.

mSnsa, ae, [m6nsus,-part. mStlor],
f ., a table ; (meton.) food, viands.

mSnsis, Is, m., a month.

mensor, 6rls, [mStlor], m., a meas-
urer, surveyor.

menstLra, ae, [mStlor], m., a meas-
uring; measure, extent, size; limit,
capacity, power, extent,

xnenta, ae, [^c^ea], f., mint,

mentlor, iri, itus, to assert falsely ,
lie, pretend. '

Mercurlus, !, [merx, as god of
traders], m., son of Jupiter and
Maia, and messenger of the gods,

mered, ere, ul, Itus, and mereor,
eri, Itus, to deserve, merit, be
worthy of; earn, gain by desert.

merg5, ere, mersl, mersus, to
plunge, sink, overwhelm; hide,
bury, conceal.

mercruB, i, [mersrd], m., a diver, a
kind of waterfowl,

MSrlones, ae, [Mripi6vri^], m., the
charioteer of Cretan Idomeneus,

merltum, i, [merltus], n., desert,
merit.

merltus, a, \im, [part. mere6],adj.,
deserved, due, just, proper.

Merops, opls, [^ipoxj/], m.,a king of
Ethiopia, husband of Clymene, and
reputed father of PhaSthon,

mers5, fire, &vl, &tus, [freq. mer-
erO], to dip, immerse, plunge.

merus, a, um, adj., pure, unmixed;
subs., merum, i, n.,pure wine, wine,

merx, mercls, [mered], f., merchan-
dise, ware.

messls, Is, [met5, to reap], f ., a reap-
ing, harvest,

mSta, ae, f., a turning point, turn-
ing post ; goal, limit, end, bound,

mStlor, Iri, mensus, to measure,
estimate.

Mettus, i, m., better known as Met-
tius Fufetius, dictator of Alba, exe-
cuted for his treachery by Tullus
Hostilius.

478

VOCABULARY

metuSns, entis, [part. metuO], adj.,

fearing, fearful^ afraid ; reverent,
metuO, ere, i, — , [metus], to fear,
he afraid oft shun ; revere,

xnetus, tls, m., fear, dread, appre-
hension.

xneus, a, um, [mS], poss. pron., my.

mica, ae, f., a grain, e.g., of salt.

xnicO, are, ui, — , to vibrate, dart,
quiver, tremble, beat, palpitate;
gleam, glitter, flash,

Midas, ae, [Mi6ac], m., a king of
Phrygia to whom was given the
power of transforming all that he
touched into gold.

mifirrfi, &re, ftvi, fttus, to go away,
depart, migrate.

miles, itis, m., a soldier.

militia, ae, [miles], f., military serv-
ice, warfare, care ; service, employ-
ment.

mllle, adj., a thousand; in pi. subs.,
milia, ium, n., thousands; under-
stand passuTim, miles.

MilOn, onis, [MiAwv], m., a celebrated
athlete of Crotona.

mlluus, I, m., a bird of prey, kite,

Mimfts, antis, [M(>as], m., a moun-
tain range in Ionia,

minftz, &cis, [minor], adj., threaten-
ing, menacing.

Minerva, ae, [from root man. whence
mSns, memini, etc.], f ., the goddess
of loisdom, arts, and sciences, cor-
responding to the Greek Pallas
Athene.

minims, [minimus], adv., least,

minimus, a, um, superl. adj., least.

minister, tri, m., a servant, attendant.

ministra, ae, [minister], f ., a female
servant, attendant.

ministrd, &re, ftvI, fttus, [minister],
to tend, serve, attend to; provide,
furnish,

minitor, Sxl, fttus, [freq. minor],
to threaten, menace.

MInSius, a, um, [MInSs], adj., of
Minos, Minoan.

minor, firl, &tu8, to threaten, menace.

minor, minus, comp. adj., less; of
age, younger.

MInOs, Ois, [MiVws]) m., a fam/ous
king and lawgiver in Crete, and
after death a judge in the lower
world.

minuO, ere, I, atus, to make small,
break into small pieces, break up ;
lessen, diminish, reduce, weaken.

minus, adv., less.

Minyae, arum, [Mii/vai], m. pL, the
Argonauts, called Minyans from
Minyas, an ancient king of Thessaly,

mlrftbilis, e, [miror], adj., wonderful.

mlrftculum, I, [mIror], n.,a wonder,
marvel, miracle,

mirandus, a, um, [part. mIror],
adj., wonderful, singular, strange,
remarkable.

mIror, ari, &tus, to wonder at,
marvel, admire, see with wonder.

minis, a, um, adj., wonderful,
marvelous.

mIsceO, ere, ul, mixtus, to mingle,
mix with ; unite, join ; stir up, ex-
cite, disturb, throw into coi\fusion.

miser, era, enmi, adj., sad, toretch-
ed, miserable, unfortunate, pitiable.

miser&bilis, e, [miseror], adj.,
miserable, deplorable, wretched.

miserandus, a, um, [part, miseror],
adj., to be pitied, pitiable, lament-
able, wretched.

miser eor, 6ri, itus, [miser], to pity,
take pity on, have compassion for,
commiserate,

miseror, ftri, &tus, [miser], to com-
passionate, take pity on, pity.

MithridatSus, a, um, [Mithii.
dates], adj., Mithridatic, of Mithri-
dates, the famx)us king of Pontus
who so. long waged successful war
against the Romans.

mitis, e, adj., mellow, ripe; mild,
soft, gentle, lenient, kind.

mittO, ere, misi, missus, to let go,
send, send off, dispatch ; send, pro-
vide, give ; throw, hurl, launch, cast.

mSbilis, e, [for movibilis, from
moveO], adj., movable; nimble,
fleet.

moderfimen, inis, [moderor], n.,
guidance, management, control.

VOCABULARY

479

moder&td, [moderfttu8],adv., with

moderation, car^ully.
moder&tus, a, um, [part, mode-

ror], adj., within bounds ^ moderate,

modest.
moderor. &r!, fttus, [modus], to set

hounds ; manage, guide, control.
modeste, [modestus], adv., mth

moderation, discreetly.
modestus, a, tun, [modus], adj.,

moderate; modest, gentle, discreet.
modicus,a,um, [modus], adj., mod-
erate ; ordinary, little, small.
modd, [modus], adv., only, indeed;

merely, hut ; hut now, a little while

ago; now; modo — modo, now —

now.
modulor, ari, fttus, to measure ; tune,

sing, play.
modus, i, m., a way, method, manner ;

a measure, melody, strain, rhythm;

an end, limit, hound.
moenia, ium, n. pi., waJls, ramparts.
mola, ae, f., a millstone, mill.
moiaris, is, [mola], m., a millstone,

rock.
mSles, is, f ., a shapeless mass, a hulk,

a huge mass, monster, a rocky mass,

cliff; weight; a massive building

or structure ; a dam, mole, harrier ;

a battering ram or other engine of

war ; a task, difficulty, labor; might,

power, strength.
mOlimen, inis, [mOlior], n., an

effort, attempt, undertaking ; mOU-

mine v&stS, of massive structure.
mdlior, iri, itus, [mdlSs], to labor

upon; undertake, attempt; cau^e;

prepare, fit out, get ready ; set in

motion, cast, hurl.
mollis, ire, ivi (ii), itus, [mollis],

to soften, grow soft; soothe, mitigate;

moderate, calm.
mollis, e, adj., soft, pliant, tender,

delicate, gentle ; easy, favorable.
-molUter, [mollis], adv., gently , soft-
ly, sweetly.
Molossus, e^ um, adj., Molossian,

of the Molossi, a people in the

eastern part of Epirus.
momentum, i, [for movimentum |

from moveO], n., a movement,
motion; a short time, moment,
instant.

moneO, Sre, ul, itus, to remind,
admonish, warn, advise, instruct.

monitum, 1, [from monitus, part.
moneO], n., aw admonition, warn-
ing ; advice, suggestion.

monitus, as, [moned], m., an ad-
monition, warning.

mOns, montis, m., a mountain.

mOnstrG, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [mOn-
strum], to show, point out, indicate,
advise, teach, tell, direct, guide.

mOnstrum, i, n., a prodigy, sign,
omen, portent ; a monster.

mOntftnus, a, van, [mOns], adj., of
a mountain, mountain-.

mdnticola, ae, [mdns + colO], m.
and f., a mountaineer, mountain
dweller.

monumentum, I, [moned], n., a
memorial, monument ; evidence,
trace.

mora, ae, f., a delay, pause, cause of
delay, hindrance ; morft, after some
time, gradually.

morbus, I, m., disease.

mordeO, Sre, momordi, morsus,
to bite, bite into, gnaw.

moribundus, a, um, [morior],adj.,
dying, in a dying condition.

morior, i, tuus, fo die, perish.

moror, ftri, fttus, [mora], to delay,
linger, wait, tarry; trans., fetard,
hinder, detain.

mors, mortis, f., death.

morsus, as, [morde5], m., a biting,
bite, fangs.

mortals, e, [mors], adj., mortal,
human, earthly ; temporarfj, tran-
sient; subs., mortftlSs, ium, m.
pi., mortals, human beings.

mortuus, a, um, [part, morior],
adj., dead.

mdrum, i, [/awpov], n., a mulberry;
blackberry.

mOrus, i, [/awp6e], t., a mulberry tree.

mOs, mdris, m., custom, manner,
way, fashion, wont; in pi., conduct,
manners, character; sine mOre,

48o

VOCABULARY

in an unprecedented, umisual way ;
law, precedent.

mOtus, tl8, [moveO], m., a motio7i,
movement, swiftness.

moveO, 6re, mSvi, mOtus, to m,ove,
shake, set in motion ; of the strings
of a lyre, strike, play upon; of
arms, take up, employ, use, exer-
cise ; of the earth, upturn, plow up,
till; in pass, with middle sense, to
move one's self, set (mt ; give impulse
to, stimulate ; move, influence ; exert
ii\fluence or power upon; take up,
begin, commence, undertake; dis-
turb, trouble ; arouse, excite, cause,
produce ; revolve, ponder, meditate.

moz, adv., soon, soon after, presently,
then ; afterwards, at a later period.

mucrd, Onis, m., the sharp point or
edge of anything, a sword point, a
sword.

mUgiO, Ire, ivi (U), itus, to bellow,
rumble, roar, mutter, murmur.

magritus, as, [magiO], m.,a bellow-
ing, a roaring, lowing.

mulceS, Sre, xnulsi, mulsua, to
stroke, touch lightly ; of the wind,
to rustle through; to calm, soothe,
allay.

Mulciber, eris and eii, [mulceS], m..
Vulcan, represented as the softener.

multifldus, a, tun, [multus +
flnd5], adj., split into many parts
or pieces.

multiplied, Sxe, ftvi, fttus, [m\ilti<-

s ple^, with many folds], to multiply,
increase, augment.

multS, [multus], adv., by much, by
far, far.

multum, [multus], adv., much,
greatly, very.

multus, a, um, [comp. pltLs, superl.
plUrimus], adj., much, abundant,
many, many a; great; multapars,
the greater part, larger part ; mul-
tus, adverbially for multum,
much; piarimus, used adverbi-
ally, abundantly; multa, subs. n.
pi., maiiy things, much.

mundus, 1, m., an ornament ; cosmos,
the universe, the world.

mundus, a, um, adj., clean, cleanly,
neat.

mtlnimen, inis, [mtlniS, to defend
with a wall], a dejense, fortification,
rampart.

mtlnus, eris, n., an office, charge,
duty, task ; a boon, favor, service ;
a present, gift, offeHng.

marex, icis, m., the purple fish, a
«pecies of shellfish; purple dye,
purple.

murmur, uris, n., a murmur, mur-
muring, muttering, rumbling, roar-
ing ; a shouting, tumult of ap-
plause.

milrus, 1, m., a wall, city wall.

MtLsa, ae, [MoOaa], f., a muse, one of
the goddesses of the liberal arts.

mtLscus, i, m., moss,

mustum, i, n., fresh grape juice,
must.

matabilis, e, [mutC], Sidj., changea-
ble, fickle.

Mutina, ae, f., a city in Cisalpine
Gaiil. ~

mQtC, are, ftvi, fttus, [freq. moveo],
to change, alter; intrans., change,
alter; change, exchange.

mtLtus, a, um, adj., mute, dumb,
speechless, silent, still.

matuus, a, um, [mtltS], adj., in ex-
change, reciprocal, mutual, of both,
the same.

Mycale, Ss, [Mv^oLAi,], f., a promon-
tory and city in Ionia.

Mycenae, arum, [Mv*c^vai], f. pi., a
city in Argolis, of which Agamem-
non was king.

Myc€nis, idis, f ., a Mycenean woman,
i.e., Iphigenia, the daughter of
Agamem/non.

Mygdonius, a, um, adj., Mygdo-
nian, Thracian.

myrica, ae, f., the tamarisk shrub.

Myrrha, ae, f., a daughter of Ciny-
ras, king of Cyprus.

myrteus, a, um, [myrtus], adj., of
myrtle, myrtle-.

myrtus, i, and tls, f ., a myrtle tree ;
a myrtle branch.

VOCABULARY

481

N

Nabataeus, a, um, adj., 0/ Naba-

taea^ a country in Arabia ; Arabian.
nfiis, idos, and nfiias, ados, [va-W],

t.f a water nymphf naiad.
nam, conj., for,
nam-que, conj., for, for indeed, for

truly ; and (this is so) for,
nanciscor, i, nactus, to get, obtain,

meet with, reach, find.
n&ris, is, usually in pi. f., the nostrils,

the nose.
narrG, are, ftvi, fttus, to tell, relate,

report, recount.
nftscor, i, nfttus, to be bom; rise,

spring up, spring forth, grow.
Nfis5, onis, m., P. Ovidius Naso, the

poet.
nata, ae, [n&tus], f., a daughter.
n&taiis, e, [nascor], adj., birth-,

natal ; supply dies, a birthday.
nat5, are, avi, atus, [freq. nO], to

swim, float.
nattLra, ae, [nascor], f., birth ;

nature; property, quality, charac-
teristic, disposition.
natus, !, [nascor], m., one bom, a

son, a child.
naufragrium, ii, [navis + tra,ng6],

n., shipwreck ; loss, destruction.
Naupliades, ae, [Nauplius], m.,

the son of Nauplivs, i.e. Palamedes.
navlerd, are, avi, atus, to sail; sail

upon or over.
navls, is, f., a ship.
navita, ae, [navis], m., a sailor, a

boatman. 0

navS, are, avi, atus, [navus, busy,

active"], to perform diligently, ac-

complish, prosecute.
nS, adv. and conj., no, not; with

quidem, not even, emphasizing the

word placed between the two; in

expressions of prohibition, not; in

final clauses, that not, lest; after

verbs of fearing, when it is feared

that something will happen, that;

after verbs of hindering and the

like, from.
nS, inter j.y truly j verily, indeed,
OVID — 31

-ne, interrog. partic. enclitic ; it is at-
tached to the first or most important
word of an interrogative sentence
which may be answered by yes or
no, and does not imply either answer ;
it is untranslatable into English ; in
indirect questions, whether.

nebula, ae, f., a cloud, mist, fog.

nee, conj., see neque.

nec-nOn, nee nOn, conj., and also,
likewise.

necO, are, avi, atus, to kill, slay.

nec-opinus, a, um, adj., unexpected ;
unsuspecting.

nectar, aris, [v«*cTap],n.,ncc«ar,- any
sweet pleasant drink or liquid, e.g.
honey.

nectd, ere, nezui (zl), nexus, to
bind, tie, fasten.

nefandus, a, tun, [nS (shortened)
+ fandus from for, not to be men-
tioned], adj., impious, abominable,
wicked.

nefas, [nS (shortened) + fas, not
right], n. indecl., a sin, crime, trans-
gression of the divine law, an im-
pious act; an impious thing, an
accursed person or thing ; impiety ;
as an adj., impious, wicked, not
permitted.

neg6, are, avi, atus, to say no, deny,
refuse.

Nemeaeus, a, um, [Nemea], adj.,
of Nemea, a city in Argolis;
Nemean.

nSmS, inis, m., f., 710 one.

nemoralis, e, [nemus], adj., of a
grove, sylvan, woody.

nemorCsus, a, um, [nemus], adj.,
full of woods, woody.

nempe, [nam + -pe], conj., certainly,
assuredly, of course, indeed.

nemus, oris, n., a wood, a grove.

Neoptolemus, i, [Neon-TdAe/Ao?, new
warrior], m., the son of Achilles,
called also Pyrrhus.

nepGs, 5tis, m., a grandson; any
descendant; pi., descendants, pos-
terity.

NepttLnius, a, um, [Neptanus],
adj., of Neptune, Neptunian.

482

VOCABULARY

Nepttlnus, I, m., Neptune, t?ie 9on

of Saturn, and god of the sea.
neque or nee, adv., not; conj., and

not, nor; neque — neque, neither

— nor.
nequeO, Ire,Ivi (il), [nS (shortened)

H-queO], to be unable, not to be

able.
ndqulquam, [n9 + old abl. of quls-

quam], adv., in vain, to no purpose,

uselessly.
nS-quls, q\ia, quod or quid, == nS

quia, indef. pron., that not or lest

any one.
nSquitia, ae, [ndquam, worthless],

f., worthlessness.
NSreis, idoa, [NSreus], f., a Nereid,

a sea-nymph, a daughter of Nereus.
NSrSiufl, a, um, [NSreua], adj., of

or belonging to Nereus.
NSreus, i, and eos, m., a sea god,

husband of Doris, and father of the

Nereids.
NSritius, a, um, [Nerltos], adj., of

or belonging to Neritos, a mountain

in Ithaca ; Ithacan.
nervOsus, a, um, [nervus], adj.,

full of cords, sinewy.
nervuB, I, m., a sinew, tendon, mus-
cle; a cord, string of a musical

instrume7it ; a string of a bow.
nescid, ire, Ivi (U) , — , [nS (shortened)

-f sciS], not to know, not to know of,

to be unacquainted with; nesciS

quod, / know not what, some or

other.
nescius, a, um, [nesciO], adj., igno^

rant, unaware, not knowing.
Nesseus, a, um, [Nessus], adj., of

Nessus, a centaur, slain by Hercules.
Nestor, oris, [NeVTwp], m., a son of

Neleus, king of Pylu^, famous

among the Greeks before Troy for

his great wisdom and age.
neu, see nSve.
nSve, conj., and not, nor; nSve —

nSve, neither — nor.
nex, necis, f., a violent death,

slaughter.
nexus, — , (only abl. sing, and pi.,

and nom. and ace. pi.), [nect5], m.,

a binding together, joining, clasp-
ing ; of a serpent, coils.

nl, conj., = nisi, if not,

nidus, 1, m., a nest.

nifirer, erra, firrum, adj., black, dark,
dusky, swarthy ; mx>umful, gloomy ;
deadly.

nihil or nil, [ne + hilum, a shred,
trijlel, n., indecl., nothing ; as adv.,
not at all, in no respect.

NUeus, ei, m., one of the enemies of
Perseus.

Nilus, i, [NelAos], m., the river Nile.

nimbus, i, m., a rain storm, a rain
cloud, a cloud.

nimis, adv., beyond measure, over-
much, too.

nimius, a, um, [nimis], adj., too
much, excessive ; adv., nimium, too,
used to intensify an adjective or
adverb.

Ninus, i, [NtVot], m., the first king of
Assyria, husband of Semiramis and
builder of Nineveh.

NiobS, Ss, [Ni6/ii»], f ., the daughter of
Tantalus and wife of Amphion, king
of Thebes.

nisi, [n6 + Bi], conj., if not, unless,
except.

nitSns, entis, [part.nited], &dj., shin-
ing, gleaming, glistening, bright;
sleek.

niteO, 6re, ul, — , to shine, gleam,
glitter.

nitidus, a, um, [niteS], adj., shining,
gleaming, sleek.

nitor, i, nisus and nixus, to rest
upon^lean upo7i; press forward,
advance, tread or walk upon, mount,
climb, fly ; strive, endeavor ; strug-
gle.

nitor, Oris, [nite5], m., brightness,
splendor, gleam ; sleekness, beauiy.

niveus, a, um, [nix], adj., 0/ snow,
snowy ; snow white.

nix, nivis, f., snow.

nO, nare, nftvl, — , to swim, float.

nObilis, e, [for grndbilis from
(fir)nOscO], adj., well known, fa-
mous, noted, renowned; high bom,
of noble birth, noble.

VOCABULARY

483

nObiUtaa, &tis, [nObilis], f ., celebHty,

fame, renown ; high birth, nobility ;

nobleThess, excellence.
nocens, entis, [part. noce<>], adj.,

hurtfvXt harmful, ban^ul, pemir-

cious.
noceO, Sre, ul, itus, to harm, hurt,

injure, do mischief; to be against

one, be a disadvantage,
noctumus, a, um, [nox], adj., of

the night, nocturnal, nightly, by

night,
nOdOsus, a, um, [nOdus, a knot],

hd},,ftdl of knots, knotty,
nOlO, nOlle, nOlui, [nS + volO], to

wish not, will not, be unwilling, be

reluctant,
nOmen, Inis, [for firnOmen from root

firno in {g)n6BcO], n,, a name;

name, renown, reputation.
ndminO, &re, ftvi, fttus, [nOmen],

to call by name, name,
nOn, adv., not.
NOn&crinus, a, um, [NOnftcris,

Ntii'iucpis], adj., of Nonacris, a moun-
tain in Arcddia ; Arcadian,
nOn-duxn, adv., not yet,
nOn-numq\iam, adv., sometimes.
ndnus, a, um, [for novSnus from

novem], adj., the ninth,
nSscO, ere, nOvi, nOtus, to become

acquainted with; in perf., know,

have knotoledge of by experience;

know, recognize.
noster, tra, trum, [nOs], poss. adj.,

our, ours.
nota, ae, [n5scd], f., a mark, sign;

proof, evidence; in pi., a letter,

writing, a written character of any

kind.
notftbilis, e, [nota], adj.. conspicuous
^ notable,
ndtitia, ae, [n5tu8], f., a being

known ; acquaintance ; knowledge,
notO, are, &vi, fttus, [nota], to

mark, make a mark on, scratch;

mark, note, designate; note, take

note of, observe ; mark for censure,

reprimand,
ndtus, a, lun, [part. nOscG], adj.,

known, well known.

Notus, I, [N6T05], m., the south wind;
the wind in general,

novellus, a, uxn, [dim. novus], adj.,
new, young, tender,

novem, nam. adj., nine,

noverca, ae, f., a stepmother,

noviSs, [novem], num. adv., nine
times.

novitfts, fttis, [nevus], f., newness,
strangeness.

novo, are, ftvl, &tu8, [novus], to
make new, renew; invent, devise,
change, alter.

novus, a, um, adj., new, fresh, re-
cent; new, strange, unheard of,
novel, different from previous ex-
perience ; novisslmus, a, um, the
last, latest.

nox, noctls, f., night.

noxa, ae, [noceO], f., hurt, harm,
injury, fault, offense, crime,

n-CLbSs, is, f., a cloud, mist, vapor.

nabifer, era, erum, [nabSs + ferO],
adj., cloud bearing, cloud capped,

nabilum, I, [nabilus], n., cloudy
weather; nUbila, Orum, n. pi.,
clouds.

ntlbilus,a, um, [ntLbSs], adj., doudy,
lowering, gloomy, sad.

ntLdO, are, ftvl, fttus, [ntldus], to
strip, lay bare, uncover; expose,
leave unprotected.

nildus, a, um, adj., bare, uncovered,
open, unprotected, naked, lightly
clad.

nailus, a, um, [nS + tlUus], adj.,
no, none, not any, no one.

num, interrog. conj., in a direct ques-
tion, signifying that a negative
answer is expected ; in an indirect
question, whether.

Numa, ae, m., Numa Pompilius, the
second king of Rome.

namen, inis, [for nuimen from root
nu, to nod\, n., a nod of the head as
showing the will ; the divine will or
purpose; godhead, divinity, deity;
divine presence, aid, divine favor ;
a god or goddess, a deity.

numerftbilis, e, [numerO], adj., able
to be counted.

484

VOCABULARY

numerO, &re, &vl, &tu8, [nuznenis],
to number, reckon^ count,

nuxnerOsua, a, um, [numeras],
adj., in full number, full of number ;
full of rhythm, melodious^ tuneful.

numeruB, I, m., a number; comple-
ment; part, member; measure,
rhythm, harmony, numbers.

Numidae, &ruin, [No/ias], m. pi., the
Numidians.

nuxnquam, [nS + uznquam], ady.,
never.

num-quid, interrog. ady., a strength-
ened num.

nunc, [num + -ce], adv., tmw, at
this time ; but now^ as it is.

nOntia, ae, [nOntlus, a messenger],
f., a female messenger.

nantiO, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [nOntlus, a
messenger], to announce, report, de-
clare.

nUper, adv., lately, recently.

napta, ae, [ntLptus, part. nab5, to
veil one*s se(f], f., a bride, wife,

nuruB, tLs, f., a daughter-inAaw.

nasquam, [nS + tlaquam], adv.,
nowhere.

ntltd, ftre, ftvI, fttus, [freq. nu5, to
nod], to nod, shake, sway, tremble,
totter.

natrlO, Ire, IvI, itus, to suckle;
nourish, foster, feed.

ntltus, — , abl. tl, m., a nodding, nod.

nux, nucis, f., a nut.

nympba, ae, and nymphS, Ss,
[yviL^ii], f ., a nymph.

O, interj., an ezclamktion expressing

all kinds of feeling, O! oh/
ob, prep. w. ace., towards, to; at,

about, before ; on account of, for.
ob-dS, ere, didi. ditus, to put against,

shut, close.
ob-eO, Ire, ivi (U) , itus, to go towards

or against; go to, visit, traverse;

surround, encompass, overspread,

cover.
obici5, ere, iScI, iectus, [ob +

laci5], to throw to or before, put

b^ore, offer, present; throw any-
thing up to one, upbraid, cast in the
teeth ; bring upon, inflict with ; ex-
pose, give up.

obitus, tls, [ob + eO], m., a going
down, downfall, ruin, death.

oblcctO, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [ob +
la<;tO, to allure], to delight, divert,
interest.

ob-lifirO, ftre, ftvi, fttus, to bind up;
bind, oblige, put under obligation,
pledge.

obliquus, a, um, adj., sideways,
across, lying across, slanting, ob-
lique.

obliviscor, i, oblitus, ta forget.

oblivium, ii, [obliviscor], n.,forget-
fulness, oblivion.

ob-noxius, a, um, adj., guilty ; sub-
missive, servile ; abject, weak, timid.

ob-orior, iri, ortus, to spring up,
arise, rise ; appear.

ob-ruG, ere, I, tus, to bury, cover
over, hide; sink, overwhelm; over-
come, surpass, overwhelm, crush;
surpass, eclipse, obscure.

obscSnus, a, um, adj., vile, foul,
abominable ; ill omened.

obscarus, a, um, adj., dark, dim,
shady, obscure; obscure, unknown;
uncertain, dark, mysterious.

ob-sequor, i, secatus, to comply,
yield, submit.

ob-serG, ere, s6vi, situs, to sow,
plant.

ob-servS, ftre, ftvi, fttus, to watch,
note, observe.

obses, Idis, [obsideO], m. and f., a
hostage.

obsideO, Sre, s6di, sessus, [ob +
sedeO], to sit at, remain in; to
besiege, blockade.

ob-sistO, ere, stiti, stitus, to mdke
stand against, oppose, resist.

obsitus, a. um, [part. obserG] , adj.,
covered over, thick set.

ob-stipSscO, ere, stlpul, — , [ob +
inch. stupeO], to be astonished,
dumbfounded, amazed, horror-
stricken.

ol>-stO, ftre, stiti, stfttus, to stand

VOCABULARY

485

in the way of, oppose, hinder, re-
strain.
ob-8tru5, ere, strtLzi, strtLctus, to

block up, dose, stop.
o1>49uin, esse, ful, to be against^

prejudicial to, to one* 8 hurt ; hinder,

oppose.
obtasua, a, um, [part, obtundd, to

blantl, adj., blunted, blunt, dull,
ob-umbrG, ftre, ftvi, fttus, to over-
shadow, shade.
ob-vertO, ere, I, versus, to turn

toward or to, turn.
obvius, a, um, [ob + vla], adj., in

the way, to meet, meeting, opposite,

opposing.
occ&sus, lis, [ocddO], m., a falling,

going down, setting.
occid5, ere, cidi, cftsus, [ob +

cadO], to fall down, fall, parish, die.
occiduus, a, um, [occidS], adj.,

going down, setting ; sinking, failing.
OCCU15, ere, ui, tus, to cover, hide,

conceal.
occult us, a. um, [part. occulO],

adj., hidden, unseen, secret.
occupO, are, ftvi, atus, [ob +

capi5], to seize, take possession of,

occupy; occupy, fill, overspread.
occurr5, ere, curri and cucurri,

cursus, [ob-f currO], to run to

meet, go to meet, meet; present

one's self, appear.
Oceanus, I, ['Oiceai'os], m., the ocean.
ocellus, I, [dim. oculus], m., a little

eye, an eye.
Ocior, ius, comp. h,d]., swifter, fleeter.
ocius, [5cior], comp. adv., more

swiftly, sooner ; w. commands, tm-

mediately.
octOni, ae, a, [octO, eight], distr.

num. adj., eight each, eight at a

time; eight.
oculus, 1, m.. an eye.
5dl, Cdisse, Ssus, vb. defect., to hate.
odium, ii, [OdiJ, n., hatred, hate; en-
mity, animosity, grudge.
odor. Oris, [from root od in oleO],

m., odor, fragrance, smell.
odOratus, a, dm, [part. oddrG, to

make fragrant] , ad j . , fragrant.

odOrus, a, um, [odor], adj., scented,

fragrant.
Oe&errius, a, tun, [Oeftfirrus], adj.,

of Oeagrus, a. king of Thrace;

Thracian.
Oebeklius, a, um, [Oebalus], adj.,

of Oebalus, a king of Sparta;

Spartan; hence of Hyacinthus, a

Spartan youth, son of Oebalus.
Oeta, ae, or Oete, Ss, [oini], f., a

mountain in Thessaly.
Oetaeus, a, um, [Oeta], adj., of or

belonging to Oeta ; Oetean.
offerG, ferre, obtull, oblfttus, [ob

4- f©r5], to present, offer, show, put
in the way.
offlciOsus, a, um, [offlcium], adj.,

obliging, ready to serve; in bad

sense, too ready to serve or bring to

pass, officious.
offlcium, ii, [for oplflcium, from

opus 4- f acid], n., a voluntary ser-
vice, kindness, kindly offices, favor;

a work done as a service or favor ;

an obligatory service, duty, func-
_ tion, part, office. _

Oerygius, a, um, [OgryerSs], adj.,

of Ogyges, a mythic king of Thebes ;
Theban.

OHeus, ei and eos, ['oiAev«], m., a
king of the Locri, father of Ajax
the Less.

oiens, entis, [part. ole5], adj., smell-
i^tg, fragrant ; ill-smelling.

ole5, Sre, ui, — , to emit a smell ; give
forth fragrance.

Olim, [61e or olle, archaic form of
ille + loc. ending -im], adv., of
past time, once, formerly ; in gen-
eral, at times; of the future, at
some time, hereafter.

oliva, ae, f., an olive, olive tree, olive
branch.

olivifer, era, erum, [oliva + ferO],
adj., olive-bearing.

olor, Oris, m., a swan.

Olympus,!, ['OAw/airos], m., a moun-
tain between Macedonia and Thes-
saly, regarded as the abode of the
gods.

Omen, inis, n., a sign, token, omen.

486

VOCABULARY

omnipotSns, entis, [omnia + PO-

tSns], adj., almighty ^ omnipotent.
omnia, e, adj., alt, every, the whole,
onerO, ftre, &vi, fltua, [onua], to

load J lade; burden, oppress, over-
load.
onerGaua, a, um, [onua], adj.,

heavy ; burdensome, oppressive.
onua, eria, n., a burden, weight, load.
opftcua, a, um, adj., dark, shadowy,

shady, dusky, gloomy ; that casts a

shade, shady.
operiO, Ire, ui, tua, [ob + pariS],

to cover, cover over.
operor, &ri, fttua, [opua], to work

at, be busy with, devote one*s self to.
operGauB, a, um, [opua], adj., full

of labor, active, busy with, engaged

upon ; elaborate, well wrought.
opifer, era, erum, [opa-fferS],

adj., aid bringing, helping.
opifez, icia, [opa + faciO], m. and

f., a worker, artisan, maker.
opperior, iri, pertua, [ob + perior,

compare peritua and ezperior],

to await, wait.
oppidum, i, n., a town, city.
oppdnd, ere, poaui, poaitua, [ob

4-p0n6], to place against, before,

in front of, opposite.
opportanua, a, um, [ob + portua],

adj.,.^^, convenient, suitable.
oppoaituB, a, um, [part. opp5n5],

adj., opposite, opposing, placed over

against.
opprimC, ere, preaai, preaaua,

[ob 4- premo], to weigh down,

press down, oppress, crush, over-
whelm.
opprobrium, li, [ob + probrum,

a base deed], n., reproach, scandal;

taunt, abv.^e, insult.
oppaernS, are, avi, atua, [ob-f

ptlernS], to storm, assault, besiege.
opa, opia, f., in \i\., wealth, reso^irces,

riches ; power, ability ; help, assist-
ance, aid.
optatua, a, um, [part. opt6], adj.,

desired, longed for.
opts, are, avi, atus, to choose,

select; wish, wish for, desire.

opua, eria, n., work, labor; work,
art ; a work, work of art, the pro-
duct of toil; opua eat, there is
need of.

5ra, ae, f ., the extremity of anything,
a border, boundary; coast, shore,
region, country.

Oraculum or 5raclum, i, [dr6], n.,
an oracle.

Orator, 5ria, [6r6], m., an orator,
ambassador, legate.

orbia, ia, m., anything circular, a
ring, orb, circle, disk ; wheel; the
coils or folds of a serpent; the
course of night or a heavenly body ;
orbia terrarum, the world.

orbua, a, um, adj., deprived, bereft,
destitute ; bereaved, e.g. of children,
childless.

Orcbomenua or -oa, i, ['Opxc/^evo?],
m. or f., a city in Arcadia.

6rd5, inia, m., a row, line, regular
succession of things, order; ex
5rdine, without intermission or
interruption, in succession ; aine
ordine, aimlessly, recklessly, ex-
travagantly ; a class, rank, order.

Oreatea, ia or ae, ['OpeVnjs], m., the

' son of Agamemnon and Clytemnes-
tra.

Oreateua, a, um, [OreatSa], adj.,
of or belonging to Orestes, Orestean.

oriena, entia, [part, orior], adj.
used as subs., m., the dawn, the
day ; the place where the sun rises,
the East, the Orient.

origQ, inia, [orior], f., origin, birth,
descent ; the beginning.

6ri6n, onia or onia, ['Opiw*'], m., one .
of the heavenly constellations, for-
merly a mythical giant on earth,

orior, Iri, tua, to arise, rise, appear,
spring i4p, spring from, be born.

Omatua, a, um, [part. 5m6],
Sid}., Jitted out, accoutered, attired,
adorned.

5m6, are, avi, atua, to furnish,
provide; ornament, adorn; honor,

0r6, are, avi, atua, [6a], to plead,
speak, argue; beg, entreat, pray,
implore.

VOCABULARY

487

OrontSs, is or ae, ['Opovrti^]^ m.^the
principal river of Syria.

Orpheus, ei and eos, ['Op^eiJ?], m., a
celebrated poet and musician of
Thrace t the husband of Eurydice
and son of Calliope.

Orpheus, a, um, [Orpheus], adj.,
of ot belonging to Orpheus^ Orphean.

ortus, Qs, [orior], m., a rising ^
origin^ birth ; understand s51is, the
rising of the sun, the morning , the
East.

Ortygrla, ae, ['Oprvyia']^ f., (i) an old
name for the island of Delos ; (2) an
island in the harbor of Syracuse.

Ortygrius, a, um, [Ortygrla], adj.,
pertaining to Ortygia, Delian ; Or-
tygria dea, Diana, who was bom
in Delos.

68, 5ri8, n., the m.outh; the face, fea-
tures, countenance ; lips, with con-
notation of speech; voice, speech,
utterance of the mouth ; a mouth,
entrance.

OS, ossis, n., a bone.

Ssculum, i, [Os], n., in pi., the lips;
a kiss.

Ossa, ae, [^Ocrcra], f., a high moun-
tain in Thessaly.

ostendS, ere, 1, tentus, [obs (ob)
H-tendO], to show, reveal, point out,
display.

ostentO, are, ftvi, atus, [freq.
ostendO], to present to view, show,
exhibit ; point out, call attention to,
remind one of.

Ostium, ii, [5s], n., a mouth, entrance
of any kind.

5tiuxn, li, n,, leisure, time; inac-
tivity, idleness, quiet, peace.

Othrys, yos, ['oflpv?], m., a moun-
tain in Thessaly.

ovile, is, [ovis], n., a sheepfold.

ovis, is, f., a sheep.

ov5, are, — , — , to rejoice, exult.

ovum, i, n., an egg.

pabulum, I, [from root pain pascG],
n. , fodder, pasture.

pacatus, a, um, [part. pac5, to make

peaceful:], adj., peaceful, quiet,

calm ; propitious, kindly.
Pachynus, I, [ndxvi.o?], f., the

southeastern promontory of Sicily.
paciscor, i, pactus, to bargain,

stipulate.
pactus, a, um, [part, paciscor],

adj., agreed upon, stipulated, cove-
nanted; betrothed.
Padus, I, m., the Po, the principal

river of Italy.
Paean, anis, [UaUv]^ m., an appel-
. lation of Apollo as the healing

deity.
paelex, icis, f., a mistress, the rival

of a wife.
paene, adv., almost.
paenitet, Sre, uit, — , [root in

poena], it repents; it repents one,

he is sorry, he regrets.
Pagrasaeua, a, um, [Pagasa], adj.,

of Pagasa, a maritime town of

Thessaly; Pagasaean, Thessalian.
paerina, ae, f., a page or leqf; a

writing, poem.
palaestra, ae, [waAato-Tpa], f., a wrest-
ling place, a palaestra ; a wrestling

match.
PalamedSs, is, [naAa/m^ai^^], m., the

son of Nauplius, king of Euboea,

who was put to death by the Greeks

at Troy, through the artifice of

Ulysses.
Paiatium, ii, n., the Palatine hill, on

which was the residence of Augustus;

in pi., a palace. Paiatia is also

used of the hill,
palatum, i, n., the palate.
palearia, [palea, chaff], n. pi. (only

nom. and ace), the dew lap, the skin

that hangs down from the neck of

an ox.
PalSs, is, t.,the tutelary goddess of

shepherds and cattle.
Palici, 6rum, m., two deities, the

sons of Jupiter and the Sicilian

nymph Thalia.'
Paima, e, [Pales], adj., of Pales;

n. pi. subs., palllia, the feast of

Pales, shepherd festival

488

VOCABULARY

palla, ae, f ., a long upper garment,

a robCf mantle.
Pallantias, adls, [Pallas], f., Aurora,

descended from Hyperion, the unde

of the giant Pallas,
Pallas, adls, [iioAAos], f., the name of

the Greek goddess corresponding to

the Roman Minerva, goddess of wis-
dom and war ; by metonymy for the

Palladium, a stone image supposed

to be of Pallas and preserved in the

citadel of Troy.
pallSns, entls, [part. paUed], adj.,

pale, wan; pale green, pale yel-
low.
palle5, Sre, ui, — , to be pale, turn

pale; has color, fade; be discolored.
pallesc5, ere, pallui, — , [inch, pal-

leOJ, to turn pale, blanch ; turn

yellow; lose color, fade.
pallldus, a, um, [palleC], adj., pal-
lid, pale.
pallor, Oris, [palleO], m., pallor,

paleness.
palma, ae, [iraXafxiy], f., the palm of

the hand, the hand; a palm tree;

the fruit of the palm, date.
pftlor, ftri, atus, to straggle, wander

about.
paias, adls, f., a swamp, marsh,

marshy neater, bog, pool.
paiaster, trls, tre, [paias], adj.,

fenny, marshy, swampy, of the

marsh.
pan, anos, (ace. Pana), m., the god

of the woods and shepherds.
pandO, ere, i,passus, to spread out,

extend, unfold, expand, stretch out ;

disclose, make known, reveal, relate,

explain.
pandus, a, vun, [pand6], adj., 6en^

crooked, curved.
panis, is, [from root pa in pasco],

m., bread, a loaf,
Panope, Ss, [o.av6in\\, f., a town in

the south of Phocis.
Pantho'idSs, ae, [Pantbotts], m.,

the son of PanthoUs, Eaphorbus.
papaver, eris, n., the poppy.
papyrifer, era, erum, [papyrus +

terQ'], papyrus bearing.

par, paris, adj., eqtidl, well matched ;
like, similar ; even, balanced, level.

paratus, a, um, [part. parO],
adj., ready, prepared, furnished,
equipped.

paratus, lis, [par6], m., prepara-
tion, provision.

Parca, ae, f., usually in pi., the
Fates, the Parcae.

pared, ere, peperci or parsi, par-
citus or parsus, to spare, refrain
from using ; spare, refrain from
injuring ; spare, refrainfrom, cease
from, omit, forbear.

parous, a, um, [paro6], adj., spar-
ing, frugal, parsimonious ; scanty,
small, slight.

parens, entls, [part, pario], m., f.,
a parent, father or mother.

parentaiis, e, [parSns], adj., of
parents, parental.

pare5, ere, ui, — , to obey, yield to,
comply with.

paries, letls, m., a wall (of a house);
a partition wall.

parilis, e, [par], adj., equal, like.

parlS, ere, peperi, partus, to bring
forth, bear.

Paris, Idls, [Hapi?], m., the son of
Priam, who carried off Helen from
Greece, and thus was the cause of
the Trojan war.

parlter, [par], adv., equally, at the
same time, in the same manner, to-
gether, on equal terms.

Partus, a, um, [Paros], adj., of
Paros, one of the Cyclades, famous
for its fine white marble ; Parian,

parma, ae, [vapfirf], f., a shield.

Pamasls, Idls, [Pamasus], f. adj.,
pertaining to Pamasus, ParnaMan.

Pamasus, i, \napvaa-6s], m., a moun-
tain in Boeotia, sacred to the Muses.

par5, are, avi, atus, to make ready,
prepare, furnish, provide ; intend,
resolve, purpose, meditate.

Paros,!, [napoi], f., an island of the
Cyclades, famous for its fine white
marble.

Parrliasis, Idis, f . adj., of Parrhasia,
a town of Arcadia; poet., Arcadian,

VOCABULARY

489

pars, partis, f., a partt place, qitar-
ter, sidCf direction; part, portion,
share.

Parth&on, onis, [noptfaw*'], m., son
of Agenor, king of Aetolia and
father of Oeneus.

Parthenius, a, um, adj., of Parthe-
nius, a mountain of Arcadia, Arca-
dian,

partim, [pars], b4v., partly, in part.

partus, Us, [parid], m., a bearing, a
birth.

parum, adv., too little, not enough.

parumper, adv., /or a while.

p£krvus,a, um, adj., small, little.

pascd, ere, pftvi, pftstus, to drive
to pasture, pasture, feed; intrans.,
in pass, or mid. sense, feed, graze,
pasture, browse ; feed on.

p&scuum, i, [p&scO], n., a pasture.

passim, [passus from pand5], adv.,
in every direction, here arid there,
everywhef^.

passus, a, um, [part. pandO], adj.,
loose, disheveled, flowing.

passus, tLs, m., a step, pace, foot-
step.

pastor. Oris, [p&scO], m., a shep-
herd.

pftstdrius, a, um, [pftstor], adj.,
a herdsman's, shepherd's.

PatarSus, a, um, [Patara], adj.,
of Patara, a seaport town of Lycia,
with a celebrated oracle of Apollo.

patefacid, ere, fScI, f actus, [pateO
4- feu3id], to lay open, throw open.

patella, ae, [dim. patina, a shallow
dish], f., a little dish or saucer used
in sacrificing.

pated, ere, aai, — , to be, lie, or stand
open ; stretch, extend ; be manifest,
evident.

pater, tris, m., a father, sire, a fore-
father, ancestor.

patera, ae, [pateO], f., a broad,
shallow drinking cup or libation
bowl.

patemus, a, um, [pater], adj., be-
longing to a father, paternal, a
father's.

pati@ns, entis, [part, patior], adj..

enduring, submissive, patient, able
to endure; enduring , firm,, hard,

patientia, ae, [patiSns] , f . , patience,
endurance.

patior, I, pckssus, to suffer, en-
dure, submit to; suffer, permit,
allow.

patria, ae, [patrius], f., a father-
land, native land, home.

patrius, a, um, [pater], adj., be-
longing to a father, paternal, ances-
tral ; belonging to a native country,
native.

patrGcinium, U, [patrGcinor, from
patrGnus, a protector], n., protec-
tion, advocacy, defense.

patruilis, e, [patruus], adj., of a
father's brother, uncle's; of a
cousin, cousin's.

patruus, i, [pater], m., a paternal
uncle.

Patulcius, a, um, [pateS], adj.,
standing open ; a surname of Janus.

patulus, a, um, [pateG], adj., open-
ing wide, wide spreading, wide.

paucus, a, um. adj., /etc.

pauiatim, [paulum], adv., little by
little, gradually.

paulisper, ad v., /or a little while.

paulum, adv., a little, somewhat.

pauper, eris, adj., not wealthy, poor ;
scanty, meager.

paupertfts, Atis, [pauper], f., pov-
erty.

pavefactus, a, um, [part, pave-
faciG, to frighten], adj., in terror,
alarmed, frightened.

paveG, ere, pftvi, — , to be struck with
fear, tremble, quake, be afraid, be
terrified.

pavidus, a, um, [paveG], adj.,
trembling, fearful ; timid, anxious.

pAvG, Gnis, m., a peacock.

pax, p&cis, i., peace; grace, favor,
pardon.

peccG, are, avi, atus, to mistake,
do amiss, transgress, commit a
fault, sin.

pecten, inis, m., a comb ; rake.

pecto, ere, pezi, pezus, to comb.

pectus, oris, n.,the breast, the heart;

490

VOCABULARY

feelings, disposition; soul, mine?,
thoughts.

pecus, oris, n., a herd, flocks drove.

pecua, udls, f., a beast, brute, ani-
mal as opposed to man ; in particu-
lar, a sheep.

pedica, ae, [pSs], f., a fetter, snare.

pelagus, i, [ireAayo?], n. (poetic for
mare), the sea.

Pelasfiri, Orurn, [neAaayoi], m. pi.,
the Pelasgians; poet.,^7ie Greeks.

Pelasgus, a, um, adj., Pelasgian;
poet., Grecian.

Peleus, ei and eos, [ni^Acv?], m., a
king of Thessaly , father of Achilles.

FSliacus, a, um, [PSllon], adj.,
of or belonging to Pelion.

PSlias, adis, [Pelion], f. adj., that
comes from Pelion.

PeUdSs, ae, [Peleus], m., son of
Peleiis, Achilles.

Pgligrnus, a, um, adj., of or belonging
to the Peligni, a people of Central
Italy, descendants of the Sabines.

Pelion, ii, [n^Xiov], n., a high moun-
tain in Thessaly, a continuation of
Ossa.

pellis, is, f., a hide, a skin.

pellO, ere, pepuli, pulsus, to drive
out, expel, banish; put to flight,
rout, strike, set in motion.

PelopSias, adis, [Pelops], f. adj.,
of Pelops, Pelopian, Peloponnesian.

PelopSius, a, um, [Pelops], adj.,
of Pelops, Pelopian ; Phrygian, of
Phrygia, the native country of Pe-
lops.

Pel5rus, i, [n«A<i>pos], m., a prom.on-
tory on the northeast coast of Sicily.

Penfites, ium, [from root pa in
P&8C5], m. pi., the Penates, the
old Latin household gods, or guard-
ians of the home; a dwelling,
home.

pendeS, ere, pependi, -, to hang,
nang down, be suspended; overhang.

pend5 ere, pependi, pensus, to
V)eigh out, pay ; w. poenam, pay or
^HtTer penalty.

Pendulus, a, um, [pendeS], adj.,
nangmg, hanging down, pendant.

PSnSis, Idls, [PenSus], f. adj., of or
belonging to the Peneus ; Penean.

PSnSlus, a, um, [Pen@us], adj.,
Penean; Penela, i.e. Daphne, the
daughter of Peneus.

P3neos (us), i, [nrj^eid?], m., a river
of Thessaly, flowing through the
vale of Tempe.

penes, prep. w. ace, with, in the
power of.

penetr&bilis, e, [penetrd], adj.,
piercing, penetrating.

penetralia, iiun, [penetrans, from
penetr5], n. pi., the inner, private
apartments of a house ; a shrine, a
sanctuary.

penetrG, Sxe, &vi, &tus, to pene-
trate, make one's way into.

penitus, adv., /or within ; far away.

penna, ae, f., a feather, plume on a
bird; a feather on an arrow ; in pi.,
vrings.

pens5, are, avi, atus, [freq. pendO],
to weigh, weigh out; compensate,
requite, pay, atone for.

pensum, i, [from pSnsus, part.
pend5], n., wool weighed out to a
slave for a day's spinning.

per, prep. w. ace. ; of space, through,
along, throughout, all over ; of time,
through, during; of agent, or in-
strument, through, by means of; of
cause, through, on account of; in
oaths, by.

per-aer5, ere, 6gri, actus, to pass
through, traverse, canvas ; execute,
finish, accomplish, carry through,
perform ; of time, pass through,
spend.

per-calSscS, ere, calui, — , [-per -h
inch. caleo], to be heated through,
grow very warm.

percipiS, ere, cSpi, oeptus, [per +
capi5], to take possession of, seize,
occupy ; take to one's self, ass^tme ;
learn, know, understand, perceive.

per-coquS, ere, — , coctus, to r^>en.

percutid, ere, cussl, cussus, [per
H-quati6], to strike, smite.

perdix, icis, [^ep«if], f., a plover,
lapwing; Perdix, m., a nephew of

VOCABULARY

491

Daedalus, changed at the moment

of imminent death into a lapwing.
per-dC, ere, didi, ditus, to destroy,

ruin, waste, lose.
per-domd, ftre, ul, itus, to tame

thoroughly, cmiquer, overcome.
perefirrinus, a, um, [perefirre, per

H- agfer], adj., from foreign parts,

strange, foreign, alien.
pereniids, e, [per + annua], adj.,

lasting throughout the year; ever-
lasting, unnecessary, perpetual,
per-e5, ire, ii (Ivi), itus, to pass

away, be destroyed; perish, die;

be ruined, undone.
per-err5, are, Avi, Atus, to wander

through or over.
per-fer5, ferre, tuU, Ifttua, to bear

through, carry; bear, support, en-
dure to the end,
perflci5, ere, fScI, fectus, [per +

faciO], to go through with, execute,

accomplish, finish.
perfldus, a, um, Sid]., faithless, false,

perfidious.
perMng5, ere, trSgl, frftctus, [per

+ ftangO], to break through, break

in pieces, shatter.
per-fundO, ere, fCldl, ftlsua, to pour

over, anoint ; bathe, wash ; drench,

steep, dye.
Pergama, 5rum, [nepya^a], n. pi.,

the citadel of Troy ; poet, for Troy.
Pererus, i, m., a lake in Sicily, near

the city of Henna,
per-horreo, Sre, — ,—,to shudder at.
per-horrS8c6, ere, horrui, — , [inch.

perliorreO], to tremble greatly,

shake with terror, shudder.
periculum, I, (contr. periclum),

n., danger, peril
perim5, ere, emi, Smptus, [per +

eni5, to take"], to ruin, destroy,

slay, kill.
periOrus, a, um, [per-f itls], adj.,

oath breaking, false, perjured.
perluO, ere, i, atus, to wash off,

wash, bathe.
per-mane5, Sre, mftnsi, mAnsarus,

to stay through, stay, hold out, last,

continue.

per-mAttlr68c5, ere, mAtarui, — ,
[per + inch. mfttarOJ, to ripen
fully.

per-mittd, ere, misi, missus, to let
pass, let go ; pernnt, allow.

per.m\ilced, Sre, mulsi, mulsus
and mulctus, to soothe, calm, ap-
pease.

per-noz, noctis, adj., through the
night, all night.

per-OdI, Odisse, 5sus, to hate thor-
oughly, detect.

perpetior, i, pessus, [per + pa-
tior], to bear steadfastly, abide,
endure.

perpetuus, a, um, adj., whole, entire,
perpetual, uninterrupted.

perquird, ere, — , quisitus, [per-f
quaerO], to ask diligehtly after,
make eager search for.

PersSis, idis, f., a female descend-
ant of Persa, the daughter of
Oceanus and mother of Perses, the
father of Hecate ; ad j . , magic, (See
note R.A. 263.)

Persephone, es, [nep(re<^6i'T}],f., Pro-
serpina, the daughter of Ceres and
Jupiter.

per-sequor, i, sectltus, to follow
after, follow up, pursue; set forth,
relate, describe.

Perseus, ei, and eos, [nepaeu's], m.,
the son of Jupiter and Danae,

Persis, idis, (ace. ida), f. adj., Per-
sian.

perspiciO, ere, spexi, spectus,
[per-h*8peci6], to look through;
look closely at, examine, inspect,
perceive clearly, note, observe.

perspicuus, a, um, [perspicid],
adj., transparent, clear.

per-std, Are, stiti, stAtus, to stand
fast, persist, continue steadfast,
remain unaltered, last, endure.

per-terre5, ere, — , itus, to frighten
greatly, terrify.

per-timS8c6,ere,timui, — , [per +
inch, timeo], to bs frightened,
alarmed, fear greatly.

per-veni5, ire, vSni, ventus, to
com£ through, reach, arrive at.

492

VOCABULARY

per-vlfiril, is, adj., ever watchful^
sleepless,

pervius, a. um, adj., passable, easily
accessible, open,

pds, pedis, m., a foot of a human
being ; of a table or couch ; of a
verse of poetry,

pestifer, era, eruxn, [pestis +
fer6],adj., destructive, baleful, pes-
tilential. '

pestis, is, f., plague, pestilence, in-
fection, taint; destruction, ruin;
pest, scourge, curse, bane,

petO, ere, IvI (ii), itus, to fall upon,
attack, seek, in hostile sense ; seek,
go to, make for, in good sense; aim,
aim at ; ask, beg, request.

Phaedimus, I, m., one of the sons of
Niobe.

PhaethOn, ontis, [*ai9^v, the shining
one'\, m., the son of Phoebus and
Clymene.

Phaethontls, idis, (ace. ida),
[PhaethSn], f. adj., of or belong-
ing to Phaethon, Phaethontian.

pbaretra, ae, f., a quiver.

pbaretratus, a, um, [pharetra],
adj., wearing a quiver, quiver
bearing.

PharsSJia, ae, [Phars&lus, ^apaa-
Ao?], f ., the region around Pharsalus,
a city in Thessaly, where Caesar de-
feated Pompey.

Phftsiacus, a, um, [Ph&sis], adj.,
ofthePhasis; (metou.) Colchian.

Phftsis, idis or idos, [*5<rie], a river
in Colchis.

Pheeriacus, a, um, [PhSgria], adj.,
of Phegia, a town in Arcadia ; Ar-
cadian.

PhilemSn, onis, [♦lAij^wv], m., a
pious Phrygian rustic, the husband
of Baucis.

Philippi, Orum, [♦lAiirTrot], m., a city
in Macedonia, where Octavianus
and Anthony defeated Brutus and
Cassius.

Philoct€t@s,ae, [*iAoictiJttj9], m., son
of Poeas, king of Meliboea, in Thes-
saly, and a companion of Hercules,
who at his death gave him the poi-

soned arrows without which Troy

could not be taken.
Philomela, ae, [♦lAo/m^Aij], f., the

daughter of Pandion, king of

Thebes, changed into a nightingale.
PhilyrSius, a, um, [Philyra], adj.

Philyrean.
Philyrides, ae, (Phill-), [PMlyra].

m., Chiron, the son of Philyra

and Saturn; she was afterward

changed into a linden tree.
Phineus, ei and eos, m.. brother of

Cepheus, who fought with Perseus

about Andromeda ; king of Salmy-

dessus in Thrace.
PhlegOn, ontis, [<f>\eyuv, burning],

m., one of the four horses of the

sun.
phCca, ae, [<^«'eij], f., a seal, sea dog,

sea calf.
PhScSus, a, um, [PhOcis], adj.,

of Phocis, Phodan.
Ph5cis, idis, [*«*ci?], f., the country

between Boeotia and Aetolia.
PhoebS, 6s, [♦ot/ii?], f., the moon god-
dess, sister of Phoebus, Diana ; the

moon.
Phoeb€us, a, um, [Phoebus], adj.,

of Phoebus.
Phoebus, i, [♦olpo?, the radiant], m.,

the sun god, a name of Apollo, the

god'of light ; the sun.
PhoenicSs, um, [Phoenice, ♦on'imt],

m. pi., the Phoenicians,
phoenix, Icis, m., the phoenix, a

fabulous bird in Arabia. (See Am.,

II. vi. 54, note.)
PhorGnis, idos and idis, [Phor5.

neus], adj. f., of Phoroneus,son of

Inachus and brother of lo; subs.,

lo.
Phorcynis, idos and idis, [Phor-

cus], f.. Medusa, the daughter of

Phorcus, son of Neptune.
Phrizeus, a, um, [Phrixus], adj.,

of or belonging to Phrixus, the son

of Athamas and Nephele.
Phry8res,um, m. pi., the Phrygians,

Trojans.
Phrygria, ae, [*pvyia], f., the country

of Phrygia in Asia Minor,

VOCABULARY

493

PhryerliiB, a, iim, adj., Phrygian,
Trojan.

Phthla, ae, f., « city of Thessaly, the
birthplace of Achilles.

PhylacidSs, ae, [PhylftcS], m.,
Frotesilaus, so called from Fhylace,
a city in Thessaly, over which he
reigned.

pi&men, Inis, [piO], a means of ex-
piation, atonement.

pica, ae, f., apiCt magpie.

piceus, a, um, [pix], adj., pitchy,
black as pitch, pitch black.

pictus, a, um, [part. pinfirO], adj.,
painted, colored, bright colored,
'* red letter."

Pierides, um, [Pieria, niepia], f. pi.,
the Muses, daughters of Jupiter
and Mnemosyne, named from their
favorite haunt in their native Pieria
in Macedonia; the name is also
given to the nine daughters of
Pierus, king of Emathia, a district
in Macedonia. These daughters
once challenged the Muses to a con-
test in song.

pietfts, &ti8, [plus], f., dutiful con-
duct tow<trds the gods, one'sparents,
children, relatives, friends, country ;
piety, affection, loyalty, patriotism,
filial devotion.

piger, gra, errum, adj., slow, dull,
lazy, sluggish, inactive ; benumbing.

plget, Sre, uit, it irks, displeases,
afflicts, disgusts one, catises to repent.

pigrnus, oris, n., a pledge, token, as-
surance, proof ; pledge of love, child.

pila, ae, f., a ball.

pilum, i,n.,a heavy javelin.

Pindus, i, [niVfio«], m., a mountainr
range between Thessaly and Epirus,
sacred to the Muses.

pinStum, I, [pinus], n., a pine grove.

pineus, a, um, [pinus], adj., of pine,
pine-,

plnguis, e, adj., fat ; thick, dense,
dull, heavy, stupid, crass.

piniger, era, erum, [pinus + gerG] ,
adj., pine-bearing.

pinna, ae, f., a feather, plume; in
pi., wings; an arrow.

pinus, as and l,t., a pine, pine tree,
fir, fir tree; anything made of pine,
a ship.

piO, &re, &vi, &tus, [pius], to ap-
pease, propitiate; purify.

PirSnis, idis, [PlrgnS, Utipnyv], f.
adj., of Pirene, a fountain in the
citadel of Corinth ; Pirenian.

Pisa, ae, [ntV«], f., a city of Elis, on
the Alpheus, near which the Olym^
pic games were celebrated.

Pisaeus, a, um, [Pisa], adj., of or
belonging to Pisa, Pisaean.

piscis, is, m., a fish.

piscOsus, a, um, adj., abounding in
fish, fish-haunted.

pistor, Oris, [pinsO, to pound], m.,
a bread maker, baker.

PittliSis, idos, [Pittlieus], f ., daugh-
ter of Pittheus, i.e. Aethra, the
mother of Theseus.

Pittlieus, el and eos, [ntrtfevv], m.,
king of Troezen, an ancient city of
Argolis.

pius, a, um, adj., pUms; pious, sacred,
holy, pure.

placed, Sre, ul, itus, to please, be
pleasing; impers., placet, it is
pleasing, it seems good or right.

placidS, [placidus], adv., peace-
fully, quietly, calmly.

placidus, a, um, [placeO], adj.,
calm, quiet, peaceful, tranquil,
placid, steady; propitious; kindly,
compassionate,

placitus, a, um, [part. placeO], adj.,
pleasing, acceptable.

pl&cG, &re, &vl, &tus, to calm,
soothe, quiet, appease; reconcile,
conciliate, placate.

plaga, ae, f., a region, quarter,
tract.

plftga, ae, [»Aijyfl, f., a blow, stroke,
thrust.

plangO, ere, ftnxi, anctus, to
strike, beat; beat the breast, la-
ment aloud, wail.

plangor, Oris, [plangO] ,m.,a strik-
ing or beating producing noise, a
beating of the breast, loud lamenta-
tion, wailing.

494

VOCABULARY

planta. ae, f., a sprout ^ shoot y twig;
a young plant, set, slip.

pl&nus, a, um, adj., level, flat, plane.^

platanus, i, [irAiravo?], f., the platans
tree, plane tree.

plaudO, ere, plausi, plausus, to
beat, dap, flap.

plaustruzn, i, n., a wagon, wain, cart;
the Great Bear, conceived of as
BoStea* wagon; compare CarVs wain.

plaxisus, T18, [plaudO], m., a beat-
ing, clapping, flapping ; a clapping
of the hands in approbation, ap-
plause.

plSbs, plSbis, f., the common people,
the lower class, the vulgar throng;
of gods, the lower ranks.

plSctrum, i, [itA^ktpov], n., a stick or
quill for playing on a stringed in-
strument, a plectrum.

Pl§ia«, adis, [nA>ji<iv], f., one of the
seven daughters of Atlas and Pleir
one. These were Electra, Halcyone,
Celaeno, Maia, Sterope, Taygete, and
Merope.

pienus, a, um, adj., full, complete;
filled, satisfied ; laden ; rounded out,
full; deep, profound.

piama, ae, f., a feather; in pi., plu-
mage.

plumbum, i, n., lead.

piarimus, a, um, adj. (saperlat. of
multus) .

pias, piaris, adj. (comparat. of mul-
tua).

pluvia, ae, [pluvius], f., (supply
aqua), rain.

pluvius, a, um, [pluO, to rain], adj.,
rainy, causing rain, rain-bringing.

p5culum, i, n., a drinking-cup, a
goblet.

Poeantiades, ae, [Poeas], m., the
son of Poeas, i.e. Philoctetes.

Poeantius, a, um, [Poeas], adj.,
of or belonging to Poeas ; prCles,
i.e. Philoctetes.

Poeas, antis, [noia?], m.,the father
of Philoctetes.

poena, ae, [ttoiv^], f., a punishment,
expiation, penalty, torment, ven-
geance.

Poenus, i, m., a Carthaginian,

poSta, ae, [irot^s], m., a poet.

pollins, entis, [part, polled, to be
strong], adj., strong, mighty, power-
ful^ potent.

pollez, ids, m.,the thumb.

pollicitum, i, [part, polliceor, to
promisi], n., something promised,
a promise.

polluO, ere, i, atus, [pro + lu6], to
pollute, d^le ; desecrate, violate.

polus, i, [iroAov], m., a pole, the north-
pole; the heavens,sky, celestial vault.

PolydSrus, i, [noAu&opo?], m., a son
of Priam.

Polymestor, oris, [noAu/^^rwp], m.,
a king of Thrace, the husband of
Ilione, the daughter of Priam.

PolyphSmus, i, [noAv^ij/*©?], m., a
one-eyed giant in Sicily, the Cyclops
who was in love with Galatea, and
whose eye Ulysses and his com-
panions afterward put out.

Polyzena, ae, [noAw^eVij], f., a daugh-
ter of Priam, sacrificed at the tomb
of Achilles.

pompa, ae, [irofi,wfl, f., a solemn
procession as at public festivals,
games, funerals, etc.

Pompilius, a, adj., the nam^ of a
Roman gens ; Numa PompUius, the
second king of Rome.

p5mum, i, n., any kind of tree-fruit,
especially the apple, pear ; fruit.

pondus, eris, [pend5], n., (concrete)
weight, mass; (abstract) weight,
heaviness.

pOnO, ere, posui, positus, to put,
place, lay; lay down, lay aside,
put away, lose ; put or place before
or against; arrange, spread out;
of a tree, set out, plant ; of a table,
set ; of a corpse, lay out ; of snares,
lay, spread, set; of a building or
wall, erect, build, establish; posi-
tus, geographically situated.

p5xis, pontis, m., a bridge.

Ponticus, i, m., a Roman poet, an
older contemporary of Ovid.

pontifex, icis, [pOns + faci5], m.,
a high priest, pontiff.

VOCABULARY

495

pontiflcftUs, e, [pontlfez], adj.,
pontifical; sacred.

pontua, i, [wovto?], m., tAe <€a, the
deep.

Pontua, i, m., the Black Sea; a dis-
trict in Asia Minor^ between Bithy-
nia and Armenia^ the kingdom of
Mithridates, afterward a Roman
province.

poples, itis, m., the part behind the
knee, the hollow of the knee; the
knee.

populftbills, e, [populO], adj., de-
structible,

popul&rls, e, [populus], adj., the
people's, popular ; of the same peo-
ple, of the country, of the district ;
sabs., a compatriot, a fellow-coun-
tryman.

popul&tor, Oris, [populO], m., a
devastator, destroyer.

pOpvilifer, era, erum, [p0pulTi8 +
ferO], adj., poplar-bearing, shaded
by poplars.

populO, &re, &vi, &tU8, tg lay
waste, ravage, plunder; spoil, de-
stroy.

populTis, i, m., a people, tribe, race,
nation; a crowd, host, multitude,
people.

pOpuluB, 1, f., a poplar tree.

porrigS, ere, r6zi, rectus, [por
(for pr6) + regO], to stretch or
spread out, extend.

porta, ae, f., a gate, passage, outlet.

port5, &re, &vi, &tu8, to bear,
carry, bring.

portus, Ha, m.,a harbor, port, haven.

poscO, ere, poposci, — , to ask, beg,
request, seek, demand, call for.

poBsideO, Sre, sSdl, sessus, [por
(for pr6) + sedeO], to have, hold,
possess, ownf hold possession of,
occupy.

poBBldO, ere, sSdl, sessum, [por
(for pr6) + sidO, to settle], to take
possession of, occupy, seize.

poBBum, posse, potui, — , [potis +
sum], to be able, one can.

post, adv., of place, after, behind;
of time, after, afterward, here-

after; prep. w. ace, of place, be-
hind ; of time, after.

posterltfts, &tiB, [posterns], f., the
future, after-ages ; after-genera-
tions, posterity. '

posterns, a, um, [post], adj., the
following, next, ensuing.

postis, is, m., a post, door-post, a
door.

post-modo, adv., afterward, a little
later.

post-pGnO, ere, posul, positxis, to
put after, esteem less.

post-Quam, conj., after, as soon as,
when.

postulO, ftre, &vl, &tus, to ask, de-
mand, request, desire.

potSns, entis, [part, possum], adj.,
mighty, powerful ; having power
over, ruling over, master of.

potentia, ae, [potSns], f., power,
might.

potestfts, &tis, [potis], f., power,
ability, chance, opportunity.

potior, Irl, Itus, (frequently of the
third conjugation), [potis], to get,
gain, obtain, reach, get possession
of, become master of.

potis, e, adj., able; comparat.,
potior, preferable, better^ superior,
more important.

potius, [potis], adv., comparat.,
rather.

pQtO, ftre, ftvi, fttus or pOtus, to
drink.

prae, adv. and prep. w. abl., before,
in front of; in comparison with ;
because of, by reason of, on ac-
count of.

prae-acutus, a, um, adj., sharpened
in front, sharperied, pointed.

praebeO, 6re, ui, itus, [prae +
habeO], to hold forth, reach out,
proffer, offer ; give, grant, furnish,
supply, provide.

prae-c6d0, ere, cessi, cessus, to
go before, precede.

praeceps, cipitis, [prae + caput],
aAj., headlong, headforemost, swift ;
rapid, rushing, violent; steep, pre-
cipitous, abrupt; in praeceps.

496

VOCABULARY

headlong ; ex praecipiti, reckUsa,
daring^ dangerous.

praeceptum, I, [praeciplO], n., a
preceptf rule, eommandf order,
warning.

prae-ciniarO, ere, nzi, nctus, to
gird, encircle,

praecipi5, ere, cSpi, ceptus,
[prae + caplO], to anticipate, get
ahead of; advise, admonish, in-
struct, bid, order.

praecipltO, &re, &vl, &tU8, [prae-
ceps], to throw headlong, throw
down; in pass. w. mid. significa-
tion, understand sS, sink, set, de-
cline,— of the sun, etc. ; rush head-
long, hasten.

praecipuS, [praecipuus], adv., es-
pecially.

praecipuus, a, um, [praecipiO],
adj., taken be/ore other things,
singled out; especial, particu-
lar, peculiar; distinguished, ex-
cellent,

praeciad5, ere, ciasl, ciasus,
[prae + claudO] , to shut off, shut,
close.

praecordia, drum, [prae + cor], n.
pi., the diaphragm; breast, heart;
vitals; loins.

praeda, ae, [for praehenda, from
pr(a)ehexid5], f., booty, spoil, plun-
der; prey, game.

prae-dlves, itis, adj., very rich, af-
fluent.

praedS, Onis, [praeda], m., a rob-
ber, plunderer.

prae-eO, ire, ivi (ii), itus, to go
before, lead the toay.

prae-ferS, ferre, tuli, latus, to
bear before ; prefer, place before.

praeflcio, ere, fSci, fect\is, [prae
H- faci5] , to set over, place in com-
mand of.

prae-flgr5, ere, fixi, flzue, to fix in
front, on the end, to tip, point.

prae-fodi5, ere, f6di, — , to dig in
front of; bury in advance.

(prae-for), ari, atus, to utter in ad-
vance ; utter a preliminary prayer ;
invoke.

praemium, 11, [prae-emO, to buy],
n., a reward, prize, recompense.

prae-mone5, ere, ui, itus, to fore-
warn ; foretell, predict, presage.

praemonltus,as, [praemoxied],m.,
a forewarning, premonition.

prae-n58c5, ere, — , — , to foreknow,
know beforehand.

praepes, etis, [prae-pet5], adj.,
swift, fleet; subs., a bird.

prae-p5n5, ere, posui, positus,
to place in front of; to set before,
prefer.

prae-ripi5, ere, ul, reptus, [prae
■ + rapid], to seize first, snatch
. away, usurp, carry off.

praeruptus, a, um, [part, prae-
rumpS, to break off], adj., broken
off\ broken, steep, rugged.

praesaepe, is, (prae + saepSs], n.,
a pen, stall, stable.

praes&erium, ii, [praes&eriO» to feel
beforehand], n., a presentiment, fore-
boding, presage.

prae-s&gTTis, a, um, adj., divining,
prophetic, presaging.

prae-scius, a, um, adj., foreknow-
ing, prescient.

praesSns, entls, [part, praesum, to
be before], adj., present, at hand, in
person, before one's eyes; of time,
present; present, aiding, favorable,
propitious ; powerful, efficacious, inr
fluential.

praesentia, ae, [praesSiis], f., the
being at hand, presence.

prae-sentio, ire, s@nsi, sSnsus,
to perceive beforehand, have a pre-
sentiment of, divine.

praeses, idis, [praesideO] , m. and
f., a protector, guardian, defender:
chief, ruler.

prae-sideo, ere, sSdi, sessus, to
sit before; protect, defend, preside
over.

praesigrnis, e, [prae + sigrnum],
adj., preeminent t distinguished.

praestSus, antis, [part. praestO],
adj., excellent, surpassing, illustri-
ous, distinguished.

prae-st5, &re, stiti, stitus, to stand

VOCABULARY

497

b^ore, he^iq>erior ; fulfil^ maintain,
perform, bring to pass ; show, ex-
hibit, prove,

praestO, adv., at hand, ready t pres-
ent.

prae-tendS, ere, i, tentxis, to stretch
forth, extend; hold or stretch out
in front.

praeter, prep. w. ace., of place, be-
yond; of other relations, beyond,
contrary to, besides, except.

praeter-e5, ire, ivi (il), itus, to
pass by; go beyond, outstrip, sur-
pass, excel.

praetinctus, a, uzn, [part, prae-
tingrO, to dip in beforehand], adj.,
previously steeped, moistened be-
forehand.

praevius, a, um, [prae + via],
adj., going before, leading the way.

pr&tum, i, n., a meadow.

prec&rius, a, um, [precor], adj.,
obtained by entreaty; uncertain,
precarious.

precor, ftri, atus, [prex], to pray,
beg, supplicate, implore, invoke;
of evil, invoke upon.

prehend5 or prSnd5, ere, i, ensue,
[prae-hendd], to lay hold of, seize,
grasp.

prem5, ere, pressi, pressus, to
press, press upon, overwhelm ; tread
or walk upon; press hard after,
pursue closely ; oppress, overwhelm,
weigh down ; restrain, check, stop ;
press upon, lie, sit or be upon;
spread over; press, squeeze, w.
ubera, milk; press down, depress,
deflect ; pressus, pressed down, low
lying ; mark, trace, write ; follow
up, press home, insist upon.

pressd, are, ftvi, atus, [freq.
premS], (poet.), to press.

pretidsus, a, um, [pretium], adj.,
of great value, costly, precious.

pretium, ii, n., price, valu£, purchase
money, money ; (poet.) , a reward.

prex, cis, f., a prayer, supplication,
entreaty.

PriamidSs, ae, [Priamus], m., a
son of Priam,

OVID — 32

Priamus, i, [nptaftof], m., Priam,
king of Troy.

pridem, adv., long ago, long since,

prim5, [primus], adv., in the begin-
ning, atflrst.

(primdrdium) , il, [primus + Or-
dior, to begin], n., a beginning,
origin.

primum, [primus], adv., at first,
first ; w. ut, cum, etc., when first,
as soon as.

primus, a, um, adj., (super!. of prior) ,
first, foremost, earliest; the first
part of; primus allquid facit, he
is the first to do, etc.

princeps, ipis, [primus + capi5],
^y, first, in time or space; subs.,
a chief, leader, emperor, prince.

pxincipium, ii, [princeps], n., a
beginning, commencement; adv.,
principiS, in the beginning, in the
first place, first.

prior, 5ris, adj. comp.; before some
one else in time or order, first,
former, previous, prior; subs.,
pri5r6s, um, m. pi., ancestors,
forefathers, men of olden time.

priscus, a, um, [for priuscus],
adj., old, ancient; form,er, old-time.

piistinus, a, um, [for priustinus],
adj., /ormer.

prius, [prior], adv., before, sooner,
first.

prius-quam or prius quam, conj.,
before that, before, until.

privS, are, avi, atus, [privus, de-
prived of], to bereave, deprive, rob,
strip.

pro, prep. w. abl., before, in front of;
for, in behalf of, in return for, in
defense of; instead of; for, as; in
proportion to.

pr6 ! inter j. expressing wonder or
lamentation, 0! ah I

pro-avus, i, m., a great-grandfather ;
in gen., an ancestor.

probo, are, avi, atus, [probus],
to try, test, prove, demonstrate;
approve, deem well or desirable. '

probrum, i, n., a shameful act, base
deed.

498

VOCABULARY

probus, a, um, adj., estimahlef good,
upright f honest.

procella, ae, f., a blast, storm, tem-
pest.

procellOsus, a, um, [procella],
adj., full of storms, tempestuous ;
bringing storms.

procer, oris, m., usually pi., chiefs,
nobles, princes.

pr5ceru8, a, um, adj., high, lofty,
tall

pr5-clln0, ftre, ftvi, fttue, to bend
forward, incline.

Procris, is, [npocpi?], f., the wife of
Cephalus, who shot her in a wood,
mistaking her for a wild beast.

procul, [procelld, to drive away],
adv., far oJf\ at a distance, afar.

prS-cumbO, ere, cubui, cubitus,
to bend or lean forward, bend; fall,
fall in death, sink down ; fall for-
ward, fall in, be beaten down.

pr6-cuiT6, ere, cucurri and curri,
. cursus, to run forward ; jut out,
project.

procus, i, in., a suitor, wooer,

prGdeS, ire, ii (ivi), itus, [pr6 +
®^]» lo go forward, come forth,
advance; appear.

prOdisriOsus, a, urn, [pr5digium,
a portent, prodigy], adj., unnatu-
ral, wonderful, marvellous.

prSditiO, Snls, [prodS], f., treason.

pr6-d6, ere, didi, dltus, to bring
forth, put forth, produce ; betray ;
give up, abandon, desert.

prG-dac6, ere, daxi, ductus, to
lead forth or out, produce ; bring,
bring forth.

proelium, ii, n., a battle, fight.

profanus, a, um, [prSH- fftnum],
adj., unholy, profane, uninitiated
in sacred rites.

prOfectus, — , abl. a, [prSflciO], m.,
advance, effect, success.

prG-ferG, ferre, tuli, latus, to
carryforward, extend.

prOflciS, ere, f§ci, fectus, [pr5 +
faclO], to make headway, succeed;
profit, avail.

T)roflci8cor, i, profectus, [pr5-

flciO], to set out, depart, come
from.

profufifus, a, um, [profugrlS, to
fiee before], adj., fleeing, exiled,
banished; pertaining or belong-
ing to an exile, exile's; subs., an
exile.

pro-fimd6, ere, fadi, fdsus, to
pour out, shed copiously.

pro-fundus, a, um, adj., deep, pro-
found, vast ; subs., the deep sea, the
deep.

pr5greni6s, 6i, [pr5 + root gren in
grigrnd], f., descent, race, stock, off-
spring, progeny.

prohibeo, @re, ui, itus, [pr5 +
habeo], to hold back, keep off, ward
off, avert ; debar, forbid, prohibit ;
w. object clause, hinder, prevent.

prSiclo, ere, iSci, iectus, [pr6 +
iaci5], to throw forth, fling away,
throw down, throw aside.

pr516s, is, f., an offspring, child, pos-
terity, progeny, race.

Promethides, ae, [Prometheus],
m., the son of Prometheus, one of
the Titans, the son of lapetu^, and
father of Deucalion. (For Prome-
theus, see Met. I. 82, note.)

prG-mine5, 6re, ui, — , to stand out,
jut out, overhang, project.

prSmissum, i, n., a promise.

pr5-mitto, ere, misi, missus, to
hold out, give hope of, assure,
promise.

pr5m5, ere, psi (msi), ptus, [pro
H- em5, to buy], to bring out,
bring forth, bring forth to light;
put forth, display.

pr5mptus, a, um, [part. pr5xn5],
adj., at hand, ready, quick, prompt,
inclined; eas\/.

(prSmptus, ds), [pr5m5], m., a
bringing forth to view ; used only
in the phrase in promptd, pub-
lic, open, manifest ; at hand, ready,
easy.

pro-nep5s, 5tis, m., a great-grand-
son.

prGnus, a, um, adj., bending or
leaning forward ; of an animal in

VOCABULARY

499

flight, jlying swiftly; prone ^ in^
dined downward^ downfiowing.

pr5p&grd, Inis, [pr6 + root pac in
panfiTo], f.f stock, progeny f race.

prope, adv. and prep. w. ace., near ;
almost.

proper&tTis, a, um, [part. properG],
adj., hurried, rapid, quick, speedy.

proper5, &re, &vl, fttxis, [pro-
perus, quick], to ?iasten, make
haste, do anything in haste.

Propertius, i,m.,a celebrated elegiac
Roman poet, an older contemporary
of Ovid.

propior, ius, adj. comp. (no positive,
but see the adverb prope) , nearer.

prG-p5xi5, ere, posui, positus, to
set before, display, propose, offer;
purpose, intend, design.

pr5po8itum, i, [from prSpositus,
part. pr6p5ii6], n., that which is
proposed, a plan, purpose, resolu-
tion, expressed desire; principal
subject, theme.

propriuB, a, um, adj., onjc^s own;
peculiar, particular, proper.

propter, prep. w. ace, near, close to ;
on account of, because of.

pr5.8cind5, ere, — , — , to plow, break
up.

prdsecta, 5rum, [from part. prO-
sec6, to cut off], n. pi., the parts cut
off for sacrifice, the entrails.

prG>sequor, i, secatus, to accom-
pany, attend, follow, follow after ;
wait upon, attend, honor.

PrGserpina, ae, [Htpirtitovyi]^ f., Pro-
serpine, daughter of Ceres and Ju-
piter, and wife of Pluto.

pr6slll5, ire, xii, -, [pr6 + saliO,
to leap], to spring, leap, or start
forth.

pr5spect0, ftre, ftvl, fttus, [freq.
prGspici5], to look forth, look at,
view, behold.

pr5Bpectu8, tLs, [prdspiciO], m.,
the prospect, outlook, view; sight,
power of sight.

prOsperus, a, um, adj., favorable,
fortunate, prosperous ; propitious.

prOspiciO, ere, spezi, spectxis,

[pr5+*8peci0, to look], to look out,
forth, or forward; trans., see in the
distance, descry, perceive, discern,
see, look out upon, look forward to
or upon.

pr5-8tem0, ere, strftvl, strfttus,
to cast down, overthrow, thtow to
the ground.

prOstituS, ere, i, atus, [pro +
status], to set forth in public,
prostitute, offer for sale.

pr5-8um, prCdesse, pr5ful, to be
of afisistance or use, avail, profit.

pr5-tegrS, ere, tSzi, tictus, to
cover in front, protect.

protervus, a, um, [prOterS, to tread
under foot], adj., violent, vehement,
bold, wanton, impudent.

PrSteus, ei and eos, [npwrev?], m.,
a sea-god who had the power of as-
suming many different forms,

prStinus, [pr6 + tenus], adv.,/or«^-
with, immediately, right on, from
there on.

pr5-turl>0, ftre, &vi, &tu8, to drive
on, repel, repulse ; prostrate.

pr5-venl0, ire, v§ni, ventus, to
come forth, appear, arise, be pro-
duced,

pr5 vidua, a, um, [prOvldeO, to fore-
see] , ad j . , foreseeing, prescient ; cau-
tious, provident, prudent.

prozimit&8, fttis, [prozimus], f.,
nearness, proximity.

prozimus, a, um, [superl. of pro-
pior], adj., nearest, next, in place;
next, in time.

pruina, ae, f ., hoar-frost, rime.

prulndsus, a, um, [pruina], adj.,
covered with hoar-frost; frosty,
rimy.

prtLnum, i, n., a plum, prune.

Prytanis, is, m., one of the Lycian
allies of Priam.

psittacuB, i, [i^iTTanos], m., a parrot.

Ps5phiB, idis, [*«*»«], f., a city in
Arcadia.

ptLb6s, is, f., collective, youth, young
men; offspring.

ptLblicus, a, um, [for popullcus
from populus], adj., of the state.

Soo

VOCABULARY

publiCf common ; common, general,

public, universal.
pudeO, Sre, ul or pudltum est, to

make or he ashamed; impers., pu-

det, one is ashamed.
pudor, Oris, [pudeO], m., sham^,

modesty, decency, chastity; scruples,
puella, ae, [dim. puer], f., a girl,

a maiden.
puellAris, e, [puella], adj., of a girl,

girlish, maidenly.
puer, eri, m. , a c?i lid in general, a hoy.
puerniB, e, [puer], adj., hoyish,

youthful.
pagrna, ae, f., a battle, combat.
pagnftx, &cls, [pagrnS], adj., fond

of fighting, pugnacious, combative,

opposed to.
pagrnd, are, avi, atus, [pagrna],

to fight, contend in battle; strive,

struggle ; resist, oppose.
pulclier, clira, chrum, adj., fair,

beautiful; goodly, noble, illustri-
ous; glorious.
pullus, a, um, adj., dark-colored,

dusky, blackish.
paimS, 5d18, m., a lung.
pulpita, Orum, n. pi., a scaffold,

pulpit, stage.
pulafi, are, avi, atus, [freq. pell5],

to beat or strike again and again^

beat constantly, strike "repeatedly;

dash against, strike against; beat,

lash.
pulvereus, a, um, [pulvis], adj.,

dusty.
pulverulentus, a, um, [pulvis],

adj., dusty, dry ; attended with

labor, toilsome.
pulvis, eris, m., f., dust.
pttmex, Icis, m., a pumice stone,

porous rock of any kind, rock.
pamlceus, a, um, [pamex], adj.,

of pumice stone, of lava ; of stone.
panlceus, a, um, [Panicus], adj.,

purple, red.
Panicus, a, um, [Poeni], adj.,

Punic, Carthaginian ; of the Phoe-
nician color, purple, purple-red.
Puppis, is, f., the stern of a ship;

a ship, ^

(pargamen, Inis), [pargro], n., only
pi., a means of cleansing, expiation,
atonement,

pOrgrO, are, avi, atus, to cleanse,
purify, make clear.

purpura, ae, [fop^vpa], f., purple
color, purple.

purpureus, a, um, [purpura], adj.,
purple; poet., of many hues, dark
red, violet, etc.; rosy, blushing;
bright, ruddy, glowing, beautiful;
wearing purple, clothed in purple,

parus, a, um, adj., clean, pure,
clear, unstained; pure, unspotted,
chaste, undefiled, faultless, perfect;
in active sense, making pure, puri-
fying, used in purification.

puts, are, avi, atus, [putus, clean],
to think, suppofe^ consider.

PyUus, a, um, [Pylos], adj., of
Pylos, the kingdom of Nestor;
Nestorian, Nestor's,

pyra, ae, [wvpi], f., a pyre, a funeral
pile.

Pyramus, i, [nvpa/aos], m., an As-
syrian youth, the lover of Thisbe.

Pyrols, entis, [Uvpatu, fiery], m., the
name of one of the horses of the sun.

pyrSpus, i, [irvpoiir<5?], m.^ goldrbronze,
bronze.

Pyrrha, ae, [nvppa], f., the wife of
Deucalion, and daughter of Epv-
metheus.

Pyrrhus, i, [nuppo^], m., a son of
Achilles and Deidamia, also called
Neoptolemus.

Pythius, a, um, [PythO, nu«w, the
former name of Delphi], adj.,
Pythian, Delphic, of Apollo; subs.,
P^thia, Orum, n. pi., the Pythian
games, celebrated every fourth year
at Delphi in honor of Apollo,

PythOn, 5nis, [UvBiav]^ m., the ser-
pent slain near Delphi by Apollo.

Q

qua [abl. fem. qui], adv., rel.,w^ere,
how; interrog., where? how? indef.,
in any way,

quadriiugrus, a, um, [quattuor -H

VOCABULARY

SOI

iugum], adj., of a team of four;

drawn by four horses ; subs., m. pi.,

a four-horse team,
quadrupSs, edis, [quattuor +

p@8], m.f a quadruped, animal.
quaerG, ere, i^vi (il), situs, to

seekf search for; seek to learn; ask,

inquire ; ask for , seek to gain ; seek

in vainy miss.
quSJls, e, adj., interrog., of what

sort? rel., of such sort, such as, as.
quam, adv., in what way, how much,

how, as much as ; after tarn, as ;

with comparat., than; exceedingly,

very, quite, indeed; with saperlat.

it intensi^es the meaning, e.g. quam

znaximurQ, the greatest possible;

quam piimum, as soon as possible.
quam-libet, as much as one will,

however much, to any extent.
quam-quam, conj., although; and

yet.
quam- vis, conj., although.
quantulus-cumque, [dim*, quantus

+ cumque], indef. adj., however

small.
quantus, a, um, adj., interrog., how

great 9 how much ? hoxo many ? rel.,

as great, as much as.
quA-re, adv., loherefore.
qu&rtus, a, um, [quattuor], adj.,

the fourth.
qua>si, adv. , as if, just as if, as though.
quater, [quattuor], adv., four

times^
quatiO, ere, — , quajssus, to shake ;

shake, beat, flap ; agitate, cause to

quiver or tremble.
quattuor, adj., indecl., /owr.
-que, conj., enclit., and, expressing a

more intimate relation than et.
que5, quire, ivi (ii), itus, to be

able.
quercus, as, f., an oak, oak tree, a

garland of oak leaves.
querela (querella), ae, [queror],

f ., a complaint, lamentation.
queror, i, questus, to complain,

lament, bewail.
qui, quae, quod, rel. pron., who,

which, what, that ; inter, adj. pron.,

who? which? what? indef. adj.
pron., any.

quia, conj., because.

quicumque, quaecumque, quod-
cumque, indef. rel. pron., whoever,
whatever.

quid, interrog. adv., in what respect?
why ? quid quod, what of the fact
that?

quidam, quaedam, quoddam,
indef. pron., a certain, certain one,
some one, something; a certain, a
kind of.

quidem, adv., indeed, at least, for-
sooth.

quiSs, Stis, f., rest, qtiiet, peace, re-
pos".

qui6sc5, ere, 6vi, Stus, [qui6s],
to rest, repose ; become quiet, cease,
leave off, desist.

qui-libet, quaelibet, quodlibet,
indef. pron., any you please, any
whatever,

quin, [qxii + -ne], conj., that not,
but that ; adv., why not ? nay, nay
even, moreover; nay but.

qmni, ae, a, [quinque], distr. num.
adj., flve each, or in gen., flve.

quinque, num. adj.,. Ave.

quinquennium, ii, [quinque +
annus], n., a period of flve years,
flve years.

Quintilis, is, [quint\is], m., adj., sup-
ply mensis, theflfth month, July.

quintus, a, um, [quinque], num.
adj., theflfth.

quippe, adv., indeed, surely; ironi-
cally, forsooth; conj., since, inas-
much as.

Quirinus, i, m., a surname of the
dsified Romulus.

quis, quae, quid, interrog. pron.,
who? what? adv., quid, why?
how? indef. pron., any one, any-
thing, any.

quis-quam, quaequam, quidquam
(quicquam), indef. pron. subs.,
any one, any thing ; adj., any.

quis-que, quaeque, quodque, and
subs., quidque, indef. pron., who-
ever, whatever, each, every.

502

VOCABULARY

quls-quiB, quicquid, indef. rel.

pton.f whoever, whatever ; every one

who, every thing which.
qxil-vis, quaevls, quldvls, and (as

adj.) quodvlB, indef. pron., whom

youpleasey any whatever, any thing.
qu5, [dat. and abl. of qui] , inter, and

rel. adv., where, whither, how far,

wherefore ; conj., in order that.
quS-cumque, adv., whithersoever.
quod, conj., that, in that, the fact

that, because.
quod Bi, but if.
quondam, [quom, old for cum +

-dam], adv., 07ice, formerly; at

times, sometimes.
quoniam, [quom + iam], conj.,

since now, because.
quoque, conj. (placed after the em-
phatic word), also, tool
quot, adj., indecl., how many? as

many as.
quotiSns, [quot], adv., how often?

as often as.
quotus, a, um, [quot], interrog.

adj., of that number? how small?

how trifling?

rabiSs, em, e, f., rage, madness, fury,

frenzy.
racemus, i, m., a cluster of grapes.
radi5, are, — , — , [radius], to gleam,

beam,, shine.
radius, ii, m., a staff or rod; a spoke

of a wheel; poet, in pi., the rays of

light ; a crown of light.
r9.diz, ids, f ., a root, as of a tree ; an

edible root, a radish.
rad5, ere, rSsi, rftsus, to scrape,

shave ; skim, graze, sail close to,

skirt.
r§>m§>lia, ium, [rSmus], n., twigs,

sticks, branches.
rftmSsus, a, um, [rftmus], adj., full

of branches, branching.
ramus, i, m., a bough, branch, twig.
rapax, acts, [rapid], adj., violent,

greedy, insatiable.
rapidus, a, um, [rapiOJ, adj., swift,

quick, rapid, in rapid course or

flight ; devouring , consuming,
fierce.

rapina, ae, [rapiS], f., a snatching
away, carrying off; robbery, plun-
der.

rapid, ere, m, raptus, to seize and
carry off, hurry, snatch, tear, pluck
away, take, snatch up; catch or
catch up quickly; snatch away,
rescue ; pillage, plunder, rob, steal,
ravish.

raptor, 6ris, [rapid], m., a robber,
plunderer,

raptum, I, [raptus, part. rapiS],
n., that which has been stolen,
booty, plunder.

rarus, a, um, adj., loose in texture,
thin, with wide mashes ; with large
intervals, far apart ; pecten
rarus, a rake; scattered, scatter-
ing, random, here and there; un-
common, scarce, rare, remarkable ;
adv., rar6, rarely, seldom.

rastrum,' i, [rad6], n., generally pi.,
rastri, orum, m., a heavy pronged
hoe, a rake, a mattock.

ratiS, Snis, [reor, ratus], f., a
reckoning, calculation ; mode, man-
ner, method, plan ; judgment, rea-
son.

ratis, is, f ., a raft, a boat, ship in
general.

rat\is, a, um, [part, reor], adj.,
thought out, fixed, settled, estab-
lished, confirmed.

raucus, a, um, adj., hoarse, deep, or
harshly sounding; hoarsely roar-
ing, resounding.

re- or red-, an inseparable particle,
back, again; also with intensive
force.

rebellis, e, [re- + bellum] , adj.,
insurgent, rebellious.

re-bell5, are, avi, atus, to wage
war again, renew the combat,

re-cand5sc5, ere, candui, — , [re-
+ inch. cande5], to grow white
again, whiten; glow again, glow
with heat.

re-cant5, are, avi, atus, [re- -f- freq.
canO], to charm back, charm away.

VOCABULARY

503

re-ced5, ere, cessi, cessus, to go

backf retire^ withdraw, give way,

give place, draw back, go away ;

go away, leave, vanish, flee.
recens, entis, adj., fresh, young,

green, recent, new.
receptus, as, [recipiO], m., a fall-
ing hack ; retreat, withdrawal, leav-
ing off.
recessus, as, [recedS] , m., a remote

place, nook, retreat, recess ; mar-

more5 recessa, in the marble

hall.
recido, ere, 1, c&sus, [re- + cadO],

to fall back, return ; be visited upon,

recoil.
recido, ere, 1, cisus, [re- + caedO],

to cut away, cut down, cut off.
re-cingr5,- ere, cinzi, clnctus, to un-

gird, unloose.
recipiS, ere, c5pi, ceptus, [re- +

capi5] , to bring, take or get back,

recover, rescue ; admit, receive,
re-cito, ftre, &vi, &tvis, to read aloud,

recite, declaim.
reciadS, ere, ciasi, ciasus, [re- +

claud5], to unclose, open, disclose,

reveal ; lay bare, cut off', sever.
re-c58rn5sc5, ere, grnSvI, gnlt\is,

to recall to mind, recognize.
re-condd, ere, didi, ditus, to lay

up, stow away, hide, conceal, bury ;

w. oculOs, to close.
re-conligr5, ere, ISgri, lectus, to

gather again, collect; regain.
recorder, ftri, &tu8, [re- + cor] , to

recall to mind, remember.
rector, oris, [regrSJ, m., leader,

master, ruler, helmsman,
rectus, a, um, [part. regrS], adj.,

drawn straight, straight ; right ;

sabs., rSctum, 1, n., that which is

right, rectitude, virtue.
recumbS, ere, cubm, — , to lie down,

recline,
recurvO, ftre, — , atus, [recurvusj,

to bend backward, wind, curve.
re-curvus, a, um, adj., turned back,

bent, curved.
recas5, are, ftvi, atus, [re- +

causa], to refuse, be reluctant.

red-dO, ere, didI, ditus, to put or
give back, return, restore, give hack
words, reply, answer, echo; give,
render, grant.

red-e5, Ire,li (ivi), itus, to go back,
come back, return.

redigS, ere, Sgri, actus, [red- +
agr5], to drive, lead, bring back;
reduce.

redimiO, ire, ii, itus, to bind around,
encircle.

redim5, ere, Smi, Smptus, [red- +
eni5] , to buy back, redeem, ransom.

reditus, as, [redeS], m., a return.

red-ole5, Sre, olxii, — , to smell of, he
redolent of.

re-dac5, ere, dazi, ductus, to lead,
bring or draw back.

refellO, ere, fein, — , [re- + faUO] , to
disprove, refute.

re.fer5, ferre, rettuli, reiatus, to
bear or bring back, give back, re-
turn, restore; turn to, toward; w.
animum, turn the mind to, give
attention to; report, relate; w.
reflex, or in pass., betake oneself,
go back; recall, reproduce, remind
one of; speak back, answer; speak,
say, utter ; render, perform.

r6-fert, ferre, tulit, — , [rSs + fer6] ,
it matters, concerns, is of conse-
queJice.

reflciS, ere, feci, fectus, [re- +
facl5], to make again, remake, re-
store, repair, rekindle.

refluus, a, um, [reflu5, to flow back],
adj., flowing back, refluent.

refringrO, ere, fregri, fractus, [re-
+ frangrd], to break off, tear off.

re-fugri5, ere, fagri, — , to fl^e back
or away, retreat; recoil; recede;
trans., flee back from, shun, avoid.

refugrus, a, um, [refu^5],adj.,/ee-
ing back, receding, vanishing,

re-fulgre5, Sre, fulsi, — , to flash back,
.^hine, glitter; gleam , shine refulgent,

rSgraiis, e, [rex], adj., regal, royal,

re-8rer5, ere, gressi, grestus, to bring
back, throw hack.

rSgria, ae, [regrlus], f ., a royalpalace,
castle, fortress, court.

504

VOCABULARY

rSglna, ae, [r9z], f., a queen, a

princess.
regriO, OnlB, [regr5], f., direction,

quarter, region, territory,
rSgriuB, a, uxn, [rex], adj., royal.
rSgrnO, &re, &vi, &tu8, [r6grnum],

to reign as king, be king, lord it ;

trans., govern, rule over.
rSgrnum, I, [r§x], n., kingly govern-
ment, sovereignty, power, seat of

government, kingdom, realm.
regrS, ere, r6xi, rectus, to direct,

guide, keep straight; rale, govern,

sway, control,
rSici5, ere, iSci, iectus, [r6. +

lacio], to throw back or off.
re-l&bor, I, Iftpsus, to slide, glide,

sink back.
re-langrueBc5, ere, langrul, — , [re-

+ inch, langrued], to sink down,

become faint.
re-lax5, are, &vl, &tus, to stretch

out, widen, open, loosen.
re-lev6, are, avi, atus, to lift up,

raise ; free from a burden, lighten ;

relieve, free, ease, soothe, console.
re-ligr5, are, avi, atus, to bind back,

fasten, bind fast ; move.
re-linqud, ere, liqui, lictus, to

leave behind, leave, give up, sur-
render, desert, neglect, forsake,

abandon.
re-iace5, 5re, laxi, — , to shine back,

shine, glow, gleam again.
re-maneS, ere, mansi, — , to stay

behind, be left, remain ; stay, con-
tinue, remain, endure.
rSmex, igris, [rem\is + agrS], m.,

a rower, oarsman.
rimigrium, ii, [remex], n., a row-
ing; machinery of rowing, oarage;

transf., wings.
remlmscor, i, [re- + root man in

mSns, memini, etc.], to recall to

mind, remember,
re-mitt6, ere, misi, missus, to send

back ; send forth, give out, produce ;

let go back, loosen, relax; give up,

resign, yield.
re-mSlior, iri, — , to press back, push

off or away.

re-mollSscd, ere, — , — , [re- + inch.
*molle5], to soften; be moved, be
influenced.

re-moror, ari, atus, to hold back,
delay, detain, obstruct, hinder.

re-moveO, Sre, m5vi, mStus, to
move away, clear away, withdraw,
remove; set aside, put QUt of question.

re-magrlS, ire, — , — , to bellow back,
resound, reecho.

rSmus, i,m., an oar.

re-narr5, are, avi, atus, to tell again.

re-nascor, i, natus, to be bom again,
be ever renewed.

renidens, entis, [part, renided, to
shine back], adj., shining, beaming ;
joyful, smiling.

re-novS, are, avi, atus, to renew,
revive.

reor, reri, ratus, to believe, think,
suppose, deem.

repagula, 5nun, n. pi., barriers,
bolts, bars.

reparabilis, e, [repar5], adj., that
may be repaired, retrievable, repa-
rable.

re-par5, are, avi, atus, to get again,
restore, repair, renew, revive.

re-pell5, ere, reppull, reptilsus,
to drive back, repel, repulse; push
back, thrust back, away; spurn;
r^use, reject.

repercussus, a, um, [part, repercu-
tiO, to strike back], adj., struck back,
throws back ; shining back, reflected,

reperlO, ire, repperi, repertus, to
find, find out, discover, perceive.

repertor, 6ris, [reperiS], m., the
discoverer, inventor, author.

re-peto, ere, ivi, (ii), itus, to at-
tack again, strike again; seek
again, return to, go back to ; recall,
rem,ember ; repeat, renew, begin
over again; say again, repeat.

re-ple5, Sre, Svi, Stus, to refill, fill
up, fill.

re-pietus, a, um, [p&rt. repleO],
adj., full, choked.

re-p5n6, ere, posui, positus, to put
or place back, restore; lay aside, lay
down, give up.

VOCABULARY

50s

re-poacO, ere, — , — , to demand back,
demand, require, exact.

reprlxnd, ere, pres^, pressus, [re-
+ premO], to press back, check,
restrain,

re-ptLgnO, &re, &vi, &tu8, to fight
back, oppose, resist ; disagree with,
be incompatible with.

repulas, ae, [part. repell5], f., a
refvLsal, denial, repulse,

re-quiSs, etis, f., rest, repose, relaxa-
tion, respite, a place of rest, a rest-
ing place.

requl@sc5, ere, Svl, 6tu8, to rest.

requirO, ere, sivl, (il), situs, [re-
+ quaerO], to seek again, seek
out, seek; ask, seek to know, iih-
quire after.

rSs, rSi, f., a thing, affair, event, cir-
cumstance, cause, reason, interest,
advantage, reality, fact, substance,
property, possessions.

re-8ec5, ftre, secui, sectus, to cut
loose, cut off.

re-ser5, &re, ftvl, fttus, to unlock,
u n close , ope n ; disclose .

re-8erv5, &re, &vi, atxis, to keep
back, reserve, save up.

resides, 6re, s€di, sessus, [re- +
sedeOJ, to remain behind; stay,
remain, abide,

re-sido, ere, sSdi, — , to sit down ; set-
tle, settle down, sink down; subside,
abate.

re-sistO, ere, stiti, — , to stand still,
remai?i standing, stand forth ; stop,
halt; resist, oppose, make resis-
tance.

re-8olv5, ere, I, soiatus, to unloose,
unbind; open; set free, free, re-
lease.

re-son5, are, ftvi, — , to resound, re-
echo.

resonus, a, um, [resond], adj.,
resounding, reechoing.

respectus, tls, [respicid], m., a
looking back ; respect, regard, con-
sideration.

respiciS, ere, spezi, spectus, [re-
+ * speciO] , to look back or around ;
look back for, upon or at.

re-spondeO, Sre, i, spQnsus, to an-
swer, respond to ; correspond to,

respOnsum, i, [respGnsus, part.
respondeO], n., an answer, a re-
sponse, reply.

restituO,ere, i, atus, [re- + statiifi],
to set up again, restore, reistablish ;
restore, revive.

re-8t6, stare, stiti, — , to withstand,
resist, oppose; be left, remain.

re-samd, ere, psi, ptus, to take up
again, resume ; recover.

re-supinus, a, um, adj., bent back,
thrown back, leaning back or
backward, lying on the back, su-
pine.

re-surgO, ere, surrezi, svurSctus,
to rise again, lij't one's self, be re-
stored.

re-tard5, are, avi, atus, to hinder,
delay, impede, retard.

rete, is, n., a net, toils.

re-tegrO, ere, tSxi, tSctus, to un-
cover, open ; disclose, reveal.

re-tempts, are, — , — , to try anew,
attempt again.

re-tex5, ere, ui, tus, to unweave,
unravel; reverse, annul.

reticed, Sre, xii, — , [re- + taceO], to
be silent, keep silence,

retineO, 6re, ui, tentus, [re- -h
teneO], to hold back, restrain ; hold
fast, keep, retain; stop, check,
hinder.

re-torque5, Sre, torsi, tortus, to
twiHt, turn, throio back.

re-trah5, ere, traxi, tractus, to
draw or drag back; recall.

retrO, adv., backward, back,

reus, [res], adj., m. and f., accused,
arraigned, d^endant ; subs, m.,
a defendant, one bound by or answer-
able for anything.

re-veiis, ere, i, vulsus, to pluck,
pull or tear off or away.

reverentia, ae, [revereor], f., re-
spect, regard, reverence.

re-vertor, i, vers\is, to turn back,
revert, return.

re-vocabilis, e, adj., that can be re-
called, revocable.

So6

VOCABULARY

re-voc5, &re, &vl, fttos, to recall,

cill hack.
re-volv6, ere, i, voiatus, to roll

hack ; in pass., w. deponent sense,

fall or sink hack, return,
r6z, rSgrlB} m., a king, chi^, ruler,

master.
Rhamnasia, ae, [Bhaxnnlls, 'PofA-

»'ous], f., the goddess Nemesis, of

whom a famous status stood in

Rhamnus, a town in the north of

Attica.
RhSnus, I, m., tJie Rhine, flowing

hettoeen Gaul and Germany.
RhSsus, i, [P^aos], m., a Thracian

king killed hefore Troy hy DUmiede

and Ulysses.
Bhodanus, I, m., the Rhone.
Rhodope, es, ["Poaomi], f ., a mountain

range in Thrace.
RhodopSiiis, a, um, [Rhodope],

adj., Rhodopean, Thracian, i.e.

Orj)heu^.
rictus, as, [ringror, to open wide the

mouth], m., the aperture of the

mouth, gaping jaws.
rIdeO, ere, risi, risus, to laugh,

smile; trans., laugh at, ridicule.
rifireO, 5re, — , — , to he stiff, numh ;

stand on end, bristle, stiffen, harden ;

stand stiff, stand upright, rise.
rifiridus, a, um, [rigeS], adj., stiff,

unbending, hard, inflexible, rigid.
rifiror, Oris, [rigreo], m., stiffness,

hardness, firmness.
rifiTUUS, a, um, [rigO, to water], adj.,

abounding in water, well-watered.
rizna, ae, f., a cleft, crack, chink.
ripa, ae, f., the hank of a river.
rite, adv., with proper religious

rites; fitly, correctly , properly , well,

rightly.
rituB, CLs, m., ceremony, rite; usage,

fashion, style, manner.
rivus, i, m., a stream.
rSbur, oris, n., an oak tree, oak; in

general, any kind of hard wood;

strength, vigor, power, freshness.
rObustus, a, um, [rObur], adj.,

hardy, strong, sturdy.
rofirO, ftre, ftvi, atus, to ask, ques-

tion, request; ask for, demand;
woo ; beg, implore, pray.

rogrus, i, m., a funeral pile.

R6ma, ae, f., the dty of Rome.

R6m&xius, a, um, adj., of or belong-
ing to Rome, Roman.

R5mulus, i, m., the founder and first
king of Rome.

t6t6, are, ftvi, &tus, [ros], to drip,

rGs, rSris, m., dew, moisture, liquid.

rosa, ae, f., a rose.

rSstrum, i, [r5d5, to gnaw], n., a
beak, bill, snout, mouth, muzzle.

rota, ae, f., a wheel.

rots, are, avi, atus, [rota], to turn
round, revolve.

rotundus, a, um, [roto], adj.,
round, spherical, rotund.

rubefaci5, ere, feci, factus, [ru-
be6 + facid], to make red, red-
den.

rubens, entis, [part. rubeO], adj.,
glowing, red, ruddy.

rube5, ere, — , — , to be red, ruddy.

ruber, bra, brum, adj., red, ruddy.

rubSsco, ere, rub\il, — , [inch, ru-
be6], to grow red, redden.

rub€ta, drum, [rubus], n. pi., bram-
ble-thickets.

rubor, oris, m., a redness; a blush,
flush.

rudens, entis, m., a rope.

rudis, e, adj., unwrought, ur^formed,
unused, rough, raw, wild, coarse;
inexperienced ; uiiskUled, clumsy,
ignorant; w. somni, sleepless.

rQgra, ae, f ., a wrinkle.

ragrosus, a, um, [rttgra], adj.,
wrinkled, shrivelled.

ruina, ae, [ru6], f., a falling down,
a fall, downfall, ruin, destruction,
overthrow.

ramor, Oris, m., rumx>r, report, gos-
sip.

rumpO, ere, rdpi, ruptus, to
break, burst, tear, rend, rupture,
break asunder; break into, inter-
rupt, thwart, cut short.

ruO, ere, i, tus, to fall or rush vio-
lently down, fall in ruins; rush,
hurry, dash, hasten; rush forth.

VOCABULARY

507

rapSs, is, f., a rock, cliff, crag.
raricola, ae, [rds+colS], m. and

f., a tiller of the ground , husband-
man, countryman.
rarsus and rQrsiun, [for reversus,

part, reverts], adv., backward;

of time, again.
rtis, rflris, n., the country ; in pi., t^e

fields.
rasticus, a, um, [rCls], adj., rural,

rustic; clownish.
rutllusi, a, um, adj., red, golden red,

reddish yellow.

8

Sabinus, a, um, adj., Sabine, of the
Sabines, an ancient Italian people
adjoining the Latins.

sacer, era, crum, adj., consecrated,
sacred, holy, venerable, throagli
consecration to or association with
a divinity.

sacerdds, Stis, [sacer], m., f., a
priest ; a priestess.

sacriflcuB, a, um, [sacrum +
faciS], adj., sacrificial, priestly.

sacrilegiis, a, um, [sacrum +
legrO], adj., sacrilegious, impious,
profane.

sacrO, 3>re, &vi, &tus, [sacer], to
consecrate or dedicate.

sacrum, i, [sacer], n., used chiefly
in pi., sacred things, sacred rites.

saeculum (saeclum), i, n., gener-
ally in pi., age, generation, century.

saepe, adv., often, frequently.

saepSs, is, f., a hedge.

saeta, ae, f., a bristle, a stiff hair.

saevl5, ire, ii, itus, [saevus], to
rage, be furious, fierce or angry.

saevus, a, um, adj., raging, furious,
cruel, savage, fierce, dire, pitiless.

sagr&z, acis, [*sagrl5, to perceive
quickly], adj., of acute senses, keen-
scented.

sagritta, ae, f., an arrow, shaft, bolt.

sagrittlfer, fera, ferum, [sagritta-h
fer6], adj., arrow-bearing.

sal, sails, m., n., salt.

saiaz, acis, [sans, to leap], adj., lust-
ful, salacious.

salictum, I, [salix], n., a voilloio

grove or hedge.
saligrnus, a, um, [sallx], adj., of

willow wood, willow.
salix, icis, f., a willow, osier.
saltem, adv., at least, at all events.
saltus, as, ra., a leap, bound, spring.
saltus, as, m., a forest pa.tture, wood-
land, glade.
salubris, e, [saias], adj., health-
giving, healthful, salubrious.
salum, 1, n., the open sea, the deep,

the sea in general,
saias, atis, f., safety, welfare, de-
liverance.
sAiat5, are, &vi, atus, [saias], to

salute, greet, hail, loelcome.
(salveO), 5re, — , — , [salvus], to be

well ; usually in the imperative as a

greeting, hail, welcome.
salvus, a, um, adj., in good health,

well, sound, safe, uninjured.
Samius, a, um, [Samos], adj., of

Samos; an epithet of Pythagoras,

whoioasbomand lived onthat island.
Samos, i, [Sa/xo?], an island off the

coast of Asia Minor.
sanabilis, e, [san6, to cure], adj.,

culpable, remediable.
sanctus, a, um, [part. sanciS, to

make sacred], adj., sacred, inviolable,

holy, venerable, august, pious, just.
sangruineus, a, um, [sangruis], adj.,

bloody, blood-stained, blood-red.
sangruis, inis, m., blood; bloodshed,

slaughter ; descent, race, stock ; a

descendant, offspring.
sanus, a, um, adj., sound, well; of

the mind, sane, rational, in one^s

right mind.
sapa, ae, f., must, neio wine boiled

thick.
sapiens, entis, [part. sapi5, to have

sen.se], adj., wise, discreet, judicious.
sapienter, [sapiSns], adv., sensibly,

prudently, wisely.
sarcina, ae, f., burden, load ; burden,

care.
Sardis, ium, [2ap«6iv], f. pi., Sardis,

the ancient capital of Lydia, on the

Pactolus river.

5o8

VOCABULARY

Sarmatse, ftrum, [Sapfian)«] , m. pi.,
the SarniatianSt a great Slavic peo-
ple represented in territory by
modern Poland and Russia.

Sarmaticus, a, um, adj., Sannon
tian.

Sarmatis, idis, f. adj., Sarmatian.

SarpddSn, onia, [Sopfn^jwi'], m., son
of Jupiter, king of Lycia, an ally
of the Trojans.

sata, Srum, [part. serO], n. pi.,
standing grain, crops.

satis, &re, ftvl, fttus, [satis], to
satisfy, appease, sate, glut.

satis, adv., indecl. adj., and subs.,
enough, sufficiently or sufficient. •

satur, ura, unizn, [satis], &d].,full,
well-Zed.

Sfttumius, a, vim, [Sfttumus], adj.,
of or belonging to Saturn; as subs.,
Satumius, i, m., Jupiter; Sfttur-
nla, ae, f., Juno.

Sfttumus, 1, [from root sa in ser5],
m., Saturn, the most ancient king
of Latium, the god of agriculture
and civilization in general ; he was
regarded as the father of Jupiter,
Junjo, Neptune, Pluto, etc.

saturS, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [satur, /uZq,
to fill, glut, satisfy, assuage.

satus, i, m., see serS.

satyrus, i, [o-arupos], m., a satyr, a
fabulous being, half man and half
goat.

sauclS, ftre, ftvl, fttus, [saucius],
to wound, hurt, tear; tear up.

saucius, a, um, adj., wounded,
pierced, smitten, rent.

Sauromatae, ftrum, m. pi., see
Sarmatae.

saxeus, a, um, adj., [saxum], of
rock, of stone, stony.

sazificus, a, um, [saxum + f acid],
adj., turning into stone, petrifying.

saxum, i, n., a rock, large rough
stone.

scaber, bra, bnmi, adj., rough.

scaena, ae, [aKrjvri], t., a stage scene,
the background of the play on the
stage, a background; the stage.

<^camnum, l,n.,a bench, stool, step.

scelerfttus, a, uxn, [part. scelerG, to
pollute], aA]., polluted, profaned, ac-
cursed ; impious, wicked, infam.ous.

scelus, eris, n., an impious deed, a
crime, a sin; abstr., wickedness,
sin.

sceptrum, i, [(rK^irrpoi'], n., the staff
of royalty, a scepter ; rule, domin-
ion, authority, sway.

scilicet, [scire + licet], adv., no
doubt, forsooth, indeed.

scind5, ere, scidi, scissus, to split,
cleave, divide, rend, tear.

scintilla, ae, f., a spark.

sciS, Ire, scivi (ii), scitus, to know,
in all senses.

scltor, ftri, fttus, [freq. sciO], to
seek to know, inquire.

SCOpulUS, i, [o-jcoireAos], m., a cUff,
crag, a ledge of rock in the sea,
rock.

Scorpius, i, [aicopirios], m., the Scor-
pion, one of the signs of the Zodiac.

scribS, ere, script, scriptus, to
write, write out, compose, produce.

scriptum, i, [scriptus, part, scri-
bd], n., something written; a writ-
ing, book, work.

scrobis, is, m. and f., a ditch, trench.

Scylla, ae, [2#cuAXa], f., a dangerous
rock on the Italian coast between
Italy and Sicily,

Scyros, i, [2«upos], f., an island of
the Aegean Sea, opposite Euhoea;
the place of Achilles* concealment
b^ore the Trojan war, and the
birthplace of his son Pyrrhus.

Scythia, ae, [Scytha, S<cv9i}c, a Scy-
thian], t., Scythia.

Scythicus, a, um, [Scytha], adj.,
Scythian.

s€- (sSd-), [old form of sine], insepa-
rable prep., apart, by itself, aside;
apart from, without.

se-c6d5, ere, cessi, cessus, to go
apart, go away, separate, withdraw.

86-cem5, ere, cr6vi, crStus, to
put asunder, divide, separate.

sees, ftre, ui, tus, to cut, cut apart,
divide, cleave; cut through, run
through, pass through, traverse.

VOCABULARY

509

secrStus, a, vim, [part. sScemO],

adj., retired, renwte, lonely, secret.
sector, &ri, fttus, [freq. sequor], to

pursue, hunt.
seciindus, a, um, [sequor], adj.,

following, next in order, second;

following, favoring, favorable,

prosperous, propitious.
sectLris, is, f., an ax.
secQrus, a, lun, [sS + cttra], adj.,

free from care^ composed, tranquil;

untroubled, serene ; safe, secure.
secus, adv., otherwise ; baud secus,

not otherwise, just so; baud or

n5n secus ac, in like manner as,

just as.
sed, conj., but.
8ede5, ere, sedi, sessus, to sit, be

seated ; sit, remain seated, sit still ;

remain, continue, tarry, abide;

sink, settle, subside, rest; sink or

strike in, sink deeply; be fixed,

firm, steadfast, established.
sSdes, is, [sedeS], f., a seat; abode,

palace, temple ; abode of the dead ;

place, situation, position ; place,

spot, ground, foundation, bottom.
sedlle, is, [sedeO], n., a seat, bench.
sed5, are, avi, fttus, [sedeS], to

lay to rest ; settle, stop, stay, quench.
86-dac5, ere, dttxi, ductus, to lead

away, set aside, put by ; divide, sep-
arate. '
sedulus, a, um, adj., persistent,

busy, zealous ; officious, obtrusive.
segres, etls, f., a corn-field; standing

corn, a crop.
semel, num. adv., once, but once.
semen, inls, [from root sa in serC],

n., a seed; race, offspring, child;

seed, origin, principle, element.
semianimis, e, [sSmi, half, + an-

ima], adj., half -alive, half -dead.
semi-caper, pri, m., half goat.
semi-deus, I, m., a demigod,
semi-nex, necis. adj., half -dead.
Semiramis, is or idis, [2eMipo/*is], f.,

the celebrated queen of Assyria,

consort and successor of Ninus.
semi-suplnus, a, uxn, adj., half bent

backward, reclining.

sSmi-vir, i, m. adj., half -man, half-
human.

semper, adv., always.

senfttus, as, [senex], m., the senate.

senecta, ae, [senex], f., old age.

senectas, atis, [senex], f., old age.

senex, senis, adj., old; used chiefly
as subs., an old man; senior =
senex, an old man.

sSnl, ae, a, [sex], distr. num. adj.,
six each ; = sex, six.

senilis, e, [senex], adj., of an old
man, of old age, aged, senile.

sSnsus, as, [sentiO], m., perception,
feeling, sensation, sense, conscious-
ness.

sententia, ae, [sentiS] , f ., an opinion,
way of thinking, view; sentence,
decision, judgment.

sentiS, ire, sensi, sSnsus, to per-
ceive by the senses, feel ; in some-
what broader sense, perceive, see;
understand, know.

sentls, is, m., mostly in pi., thorns,
briers, brambles.

sentus, a, um, adj., thorny, rough.

s6-p&r5, ftre, ftvi, fttus, to disjoin,
part, divide, separate.

sS-i>dn5, ere, posui, i>ositus, to
lay apart, set aside, select.

septem, num. adj., seven.

septemfluus, a, um, [septem 4-
flu5], adj., with seven mouths.

septemplex, plicls, [septem +
plicO], adj., sevenfold, with seven
layers, with seven mouths.

septem-tri5, or septem tri5, 5nls,
TO.., the seven stars of the Great Bear,
the northern regions, the north.

Septimus, a, um, ord. num. adj.,
the seventh.

sepulcrum, i, n., a tomb, grave;
burial.

sepultus, a, um, [part. sepeli5, to
bury'\, adj., buried; ovenohelmed,
destroyed, ruined, undone.

sequor, i, secatus, to follow , follow
after or behind; chase, pursue;
follow, go towards, seek after.

sequgns, entis, [part, sequor] , adj.,
next, following, subsequent.

5IO

VOCABULARY

sera, ae, f., a har^ bolt.

serSnus, a, um, adj., clear, fair,

cloudless ; serene, calm.
serlds, (no gen. or dat.)i ©ni, e,

[serO, to join together], t., series,

succession, order, course ; line,

lineage.
sermS, Snis, [aer5, see serlSs], m.,

conversation, talk, discourse, speech;

report, rumor.
serS, ere, sSvI, satus, to sow, plant ;

bring forth, produce, beget ; in perf .

pass, part., satus. begotten of, sprung

from, the son of.
8€r5, adv., comp. sSrius, late.
serpSns, entis, [part. serp6], m., f.,

a serpent.
serpentifirena, ae, [serpens + root

firen in gignS], m„ serpent-bom,

sprung from a serpent.
serpo, ere, si, tus, to creep, crawl

with a winding motion, wind.
serra, ae, f., a saw.
serta, orum, [part. ser6, to join

together], n. pi., wreaths, garlands.
serum, i, n., whey.
sSrus, a, um, adj., late, too late.
servator. Oris, [servS], m., a pre-
server, deliverer.
servatrix, icis, [servS], f.,.she that

preserves, a deliverer, protectress.
servlo, ire, ivi, (ii), itus, [servus],

to be a slave or servant, serve; be

subject to.
servitium, li, [servus], n., servi-
tude, slavery, service.
serv6, are, avi, atus, to give heed

to, watch, observe ; reserve, preserve,

keep ; guard, keep watch over ; keep,

cherish, nurse ; sit by, keep close to.
servus, a, um, adj., slavish, servile,

suJjject.
servus, i, m., a slave.
seu, conj., see sive.
sex, num. adj., six.
sextus, a, um, [sex], num. adj. ord.,

sixth.
si, conj., if,
sibilus, i, m., in pi. m., and sibUa,

orum, n., a hissing, whistling,

roaring.

sic, conj., thus, so.

Sicania, ae, [Sixavia], f., Sicily, the
land of the Sicdni, an ancient peo-
ple of Italy, a portion of whom
afterwards emigrated to Sicily.

slccS, are, avi, atus, [siccus], to
make dry, drain, dry up.

siccus, a, um, adj., dry, dried up,
parched.

Sicelis, idis, [SikcAis], f. adj., Sicilian.

SiCTilus, a, um, adj., Sicilian.

sic-ut, adv., so as, just as, as if.

ffldereus, a, um, [sidus], adj.,
starry.

Siddnius, a, um, [Sidon], adj., o/
or belonging to Sidon, Tyrian.

sidus, eris, n., a star, constellation.

Sigeius, a, um, [Sigeum, 2tY«toF],
adj., pertaining to Sigeum, the
northwestern promontory of the
Troad, Sigean.

mgnidcQ, are, avi, atus, [sigrnum
+ fa.cio], to show by signs, show,
point out, express; indicate, sig-
nify, mean.

signO, are, avi, atus, [sigrnum],
to mark, mark out, designate; im-
print; distinguish, adorn, decorate;
point out, signify, express.

sigrnum, i, n., a mark, signal, sign,
token, indication, proof; standard,
ensign, banner; a sign in the
heavens, constellation, sign of the
Zodiac; an image, figure, statue,
picture.

silens, entis, [part. sileO], adj., still,
calm, silent; subs. m. and f. pi.,
the dead.

silentium, ii, [silens], n., silence,
stillness.

slleO, ere, ui, — , to be silent, remain
silent; be calm, still, motionless.

sllex, icis, m., f., a Jlint; rock;
crag.

silva, ae, f., a wood, forest; poet.,
tree, shoot.

Silvanus, i, [silva], m., the god who
presides over woods ; in pL, wood or
sylvan deities.

sllvestris, e, [silva], adj., pertcUn-
ing to the woods, woody, sylvan.

VOCABULARY

5"

similis, e, adj., like, similar,

Simois, entis, ace. enta, [Sim^ck],
m., a river of the Troad.

simplex, icla, adj., Hmple, unmixed,
single.

simplicitfis, fttis, [simplex], f.,
simplicity, artlessness, frankness,
candor,

simpliciter, [simplex], adv., sim-
ply, plainly, naturally,

simul, adv., at the same time, when,
as soon ; simul ac, as soon as.

simulftcrum, i, [simulS], n., an
image, likeness; a ghost, shade,
specter ; a representation.

(simulftns, antis), [part. simulS],
adj., used only in comparative, imi-
tative.

simulS, &re, ftvl, fttus, [similis], to
imitate ; pretend, feign, dissemble,
counterfeit.

stncSrus, a, urn, adj., clean, sound,
uninjured, whole; pure, true, can-
did, truthful; unspotted, pxire,
virgin.

si-ne, [see sS-], prep. w.ikXA., without.

sinfiTuU, ae, a, distrib. num. adj.,
one by one, one at a time, one each ;
each, separate.

(sinfiTultus, as), m., only abl. sing,
and pi., and ace. pL, a sobbing,
panting, choking.

sinister, tra, trum, adj., left ; sinis-
tra supply maniis, the left hand.

sin5, ere, sivl, situs, to let down,
set, fix ; permit, let, allow.

sinuC, are, &vi, atus, [sinus], to
wind.

sinuSsus, a, um, [sinus], adj., full
of curves, betit, curved.

sinus, Qs, m., a fold of a robe; a
gulf, bay; a sail; the bosom, em-
brace; stream.

Sipylus, i, [StVvAos], m., a mountain
on the frontier of Lydia and Phry-
gia, on which Niobe was changed
into stone ; one of the sons of Niobe.

sl-quis, indef. pron., if any one; si
quid, if in any respect, if at all.

sistd, ere, stlti, status, [root sta
in std, reduplicated, with causative

force], to cause to stand, set, place ;

stop, stay anything, cease ; intrans.,

stop, stay, abide.
Slsyphius, a, um, [Sipyphus], adj.,

of or belonging to Sisyphus.
Sis3rphus, i, [2i<n;^os], m., son of

Aeolus, king of Corinth, famous

for his cunning robberies.
sitiO, ire, ivi, — , (ii), [sitis], to be

thirsty, parched; sitiSns, part.,

thirsty, parched with thirst.
sitis, is, f., thirst ; drought.
situs, as, [sinO], m., place, situation ;

sloth, sluggishness; the effect of

neglect, rtist, mold, roughness.
situs, a, Tim, [part. sinS], placed,

set, lying; laid at rest, buried,

interred.
si-ve or seu, conj., or, or if; sive

(seu) — sive (seu) , whether — or,

either — or.
smaragrdus, i, [<rfiapaY5o9], m. and f.,

a green precious stone, emerald,

jasper.
Smintheus, el, ace. ea, [^fnv^cv?],

m., an epithet of Apollo, from

Smintha, a town of the Troad, the

Sminthean.
socer, eri, m., a father-in-law ; in

pi . , pa rents-in4aw,
socius, ii, m., a companion, an as-
sociate.
socius, a, um, adj., friendly, con-

federate, allied.
sodaiicius, a, um, [sodaiis], adj.,

of fellowship, of companionship.
sod&lis, is, m. and f., an associate,

comrade, companion.
s51, s51is, m., the sun.
soiacium, ii, [sOlor], n., a comfort,

solace, consolation.
sole5, Sre, itus, to be wont, accux-

tomed.
solidus, a, um, adj., undivided,

whole, complete; massive, firm,

substantial, solid.
solitus, a, um, [part, soled], adj.,

wonted, customary, usual.
solium, ii, [from root sed in sedeO],

n., a seat, a throne.
sollemnis, e, [sollus (= tdtus) +

512

VOCABULARY

aim is], adj., annval, yearly ^ stated,
appointed; solemn,/e8tive, religious.

Boilers, ertis, [soUus (= tStus) +
ars], adj., skilled, skillful, clever.

Bollertla, ae, [sollers], skill, shrewd-
ness, adroitness.

solllcitS, &re, ftvl, fttus, [sollicl-
tus], to shake, agitate, strike, excite,
disquiet, disturb.

solllcitus, a, um, [sollus + cltus,
part. cleS], adj., unea^, anxious,
troubled, disturbed; causing dis-
tress, disquieting.

sSlor, &ri, fttus, to comfort, console.

sSlstitium, li, [s51 + sistd], n., the
solstice ; summer ; midsummer heat.

solum, I, n., the bottom, base; the
ground, earth, soil, land, country,
region, place.

sSlus, a, um, adj., alone, only ; soli-
tary, lonely.

solvS, ere, i, soiatus, [s§-4- luo],
to loosen, unbind, separate, release,
remove, set free; melt, crumble, dis-
solve, open ; pay ; weaken, relax.

somnifer, era, erum, [somnu8 4-
fer6], adj., sleep-bringing, soporific.

somnium, ii, [somnus], n., a dream.

somnus, i, m., sleep, slumber.

sonltus, tls, [sonS], m., a sound,
noise.

sonS, ftre, ui, itus, to sound, re-
sound, ring, roar, rattle, crackle,
etc.

sonus, i,m., a sound, noise.

Sophocleus, a, um, [Sophocles,
So^okA^s], adj., of Sophocles, Sopho-
clean, tragic.

85pi5, ire, ivi, itus, [sopor], to make
unconscious, put to sleep, lull.

sopor, oris, m., deep sleep, sleep,
slumber.

sorbe5, ere, ui, — , poet., to suck in,
swallow up, drink in, absorb.

sordidus, a, um, [sordSs,^?;^^], adj.,
filthy, dirty, foul, stained.

soror. Oris, f., a sister.

sors, rtis, f., a lot cast for deciding a
chance; a casting of lots, decision
by lot ; an oracle, prophecy, predic-
tion ; fate, destiny ; lot, condition.

sortior, Iri, itus, [sors], to draw
' lots, get or obtain by lot.
s5spes, itis, adj., saved, safe.
spargrO ere, sparsi, sparsus, to

scatter strew, sprinkle ; spatter, be-

sprinkle * throw, hurl about, in all

directions.
Sparte, §s, [SirapTTj], f., Sparta, the

capital of Laconia.
spatior, ftri, fttus, [spatium], to

walk, walk to and fro, proceed in a

stately manner.
spati5sus,'«'«;pim, [spatium], adj.,

ample, spacious, large; long, pro-

longed.
spatium, 11, n., a space; size, bulk,

extent; a race-course, course;

space, period, time, opportunity.
speciSs, ace. em, abl. e,f., a sight,

spectacle; form, look, appearance,

aspect.
specius, a, um, [species], adj., beaun

tiful, splendid, fine, shapely ; in pre-

tence, pretended, plausible, specious.
spectftbilis, e, [spect5], adj., nota^

blp, admirable, remarkable, attract-
ing attention.
specto, are, ftvi, fttus, [freq. *spe-

ci5, to look^, to look at, gaze at, eye;

watch, observe, look ; examine, try,

test, judge.
speculor, ftii, fttus, [specula, a

watch-tower'], to spy out, watch, ob-
serve, examine, explore, look around.
speculum, i, [*speci6, to look], n., a

reflector, mirror.
specus, €Ls, m., a naturotl cave,

cavern, grot.
spSlunca, ae, [o-ir^Avyf], f., a cave,

cavern.
SperchSis, idis, [Spercli§os], adj.

f., of or belonging to the Spercheos.
Spercheos, i, [Sirepxclo?], m., a river

of Thessaly, rising on Mt. Pindus.
si>em5, ere, sprSvi, sprStus, to

despite, disdain, spurn, reject, slight.
sperS, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [sp6s], to

hope for, expect, look for, aspire to.
spes, Si, f., hope, expectation.
spica, ae, f., a point, ear, spike ; w.

Oilissa, the pistils of crocus, saffron.

VOCABULARY

513

splceus, a, um, [splca], adj., corir
sisting of ears of grain.

spiculuxn, iy [dim. spicum], n., a
dart, arrow.

spina, ae, f., a thorn; the back-
bone, spine,

spira, ae, [<nrerpa], f., o fold, coil,
twist, spiral.

spiritus, tls, [spirO], m.,a breath of
air, breath ; spirit, high or haughty
spirit, air ; poet., spirit, soul, shade.

spirG, fire, &vi, fttus, to breathe,
blow.

spissus, a, um, adj., thick, dense.

splendeS, §re, — , —, to shine, be
bright, gleam, glitter, glisten.

splendldus, a, um, [splendeS],
adj., bright, splendid, glittering,
brilliant ; gorgeous, magnificent,
sumptuous.

8i>oll5, &re, &v!, &tu8, [spolium],
to rob, pillage, plunder; despoil,
deprive.

spolium, li, n., booty, plunder, spoil.

sponda, ae, f., a couch, bed.

sp^nsus, i, [part. sponde5, to prom-
ise'], m., a betrothed man, bride-
groom,

sponte, [abl. siDg. f r. obsolete sp5ns
from spondeS], f., 'of one's own
axicord, according to one's own in-
clination or desire.

spretor, Oris, [spemO], m., a dis-
dainer, scorner, scoffer.

spttma, ae, [spuO], L, froth, foam.

spamlfirer, era, erum, [8ptlma +
grer5], adj., foam-beanng, foaming.

8pum5, ire, avi, atus, [spOma],
to froth, foam.

spamosus, a, um, [spumft], adj.,
foaming, full of foam.

squaieS, ere, ul, [squalor, ^/e^], to
be filthy, rough, squalid.

squaiidus, a, um, [squaleS], adj.,
stiff, rough, foul, neglected, squalid.

sqvifima, ae, f., a scale of a ser-
pent.

sqvifimeus, a, um, [squftma], adj.,
scaly.

sqvifimigrer, era, erum, [squftma +
firer5], adj., scale-bearing, scaly,
OVID — 33

aquftmOsus, a, um, [squftma], adj.,
covered with scales, scaly.

stabulO, ftre, — , — , [stabulus], to
have one's abode, dwell, be stabled,

stabulum, i, [st5], n., a stable, stall,
fold.

stftfirnS, ftre, ftvl, fttus, [stftgrnum],
to stagnate, be stagnant,

stftgrnum, i, n., still water, a pool,
lake.

stftmen, inis, [st5], n., the warp in a
loom, a thread, string.

statiS, 5nis, [stO], f., a stopping or
resting place ; post, position, station.

status, ere, I, atus, [status], to
put, set, place, cause to stand; de-
cide, make up one's mind, determine.

status, as, [st5 and sistO], m., a
station, position ; posture, attitude,
pose; state, condition.

Stella, ae, [for sterula], f., a star,

stellftns, antis, [Stella], adj., starred,
starry, shining.

stellfttus, a, um, [stella], adj., poet.,
set with stars, glittering, brilliant ;
many-eyed.

sterilis, e, adj., unfruitful, barren,
sterile; unrequited.

stems, ere, strftvi, strfttus, to
stretch out, extend; stretch on the
ground, overthrow, prostrate, lay
low, cover, overspread; make
smooth, smooth out, spread out.

stills, ftre, ftvl, fttus, [stilla, a
drop], to drop, distill, drip, trickle.

stlmulC, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [stimu-
lus], to prick; incite, urge on,
arouse.

stimulus, !, m., a goad, a spur.

stipes, itis, m., a trunk, twig, branch;
stake, club.

stipula, ae, [dim. stipes], f ., straw,
stubble; dried stalks.

stirps, pis, t.,Tn..,the stock of a tree ;
of men, stock, race, blood ; offspring,

stiva, ae, f., a plow-handle,

stS, stftre, steti, status, to stand,
stand up, stand on end ; stand, con-
tinue, remain ; stand still, be at rest ;
■s esse, be ; depend, rest ; be fixed,
determined ; endure, continue, last.

SM

VOCABULARY

BtoUdus, a, um, adj., aloWf duU^
coarse f uncultivated^ rudCf stupid.

Btrftmen, inls, [stemS], n., straw ,
litter.

Btrfttvim, I, [BtemS], n. , a bed, couch ;
poet., a pavement.

BtrSnuus, a, uxn, adj., hrisky nimble,
active, vigorous.

Btrideo, Sre, — , and BtridO, ere, — ,
to make any inarticulate sound,
whether animate or inanimate;
e.g. jlutter, rustle, creak, hiss,
etc. The appropriate EDglish word
will be determined by the context
in each case.

stridor, 5ris, [strideS], m., any in-
articulate sound.

stridulus, a, um, [strides], adj.,
making an appropriate inarticulate
sound, e.g. sputtering, hissing.

stringrd, ere, strinxi, strictvis, to
draw or bind tight, press together ;
touch lightly, graze; of a sword,
draw, unsheathe.

strix, strigris, [<rTpiyf], f., a screech-
oiol.

struO, ere, strttxi, stractus, to
pile up ; make by joining together,
make, form, build, erect, construct;
devise, contrive.

StiymSn, onis, [S.Tpvfuov']^ m.,a river
in Macedonia, on the borders of
Thrace.

studidse, [studi5suB], adv., eagerly,
zealously, devotedly.

studl5sus, a, um, [studivim], adj.,
eager, zealous, fond; partial,
friendly, devoted.

studlum, ii, [studeS], n., eagerness,
zeal, eager desire, wish ; pursuit.

stultus, a, um, adj., silly, foolish.

8tupe5, §re, ui, — , to be astonished,
astounded, amazed, stupefied ; won-
der stupidly at, be amazed at; be
benumbed, stiffened, stop.

stupor, oris, [stupeO], m., numb-
ness, dullness, insensibility.

Stygrlus, a. um, [Styx], adj., Styg-
ian, infernal ; deadly, fatal.

StymphaUs, Idis, [StymphSlus,
2TUAi«^aAos], adj., f., of Stymphalus, a

lake of Arcadia, the haunt of fabled
birds of prey ; Stymphalian.

Styx, ygrlB, [2tv^], f., a river of
Hades.

suadeo, Sre, suasi, svifisus, to ad-
vise, urge, persuade ; induce, impel,
invite.

sub, prep.; w. abl., under, beneath;
in, within; beneath, at the foot of ;
of time, in, during ; of dependence,
under; w. ace., of motion, under,
beneath ; under, up to, up towards ;
of time, towards, about, at.

sub-dd, ere, didi, ditus, to put un-
der, place under; w. sS, plunge
under.

sub-dacC, ere, dtLxi, ductus, to
remove, withdraw; remove, take
away by stealth.

sub-e5, ire, ii, itus, to come or go
under; come up to, approach ; come
up before the mind, rise up.

subicio, ere, iSci, iectus, [sub +
iaci5], to throw or place under;
place under the control of, make
subject to.

subitO, [subitus], adv., suddenly.

subitus, a, um, [part. subeO], adj.,
sudden, unexpected.

sub-lev5, are, avi, atus, to raise
up, support, assist.

sublimls, e, adj., uplifted; high,
lofty ; on high, lofty, exalted.

submissus, a, um, [part, submit-
to], adj., low; humble, reverent,
submissive.

sub-mitt5, ere, misi, missus, to
send under; put down, let down,
lower, sink, drop; lower, bring
down, yield, submit, surrender.

sub-moved, ere, xnSvi, m5tus, to
send away, drive off, drive back,
remove.

suboles, is, f ., offspring.

8ub-ride5, Sre, risi, — , to smile.

subripiS, ere, ui, reptus, [sub +
rapid], to snatch away, take away
secretly, steal, remove by stealth.

sub-ru5, ere, i, tus, to under-
mitie, break down, overthrow, de-
molish.

VOCABULARY

515

Bulvsequor, i, secatus, to follow
after, follow up.

8ub-Bld5, ere, B6dl, aessua, to sit
or settle down ; sink down, subside.

8ub-si8t5, ere, stiti, — , to stop, halt.

subter, prep. w. ace, below, under,
beneath.

8ub-trali5, ere, trftxi, trftctus, to
draw from u nde r ; w ithdraw .

sub-urbftnus, a, um, adj., near the
city, near Rome, suburban.

succedS, ere, cessi, cessus, [sub
-f ced5], to go or come under, enter,
follow, follow after, take the place
of, succeed; go or come to.

successor, Ciis, [succSdC], m., a
follower, succes<ior.

successus, tLs, [succedS], m., a
good result, success.

succidS, ere, cidi, cisus, [sub +
caedo], to cut off below, cut of, cut
down, mow.

succingrO, ere, cinxl, cinctus,
sub + cingrO], to gird or tuck up;
gird about, gird.

succrescd, ere, — , — , [sub + cre-
scd], to grow from below, be .sup-
plied anew.

succuznbo, ere, cubui, cubitus,
[sub4-cu(m)b5], to fall or sink
down ; yield, submit, succumb.

succurrS, ere, i, cursus, [sub +
curr5], to run under; run to the
aid of, help, succor.

succutiO, ere, — , — , [sub+qua-
ti5], to fling up from below, toss up,
jolt up,

sacus, 1, VOL., juice, sap, moisture.

s€Ld5, &re, ftvi, &tus, to sweat; be
wet withf drenched with, reek with
sweat.

sador, Oris, [sCLd5], m., sweat, per-
spiration.

suf funds, ere, ftldi, fasus, [sub
4- funds] , to pour under ; over-
spread, suffuse, fill.

sm, slbi, se or sese, reflex, pron. 3d
per., of himself, herself, itself, them-
selves; in ace. as subj. of inf., s§ =
he, she, it, they.

sulcO, fire, fivl, fitus, [sulcus], to

furrow, plow ; plow the sea, sail,
traverse.

sulcus, i, m., a furrow made by a
plow.

SulmS, Snis, m., a town in the terri-
tory of the Peligni, the birthplace
of Ovid.

sulphur, uris. 11., brimstone, sulphur.

sum, esse, fui, futarus, to be, exist,
stay, remain.

summa, ae, [summus, supply r6s],
f., the main thing, chief point, sum,
substance.

summus, a, um, adj. (superl. of
superus) , the highest, top of, sum-
mit of, surface of; the tip of; of
rank, the highest, supreme ; of time
or order, last, final, extreme.

stLmS, ere, psi, ptus, to take, take
up, assume; employ, use.

stlmptus, tls, [stLmd], m., outlay,
expense.

super, adv., above, on top, over, be-
sides, in addition; prep. w. ace,
over, above, upon, on, on the surface
of; over, beyond, in addition to.

superfttor, Oris, [superO], m., a
conqueror.

superbia, ae, [superbus], t., pride,
haughtiness, insolence.

superbus, a, um, adj., insolent,
haughty, proud; elated by, glory-
ing in, proud of; magnificent,
splendid.

super-cilium, ii, n., the eyebrow;
pride, haughtiness, superciliousness.

super-lnicio, ere, leci, iectus,
[super + in 4- lacio] , to throw ovr
or on.

supers, fire, fivi, atus, [superus],
to go over, rise above, overtop, sur-
mount; be left over, remain, sur-
vive ; overcome, conquer, vanquish ;
excel, surpass ; overcome, surmount,
accomplish.

superstes, itis, [super 4-8t5], adj.,
remaining alive, surviving.

super-sto, fire, stetl, — , to stand
upon, stand over.

super-sum, esse, fui, — , to be left,
remain, survive.

5i6

VOCABULARY

Buperus, a, um, [super], adj.,
(comp. superior, superl. suprS-
XDUS or Bvanmva) f upper, higher,
abovBy on high; subs., m. pi.,
Superl, Orum, the inhabitants of
heaven, the gods.

Buplnus, a, um, adj., lying on the
back ; of the hands, with palms up,
extended, outspread.

suppled, 6re, Svi, Stus, [sub +
ple6, to,p'll], to Jill up, fill out, fill.

supplex, icis, adj., suppliant, hum^
ble ; subs., a suppliant.

supplicivim, ii, [supples], n., pun-
ishment, penalty.

suppSnO, ere, posul, positus,
[sub + pdnS], to put or place
under; substitute falsely or by
stealth; w. sS, to take upon one-
self, take up; w. iugrO, to yoke;
w. tumulS, to bury ; w. terrae,
to sow or plant.

supprimS, ere, pressi, pressus,
[sub H~ premO], to keep back, with-
hold, check, stop, restrain.

supra, [for supers, supply parte],
prep. w. ace., above, over.

suprSmus, a, urn, [saperl. supe-
rus], adj., of place, the highest; of
time, the last, final,

surdus, a, um, adj., deaf

surgrC, ere, surrSxI, surrSctus,
[for subrigrO, from sub + regQ],
raise one's self up, arise ; of things,
rise, spring up, grow.

stLs, suis, m., f., a hog.

8usclpi5, ere, c6pi, ceptus, [sub
+ capi5j, to take or lift up; take
upon one*s self, assume, undertake.

suscltS, &re, SvI, atus, [sub
(subs) -h cit5], to stir up, rekindle.

suspends, ere, i, pensus, [sub +
pendO], to hang up; hang, sus-
pend.

suspicid, ere, spexi, si>ectus,
[sub + ♦specie, to look], to look %ip
at; look askance at, mistrust, sus-
pect.

suspicor, ari, fttus, [suspiciO], to
mistrust, suspect, apprehend; sur-
mise, conjecture, believe.

susplrium, il, [suspird], n., a deep
breath, sighing, sigh,

suspirO, fire, ftvi, &tu8, [sub +
spir6], to breathe deeply, sigh.

sustineS, Sre, ui, tentus, [sub +
teneC], to hold up, uphold, bear
up, support, sustain; carry, wear;
bear, endure, tolerate, allow, with-
stand; take upon one*s self to do
something out of the way or difficult.

suus, a, um, poss. reflex, pron., his
or his own, hers, its, theirs ; appro-
priate.

Symaethis, idis, [Symaethum,
Svfiaieos], f. adj., Syma^thian, of
Symaethum, a river and town on
the east coast of Sicily.

Symaethius, a, um, [Syma«-
thvim], adj., Symaethian.

Syr&cosius, a, um, [Syr&cCLsae,
2upa«ov<rai] , sidj., of Syracujic, a city
in Sicily, Syractisan, Sicilian.

Syrinx, ingris, [Svpiyf], f., a nymph
changed into reeds.

syrtis, is, [Supris], f., a sand bank,
quicksand; pi., the Syrtes, two
sand banks on the northern cocat
of Africa.

tabella, ae, [dim. tabula, a board,
plank], f., a waxed tablet for
writing, writing, tablet,

t&b€s, is, f., a wasting away; con-
sumption, decay.

tftb6sc5, ere, tftbid, — , [inch. t&-
be5, to melt, from t&b€s], to waste
away, melt ; pine, languish.

tabuiarivim, il, [tabula, a plank],
n., a public registry, archives.

taceS, 6re, vd, itus, to be silent,
say nothing, hold one*s peace.

tacite, [tacitus], adv., silently, im-
perceptibly.

tacitumus, a, um, [tacitus], adj.,
quiet, silent, in silence.

tacitus, a, um, [part. taceG], adj.,
concealed, hidden, secret; silent,
quiet; in sile7ice.

t&ctus, as, [tangrO], m., a toucht
contact.

VOCABULARY

517

taeda, ae, f., pine wood, pitch pine ;
a pine-torch ; a nvptial torch, mar-
riage, wedlock.

taedium, I, [taedet, it disgusts,
wearies], n., weariness, irksome-
ness, tedioitsness.

Taenariiu, a, urn, [Taonarue],
adj., of or belonging to Taenarus,
a promontory on the southern ex-
tremity of Laconia, where was a
cavern, one of the fabled entrances
to the infernal regions ; Taenarian ;
(also meton.) Spartan, Laconian,

taeter, tra, train, adj., foiU, loath-
some.

TagruB, I, m., a river in Lusitania,
celebrated for its golden sands.

t&lftria, lum, [tftlus], n. pi., winged
shoes or sandals fastened to the
ankles.

t&lis, e, adj., such, of such a kind,
nature ^j)T quality; t&lla, such
things, as follows or as aforesaid,

t&lus, i, m., the ankle.

t&m, adv., so, to such an extent,

taxnen, conj., nevertheless, however,
yet, still.

tam-quam, adv., just as, just as if.

Tanais, is, [Toi'ais], m., the river
Tanais, noxo the Don.

tandem, adv., at length, at last;
pray, pray now, now, then,

tanffS, ere, tetifirl, t&ctus, to touch ;
reach, arrive at, come to; of the
mind, touch, move.

TantalldSs, ae, [Tantalus], m., a
male descendant of Tantalus, e.g.
Aw great grandson, Agamemnon.

Tantalis, idis, [Tantalus], f., a
female descendant of Tantalus,
e.g. Niobe,

Tantalus, I, [Tai'TaAof], m., an ancient
king of Phrygia, son of Jupiter.
For having disclosed the secrets of
the gods he was sent to the infernal
regions, where he stood up to his
chin in water, which ever receded as
he strove to quench his thirst,

tantum-modo, adv., only, merely,

tantus, a, vim, adj., so great, so
much; n. tantum, w. gen., so

much of; adv., tantum, so far;

so, so much ; only, merely.
tardS, [tardus], adv., slowly.
tardO, &re, ftvl, fttus, [tardus], to

hinder, delay, retard, impede,
tardus, a, vim, adj., slow, tardy,

sluggish.
TarpSius, a, um, adj., Tarpeian, re-
ferring to the rock on the Capitoline

Hill, from which criminals were

thrown headlong ; arz TarpSia, the

citadel on the Capitoline Hill; in

general, Capitoline.
Tartarus, I, m., and pi., Tartara,

5rum, [TdpTapo«], n., Tartarus, the

infernal regions, the abode of the

lost ; the abode of the dead ; death.
Taurlcus, a, um, [Taurl], adj., of

or belonging to the Taurians, a

Thracian people living in what is

now Crimea,
taurus, I, m., a bull, ox ; the Bull, a

constellation in the Zodiac.
Taurus, I, m., a high mountain range

ill the southeastern part of Asia

Minor.
tazus, i, f., a yew tree,
tectum, i, [tegrO], n., a roof;

(meton.) a house, dwelling, abode,

home, habitation.
t§grmen or tegrumen, [tegrO], inis,

n., a covering.
tegrS, ere, tSxI, tSctus, to cover;

shut up; shelter; conceal, keep

secret; protect.
tdgrula, ae, [tegO], f., a tile, roof .

tile.
TelcunSn, Onls, [TeAa^iwi'], m., son of

Aeacus, brother of Peleus, and

father of Ajax and Tevcer.
TelamOniadSs, ae, [TelamSn], m.,

a descendant of Telamon, i.e. Ajax.
Telamonlus, I, [TelamSn], m. adj.,

the Telamonian, son of Telamon,

Ajax,
TSlegonus, i, [TTjXeyoi'o*], m.,the son

of Ulysses and Circe, the mythical

founder of the city of Tusculum.
TSlemus, I, [TiJAc^os], m., a sootli-

sayer.
TSlephus, 1, [TijAe^os], m., a king of

5i8

VOCABULARY

Mysiay 9on of Hercules and the
nymph Auge.

telias, aria, f . poet., the earth, globe ;
the earth, land, ground; a land,
country, region, district.

tdlum, i, n., a missile, dart, spear,
weapon of any kin4.

temerftrlus, a, um, [temere,
by chance, at random'], adj., rash,
heedless, thoughtless, indiscreet.

Temesaeua, a, um, [Temesa], adj.,
of Temesa, a town in the territory
of the Bruttians where there were
copper mines.

temS, Gnis, m., a pole, beam ; tongue
of a wagon.

Tempd, [Te>irT?], n. pi. indecl., a vale
in ThessaJy, through which rujis
the river Peneus, between Olympus
and Ossa.

temperids, ace. em, abl. S, [tem-
per5], f., a due mingling, proper
mixture, tempering.

tempers, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [tempus],
to mix in due proportion; allay,
calm ; rule, regulate, manage, con-
trol, govern, sway.

tempest&8, fttis, [tempus], f ., time,
season.

tempestivuB, a, um, [tempestOs],
adj., at the proper time, timely,
opportune.

templum, i, n., a sanctuary, temple,
shrine, fane.

temptftmen, inis, [temptS], n.,
trial, attempt, effort.

tempts, &re, &vi, fttus, [intens.
tend5], to make trial of, try,
attempt, test, essay.

tempus, oris, n., tim^, period of
time, season ; the time at which any-
thing happens, occasion; the right
ov fitting tims, proper occasion; in
pi., the temples of the head.

tenftx, acis, [teneO], adj., tenacious,
persistent.

tends, ere, tetendi, tentus, to
stretch, stretch out, spread out, dis-
tend, extend ; of a course or way, to
direct, pursue, turn, wend; aim at,
be inclined toward, tend.

tenebrae, ftrum, f. pi., darkness,
gloom, obscurity, shades, night;
the shades, gloomy abodes.

teaebrOsiis, a, vim, [tenebrae],
adj., dark, gloomy.

Tenedos, i, [T«Ve«os], f., an island off
the coast of Troas.

teneS, ere, ui, tentus, to have or
hold, keep, retain; have, hold, pos-
sess, inhabit; hold in sway, rule
over, control, hold by force of inter-
est; get OT take possession of ; hold,
keep, detain, stop, check ; hold fast
to, cling to; restrain, keep back;
reach, gain, get hold of; w. iter or
cursum, hold on one's way or
course, proceed.

tener, era, erum, adj., tender, soft,
delicate, youthful ; slender.

tenor, Oris, [teneO], m., a continu-
ous, uninterrupted course QT motion.

tentorium, ii, [tendd], n., a tent,

tenuis, e, adj., of form, thin, fine,
slender; of sabstance, thin, rare;
of power, light, gentle.

tenuB, prep. w. abl., as far as, up to,
to.

tepeo, Sre, — , — , to be moderately
warm, tepid; to be warm.

tepescS, ere, — , — , [inch. tepeS],
to become warm, be warmed.

tepldus, a, um, [tepeS], adj., luke-
warm, warm.

ter, num. adv., thrice, three times.

ter-centum, num. adj., three hun-
dred.

terebrO, &re, ftvi, fttus, [terebra, a
boring instrument], to bore through,
.perforate.

teres, etis, [terO], adj., rounded^
smooth, polished.

ter-ereminus, a, um, adj., three-
formed, threefold, triple.

tergreS, 6re, tersi, tersus, to rub off,
wipe off, wipe away, cleanse,

terfirum, i, and terfirus, oris, n., the
back of man or animal ; the hide or
Jleece of an animal ; ft tergG, in
the rear, behind.

tend, ae, a, [ter], distr. num. adj.,
three each; poet. •■ trSs, three.

VOCABULARY

519

terO, ere, trivi, tritus, to rub, tread

upon, wear, tread ; graze, brush.
terra, ae, f., the earth as opposed to

the sky ; the land as opposed to the

sea ; the ground ; a land, country,
terrenus, a, vim, [terra], adj.,

earthy, earth born.
terreO, Sre, ui, itus, to terrify,

frighten, scare ; frighten away.
terribilis, e, [terreO], 2A]., frightful,

terrible, horrible.
terriflcus, a, um, [terreO + faciS],

adj., terror-causing, awe-inspiring.
terrigrena, ae, [terra + root firen. in

erlsrnS], m., one bom of the earth,

earth born.
terror. Oris, [terreO], m., great fear,

dread, terror.
tertius, a, iim, [ter], adj., the third.
tesca, 5ruin, n. pi., rough places,

wastes; wilderness.
testa, ae, [= tosta, part. torreS], f .,

a piece of burned clay; a tile,

earthen vessel; a broken piece of

earthenware, potsherd.
testiflcor, 9.ri, &tu8, [testis + fa-

cl5], to call to witness ; attest, prove

by testimony.
testis, is, m., f., a witness.
tester, ari, atus, [testis], to call to

witness, invoke, appeal to.
TSthys, yos, [TijWs], f., an ocean

goddess ; (meton.) the sea.
Teucer, cri, [TcOkpos], m., the son of

Telamon, and half-brother of Jjaz.
Teuthranteus, a, um, [Teuthras],

adj., of Teuthras, a king of Mysia ;

Mysian.
tex5, ere, ui, tus, to weave, inter-
weave, intermingle; join together,

frame ; build, construct.
textum, i, [tex5], n., that which is

woven, a web, cloth.
thalamus, !, [daXafioc], m., a bed-
chamber; a marriage bed, mar-
riage, wedlock.
Thalia, ae, [eiAeia], f., the muse of

comedy or of lyric poetry ; in gen.,

muse.
Thanmantias, adis, [ThaumOs],!,

the daughter of Thaumas, Iris,

theatrum, I, [Warpoy], n.,a theater.

ThSbae, anmi, [e^?^at], f., a city of
Greece, the capital of Boeotia; a
city in Mysia, destroyed by Achilles.

ThSbws, idis, [ThSbae], f ., a Theban
woman.

Th6b&nus, a, um, [ThSbae], adj.,
Theban.

Themis, idis, [®eA*i?]i U the goddess
of justice and of prophecy.

Therm5d5n, ontls, [eep^wjwv], m., a
river of Pontus, on which dwelt the
Amazons.

Thermddontiacus, a, um, [Ther-
m6d6n], adj., of the Thermodon,
Thermodontean ; (meton.) Amazo-
nian.

ThSromedSn, ontis, m., a barba-
rous Scythian king.

Thersites, ae, [eepcnnj?], m., a Greek
before Troy, famous for his ugliness
and scurrility,

Thescelus, i, m., one of the friends
of Phineus in the fight against
Perseus.

ThSsSus, a,um, [ThSseus], adj., of
Theseus, Thesean,

ThSseus, (dissyl.), ei and eos,
[©ijaeus], m., a king of Athens, so7i
of Aegeus and Aethra.

Thessalus, a, vim, [Thessalia], adj.,
of Thessaly, Thessalian.

ThestoridSs, ae, [Thestor], m., ^^e
son of Thestor, Calchas.

Thisbe, 6s, [ei<r^Tj], f., a maiden be-
loved by Pyramus.

tholus, i, [WAos], m., a dom^, ro-
tunda.

ThoOn, 5nis, m., a Trojan warrior.

Thrax, acis, [Thracia], adj., Thra-
ciun ; subs., a Thracian.

ThrScS, es, [0p»*»>], f., Thrace.

ThrSicius, a, um, [epr?*"?], adj., Thra-
cian.

Thybris, is or idis, m., poet, for Ti-
beris, the river Tiber.

Thyesteus, a, um, [ThyestSs],
adj., Thyestean, of Thyestes, the
brother of Atreus, who set b^ore
him for food the flesh of his own
son.

520

VOCABULARY

thyznum, I, [Bvijlop], n., thyme,

thyrsus, i, [Wpcrw], m.,a stcfff twined
around with ivy and vine shoots,
borne by Bacchus and his worship-
ers: the thyrsus.

tiara, ae, [napa], an Oriental head-
dress, turban,

Tiberinus, a, vim, [Tlberls], adj., of
or belonging to the Tiber; suba.fthe
Tiber.

tibicen, inls, [tibia, a flute + canS],
m., a piper, flute player.

Tibullus, I, m., a Roman elegiac poet,
a contemporary of Ovid,

tigrnum, i, n., o piece of timber, log,
beam.

tifirris, is or idis, f., a tigress.

tilia, ae, f., the linden tree,

times, Sre, ui, — , to fear, be afraid
of, dread; intr., /ear, be fearful, ap-
prehensive, anxious,

tlmid@, [timidus], adv., timidly,
hesitatingly.

timidus, a, um, [time5], fearful,
timid, afraid, faint-hearted, cow-
ardly.

timor. Oris, [timeO], m., /car, dread ;
fear, cowardice.

tingrS [-8ru5], ere, tinzi, tinctus,
to wet, moisten, bathe, dip, imbue ;
color, tinge, stain.

tinnitus, as, [tinniG, to ring], m., a
ringing, jingling.

Tiphys, yos, [tI^vs], m., the pilot of
the ship Argo.

TIresias, ae, [Tctpecrio?], m., a cele-
brated blind soothsayer of Thebes,

Tirynthius, 1, [TIryns], m., Hercu-
les, so called from Tiryns, an an-
cient town in Argolis, where he was
brought up,

Tisiphone, es, [Ti<ri0dv7j], f., one of
the Furies.

Titan, anis, [Tirav], m., son of Caelus
and Vesta, elder brother of Saturn ;
also the sun god, grandson of the
above; the Titans were descended
from these, and contended with
Saturn for the sovereignty of
Heaven. They were hurled to
Tartara by the bolls of Jove,

Titftnia, ae, [Titan], f., Pyrrha, de-
scended from the Titan Epimetheus.

TItanis, idis, [Titan], f., Titan
born ; Latona, daughter of the 7Y-
tan Coeus,

titulus, i, m., title, inscription, epi-
taph, title of honor, glory ; repute,
renown, fame.

Tityos, i, [TiTw<k], m., a giant slain
by Apollo for offering violence to
Latona.

Tityrus, i, m., the name of a shep-
herd in VergiVs Eclogues ; a desig-
nation of the Eclogues themselves.

Tmolus, i, [T/*«Ao?], m., a mountain
of Lydia in which the PoAitolus
rises,

togra, ae, [tegrO], f., the outer gar-
ment of a Eoman citizen in time of
peace ; (meton.) peace,

tolero, are, avi, atus, [lengthened
form of root in toll5], to take up;
bear, endure, sustain.

tolls, ere, sustuli, subiatus, to
lift, take, raise up ; take up and
bear away, carry off, remove.

TomitaS, 5rum, [Tomi], m., the in-
habitants of Tomi, a town on the
Pontus Euxinus, the place to which
Ovid was banished.

tondeo, ere, totondi, tGnsus, to
shear, mow, cut closely; graze,
crop, feed upon.

tonitrus, as, [ton5], m. ; in pi., toni-
tras, m., or tonitrua, n., thunder.

tono, are, m, itus, to thunder, re-
sound, roar, crash, rumble; part,
as sabs., Tonans, antis, m., Jove,
the thunderer.

torpeO, ere, — , — , to be stiff, numb ;
to be stupefied, dull, inactive.

torpor, Oris, [torpeO], m., numb-
ness, stupefaction, torpor.

torques, Sre, torsi, tortus, to
turn, turn about, turn around;
cause to revolve, keep whirling;
twist ; fling, hurl, whirl, drive with
a rotary motion; torture, torment,

torrSns, entis, m., a torrent,

torreS, 6re, ul, tostus, to parch,
roast, scorch, bum.

VOCABULARY

521

torrlduB, a, vim, [torreO], adj., burn-
ing; parched.

tortilis, e, [torqueS], adj., ttoUtedf
winding.

torus, i, m., a swelling, fleshy part,
muscle ; cushion, couch, bed ; bier ;
bridal-bed; (meton.) marriage.

torvus, a, um, adj., lowering, grim,
stern, savage,

tot, num. adj., indecl., so many.

totidem, num. adj., indecl., just as
many, the same number.

totiSns, [tot], adv., so often, so many
times.

tdtuB, a, urn, adj., all, the whole,
entire ; altogether, wholly, entirely,
absorbed.

trabs or trabSs, trabis, f., a beam,
timber; a tree trunk.

trftctd, ftre, ftvl, fttus, [freq.
trahS], to touch, take in hand,
handle.

tractus, Us, [traliO], m., a drawing,
drawing out, trailing; a tract, re-
gion, quarter; track, train, course.

tradO, ere, didl, ditus, [tr&nsd5],
to deliver over, surrender, yield;
deliver, commit, intrust, confide;
hand down, relate, recount,

tragroedia, ae, [Tpay*p«ia], f ., tragedy ;
person.. Tragedy, the art or Muse
of Tragedy.

trahS, ere, trftxi, tr&ctus, to draw,
drag ; lead, draw, take along ; draw
out, pull out, extract; draw in,
quaff t inhale; take on, assume,
acquire, get ; draw out, spin ; draw,
attract, allure, influence; lead,
bring ; get, obtain, derive, acquire ;
protract, drag out, prolong, lengthen.

trSriciS, ere, l§ci, iectus, [tr&ns +
iaci5], to throw over or across;
transfer, cause to pass; throw or
strike through, pierce.

trames, itls, m., a bypath, a path,
way,

trfins, prep. w. ace, across, over, be-
yond.

tr&nscribO, ere, scripsi, Bcrlptus,
[trans 4- soribO], to transcribe;
tranter.

trftns-eO, ire, Ivi (il), itus, to go
across ; pass through, pass beyond,
pass by ; of time, elapse, pass.

trftns-ferd, ferre, tuU, l&tus, to
bear or carry across, transfer.

transiliS, ire, id, — , [trans + saliO,
to leap], to leap across ; hasten over,
skip over, omit.

transitus, — , ace. uxn, abl. tL,
[transeC], m., a going over, pas-
sage; transition.

trans-mittO, ere, misi, missus, to
send across, send.

trecenti, ae, a, [trSs + centum],
num. adj., three hundred; innu-
merable.

tremebundus, a, um, [tremS], adj.,
trembling, quivering, shaking.

trem6sc5, ere, — , — , [inch. tremS],
to quake, tremble.

tremO, ere, ui, — , to tremble, quiver,
totter, stagger, qitaver, shake;
quake before, tremble at.

tremor, Oris, [tremO], m., a trem-
bling, shaking, shudder.

tremulus, a, um, [tremS], adj.,
shaking, quaking, quivering, waver-
ing.

trepidS, are, avi, atus, [trepldus],
to be in a jlurry of alarm, be con-
fused, agitated.

trepidus, a, um, adj., confused,
alarmed, agitated, trembling, fright-
ened.

trSs, tria, num. adj., three.

trJbulus, i, [TpijBoAos], m., a thorn
bush, thistle.

tribu6, ere, i, atus, [tribus, a
division of the people], to assign,
allot, give, grant, bestow.

triceps, cipitis, [tres + caput],
adj., three-headed; of three forms,
triform^d.

tricuspis, idis, [tres + cuspis],
adj., with three points or prongs,

tridSns, entls, [tres + dSns], adj.,
having three teeth, three-forked,
three-pronged; subs., a three-forked
spear, trident.

trifldus, a, um, [ter + flnd5], adj.,
three-cleft, three-forked.

522

VOCABULARY

trlfOrmifl, e, [ter -f fOrmft], adj.,

in three forms, triform; of three

elements.
Trlnacria, ae, [Tptvoxpia, three-^or-

nered]t f., the island of Sicily , so-

ccdled from its triangular shape.
Trinacris, idis, [Trinacria], adj.,

Sicilian.
TriSndB, Urn, [see BoptemtrlS], m.

pi., the constellations of the Great

and Little Bear.
triplex, icis, [ter + pUcO, to fold],

adj., threefold, triple.
tristis, e, adj., sad, movmfiil, gloomy,

melancholy, dark, stern; dire,

deadly, fell.
triticeus, a, um, [triticvim from

tritUB, part. terO], adj., of wheat,

wheaten.
Triton, Onlfl, [Tpirtov]^ m.,asea god,

son of Neptune.
TritOnis, idis, [Trit6n], f., Pallas,

Minerva, so named because of her

fabled birth near Lake Triton in

Africa.
triumphs, &re, ftvl, fttus, [trium-

phus], to triumph over, conquer;

exult, triumph, rejoice.
trivimphus, i, [compare 0plafl^o9], m.,

a triumph, victory.
Tr5ia, ae, [Tr68], f., the city of Troy

in Phrygia.
TrOianus, a, um, [TrOia], adj.,

Trojan.
TrOicus, a, um, [TrOs], adj., of Troy,

Trojan.
Tr58, 6is, [Tpoi?], m., a Trojan, used

mostly in the pi.
truculentTis, a, vim, [trux], adj.,

savage , fierce , ferocious.
truncO, are, avi, atus, [tnmcus],

to mutilate ; cut ofi\ lop off, trim.
truncus, i, [see truncus, adj.], m.,

the stem or trunk of a tree.
truncus, a, um, [from root in tor-

queO], adj., mutilated, disfigured;

undeveloped, imperfect.
trux, ucis, adj., wild, fierce, fero-
cious.
ttl, pers. pron., thou, you.
tuba, ae, f., a trumpet.

tueor, Sri, itus, [tatus], to look at,
gaze at, watch, view, consider, ex-
amine ; guard, defend, protect.

turn, adv., then, at that time, there-
upon.

turned, Sre, — , — , to swell or be
swollen.

tum§sc5, ere, — , tumui, [inch.
tumeO], to swell up, become swollen,

tumidus, a, vim, [tume5], adj.,
swollen, swelling ; swollen with
pride, puffed up; swollen with
anger, incensed, enraged.

tumul5, are, avi, atus, [turnvdus],
to bury, entomb.

tumultus. Us, [tumeG], m., tumult,
uproar, noise, bustle ; an uprising,
insurrection, rebellion.

tumulus, i, [tume5], m., a mound
of earth , hill, hillock ; a mound of a
tomb, grave, sepulcher.

tunc, adv., then, at that tinne.

tvmica, ae, f., an undergarment,
shirt, tunic.

turba, ae, f., cor^usion, uproar; a
crowd, throng, multitude, crew,
gang, pack.

turbldus, a, um, [turba], adj., wild,
confused, troubled, agitated.

turbd, are, avi, atus, [turba], to
disturb, agitate, throw into confu-
sion, throw out of order; trouble,
perplex, agitate.

turb6, inis, [turb6, verb], m., a
whirlwind, hurricane; storm, tem-
pest ; whorl, spiral, twist.

turgreS, Sre, -— , — , to swell out, swell.

turgriduB, a, um, [turereS], adj.,
swollen, inflated, turgid.

Tumus, 1, m., a king of the RutuXi,
in Italy, killed by Aeneas.

turpis, e, adj., foul, filthy, ugly;
base, disgraceful, unseemly.

turpiter, [turpis], adv., disgrace-
fully, in disgrace.

turris, is, f., a tower, turret,

turtur, uris, m., the turtledove.

tds, ttlris, [Wos], n., iTicense, frankin-
cense.

Tttscus, a, um, adj., Tuscan, Etrus-
can.

VOCABULARY

523

tateia, ae, [tueor], f., a tDatching,
care, protection; a keeper, guar-
dian, protector.

tatus, a, urn, [part, tiieor], adj.,
safe, secure, out 0/ danger.

tuus, a, uxn, poss. pron., thy, thine,
your, yours.

TydldSs, ae, [Tydeus], m., the son
of Tydeus, JHomede.

Tyndaris, idis, [Tsmdarus], f., the
daughter of Tyndarus, Helen.

Typli5eu8, (trisyl.), eos, [Tv«^€v«],
m., Typhoeus, a giant overthrown
by the thunderbolts of Jove,

tyrannus, i, [rvpavvo?], m., a king,
ruler ; a cruel ruler, a tyrant.

TyriuB, a, um, [Tyrus], adj., Ty-
rian.

tlber, eris, n., a teat or udder.

aber, eris, adj., rich, fertile.

ubi, adv. rel., where, when; inter-
rog., where f when ?

ubi-que, adv., anywhere; every-
where.

adus, a, um, [for avidus from
tlveO, to be wet], adj., wet, damp,
moist, humid.

ulclBCor, i, ultus, to avenge one's
self on ; take vengeance for or in
behalf of some one, avenge.

UllxSs, is, el or i, m., king of Ithaca,
son of Laertes. 1

CLllus, a, um, adj., any; subs., any
one.

ulmus, i, f., an elm-tree.

ultimus, a, um, [saperl. of ulterior],
adj., of place, furthest, most dis-
tant, remotest, last ; of time, latest,
la^t ; of degree, extreme, utmost.

ultor, Oris, [ulciscor], m., an
avenger.

ultr&, adv. and prep., further, more,
beyond.

ultr0, a<lv., on the other side, beyond ;
besides, too ; of one*s self, of one's
own accord, spontaneously, volun^
tarily.

ulul&tus, as, [ululO], m., a howling,
shrieking, wailing.

ululO, are, &vl, atuB, to howl,

shriek, bay.
ulva, ae, f., sedge grass.
Timbra, ae, f., a shade, shadow; a

shade, ghost of the dead.
umbrOsus, a, um, [umbra], -adj.,

shady.
Omens, entis, [part. ame5], adj.,

damp, humid, moist, dewy.
umerus, I, m., the shoulder.
amidus, a, um, [tlmeC], adj., damp,

dewy, moist, humid, of vapor,

liquid.
tlmior, Oris, m., moisture, liquid,

fluid.
umquam, adv., at any time, ever.
Onft, [anus], adv., together, at the

same time, in company.
uncus, a, um, adj., hooked, crooked,

curved, barbed, bent.
unda, ae, f., a wave, surge, billow,

water.
unde, adv., whence ; whence?
andSni, ae, a, [for andecSnl from

andecim], adj. num., eleven each,

eleven.
imdique, [unde + que], adv., /rom

all sides, on all sides.
ungruis, is, m., a nail, talon, claw.
ungrula, a^, [unguis], f., a hoof.
ungru5 (imgrS), ere, anxi, anctus,

to smear or anoint.
anicus, a, um, [anus], adj., only,

sole, just one; alone of its kind,

unique.
anus, a, um, (gen. lus, dat. I), num.

adj., one, a, an ; = sGlus, alone,

only.
urbs, is, f., a city.
urgrueG, Sre, ursi, — , to press, push,

drive, impel, force ; burden, oppress,

xoeigh down; press upon, follow up,

pursue.
arna, ae, f., ajar, um.
ar0, ere, ussi, astus, to bum, bum

up ; vex, annoy, harass ; pass., bum

with passion, glow, be inflamed, be

enamored.
Tirsa, ae, f ., a she-hear, a bear.
asquam, adv., anywhere.
asque, adv., all the way, all along,

524

VOCABULARY

all the time; constantly, continu-
ally,

OsuB, tl8, [ator], m., ii«e, employ-
ment, exercise, experience; enjoy-
ment, society.

ut or uti, adv., how, in wh<tt man-
ner, as ; in comparisons, ^tM^ as, as ;
of time, as, when; conj. w. subj.,
that, in order that; after vbs. of
fearing, that not.

uter-aue, utraque, utrumque,
pron. adj., each, both.

uterus, I, m., the womb; child, off-
spring.

atilis, e, [ator], adj., us^ul, service-
able, profitable.

atlUt&s, &ti8, [atilis], f.. use, profit,
advantage, welfare.

atiliter, [atilis], adv., usefully, prof-
itably, advantageously.

uti-nazn, conj., 0 that! would that!

ator, i, asus, to use, make use of,
employ; enjoy.

utrimque, [uterque], adv., on both
sides.

utr5que, [uterque], adv., in both
directions, from side to side.

ava, ae, f., a grape, cluster of grapes.

uxor, Oris, f., a wife.

Vfibcca, ae, f., a cow, heifer.

vaco, &re, &vi, &tus, to be empty,

free from, without.
Vacana, a^, f., the goddess of rural

leisure, an old Sabine goddess.
Vacanftlis, e, [Vacana], adj., of or

belonging to Vacuna.
vacuus, a, um, [vacO], adj., empty,

vacant, void, deserted.
vftdO, ere, — , — , to go, walk, proceed,

rush, advance.
vadum, I, n., a shallow, shoal; the

bottom of the sea, the depths ; the

waves, the waters.
vae, interj., woe! alas!
vftfi^tus. as, [vftgriS, to wail], m., a

wailing, crying.
vagor, ari, atus, to stroll about,

roam, wander, rove.

vagrus, a, uxn, adj., rambling, rov-
ing, wandering; uncertain, fitful,
inconstant.

val§ns, entis, [part. valeO], adj.,
strong, powerful.

valeO, §re, ui, itus, to be strong,
be able, avail, prevail; imperat.,
velS, farewell.

validus, a, um, [vale6], adj., stout,
strong, stanch, vigorous, robust,
sturdy.

vallSs (vallis), is, f., a vale, valley.

v&UO, are, avi, atus, [vaUum, a
wall, rampart], to fortify with a
rampart ; to protect, d^end.

valvae, arum, f. pi., a pair of doors,
folding doors.

vanus, a, um, adj., empty; idle,
vain, fruitless, groundless, unmeant
ing ; false, delusive, untrustworthy.

vapor, 5ris, m., steam, vapor ; poet.,
fire.

varius, a, um, adj., variegated,
many-colored; different, various,
changing, ever-changing, diverse.

VarrO, siiis, m., P. TerentiuM Varro
Atacintis, a Roman poet, who trans-
lated into Latin verse the " Argo-
nautics " of ApollonivA Rhodius.

varus, a, um, adj., bent, crooked.

vastator, 6ris, [vastO], m., a devas-
tator, ravager.

vasts, are, avi, atus, to make
empty; lay waste, devastate, rav-
age.

vastus, a, um, adj., empty; vast,
immense, huge, enormous, mighty.

vat§s, is, m., f., a prophet, seer,
soothsayer ; a bard, a poet.

vaticinor, ari, atus, [vat§s], to
foretell, prophesy, forebode ; warn
as a prophet.

-ve, enclit. conj., or.

vehO, ere, vexi, vectus, to bear,
carry, convey; pass. w. rate, to
sail.

vel, [old imperat. of vol6], conj., or;
vel — vel, either — or.

vSiamen, Inis, [v§16], n., a cover-
ing, robe, garment.

yellO, ere, vulsi, vulsus, to pluck,

VOCABULARY

525

PmZZ, tear away ; pluck, pull or tear
up.

velluB, erls, n., a fleece or skin, gen-
erally of a sheep; by meton., a
sheep.

velO, Are, &vi, fttus, [vdlum], to
cover, wrap, veil, envelop; hind
around, crown ; deck, €tdom.

vS15z, Ocis, adj., swift, flying, fleet,
rapid.

velum, I, n., a sail; a canvas, cur-
tain ; a veil or screen.

vel-ut, vel-uti, adv., even as, just as,
as.

vena, ae, f., a blood-vessel, vein; a
vein of rock or metal. \

v€n&bulum, I, [vSnor], n., a hunt- ,
ing-spear. j

venSflcium, I, [venSnum + faclO],
n., a poisoning; magic, sorcery.

ven§nifer, era, eruxn, [venSnum +
fer6], adj., veiiomous.

veninum, I, n., poison, venom; a
charm, magical potion, incantation.

veneror, ftri, fttus, to worship, vene-
rate, adore.

Tenia, ae, f., favor, grace, indul-
gence.

veniG, Ire, vSnl, ventus, to come.

vSnor, &ri, Atus, to hunt.

venter, trie, m., the belly, the maw,
stomach; appetite.

ventus, are, ftvi, — , [ventulus, dim.
ventus], to toss in the air, to wave,
sway.

ventus, 1, m., the wind.

Venus, eris, f., Venus, the goddess
of Love ; the passion of love, love.

vepr§8, is, m., a thorn bush, bramble
bush.

vSr, vSrls, iL.ythe spring.

verbena, ae, (usually in pl.),f., foli-
age for the altar, a« olive, laurel, or
myrtle ; sacred boughs.

verber, eris, n., (used mostly in pi.),
a lash, whip, scourge; a stroke,
blow.

verberO, are, avi, at\is,. [verber],
to lash, beat, strike.

verbdsus, a, um, [verbum], adj.,
wordy, verbose.

verbum, I, n., a word ; dare verba,
to give mere words, to cheat.

verScundus, a, um, [vereor], adj.,
bashful, shy, modest.

verendus, a, um, [part, vereor],
adj., to be feared, venerable, reverend.

vereor, §ri, itus, tr. and intr., to
fear, be afraid of, be afraid.

Verfifilius, I, m., P. Vergilius Maro,
celebrated Roman poet.

vem5, are, — , — , [ver], to appear
like spring, be verdant; to bloom,
grow young.

vSrO, [vSrus], adv., in truth, in fact,
certainly ; but indeed.

Verona, ae, f., a city in northern
Italy, the birthplace of Catullus.

verrO, ere, I, versus, to sweep, sweep
over; sweep or drive along.

vers6, are, avi, atus, [freq. verWJ],
to turn, turn over, turn round, dis-
turb, vex, agitate ; in pass., to be en-
gaged in, occupied with, to live.

versus, ds, [vertS], m., a line, row ;
line of poetry, verse.

vertex, icis, [vertS], m., a whirl-
pool, eddy ; the crown of the head,
the head ; the top, peak, summit of
anything.

vertlgrS, inis, [verWJ,], f., a turning
round, whirling.

verts, ere, i, versus, to turn, turn
around, turn about ; change, alter,
transform.

vSrum, [vSrus], adv., truly; but,
but yet, but indeed.

vSrus, a, um, adj., true, genuine,
real ; subs., vSrum, i, n., usually in
pi., the truth.

vSscor, I, to feed upon.

vesper, eris and eri, [eo-Trepos], m., the
evening star ; the west.

Vesta, ae, [•Ecrria], f., the daughter
of Saturn, goddess of flocks and
herds and of the household ; in her
temple the holy fire was kept con-
stantly burning, attended by Vestal
Virgins; she represents ancient
purity and simplicity of life.

vester, tra, trum, [for voster, from
vos], poss. pron., your.

526

VOCABULARY

v§8tibuluin, I, n., an entrance court,
a vestibule, entrance.

vestlsriuzn, U, [vestlfirO], n., a foot-
step, stqp; trace, print, impress;
trace, sign, token.

vestlfirO, are, &vl, &tu8, to search
after, seek out,

vestis, is, f., clothing, vesture, attire,
a garment, robe, dress.

veto, are, ul, Itus, to forbid, pro-
hibit, hinder, prevent.

vetUB, eris, adj., old; ancient; for-
mer.

vetuBtas, atis, [vetus], f., old age;
a long lapse or period of time, time.

vetustus, a, urn, [vetus], adj., old,
ancient.

via, ae, f ., a way, path, road ; a jour-
ney, voyage ; an entrance, passage,
way ; a way, method, manner.

vlbrO, are, avi, at\is, to set in mo-
tion,agitate, cause to flutter ; quiver,
vibrate, dart.

viclnia, ae, [viclnus], f., neighbor-
hood, nearness, proximity.

viclnus, a, uzn, [vicus, a quarter of
a city, a village], adj., near, neigh-
boring, hard by, adjoining.

vlcis, (gen., DO nom.), vicezn, vice;
pi., vlcSs, vlclbus, f., change, in-
terchange, succession ; in vlcexn,
In vlcSs, vlclbus, in turn, by turns.

vlctlma, ae, f., an animal offered in
sacrifice, a victim.

victor. Oris, [vinc6],m., victor, con-
queror; adj., victoriotis, conquer-
ing, exultant.

Victoria, ae, [victor], f., victory,
conquest.

victrix, Icis, [victor], adj., victori-
ous, conquering.

victus, as, [viv6],m., /ood, novrish-
ment, support, living, sustenance.

vldeQ, Sre, vidi, visus, to see, per-
ceive by the senses; of the mind,
perceive, observe, reflect upon, con-
sider, watch; in pass., be seen;
more often seem ; impers., seem best,
fit, proper.

vlduus, a, urn, adj., bereft, destitute,
without, empty ; widowed, mateUss.

vigreO, Sre, ul, — , to thrive, flourish,

I grow strong.

Ivlfiril, ills, [vigreO], adj., watchful,
awake, wakeful, alert; w. Ifirnem,
perpetual, never dying; subs., a
sentinel, watchman, guard.

viffilO, are, avI, atiis, [vifiTll], to
awake from sleep ; watch, he watch-
ful, on the alert.

vigror, 5rls, [vige6], m., vigor,
strength, energy, life.

vills, e, adj., cheap, worthless.

vnia, ae, [prob. from vicula, dim.
vicus, a village], t., a country
house, cottage, villa.

villSsus, a, um, [villus], &d]., hairy,
shaggy, rough.

villus, i, m., shaggy hair.

vlmen, Inls, [vie6, to weave], n., a
pliant or limber twig or shoot.

vinciO, ire, vinxi, vlnctus, to bind,
tie, fetter; bind around, lace.

vines, ere, vici, victus, to conquer,
overcome, d^eat, vanquish, suhdue,
surpass, excel,

vinculum (vinclum) , [vlncl5], I, n.,
used chiefly in pi., a bond, chain,
cable, fetter, cord, rope.

vindex, icis, m. and f., a d^ender,
protector, champion ; avenger, pun-
isher.

vindicS, are, avi, atus, [vindez],
to deliver, rescue, save.

vlndlcta, ae, [vlndlcS], f., a liberat-
ing rod by the touch of which a slave
woM freed; a protection, defense ; re-
venge, punishment, redress.

vlnStum, !, [vinum], n., a vine-
yard.

vinSsus, a, um, [vinum], adj., /ond
of wine, wine-bibbing.

vinum, 1, n., wine.

viola, ae, f., a violet.

vlolentla, ae, [vlolentus], f., vio-
lence, fierceness.

vlolentus, a, um, [vis], adj., violent,
boisterous, fierce.

vlol5, are, avi, atus, [vis], to vio-
late, injure, abuse, profane, defile.

vipera, ae, [vivus + parlO], f., a
snake, serpent.

VOCABULARY

527

vipereus, a, uxn, adj., of a viper or
snakef snaky,

vlr, I, m., a man ; a husband ; a hero.

vlreS, Sre, — , — , to be green.

vlrgra, ae, f., a branch, bough, twig;
a wand, staff.

virfirineus, a, um, [vlrgrG], adj., of a
maiden, maiden's, maidenly.

virgrinltas, fttis, [vlrgrO], f., vir-
ginity, maidenhood.

virgrO, inls, f., a maiden, virgin; a
constellation, Virgo, the Virgin,

viridis, e, [vlreO], adj., green, ver-
dant ; fresh, blooming youth.

virilis, e, [vlr], adj., of a man, manly,
brave, heroic.

vlrtCls, atifl, [vlr], f., manliness,
courage, strength, excellence, virtue,
valor, brave or heroic deed.

virus, i, n., poison, venom,

vis, vis, f., force, strength, power;
destructive force, violence.

viscfttus, a, um, [viscG, to wicar],
adj., smeared xcith bird-lime, limed.

viscuB, eris, n., generally in pi., the
internal organs, the vitals; flesh;
the bowels of the earth,

vis6, ere, i, us, [freq. videO], to
view closely, get a good look at,
examine.

vita, ae, f., life, existence.

vitaiis, e, [vita], adj., vital, life-giv-
ing.

vitiS, are, ftvi, fttus, [vitium], to
injure, weaken, taint, corrupt, in-
fect.

vltiSsus, a, um, [vitium], adj., de-
fective, faulty.

vitls, is, f., a vine.

vitium, ii, [from root in vle6, to
weave, twist], n., a fault, defect,
blemish, break.

vitS, ftre, ftvi, fttus, to avoid, shun.

vitreus, a, um, [vitrum], adj.,
glassy, clear, bright, shining.

vitrum, i, [root vid in vlde6], n.,
glass.

vitta, ae, [vle6, to weave], i., a band,
chaplet, fillet.

vltulus, i, m., a he-caJf, a young
bullock.

vivftx, ftcis, [viv5], adj., tenacious
of life, long-lived.

viv6, ere, vixi, victus, to live, be
alive ; live on, pass one's life, live,

vivus, a, um, ['viivus], adj., alive,
living; green, fresh; of water, rwn-
ning, fresh ; of fire, burning ; of
rocks, living, in natural condition,
unhewn; subs, m., a living man.

vlx, adv., hardly, scarcely ^ barely,
with difficulty.

v5cftll8, e, [v6x], adj., vocal, speak-
ing ; singing, tuneful.

vocb, are, ftvi, fttus, to call or
summon ; call upon, invoke ; call
by name, niime.

volfttus, CLs, (only in abl. sing, and
ace. and abl. pi.), [vol6], m., a fly-
ing, flight.

vol§n8, entis, [part. vol5], adj.,
willing, ready.

volitG, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [freq. volO],
to fly or flit about.

V0I6, veUe, volui, — , to will, be
willing; command, ordain, order,
will ; wish, desire.

vol5, ftre, ftvi, fttus, to fly, used of
a bird or any swiftly moving object
in the air.

voiabilis, e, [volvO], adj., turning,
rolling, revolving.

volucer, crls, ere, [vol6], adj.,/fj/-
ing, winged, swift ; subs., volucris,
Is, f., a bird.

voltimen, inls, [volvO], n., a coil,
fold, roll ; revolution.

voluntfts, fttis, [V0I6], f., wish, de-
sire, consent.

voluptfijs, fttis, [V0I6], f., pleasure,
joy, delight.

volQtS, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [freq.
volv6], to roll back and forth; of
mental action, ponder, reflect, con-
sider.

volvO, ere, i, voltLtus, to rbll, roll
along, sweep along; roll round, re-
volve ; pass. w. reflex, meaning, roll
along, glide.

vOmer, eris, m.,a plowshare.

vomO, ere, ui, Itus, to pour forth,
discharge J vomit, belch forth.

528

VOCABULARY

vOtiUQ, I, [voTeO], n., a vow, tolemn

promise^ supplication, prayer; a

votive offering.
voveO, Sre, v6vi, vOtus, to vow;

compare vGtuxn, (a thing) vowed.
v6x, v5ci8, [voc5], f ., the voice, cry,

sovnd, tone ; a word, saying, speech.
Vulcftnlus, a, um, [Vulcftnus],

adj., of Vulcan, Vuloanian.
Vulcftnus, I, m., VtUcan, the god of

fire, the son of Jupiter and Venus ;

{meton.) fire.
vulfirG, ftre, ftvl, fttus, [vulcrus],

to spread abroad, make known,

divulge, herald, publish.
vulgrG, [vulfirus], adv., everywhere,

all around, on all sides.
vulgrus, I, n., the multitude, the

people, the common people ; a mass,

throng, crowd, herd; the rabble,

mob.

vulnero, ftre, ftvi, fttus, [vulnus],

to wound, hurt, injure.
vulnuSj eris, n., a wound, hurt^

injury.
vultur, urls,:m., a vulture.
vultus, 0.S, m., the countenance,

visage, features, a^ect, expression,

air, mien.

Xanthus, i, [Bavtfo?], m., a river in
Troas.

Zephyrus, I, [z^^vpo?], m., the west

wind.
zmaragrdus, i, [afiapaySos]^ m. and f.,

a green precious stone; emerald,

jasper.
zOna, ae, [^wini], f., a woman*s girdle,

belt ; zone, region.

TYPOGRAPHY BY J. S. GUSHING A CO., NORWOOD, MASS.